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BT ^LEX. s. marti:n. i THIRD EDITION, TO K UNTO : COPP, CLARK & CO., PUBLISHERS, 9 FRONT STREET WEST. 1881. rKKPACF. » — The following pajres contain tho notos on British History v inch were prepared for the use of n»y own pupils ul,., w, ,•,. pivj-an i- to enter the High School, or for County Prouiofi.m Kxan.inaiions. They n.ay servo as an outline of Histo.y for more advanced pupils. References have heon ma.l.^ to the host works on tiio sui.joot, and only the most iiuportaut events noticed. In the hope that it may assist some of my follow teachers. I say, •• Go forth, little book." PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. The licarty reception given to this little work has induced the Author to prepare another edition. A few more notes have been added, bringing it up to the present time, and its form has been altered slightly. The neci^ssity of such a work lias long boon felt. Young students who are pr(!paring to piuss the Entrance Examinations and County Piomotiou Examinations have to use our larger works on History, when a collection of brief notes, containing the most important events of History, would be infinitely better. To meet this want this little work has been prepared ; and the rapid sale of the First and Second Editions hius shown that in some measure it has suppIiiMl the want. More notes will be added from time to time, as important events transpire. Hoping that it may lighten the labors of some of his fellow-teachei-s n Ontario, the Author leaves it in their hands. ALEX. S. MARTIN. NOTES ON HISTORY. ENGLAND \va8 conqnerod by the RomaiiP, undor Julins Ceesar, 55 years l>eturo our Saviour was born. At tbat time, the Englisli, or Britons, as tiioy wen^ oalkMl, were a rude uncivilized race. They knew nothinj.^ of the Christian rolij^ion. Their term of faith was called Diiuidism. Their ministers were Duuins. Tiiey tIiou}?ht that wlien a person died, his or her soul entered some beast, as a horse, or a cow, and still inhabited the earth. They wore no clothes, but stained their bodies blue, with some herb. They had no houses like we have, but small huts made of mud. They were very brave, and offered a gallant resistance to the Romans. After the Roman Conquest^ they gradually became more civilized, and adopted many of the Roman customs. It was Julms Agricola, the man whom the Romans appointed Gov- ernor of the island, who did the most to civilize tl)e Britons. He built walls to protect the Britons from the incursions of enemies, made laws for them, and taught them how to culti- vate their land. There were three of the commanders of the Britons whose names it might be well to remember. They are Garactacua^ Vassivelaunus, and queen Boadicea. They all opposed the Romans, and won great renown by their gallant conduct. The Romans remained in possession of England till A.D. 410, when Honorious, who was then Emperor of Rome, was so pressed by his enemies, that he was obliged to withdraw all the Roman soldiers who were stationed in England, to defend his own country. Thus we see the Roman Period lasted from B.C. 65, until A.D. 410. THE ENGLISH CONQUEST. A.D. 410 untU 1017. After the Romans left England, the inhabitants were in a very feeble condition, because they had been taught the " arts 6 of peace," and were unal)lo to defend themselves afjainst in- triulorH. Wliilt! tliov liold swiiy, tlio Romans luid doiuj all the iij^htiiit;, \vliil(! tli(! Hrirons cultivated tlio land. Now, they won; attacked 1)V the Picis and Scots, two neiirhhonriiiir tribes, who were an sava^^o as the lh*itn of Earl Godwin, was ])laced on tlie throne, hut Wi/Ziavi, Duke of Normandy^ declared that Edward had heqneathed the throne to liim, and also that Harold had sworn a most solemn oath not to opjKtse him. He then came <»ver with a powerful armv to assert his rights on the lield of hattle. Three days hefore, the English luid won a hard fought hattle over the Norwegians at ^Stamford Ilridge. Now they were called upon to undergo a more trying ordeal. J liey fought bravely till their king fell, and tlun they turned and tied. By the hattle of JIa&tlngs or Senlae the throne of England passed into the hands of a French dynasty, A. D. lOGO. During all these years there was in existence a sort of Parliament among the Englisli, called the '■^ W'ita7iagi7not,^^ or Assembly of the Wise, which elected the king and occasionally gave him advice. It consisted of the most influential men of the country. NORMAN PERIOD. ' ' From A. 1). 1006 to 115Jf A.D., 88 years.— Four Kings. The kings of the Norman line were: — William I. who reigned from 1006 to 1087. William 11. '' (( (( 1087 to 1100. Henry I. " t( <( 1100 to 1135. Stephen " <( <( 1135 to 1154. William I., Rurnnined tlio Conqueror, roiencd from 1006 to 1087. IIo was (rn»\viiod kiiij^ of Englanu, in London, on (/hristumg Day, Vm\. Ilift most iiimort.inr acts were (I) The Cotn/fifntion of the Domesday Hook (2) The laying outof t/m New Pm'eHt and the enactment of the Forcnt Laws and (3) The inHtitution of the (Jurfew Hell. The I)ome«day IJook, was a rc^'ister . 1154 — lS99y lasting 2^5 yea^a — Eight Kings. Henry II., 1164 to 1189. Henry was son of Maud and' Geoffrey Plantagenet. Thomas-a-Becket played an important part in this reign. He rose to the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. A quarrel arose between him and the king, and one day Henry ^HHPai 10 dropped some liasty words concerning him. Four knights heard tliem, and went to Canterbury, wiiere they killed Becket at the door of his own Cathedral, 1170. Ireland was conquered in this reign, 1172. A similarity exists of the manner in which England was subdued by the Saxons, and that in which Ireland was now conquered. Under the firm rule of Henry the distinction between Englishmen and Normans vanished. Some attribute our trial by jury to the wisdom of Henry, " Twelve men were taken from e;ich neighborhood, and four from each township, and sworn to bring ail who were known, or suspected to be criminals, to justice. These wore witnesses, rather than judges, at first, but soon they were allowed to call iu eye-witnesses to help them. Eventually they became jurors