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Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tCte provient: I I Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la livraison □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la livraison r~^ Masthead/ % Generique (periodiques) de la livraison 22X < t6X JOX- J 20X 24X 28X : 32 X Th« copy Yilm«d h«r« has b««n r«produc»d thanks to tht ganarotity of: Library of tht National Archivn oiCanada L'axamplairo film* fut raprbduit grica k la ^nArosltA da: La bibKoth^ue des Archives nationaies du Canada The imagM «t>paaring hara ara tha bast quality , posslbia considaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha filming contract spacif icationa. Original coplas in printad papar eovars ara filmad baglnning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad Impraa- sion, or tha back covar vvhary appropriata. 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Las axamplalras origlnaux dont la couvartura •!> papiar ast ImprimAa sont filmis in commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarmlnant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'iilustration. soit par la saoipnd plat, salon l« oas. Tous las autras axamplairas origlnaux sont filmis w commandant par lb pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'iilustration at 9n tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un das symbolas suh^nts spparaltra sur la darni*ra imaga da chaqua microflcha. salon la cas: la symbols — ^ signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux. ate. pauvant Atra filmis i das taux da riduction diffirants. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour itra ■ raproduit an un saul clichi, il ast filmi i partir da I'angI* supiriaur gaucha. da gaucha * droita, at da haut •n bas. mn pranant la nombra d'imagas nicassaira. Las diagrammas suivants lllustrant la mithoda. t 1 2 '■ 3 ■ '";" • ~ 1 X I . _ ' • 4 5 — , ,.„, — ™__- — _„.„«.,.-™ — ,, . . , .. „ — . . ■■■ — ,6 il.. ...„:.•.....- ' « « ■ •^^F ' '♦ J,<"V'> i", r^,' V. • ■ • * • • • #^ ... • ^ ■^N PATENT Of ABRAHIM STEERi EXTRACJT OP TANNING HEMLOCK BABK. u f/ 4v^ ^ 'i ' !\ m At ^rJ. „.— . :;j.~:;: /'v,.' -r ,^.,.,; -,... '■ « f ©- „ » ■ » -» ■ 1 ' » / ,1 ■'\ i. >-2^v-;; V '^»-_J!.3, - \ \ ■ '■■,■," ' \ ' .-, \ " '\ ■-■ V '. \ ..^ ' ■/ \: Eh o /ff « i.^c trM J ■/ V \. \ is J'J'Xig-'- rf /'. \ a: O O \ X O '' S s s e e e 0) a- S c U iJ ^ e C O o w Si 8 B a. cj 4; o a - -' /^ c - 11 I i >. o c o S cd cd b< X> . C es C. I o c , 8 "S- o fl o s a;. ed S c > -C "7. d a- o O d o a %. 4i O ^ \ ^ JS "o o >> J= -S ^^ 2 — O m •^ C") anted by xtract of d g ^ »* 8 .£ =:s .s o" f Invention were gr raham Steers, an E \ o c ■ es C '/J > V -o 5 c . c ~ ' ? =■ r/ ' J. o o be '3 «5 3 S3 o Si o o ^ ^ >> * " CO itent to A a- 6- — 8 CQ o O 1- c "5 o c o ^ C /- CO J3 ,1*^ d i- - OJ 4-J C , -^ "^ ■? 0) c o 5 "^ >-< 8 O •/. - r/. ^ .5 s o- Oh for wl the 21 0^ C! .2^ >. O '4-' OS Oh o >-> C *-* S OS .*/) X <— < u. ^ a> *s ^3 '13 OJ o O eS A o ^ ¥ C r ^ o -a o o • fH ■^J « c -5 ^ > ^ JS .S o o i J3 O B ... o O o o 1 • i-H X! O 2 o of Tanners, Government 4^ ■5 ^ J 3 2 .2 Cm > o o o s 0) <5« W u o Rj CO ri < ■?> « «« - '' \ • ''^'^yfi K Hffli Wp' in^H H^^ ffii^H HiIpm i^H i^P • €idx\ It is 1 to every I vince of ( of the Pre constant si the manufi protective c disseminat communitj under the i ledge, that tiire which • • In the is acknowh produce the one known manufactuT thinking, th inproportim where itisn /'• '^^ PATENT OP AB'EAHAM STEERS' * fcaci 0f Cnnning from ftinlodi ^ari ft: Toronto, 15111 March, 1859. It IS unnecessary to dilate upon the fact which must be obvious to every business man, that the great desideratum to make the Pro vince of Canada prosperous is, the production from the raw material of the Province, of manufactures which will command a ready and constant sale in foreign countries, and wkich will be remunerative to the manufacturer and especially those manufactures which reguire no protecttve duty-fox every dollar thus brought^ into the county and disseminated there is so much ^y ad4<een ^ place of its grou^handZ^^ where u ts used : it therefore foUows, ia a mathematical certainty^ » • - i-' XI _ flfilfwi r \.