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Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 c COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION LONDON, 1886. ^'^Byrland Li.hoCo.Monl'*' Canadian Hand-Book. C \^i> tl «V4-crv. , C-t-rjr^ji^ , / "7 ■?) ? ^ ^// COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1886. CANADA : rre HISTORY, PRODUCTIONS AND NATURAL RESOURCES. PREPARED I-NDBR TFfB niRECTION OF HONOURABLE JOHN CARLING, MINISTER OF AORirni,TURK, PANADA. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICTTLTURE OF CANADA OTTAWA. 1886. Cii [Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the Year 1886. by George Johnson, in the Office of the Minister of AgncultureJ V Ao^^'^ To the HoNouRABtE John Carltno, M.P., P.c. Minister of Agriculture. Sib, r. n 1 /"" J"'«P^''^"g' «"de^" your instructions, a hand-book of Canada, for the purposes of the Colonial and Indian Kxhibition, f ', . /T ''"/^'' '" ^''P '■" "^'"^ *''^^ th« Exhibition i intended to be a family display, in which each participant while presenting il« own characteristics, remembers that it has also a place in the great British Empire ; no comparisons have there- tore been made between Canada and other pf)rtions of Her M. jesty's Dominions. The limited space at my command must be my excuse for any want of fulness in detail which may impress the reader. At best, all that can be expected is a collection of facts illus trative of the progress Canada has made and suggestive of her importance as one member of the Empire to which she is proud to belong. ^ I have, &c., Ottawa April, 1886. GrEORGE JoHNSON. INTRODUCTION. Canada preaents beiself in the great metropolis of the Empire in triendly i-ivah-y with her siHtera, who, with hor and the Mothei- Isle«, form tliat Gi-eater Bi-ituin whicli Professor Seely has aj^tly described as "a World-Venice, with the sea for streets." yhe aims at showing that her progress in ai-ts, manufactures, connnerce, wealth, education, government and general develop- ment is such as is rightly anticipated from every community sprung from the loins of Great Britain or influenced directly by the spirit of British enterprise. In the Exhibition at South Kensington will be found those evidences of material advancement and prosperity which appeal to the eye. The hand-book is intended to supplement the information given by the exhibits themselves. The facts and figures gathered have been carefully revised and no pains have been spared to bring them down to the latest date and to make them as accui-ate as possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Climate.— Healthful Conditions— KffeciH on Animal and Ve^'etahlo Life-Marine Currents-Tables of Average .Summer and Yearly Temperatures j_l .^ Extent —Area -Maritime Interests Natural Divisions— Compar- isons with other ( 'ountries- Drainage System 13-l(i HisroRioAi, Skh)T(;ii.— Discovery and Exploration— Conquest and Permanent Possession by the English— French Loyalty to Crown 16-313 CoNKBDjyiATioN.- First Suggestions— Preliminary Efforts- Final Consummation '«_•" CoNSTiTiTTioN.-British North American Act Executive Govern- ment— Parliament— Naturalization Laws— Electoral Qualifica- tions—Provincial Constitutions— Administration of Government — The Departments 35-4'^ PociTLATioN-The Two Continental Centi-es-Deportation of Aca- dians— Statistics of Increase— Census Statistics— Aborigines- Statistics of Indian Population 42-52 LAND.-Surveys in North- West— Disposal of Dominion Lands- Homesteads and Pre-emptions— Sales— Etlucational Land En- dowments-Provincial Lands— Laws of Intestacy-Nearness of Relationship ^^^-iU Geological SuRVEV.-Work done-Practical Good' Accomplished. . 64-67 Public DKBT.-Liabilities and Assets-New Indebtedness under Confederation • l^xpenditures on Public Works (i7_ (>OMMBKCE.-Export8- Value of External Trade— Pro- portion of each Class-Cattle Export Trade-Imports by Classes -Percentage of Imports from Great Britain and other Countries -Proportions of Dutiable and Free Goods imported from Great Britain—Statistics of Banking 74_gl Transport SERvicK-Canadian Ideals-Growth of RaiVwavs-Ca- nadian Paciflc-By the West to the East-Distance between it CONTENTS. Liverpool and C'hina — Savinj; of Time Effected — Genoral Kail- way Statistics — River TtnprovementH — Canals — Sea-going Trans- port Trade—Inland Waters 81-101 AiTxn,iAKiK8 TO Tr\nhport Srrvich. — Telegraph and Telephone Lines — Statistics of Telegraphs — Post Office System—Statistics of Progress — Light House System — How the Coaats are I,ighted — Numher of Telephones 101-105 Ravinos Banks. — Classes of Depositors — Amount of Deposits- Growth of Savings Banks 105-107 CrriBS OF C'anada. — Development of Urban Life — Statistics of Assessment — Electric Light 108-113 Jnsurancb.- -Growth of Fire and Life Insurance Business — Fire liosses 114-115 NRWsrAPRRS. — Number in Canada — Languages Printed in — Early Efforts 115-llfi Various Statistics. — Wealth to Population — Expenditure for Houses — Ratio of Public Debt to Wealth — .Accumulation — V'alue of Farm Projierty .... 116-1 Ifi Manufactttreh. — Capital Invested — Growth of Cotton and Wool- len Manufactures — Stati.stics of Industrial Establisliraents 118-121 Forests. — Exports of the Forest — Timh»i- Lands — Statistics of Saw Mills— Protluctiops 121-125 EnrcATioN — Early schools — Pupils in Public Schools — Expenditure on account of Education 126-127 AriRicuT.TiTRE — Wheat and Flour Imports and Exports — Home Pro- duction — Surplus Exports — Products of Farms — Science Applied to Farming — Experiinontal Farm Stations — Stock Raising 127-i;U MiNBRAis. — Iron and Coal — Gold — Antimony — Apatite — Salt 1:^1-142 FiSHBKiES. — Extent — Value of Yield — Fish Exports — Number of Vessels, Boats and Men employed 143-145 SiiirciNcs — Vessels Built — Steamers — Summary by Provinces .... 146 F*Ri( Ks IN Canada. — Rate of Wages — ('ost of Articles 147 Animal Life and Hunting Grounds 148-160 ONTARIO. NOVA SCOTIA. MANITOBA . ^0mtti!0n 0r CEmtaia. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. QUEBEC. NEW BRUNSWICK. BRITISH COLUMBIA. LIIKM-DRTlMeRi CD DTrAWA O^NA.DA - I. . CLIMATE. The British Empire has an area, roughly speaking, of 9,000,- 000 square miles, of which one third is in Noi'th America, one thii*d in the Antipodes, one sixth in the temperate zone of Europe and Asia, and one sixth within the tropics. If one portion of this great empire, enclosing within its ample bounds a fifth of the globe, has been decried because of its intense heat, and another on account of its ai'idity, Canada can claim to be the greatest sufferer of all from its association in the popular mind with intense cold ; " Siberian " and " Canadian " having long been interchangeable terms to denote the utmost severity of cold. The furs which have been distributed throughout England for generations from many a Canadian stream, forest or plain, the possession of one side of the north pole, and the ownership of the snow-capped Rocky Mountains, have contributed to give Canada an Arctic name and a hyperborean reputation by no means in accordance with actual facts. When the French monarch signed the treaty which transferred Canada to Great Britain, he sought to lessen the importance of his rival's acquisition and to diminish the degree of the sacrifice the French nation was called upon to make, by exclaiming, while he signed, "after all, it's only a few square miles of snow." In official circles the expression found acceptance, and down to a comparatively recent date the French King's estimate continued to be the belief of the best informed in Europe. Not very many years ago an eminent English statesman referred to Canada as "those huge ice-bound deserts of North America;" while the geographies of the schools and the encyclopedias of the libraries have invariably represented Canada as doomed in great part to eternal sterility from the severity of its climate. 1 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The expeditions sent to the north pole have had much to do with the continuance of those strange misconceptions which have persistently retained their position among the " facts " relating to Canada's climate. According to Parry, the cold of Melville Island was so intense that hot water allowed to fall fi-om the top- mast reached the deck as hail ; mercury could be fired as bullets from fowling pieces, and balls of frozen almond oil when fired at planks pierced them and fell to the ground unbroken. Many othc i- similar accounts have been published by veracious navigators respecting the Arctic slope of the Dominion, and these have been applied by a sweeping generalization to the whole country till intensity of cold has been burned into the average Eui'opean mind as the most striking characteristic of Canada. Agents of railway companies in the states and territories south of the international boundary line have striven to perpe- tuate the notion that the climate of Canada is against the country's futm*e. Not long ago, the Canadian department of agricultm-e found that ■there had been distributed, throughout England, thousands of pamphlets in which it was asserted, with the proper quantum of hypocritical lamentation, that the climate of Manitoba consists of " seven months' Arctic winter and five months' cold weather ;" the object in scattering the statement being to attract intending settlers from Manitoba to Dakota as possessing a better climate. It can no more be denied that there are regions of Canada where the frost never leaves the ground, than it can be denied that there is a great American desert, stretching for several degrees of latitude between the Gulf of Mexico and the inter- national boundary ; but the Dominion of Canada is so vast in extent that one part may be charged with perpetual snow while another is bathed in almost perennial heat and sunshine. One part receives the cold atmosphere of the ** Frozen Sea," another the humid air of the Atlantic, another the mild genial breezes of the Pacific, and still a fourth has the surface of its soil baked by the heat of tropical waters. In the extreme northern parts, vegetation is so stunted that the highest tree does not reach a child's knee ; in the southern parts, vegetation is so luxurious, that fruits and flowers grow with as much vigor as in Italy or the south of France. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Between these great extremes, all the cereals, grasses and jflowers of temperate regions are found, and as we proceed north- wui*d8 or southwards we meet an unbroken gradation of vegeta- tion. This country has, in fact, all the climates of Europe from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Ocean ; as might be expected, see- ing that it extends from the latitude of Rome, in Italy, to that of North Cape in Norway, and is of almost equal area. Climate is an extremely complex matter and one that depends on a singular variety of conditions. Of these, the most manifest and inclusive are heat, rain, cloud, wind and electrical condition. They are, to a certain extent, dependent on each other, but ulti- mately they may be traced back to certain general causes, viz : 1st, position in latitude ; 2nd, size and form of land ; 3rd, eleva- tion above the sea ; 4th, form, position and elevation of neigh bouring land ; 5th, nature and tempei*ature of the nearest marine currents; 6th, position, distance and direction of the nearest continent. These points have all to be fully studied, as much in dealing -with the climate of Canada as in discussing that of any other country. It is clear that climate is not a question of latitude and longitude ; that th e South is not necessarily warm and the North, cold ; that the East wind does not always bring rheuma- tism ; that the South wind need not be hot, or the Southwest be accompanied by rain. The very great differences in climate in England, compara. tively small in extent as Great Britain is, should warn persons against forming one general conclusion as regards the climate of so vast a country as Canada. The climate of Bath and that of Torquay are well known to differ essentially, and even the two small islands of Jersey and Guernsey, not much more than twenty miles apart, are extremely different as regards climate. One good result has come from the long-endured slandering of our Canadian climate ; great attention has been given to meteoro logical investigations. The study of the science of climate has been stimulated by the determination of Canada to present facts in place of assertions and wanton aspersions. The Dominion Government has ten chief weather stations; 23 first-class stations reporting to the central offices by telegraph : 38 first-class, and 69 second-class stations. There are 38 storm signal stations, 12 stations at which self-registering sunshine records are maintained, CANADIAN HANDBOOK. and 135 rain, snow and weather stations. In all, there are 292* places of observation reporting to the central office. These are distributed throughout the Dominion, 44 being on the Atlantic coast, 136 in the basin of the St. Lawrence, 105 between Eainy Lake and the Eockies, and 7 on the Pacific Ocean slope. In those the agents of the Canadian Government are engaged studying daily, and almost hourly, the climate of the country at stations as widely apart as the most easterly point of the southern shores of Hud- son Straits, and Victoria in Vancouver Island. The records of the Hudson Bay forts have been searched for " weather notes." The narratives of travellers have been closely scanned for refer- ences to the climate. From all these sources there is abundant evidence that Canada, climatically considered, is a country well fitted for Europeans. Time has amply justified the conclusions of Malte Brun, " that Canada and the other British possessions in North America (now forming the Dominion), though apparently blessed with fewer physical advantages than the States to the south, contain a noble race, and are evidently reserved for a lofty destination. Everything thei-e is in proper keeping for the development of the combined physical and mental energies of man. There are to be found at once the hardihood of character which conquers diffi- culties, the climate which stimulates exertion, and the natural advantages which reward enterprise. Nature has marked out this country for exalted destinies." No one particular in her category of advantages is more effective as an instrument to enable Canada to take the position thus declared, by an eminent authority, to be her's in the future, than her climate. Taking the conditions referred to as the true guides to climate, we find that a large portion of Canada is in latitudes which in Europe have proved the most favorable to the health of man. The "mean temperature of the regions watered by the Moose and Abbitibi Eivers corresponds with the north of Europe, being 65° F. The regions drained by the northern part of the Ottawa and by the Saguenny, and the northern parts of Nova Scotia correspond with the south coast of England, Paris, the -niddle of Germany, and the south of Russia, being 60" F., while -t)° F. represents the summer temperatui*e of the regions border- ing upon the Upper St. Lawrence Lakes, London, Toronto,^ __ CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Kingston, Montreal, the St. Lawrence to Quebec, and eastwai-ds to Fi'edoricton, the capital of the province of New Brunswick. Altitude more than latitude makes climate, and in this respect •Canada occupies a position superior to most regions. According to Humboldt, Europe has a mean elevation of 671 feet. South America of 1,132, Asia of 1,151, and North America of t48 feet. The Canadian pan of North America is placed at 300 feet. The ascent from the ocean to Lake Superior does not average more that six inches in a mile, and even this ascent is not markedly noticeable till we proceed westward. Montreal, the head of ocean navigation, reached only after passing over several hundred miles of fresh surface water, is at low water but eighteen feet above the level of the sea, as it rolls under the lighter fresh water along the bed of its estuary. The marine currents are singularly favourable to Canada. Along the Atlantic coast, the Gulf Stream exerts its benign influences to such an extent that on Sable Island there are troops of wild ponies, the progenitors of which, two centuries ago, were ship- wrecked and cast upon the island, and there, successive genera- tions, without shelter of any kind, have lived and multiplied. In Halifax, in the depth of winter, a dozen hours of south wind will mow down the snow-banks, as a mowing machine cuts down the ripened grass. Along the Canadian littoral of the Pacific Ocean the Japanese •current produces the same effect on the climate as the Gulf Stream does in England. Vancouver Island is like the south of England, except that it has a greater summer heat with less humidity. In the vicinitj^ of Victoria the highest temperature in the shade in July and August ranges from 80 to 90" F., while the thermometer in winter, seldom goes as low as 22° below freezing point. As respects the ocean currents it may be said that they make a dift'erence in the regions aftected by them of 10° of latitude. East of the Eockios, Professor Macoun found a large area which had been previously described by travellers as the apex of the groat American desert. He concluded after investigation that this region was not naturally sterile soil, but a dried and baked surface caused by influences operating for ages, the chief of which was the heat of the Gulf of Mexico borne by the winds therefrom, and losing their moisture while passing over the f' 6 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. heated sand plains lying between the Gulf and Canada. Acting- upon his conclusion he made an experiment, subsequently tried on a large scale by the managers of the Canadian Pacific Eailway» The ground was broken up, and beneath the hardened surface- was found a soil possessing in the highest degree the constituent elements of the best soil. It had been hermetically sealed, and thus prevented from wasting its sweetness on the desert air. The^ same influence, having its source in the Gulf of Mexico, combined, according to some observers, with the Chinook winds, operates upon the climate of that region — the ranching ground of Canada. In the district of Alberta, the winter climate is comparatively mild, not severe ; blizzards are unknown, and stock winter in tbe- open air and come out fat and in good condition in the spring. The Government statistics show that there are now fifty-one ranches in which stock has been placed ; that they vary in size from 1,500 to 100,000 acres and have a combined area of 1,693,- 6*70 acres. The number of cattle on them is 46,900, of horses, 4,310, of sheep, 9,694, of other animals, 895. Besides these, there- are considerable numbers of cattle on grounds not held as ranches by lease from the government. The reports from all are favour- able as to the future, speaking well for the climate in mid-winter. The great bodies of water which are a distinguishing feature- of Canada also exert considerable influence upon the climate. Hudson's Bay is 1,000 miles long by 600 wide. Its tempera- ture is 65° F. during summer; in winter, it is 3° warmer than the waters of Lake Superior. The chain of fresh water lakes, which, almost without a break, extends between latitude 44*45 and latitude 51 north, and from longitude 75 to longitude 120, covers, together with the smaller lakes, an area of 130,000^ square miles and contains nearly one half of all the fresh water on the surface of the globe. The moderating influences of these large bodies of water, which never freeze ovei', will be at once- recognized. In the older settled portions of Canada the undoubted expe- rience is, that the climate has been modified by the decrease of the forest area and the draining of swamp lands. Malte Brun Bays " the same changes, aw to climate, are taking place in Canada which were observed in Eui'ope when the dark masses of the Hercynian forest were felled and its morasses drained by the- laborious arms of the Germans, and the climate, becoming mor& CANADIAN HANDB OK. mild, has undergone a change of 8° to 10° on the average, since the efforts of European industry were first applied to the culti- vation of the country." The number of centenarians, especially among the Canadians- of French descent, whose ancestors for ten generations have lived and died in Canada, attests the suitability of the climate to the European races ; as also do the facts that the weight of children at birth, and the size at twenty-one years, are far above the average of Europeans. During the insurrectionary movement in the Canadian North- west, in March 1885, men and boys were marched from the Niagara peninsula, and from all the cities between London and Halifax, without any special selection. Five thousand troops, with another thousand employees of various kinds, travelled in open box-cars over the Canadian Pacific Railway, marched across the "gaps" in the then incompleted railway, and trudged through snow and slush by forced marches northwards from three points on the railway hundreds of miles distant from each other. They slept in tents, without taking any extraordinary precaution as regards health. Yet of the six thousand, during months exposed and going as far north as the 53rd parallel, not one man died from any disease traceable to the climate. There was complete immunity from disease. But, says some one, "while this is all true as regards the effect of the climate on human life, is it not a fact that vegetable life suffers ? Is it not a fact that throughout the whole of Canada, while the mean temperature is equal to that of Eucope, there are summer frosts which seriously diminish the chances of suc- cess for agricultural operations ? This question has also been made the subject of careful investigation. Sir GJ-eorge Simpson says the vine is abandant on the Kaminis- tiquia River, a tributary of Lake Superior from the north west, where also the tomato has been found growing wild. He also states that, in his day, buffaloes roamed in countless herds in the region watered by the Saskatchewan. " The grass to feed them," says Sir George, " is rich and abundant, and the buffaloes winter there, together with the domestic animals taken thither for the use of the white man and the Indian." Professor Macoun found the cucumber ripening in the Peace 8 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Eiver district in August. In the valley of the Ottawa the grape flourishes, and the census returns show that the yield of grapes in Ontario for the year 1880 was 3,896,508 pounds. If you look through the exhibits from Canada, you will find apples, pears, peaches, and other fruit, which suggest a fine climate, better for such fruit than that possessed by any other part of "Greater Britain," and, if the price paid for Canadian apples in the London mai'ket is good evidence, better than any part of the United States, There is, beyond question, one drawback which, in the North- western territories of Canada, though not to so great a degree as in the Western States to the South, makes the mean temperature of the summer lower than it would otherwise be, and at the same time destroys, to a certain extent, the accuracy of the deductions made from that mean temperature. That drawback is the occur- rence in occasional years of a summer frost. Upon the fact of this occurrence, interested persons have commented on the climate for wheat raising. The experience of the early settlers in Ontario was similar to that of the early settlers in Manitoba. We never hear now of this as an objection to Ontario. Already in the Prairie Province early planting has to a veiy consider- able extent overcome the objection, as the wheat reaches in such event a period in its growth which enables it to withstand the sudden lowering of the temperature. The hard Fyfe wheat has been the most successful seed, and it appears to be settled beyond question that if the seed had, in the first place, been obtained direct from Scotland, instead of fi'om Ontario where it had been used for years and had probably undergone some changes in its properties, the success would be all that could be desired. The introduction of Northern Eussia wheat has been suggested. At any rate, with a splendid soil — an alluvial black loam with an average depth of twenty inches, resting on a sub-soil of clay, — with an average yield of twenty-eight bushels to the acre, and with practically eight days in the week, owing to the length of time the sun is above the horizon in those higher latitudes, it may be counted a certainty that the energy and enterprise of the people will ere long succeed in overcoming the one difficulty in the successful raising of wheat that has been experienced — a difficulty moreover which only in occasional years presents itself. The exhibits of Manitoba wheat will speak for themselves as to quality; the surplus of last harvest, equal to 5,500,000 of bushels, CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 9 -will show to the people of the motherland that Canada is destined to take high place among the world's wheat growers, whose crops, gathered in various zones for the use of the inhabitants of the British Isles, supply the deficit of 130,000,000 of bushels experienced year by year in the island-home of the world-empire of Britain. The following table gives the average summer and yearly temperature at stations in the Dominion of Canada, with the latitude, longitude and height above the sea. The temperatures are dej'ived from ten years' observations, whenever practicable : — Atlantic Slope. station. Latitude. Longitude Elevation above Sea. Oeorgetown 46 11 Charlottetown i 46 14 Kilmakumaig ! 46 48 Grand Manan . . Point Lepreaux St. Andrew's. .. St. John Dorchester Fredericton . . . . Bass River •Chatham Bathurst Dalhousie Yarmouth Liverpoo Digby Halifax Windsor Truro Antigonish .... Port Hastings . . New Glasgow . . Pictou Baddeck Sydney ■Glace Bay anville St. Francis Cranbourne Montreal Quebec Chicoutimi Father Point Cape Magdalen Anticosti, S. W. P Belle Isle Cape Norman Cape Rosier Latitude. 45 5 45 12 45 40 45 35 46 47 46 13 46 22 46 31 46 48 48 25 48 31 49 16 49 24 51 58 51 38 48 52 Elevation Longitude' above Sea. 74 10 72 34 72 12 72 10 72 1 70 48 70 37 73 33 71 12 71 72 65 20 63 36 55 22 55 54 64 15 Feet. 437 187 312 150 20 20 405 39 Mean Temperature. Summer- Year. 03-6 62-6 61-9 59-6 61-8 60-9 58-6 65-5 02-3 60-5 •7 •1 •7 54- 56- 54' 49-6 52-5 55-6 The above are stations in the province of (Quebec. 41 1 40-0 39-8 36- 39- •8 •4 38-9 36, 42 38-6 36-6 35 -a 34-8 34-6 28-4 31-8 34-5 Station. Point Pelee. Windsor .... Port Stanley Stoney Creek Aylmer Glencoe — Port Dover . • Simcoe Fort Erie . . . Welland . . . . Strath roy . . . Sarnia Tx)ndon IngersoU ... Birnam Niagara S . . . Woodstock . . Brantford . . . Granton .... Hamilton . . . Dundas St. George . . liatitnde. ] Longitude " / ° / 41 50 82 o8 42 19 83 2 42 40 81 13 42 40 79 43 42 45 81 42 45 8143 42 47 80 13 42 50 80 21 42 53 78 56 42 59 79 17 42 59 81 42 42 69 82 24 43 00 81 15 43 2 80 57 43 2 81 55 43 6 80 6 43 8 80 47 43 10 80 21 43 12 81 21 43 16 79 53 43 22 79 59 43 23 80 17 Elevation above Sea. Feet. 580 599 502 635 700 580 816 980 750 1015 350 Mean Temperature. Summer. Year. o 70-5 48 4 69 48 2 66 1 45 4 65 1 45 3 63 7 42 8 65 7 44 3 66 1 45 4 66 7 46 2 65 8 45 4 65 8 45 4 65 1 44 3 63 5 43 4 66 45 2 64 1 42 8 63 6 42 4 64 1 • • • • • • » 64 3 43 8 67 2 45 1 63 6 43 6 68 2 47 66 5 45 T 64 41 1 CANADIAN DANDBOOK. n Station. •4 •2 •4 •3 •8. •3 •4 •2 •4 •4 •a •4 •2 •8 •4 Stratford Oalt Conestogo Guelpli Oravenhuret .... Bancroft Cornwall Beatrice Parry Sound .... Renfrew Huntsvillo Fitzroy Harbor . Ottawa Spencedale Manitowaning . . L'Orignal Joly Pembroke Little Current. .. Rockliffe Manamise Port Arthur Kalmar Moose Factory . . Marten's Falls . . Pickering Toronto Brampton Flora Goderich Thomlull Oshawa Mount Forest . . . . Egremont Newmarket Point Clark Port Perry Trenton DuTham , Belleville Desoronto Kincardine Kingston , Peterboro' , N, Gwillemburg . , Norwood Barrie Lakefield Stayner Saugeen Owen Sound Brockville , Penetanguishene . Latitude. 43 23 43 23 43 33 43 33 44 54 45 45 45 45 19 45 26 45 30 45 30 45 20 45 33 45 41 45 41 45 42 45 50 45 57 46 12 47 30 48 27 49 45 51 16 51 30 43 39 43 39 43 41 43 41 43 45 43 45 48 53 43 58 44 44 44 44 44 44 10 44 10 44 11 44 11 44 14 44 17 44 19 44 22 44 23 44 25 44 25 44 30 44 30 44 35 44 45 Longitude 81 80 29 80 31 80 10 79 20 77 50 74 43 79 20 80 76 39 79 8 76 14 75 14 79 22 81 49 74 42 79 10 77 7 81 54 77 55 84 50 89 12 94 58 80 56 86 30 78 56 79 23 79 46 80 24 81 43 79 23 78 52 80 44 80 5 79 27 81 41 78 56 77 29 80 50 77 23 77 4 81 37 76 29 78 18 79 18 77 59 79 40 78 15 80 81 4 21 80 55 75 42 79 56 Elevation above Sea. Feet 1182 870 175 641 200 230 389 608 418 • • • • • 642 30 350 710 728 1376 587 1450 321 272 684 307 668 480 639 768 714 656 273 725 Mean Temperature- Summer. Year. 63 64 63 04 02 58 65 60 62 61 61 64 05 60 62 62 58 64 63 61 56 59 62 57 55 64 65 66 61 65 61 62 64 61 63 64 66 64 61 67 64 64 66 66 66 63 65 63 61 62 63 64 63 43 44 41 44 41 38 42 39 41 37 40 40 35 t2 40 • a • 41 39 38 35 36 34 30 25 43 44 44 41 45 42 42 42 40 42 44 45 41 39 44 42 44 44 44 44 43 43 41 42 42 42 41 41 1 2 4 4 0' 3 1 2 • • 9 5 2 5 3 • • 5 6 5 2 7 6 9 9 5 4 2 8. 