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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOGRArillCAL AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEV OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION J. W. POWELL IN Charok CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMEJUCAN ETHNOLOGY VOLITMir; jx WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1893 ADVKiriMSK.MKXT The work of the liureuu of Anierican I'ithiiology is (toiiducitwl niuhu- act of Ooii- jjnws'M'or ('ontimiiiiff eMiiioloyic lesesirchtiH ainoiij; tlm Ainericiiii Indians under the dir and more delinitely in 1888, and tlu^so also are issued for the use of Congress and the Bureau. In addition, the Bureau supervises the publieation of a series ot quarto volumes beariu},' the title, '•Contributions to North Au'erican Kthnology," begun in 1877 by the United States (xeographieal Survey of Iho Ilocky Mountain Kegion. Thest^ publieatious are distributed primarily by Congress, and the portions of the editions i)rinted for the Bureau are used for ex(;hange «ith libraries and seientilic and educational institutions auiii-'A> Hv .lAM i<;s <>\vi;n i)()W!- K K I ( ' K 1893 i i i« &..*M a««ii"«W j » ^mmm. m' $'m^^ CONTENTS Letter of trantmlttal •* Preface *' PAHT FIR8T.-CJKAMMAK. Chapter I.— Phonology 8 The ulphahut 3 .SyUiibiotttioii 6 Aveuuts 5 C'huu(;et) of lotturM U SiibHtltiitiou uud eliitlon 8 Coutriu'tion '" Chapter II.— Morphology 11 Prououiis ** Puraoiiul pronouns 11 Separate H Incorporated 12 Compound pronouns 17 Kelativo pronouuH 17 Inturroxative pronouuH 17 DeiuousVrativo pronouns 17 Articles 18 Verbs 18 Verbal runts 1" Verbs formed by modal |)reflxt'n 1" Compound verbs •! Coi^ugatiou "1 Form 21 Person 23 Number 23 Mode 23 Tense 25 Participles 25 Conjugation I 26 Conjugation II 28 Conjugation III ^2 Double verbs : 35 Conjugations I and II 35 Conjugations I and III 35 Irregular and defective verlis 35 Paradigm : root K8A, to break oil', separate 38 Nouns **' Forms of uouua **' Diminutives •*! V vt (JOM'ENTS, Cliapter II. — Morphology — ('oiitiniiiiU. Nouuti — Ciiutiuiicd. Oouder Number Case PoBsessiou ' Proper and family name* . Adjectives Number Comparison Numeral adjectives. Cardinals Ordinals Adverbs Prep' 'sitions , Separate prepositions Incorporated prepositions . . ConjunctionB Interjections Chapter III.— .Syntax Pronouns Personal pronouns Incorporated pronouns . Separate pronouns Agreement of pronouns. Omis.sion of pronouns... Repetition of pronouns . iJemoustrative pronouuH ... Rclati ve pronouns Articles Deiinite article Indefinite article Verbs Position Number . Government Possessive form Modfls Teas-.' Iniperative Infinitive rtiibjuuctive Ojitative, pottntial. etc Aorist Fi'ture Auxiliary verbs Verbs of repetition , Kodupl'cated VL-r'iM Verbs with tiic suffixes ' Substanti lo verbs Participles Active Passive Nouns 's'a" and "ka" Position . Number . Psge. 42 42 43 43 44 45 46 46 47 47 50 50 52 52 52 53 54 55 55 55 55 57 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 62 62 62 62 63 U4 64 64 65 65 66 66 66 67 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 71 71 71 72 II i 1 CONTENTS. VU Chapter III.— Syntax— Continued. Adjectives 72 Position 72 Number 72 Numeral adjectives 73 Pronominal adjectives 73 Repetition and om'ssiou of nrtjeetives 74 Adverbs 74 Position 74 Eeduplicatiou 75 Use of certain adverbs 75 Negative 76 Interrogative adverbs V7 Adverbial incorporated particles 77 Prepositions 77 Conjunctions 78 Interjections 79 PART SECOND.— TEXTS. Widaijl'ipi Hiqlipaya : The Fallen Star 83 Notes 89 Translation 90 Wotanide Hoksiua Oliaij kin : Acts of the Blood-olots Boy 95 Notes ^ 101 Translation 101 Legend of the Head of Gold 105 Notes 107 Translation 108 Odowaq ^igaide : Bad Songs 110 Notes 113 Translation 113 Tasiqta-yukikipi 115 Notes 120 Translation 121 Chee-zhon, the thief 124 Translation 127 The Younger Brother : or, The Unvisited lalaud 133 Notes. • 138 Translation 139 Wamnulia Itagosa: (ir, Bead-Spitter 144 Notes U7 Translation 148 Parable of the Ptoiligal Son— Luke xv, 11-32 150 The Lorus Prayer Inl The Fourth Commandment «, 1.51 PART THIRD.— ETHNOGRAPHY. Chapter I. — The Dakota 155 Tribes 136 Mdewakaqtoi) wai) 156 Walipekuto 1.57 Walipctoi)\vai) 157 Sisitoi) wai) 158 Ihaijktoi) w.ii) 160 Ihai)ktoi)wai)u:i 160 Titopwai) 161 Assiniboin 164 VIU CONTENTS. Chapter I.— Tho Dakota— Coiitinueil. Pm». Priority Method of louiitiug ^^ Method of reekoniiig time ^"^ Are the IiidiaiiH dimiiiiHhiiig? ^*^ Chapter II.— Migrations of the Dakota ^... .!..!! '** Argument from History ' ^^ Experiences of N.colet, Le .Jeune, UaymbaulV/MenardrAlV.Kiez/l.njV,;,!;' llas.'.nV "^ Hennepiu, Perrot, Le Huour, Carver, and Pike ' i^^ Tradition of Fort Berthold Indians, recorded by Dr. W. Matthews' ,«? Lewis and Clarke "" Argument from Names of nations, tribes etc ^**^ Dakota ' ' 182 .Spirit Lake villages '^^ Sautee * " ' 1*3 Sisseton °^ Yaukton .-..-..'......!! ^^ Yanktonai '^ Te t o n ^ !..!.... * *^ Assiniboiu Winnebago ^^ Omaha and Ponka .^ ^^^ Iowa andOto 1^ Mandanaud llidatsa ^^^ Absaroka or Crow ^^^ Osage, Kansa, Kwapa, and Missouri ......[..[[ ?„? Arikaraor Kickaree ^^' Shayenne or Cheyenne ^^^ Chapter IIL— The D.akota Gons and Phratrv ^^^ TheGens ' 19S The Phratry "............. ^^^ TheTiyotipi ■■■^■■■....^y...........\.[ • '"^ Fellowhood 1"" .Standiu/r Buffalo ........!!.!.. ^^ Tiyotipi, translated from M. Renville's Dakota version }^ Chapter IV.— Unwritten Dakota Laws .... "" The Family 203 Tho Household .-......''......'!. ^"^ Courtship and Marriage ^^ TheBaby 205 ChilaLifo ...■.....[l[[......]l ^^ Training of tho Boy \[ ^"^ Training of the Girl ^^ When Death comes ^10 The Spirit- world ^^^ Chapter v.— The Superhuman ■■..1...... .....] ^^^ Ehna-mani ^11 Chapter VI.— Armor and Eanij's feathers ^^^ .Simon Anawaqg-mani ^'^ Chapter VII.— Dakota Dances . . .^ ! ^ . ! f ^ Singing to * Begging dance '^^'^ No-flight dance ........".[[". ^ft Circle dance ' 2-^° Scalp dance '^^ Mystery dame ^^^ Sun dance *^^^ 229 rf^i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C, April 25, 18,93. Sib: I have the honor to transmit to you the copy for "Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. LX, Dakota Grannnar, Texts, and Ethnography," by the late Stephen Return Riggs, having edited it according to your histructions. I am, with respect, your obedient servant, James Owen Dorsey, To HOK. J. W. POWKLL, '"""'"°''"- Director, Bureau of Ethnology 1 PREFACE. By the Editor, James Owen Dorsey. In consequence of the death of the author in 1883, the copy furnished by him for tlie present volume was left in such a sha])e that some editing- was necessary before it could be sent to the printer. By order of the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, the editorship of the manuscript was committed to me. I was reciuested also to prepare the table of contents and index, and to see that the arrangement of the cliapters, headings, etc., conformed to the general plan of the publications issued by this Bureau. That such disposition of the manuscript was in harmony with the wishes of the author will appear after a penisal of the following extract from a letter, dated April 20, 1881, sent by Dr. S. R. Riggs to Mr. J. C. Pilling, then chief clerk of the Bureau. After speaking of an article that he was preparing, to be entitled " Unwritten Laws," Dr. Riggs continues thus: "This letter, I think, will partly cover Ethnology. But I do not profess to be skilled in Ethnology as a science, and shall be glad of any suggestions from Maj. Powell and yourself" In the manuscript as received from the author were simdry quotations from my letters to him. But as several years had elapsed since these were written and as I had been enabled to revise the quoted statements, bringing the information down to date, it was but proper that such revisions should appear as footnotes, each followed by my initials. During the process of editing the manuscript it was ascertained that, as there had been additional investigations among the Dakota and other tnbes of the Siouan stock since the death of the author, .several questions treated by him deserved further elucidation. When one considers the many years in which the venerable author was associated with the work among the Dakota Indians (1837-1883) it would seem to many persons very pre- XI XII DAKOTA GKAMMAE, TEXTS, AND ETUNOGRAPHy. sumptuous for one whoso life among the Indians began as hite as 1871 to question his conclusions, unless abundant facts could be shown to confirm the assertions of the critic. The author's life among the Indians was sjjent chiefly with a single division of the Dakota, known as the Santee or Mdewakantonwan. A few of the Teton words in his dictionary were furnished by one of his sons, Rev. T. L. Riggs, but most of them were obtained from Rev. W. J. Cleve- land. The author, moreover, knew very little about the languages of those cognate tribes that are not Dakota, such as the Ponka, Omaha, Kansa, Wimiebago, etc., while I have lived among many of these tribes and have devoted considerable time to the comparison of most of the Siouan languages, having engaged in original inve.«-tigation from time to time, as late as February, 1893, when I visited the Biloxi Indians in Louisiana. In order, therefore, to furnish the readers of this volume with the latest information, and to give more fully than was possible in those footnotes for which I am responsible^ my reasons for hesitating to accept some of the author's conclusions, as well as evidence confirmatory of some of the author's statements this preface has been written. In my notation of Dakota words, bf»th in this preface and in the foot- notes, the author's alphabet has been used, except where additional charac- ters were needed; and such characters are described in the following section of this preface. But in recording the corresponding words in the cognate languages the alphabet used is that of the liureau of Ethnology. All footnotes followed by " S. 11. II." were contributed by the author. Those furnished by his son, Rev. Alfred L. Riggs, are signed " A. L. R." "T. L. R." stands "for Rev. T. L. Riggs, and "J. P. W." for Rev. J. P. AVilliamson. "J. O. D." marks those footnotes for which I am responsible. LIST OF SOUNDS PECULIAR TO INDIAN WORDS IN THE PREFACE. The alphabet given by the author on pages 3 and 4 has no characters representing certain sounds heard in the Teton dialect of the Dakota and in some of the cognate languages. Besides these, there are other sounds, unknown in Teton and the other dialects of the Dakota, l)ut common to the other languages of the Siouan tamily. These peculiar sounds and some additional ones which are described are given in the characters adopted by the Bureau of Ethnology. The authority for the Hidatsa words is Dr. Washington Matthews, U. S. Army.^ The Tutelo words weve recorded f. 'U. S. Oeol. iuid (jeogr. Suiv., liaydeu, Miscell. Publ. No. 7, 1877; Ktbuog. aud Pliilol. ut' the Hidatsa Indians. PREFACE. XUI chiefly by Dr. Horatio Hale, thoiifrli a few were acquired .since 1882 by Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt and inyrtelt". The Mandau words are taken from the vocabularies of Dr. F. V. Hayden, Dr. W. .1. llofl'iiiau, and Prince Maximilian, of Wied. c a e 51 k' n 4 ft \\ tc 10 as ii in irli((f or as o in not. .sli, ffiven as s ))y the autlior and Miittliews. a medial sound, between sh (s) and zh (/,). as th in fli'ni, the surd of/. a d sound followed l)y a dh sound ^vhich is scarcely audible. This ronil)ination is peculiar to the liilo.xi, Ili(h\tsa,andKwaj)H languages, (iiven as d by Matthews. dh, or as th in the, the sonant of (;. a short e as in ffet. a sound lieard at the end of certain syllables, but .slightly audible, nearer li than kh. (Jiven by Matthews as an apos- trophe after the modified vowel. as in if. zh, or as z in (ijntri: driven as z by the author and as z by Matthews. a medial k, between g and k, heard in Teton, (/'egilia, etc. an exploded k. (iriven as k by the autlior. a vanishing n, scarcely audible, as the French n in hoii, v'm, etc., occurring after certain vowels. Given as ij bv the author. as ng in sitifi, sinner, but not as ng in Jiiit/er; heard some- times before a k-mute, at others just before a vowel, as in jjOiwere (i-<,'un-e, i-yftn-e, wan-e, etc.). Given as ij l)y the author. kh or as ch in (rermju ach. Given as h by the author and Matthews. a medial .sound, between d and t. as oo mfoot. as u hihuf, given by Matthews as "a" with a dot subscript. as ch in eintreli. Given as c by the author. a t sound followed by a <; (th) sound, as th in fliin, but scarcelv audible. It is the surd of d^, and is peculiar to the Bilox', Hidatsa, and Kwapal anguages. Given as t by Matthews. a medial sound, between dj (j as in judge) and tc. a medial sound, between dz and ts. XIV DAKOTA ORAMMAR. TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. SEPAKATE PRONOUNS. Oil [uiire 1 1 it irt Miiid that tlio sepiirato peivsoiial pronoiuiH " appear to bt' capable of aiialysw, thu.s: To the iiu^orporated forms mi, ui, an.l i i« added the Hubstaiitivo verl). e, the y comin- in for euphcmy. So that miVe IS equivalent to / am, niye to fhoii art, and iye to he k" ( )n pa«re 12 the author informs us that " miH, niH, and is would seem to have been formed from miye, niye, iye; a.s, miye es contracted into mi^; niye es contrac^ted into nis, etc." On the same pajje we ttnd the emphatic, forms of the pronouns, mis miye, I myself; nis niye, thou thyself; is iye, he hin.self, etc. Now, if the author has made correct analyses, miye = mi+y-(-(^• niye=ni+y+e; iye = i+y+e; mi^ = mi+y +6+6.4 ; ni.s = ni+y+6+es' IS = i+y+6+e5; mis miye = mi+y+e+eS mi+y+e. He tells m, too, that the forms rai4, mi, and is were orifrinally subjective, while miye, niye, and iye were orijjfinally objective. On examinitif,' a myth in the Bushotter (Teton) collection, the following sentences were extracted, as they show how the Teton Indians use the separ- able pron. >uns. When the Giant Anuijg-ite or Two Faces discovers the pres- ence of his adversary, Hajjela, he exclaims, Nis eya kakis^iya yaciij na gl , . . ^"" •"" I raake yon suttiT voii wish snU to TJ,Z , '^'■*' ^''^ '''"""'f^ *" "^^ ^^«*^»«« yo" wish me to make you coming suffer, too? (Here nis is subjective or nominative.) Ha^ela replies, Hiya, nives pha ^iij hmrujyela kaksa iyeciyirj kta da 6l dihi: No I come to you in onler to cut off y(,ur head (making) a whizzing sound (with my sword) as I send it (your head) suddenly (or forcibly) to the ground. Here niyos, which is objective in this sentence, marks a contrast- It is you only, not I, who must suffer. After killing the giant, HaMela takes the rescued infant to the h.dge of his parents, who are afraid to let him enter, as they think that he is the giant. So Ha>[ela says, Tna, he '"'t^'" t: nlMl^''^ ^^ '""^•^"••' ^^'' '' I ^ho have come, not he (the come giant). Here miye is subjective. When Ila^ela is taken to the lodge of the chief who has two daughters, the elder daughter says to the younger te.; x?JSit ^±^^ ^^'^'"' ^ ("«t y«") ^»1 have this one -(for my' husband). Hut the younger sister laughs as she retorts, He yadiij ^ni da , , . . , ,, . . "">' y*"" wnntfd not as iniyes hiqgna wayiij kte diqs: As vou did not want him fwhen von I (not you) abtuband Ihav«biiu will .(ftmul.. ' (.Wlien yOU /or Mpi-fikinf!) 1 r + PREFACE. XV could have liad liiiii.) Sul)sc'(|uently, when tlio elder Mister had turned lla>{ela into a do-?, iijs eya iha iia heya, Nis ehaij uieakiziij kte, eya: She, Kill' tiiii laii({l"''l nnil milil an Vim voursi'll' vim mitfer hIiiiII haI'iI what t'lillown preci'det too, laufrlied and said, "You yourself shall suffer (now)." IN8EPARAHLK PKONdUNS. On page 13 the author remarks, "These forms md and d may have been shortened from miye and niye, the n of niye l)ein[a), to sit, hence to be. Vaijka occurs as a classifier on pp. 83, 85, 80, 87, 88, 89, etc. That it conveys the idea of sittimi is shown ]}y the context on p. 89, where the Star born mt (iyotaijke) on the ridge of the lodge and was fanning himself (ilidadu yaijka). Waijka, to recline: on p. 83, the twin flowers abounded (/»// all along) in the star country. On the next page, the infant Star born was kicking out repeatedly (nagaijgata waijka, he la;f tlieni kicking). On page 1 10 we read, Uijktomi warj kaken ya waijka, An Unktoini was going (literaljy, going he reclined). CARDINAL HIRTH-NAMES, The Dakota names which belong to children, in the order of their birth, np to fifth child, are given on page 45. Thus the first child, if a boy, is called Caske; if a girl, Winona. The second, if a boy, is called Heparj, ^. PRKI'ACE. XVII and it'll |ii i}|u, it|)|n ••Ji"«ll»/> Ui.vc. Mi".vf bi"^e, l.)|"i] '•tfltl itejdu ltBl"JII, it(tNi)ii "•fOli>|(' itariKd i itanifp, ii|tan](e >:\(i"i\4f- ijliwe ijO"\v(i "tflflUB iMfiriKa, hi. inaruja, litn".va" h,r iHnniia ItariKe itee.)iri]|a ••jifi>l<' i.|iri){<' iiillJie ■,inrij|e i.ififiKe i.ififiiio itnr pa, !<■ ' , ii itencpa iiitaucpa PREFACE. XIX B"t<'ll ihn" itreka itiinii itukn ikii lyinn ,|,olwert>. 1 WiiinBlitigii. Miiiiiluii. IfHrie itiinc iylfie(Io«a); i.iino (Oto) iyftfie i t II 3{ W II . K r n nclHnn ; itii^iwanii. li V a 11 <1 - (laughter. Iiiii"|3i-rl bia"nl-na hitek. Iilte)|nrii hitcoke-rfl liikonikii, liikiirokt^-rA Voc, kfl"nlkft liiiii-rA liifrito-rft liiiiftnktra]iii- nl. liiH fhley. liiiiii-M.liiMfi"- m hinnnknt 'viiitoki'-rft liitciinka-ril liiiilk liinnk, lii- nn}(a-rn, liinarma-ril li i t !• II "ck (■- nin^e-ra his Krniidson lliilntaa. iityi'. tyntfic Tatfln. Hiloxi. S ilrtj rlliMvitn; ^•atl:tat,yat(n«l.,)i '""•■"*" *<"'") clifl", hi$; .ihl", aJ (Ilowitt) Ina; I aj l....ift" ""»'• """'-J'" (HaliM (tt^tadf^ii) k II . 1 1> 111 i ■ icanii, ii'nwi i iilkoc, the' tniiiin limit (Wled)! ^enek (Hti n ptiiTika kii-iilki- iko-iiiilianki' ikii itvakii'ii itrakii idi^ii'i kayiv", bin cso"jk (lli'witt) tando akaya". /in tankaka ( l-ya") tii"Hka (iya") I'ti'ka yiri>(iya" i'trk;i (pinl). hisnr ! ynn3(iya" lnT rhil(l) itfamupira yinqadodi, hdu'r son; yan^iadiidi, Hon's daughter; yfiilJiayiri i, daughter's son ; y ft n 5[ a y 11 n ?[ i , daughter's daiigh- ter. zx DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS. AND ETHNOGRAPHY. English. Brother-in-law (hiH) Brother-in-law (her) Sister-in-law (his) Uakutu. OeKihii. tahai)kii «tahai)) imha" Hi(e.n, jci-e siCckii «iSi('e) hHi,kakn(l,aoka) ihatlga SiBter-in.law (her) i<^^epaoku«idepai,) ici,,a" Sister'H son (his) toijskaku«tonska), ija^cka Brother's son (her) toHkakii (toiika) Sister's daughter (liis) tiiiizaijku ((mi-ya" uyinjjaji-yii" yin3io"ui-ya" nyinno"ni-ya" n XXII DAKOTA (iHAMMAU, TEXTS, AM) ETHNOdHAlMl Y. The " hiia " in tlie Dakota term should not he coiuparcd with the Dakota verb, ohuaka, to phice in, but witli the (/^ejriha verb, >if;\", to take a wife (see "fr^afi" in e[0anj{e, and the j;.)iwere >[rane, all of which are related to the verb, to fake /i>M of, seize, ai)i)arently pointinj.- to a time when marriaj-e l)y eajjture was the rule. (See the Dakota verb yuza.) ^Fhe orij-inal meaninj.^ of "my husband" therefore may have been my eaptmer or scker. Ohnaka, when applicabh to a person, refers to a sitting one, other- wise it is applicable to what is curvilinear, a part of a whok^ a <>arment, book, etc. This is not brought out by the authoi-, tli(»uf.h attitude is expressed or implied in nearly all the verbs of placing- or putting in the various Si.nian languages Th^ Tutelo word for her husband, etamanki, does not mean, "her man." Manki, a hiisbanil differs materiallv from the several words which are .said to mean "man" in Tutelo. "To take a hu.sband," in Tutelo, is taniankfi"se «manki), and "to take a wife" is tamihu".se (from etamilie-e", a wife, hi.s wife), "'l^. take a husband" in Biloxi, is yin>(a[a;i and o"ni, probably meaning "to make or have for a husband or child's father." "T(t take a wife" in Hiloxi, is yin>io"ni (yifnp and o°ni, /o ii, child, and a^iya" or adiya", hi.s or her fcfhcr, the c«.m- l)oiuid meaning, "my little one his or her father." Among the Dakota names for kinship gron])s (see page 45), there are several which admit of being- arranged in pairs, and such an arrangement furnishes hints as to the derivation of at least one name in each pair, in connection with present and probably obsolete forms of marriage laws. ' In each pair (.f names, the second invariably ends in ksi or S, the exact meaning of which has not been ascertained, though it may be found to imply a prohibition. Thus, ciijcu, ///.s elder brother, ciijye, an elder brother (of a male); but ciij-ksi, a son (who can not marry the widow of the speaker, though one whom that si)eaker calls ciijye Can many her.) A woman's elder sistei- is cuij, cuijwe, or cuijwi, her elder sister being cuijku orcuijweku; but r? daughter is cuij-ksi (she can not marrv her mother's husband, though the mother's elder sister can d(» so). A man's elder sister is taijke, a woman's y(»unger sister, taijka: but a man's younger si.ster is taij-ksi; it is not certain whether there is any restriction as to marria.re 1 I I PRRFACK. xxnr contnined in this last kinsliip name. A tatlier is ato, and a mother's brother IS de-ksi (in 'IV^on, le-ksi); we find in the cognate L-inguafres (excepting (Pegdia and Winnebago) some connection i)et\veen the two names, thus in Kwapa, the sylUible te is cominon to edy'ate and ete>[e; in Kansa, dje IS common to iyadje and idjcgi; in Osage, 4«e is connnon to i^a^se' and uijse5[i; in j,.)iwere, tee is connnon to a"tce and itceka. At present, my mother's brotlier can not marry my father's widow (who is apt to be his own sister). A man's brother-in-law (including his sister's husband) is tahai), and a man's male cousin is tahaij-si (who can not marry that sister). A woman's brother-in-law or potential husband is sive, but her male cousin, who can never become her husband, is i(;e-si or siC-e-si. A man's sister-in- law (including his potential wife), is harjka; but a man's female cousin (whom he can not marry) i;* haijka-si. A woman's sister-in-law (indudin"- her husl)and's sister and her brother's wife) is icepai), but a woman's female cousin (who can become neither the husband's sister nor the brother's wife) is idepatj-si. The editor proposes to group together in like manner the corresponding terms in the cognate languages, such as ijiVe, his elder brother, and ijinge, his or her son; ija'Ve, her elder sister, and ijange, his or her daughter; but that must be deferred to some future time. OARDIXAL NUMERALS. On pages 48 and 49 the author undertakes to analyze the Dakota names for the cardinal numerals. He does th-- without ■comi)aring the Dakota names with those in the c[^e(J<^a". Kwapa, ktgebna or kt<;ept(ri"-iyanke, " one sitting-on." Winnebago, hijankida-eina, meaning not <;ertain (hijailkida, one). Mandan, aga-ma(|ana (ma(|ana, one). Hidatsa, ahpi-diietsa (acjpi-dj'netsa), " portioned one." Tutelo, agi-no^saii. Biloxi ohi so''saqehe, "ten one-sitting-on." TWELVE. Dakota, ake noijpa, "again two," or wikdemna sarjpa uonpa, "ten more two." ^ (peg'iha, cad6-na"ba, "six times two." Kansa, ali"-nn''ba, "two sitting-on." Osage, ■Ai[fi"-(ni", same meaning. Xoiwere, a>(ri"-nowe, same meaning. Winnebago, no"pa-cina (no"pa, two). Mandan, aga-nu"pa (nu"pa, two). Hidatsa, alipi-dopa (a(jpi-d0opa), "portioned two." Tutelo, agi-no"paii; see no°l)ai, two. Biloxi, ohi no"paq6he, "ten two-sitting-on." NINETEEN. Dakota, uijma nap^iijwaijka, " the other nine." (/!egiha, ag^i"-canka, " nine sitting-on." Kansa, ama canka, "the other nine," or ali"-canka, "nine sitting-on" Osage, ajjiii" Jijfedjia" tse ^iniie, "sitting-on ten less (one)." "i PREFACE. XXIX Kwapa, cankfl-n5(ni", "nine sittinfr-on." j;.)iwere, a^ri"-cHnk(>, Hana^ incaninf?. Winn«baj?