- \. -^ it%»isi (*► to reduce its bulk- without injury to its astringent qualities is the result , required, to make the Hemlock Bark of thiS country an article of lucrative export ; for the crude astriiigent salts of' Hemlock Bark compose only onc-twelftU of it^usifel bulk, and one-eighth of its weight. The weight of a cord of Hcnriock Bark being about 2000 lbs., the crude tistringent salts thereforJa weigh 250 lbs., or thereabouts. The brother of the writer— Mx. Abraham StIbers— a' practical TaiiHei' himself (and probably nto^ thoroughly ^qquainted with its science than any mao on this contin\ent), having for very many years turned his attention to the means of producinf^l^e Extraet of Tanning from Hemlock Bark, sqas to make it an.article oi* commercial export, bus at length succeeded, and obtained a Tatent for the Pr«ivince of Canada, and also for (he United States, for producing an extract of the astringent salts of Bnrk', without in the slightest, degree injuring its tanning qualities — Bt/ supplying water to gep,e)ate steam for the extraction of the jnopertics inherent in Vegetable substances {reducible by^ tvatcr or steam) liij the condensation of said steam', and itsfeturn to u'her§ it tvas generated, — thereby concentrating the projierties so extracted to the condensation required. • ' By this Patent the astringent .salts inherent in one and one half^ cords of Hemlock Bark can be so concentrated or condensed as to be contained in a forty-gallon cask, in Aveight from 365 to 400 lbs., and thus is attained the object desired — its adaptation as ail article of commercial supply to foreign countries, as well as for. consumption in any part of the Prevince where Bark is ^arce, that can be reached by water or rail ; and it is a well-known fact, that many tanneries in this Province and the United States, in the construction of which large ca'jJitiil ha:<'beeu invested, hsrfe been abandoned, and some are about to be, because the settlement of the sirrrounding coi^tjry has denuded it of Bark, and the Bulk of Bark precludes its profitable carriage beyond a limited distance. This Patent will have the effect of a|[ain employing this lost capital, «ind is further valuable in Canada, for it must come into the general use of Tanners even where Bark is plentiful, as it is not a more, but a less,, expensive means of extracting the taimin from Bark, than the leaching or»extracting by steam of heated water, at present in commoi use', and it has this extraordinary advantage^ thatfrotn the ^ tan (that is the spen^ Bark) of 0^ common system'-by Mr. Abraham ^eers's process of making extract— tanning liquors can bi produced one %6f the bujk of the, tan, to dverage a barkometer proof of 10 degrees, tchich is fully equal to the strength of tfie best liquors in common tan- neries, made from f/e^i Bark, in this^^^r&vince and the United StiUes., Th6 great necessity of extract for the use of Tann«^r? may bepro- perl^uppoi^d by the ftcts, well known to t'lifljrade,.that in Gr6at \ Bntafti aWlreland, jawing to thteVarcity of native Bark, there is an extensive use of extrai^frr'niadG frqrn astringent vegetable substances (s« acacia and acacia cafechul, in The Encyclofocdia of Useful Know- ledge). -She imports extracts from her antipodes, Australia, sumac and Valonia or nutt galls from Smyrna the dcpdt for the Mediter- ranean bark fromAntwerp, also from Spain and Portugal, and other countries tedious to gnumerate ; and intoUe United States are im- ported s>imac, valonia, terra jaixJriica, and other foreign prcparatjons though admitted by those who use them to be in pricft exorbitant' and resorted to, to facUitate their operations, and from the want 6f Bark or its extract, rather than from their comparative intrinsic value France, also, and-in fact most Europejvi states, are importers-of Bark ^d all these countries would therefore afford markets for an Extract oTTanning, so indispensable to jJroduce Jeathor, one of the primary, necessities of civilized countries. * , ^^ / • It is not theretbre, I think, arrogating an undue importau^^e for this projected^manufacture in this country, to assume, that„if it be conducted with due skill and) economy, it may become a rival as an export even to the timber trade, for there are scarcely bounds to its necessity and general use in foreign countries, as well as for home consumption; and these facts, if admitted, ought to obtain for it sup- port and consideration, for it combines public utility with aiK-assured fortune to those who operate jts manufacture. — , It.is scarcely necessary, yetit is ^ot irrelavent'to mention, that the Hemlock tree is one of most general