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 S^ 
 
-*i**' 
 
 ■0^'' 
 
 REPORT 
 
 I 
 
 
 ON THE 
 
 System of Water Sui^pl j 
 
 UF 
 
 ST. JOHlSr, N. B. 
 
 II! 
 
 uv 
 
 A. FTELEY, 
 
 Ooj:as-uilt±iig Engineer 
 
A. 
 
m 
 
 Nkw York, October i, 1884. 
 
 To His Worship, J. McGregor Grant, Mayor of St. John, A', 
 B., and to the Specia/ Committee on Water Supply of 
 the Common t onneil: 
 
 Gkntlkmen : 
 
 This report is written in obedience to the following 
 instructions j^iven by His Worship: 
 
 St. John, N. 13., 7th July, 1884. 
 A. Ftelky, Kscj.. C. K. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 '* The duties which the Special Committee of Water 
 Supply of the Common Council of this City require from 
 vou are : 
 
 1st. A brief report on the present system of water sup- 
 ply to this city, stating its advantages and defects. 
 
 2d. A report on the best and most economical method of 
 obtaining an increased water supply to this city, with press- 
 ure sufficient to provide for the upper portions of the city 
 for the next ten years." 
 
 I am, dear sir. 
 
 Yours trulv. 
 
 J. McGregor grant. 
 
 Mayor. 
 
On tlic iSth of June, 1SS4, when you requested lue to 
 examine the present system of water works of St. John, 
 and to report on the same, you sent me, at the same time, 
 several re|>orts bearing on the subject and prepared by 
 your engineers. 
 
 During my subsequent visit to St. John, in the beginning 
 of July, 1 visited your works and made a personal study of 
 their most important features. 
 
 The data used in the preparation of this report have been 
 obtained from personal observations, from tiie records kept 
 by the Water Commissioners, and from the documents sent 
 by yourself. 
 
 As it woultl be ditticult to attempt at once to answer 
 seriatim the comprehensive questions contained in the in- 
 structions (juoted above, without entering into ex[)lanations 
 which might lead to some confusion, on acc(junt of their 
 common bearing on the various points involved, I mav be 
 permitted to review, at first, the condition of your svstem 
 of works in a general manner. The various points to which 
 3'ou called mv attention will be kept in view, and 1 i)rop()se 
 to yf ^rve for the conclusion of this report the tlirect an- 
 Twe.s, which will be more easily' understood in the light 
 of the exi)lanations previouslv given. 
 
 Without reviewing at length the interesting history of 
 the growth of vour svstem of water works, well known 
 to you and to the citizens of St. John, and fully given in 
 your public records, it may not be out of place to recall the 
 fact, so rare in the development of cities, that St. John, 
 after recognizing the inadequate facilities of its original 
 pumping works in c<)nnection with Lily Pond, adopted at 
 the start the policy of planning its system of water works, 
 for the future as well as for the present, with the idea 01 
 building it iq) bv successive steps, as the wants of the city 
 would require new water facilities. 
 
 The first projectors of this svstem did not fail to realize 
 the excellent, even excej)tional, opportunities presented by 
 the topographical features of the water sheds ot Little 
 
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 the 
 
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 ^.^ 
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 River and of Loch Lomond, and thcv secured at an earl v 
 time the legislative authority necessary to extend the works 
 to the latter source of supply whenever the wants of the 
 city would recjuire such course to he followed. 
 
 In the mean time, the works were so planned as to extend 
 «;radually towards the ultimate point of supplv. stopping 
 from time to time in their i)roii^ressive course, within the 
 actual needs of the city. 
 
 Thus were the Little Kiver Reservoir, with the 1 2-inch 
 main, the hrst 24-inch main, the second 24-inch main, and 
 the connection with Lake I/atimer, successivelv established. 
 
 A new step in the development of your svstem of works 
 is now retpiired for the main purpose of increasin<^ the 
 water pressure on the hiij^hest parts of the water district. 
 This lack of pressure has alwavs been felt on the summits 
 of St. John (]^!!ast), and is becominjj^ ever}' dav more notice- 
 able, on account of the increased consumptiijn, with its con- 
 sequent reduction in the /general pressure, and on account 
 of the increase of population on the hi<;h portions of Port- 
 land. 
 