(>, liijankit('ri"4('knni-cina (see nine). Alandiui, affa-inaqpi (see w/«r). Hidatsa, ahpi-duetsapi (a(|pi-d<'netsapi), "portioned ten less one." Tutelo, ajji-ksankaii (si-c nine). Biloxi, ohi tckanaqehe, "ten nine-sitting-on." ONE HUNDRED. Dakota, opawioge, "from pavvio^m, to bend down with the hand, the prefixed o indicating perfectness or roundness; that is, the process' has been gone over as man^ times as there are fingers and thumbs." (/'egiha, gf^eba-hi-wi", "one stock of tens." Kansa, lebla" hii tciisa (h'bhi", ten, l»ii, stock, tciisa, meaning unknown) Osage, ^, hii, stork, jinga, small, tciisa, meaning uncertain) or lebla" hii tafiga, " large stock of tens." Kwapa, ktc;ept9a" hi tafiija, "a large stock of tens." Winnebago, kokija" (koke, box, hija", our), "one box." Mandan, isuki kakuhi. Hidatsa, pitikictia akakodi (pitf;ikiqt(,-ia akakodf^i), exact meaning not known. Tutelo, ukeni putskai, "ten hundred." Biloxi, tsipi-tciya, "old man hundred," from tsipa, hum/red, and i-tciya old man. "^ ' ' XXX DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. THE TERMS FOR "WHITE MAN" IN SIOHAN LANOUAOES. On p. 174 Dr. Hif-os. iu HiK'iikinjr of Ilenncpin'M nnrnitivo, says: "The principal cliicfiit that time* of this part of the trilx-, is called by Ilwuu^pin ' Waslu.,ho..u(l.'.' If he is convct, their name for r,nir/n„ni Was in use, among' the Dakota, before they had intereourso with them, and was prohahlv a name learned from some Indians farther east." The autliors suppositic.n as to the eastern origin of wasieuij as an appellation for whit.' men mi.rht stand if there were no explanation to be found in the Dakota and coonato languages. Hennepin himself is a witness to the fact that the Dakota Indians of his day called i^pirits wasicmj (as Dr. Higgs states on p. 'iTo). And this agrees with what*! have found in the Tetoji mvths and st(»ries Of the Hushotter collection, where wa,4icuij is given as "meaning guardian spirit. Dr. Kiggs him.self, in his Dakota-English dictionary, give.s^vasicuij as "nearly .synonymous with wakaij" in the opinion of some persons. Me appends the following Teton meanings : "A familiar spirit; some n;vsterious forces or beings which are supposed to communicate with men: mitawasicuij he omakiyaka, my familiar spirit told me that." This phrase he gives as referring- to the Takuskaij.skaij, the Something-that-moves or tlu' Wiud powers. The Mandan use vvaci and the Ilidatsa maci for white man. Though the Ilidatsa word was originally applied only to the French and Canadians, who are now sometimes desig-nated as masikat'i (maci-knt(;i, in the Bureau alphabet), the true whites. The jy)iwere tribes (b.wa, Oto, and Missouri) call a Frenchman mm; okenyi, in which comp(.i;nd imu.- is equivalent to maci of the Ilidatsa, waci of the Mandan, and wasicui, of the Dakota. The Ponka and Omaha call a white man wnqO, one who excels or goes beyond (the rest), and a Freu'-hman wa(|f- ukcyi", a coimuon white man. The Winnebago name for Frenchman is watiojMnina, which may be compared with the word for my.sterious. NOTES ON THE DAKOTA MVTHS. On p. 84, lines 8 to 13, there is an account of the wonderful result produced by tossing the 8tar-born uji through the suioke hole. In the Biloxi myth of the Hmiuningbird there is an account of a girl, u boy, and a dog that were cared for by the Ancient of Crows. One day, in the absence of tin? fostermother, the girl tossed four grains of corn up through the smoke hole, and when they came d.nvn they became many stalks filled with ears of excellent corn. The girl next threw the tent itself up into the air, causing it to come dowr a beautiful lodge. When she threw her little 1 -1 PREFACE. XXXI brother into the air he came do-n a very haiulsoine warrior, 'I'lic ^fjil then asked her brother to tosn her u|), and when lie had done thin, Hhe ratne down a very beantiful woman, the fame of her loveline.ss Hoon HpmidinK throu^^diont tlie (Country. Tiu^ do;r ,i,„l hiicIi clotliiii^r ,h tlic Hinter and brother poHsessed were tonml up in suecesHion. each act producin«r a chanjre for the better. ^ On p. 85, from hne .i.-J to p. HG, Une F), there is an account of the deliverance of the imprisoned p.^oph- by tiu- Star-born when he cut of}' the heart of the monster that had devoured them, hi Hkc iiiunncr the Rabbit delivered the people from the Devominj>' Ab.untain, as related in th.f (/^e^riha myths, "How tlie Rabbit went to the Hun," and L'lb.w the I{ai)bit kFlled the Devourino- Hill," in " Contrii)utions t.. Xoi-th American Ktlnu.h.L'V " Vol. VI, pp. :n, 34. Note 2, p. 89. Eva after a proper name should be rendere, is an emphatic c. It is formed l)y ])ronouncing "c" with a strong i)ressure of the organs, foUowed by a sudden expul- sion of the breath.f (I has tlui common English .sound. <)• has tile soiuid of// hard, as in (/o. g represents a deep sonant guttural resembling the Arabic (jliaiii (P). Formerly represented by // sim]dy.t h has the sound of li in English. h represents a strong surd guttural resembling tlie .\ral)ic klia (^). Formerly represented by r.l ' For this i ouiid I.i'psiiis rpcommciids the ( Jreek v- t 'I'liis iiiid k, 1). t, iiio ciillod o'lrhruh liy I.cipsiiis. {Tliis iind z fiirresjiond witli l-ejiKius, cxcciit in the Ibiiii nf tlir diiitiitical mark. k 111 n 1' V t t w y z z DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. has the same souiul as hi Kiifrlish. ^^ is an emphatic letter, hearing tlie same relaticm to /.■ that "<; does to "c." In all the iiriiitiii",^ done in the lanj,nia«j:e, it is still found most convenient to use the Enjrlish q to repre- sent this sound* has the common sound of this letter in Knjrlish It is peculiar to the Titoijwai) dialect. has the same sound as in Kn«>lish. has the common sound of ii in Kii}>lish. denotes a nasal somid similar to the French u in hon or the Enolish ;/ in drinl:. As there are only comparatively very few' cases where a full n is used at the end of a syllable, no distinctive mark has been found necessary. Hence in all „ur other printing the nasal continues to be represented by the common «. has the sound of the English p, with a little more vc.lume and stress of voice, is an emphatic, bearing the same relation to p that "c" does to "c "* has the surd sound of English s, as in sai/. is an aspirated .s, having the s.mnd of English sl>, in in shnw. Formerly reiiresented by ,r. is the same in English, with a little more volume of voice. is an emphatic, bearing the sam.- relation t<. ' t" that "c" does t.) "('."* has the power of the English iv, as in walk. has the sound of English //, as in i/ct. has the sound of the common English z, as in M)ra. is an aspirated ..-, having the souiul of the French,/, or the English .s in pleasure. Formerly represented by j. The apostrophe is used to mark an hiatus, as in s'a. It seems to be analogous to the Arabic h(unzeh (c). NOTK -Sotnc Dakotas, in sou.c instancies, intro.luce a slight /> .sound before the „., and also a d soun.l befi.re n. V.v example, the preposition '• on," ,nth is by sonie ;i,ns piononnced <,/>m, and th.> preposition "en," in, is soraetin.es spoken as if it should be written e,ln. In these .ases, the inen.bers of the Episcopal mission among the Dakotas write the h and the '/, as "ob," "ed." ^ SYLLABICATIOX-ACrENTH. SYLLABICATlOii. 5 § 8. KylliibleH in the Dakota language terminate in a pure or nasalized vowel, as ti-pi, house, taij-yaij, well. To this rule there are some excep- tions, viz. : a. The preposition ' en,' in, and such words as take it for a suffix, as, petan, on the fire, tukteu, where, etc.; together with some adverbs of time, as, dehan, now, hehan, then, tohan, when, etc. b. When a syllable is contracted into a single consonant (see § U), that consonant is attached to the preceding vowel; as, om, with,^ from o-pa, to follow; waij-yag, from waij-ya-ka, to nee; ka-kis, from ka-ki-za, ^> siiffef; bo-sim-si-pa, to shoot off, instead of bo-si-pa-.si-pa. But, in cases of contrac- tion in reduplication, when the contracted syllable coalesces readily with the consonant that follows, it is so attached; as, si-ksi-ca; sa-p.sa-pa. c. There are some other syllables which end in s; as, \i, he, uis, thou, mis, /, uakaes, indeed, etc. These are probably forms of contraction. ACCENTS. PI.ACK or ACCKNT. § 4. 1. In the Dakota language all the syllables are enunciated plainly and fully; but every word that is not a monosyllable has in it one or more accented sylla'bles, which, as a general thing, are easily distinguished from such as are not accented. The imjjortan(!e of observing the accent is seen in the fact that the meaning of a word often ) Hut if the word be compounded of two nouns, or a noun and a verb, each will retain its own accent, whether they fall two degrees jipart or not; as, aguyapi-icapaij, (wheat-beater) a fiail ; inmu-suijka, {nt-dofi) a domestic cat; akicita-naziij, to stand yuard. UEMOVAL OK ACCENT. § 5. 1. Suffixes do not appear to have any etiect upon tlie accent; but a syllable prefixed or inserted Ijefort; the acc(nited syllable draws the accent . XiVllT:".^ ._:i"jrii 6 DAKOTA (iUAMMAIl, TEXTS, AND ETHNOCiUAPHY. back so that it still v.tnins th. snn>e p.>sition with respect t.. the l)Ooinning oS; wonl; ns, nape, l.n.l, nuuape, „n, l>a,ul: haksa, to cut .^.ntha kmfi, bmlksa, 1 n,fotf; nulaska,.//«/, eaunulaska, l.onls^ .na^a, .>/./. nnta.naga, Dill /i>'l The same is true ..f any munher of syllables preiixecl; as, kaska, tn hU,d ■ wakaska, 1 hUid ; wieawakaska, / hind them. t 00 If the verb be aeconte.l on the second syllable, an.l pro,.mms be inserte.1 after it, th.-y do not aftec-t the primary accent; as, wastedaka, to Mw wastewadaka, //'*'•'' soniethin-i'. , . . , ^- c (/>) Bnt if the verb be accented on the first syllable, the n^troves the accent to the se.-ond syllable; as, n.nn, to walk; '"'t' lill^t, however, the aeeeat is not ren.oved; as, ohi, to re.ck to; owahi, I reach. , 4 When -wa' is prefixed to a wor.l commencing with a vowel, and an eUsioi^ takes place, the accent is thrown ,m the first syllable; as, lyusknj II""../.; liyn^^.torrjoirr: anule.a. ./..., wAmde.a; a.nA<.., the red- ' When Svo' ispretixe.1 U> a.ljectives and verbs tonmng of them .bstmct mums, the accent is placed on the first syllable ; as, pula, //to ; t^,,l.dnrL; wao,si.la, ...;/»/. wowao,sida, .urr,: d.augva, to de- stroll ■ woihangye, e accent is ren.<.ved to the hrst syllable; as, k.ksnya, to rciiirnikr ; mi'ksuya, rcmemhcr me. CHAXGBS OK LETTERS. SIBSTITUTION AND KLISION. .N (5 1 'A' ..r 'aij' linal in verbs, adjectives, and some adverbs, is changed to' es' when followed by auxiliary verbs, or by certain conjunc ''"\:r;!i:;:^:nl!;:::;;acte„d ; waste kte .lo, it irill he f,ood ; takuua yute sni, he eats mthlmi at all S..me adverbs tollow this rule; as, taijye hiij, very well; which is sometimes contracted into taijyeh. But 'a' or 'aij' final is always retained before tuka, uijkiuj, uijkaijs, esta, sta, kes, and perhaps some others. (e) In the Titoijwaij or Teton dialect, when 'a' or 'aij' final would })e chan"-ed into 'e' in Isayvati or Santee, it becomes 'iy;' that is when fol- lowed by the sign of the future; as, 'yukiij kta' instead of ' yuke kta,' 'ynj kta' instead of 'ye kta,' 'tiij kta' histead of 'te kta,' 'cai)tekiynj kta,' etc^ Also this change takes place before some conjunctions, as, epiij na wagli, 1 said and I returned. ^ 2. (a) Substantives ending in 'a' sometimes change it to 'c wlien a possessive pronoun is prefixed; as, suijka, do:,; mitasuijke, my day; nita- suijke, thy do(j ; tasuijke, his doy. Q>) So, on the other hand, 'e' final is changed t.. 'a,' in torimng some proper names; as, l^aijsiijta, the name given to the south end of Lake Traverse, from ptaij and siijte. § 7 1 (ft) When 'k' and 'k,' as in kiij and kiijhaij, ka and kcliaij, etc., are preceded by a verb or adjective- wh.isc linal 'a' or 'a.j' is changed for the sake of euphony into 'e,' the 'k' or 'k' following becomes 'c' or 'c; as yuhe ciijhaij, if he has, instead of yuha kiijhaij: yuk.> cehaij, when there was, instead of yukaij kehaij. , . , , i (h) But if the proper ending of the precculing word is e, no sucli change takes place; as, waste ki.jhaij, if he is yood ; Waka.jta.jka ape ka wastedaka wo, hope in God and love him. 8 DAKOTA GRAMMAK, TKXTS, AND KTHNOGKAPHY. 2. When 'ya,' the pronoun of the wecond person snjgulur and nomina- tive case, precedes the inseparal)h' prepositions 'ki/ to, and 'kfci,' for, the 'ki' and 'va' iire chan<.ed, or rather combined, int(. 'ye;' as, yecaga, thou makcst to,' instead of yakica^a; yecicaga, thou makest for one, instead of yaki(5icaga. In like manner the pronoun '\va,' I, wlien coming in conjunc- tion with 'ki,' forms 'we;' as, wecaga, not wakica'-«. fmm ki^^ajV.i. Wowapi wecage kta, / iriU muke him a hook, i. e. T will i i tetter. 3. (a) When a pronoun or preposition endi< , e' or 'i' is prefixed to a verb wliose initial letter is 'k,' this letter is changed to 'c; as, kaga, to make, kicaga, to make to or for one; kaksa, to rut of, ki^icaksa, to cut off for one. Q)) Hut if a consonant immediately follows the 'k,' it is not changed; as, kte, to kill, nikte, he kith thee. In accordance with the above rule, they say cicute, / shoot thee; they do not however say kii^ute, but kikute, he shoots for one. (e) This change does not take jdace in adjectives. They say kata, hot, nikata, thou art hot; kuza, hay, nikuza, thoi( art lazij. § 8. 1. "J" and 'k' when followed by 'p' are interchangeable; as iijkpa, iijtpa, the eiul of any thing: wakpa, watpa, a river; siijkpe, siijtpe, (I musk rat. 2. In the Ihaijktoijwaij dialect, 'k' is often used for 'h' of the Wahpe- toijwaij; as, kdi, to arrive at home, for hdi; caijpakmikma, a cart or wagon, for caiji)ahmihma. In the same circumstances the Titoijwaq use 'g,' and the Mdewakaijtoijwaij 'n;' as, caijpagmigma, caijpanminma. ;{. Vowel changes reipiired by the Titoijwaij: (a) 'a' to 'u,' sometimes, as 'ivvaijga' to 'iyuijga;' (b) 'e' to 'i,' sometimes, as 'aetopteya' to 'aitopteya;' {(■) 'e' to '(),' as 'mdetaijhmjka' to 'blotaijhmjka;' 'kehaij' to 'kohaij' or 'koijhaij;' (d) 'i' to 'e,' as 'ecoijpi ye do' to 'ecoijpe lo;' (e) 'i' to 'o,' sometimes, as 'ituya' to 'otuya;' (/) 'i" to 'u,' as 'odidita' to 'oluluta;' 'itahaq' to 'utuhaij,' etc.; Iff) 'o' to 'e,' sometimes, as 'tiyopa' to 'tiyepa;' (h) 'a' or 'aij' final, changed to 'e,' before the sign of the future, etc., becomes 'iij,' as 'yeke kta' to 'yukiij kta,' 'te kta' to 'tii) kta.' 4. Consonant changes re(iuired by the Titoijwaij : (rt) 'b' to 'w,' (1) in the prefixes 'ba' and 'bo,' always; (2) in some words, as 'wahbadaij' to 'wahwala;' (b) 'b' to 'm,' as 'sbeya' to 'smeya;' I CHANGES OF LETTERS. 9 I (r) 'd' to '1/ iihvayH; as the 'd' HOund is not in Titoijwiuj; ((I) 'ir to 'fT,' alwayH in the combinations 'hb,' 'lid,' 'hm,' 'hn,' which become '|,'b,' '<,M,' 'gb' and 'gn;' (r) 'k' to 'n,' as 'ka' to 'na;' (/) ''m' to '}),' as (1) in md' which becomes 'bl;' and (2) in 'm hnal, contracted, as 'om' to 'ob,' 'torn' to 'tob;' (//) 'm' to 'p,' as in the precative form 'miye' to 'piye;' (//) 'n' to 'b,' as (1) in contract forms of 'c,' 't,' and 'y,' always; e. g., '^•ayteshi' to 'caijtesil,' 'ymi' to 'yul,' and 'kun' to 'kul,' etc.; (2) in <-e.tain words, as 'nina' to 'lila,' 'mina' (Ih.) to 'mila;' (3) 'n' final in some words, as 'en' to 'el,' hecen' to 'hecel,' 'waijkan' to 'waijkal,' 'taijkan' to 'taijkal, ett:; (i) 't' to '(',' as 'cistiijna' to 'ciscila;' 0") 't' to 'g,' as 'itokto' to 'itogto;' • (A-) 't' to 'k,' as 'itokam' to 'ikokaV).' (/) 'w'to'y,' in some words, as 't.wasiij' t<> '(»yasiij,' 'iwaijga' to 'iynijga,' 'waijka' to 'ymjka,' etc.; (»0 'v' to 'w,' as 'ecoi) ve do' to 'ecoij we lo;' («) '(iaij' iinal generally becomes 'la,' as 'hoksidaij' changed t.. 'h(»ksila;' but sometimes it changes to 'ni,' as 'waijzidaij' to 'waijzini,' 'tuwedaij' to 'tuweni,' etc.; (<>} 'waij,' as indicated above, in 'a' to 'u,' in some words, becomes 'yuij,' 'as 'hewaijke' to 'heyuijke,' 'nap^-'iywauka' to 'napciijyuijka,' 'iwaijga' to 'iyuijga,' etc. i i *• yS I). 1. When two words come together so as to form one, tlie latter ot whici. commences and the former ends with a vowel, that of the iirst word is sometimes dropped: as, caijtokpani, to desire or lomj for, of caijte, the heart, and okpani, to fail of; wakpicahda, hy the side of a river, trom wakpa and icahda; wicota, mani/ persons, from wica and ota. Tak eya, nhat did he sujjf is sometimes used for taku eya. 2 In some cases also this elision takes place when the second word conunences with a consonant; as, napkawiij and namkawhj, to l>eekon irith the hand, of nape and kavi-.j. _ 3. Sometimes when two vowels come together, 'w'or 'y is nitn»duced between them for the sake of euphony; as, owihaqke, the end, from o and ihaijke; niyate, thy father, from the pronoun ni, thy, and ate, father. § 10. The 'yu' of verbs commencing with that syllable is not uiitre- (luently dropped when the pronoun of tJie first iierson plural is used; as, 10 DAKOTA liUAMMAK, TEXTS, A>il) ETIJNOGUAPUY. yulia, to have, uijliapi, ire hair ; yuza, to hold, uijzapi, we hold. Yuza also lu'coiiifH ozf, which may he oyuze (•(Hitractctl; as, Makatctozo, (he Blue Earth llinr, lit. irhere ihv hlnv earth is tahn ; oze sic-a, liud to ratch. CONTRACTION. § 11. 1. (Contractions take place in .some nouns when combined with a foUowinj; noiui, and in some verbs when they occupy the pttsition of the infinitive or participle. The contraction consists in droppinji: the vowel of the linal syllable and chang'in<; the precediu},'' consonant usually into its coiTe8p<»nding sonant, or rin- versa, which then behtnj^s to the syllable that precedes it; as yus from yuza, to hold; tom from topa, four. The follow- h\tf chan<;es occur: z into s; as, yuza, to hold any thiufr; yns naziij, to stand holdim/. z into s; as kakiza, /o ,s7///r/- ; kakis wauij, I am suffcrim). ^ into h; as, ma<;a, a Jield, and ma^a, a ffoose, are contracted into mah. k int<» {;; as, waijyaka, to see any thin^i', is contracted into wayya<^. pinto m; as, topa,,^»/', is coiitracted int(» torn; watopa, to jiaddle or roiv a boat, is contracted int(» watom. t into d; as, (»dota, the reduplicated form of ota, many, much. t into «,»■; as, bozaHrtA«yor/cerf />// juiiiehinii. 6, t, and y> into n: as, wanica, vone, becomes wanin; yuta, to 'eat any thinf these forms is denoted bv 'mjkiye' for the tir.st person, 'niye' tor the second, and 'iye' f..r the third, and adling 'pi' at the end either of the pronomi itself or of the last principal word in the phrase. Dual, mjkiye, (/ and than) we two. -n i • These pronouns ai)p'.'ar to be capal)l( of analysis, thus: .o the uicor- ,,orate(l forms 'mi,' 'ni' and 'i,' is adde.l tlie substantive verb 'e,' the 'y' coming in for euphony. So that 'miye' is (.([uivalent to I am, 'mye' to thou art, and 'iye' to he is.^ ^_ '" -ATl.owl.Mlg« of t.ho'^co«..at.. l^iUK-s of tli.' Sioua.. or Oakotan «to.k woul.l have led the •■Mthor to nmaifv if not r.Moct, this statmneut. as wWi as s..v.ral othn-s in th.8 volume, to whi.h at- ;^^. t! 2hv ^nuhu .b't-no...s. -Mi' an.l MU- -an ho ,.oss..s.« ,* 2. , a., .h.tiv.. (^ U..3,,or. as the author teru.; it, objeetive (though the act is U, another,; but he .lid not show their use n. he subjective or nominative, nor did he give -i' a. a ..ronoun in th. M s.ngular, Hesules. how could he ;'eeoueileUisaual3si8of.nis,ms,audis(sS lo, 1,6) with that ol mive, uiye, and lyef-J.O.D. 12 DAKOTA OKAMMAH, TEXTS, AND ETIINOCJKAPHY. (6) Another Het of separate proiiouuH, wliicli are evidently eontracted forms, are, Sinj;., mis, /, nis, thou, is, hi: The I'hiral of tliese forms is desig- nated by employin}; 'uijkis' for the first ju-rson, 'nis' for the second, and 'i^' for the tliird, nnd adfhnjr 'pi' iit tiic end of the hist [)rincij)al word in the phrase. Dnal, uijkis, (/ (Did thou) irr tiro. Tliese contracted forms of mis, nis, and \A wonld seem to have been formed from miye, niye, iye; as, miye e4 contracted into mis; niye es contracted into nis, etc. 2. These pronouns are used for tlu* sake of emphasis, that is to sav, they are employed as emphatic repetitions of tln^ subjective or objective pronoun contained in the verb; as, mis waka^a, (/ I-mnile) [made; miye mayaka^a, (iiir mr-thoii-iiiailext) thou mailvst inv. Both sets of pronouns are used as emphatic rejietitions of the subject, lint the repetition of the object is }inally have been objective, and tlie second subjective forms. 3. Mis miye, / myself; nis niye, thou thjisi-If; is iye, he himself; U!)ki4 uijkiyepi, we ourselves, etc., are emphatic expressions which frequently occur, meanin<>- that it concerns the jierson or persons alone, and not any one else. § 16. 