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( i ; I' f\ II I /iV' I I: SAJMiPs jys' I'liai! -im^ Aim AaiaaiiiiigiaT la' My' s'ilsisj^is'i m ' M-^ ^h:M^^%A:f^X MMi:^^JLK,i^^o^m ^^m'fiA.Ar^.^nm! ii^^ 2i>m. ty"'^.'''. ^— ?*" •^g^ aifs ..I'-siSTW-v-. .•.».•. \ HINTS ON :i I t\ BIVOUAC & CAMP LIFE ! ISSUED BY THE AUTHORITY 02 His £i:cellency Majoi General Sir Gaspard Le Marciunt, FOJi THE GUIDANCE OF YOUNG OITICERS JN THE HALIFAX GARRISON WHILE UNDER CANVAS FOR THE SUMMER MONTHS, ▲I THE NORTH WEST ARM, POINT PLEASANT. '* En retranchant le superflue," " On apprend mieux le necessaire." M0NT£CVCVLX. BY CAPTAIN WILFORD BRETT, 76th Regt., AIDE-DE-CAMP. HALIFAX, N.S. PRINTED BT RICHARD NUaENT, (Aroade Buildiog), HoUia Strtet. /^ 'I T. N.Y. f 41 f 1i, INTRODUCTION. These few pages were prepared for the use of young Infantry Officers of the Garrison of Hahfax while en- camped at ** Point Pleasant." The work has been compiled from well known authors, and lays no claim to originality. The aim has been to condense infor- mation into a form, where it would be more easily got at, and understood, than where found scattered through volumes of science, and more immediately addressed to the other branches of the service. On Major General Sir Gaspard LeMarchant, as- suming the command of the Forces in the Lower Pro- vinces, he ordered a Camp of Instruction to be formed at Halifax for the troops quartered there. He adopted the principle which he strictly enforced, that the crude material being afforded to them, the men should be taught to depend entirely upon themselves for the preparation of those supplies which were daily re- quired, that they should bake their own bread, kill their own meat, and throughout be altogether unassisted by "Contractors," or any class of citizens whatever. i n XNTBODUCnON^ After several attempts a " Field Oven" was contri- ved, of very simple construction, yet so satisfactory in its results, that bread of excellent quality was baked and supplied daily to the troops throughout the period of their Encampment. In this, as well as in the for- mation of kitchens, and other works of the same class no materials were permitted beyond the rough stones picked up in the vicinity of the camp, cemented with clay and earth. The course of instruction carried out under the di- rection of the Major General included, — in addition to Military Drill, Evolutions, and Out-post Duties.-^the making Fascines and Gabions, Cutting Brushwood, the construction of Field Works, throwing up Parallels, approaches and batteries, in fact, in all those operations of a Siege in which Infantry are likely to be engaged whether as assailants or defenders. The Officers were separately taught in the first in- stance a plan that much facilitated the after instruction of the men, which was thus conducted under their own Officers. Much attention was given to the striking and pitch- ing of the tents. This took place daily, as also when- ever the Major General unexpectedly visiting the Camp might order it to be done. Towards the close of the course of instruction the time occupied in this opera- tion, rarely varied from 3J minutes fpr the formation of INTRODUCTION. / i the Camp, and 2J minutes for striking it. This, of course, included the packing or unpacking, and remo- val of the tents. No great attention has been given to the arrange- ment of this work ; for, as the daily course of instruc- tion pursued, suggested the subject, so the most prac- tical explanation was sought for, and in that order have they been inserted. Many of the paragraphs, indeed, may appear abrupt and disconnected. The answer is, they are written for the use of the young Officer, and the Infantry Soldier, and not the Engineer ; and it is whnre the Infantry Soldier lias failed to understand the plans of the latter that the offer of instruction is made. Much difficulty was experienced in the first instance in imparting to the troops, the necessary knowledge for " Camp Life," from the want of information dis- played by all ranks in the performance of the duties it entailed ; and but little assistance was to be obtained from Military works, in the first stages, from their fail- ing to enter sufficiently into detail, and from the absence of diagrams to supply the required information. It was, therefore, that these few pages were compiled for the benefit of young Soldiers, in the hope that they may be instructive, and not without advantage. WILFORD BRETT, Capt. 76th Regt., & Aide-de-Camp. Haixfax, N. S., September 1S55. INDEX. * Pages. Introdcctiox. General Orders— 1809, Formation and March of an Army, Halting days in Quiittere, In C'antonmente. Kegulations for the sick rejoining, Marching of Detachments. Quavtering of General Officers and Staff, Routes, Baggiige, (Lc, on the line of inarch, Extra carts for baggage disallowed, Billets, Proportion of accommodation al- lowed, Communications between Head Quarters and Divisions. Encamping: 10 Drill in slow time, " Drill in quick time, 16 Raising the tent, 17 Striking the tent. Advance Guard on the line of March. 