in tlie true sense ot the word, and decided as they now do, the truth of the matter as told by witnesses." RICHARD I. Richard began to reign 1189, died 1199. He took more interest in the crusades than governing his people. Out of a reign of ten years he only spent six months in England. The social effects of the crusades now began to be felt. They opened the nations of Asia to commerce, the consequence of which was that more money, &c,, found its way into Eng- land. They helped to excite a kindlier feeling among tlie nationp, leagued in a common cause, and they elevated the standard of the common classes, by weakening the power of the barons, whose estates began to pass into the hands of more worthy commoners. JOHN. John began to reign 1199 and died 1216. He was a worth- less profligate, and his reign was a scene of continual tyranny and disorder, but from it we date the beginning of that chain of events which restricted the power of the Sovereign, and gave more liberty to the subject. The barons had been heavily taxed all through the reign, but at length stung to the quick, by the dishonor and loss ;that John liad subjected them to, they rose in rebellion and HOUSE OF YORK. From A.D. 14G2 to A.D. USo, 24 years— Three Kings. Edward IV. Ijogan to reign 14G1. Edward V. Richard III. 148.}. 1483. EDWARD IV. .: ' From I4.6I to 14S3, 22 years. ' Edward had trouble to meet, and enemies to overcome, before he could reign in peace. Tiie Earl of Warwick, who was called the Kimj-Mciker, quarrelled with the kifig, and joined Margaret, the wife of Henry VI. She was in exile at 16 the time, but directly the King- Maker joined her, they sailed to England, and collecting a large army compelled Edward to flee, and Henry VI. again ascended the throne. Edward soon returned, however, and fought the bloody battle of Barnet, at which the Lancastrians were defeated. At the Battle of Tewkesbury^ young Prince Edward having been taken prisoner was brutally slain. Shortly afterwards King Henry was murdered in the Tower. The Art of Printing was introduced into England in 1743, by William Caxton. The first book over printed in England was entitled " The Game, and Playe of Chesse." EDWARD V. From April, 1483, to Jime, 1483, two months. At the age of twelve years Edward V. succeeded to the throne. His uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was made Protector. He wanted to get the throne himself, so he caused young Edward and his brotlier, the little Duke of York, to be placed in the Tower, as he pretended it was for his safety. Soon after the Crown was offered to him by some noblemen whose favour he had gained, and he accepted it with apparent reluctance. RICHARD III. From A.D. 1483, to A.D. 1485, two years. The two innocent young princes, or rather the king and his little brother, were murdered in the Tower, shortly after the accession of Richard, and by the orders of the usurper himself. A majority of the people were against Richard, and it was proposed by them to give the crown to Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, a descendant of Owen Tudor and Catharine, widow of Henry V. and the representative of the House of Lancaster, on condition of marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward the IV., the representative of the House of York, and so unite tlie two houses. Henry landed in England, and the two opposing armies met at Bosworth Field, and a great battle was fought, the last of the Wars of the Roses. Henry and the Lancastrians were vic- torious, and Richard was killed. The Wars of the Roses struck a fatal blow at the feudal sys- tem, as all, or nearly all, the barons were destroyed. With 17 the feudal system also disappeared slavery, or villenajife, as it was called, which iiad existed in England for many centuries. TUDOU PERIOD. From J 48 J to 1603, US ijexirs — 5 Sovereigns. Henry VII. began to reign 1485, died 1509. Henry VIII. (i ii 1509, (( 1547. Edward VI. <( i( 1547, << 1553. Mary (< (( 1553, t( 1658. Elizabeth . . u ti 1558, u 1603. HENRY VII. From I4S0 to 1609, 24 years. Henry VII. laid claim to the throne by ripjlit of conquest, and by right of iidieritance. A great time this was for im- ])osters, no less than three claimants ai)pearing to dispute llenry's right to the tlirone. The first of these pretenders was Lambert JSimnel, wlio came forward and asserted that he was the Duke of Clarence. His project failed. Next a young man whose real name was Perkin Warbeck, set up a claim to the throne, and said that he was the Duke of York, who was, it was rei)ortcd, murdered in the Tower by liichard III. Warbeck gained many adherents, and among them some of the highest and most influential noblemen in the kingdom. For a short time tiie king had reason to fear him, but he was deserted by his followers, and he himself was made a prisoner and executed. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered the mainland of America. Cabot, who was sent out by Ilenry, discovered Labrador in 1497. He sailed along the eastern coast of North America as far as what is now the State of Maryland. In the same year, 1497, Vasco DeGama doubled the Cape of Good Hope, thus opening a watery path to India. In 1503, Margaret, the eldest daughter of Henry, married James the IV. of Scotland. It was this marriage that prepared the way for the union of England and Scotland, just one century later. HENRY VIII. From 1500 to 1547,38 years. In 1509 Henry the VIII. was married to Catharine of Arragon, his brother Arthur's widow. Henry VII. had made 2 li an alliance with Spain, and hia son desired to tie the bands of friendship tighter. Shortly after this event Henry invaded France, but nothing of importance was connected witi\ the invasion. While Henry was absent, James II. of Scotland invaded England, but was defeated and slain at the battle of Flodden, 1415. Thomas "Wolsey was Henry's chief adviser during the early part of the reign. He, by his untiring energy and presever- ance, succeeded in making England more respected by the nations of Europe, than she had been since the days of Henry V. He raised himself to be Papal Legate, and his great ambition was to be Pope, but he was disappointed. Heniy had grown