1. The possessive separate pronouns are: Sing., mitawa, my or mine, nitawa, thy or thine, tawa, ///.s; Dual, uijkitawa, (»(mt' und thine) ours; Plur,, injkitawapi, our or ours, nitawap;, your or yours, tawapi, their or theirs: as, wo'.vapi mitawa, my hook, he mitawa, that is mine. 2. The separate proiiouns of tlie first .set are al;«) used as emphatic repetitions with these; as, miye mitawa, {ine mine) my own ; niye nitawa, thy own ; iye tawa, liis own ; xnjkiye injkitawapi. our own. INC^OBl'OUATKl) OK AKTICI.K I'HONOl'N.S.' § 17. The inc(jrporated pronouns are used to fleiiote tlie subject or object of an action, or the possessor of a thing. NuLjevtive. § 18. 1. The subjective article jironouns, or those which denote the subject of the action, are: Sing., wa, /, ya, thou; Dual, iiij, (/ and thou) we two; Plur., uij-pi, we, ya-pi, ye. The Plur. term, 'i)i' is attached to the end of the verb. ' "Artifle iiruuoun " iH adopted by the aiitlior liom PowoII'h Introduction to the Study of ludiun LunpuagfN, 2d ed., p. 47. Hut tbi; iirtitic pronoun of I'owell ditt'erx niatcriiiUy from vliat of Rij!>?!'. The clanHifier whiiih nuirUs the gender or atlUudv (standiny;, sitting, ete.) Hhonld not be confounded with the incorporated pronuun, which performs u different function (^ 17). — .i.o. i). PRONOUNS. 18 2. (fl) These prone miiH are moHt frequently used with active verbn; an, wnka^ni, / mnkr : ynkn^ii, tlioii iiinhrst : uijka^api, wr mnb: [}>) They iuc silso used with a few nent»'r and adjective verlw. The neuter verbs are such as, ti, tn Jwrll, .vati, / ihrrll; itoijsni, h h-ll a lir, iwntomu, Hrll n lie. The adjective verbs with wliirii 'wa' and 'ya' are used are very few; as, waoijsiehi, nictriful, wamjsiwada, / am wernful ; (hizahaij, .s, ."//?, wachizahau, / ow ■'^irifi of foot ; ksapa, irisr, yaksapa, thou (lit irm. ^ ((•) The neuter and adjective verbs wliich use the articU' pntnomis 'wa and 'ya' rather than 'uia' and 'ni,' have in s(.nie sense an active meaning, as disti!ij,mished from sutferinj;' or passivity. 3. Wht'U the verb coinniences with a vowel, the 'uij' of the dual and plural, if prefixed, Deconies 'uijk;' as, itoijsni, to tell a lir, uijkitorjsni, ice tiro tell a lie ; au, to hrlnff, uijkaupi, iir hriiif/. 4. When the prepc»siti(ms 'ki,' to, and 'kfci,'/o/-. occur in verbs, instead ,.f 'waki' and 'vaki,' we have 'w.-' and 'ye' (§ 7. l'.); as, kica/ra, to make to one, weca^a, l' make to; kicica^a, to -make for, yecica I am inclined to (l..i.l.t thi'* statoment for two r.'a«oUH: 1. Wliy shouh" oi onjiiKiition I..- »\v. Ble.l ont to tl.o ..xclusion ..toth-.s J If m.l (1m1, 1-1) an.l .1(1) have Won Hl.ort..n.-.I fr..n. niiy- amlniye, how about waan.l ya (» IS. !),«« an.l y.(sS IS. 1). n.a an.l ni (* 19, 1--'./,)? -'. .See f<«.ln«teon ^lo, 1, a. This could be shown by a table if there were space. See ■J o^. ,1. O. 1». 14 DAKOTA (IKAMMAH. TKXTH, AND KTIINOiiHAl'IIV. 2. (d) 'l'lics«' iintiiiiiiiiM iin- iim'il witii ;n'fiv«i v«tI)h t<» flciioto tlic nhjoct of tlio action; an, ka^'a, lir iikiiIi; niakajjra. ///■ mtulr mt; iiieagapi, Iw itiadi: you or tht'ji niailc i/ou. (h) Tliey arc also iiwd with neuter vcrlw and a<■ mii/;is ti> utir, mica;!fa, /le ma/,r.s to me, nica^a, /ic ma/;vs to t/ivr, nica^api, /n- ma/iis to ifoii. 4. There is no objective pronoun of tlu* thinl person sin<,nilar, nut 'wica' (perhaps orifiinally man) is used as an obj(;ctive pronoun of the third person plural; as, wasteihika, to ton- ainj our, wastewicadaka, /ir torr.s t/irm; wicayazaij, t/irii air sir/,-. When followed by a vowel, tlu; 'a' final is dro})pe(l; as, ecawicuijkicoijpi, ar itoto l/irm, § 20. Instead of 'wa,' /, and 'ni,' t/icr, comin;^ toji'ellier in a word, the syllal)le 'ci' is used to express them both; as, wastedaka, ^> lorr, wasteci- daka, I lorr t/icr. The plural of the object is denoted by adding;' the term 'j)i;' as, wastecidakapi, / lorr i/on The essential difference between 'ci' and the 'uij' of the dual and plural is that in the former the first person is in the nominative and tin* secon, adjec- tive, or n(»un, into which they are incorporat4-d, will be (jxplained when treatinji' of those parts of speech. I'oHHeHHirr. §21. Two forms of possession ap|)ear to be recopiized in !)akota, nafitral and aiiijirial. («) The pissessive article pronouns of the first class are, Hinjj;'., mi or i nioNorNB. 15 ,,1.1, »;//. iii, fl'H; Dual, ut), (»/// an.l finf) »,„■; IMur., mj-pi, ««»•, ivi-pi, !/onr. ThmM'Xi)rt!M«iint>iriiliH>Hs«',sMioii; tliiit is, iK.sHcsHiu,! that <-iiii tu.t he ulirimtwl. (/y) These |)foiiouiis are itrelixed to lumiis whirl, si^-iiify the (UtVerelit parts (.f (.neself, as also one's \vor,r ho,lirs; nitaijeaijpi, //««»• bodies; n\}\u\i!;\\n, our souls ; W)ni\)U-\)\, our lir'>al, uijki, (»/// and Ihu) our; IMiu'., uijki-pi, '>«/, ni-pi,//o«*'; as, miciijca, «^v 'AiW; nideksi, ///// imc^^• nisutjka, tin/ i/ouui/rr In other: uijkiciij<'ai»i, "'"• rliildrni. •>. (ii) Nnims sij-nifvin^' rehitionshi). take, as the pronouns of the third person, the suffix 'ku,' witl, its plural 'kupi;' as, suijka, the ijoumin- l»otlifr of a man, suijkaku, hi.s ijounf/rr hrolhcr ; ta.jka, thr i/ouHf/vr sistrr oi a woman, taijkaku, hn- noutiurr sister: hihiia, husband, hihimkn, hrr husband; n\>',,fatl'tr, atkukii, his or hrr father. _ (b) Hut after the v(.wel 'i,' either puiv ov nasaliml, the sufhx is eitlier 'tku' or 'eu;' as, deksi, uueir, deksitku, his or hrr uiirle; taijksi, thr i/ounf/rr sister of a, man, taijksitku, his jiountjer sister; ciijksi, sou, ciijhiijtku, his or hrr son; tawiij, a wifr, tawicu, his u-ifr : ciijye, tl,r rider brother ui a man, (•iijcu, his elder brother. P.Thiips the origin of tlu- -f in • tku' may be f.mii.l in tl.o 'ta' .if tlie third per- son used to (feuotc iiropeity. See the next section. S^ 23. 1. The prefixed possessive pronouns or pronominal particles of the sec(.nd class, which are used to express property in things mainly, i)os- session that mav be transferred, are, Mnita,' 'iiita,'and 'ta,' sinoular; 'uijkita,' dual; and 'unkita-pi,* 'nita-i.i,' and/ta-pi,' plural: as, mitao.jspe, luy axe; nitasuijke, thy horse; thev say also mitahoksidaij, /»// b,,,/. 1'hescv pronouns are also used with ko.la, a jiartirulur frimd, as, mitakoda, n>u friend, nitakoda, % ./We//*/, takodaku, his friend ; and with kicuwa, romradr, m mtaW-n\vi\,th/j comrade; also they say, mitawiij, ;»// /fv/r, tawicu, ///.s u'ife. •2. (a) 'Mita,' 'nita,' and 'ta,' when prefixed to nouns commen('in«i- with 'o' or 'i,' drop the 'a;' as, owiijza. a bed, mitowiijze, inif brd ; ipahiij, a pil- lou; nitipahiij, tl.i/ pdlou- ; itazipa, a bow, tinazipe, his bow. 16 DAKC^A. GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. (h) Wlien these possessive pronouns are prefixed to abstract nouns which commence with 'wo,' both the 'a' of the pronoun and 'w' of the noun are dropped; as, wowiv^te, f/oodness, mitowaste, my (joodncss ; woksajie, wisdom, nitoksape, tlii/ wisdom ; wowaoijsida, merci/, towaoijsida, his mercy. (r) Hut when the noun i-ommeuces with 'a,' the *a' of the pronoun is usually retained; sis, aki(^ita, a soldier, mitaakidita, my soldier. 3. 'Wica' and 'wici' are sometimes prefixed to nouns, making what may be regarded as a possessive of the third person plural; as, wicahuyku, their mother; wiciatkuku, their fidher. 4. ' Ki' is a possessive pronominal particle infixed in a large number of verbs; as, bakiksa, bokiksa, nakiksa, in the Paradigm; and, okide, to seek one\s own, from ode; wastekidaka, to love one's own, from wastedaka; ijekiya, to find one's own — to recoynize — from iyeya, etc. In certain cases the 'ki' is simply 'k' agglutinated; as, kpaksa, to break of one's own, from paksa; kpagaij, to part tvith one's own, from pagaij, etc. 5. Other possessive particles, which may be regarded as either pro- nominal or adverbial, and which are closely agglutinated, are, 'hd,' in Isayyati; 'kd,' in Yankton, and 'gl,' in Titoqwaq. These are prefixed to verbs in 'ya,' 'yo,' and 'yu.' See this more fully explained under Verbs. Tahlen of Prrsonal Pronoum. SKPARATF, PIUIXOfNS. Siibjpi'tivi'. Olijectivo. PiiHsessivp. Sinnc- 3. 2. 1. Diiul 1. riiir. :». a. 1. IN niii IIIIH lyp : iii.vc ; mi ye; nqkiye: iii|kiH iyepi ; iiiyi'lii; iii)kiy<-|ii; iipkis ijre iniyc lycpi iiiyepi iii)kiye)ii tiiwa iiitawn initnwa iiqkitiiwH taw.Tpi iiitnw.ipi iii)kit!iwn)ii L N(iMiiii:iliv<'. IXfORPORATKK PRONOfNS. Objective. I'ossessive. Sine. :) Iliial 1 J'hir. 3 2 1 yfi; wa; MT): we ni|ki ya-pi; .ye -pi iii)-pi; iii)ki-pi -kii, -tku; ta- ni; III ni-; ni-; nita- ina: mi mi-; ma-; mita- iin-; iii)ki-; unkita- wi('a -kiipi, -tkupi ta-pi iii-pi; ni-iii iiij-pi; mjki-pi ni-pi ; ni-pi; iiita-pi iii)-pi ; ui)ki-pi; ui)kita-pi PliONOUNH. 17 COMPOUND PRONOUNS § 24. These are ' <•!,' ' kici,' and ' ici.' 1. llie double pronoun ' ei,' cond)ine.s the subjeetive 7 and the ol)- jective you; as, watsteeidaka, Ilovc you, from wastedaka. (See § 20.) 2. The form ' kidi,' when a double pronoun, i.s reripromi, and requires the verb to have the plural endhi^r; as, wastekieidapi, they lore mch other. But sometimes it is a preposition with and to: miei hi, he came with me. The Titoijwar) say kit^i waki, / cnme with him. 3. The reflexive pronouns are used when the agent and patient are the same person; as, wastei(.'idaka, he loves himself, wastenic-idaka, thou lorest thyself, wa8temi) It is often followed by the demonstrative 'he' — kii) he — in which case both together are etjuivalent to that which. In the place of 'kii),' the Titoijwsiij general :y use 'kiijhaij." (r) It is used with verbs, converting them into verbal nouns; as, ecoijpi kiij, the doers, {d) It is often used with class nouns and abstract nouns; when in English, tlie would be omitted; as, woksape kiij, the wisdom, i. e., wisdom. See this more at large under Syntax. 4. The form of kiij, hidicating past time, is koij, which partakes of the nature of a demonstrative pronoun, and has been sometimes so considered; as, wicasta koi), th(d man, meaning some man spoken of before. 5. When 'a' or 'aij' of the preceding word is changed into 'e,' 't:oq' becomes 'ci^oij' (§ 7. 1.); as, tuwe waqmdake ciVoij, that person whom I saw, or the person I saw. In Titouwaij, ^Loij becoinos (.'oij, instead of (;il.voij. W. J. Cleveland. Indefinite Article. § 30. The indefinite article is ' wai),' a or an, a contraction of the nu- meral waqzi, one; as, wicasta waij, a man. The Dakota article 'way' would seem to be as closely related to the numeral 'waijzi' or 'waqda,' as the 'While some of tlic Titotjwaij iiin- um "Idijliai)" iiiBtead of "jjiij," tliiH can not bo Baid of those on tho Clieyennc Kivcr iinil l.owiT Unilc reHervations. They use Jjii) iu about two hundred and fifty' five texts of the Bushottcr and Bruyier cojlcction of the Bureau of Ethnology.— j. o. d, VEKBS— VERBAL l{()OT8. 19 •«i«- i Englisli article 'an' to the numeral our. Tliis article is used a little less frequently than the indefinite article in English. VERBS, § 31. The Verb is much the most important part of speech in Dakota; as it appropriates, by agglutination and synthesis, many of the pronominal, prepositional, and adverbial or modal jjarticles of the language. Verbal Boots. § 32. The Dakota language contains many verbal roots, which are used as verbs only with certain causative prefixes, and which form partici- ples by means of certain additions. The following is a list of the more common verbal roots: — baza, smooth ga, open out gaij, open out gapa, open out gata, spread guka, spread out hiijtn, brush off Linuij, twist lina, fall off buayai), deceive Imtiuza, shake lira, open out, expand Mi, crumble, gap hdata, scratch hde<5a, tear, smash hdoka, malic a hole licpa, exhaust liica, arouse hpa, fall down hpii, crumble off htaka, catch, grip hii, peel ■ hujVa, jam, smash kawa, ojJcii kca, untangle kiiji'a, scrape off kiijza, creak koijta, notch ksa, separate ksa, hend ksiza, double up ktaij, bend mdaza, sj)rcad open mdaza, burst out indii, fine, pulverize luiia, rip iiuii, spread out pota, wear out psaka, break in two psiiij, spill p.^uij, dislocate pta, cut out, pare off ptaijyaij, turn orcr ptiiza, crack, split sba, ravel shii, dangle sdei'-a, split sl-'ii'-a, press skitd, draw tight siiiiij, scrape off sua, ring sni, cold, gone out sota, clear off, whitish i5aka, press down Hka, tie skit'-a, i)ress sua, 7niss fipa, break off spi, pick off Sim, fall off suza, mash taka, touch, make fast taij, tccll, touch tei)a, wear off' tira, scrape tipa, contract titaij, 2>ull tkuj>a, break off' tpi, crack tpu, crumble, fall off wiigii, fracture wiijza, bend doicn zamiii, open out za, stir zaza, rub out, efface ziij, stiff' zipa, jiiiich zuij, root out zuzu, come to pieces. Verbs formed by Modal Prefixes. § 33. The modal particles ' ba,' ' bo,' ' ka,' ' na,' ' pa,' ' ya,' and ' yu' {ire prefixed to verbal roots, adjectives, an«'. some neuter verbs, making of i 20 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. or.«Il'';Klt^^^^^^ ^""'-^"^ 1'«^^« ^'^''^ ^»- -tion is done hy cuttin, z^^^^^^:t "' "'" '' '" '"^^^""""^- ^^"- *'^^ *^- ^^"^-^ 00 Tlie ,)refix ' bo ' signifies that the action is done by shootim with a w.se. It also expresses the action of ../. and hail; and is used in reference to bloumg with the mouth, as, bosni, /. Jow out ' reierence (c) The prefix 'ka' denotes tliat tlie action is done by strikim as v/ith an axe or club, or by ./../«,, ,t is also used to denote the effZ'of ^ una oi rmmmf/ water. c.ici.ib ui wma (d) The prefix ' na ' generally signifies that the action is done with the .foot or ly pressure. It is also used to express the involuntary a'ion of t nngs, as the burstnig of a gun, the warping of a board and crack n^ of timber, and the effects of freezing, boilin^ etc ^ withSe^l^^d'"'-' ''•'' '"^" '"* '^^ ^^"*'^" '^ ^^- ^^^-^^--^ - ^«*'^-.^ (/) The prefix 'ya' signifies that the action is performed with the mouth It l,,'^ 1 r'v >"I "'^ '^^ ^•^"""•^^^•^ '^« ^'"H>ly causative or .#cY^' I has an mdefin.te signification and is co.nmonly uied without any e fex'' ence to the manner m which the action is performed § 34. These prefixes are also used with neuter verbs, giving them an ac u-e s,gmficat,on; as, naih, to sfan.l, yuna-^i,, f, raise ^p'cau' toTaJ. ceya, to cry, naceya, to imike crif t„f kickiuf, ' 2. Verb, are ako iiuule by „»i„g „„„,« and adieolives in the predicate Tor t!,.. Ti.,.nwa„ use. s ,v., • „„,! 'y,, ' i„ ,|„. I)irtio„a,•^; i COMPOUND VEUnS-CONJUdATlON-FORM. 21 T - 3, Sometimes other parts of speech may be used in the same way, i. e., prepositions; as, emataijhaij, /aw/mw. coMPoxND vp:;rbs. § 36. There are several classes of verbs which are compounded of two verbs. 1. 'Kiya' and 'ya' or 'yaij,' when used with other verbs, impart to them a causative signification and are usually joined with them in the same word; as naznj, he stands, nazirjkiya, he causes to stand. The first verb is sometimes contracted (see § 11); as, waijyaka, he sees, waijya-kiya, he causes to see. j o j ^ 2. In the above instances the first verb has the force of an infinitive or present^participle. But sometimes the first as well as the second has the force of an mdependenf finite verb; as, hdiwaijka, he comes home sleeps (ot hdi and waijka) ; hinaziij, he comes stands (of hi and naziy). These may be termed double verbs. § 37. To verbs in Dakota belonj.- ronjiif/afion, form, person, number, mode, and tense. CON-TUGATION. § 38. Dakota verbs are comprehended in three conjugations, distin^ gmshed by the form of the pronouns in the first and second persons singu- lar which denote the agent. Conjugatior.. I and II include aD common and active verbs and III includes all neuter verbs. («) Iniha first conjuiiation i\K subjective singular pronouns are 'wa' or 'we' and *ya' or 'ye.' {h) The second conjugation embraces verbs in 'yu,' 'ya,' and 'yo ' which form the first and second persons singular by changing the 'y' into 'md' and 'd,' except in the Titoijwaij dialect where these are 'bl' and '1 ' (c) Neuter and adjective verl)s form the third conjuqation, known bv taking what are more properly the objective pronouns 'ma' and 'ni.' 1. Of neuter verbs proper we have («) the complete predicate, as, ta, to die; asm, to get well; (b) with adjectives; as waste with aya or ica-a • waste amayai}, / am growing better. " ' 2. Of predicate nouns ; as, Wamasicuij, / am a Frenchman. 3. Of predicate adjectives ; as, mawa.ste, / am -. This may be called the dative form. {a) Wlien the action is done to another, the preposition 'ki' is prefixed or inserted; as, kaga, to make any thing; kidaga, to make to one; wowapi kicaga {writing to-him-he-made), he wrote him a letter. This form is also used when the action is done on something that belonys to another; as, suijka kikte, {dog to-him-he-killed) he killed Ms dog. I'EKSON— NUMBElt— MODE. n (b) When the thing is done for another, 'kfdi' is used; as, wowapi kididaga, {wrUing for-him-Jie-madc) he wrote a letter for him. In the plural, thid sometimes has a reciprocal force; as, wowapi kicidagapi, they wrote let- ters to each other. 6. In some verbs 'ki' prefixed conveys the idea that the action takes eflfect on the middle of the object; as, baksa, to cut in two ivith a knife, as a stick; kibaksa, to cut in two in the middle. 7. There is a causative form made by 'kiya' and 'ya.' (See § 36. 1.) 8. (a) The locative form should also be noted, made by inseparable prepositions 'a,' 'e,' 'i,' and 'o': as, amani, ewaijka, inaziq and ohnaka. (6) Verbs in the "locative form," made by the inseparable 'a' have several uses, among which are: 1. They sometimes express location on, as in amani, to walk on. 2. Sometimes they convey the idea of what is in wl- dition to, as in akaga, to add to. PERSON. § 40. Dakota verbs have three persons, the first, second, and third. The third^ person is represented by tho verb in its simple form, and the sec- end and first persons by the addition of the personal jironouns. NUMBER. § 41. Dakota verbs have three numhers, the singular, dual, and plural. 1. The dual number is only of the first person. It includes the person speaking and the one spoken to, and is in form the same as the first person plural, but without the termination 'pi;' as, wasteuqdaka, we two love him; mauijni, ive two walk. 2. The plural is formed by suffixing 'pi;' as, wasteuodakapi, we love him; manipi, they walk. 3. There are some verbs of motion which form what may be called a collective plural, denoting that the action is performed by two or more actino- together or in a body. This is made by prefixing 'a' or ' e;' as, u, to come, au, they come; ya, to go, aya, they go; nniix), to stand, enaziij, they stand. These have ako the ordinary plural; as, upi, yapi, nazi'^pi. MODE. § 42. There are three modes belonging to Dakota verbs : the imlirative, imperative, and infinitive. 1. The indicative is the common form of the verb ; as, ceja, he cries ; ceyapi, they cry. e 24 DAKOTA (IKAMMEU, TEXTS, AND KTIJN()(}KA1«HY. 2. (rt) The mperatitr singular is formed from the third person singular mdu-at,ve and the syllables 'wo' and 'ye;' as, deva wo, ceya ye, cnjthou. instead of 'ye,' the iMdewakaijtoijwaij has ' we,' and the Titoywaij ' le.' The lankton and 'I'itoijwaij men use 'yo.' (h) The imperative plural is formed by the syllables ' po,' ' pe,' ' m,' and 'nruye;' as, ^eya po, <^eya pe, ceyam, and 6eya miye. It has been sug- gested that ' p., ' is formed by a.i .imalgamation of ' pi,' the common plural endmg, and ' w(»,' the sign of the imperative singular. In like manner ' pi ' and 'ye,' may be combined to make ' pe.' The combination of 'miye' is not so apparent.' Hy some it is thought that the Titoywaij women and children use ' na' tor the imperative.- The forris 'wo,' 'y.,,' and 'p.,' are nsod only by men; and 'we,' 'ye,"ne,'and ni.ye by women, tl.ougl, not exclusively. From observing this general rule, we foiineily supposed that sex was indicated by them; but lately we have been led to regard 'wo and 'po' as used in co„nna„di,!,, ;,ud 'we,' 'y«,' 'pe,' and 'miye,' in mtreahnff. Although it would be .,ut of eharacter for women to use the former, men may and often do use tin; latter. ' When 'po,' 'pe,' and 'miye' is used it takes the plaee of the plural ending 'ni-' as. ceya po, eeya miye, cry ye. But with the negative adverb 'sni,' the -pi' is retained- as, <-eyai>i sni jio, tlo not cry. ' Sometimes in giving a eomnumd the 'wo' and 'ye,' signs of the imi>erative, are not exiaessed, The plural endings are le^^s fvequently omitted. 3. The injinitirr is conunonly the same as the ground form of the verb or third pei-son ingular indicative. When two verbs come together the Hrst one is usually to be regarded as the infinitive mood or present parti- ' Instea.! ..f ' po / • ,,.. • an.l • ,„i,ve.' tlu, Titoij w,.i, mak... tlie imperative plnraThy tlie plural emlinir p. aud ye,' or ' ,v«; a«. .......pi y... 1„ th- l.or.rn pray.T, lor .-xan-ple, we nay. '^Vau^lulnip kin nuk,.....a.M.up. ye;" bnt we .!« not say in the noM elanse. •• I^a taku wawiyn.a,, ki„ ek a "kayS KM. p.ye," bnt •• n„kayap, sni ye." Possibly tbe pinral ter.ninatiou - pi • an,! the precativ" Inn 'ye' nn,y have been .orrnj.te.l by the San.ee Into • n.iye.' an.l by the Yankton and others Into ' biyo '-w 11 /oZ i„T T'" " '"" '"* ■ '/"' •:* ''"""" *'■■"'" ' "'' "'"» '^< «"'! ^« ^««'"«« "» the imperative torniH, in the lawt analynis, to -e ' aud ' o.'— s. u. ii. AKOTA CUIAMMAU, THXT8, AXl, KTHNOGKAHIV. difference in the meaning. ' ' " " '""■" P"™ive. Manog, ti> ileal iinytliiui;. 27 sing. 3. man6q, he stcah or Dtole. 2. inivyAiioij, thou nunlei.t. 1. maw^inuij, / fteal. INDICATIVa MOUR. Aorifl (eNio. Dnal. maCiqnoq, we two a'eal. Fulurt lente. 3. maii6i) ktn, kt wiU steal. 2. may^noij kta, thou inU 1. mawdnoij kta, f will steal, inafiqnoij kta, we two tnT! Plur. maiidijpi, they tteal. luaytliioijpi, ye Bteat. inafiijiioijpi, w» iteal. inaiidijpi kta, they will Html. mayl^iioi))»i kta, ye will Hte-il. inauijiiuijpi kta, we will nteal. Sing. 2. man6ij wo, ye, or we, steal thou. IMPEnATIVE MODB. nor. tnaii6q po, ]ie, or miye, steal ye. § 48. The verb yi'ita, to eat anytliing, may be regarded oh ami'mpr under the Jirst varirti/ of this conjugation. The ' yu' is drop|)ed when the pronouns are assumed; as, yiita, he eats, ydta, thou mtsut, wata, / eat. SECOND VARILTY. § -lO. The second variety of the first conjugation is distinguished by the use of 'ye' and 'vye' instead of 'yaki' and ' wt^ki' (§ 18. 