 I need not add any comment on the necessity f)f provid- 
 ing a remedy for this condition of things, which deprives 
 an important portion of your water district from the full 
 benefit of vour water supply. 1 onlv wish to call your 
 attention to the fact that the summits of vour citv and of 
 Portland are now. eithei" i)artially, or whollv, unprotected 
 in case of a large conflagration. 
 
 The water-shed of Little River, from which the greater 
 part i)( vour supjilv is drawn, is comparatively large for 
 the population of St. John, but its storage capacity is very 
 "•mail. Lake Lcjng and Lake IJuck camiot be considered as 
 >»torage reservoirs, and the fluctuations allowable in Little 
 River Reservoir furnish practicallv the onlv storage which 
 can be depended on. 
 
 Fortunately, the water-shed of Little River yields, during 
 the drv season, a remarkably large amount of water, owing 
 to its peculiar situation in the near proximity of extensive 
 
 M 
 
6 
 
 bodies of water placed at a hiijher level, from which it 
 j)rol)al)ly receives a consi(Urable siipj)lv throiii^^h undcr- 
 groiuul channels. 
 
 Were it in)t for this favorable circumstance, the water- 
 shed of Little River would have failed before this time to 
 supply your city. Vou have, indeed, been oblii^ed alreadv 
 to tap Lake Latimer, and to draw from it at various times 
 of the year. 
 
 The capacity of the water-shed ol Little River could be 
 increased by buildiuLj storas^e reservoirs capable of retain- 
 in*^ a portion of the water which is wasted over the dam. 
 Whether such policv is advisable will be considered later. 
 
 The three pipes from the Little River Reservoir to the 
 Aboidean are of ample capacitv to convcv the amount of 
 water consumed bv the cit\ ; their location is well chosen, 
 and their mode of connection, at a j^oint a short distance 
 below the reservoir, is such as to j^ive excellent conditions 
 of efficiency for fiowinij; capacitv and for pressure. The 
 general arrany^ement of the distributini^ pij^es is judi- 
 cious, but a few of the old pipes are too small; the hillv 
 character of the tjiound is the cause of the great differ- 
 ences of pressure observed, but the circulation of water 
 is not impaired or letarded by the wavv form of the 
 pipe lines, and the periodical records of pressure taken at 
 the hvdrants throughout the citv show very regular results. 
 Observations made during my stav in .St. John, by day and 
 bv night, confirmed fuUv the indications found in the 
 records. Vou called mv attention to several cases ot irregu- 
 larities of pressures which had been reported to you, but 
 nothing in the studv of the pressure records throughout 
 the citv indicates any general defect in the arrangement of 
 the water distribution, to which such irregularities should 
 be attributed ; their existence, if established by good evi- 
 dence, must be attributed to local causes, such as an excess- 
 ive consumption in the vicinity. It is possible also that some 
 of the smallest of the old jiipes may be tuberculated, and 
 present local obstructions to the flow of water. These 
 cases should be investigated and could be remedied. 
 
Isoinc 
 
 I, and 
 
 'hcsc 
 
 
 % 
 
 y 
 
 m 
 
 N'ou rc(jiicstcd nit- also Id visit tl>c Lciiistcr Street Rcscr- 
 \oir. 1 touiui it in {^ood order and in sncli condition as 
 to render, in case of tire, all the service that it is capable of. 
 The limits of its u.selnlness are well delined in the *' Re- 
 view of the Report of Ilnrd Meters, l*!s(|.. ('. li.. bv (lilbert 
 Mnrdoch, Kscj., V. \i., 1.SS4," p. 39, etc., and in the iliaj^rani 
 attached, and I can onlv add that this strnctnie. ver\ si'r- 
 viceable, without doubt, when coiniecled with the small 
 supply of lormer times, caimot be expected to answer puj"- 
 |)oses for whiih it was not desi>i;iu'd. With ihejiresent sys- 
 tem of water works and with the present consumption of 
 the city, it is as serviceable as it is possible to make it 
 
 One conspicuous feature of vour water supply is the large 
 volume consumed in [»roportion to the poj)uIation. The 
 daily consumption is reported as being in August. 18S4, 
 4,327,700 gallons daily; the maximum consumption in Feb- 
 ruar}', was 5,595,200. 1 have, from the data obtained, com- 
 l)Uted the amount of consumption, and find it substantially 
 as stated. This consumption, with a populationdn 1881 ) of 
 21,563 lor St. lohn(Hast) and i;.2if) for rortlaiul, in all 
 36,779, <r-i\cs an avei^age consum|)tion per head ol the whole 
 population ol 118 gallons in August and of 152 gallons in 
 February. 
 