growth over the entire of i^^?M >;r f^^.""" *"!"' ^'^ ^°"°^' ^d especially is it the prp.. auction of those lands to the north wh6re settlement is scarce,.and it ' extends over surfaces wh/re it is not likely th^t setUement will take place for a century, if ever, and the iimbeTis of Utt5 comparative value. It ^may therefore be safely concluded, that the su^ly of _y L- , I material for making the Extract is as akpleas the increase of its use may demand. It is only necessary to state well-known figures to shew, that this manufacture will be as profitable an inrestment of capital to the manufacturer, as it is certain to be of the highest importance to all civilized countries. The calculations are based on the principle of selling the Extract to Tanners at the price of the crude Bark, in the localities tq which it may be exported, and this extends to wherever Bark is sufficiently scarce to make it profitable, and ^t is calculated that in those lo«alities itlvill be the intei-est of the Tanner to purchase Extract in preference to Bark, inasmuch as he will thereby make a considerable profit in the saving of handling, piling and grinding the Bark, for the Extract wants no preparation, being immediately soluble in water to any strength required, — in fact, with a certain pupply of Extract a tannery may be carried on any where, and in premises one eighth the size of those generally used ; and it is further matter of consideration in the investment of capital in this Patent, that, even where Bark is plentiful, no Tanner will carry on his leeching without using Steers's Extractor when its value becomes known, for the whole tanning properties of the Bark ian thereby be extracted, and not otherwise, by any means at present known : In New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and the large Cities of the Union, Hemlock Bark costs from $10 to $12 per Qord, which weighs about 2000 lbs. — li cords, say at $10 per cord, is . . . $15 00 The cost of Bark, say at Lake Simcoe, as a base of operation, say $2 per cord — 1^ cords $3 00 Oni a large scale the costof making the Extract will not exceed and will most probably be less than $1 per cord of 2000 lbs., or produce of 1 J cords condensed to— ^ \ 40 Gallons, say ^... 150 Cost of Cask 75 Freight to New York and Insurance 2 25 CoQunission, 5 per cent, on its value, $15 75 ^n, Cost at New York $8 25 Apparent Pr ofit /;... 6 75 . Pi upwards of 81 per cent. ..... $15 00 $15 00 ^^ngland Valonia costs ^615, native Oak Bark, £8 to jei2 Antwerp Bark, £6 to £8, Spanish or Portugal or Cork-tree Bark, i? on t^n u- T^ ^^ """"""y- ^^" ^°"°^^°g calculation is based on Spanish, which is very similar to Hemlock in its quality and value Z at ir "r"^'"\' " '^^°"' ^^^^^ ^P^'^^^' -'^ value Uth": tore at £b per ton, sterlmg, only : Say 1 i tons, at £6 steiliag,-£9 : reckoning sterling $4 8* currency, value of 1 ^ cords is *iq «;« Cost in Canada, barreled Extract $5 25 Freight and Insurance, per barrel . ^-^ ." .* e 50 Commission on value, say $43 56, ^ cent o 17- Contingencies, 2per cent:.,. ..■ q g^ A . T. . ' ■ $14. 79 Apparent Profit. ; 28 77 per bar. Or upwards of 194 per cent $43 56 $43 56 NoTE.-.-This calculation is based on value of hemlock bark being to Spanish relatively, as 6.7ths., and it is so, in my opinior,, but thlrf min'eiUot'^r '^\^^^^^^'^^^^oum absoLe^n^ysifdete^ mme It to be of less relative value, and still leave a profit to satisfy the tTa ti^vTe" "^ T T"'^^^"-' b"t. there is'some probab'^y that It may rate equally, and as corroborative, the writer refers to thi Lectures on Tamiing, by The Honorable Gm;oN I^^Z ZXt where It is stated, that— , see page • / mu( an Exi SOI asti Irel end whi Bar mac to a will infe hun and to i] low cost est] afib; harl ''^i manu- msions Act, 16 inies to i detail BRS. APPENDIX. CERTIFICATES OF CHEMISTS, TANNERS. &q. Toronto, May 3, 1850. Mr. Steers — Dear Sir : In compliance with your request, I feel much pleasure in giving you my opinion as to the probable success of an establishment in this country for the manufacture of a Tanning Extract from Hemlock Bark with a view to the export of the article so manufactured to Great Britain and Ireland. There can be no doubt of the extensive use of extracts made from astringent vegetable substantes in the tanneries of England and Ireland, and that such extracts are used, with a view to attain the ends otherwise attainable by the use o^" the Bark of