4), in the second and first j)erson8 singular. A. Pronouns Prefixed. Kiksuya, to remember any thing. INDICATIVE MODE. Aoritt tente. Sing. Dual. FInr. 3. kiksflya, he remembers. kiksCiyftpi, thei/ remember. 2. yc'ksiiya, tliou rcmemhcrest. y^ksuyapi, ye remember. 1. \v6ks\\ya, I remember. m)ki'ksuya, tee two remember. m)kikimyain, we remember. IMPERATIVE MODE. Sing. Plur. 2. kiksuya wo, ye, or we, remember thou. kiksftya po, pe, or miye, retnember ye. Future tense. — It is deemed unnecessary to give any further examples of the future tense, as those which have gone before fully illustrate the uiauuer of its formation. 26 DAKOTA (JUAMMAK, TKXTH, AND KTIINOiJHAIMlY. ECakitoif, to ill, iiiiyiiiiii); („ iiiiotimr. INIMCATIVK MOItR. Aoiiil Umr, Dual. Slug. 3. ed-dkit-oi), A.' rf«(w to (»iie, 2, ce(iyc(''oij, //««« itc uiiy tiling in two, INDK'ATIVK MODK. Aori»l IrHHe. Duul. riiir. yakMi'ipi, thry liitr in two, (lakHi'ipi, tfou bitr in tiro. ui)y&kMa, lor tico bite in two. uijydksapi, wc bite in two. Sing. ynkH^ wo, etc., bite thou in two. IMI'KIlATIVl: MODK. I'lnr. yakmi po, ftc., l)itt ye in two. Ya, to ffo, in c-onjuf^atorl in tho samo way in Isaijyati, but in tl>e Ihaijk- torjwaij and Titouwaij «liale(!tH it ^iven us a form of variation, in tho singu- lar future, which should bo noted, viz : yiij kta, ni kta, nuii kta ; dual, uijyiij kta. ('. Vrkiim in 'yo.' lyotat^ka, to sit down, INDIC'ATIVK MODE. Anrhl teiiie. Hinff. Uiiul. riiir. 3. iybtaijka, he situ down. iy6taijkapi, thii/ sit down. 2. iflotaijkii, thou nittrnt down. idotaijUaj)!. ijoii nit down. 1. imd6taijka, I ait down. \u)kiyotiii)kn, we two nit down, uijkiyotaijkapi, wesitdown. Sinn. iy6tai)ka wo, et<'., tit thou down. IMrKKATIVK MOIIK. SECOND VAKIETY. I'lnr. iyotaijka )»<», etc., nit ye down. § 51. The nrrnnd varU'tij of tho second conjugation embraces such verbs as belong to the sanio class, but are irregular or defective. Sing. 3, hiyu, he comes. 2. hidii, thou comest. J . hibil, I come. IRREGILAR FORMATIONS. (a) Hiyn, to come or start to come. INDICATIVK MODE. Aorist tente. Dual. uqhiyu, ice two come. riur. hiyupi, they come. hidlipi, you come. uijhiyupi, we come. 30 Sing, liiyi'i wo, etc,, come thou. SiliK. ."i, yiikiiij, there in some. •> DAKOTA GBAMMAB, TEXTS, AND ETilNOGBAPHY. IMPEKATIVE MODK. 1. (6) Tnkai), to in- or ilicrc is. Dual. uijkao, wc two are. Plnr. liiyrt 1)0, etc., cnme ye. riiir. yukilijpi, they arc. diik<4ij|)i, yoti arc. liukaijpi, we are. (c) Plur. Yakoijpi, thcij are. 3. Sing. Uual. -. (lakriiioi;, thou art. 1. uijyiikoij, we tiro are. rinr. yakdijpi, they are. dakdnoijpi, you are. uijyilkoijpi, we are. These last two verbs, it will be obse.rve,!, are ne, niawicayano,,, thou sternest them. An exception is formed by the pronoun of the first person plural, which is always placed before the pronoun of the second p erson, whether subjective or objective; as u.,nica.skapi, we bind you KAdKA, to tie or bind. Mm, htr, it. thee. 1 me. them, wi<:'fika(ika wieiiyakaska widawakaiika widdqkanka wid(tk*5kapi wiriiyaka!ikapi wicriijkaHkapi you. »». > 1 ■^iiig. 3. Uaiki 2. yakiitika 1. wakdrika Dual. nykiitika Plur. 3. kaskdni 2. yakiiiikapi 1. nijkiiiikapi nii^^ka (UiUika uit'iifikapi nyulC'Wikapi IiiakiiNka luayiikaMka mak^kapi iiiayiikaNkapi uieitskapi / mihi Ube,: But niwa.ste, mawa.ste, uijw.aHtoi.i, nita, mata, untapi .■aniiot be Haid to convey a dative idea Tue cognate languages show that these art' piin^ objcitives.— J. (). D. - How about md (bd, bl) and d (1), uiontioued in J 18, 7t— J. O, U. 32 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. C O X .1 U (i A T I () N III. § of). 1'his conjugation is distinf^riiished by the pronouns ' ni ' in the second and 'ina' in the first person sinjfular. Those verbs included under the /^.s•/ r«;v>//y take these pronouns in their full form. The second variety embraces those in whicli the pronouns appear in a, fragmentary state and are irreguhu' in their conjugation. FIKST VAKIKTV. § .^)(). To this variety belong neuter and adjeetire verbs. The proper adjective verbs always prefix the pronouns; but, while some neuter verbs prefix, others insert them. A. I'ltONOlNS I'KKIIXIsl). fa, to (lie or hr K. TVaste, flood o; to he good. Iiiial. riiir. ta i»o, et<;., die ye. lUjWi'isti', ire tiro are yood. It. riioxorxs IxsKniKi). Asni, /" yet well or he well, reeorer from ttiehuexs I'liir. \va!st«''i)i, they are ijood. niwi'i.stcpi, you are good. uijwA.stepi, we are good. Sing. 3. asm', //(' is well. 2. aiifsiii, thoK art irell. 1. ainasiii. Jam well. SiiiK. asni wo, etc., he thou well. INDICAIINK V1()l>i;. Aoiial TeiiHc. Dual. uijki'isui. we two are well. iMi'KiiATivi; modi;. TInr. asiiipi, they are well. aiiisnii»i. you are well. uijkiisiiipi, we are well. Plur. asni po, etc., he ye well. OONJTJfiATION III. SKCOND VAKIETY. 33 § 57. Verbs in this variety have only 'n' and 'in,' frafrments of the article pronouns *ni' and 'ma,' in the second and first persons singular. These appear to be mostly active transitive verbs. A. I'ROXOIXS J'UKKIXKIl. 1. The frafrnientary pronouns 'n' and 'm' are prefixed to the verb in its entirety. TJi), to line any tiling, as a tool, etc. IXIUCATIVH .MOI>K. Aorinf TeiiHf. Sinn- '■i. HI), lu' IIHCfl. '2. nuij, thou iisent 1 . iimi), T use. iiijkiiij. irr tiri> uxc. Plitr. uijpi. the)/ imr, ni'iiji)i, ye use. uijki'iijpi, we UHi: In tills and tlip following examples only the indicativ<' iiorist is >;iveii, tin- forma tion of the reniaiiiin},' parts liavinfi been already sufficiently e.xhibited. ITijjia and caijnuijpa, to Hmo\-e n pipe, are coiiiiifjated like uij, to uhc. The »-e^f'.r/re y«»v«()f verbs, which in the third per.son siiifrnlar commeiu-es with • ihd' (see § 3!l. 4.), is also conjugated like 'uij ;' as, ihdaska, to hind oneneif ; nilidaska. thou kindest tliywlf; inihdaska, I l>ind myself. 2. The ajffflutinated 'n' and 'm take the place of the initial ' y.' SitiR. 3. yaijkii, he is. -. naijki^, thou ort. 1. maijka. faw. 3. yaijka. he ireares. 2. naijka, thou irenvest. 1. mnaijka, I watve. (rt) 7ai)ka, to he. 1 )ual. uijyfiijka. lee tiro are. (h) 7ai)ka, to irenre, as snowshoes. Diiul. I'liir. yaijkapi, they are. naijkJipi, ye arc. nijydykapi, \ee are. riiir. yaijkajii, they treare. nAi)ka])i, you weave. uijyaijkai»i, ire weave. singular. uijyaijka. we two weave. YAijka, to weave, differs in conjugation from yaijka, to he, only in the first person |{. I'RONOtNS INSKRTKII. .H. 'N' and 'ni' take the place of 'av.' 7103 — vol. IX .'{ 34 DAKOTA GKAMMAlf, TEXTS, AND ETUXOGUAPHY. {») Owiijza, to makt a hcd d/ov use for a bed. SiiiR. 3, owfi)za, he uses/or a bed. 2. oiiiijza, thou usestjhr ti bed. 1. onu'ijza, / use for n bed. Uuul. riur. owi'ijzapi, they unefor a bed. oiiiij/.api, you me for a bed. uijkowiijzapi, we me for a bed. uijkowiij/.a, ire tiro use for ii bed. {b) Iwai)ga, to inquire ,>/()iie. ^i"K- Jhml. ,.,„r. .•?. iwaijga, he inquires of iwaijgapi, fhr„ iu juire of 2 mmjga, thou tuquirest of iuinjjVapi, you inquire of 1. imuijga, I inquire oj. mjkiwaiiga, we two inquire of uijkiwaijgai.i, ice inquire of Tliis second example differs tioin tlie first in the change of vowels, 'n' takintr the place oi';-.' Wiiijka and iwaijka. to lie down, ,,0 to l,ed, arc conjugated like iwaijga. In the Titoijwaij dialect iynijga is nscd instead ofiwaijga, thus: Sing. .3. iyuijga. li. inuijga. 1. irnuijga, Daal. Pliir. iyuijgapi. inuijgapi. uijkiy.iijgapi. uijkiyuijga. Iciyuijga, I inquire of thee ; nijkiniyuijgapi, wc inquire of you; etc. They also say yiiijka and iyuijka, instead of waijka and iwaijka. The like change of 'wa' to 'yu' is found in other words. 4. 'N ami 'ui' inserted with au 'a' preceding. Edoi), to do anything. Duul. PI,,,., ecdijpi, they do. eci'monpi, you do. ecoijku, /(■(• two do. ec(njkupi and ecoijkoijpi, we do. Hecoij, kt'coij, iind tolvoij are conjugated like ec6ij. ('. I'Hoxorxh Sri i-ixKi). 5. The inoiumu.s when suffixed take the tonus 'ui' and ' lui <'■ Ecig, to think: Dual. Sing. 3. ec6ij, he does. 2. ecanoij, thou doesi 1. eiVunoij, / (to. Siiif;. 3. eciij, he thinks. 2. ecaijui, thou Ihinlest 1. ecaijmi, / think. I'liir. eciijpi.///ei/ think. ecaijnipi, you think. ujkcriij, we two think. nijkeciijpi, we think. H^ciij, kcciij, wiiciij, and awaciij are conjugated like eciij. ' ■i. 3. U), he irearx. 2. liiijni, thou wiarent. 1. Iiiijnii, I wear. DOUBLE CONJUGATIONS. It), to wear, ax a shawl or blanket Dual. 35 Phir. iupi, thcji irear, hiijiiipi, //otf irmr. iiijkiijpi, ICC wear. .Valii(l()taijkapi,.i/o« vomv, etc. mjliiyotaijkiii»i, icrcome, etv. uijkiij, ICC tico wear. This exampl<. .litters from the pieee(liii« iii reeeiviiiK a pietixed •]..• UOrBLK VEKBS. § 68. These are formed of uwu verbs cornpoun.led (s\ 37 2 ) Thev usually have the pronouns pn.per t., both verbs, thouj^h sometimes the pronouns of the hist verb are o.nitted ; as, hdiyotauka (hdi and ivota,jka), to ronie ho„„- md sit ,lo>ni .- wahdimdotauka. / ...,. l>o„ir and sit down; they also say wahdiyotaijka. •' coNJ U(; ATin.xs i a xu 1 1. Hiyotai)ka, t<> come iiiid sit down. 3. hiyotaijka, he comcn, ete. i.(,. * i „, '' vihuh^t'Aui-., n,.„. 1 Myi>Uu)kiiin, thci/ come, i-U- — }>>\iita.ovA\)h.n,tnoii coment, - ■- etc. 1. wahiL lotaijka, / come. iii;liiyotayka. we two come. etc. et(!. part "ai^'oJule l;;.;;^'^"^^'; "'^^' '"^ "^"f - "i"a->i, lulina^i,, a.ul kiua^^i,, in both pait.s, Alt ot the faist con.Mi^ration; as, wahinawazin, yahinayazii,. etc. CON, I r(i ATlON S I A N I) 111. Ii)yai)ka, to nm (prob. i and yaijka). ■'*'"«• Un»l. ,,. ,. 3. iij.vaijka, /«- r^y,*. , • , " viiii.ii.L-.. //. , iijyaijkapi, thai nui. — y.uiin\)ki\, thou run iicnt. .. ., , . 1. «■»„„„»„,, r ,.„. „„„,„,,„„.. „ , ,',:;';;;*;L';;,;r::";;;„. .ion "ir;;;':.'';:;?,?;;,:"!'''''"''* "'"■■""•"■" "^« "»'' "■• "* "»j.«a. IBItEOlLAK AND DKFECTIVK VEKBS. §5!». 1 Ky:x tosuf,, with its oom,)<,;nKls W-y, and keya, are c.miu- gated >rr.,nlarn,, 'h' a.ul >' takin. the place of 'y' iu the se^oixd andZt persons singular. 36 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. SinK. .'i. ^ya, he saps. 2, ehk, thou myest. 1. ep6, / say or naid. Bya, to say auythiiig. Dual. iiijk<''yn, ire tiro say. I'lur. eyajii, they say. ehiipi, you say. uykeyapi, we say. 2. The Ihiujktoijwiir) and Titoijwaij forms of 'eya,' in the singular and dual, when followed by the sign of the future, are worthy of note; as, eyii) kta, ehiy kta, epiij kta, uijkeyiij kta. 3. Epca, / tliink, with its compounds liepda and kepca, are defective, being used only in the tirst person singular. 4. On the use of ' eya ' and its compounds it is projjer to remark that 'eya' is placed after the matter expressed, while 'heya' immediately pre- cedes, it being conqicunded of 'he' and 'eya,' this he said. On the other hand, ' keya ' come,- in at the close of the phrase or sentence. It differs from ' eya ' and ' heya ' in this, that, while their subject is in the same person with that of the verb or verbs in the same sentence, the subject of 'keya' is in a different person or the expression preceding is not in the same form, ((^regards person, as when originally used; as, mde kta, eya, T will go, he said; mde kta, keya, he said that I notdd go; hecamoij kta, epa, that I will do, I said; hec^amoQ kta, kepa, / said that I would do that. Kediq and kecaijkii) follow the same rule that governs keya and kepda. The annexed paradigm will present, in a single view, many of the facts and principles which have been already presented in regard to the synthetic formations of active verbs. I 3H DAKOTA (JItA.MMAIt, TEXTS, AND ETHNOCJJfAl'II Y. Ililll, «lr thre. ikem. you. ««, II 1^ .- a, it O ii XiUK.:*. biikNii liiiiiikMti -. biiViikMii I I. Imwiikitii l.aiikHii !>>>«il li»ui|kMit l'lur.3 liukHiipi Imnikmipi l.uin.ikHapi I ■millllllKHiipi ,lMHVl<-|il,kM8pi l.U.il,nikHUpi ImiiiukBii biiwi.iikMa l.aiiikHani liuiiiayakHa |liawii'fiyakHa bawiiiSwakHH liaiikHapi bawii'iiijkHa bawi.tfkMapi banikHapi .bai'iijksapi baiiijyakHapi baiiijkaaiii baiiiiyaksapi Xing. A. bokxii bonikga -■ boyiikNa I. boWiikHa biM fkHa I'lial biii'iiikMa I'bir. :J. boksiipi 1 ikHapi -. boyaknapj I. boiiiikNapi bmiiinikHapi boMi^kHa boiiitiyakHa bowiciikHa bi boi'itjnik»api ■"•iiiK. :(. kakHit •'. yaka'ksa I. wakiik.sa "iial iiijkiikHa I'liir. :t. kaksiiDi -'■ yaktiksapi I. "ijkiikmipi iiijiiiiak(ia|ii nii'iikxa I'iriikNu iiii'.lkHapi jmakakNa mayiikakHa Z,^ .•*""«■ 3. nakHii iiainkna S J I -'. iiayilkHa n«wilk»a iiarikMa nafiqkHa iiakdiipi iiaiiikMa|.i iiaytikHapi iiaiii)kijapinaiii)iiiksapi niiiikakua ni<'4kn«pi wi(''^yakakNa I wii'iiwakakHa ciciikHapi wirlii)kakNa makaksiipi wi.akakHapi 'iii.fikHapi mayHkakHai)! wyiiyakakKapi: wirnijkakHapi iiiinirakNapi I. Iiiial riiir. ;t. T.' iiainakMa naiiifiyakNa uuwiiiiksa iiianiksapi InaniriiyakHa ' iiawicji'wakNa iiaifk>»ai(i imwirfiijkgu I iiaiiiakHapi 'iiawi*-iksapi naniksapi nainityaksapi nawir(iyaksapi jpawi<-iirjknapi iiaiiitnikgapi Sing.H. pakHii iiipiikNa '1. yapa'ksa wapakMa ripiiksa ■n;i>akHa pakHiipi niprtknapi yapi^kHajii iirjpakgapi uijiiipaksapi I. Dual IMiir, :(. •t i' mapiikHa wi.apakga iiipiikHapi iimyapakHa wi.iiyapakHa wira wapakMa lipaksapi wii'dijjiakNa | inapakNiipi « i,(i],akgapi nipiikNapi mayaimkHapi wii-iyapakaapi i ,wi(-|'ii)pakHapi .iiijiiipakHapi siiiK.:j. T. Oiial I'liir. -A. niyak«a ■ iyakHa iiiyakgapi yakMii HakNii mdaksii iiriviikHa yakNiipi iiiyaksapi •-Srtk^i|.in.,„ivak.api "'">-'=''*«''I.i wi.;^^; ) I /iiijahsapi WKiiiiyakgapi iiitniyaksai.i iimyikHa ;WiiayakHa mayiidakKa wiiailaksa ' jwiia'nidaksii civakwipi 'wii'iiifyakHa mayaksapi wi.dyakxai.i iiivfikHapi 5' SiiiK.3. 1? 2. * *. Uiial I'liir. -A. 2. yuksa niviikKa diikNii niduksii '< iyiikKa iiijyrikHa I yukgapi iiiyiikHapi diikg.lpi iiyyiiksapi iiijin'yukHapi iniayukga mayiidiikga wi.iiytiksa iiivi'ikHapi wu'iidiikHa wi^^^timdukHa iiivi'iksapi wiC'iiijyukHa mayflkgapi jwi.iiyukgai.i iiiviikHai.i mayfidiikaapijwK^^iJdiikHapi wiiiiijyiiksapi iiijniyiikNapi |boiiijkga|ii boiiiiyakNapi |borujk8aj>j |b(irn)yakNa|ii iiijkakBapi iiijyiikakHaiii iiilkaksapi iiityifkakHapi uaiiijkitapi nai'iiiyakHapi iiaiiijkHapi narioyakHajii i 2. (laksiiksapi I. uijyakHakNa])i .lliHiihili: wabiikHa wabayakmi wubiiwakNa wabiiui)k8U waliiikHapi waliriyakHapi wabauijkiiapi wabiikHa wabiiyaksa wabowakHa wabi'mijkHn «abokNa])i wabnyaksapi wabduijk.sapi wakiiksa wayitkaksa w iwiikaksa wai'iiikaksa wakiiknapi wnyakaksapi waiiijkakHapi waniikcsa wjinrtyaksa wauiiwakHa wan.'iuiiksa Wiiiiiiksai)! waiiayaksa|ii wanauijkHapi wapaksa wayiipaksa wawiipaksa wauijpaksa wapiik.sajii wayapaksapi waiiijpakNaiii wayaksa wailiiksa "auidiiksa wauijyaksa "aydksapi wadiiksapi wai'iijyaksapi Ui/tejriif. baf('ikga banivikNa banifrikNa bai'iijitirikiia liafC^ikHapi l>ani('ikHapi baiiijkii'ikHapi boii'ikHa biinfriksa bonifrikHa boiiijkirikHa li(iii'ikNa])i bouii'ikMapi boiiijki ikNapi iluliikNa uilidriksa niiliilakHa iiilki'btlaksa ibd.'ikNapi iiilidfiksapi utjkibdak.sapi uaii'ikNa naiifvikna uaiMiriksa nm'iijkirikNa iiai'(;ikHa]ii uauiriksapi iiai'iiikiriksiipi ivi))akHa nii'maksa niirtpakNa urjkirijiakda ii'ipaksa]ii niripakNapi lujkiripaksapt ilidaksa nllidiiksa Miibdaksa uijkibdaksa ilidakaapi iiilid;ikMa|)i iiijkibdak.sapi I'OHiiiHtirr.' bakikna liayiikikHa bawiikikHa liaiiiiklkaa 'lakikHapi bi.vaklkHapl bau'ikikNapi bokikui boydkikBa bowiikiksa bouiikikna ItiikikHapi boyakiksaj)! lioiiilkikNapi litlakHii yalidiikHa wabdiiksa iiiilidiikHa lidakHapi yahdakNapi uijIidakHapi nakfkna nayaklkna n.'iwiikikHa iiaunkikMa iiakiksapi nayakikNapi iiarM|kik.sapi kpaliRii yakpiiksa vakpiiksa nijkpaksa kpakNa'pi y.akpaksapi uijkpiikNapl bdaksa yabdiikwa walidiik.sa inilidaksa iidaksii])i yabda'kKapi uijhditk.sapi hatire.' bakfclkHa bayi^ciksa baw^'iikHa lia'iiikii'ikNa liakic'ikNapi bayi^riknapi buiiijkic'iksapi bokfi^ikNa lioyr'rikNa bow(>i iksa IpoiiijkicikHa bokirikNa))i boyf'ciksayi lioiiijkii'ikHapi kicicakaa yri'ic'ak.sa wi^c-iraksa iiijki'cicakHa kii'iiakHa])! yi^rii'akHapi iiilkiciiakHapi nakfi'iksa uayf^cikHa iiawoiiksa iiarn|kii'ik.sa uakic'iksa]ii iiayi^cikHaiii uauijkic'ikNapi kirlpakna yi^oijiaksa wrcipaksa >ii)kii'i))ak.sii ki<'ip!:ksapi y('i'i|)aksapi iiiikii'ipakHapi kiViyaksa yi'i-iyaksa \V(^riyaksa iiijkiriyakNa ki<-iyaksa))i yi^ciyaksapi ili)ki('iyakNapi Slug. 3. yuksiiksa 2. duksftkBa 1. niduksiiksa Dual unksakna riiir. 3. yuksitkaajii 2. dukHiiksapi 1. urjkNaksa])! Wuksa "adrik.sa wanidiiksa waiiijyuksa wok.sapi wadiiksaiii wai'myuksaipi ibdi'ikaa iiibdiikaa iiiibdiikNa uiiki'iidiikaa ilidiik.sapi nihiliiksapi iirjkili KTIINOCUAIMIV. XOUNS. FnHMH (»K NOIT.NM. § 60. Diikota nouns, like thow^ of other lanf,ni!i<.vH, may Itedividodinto two classf^s, ftrimifirr juni tifyi, jtu'c. § (il. I'riniitiv*' nouns aro those whose ori su.li iiouiiM is prerixud 'wii' (ti„iii ualiai,k8i.'a, /. /,,-,). th.-jr HJiji.in c-ation 18 liMiit.-a to tho. h,ar np^nvn; ik^, wai)a. « /«■«,'* h,,i,l ; waha. « /««r'ii «*,„ • waNUij, a Ix-nr'M din. ' In lik.' mamuT, ' !.,.,' tioia lio^aii, „ jinh, i>ielix.-o/>/-; wayawa. /« mioil, wavuwupi, Jiyurta or nritlimrtic. ' . i - 6. Any vcrh may he us.-.l with the phn-ai (MKhn- as a v.-rhal n<.un or gerund, somctinu-s witliout, hut mort- connnoidv with, tho d.->init.- article ; as, icazo, h tuhr / /vW/7, icazojn, rmlit; wa ya waste, /« Idrss, wavawaHtej,i hlvs.s,„!i: waihaijoya, fo >lrsfn>,,, waihaij^) api, ,lrstro,,i,„, ; ecoij, to do, eci.rj,,i kilj, ilir (luiin/ of a thiiij>'. 8. AVhen 's'a' is used after verhs, it denotes frequntn, of urtion, and gives them the force of n..uns of the person; as, kage s'a, « maker; edoijpi sa, (/w;»iy yakoijpi s'a, , ,- suijhpa- dar), little doi/, jtappi/ ,• suij;iidaij, Jo.e. 3. Nouns endino. with this dinmiutive take tiie plural tenninaticm be- torethe daij; as, lu.ksidaij, Imi), hoksipidaij, ho/f.s. ^ 4. Some noims endinj. in Mia,' when they take the plural f<»rm, clian-e 'na into 'daij:' as, wiciijyaijna, fjirl, wiciijyaijpifhuj, /////.s .- wanistiijna,"./ Jeir, ])lur. wanistnjpidaij. In some cases ' daij ' is us.-d onlv in the plural form; as, tonana, a fe/e, j)lur. toiianaijpidaij. The ll,aijkt..ijwau an.l Sisitoywaij ...nnnonly use • i.a.- an.l the Tit:„j«an ' la ' in stead ot 'Uaij, lor the diuuuutive eiidiutr; as, hoksiua and hoksila. for h..ksidau.' 42 DAKOTA KTIINCXiUAIMIY. § 04. 1. 'Daij' Ih oCN'II J4MiM'jm-jm^- «t NOUNM: TASK, l'()HHEH.Sl(»>f. 48 - § (11. Diikof,. iKMiMs limy h<. Hiii.l tn Ii,iv<. t\v.. principul ...ihch. tin- s,,!,. Jn'tlrr mill oh/fdirr.' 'I'hc siilijoctiv.. iiikI ,.l)j,„.tiv(. rascM an- iisimllv kiuiwi. l.v tli.. |.l,i,-(. wliirli tli(^y occupy in the H»Mit.,iU'o. When two iioiins arc used, the one the 8ul,j,.ct an.l th.- other tl I,je<-t of the uctioii, the suhject is phiced hrst, the ohject lu-xt, an.l the verl. hiMt ; as. « icasta wa.j wowapi waij k,vm {man n hook a mail,), a man m«nV/ .SV"" lorrs), Ihwid loirs Sophia; Dakota Hesdeku wicaktepi (Dakota lox- haha,, lhnti-thrii-kill,',l), (hr Dakolas kilh',1 flir For fmlimt.s. Wlicii, ti„i„ s„„„. coiisiih-ration, it in manifest wliicli must be rl.o nomiuiUivc the ananKeiMcnl may l.c dillncnt ; as, wicusta Wakautaijka kuua ,»/«. (M „m,h) \l,.,l madr mini. ' As this .listincti..!! or .asH is ratlier syiita.ti.al tl.aii ..|ym..l..Ki.al, ««.. tintlicr in ill© Myiittix, lUtHHeHHhm, ^ 0«. 'I'he rehition of two nouns to eac.li other, »^ imssrssor m\A possessed i« sonietiincs inch-.-ate.! hy phicinj.' thcni in juxtaposition, the name of the' I)08«eHHor coniing Hrst ; as, Nvahuke/a ihupa, spra,-han,llr : tipi tixopa, hoasr- door; wicasta oie, mati\s ivmil. Sometimes the lirst noun sntters eontnietion; as, maHciijea, . ,,„w/«^, for ma*rt eiijea (ijoohv cIiiIiI); ttmVuyMnuUx, a plo„,,li, f„r nia^va iyanMJu ( fi,Mi>l,„a,h); n.ailuHi hiijte, a rake, tor niaf>a icahiijte (jUH-inki). § (!!l. Hut the rehition is pointed out more detinitclv l.v addinj.' to the hwt term a possessive pronoun, either separate or incorporated. 1. Sometimes the pronouns ' tawa ' and 'tawapi'are used after the second noun; as, tataijka woyute tawa (hafalo food A/.s), haffalo'.s food ■ w<,yute suktauka tawapi (food l,o,sr thi-hs), horses^ f„od ; wicasta^■ata„i tini tiiwii (vlihf lioiuse /lis), III,' cliief'.s hoa.sr. ' 2. 00 Hut fivnerally the possessiv.' i.ronouns are preHxed to the name otthe tlnno- possessed; as, tata.jka tawote (/>/ wo' drop the ' w ' and i.relix > t ■ ' .s wo waste, gooilnesx; Wakaijtaijka towaste, Ooirx ijoodnexx. (See 4 L'.i, 2. h.) ' " ' 'A. L.Kigga thinks a better arran«e..u.nt wo„l,l i„cl„.U. th„ <'tlie.n,>ua .h 44 DAKOTA (iKAMMAK. T'JXIVS, AND ETHNOGKAPHY. (h) NoiiiiK cxpreKsiiifj iclatioiiHlii]* fonn tlieir genitive by means of the suffix pronouns ' ku,' 'ru,' 'tku;' nn,sui)k»,ifoun(fer brother, Dawid suqkaku, f)avi(Vs youitjier hrofhrr: ('iijye, fhi' elder brother of a man, Tomaa (Ifiijcu, Thmima^s eider brother; «'iijksi, a dnuffhfer, wit-asta riyksitku, /wflw's (laughter. Proper i>nd Fninily Xntne*.^ § 70. The j)roper names of the Dakotas are w(»rds, simple and com- pounded, which are in (ommon use in the hmguage. They are usually given to children by the father, gi-andfather, or some other influential rela- tive. When young men have distinguished themselves in battle, they fre- quently take to themselves new names, as the names of distinguished an- cestors of warriid's now dead. The sou of a chief, when he comes to the chieftainship, generally takes the name of his father or grandfather; so that the same names, as in other more powerful dynasties, are handed down along the royal lines. 1. («) Dakota proper names s(»metimes consist of a single noun; as, Mahpiya, Cloud; Hoksidai;, Bo//; VVamdenida, Orphan; Wowa^iqyai), Faith. (b) Sometimes thev consist of a single adjective; as, Sakpe, (Six) Lit- tle-six, the chief at Prairieville. 2. (rt) Hut more fre(piently they are composed of a noun and adjec- tive; as Istahba (eyes-sleepij), Sleepy-eyes; Tataijka-hayska (buffalo-long). Long buffalo; Matohota, Grizzly-bear ; Wamdi-duta, Scarlet- eagle; Mato- tamaheca, Lfun-bear ; yiiiza.\'u>tn, Orey-irou ; ^la'AH-^'ii, Sounding-metal; Wa- paha-sa, Hed-ffig-staff, called iKtw Wabasha u: (J>) Sometimes thev are foniied of two nouns; as, Mahpiya-wicasta, ('loud-)uan ; I'ezihuta-wicasta, Medicine-man ; Ite-wakiijyaij, Thunder-face. 3. Sometimes a possessive pronoun is prelixed ; as, Ta-makoce, His country; Ta-]»cta-taijka, IHs-great-Jire ; 'l\i-o\ate-duta, His-red-people. 