 The waste is evident 1) laige, and the table ol measured 
 waste given in Mr. .Murdoch's special report of 1883, shows 
 that, if such cases arc Ireiiuent. the excessive consumj)tion 
 is mainly attributable to that cause, as the general regu- 
 larity of the [)ressures observed throughout the city, pre- 
 cludes the idea of local leakages in the mains. To prevent 
 or diminish this evil, the water Connnissioners sliould be 
 given more authority to control theciuality and sulliciency 
 of the water fixtures. 
 
 The great need of your water s\stem is an increase of 
 l)ressure on the summits of St. John ( East 1, and of Portland. 
 Little River Reservoir is not at a sufficient altitude to give 
 any adequate pressure at those points, and, were it not for the 
 ample capacity of the main i)ipes conveying the water from 
 
8 
 
 the reservoir to the Aboidean, which reduces the U)ss of 
 liead to a small li<;iire lor so long- a distance, there would he 
 more sutlering than there is to-day on the highest points. 
 
 It has been su,i;j^ested (and vou called my attention 
 to that j)()inti. that an increase ol pressui'e on the 
 summits could be obtained by the creation ol reservoirs. 
 A study ol the variations ol pressures on the summits shows 
 that such reservoirs, whatever be their size, would only <rive 
 a ])artial relief. They would undoubtedly be of i^rcat ser- 
 vice, in case of tire, bv furnishini;' a large and ready supph, 
 but thev would not materiallv increase the efhciencv of the 
 service for other |)urposes. If thev could be built at a 
 small cost, it woukl be well to ii^ive to this subject a serious 
 consideration ; but, in order to be useful, they should be of 
 larjjfc size, and the nature ol the j^round on which tlie\ 
 could be built is such that they would be very expensive. 
 I consider the cost of such structures as entirel}' out of pro- 
 portion with the limited advantai;es tu be obtained from 
 their construction, and theii- erection is not reconuiiended. 
 
 Sufficient i)ressure cannot be obtainetl with the present 
 airaniicment of the work, and the irreat difleience of alti- 
 tude between the low and the hi*;h portions of the city snu- 
 i^ests the division of the water district int ) a low service 
 and a hii^h service. J'iie limits of the two services should 
 be sul)stantiallv as described in Mr. Murdoch's special 
 report of 18S3, and as shown on the map in his ofhce. 
 The low service district would continue to be suj)plied 
 from the present reservoir. The i^reater pressure required 
 for the hit;h service district can be procured by two 
 methods, which are hereafter described. 
 
 The first method, known to you, and described in Mr. 
 Murdoch's special report of 18S3, meets fully the recpiire- 
 mcnts of an increase of pressure for the high ])ortions of tlic 
 city, and is in keeping with the plan followed from the in- 
 ception of the system of water works; the report being in 
 your hands, a short mention only is necessary in this con- 
 nection. It consists in utilizing the higher altitude of the 
 
surface of Loch Lomoru!, to brin^f its water directly to the 
 city, through one of the 24 iuch mains, with anii)le pressure 
 for tlie liii^li service thstr'ct ; the I^ittle River Reservoir fur- 
 nishinjj at the same time, through the other main, the water 
 p.ecessary for the low service. 
 
 Of the several routes studied and described in the repoit, 
 the route thnjugh Lake Latimer is tlie best, and shoidd be 
 selected in preference to the others, if this mode of exten- 
 sion »)f the works was selected. 
 
 Mr. Murdoch suj^j^ested that the cost of tlie schenie 
 could be reduced considerably, for the present, bv omitting; 
 the construction ol the proposed intermediate reservoir, 
 and by stopi)in}^ the work at I^ake Latimer. The purity of 
 the water of this lake, which probably unders^oes a process 
 of natural hltration, the small extent of the apparent water 
 shed, and the rapid rise of the surface of the lake after it has 
 been drawn trom. indicate that its supply must be large; 
 moreover, as the location of the projxjsed outlet wouki be 
 thirteen feet below the present surface, the stor-iige capacity 
 would be considerable; but, as all the water n^*cessar\- ft)r 
 the high service supply W(.)uld be drawn from it, s(jme 
 doubts nuist be entertained in regard to the ability of that 
 source to furnish a sufticient sui)ply. and to recover in the 
 winter and sjjring from the heavy drait o{ the dry season. 
 