Oafc or Cork tree which is a variety of oak, and it is quite certain that, if Hemlock Bark be at all classable with Oak Bark for tanners' use, the extract made from it, if prepared with the necessary precautions, well known to all practical men in the scientific department of such manufactures, will command a ready sale, and I believe leave a large profit. The great demand for English Oak Bark of prime quality, and the inferiority of a great portion of the Irish Oak Bark owing to the humidity of the climate, has caused good bark to bear a high price, and even for these five and twenty years past has made it profitable to import from Spiiin and Portugal the Cork Tree Bark. Now the lowest price of these articles in a British port is at least ten times the cost of a like weight of Hemlock Bark here, consequently if the extract of Hemlock bark be afibrded in anything like the quantity afforded by any of the oak barks, and if the character of Hemlock ^^fk for taSnIng rate Mrly,th^reci^^ \ «l V\ :H 4«S'-' On my first arrival in this country, over seven years ago, my attention was called to this subject by one of my family in the tanning department in Ireland, biit I was deterred from any investigation of the matter by seeing what a very inferior' article the leather manu- factured with Hemlock bark is, and I stated my views at the time in letters to Ireland. Now, however, my opinions are certainly shaken ' by your unhesitating opinion, as given to me, that the inferiority of Canadian Leather is attributable chiefly to" the erroneous system pur- sued by the Tanners of Canada and not to the inferiority of their tanning ingredient, namely. Hemlock bark. Anything short of actually testing the quantity of the tanning principle in a given quantity of the Hemlock bark as compared with that contained in a given quan- tity of valonia or English oak bark of prime quality will be only a conjecture as to the probable result. I would therefore advise you to institute this investigation, and if the result be in favor of Hemlock bark so far as to show, that it even contains one fourth the tanning property of valonia or one half the tanning property of good English oak bark, in my opinion the manufacture of the Extract would pay well. ^^ There is still another matter to be considered, namely, the color- ing property of Hemlock bark ; you must therefore ascertain tha;t no objection exists on that score. It is possible there does not, for Cork Tree Bark contains much coloring matter also, and yet it is highly prized. Believe me, yours sincerely, -- JAS. JOHN HAYES. PS. — It is many years since I was first called on to analyze and value Australian Extract at your father's Tannery. 9. Newark, N. J., March 6, 1854. Mr. a. Steers : Sir, — I had been some years since interested to some extent in the trade of Bark Extract, as you were informed by Mr. D. B. Crockett, and it answered the purposes of the tanners well, and, if judiciously used, caunot fail to be a most useful auxi liary One large factory of it was burned down. An attempt was then made to get up the price. Many sent in bark ground, aud the extract got out of use ; but, I am satisfied, not from want of demand, and am convinced that the present want of bark' in this and similarly situated localities, would command a large profit, for its manufacture in places where bark is cheap and from whence„ its transit would be at a low rate,/either by canal or railroad. CHARLES T. SHIPMAN. K Newark, N. J., March 7, IBS*. Mr. Steers : Sir, — I have to acknowledge the receipt of your theory of tannage, and your explanation of intended improvements in tanning and manufacturing Bark Extract. The annexed theory perfectly cpincides with my views and experience, aJs also Prof. Page's opinion: that you have the true philosophy of economic tanning, in saving of time, labor and money, and that your improvements in the manufacture of Leather and Bark Extract are most valuable and cannot fail in practicability. The extract has become a necessity, and tanners are driven to the use of Sumac, Terra Japonica, Sfc., at exorbitant prices, compared with barkf^ to facilitate tlieir operations, rather than for their intrinsic value. I had long experience in the use of extracts, many year^ ago, and supposed that the necessary attention of other tanners to their imme- diate trade prevented them, as it does myself, from devoting that time to its manufacture necessary