18 Rear Guards. 21 Additional Remarks. 211 Form to be observed by Regiment I furnishing the Garrison Duties at } Gu-^rd Mounting. 23| Light infantry: ' Chang js of position by Bugle Sound, 26 Ciiant'-'ig position retiring by Bugle bound, 28 F' T)k Pat roles, 28 G ve^:.g the movements of a Bat- talion in all its changes. 29 Advance Guards. 32 Rear Guards : 37 To fight an Advance Guard, Hear Guard attacked. 38 40 42 43 48 Paget. Advance cr Rear Guard paeeing a Bridge. Extract from instructions for the Gen- eral regulation of the Camp, Cooking in the Field: Duke of Wellington's order — 1812, Explanation of system. Construction of lield Kitchens, Circular and Sunken — adapted to any ground, Circular, and biuU with stones. Oblong, built with stones, Cooking on the March, Economy of Food. Baking: Formation of Field Ovens, Dimension of ditto, Preparing the Bread, Utensils and implements required, Instructions for Baking, Yeast and American Powder, Abattoir: Butchers implements required. Latreens. Duties of Working Parties: Cutting Brushwood, Distribution of parties tor ditto, Fascinef> and Method of making. Ti( .e and Weight, vjiabions. Men and tools. Time. Tracing Line. Mode of Tracing first Parallel of At- tack. Disposition of Working Parties for Trenches. Obstructions. Abattis. 50 51 52 53 55 56 58 59 62 64 I I J I C C JB / A I I I ,\ INDEX. How to destroy Abattis. Palisades, Chevaux-de-Frise, — Hurdles. Trap Holes- How to Macadamise Impediments. Commencing a second parallel by the Flying Sap, Arranging the working tools, Mode of carrying Gabions. Extension of ^ orking Party, Working Parties, how armed. Rules for opening a second parallel by the Flying Sap. Arranging of Arms and Tools previ- ous to commencing Parallels or Approaches. Disposition of Working Party. Of Rifle pits and sand-bag loop holes. Covering Parties. Rifle Pits facilitate tracing of advance Parallels. A Catechism on Out-Post Duties. A System of Examination for Regi- mental Officers. Flags of Truca. Deserters coming from the Enemy: At Day-time, At Night. Practice of Escalading: Words of Command, &c. Fords: Degree of depths required in Fords, Precautions in crossing a Ford, To reconnoitre a Ford, Use of fascines, &c., in rendering rivers fordable, Pages. 65 66 67 68 69 701 71 72 79 81 81 82 82 84 85 To render fords impracticable. Reports: How to be written and arranged. Passage of Rivers: 'f'emporary Bridges, Can oe formed of Trestles, Boats, Pontoons, Casks, Rafts, «fcc.. Construction of Temporary Bridges, of rough materials for desulto- ry enterprises, By the felling and floating of trees, A span constructed of four or six rough trees, Light Bridge on wheels, For a small river, Or to cross a deep ditch in the as- sault of worKs, Or to form a passage over palisades, chevaux-de-frise, &c. Or serve as a scaling ladders to as- cend a rampart. Bridges used by the French in cross- ing the ditches in their attack on the MalakoflFFort, Flying Bridges for desultory enter- prises, Principle of Flying Bridges, In ordinary rivers. Rivers of greater width, In rapid currents. Memoranda: Set up Drill. Club Drill. Extension Motions with the Icck. Note. Pages. 85 86 88 89 90 91 92 Fire- 93 94 97 97 99 h i . v.l -;5*K'^5»#'-«*»"r"«*MW* " i / .>l!tfU<'> I N" 1. BATTERr THROWN UP BY TH vvliilst in Cauip at Point Pleas UNDER THE SUPER I NT ENDAN CE OF CA N?l. ; A. ; N?2. ; Embrasure marloi Traverse mtide ! Embrasure made t of Gabions. of Crabioiis. of Sand-liaiis. * I ■■.