1 2 4 2 0' 5 4 3. 6. 2 6 4 2 7 4 8 3 8 9 The above are Btations in the province of Ontario. 12 CANADIAN HANDIiOOK. Prairie T^eqion. Station. Emerson 40 Sourisforu 49 Oak Lake St. Boniface • . . Brandon Winni|)eK Poplar Hoighta 50 Stony Mountain 50 Rapid aty 50 Minnedosa 50 Oimli ! 50 Russell I 50 Hillview ? I Elevation Latitude. I Long! I udo above Sea. 1 8 49 45 49 50 49 50 49 55 4 5 7 14 37 50 ? • / 97 13 101 100 35 97 () 99 50 97 7 97 47 97 12 100 99 47 96 58 101 21 Feet. 784 *i38«' 758 803 1710 723 Moan Temperature, Summer. Year. • • (51-5 40-7 57-8 331 57-0 30-8 59-4 31-9 58-1 301 00-8 32-9 01-5 34-5 60-9 33-7 62-2 34-3 66-4 29-5 58-9 31-8 54-7 28-9 58-0 The above are stations in the pi'ovince of Manitoba. Station. Fort Walsh Fort McLeod . . . . . Medicine Hat. . . Regina Qu'Appelle Gleichen Calgary Parkland Pheasant Forks . Swan River Battleford Edmonton Stuart's Lake • . . Fort Dunvegan.. Slave Lake York Factory . . . Fort Chipewayan FortRae Latitude. 49 42 49 39 50 5 50 25 50 44 50 50 51 2 51 15 51 45 51 52 52 41 53 35 54 11 56 55 20 57 58 43 62 40 liOngitude / 109 51 113 20 110 30 104 35 103 42 112 55 114 40 103 20 101 30 101 57 108 27 113 30 124 4 118 20 115 92 26 111 19 115 10 Elevation above Sea. Feet. 2136 2115 • • • • • • 3389 1620 2253 1800 55 I Moan Temperature. Summer. Year. 56 62 60 56 54-8 •4 •4 •1 •3 ■7 56- 53- 55- 53- 58- 60-0 57-2 54-2 52-3 54-6 51 53 54-0 361 39-6 27-6 30-0 35-7 31-7 38-8 28-8 20-2 23-9 20-9 The above are stations in the N. W. Territories. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 13 Pacific Slope. station. Esquimiilt Victoria Tiudner's Landing . Now Wasttninster Spence's Bridge . . Lillooet T 481 47-5 44 Tho above are Htations in the province of British Columbia. II. THE EXTENT OF CANADA. A recent decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council partially settles tho north-western boundary of Ontario, leaving still unsettled the limits of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec to the north. In the event of an ai'rangemont carrying the bounds of these two provinces to James' Bay, the great Mediterranean sea of Hudson's Bay would become the centre around which cluster four of tho inland provinces of Canada. Four others of tho provinces, into which, for local government pui'poses, Continental British North America is divided, are also maritime, viz.. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Princo Edward Island on the east or Atlantic coast of Canada, and British Columbia on the west or Pacific coast. Thus of the eleven provinces and provisional provinces into which Canada is divided, Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan alone would be without a seaboard. The possession of Hudson's Bay and tho apportionment of its coast among so many of the inland provinces give all parts of the Dominion one great interest in common — the maritime interest ; bestowing on Canada at the same time greater homo- geneity of interest with the rest of the British Empire than would at first thought seem to belong to her. 14 CANADIAN HANDBOOK, Hudson's Bay is connected with the North Atlantic Ocean by Hudson's Straits, which are 600 miles long by 50 wide, in the broadest part. Canada stretches from this great centre in every direction. To ike south and south-east there is the great Woodland Eeqion, comprising the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, :a,nd Nova Scotia, in which, for a couple of centuries, the forests have been attacked by armies of Lumbermen hewing down the trees for export and home use, or clearing the ground for agri- cultural pursuits. To the west and south-west lies the vast Prairie Country, •comprising Manitoba and the four provisional provinces of Kee- watin. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Athabasca. To the north-west lies the Peace and Mackenzie Elvers district ; while beyond the prairie region, stil further west, is the Moun- tain Kegion of Canada, embracing the Eockies, the Selkirk, and the Gold ranges of mountains. From the 85th degree of longitude the country stretches west to the 130th degree ; and east to the 42nd ; 45 degrees on the one side, and 43 on the other. North and south, the country stretches from the 51st degree of latitude, south to the 42nd, and north to the Frozen Sea. Speaking generally, this country is divided into the basin of Hudson's Bay and those of the St. Lawrence, the Peace, the Mackenzie and the St. John Elvers, and the two slopes of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The basin of the Hudson Bay is the largest, beina: 2,000,000 square miles in extent. The St. Lawrence basin covers 530,000 square miles, of which 70,000 are in the United States. The Mackenzie basin has an area of 550,000 square miles. The St. John basin and the Atlantic slope together have an area of 50,214 square miles, and the Pacific slope one of 341,305 square miles. Altogether, not including the area covered by the great lakes, there are 3,470,392 square miles, or about 40 per cent, of the area of the whole British Empire. It is difficult to convey any adequate conception of the vastness of the country. England, Wales, and Scotland together form an area of 88,000 squai-e miles. You could cut forty such areas out •of Canada. New South Wales contains 309,175 square miles, and ■ CANADIAN Handbook. 15 •is laigerby 162 square miles than France, Continental Italy, and Sicily. Canada would make eleven countries the size of New South Wales. There are (in extent) three British India's in €anada, and still enough left over to make a Queensland and a Victoria. The Gorman Empire could be carved out of Canada and fifteen more countries of the same size. The plains of the Saskatchewan measui*e 500,000 square miles, and, according to Lord Selkirk, who attempted colonization, are capable of supporting thirty millions of people. A European area similarly situated east of the tenth degree of longitude would cumprehend very nearly the whole of England and Ireland, part of the German Ocean, the English Channel, the north-eastern corner of France, the whole of Belgium and Holland, and the greater part of the valley of the Khine. The drainage system of Canada is on the same extensive scale as the country itself The valley of the St. Lawrence penetrates the continent by a navigable roate to a distance of about 2,000 miles from the ocean. The rivers which flow eastward into Hudson's Bay have their sources in the Eockies, 1,500 miles ' distant from their mouths. The northward flowing rivers have a length of 1,200 miles. The great lakes in the St. Lawrence form *he largest and purest body of fresh water in the world, with an area of 90,000 square miles, a depth of from 200 to 1,000 feet, and with elevations varying from 200 to 600 feet above the •ocean level. The following are statistics respecting these lakes : — I;akes. Superior . Michigan . Huron , . . £rie Ontario .. Iiength Breadth Depth. Elevation. Miles. Miles. Feet. Feet. 420 170 1,000 600 320 70 700 576 280 105 1,000 574 240 57 200 565 180 55 600 235 Area in sq. miles. 31,500 22,400 21,000 9,000 5,400 16 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The lake system of the prairie region is low in altitude, cover* an area of over 13,000 square miles, and is as follows : — Lakes. Winnipeg ...■ Manitoba Cedar Lake.. Dauphin Winnipegosis Length. Bretdth. Elevation. 280 57 710 120 24 752 770 700 120 27 770 Area,8(iu)ire miles. 8,500 1,900 312 170 1,936 The four principal rivers of the eastern, northern, and western watersheds of Canada are : — St. Lawrence Saskatchewan and Nelson McKenzie Fraser Length in miles. Drainage area in square miles. 1,500 330,000 1,500 450,000 1,200 440,000 450 30,000 III HISTORICAL SKETCH OF CANADA. There is so much that is unique in the history of Canada that the task of presenting an adequate conspectus of her past, within the narrow limits imposed, is far from being one easy of accomplishment. The most that can bo done is to bring under review some of the leading incidentc and personages, and to in- dicate, as far as possible, their influence in moulding her history and determining the course of events. It has been well said that no part of England's world-wide colonial domain has passed through so many or such stormy stages of existence. Nowhere within the circuit of the Crown ^jj^ CANADIAN HANDBOOK. It territory have peace and wa:*, union and disunion, loyalty and rebellion, followed each other in such quick succession. In none have the struggles between church and state, between party and party, been more bitter, or the great political changes which they have contributed to hasten been more sudden oi- more Bweoping. Nowhere have the loyalty of the subject and the prestige of the nation been more sorclj'' tried, and nowhere have they been more noblj'^ vindicated, or more heroically sustained, than in Canada. For the sake of greater clearness, it is best to divide the sketch of the history of Canada into periods; the first covering the dis- covery and exploration of the country, the second, its occupation and settlement by the French, and the third, its conquest and permanent possession, by the English. 1st Period. Thl Discovery and exploration op Canada. There is an irreconcilable difference of opinion between the authorities as to the man who is rightfully entitled to claim the honour of first setting foot on Canadian soil. If the Norse Sagas can be accepted as reliable sources of history, one Leef Erikson, — who, in the year 1000, set forth on a daring quest southward, and after touching at " Ilulluland" and " Markland" (by which it is asserted were meant Newfoundland and Nova Scotia) finally brought up at Vinland (Massachusetts) — was the first European to ti'ead the American shoi-e. But in spite of Professor Rafn and the old mill at Newport R I., the Norseman's title has been much disci-edited, and the honour his patriotic countrymen would confer upon him is by other investigators transferred to one among that brave band of Portuguese navigators whose fearless enterprise revealed not one, but two. New Worlds to the Old World of the fifteenth century. According to the authorities, while Diaz and VascodiGania were seeking a new route to India va tht' Capo of Good Hope, or rather the Capo of Storms as it was then called, John and Sebastian Cabot, father and son, a dauntless pair of sea-dogs, with a commission from Henry VII of England, were speeding across the unknown Atlantic, in full faith of finding a noitli-west passage, which would lead them by a dii-cctc!- route to the same golden go:d, and it would seem as if the same year, 141)7, beheld the discovery of England's present domain in South Africa and in North America. 2 hv 18 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The Cabots at that time ventured no farther than Nevvfound- dnd and Labrador, of which they took jjossession in the name of England, but the following year, Sebastian, the younger, having the same purpose in view, sailed as far north as Hudson's Straits; and then, being barred by icebergs, turned southwaid, and skirted the coast down to Chesapeake Bay, landing at several places, and partially exploring the fertile country he had thus discovered. It was upon these discoveries that Great Britain founded the claim, she afterwards so successfully asserted, to the greater part of North America. In 1499 Jaspard Cortereal, a rival of Cabot, essayed to follow in his footsteps, and with two ships furnished him by the Por- tuguese goverumentj reached the Labrador coast, and is generally credited with having given that region a title " Terra Laborador" (land which maj' be cultivated), that has been abbreviated into its present appellation. He also entered the gulf of St Lawrence, and explored it to same extent, but of the result of his investiga- tions no record remains. Two other explorers of this great gulf were Denys and Aubert, two French navigators, who made their way thei-e in the year 1506 and 1508 respectively. Meantime, the rich fisheries of the Newfoundland banks, whose treasures are practically inexhaustible, were being drawn upon for the first time by the hardy Breton, Basque and Norman fishermen, of whose visits the name Cape Breton, found upon the earliest maps, furnishes an interesting memorial. None of the voyages thus taken, however, hud any reference to the settlement of the country. It was reserved lor France to make the first attempt in this direction, when, in the year 1518, the Baron de Lery fitted out an expedition with that end in view. Unfortunately the fates were not propitious to this venture, and beyond the landing of some horses on Sable Island, where they multiplied remarkably and exist in droves to the present day, nothing was accomplished. France had as yet done little in exploring or occupying any portion of this boundless continent, whose wealth was filling the coff'ers of her rivals, and Francis I resolved to claim a share of the prize. " Shall the Kings of Spain and Portugal," he ex- claimed, "divide an America between them? I would like to see the clause in Father Adam's will bequeathing that vast inherit- CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 19 .anceto them. Under his direction, therefore, in 1524,Verrazzani, a Florentine, was sent forth. Ho ranged the coast from Florida lyo 50" north latitude and with superb assurance annexed on behalf of France the entire region previously explored by the Oabots, designating it " New France." The rival claims arising from these explorations were the chief grounds of the long and bloody conflict which later on was waged between Great Britain and France for the possession of this magnificent region beyond "the seas, and the maritime supremacy that went with it. Thus fitfully and feebly were the first attempts to found settle- ments on the North American coast carried on up to the close of 'the first quarter of the sixteenth century, and, as we have Sv/en, without anything practical or permanent being achieved, "2nd Period. Occupation and Settlement by the French. In the year 1534 when France had somewhat rallied from the disaster inflicted upon her during recent wars, fresh enterprises were undertaken in the New World, and on the 20th April of that year the real discoverer of Canada })ropei', Jacques Cartier, a native of St Malo, was sent out with two small vessels of about 60 tons each. Sailing through the Straits of Belle Isle he scanned the barren coast of Labrador, and almost circum- navigated Newfoundland, Turning thence south west- ward, he passed the Magdalen Islands, and on a glorious July day entered the lai-ge bay, for which the intense heat suggested the name of " des Chaleurs" it bears to this day. On the rocky head- land of Gaspe he landed and, erecting a huge cross bearing the fleur-de-lis of France, took possession of the country in the name •of his sovereign Francis I. Learning from the natives of the existence of a great rivei* leading so far up into the interior that " no nmn had ever traced it to its source," ho sailed up the gulf of St Lawrence until he could see land on either side. But the season being well advanced, he deemed it prudent to go no farther until he should return next Bummer. Delighted with the report his faithful Lieutenants .brought back, the French king, in the following year, fitted Cartier out with three fine vessels, of which the largest was 120 tons burthen, and despatched him with the special blessing of the bishop of St. Malo and with a commission from himself to " form settlements If 'i liiir 20 CANADIAN UANDBOOK. in the country and open traffic with the native tribes." The littlo squadron reached the mouth of the St Lawrence about the middle of July, and the 10th of August being the festival of Saint Lawrence, Cai'tier gave the name of that saint to the umall bay in which he then was, since when it has been extended to cover the entii-e gulf and river. Continuing up the noble stream, became, on September Tth, to a fertile, vine-clad island, which he named the Isle of Bacchus, It is now the Island of Orleans. Hero Donnacona, the king of the Algonquin nation, made him a state visit, accompanied by no less than live hundred followers in twelve huge canoes; and seven days later, having made up his mind to winter in the country, Cartier anchored his fleet at the mouth of the St Charles river, where stood the Indian town of Stadacona, beneath the high beetling promontory now crowned with the historic ram- parts of Quebec. Impatient to explore the river stretching out so grandly before him, Cartier advanced with fifty men in his smallest vessel. But the sand-bars of Lake St Peter compelled him to take to his boats. In these he pressed onward, until on October 2nd he reached the populous Indian town of Hochelaga, nestling beneath the wood-crested height which with characteristic loyalty he called " Mont Eoya'," since anglicized into Montjeal. The friendly natives thronged the shore by hundi-eds, and i-eceived the pale-faced strangers with manifestations of the utmost delight, loading theii" boats with lavish presents of corn and fish. From his kindly hosts, Cartier leai-ned of the existence, far to the west and south, of inland seas, broad lands and mighty rivers, then an almost unbi'okon solitude, now the home of a prosperous people. After three daj-^s of pleasant intercoui'se, Cartier rotui-ned to Stadacona and wintei-ed there, his little for-ce suffering severely from insufficient food and inadequate clothing, being also plagued with scurvy of a malignant type, whose violonce neithei* proces- sions, vows nor litanies availed to >'^tay. The following spring he retui-ncd to Fi'anco, taking with him, much against thcii- will, King Donnacona and nine of his chiefs as living trophies of his expedition. Five yeai's elapsed before Cartier returned to Canada, and this time he had with him tho Sieur de Roberval whom the French Monarch had created Lieuten mi-General and Viceroy of his newly CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 21 acquired possessions. The natives were at first friendly as before, •but became hostile on learning that Donnacona and his com- panions had not returned ; and Cartier's treachery began to recoil upon his own head. Another gloomy winter was spent, and again the would-be colonists went back homo disheartened, although Eoberval, who met them at Newfoundland, tried hai*d to retain thorn. Eoberval continued on his course and wintered at Cape Rouge, whither, in 1543, Cartier was sent to carry the order for his recall, and the latter after enduring a third winter, left the country in the spring of 1544 never to return. With the disastrous failure of all these early expeditions, the -efforts of France to colonize Canada were suspended for a full half century, with the single exception of the Marquis de la Roche's quixotic attempt to settle Sable Island with a band of convicts selected from the Royal prisons — an attempt, it need hardly be said, that had no other result than to furnish historians with a highly romantic episode, and a spot on that " dark isle of mourning" with the name of the " French Gardens." With the opening of the seventeenth century, there appears upon the scene one of the most remarkable of the many remark- able men who have taken an active part in moulding the destinies of Canada. This was Samuel de Champlain, whose high qualities both as sailor and soldier, marked him out as one peculiarly fitted for the task of opening up New France to civilization. Accord- ingly in 1603 ho was commissioned, in conjunction with Pont- gi'ave, for this arduous enterprise, and his first voyage, which produced nothing but a cargo of furs, was made in that year. Two years later, however, he returned in connection with a much larger expedition headed by the Sieurde Monts, who had obtiiined a patent of the vice-royalty of La Cadie or Acadie, now called Nova Scotia, and the first actual settlement by Europeans within the boundaries of the present Dominion of Canada was then (1605) made by de Monts at Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal) in Nova Scotia, and there the first field of wheat ever sown by the hand of white man in all Canada was sown — winter wheat it was, for Poutrincourt says ** it grew under tho snow." The little colony here established, ■after a fitful existence of several years, was finally destroyed by the English under Argall, the bitter strife between tho French And English nations, which disturbed the continent for one 22 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. hundred and fifty years, there finding its beginning, and making, during its continuance, Port Eoyal famous as tlio most assaulted spot on this continent. It has been taken by force, five times by" the P]ngli8h— by Argall i i 1G1.3, by Kirk in lfi21, by Sedgwick in 1654, by Phipps in 1690 and by Nicholson in 1710. It was by them abandoned or restored to the French four times — by Argall in 1613, by treaty of St Germain in 1632, by treaty of Breda in 166t and by treaty of Ryswick in 1697. It was un- successfully attacked by the English three times — by Church in 1694, by March in 1707, and by Wainwright also in 1707. It wafl unsuccessfully attacked by the French and Indians twice — in Julj 1744 by Abbe de Loutre, and in September 1744 by Duvivier. It was taken, sacked and abandoned twice, once by pirates in 1690 and once by United States, revolutionary forces in 1781. Yet o'er this lovely six)t, first chosen home By either race beyond the Atlantic foam, Have Gaul and Albion, for a century, warred As pledge of Empire, victory's reward. No other spot in all this western world So oft hath seen tlie battle flag unfurled ; So often been the battering cannon's targe ; So oft the goal of headlong battle-charge ; So often heard the Indian war-whoop dread, Or been by spoiler's ruthless hand bested ; So often borne in war's alternate chance The flag of England and the flag of France. Passing from Acadia to Canada pj'oper, we find Champlain in 1608 once more ascending the broad St Lawrence, and on the 3rd of July, beneath the craggy heights of Quebec, laying the foundations of one of the most famous cities of the new world. The colonists soon were comfortably housed and the land cleared for tillage. Thenceforward, during many years, the history of Quebec was the history of Canada, and its annals contain little beyond the pathetic struggles of the colonists with the difficulties of their situation, and the dangers which constantly menaced them from their Indian foes. For the intense hostility of the Indians, the French were themselves wholly to blame. Wo have- already seen with what ingratitude Cartier treated Donnacona, and now Champlain foolishly incurred the implacable hatred of the powerful Iroquois nation, by joining forces with the Algon- CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 23 quins in an attack upon ono ofthoir strongholdg. The temporary advantage thereby gained was dearly paid for by a century and a half of rapine, plunder and namolo s barbarities. The Prince of Condd, Admiral Montmorency, and the Duke of Vcntadour became successively viceroys of Canada, but the valour, fidelity and zeal of Champlain commanded the confidence of them all. Dauntless and tireless, he explored the St Lawrence and Ottawa Elvers, warred against the Indians, visited the mother country again and again in the interests of his beloved colony, strengthened the defences of Quebec ; in fact was the heart and soul as well as the head of the entire enterprise. While he was Governor of Quebec, the little town was invested by Sir David Kirk, acting under instructions from the English court, and starved into an honourable surrender in the year 1629. But it turning out that peace had been concluded between the nations before the surrender, by the Treaty of St Germain signed in 1632, the whole of Canada, Cape Bi-eton and Acadie was lestored to the French. Three years later, Champlain's busy life drew to a close, and on Christmas day the noble soul whose character was more like that of knight-errant of media}val romance than that of a practical soldier of the seventeenth century, passed peacefully away at the Castle of St Louis, which he himself had built upon the summit of the cliffs of Quebec. Champlain had many successors in the arduous office of governor of New Fiance, but none of like spirit, until Frontenac came in 16*73, and the colony grew very slowly, scarce one hundred Europeans being added to it during the five years succeeding Champlain's death, while in 1662, when the charter of the Hundred Associates, a company which promised much and per- formed little, was annulled, the total foreign population did not exceed two thousand souls. The chief reason of this slow growth, as compared with the rapid advance made b}- the English colonies in Virginia and New England, was that,under Jesuitdirection, far more interest was taken in the conversion of the savages than in the colonization of the country. Fi*om 1632 to 1682 priests of the Jesuit, Eecollect and other orders, ti-avei-sed the land, un- daunted by trackless forests, terrible privations, merciless foes and appalling loneliness, pushing the Avork of the church wherever human beings were to be found and souls saved. The Jesuits were the pioneers of civilization in the far "West. Their annuai 24 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. reports, which have been co'lcctcd and published by the Canadian Government in three large vohuncs entitled " Relations dos JoHuits," constitute a perfect mine of priceless information on oarlj' Canadian history. Connpicuous aniong them were Piires Hennepin, Marquette, La Salle, Alloey, Dablon and Joliot, and many a priest heroically laid down his life rather than swerve aside, or turn back from the forwanl course he believed God had called him to pursue. In the Spring of lG-12 the foundations of Monti eal, the future commercial meti-opolis of Canada, were laid by Montmagny with all the pious pomp and churchly ceremonial possible amidst such primitive surroundings, and thus onward into the heart of the country civilization slowly made its way, righting with the relentless Indians for eveiy foot of the passage. In 1G72 the Count do Frontenac was appointed governor and next to Champlain he is in^ovcry way the m^^t conspicuous figure among the early holders of that office. The chief glory of his administration was the spirit of daring exploration and discovery by which it was chai-actcrized, the grandest achievement of all being the exploration of the Mississippi Elver and the Great West under Joliet, Maiquctte, La Salle and Hennepin. The eufterings of the cohmies from the Irdians, more especially the Iroquois, were terrible during this period, and at times it seemed as if they would really succeed in driving the detested " pale faces" from the country. Then in 1688 came the breaking out of war between France and England leading to hostilities between the French and New England colonies. These were carried on with varying success until the two nations came to terms again, and by the treaty of Ryswick (1697) restored to each other whatever conquests they had succeeded in making. The following year Frontenac died and was succeeded by De Calli^res. After four years of peace, the war of the Spanish succession again involved England and France in bloody strife, which, of course, had to be shared by the colonies, and thenceforward until 1*713 tragic scenes were enacted from the ocean-laved shores of Acadia to the pathless forests of the West, in which French, English and Indian wai-riors outvied one another in lust for blood. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) the whole of Acadia, New- foundland and Hudson's Bay weie given to England, in whose possession they have ever since remained. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 26 During tho long period of poaco that now onsuod, the poptihi- *ion of Canada, which by a census taken in 1721, was found to bo only 25,600, Klowly increased, and its internal development niado considerable progress. The cultivation of tho soil was, however, greatly neglected for tho seductive fur trade, which jjossessed for the adventurous voyageur and coiireur de bois a fat^cination that even its enormous profits did not wholly explain. Assuming tho garb these often assumed tho social habits of the red men, living in their wigwams, marrying their daughtei-s. and rearing a dusky brood of children from whom have descended the Metis or Ilalf- breeds which were last year brought into prominence through their rebellion in tho North West. In 1*744, tho wai* of the Austrian succession once more involved the colonies in a series of hostilities which wore chiefly remark- able for the capture of the supposed impregnable fortress of Louisburg in Cape Breton by the English under Peppercll (1745), and the first ap])earanco of Geoi-ge Washington, " tho father of his country," who was then a valued officer in tlio army of tho English colonies. Tho war terminated between tho principals with tho Treaty of Aix-la-Chappello (1748), but this truce was regarded by both nations as only a» breathing spell to prepare for tho coming struggle that would decide tho possession of the continent. The year 1749 saw tho foundation of Halifax, tho capital of Nova Scotia, laid by Governor Cornwallis and the first muttering of the spirit of rebellion on the part of tho Acadian colonists of tho province that six yeais later lendered altogether unavoidable their complete expatriation — an event the true features of which, Longfell^w has in his poem " Evangeline" obscured beneath a glamour of romance and pathos. In 1754 the expected conflict opened with a brush between a small body of troops under Washington and a party of French soldiers under Jumonvillo at Fort de Quesne. Washington took the initiative, and, as Bancroft saj-s, his command to 'fire' ^' kindled tho world into a flame." It precipitated the tremendous struggle which, foughtoutto tho bitter end on tho plains of India, on the waters of the Mediterranean and the Spanish main, on tho gold coast of Afiica, on the lamparts of Louisburg, on the heights of Quebec and in the valley of tho Ohio, resulted in the uttor defeat of tho French and tho destruction of thoir sovereignty on "IF* 26 CANAPIAN HANDBOOK. ( ff the American coiilinont, and prepared the way for two important eventH ; the in'iojjondenco of the United States, and the foundation of the uni([Uo Kmpiro whicdi, unliUo IJiiHHia and the United StatoH, " equally vast hut not continuous, witii the ocean (lowin;^ thi'ough it in ovQvy direction, lies, lilio a World- Venice, with the wea lor Btreetw, — Greater Britain." The fluctuating fortunes of that fearful conflict, at* the tide of war ebhed and flowed over the plains, down the rivern an(i through the forests of Now France, Now Kngland, and the West and South, we cannot follow. It is known in history as the seven years' war, lasting as it did from 1755 to 1763 and being con- cluded by the Treaty of Paris in the latter year. During its continuance, many battles and sieges of great interest and im- portance took place, nnd many leaders won undying fame for themselves by their I- plend id achievements, but transcending all other events in magnitude and far-reaching consequence and towering high above all other men in the imporishablo glory of their deeds, the siege of Quebec, and the rival commanders Wolfo and Montcalm, seem by their vastness to till the whole picture a» one looks back upon it from these present days. On the 13th September 1759, Wolfo won (Quebec on the fields of Abraham and just one year later the capitulation of de Vaudrouil at Mojitreal before the combined armies of Amherst, llaviland and Mui-ray completed the English conquest of Canada, and the entire con- tinent, with the solo exception of the little rock-bound and fog- capped islands of St Pierro and Miquelon on the Newfoundland coast, passed forever out of of the possession of the Fi'cnch throne. This brings us to our third period, viz. — 3rd; Conquest and Permanent Possession bv tub English. Of the conquest we have already spoken at the close of the pre- ceding period; it now remains to glance at the history of Canada since it has been a British possession. Dr Withrow, in his admirable History of Canada, thus eloquently summarizes the improvement wrought in Canada by its change of masters; " The conquest of Canada by the British was the most fortunate event in its history. It supplanted the institutions of the Middle Ages by thosO of modern civilization. It gave local self-govern- ment for abject submission to a foreign power and a corrupt court. CANADIAN UANDMOUK. 2T It gftvo the protection of the Habeas Corpus and trial by jury, inHtoaion of Sir George Cartior that ho was "an Englishman speaking the French language." Ml CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 33 ' tl IV. CONFEDERATION. A short rdsum(j of the march of this great measure towards its final consummation will not be without interest. In 1808 Richard J. Uniacko introduced the question of Union of the British provinces in North America, before the Legis- lature of Nova Scotia. In 1814, Chief Justice Sewell of Quebec proposed the union of the British North American colonies to Loi-d Bathurst as a plan for solving governmental difficulties then existing. In 1822, John Beverley Robinson, Attorney-General for Upper Canada, drew up a plan for the confederation of British North America. In 1825, Mr. McCollogh, then publishing the Montreal Free Press, wrote strongly and often in favour of Federal Union, and in December, 1835, Robert Gourlay, writing in London, sub- mitted a scheme of the same nature. In 1839, Lord Durham j-ecommcnded a Confederation of the Provinces in a report to the British Government. In 1854, Hon. J. W. Johnston introduced a resolution in favour of union of the Provinces in the Nova Scotian Legislature. In 1857, Hon. J. W. Johnston and Hon. A. G. Archibald went to England as delegates from the Nova Scotia Legislature on the question. In 1857, Hon. A. T. Gait spoke in favour of Confederation in the Canadian Legislature. In the same yeai-, when Hon. G. E. Cartier, Hon. John Rose and Hon. A. T. Gait were in England on Intercolonial matters, they talked over Confederation with the Colonial Secretary, Sir Bulwer Lytton, who asked for a public expression of opinion from the Canadians. The first Legislative step towards a Federal Union was made by the Parliament of Nova Scotia in 1861 by the unanimous vote of the Legislative Assembly, which was favourably received by the Secretary of State for the Colonies in a despatch of the 6th of July, 1862. On the 14th of June, 1864, Hon. George Brown, as chairman w 34 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. of a select committee of the Canadian Legislature, reported in favour of a federative system applied either to Canada alone or to the whole of the British North American provinces. On Sept. Ist, delegates fi"om the governments of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island met at Charlottetown to discuss Maritime Union. While discussion was going on, delegates from the Province ot Canada asked permission to attend, which was granted, and the larger union was proposed on the 12th of September. On the 10th of Oct., 1864, delegates from the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Pj-inco Edward Island and Newfoundland met at Quebec, and, during seventeen days' session, framed the basis of Confederation in a sei-ies of resolu- tions. On the 3rd of February, 1865, the Canadian Parliament met at Quebec and the resolutions of the Quebec Conference were sub- mitted by Hon. E. P. Tachd in Legislative Council, and by Hon. John A. Macdonald in the House of Assembly. The motion ol' approval was carried by ninety-one to thirty three. On the 24th of April, 1865, New Brunswick having returned a Legislative Assembly opposed to Confederation, Hon. Charles Tupper in the Nova Scotian Assembly moved that nego- tiations for the Union of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edwai*d Island should be renewed. The Motion carried. On the Itth of April, 1866, Hon. Charles Tupper moved in the Assembly of Nova Scotia that the Lieut.-Governor be autho- rised to appoint delegates to arrange with the Imperial Gov em- inent a scheme of Union effectively ensuring Just provision for the rights and interests of Nova Scotia. This was carried by thirty-one to nineteen. On the 30th of Juno, 1866, a similar resolution was moved in the New Brunswick Legislature and caiTied by thirty-one to eight. On the 4th of December, 1866, the deputations from the Pro- Tinces of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia duly organized in London, the Hon. John A. Macdonald in the chaii*, and subse- quently held interviews with Her Majesty's legal officers, begin- ning on the 24th of January, 186t. On 29th of March, 186Y, the Union Act was finally enacted by the Imperial Parliament. On the 22nd of May a Royal Proclamation issued at Windsor Castle. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 35 On the Ist of July, 18G*7, the Union was proclaimed through- out the four provinces, which became the Dominion of Canada. On the 23rd of Juno, 1870, Eupcrt's Land and the North-west- ■orn Territory were added to the Dominion by Imperial order-in- -council, passed upon an address from the Canadian Houses of Parliament; the money payment to the Hudson Bay Company for their interest being tixed at £300,000. On the 15th of July, 18*70, Manitoba was created a province of the Dominion. On the 20tli of July, 1871, British Columbia was admitted into the Union. On the 1st Jul}', 1872, Prince Edward Island was admitted a province of the Dominion of Canada. <5C| \''i Y. THE CONSTITUTION OF CANADA. The constitution of Canada is set forth in the British North America Act, 18G7, 30 Vic. Cap. 3. The executive government and authority is vested in the 'CIAL CONSTITUTIONS. The Goveriiiuont of Canada appoints the Liout.-Govornors, of whom there is one for each province, whoso sahiiy is paid by tho Dominion Pailiament. Each province has its own elective assembly and administra- tion with full ])Ower to regulate its own local affairs as set forth in the Ctmfedoration Act ; to dispose of its revenues and enact such laws as it may doom best for its own internal welfare, pro- vided only that such laws do not interfere with, and are not adverse to, the legislation of the Federal Parliament. The Dominion Government assumed the debts existing at tho time of the Union, agreeing at the same time to pay the pro- vinces an anntuil subsidy, which is a grant equal to eighty cent» a head of the population of the four provinces originally forming the Dominion, as ascertained by the census of 18G1, except in in tho case of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, where it wa& arranged that the subsidy should increase each decennial census* till tho population in each case reached 400,000. Besides this subsidy there is given to each province an annual allowance for government, and also an annual allowance of interest on the amount of debt allowed, where the province has not reached the limit of the authorized debt. The provinces retained possession of the lands belonging to them before Confederation. Manitoba, having no public lands at the time of its creation into a province, has since received from the Dominion Government a gift of swamp lands. The provinces appoint all the officers required for tho adminis- tration of justice, with the single exception of the judges. They regulate: — 1st, Education ; 2nd, Asylums, hospitals, cha- rities and eleemosynary institutions ; 3rd, Common gaols, prisons and reformatories; 4th, Munici])al institutions; 5th, Shop tavern and other licenses; 6th, Local works; 7th, Solemnization of Marriage; 8th, Property and civil rights; 9th, Administration of justice, so far as the constitution, maintenance and organization of provincial courts of both civil and criminal jurisdiction and the \%p' 40 CANADIAN HANDUOOtC. nppointmont of mugistnitos oi* jnaticos of llio poaco, are con- corned. Kmigration and immigration arc HubjcctH of both ftdoral and provincial logislatiun, but provincial lawn on the subject muHt not conHict with federal cnactnientH. The general principles of the Canadian constitution are ; ropro- scntativo governments by ministers responsible to the people; a Federal government having charge (jf the general public good ; and Provincial governmenlH attending to local and provincial interests. The Provinces have not any power to organize and maintain a provincial military force, being in this respect uiiliUe the States in the Union to the south; nor have they tinal legislation, the Dominion Government possessing, under the constitution, the power of veto. The North-West territories are provided, for [)urposes of local government, with a local board called the North- West Council composed of the stipendiary magistrates (appointees of the Federal Government) and othei-s elected by the people. A legislative assembly may be formed in place of the North-West Council as soon as the elected momborsof any Council amount in all to 21 persons. Measures will be taken during the present session of Parliament to provide for the representation of the territories in the Federal Parliament. Excepting in Prince Edward Island, Municipal institutions have been adopted in all the Pj-ovinces of the Dominion, the germ of which is in the municipality. Several of these form a town- ship, and these in turn are subdivisions of the county. The council of each county, township, city, town and incorporated village has power to pass by-laws for obtaining such real and personal property as may be required for the use of the corporation ; for appointing and paying pound-keepers, fence- viewers, overseers of highways, road-surveyors, road-commis- sioners, valuators; for granting money in aid of agricultural societies, n. echanics' institutes, manufacturing establishments or road compa tiies ; for regulating driving on roads and bridges; egress from buildings, and making drains ; for inflicting certain fines ; for planliug ornamental trees and prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquor under Temperance Acts passed by the Legis- lature. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. •U Knch villugo of 760 or more inhabitants, each town of 2,000 and upwards, and each township lias its council oloctod annually by the rate payors. The whole havo, by their re vos and deputy reeves, a roprosontation in the county council which meets pcriodicall}'. A vast amount of business, that needs special Acts of Parliament inCxi'oat Britain, is successfully carried on by those municipal bodies under the provisions of the general law. Taken in the largo, it may bo said thatCanada is pre-eminently the lan- mon Turanian or northern Asiatic origin. The Indians of this origin number about 10,000, the Innuits about 4,000, and the Algonquins about 117,000 ; making in all, according to the latest returns, a total aboriginal population of 131,957. Of these 85,329 are reported to th^ Indian Department as resident on their allotted reserves ; the rest are nomadic. The Indians of Canada are in various stages of development. Some are polygamous, while some have adopted the civilization of the white population to such an extent as scarcely to be dis- tinguished from them. Some would not know what a vote for a Member of Parliament means. Others possess the electoral franchise and prize it highly. Some are increasing in numbers ii; «r 80 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. and others are decreasing. The returns as to Indians resident on reserves show the following condition of things : — YEAB. Numbers on reserve? Quantity of land cultivated acres New land made each year acres Dwellings Barns or stables Threshing machines Fanning mills Ploughs, harrows, and waggons Other implements Horses Cows Sheep Pigs Oxen Young stock Hay crop for year tons. . . . Grain bushels. Potato .' bushels . Fish caught value . . • Furs Other industries 1884. 88,897 80,725 3,861 10,712 3,563 47 386 5,749 19,888 7,332 4,717 1,833 7,289 1,993 5,287 18,550 211,630 240,205 $994,378 $332,435 $131,246 1885. 85,329 85,911 3,242 11,509 3,992 64 401 6,307 17,529 19,623 5,682 1,984 8,504 1,447 7,033 18,613 319,631 280,230 $701,417 $711,393 $181,848 The Indians west of the Ottawa Eiver, to Lake Superior, along the great Lakes, are the most advanced. Of the tribe called the Six Nation Indians, the Superintendent-General of Indian affairs (Sir John A. Macdonald) writes in his annual report for 1884 : " Many of their farms are well cultivated, and the pro- ducts of the soil and dairy exhibited at their annual agricultural exhibitions commanded the admiration of all persons who attend them. Their exhibition of this year was remarkably successful, and they combined with it the centennial celebration of the grant, made to them by the Crown, of the tract of land of which their reserve forms a part, in recognition of their loyalty and valor, as practically proved on numerous occasions on the field of battle in defence of the British flag." Upon the departure of His Excellency the Marquis of Lome and Her Eoyal Highness the Princess Louise, the Six Nations Council sent a farewell address ; and upon the arrival of his Excellency the Marquis of Lansdowne a decorated address of welcome was forwarded by them. Upon learning the death of His Royal Highness the Duke of Albany, the chiefs again w CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 51 evinced their sympathy and loyalty by a message of condolence to the Queon. The Government of Canada has taken charge of the Indians. Like an army, they have been, and are still, in large numbers, fed and clothed by the Government. With their consent their lands have in many instances been sold until an Indian fund has accumulated amounting now to over $3,000,000. Schools have been established for them, and about 140 teachers, many of whom are Indians, are engaged in teaching. In those schools are over 4,000 pupils, and the annual inspection shows good results. Many of these Indians have aided by their labour in constructing the Canadian Pacific Railway. In some instances they have become contractors and employers of labour. In one or two instances the tribes have shown themselves so well able to man- age their own affairs that the Government has released them from their position as wards of the country and has given into their own keeping the moneys obtained from the sale of their lands. Under an Act of Parliament, passed in 1884, privileges have been conferred on the more advanced bands with a view of training them for the exercise of municipal powers. Under an Act passed in 1885, Indians, whether on Indian reserves or mingling with the general community, have conferred on them the right to vote for members of Parliament on the same condi- tions as other inhabitants of Canada. These Indians, thus placed on a perfect equality with the Whites, demonstrate the success which has attended the efforts of Canada to raise them from their state of savagery to a civilized condition. The same effort, possibly (especially in the North-West), with less promise of ultimate success, is being made with all the Indian tribes. Schools and Farm instructors are provided by the State. Agents and Inspectors have been appointed whose duty it is to look after the bands committed to their charge ; to see that the rations provided are kept up to a uniform standard of excellence ; to prevent the Indians being imposed on by worthless and greedy whites ; to guard them against the evils resulting from the introduction of spirituous liquors, heavy penalties for which offence are imposed by the State, and gener- ally to aid them in every way to prepare to gain their livelihood as farmers, labourers and operatives, instead of by the chase. The task undertaken by the people of Canada is a difficult 62 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. ono — no less tlian the reclamation of over a hundred thousand savages and the development within them of the essentials of civilization. It is rendered more difficult by the prosence of Whites who bring with them the evils of civilized society. As a compensatory advantage the Government has the aid of the various Christian denominations, who have established missions in many places and have won the regai'd and confidence of the Indians. The difficulties of the task may be understood from the fact that, though on the reserves in the North-West Territories the Agents only distribute food twice a week, warning each recipi- ent at each distribution that the rations are intended to last for three days, or four as the case may bo, yet, so like children are these red men, that they eat up the whole supply at one meal. They have not yet learned the wisdom of being provident for three days ahead. So great is the difficulty of teaching them the initial step toward a higher plane of existence. The total expenditure on account of the Indian population beyond that provided for by the Indian fund, was in 1885, $1,109,- 604, of which amount the sum of $478,038 was expended in the purchase of provisions for the destitute Indians. VII. THE LAND OF CANADA. The land of Canada consists of granted and ungranted land. The ungranted land in the older provinces is the property of the provinces and is disposed of by officials appointed for the pur- pose, in accordance with the provisions of statutes passed by the several Provincial Legislatures. The land in Manitoba and the North-West Territories belongs to the whole people of Canada and is administered by the Federal Government. The following is a concise statement of the essential features of the law governing the disposal of Dominion lands in Manitoba and the North- West Territories : — System op Survey. The Dominion lands are laid out in quadrilateral townships, each containing thirty-six sections of as nearly one mile square, i i CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 63 or 640 acres, as the convergence of meridians permits ; the sec- tions are situated and numbered as in the following diagram . — K W. 31 32 33 34 35 36 30 29 28 27 26 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 17 16 15 14 13 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 5 4 3 2 1 B. S. The townships are numbered in regular order northerly from the international boundary or forty-ninth pariillel of latitude, and lie in ranges numbered, in Manitoba, East and West from a cer- tain meridian line styled the Principal Meridian, drawn north- erly from the forty-ninth parallel, and throughout the North- West Territories, in ranges numbered westerly from other initial meridians styled the Second, Third, Fourth Meridian, and so on, according to their order westward from the Principal Meridian. Each section of a township, or 640 acres, is divided into quar- ter-sections of 160 acres each, styled, according to position, the North -West, North-East, South- West or South-East quarter-sec- tion, and to facilitate the descriptions of letters patent of less than a quarter-section, every section is supposed to be further divided into quarter-quarter-sections, or 40 acres, numbered as shown in the following diagram, and called legal sub-divisions : — N. W 13 14 15 16 12 5 4 11 10 9 6 7| 8 3 2i 1 E. S. Disposal op Dominion Lands. In regard to their disposal the Dominion lands in Manitoba and the North- West Territories may be considered as divided 64 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. into two classes, viz. : Evon-numborod and odd-numborod soc- tions. Tho oven-numborod Hoctions, excepting those numborotl 8 and 26, which arc allotted to tho Hudson'H Hay Company, ai-o open for horaestoad and pi-e-oniption entiy, and tho odd-numbered ones, excepting 11 and 29, which are School Sectionw, are held for sale, and alno as land grants in aid of the conHtruction of Colonization Railways. Homesteads and pre-emptions. Any person, male or female, who is the sole head of a family, or any male who has obtained tho age of eighteen years, is entitled, on making application before the Local Agent of the District, in which the land he desires to be entered for is situated, and paying an office fee often dollars, to obtain homestead entry for any quantity of land not exceeding one quarter-section, or 160 acres, of the class of land open to such entry. This entry entitles the holder to occupy and cultivate the land to the exclusion of any other person, the title remaining in the Crown until the issue of patent for the land. Any person obtaining homestead entry is entitled to obtain, at the same time, on ])iiyment of a further office fee of ten dollars, a pre-emption entry for an adjoining quarter-section, and to use and cultivate the same in connection with his homestead. The settler is allowed six months from the date of obtaining homestead entry, within which to complete or perfect such entry by taking, in his own person, possession of the land, and begin- ning residence and cultivation, and if the entry be not perfected within such time it becomes void ; except where entry is obtained on or after the 1st of September in any year, and the six months would expire before the 1st of June following, in which case an extension of time to the latter date is granted. In the casn of immigrants, or other persons, intending to set together, the Minister of the Interior, on requisition signed L^ them, may authorize any person they may name to obtain home- stead and pre-emption entries for them before their arrival in the territory in which the land they desire to occupy is situated, and in such case the time for perfecting entry may be extended to twelve months. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 55 Tho settlor, on proving that ho hnH resided on and cultivated tho hind for vvhicli ho haH horaoHtoad entry during three years from tho date of perfecting his entry, is entitled to a patent from the Crown for tho same, provided that he is a Bi-itish subject by birth 01' naturalization ; in case of his death, his legal repro- sentatives succeed to tho homestead right, but they, or some of thom, must complete the necessary duties. In cases where it is not convenient for the settlor to reside upon his homestead for the three years from tho date of perfect- ing entry, the conditions necessary to obtain patent can bo ful- filled by his erecting a habitable house on his homestead and residing therein tor tho three months next prior to date of his application for patent; and from the date of perfecting his entry to tho beginning of tho throe months' residence aforesaid, by his residing, for at least six months in each ycii', within a radius of two miles from his homestead quarter-section. He must also in such case break and prepare for crop, within tho first year, at least ton sicros of his homestead ; within the second year he must crop the said ten acres and jjreparo for crop fifteen acres additional ; and during tho third year ho must crop the twenty-five acres already broken and prepare for crop fifteen aci'os more. A homesteader has also tho privilege of obtaining a patent for his homestead before tho end of thi-eo years, by paying the Gov- ernment price at tho time for tho land, and proving that he has resided thereon for twelve months from the date of perfecting entry, and that he has brought thirty acres thereof under cultiva- tion. In case a certain number of homestead settlers, embracing not less than twenty families, with a view to greater convenience in tho estabiislinient of schools and churches and for advantages of a similar nature, ask to be allowed to settle together in a hamlet or village, the Minister of the Interior may dispense with the condition of residence on the homestead, but the condition of cul- tivation must be carried out on each one. A homestead entry is liable to be cancelled at any time that it is pro\nd that the settler has not resided upon and cultivated his home lid for iit least six months in any one year from the date of po cting entry ; but in case of illness, properly vouched for, or the case of immigrants returning to their native land to "^W 66 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. bring out their families to their homesteads, or in other special cases, the Minister of the Interior may grant an extention of time during which the settler may be absent fi-om his home- stead, bat such leave of absence will not count in the term of residence. A settler having a pre-emption entry in connection with his homestead, on becoming entitled to a patent for the homestead, is entitled to obtain a patent for his pre-emption by paying the Government price for the land, but such payment must bo made within six months after he has become entitled to a patent for his homestead, otherwise his pre-emption right is forfeited. The right of pre-emption in connection with homestead entry will be discontinued from the 1st of January, 1890. The privilege of homestead and pre-emption entry only applies to agricultural lands. Wood for Settlers. In townships which consist partly of prairie and partly of timber lands, the timber lands are, where it is considered expe- dient, divided into Wood Lots of not more than twenty acres and not less than ten acres, and any settler not having more than ten acres of wood land on his homestead quarter-section, is entitled, on making application before the Local Agent, to be entered for one of such lots, the applicant paj'ing the price fixed for the same, and on his fulfilling the requirements of the Act, in respect to his homestead, a patent shall issue to him for such wood lot. The cancellation of the homestead entry also involves the can- cellation of such wood lot, and the forfeiture of the purchase- money for the same. The settlor is prohibited from selling, prior to the issue of patent, any of the timber on either his homestead or pre-emption quarter-section, or on the appurtenant wood lot, without permis- sion from the Minister of the Interior, under penalty of fine or Imprisonment, or both, as well as the forfeitui'e of his homestead and pre-emption rights. Sales. The odd-numbered sections of Dominion lands, excepting School Sections and where they may be reserved as grants iu aid If mn CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 67 of Colonization Eailways, are open for purchase at Huch prices and on snch terms and conditions as may be fixed from time to time by the Governor-in-Council. Educational Endowment. The Parliament of Canada has made a liberal provision in aid of education iii Manitoba and the North-West Territories by set- ting apart Sections 11 and 29 in eveiy township throughout the oxtent of the Dominion Lands as an endowment for such pur- pose. These sections are styled School Lands, and are adminis- tered by the Govei'noi--in-Council through the Minister of the Interior. It is provided that they shall be disposed of by sale at public auction at an upset price fixed from time to time l)y the . Misoellanoous • 22,574,180 3. Temporary loans - 18,985,908 4. Banking acounts 550,413 Total gross debt $204,808,520 V I; t 68 CANADIAN lIANPnoOK. Assets. 