to make a trade of it. ^ . Yours, &;c., &c., D. B. CROCKETT. Medina, N. Y., Sept. 18th, 1854-. We, the undersigned, comprising all the shoemakers of Medina, in the county of Orleans, and State of New York, having worked up the leather of Mr. Abraham Steers' manufacture, read over his annexed theories of tanning and rounding sole leather, and examined his process for tannin g the sam e, do hereby, most unhesitatingly, certify our opinion that his speedy process of tanning necessarily makes i! nl \\ '■■* r:% 10 leather possessing every and all the tt^ost valuable requisite*, and of a quality primer than any we ever before saw or used. His samples of Butts, Pates, and Bellies, tanned and finished separately, demonstrate beyond a donbt the improved value of each part by being so tanned and finished. \ SAMUEL BOCE, ™ THOMAS GILBERT, H. M. BEERS, JOHN FERGUSON," HENRY FERGUSON.' / ^>8t ' / Newark, N. J., Nov. 27, 1854. Messrs. Robinson & Rathbone, Hide and Leather Merchants, Albany, N. Y. : Gentlemen, — In reply to yours of the 24th instant, as to Mr. Abraham Steers' capabilities as a practical and scientific tanner. Sometime in last March, Mr. Steers/ called at my tannery, and, whilst I showed him over the concern, his suggestion of expe- dients and thorough knowledge of the business, confirmed me in some opinipns I had previously formed, and created doubts as to others. Since then I have made experiments as he suggested, which have resulted in proving his views correct, and a conformable change in my operations. He visited me^SgatnAjast October, when I acquainted him with the result of the experiments, and mentioned to him some difiiculties I then labored under, and for which he immediately suggested a remedy, since acted oi\ successfully. That he is a practical and scientific tanner, I feel certain. His powers of expediency eminently fit him for a manufacturer, and there is no tannery to whichthis examination and advice would not prove valuable. Yoiurs respectfully. / D. B. CROCKET. / sites, and sed. His eparately, t by being ERT, ON," 7, 1854. ferchants, instant, as scientific f tannery, L of expe- le in some to others, lich have change in him with iifiiciUties ggested a :tical and eminently ivhichthis €KET. RESULT OF DEM6J^STRAT10N AT THE ^MYSITJLla New York, Crystal Palace, October, 1856. At the request and by the advice of some of the Tanning Trade of New York, I have brought before them, at the Crystal Palace, this fair working model to show — That heavy sole leather can be tanned \vithin four days, and that the. use of strong liquors, or quick tanning (with the necessary pre- cautions known to practical tanners) will not injure the leather so tanned. That the -strength or tantiing of bark, together with all its ^auxiliary properties, can be reduced to one-twelfth, the original bulk of the bark ; and that said tannin or extract can be diluted for taiming purposes, without tl^e loss of any of its tanning properties. To prove which, with my working models, I first made an extract ; and then, with said extract (diluted), I placed for their inspection a' heavy tanning into three-fourths of the substance of the leather opemted on, within three days, and, in fact, within eighteen hours active opei^tion, leaving and showing one-fourth of the grain side unaltered by tan, the fact being that until each particle of fibre reached by the Salts of Bark^ becomes tanned, the approximating fibres remain quite green ; the combination of Salts and. fibre being so complete and sudden on contact, that, till each part is tanned, nothing but water passes to the next part or fibre, or escapes finally through the hide, thereby proving, a*vl have stated, that the Extract can be madewitfr- oiit evaporation, land that it cah then be diluted and used by tanners. ni • 12 I then, of the next bark pperated on, kept the liquor from becoming thick, so that the Barkometer could prove its strength, as, if allowed to become thick, its thick^ess would prevent the sinking of the Barkometer, and said liquor floated a great part of the bulb of the Barkometer, measuring a^< "^80''— as the Barkometer was marked ^ly to 60. I also requested the Uquor to be smelled and tasted (as the experience of one gentleman satisfied him that where ^e knew of its manufacture having failed, the taste and smeU indicated an extensive destruction of the Bark's tannii^ properties), and received the foUowing testimonials