tired of Catherine, his wife, and wanted to get a divorce, Wolsey could not obtain it as soon as the king wished, and for that reason he was disgraced, accused of being guilty of high treason and arrested. It is probable that he would have been executed had he not died, before anything further could be done. Henry soon changed his foreign policy, and broke his alliance with Spain. He had fallen in love with a young lady of the Court, Anne Boleyn by name, and was anxious to secure a divorce, in order to marry Anne. The Pope, Clement VH. who was afraid to offend the English king or the Emperor of Spain, nephew of Catherine, did not know what to do. Henry took the matter in his own hands, and Thomas Cranmer, who had latel}' been appointed legate, pronounced Henry's marriage with Catharine to have been null and void. Henry then married Anne privately. These events eventually led to the great religious Beformation which took place in this reign. The Reformation was begun in Germany, by Martin Luther who had been educated for a priest, but had studied the Scriptures thoroughly, and had arrived at the conclusion that the Roman Catholic religion was little better than idolatry. The change reached England just about the time of Henry's quarrel with the Pope. The English too thought that tne Pope had too much authority over English matters, for in those days all were compelled to do the Pope's bidding. Henry at once seized the opportunity, broke free from Roman Catholic bondage, and established himself as head of the English Church. 19 ids of )thing vaded >dden, ) early esever- by the Henry \ great uy had livorce, and for of high ve been ould be alliance w of the ecu re a end the itherine, his own jpointed to have rivately. wmation 1 Luther iied the sion that idolatry. Henry's that the 1-8, for in bidding, a Roman of the Henry VIII. was married six times and left three children, viz : — Edward, Mary and Elizabeth, all of whom held th(! throne. Althougii it is generally believed that Henry VIII. was a tyrant, it must be remembered that it was during stormy years that he hold the reins af power, and it was necessary for him to bo very strict, and severe in order to preserve peace. EDWARD VI. From A.D. 1547 to 1553, six years. The Duke of Somerset was made Protector of England, on the death of Henry VIII., as young Edward was only in his tenth year, and consequently was not competent to manage the kingdom. Somerset entered upon a war with Scotland to make the Scotch give up the young Queen Mary as Henry VIII. had desired that she and his son Edward should be married. The Scotch were defeated at the Battle of Pinkie, but they sent Mary to France where she soon was married to the Dauphin. The great English Reformation was completed in this year. Archbishop Cranmer taking a large share in the good work. Public opinion now began to turn against Somerset, so he resigned,, and was succeeded by the Duke of Northumberland, an artful and designing man. He soon obtained so great an influence over the young king that lie persuaded him to leave the tlirone to his cousin Lady Jane Gray, to whom Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, was married. Soon after this Edward died, and it was rumored that Northumberland had hastened his death by the use of poison. MARY. From A. D. 1553 to A. D. 1558, five years. Upon the death of Edward Lady Jane Gray was proclaimed Queen, but the people were all in favor of Mary, so Lady Jane resigned. But by tiie orders of Mary she and her husband were executed. Mary may be said to have been the first Queen of England. The darling project of Mary's heart was to revive the Roman Catholic faith in England. To aid her in this she married Philip of Spain, one of the great Catholic powers of Europe. This marriage was very much disliked by the 20 people. Mary at onoo bej^an to ])erseciite most cruelly the ProU'ntanUy and many were buriied at tlio Ptakc. In 1558 (>alairt, which tlic Englisli liad held since the dajB of Edward 111., was lost. Soon after Mary died. ELIZABETH. From 1558 to 1603, 45 years. On the d(!ath of Mary, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, became Queen. She was a Protestant and ' at onc(! decided to maintain the Protestant religion. Accord- ingly she passed two Acts, viz: Act of Uniforniitij^ which enacted " tiiat no other services than those laid down in the Prayer J3ooiv, should be used," and the Act of Su])reinacy, which required all persons iiolding office to acknowledge Eliza- beth as the head of the Churcii and State, In this reign some persons who, now that they were free from the thraldom of Koman Catholicism, desired to rush to the other extreme, seceded from the English Church and established the Puritan party. Mary Queen of Scots having become Queen of France, now claimed the title of Queen of England also, on the ground that she was the grand-daughter of Henry Vll's eldest sister Margaret. Left a widow in 1561 she returned to Scotland, where the Protestant religion had taken a firm hold. She, being a Catholic, did not agree very well with her people. She was accused of assisting in the murder of her second husband, and dethroned. Escaping irom the prison, she fled to England, where she was again thrown into prison. After enduring an imprisonment of nineteen years, she was tried for assisting in a conspiracy against Elizabeth's life, found guilty, and execut- ed in 1587. In 1588 Philip of Spain fitted out an enormous fleet and sent it to crush the power of England at a blow. He was disappointed, however, for instead of his fleet, " The InvinQible Armada," defeating the English, the English defeated it. Protestants and Catholics fought side by side, and domestic troubles were forgotten under the shadow of a great danger. Williaoi Cecil (Lord Burleigh,) was the chief adviser of Elizabeth. 91 Tlio first settl(Mnc'nt made Ity the EiiLrli^li in Aiut'iifii \\;i!^ toui»(l(!il by Sir Walter Uiih'ij^li Jiiul c:illti!irliaiiioiit iroin tlio tiino Janios nsuciidod the thruno. Tlio thirty yoars war hogan 1018. lliilt'iiih, liacon and Ma8Bin«;or wore some of tlio literary men of tho rei<,Mt. Jami'S died in 1025, and waa snoccedod hy his Boeond son, ('harlcfc!. CIIAULES I.