1. InvcHtments: (a) On account of sinking fund $ 15,777,073 (b) Otlier invostnionta 34,;j(}7,»00 (c) Bank ddjKjsits 130,000 2. Miticollancous 1,794,29() .">. rrovincial acconnt.s 7,501 ,548 4. Banking' accounts 8,004,054 Total assots $ 08,236,705 Total not debt $190,571,785 Tho Provincial indebtedness allowed under the Union Act and by subsequent Acts of the Federal Parliament, relieving tho ])rovinco8 of their total ])re-confedoratioii indebtednoas, is a& follows : — Province of Canada, 1807 $ 02,500,000 Nova Scotia, 1807 8,000,000 New Brunswick, 1807 7,000,000 Nova Scotia, 180!) 1,180,750 Manitoba, 1870 472,090 Britisb Columbia, 1871 1,006,200 Prince Edward Island, 1873 4,927,000 All tbe provinces under Act 1873 13,380,989 " " " " 1884 7,172,297 $106,311,392 New indebtedness since Confederation $ 90,260,393 This now indebtedness has been created by expenditure on account of public works, upon which the following sums (since 1867) have been expended up to 30th June, 1885 : — On the canal system $ 28,543,078 " " railway " 92,575,599 " light-bouses and navigation 8,433,100 " acquisition and develoi:)ment of tbe Nortli- West. 5,350,035 " government buildings and miscellaneous 12,432,825 Total $147,340,097 Thus, the people of Canada, since 186Y have not only increased their public debt by the sum of $90,000,000, but have paid out from their own resources the sum of 651,000,000, to facilitate the construction of these public improvements. The total amount expended on these, prior to Confederation, was ; on railways and canals, $52,944,175 ; public works, $10,690,- 917, making a total expenditure of $210,975,789. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 69 In addition to tho amoiinta thus expondoil, tho Govornment of Canada have loaned various sums of monoy in aid of ontorpriso8 more or loss national in charactor. Thof^o sums are includotl in the " other investments " given in the assets. The principal are : Loan to Canadian Paciflc Railway at 4 iwr cent * $20,000,000 " " " " " t---- 0,880,912 " to Quebec Harbour Conimissionors (bonds) 1,955,000 " for improving tho St. Lawrence 2,190,000 " graving dock (Quebec) 072,000 " St. John Kiver and railway extension 278,800 " Northern Railway (bonds) 73,000 *' Montreal Harbour Commissioners 70,000 Those assets yield on an average 3J per cent, interest to tho -Oovernmcnt, Besides the amounts expended on Government railways, and in loans to various enterprises, tho Government of Canada has given bonuses to railways, other than the Canadian Pacitic, to aid in their construction. Up to Juno 30th, 1885, Iho amount thus paid was $(J 11,245. Tho rate of interest paid on tho net debt in 186T averaged $5.40 per cent. In 1885 tho average interest paid was $3.80 per cent. The various financial rearrangements, made since tho Union, have resulted in a reduction of Sl.GG per cent, in the rato of interest. It is worthy of note that the public debt, unliko the national debts of most countries, has not been incuri'od for expensive wars, or other unproductive objects, but for the prosecution of works of a permanent character, rendered necessary from the fact that Canada has been obliged to keep pace with the ])rogre8s in rail- ways which has characterized her neighbors to the south, by which population has been enabled to find fresh fields for settle- ment far away from the rivers and streams along which settle- ment originally took its course. It is also worth remembering in this connection that the ungranted and unpledged Crown Lands belonging to the Domi- nion would, at 3s an acre, pay the whole public debt. * This loan is secured to tho Government by a deposit of $20,000,000 of the Com- pany's first preference mortgage bonds, at present quoted at 104, and will be paid back to 'the Government by the 1st July, lb86. t This loan is secured by a lion on the land grant of tho Company, but arrangements have been made by which the Government give the Company a smaller land grant and •extinguish the debt of the Company to the Government. I ; , ff 70 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. X. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. Under the Act of Union, all duties and revenues over which the Parliament of Canada has the power of appropriation are directed to be paid into the " Consolidated Revenue Fund." Inr eluded in this general fund is a speciric fund, termed the " Con- solidated Fund," which consists of the ordinary expenditure and income of Canada. Under the genei-al head of "Consolidated Revenue Fund," the a' jounts for Canada for the liscal year ended June ;30th... 1885, were : — RECEIPTS. Consolidated Fund $32,7!)7,002 Loans .....' 44,145,515 Premium and discount loan account 140,48;'> Open accouutij 1,335,844 Total.. $78,418,844 EXPEXDnURBS, Consolidated Fund $35,037,060 Redemption , 1S,160,2G5 Premium {?nd discount loan account 502,587 Railway subsidies 403,240 Opgu accounts 24,518,223 Total $78;621,381 Tne revenue placed to account of the Consolidated Fund dur- ing the same year was, as stated in the general account* |32,'79T,002, and the expenditure .«35,03*7,060. Of these receipts, Customs Duties amounted t< $18,935,428. and Excise to $6,4 19,101. Other receipts, on account of this Fund, wore $7,412,472. The expjnditures consisted of charges for debt and subsidies to tho Provinces, $15,248,356; ordinary expenditure (departmental), $12,591,827- charges on revenue, $7,193,876. These receipts have been exceeded in some previous years. In 1883 the revenue Wc, f*''^ 794,650 ; customs yielding $'.'3,009,- 582. In 1832 the rcvenuu .vas $33,383,455, of which the sum of CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 11 $21,581,570 was from Customs, The receipts from Excise in the tiscal year ended the 30th of June, 1885, were the largest of any year in the history of Canada. The receipts on account of land sales, whicb are credited to capital account, amounted in 1885 to $89IJ,()18 In jirovious years the receiptn were : In 1877, $3,709; 1878, 810,424; 1870, $23,828; 1880, $120,479 ; 1881, $131,124; 1882, $1,744,45(> ; 1883, $1,009,01.0 ; 1884, $95L<)36. The falling-ott' hist year is to be accounted for liy the dis- turbed condition of the North-West, owing to (he insurrec- tionary movement headed by Louis Riel, which, l)reaking out in March, affected the advance of settlement for the year. The revenue derived from ruilwaj^s belonging to the Gov- ernment was in 1885, $2,024,243, and the t'xpenditure, $2,749,710. It has been shown that, duiing the last fiscal year, the ex- penditure exceaded the revenue, the tleficiency being $2,240,- 059. That deficit is largely caused by the extraordinary expend- iture for the year occasioned by the IJiel rebellion, the cost of which, included in the year's accounts, was $1,007, Sol, The following shows the i-elation of expenditure to income during the period of Confederation : — Rceoipts ill cxih'p.s Expenditure in cx- ot' exiioiiditure. ce.'f.s of receipts. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. $ 101,835 341.0t)0 1,156,717 3,712,479 3,125,345 1,638,821 888,776 935,644 4,132,743 6,316,352 7,0(i4,493 754,256 $1,900,785 460,028 1,128,146 1,938,000 1,543,227 2,240,059 ■ 72 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Tho proportion of the whole revenue paid into the Consoli- dated Fund, raised by taxation year by year since Confedera- tion, is as follows : — 1868 85.49 per cent. 1869 77.28 1870 84.30 1871 84.45 1872 85.52 1873 84.64 1874 83.12 1875 83.60 1876 82.41 1877 80.22 per cent. 1878 79.69 " 1879 82,05 " 1880 82.00 1881 80.78 1882 82.52 " 1883 81.74 " 1884 80.00 " 1885 77.40 " Taking Public Works, including Government railways, receipts and expenditures have been as follows : — the Receipts. 1868. 1869, 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. $ 901,466 918,933 1,006,845 1,146,240 1,211,729 1,316,63() 1,509,915 1,432,360 1,479,232 1,807,076 2,034,484 1,863,149 2,167,401 2,682,924 2,711,134 3,101,134 3,055,792 3,065,502 Expenditures. $ 026,286 692,853 811,630 831,072 1,005,443 1,496,185 2,389,680 2,139,573 2,044,497 2,351,832 2,471,438 2.680,979 2,329,626 2,703,666 2,893,513 3,264,877 3,302,792 3,270,810 The expenditure in 1885 on account of the Consolidated Fund by heads was as follows : — Interest on Public Debt $9,419,482 Charges of Management 232,641 Sinking Fund 1,482,051 Premium, Discount and Exchange 154,855 Subsidies to Provinces 3,959,327 Civil Government 1,139,495 Government of the North- West 95,316 AdminLstration of Justice 627,252 ^lounted Police, Water, and P.",rUamentary 621,286 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Y3 Penitentiaries 287,552 Legislation 649,538 Geological Survey and Observatories 115,841 Agriculture and Statistic .s 91,381 Immiirration and Quarantine 506,408 Marine Hospitals 65,391 Pensions, Superannuations, etc 293,515 Defences 2,707,758 Mail steamship subsidies 261,779 Public Works, including railways 2,388,389 Fisheries 273,174 Lighthouse and coast 532,446 Steamboat inspection 23 211 Insurance superintendence 10,223 ■Grants to Aborigines 1,109,604 Dominion Lands , 178,727 Dominion Steamers 227,433 Investigation of wrecks, life-boats, registry of ship- ping, examination of masters and mates 14,760 British Association, Royal Society, International cir- cum-polar observatories, Academy of Arts, Hud- son's Bay expedition, etc 126,632 ]Miscellaneous 258 716 Charges on revenue : — Customs 791,538 Excise , 309,268 Weights, Measures, and Gas 84,978 Inspection of Staples 848 Adulteration of Food 14 943 Culling timber 50,580 Post OiHce 2,488,315 Public Works, including Railways and Canals 3,448,593 Minor Revenues 4 8I8 It is noteworthy tliat the oxpondituro on account of Defences has ii -eased from $550,450 in \811 to $1,009,906 for ordinary Militia purposes. If wo place uider thiw head the expendiiure incuri'cd for the protection of the Noi-th-West, exclusive of the extraordinary one on account of the rebellion, Canada expended last year, for purposes of defence, the sum of over $1,500,000, To this extent the countiy soeks to keep itself in readiness to re- lieve the Mother Country of expense in time of peril to the Empire. m 74 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. XI TEADE AND COMMEECE. The Canadian fiscal year ends on the 30th of June. In the fiscal year 1884-5, the declared value of goods imported into Canada was $108,941,486 and that of goods exported was $89,- 238,361. The excess of imports over exports was $19,703,125, and the total value of the external trade, $198,179,847, which is equal to $38.12 per head of the population. The exports were equal to $17.16 per head. In 1885, the principal articles imported were : ii'on and steel manufactures, $11,657,189 ; cottons, $6,241,283 ; woollens, $9,053,- 626 ; raw materials, $20,035,767 ; silk manufactures, $2,305,168 ; metal manufactures other than iron and steel, $2,309,771. The value of the total import of manufactures of all kinds was $49,- 059,058. The imports of i.ea nmounted to $3,573,330 ; of spirits and wine, 1o$l,512,C95 ; of sugar above No. 9 Dutch Standard, to $1,811,365. In raw materials, the import of sugar, for refining purposes, was 134,531,895 pounds, valued at $3,225,070 ; that of hides and pelts, $1,788,914 ; of wool, $1,342,405; of raw cotton, 23,727,525 pounds, valued at $2,493,283. The exports were as follow : — Produce of the mine Fisheries Forest Animals and their products . . . Agricultural Manufactures Miscellaneous Total Coin ano bullion Kytimated short returned at in- land ports Grand total Produce of Canada. 3,639,537 7,960,001 20,989,708 25,337,104 14,518,293 3,181,501 557,374 76,183,518 Produce of i other ' countries. | $ 196,933 16,312 1,383,597 1.166,890 4,602;073 612,728 101,113 8,079,646 Total. $ 3,836,470 7,976,313 22,373,305 ^ 26,503,994 19,120,366 3,794,229 658,487 84,263,164 2,026,980 2,948,217 $89,238,361 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 15- It will be seen that the greatest exports were under the head of " animals and their products." A very considerable change has taken place in the proportions of eaoli class of exports to the whole exports, since confederation. In 1868 the proportion was; agricultural products to domestic exports, 36.59 per cent; animals and their products, 1 4 . 24 per cent ; forest products, 37 . 28 percent; fisheries, 6.93 per cent; products of the mines, 2 . 98 per cent; manufactures and miscellaneous making up the re- mainder. In 1882 tl'.e proportion was : — agricultui-al productions, 35.61 ; animals and products, 21.72; forest products, 26.57; fisheries,. 8.17; and products of the mine, 3.42 per cent. In 1885 the proportion was: — agricultural products, 25,08; animals and their products, 32.02 ; products of the forest, 24.06 ; fisheries, 9.13, and products of the mino,4.l7 percent. The development of the exports of animals and their products is marked. Of cheese, Canada in 1868 exported 1,577,072 lbs.; in 1885 the export of that a.-tiv.io produced in Canada, 79,655,367 lbs., valued at $8,265,240. The latest accessible returns for the United States, show that the export of cheese (in 1884) was 11,663,713 lbs. Canada in fact stands at the head of cheese ex- porting countries. Of the export of Canadian cheese in 1885, 78,841,460 lbs. were tent to Great Britain. Of eggs, Canada exported 11,542,713 doz. ; chiefly to the United States. The growth of the Canadian cattle ti'ade may be gleaned from the following table of exports taken from the Trade Returns: — Year. 1877 187tJ 187s 1879 18S0 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 Boeves. 25,357 22,(}5() 29,1)25 40,529 54,943 62,277 62,106 86.396 89,263 143,003 Sheep. 141,187 209,899 242,989 308,093 398,746 354,155 311,669 308,474 304,403 335,043 Hogs. 14,541 2,063 3,201 6,803 6,229 2,819 3,263 3,868 3,883 1,652 w 16 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. '■■HI The aggregate trade of Canada, on the basis of total exports ^ind imports since confederation is exhibited in the following table : — — Total exports. i 57,567,888 60,474,781 73,573,490 74,173,618 82,630,663 89,789,922 89,351,928 77,886,979 80,966,435 75,875,393 79,323,667 71,491,255 87,911,458 98,290,823 102,137,203 98,085,804 91,406,496 89,238,361 Total imports. $ ^ 73,459,644 70,415.165 74,814,3.39 90,092.971 111,430,527 128,011,281 128,213,582 123,070,283 93,210,346 99,327,962 93,081,787 81,904,427 86.489,747 105,330,840 119,419.500 132,254,022 116,397,043 108,941,486 Total exports and imports. 1868 $ 131,027,532 130,889,946 148,387,829 170,266,580 194,070,190 217,801,203 217,565,510 200 957,262 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 174,176,781 175,203,355 172,405,454 153,455,682 174 401.205 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 203,621,(563 221,556.703 1882 1883 230,339,826 207,803,539 198,179,847 1884 1885 Taking into consideration the fall in prices expei-ienced during the whole of the year 1885, the expoi-ts of last year more than maintained their former i-ecord. Jii(lging by quantities exported, "Canadasent out a larger amount of her products than in previous years. The imports have, however, decreased, even when due allow- ance is made for the reduction in prices which ruled throughout the world. An analysis of the imports in 1885 and in 1875 will show the changes that have taken place; — Imports hy classes (home consumption.) 1875. 1885. Manufactures of iron and steel $ 19,095,716 $ 11,657,189 metals other than iron.. 1,491,384 2,309,771 « silk 2,219,160 2,305,168 " cottons 9,830,836 6,241,283 " woollens 12,767,575 9,053,626 All other manufactures 21,339,991 1 7,258,514 Total manufactures 66,744,662 49,059,058 Food and drink 20,042,973 18,089,941 Raw material 10,652,870 20,035,767 •Coin and bullion 2,210,085 2,954,244 Miscellaneous 10,968,067 12.571,000 Total imports (home consumption) . . $119,618,657 |102,710,01» ipm CANADIAN HANDBOOK. IT There has been a decrease of $17,085,604 in the import of manufactured ai-ticles, and an increase of nearly §9,500,000 in the import of raw materials. There ha.s also been a decrease in the importation of articles of food and drink, during the years compared, of $10,953,032. These figures accentuate the value ta the country of the fiscal policy adopted in 1879 by the people of Canada. Situated side by side with the United States, Canada found itself exposed to two disturbing influences. When times were good in the United States, and the demand was equal ta the supply, the policy of manufacturers and dealers in grain, etc., was to add something to the home market price, if the goods were wanted for the Canadian market. When times were bad, the United States manufacturers and others made a slaughter market of Canada, and poured their goods into the country, en- tailing ruin upon Canadian manufacturers and millers. Viewed broadly, the result was not beneficial to the Canadian consumer, for if he paid less in some years, he paid so much more in others that the average was against his pocket ; while the oft-recurring disturbances prevented the application of capital to manufac- turers in Canada. After mature deliberation and much discus- sion, the people of Canada arrived at the conclusion that it would pay the country to make provision, by legiclation, against the evils experienced. A fiscal policy was arranged and put into operation in the spring of 1S79. The eftect is seen in the anal3'sis above given. The prices of manufactured articles to the consumer have not increased. The products of the farm are not higher in price to the urban population. The manufac- turer and the farmer i-etain possession of the market, and the industrial history of the country has ceased to be a recoi-d of a few successful years sandwiched between years in which failures in business were numerous. The record of failures is gocd evidence of the important results which have followed from the success of the eftbrt to minimize the injurious influence of our neighbors over our business. In 1873 and 1874, which were good years in the United States^ the failures in Canada numbered l,9u0, with liabilities amounting to $20,030,000— an average of $10,000,000 a year. In 1875-9, which were years of depression in the United States, the failures in Canada averaged $26,630,000 a year. "! •*78 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. In 1880 the new fiscal policy went into full force in Canada. During the six yeai-s ended 3l8t of December, 1885; the aver- age amount of yearly liabilities of insolvents was only $10,- 000,000, notwithstanding the fact that the last two years were years of great depression in the United States. Tbe failures in 1884 covered liabilities of but $8,743,049. The following analysis will show the commercial relations of Canada with Great Britain and other countries during the last decade : — Percent uge of Ciinadian imports from : (ireat Britain. 187<) ' 43.00 1877 41.09 1878 41.04 1879 08. 58 Average 40.93 United States. I Other \ countries, Percentage of aggregate trade with ; Great Britain. United | Other States, countries 48.63 53.28 53.33 54.44 8.37 5. 03 5.63 6.98 52.42 6.65 1880-' 48.08 1881 47.57 1882 44.91 1883 42.75 1884 40.13 1885 40.31 40.88 40.07 42.87 45.50 46.67 45.90 11.11 12.36 12.22 11.73 13.20 13.80 47.39 47.12 48.89 44.22 43.25 44.77 43.32 46.69 46.90 44.52 50.29 51.25 44.64 43.06 41.94 42.02 39.26 38.74 44.80 42.41 42.98 43.. 34 9.36 8.11 7.79 8.99 8.57 10.45 10.01 10.56 14.53 15.02 14.64 Average 44.00 I 43.60 12.40 j 45.53 i 41.91 12.56 Under the new tariff Canada has broadened the ai'oa from which she draws her supplies. During the four years, 1876-79, she obtained but n,(ir) per cent, of her imports from countries out- side of Gi-eat Britain and the United States. During the period 1880-85, the average of her imports from countries other than the two named was 12.40. At the same time the percentage of total imports from Great Britain has increased during the period 1880-85, and tbat of total imports from the United States de- creased. It may therefore be said generally that the effect of the new tariff has been to decrease Canadian imports from the United States by about 9 per cent., and to distribute that amount between Great Britain and "other countries." t New tariflfin force. CANADIAN HANDBOOK, The proportions of dutiable and free goods imported by Canada iVom Great Britain and the United States of America arc as follow : — 1876.... 1877.... 1878.... 1879.... Average 1880*... 1881 . . . . 1882.... 1883.... 1884... . 1885.... Average From Great Britain. Dutiable. Free 79.81 83.19 85.86 87.34 20.49 16.81 14.14 12.66 83.92 16.08 From the United States. Dutiable. Free 46.31 45.86 48.25 54.31 From other countries. Dutiable . Free, 53.69 54.11 51.75 45.69 82.21 81.41 81.17 91.77 48.68 i 51.32 84.14 81.39 82.27 81.94 78.25 75.60 74.14 rs.92 ".. I 18.64 17.73 18.06 21.7.-) 24.40 25.26 66.67 i 69.83 68.22 68.98 I 70.89 I 66.22 ! 33.33 30.17 31.78 31.02 29.11 82.49 89.44 81.07 81.07 79.77 80.01 20.97 I 68.46 ; 31.53 I 82.30 17..19 18.59 18.83 8.23 15.26 17.51 10.56 18.93 18.93 20.23 19.99 17.70 Two results which have followed the adoption of the present tariif are expressed in the above table. First, the dutiable good.s from Great ]^ritain have decreased, while the goods admitted free of duty have increased. Second, the dutiable goods imported from the United States have inci'cased twenty pei- cent., while the goods admitted free of duty from that countiy have decreased nearly twenty per cent. The toll Canada imposes on her imports from the Mother country has decreased 5 per cent., Avhile that she imposes on United States' goods has increased 20 per cent. EXPORTS OF CANADA. Being goods produced in Canada for the year ended June 30tb, 1885 :— THE MINE. VALUE. •Coal $1,468,166 Gold 999,007 Copper 246,230 Iron 132,074 Phosphates 362,288 Salt Antimony Other minerals ■ VALUE. 12,326 33,700 385.746 Total 13,639,537 ' Now tariff in force. w 80 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. THE FISIIEKIES. ANIMAIS AND TIIBIlt PRODl'CTrS. VALUE. Animals $10,376,235 Meat 854,145 Butter l,430,i)05 Cheese 8,205,240 E<^C8 1,830,(132 ■Furs 1,020,826 Hides and Skins- Wool iSinulries $7,900,001 VALUE. 001,111 196,178 154,892 Total $25,337,104 TUB FOREST, VALUE. Ashes, pot and pearl.. $ 172,935 Fine wood 310,047 Lumber, deals, battens, planks 15,008,044 Logs 225,858 Masts and Spars 42,461 VALUE. Shingles 183,732 Railway sleepers 197,820 Square timber 3,414,280 Other products 740,909 Total $20,989,708 AGKICULTUBAL. VALUE. Barley and rye $ 5,083,700 Flax 59,904 Flour 550,530 Green fruit 035,240 Hay 1,270,525 Malt 280,137 Oatmeal 250,319 Oats 893,513 VALUE. Peas 2,077,702 Seeds 116,267 Vegetables 309,874 Wheat 1,900,287 Other produce 418,229 Total $14,518,293 MANUFACTURES. VALUE. Books $ 155,511 Biscuits 18,930 Carriages 1 7,705 Extract of Hemlock .... 203,211 Iron and hardware 140,724 Jjeather, boots and shoes, saddlery 513,380 Liquors 13,172 Machinery 86,163 Sewing Machines 69,235 VALUE. Ships 246,277 Prepared tobacco 34,722 Furniture, etc 685,999 Woollens and cottons . . 92,924 Musical instruments.. 144,505 Cordage 44,279 Agricultural Implem'ts 22,640 Other articles 642,062 Total $ 3,181,505. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 81 Tho growth of the trade and commerce of the country since <.!onfodei'ation is Hcon in tlio statistics rohiting to banking, as irivon in the following table: — YKAR 18«8. 1874. 1877. 1885. ASHICTS. g 77,872,257 104,.')TO,450 177,422,(14) 22iJ,0yi,270 XOTKS IN j MAIIILITIKS. DKPOaiTS CIRCl LAT'N. fil'K.riK. ' DLSCOUNTS. RK8KRVK. ■S 4.1.722,f)47 8 32,8(iS,l04 $ 8,:W7,079i !!(8,879,8US ,5n„500,,31f. r22.(i;tl,.tH,') 81,.'!(i(i,,12i,l(>2 (5il,7ti:!.C)()8 2l,H22,74!i (i.T.HH.sio 1272,200, Avhilo further liabilities iimounting to nearly $20,000,000 remained at that date unpaid, fifteen millions being the Federal Government share. The greater portion of this latter amount has since been jmid. So that up to date it may be said that $187,000,000 have been contributed by the Governments (Federal and Provincial) and by the Municipalities towards the construction of the 13,000 miles of railway within the Dominion. This is equal to an average of $16,500 a mile. The prospects of railway extension and development in Canada are at the present time very hopeful. The Ontario system of railways has been recently connected at Lake Nipissing with the Canadian Pacific Eailway, and from other points on the St. Lawrence Eiver between Lake Ontario and the Ottawa River, railways are in progress to tap the same main line, and to connect it with railways centering in New York. Theie are also railway projects to connect James Bay, the Lake Temiscamingue, the Gatineau Valley and the Lake St. John regions with the Canadian Pacific, thus utilizing large tracts of fertile country, whose distance from existing centi-es of popula- i T^l ' CANADIAN UANDBOOK. 93 tion has rondorcd them utsoloas for sottlomont, thougli thoirvahio has been geiuM-nlly irco^nizod. In tlio Island of Capo Jircton there is also activity in railway i'nterprise, the purpose being to connect Louisbui'g, onco tho great French Arsenal at tho entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with tlio Straits of Canso, thcnci! across tho country by direct line to 3Iontreal. Ii.