4. {a) Sometimes thev consist of verl)s in the intransitive form, which may be rendered by nouns; as, Wakute, Shooter: Wana])eya, One-who- eau.se.s-flight. (l>) Sometimes thev are compounded of a noun and verb; as, Akidita- naziij, Standing-soldier or Sentinel : Tataijka-naziij, Standing-buffalo ; Ma- hpiya-mani, Walking-cloud ; Waijmdi-okiya, One-who-talks-with-the-eagle ; Mahpiya-lulinape, Cloud-that-appears-again. ' A claHKitication of jienuiual iiauieH cif tlie Onialiu, I'onkii, Kiuikh, Osr.ge, Iowa, Oto, nml Missouri triheit will lie foiiiiil (iii i(|>, Sitlt-IfifJ. I'ror. A. .V. A. .S.. xxxiv, 1885. See also "ludiau personal uaiues," pp. l!63-268, Amer. AutLropologUt, July, 18WJ.— J. O. D. ADJECTIVES. 45 (c) Sometimes they are formed of two verbs ; as, Ii} yaqg-mani, One- who-walks-runninf/. In some instance a preposition is priefixed ; as, Ana- warjg-mani, One-who-walks-as-he-ffallops-on. § 71. The names of the women are formed in the same way, but gen- erally have 'wii)' or 'wirjna,' ./mrt/c, added; as, Aijpetu-sapa-wiij, i?/acit- day-woman ; Mahpi-wiijna, Cloiid-ivoman. § 72. The Dakotas luive no family or surnames. Hut the children of a family have particular names which belonp- to them, in the order of their birth, up to the fifth child. These names are, for l»oys, Oaske, HepAij, Hepf, Cataij, and Hakt^. Foi- girl.s they are, Winrnia, Hajjaij, Ilapistiqna, Warjske, and Wihake. Thus the iirst child, if a Ix.y, i.s called Caskc, if a girl, Win()na ; the second, if a boy, is called Hepaij, and if a girl, ITapaij, etc. If there are more than five ciiildren in the family, the others have no names oi' thio kind. Several of these names are not used by the Titoijwaij a,;id Ihaijktoijwaij. § 73. The names of certain family relations, both i..ale and female, are presented in the following table : A Man's. A IVoman'K elder l)rotber (•ii)y^ timdi') elder sister tatjk*; eui) younger brother miijkd RUIjkll yiiniij{cr sister taijksf taijkd male cousin tahiiijsi lc(rr//, plur. taijktaijka. (I>) In some cases the last syllable reduplicates; as, waste, f,ood, plur., waste.ste. (c) An.l sometimes a middle syllable is reduplicated; as, taijkiijvaij, great t)r large, plur., taijkiijkiijyaij. <"OMl'AIUSON. s^ 79. Adjectives are not inflected to denote degrees of comparison, but are increased or diminished in signification by means' of adverlis. 1. (a) What may be called the com/Htratirr degree is tbrmed by saijpa, more: as. \vaste, good, saijpa waste, more good or Iwffrr. When tile name of the person or thing, with uiiich the comparison is made, immediately pre- (•edes, the preposition ' i ' is employed to indicate the relation, and is pre- fixed to .saijpa; as, \vica.4ta kiij de i.saijpa waste, ///As- mai> is better thou that. Sometinies 'sam iyeya,' which may l)e translated more advanced, is used; as, sam iyeya waste, more aifranced good or heffer. It is (lillicull t.. translate 'iyeya' in this .•onnction. I.ut it seems f. convev the idea <' iioijpa, kektopawiijjVe,' woyawa taijka, ten. Iirenty thirty, forty, a hundreil. tiro hundred. (I thoiisiind. the great count, or a million. 1. The numbers from eleven to eiffhtecMi inclusive, are formed in two ways: (a) By ake, af/aiii; as, ake waijzidiiij, eleven; ake noijpa, twelve: ake yannii, thirteen, etc. Written in full, these would be wikcemna ak<- wayzi- dai), ten uffain one ; wikcemna ake noijpa, ten ogam tn-o, etc. In countiuu:, the Dakotiis use, their tiiigcrs, beiidint' them down as they juiss on, until they reach ten. They then turn down a little tinger, to remind them that one ten is laid away, and (tonimence again. When the second ten is (counted, another tinger goes down, and so on. (I)) By saijpa, more; as, wikcenma saqpa waijzidaij, ten more one, (10+1) or eleven; wikcenma saijpa topa (10 + 4), fourteen; wikcemna saijpa salido;i'aij (10 + S), eufhteen. 2. Nineteen in formed by uijma, tlie other ; as, uijma napciijwaqka, the other nine. 3. (a) Wikcemna noijjja is (10 X -') t.venty, and so with thirtif, forfi/, etc. The munbers between these are formed in tlie same wav as between eleven and eit/hteen ; as, wikcemna noij|)a saijpa waijzidaij, or, wikcemna noijpa ake waqzidaij (10 X-* + 1), f/rrnti)-onr ; wikcenma noijpa saijpa nap- ciijwaijka (lOX'-' + iO- tirrnfi/-nine ; wikcemna yamni saijpa t«»pa, (10X3 + 4), thirfjf-fonr; wikcenma zaptaij saijpa napciijwaijka (10 X •') + !•)- fifhl' nine. Overrwc //»«f/ra/, numbers are still formed in the same way: as, opawiijge saijpa wikcemna sakpe saijpa .sakowiij (100 + [lo x (i] + 7), one hundred and sijtij-.serrn : kektopawiij] + [10 X 3] + 6), two thoumnd five hundred and fhirti/six. 'Also ki)ktoi)iiwit))Ve. 48 DAKOTA GEAMMAR. TE :TS, AND ETHNOGKAPHY. {!)) Tlw uumhers between iwentji and flihiij, thirty iind fnrtji, cic, are occasionallv exjx'e.ssed hy placin<>- an (tidinal beton^ \\w cardinal, wliich de- notes tliat it is so Diany in such a ten : as, iyanuii ti>\y,\,foiir of the third (ten), i. c, ticnity-foiir; \h>\)» yanini, thrrc of the fourth (ten), i. c, thirty-thnr. It is an iiiterestinfi'stuilv to analyze these numerals. It has been stated above, that the Dakota, in coniuion witli all Indians, it is believed, are in the habit of iisinji' the hands in countin",. It might l)e supposed then tliat tlie nanu's indicating nund)ers would be drawn largely from the luviui. The following derivations and explauatioiis, it is l)elie\ed, will be found in the mai.i reliable. 1. Waijca, etc. from wan! iuterjectiim — calling attention — perhaps, at the same time, holdiny iiji a Jiiiyrr. 2. Xoijpa, from en aoijpa, /" l>i'nd down on, or place nil, as the second Hnger is laid down over the small one; or perhaps of nape oijpa, na])e being used for Jiiiyrr as well as hand. The Ponka and Oniaha is naijba, and the Winnabago nuijp.' 3. Yamni, from nmi (roof) signifying either turniny orcr or Iny'niy up; the 'va' ] "rhaps indicating that it is donc^ with the mouth. (See ^x Mf) It is sufjgestt'd, as ii fmtluT solution of yaiuni, rliat tlic 'imii' may be an olrl root, meaiiiu};- lixjelhir ov fair toijethei-, as we have it in tlie rediiplicatt' amninnii. cfi., mh.i amnimui, to Hpriulilc irater upon. Tlie I'oiika and Oniaha isdha-odhiij.- 4. Topa, from o[r,\, t(, filtoie ; (perhaps ti, a house, and o\r,y, follow .with) as we sav, 'in the same box,' with the rest. The three have banded together and made a 'ti' or 'ti(hnj,' as we would say a family, and the fourth joins them. The I'onka and Omaha is duba. 5. Za]>taij, from za, (root) holdiiiy (oi- jierhaps whole, as in zani), and ptaijyaij or jjtava, lofiether. In this case the thumb is bent down over the fingers of the hand, and holds thmi foyethe' 6. Sakjx', from sake, nail, and kpa o kpe, (root) losfiny as some kinds of fotid which go a good ways, or Jillea, as a plump grain. This is the second tlnunb, ami the reference may be to the other hand being roinpli "d. Possil)l\ from the idea of bending down as in nakpa, the ear. 7. Sakowiij, from sida, iioi)i)i, and nut||i. — .). O. I' tfa-lii'i" in tin' notation of the lini' ni of i:ilnii)hig.\ — .). O. 1>. DERIVATIONS OF NLMEKAL AD.IKCTIVKS. 49 H. hah(!;.^raij, from sake, ww/V prolnibly, and hdc.jiaij, jx.ssessivt^ <.fv»oaij, to optn ; hut perhipH it is o,Vfi,j or ojie, to cover, to wmr ; the naii covers itselj. Two finge'-s now cover thj thunil).' !». Xapcirjwaijka, from nape, hawt, (-istiijiia, small, and waijka, lies— hand-smaU-Ues ; that is, the remainder of the hand is very small, or perhaps, the hand now lies in ;i small compass. E!i Abraham explains 'iiapciijwaijka' as lioiii i.aiK'npi.. All linqeri, arc napnipc, in the oriKinal sense; that is they are nutrroir honrs or thv haml. Xd three ..r b/i threes, etc.; as, nonuioijpa, />// twos; ytxmmmm, bji threes ; toptopa. /y// >«/•*•, etc. (1) Waij/.ikzi, the reduplicate of waij/i, pio].erly means hii ones, hut is used to signify a fen: (-') Noijpa and topa are oft ontraeted int.* noni and toni, and are f-eneiallv reduplicated HI this form ; na, wtmiumi, by f iros ; Uuutoiu. In/ fours. (ji) Yaniiii, zaptaij, .sakowiij, and wikreinua, ledni.licate tin- last syllable; as yaninimni, zaptaiji)taij, .sakowiijwii,, and wik.'eninainna. The same is tnieof opawin^vj and kektopawiijge; as, opawiijpejVe, hji hnndriih. (4) Napeiijwaijka and .sahdojVaij iedupli5— VOL IX 4 50 DAKOTA GHAMMAIJ, TEXTS, AND ETHNOCRAi'UV. Ami 'akilidc' is soiiu'times lused tor this pufpose: ms, iioijpii Jikilidc uoijpa, two times two. § S;{. 1. ' Diiij ' (ir ' iiii,' siilHxcd to mnnefiil iKljcctivcs, is rcstri'-tivc; as, yainni, tlirrr, yiiiiiniuii, diiI// three; zaptaij, .//r^'. zaptaijna, onli/^fire. 2. Witli monosyllabic words ' iia ' is doul)l('d; as, noiu, tivo, u(»miiana, onlif two; Unn,foi(r, tomuaua, oulji Jonr ; liuijl'i, a part, liuijl'maiia, onlij a part. Ordinals. § S4. 1. Tiic ordinal numbers, after tokalieya, .//V.s7, are formed from cardinals l)y prefixing- ' i,' ' ici,' and 'wici;' as, inoijpa, icinoijj)a, and wici- noijpa, nevoiid ; iyamni, iiMvamni, and wiciyauuii, third; itopa, icitopa, and wicitopa, fourth : iwikcenuia, tetith, etc. "2. In like manner we liavc^ iake waijzi, rterotfh ; iake noijpa, twelfth; iake yanmi, thirteenth, etc.; iwikcennia noij|)a, twentieth; iopawiijjie, one hundredth, etc. § ><;'). \Vlien several ninnl)ers are nsed to, thus. ((I) \W iKkling- 'en,' in, in a tM.ntnurted form; as, de, tliis, den, here ; lie, tliaf; hen, flirrr ,- ka, that, hui, //ondrr; tiiktu, wA/cA ." tuktcn, whin- f (c) \i\ addinj.- 'ki' and 'n,' 'kiya' and 'ciya;' as, ka, ///«/, kaki an.l kakiya, tlirrc; de, ////«, d(M'i and deciya, lictc ^. Adverhs are formed from adjertivrs, by addinjr > ya; ' as, waste, f/oofl, wasteya, well; niva, hail, sieaya, fmllif ; taijka, ymj^ taijkaya, //m/////, o/r«. fiively. 3. («) Adverbs are formed from rcrh.s, by addinjf 'yaij;' as, i\u«kiij, to rejoice, iyuskiijyari, rejoirinf/hj, f/lmllf, ; taij'yaij, well, mny Ix imm the- obsolete N-erl) 'taij ' (as they still nse ataij, (o ret/urd, take rare of); itoijsni, to tell a lie, itoijsniyaij, falsehf. (h) Some are formed by addinji- ' ya ' alone; as, iioka^^a, to tell „ falsehood about one, aokahya, falsely. (c) In a few instances adverbs are fonned from verbs by adding • na:' as, inahni, to he in haste, inahnina, hastili/, temporarily. 4. Ad^■erbs are formed trom other adverhs. (a) By addinj.' 'tn;' as, delian, )mw, deliantn, at this time; hehan, thru, hehantn, at that time ; tohan, when ." tohantii, at what time f (h) Other forms are made by a Idinj.- 'ya'to the precedinfr; as, de- hantuya, thus, here; hehantuya. ///m' ; de6etiiya, .so; toketnva, /« what- ever way. (c) Others still are made by the fnrther addition of 'ken:' as, 1. 52 DAKOTA (ilJAMMAK. THXTS. AND KTllNOGUArilY. (i. A!i, 111(1 r to kiri, iritli him. Iter, or it iiialicii, iritliin ohua, ill olioinni, aioinnl alma, irith flkaii. oil or upon ako, hey o ml fluia, iinionj/nt ckta, (it. to VII, in etaijliaUj.'roiH Some (pftlifst! iirc (initc as often used as ddrerlix as prepositionfi. oin, iritli till III oi), of (n- from, with, for ojita, throiKjh siiijpa, liei/ond tai)liaij,./Vo»i yata, at. IXCORPOUATKl) PUPU'OHITIONS. OK PKKl'oslTlOXAI. I'ARTIOLES. \x !I0. These are suthx«'d to nouns, pretixed to or inserted into verbs, and prefixed to adverbs, etc. yN i»l. The prepositions sufHxcd to nouns are ' ta,' and ' ata ' or 'yata,' at or on; as, ti'ijta, jirairie, tiijtiita, at ov on file prairie : n\{\\i:\, a Jield, ma;i'ata, at the Held ; caij, (rood i^Y (roods, eaijyjita. at the iroods. 'I'hc preposition en, in, contracted, is suffixed to a tew nouns; as, ti, (t house, tin, in the house. These formations may also be reiiarded as adverbs; as, he, a hill or rid(/e, hevata, at the hill or liael: Jroiii. T. L. liiiiii'i suf^j-csts that tliis (•la.>^s of words slioiild be deiioiiiinated prepo- Hitional nouns or adverhiiil nouns. _ § !I2. The prejiositions "a," ' e,' " i,' 'o,' instead of beino- sutfi.xed to tlie noun, are prefixed to tlie verli. 1. (a) Tlie prep()siti(m 'a,' on or npon. is probably a contraction of I I I I'UKi'OSITIONS— CON.nrNtTIONH. 53 I i 'aknn,' and is prpfixofl tn ii v(Ty lar<>e number of vjM-bs; as, mani, to ivntk, aniani, 1o irall; on, ('aijka^a aiuawaiii, / iralh- on a lot/. (h) Tho pnfposition 'c,' (o or af, is piohnhly tnmi ' ekta,' and is pro- fixed to some verbs; us. yuripa. to lai/ ilowii anytliinj^- one is carryin}', cyuhpa, to liii/ doini at a place'. (r) The preposition ' i ' pretixed to verbs means wifli, for, on account of; as, eekiya, to jini//, ieekiya, to imiif for a tliin;>-. (d) The preposition 'o,' in, is a eontraetion of ' ohna,' and is found in a large class of verl)s; as, Imaka, to plarr or /«// (toirn, ohnaka, to jdncr n thing in something else. 2. The prepositions which are eitlier prefixed to or inserted into verbs, in the pron(»uns' place, are 'ki' and ' kiVi.' (a) ' Ki,' as a preposition incorjKmited in verl)s, means to nv for ; as, kaga, to niukc, kicaga, to inoLr to one; luiwc ya, to f/u to Itrini/ anvtliiug, kihnvve ya, to f/o to lirint/ ;i thing ./o/- one. (b) 'Kk'i' incorporated into verb.s, means >/•; as, kaksa, to ihoit of, as a stick; kicicaksa, to c/inji off for one. § 93. The preposition 'i' is pretixed to a class of adverbs giving them the force of pre])ositions. In tiiese cases it expresses rrlation to or connr.rion with the preceding n(tun; as, tehaij,, /;//•, Iti-UiW), fir from any tinu^ or place; heyata, behind, iheyata, hark of something. These adverbial ))rei)ositions are such as : iako, ficyoHtl iakan, upon iaskiicliuj, near to iciihdii, III/, near to ihakain, beliind ihdiik.saij, roinid ahout iliektam, beliiml ilnikuya, timJcr ilicyata, Iwliinil, liiiek of ika ijyeta, doirn from ikiyedaij, iitar to isaijpa, bcyord itakasaijpa, occ>-from itaijkau, icitliom itehnx], fir from itokaiii, III fori! iwaijkam, abore iyoliakain, nftcr iyotalietlaij, bvtireen iyotalicpi, between iyotakoys, opposite to. OONJUNCTiOiyS. § 94. Conjunctions in Dakota, as in other languages, are used to con- nect words and sentences; as, waste ka ksi\[n\, i/ood iind w'st',- wicasta siceca koyn, mm and children: "Uijkaij Wakaijtaijka, Ozaijzaij kta, eya: uijkaij ozaijzaij," And God said, ' Let lii/ht lie.-' and li/jht wu.s. § 96. The following is a list of tlie pi-incipal conjtnictions, viz: uijkaij, ka and ca, (in>l; ko and koya, al.so, and: mjkaijs, kiijhaij and ciijhaij, kina- haij and «i : ii! ('! Iich! liiwo! ilio! ito! nuil'i! tokn! wnij! hark! laak! sir! hrhnlil! halloo! Sflf-jitai.'^c: ilidataij! ilalataijl'i! Iwast!^ Affirnniliaii : vrnhvl ('('as! iM-acs! ccs! eliacs! ('fitakncfs! cvakcs! cval^cs! nakan! nakac^s! iialcid! tridi/! i/cs! IHshi'licf: v/aA 1u!s! iiiijtc! i'lo! iHXH-al'i! iv('sni('a! ol'io! tazc! or tasc! (Yankton) y/r/ fadf/c! ifoa iloti'l saif so! 'Kya,' wlicn nscd at tlu* Itt'friiniinjrot' a pln'aso or stfutcnicc. is an InttM-- j'.'ction, and seems to mean notlnn}>' ' •• Hoimf ■' (loi'H not iiii]ifai' ii» tin iiit«rj<'<'tiuii in Welmter's iiniliil I'riii § !>7. Tlu' itirorporfitrd piniioiiiis iirc citlicr pnjixid h> or hisrrhd into v^'i'hs, ii(lj('cti\'('.s, iind nouns. 1. roNlTlnx IN Vfhbs. § !>8. I. (ti) jronosyllnltic verbs, such iis, Im. to lihnn; t\.\, to ask for, etc., ncccssnrily prefix the prononn.s; ms innyiili:i (nii-tlioii-l,l,iniist), thou liliiiHr.sl me. (h) Those vcrlis uliicli ;m- formed l»y iiddinj.- tlie prefixes ' ka' and pfi,' iind also tlie pos.se.ssive forms in ' kpa ' or ' tpa,' ' lida,' and • lidn,' liavo the pronouns prelixed ; as, kak.sa, lo cut of irith nil a. ri\ wakaksa, / nit o(f' , l)a;iaij. fo /iiirt irifli anything, wapa;iinj, / /lorf intli ; kpa^aij. and t|)a;Vaij, puit iv'itli aiir's oini, wakpa^iaij, / pint irilh wi/ nini ; hduta, t<, nit one's It, wahduta, / nif iiii/ oirn. to oir {(■) Other verlts, whose initial letter is ' d ' or ' k,' have the pron< prefixed ; as, daka, to vstef lllllM III xo, \va( laka, / esti'cm so; kn'ht, to mo/, tliDii iiKihrst. i\ vakaiia, ('0 'or the f( )rms of the sul» jeetive pronomis of the first person sinj^i- lar and the se<'ond ])erson siuj-ular and plural of verbs in ' va ' and see §§ 39. (/>), od. vu, 2. (rt) All verbs conuneneiii"- with the pronouns innnediat(dv after the vowel I vowel which is not a prefix, in.sert IS, opa, to folloir, owapa, / fol- 1 IS prefix( 'I; as, iinko jk( low, exeejitiiij^' the first person plural, ' uijk,' wliicl \)^n, wcfo/loir. Hut onijpapi is also used. (b) The prefixino' ..f the javpositions 'a,' '«■,' 'i,' 'o,'d<,es not alter the phice of the pronouns; a.s, kastaij. to pour out, wakastaij, / okastaij, to /loiir out III, ow ikastan, / ij, / pour out; I hind; apahta, to bind on, ajiav dita, I bind ij, / pom- Old in ; pahta, to Innd, pawahta, on. 06 tMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^^ >%x 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■IT IM ^ 1^ 6" M 2.2 1.8 i.4 IIIIII.6 -»• ■7] ^ v: %. sC^ Photographic Sciences Corpomtion 23 WCSr MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (714) 872-4503 '■.■*s' 56 J)AK()TA OHAMMAK, TKXTS, AND KTIIN<)(JKAPHY. (c) V^irbs torined t'roiu verhiil roots and adjwtives by prefixing ' ba,' 'bo,' and ' na,' take the pronouns after the prefix; as, baksa, to cut off with a knife, bawaksa, / cut off'; l)oksa, to shoot ofi\ as a limb, boyaksa, thou shootest ojf'; naksa, to brcuk off irith the foot, nawaksa, / hreak off' with the font. ((!) Other Aerbs whose initial letter is '('•,' ' s,' ' in,' or ' n,' have the pronouns inserted at'tei- tlie first syllable; as, eapa, to stab, eawapa, I stat) ; niani, to walk, niawiini, / walk. Pahta, to Innd or tie, rIho inserts the pro- nouns after the first syllable. ((') Veil)s that insert or ])refix the ])repo8itiona ■ ki ' and ' kfdi,' take the pronouns immediately before the prepositions. (See § 40. f). a. h.) (f) Active verbs formed from other verbs, adjectives, or nouns, bv addhig the causative ' kiya' or ' ya,' take the pronouns immediately before the causative; as, waijyagkiya, to cause to .see, waijyag'makiya, he causes me to see; samkiya, to idacken, samwakiya, / Itlacken; caijtekiya, to loue, cayte- wakiya, / love any one (/jr) The compound personal and reflexive pronouns (§ 24) oc(!upy the same place in verbs as do the ordinary incorporated pronouns; as, waste- daka, to love, wastewadaka, / love anything', wastemicidaka, / love myself. 2. Position in Aiukctivks. §99. 1. (ffi) The })r(mouns are prefixed to what may be called adjective verbs and adjectives; as, yazaij, to he sick; taijcaij naayazaij, Qmly me-sick) Mjl body is sick; waste, yootl, niwaste, (thee-yood) thou art yood. (li) The pronouns ' ina,' ' ni,' and 'un' are j)refixed to the simple miinerals; as, inawaijzidaij, / am one: ninoijpapi, you arc two; uijyanniipi, we are three. 2. (a) lint if the. adjective verb has assumed the absolute form by pre- fixing ' wa,' or if it ('(immences with a vowel, the pronouns are inserted; as, waAazaijka, to be sick, wamayazayka, / am sick; asui, to yet well, amasni, / have recovered. (I)) Waoijsiihi and wacarjtkiya, and perhaps some others, which we are accustomed to call adjectives, insert the proijouns; as, waoijsiwada, / «>» merciful. ;t. Position in Nouns. §100. 1. (a) Tlie pos.se8sive i)ronouns are always prefixed to the noun. (See §§ 21, 22, and 23.) (It) When a noun and ])ronoun are joined together, with the subatan- tiv(» verb undcM'stood, the incor|)orated |»ronoun is prefixed to some nouns S YNT A X-PI{0\OUNS. ft7 a^ul insertorl in others; as, nisuyka, {thee.lo!,) thou art a do,; wini^asta, {tlw,'.mu>) tho„ art a mm ; Dainakota, {,m- Dakota) I ah, a Dakota. In soiue nouns the pronoun may be ,,lace ■' Seitaratr /'rononim. § 103. The separate personal pronouns stand first in the clauses to winch thev belouff. («) They stanse being indicated by the ineoriorate.l or articirZou^ or I. %'■■ m 58 DAKOTA (IKAMMAK, TKXTH, AND ETI!NO(JltAPH Y. inflexion of the verb; but they are freiiiieiitly used for the sake of emphunis; as, nisuijka he 1j;upi he; hiya, he miyc luaVupi {thyhrnthi-r that wait-givmf no, that me me-wmgiven), wan that given to thy brother? no, it wax given to me; ye masi wo; liiya, miye mde kta (to-go me-eommand ; no, me T-go icill), send me; no, I will go myxelf, (c) When a separate pronoun is used with a noun, one ))eing the sub- ject and the other tlie object of the same verb, the i)ronoun stands first ; as, miye mini wacii) (tnc water I-wai>f), I want water; niye toka kiij niyuzapi (ijou enemy the yon-took), the enemies took you. But when the ])ronouu is the object, as in tins last example, it may stand after the noun; as, t(')ka kiij niye niyuzapi (enemy the yon you-took), the enemies took you. (d) In relative clauses, the* sejiarate ])ronoun is placed last ; as, wicasta hi ^oij he miy(i (man eamc that me), I am the man who eame; oniciyapi kiij liena uijkiyepi (yon-help the tho.se n-e), we are they who help yon. (e) The adverb 'hiijca' is often used with the separate pronouns to render them more emphatic; as, miye hiijca {me very), my very self tA niye nitawa hiijca (thee thine very), trnly thine own. (/) In answering questions, the separate pronouns are sometimes use) The separat.f pronoini 'iye' of the third person, and its plural ' iyepi,' are frefjuently used in the subjective and sometimes in the oi)iective caKe. 2, Hut <»rdinarily, and always except in the abov(. cases, no ])ronoun <.f the third person is used in Dakota; as, sivo waij knte ka o (vm/.sr « shot and killr,l), hv shot a uronxv and kdlvd it; suktaijka kiij vnzapi ka kaska hdepi (Jiors,- the caiif/ht and tied placed), they eaiu/ht the horse and tied him. Repetition of I'lononnn. § 107. 1. In the (!ase of verbs connected bv conjunctions, the incor- porated subjective pronotuis of the first and second persons must be repeated, as h. -ther lano-ua-es, in each verb; as, wahi, ka waijmdake, va ohiwaya, / raine, ami I saie, and J conquered. 