— IGliG-lGlD. Charles I., tho second son of James I., l)eoame king in 1025. Ho j^ot into trouble with his Hi*st parliament on the question of supplies. lie dissolved the parliament, and bey^an to impost; taxes on his own authority. One of his means «>f raising money was by reviving an old tax called " Ship-money.'*'' In early days, this tax )iad been levied on maritime counties in time of war, to maintain a Hcet, now (/liarles levied it indis- criminately on maritimo iinti iidand counties, in time of peace, and to maintain a standing army. The j)eople niurrnured and ''*• John Ifam2)den'''' refused to pay. He was tried and the verdict was against him. Civil war broke out in a short time. Several battles were fought. The king's army being composed of rich gentlemen bore the name of the Koyalists. The opposing army was composed of farmers and the lower class of people, who were called Bound heads. The war ended in the defeat of Charles, who was taken prisoner and beheaded. i Oliver Cromwell,, who had fought in tho Parliamentary Army, and had risen to the commaud of that army, then stepped into the king's place. In 1G2S the Parliament before granting any money to the king, had forced him to sign the Petition of liiyhts which enacted that the king could detain no person in prison beyond a certain time without trial, could not billet soldiers in private houses, and could not levy taxes without consent of Parlia- ment. THE COMMONWEALTH— 1G49-1 658. Cromwell, who had been the means of causing the execution of Charles, now began to pave his way to the throne. All the Presbyterians who had fought against Charles did not desire his downfall, they only wanted to see his power limited. They now opposed the schemes of Cromwell, but the latter 23 erary 1 BOll, 1C25. " 111 ities in ])caee, •eil and kiid the c8 were tlemen niy was lio were IS taken vnentary ly, then By to the is which |i beyond n ])rivate )f Parlia- executioJi lone. All did not sr limited, the latter was at the head of a party called Independents, who had lott the Puritan body and estahlislicd a religion of their own, and tliey were ])y far the most ])owerfiil of the three parties, viz. : IvoyalistA, Puritans, and Independents. (yroinwell began by breaking the power of the Royalists in Ireland, in wliicii eoimtry he Imtehered whole garrisons, and placed fanatics of his own sect in their places. At the battles of Worcester and Dunbar ho completely broke the powau* of his opponents. At last ho reached the 1)osition to which ho had so long been aspiring. lie was nuule *rotcctor of the Common wealth. There is no denying that lie added much to the glory and fame of England, lie took the island of Jamaica and other places of importance, and defeated the Dutch wlio were then the rivals of England in commerce. lie expelled the Long ParHament for not doing what he wanted. This was one of the offences for which Charles was beheaded. He died in 1C58 and his son Richard succeeded him. Richard Cromwell soon gave up his newly acquired honours and for two years England liad no rulei*. General Monk, who had command of the troops in Scotland, and who did not believe in letting England be ruled by an army of fanatics, now ujarched to London, and, to the great joy of the people, declared for a free Parliament. The old members, who had been expelled by Cromwell, now took their seats, and, after issuing writs for a general election they dissolved the famous Long Parliament. The new Parliament invited Charles to take the throne, and amid general rejoicing, he was crowned king IGOO. Thus was the Restoration completed. CHARLES IL From 1600 to 1GS5—25 years. Nothing was against Charles IL when ho ascended the throne. The people were weary of rebellion and war, and laid no limit to his power. They all looked upon him with great loyalty, and expected to have tlieir wrongs speedily set right. Charles, however, cared little for the happiness of his subjects so long as he could gratify liis own desires. In 1665 a great plague devastated London, carrying away it is said about 100,000 of the inhabitants. In the year follow- ing, (1666) a gi'eat fire destroyed nearly two-thirds of the city. IIM 'I ; ii' i| ■M ,il ■; ! About this time a disgraced clergyman, named Titus Gates, came forward with a story of a Popish Plot, to assassinate the king and murder all Protestants. Tiie king's brotiier, James, Duke of York, liad shortly before this openly avowed liimself to be a Roman Catholic, and it was suspected tliat Charles too leaned towards the same faitli. The story was believed, and many innocent people were put to death. In 1G79 was passed the " Ilaheas Corj^ufi " Act. It decreed that no sovereign could detain any per.-on in prison beyond a certain time without bringing him to a lair trial. The '^ Exclii.non Bill" was brought into Parliament and fiercely debated upon. It was intended to exclude James, Duke of York, from the throne, as he was a Roman (catholic. It passed the Commons, but was lost in the House of J^ords. The party names " Cavalier," and " Roundiieads," were changed in this reign to "Tory" and "Wliig," and later on these became " Conservative" and "Liberal." The origin of the names "Whig" and "Tory" is uiicertain. The Rye House Plot was the last remarkable event of the reign. TJie Whigs were to attempt to shoot Charlos and his brother, the Duke of York, and place the Duke of Monmouth on the throne. The plot was discovered, and the ringleaders executed. JAMES IT. From A. T). 1685 to 1G8S — three years. At first James was very popular with the people, but he soon began to show himself in his true colours. The Duke of Mon- mouth, who had fled to Holland when the Rye House Plot was discovered, now returned to assert his right to the throne. His army was defeated, however, at the battle of Sedgemore, 1085. Sedffemore was the last battle ever fought in England. Mon- mouth was taken prisoner and executed. In 1688 James issued a Dedaratwii of Tnditlgence, ^^\v'mg all religions denominations liberty to Avorship " according to the dictates of their own conscience." There are some who blame James for this, and say that he did not act according to the English constitution. Was it not a good act, no matter whether he did or not? Charles I. was brought to the scaffold, partly because lie would not allow liberty of conscience. James ordered that all clergyman should read the Declara- tion of Indulgence, during divine services, for two Sundays. Dates, te the aines, iinsolf es too d, and eereed rond a it and James, ,th()lie. )rds. ' were iter on igin of (.f the iiid his iinonth leaders le soon f Mon- ot was 10. Tlis , 10)85. Mon- ILi'ivino- liiiijj to no wlio dini» to matter scaffold, )cclara- undays. 