\ tho Province of Now Brunswick there is also great activity both in linos under construction, and lines pi-ojcctcd all connect- ing either with tho existing Intercolonial main lino or with the proposed "short lino" to Montreal. When all tiro tinishod, that ])rovinco will bo as fully oiiuippod as any part of the American Continent. In Manitoba and the North West Territories branch feeders of tho Canadian Pacific Railway have been begun, North and South, and considerable mileage has been already constructed. The purpose of the promotoi-s of these linos is to connect the North Saskatchewan Valley with the Canadian Pacific to tho North, and the rich coal fields at Lethbridge, to tho South. An- other railway to which ])ublic attention has been directed is tho Winnipeg and Hudson Bay railway designed to connect Lake Winnipeg with Hudson Bay, near Fort Churchill. During the present session of Parliament charters have been sought for railways, opening up two of the many important valleys of Bj-itish Columbia — tho Kootonay Lake and tho Okana- gan Lake regions in connection with the main line of tho Cana- dian Pacific Eailway. Communication is also proj)osed by means of the extension of the Algoma branch of tho Canadian Pacific to that part of tho State of Michigan lying directly south of Lake Superior, and Minnesota and other Western States. During this session of Parliament twenty-two charters of incor. poration have been applied for by Railway Companies. The latodt returns supplied the Government are down to June 30th 1885. Still later private returns are down to 31st Dec. last. By those the total Railway mileage is show to be 11,275 miles — an increase since tho official returns were last presented of 8G8 miles of which the Canadian Pacific has contributed 428 miles, the Northern 110 and the three lines previously meniioned in the North West 154, the remainder being distributed amongst all the provinces. i Vl 94 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. WATER WAYS. The Dominion is well supplied with natui*al moans of inter- communication The waterways which pierce the country in every direc- tion have already been mentioned. In addition to these, the Government has undertaken the construction of a system of canals intended to overcome natural barriers to free communica- tion. Much time and money have been expended also upon the improvement of rivers, the most noticeable effort in this direction ' being the improvement of the St. Lawrence, a short account cf Avhich will show the energy and enterprise of the jieople of Montreal. Improvement op the Eiver St. Lawrence Between Mon TREAL AND QlJEBEC. The Eiver St. LaAvrence from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the immediate vicinity of the city of Quebec is from 10 to 35 miles in width, of great depth, and possesses every natural advantage for navigation by vessels of any size. From Quebec to Montreal, a distance of 159 English miles, the river is generally from one to two miles in width, with a depth of forty-five to one hundred feet for a distance of 45 miles above Quebec, ; above that, except in shoal places, it is of a depth of 30 to 50 foet. At above two-thirds of the distance above Quebec, the river widens out into the Lake St. Peter, which is 20 miles in length by 9 mile^ in width and with a general depth of only 11 to 18 feet at lowest water. The tide, which rises 14 feet at Quebec, is gradually lost in as- cending, until it becomes imjierceptible at the lowej* end of Lake St. Peter. The average current of the river between Montreal and Quebec may be taken at 2 miles per hour and is nowhere sufficient to affect navigation. From Montreal to Lake Ontario, a distance of 183 English miles, the lower 100 miles is broken by rapids, which are over- come by a system of canals with locks enabli.ig the vessels of the great lakes to descend and exchange cargoes with the sea- going vessels below. At several places between Quebec city and Montreal there were shoal places preventing large vessels from reaching the latter city. In the aggregate, these shoals were 30.25 miles, divided CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 95 among twenty diftcront places, the widest being in Lake St. Peter (17.47 miles). The}- Avere composed of gravel, sand, clay, boulders and shale rock. Work was begun in Lake St. Peter in 1844, the purpose being to dredge out a straight channel. This purpose was subsequently abandoned and the work suspended in 1847, after an expenditure of $287,620. In 1851 dredging was begun in the present ship- channel, which follows the deflections of ihe natural channel and takes advantage of the pools of deep water existing. By 18G9 the increase of depth effected w^as 9 feet, giving a 20 foot channel to Montreal. The completion of this chaimel marked an important era in the history of the St. LaAvrence route. The success of the work ampl}'" demonstrated that the St. Lawrence could bo made available up to Montreal for navigation by the largest class of ocean mci-chant-ships, and the extraordinary in- crease of Canadian commerce that attended the improvement of the channel showed how imperatively it was demanded by the trade of Canada. The increase in trade and in the size of ocean steamships necessitated a further deepening of the channel. By 1878 the depth was 22 feet; by 1882 it was 25 feet, and by the end of last season (1885) it was 27| feot; the total cost, includ- ing the expenditure on the abandoned " straight channel," up to 3l8t December, 1885, has been $3,503,870 (£720,960) and the total quantity of dredged matter, 15,230,736 cubic yards. In the straight part of the channel, the dredging is from 300 to 325 feet wide, but in other parts it is widened to 450 feet or more. This work has made Montreal remarkable fi'cm the fact that it is u fresh water sea-port frequented by the largest craft, nearly 1,000 miles inland from the Atlantic, 250 miles above salt watei-, and nearly 100 miles above tide. In the bottom of a lake whose watev was fi-om 11 to 18 feet deep upon the flats, a submerged canal has been excavated, entii-ely by steam, 17 miles long and with sides, in the woi'st places, over 16 feet high. The Canal Systems of Canada. The canal systems of Canada under Government control in connection with lakes and rivers are as follows : — Ist. The River St. Lawrence and lakes. 2nd. The Eiver Ottawa. n 06 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 3rd. Tho Eideaa navigation from Ottawa to Kingston, 4th. The Ti-ent navigation. 5th. The River liichelieu from the St. Lawrence to Lake Champlain. 6th. St. Peter's canal, Bras d'or Lake, Nova Scotia. The Eiver St. Lawrence, with the system of canals established on its course above Montreal, and the lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron and Superior, with connecting canals, afford a course of water communication extending from the Straits of Belle isle to Port Arthur at tho head of Lake Superior, a dis- tance of 2,2G0 statute miles. "When this system of canals was designed, it was in contempla- tion to afford a depth, at all stages, of the St. Lawrence waters of nine feet — a depth, seemingly, from tho data then possessed, secured through the works proposed. The River St. Lawrence is, however, from various causes, subject to fluctuations, the extent of which it Avas impossible, at the time when those canals were originally constructed, to ai'rive at with precision, and the con- tinued observations and experience of subsequent years have shown that, while tho intermediate river-reaches at all times afford ample depth for vessels of nine foot draught, in the canals themselves, at certain periods of low water, this depth cannot be maintained, the bottom not having been sunk to a sufficiently low level. In the year 1871 it was decided to enlarge the canals on the St. Lawrence route, in order to afford a navigable depth of twelve feet throughout. Subsoquontl}', however, it was decided that tho depth should ultimately be incieased to accommodate vessels of 14 foot draught; and accordingly', in the scheme of enlargement which has so far been carried out, Avhile at present a channel-way in the canals is provided for vessels drawing twelve feet only, all permanent structures, locks, bridges, etc.. are built of such proportions as to accommodate vessels of 14 feet draught. the locks beins 270 feet long between the gates, 45 feet in width and with a clear depth of fourteen feet of water on the sills. Starting from Montreal tho first canal readied is the Lachine, which extends from that city to tho village of Lachine, overcom- ing the St. Louis Rapids, the first series of rapids which bar the ascent of the River St. Lawrence. They are 986 miles distant I CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 97 late of at a 3lve in the ine, liom- the Itant from the Straits of Belle Isle. This canal is 8^ statute miles in length. The Beauharnois canal commences on the South side of the St. Lawrence, 15 miles from the head of the Lachine canal. It con- nects lakes St. Louis and St. Francis and passes the three rapids known as the Cascades, the Cedars and the Coteau. The length of this canal is 11|- statute miles. From the head of the Beauharnois to the foot of the Cornwall canal, the next in order, there is a navigable stretch through Lake St. Francis of nearly 33 miles, at the end of which are the Long Sault Rapids, past which extends the Cornwall canal, 11^ miles in length. Five miles from the head of the Cornwall, Farran's Point Rapid is overcome by a canal f of a mile in length. Ten miles beyond, the Rapide Plat canal, 4 miles long, enables vessels to avoid th 3 Plat Rapids. Five miles more, and the ascending vessel reaches the Galop's Canal, Tf miles long. Between Lakes Ontario and Erie, the great bai-rier of the Niagara Falls and rapids is encountered. To overcome this, the Welland Canal was devised. It is 26f miles long and has 27 locks rising to an upper level of 300 feet. It was commenced in 1824, opened partially in 1829, and wholly in 1832. Its enlarge- ment was begun in 1841, owing to the fact that the size of ves- sels had so increased that more than one-half the vessels navigat- ing the lakes were unable to pass through the canal. The first enlargement was no sooner completed than it was found neces- sary to increase the depth of water, as the vessels continued to increase in size. In 1859, the St. Lawrence route not maintain- ing its share of the Western trade and of the grain trade in par- ticular, inquiries were instituted into the causes of diversion to rival routes. In the report, it is stated that of the number of vessels engaged in the grain trade of the lakes, one-fourth to one- third could pass through the Welland Canal, while nearly three- fourths of the propellers on the upper lakes, the class of vessels chiefly used in the grain trade, were too large to pass down to Lake Ontario, " and if it should be shown that the pi'edominating cause of the diversion of trade is due to the fact that the size of the locks is not adapted to the class of vessels in use on the upper lakes, the enlargement of the Welland Canal would seem to be as much a matter of necessity as was its original construc- tion." The second enlargement was begun in 1872, and though 7 ^fm m •98 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. but partially finished, it has resulted in admitting to the carry- ing trade between the upper lakes and Lake Ontario a number of sailing vessels and propellers, too large to navigate the old canal and too small to compete with the larger carriers. During the present month, February, contracts have been let for the com- pletion of the enlargement. The importance of the work to the •empire is evident. Great Britain draws her food supplies from this continent through five great ports, Baltimore, New York Philadelphia, Boston and Portland on the Atlantic wea-board, the latter port, however, relying chiefly upon Canadian grain. The object of the Welland Canal is to create a sixth port, in Mon- treal, fiom which grain can be shipped to Liverpool, thus giving the United Kingdom the advantage of a competitive route through British Territory. The Erie Canal having been declared a free canal, the competi- tion between it and the Welland has 1 ocome keen, and an agita- tion has sprung up in favor of the abolition of tolls on the Cana- dian system. The well-known desire of Canadians to mark, in €very suitable way, their appreciation of the benefits resulting from the connection of Canada with the United Kingdom, will doubtless carry the agitation to a successful issue. The Welland canal has been, and remains, one of the great public works of Canada, though of diminished importance at pre- sent, owing to the development of railvays. The Ottawa and Eideau system of canals has for its object the connection of Montreal, by the waters of the Ottawa, with Kingston on Lake Ontario. The following table shows the intermediate distances from Montreal Harbour. Sections of Navigation. lNTERMEt..vTji Lzstances. The Lachine Canal 8 and a half miles From Lachine to St. Anne's Lock 15 " " " Trom St. Anne's Lock to Carillon canal 27 " " " The Carillon canal | <' From Carillon canal to Chute iBIondeau 4| *« Chute ^ Blondeau canal J " From Chute il Blondeau to Grenville canal.. 1| " •Grenville canal 5^ " From the Grenville canal to entrance of Rideau navigation 56 " Rideau Navigation ending at Kingston 126} " Total distance from Montreal to Kingston. . . 245t ** T f «'r CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 99 These canals were constructed primarily witli a view to the de- Cf ence of the Province. They wore long held by the Imperia Government and were transferred to the Canadian authorities in 1856. The necessity of the Eideau canal for defensive purposes was suggested during the war of 1812 when the diflftculty of com- munication by the way of the St. Lawrence Kiver, in the face of an enemy, was often great. The cost of construction has been ■ $4,132,166. The highest point is the Eideau lake, which is 292 feet above the level of the Ottawa at the outlet of the canal. 4. The Trent river navigation is a term applied to a series of water stretches, efficient at present only for local purj^oses. The series is composed of a chain of lakes and river extending from the Bay of Quintd, Lake Ontario, to Lake Huron via Lake Simcoe. The execution of this scheme, commenced in 1837, was subsequently deferred. Eecently Pai-liament has voted appro- priations for further development. 5. The river Eichelieu and Champlain system, commences at Sorel at the confluence of the rivers St. La\s'rence and Eichelieu, 46 miles below Montreal, and extends along the latter river to the basin of Chambly; thence by the Chambly canal to St. John's ; thence to Lake Champlain, at the southern end of which con- nection is made by the Champlain canal with the Hudson river, by which the city of New York is reached. The Chambly canal is 12 miles long. It will thus be seen that by the canal system of Canada, as originally sketched, it was proposed — 1st, to form an interior route of transport from Montreal to Lake Ontario, adapted for the conveyance of troops and munitions of war; 2nd to overcome the obstacles of the St, Lawrence and to give close communication between the vast grain-growing regions of the great lakes and Montreal ; 3rd, to bring Montreal and Nev/ York into commu- nication with each other by means of water transport. The total cost up to tlie 30th of June, 1885, of the whole canal system of Canada was $28,544,000. The total actual length of canal is 73 miles. Navigation Eeturns. P' The sea-going vessels entered and cleared at Canadian ports in 1885 numbered 21,192, of an aggregate burden of 7,644,615 tons and carried 294,470 men. In the inland waters lying between 100 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Canada .?nd the United States, there entered and cleared 29,95^ vessels of b'j440,09t tons, carrying 268,586 men ; in the coasting- there entered and cleared, 82,148 vessels of 15,944,422 tons burden,, carrying *7Y9,i}60 men. Of these vessels, 56,645, with a tonnage of 21,685,856 tons, were steamers. Thus, 42 per cent of the total number of vessels and 72 per cent of the total tonnage were steamers. Of the sea-going craft which in 1885, entered inwards lt06, with a tonnage of 1,544,306 tons, wore British; 5190, with a ton- nage of 759,105 tons, were Canadian, and 3743, with a tonnage of 1,497,253 were foreign. Of these, 959 British vessels with a ton- nage of 1,248,367 tons, carried cargoes: the Canadian vessels, carrying cargoes numbering 3164,with a tonnage of 439,307, and the foreign, 1,913 with a tonnage of 815,536. These vessels brought cargoes to Canadian ports from over forty countries, chiefly however from the United States, British West Indies, Newfoundland and Brazil; vessels arrived from France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Holland, Germany, China, Denmark, Egypt, japan, Italy and other countries. The sea-borne products of Canada were distributed ^ ,- 1493 British vessels with a tonnage of 1,440,551 tons; b'.' ..095 Cana- dian vessels with tonnage of 801,445, and by :.* .o4 foreign ves- sels with a tonnage of 1,226,858. Besides tlif^-., there cleared out- ward, in ballast, 20 British vessels of l';,457 tons burden ; 227 Canadian of 28,344 tons, and 1,184 loi-eign of 324,296 tons. These products were widely d'strib-..ed, business having been done with about forty countries, chiefly, the United Kingdom, United States, Newfou!. aland, France and French jDossessions, the West Indies, Spair,, Portugal, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy and other European countries, Australia, d liferent South Ameri- can and Central American countries, China, Japan, etc. Out of a total of 2,226,471 tons weight of cargo and 2,223,714 tons measurement of freight brought to and carried from Canada by sea-going vessels, British vessels carried 1,105,157 tons weight and 509,343 tons measurement ; Canadian vessels, 591,526 tons weight and 860,450 tons measurement; and foreign vessels, 530,- 788 tons weight and 853,901 tons measurement. Thus about 70 per cent of the whole sea-borne traffic of Canada is done under the British flag. ^w^ CANADIAN HANDBOOK, 101 Besides this traffic directly dono between Canadian ports and the rest of the world, there in a considerable business done with other countries through the United States ; Canada, availing her- self of the opportunities afforded by the ports of New York and Boston, and shipping exports, or receivings imports through these channels. In 1885, the value of goods exported to other countries in bond through the United States was $4,849,885, The imports are not given in the Canadian returns, but from the American, it apjDcars that there arc about $25,000,000 worth of goods imported into Canada in bund through the United States. The proportion of this trade carried by \ cssels bearing the British flag is about the same as in the case of the direct carrying trade. XIII. AUXILIARIES TO THE TEANSPORT SYSTEM. The auxiliaries to a properly developed transport service in a country like Canada are telegraph and telephone lines; pos- tal and money ordei" accommodations. In addition to those there is need of a well lighted coast to protect the merchant marine frequenting its waters. Telegraph System. Canada is well supplied with the telegraph system, partly by incorporated companies and partly b}- the Government of the Dominion. The Gvjvernment lines are : — 1st. Those of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundj^; 2nd. Those of the North-West Territories, and 3rd, Those in British Columbia. The first named coimcct the Ma<,dalen Islands, the Island of Anticosti and other tishing i-egions with the Mainland, and give fishermen earl}^ information of the condition of the fisherlos in the various localities. A line of telegraph has also been ex- tended along the north shore of the St. Lawj-ence, to supply speedy communication in case of shipwrecks. The chief quaran- tine station in the St. Lawrence is also connected with the main- dand by cable, thus eiuibling the authorities at Ottawa to have instant knowledge of the arrival of vessels with disease on board. iTf^ 102 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. In the North- West Territories, the Government has constructed! a system of telegraph linos, embracing Prince Albert, Battloford, and Edmonton on the north ; and Dunmore, Fort McLeod and Turtle mountains at the south, thus forming a complete circuit, including within its ample reach, the Indian tribes on the re- serves and bringing the several corps of Mounted Police into close communication with headquarters at Ottawa and with each other. In British Columbia a deep sea cable has been laid betweem Vancouver Island and the United States territory, byw^hich con- nection is made witli the whole United States system. The railway companies have telegraph lines for the efficient working of trains. The Canadian Pacitic telegraph line will shortly extend from ocean to ocean, with subsidiary lines running through Ontario. The telegraph companies have their lines over the Dominion, connecting every city and village. The statistics of telegraphs are, in round numbers, as follow : 1885. 1868. Stations 2,409 Miles of poles 20,347 7,000 Miles of wire 47,306 8,507 Messages Gov't, lines 105,000 " company lines... 5,138,500 5,243,500 690,000 The position of Canada on this continent makes it the landing ground for the majority of the cable lines which connect Noi"th America with Europe, thus ensuring it direct cable communica- tion with Great Britain. The Imperial Government, it is understood, have under con- sideration to connect, by cable, Bermuda and the West Indies with Halifax, the chief Imperial naval station on this continent. A company has been chartered by the Canadian Parliament for the purpose of lajnng a cable between the Pacitic coast of Canada and Ilong Kong and other points on the Chinese and Japanese coasts. The use of the telephone has become very general in Canada. It has been introduced into about 200 cities and towns, ItS of which are connected as by telegi'aph. There are about ten thousand sets of instruments in use at the different exchanges- and agencies in Canada. canadian handbook. Post Opkice System. 10? The post office facilities in Canada are fully equal to those of any country. NotwithHtandin^ the great distances to be traversed^ letters are cari'icd from the Atlantic to the Pacific for three cents (lid) pei" half ounce prepaid. Newspapers sent from the offices of publication ai-e carried free. There is a parcel, sample and book post. The money order system is cheap and complete^ not only between difft jnt pai'ts of Canada, but between Canada and the United States, and (Ircat Jiritain and other European countries. The statistics of the Post office Depai-tment show marked develojiment since Confederation. The following comparative statement will indicate the growth ol' the postal facilities during the past ten years : — No. of Post oflices in operation Whole length ])ublic mail route, miles Length of railway route, miles Aggregate annual mail travel, miles- Increase of mail travel 1885 over 1884 Aggregate coat of mall service Aggregate post stamps, envelopes and cards sold Number registered letters (uirried. ... Number of parcels of saraplcs,patterns carried Number of money orders issued (domef tic) Amount of money orders issued (domestic) Average amount each money order. . Number money orders issued, foreign Amount money orders issued, foreign Average amount each money order. . Number of money order ollices Fees received from issuing money orders '. Whole number of letters, post cards, &.C., carried Whole number of parcels by parcel post Aggregate revenue for the year Dead letters, circulars and post cards Registered dead letters 1385. 7,084 50,401 9,858 22,173,455 $1,287,139 §3,097,882 §2,325,490 3,000,000 10,500,000 352,904 $8,254,003 $ 23.40 146,33i) $2,310,208 $ 14.60 885 73,593 82,200,000 600,000 $2,400,000 694,556 16,340 1875. 4,892 Per cent, increase. 45- 38,430 ! 31 4,491 120 14,384,678 I 54 $1,873,241 ; $1,178,751 i 1,750,000 ! 687 , $ 54,360 42,000,000 131,352 1,536,509 572,128 3,276 ()5 97 75 $6,135,990 34 585,443 263 28 35 9t> 356 5C> 21 !■ rr 104 canadian iiandhook. The Lioiit House System op Canada. Tho light house system of Canada is free for all nations with- out payment of dues of any kind. It is extensive, rapidly ex- panding, and maintained in a high state of efficiency. In 18G7 there were 198 light stations and two fog whistles in the Dominion, as then constituted. At the close of 1885 there were 52(> light stations, 23 fog whistles, and Vi. automatic fog horns. The whole number of persons engaged in the outside ser- vice was 1,414, and the total amount expended during the last fiscal year was $1,038,893 ; tho total cost of maintenance of lights and of four steamers in attendance was $541,297. In a paper read before the British Association in 1885 by the Deputy Minister of Marine, William Smith, Esq., it is stated that tho extent of the sea coast in tho Dominion to bo lighted up and provided with fog whistles, bell buoj's, automatic buoj^s, ordinary buoys and beacons is 3,200 miles; inland coa^^t, 2,(500 miles, mak- ing in all about 5,800 miles of const to be lighted and buoyed. To effect this object there are 308 sea coast light stations, 224 inland light stations with tixed lights, and 17 light ships. Tho numbei' of light stations][with tixed lights is 407 ; with revolving lights, 82. There are 483 lights in the Dominion, the apparatus of which is on the catoptric principle ; and (16 dioptric lights, two of which are of the first order, twelve of the second and six of tho third. Of course many thousand miles of Canada's coastline, included in tho Hudson's Bay line and along the indented littoral of British Columbia, have not been lighted, the requirements of navigators not yet embracing these i-egions. In addition to lighting the coast of Canada, the Canadian Gov- -ernment maintain lightsjon the Island of Newfoundland, some lighting the Straits of Belle Isle, and others the ontranco of the Gulf between Capo Breton and Newfoundland. The light on •Capo Eace is alsoj^maintained by Canada. Two powerful lights and a steam fogjwhistle have been established by Canada on an island belonging^to the United States on the coast of Maine ; and in Lake Superior, Canada has a fine light and steam fog whistle on another island owned by the United States. Cunada has a large humane establishment on Sable Island iii CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 105 the Atlantic Ocean, with lightH, lifo-savini^ stations, lifo-boats, suvl-boatH, I'ockot apjianitus, and u ntatt'of twenty skillod men in daily practice. Tolophono communication will soon bo ostab- lished bctwcei\ Ibo five stations on the island, and it is proposed to have cable communication with the mainland, (55 miles distant. Mi XIV. THE SAVINGS' BANKS OF CANADA. These include tbo Post Office Savings' Banks, those called Gov- ernment Savings' lianks, and several specially chartered institu- tions. In addition, the chartered banks have savings' branches. The following table will indicate tlie progress the country has made in accumulating wealth : — Banks. Savings. 18(58. i 1878. (jovernment institutions ! $ 2,107,025 $ 8,4!»8,14G Chartered Savinjjs' Banks ' 2,4(il,080 I 5,835,433 Savrnjis' branches oi'cht'd banks., 18,703,()64 ; 31,552,038 Friendly and Loan Society [ 059,051 8,269,295 1885. $ 34,830,783 9,004,959 49,845,515 13,870,570 Total. $24,290,820 From returns to Parliament, it appears that on the 30th of June, 1884, there were 27,856 male and 15,253 female depositors in the Government, and 40,475 male and 26,207 female depositors in the Po.st Office, savings' banks. In all, there were 111,790 deposits in the two branches under the control of the Govern- ment of Canada. There arc no later returns, but the increase in the amount of deposits, during the eighteen months which have intervened, indicates that the number of depositors at present is not short of 120,000. As to the classes of depositors, a return of the same date as those above-mentioned shows the following results in the case of the Post Office savings' banks : — w 106 canadian iiandhook. Classes ok Dei'o.sitohs. Oociipation. No. of DviKi.iitors. FarnierH Mechanics Trust accounts uiul young children Labourers and sailors Clerks Tradesmen yarm and other male servants . . . . Professional Miscellaneous Married women Single Widows 14,000 7,850 5,500 4,270 8,000 1,600 1,470 1,572 l,(i80 12,000 10,500 3,240 To Credit of Kaoh ClaMK. $4,722,000 1,422.000 170,000 724,000 522,000 468,000 277,000 392,000 215,000 2,350,000 1,275,000 708,000 Avcraw of Kuch CloMi. $337 181 31 169 174 298 188 249 128 196 120 214 13}' Provinces, the statement is m followH : — Post Office Savinos' Banks. Ont. iiub. Quebec. Having sums not exceeding $100 " " between $100 and $350 .... " " " $300 and $500 .... " " " $.^)0O and $1,000... " " exceedinir SI 000 Males. 17,415 8,838 3,590 3,005 1,321 34,169 Feinnlcs. 12,()14 6,171 2,110 1,549 539 Male.s. 2,873 1,636 725 654 418 Females 1,510 890 1,060 944 610 Tol al 22,983 6,306 3,224 Depositors holding $1,000 and upwards aggregated $ 2,789,227 $500 to $1,000 3,819,062 " " less than f^OO 6,571,700 Making a total of Post Office savings deposits $13,179,989 The return for March, 188G, .shows that the total amount on deposit in the Post Office branch on the 31st of that month was $16,954,243. In the other Provinces, the savings' banks under the control of the Government are called "Government Savings' Banks" — there being no Post Office branches in these Piovinces. m CANADIAN lIANDUnOK. 10 m The returns up to the 30th ol' Juno, 1884, are as follow :■ $W) anl 261> V. 1.741 1,51(1 31)2 148 135 112 M. 1,10(1 810 28.5 310 2:« 127 K m) 627 107 03 37 53 M. 1.1(« 827 284 421) lUl 111 47r. 441) a") 67 27 l.'i M. 1,2112 7.')0 21)0 m 100 it' Now llruMMwiok l>riiiR(< Kdwiird Iflland.. |{ritinli Columbia Mini it fkl 111 308 72 102 Ontario (Toronto) fi8 The totals are as follows: — Nova Scotia 11,284 maleB with deposits- " " (i,831 females, " New Brunswick 7,4:53 males, " " " 5,310 females, " Prince Edward Island. 