2. (a) 'VVi^a' and other objective incorporated pronouns follow the same rule; as, tataijka kiij wauwicamdake ca wicawakte (hiifalo the, them- I-saw, and them- /-killed), I mw the hiifalo and killed them. (/>) S(., t(.o, in adje<-tive verbs; as, oijnisike ca nisihtiij (thee-poor and thee.Jcehle), thou art poor and fechh: 3. Two or mon* nouns connected bv conjunctions recpiire the posse.s- sive pn»n(nui t<» be u««m1 with each ; as, nitasnijke ka nitamazaka.j, thii-doa and thji-ffun. DEMONHTBATIVK rRONOT'NS. § 108. Demonstrative pn.nonns may oenerallv be used in Dakota wherever they woidd be reciuired in Kn<'lish. _ 1. \N hen a demonstrative pronoun forms with a noun, pronoun, adjec- tive, or verb a pr<.position <.f which it is the subject or object, it is placed first; as, hena tataijkap^ those are oren; de miye, this is l) dena wasteste, these are ffood ; he mayaku {that me-thon-(javest), thou yavest me that. 2. Hut when used as a (pialificative of a noun, or noun and adjective, It IS placed last; as, wicasta kiij himn {man the those), those men; wicasta wastt* knj dena {man j/ood the these), these (jood men. § 109. The demonstrative in-ononns 'he' an.l 'hem.' are often used where personal pron.mns would be in Enolish ; as, ate uma.4i kiy he wica- ! I H 1 60 DAK<>TA (JKAMMAH. TKXT8, A\I> KTIL\()GUA1MIY. yadapi sni (^father mc-sctit the flint yc-hHievf vot), »,^ father who sent me, him ye lielieve not ; ate umasi kiij he inalulaotayiij (^father me-sent the that ine- (leclnreth), m/f father who sent me he heareth wifiieys of nie. § 110. Deinoiistrative pronouns are often used in Dakota when they would not be reijuired in Knfrlish ; as, isaij kiij h(^ iwaeu {kti'ife the that I- took), I took the knife. RKr.ATIVK I'BONOt'NS. § 111. 1. 'I'uwe, who, and takti, a hat, are used, l)oth as inten'ogative and relative pi'onouns, and in b(»th cases they stand at the heginnino- of the ])lirase or sentence; as, tuwe yaka lie, wh(nii dost thou nieanf taku odake ciij, what thoa relatest. 2. (rt) In affirmative sentences, 'tuwe 'and ' taku ' are often used as nouns, the former meaning some jierson, and the latter, some thing ; as, tuwe he manoij, someone has stolen that; taku iyewaya, / have found soniethint admissible. (a) It is used with nouns that denote a class; a«, wicasta kiij bosdan naziijpi {men the uprifflif .stand), mm. stand nprif/ld,- suktaijka kiij duzaharjpi (lior.srs the swift), horses are swift or ran fast. (h) It is often used, as in (ireek, French, etc., with abstract nouns; as, wowaste kiij (tfoodness the), (foodness; woahtani kiij awihnuniwicaya {sin the destroifs-them), sin desfro/fs them. (c) It is used with a noun ill the vocative case; as, maka kiij nahoij Avo (earth the hear-thou), earth, hear! (d) As in Greek and Italian, it is used with nouns which are (pialified by ])ossessive or demonstrative pronouns; as, ninap«! kiij (thii-hand the), thi) hand; wicasta kiij de (man the this), this man. ((^ It is often used with finite verbs, giving to them the force of gerun«ls or vebal nouns; as, kagapl kiij, ///^' malim/; mamjnipi kiij (we walk the), oar walkinf/; yahi kiij iyomakipi (thoii-eome the me-pleases), thji eomint/ pleases me. § 116. In Dakota the definite article is s(.metimes (tmitted where it would be recjuired in English. (a) Nouns governed by jtrepositions are gencially used without the article ; as, coijkaske ekta mda (f/orrison to I-f/o), I am ijoiiifi to the f/arrison; caij maheu wai (wood into l-went), I went into the woods; tiijta akan nunjka (prairie, upon I-fie), I lie upon the prairie. (I)) Proj)er names and names of rivers juid lakes an* connnonlv used without the article; as, Tatauka-naziij (tnifidlo-stands), Thr-stnndinn-hafalo; Wakpa-minisota, the Minnesota river; Mdtfiyedaij, /Me-qui-intr/e. (e) Wlien two nouns come togetiun- in the relation of possessor and possessed (§ 68), the last only takes the arti(^le, or rather the entire exj.res- sion is rendered deHnite by a single article j.laced after it; as, caijpahmihma ihupa kiij, the thill of the rart; Wasicuij wicastayatapi kiij, the h'in/f of the French. 02 DAKiKI'A (JHAMMAU, TKXTS, AND KTIlNOdUAPHY. Iiiitrjiiiitr Aitivli: ^ 117. Tlni iii«l('tinit<' article in inoro limited in its um than the dctinite, but w» far a- itn iw- oxt.-iuln it follows the same niles; as, hoksidaij waij (hoif a), a hof/,- lioknidaij wast«f waij (ho// f/ooil a), u i/ood ho/f. HIH. Hoiiu-tiiiH'H both ailiclcs are used in the same phrase, lu which cane tlie deliiiite U rciMlered hv the rehitive (see § U3. .*{); as, wicasta waij waste kiij he kaffa (/««« u ffooti tl,r flmt nimlr), he was a ijood man. irho mule that. VERBS. I 'oh i turn. § IV.l \. Dakota verbs are usiiallv phiced after the nouns with which fUev'are lined, whether subject or object; as, hoksidaij kiij man! (ho,/ the walks), th>' ho,, wall:.; wowapi wa.j dnha {honk a thoa-hast), than hast a hook. 2. Vi'rbs aUo are usually placc.d aft(M- tlu* adjectives which h.st principal w..rd in the sentence, usually takes the jdural endinj; 'pi' wlien the subject or object is plural in (♦ijrniHcation, 1. (a) When the subje(;t repn^sents animate objects, the verl) takes the plural termination: as, niauipi, thei, walk; wicasta kiij hipi {man the came), the men eame. ■ • i i {!,) Hut when the subject of a verb denotes inanimate objects, tlie verl. doiiti not take a plural form for its nominitive's sake; as, caij t..pa ica^a (tree four qrowM), four trees /frow. 2. (a) A verb also takes tiie jilural termination when it has a plural «»bject of the rtrnt or sircond persons; as, Wakaijtaijka nijka<.api {God us- ma^ie), Ood mwU' us; Dakota uiye Wakaijtaijka caijteniciyapi (/Mo/a i/ou God ifou-lores), Go^l lores i/oa Dakotas. (//) When the plural object is of the third persini, this plurality is pointed out by wica, them, incorporated in the verb; as, waijwicayaka, he HY5TAX— VEUH. 63 sdir thvm ; Ilaki; wahauk»i<^a yaiiini wi<^ttkt»^ {Hake bear tlmr tliem-kilted), Hub- killrtl tliiT)' InatH. § 121. Ak fiien- in \mt otw temiiimtioii to Hifeniify pluniHty both of the HiibJMct and ohjcrt, ainliif^iiity in mmu-tiUHH t\w. lesult. («) \Vh«'ii the i4iibj«'<'t M of the first, iiiitl the object is of the second |)ei«on, the plural teriiiliiatioii may refer eitlier to the sul)ject or to the sub- ject and object: a^ waMteuijiiirlakapi, in- lovr thrr, or n-i- loi'i- ijoi). (b) When the Hiibjeet im of the third, and tlie ol)ject of the second perHon, the plural terinination may refer either to the subject or the olyect, or to both; m, waj(■// hnr tlitr, lir loves ijoii, or f!iri/ /ore f/oii. § 122. NouuK of multitude eomnionly refjuire verbs in the phual num- ber; as, oyate lie<^oijpi, (lit- frnplt- tlid flint. § 123. The verb 'yukay' in often used in its sinj-uhir form with a plural nmmmyr; a^, wakiyeday ota yukuij, tlior mr iiia.Hi/ pif/rons. § 124. The verb • yeya ' and its derivatives 'iyeya,' ' hiveva,' etc., have rarely a j.dural teruuiiation tlioHj?li u«ed with a plural subject; as, wicota heu hiyeya, mint/ jmrmtm are tlnre. § 125. 1. The dual w \mii\ only as the sul)joct of tlie verb and to •hiuote the jierson H|M,'akiMjf and the person spoken to. It has the same form aH the plural j»rououii of the first person, exceptiii}-- that it does not take the termination * pi,' 2. Hence, as thiH pronoun is, in meaninj.-, a conil)ination of the first and secon- to u diitive. 00 VVIiou ono of tho ohjocts is a pronoun, it must bo atUidwd to tlio vori.; as, woNvapi kiij ]w niayatu kta (book thr that mr-fhon-qm'. wilt), tlmn wtlt Hire. VIC that hook. Qi) But when both the objects arc* nouns, the indirect is usuallv placed before the (h'rect obj(,ct; us, Hc^paij wowapi valju kta {Hi;„in hook 'tlion.,,i,r wilt), thou, wiltffin: Urpim a hook; IFepi taspaijtaijka wan hivukiva wo (//em apple a /o.s.s), to.s.s Itepi an applr. § l-'H. Transitive verbs witii the prepositions 'a' or S.' prefixeoiireil water on iiii/ head. § 129. Intransitive verl)s, with the prepositions 'a' or 'o' preHxed K<»vem an objective case; as, n.ani, /. iralk, ca.jku ki.j omani (road the in- walks), he lealk.s ,n the roail ; haij, to .stand, maka ki.j awaha.j (earth the on l-stand), / dand on the earth. I'oHMeHghr For III. § 130. This torm of the verb is u;e.l whenever possession <.r property IS mdicated, and is very important iu the 1 )akota hnijruaoe. For the wavs m winch the jjossessivo form is made, see § 39. 3. The use oftliis form oKtlio verb does not necessarily exclndc the nossessive i.m tiam dmt wmli thy ImiuU,; nn.ape yah(lu;caiia is also (iorrect. The occairence of the possessive pronoau uo.-s not iv.uler the possessive form of the verb f l^K™^^^^^ • :»IODKS. J III lie rati re. § 131. 1. In prohil)itious the imperative mode is often indicatcid bv tlie adverb 'dmuhaij' placed before the verl,, with 'kiij' or 'kiijhaij,' 'ci.j' ,„• 'cujliau,' foUowing; as, ihnuharj hecanoij kiij, do not do that] ihuuhaij w.cayadapi ki.jha.j, do not believe it. This is a stronfr^r form than the ?.ommon imperative. 2. When two verbs in the imperative mode are connected bv c(»njunc- tious, the first is used without the sijru; ,,s, owhjza kiij ehdaku ka niaui wo, take up thi/ had and walk. VKKHS : IXFIXITFVK— HKBJUNCTIVK. 65 Injinitifi; § 132. 1. Verbs ill tiie inanUive inndt' iiuiiu'diimfly precede tluwe l)y which they are ffov(M-no(l; hh, c'aij kukse yahi {inuyl h-nd tlinu-tm.st-amr), fhoii hast cnnir to nit iroott ,- h(* e»-(.ij (-iHii)!, / to/,/ ,fnii to ilo that. 2. The line of the iidiiiitive iiuxh' in Dakota is limited, the finite verh heii.j.- often usj-d where the infinitive would he in Kn^lish; as, nwh. waciij (/-90 l-dffiire), I ilcsirr to ijo. 3. The infinitive nuxhican not he UKed as a, noini, as it sometimes is in English; that is, it can not have anythinf-- predinite.l of it, ns in the phrnses, "to see the sun is pleasant," "t(> walk is fatiouin^r." [„ nneh cases verbal nouns or gerunds are used; as, wi waijyakapi kiij he oivokipi (*•»// seelmi the that pleasant), thr m-hu/ ofthr sun is plmsant. Sultjiinrtivi; § 133. What may he called the subjunctive in«»de is formed by tla^ aid of conjunctions which follow the verb. (Se(* § 42.) I. (^0 Kiijhaij and its derivatives, ciijhaij, kinahaij, and cinahaij, usually refer to future time, future events only being considered as ue.certain and contingent; as, yahi kiijhaij mde ktii, if thou come, I irill r/n. Kut 'kiijhaij' h that I had it! ^ 13ri. Til.. DiikottM liiivH no way ot'cxiu-cssiii;- tullv imd fornililv the idean of iuH-«ts«ity and olilij-atioii. Tlie pla.-t. of tli.i Km^HhIi words «»,//// and »/«,./ is partially s.ippli,.,! I,y f|,o \v..rd lytMV.'a, //, i,rn,,v, : a«, oninoij ktu iyei'tH'a, // is Jit that thou shoulil.st ilo it. § 13(i. 1. Tlic idea of ability or pownr is expressed l»y the help of the verb okihi, to !„■ Mr, used after other verbs, which are either in the form of the intinitive ..r {.vrund; as, eeoij owakilii {to lr to do it, or / ran do it; nianipi kiij owakihi (wa/kiuf/ thr l-alde), I ran walk. Or they are put in a finite form: as. siiktaijka mdiizn ownklii (W,«r l-vatch l-ablv), I ran ratrh a horsr. 2. Inability is expressed either by '..kilii' with the negative 'siii.' or 'okitpaiii:'as, mawani kta owakihi sni {l-wall; will /-ran not), or, mawani kta owakitpani (f-a'alk will I-iiHuhlr), I raiinot walk. 'T.'.ka* or 'tokadaij, followed by the nefr«tive 'sni,' is often used for the same purpose; as! t.ikadau mawani sni (an/z-wa// l-walk not), / ninmt possihl/f walk. H. The word 'pien' is 'suffixed to verbs to denote /to.s.sihUifi, ,„• that the thmircanhedone: as, ec^orjpiea. it ran hr done; waijyajrpini. it ran hr sren. Mut it more frequently occurs with the nefrative 'sni;' iis, kahpiea sni, if cannot Iw iiiailr. TKNSEK. § 137. Xotwithstaiuling the Dakota verb has but two distinct forms of tense, there is no difficulty in expressing.-, by the help of adverbs, etc., all •the varieties of time found in other lanfruages. Aorist. § 138. 1. The aori.st is u.sed to denote pi-r.^ent time, and generally needs no mark to show that the present is referred to, that beinjr usuallV determined by attendant circtnnstances or by the context; as, tiyatli yaijka, nakaha waijmdaka, hr ;,v at thr hoiisr, I havr jmt .^ren him. •1. When necessary the a.lverb dehan, now, or hinahiij, ,,rt, is used to indicate present time; as, dehan tiyata yaijka, hr i.s now at thr house; hinalun den uq, hv is hrre yet. 3. The aorist is used in jreneral propositions, which apply equally to present, past, and future; as, sice6i waskuyeca wastedapi, children love fruit. VKIMJrt: TKNSKH. fl7 § 1H!». I. Tin. |m)(lfmiiiuuit two of tlio iioiist in to douoto lutst time, it beiiiff nhvavN used in tlic imrnitioii nf ].a«t ovoiitM: as, enimmj. / //»,,r ,i,m>' it; li(( iiKliiHfiiij, / haw litiishnl that. 2. (^0 By the lu)l|) of rlic advcrli waijim, /w/r, the iiorirtt cxprcMscH /w;. >r< or Jinishid timo; uh, waijnii yiistiiij|)i, ///*// //,,/v' /wr>«rs/«/7/ ?7,- winjnu o<-—■•' 68 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 7. When two verbs in the futvu'e tense are connected by a conjunc- tion, the first may be eltlier with or witliout the sign; as, nihioniciyapi kta Va yai'-eyajH kta, or nihiqnit^iyapi ^a yaceyapi kta, i/ou will he tnnihled and weep. § 142. 'Nmj' or 'noq' is sometimes nsed instead of 'kta,' as the sign of the future tense, in interrogative sentences, and also wlien something future is spoken of as uncertain; as, nida nui] he, shall I (}o? token edoqpi nui) taijio sni, iheii ktific not what theif should do. § 143. Before the verbs 'eciij' and 'epca,' 'ke' sometimes marks the future tense ot the first person; as, mda ke epca, / will go, thought I. § 144. In interrogative sentences 'hiij' is sometimes used for 'kta he,' denoting the future tense; as, wau hiq, shall I come f AUXILIARY VEKBS. § 145. There are several verbs which are used with others as auxil- iai'ies; such as, 'iyeya,' 'kiya,' and 'ya' or 'yaij.' § 146. 1. 'Iyeya,' when used with other verbs, expresses the additional ideas of com})letion and suddenness; as, yustaij iyeya, he made a finish of it; kaksa iyeya, he cut it of .suddenly. In this way 'iyeya' is often used to o-ive force and animation to the style. 2. Verbs used with 'iyeya,' if capable of contraction, are contracted- as, kaptuza, to split, ka^ tus iyeya, he split it open. 3. 'Iyeya' is often used with prei)Oshiuns and adverbs, sometimes with and sometimes without their taking the verbal prefixes; as, paniahen iyeya, to push into; yuhukun iyeya, to put down; ohna iyeya and mahen iyeya, to put in*o anything. § 147. 'Kiya' is used with verbu ao a causative suffix; as, ecogkiya, to cause to do; kahkiya, to cause to make; naziykiya, to cause to su(nd. The pronouns are inserted before the causative. § 1 i8. ' Ya' or 'yaij' is a suffix which occurs so freciuently, and whose use is sometimes so (lifterent from that of any English verb, that it demands a special notice. 1. («) It is used as a causative suffix; as, ecoyya, to cause to do; maniya, to cause to tvalk. In tliis case it always has a noun or pronoun for ifs ol)ject expressed or understood; as, mani n)ayayapi, //ow cause me to walk. (h) 'Ya' u.sed with adjectives makes of them active verbs; as, say a, io dye or paint red; samya, to blacken. 2. {a) It is used with words denoting relationship, wiiere in EngUsh we should employ a possessive pronoun, and seems to have the force of to VERBS OF BEPETITION. 69 have, or have for; as, he atewaya (that father- I-have), that is my father; Ateuijyaijpi ma ipiya ekta uaijke ciq (father-we-have heaven in thou-art the), our Father who art in heaven. (Ij) 'Ya' with nouns shows what usfe a thing is put to; as, de isaijwaya, this I have for a knife; he tiyopayaya, that thou used for a door. 3. When the pronouns 'ma,' 'ni,' and 'uij' are used without the pro- noun 'ya' following, 'ya' becomes 'yaq;' as, atemayaq, he has me for father ; ateuyyaypi, our father. But when 'ya,' thou or i/ou, follows, the vowel is not nasalized; as, atemayaya, thou hast me for father; ateuqyayapi, ijoa call us father. VKRBS OF KEPETITION. Reduplicated Verhn. § 149. 1. The reduplication of a syllable in Dakota verbs is very com- mon. In intransitive verbs it simply indicates a repetition of the action; as, ipsica, to jump, ipsipsica, to hop or jump repeatedJij ; ilia, to laufjh, ihaha, to laufjk often. In transitive verbs it either indicates that the action is repeated on the same object, or that it is pei-formed upon several objects; as, yahtaka, to bite, yahtahtaka, to bite often; baksa, to cut a stick in two; baksaksa, to cut a stick in two often, or to cut several sticks in two. Verbs of one syllable are rarely reduj)licated. 2. There are some verbs whose meaning almost necessarily implies a repetition of the action and which therefore are generally used in their re- duplicated form; as, yuhuhuza, to shake; panini, tojo(j; kapsiijpsiijta, to ivhip; yusiijsiij, to tickle; nasmjsuij, to strugfjle, etc. 3. Verbs signifying to be are repeated to denote continuance; as, den mai)ka marjke, / continue to staif here; hen dukaij dukaijpi, i/ou reside there. § 150. The use of a reduplicated form of a vei-b in its proper place is very important. It is as much a violation of the rules of the Dakota lan- guage to use a simple for the reduplicated form as to use the singular for the pluHil number. Verbs tcith the Suffixes < s'a' and ' ka.' § 151. 'S'a' is suffixed to verbs to denote frequenci/ of action or habit; as, yahi s'a, thou comest ojten; iyatoijsui s'a, thou dost tell lies habitually, i. e., thou art a liar: wamauoi) s'a, one who steals often, i. e., a thief. § 152. 'Ka' has sometimes the same signification with 's'a;' as, waoka, a good hunter. But sometimes it does not produce any perceptible diti'er- ence in the meaning of the verb; as, wasteda and wastedaka, to love any- thing. mm 70 DAKOTA GUA.MMAli, 'I'EXTS, AND I'JtllNOUUAI'UY. § 153. When tlie verb, to wliich 'ka' or 'n'ii' is ssiiflixed, takes the plu- ral form, the suffix usually follows the plural tenuination; as, waopika, wnrlsmcn; eeoijpi h'w,' -ether, one the subject and the other the object of the same verb, the subject is usually placed first (§ fJT); as, tataqka pezi yutapi (oxen grass eat), oxen eat grass; Dakota Padani kiij wicaktepi (Dakota Pawnee the them-killed), the Dakotas killed the Pawnees. § l(i2. 1. Of two nouns in composition or combination the noun sus- taining the relation of possessor always precedes the name of the thing possessed. See § 08. 2. There are cases where two nouns are brought together in which the latter may be regarded as in apposition: as, aguyapi wic^oni, bread of life, or more properly, the bread that is life— a. l. bigos. m meimsmSS 72 DAKOTA (JISAMMAH, THXTH, AND KTIINOGKAIMIY. NUMHKK. § Hi'6. 'i'he priiicipk' on which the ])hiral torinination is employed is that of phu'iut"' it as near the end of the sentence as possible. The order in a Dakota sentence is, first the nouu, next the adjective, and lastly the verb. Hence, if a noun or pronoun is used alone or has no word following it in the phrase, it may take the plural ending-; if an adjective follows, it is attached to the adjective; and if a verl) is used, it is attached to the verb. 1. When nouns are used to convey a ])lural idea, without qualiticatives or predicates, they have the jdural termination; as, ninapepi, thif hands; hena Dakotapi, those arc Dakotas. •J. When a nouu which represents an animate object is to be T5iade plural, and is followed by a (jualificative or predicate, the sign (jf the plural is joined, not to the noun, but to the qualificative or predicate; as, wicasta wastepi, /jood men; koska kiij hipi, thr ifoim) Tl.e adverbs of ti.ne, 'kiohay,' '6t' or 'cni.' 'kel.arj.' a.ul 'roh,' are placed after tlu. words to wl.ieh they relate; as, yahi kiulu.,, „din Z, fOiHest; wavynkae^ii, when he sees it. 3. (a) Interrogative adverbs commonly stan.l at the be.nnninir of the clause or sentence; as, tokeca wowapi dawa sni he, lohi, dost Lu not (h) But 'to,' a contracted form of 'toke-^a' and 'he,' the .-ommon si. Anionic the free adverbial particles may be mentioned 'wo,' 'we,' 'yo' and 'ye' with '|h>,' 'pi' and 'miye,' the signs of the imperative; and 'kta' and 'kt«' nigtw of the future. These all follow the verb. See §§ 42 and 43. § 179, In reply to (piestions which have the negative form, assent to the negative pro|N>Mition contained in the (piestion is expressed by hay, yes, and dissent by hiya, no; as, yahi kte sni he; hay, wahi kte sni, thou wilt not come, wilt tliouf i/en, I will not come; yahi kte sni he; hiya, wahi kta, thou wilt wtt come, trill thou? no, I will come. If the (piestion be put affirma- tively, the aiwwer in the name as in English. § 180, 'Tohan' and 'kiijhaij' are often used together with the same verb, in wliiiJi cane 'tohan' precedes the verb and 'kirjhaij' follows it; as, tohan yahi kiijliaij nide kta, when thou eomcst 1 will go. ^ 181, When 'itokain' is used in reference to time, it is often preceded by the a^lverb <»f n(;gation; as, yahi sni itokam (thou-comest not before), be- fore thou cotnevt. NEGATIVE. $ 182. I, Negation i» expressed by placing after the verb, adjective, noun, or pronoun, the adverb 'sni;' as, mde ^ni {I-t/o not), I did not fjo; he car) sni (that wtjod not), that is not wood. 2, An emphatic negation is sometimes indicated by 'kat^a,' which, how- ever, is seldonj uw-il except in contradicting what has been previously said; as, yao ka^a, //to« didst not hit it. 3, A negative u>«;d inteiT«;gatively often implies permission; as, iyacu sni to (dost thou not take itf), may signify, thou mayest take it. § 183, 1, In Dakota two negatives make an affirmative; as, wanica, there is now;; wani^; 4ni (tlwre-is-none not), i. e., there is some. ■*D»' ill liuiijyati aixl tlia>)kt»T)waij, and '1o' in Titoijwuij, seem to be oijuivalmit to the iiiuscu- liiie oral |M-riiNl Uk of tli« Omaha ami ronka, an of the KaiiNa, OHafl instead of 'he,' as the sij^i of interroga- tion; m, he taku liojVay ka, what kind offinh is thnfF 4. HouieturufM. however, the interrogation is distinffuished only by the tone <»f voice. L'liUke the Kngliwh, the voice falls at the close of all inter- rogative nenteucen, ADrKBBIAI. I^COBPOBATED PARTICLES. § \Hf). Ah hsin im'tt stated (§ 34), by means of adverbial particles, large classes of active verlw are formed from verbal roots and adjectives. There are 'ba/ 'bo,' 'ka,' 'ii«,' 'pa,' 'ya,' and 'yn,' with the possessive forms 'lid,' 'kd,' and 'gl,' whieh are prefixed or agglntinated. See the Verb Paradigm. I'BKPOSITIONS. § IHCt. I're|HH(itioiiK are phiced after the iiomis which thev govern, and 8f> are pro|)erly p*tHt-ftofiitionH. (a) Home are written an separate words (§ H!l); as, maka kiij akan, on the earth: tipi i«'ahda. A// ////- hotm; coijkaske ekta, at the f/arrison. In this ease pinrality of the urmin in expressed ))y ' wica ' incorporated into the preposition; jw, tataijka kii; wi^ikiyedaij (oj- the them-ncar-to), near to the oxen; Dakota ewi<«ataijhaij, /mw the Dakotas. (h) Other pre|H«ition»« are sufhxed to nouns (§ t)l); as, tiijtata, on the prairie; magata at the Jield ; /-aijyata, at the iroods: (r) And others are prefixed tu the following vei-b (§ 92); es, amani, to walk on; ieekiya, to praif far. 2. («) Pronmnx govemwl by a jH-eposition are sometimes prefixed to it, in which cas*' t\um^ prepositions which have 'i' for their initial letter cause an elision of the last vowel of the pronoun; as ikiyedaij, near to; mikiyedaij, near to me; itehai;, far from; nitehar), far from thee. If the pro- IBI 78 DAKOTA GRAMMAH. TEXTS, AND KTIlNOdHAI'HV, iiMii) is plural, tlic |(lural tt'iiiiiiiiition in attached to the {)ruj)OHition; as, in)k('taijhaij|)i, from h,s. (b) S(»ri>etiinoH tho proiiouu is iiisertcd in the preposition, if the hitter consists of more than two syllaldes; as, enitaijliaij, y)v>//; tlirr. (<•) And sometimes it is contained in the tollo\vin<>- verW; as, en man, he ifi coniintf to me; ekta niipi, fliitf ivrnf to i/ou. § 1H7. Of the two ]>repositions 'kici' mid 'om,' Ixith nieaniiiff irifit, the former "overns sinffular and tho latter plural nouns; us, he kici mde kta, / will (fo with liini; hena om mdo kta, / will f/o with thciii. § IHH. 1. The names of tlie natural divisions of time, when they refer to the jjiist, terminate in ' haij,' and when tt> the future, in 'tu;' as, wehaij, last sj)riiiff ; wetu, iicrt sprinf/. The ti-rmiiiatioti 'tii' or • etn,' in waniyetn. mdoketn. )itnijyctii. wetn, liaijvptu, aijpotu, litayetu, etc., may have been orijiiially a prciiosition, signityiuf;, as it still does in other cases, at or in; and the termination 'haij,' in waniiiaij, weiiau, mdoJie- liaij, ptiijhaij, etc., is inahably the adverbial endinjr. 