25 Tlie clergy refused, and seven Bishops (h-ew up a petition, reqiiestinii; the klu^j; to withdraw the order. Tliey were ar- rested, sent to the tower, and tried f<»r lihel, as tlieir petition liad hoeii printed and eireuhited tlironi^li tlie eountry. Tlie jm-y returned a verdict of A^ot Guilty, and at this result the delight of the natioTi knew no hounds. On tlie very day on wliich the Bi-ho)is were .'icrjuittcd, a letter sii2:ned hy some of the most influential nohlemen, was sent to WUrtam, Prince of Oranfje, tiie son-indnw of Jamrs, to come and aid the peoi)lo in defending their lihei ty. WilHam accej)ted the oifer. and landed in England towards the close of the vear 1()S'^. Janies fled to France. William called a Parlianivnt, which declareersons raised a large sum and lent it to the Government. They received 20 interest, but the i)riiieipal was never paid. Tliia was tlie origin ot'oiir Nalioaal Debt. During William's reign the power of the Commons was greatly iiicroasod. The Triennial Bill was passed, enacting that no Parliament should sit longer than three years. A certain sum was granted to the king to meet the expenses of the Civil List, and the remainder of the revenue was at the disposal of the Parliament. In 1701 was passed the Act of Settlement, providing that the sovereigns ot Great Britain should be Protestants; that the Princess Sophia, of Hanover, and her heirs (if Protestants) should succeed to the throne, after the death of Anne, and that judges should hold otiice for life, or good conduct, at fixed salaries. Mary died in 1094, and William in 1702. 1 ; . i !i ANNE. From A.D. 1702 till 1714—12 years. "When William III. died, Anne, the second daughter of James II., was crowned Queen. Louis of France now laid claim to the Spanish throne, for his grandson. lie was opposed by Britain, Prussia, Holland, Austria and Hanover, who favored the Austrian Prince. The union of the above named countries was called the Grand Alliance. The war that followed was called " The War of the Spanish Succession." The Duke of Marlborough was ap- pointed to the command of the allied armies. Four great victories were won by the allies, namely : Blenheim, 1704 ; Ramilies, 1706; Oudenarde, 1708; and Malplaquet, 1709. Gibraltar was taken by Admiral Rooke in 1704, and has ever since remained in the possession of the British. The war was brought to a close in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. By this treaty Louis agreed to recognize the sovereigns of the Bruns- wick line ; to cease aiding tlie Pretender, which was the name given to the son of James II. ; and to allow Britain to retain Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Gibraltar. In 1707 was passed the Act of Union uniting the Parlia- ments of England and Scotland. Scotland was permitted to enjoy the same freedom of trade as England, to retain the Presbyterian form of worship, and to send forty-five members to the House of Commons, and sixteen Peers to the House of Lords. 27 as the IS was uicting ,rs. A juses of at the ng that Ds; that ;estants) ne, and duct, at nditer of irone, for Holland, ice. The le Grand T'AY of the was ap- our creat im, 1704 ; net, 1709. d has ever c war was By this he Briins- i the name n to retain ;he Parlia- innitted to retain the e tnembers e House of In "Wilham Ill's. reiition for twenty years, bv the most barefaced and shameful habits of l)r;oe!"y. GEORGE II. From. 1727 to 1760—33 years. (T0oro;o TI., son of Georp;e I., ascended the throne in 1727. Walpole still remained in power. This Minister's policy was to preserve peace, and, though lie emi)l()yed an extensive and disgraceful system of bribery, yet it cannot be denied that he did mncli to advance the commercial resources and manufac- tiiring industries of the country. The Spanish cruisers claimed and exercised the right of searching all vessels suspected of smuggling along the coast of South America, This led to war. \V;dpole tried in vain to prevent it. The war was carried on successl'uUy, and Walpole was com})el]ed to resign, 1742. The war of the Austrian Succession began iniCfl. Britain becairui complicated in it, and to(.)k the side op]>ositeto France. George in, jierson, led the British Army, and in 1743 he de- feated the Frencii troops at the battle of Dettingen. Three years later, in 1745, the British, commanded by the son of (Teorge, the Duke of Cumberland, were defeated at the battle of Fontenoy, by the French under Marshal Saxe. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, signed in 1748, closed the war. In this reiixn occurred the rebellion known as the " Forty- five." Charles Edward Stuart, who was son of the old pre- tender, landed near Moidart, and made a daring attempt to seize the throne of Britain. "He came with seven officers and 29 esitlea BGven luii; in r in 01)3 roliase or the , stock rotten - usjinds 'at deal to the ion tor ll)it6 of in 1727. liey was sivo and that he anut'ac- •io-lit of coast of vain to Walpole arms for two tliousand men, to conquer a great empire." Di- rectly tlie royal sti'ndard of the Stuarts was disphiycd, the people flocked around it in thousands. They defeated the royal army under Sir John Cope, at Preston})ans, and then marched into England as far xia Derby, in the lu»i)e that they would be joined by the northern Jacobites; but their hope was vain. Tiie result of the insurrection in 17-15 was still green in the memories of the people, and but a few were will- ing to risk their lives in so diingerous an undertaking. They therefore thought it advisable to retreat into Scotland again, and begin the backward march. A slight success at Falkirk served to raise their drooping