2,51() males, " " " 1,373 females, " British Columbia 3,4(i4 males, " " 77(1 females, •' Manitoba l,87i) males, •' " " 450 females, " " Ontario (Toronto) 1,280 males, " " " 500 females, " Totals 43,108 -$ 4,«)35,881 1,857,391 2,877,n47 1,428,755 1,078,336 334,369 2,033,950 313,515 537,447 11 (1,0(55 5G0,ltil 198,170 $15,971,984 The latest returns of those banks published by the Govern- ment is for the month of March, 1880. The deposits then were $19,154,508 making for the two branches under Govoinment control a total of $36,108,841. The Province of Quebec does not appear to advantage in the foregoing tables. The people of that Pi-ovince, however, are thrifty and saving. They have several savings banks not directly under CJovernment control, and seem to prefer those to the Post Office or Finance Departments. The tM'o chartered savings' banks of Quebec Province show, as already stated, deposits of over $9,000,000. In this Province, attention has been directed to educational savings' banks, de- signed to teach school children thrift. Taking the total of all the savings of the people of Canada, deposited in the various savings' banks, the result is an average of the population per head of $21.60 (£4 8s Od). 1 108 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. XY. THE CITIES OF CANADA. The cities and towns of Canada, having over 5,000 inhabitants, and their increase during three decennial period given below, show the development which urban life has attained in this country. Montrsal . Toronto.. . Quebec , . . Halifax . . ■ Hamilton . Ottawa . . at Jolin London Portland Kingston Charlottotown . Guelph St. Catherines . Brantford Belleville Trois-Kiviercs. St. Thomas... Stratford Winnipeg Chatham Brock vi lie Levis Shorbrooke Hull Peterborough . . AVindsor St. Henri Fredericton Victoria Sorel Port Hope Woodstock .... St. Hyacinthe . Gait Lindsay Moncton Yarmouth Sydney Chatham N. B . 90,323 44,821 59,990 25.020 19,096 14,009 27,317 11,555 13,743 5,076 6,284 6,251 6,277 6,058 4,406 4,112 5,333 5,652 4.778 4,162 107,225 56,092 59,699 29,582 26,716 21,545 28,805 15,826 12,520 12,407 8,807 6,878 7,864 8,107 7,305 7,570 2,197 4,313 241 5,873 5,102 6,691 4,432 4,6ii 4,253 6,006 3,270 5,636 5,114 3,982 3,746 3,827 4,049 1881 140,747 86,415 62,446 36,100 35,961 27,412 26,127 19,746 15,226 14,091 11,485 9,890 9,631 9,616 9,516 8,670 8,367 8,2.39 7,985 7,873 7,609 7,597 7,227 6,890 6,812 6,561 6,415 6,218 5,925 5,791 5,585 5,373 5,321 5,187 5,080 5,032 (i,280 5,484 5,702 inm CANADIAN hANDBOOK. 109 Montreal is the chief city of Canada. It is built upon a series of terraces, marking the former levels of the river, and is nearly four miles long by two broad. Mount Eoyal, which rises YOO feet above the river level, forms a magnificent background to the busy city. The estimated value of real estate within Mont- real is $90,000,000. It has increased in population since 1881, both by annexation of adjacent municipalities and by natural in- crease, and contains now a population of about 180,000. Its hotels and public buildings are fine, and Dr. "W. H. Russell years ago pronounced its quays " imperial in their proportions." Fourteen lines of steamships trade regularly to the port. The statistics of the business of the port are as follow: — TEARS. 1850 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 SKA-GOING VKSSELS ARRIVED. 211 710 569 648 660 626 629 TOTAL TONNAGE. MERCHANDISE MERCHANDISE EXPORTED. IMPORTED. 46,156 628,271 531,929 554,692 664,263 649,374 683,854 $ 1,744,772, 30,224,904; 26,561,188] 26,334,312 27,277,1591 27,145.427| 25,274,8981 $ 7,174,780 37,103,869 43,546,821 49,749,401 43,718,-549 42,366,793 37,403,250 Montreal is the centre of the great railway systems of Can- ada. The Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific railways have their headquarters in this city. The Central Vermont and South-Eastern railways connect these two systems with the rail- ways of the Eastern and Central United States. Besides these, there are several minor roads centering in Montreal. It is the most important manufacturing city in the Dominion, having largo and varied industries, which give employment to many thousands of artizans. Toronto is the largest city on the Canadian side of the great lakes. It is the seat of the law courts, and the centre of education for the great Province ol Ontario. Entced by six railways, converging from different points of the compass, possessing a fine harbour, situated in the centre of a rich agricultural district, and being at once the religious, educational, political, literary, legal, and rrr 110 CANADIAN HANDROOK. commercial centre of the most populous province of the Federa- tion, it has advanced with great rapidity. Its j^opuhition in 1885 was 120,000. Its growth is manifest by the j-eturns. The value of assessed property in 1878 was $49,053,t65, and for 1886 it is $*72,*721,559, an increase of 48 per cent, in eight years. The value of new building erected since 1880 is as follows : 1881, $1,802,200; 1882, $1,757,630; 1883, $1,406,740; 1884, $2,033,245 ; 1885, $3,449,375. Quebec. The city of Quebec is passing through a period in its history, such as all the old garrison towns of Caiuida have passed thi'ough since the withdrawal of British troops. In addition it has had to experience the sharp rivalry of Montreal, made the keener in consequence of the improvement of the channel between the two cities. The effects were seen in the diminished population in 1871, compared with 1861. The construction of railways, the development of manufactures and interprovincial trade during the last twelve or fifteen years, have given the Ancient Caj)ital a fresh start. The extent to which it has suffered through the successful absorption of its trade by Montreal, may bo judged from the fact that while, in 1878, the tonnage entered outwards for sea was 711,386 tons, in 1885 it was but 562,064; Mont- real in the same years increasing from 310,608 tons to 494,864; an increase of nearly 60 per cent. The Canadian Pacific Eail- way has recently extended its facilities to Quebec, thus connect- ing it directly with the great North-West by rail. Other Cities. The chief cities in the Maritime Provinces are Halifax and St. John. Both are fine ocean ports. Th< harbour of Halifax is pronounced the finest among the great harbours of the Empire. It is easy of access for ships of every class, and capacious enough to afford anchorage for the navies of all Europe. It runs inland over fifteen miles, and, after passing the city, suddenly expands into Bedford Basin, a beautiful sheei; ot water, covering an area of nine square miles, completely Iflnd-locked. Halifax is the chief naval station of British North America, and the only city now occupied by Imperial troops. The city and harbour are protected CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Ill by eleven different foi'titications, armed with powerful batteries of three and six hundred pound Armstrong rifled guns. A large store of munitions of war of all kinds, including torpedoes, is kept there by the Imperial Government. It has of late years made rapid strides in manufiicturing. St. John, the commercial capital of the Province of New Brunswick, is admirably situated at the mouth of the Eivor St. John, has a harbour open all the year round, regular steam communication with all parts, and railways running east, west, and north. It has extensive maritime and manufacturing interests, and is the centre of the lumber trade of the country watered by the St. John river. It suffered severely in 1877 from a fire, which reduced the business portion to ashes, but with characteristic enei'gy the people set to work to rebuild their city, and it now forms an active, progres- sive community. The population of Halifax is now 40,000, and of St. John 28,000. Hamilton is the fourth most populous city in Canada. It is one of the most rapidly growing and enterprising cities in the Dominion, beautifully situated on the south-western curve of Burlington Bay, at the western extremity of Lake Ontario, and has superior facilities for becoming a large manu- facturing city, being accessible from all points by railway and lake navigation, and being situated in the centre of the finest grain-producing region of Ontario. London, the westernmost city in Ontario, is splendidly situ- ated on the River Thames, in the County of Middlesex. Fifty years ago its present site was a wilderness; now it is a fine city, regularly laid out, having wide streets well built upon with hand- some buildings. It has good railway communication witli all parts of Canada. The aim of its founders was to reproduce in Canada the names associated with the London. Accordingly, it has its Pall Mall, Oxford, Waterloo, and Clai-ence streets ; West- minster and Blackfriars bridges. London (Canada) is surround- ed by a rich agricultural country, furnishing it with a large trade in wheat and other produce. Within its borders, are numerous manufactories, mills, machine shops, foundries, brew- eries, banks, asylums, colleges, etc. Ottawa, the seat of the Federal Government, is the entrepot of the great lumber trade of the Ottawa River andi^its tribu- taries, and on the piling grounds around the Chaudiere falls w 112 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 41 there is always a stock of lumber estimatod at 125,000,000 feet. To keop these filled to their fullest capacity a number of mills cluster around the falls, employing, some of them, over a thou- sand men ; supplied with the finest machinery ; lighted with powerful electric lights, by the aid of which, work, during the season, is maintained without ceasing both day and night. The city itself is also lighted by electricitj'. Its pojiulation is 32,000. The buildings belonging to the Federal Government are the chief attraction of Ottawa; the main one, situated on a high bluff which juts out into the Ottawa river, is the Parliamentary. It contains the Senate Chamber and House of Commons. The dimensions of these halls are the same as those of the House of Lords, viz.: 80 by 45 feet; they are lighted by the electric light. The whole building, which is 500 feet in length, is constructed of a light-coloui-ed sandstone, the walls and arches being relieved with cut stone dressings of sandstone, and with red sandstone. The library, a circular building constructed after the plan of the library of the British Museum, has a dome 90 feet high, and is in the rear of the central tower, Avhich is 250 feet high. Separated from the main building, and distant from either end about a hundred yards, are the two departmCiital buildings, each with a front of 375 feet in length. The buildings together cover about four acres, and cost about $5,000,000. The growth of departmental business, occasioned by the development of the North- West, has rendered necessary the construction of a third departmental building, which is now in course of erection. Ottawa is well connected with the rest of the Dominion by railways, which run in every direction, north, south, east, and west. As illustrative of the extent of country governed from Ottawa, the distances of some of the cities and towns of Canada from the capital may be given ; Battleford (North- West Terri- tories), 2,828 miles; Calgary (North-West Territories), 2,141; Winnipeg (Manitoba), 1,302 ; Victoria (British Columbia), 2,871; Toronto, 261 ; London, 377. These are Western cities. Turning eastward, Halifax is 978 miles distant from Ottawa ; St. John, 835 ; Charlottetown (Prince Edward Island), 1,060 ; Montreal, 120; and Quebec, 279 miles. By the aid of railways ai^d tele- graph lines, cities as far apart as Charlottetown and Victoria are within hailing distance of the Capital. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 113 rd Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, is a thrivii^ city with a winter population of about 8,000, or nearly double its population of 18*77. The seal-fur, salmon canning, fish, and lumber trades have been greatly developed during recent years, and the harbours of Victoria and Esquimault are thronged with shipping, to an extent unknown a few years ago — an eai-nest of the business that will be done there in the near future. The scenery is marvellously fine ; the climate salubrious, and sport abundant. It boasts of being the most English town in Canada. It has direct steam communication with San Francisco. A sub- marine cable across the Gulf of Georgia connects it with the main land, and +hence with the other Canadian cities. The telephone S3'^stem and electric light have been introduced, as is the case in most of the cities of Canada. The following is the official statement of assessed values, in- cluding exemptions: 1880, $2,681,250; 1881, $2,690,000; 1882, $2,809,675; 1883, $2,887,755; 1884, $3,092,200; 1885, $5,178,- 800. The value of new building erected in 1885 is given at $775,000. The revenue of the corporation has increased from $57,000 in 1876 to $120,000 in 1885. The city of Winnipeg is of recent growth. Its population in 1871 was 241 ; in 1881, 7,985, and in 1885, 19,574. The total assessed value in 1885 was $22,859,592; the value of new build- ings erected in 1885 was $190,000. It has 912 trading institu- tions of every class. The business of the year 1884 was as follows: Wholesale mercantile, $14,220,098: retail mercantile, $5,809,600 ; manufacturing, $2,550,000. The city is lighted by electricity and gas. It has good bank- ing facilities, hotel accommodations, street cars, and complete water and drainage systems. The main street, 100 feet wide, is paved with cedar blocks, over two miles in length, and is one of the handsomest streets in Canada. The city, like naarly all Canadian cities, is provided with the electric fire alarm system, and the equipment of the fire brigade is complete. Ka 8 VJ ril 114 Cy\NADIAN HANDBOOK, XVI. INSUEANCE. The statistics of Insurance show great progi-oss in the employ- ment of this safeguard. In 1869 the amount at risk in the Fire Insurance offices was $188,359,809 (£38,'704,0t5.) On Ist January 1886, it was $623,'7t9,669, which is $18,271,880, more than at the same date in 1885. The amount of policies taken in 1869 was $1*71,540,4*75 and in 1885, $500,453,437. During the period 1869-1885, both years included, the total net cash premiums i-eceived by the Insui-ance companies amounted to $58,963,555, and the total losses paid by the companies to $44,522,953. Included in this latter amount is the abnormally large amount paid during the year 1877 when the St. John fire caused a demand upon the companies for $8,490,919, as against $2,867,295 in 1876, and $1,822,674 in 1878. The superintendent of Insurance referring to the increase in the amount at risk in 1884 compared with 1869 — equal to $417,- 000,000 — said, "although this immense increase may partly be due to a larger use of insurance among the people and partly to a transfer of risks from local companies to the licensed ones, there can be no doubt that much the greater part of it is due to the gi'owth of business and property in the Dominion." With regard to Life Insui-ances, the statistics show that in 1869, the premiums for the year were $1,238,359, the amount of in- surance effected was $12,854,132 and the net amount in force was $35,630,082. In 1885, 1 he premiums were $4,618,978, the amount effected was $35,730,211, and the net amount in force was $135,447,726. This by no means represents the whole of the life insurance effected in Canada, as there are many fraternal, benevolent, in- dustrial and religious associations doing business in life insurance either on the " old liner's" plan or on the co-operative or assess- ment system. The companies reporting to the Government do not include the whole buniness done in any one branch. The following state- CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 115 ment will show the total amount at risk and the total premiums paid, so far as reported to the Government at the end of 1884. AMOUNT AT RISK. PREMIUMS PAID. Fire Insurance "Mfl-Tinp ** $605,507,789 14,797,028 135,447,726 22,810,733 12,131,754 1790,695,040 4,980,128 379,000 4,194,886 137,660 64,042 9,755,716 Life " Anoidftiit " frnsi'TnTifPft '* Total The increase in the amount of insurances effected is very marked during the period 1881-1884. For the eleven years 18*70-80 the increase in fire insurances was $223,203,462. During the fours years 1881-4 it was $103,944,518. The first period shows an increase of $20,300,000 per annum ; the second, $48,486,- 000 per annum. The same fact of great increase is presented in the life insurance statistics. During the twelve years 1869-80, the annual average amount effected was $17,230,000. During the four years 1881-84 it was $20,875,000, the increase being in the face of the rapid spread of fraternal and other associations, not reporting to the Government. The fire losses in Canada show a decrease favourable to the com- panies. In 1884 they were at the average rate of $5.37 per $1,000 of current risks. In 1881, 1882 and 1883 they were $7.35, $5.68, and $5.56 respectively. The statistics of 1885 shoAv that in the case of each of the 29 companies doing fire or fire and inland marine insurance, the premiums received were in excess of the losses paid. 'lUiilil "1 liH XVII. NEWSPAPERS. Canada at the end of 1885 had 646 newpapers and periodicals p blished within her borders. Of these 71 were daily, 10 tri- w sekly, 21 semi-weekly, 453 weekly, 13 semi-monthly and 73 lie CANADIAN HANDBOOK. monthly; 34 were devoted to religion, 19 connected with educa- tional institutions, 3 devoted to education, 10 to agriculture, 1 each to fruit and vino culture, floriculture, dairying, phono- graphy, children, finance, railway, army, textiles, milling, stamp collecting, inventions, lumber, pharmacy, live stock; 4 were devoted to law, T to temjioranco, 8 to commerce, 2 each to- poultry, insurance, science, sporting, hygiene. The various Friendly societies had journals in their interest as follows : — Foresters 3, Fiee Masons 2, workmen and Oddfellows 1. The Indian aborigines have one paper devoted to their interests. According to languages, there were seven journals published in German, 51 (of which 15 were daily) in French, the remainder being in English. According to provinces, the number of newspapers and period- icals was: — Ontario, 396; Quebec, 113; Nova Scotia, 46; New Brunswick, 38; Manitoba, 26; Prince Edward Island, 11; British Columbia, 8, and the North-West Territories, 6. The extent to which the newspapers use the telegraph is seen, in the fact that the number of words of press reports transmitted in 1885 was 65,250,000. The number of words of parliamentary reports sent by telegram during the session of 1885, was 4,600,000. According to the census returns, there were, in 1881, 394 print- ing offices, employing 5,311 hands, and having an invested capi- tal of $4,291,136. In 1871 there were 308 printing offices, employing 3,49*7 hands and having an invested capital of $2,158,660. Since 1881, the value of the printing presses imported for use in the Dominion has been $530,000, and since 1867, the total value of the printing presses imported for use within Canada is $1,231,360. The first newspaper published in Canada was issued 21st June 1*764. The first newspaper in Upper Canada, appeared in 18th April 1*793. XVIII. Judged by the proportion of accumulated wealth to her po ulation, or by the average earnings per inhabitant, Canada at&vS i on an equal footing with the United States, being, in respect) to earnings, only excelled by one or two countries. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 117 The oxponditurofor housed in the cities shows that the average 18 about $20 per head of the urban population, which gives the Canadian cities a high position among the growing cities of the world. The money expended in the city of Toronto in 1885 was 84s per inhabitant. The assessed value of Arontreal increased $9,000,000 during the past four years, and last year, the addition to buildings was over $3,000,000, while Winnipeg, with a population of nearly 20,000, added $1,700,000 to its buildings in 1883. In the rural districts, the money expended on buildings in the Province of Ontario amounted to about $10,000,000 a year, or 36s per head of the rural population. The [same proportion is, it is believed, maintained in the case of Manitoba. The other provinces, froni the best information obtainable, have also added largely to the capital invested in buildings. After paying for food, rent, clothing and taxes, the Canadian has 75 days in the year for pleasure, which is the sauio as in the United States. The ratio of the public debt to wealth is somewhat over G per cent., and the raiio of taxation to earnings is about 6 per cent. This is considerably less than any European country, and close to that of the United States. Most of Cantida's public debt is caused by expenditure on account of railways, canals and other works, and a considerable proportion of the interest on the debt is met by interest-bearing assets. The unsold Crown lands of Canada administei-ed by the Federal Government alone, at 3s an acre, would suificc to redeem the whole debt. The addition of the Crown lands under the con- trol of the several Provincial governments would bring down the value required for that purpose to 2s fid per acre. The wealth of Canada is estimated at £650,000,000, and the in- come £118,000,000. This is equal to £1-48 wealth per inhabitant and £27 income. The percentage of income on capital is 18.1. In the United States it is 14.9, Europe 13.8, England 14.3, and Australia 22.6. The accumulations of savings in Canada have averaged iver $6,000,000 a year since 1878. The assessed value of real and personal property in the Pro- vince of Ontario, during ten years, increased as follows : — 118 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. I! 1874, rural. " urban Totals . 1883, rural. " urban Totals . . Real Property. $ 206,892,278 118,591,838 $325,484,1^6 400,446,524 182,784,(109 $■583,231,133 Personal Property. 20,463,878 26,0-16,804 $47,010,772 26,351,197 30,120,454 $56,471,661 The numbers of ratepjiyers in the same province increased from 3'79,572 to 463,184, and the average assessed vahie per acre of real property increased from $10.55 to 19.19. An examination into the value of farm propej'ty in the Pro- vince of Ontario made during the years 1882 and 1883, resulted as follows: — 1882. 1883. Incrcas c. Farm land $ 632,342,500 132,711,575 37,029,815 80,540,720 $ 654,793,025 163,030,675 43,522,530 99,882,365 $ 22,450,525 .30,319,100 6,492,715 19 341 645 BuildinffH Imnlfiments Livfi stock XIX. MANUFACTURES. The general condition of the manufacturing industries of Canada in 1881, and the advance made during the decennial period, may be gathered from the following table : 1871. 1881. Capital invested Hands employed Amount of vearlv waires $ 77,694,020 187,942 40,851,069 124,907,846 221,617,773 $165,302,623 254,935 59,429,002 179,918,591 309,676,068 Value of raw material Total value articles produced il'iiN CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 119 Since 1878 thodovelopmont has been moro marked than during any previous period in the industrial history of Canada. Now manufactures have been started, and old ones enlarged. A partial investigation made in 1884-5, in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, affords the data from which to calculate that there had been in 1884 an increase over 1878 of 75 per cent, in the number of handi employed ; of 75 per cent, in the amount of wages ])aid ; of 93 per cent, in value of products ; and of 75 per cent, in capital invested^ The annual inci-oase during the past six years in value of products is 15 per cent, against 4 per cent, during the decennial 1871-80. The manufactures of Canada are yet in their infancy. The men who cut the first trees and guided the first ploughs — the pioneers of settlement — are a minished race among the present generation. But still they are with us in appreciable numbers. It cannot, therefore, be supposed that much time, thought or capital has been applied to manufacture. The industries of thirty years ago were confined chiefly to home-spun. The first woollen mill of which there is record was started in Quebec in 1826, which, with its old-fashioned machinery, sufficed to do the work required of it till 1837, when new machinery was introduced. In 1857 another woollen mill was started. In 1858, a mill was started in Gait, Upper Canada, for the manufacture of tweeds, and in 1866, the proprietor, moving to Sherbrooke, in Lower Canada, built the largest woollen mill in Canada. Up to 1880, Canada exported large quantities of her wools and imported manufactured woollens. The returns of 1885 show that the export of Canadian wool was only 989,925 pounds, a decrease of 2,600,000 pounds as compared with the export of 1880. Canada in the latter year imported 6,950,000 pounds of foreign wool, to which she added 7,681,500 pounds of homo grown. The returns of 1885 show that the consumption of Canadian wools has largely increased, while the importation of woollen manufactures, principally from Great Britain, has veiy consider- ably increased, owing to the demand for the best qualities. An analysis of the woollen imports of 1885 shows that, com- pared with 1880, there was a decrease in the importation of blankets, dress goods, and two-ply and three-ply ingrain, of which the warp is composed wholly of cotton or other material 120 CANADIAN IIANDHOOK. than wool. Thoro wero incrojwes in cuHhmoroH, cloths, coatin/^n, dooHkintt, twood.s, rtannols, hosiory, shawls, yiirns, roady-mado clothing, carpots — hrussolH and tapostiy — and " all other." Tho total import of woollon material was S1),05.'{,22(J in 1885, against $(;,358,8(;7 in 1880. Of tho import of 1885, $8,504,750 was from Great Britain. The direction in which tho woollon industry of Canada is being developed is in the working up of Canadian wools and tho manufacture of articles from imported yarns. Jn doing this, tho industry has assumed proportions in keeping with the growth of population and the increasing demand for woollen goods. Tho value of the output in 1885 may be put down at nearly eleven millions ; an increase of [iO per cent, on tho figures of 1881. Tho increase during the decennial period 1871- 81 was at the rate of 43 per cent, a-ycar. The cotton manufacture of Canada is younger than tho wool- Ion. Tho first mill was established about fifteen years ago. The industry has grown rapidly, anJ now there are twenty-four mills in tho Dominion with a capacity of 000,000 spindles. The growth of the industry is seen in tho increased imports of raw cotton for homo consumption, which in 1801) were 1,245,208 pounds, and last year wero 23,727,525 pounds. As a result of this development, the number of hands employed in 1885 showed an increase of 80 per cent, over those of 1880. The factories are supplied with the latest improvements in machinery, many of them are provided with electric light, and all aro roomy and comfortable for tho operatives. Tho people of Canada need annually about forty yards of cotton each. The imported cotton is about 42,000,000 yards, leaving 158,000,000 yards to be supplied by the Canadian factories. The canal system of Caiuida has contributed materially to the development of manufactures. Manufactures of silk, wood, flour, paper, woollens, cottons, ii'on and steel, and othei's, have sprung up along the canals, utilizing the water power. There are now in the above lines 115 mills employing nearly 8,000 hands. The construction of railways has also done much to aid in the rapi- dity with which manufactures have increased. OANAblAN HANDBOOK. Other Manupaotures. 