from the three gentlemen whose opinions I was advised to obtttih. \ j ABRAHAM STEERS, * 304, Broadway, N. Y. Newark, N. J., October 25th„ 1856. At the solicitation of Mr. Steers, I visited the Crystal Palace, and gave him my opinion, thatjf the models he was erecting produced the effects he stated, they ought to be sufficient to remove all doubts of his improvements from the minds of the most-incredulous. I found him the raw material and bark to be operated on, and, since then, examined the results ; which are in perfect accordance with what is heretofore stated by him,; and is most conclusive evidence of his suc- cess, to;attain which he has spared neither pains or expense. Of the want and value of the Bark Extracts, I have already given him my opinion, and I congratulate him, and City Tanners, on his unquestionable success. \ • D. B. CROCKET. New York, November 1st, 1856. At the request of Mr. Abraham Steers, I visited his new process of tanning, and of making extract at the Crystal Palace. I examined the extract, and so for as I could ascertain by taste and smell, it ap- peared to have all the tanning properties concentrated to great strength, as was indicated by the Barkome ter, an d which I found ( by the same calculation as marked) stood at « 80 j» whereas 32 degrees I becoming if allowed ing of the julb of the '^as marked tasted (ajs 9 ^e knew dicated an d received ie opinions RS, vuy, N. Y. th^l856. ^1 Palace, g produced all doubts . I found ince then, Ih what is jf his suc- ady given rs, on his CKET. t, 1856. w process examined 3ll, it ap- to great found (by la 13 is the highest strength of liquor I have ever seen made by the ordinary* way of leeching by our regular Tanners. And I cannot see why it will hot greatly facilitate tanners' operations, especially in our cities by having the extract transported instead of the,Bar^, as is now the CMC. I have also examined his tanning, and see no difficulty iii tanning within the time he states. * THOxMAS SMULL. New York, November 3rd, 1S56. Mr. a. Steers : Dear Sir,— As you have asked my opinion of your extract of Bark which I saw making at the Crystal Palace, in answer, would stadte, fhat I have no doubt it is a good article, and will work well, for I can see no reason why it should not ; it appears to contain all the tanning properties of the bark, without injuring it, and could it be afforded at a low price, it might be much used by Tanners in or near any large city, to facilitate their business, to advantage. With much respect, I remain, • ,^ ' Yours respectfully, J. R. SMITH. fi 1 !■ 1^ I I: r I f. TANNERS' BARK EXTRACT, MADE BT -AJbR, A.I3:-A.]>s/E STteEHS- Ferry Street, New York, 13th Nov,, 1856. Mr. D. B. Crockett, Tantier, 'Newark, N. J. Dear Sm, — Understanding that Mr. Abraham Steers has operated with his Bark Extractor of Tannin, in the tannery you are connected with, I would feel much obliged by your informing 'me of its merits, by answering the following questions. - ' Yours respectfully, BENJ. MARSH. t if !^ Newark, N. J., 13th Nov., 1856. Mr. B. Marsh, Ferry Street, New York. Dear Sir, — In reply to yours of to-day, I herewith annex replies " in seriatim,^^ and also the particulars of experiments made on the Spent Bark of foiu Newark tanneries. Yours respectfully, D. B. CROCKETT. Ist.^How th" ost of erections for its manufacture will compare with that ueOcssary for tanners' use, operating on like qullntiti^s of bark? » Amioer.'— The cost of erections need not exceed that now incurred by tanners for their ordinary- leeching. • * 2nd. — ^How will the cost of its manufacture compare with the ^..ja^aeiitmaniifactHre of tanner's liquor from like quantities of bark I - r ,*».- LCT, )v., 1856. las operated i connected ' its merits, MARSH. •v., 1856. nex replies a.de on the CKETT. II compare i6s of bark? w incurred 3 with the of bark J ^ V ■ la ' ilw*M)^.— The cost of manufecturing extract need not jexceed the cost of manufacturing liquor. 3rd — Whether his prillcij)le of operating efFectually takes all the strength out of the )3ark ? Anstoer, — There is not an^ cannot be any tannin retained in the bark that has been operated on by his means of extraction. 