spirits, but disaster awaited them. At Culloden Field, in 171:6, they were utterly routed by the English under the Duke of Cumberland. The pre- tender after undergoing many privations, escaped to liome, and there he died in 17sS. Another war, caused by a dispute about the boundary lines of their colonies, sprang n]> between England and France. At first fortune went against the English, but " Tiie Great Commoner," William Pitt, was made Frime Minister, and under his skilful administration the tables were turned. In 1757, Lord Clive, by the famous victoiy he won at Plassey, wrested the large and fertile province of Bengal from the French. Two years later, in 1759, General Wolfe, by the battle of the Plains of Abraham, took Quebec, and with it fell the whole of Canada. Jo/in Wi'-slei/ and George WliHejield founded the religious denomination called Methodistf^ in this reiijn. P>ritain France. Vo he de- Three 10 son of le battle losed the " Forty- i old pre- ttempt to Hccrs and GEORGE III. From 1760 A.D. to 1820—60 Years. George III. ascended a glorious throne. His position was rendered illustrious by the splendid conquests abroad, and the progress of wealth and civilization at home. In 1705 the British Government introduced a Bill to com- pel the North American Colonists to pay a tax on certain articles which they imported. The Colonists sent no repre- sentatives to the British Parliament, and had nothing to do with the Government, therefore they refused to pay the taxes. The British claimed that they had spent milllions of money to defend the Colonists, and on that account they were entitled to 80 impose taxes on tlio latter, to aid in paying off the debt in- curred to defend thetn. Tea and paper were taxed, but although a duty of three pence per pound on tea was retained, the Stamp Act by which the duty was laid on paper, was repealed. The breach widened, till 1776 the Colonists drew up a document called the Decla- ration of Independence by which the thirteen colonies under the name of the United States of America declared their in- dependence. George Washington at once took command of tiie American army. In 1777, the British, under General Burgoyne, were hemmed in at Saratoga, and compelled to sur- render ; but the decisive blow was struck at Yorkton in 1781, where Lord Cornwallis was surrounded, and shut up in the place, by the skilful manoeuvring of AVashington. In 1783 Britain formally acknowledged the independence of the thir- teen states, by treaty. The great French Hevohition which took place in this reign was caused by the terrible oppression of the lower classes by the arrogant aristocracy, and the reckless extravagance of the court. Louis XIV. was dethroned and executed, and a republic set up. Great Britain was forced to declare war against France in 1793. Tlie French Convention had published a decree offering all nations their help in recovering their freedom. This led to a war which continued almost uninterruptedly for twenty-two years. Napoleon Bonaparte played an important part in the history of Europe for the succeeding years. He was a native of Corsica, and by a series of iu'illiant victories raised himself to the French throne. Until his fleet was defeated at the Battle of the Nile in 1798 by Admiral Nelson, he had met with nothing but success. In 1805 he crushed the Austrian power at the Battle of Austerlitz. In the same year off (Jape Trafalgar, Lord Nelson again defeated the allied fleets of ^" ance and Spain. Bonaparte now attempted to place his ,.; 'CL.3r Joseph on the throne of Spain. This led to the 1"? lingular war. .if er ovei"nnning the greater part of Europe, Napoleon turned his arms against England. Arthur Wellesley, after- wards Duke of Wellington, was appointed to the chief command. He defeated the French, under Junot, at Vimera. In 1808 Wellington was recalled, and Sir John Moore took his place. Moore died victorious at Corunna, and Wellington 81 again took command. A sticcossion of splendid victories crowned the British arms, viz: Talavera 1809. Salamanca 1812. Vittoria 1813. Toulouse 1814. Waterloo 1815. In 1814 Napoleon abdicated and was banislied to Elba, but within a year lie returned and made a last efl'ort to regain his lost power. Ilis plans were Irustrated hy the battle of Waterloo. The Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were united in 1801. Ireland is represented in the Commons by one hundred and five members and in the Lords by thirty-two peers. In 1812 a war between Britain and the United States broke out, caused by the British claiming and exercising the right to search American vessels for deserters from the royal navy. GEORGE IV. From 1820 to 1830—10 years. The most important event in this reign was the passing of the Catholic Eniancijyation Act, which repealed all penal laws against the Catholics and gave them the same privileges as JE^otestants. This took place in 1829. From the time of Charles II. till 1829 the laws against Catholics were so stringent that none of them could be sent to Parliament to fill any corporate ofiice. WILLIAM IV. From 1830 to 1837 — seven years. In this reign was passed another very important act, namely, The Reform Bill, 1832. The chief provisions were : — (1) "That none should sit in Parliament who did not represent the people ; and (2) That those who did sit there should be chosen in such a way as to represent the people justly and fairly." The right of voting was to be extended more widely among the middle classes ; some old places in which resided perhaps only two or three voters, and which had the privilege of sending a member to represent them, had this privilege taken away from them and ff 82 given to places tliat had lately acquired some importance and were still unrepresented. In 1833 was passed An Act for the Aholition of Slavery. This was the lite- work of the noble William Wilbekforce. By it, all the slaves in the IJritisli Dominions were set free, and a compensation of twenty million pounds sterling was granted to tiie slave-holders. VICTORIA. Began to reujn 1837, and is still reigning. Tiie Salic Law prevented Queen Victoria from becoming queen of Hanover. By this law no woman could hold the tin'one. In 1837 a rebellion, headed by Papineau and Mackenzie, broke out in Canada, but it was soon su])pressed. In order to strengthen the government of the colony, an Act was passed in 1840 by which Upper and Lower Canada were united. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, and all duties on foreign grain landing in Britain were abolished, and Free Trade was extended to every department of British commerce. In 1854 a war broke out, caused by Russian interference in Turkish affairs. Britain and France formed an alliance to oppose the Russians and aid the Turks, and the Crimean War began. Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, are the names of some of the victories won by the allies. The Russians were defeated, and the war ended in 185G. In 1866 the Atlantic Cable was successfully laid. In li>67 an Act was passed for the Confederation of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, under the name of the Dominion of Canada. The Act came in force on July 1st, hence " Dominion Day." A Liberal Government, with Mr. Gladstone at its head, passed an Act, in 1869, for the disestablishment of the Irish Church. The Ballot Act was passed in 1872. At the general election in 1874 Mr. Gladstone was badly defeated, and a Conservative Government, under the leader- ship of Mr. Disraeli, late Earl of Beaconsfield, was formed. 33 The Bei'liii Treaty, tlio result of a conference of the leading' European powers to settle the ''Eastern Question," was sigueu in 1878. This treaty closed the Turco-Russiau war. Tiie Zulu war, and a war in Afghanistan, are the most im- portant event of 1879. The former ended successfully with the capture of King Cetawayo, the Zulu f rince. In the spring of 1880, at the general elections. Earl Beacons* field found himself in the minority, and Mr. Gladstone again became Premier. The Imperial Parliament is now engaged in trying to restore peace and concord to Ireland, which is much excited over the Land Question. Several men, among whom are Messrs Parnell, Dillon, and Davy, have succeeded in stirring the people up to the verge of rebellion. Indeed, in several parts of the island they have a^^suraed a warlike attitude. Several agrarian outrages have been committed, and in order to prevent insurrection, a Coercion Act has been passed. The Imperial Parliament is now engaged in discussing a Land Bill, which will, it is thought, restore peace and concord to the island. The war in Afghanistan has been closed, also a war with the Boers, in South Africa. By the treaty which brought the latter war to an end ; the British made some concessions, which, the people thought, too humble, and Mr. Gladstone has been severely criticised for yielding so much. After a long discussion, Mr. Bradlaugh, an Atheist who had been elected to Parliament, has been compelled to relin- guish his seat in the House. On the morning of Tuesday, April 19th, died Mr. Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. He had been ill for some time, and his death was daily expected. He was a great man, of untiring energy, and a strong will ; he rose from the bottom of the ladder, to be Premier of Great Britain. He held the reins of power in the stormiest times, and guided Britain safely through great difficulties. A few days after his death, Mr. Gladstone, his political opponent, delivered a noble eulogj on him. 3 1. I LEADING DATES IN HISTORY. OsBsar lands in Britain 55I54 ( 'laudius in Britain ' '^ Caradoc subdued tn lk>adicea revolts . . ^, Agricola governs Britain *.'."' 7a al Hadrian in Britain '™* 8everu8 dies at York . . Jt , Martyrdom of St. Alban . . .'.".V. 'l^'', ^l\ Romans leave Britain ^^,?"* ^J* V^tltt^"::^'''':. . ':^' ^' "^"^^^* ^-'''^^ • • • • ^r^ IJthelbert, of Kent, converted to CliristianitV '.'. l^n Mwin converted to Christianitv Pot Danes land in England ' !?" . < )rigin of the Kingdom of Euglanci aou Kgbert, first King of England. . . tlo /Ethelwulf " '' * ^^^ . Kthelbald " « " ^^'^ .Kthelbert " « « ^^^ .'Ethelred I " « « ^^^ Alfred " « *« " ^^^ Battle of Ethandune and Peace of Wedmu're Ill Kdward the Elder °' ^ Kdward becomes master of all Britain oo! .1^'thelstan ^^* l5attleofBrunnenburgb. ."". n!5 Kdred 940 Kdwy 946 Edgar '.*".*.'.'.'.'.'. ^^5 Mdward the Martyr. . n!? .^thelredll 975 Battle of Maldon .'"'.' 979 Banegeld first paid \[\[ 991 l)ani.sh Conquest , ^r * .melred restored..... ^^ Edmund Ironside ■.'.**.'/. J^}^ The Kingdom divided between Edmimd and CanoteV. lOlft A. D. II0U80 of Codiic restored 1042 Edward the (Jonfossor 1042 Stru<»gle against tlio foreigners 106l-10i')2 House of Godwin, Harold II 1006 Battle of Stanifoi-d Bridge 1066 Battle of Hastings, Norman Conquest 1066 William 1 1066 Doomesday Book compiled 1085-1086 William n 1087 Siege of Alnwick 1093 Henry 1 1 100 Charter of Liberties granted 1 100 Battle of Tenchbai 1106 Stephen 1135 Battle of the Standard 1 138 War of Stephen and Matilda 1139-1153 House of Anjou, or Plantagenet line, Henry II 1154 (Constitution of Clarendon 1164 (Jonquest of Ireland 1169-1170 Becket murdered 1 170 Richard I . . . . : 1 189 John 1199 Magna Charta granted 1215 Henry III..,. 1216 Barons' war 1 264 Battle of Lewes 1264 First Parliament 1 265 Battle of Evesham 1265 Edward 1 1272 Conquest of Wales 1282 .Jews expelled from England 1290 First Organization of Parliament 1295 Conquest of Scotland 1296 Confirmation of the Charters 1297 Battle of Bannockburn 1314 Athenree 1316 Edward II. deposed Edward III 1327 Scotland independent 1328 Hundred Years War begins 1338 Battle of Crecy 1346 *1 Neville's Cross 1346 '■ •*- Poictiera 1356 «■ Sluys 1340 Treaty of Bretigny 1360 (Irood Parliament 1376 Richard II 1377 ^. n. 1042 1042 10r)2 1006 1066 1066 1066 -1086 1087 1093 1100 1100 1106 1135 1138 -1153 1154 1164 1-1170 , 1170 1189 . 1199 . 1215 1216 1264 1264 1265 1265 1272 1282 1290 1295 1296 1297 13U 1316 1327 1328 1338 1346 1346 1356 . 1340 . 1360 . 1376 . 1377 A. f» Peusant InHiirroction - 1 3^ I Wycliffo died 1 384 Hoii.se of Lancivstor. ITonry IV 1 3!)1> Htnitnto afjiiinHt Heretics, Himtiti hmiind 1101 IJattlo of ShrowHlxiiy I 103 Honry V 1413 Hundred YearH War rRiitnved \i\^* liattle of AjLjincoui't 14ir> Siirrendor of Rouen 1 4 1 !