-■> ^4 1 N9 2 IMV 6. FHROWN UP BY THE l^l"". REGfMT Cauip at Point Pleas Hiit llaiitax. UPERINTENDANCL OF CAP"!" WALKER. R. E. N? 2. ruide I Embrasure made t IS. nu of SancL-Jittes I n. Trave r s o ra ad p of Fascines. Ijtnbi'Hsu I'*' iiitiilf of Fasc'inrs. •J -1 4 n 1 IMV 3 tol MT 1 N?S. e ' Emlii'aaiU'P nimli^ ^ 01 r a s c'l lies. -.c^-— %-lf.ltt.l GENERAL ORDERS. These General Orders are published as containing much that \m\y be useful to Officers, although perhaps not in every case precisely applicable to the present time. CoiMBRA, 3rd May, 1809. Upon all occasions wheu the army shall march, it will bo in one or more columns, on one or different roads, with a view to take up a position, or by separate battalions, brigades, or larger divisions, with a view to occupy certain cantonments. In the first case, the reserve artillery and stores, drawn or carried by horses or mules, aro to follow the troops ; then the baggage of Regiments, and individuals of each column, is to follow, ar- ranged in the order in which the corps or individual will stand in the co- lumn ; and, lastly, the artillery and commissariat stores on carts drawn by bullocks. in the other cases, when battalions or larger divisions are to take up CLuitonments, the baggage of each division going to a separate cantonment is to follow that division, and is to be arranged in the order in which each corps or individual will stand in the order of march of the division to which he may belong. On all occasions the leaders of columns, whether composed of the whole army or of smaller divisions, will halt, once in every hour and a half, for five minutes to allow the men to fall out ; and commanding Officers of companies will be held responsible if any man falls out of the ranks at any time during the march, excepting during these halts, or is absent from his company at the end of it, upon any occasion, excepting sick and conse- quent inability to keop up. When circumstances shall oblige battalions, in rear of any column, to halt, the head of snch columns must not be halted without the special orders of the Officer commanding the column, Avho will judge of the necessity of halting, according to the length of the interval which will thereby be oc- casioned in his column, the necessity there is that the column should be 1 well closed up, and the probability that, from the nature of the impedi- ments of the road, the head of the column will soon be halted, and give time to the rear to close up. CoiMBRA, 29th May, 1809. On halting days an Officer of each company must visit the quarters of the men of his company four times each day, of which one must be at eight o'clock in the evening. On marching days^ an Officer of each company must visit the quarters twice after the men have got into them, of which once must be at eight o'clock in the evening. An Officer must also visit the quarters of the company, before the soldiers march in the morning. The object of these visitings is to see that the soldiers conduct themselves regularly in their quarters, to ascertain whether there are any complaints by the landlords, and of whom, and that the men are in their quarters, instead of maurading in search of plunder. The Officers of the companies, who shall visit^ must report to the Com- manding Officer that they have visited the quarters the number of times ordered, specifying the number. The Commanding Officer will report daily to the Officer commanding the brigade that these visitings have been made. The Officers must be quartered in the immediate vicinity of their awn companies. The use of carts to carry baggage of any description is again positively forbid ; and it is equally forbid to have guards with any baggage. Abrantes, 11th June, 1809. When the army is in cantonments, the following rules are to be observed in respect to quarters : — The allotments of the quarters of any considerable corps of the Army is to be made by the Officer commanding it, through the Assistant Quarter-Master General attached to the corps, or, in his ab- sence, through any other Officer of his Staff No individual is to take quarters for himself, or change them, without the authority of tho Officer commanding in the cantonments. The Staff and other unattached Officers are to be quartered by the As- sistant Quarter-Master General of the corps of the army to which they be- long, or the Officer acting for him. Regimental Officers are to take their quarters in the street or district allotted to their respective corps ; but when a regiment is placed in any public building, which does not afford accommo- dation for officers, such as are not ordered to remain with the men will have (juarters allotted to them. All regulations respecting quarters in the town ,_*'ijr' or v'liage where the