2. The ])reposition 'i' ])refixed to the natural divisi(»ns of time si{>nifies the next afhr; as, iw(«tu, thr .spriiif/ followiiH/ ; imdoketu, the mxt swminer ; iluiijhaijnii, the next morniuf/. CON.TUXGTIONS. § 18il. 1. C/onjunctions connnonly stand /W«'ef» the words or sentences which they connect; as, mahpiya ka mnka, heaven and earth; waijc^ij-aka tuka iyecidiye sni, / saw thee hut I did not reco())me thee; ecoij yasi e^ta ecoij kte sni {do thou-told alfhoiif/h, do will not), althouf/h thou told him to do it, lie will not. 2. But the conjunctions 'ko' or 'koya' and 'alma' are i)laced ({fter the words they connect; as, caijka waijhi ko mduha (/ire-steel flint also I have), I-have flinf and steel ; mahpiya maka alma ka;ia, he made heaven and earth. § IJtO. 'I'ljkaij' and 'ka' both sijn^nify and, hut they are used somewliat differently, 'ka' denotinj^ a closer (U)nnectiou than 'uijkaij.' 1. When two or more verbs having the same nonunative are connected by a copulative (conjunction, 'ka' is connnonly used; as, ekta wai Va waijm CONJU^MCTIONa— INTUHJECTIONS. 79 -,!> H. 'llijkaij' iK'vcrcoiiiu.cts siii»-l(. iioiiiik or ii,/, „n,l to /i,>',' i, had; wani kiij h<* waste esta mate eii, he ivotaij waste, o/flm,,,/, if is ,,,M>d for me fo /„„; ,f is ,„or,' ,,o,nf M „„■ fo ,fi,.; or, n.ate kte .'irj he ^^•aste ka ^^ani kte en) ho s^iea, that I shoidd die is f/ood, ,i,,d fh,d I should li,r is l,„d. ' § 193. The .•oiijinu-tion o,- is represented by 'ka is;' but the sentences ni whieh It IS mtrodnced have not the same brevitv as in Kn-lislr as / Vo mf kno„- „'l„il„r l„. is fl„,r or „ot, hen „,j is ka is" h,m mj sni. mj'ma'tukte lyeeet.i sd.mwaye sni (f/„r,' is or fl„rr is ,„>t, n-hid, of fl,r two f hioir not ■ ■ hfhat „ hnr.s,' ,>r „n o.rf he snkta.jka ka is tata.jka n.jn.a tukte hedetu he {timf horse or o.v, ivhich of the two)i INTKKJKCTIONS. § 194. Some interjeetions have n<» connexion with other words while others are used only as a part of a sentet.ce. When connected with other words, niterjections usually stand at the beg-inniuf.^ of the phrase. Consid- erable knowledfre of their use is n.M-essarv to enable one to understan.l the lanjrua^re well, as the interjections not only .serve to indicate the feelin-s of the speaker, but often .naterially modify the meanin- of a sentem-e- as hehehe, ///r /o/ that is; life f he that wan liyht the lof that is), John i, 4. DAKOTA GRAMMAH, TUXTS, AND CTHNOlillAI'IIV. I'AUT SIX'OXI). TEXTS. 710.'}— vol, IX (( 81 ^fJ'J^.:-.* mmmmdMamtmimmi ....Si! rEXTS. wi(;a>,^ih»i iri^^iiPAVA; ok, tfik fallen stak'. Writtkn in Dakcha i.v Murri;i. Kkxvim.k, -^•^:i': ^^!^ '^is-'-^f '•'"• ^'^1-^ ^^^:- -r- i^s ^.^s- '!: Ti^' s^ if:, '1'^ 't !;:: ^-'^-i'M-' -.J kitnun. iv,.h;;' ;;;;k.. n, 1.0 tlml! ^'i,|. '^"" -"'M^'nly l.oti, tlnlh,.,. tl„.,v w.r,. .A™ thovsaV ^S;:r ^^i^^ "'i^fi" ''r- '";!Sr'^'" '•^"^i'^-^" "-'">''>•<' --ast,. wa,jka lafiiri-siiUli in(\R,,j. ^„ iiii(l.tlM..„il„T IiusIwtkI I hem had tipsiijm, waij lui tauka waste e aitieaoa: mjkan, It.. ,1.' wik'i ke ,.,■;.,■ '""""'■''''""•*'■'""■ """^ '''^A-- I u.ifnl that ovor ill':,,. an,l I,,, ,| . ,',i . , ' , ^ ' pilchc'll; ("taul.a, tuwe wa,jnu,vake 6, ,.ei,j, kn ho,,,. i,u. kn l.opte e. ivin.ta'iS;- •^1 . , I'" ' "'KK'T TociK and (hijtit and iiMlfc'd.it.Mit ■ ^'■"i"'^ ":S"" ^"!;±^- '>;:;>■" '^': '*''>"• '''>■"- l^" ■""!<" l t- i ...... And then w„,Un.ho„.ei„oaL i"f a l. I'LoU " ^T' 1^ f ^'J^^^ liehan hoLsnia waij caijsakana keya yuha tin hivn l... T„ i - i """■ ''"y "^^ «rL sticks Cv -hZL ' , J IL • ' ' "'J'^'"-'''''^''' '^^^^ waijhi.jkpe niicajra ye, eya Tuka -ike T,' T ^ ^ "• T'' ,"•""" a.™ws make.^ / ' ^^. '^^^ ^^ ^^U ecen ^:^, uuka, l.el.an !± '^:if I=^= ^'t'^^.^^ ^'l^ keya yul.a tirlnyu t., 1111. • . themselves, '"8" olielulekiyapi, nnia wasecapi. bed-they.phiced, very riihwere. Urjkaij wicahinca kin lieve- Wnk'mt.i ♦....,.... i . , Old J J rim: Va:^±'' ^^^y^^^'J "'^I"!^"\L"i±S^iQ (.'a and they say. ^" vl^f!^! ^:r^ te>:^= ^^'^'^'^f "'^' ^*« onutwanini kta ce, eya young man the thia'said: [aforesaid] .. DAKOTA MYTHS. 85 Mm onuvni re, eya kcnapi --^-""■y-n^^.n w..e„ ,.eop,e ., ^ «= wnlka alwiivN, Im'Hnlil, thc.v »iiy. carjlifleska kiitein en i. Unkan koHknrui ...... , ., i i . «r" sip^ h '£; '':= lii;;: --r, '""^ "iS' s«- He.e„ m cnrae, tliev say. ;'f ■' ^:& ^! Is; :s±. '*" -±~> I- -f^ ^.i^i koska mjnia koij heva: Toketn liwo mu'-\u; «,r., r- i / 1 i- , 'tis? '"t^ir ,f;fe^s. ''S- «;:±' "»s". -o, o.. i.e™, ki.i "W ""'"^ '">-'''t loiiiiH wlipii what tli!it ii.nkiii oi,..„,.„ .i.r:...' •.. -' TconUfrr""''-" "■'"" """ >"""''' "'"-"y tlM^saV the latbrfi. aaidj toki idada liwo, do mini Imwo vvalii do. era ""S"" ' "''" """'■■ •?,'•"'' ' '"'"" ■ '"■ Hai.l. «""' 1 1 loiriii liir| riKMi wire. now hoiiiu dead s. ^'f- -S' i±.'- '1- r; I:- -!:r.,!;°i-S;- -i^ nauijpcapi ecee ce, evai)i, kevapi. """*'' ii8-,swallow.'(l always , tl.T.y »aid, lliov say. ^'ir^tS^J^:^ I- "^I^J ':1' ^± iy|Wa yauka. U,ka,, De taku he, lafuresaidj E^ '"""""^ [.iS-gj. ^^■"'. Thi, wl.at ) -I! :.'l 'I Jl 1 86 DAKOTA G1{AMMA1{, TEXTS, A^'l) ETlINUiiKAl'll Y. eya. Uijkaij, Ilaijtii, lie raijtc w ce, eyaj)!. Uijkaij he licccu isaij t'lidaku lii'siiid. Ami (letawiiy tliiit licnrt in , tlit'.v snid. And kiiili- hiH-tm>k ka baspuspu yaijka. Uijkaij ilmuliaijiia takii iiiiia liain liiijlula; uijkan he :iiid .■iit-topUres wiiH |8ltlinj;|. And Huddcnl.v what very lu.idoa iiol«ci aud that taijiiiaheii taijka c liona nawieaju'e,- tuka eaijte kiij liaspuiii iiakaes ohiia ta body iii«ido hiriji' that Hum., theiiiswallowud, liiit Ijiart th>' cut iiji iiidii-d in dead kiij ekta hi ta, keyapi. lieeeii c'uKi kiij pahdoke t'ji koska wikoska ko tli« nt <........ .1 1 *l... If. -1 .. 1 . . * . the lit cumu dcud. tlu'y «!>>. oni hdicu. with cftiiir out. thi'iu Ut'iico Uijkaij uyate kiij uiiia pidawiraya e heeeu wikoska uom kui)i. Tuka, And iM.oiih. the luiiih KhidlhrnihcinMihtliat hcnr.. maidenH two pivfhini. But, Ohiijiii oniauiyaij wauij e heceu kieuwa iye wieayuze kta ce, eya, ka AlHa.ys juununniK ^ lam tlial so my friend "I... thuni'taki. will , iwmild, Jn.l koskaiia kuij uapiii kii. Uijkaij heeeii hueokam wakeya waii itica^mpi ka y..uu« nnn^^ J^ln.^.^^^ hoth «av... And h„ iuthu-uoint tout "^ one pllclnidlor imd hoksiua koij kuijksitku kiei akiyuha en awii'akipi. Wikoska iioijpa koij heua '"'*■ ,„.•'"■ .<;'y""i>'»»■""'."-""■'"' " """»"''■ «""'«' '""'l' .Hhoolini;. And lookiuK-ou «tandln« en i ka heya : Ito, kieiiwa kiei wawaijnulake kta e^■e, t'a kiei nazin. IJnkan "'eame'"""' "''""'''''' ^"' '"''"'' "'"' llwkou will he^said, Jnd with Htood. And heye : Kieuwa, uijhde kta ce, eye ea kiei ki. Ka, Uijeina, kicuwa kici wahdi thi» lii;- Miiitl Friend, wt'-jro hiiiui' will (nif. i-e, taknij ikihni naijka \v(», eya Tuka kuijksitkuna kiij, Token wahaij kte aomi-thinKhMnlinsui, be thou he-said. liui Kraudn.other his the, IIow Ldo will e heha he, eya. L'ljkaij, toketu he, eya. Uijkaij, Uyate kiij de wanna this yon say .'she said. ^ And. How is it ! liesaid. And, I'eople the this now ^aij oij wieatakuniisiii ee, eva ; tuwe eaij kiij i kes tohiijni hdi sni, eya woiH^ ! Ii.-«alil, Ami Hiid.kuly where holiadsnm- niiuiifist not. So iijyuij, \vak(!ya waij oliiia decen kowka wikoska ko, apa wotaj)! ka ana ui ^Iwlicilil leril a h, tliu» yoiiiiKiiieu iimidins aUa, Home eiitiiiK h'imI mmie iilivi! ' iyeya c aj eya yaijka. Uijkaij, Delia token dukaijpl ho, eya. Uijkaij, "■'■"' wallfiiK were. Ami, TlieB.. Iiuw are you I he «ni(l. Ai.c!. liiy Taku yaka lie; dena eaij kiij uijliij)! kes takii deceu uijkalidiiii eeoe; ins What yuu uicHii ( tliewt wood to carry wo tame although sonic tlmi, us brought liomu always- you thing eya iiitakuniHiii ee, eya])!. Uijkaij hevata etoijwaij uijkaij iijyun, »)rKloka al«o you-aro denlrf.y.-d , they »ald. And be'hind looked and hehold hole waij deceii hiyeya. Uijkaij, I)e taku he, eya. Uijkaij, Ustaij, he taku khj » no wu». And, This what I hoHaid. Ami, Stop, that what th« hee ce, eyapi. 'I'uka waijhiijkpe ikikeu ka okatkataij vaij. llijkiuj vvake>a kiij that In, theywihl. lint arrow histook ami transllxed it. And tent tho ihiiuhaijna kazainni iyaya. Uijkaij he hiijyaijkaga e noe ra ki('i inaziij- Uijkaij heve: Kit'uwa, my friend wltli I hmk <.i. will, lie'said and with he stood. And tliis'said: My friemi, uijhch; kta c-c, eya, nijkaij kiri ki. IJijkaij ake he kuijkisitku ieahya hec'a. we.go- Will he said, and Willi he- And again that graiidmotlier his raised such. """"' wenlliomc. Uijkaij, IJijeina, kiriiwakiei wahdi re, takuij ikihni naka wo, eya. llijkaij. And, (IraHdinother, my friend with I cimie liome, soiiietliing limit tliou for him, lie'said. Ami, Taku tukten iwaeu kta e heha he, eya. llijkaij, Uijeina toka e heiia lie, What when™ 1 take will that you say .' she said. And, (iiandiiiolh.T why tliat you say I eya. Uijkaij, Waziya waij de oyate kiij tehiya wirakuwa ee, pte oiii he said. And, Wazlya a lliis people tho hardly them treats , Imtliilo kill kes owaniij ieu, ka waijna akihaij wit'ate kta, eya. Uijkaij, Uijc'ina ekta ye aUhoughall he tjikes, and now starving they ilie will, she said. And, (iraiidmotlier there go (•a, Mitakoza ii'iinani hi tuka takuna yute sni e umasi re, eya wo, eva. ami, Mygramlchihl travelling has hut nothing eats not so i:ie seut a.av tlicm he said cotiie, Hecen wakaijka iyaye ea itehaijyaij inaziij, ka, Waziva, mitakoza ieimiini So old woman went and alar olf stood, and, Wa/iya, mygramlchihl travelling hi, tuka taku'ia yute isni e uniasi ye, eya. I'uka, Wakaijka siea ekta come ''"* """'"'« <-ata itazipa waij And iee bow Ugkai), Waziya, de token yahnakeca he, eya. Ui)kan, And, Wazi.va, thia how ,vou place away ' • '' ■• yutaq touches / lie*Raid. And, I'ljkaij, Ito, isto aelf lielia eya. thia yiiii he Aaid Hoid. otkeya yanke haoginit up ' waa. Ustaij wo, he tuwe yutaij ca isto avuweoa ce, eva .stop thou that who touchea wlien arm ' on-it lireaka , he^auid. And, Lo! arm amduwe^a ke eye (-a oa^a itazipe koij sna\ cli yunid^^n iyeya, ka, heceu I.breakonit, will he a»id. and ice how tlie anapplng hroke went, and, so hdicu. he came home. Ka hayhaijna uykaij waijna ake ovate kiij wanase aye c-a warjna pte And iiinrnin).' then now auain people the Imtraloliiinting wont and now bulTalo kiij Ota opi. Uykaij waqna ake owoiiase kiij ivaza tona oiii kiij owasiii the many shot. And now asrain siirnm.il the tfirongh many killed the all ])ahi edee ka ikpihnaka au. Uijkaij koska waij lie lii koij pte wan ceya Katheredup and placed in blanket linm«lit. And .younu man a that came "the cow a fat apata, Uijkaij Waziya pte kiij ikpihnaof u koij en hinaziij, ka heva: De dressed. And Waziya cows the imttini.' in helt came the there coming stowl, a'nd this said: This tuwe nata he, eya. llijkaij, Miye wapata do, eya. Uijkaij Waziya heye: who .rressed ; he said. And, 1 I-dresae.1 , he said. And Waziya this said: Koska koij lie ke (;a, Wicaijhpi hiijhpaya, de tokiyataijli;iii wanii'a'Ve ca e young man tlie that meant and. Star Falleii, this fiom whence have you ^rown /thai ■'■ '' "' ' 'Jijkar) is, Waziya, nis de tokiyataijhaij And he, Wazij^a, you tliis from whence decehiij wahaijnivida he, eya 90 that thus you boast yourself he said. waniea' Halo 1 ■m DAKOTA MYTIIH, 89 1 patapi ka ahda po, eye. IIee^e yustaij e hdatata kta ce, eyapi. Wazivata itohc wifc-liia IIk^ flowing up Hniabed tliat ' — ■ -•-- -->• he fllinko Ilia own will. they aaid. iiia/Jij Norldto facing ntanilini; katata e heceii waziyata taijhaij tate uye (;a wa kii; wakcva kiij liiijskf>ke(;a lieahook that so north from wind fame auil aniiw the tcnlB" thi' m. far around hiijhpaye (;a oyate kiy owasiij wa inalien eyaye, (,'a \vi('anihiij(''i\e (;a licNapi: '■'''' »"<1 people the all auow under went, and liny were Inmhltil and lljlKHaill' ka token how liaij doea waijna and now Toketuya ke^aw ni utjyakoijpi koij; koska waij Innnmeway even living wo were in the paat; young man a uijtakunipi sni, eyapi. we periah, they aaid. Uijkaij, Uijciua, it'adu wayzi oinakide wo, eya. Uijkaij liereii wa iiialieu And, Grandmother, wing one hunt thou lor me he aaid. And mo anow under caqkuyapi: Mitakoza lieya ce, iradu waijzi da <'e, eva <• Iu'<'<'ii ilio toketii road made; My grand child this says , wing one he aaka , a'iie that »o behold how la it xaid, keye t-a ('e, eyapi; ka waqzi kupi. Uijkaij tice kirj iwaijkam wa kiij ivave lieaayathat? , tlieysaidi and one they gave. And tent top the aliove Hnow thi' 'went iiakaes, wa pahdogye ('H ticeska kiij akaii iyotaijkc r;\ itokiil'i it(»lieva ivotaii indeed, snow punelied" and tenttop the on lienat ami Hiiutli towanla ' unmt icadnkoij, lieoij ihdadu yaijka, uijkaij itoka;ia taijliaij tataliivuve ra odidita Idowed the, therefore fanning ' waa, and aouth from wimi hroiigl'it and heat hiniReir ' taijka, ka wa kiij mini ipi^a akastaijpi kiij hei'en iyava, ka skaij iyaye (-n great, am! unnw the water boiling thrownon the mi went, and iiieltid wenr, and inaka kiij owaijc'a po icu, ka hecen Waziya tawic'u ('iijt'a k«» oin didita tai)i. earth the all over fog took, and an Wajiya wife hia children /.Imo together beat of ili'd. Tuka Waziya t-inca hakaktana ni^e sdana he town luitu opaiidi kin olina C-nj the ■^^ ..V.UW.. ..V iwr,.. miiji opjiiidi kiij Hut Waziya child youngest hcll.i bare that tent pole bottiini liidi- the ohewaijke I'iij liet'i onapena ka he nina oij etaijhaij d^'liaij Waziya viikt frost the there took refuge and that little wherefore now Wa/.ivu ' la one lived hececa, keyapi. Hecen oliuijkakaij kiij de, Wi^aijhpi lliijhpava eeiyapi. that sort, tlie'y aay. So myth the this. Star Fallen' ia called. NOTES. 1. The use of the definite article "kiij" or "eiij*' witli th(f deiiioii.stratives "lie" and "de" with their plurals is noticeable. "Klij lie" and "kiij de" have been ren- dered "the that" and "the this." Sometimes they are e(|iiivalent to only '• that" and "this," as, wicasta kiij de, this man; at other times they are ecjuivalent to "that whieh" or " what;" as, Wicaijlipi yaijke eiij he, that utar whivh is. 2. Attention is called to the almost uniform repeatinj,' of the verli "say" in dia- logues; that is, both before and after the thing said. Before the words said, the form is " heya," which is ctunpounded of " he" and "eya," that said. It might be " liecen eya," thus saiil. Then at the close of the words si)oken comes in "eya" again, which to us seems superfluous. But it serves to close up and finish off ihe expression, and is helpful to a good understanding of the matter. 3. It is commonly affirmed, and admitted in good part, that Indian languages have no substantive verbs; that is, there is no one which corresponds exa<'tly with the 90 DAKOTA OUAMMAIt, TKXTS, AND liTUNOGKAl'IIY. verl» "to Im." Kiit in tlm Dakolii Ituiitutg*- Hkmc aio stnoral ways of (ixprtwsiiiK it. One tliat ii|i|M';ti-M fri'tiiii'iitly in tlicsi- myths is in, dec, lice, oo. m-, aiul <('ft'; tim last 'Mi" is til*' stnUof t-x'n*U-iu-f; "this is it," or, more |»ri>iii'iiy, "this is," "tiiat is,"' "it is," III {'t-ti aiul if^-tt- till' UU-A is tliat ofrontiimaiicc lloya et'w, lio was saying tliat; that is, \u- U'lH-aUtl it; !»• kept »»ii sayiiiji it. So also Ihti verb "mj." when it oii<|i« to our VftU "tolM-." lint tlu; use of "iiij" is litiiitcil. Then \\v have "yaijki-" atiil "wuitUti,'^ wliicli liavr refcnMico to pUwe as well as btiiiy. IJiit still it i't!iiiaiim triii' tlisif in niaiiy «-as«-s tin- Diliotas roiionn aini adjcctivt^ alone, "nia waste." 4. The study i«Mi(y of llie Hnpernatuial. In this myth the deliverer of the jteople is "star Immii." In tli« iSad^er and ISear myth the deliverer is created by mysterious power, liul evcryulii't-e and always the supernatural is reco},'ni/.ed. The bad forces, whether the imuwU'n*, MliaiN'less thiii^' (hat swallowed them all up that w«'ut for water, or the mythic nwl'm-.u- tliaf cov«Ted them all in when they went for wood, or the more powerful and lan;,'ibl(i foiri-, the north -;otl, all these and others nnist be met and <:on- «)uered by the cuiN'riuifnral. Ho the incarnation of selllsiiness and meanness, imper- sonat4'd in (Iray IJi-ar, iniHt Ih^ owrcoine and killed by tlie mysterious born. TUANHLATION. A |M'ople lia^l tliiitcanip; and there wertr two women lyiiifjout of doors and lookinjj ii|) to the KhiniiiK Mtart*. One of them said to the other, " I wish that very lar};e and brif,'ht shiniim Ktar wa» my hnsbaml." The other said, " I wish that star that shines less brightly weic my liiinband," Whereupon they say both were immediately taken up. They found thcntx^'lvcs in a beautiful country, which was full of beautiful twin Howers. They found that the star wliieh shone most iiriglitly was a large man, while the other was oidy a young man. So they each had a husband ; and one bei^aine with child. Ill that coiiiitiy the Icepsinna.- wi'h largt', JM-autiful stalks, weie abundant. The wil« of the lai'gi' ntitr wanted to dig them, but her liusbaiul Ibrbade it, saying " No one dri'.'" Then tliii encanipinent iinned; and the. woman with child, when she had |iit(-hud her tent and came in»»ide to lay the mats, etc., saw there a beautiful tfei»sinna, ami she said t4> lieiM^lf, " I «'ill dig this — no one will set^ it." Ho she look her digging stick and dug (lie tei'psinna. Wlien she pulled it out immediately the country opened out and she came through, and falling down to the earth, they say, her belly burst open. And HO the woman d(<«l; but the child did not die, but lay there streti^hed out. An old man came that way, and seeing the child alive toi>k it up, ])ut it in his bhinket, Uiirl went lioiiie. When he arrived he said, "Old Wduian, 1 saw something today that made my heart feel badly." "What was it?" said his wife. And he replied, "A woman lay (lead with her belly bursted, and a little boy child lay there kicking," "Why ilid you not bring it home, old man''" sin; said, lie answered, " Here it ix," and t<«ok it out of liir; blanket. His wife said, ■■ Old man, let us raise 'Ah til'' Miitlixr hit* wiift in iuititlu:r p.irt i>( tlii.s vitliniii', "c" iiri'illciitcs iilnitity rathi!!' than ex- inUnuie. Ai«l tbio i» tl«; f.um^ in IIm- f«ij{iiiit<' IfiiiKiiii^^is; u in C,'<'f!il'i'i '"'' '" J..>iwer<-", and luTe or ('re iu \ViuiH!lia>;ii, >^lioiil(l )><• tfUiUteA "the .'itVircHaid," "tlic iorc;{oiiiK." ''to. — .i.o. D. • Ti|i»iiiiii«, (lie I'miialM tui-MlinUi (I'lirnL), tlx! I'ommi hlum:liv of tlie I'lemh t'aiiailiaUB. — .(. o. u. 1 IIAKOTA MYTI18. 91 tiiiH chilli." "Wt* will nwiuK it iiromiii tin- tvnt," tlii^ old iiiaii siiid, and whirled it up throiiuh tltif MiiK»k<' hoU: It w«riit whiiliti); around and fell down, and tlu;n came «;rw'|»in« into tin* U-itt. Kiit H^jsiin hi; took it and threw it up throuj^li the top of the t4!nt. Then it not up auiI t-auif into the tent walkint?. Ajjain the old man whirled him out, and thi'ii UttKAUut in n \nty with «oino yreen sticks, and said, "(Jrandfather, I wish you woulil makif iitt- arrows." Hut a}?ain the old man whirled him out, and where Ins went wan not mauiU-nt. This time he cann- into the tent a youny man, and hkiv'mti urvt'U stiifkM. "(iraiKiratliftr, make me arrows of these," he said. Ho the old luan nnule liiiii -Arrim*, and lie killed a $;reat many butfalo, and they made a large t«|M'e and hnilt »\t a lii|;li i>,Ur*-\nH\i place in tin- back jtart. and they were very rich in drieil meat. Then the oUI man tmtX. "OhI woman. I am glint we are well otf; 1 will proclaim it ubroiul," Aim! mt wliw« tin; muniiun came he went up to the top of the house and sat, ami said, "1,1 have abHttdaMc«' laid up. The fat of the big guts I chew." And they say that was thcori|;iii of tin* iiii'ad./w lark, a bird which is called tasiyaka|>opo.' It has a yellow breaitt and Ifbck in the rni middh^ of the camp. And now again lie proceeded on his Journey. And he came to the dwelling place ot a people, and again he found them "shooting the hoop." And there stood a v'.ung man hM.king „„, to whom he .joined himself as spe<-ial friend. While they stood ..getlier he sa.d, "Friend, let us go to your home," and .so 1... went with him to his tent. Ihen the young man said, "(Jrandmother, I have brouglit my friend home with me; get him something to eat." For tins young man also had been rai.sed by his gra.idm.,tlier. She says, " Wiu-re shall I get it from, that you say that?" "Gnind- mother, how is it that you say .so?" interposed the stranger. To wliicli she replied, Waz.ya treats this people very badly; when they go out and kill buttalo he takes it all, and now they are starving to death." llie wntber .spirit, a n.ytl.i.al giant, who caused col.l weather, hlnzimU, etc »«« Aiiier. AnthropoloRist C.r April. 