4th. — How dojes its barrelling tannin corppare with tanners' ordi- nary leeching of the strengtl^ or tannii) from bark? Answer. — It is calculated to put into a barrel 25 per cent, more ■ strength out of the same quantity of imrk than tanners can obtain by ordinary leeching. ^%».v- 5th. — Whethjer any of its tanning properties are, or are not destroyed by its rjiode of operating ? j Answer. — I cjannot see any reat,on to suppose that any of the pro- perties of tanning or aflxilliary to tan can be lost, and its eflects on leather convinces me they are ^ill preserved. 6th. — Whether after il^ manufacture int6 es^ract it is'capableof being diluted and then used, by tanners'? Answer. ^Long experience in the use of extracts, and its larg^ annual export from Australia to Englaikl, leave no room fef apprehend any difficulty about tanning with diluted extract. 7th. — Whether it necessarily or is likely (so made) to stain the leather tanned by, it ? ' ,Afiswer. — I never saw a bettor color from bark liquor than that of the leather experimented on with the extract, and certainly there can be nothing arising from. its manufacture to discolor or stain leather. 8th. — How does the extract (so made) compare with the Extract of Bafk you have had experience of heretofore ? ^^ . Answer. T-I ftave Imd Extract heretofore, possessing all the valuable properties of th4 bark without any drawback, but oftentimes tiad it turn^ out of very indifferent quality — arising, I am satisfied, from, the parties ~ engaged in its manufacture not understanding it scientifically, 'and having no properly fixed principles of operation, whereas the Extract made by Steers' s process must be uniformly the same. 9th. — How\does its use compare with that of Terra Japonica? Answer. — Leath^ can be tanned a better color by this Extract than hy Terra Japonica; it will tan fully as quick; and this Ea^ract^ioil^ uS^aalgamoM w^ ihe^breafJhehidef^sotbgiM<^i^^^ removed as Terra Japonica can. /*- . I iii i '^^ ■■■ ' 16 10th. — How does »•* operation on unground Bftrk compare with its operation on ground ( , " Amiver. — Itp operation on the unground, was as efTectual as that on the ground Bark. D. B. C. CERTIFICATE. E(u:h of the undersigned, Tanners of Netvark, JKew Jersey, ma day of November, 1856, s7/pplird U hueket of lehdt they considered per^ fecthj spent Dark, had it operated on by Abraham Steers''.s }rroccss of making Extract, andfonind that it made liquors one-half the bulk of the Bark,, to average a Darkomcter proof of 10 degrees, which i^' fully equal tn'the strcJigtli, (f mirjbest liquors. --^HAS. H. HARRISON & Co. D. B- CROCKETT. JAS. IRVING,/or Chadtdick & Co. p. S; BATTEY,/or A^. J. Pat. Tan' g. Co. * • Newark, December 19,. 1856. Since.mine, of the '3th of November, to Mr. Marsh, respecting Mr. 'Steers' mode of extjimpig thestrengtli from bark, and my certi- ficate of what it' can efmni on spent tan, I have operatetl on it with a wooden vessel, holding about two tons, and am now, if anything, better satisfied of its effect tlian I Was tlien. The spent tan from the large vessel I tried in his working model, and no strength could be got from it. D; B. CROCKETT. Freeman Hunt, Esquire. New York, March 3^d, 1857. PsAR Sir, — This will be handed, to you by Mr, Steers, who is about to writQ some articles on the subject of tMigingi,, I consider Mr. Steers particularly qu&iifi3dnf^|masipn the sub- ject since he is "certainly^ well, or better 1"^^^!fitMM|bf"T pe^i I know of— as a practical man ; and then he wM^HiSBpR er quali^ Nations a theory against which I have not h^Sff^n intelligent man in the trade raise a single objection. • . 1 think if you ever open your columns to the consideration of such subjects, you will do' well to give Mr. Steers a hearing. Very truly, yours, ^"^ 1-i J. S. SCHULTZ. Kill VI:' I ^ M p-^ •I: mkj =^ %. :' mre witK il as that B. C. ,tfSs '.ercd\ \)roccss of idk of the dly equal n'g.Co. ^ 1856. ispecting ny certi- t wjtlt a ig, better he large \ be got LETT. 1857. , who is the suh- * ypeisittui? rquajffl^ 3ut man ■ation of FLTZ. * , iicror«productions hittoriquas D Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the textt Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ il se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutto lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti f ilmies. n Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires: This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de rMuction indiqutci-dessou: 10X ux a 18X /...- 12X 16X 20X ^ k A f ^H| - • ■r ^ ^H , W ^ - 1 L 1 ■il^ V A f • ■*- • ■ft ■ ^^^L '> i J r f T ' • « ; ^ L f r # > • ▼ .' "> - .1 < ■ ) . • - % -' - ^ ♦ «¥"' ■'