head qilarters of the army are established, are to be made by the Commandant at head ({uarter j. Adr ANTES, 18th June, 1809. , Whencer forty men at either hospital are sufficiently rorrc /erod to be able to march, jin order and a route will be sent for their march, by easy stnges. An Officer must bo sent in command of every detachment of 40 men, and two Officers, if the number should amount to 80, and so on ; one Offi- cer for every 40 in a'tdition ; one Non-commissioned Officer must be sent for every 20 sick: and the Oommai ding Ofiifer at the hospital must make arrangements that; other Officers ant Non commissioned Officers should take charge of the rrm)\ining sick of the brigade, in charge of which such Officer or Non-commissioned Officer haS been Jeft at the hospital. The senior Officer at the hospital will report to the Quarter-Master Gen- eral the departure of the recovered men ; and Officers commanding the party of recovered men must report their progress to head quarters by every op- portunity. Abrantes, 24th June, 1809. All detachments must march by a route from the Quarter-Master Gener- al' s Department, in which will bo named the places aL which such detach- ments will receive provisions, and from whom. The Commanding Officer of each detachment, on its march, must take care to send forward notice to the person from whom the provisions are to be received of the arrival of Sae detachment, and of its strength. When a detacliraent vnll move, the soldiers must be formed into divisions, and Officers and Nor -commissioned Officers must be posted to each division. A detachment raust universally march at daylight in the morning, the Officers and Noncomiiii.^^^ioned Officers must march with the divisions to which they are posted, and must prevent the soldiers from fall ng cut of the ranks and straggling. The detachment must march at the rate of two miles and a half an hour, one halt must be made for five or ten minutes at the end of every hour and a half. Placentia, 9th July, 18. 9. The Officer of the Quarter-Master General's Department, with divisions, must quarter the General Officers and their Staff, as near to their divisious and brigades as po3sible. Badajos, 20tb October, 1809. In future all Officers moving from one place to another, in Portugal or Spain, are to have a route from the Quarter- Master General's Department, which iH to specify where the Officer is to halt ■ l\\ day. The Officer's of the Quarter- Master Gene, Department, who will grant these routes upon application for them wiw . p copies of them ; and the Officers, who will receive the'^, will send them to the Quarter-Master General on their arrival at their destination. Gavion, 28th December, 1809. The Commander cf the Forces requests the officers commanding divisions will diiact the officers of the Quarter -Master General's Department attach- ed to them, respectively, to arrange with the magistrates of the different towns and villages in whic'\ the troops rjay be cantoned, in what houses gener. 1 officers, field ofS^ers, captams, and subalterns, respcc.'vely, shall be quartered : and the officers are tc be quartered according to this arrange- ment. Alverca, 7th July. 1. The Commander of the Forces requests that the General Off.cers com- manding divisions and brigades, and the OFicers c imanding regiments, will invariably adopt effectual measures to prevent tht streets of the towns in which they may be cantoned, or tne roads in the neighbourhood of their cantonments from being choked up with baggage, with carriages, or other- wise. 2. All carriages and loaded animals on their march must, when halted, if only for a short period, be packed in a field in the neighbourhood of tho high road or housed ; but must not on any account be left in the streets of any village, or on the road. 3. When a regiment on its march is halted for any length of time, or when halted, is bivouacked, the soldiers must not be permitted to sit or lay down upon the road, but must be placed on one side of it. 4. Tho Officers commanding detachments with baggage, or carriages of any description, the Conductors of ordnance or commii^sariat stores, and the Officers commanding regiments, are responsible for a strict obedience to this Order. 