1S89, p. 155. VVazi.va r.-senihles a -iant slain bv the Rab bit, acconhPK to (Ju,aba a^ytbolog.v. (.See foutr. N. A. Ethn.. v.. pt i, 22, 25 ^Ijo o ,. 1 DAKOTA MYTH8. 98 Then lie HiiitI, "Graiidiiiothcr, go to him iumI Hiiy, 'My gmiMlchilU Iiuh wiine on » Journey juhI hiis nothing lo riit, and ,s,, uc huH Hi-iit ni« to you.'" Ho tlie old woiimii went iMid standiiif? aliudU',y saying, "(Jrandmotlier is very mneii afraid," and so they two went together. When they eame to the house of Waziya they found a great deal of dried nu-at outside, lie jiut as much on his friend as he eould carry, and sent him honu- with it. and then he him- self entered the tepee of Waziya, and said to him, "Waziya, why did you answer my gramhuother as you did when I sent her?" Hut Waziya only looked angry. Hanging there was a bow of ice. "Waziya, why do you keep tliis?" he said. To which he replied. -Llands ott'; whoever touches that gets a broken arm." So he thought, " I will see if my arm is broken." and taking the iee bow he made it snap into i)ieees, and then started home. The next morning all the people went on the chase and killed nuiiiy iiulfaloes. Hut, as he luul done before, the Waziya went all over the field of slaiighter and gathered up the meat and put it in his blanket. The -Star born" that had come to them was cutting ui» a fat cow. Waziya, on his round of tilling his blanket with meat, came and stood and said, "Who cuts up this?" " I am dressing that," he answered. Waziya said, addressing himself to the ytmng man. Fallen Star, "Fnmi whence have you sprung that you act ,so haughtily ? " •• And whence havt^ yon sjirung from Waziya that you act so proudly?" he retorted. Then Waziya said, "Fallen Star, whoever points his linger at me dies." So he said to himself, " I will j)oint my finger at him and see if I die." lie did so, but it was no whit different. Then he on his jtart said, " Waziya, whoever points his linger at me, his hand becomes paralyzed." So Waziya thought, "I will point my linger and see if 1 am paralyzed." This he did and his forearm was rendered entirely useless. He did so with the other hand, and it too was destroyed even to the elbow. Then Fallen Star drew out his knife and cut up Waziya's blanket, and all the buffalo meat he had gathered there fell out. Fallen Star called to the jM-ople, " Henceforth kill and carry home." So the people dressed this meat and carried it to their tents. The next iiauning it was reported that the blanket of Waziya, which had been cut to pieces, was sewed up by his wife, and he was about to shake it. Ut; stood with his face toward the north and shook his blanket, and the wind blew from the north, and the snow fell all around about the camp so that the people were all snowed in and very nnicli troubled, and they said: " We did live in some fashion before, but a young man has acted so that now we are undone." But he said, " (irandmother, find me a fan." So, a road being made under the snow, she went and said to the people, " My grandchild says he wants a fan." "Whatever be may mean by saying this?" they said, aiul gave him one. The sm)w reached up to the top of the lodges, and so he i»un(;hed a hole up through and sat on the ridge of the lodge, and while the wind was blowing to the II i| 1 1 94 |)AK(>T\ (iUAMMAIt. TIIXTH, AND HTHN I'min the soiitli, iiikI the iM'iit l)«'caiii(> ^n'iit, anil the snow \vi>nt us if boiling water liail Im'oii piiurni on it, anil it nu'lted away, anti all ovor the kioiiikI tln'm was a mint, lunl VVaziya wiMi IiIh w ifo anil I'hiiilreii all ilieil <>C the iieat. Unl the little, younp'st ehilil of Wa/.iya, with tho smooth lielly, took relume in the hole inaile liy a tiMit pole, where there was IVosI, anil HO liveil. Ami so they say he is all that there is of Wa/.iya4iow. Ho also this myth Ih calleil the Failuu Htar. " WO'I'ANICK IIOKSINA oFIAN KIN. Kl.lMMX'Lor ItllV hiilNtiS TIIK. Writtk.n in I»aki(1,» mv Daviii (ii!i;v ('inin. Irjyuij kiikcil: llokii waij Wiiscd ti kfyiijii. Ilokii riijrii otn \\U)i-n. Il'liolil Minn riiul«ir .1 rich IimiI iIm'V .^iiy. Ilii.li!.r 1 liililnii niiiliy mtv, llc^kii wnijliiijkpc WJiijzidiiij \ iilin. tiikii liiiijskii riiijrii viili;i. Ilokii iHirctkn wiiij llliilliir jirrnM i,w ' liiiil. hiil Umit mtv ' liild. lliiiluiT Kiimiiiiiil 11 kiirnniij <• yiiliii. I'ljkiiij he (tliiiijliiiijii!! ntoivnlii ptc optiiyc! ozudiiij <>('('<>. rlv.rlpcnd IIijh' IiwI. Anil lliiil tiliii; iiiVli iMilliiln ImiiI lull iilwiiv". Tdliiiii licrcni <'('ii owiisiij riniinviriiyc. ni (iwiisiij ('jiijkiiyc wiiijzidiiij iilwlii Whin Mil ihi'ii nil ilriivc he tlii'iM. niiil ,ill imih ' ■mi- wiiit h.iriii' (M'li wirilicktiipiitiiijliJiij iiui/.ii), kii tiiktc cliiikcdiiij iiij »'('ii. wiiijliiijkpt' wnrj •hi'M thi'iii lii'liiriil I'riiiii hi' hIihiiI ;iiiiI whirh llii' List wiw whiTi, arniw i\ liiiijHkji yidic ('iljoij, lio oij owasiij iriviizii wirjio (•('■('»'. Ilokii Ium'oij vinjk(f Inlijr hilil th.'il. thill li\ all Mill' al'lrr Iht'iriNlinl always aiinthiT llail^i-r thJH iloiiiu Wim. <;ii waijiiJi wJiHccii liiijcii. imrl iKiw rh h viTy nijkaij iliiiMliiiijiia Mato waij cii lii, l},a Mato kiij licya: lliiijlimjlic! ■^'"1 Miichliiilv (ira> Itiar a In canic, anil i;ra\ Hear Ihr lliHHaiil: \V"iiilirliir siiij};, iiiyc kc dcrcii wascd yati iiaijka lie, cva. Miv«' kcs niK'iijra «»in hrnthiT, yiiii (lyin thiM liili vl.ii Ihr an' ymi ' hr'nalil i 'vin iiu' I'liihlicn wilh akihaij mate ktc do, siiij};-, (lya. Moron, siiijjj-, iv<>iii»'ipi kiijliaij den alii wati Ktarvii Iilli' will hriplhir, hi'Viiiil. Si> hriillMT, Vh'iwi' yon II Ihii' nnni' lllvi' ktc do, <'ya. I'ljkaij Iloka, Ho, (fva; iyokosaijs iriiiia;iii;iayak(ii sakiui *''ll ■ hi'Kahl. Anil llailniT. Vi's, naiil: ' tiinrciivi^r jiniiiHiiK.' "iiimiIV.'s.iIiiih hnlh uijti kt(^ iso oliiia ivotaijka, rami' thr Ininiiiliahly llailffr .ml ih»ir~ \Vasrnrnil; anil (Iray Hear hiinsrlf In ' sat il"« n, Ija Iloka \voyiit(^ tawa koya owasiij kipi ; lioc^cn Iloka taijkan oti, ka iiina anil llaili-iT iiriiviHii.n^ his ,iIsm all \mti' lakin , mi llail^'ir nul ihmrs (hull, anil viTy- niui'-lt akihaij, Mato en liiyotaijkc riij iliaiji'iaijiia iiijkai) Mato liaijl'iaijiia hiij Htarvi'il. liray lliar In lai'nr »al ilii« 11 ihr ni\l 1 ■niii'; linn (iray liear nMirnini; vrry kikta, ka taijkan Iiinaziij ka licya : Iloka iiiiksi siramnana kiij taijkan liinaijpa * atiuklnK till' nnlsiiir coin.' wakiMlnii. anil nnlHlili- 'atnr Mtooit anil tliH -laiil ■ I!ail;;iT m DAKOTA GKAMMAK, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGKArilY. 1 1 U WO, nitahocokii kiij ))te ozudaij do, eya. Uqkaij Hoka waijhiijkpc elidaku; iiniHT. yoursurroiiiul llii' buffiilo I'ullis , he'sald. And Badger arrow hiatxiuk; ka Iloka Ium'oij cn-ec kiij aki; iyecoii ecoij, Ija owasiij iciyaza wic'ao. Tiika ami liailL'if tluitdoiii^' alwuv» tlii^ ««»'" ' «" hi'did, and all oiuwiftcr- IlioiHliil. Hut aiiotlii'r owasiij Mato ic'ii, ka waijzina kaos Hoka kuHij)! sni. llaijliaijiia otoiyohi all (Iruy Hear liwik, and "«<• I'vcn Hudgir \va»j;iven not. Morninc eai'li hecoij, tiika toliiijui Hoka waijzidaij ahdi sui ecee: ka ocen waijna Hoka lliutlie-dld, but mvir liadgor iinn lironulit not always: and so now Badger lionii^ (•lijra om akil'iaij to ktt- hiijt'a. Tuka Mato c-iijoadaij waijzi hakaktadaij \\&,\, (hildren with starvo (iif will viry. Hut (irayllcar I'liildren on» younKP"! very, uijkaij hee liaijhaijna otoiyolii tasirooaij waijzi yulia skata ecee, ka tohau and tliatonii nmniing I'vi'ry liutl'alolcg onu luid playml always, aiul wlii'n waijua hde kta ora Hoka ti kiij en tiyokaliinihina iyewit'akiya ec'ec, ka now Kolionu' will thin Uad«i>r houso the in rolliug-liousowanl' lausedtbem to-go always, and Ik'oij iii yukaijjii. by-that livin;;' tliey-wiTi'. Hauriaijua waij akti Mato taijkaii liiuapa ka lieya: Hoka uuksi Moininj; our aRain (IrayBoar ontside I'aine and this .said; Badger earn sic'ainiiana kiij, waijliiijkpe aliiyu wo, nitaliocoka kiij pte ozudaij do, eya. stinkinj; the arrow l)ri'ng out, yoursurround the l)uHalo fulliB la Haiil. Mato lieva tka Hoka ye siii. Uijkaij Mato lieya: Eciij yau sui kiijliaij llray tliis-'saiil hut Badger 'g" not. And Gray-Bear thia-said : Now you-como not if Bear inarihdaiska ktc do, eya. I-9iu«.sh-you will , lie-said. Uijkaij Hoka tawieii lieya : Wicariiijea, eyakes tokiki ewat'iij we, waijna Then Badger wite-liis tiiin-Haid: Oldnian, at-anyrate somehow think of it (I'enuile sp.) eeeu luiehji'a om akil'iaij inate kte, eya. Uijkay floka heya : Ho, ekta nide ea- ao niy-ibildien will starve I dii^ will, she-said. And Badger tliis^aaid: Yes, there I-go and owasiij wieawao, ka eeiij tiikte iyotaij eepe eiijliaij he wahdohdi kte do; •ill tlieiu 1 kill. and then whieh "^ lunat fat if that Ibring home will_ ; ka uakuij vu iiiakte esta kt(^ do, Hoka eya, ea Mato kici ya. Uijkaij Hoka and also thus ine lie kill even will , Badger said, and llray-Bear with went. And Badger lieeoi; eeee ake owasiij ieiyaza wic'ao. Uijkarj Mato heya: Pte torn cepa|)i that-did always again all oneat'ter tlionikilled. And Gray-Bear thia'said: Butlalo lour tat ones another kiij heiia iii.s ])ate (a ahdi wo, eya. Uijkaij Hoka, Ho, eya; ka waijzi tlie iliose you e.iit-u|) and briugliome. he-said- ■ And Badger, Yes, said: ami ono iyotaiu'epehca, uijkaij heeeethiij pata, ka waijna yustaij, uijkaij ^[ato lieya: "^moie t'at very, and tliat-ouly liedressed, and now_ fluisheil, tlien Gray-Bearlliiaaaid: Tokeea ake waijzi \apate siii, eya. Tuka Hoka wieada sui. Deeetnlaij Why again cuie Vou ciit-up not. Iie'aaid. But Badger would not. Thisalone kes iioksivopa wi»'awak:ihde kta, eya. Hehayyaij hinah Mato wapata even ehildVen i hem tol take-home^ will, he-said. Holong as yet Gray-Bear outting-up lidnstaij sui. Tuka waijna Hoka tado kin ikay kitoij ka kiij kta, uijkaij tinisheii hisown not. But now Badger meat the string tied and earry would. tlien Mato heva : Hoka niiksi sicaiiinana kiij, tokaq iyaya wo, we naiuayakihdi Grav-Bear this said: Itadger ears stinking the, away go, (niah- Wood you-for-iuc-troadin sp.) 'Tiyokuliiiiiliiiiu is mit in the tUcticmiiry ; but it is probably tleiiveil from ti, tent, and okahmi- liiuii, which latter is I'roni kahiuihuia, to roll along, make roll by atrikimj.—J. o. o. ^ p» -1^ DAKOTA MYTHS. 97 kt flo, eya. -^'.S '':S'' !;± if j-r- ''<>'-. "'is l.a.tuk.- ,1. wulnlolHli kte Milt linilKcr J]c> thisVuid: No, licBiiiil. (iniv lie; <» ake c'Vii, tka lloka •■'If irt-'ilill Niii(l-it. hue liokii wo kiij chnji uiiliu chDovjini Ha.lK,.r hi,,,,,! th„ i„ j,„„|„,| w'.s.|fir„,vn fl,i,llf,T \vi('ji(l woiil,! iiiil,',',l this r iiirrvlic 1 siii. Uijkaij Afato 1 will n„t Thi'i liruvli,ar vu, kji 1111,1 eceedaij tunalieu i^ne <;a mini kiij oij iijyaij kin akastaii vank-i Injkaij ihnnhaijiia tuwe maiicii (-omnilKlazi iiiya Hoka iialion \ko ':;n?' '!r :;:i E'^ ^!^ t^:^ ^--i^- t^ukau tnw. ti,,iahon heya ni^a: I)., fiiuw. ..l-^. . -1 pounngon «n8. An.l h.,,,,,., withinl,,,,,,,. this ,;,i,l hr,.at(,iUK: Ti,^ 2, 1> • a.nayaye (.-a waijna uiakiyulidoka w.., ,-ya. IltH-cii tiyoi,-, rh,s «,„ a«a,„ K:,.,l,v„„.„„.,„ak„ K„,l ,„.„ „„„„ r„n'„„. „„alo »,.,,. ' „„W s,. >„!,!|''^ Wotani.V Hoksida, eya .a^. yata, ka 1:^11:^,^.^^ "'" ""'"' "S.;;r' s, "^li;- s ;*•" ± ;£- '■±" ^'ir ^i^ r 's >r r 'T-, ";il^"' 'tt Ie- "«|::^..'. .^r. ^^;.^a.. i,wo, "^ii:;"" IS 'SS" S 'f^'- "'i'rSf" (;™' "')i;"- M.,,„ ,!,.„ I,i I,,, ,„vas!„ ,. I . I ,. , "aaritri v,r,\, miiiI <,ra.v.h,.ar her,' ,„in,' «ii,l all i:i' h ':±:;'^ '^:r i::^^^ i*^ ''^^f "^ i:i' "^^i ^--jna akiha., uuta,,i kt. do. fri,m-ni,. "' """ "" '""K' anil now atarviii^- w,-,lio will eya. ho aalil. TlOri— yoi, IX 7 98 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS. AND ETHNOdRAPHY. Uijkai} W(»tiUii('e Iloksidaij lieya: Ilena, ate, sdonvvaye <;a hecy And Blomlrlot Uny tlil«"Hni(l: Those, fatlicr, Iknow, nnil tlioirlorc iinaca^a ce, cya. Ate, tokeijh ecoij ('isi kiijhaij ecen ecoij wo, eya. Uijkaij I-have Kiowu Iie'aaiil. Fntlier, Just as toilo lyoii- If m iln , liivHiiiil. And ^ inniniiinil (male sp.) Hoka, 1I(», eya. llaijl'iaijiia Mato taijkaii liiiiaziij l.ca nicipaij esfa yau kte linilgnr. Vc's, s.iiil. In tin ■niiirniiis Gray-Bear wllhoiil Htanils and vourall iiltliongli.vonconii' shall sni; tuka iiioijpa eye eiijliaij liehan yaliinaij]K' kta, ka kicl de kta, tuka not; hut seciiail Ihne hci'say-s if then ' you-come out will anil with ydUf;" will, hnt miye lie itokain waijna ekta inawalibe kta, eya. Waijna liaijllaijiia hii; Iniyself this bilbre already at _ Ihide will, he'said. Niiw morning; very jMato taijkan liinape (;a heya: Hoka miksi sieamuana kiij waijhiijkpe kiij GrayHcar outside eanie and tliiHsaid: Badger ears HtinkiiiK the arrow the aliiyu wo, nitahocoka kiij pte ozudaij do, eya. Tuka ye sni, ka inoi)pa bring out yonr surronnd the hutlalo fullls , he'said. But h'ego not, and secondtinio eye cii) heliaii waijhiykpe ehdaku ka kici ya ka ake owasiij liamwicaya, ka he-said the then arrow his took and with went, and again all thcui-s(-ared, and t'ayku waijzidaij alida, liehan Hoka waijhiykpe oi) owasiij ielyaza Avicao, ka l>ath one they went, then Badger arrow with all in a line thcin-shot, and wayzi cepa he Hoka pata one fat that Badger (fressed. Uijkaij Mato heya: Kohaqna pata wo, eya. Waqna Koka pata yustaij And (hay Bear this'said: Soon cut up, he said. Xow Badger eut-up Hiiished kehaij knj hdicu kta; uijkai; Mato heya: Hoka luiksi .siramnana hii} tokan then carry come would: and Gray Bear tl - said: Badger ears stinking the awav home hiyaya wo, we namayakihdi kte do, eya. Tka iyowiijye sni kiij kta skai). go thou hhiod youtraniple-in forme will , he'said- But 'stopping' not carry would worked- Uijkaij Mato hiyu ka iyahpaya Ija we kiij ehna ehpeya. Tuka ake naziij Then liray Bear came and fell-upon and blood the in threw liim. But again rising hiyaye (-a ii'u kta tka. Ake we kiij ehna ehpeya. Hehan Hoka 6eyii went and take would but. Again blood the in hc-thre«'-him. Then Badger cried skaij. working. Ui)kai) hehan Wotanide Hoksidaij naziij hiyaye, t;a en ya, ^a keva: And then Blood Clot Boy rising st'arted, and there went, and this 'said: Tokeca ate hecen yakuwa hwo, eya. Uijkaij Mato heva: He is, ciijs, Why niy-fatliitf- so .— -. > i -. • . •' you t reat lie said. And Gray Bear this said: This that son hepe dt); Sung, kohaijna nis niciijca tado wicakahda wo, epe do, eya. this I said: Brother, soon you yourchildren meat take home to them. I said , hcaaiil. Tuka Wotanice Hoksidaij heya: Hiya, ate kah this '" '^ ' lieya: mya, ate Kanoya iveyave cuj ue Jlut Blood Clot Boy this said: :;o. my father throwi'ng "vou'sljuvcil the that waijindaka ce, eya; ^a waijhiijhpe ehchiku, uijkaij Mato nakipa, tuka kuto Is""' . hcsidd; and arrow he-took, and Gray Bear lied, hut hc-ahot uijkaij sasteday kiij he okataijyaij lia kte. and little linger the that transfixed and killed. Hehan Hoka deya: Ciijs, Mato ciijca waij hakaktadaij kiij tezi sdasfhidaij Thou Badger this said: Son, Gray Bear child a yotingist the liellv smooth he kte sni wo, he tasico^aij nahinana unkahipi et'ee, ka Iumhj dehaijyaij ni that kill not, that leg bone secretly us brought always, a'nd hy that to this t'ime alive uijyakoijpi ce, eya. we-are, he said. Uijkaij hehan Wotanice Hoksidai) tiyatakiya lida ka Mato tawicu And then Blood Clot Hoy homeward went aad Gray Bear wife hi.', home .. DAKOTA MYTHS. .99 T Aim (ira\ IJrar wiff tim Htrap took Ija II ]ja hevii: Optayo tDiiakora he, (iva. Uiikati Wotanir.. irnl-«iM..„ I ' 1 111 ■ * < •»< 111 will., I sum , )|(< Maul nixl '"""""'■ -^'"'- '>»"l'l "" would!,,.. I »|„.-Haiil ,111,1 iUmI. i„„ '"'" ""'"' 1'"'" limy liiiiiHe tlii. in within . Hear '^£"; '"t" ;■";;;«■" i'»=S»" |''>:^«- w,,,™;.,. i,,*™,,,,, .,,,.: ) nice 11 , ,,. . • '"'>"'i,l. l!„t „„e ,,,i.l n,it. Ami ''!"" t^:ii. ^^T' ''T' i:^;^:!' '"f^ ^r^!^^ ^^'^^ kt^^,, eya; ,njka, II . 1 I-, ; ... '"»t"-k "11,1 ,il. llMTOkilhul „„,1 |l,„tal,m,- «|.ar,.,l l,i,n. Iliu-eii he Iloka ti kiij en aki ka lie mini aku ka nakuii ealiod vii,V<. S„ mat na...or„ou. .,1., in J.^__^ an,, tliat wa,.. .,„^ t' ''Z'''^ ' ^^ ^J^^^^ kiyapi. they mad*' him, "±" i£ ISf "T ""Iff" lis: •'*" ''Sir ^liSlif ' '"^-i"" ■rr b Is;;,: ^is '±r' 'v:Jr !;Sr '••■• ';;!2' 'S' -;r' i^x^e";''^ sdoijyaye ciijliaij ekta md(.' kte do, e>a. you know if ii,„„. I«o will . i„,;ai,i. ''Si'" 'ii^? lis: "s" 'sr "-!:■' ""fij' '£„"•■• ■sii '-^". '^f. VVotamce lloksidaij, ilo, eva. HhHiilClol lioy. Yp», iKi'liaiil. . '^:sr "^'^?^-^ -!^'- is:.' ""tr "^i"'^' -:;=^l!f^ -^ -->- kitoij II waijka, ka I.eya: Tak(«a, tokiva da he, e\a. He is Ik('e..cCn hol,l„i«..on,„i« w„», a,„l „„„•„,,.,: ,i„.„.i.,,i„i. „,„.;;. ,v.,,, i ' u.Lui. Thi!. I,e' ,', Ihirl^v nniawaninake, eya. He ieuijhaij .sivo keva "iwankani hivdpiiini I'„L-.i,. Ia,i,w,.,kin«.„K., ,i,^.a.,r T,. .1,,. i. „., V,,,, " :!i!^!r"" '"^I'Sl"- ^'^^["J wu-ahea lieya : 1 akoza waijzi niakio wo, waiina akiiiaii tnit.. k-t.. ,1,> /..-.. ' 'I f'ii I 100 DAKOTA GUAMMAU, TEXTS, AND ETIINOURAPHY. Tuka, Hiya dec-iya inde (^a inawahni do, eya, l<:a ivoopta ivcva. Waijna Hut, No, thitliirwiinl I ko iiiiil I hasten . )>i' xaiil. ami "^miwunl "wdmI. N(iw htayetu iiijkaij akc uakuij wicalk'a waij sayvekitoij itkokiin u ka waijiia cveniiiK mid uKai" "I"" oliliiiau a Htutf linvinj; linncil taimMiiiil now ehaij i kta iiijkaij iyotaijka, heron on inaziij. Ihjkaij wioahca he\'a: tlii'ie Kii would, aud Hal ilown, bo tliori' cainc stood. And old man tliissaid: Takoza, eya ito iuayahni esta <»wapa>ii kte do, cva. Uqkaij Wotanit'e Urandcliild, oven if you liBBteu allliouKh I till pipe will , lic'said. And IlloodClol Ilok.sidaij lioc'ii], Ito esta kici t-aijnoijniuijpe oa liehan iindamde kta, eciij, ka, Hoy thiatliouclit. I.o if with Ismoke and thun I k" on will, hethouKlil..'ind, IIo, eya. llec'en kic'-i (•aijnoiji)a yaijke va eoen akpaza. llaijir(itu kiij Ik^ Yi'8, said. So with ho Hniokin); " was aud ho night cm. Ni);lit the that ihuijniyaij kit'i yaijka, ka Wotanice Iloksidaij istiijhe siii uij, tuka waijna all through with wa«, and llhiod Clot Boy „l,.|.p not was, hut now wicahca kiij ecen istiijiiia waijka. He icuijliaij waijna aijpa kanides ava, ■■'■' "'" asleep lay. That whilst now nuirninj; hiighteued «xnt, old man tho Wotanice Blood Chit liyaye (.'a went and lujkaij hecen, ito esta mis waijna niistinina ke, waijnas etaijhaij aijpa kta and so, lo! even 1 now I sleep will. now from daylight will, eciij, ka iwaijka. he and lay down. thought, Uijkaij toliiijni eliaijkoij Uijktomi hee tka sdoijye >sni. And aforetimi' indeed Uijktomi this was hut he knew not. Iloksidaij istiijbeh iyaye ciij hehaii wicalk'a kiij hoc naziij Boy asleep last 'went the then old man the who was staiidiug lieya: Tuwe is tokenken tenioiyena, eyaya naziij lii\ave <;a akamdas this said: Who this howsoever killing you, he s'aid often standing went" and astride inaziij, ka caijkaku kiij paweli iyeya, ka liulia kiij owasiij yuzif^ziij iyeya, Ktoiid. and baeklione the broke turned, and limbs the all stretehed ife made, ka nak])e kiij napiii yuzica, ka lieceu suijka waij sice hca ka^a. Uijkaij and ears the both I'le stretehed. and this dog a had very made. And wokoyake wastc^ste kiij liena icu ka iye uij ka tawokoyake wizi ecee iiij elothes beautiful the those be took and lie wore, and liis-elotlies ohl only wore clouts tiioae kiij hena en ehpeya, ka hetaijhaij iyoopta kici va. Ilecen Wotanice the those there he-left, and theuee 'forward with went. So Blood Clot Hoksidaij hee suijka kiigapi. Uijktomi hee linaye ca het'en ecakicoij. Boy that was dog made ITqktomi it was deeeived aud so did to him. Iletaijhaij Uijktomi iyoopta ya ka suijka kiij lie kici vn kicoco aya, Thenee rijktomi "forward went and dog the that with went ealliugto led him otten him Wotanice Iloksidaij, wohwo, wohwo, eya aya. Wotanice Hoksidaij ovate Blood Clot Boy, "wohwo, wohwo" saying leil him. Bhioil Clot Boy people waij ekta ye cikoij hee waijna Uijktomi ehaij i, uijkaij suijka kiij he i.steca a to went the that is now Unktomi to come, aud dog the that ashamed ka maiiin ili(hniica, ka Uijktomi isnana ovate kiij elnia iyaya. Uijkaij and outside kept himself, aud riiktomi he alone p'eople the among "went. Aud oyate kiij heyapi keyapi: Wotanice Hoksidaij hee u do, evi p'eople the this said they say : Blood Clot Boy that was eonies, wiciyuskiij hca, keyapi. they rijoieed very the"}' say. they said, ka and nina much ,, DAKOTA MYTHS. NOTES. 101 1. Tlic iiMC of vcH, wliicli is "V<'n" frcqiKMitly, is to be noted as indicating (c/sAor ttrouff ileHiri: "■ KaHicr, say tiiis, 'Oh tliat my son «ii{,'iit liavc good clothes.'" This IS used at tin- t-nd oftlie i.lirase or sentence, and is accompanied by the verbs //((Hit or say, 111 Moiiic foil,,. Like to tliese is "tokiij," used at tlie beginning of the wish.' 2. TIte life-giving qualities of tlie sweating process are strongly brought (mt in this myth. There may be two objects or tlioiights in tiie niiml of the Dakota wlien he makes u " -.teat hwlge." It is sometimes resorted to for curing disease. That good quality Dr. ^Villiamson always c(»mmended. No doubt it often afforded relief to a c«»ngeHteart of the sweat-house he made a bed of the Arfoiiinia and upon it placed the blood, and tlien he covered the lodge well on the outside. Then he took a dish of water and phmd it within, aud when the stones were well heated he rolled them in also and fastened the door. Then he thrust his arm alone inside and ixnired water on the stones. Suddenly the Badger heard .some one inside sighing. He continued to jiour water on the stones. And then some one breathing within said. "Again yctu have made me glad, and now open for me." So he (»i)ened tha door and a very beautiful young mau came out. Badger at once named him Blood-Clot Boy, aud had him for his son. DAKOTA MYTIia, 103 Mb'* then Blood-Clot Floy siiid, " Now, fsitluT, say this: "Oli that my hoii rnife'lit liave Rood dothoH.'" So he said it, and it was so. Then hv, said af,'aiii, "Say this: 'Oh that my son might have an otter-skin quiver filled with airows.'" This he said also, and it was so. Then HloodClot IJoy imlled a hair out of his head and placed it on the door, and, shooting it with an arrow, split it. And then he said, " Father, why don't y(m give me something to eat?" But the Badger answered, "Alas! my son, wlmt do yon mean ? We are all starving to death. I was very rich in r