 1 believe, however, with the author of the suggestion, that 
 tlie experiment would be worth trying before extending the 
 work as far as Loch Lomond. 
 
 This method would supply the city with an abundance of 
 excellent water at the required pressure, and the works 
 would be of a permanent character, but the expenditure 
 necessary to carry them out is large. 
 
 The other metliod would not recpiire, for the present, so 
 large an expenditure, and would meet the recjuiremenis of 
 high pressure for the summits of the city. 
 
 It consists in the erection of a pumping plant in connec- 
 tion with the present works. 
 
 The pumping station should be located at a point, as 
 
 ^^:li 
 
10 
 
 equally distant as practicable, from the two principal sum- 
 mits of St. John and of Portland, and at such an elevation 
 as to avoid too heavy a pressure on the supply pipe; its 
 exact position can be rtxed only after an investigation of the 
 localities where the city could conveniently procure land, 
 but the writer suggests as a suitable location a point in 
 Waterloo street near Paddock street, on the boundary of 
 the high and low service districts. 
 
 The pumping plant would include two pumping apparatus 
 complete, with their boilers, buildings, etc., an iron stand 
 pipe, a special supply pipe, extending to the Aboidean, and 
 two force pipes ; one, connected with the high service dis- 
 trict of St. John (east), the other with the heights of Port- 
 land. New gates and some modifications of the position of 
 the present hydrants and gates would be necessary for the 
 proper handling of the water in connection with the two 
 services. 
 
 An idea of the amount of water which should be pumped 
 for the ordinary uses of the high service districts, can be 
 formed from the fact that in St. John (east), i,Joo families 
 would be supplied. M we add to it the probable consunip- 
 tion in Portland, the quantity to be pumped daily may be 
 stated, approximately, to be 1,500,000 gallons. This con- 
 sumption, however, should not be the measure of the capa- 
 city of the pumping plant ; there being no storage in con- 
 nection with the high service, the pumps must be capable of 
 furnishing, at any moment, tlic maximum quantity that may 
 be needed, /. e., the amount required during the progress of 
 an extensive fire. 
 
 For the purpose of duplicating the service for ordinary 
 consumption for the next ten years, and of furnishing an 
 adequate supply in case ot an extensive fire, the pumps 
 should have each a capacity of 2,000,000 gallons per day. 
 The supply and force pipes connected with them should be 
 15 inches in diameter. 
 
 The introduction of higher pressures on the summits 
 would obviously increase the consumption of water; should 
 
 
 I 
 
11 
 
 the waste remain unchecked, this increase of consumption 
 might tax your sources too heavily, and compel the city 
 to increase the supply in time of drought. 
 
 It has been mentioned that an increase of supply could be 
 obtained b)' erecting reservoirs in the water shed of Little 
 River, but, owing to the marshv character of the land sur- 
 rounding Lake Long and Lake Buck, and to the general 
 nature of the land in the water shed, the qualit}' of the 
 water supply woidd be impaired by the adoption of such a 
 plan ; it would be costly and cannot be recommended, when 
 a much better supplv can be procured from the higher 
 sources. In such a case, the city should procure a larger 
 supply by tapping Lake Latimer at a lower level, thus 
 taking another step forward, notwithstanding the erection 
 of the pumping apparatus, towards the ultimate consumma- 
 tion of the original plan. 
 
 I '. 1% 
 
 COXCLUSIOX. 
 
 To sum up the preceding remarks, and in direct answer 
 to your instructions, I beg to conclude as follows : 
 
 1st. The present svstem of water-works of St. John has 
 been conceived on a rational and comprehensive plan, which 
 has been judiciously followed from the inception of the 
 work by gradual steps. 
 
 The Little River Reservoir, its dam and appurtenances, 
 are in good condition. 
 
 The pipe distribution is systematic and well arranged, as 
 shown by the observations of pressures at the hydrants, and 
 the general disposition of the works is unobjectionable. 
 
 The quality of the water is good, although, at certain pe- 
 riods of the year, it is somewhat discolored. 
 
 The storage capacity of the system is not in proportion 
 with the extent of the water shed of the source of supply. 
 
 The water is wasted in large (piantities, owing i)robably 
 to the fact that the Water Commissioners have not sufficient 
 authority to regulate the water fixtures. 
 