6. The General and other Officers of the Army will fee the necessity of an early and strict obedience to the Orders of the Army, respecting the marching, cantoning, and provisioning of the troops, and to the preservation '*> Z^i \ of the this of order and discipline, as well as those which may be issued for the operations of the troops. Celorico, 20[\\ July, 1810. The Commander of the Forces observes, that notwithstanding repeated orders on the subject, nearly all the regiments of the Army hnvo carts in their possession carrying oagpuge and a\»^ended hy soldiers. He reiruins, upon this occasion, from taking nny further aotico ot this irregu!.i;iry, but if he should see hereafttr f oar'; drawn by bullocks in any [»art of the lino of march of ihe trooPi*, orders vil be ,<»iven that the bagg!»ge sh.ill be des- troyed, and the OfSoer to whcL* i'. belongs will be brr»u^at l)eforo a General Court Martial. Adjutant-General's Office. fljente i'e gufnaldo, 14th Sepiember, 1811. G.O. 1. The frequent complaints which the Commander of the Forces receives o'tho conduct of the Olficers, principally of the Commissariot and iVIcdiim) departments, both in the mode of taking their (juarters and in their conduct towards their landlords, whciii employed at a distance from the Arjny, oo- liges the Commander of the .'^orces to publish over again the 0'rd?rs ^vhich have been repeatedly giv^n and enibrced upon this subject. 2. Those who do their duty with their regiments, or with the army, are well aware that at times they can have no quarters at all, ;ind at others very indifferent quarters ; and the Commander of the F' ces is happy to say, that he has received no complaints of them, but ex lusively of those at a distance, whocap'^ot be satiafieJ even with better accot niodatior, v.hich the circumstancea i*. which they are placed enable the inhabitants to give them. General Orders, 14th March, 1809. Representations having been made to the Commander of the Forces on the subject of the inconvenience sustained both by the inhabitants and the Offic3i8 of the Army, for want of better arrangement regarding billets . His Excellency finds it necessary to establish the following regulations : 1st. All General Officers and heads of departments wil! apply and re- ceive their billets from the Deputy Quarter- Master General. 2nd. All other Officers are to receive their billets from the Town Ma- jor. 3id. No Officer quitting Lisbon is to retain his quarters, but he must 8 give ba'jk his billet to the department from which he hus received it, whether the deputy Quarter-Master General, or the Town-Major. 4th. No Officer is, on any account, to select any particular house, nor choose his own quarter? ; all that they can expect is, that each shall be provided with a (juartor suitable to his rank. 6th. Colonels will be entitled to four rooms ; Field Officers, three ; Capta'ns, two ; Subalterns, one room for each. Staff Officers will have quarters allotted them, according to the comparative rank they hold in their several dep;utmenti>, civil or military. 6th. No Officer uiider the rar.k of a General Officer is to require more than two servants' beds at the most. 7th. No Officer is on any account to deliver over his billet to another. 8th No billet is to bo exchanged for any officer of any rank, without; previous application to Deputy Quarter-Master General. If the Officer applying be under the rank of a General Officer, he is to apply through the Town-Major, who will presently explain to the Deputy Quarter-Master General the cause of the application. 9th. No Officer whatever has any pretensions to look for or require any thing more tlian the lodgings where he is billoted. 10th. The Town-Major, in applying to the Intendant-General for billets, is to specify the several ranks for which they are required ; and if they are for Staff Officers, he will indicate the comparative rank held by them. All Officers whatever who have got into houses without regular billets, are to send ia their names to the Deputy Quarter- Master General, that the billets may be ei'her made out for the present quarters they may now occu- py, or other quarters allotted to them. 3. It is obvious that the Orders above referred to can be applicable only to the city of Lisbon ; and in regard to other large towns, the Commander of the Forces requested, by his orders of the 28th December, 1809, that the General Officers commanding divisions would settle with the magistrates in what houses General Officers, Field Officers, Captains, and Subalterns, respectively, should be quartered, and those of the departments of the army of corresponding