121 In all thoro wore, according to the cenHus of 1881, nearly tliroo thousand industrial ostublishmonts in Canada. Some of the •chief wore : — ARricultnral Implements Boots and Slmes Cabinet and Furniture Locomotive Works Cheese Factories Cotton Distilleries Entjiue Building Fittings and Foundry Work . . . Flour Mills Furriers and Hatters Hosiery Iron Smelting Furnaces Meat Curing Musical Instruments Oil Refineries Nail and Tack Factories Paj)er Factories Preserving Food Rolling Mills Saddle and Harness Sash, Door and Blind Factories Saw Mills Shipyards Sugar Refineries Tanneries ' Tin and Sheet Iron Works ■ Tobacco Factories Wool Cloth Invostiid Yearly CupiUI. Product. $ $ 3,995,782 4,405,397 0,491,042 17,8}>,5,90;{ 3,943,419 5,471,742 1,(530,598 3,950,3(51 1,021,435 5,4(54,454 3,47(i,500 3,7(50,000 1,303,010 l,7iK),800 990,300 1,338,000 9,473,808 11,548,088 13,857,923 41,772,372 1,934,802 3,:552,J«51 030,821 1,385,730 2,172,100 1,197,514 1,450,000 4,084,133 070,000 1,221,000 1,812,700 4,050,000 1,245,500 1,(589,450 2,237,950 2,44(5,70() 1,222,558 2,085,801 097,500 1,02(5,900 1,323,845 3,233,973 1.990,858 4,872,302 25,487,23:5 38,541,752 1,570,910 3,557,258 2,150,000 9,027,000 0,380,222 15,144,535 1,993,054 3,738,240 1,829,420 3,000,300 5,272,370 8,113,055 XX. CANADIAN FOEESTS. The forests of Canada formerly extended in an almost unbroken stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the head of Luke Saperior, a •distance of about 2,000 miles. The great plains of the North- West have always, within the memory of man, been sparsely timbered, but on the Pacific slopes of the Eocky Mountains down 122 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. to the shores of the ocean there are mammoth trees that caa ,t equal in value those to the United Kingdom ; the returns for the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1885, being: — Value of lum- ber to United Kingdom at shipping ports $9,577,581 ; do. to the United States $9,355,736. Similar extension on a smaller scale might be noted in other directions, particularly with the West Indies, South America, etc. Timber was long the staple article of Canada's export trade, but with the settlement and development of the country, it now ranks after agricultural produce, still, it should not be forgotten that the farming interests of the Dominion owe their expansion to the lumber industry. In clearing the land of its primeval forest growth, the soil became amenable to culture, the lumber- man was the first and best customer of the farmer; nay, he pro- vided the farmers. The ncAvly arrived immigrant, in the major- ity of cases, possessed little or no capital, but immediately on his arrival in the country he found regular and lucrative employment, in the service of tne lumberman, a few seasons' steady work aftbrded him the means of buying a lot of land ; it gave him that knowledge of the woods and handiness to shift for him- self, which are so essential to a new-comer placed in surround- ings foreign to his past experience ; hence he was enabled to select a suitable location and build his own dwelling, or shanty, without extraneous help ; when he had raised a small crop of hay oats and potatoes, he found a j-eady market at his door; when he- was able to purchase a team of horses, he found employment for them during the winter mouths in hauling logs and IiC had them for his farm work during the summer — such in brief is the his- tory of man}' a thriving farmer, oi* of his father, in Canada. The lumbermen are the pioneers who have opened up Canatla. First clearing the land along the banks of the largest rivers, they have followed every tributary stream that could float, or be made to w»T" 124 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. float a log in the spring freshets, until they have at last pene- trated every nook of what, at one time, was a trackless and imjDenetrable wilderness, hewing and constructing their roads, bridging and damming rivers, establishing depots which speedily developed into villages and towns, and withal contributing large- ly to the revenue of the country. One other advantage Canada owes to its timber traae, is the enormous increase of its mercan- tile marine which ranks fourth amongst the maritime nations of the world. The timber lands of Canada are pi-incipally held by and under the control of the Provincial Governments. In the two great lumber-producing Provinces, Ontario and Quebec, the lands are divided into berths or limits of a certain number of square miles. The new limits are put up to auction and allotted to the highest bidder, that is the one who oifers the largest bonus for cutting the timber over the limit ; he has further to pay a small annual rental jier square mile, and a due per cubic foot of squared tim- ber, and one on every saw log. The lease is only for one year, but pi-actically the lumbermen are never disturbed so long as they pay their rents and dues. We now proceed to give area, lumber cut and exported, rev- enue, number of saw mills, etc. Nova Scotia. The lumber area of this province is held by the agriculturists or landowners, consequentl}'' the Government has no control o"er the cutting, and derives no direct revenue from the lumber. There are 1,190 saw mills, in which 4,160 hands are employed The value of the lumber exported during the tiscal year, ending June 30, 1885, was estimated at $1, 274,653. New Brunswick. The lumber area under license in 1883, was 3,11*7 square miles and the total revenue derived therefrom $lt5,352. Number of saw mills 4*78. Number of hands employed therein 7,1*75. Value of lumber exported during the fiscal year 1884-1885, $3,269,381. canadian handbook. 125 Prince Edward Island. Lumber lands in the possession of private owners. Number of saw mills 165. Number of hands employed 419. Yalue of lumber exported $14,459. Province op Quebec. Lumber area under license 41,260 square miles. Kevenuo derived therefrom $660,75*7. Number of sawmills 1,'729. Number of hands employed 12,461. Estimated value of lumber exported $8,198,094. The port of Quebec being the principal shipping one for lumber on the St. Lawi-euce, a very large proportion of the exporte comes from the Province of Ontario. Province op Ontario. Lumber area under license in 1884, 18,000 square miles. Eev- enue derived therefrom $464,529. Number of saw mills 1,761. Number of hands employed 16,846. Estimated value of lumber exported $•7,371,028. (Almost exclusively shipped to the United States.) In the North-West Territories and British Columbia the lum- ber lands have not yet been surveyed and therefore no opinion can be given as to their prospective value, though it is assumed that the forest resources of the latter province are immense, and only await enterprise to render them productive both to the rev- enue and to the export trade. The census retui-ns for 1881 give the production of the forest for home use and export as follows : — Cot. 1881. Square pine, white, cubic feet 40,729,047 " "red " " 2,815,755 >' oak ' " " 5,670,894 Tsmarac, ' " 4,653,575 Birch and maple, " t't^'S Elm, ' 3,181,968 Walnut, black, " 59.032 « ' soft " 754,219 Hickery, ' " ,387,619 All other timber, " • oo'oS'^S Pine logs* 22,324,407 Other " 26,025,584 Masts and spars 192,241 'The census log is that quality of wood capable of giving 100 feet superficies of 1 umlier ene inch thick. 126 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. XXI. EDUCATION. Two and a-half centuries have passed since the first school was •established in Canada. It was opened in the village of Quebec, and its first pupils were a negro and an Indian boy. In 1678 Bishop Laval laid the foundations of the Seminary of Quebec. Eh is was in 1852 erected into the University of Laval by Eoyal Charter. The common school systems of the several Provinces of Canada are all based upon the principle of Free Education, the funds being supplied by local assessments, supplemented by legislative grants. In the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba there are separate schools for Roman Catholics. In the other Provinces the schools are unsectarian. The Province of Quebec owes its present development to the ■eft'orts of Dr. J . B. Mcilleur, who was made chief Educational Officer for Lower Canada in 1837. The Province of Gntario is indebted for its excellent system to the laborious evertions of Revd. Dr. Ryerson, who was appointed Chief Superintendent in 1884. Nova Scotia under the zealous advocacy of Hon. C. Tupper {now Sir Charles, and High Commissioner for Canada in London,) placed its Public School Act on the Statute Book in 1865. iS'ew Brunswick and Manitoba followed in 1871, British Columbia in 1872, and Prince Edward Island in 1877. The number of pupils throughout the Dominion, in 1885, in the public schools, high schools and universities, inclusive of pi'ivate schools was 968,193. The average attendance was 555,- 405. The total expenditure for the year, not including school buildings, was $9,310,745, and the value of the school lands, buildings and furniture was $25,000,000. According to the reports of the several Superintendents of Education there were nearly 18,000 teachers employed in the public schools. From the census returns for 1881 it appears that in that year there were 274 boarding schools for young ladies and 13,064 pupils. The extent to which the people of Canada tax themselves for Public School Education may be judged from the fact that in the IF "' CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 12T Province of Quebec out of the year's total expenditure of $3,162,416, only the sum of $353,611 was granted by the Pro- vincial Legislature. In Ontario, of the total of $3,904,'79'7, the amount granted by the Legislature of the Province was $26Y,084. In Manitoba and the North West Territories where the public lands are under the control of the Federal Government, one of first acts of Parliament, after the acquisition of the region, was to set apart two out of every thirty-six sections of 640 each for school purposes. XXII. AGRICULTUEE. The great interest of Canada — that of Agriculture, is so IV ell known and will be so fully set forth in the exhibits at South Kensington, that little need be said beyotid what has already been said incidentally. Under the guidance of Sir John Macdonald, who has for years directed public attention to thenecessity for mixed farming, Canada has passed beyond the stage of a mere wheat-growing country and has developed her Agricultural industries in various directions. Greater attention has been given to stock-raising, to fruit-growing and to dairy products, as well as to the develop- ment of the varied industries of Canada. Most important results have followed the efforts made to give proper direction to the public mind. These results show themselves in the much broader basis upon which the general industries of the country stand as compared with the United States. An analysis of the domestic exports of the two countries gives the following results. Table showing the relative proportions of the products of the named industries exported from Canada and from the United States in the year ended June SOiA, 1885. "Canada United States . . . . Agricultural Products Including Animals. 56.60 72.96 Products Mine. 4.17 8.28 Products of Forest. 24.06 1.04 Fisheries. 9.13 0.70 Manufac- tures. 3.64 16.14 ;'iii. ^p 128 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. If we represent the export of the products of Canadian Mine» at 1, Fisheries will stand at 2.2, Forest products at 5.8, Animals and their produce at 6.9, other Agricultural products at 3.9, Manufactures at 0.9, and Miscellaneous at 0.2. The export value of Cheese and Butter in 1885 amounted to nearly $9,700,000, or about one-quarter of all the exports of the tarm. The export of Cheese increased 78 millions pounds in 1885 over 1868. On page 75 will be found a table showing the growth of the export trade in Beeves, Sheep and Hogs. In continuation of that table, the following will show the course of the export trade, Ist. in the products of animals and 2nd. in the export and import, wheat and flour trade. '!|! CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 129 -o a o -a «-> ci s o 2 o o B o "'"^'^ o ^ , aj !'& o 3 si 3 o i 55 ■JZ c o « . 3 c i2 o a. f— ^■w♦'CCI^'M'^'OccoD^^-- •J; -t "^ "T ='5 -»■ 3 --li f? ^ '?^ ++I ++++++I + I -i £ r-. o o cc ic CO ■* eo OT C-- -js ~."f -r cr. I— I- 5-. 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Ci IN C) IN NiN CO CCi-rr-ri-ii-r r— — c-'io'oJocfcTcrco'oM ■^^"OOD C>Ol "T ■^^^•r^rj^-n' If^ •^co CO iCufioto'cTo CO -^i-H ~ I- S ?3 5; di r- CO M i-. =^ ..^ t.o_ 'X CO irf h- 1 - CO o to^o 1 00 :o ^■'^-=:sa OCOICCOtO O — tC-ol^-i- UO T ■^ I- N CO^OO O^CO to to lii ^•JJiS^JjWMOOiicoo coco Oi^C? I— tC^CO y y w K Ci IC ■V ■^x'-f '■O^'-^i-^iC^Co'f-Ht-*' 1— IT-IOIWOJ^T-Il— I torotoiocoo — t^StoCit- iJO -r-'ic ■-O'C '— 'x't-T'i eo'co'co o — 'O tr -X o 00 f-i cally to the rocks of the upper copper-bearing series on Lake Superior. The latter are widely difl'used. Li Ontario, on the northeastern shore of Lake Huron, extensive veins of rich copper ores have been mined for years, often with groat profit. On Lake Superior, the native copper, which has been so extensively and profitably worked on tho Michigan shore, also exists in large quantities over tho Canadian shore. In Quebec, and the oth« r eastern provinces, deposits of copper liave been found and, in m ny cases, mined. In Bi'itish Columbia, ma> == of native copper have been found in various jiarts of the province. Very fine specimens of purple cop]ier ore are found in the neigh- bourhood of Howe Sound and other localities. In the Ohio district of Nova Scotia, an opening was made in 1884 on a deposit of yellow and grey copper ore, yielding 1,120 -pounds of copper, 65 dwts. of gold and 3 oz. of silver to the ton. Native silver occurs in large quantities at several points on Lake Superior, and the copper ores of the Province of Quebec con- tain small quantities of silver. At Thuntler Bay, on Lake Superior, silver in a native state has been discovered in many localities and several mines have pro- duced large results. In British Columbia, the best known argentiferous locality is uhat near Hope on the Fraser Hiver. The lodes occur at an ole- Tation of 5,000 feet. Specimens assayed have given high yields 136 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. of silver. In the interior of Cherry Creek, between Olcanagan and Arrow Lakes is a locality from which specimens of remai-k- ably rich silver ore have been brought. Gold exists over a large extent of the Eastern Townships in Quebec, and has attracted labour and capital. It is also found in Ontario at Madoc and Marmora. Practically, however, its pro- duction is limited to the Provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia. In the former province gold occurs principally in quartz veins in stratified slate and (juartz ore rocks along the Atlantic coast. According to the report of the Inspector of Mines, there were twenty-seven gold mines in operivcion in 1884, yield- ing from 25,186 tons of quartz 16,080 ounces of gold as the result of 118,087 daj's labour. In 1885 the yield was 21,000 ounces. Since 1862 the total number of ounces extracted has been 366,976 from 495,023 tons of quartz crushed. In British Columbia gold ha-; been found in paying quantities at various ])oints along a northwest line for more than ten degrees of latitude. There is scarcely a stream of any importance in the jirovince in which the colour of gold cannot bo found. In the official report it is stated as follows : — " In British Colum- bia a belt of rocks, probably correspononig to the gold rocks of California, has already been proved to he richly auriferous and it may i-easonably be expected that the discovery and working of rich metalliferous deposits of other kinds will follow. Promising indications of many are already known. With a general similar- ity of topographical features in the disturbed belt of the west coast, a great uniformity in the lithological character of the rocks is found to follow, so that while a comparatively short distance- from southwest to northeast may show considerable lithological change, great distances may be traversed from southeast to north- west and little ditference noted. In British Columbia, so far as geological explorations have yet gone, thej' have tended to show a general resemblance of the rocks to those of the typical sections of Califoinia and the "Western States." According to returns it appears that since 1858 the yield of gold has been 2,562,000 ounces, which at $19 an ounce, is equal to $48,672,128, the amount given in the returns. This quantity has been mined under most disadvantageous conditions. Without railway communication supplies have necessarily been greatly increased in price by the cost of transport, thus deterring the minor from the prosecution of his work. All this is changed b^ "m CANADIAN HANDBOOK. i3r the completion of the Canadian Pacific, and gold mining in British' Columbia will undoubtedly receive a powerful stimulus by reason of the more favourable circumstances under which it will hence- forth be pui'sued. Gold is also distributed at certain points on the east side of the Rockies, and has been met with in the branches of the Saskatche- wan River from Edmonton to the Forks. Antimony is found in the region west of Lake Superior, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The Inspector of Mines for the lat- ter province, in his report for 1885, says : — " During the past year a valuable mine of antimony ore has been opened out at Rawdon, Hants county. The vein, which is of grey antimony ore, is from four to eighteen inches in width. An analysis showed the ore to- be almost of chemical purity, having little beyond traces of for- eign material." According to the trade returns 71*7 tons were exported from this mine, in 1885. Among other metals mentioned as having been found in Canada are nif^kol, cobalt, zinc, silver and platinum. Of minerals used in certain chemical manufactures, Canada has Iron Pyrites, Chromium, Manganese, Titanium, Molybdenum* and Magnesia. Of minerals used in agriculture, Canada has Apatite, Gypsum,. Marl, and Salt very widely spread. In Ontario, phosphate of lime or apatite is found in large quan- tities all through the district north of Kingston and Belleville ; on the line of the Rideau canal, near Perth, it extends over an area of many square miles. The chief suppl}', however, is obtained from the deposits on the north side of the Ottawa river, in the region drained by the- Li^vre and Gatineau rivers. The trade returns for 1885 show that the exports of this article^ amounted to 18,98-4 tons, all of which Avent to Groat Britain with the exception oi' 1,3G0 tons exported to Germany and 745 tons to the United States. During 1885 the production increased. New beds were discovered near the sources of the Li6vre and Gatineau, 150 miles from the mouth. The Canadian Pacific Railway have constructed a bi'anch lino to facilitate the transjiortation of the products of the mines. Gypsum is found in great abundance in Ontario. The outcrop extends from the Niagara river tc Lake Huron for 150 miles. A ^T 138 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. very large amount is annually raised and used as a fertilizer, or ground for cement and stucco. In Quebec the supplies come mainl}' from the Magdalen Islands. Extensive and practically inexhaustible beds are found in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Marl or carbonate of lime is found in many localities. Salt was discovered in 1866 near the town of G-c lerich, Ontario. The borings go down through the limestones of the Onondaga and Guelph formations and two or three hundred feet of red and blue shales which carr}- rock salt as their base. The area is ex- tensive, extending a distance of over 40 miles long by 7 or 8 wide. In 1881, 4*72,000 barrels of salt were produced in this region. Among minerals used for pigments are iron ochres wliich are found and extensively manufactured in Quebec, and Ontario, and in smaller quantities in the eastern provinces. Sulphate of barytes is also widely distributed. We came next to combustible and carbonaceous materials. The coal areas of Canada are estimated at 97,200 square miles, not including areas known, but as yet quite undeveloped, in the far North. It is impossible to treat this important subject fully in the limits of a hand-book. The records of the Geological Survej', Sir William Dawson's "Acadian Geology" and other well-known publications must be consulted for details. There are : 1st. The coal tields of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick ; 2nd. Those of the North- West Territories; 3rd. Those of the Rocky Mountains; and 4th. Those of British Columbia. Ist. The coal areas of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick cover about 18,000 square miles. They are divided into the Cape Breton, Picton and Cumberland basins, all in Nova Scotia ; New Brunswick containing, so far as known, no seams of sufficient magnitude to bo successfully worked in competition with the Cumberland mines. The total coal sales from these three basins, in which 196 pits are worked, have increased with considerable rapidity as the following statement will show : — . 1785 to 1790, tons 14,349 1841 to 1850, tons 1,533,798 1791 1800, 51,048 1851 " 18(i0, " 2,399,829 1801 1810, 70,452 18G1 " 1870, " 4,927,339 1811 1820, " 91,527 1871 " 1880, " 7,377,428 1821 1830. " 140,820 1881 " 1885, (5 yrs.) 0,099,010 1831 1840, " 839,981 mm CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 139 It is worthy of note that the utilization of material which fovraerly went to waste has made great progress during recent years. The total sales of slack coal since IStY have heen as follows: 1877, 109,155 tons; 1878, 131,528; 1879, 113,719; 1880, 1^7,977; 1881,209,011; 1882, 247,100; 1883,281,105; and 1884, 316,132 tons. The sales of these coals to the United States have fallen from 404,252 tons in 1866, (the year before that country imposed a duty of $1.25 a ton) to 64,515 tons in 1884. The increased consumption is chiefly due to the increased demand in Canada for manufacturing and other purposes. The seams in the Cape Brecon basin vary in thickness, those at present worked being from four ^oet and a half to nine feet thick. The total available coal of the Cape Breton area is estimated at 800,000,000 tons. In the Pictou coal field, the seams worked vary from six feet to 34 feet 7 inches in thickness. A purely conjectural estimate i:»laces the amount of available coal in this basin at 250,000,000 tons. The Cumberland basin includes about 300 square miles. The principal seams, Avorked for any length of time, are four and six feet thick; other seams, more recently worked, are from 11 to 13 feet thick. Taking one analysis from each coal field, we have as follows : — Moisture Volatile Combustible Fixed Carbon Asli SYDNEY MINE C. BRETTON. 3.04 31.14 01.50 4.32 ALBION MINE PICTOU. 1.29 25.44 (51.55 10.25 SPEIXG HILL CUMBERLAND. 1.40 31.25 61.58 5.7U There are no coal measures from New Brunswick westward, until the prairies of Manitoba and the North West Territories are reached. Of this coal basin, Dr. George M. Dawson, of the Geo- logical Survey, in a letter dated 12th January 1866 to the Hon. John Carling, Ministci- of Agriculture, writes as follows: — " The known area of true and lignite coals of the best quality, extends along the base of the Eock}' Mountains from the 49th parallel to the vicinity of Peace River, a distance of 500 miles, with an average width of, say 100 miles, giving a total area of 50,000 square miles. It is not intentled to affirm that the 140 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. whole of this area is continuously underlain by coal, but outcrojis^ ofcoalaroso general throughout it, that taken in connection with the character and regularity of the strata — it may safely be stated, that it is, throughout, a coal field. An additional area stretching eastward, as far as the Souris River and Turtle Mountains, yielding lignites only, but these often of very good quality, and well fitted for local uses, may be roughly estimated at 15,000 square miles." In this last mentioned region analysis gives the foUowii ^ result: — ■W.n.er 15.46 Volatile combustible 37.07 Fixed carbon 41,21 Ash 5.36 Analysis of two oi- three coals from the first mentioned coal region of the North-West gives the following results : — AVater Volatile combustible rixed carbon Ash Belly River Bow River. G.52 12.37 .31.03 32.33 56.54 46.30 5.91 8.91 Peace River, 2.10 21.54 71.63 4.73 The third coal area of Canada is that in the Rocky Mountains. Of this Dr. G. M. Dawson writes : — " The areas within the Rocky Mountains, though small as measured by miles, contain much coal of the best quality. One of these areas, on the Bow and Casc.ide Rivers (crossed by the Canadian Pacific Railway) has been found to hold several good seams of anthracite of excel- lent quality." The fourth area is that of the Pacifio coast. The extent of this can be very roughly estimated, as no thorough examination has been made. Dr. Dawson gives the following estimate : — Nanaimo coal basin (coals), approximately correct. . 200 S(]uare miles. Comox coal basin (coals), roujih approximation 700 " " Queen Charlotte Islands and other areas oi' coal- bearing rocks (very rough approximation) 800 " " Tertiary lignite-bearing rocks in difl'erent parts of British Columbia, south of the 54th parallel »f latitude (very rough approximation) 12,000 " " In quality the Vancouver Island bituminous coals are found to bo superior for all practical purposes to any coals on the Pacific CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 141 coast. They rank in San Francisco with the West Hart ley coals. These widely-spread coal deposits on Vancouver Island entitle the Province to be called the Britain of the North Pacific. The output for 1885 was 357,548 tons, and the export 275,621 tons, almost the whole of which was shipped to the United States The yield in 1874 was 81,000 tons. In the Comox district the productive measures show ten seams «f coal, with a total of 29 feet 3 inches, the thickest seam bein.- 10 feet. '^ The character of the coal is evidenced by the followino- iina lysis : — ^ Slow Coking. Fast Coking, 1.47 Water Volatile combustible 28 . 19 Fixed carbon ... 04 05 Ash ' (5;29 1.47 32.69 59.55 6.29 Anthracite in 6 and 3 feet seams, comparing favorably with that from Pennsylvannia, has been found in (^,ueen Charlotte's Inland. Samples analyzed gave the following results :— Water Volatile co.iibustible Fixed carbon Ash Sulphur Sample 1. 1.60 5.02 83.09 8.76 1.53 Sample 2. 7.89 4.77 85.76 6.69 0.89 The positions occupied by the coal-fields of Canada are so .ndvantageous that an enhanced value is given to them when regarded from an Imperial point of view. The Capo Breton coal basin opens out on a bold coast abounding in harbors, on the por- tion of the American continent nearest to the British Isles The Pictou coal-field is close to the Imperial naval arsenal of Halif-ix "' the western sentinel of the Atlantic." ' The Cumberland coal basin is close to the great port of St John, New Brunswick. All three coal-fields are so situated that they render easy of maintenance the Intercolonial Railway, which <^^onnect8 the Provinces in the East with the S.. Lawrence Pro- vinces. The coal-fields of the North-West will supply with fuel the future millions of people inhabiting that vast region. 142 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The coal measures of British Columbia meet the wants of the Empire on the Pacific Ocean, as those of Nova Scotia do on the Atlantic, and Victoria stands in the same relation to the Pacific that Halifax does to the Atlantic. Canada will present herself, in company with her sister colo- nics, at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, able to show that she possesses this truly British mineral in great abundance, and in highly advantageous situations, and that she can add to the com- mon stock a large proportion of the whole. Besides coal, both bituminous and anthracite, Canada has petio- loum widely ditl'used. In Ontario, according to the census returns of 1881, the production of crude petroleum for the j^ear 1880 was 15,490,622 gallons, an increase over that of 1871 of 3,500,000 gal- lons. In Gaspd, in the Province of Quebec, it is found over a wide extent of country. T he reports from the North-West show that it is found over a vast extent of that countiy. Peat exists in large deposits in all parts of Canada. Next in order we come to the refractory minerals. Canada has of these plumbago, mica, soapstone and sandstone. The plumbago is a pure crystalline plumbago, and is widely distributed. One specimen exhibited weighs 3,000 pounds. The others mentioned ai-e also very generally found. Materials for bricks, pottery and glass abound. Limestone, for common lime, is abundant, as also are argillaceous limestones and dolomites, jnelding good hydraulic cements. Grinding and polishing materials are found in all the Provinces. Of building stones Canada possesses an abundance. Granite, comparing favorably with the best granites of Great Britain and New Kngland is found in many localities. Sandstones of various textures and colors abound. The collection of marbles in the Geological Museum at Ottawa indicates a profusion of all kinds. Flagstones and roofing-slates, lithographic stones, etc., are abund- ant and of good quality. Canada, as yet, has afforded but few gems. Agates, amethysts and jasper are found in the Lake Superior region and in other parts of Canada. There are numerous mineral springs throughout Canada. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 143 XXIV. THE FISHERIES OF CANADA. Tlicse are the largest in the world, embracing nearly 5,(iOO miles of sea coast, in addition to inland seas, innumerable lakes and a great number of rivers. With regard to their value, statistics prove it to be fully in jiro- portion to their extent. The products of our fisheries, exported and sold on the Dominion markets in 1885, amounted to $17,*722,978; but this b^Mio means represents the value of the total catch, for in Canada the home consumption is very great — 100 pounds per inhabitant being calculated to 30 pounds in Eng- land. As the fisheries extend throughout the length and breadth of the Dominion, almost every settler is afforded an opportunity for catching fish for domestic use. This renders it impossible to give full returns of the whole catch. It is approximately esti- mated that the value of the home consumption last year was S13,!I00,000, giving a total of $31,000,000 as the yield from less than half of the Canadian fisheries, exclusive of the catch by foreign fishermen. The sea fisheries are well nigh inexhaustible — a fact attribut- able to the fishes' food supply being brought down by the Arctic currents from the northern seas and rivers. This consists of living slime, formed of myriads of minute creatures which swarm in the Arctic seas and are deposited in vast and ever renewed quan- tities upon the fishing grounds. Salt water fishes of nearly every variety are to be found along the Canadian coasts, but the marine fisheries of greatest commer- cial importance are the coti, herring, mackerel, lobster and seal. The fresh water fisheries are also of great imjiortrnco, the immense lakes and rivers supplying an abundance of fish of great commercial value, both for home consumption and export, besides providing sportsmen with some of the finest salmon and trout fishing to be found anywhere. Salmon abound in a great many of the Canadian rivers. 144 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Official Valuation of the Yield of tub fisheries by Provinces : — Province. Nova Scotia Now Brunswick Princo Edward Island British Columbia Quebec 'Ontario » • Total. 1876. $6,029,037 1,953,496 494,966 104,697 2,097,664 437,229 1885. $8,283,923 4,005,430 1,293,430 1,078,038 1,719,460 1,342,692 $11,117,089 S17,722,972 The values of the yield of some of the principal fish in 1885 are: Cod, $4,536,732; Herring, $2,475,118; Lobsters, $2,613,731; Salmon, $1,152,348; Mackerel, $1,509,424; Haddock, $651,088; 'Trout, $474,932 ; Sardines, $355,731 ; Whitefish, $286,955. The Destination and Value of Canadian Fish Exports for 1876 AND 1885. Name of Country. 1876. 1885. United States British West Indies . Spanish West Indies. Great Britain South America French AVest Indies . . British Guiana Italy Hayti Danish "West Indies ■ Portugal Newfoundland France Australia Made! ra Gibraltar Other countries Total ,475,330 3,560,731 ,348,(537 1,152,868 825,287 718,956 687,312 1,543,731 297.609 295,647 239,724 130,235 190,061 97,438 139.387 132,507 90,999 2,907 52,988 38,263 51,836 125,416 50,299 14,946 32,350 10,492 81,193 14,960 10,203 11,740 19,700 10,870 15,501,221 $7,960,001 Much attention has of late years been given to the develop- ment of the fisheries. The Federal Government has granted a yearly sum of $150,000 as a bounty, to be divided according to catch, among the vessels and boats engaged in the prosecution of CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 145 the sea fisheries. One result has been an increase in the number and a great improvement in the build and outfit, of fishing vessels' It hafl also provided fish-breeding establishments, of which there are twelve, in different parts of the Dominion, and millions of fish are yearly hatched and placed in the rivers and lakes. Large sums of money have also been expended in harbour improvements and breakwaters. The principal fishing stations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence have been connected with each other by land tele- graphs and cables, by which means information is promptly given of fish "strikes" at any particular point, thereby saving the fishermen days and nights of fruitless exposure and cold. Thenumbers of men, vessels, boats and fathoms of nets employed in the fisheries are as follows: — ;Statement showing the Number of Vessels, Boats, Men engaged in Fishing, with the Quantity op Nets used, for the Year 1885. Provtvpipq Men. Vessels. Boats. Nets. No. No. Ton'ge, Value. No. Value. No, of Fath'ms. Value. Nova Scotia.. N. Brunsw'k. P. E. Island.. Quebec Ontario B. Columbia. 29,905 10,185 3,535 11,322 2,716 1,830 711 196 53 160 23 34 31,285 3,297 2,044 8,734 2,523 845 $ 1,428,308 78,836 55,900 340,679 63,310 54,600 12,693 4,879 1,039 7,9« 1,045 867 316,677 147,567 34,625 187,330 121,863 44,195 1,475,913 430,738 47,985 207,268 710,630 141,850 566,550 241,360 24,649 160,423 96,222 130,080 Totals.... 59,493 1,177 48,728 2.021,633 28,472 $852,257 3,014,384 1,219,284 These figures show an increase over those of 1875, of 6,309 in the number of men employed ; of 3,561 in the tonnage of vessels ; of 6,262 in the number of boats, and of $558,010 in the total value of vessels, boats and nets. Including weirs and other fishing materials, the total value of the fishing '' plant " in 1885 was $6,697,460. 10 146 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. XXV. SHIPPING OF CANADA. Number of vessels and tons on the Registry Books of the Dominion on the 31sf December in each year ; also number and tonnage of these being steamers. No. of No. of New vessels built No. of Stea- mers. Gross ton- Vessels. tons. am registered. nage stea- mers. No. Tons. 1873 6 783 1,073,718 1,158,363 554 92,298 102,138 1874 6,930 496 190,756 595 1875 6,952 1,205,565 480 151,012 661 113,115 1876 7,192 1,260,893 420 130,901 689 111,953 1877 7,362 7,469 1.310,408 1,333,015 432 120,928 101,506 1878 340 771 155,064 1879 7,471 1,332,093 265 74.227 775 155,631 1880 7,377 1,311,218 271 65,441 797 158,863 1881 7,394 1,310.896 336 74,060 821 162,928 1882 7,312 1,260,777 2sf) 61,142 783 160,859 1883 7,374 1,267,394 374 74,090 843 152,216 1884 7,254 1,253,747 387 72,411 1,073 207,669 1885 7,315 1,231,856 340 43,179 1,181 212,870 Summary by Provinces. 1885. PROVINCES. No. of Vessels. No. of Steamers. Gross ton- nage Stea- mers. Total net tonnage. Nova Scotia.. New Bninswick. . . . Oiielicc 2,988 1,060 1,631 1,223 227 123 63 76 76 328 526 12 74 39 9,291 10,383 89,845 81,063 3,055 13,872 5,061 541,832 288,589 203,635 144 487 Ontario P. E. Island British Columbia. . . Manitoba 36,040 11,834 5 439 Total 7,315 1,181 212,570 1,231,856 Assuming the average value to be ^30 per ton, the value of the registered tonnage of Canada on the 3 Ist December last would be $36,955,680. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. XXVI. 147 PRICES IN CANADA. The following table hhown the average rates of wages in Montreal and in Toronto for the year 1885 : Emplotiikiht Toronto Waeea. I^rm labonrera, per day, withont board do per month and board. .. Fomalo farm ficrvunts, per month, with board Masons, per day, without board, Brioklayer^ do Carpenters do Lumbermen, per month, with board ShipwriKhtB, per day, without board Smiths do Wheelwrights do Uardeneni, per month, with board do per day, without board Female cooks, per month , Laundresses, per day Female domestics, per month , General labourers, per day, without board Miners, per day Mill hands, per day Engine drivers, per day Saddlers, per day Bootmakers, per day Tailors, per day The cost of articles of daily consumption by the working classes of Canada in the older provinces, is as follows : Provisions, Clothing, Ac. Bread, best white, 4 lbs - . Butter, packed, per lb do fresh, per lb Beef, per quarter . . . do per lb Veal,percarca8e,5c @7c; per lb. Bacon, per lb Beer, per quart Candles, per lb Coal Oil, per gallon Cheese, per lb Cotfee Cornmeal, per 100 lbs Coal Ducks, per pair Eggs, per dozen Flour, per 100 lbs do buckwheat, per 100 lbs. • . Fish, dry or green cod, per cwt. . Firewood, per cord, from Oeese, each Ham, sugar cured, per lb do shoulders, per lb Herrings, per barrel Milk, per quart Mutton, per carcase do per lb Oatmeal, per 100 lbs Pork, per carcase Potatoes, per bushel Rice, per lb $ c. $ c 0.11 & 0.12 0.13 (H) 0.16 0.15 (a) 0.20 0. 6 0.40 .... 0. 5 $ c. $ 0. Soap, yellow, per lb 0, 3fi>0. 5 Sugar, brown, per lb 0. 5 0. 6 Salt, per bushel 0.25 Tea.black,perlb 0.30 do green, do 0.30 Tobacco, per lb . • • 0.25 0.45 Factory Cotton. 30 inches . . do do 35 inches.. . Cotton, white Coats, under, tweed do over do Trousers ■ . Shirts, flannel do cotton do underwear, all wool Drawers, wooUenwear Hats, felt Socks, worsted do cotton Blankets, per pair Flannel, per yard Cotton Shirting, per yd Sheeting, per yiird . Canadian cloth, per yd Shoes, men's do women's Boots, men's do women's India rubber overshoes, men's do do do women*? 0. 3 0. 4 0. 4 0. 9 0. i .12i 4.00 8.00 7.U0 9.00 2.50 4.50 i.as 2.(.>0 0.50 1.00 0.65 0.90 0.75 1.00 © 2.00 0.15 0.25 0.10 0.12 , 2.00 5.00 0.15 0.50 , 0.08 0.15 0.08 0.15 , 0.37 0.75 1.50 2.50 1.25 175 1.75 2.50 1.25 2.76 .... 0.75 0.60 148 CANADIAN UANDBOOK. XXVII. ANIMAL LIFE AND HUNTIXa .GROUNDS. Canada has long been looked upon sla the uportsman'H paradiae, possessing as it does so large a share of indigenous animals. The stringent game laws of the old world are modified here, such laws of the kind as do exist having reference chiefly to the ** close," or breeding season. Game here i.s common property ; it affoi*ds food for the settler, sport for the disciple of St. Hubert, and the hunter and trapper each find pecuniary profit in its pursuit. Wild boasts, or beasts of prey, such as panthers, wolves, and bears, although formerly abundant, are now rarely to be found, except in the depths of the great Northern forests, oi- in the fastnesses of the mountain ranges. In the almost unti-odden depths of the Eocky Mountains and the Selkirk range in the Far "West, abundant trophies of the chase can yet be obtained by the adventurous sportsman who may turn his steps in that lverine, otter, skunk, beaver, and, on the sea coast, the seal. Of feathered game, there are grouse (known here as r»»'" tridge), prairie fowl, quail, geese, ducks, swans, brant, r snipe, woodcock, plover, pigeon, cranes ; whilst of ^ '' owls, crows, and other carrion birds, there are m. van^ Of smaller birds, beautiful either in plumage or for long,. t>' ;re is a vast ab' .ndance during the summer, and the oi'nitho! '^ist may revel to his heart's content in collecting specimens of great beauty. CANADIAN HANKHOOK. 149 Of fish thoro are, in the bftyw and harbours of tho const, mack- erel, horrin.i^, (■S'/mton, in the lakes of the Xorth-Wost, are remarkable species of this class of animal life. Leeches infest tho streams, especially in tho North-West, where they cause much inconvenience to ex- plorers, surveyors, and others who have to travel over swampy ground and througl^ shallow pools. Insect life is very abundant during tho warm season, the but- terflies being beautiful in colour, and the beetles remarkable for their markings and brilliant hues. The locust and grasshopper of the Far West, at certain recurring periods, swarm in such myriads as to be a terror to the district they invade. Bred for the most part in the arid central desert, as soon as the}' obtain their Avings they take the uoui-so of tho wind in their flight, and carry devastation on everything where they settle. Mosquitoes are the chief insect tormentors, but their attacks end with tho dry heat of summer, although they are alwaj's present in damp places. A large fly, known as " the bulldog," is troublesome, but not abundant, and flying ants aro apt to prove very annoy- ing to the traveller over the Western plains. Space is too limited to give more than a passing notice to the lai'ger animals respectively, and tho description is not written for scientific instruction, but simply for general information. The American panther, cougar, or catamount, corresponds very nearly to the jnima of South America. It was known to the early discoverers of tho New World as the American lion, 150 CANADIAN HANDBOOK, and was formerly abundant, but is fast disappearing before civilization. It is now heard of only occasionally, and then only when an unusually severe winter deprives it of its prey and drives it out of the tangled swamps of the northern solitudes. It is a dangerous animal to encounter, and when pursued will take refuge in a tree, whence it is apt to spring upon the hunter or his dogs. The wild cat and lynx are fast disajjjjearing in the older prov- inces, but are common in the Far West, especially in the country bordering on the Peace Eiver. Foxes are abundant everywhere, the common, or red, fox being of little value, whilst the cross and fe'lver foxes are highly prized, especially the latter. They are — can an Englishman credit it ? — shot or trapped indiscriminately, but there are several well-organized hunt clubs in the Dominion, with their packs of hounds, which carry on the good old English sport. The ken- nels at Montreal are especially worthy of notice, and the sports- man paying them a visit is certain to receive a cordial welcome. Wolves in the older provinces are only found on the outskirts of settlement, but unless met with in packs, in winter, they are great cowards. The grey wolf is a strong, jjowerful animal and very cunning. In the North-West they are found on the prairie, around the willow thickets and hidirg in the long prairie dodging grass, but arc abundant in the grer t northern forest, where deer are to be found. The prairie wolf, Ov coj'otte, is a smaller animal, and very cowardly. It is common all through the prairie countiy, where it may be frequently seen in groups on a distant hill top, or heard ai'ound the camp at night. Its skin makes a useful addition to tlie settler's cabin and is also a handsome trophy when dressed as a rug. Although bears are plentiful in many parts of Canada, they are seldom seen (being nocturnal in their habits) except bj^ the hunters. The black bear, the commonest of the tribe, is perfectly harmless, and never attacks man, unless wounded. Its food con- sists of berries and larvro of insects and ants ; it plays havoc in a feeding it is field of oats or grain when ripe, in which when easily shot. Its skin is much sought after, and bear's meat is frequently exposed in our markets tor sale in winter. The grizzly bear makes his home in the Rocky Mountains, whence he sallies forth on the plains and is the most ferocious CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 151 and dangorous of his tribe, being possessed of amazing strength and activity, attaining a weight when full grown of from 700 to 800 pounds. It is unable to climb trees like other bears, and when pursued turns and shows a mot t determined fight. Great skill is required in the pursuit of this animal, but the danger of the chase renders the sport most exciting. There is a sjiecies of bear met with in the barren grounds of the JSTorth-West and in the Peace liiver district known as the Cinnamon bear, very simi- lar to the black bear in habits and size. It is comparatively rare. The deer ftimily include the most important of our large game animals, of which the Moose is by far the largest, standing as high as a horse. Although becoming more scarce every year, it is yet to be found in the back woods of the older provinces, in sufficient numbers to afford the sportsman all the excitement' he wants. Hunting moose is an art, as the long snout and ears of this animal give it most acute powers of hearing and a very fine sense of smell. Its gigantic horns are well known and in con- stant demand, and its flesh is considered a great delicacy. The Elk, Stag, or Wapiti, formerly distributed all over Canada, is now extinct in the older provinces, but is found in Southern Manitoba and is yet abundant in the Peace River district, but is fast disappearing with the advance of civilization. Its fine branching horns make a splendid trophy, but they prove a most foi-midable weapon of defence when the animal is brought to bay. The Red Deer is abundant, except in old settled districts where no forests are left, and its pursuit affords great sport to the huntsman in autumn. Indiscriminate slaughter, till within the last few yeai-s, threatened its extermination, but stringent laws for the observance of the close season are making the deer more plentiful. The Black-tailed, or Mule deer, is mot with in the bush coun- try of the IScrth-Wost, but is rare and difficult of access. ^ Deer-shooting in season can be had in almost any part of Canada, provided guides are procured. The Cariboo, or reindeer, is the fleetest, wildest and most shy of all the deer tribe. The woodland Cariboo is abundant in Labrador and may be found in considei-able numbers in New Brunswick. In the adjoin- ing province of Nova Scotia, their numbers are gradually decreasing, their stronghold now being confined to the Cob( quid Mountains and the uplands of Cape Breton. Proceeding west- 152 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. \ wards, it is found in Gasp^ and the south-western portions of Quebec, and in the northern districts back of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers, whence it ranges as far as the southern limits of Hudson Bay, where it is succeeded by another species known as the barren ground reindeer, or cariboo. This is a smaller animal, seldom exceeding 150 pounds in weight, whilst large specimens of the woodland cariboo weigh upwards of 400 pounds. The Mountain Goat is common in the Eocky Mountains above the tree line, but as winter sets in, it comes down to the lower grounds. Its long white wool is silky and beautiful. Professor Maeoun speaks of them as being numerous on Mount Selwyn,. and agile in jumping from crag to crag. In Bow lliver Pass they are abundant. This animal must be stalked Avith great caution, its habits being much like those of the chamois in Switzerland. The American big-horn, or Eocky Mountain sheep, is confined entirely to the mountain ranges of the far West, where it dwells secure amongst the high cliffs, leaping unscathed from crag to crag. It is exceedingly wary and difficult of approach, and has to be stalked with even more precaution than the stag. The horns on the male are so large at the base that they cover all the upper portion of the head down nearly to a level with the eyes, and the skull is exceedingly strong. The horns and head not unfrequently weigh over 50 pounds. The Antelope is the fleetest of all Canadian mammals, and when at rest is beautiful and gracefully statuesque. It is essen- tially a dweller in the open country and is rapidly disappearing before the advance of settlement. It can easily outrun a horse, but after running some time it will stop suddenly and, if the hunter hides, it will i-eturn and fall an easy prey. It is some- times hunted with greyhounds, but more frequently stalked. Great caution and patience are required, as its eyesight is so keen that all the sportman's care is needed to approach it. The Musk ox i s found only in the northern part of the Domi- nion, stretching from the waters of North Hudson's Bay to the- Arctic Ocean. It is the size of a small ox, has very short legs, and yet, is fleet of foot. Its fleece may almost be called double, with long surface hair, under which is close and fine wool. As a robe, the musk ox skin is preferable to that of the buttalo, of which, owing to their increasing *«ircity, it is rapidly taking the place. The Bison, or Buffiilo, in former times, was met with from the CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 153 eastern boundary of Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains, and from the international boundary to Peace Eiver. Before the advent ot the white man, it roamed in countless thousands over the west- ern plains, but to-day it is nearly extinct and is so exceedingly scarce everywhere that it is doubtful if the closest pi-otection can ever bring it back in any abundance. Like the Indian, it retreats before civilization, and the shrill whistle of the locomotive shrieking across the prairie, has sounded the death-knell of the large game of the West. Of smaller animals, the sportsman can always find abundance. In the older provinces, squirrel-shooting affords considerable sport, the b ack and the grey species being there in good condition. Kabbits are also abundant everywhere; but, unlike the English rabbit tliey do not burrow, lying hid under logs and stumps or in rank herbage whence they are started by dogs. In winter they change their grey coat to one of white fur, corresponding with the snow. This animal is really a hare in its habits, but only the size of an English rabbit. The country, especially in the North- West, seems alive with them in some years, while in others they are scarcely seen. "^ On the western plains and near the Eocky Mountains, the pra.rie hare, or jack-rabbit, is found, corresponding closely to the ilnghsh hare and about the same size. In the older provinces, the Raccoon, which was once very abun- dant is now scarce, and were it not for its nocturnal habits would long ago have become almost extinct. 'Coon huntino- with dogs, on a moonlight night, on the edge of a grain field, where these animals resort to feed, affords great sport. Of the marmot tribe, the ground hog is abundant on the edges of clearings, and on the prairies, gopher and prairie dogs are very common. The holes made by the latter are a source of annoyance to the rider, often causing as much inconvenience as those of the badgei-. The latter is only met with in the far West, and is unknown m the old provinces. It is very .l)y, but at the same time in- quisitive, peeping out of its hole, in which it takes refuo-o to ascertain the cause of its fright. '' ' Porcupines are an enlarged species of the English hedgehog are n^t with, more or less, everywhere in warm slopes and thidlets, and hke their English congeners are slow in their movements 154 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The fur-bearing animuls are generally regarded as the peculiar property of the trappers and Indians, and although steadily sought after, are yot more or less abundant. The Wolverine is scarce and rapidly disappearing. Its skin is a handsome trophy, the animal being the size of a large dog. The Beaver is only to be found far from man's improvements, but, in the Peace River district, they are yet to be found in colonies, and their dams are stated b^^ explorers through that part of the country to bo the cause of the excessive floods that occur there. Many small lakes owe their existence to these dams. Closely allied to the beaver but widely diflei-ent in their habits are the musk-rats, common in all ponds, marshes and rivers from one end of Canada to the other. A very large business is done in musk-rat skins and, although persistently hunted and trapped, its gi-oat fecundity saves the race from extinction. The above short sketch of the mammals has been given, as the larger animals generally are more enquired after than small game. To enumerate the feathered or finny tribe, would fill a volume, but it ma_y safely be averred that no country offers a greater variety of ducks than Canada. Swans breed only in the far North, and are seen only Avhen migrating. The goose breeds on the north ei-n lakes. Teal are abundant. Bitterns are common along the grassy marshes and sedgy banks of the rivers. Heron are not uncommon, and in Manitoba and the North-West, pelicans are abundant. Of the grouse, plovei", wood- cock, snipe and smaller game, due mention will be made in des- cribing presently the hunting grounds of the various provinces. The same remarks apply to the fish of the Dominion, their name being legion, and every river, lake and pool teems with some kind or another which will afford sport either to the troUer, fly-fisher or angler. The hunting grounds of the various provinces may now be shortly treated of respectively. Nova Scotia is more celebrated for moose and salmon than the other kinds of game that re found in the sister provinces. Moose are plentiful although constantly hunted, and afford rare sport for British officfis quartereil at Halifax. The neighbour- hood of the chain of lakes between Annapolis and Liverpool, and the Petite and the Garden rivers is claimed as one of the best hunt- CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 155 ing grounds, Avhilst the Indian guides, necessaiy for the full ■enjoyment of sport, know all other likely grounds. Cariboo are found in theCobequid Mountain di trict. Grouse are jDlcntiful all through the pro v' ice, but the finest shooting is woodcock, which, are found in great numbers. Snipe are tolerably abundant and salmon, abound in all the rivers, whilst the number of trout will surprise the fisherman unaccustomed to Canadian streams. The principal attractions of Now Brunswick for the sportsman Are moose, cariboo, salmon and the St. Croix trout oi- land-locked salmon. Moose arc not nearly as abundant as in former years, and can only be found by parties visiting the province, enlisting nn old hunter in their cause. The great Tantamar marsh in the south-eastern part of the province ha^ the reputation of being a splendid snipe ground, while the Eestigouche is equally cele- brated for the quantity of wild fowl, especially geese, that visit it. The fishing in the New Brunswick rivers is especially good. The Nipisiguit. Miramiehi, Eestigouche, St. John, and others afford the salmon fisher gloi-ious sport— a pilgrimage to the Eestigouche would afiord sufficient material to keep his memory busy for years to come. A well-known American sportsman writes that "the northern countries of the Province that border "on the Bay of Chaleur, afford unquestionably the best field for " sportsmen to be found in America, east of the Eocky Mount- " ains." In the St. Croix and its splendid chain of lakes, trout abound, and are of a kind peculiar to it, known as " land-locked salmon." Whether in reality a different species, or a degenerated salmon is an open question, but they are very gamey, afford first- rate sport, and are excellent eating. Easy of access, and in a beau- tiful region of the country, St. Ci-oix is a favourite with tourists. The Province of Quebec affords excellent shooting in many parts ; swans, geese, ducks, grouse, woodcock and snipe, moose, cariboo, salmon, and trout are found in abundance in their sev- eral localities. The chase of the two foimer is only pursued during the winter, ishaidy and exhilirating, but real, downright hard work, and repaj's the toil. In the rivcj-s emi)tying into tho River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, the lordly salmon is to be found, and the fiy, or any other fishing is simply Miperb. In the Eiver St. Lawience are localities noted as the resort of wild sv^ans, geese and ducks, snipe and plover, curlew and sea-fowl of every kind, whilst the forests all through the Province teem 156 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. with grouse, and the woodland openings and swampy thickets harbour countless woodcock in their season. The large amount of unsettled country in this Province tends to keep up the abun- dance of game, in which the more settled portions of Canada are deficient. The Province of Ontario is of such an e.xtent, and so varied in its different districts that what applies to one portion is ])erhap8 the opposite of another. Where settlement has advanced, game has disappeared before it, bnt there are hirge tracts of country yet remaining clothed with the vii-gin forest, only visited by the lumberman, in which game of all li'e excellent ?e canneries breams, and id Northern ibundant on die fish," or en and dot- i horseman ede his pro- mountains, its regular at with the tern plains, and I'oamed d more and »und. Hills, ming under r extinction nt. But for I the migra- destruction ' access, its and fj-ee to grandeur of icid waters jrica. .^A ^%^ o^. %^^^^.% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 5 '1113 2 i^ *M mil 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 : 1 1.6 -^ 6" — ► ; v] <^ /} ' u A. xN SfiUmmm \7Wtt m d'Munha E tG, M.P., Minister ut- Agriculture J U4^, /SS'S 60 3C 60 75 CANADA BANK NOTt CO LIM PHOTO LITH 90 75 70 ^i^alL -J^yed L \^- I ^'^'^,>^ EXPORTS OF THESE REGIONS. aal and Fish Oil, Dried and Salt Fish, Seal. Otter. Beaver and Sable Skins, IWooae, Elk. Reindeer and Buffalo Skins and Parchment, Bearskins, (Black, White and Brown), Fox Skins, (Red, Black, Silver, Cross, White and Blue), Feathers, &c., &c. i'ortCIiurch Jl > ■Arra J3^I«<»9' X' >!«•' iron an" :«'»'' ,te^ / vn 45 40 ■^X" 3^ >iV ^r OK ,. ^ ION OF CANADA •*188 6* :» » !< • :ation of some of the principal products, &c. COMPILED BV E. V. JOHNSON. 4 i«^ ,(SS ¥^ S?^ iibu< tolC*^* s ^ ^ ^ o o »?;; DOMINION OF CANADA. RELATIVE VALUE OF FISH CAUGHT IN 1885 Cod Lobster Herring Mackerel Salmon $4,5;Jd,731 2.f; 13,731 2,473,117 1,509,424 l,55L',24S Trout Wlotefish Other kinds Total Haddock Fish OiU i Smelt I j Sardines • Pollock $474,332 ) F esh Water 286,954 ji Lake Fisheries 2.18»,907 • 17,722,973 $tir)i,o- •i;ti. r,H, :s5;>,029 40 55 65 60 U««n Bkh». HOAt C