12 
 
 The water pressure is entirely inadequate on the summits 
 of the city, where property is i)artially or wholly unpro- 
 tected in case of fire. 
 
 2d. Of the three methods mentioned for the purpose of 
 increasing the pressure, one, consisting of building reser- 
 voirs on the summits, is not recommended, as the incom- 
 plete results whicii they would procure would not be com- 
 mensurate with the expenditure to be incurred. 
 
 The other two methods will be designated in the follow- 
 ing remarks as the " gravity system " (advocated by Mr. 
 Murdoch in his special report of 1883), and "the pumping 
 system." 
 
 The two methods present the common feature of a divi- 
 sion of St. John (East) and of Portland in two water dis- 
 tricts ; the high service being supplied from the upper 
 sources or from the pumps, the lower service from Little 
 Kiver Reservoir. 
 
 In the gravity system, the water supplied to the high ser- 
 vice would come exclusively from Lake Latimer or from 
 Loch Lomond ; the water supplied to the low service would 
 come from Little River Reservoir, but could be improved, 
 especially at the times that it is discolored, by an admixture 
 of L(Kh Lomond water. 
 
 With both systems, the same expenditure would be neces- 
 sary to provide new gates, new connections, and to adapt 
 the present gates and hydrants of the high service to the 
 new arrangfement. 
 
 In both cases, the new condition oi pressure in the high 
 sci vice district might necessitate the renewal of some parts 
 of the old pipes and of some of the house fixtures. 
 
 Mr. Murdoch's estimate of the cost of the gravity system 
 (by way of Lake Latimer), based on the prices of materials 
 in St. John, and on the estimates of reliable contractors, and 
 concurred in by the writer, is, if wc omit for the present 
 the intermediate reservoir, ,^240,000. 
 
 Should Lake Latimer prove capable of furnishing for a 
 
13 
 
 time the amount of water necessary for the high service, 
 which is possible, especially within the ])eriocl of time men- 
 tioned in your instructions, the cost would be reduced to 
 !5 1 60,000. 
 
 The pumping system, outside of the expenditure neces- 
 sary for the adaptation of the pipe distribution to the new 
 arrangement, would cost $65,000, to which should be added, 
 for the time that the j)lant would be in operation, a yearly 
 exj)enditure of about $4,500 for fuel, repairs and attendance. 
 
 The gravity system, although more costly, presents ihe 
 advantage of providing, at the same time, better water, an 
 increase of supply, and the required increase of pressure, 
 and would constitute a* permanent improvement, in keeping 
 with the character and with the general plan of your works. 
 
 The pumping svstem is the most economical, which can 
 be devised for the next ten years, />rovt(/L'(i an incnasc of sup- 
 ply is not needed during that period, and that necessity may 
 be averted bv a judicious reduction of the waste. But, in 
 view of the advantages of the gravitv svstem, in view also 
 of the fact that the most rational way of increasing your 
 water supply, at some future time, is to extend your works 
 to Loch Lomond, and that, in such a case, the cost of your 
 pumping plant would become an useless addition to your 
 water indebtedness, I must add that the most economical 
 method cannot, at the same time, be considered the best. 
 
 Whether an increased pressure in the high service dis- 
 trict would bring a corresponding increase of revenue due 
 to the introduction of new fixtures, is a question which the 
 writer has not considered on account of his want of famil- 
 iarity with the habits and with the requirements of your 
 citizens, but it should have an important bearing on the 
 decision to be reachetl. I will, however, call your attention 
 to the significant fact that, although the number of service 
 pipes has increased only from 3,216 to 3,893, from 1877 to 
 the present year, the number of baths has increased from 324 
 t'^ 933> 3"tl the number of water-closets from 529 to 2,518. 
 
14 
 
 To your worship, to the Special Committee on water 
 and to your Engineer, Hurd Peters, Esq., I return mv 
 thanks for the courtesies extended, and for the facilities 
 given m visiting St. John and its sy-tem of water-works • 
 and I am mdebted to the Water Commissioners and to 
 their engineer, Gilbert Murdoch. Esq., for the information 
 given both on the works and in the office, and for their 
 unreserved readiness to supply me with the numerous data 
 necessary for the preparation of this report. I am glad to 
 bear witness to the excellent system followed by them in 
 conducting the operations connected with the management 
 of the water supply system, and in compiling the valuable 
 records of their department. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 A. FTELEV, 
 
 Consulting Engineer. 
 
^vater, 
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 ^ilities 
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