ranks ; and he has written to the Government of the king- dom to request, that as far as it may be practicable, the Magistrates will carry this arrangement into execution 4 No Officer whatever is allowed to quarter himself, if marching with a body of troops; he must receive his quarters from an Officer of the Quar- ter-Master General's Department, or from the Quarter-Master of his regi- ment. If proceeding alone on any duty, or on account of sickness, or with 9 d it, B, nor all be hree ; [ have 1 their ) more nolher. vithou^ Officer hrough Master ire any billets, hey are m. billets, that the w occu- ble only mander 09, that ristrates )altern8, le army le king- ates will A detachment in which there is no Quarter- Ma B J • PS f 0-" -0 i! 8 o a o .a) B s M* 5 !^0L4 0« 0-0- o- « S o A. s . Oh •0 -o o e s r?? ?5« I" s* a a o S a 3 0- -O -o 0-. -0 If 8 .-0 o • 3 • ftl 0« 0- -0 0- .-0 o tJ • Front rk.^ '0 o-^'o-^ .0-0 0- -0 0- 0- I a o •0 0* -0 O- Qm .Q 0- -0 .H"0 «-0 «-0 0- -0 0- 0-^ -0 O- -0 I a 6 -0 -o O- -0 0- -0 -o 0» -0 0- "^ 0- -o -O 9 B ■§ a a s- 3. 4 o a » i a a f I 10 O a o B ■T3 3 ® ® •2 -<=" ? a ei S ? S^ « 2 3 gJ 5 A S 15 S P B 3- B pp e B a o a o Qi 1 o S ? 5 a at a> O a a 0- .-O 0- -o 0-. -0 0-. 0-. -0 •o .0- -0 ^' . -o 0- "-0 -O 0- .0 O-M 0- 0- 0- o> 0- -0" .-o 0- -0 o-^-- -0 -0 •0 o-#. 0- w ( 0-M •0 0-M. -0 0- •0 M M« 9* ^? 0- 0- M 0* CA f r r -0 6 )>! lb' 11 I Tents.' "Strike Tents." 16 t'Raiai Ttntt.' f At this Word of Command, the unpackers of tents I and peg-men will take two paces outwards in a diagonal { direction, to show the spa';o their tents would occupy, ! and the rear rank men will take two paces to his rear ' [to show where the door of ilie tent would bo, 't^.^r.T'^* "* ""*' ^ The men being already in the position required for } striking tents, no further movement is required. f At this Word of Command, the front rank pole-men i will step forward to their rear rank men, the unpackers •(j of tents will step up to the peg-men, the whole of the i polemen, unpackers of tents and peg-men vill then [ join their respective companies. Drill in Quick Time. When the drill is understood in slovr time, it should be practised in quick time to the following Words of Command : The front rank pole-men and unpackers of tents come out and act the same as in slow time, the latter immediately getting the tents ready. At this Word of Command, the rear rank polo-men and the peg men will all atep out at once, and place themselves at their respective posts. The same as in slow time. The same as in slow time. When the battalion is perfect in the preceding drills, it will be practised in the actual pitching of the tents. The tents will be placed on the reverse flanks of the column. " Out Front Rank Pole-men and Unpac kers of Tents." " Steady Pole-men." " Pitch Tmts." " Strikt Tents." ■'Out B^fir Rink Pole- { mtn and Unpaikera of I f Ti'i'^ " Steady PoU'men The same as in the drill at slow and quick time. i At this Word cf Command, the rear rank pole-meu will get the poles, unfasten them, fasten the two pieces together, and place the ends of thein between the feet of their front rank men. at the same time placing the other ends of them in the top of the rent. " The un- packers of tents having ifupac/ced their tents, '^ " carry them to the pole-men of their own sections, and place then- on the po^es, with thi^r doors fronting in the same direction as their respective companies." The peg-men unpack their mallets and pegs ; they place one mallet mpackers of tents ;warda in a diagonal mts would occupy, paces to bis rear «rould bo. lition required for is required, ont rank pole-men nen, tbe unpackers I, the whole of the )eg-men vill then practised in quick jpackers of tents ►w time, the latter jar rank polo-men 't once, and place will be practised tmn. quick time. ir rank pole-meu the two pieces •etween the feet time placing the nt. " The un- lenis,^' " carry tions. and place ing in the same The peg- men ace one mallet 4* Coxporal in Charge. Pe^-iiiien. 1 1 e. Keeo- R1<. Pol*.- Front Kk. Pole- of man inau. Tent*. Fi^l. Raising the Tents. /, The PoletnO'Ti vmier the canvass raistna thf^ Pole uti^ jfixin^ ft ■sf.vaiaht- irv'tfu oroi€tu/y. 2, Unparker'S hoZdi'Ti^ the^ lowe^r etly^ a?uf rear of the Ten^ clfO'r of th^-y Pole^- rrtc7t'^ heauf4S • S, The Pca^m^e^/iy ^rvf7'07^t af'tji^ T^e^/t't^ holdiny iTi^ e/i^cf^ recidy to secivrc tTve-rrv. 4', JVoTi' ComTttvsfiZoneef O/Yl'oer in^ rear o/'J^ca-rn^^TtP ready to 7u>Zd t7u^ ojaenzTia of tTte^ door toaetTier. ^'^t- z. Tent raised. T'ent' raided. JThpaoier's and JPeam^'n. vn the aet oTdrivinatJie'l^e^s- tA/oTi Commissioned OjTficer JV? 1 ) holds fx)qet'h^r they ed^es of' they opening o:fth^ doorwov. 