> Treaty of Troyes 1 420 Honry VI 1 42'J Cade's liebellion 1450 FCnd of Hundred Years War 14r);{ Wars of the RoseH begin 1 455 First battle of Ht. Albans 1455 Battle of WakcHeld 1 4()0 " Barnet 1471 " Tewkesbury 1 47 1 " Bosworth -.. 1485 House of York, Edward IV 1461 Edward V 1483 Richard III 1483 Tudor Period, Henry VII 1485 Warbeck executed 1499 Margaret Tudor inari'ied to Janios IV., of Scotland 1503 Henry VIII 1 509 Battle of Flodden 1513 Henry divorced from Catharine 1533 liretich with lirjuie 1534 Wales and England incorporateil 1536 Moiiastries destroyed 1536 Anne Boleyn executed 1536 Ireland raised to rank of a Kingdom 1542 Six Articles 1539 Kdward VI 1547 Battle of Pinkie 1547 Mary 1553 Wyatt's rebellion 1554 Ridley and Latimer burned 1555 Calias lost 1558 Elizabeth 1558 Act of Uniformity 1559 '* Supremacy 1559r Mary Queen of Scots executed 1587 Spanish Armada defeated 1 588 East India company chartered ■ • 1 60(V ■ama 38 A. D. Stuart Period, James I 1603 Gunpowder Plot, Nov. 5th 1603 Translation of Bible finished 1611 Charles 1 1625 Petition of Right 1628 Hampden refuses to pay ship money 16k36 Long Parliament meets 1640 Stittfibrd beheaded 1641 Irish rebellion 1641 Civil War begins 1642 Battleof Naseby 1645 " Preston 1648 Charles I. murdered 1649 Commonwealth 1649 Cromwell's campaign in Ireland 1649-1650 Battle of Dunbar 1650 " Worcester 1651 Dutch War 1632-1654 Cromwell expels the Parliament 1653 Protectorate, Cromwell 1 653 Jamaica taken 1 655 Long Parliament i-eassembles 1658 Convention meets, Restoration 1660 The Plague 1665 The Great Fire 1666 The Secret Treaty of Dover 1670 Habeas Corpus 1679 Western Rebellion 1 685 Battle of Sedgemoor 1685 Trial of the seven Bishops 1 688 Landing of Prince William of Orange 1 688 Declar.ition of Rights 1689 Toleration Act, Bill of Rights 1689 Battle of the Boyne 1690 Surrender of Limerick 1681 National Debt begins 1693 Act of Settlement 1701 Anne 1702 Gibi-altar taken, Battle of Blenheim 1704 Union of Scotland and England's Parliament 1 707 Treaty of Utrecht 1713 Brunswick Line, George 1 1714 Rebellion of " Fifteen" 1714-171G Septennial Act 1716 George II 1727 Battle of Dettingen 1723 39 1603 1605 1611 1625 1628 163& 1640 1641 1641 1642 1645 164& . 1649 . 1649 .9-1650 . 1650 . 1651 32-1654 . 1653 . 1653 , . 1655 , . 1658 .. 1660 .. 1665 1666 1670 1679 1685 1685 1688 1688 1689 1689 , 1690 . 1681 . 1693 . 1701 . 1702 . 1704 . 1707 . 1713 . 1714 714-1716 . 1716 .. 1727 .. 1723 A, D. Rebellion of " Forty-five " 1745-1746 Battle of Culloden 1746 CWquest of India 1757 Canada 1759 Oeorge III 1760 Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1 793 Battle of the Nile 1798 Union with Ireland 1801 Peace of Amiens 1802 War with France renewed 1803 Battle of Trafalgar 1805 Pitt died. Berlin decrees issued 1806 Peninsular War 1808-1814 The Regency 1811 Battle of Waterloo 1815 George IV 1820 Catholic Emancipation Bill 1829 William IV 1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened 1830 Abolition of Slavery 1833 Reform Bill 1833 Victoria 1837 Repeal of Corn Laws 1846 Crimea War 1854 Battle of Alma, Sept. 20th 1854 Indian Mutiny 1857 Dominion of Canada 1867 Reform Bill 1867 Irish Church Disestablished 1869 Elementary Education Act 1870 Ballot Bill 1872 The Queen takes the title of Empress of India 1877 Zula War and War in Afghanistan 1879 Land League excitement in Ireland 1881 Note. — These dates have been carefully selected from Thompson's History, and will be found very useful, even by advanced st.udents. THE END. Copp, Clark & Co., Qembaal PRinTEiia, Culbormi St., Toromto. EDUCATIONAL MAPS ♦ ♦ ♦- We beg to caU the attention of SCHOOL TRUSTEES, INSPECTORS TEACHERS, and others, to our COMPLETE LIST OF SCHOOL MAPS. The basis of this list is the Maps jjrepared under the superintendence of the Educational Department of Ontario, to which have been added some new ones specially prepared for this series. These Maps are corrected according to ihe latest authorities, are specially adapted for School purposes in the g«;ttiug n\>. they are also well mounted on good cloth and varnislied. We woulil ask a comparison with any other series in the market, these are better every way. The following is a list of those in stock, we h(i]>u to prepare a Dcscrijitivo Catalogue shortly. BRrriSa north AMBRICA, 7 feet 8 in. x 3 ft. 6 in $5 OO THE WORLD, 7 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. (new) Hemispheres separately $2 60.. 3 50 EUROPE, 5 ft. 6 in. X 4 ft. 4 in 3 50 AMERICA, 5 ft. a in. X 4 ft. 4 In 9 60 UNITED STATES, 5 ft. 2 in x 3 ft a in 3 50 EUROPE, ASIA. AFRICA, AMERICA, PALESTINE, BRITISH ISLES. Eacli 4 sheet, 5 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 4 in each 3 50 HUROPB, ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA, 2 sheet, 4 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft 2 in. each 2 50 JOHNSTON'S CENTRAL EUROPE, Do ANCIENT ORBECB, ITALIA ANTIQUA, ASLA. MINOR. Do. NEW ZEALAND, BRITISH ISLES, PALESTINE, Do. MERCATOR'S WORLD. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL, ITALY. Do. PHYSICAL AMERICA, PHYSICAL AFRICA, PHYSICAL ASIA, Do. ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND, CHART OP BOTANY, Each, 2 sheets, 4 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 2 in 2 60 GLO B ES. <> Inch Iron Stand $2 00 6 " " (Improved) 2 50 H " " 6 00 12 '* High Stand, with Quadrant Complete 18 00 12 " Low " " " 12 00 18 " High " •• " $40, or pair 75 00 18 " Low " " " $34, or pair 65 00 Blackboard Compasses 60 Do. do 75 Blackboard Bruslies, Fluted 30 Do. do. Sheepskin 25 >J umeral Frames 1 00 Improved Liquid Slating, Black, per Quart Tin. $1 50, Gal. Tin 5 00 do. do. do. (itreen or Blue do. 1 75, do 5 00 Adamantine Blackboard ('omposition, per Gallon Tin 4 00 Blackboard Slating Cloth, 36 inches wide, per yard I 20 Portable Blackboard, 6 feet x 3 feet, faced both sides 4 00 C'ushioned Blackboard Rubber 30 EDUCATIONAL SUPPLIES, 9 FRONT STREET WEST, TORONTO. O PS DORS e of the lew ores g to ulie ;tiug up. Ill ask :< iry way. scri]»tivo $5 ou 3 50 3 50 3 60 3 60 3 50 2 50 SIA, 2 60 . . §2 00 2 hO .. 6 00 .. 18 00 . . 12 00 .. 75 00 .. 65 00 .. 60 . . 75 .. 30 .. 25 1 00 ... 5 00 ... 5 00 ... 4 00 1 20 . . . 4 00 ... 30 30.