17 "Ratti Tent*: ■V. I ■i I in rear of the unpackers of tents ; distribute tho pegs round the tent, and take their posts in rear of tho rear rank poleraen, as in tho foregoing drill, the rear rank man having the mallet. At this Word of Command, the polo-men ^ill raiso the polo, the unpackers o. tents will pass the backs of the tents over tho front rank pole-men's heads, and take two paces outwards in a diagonal direction, as directed in the drill, and secure two ropes in rear of the tent, the rear rank pole-men as soon as they aro per- pendicular, will leave the poles and hold the doors of { tents torrcther, while the peg-men secure two ropes in front of each tent, the four ropes of each tent thus secured, should be at equal distances round the tent, in order that it may be pitched in good shape. This done, j the rear rank pole-men will secure the door ropes, and I the unpackers of tents and the peg-men will secure the remainder of the ropes, passing the mallet to the right, ^ and complete the pitching of the tents. The non-commissioned officer in charge of each tent, will superintend its erection, but not work himself. After the tents are completed, the men's knapsacks should be arranged round tho pole in each tent. [At this Word, the front rank pole-men place them- 1 selves at the pole, the rear rank pole-men at the doors I of the tents, and the unpackers of tents and peg-men [ opposite the ropes they first sectired, At the roll of the drum, each man will pull up the pegs nearest him, the front rank pole-raea will let the tops of their tents fall backwards, ?.nd tep out of the doors, ^^ drawing their poles out with them^^ The unpackers of tents will draw the bottom of the rear of the tents forwards, so as to bring them ""under the doors.''' They will then wind up each rope on the ' wooden block belonging to it, and paok the tents care- fully, assisted by the rear rank pole-men, will st '^n up the pole, and the peg-men will collect and pack the pegs up with the mallets. All hands place the tents on the mules. The pole-men, unpackers of tents, peg-men, and ' Prepare to Strike Tentt." " Strike Tents.' Roll of Drum. I SI f • -18 I non-commissioned officers will then fall in with their [ rcspc stive companies. Not more than fifteen men should be told off to a tent ; every company should, therefore, be divided into more or less sections, according to its strength, each section not exceeding fifteen men, including non-commissioned officers, band, and drunia. While the men's tents arc being pitched, the Quarter-Master of tne regi- ment will mark the lines for the officer's tents, horses, kitchens, &c., and afterwards superintend the erection of the tents. Each officer's servant will be responsible that his master's tent is properly pitched. The Quarter Guard tents are placed fronting each othei in a Line with the right of Grenadier company. The Officers' Tent facing the front. The Parade should be formed by n Trench of two inches being made along the Line. The Colour ind Drums are placed in the Centre of the Grand Str3et. Captains and Subalterns pitch in the rear of their respective Companies fronting other. The two Field Officers Tents front the Street on the right and left of the Battalion. The Colonel's (or Commanding Officer's) fronts the Colours. The Staff Officers' Tents front the Street on tho right and left of the Grand Street. The Bat-men's Tents front towards their horses, and are pitched in rear of the Field Officers'. The Grand Sutler (or Mess House) is placed in rear of the Colonel's Tent. The front poles of the petit Sulturs' Tents and Women's Huts are in a Line fronting the Kitchens. The Regimental Guard Tent looks to rear. When circumstances will, the necessaries should be one hundred yards beyond the Rear Guard. A Trench should be dug round each Tent to carry off the water in rainy weather. ADVANCE GUARD ON THE LINE OF MARCH. How do yon form J order the right double file of the company under the tno adranoe (iuard « r. "^ • • ^ a* ~ '' t ^ i from the Halt 1 Charge 01 a non-commissionea oiticer to proceed along the road, as the head of the advanced Guard ; No. 3 and 4 files * •4 Ht'rtrnon RfHr-R«nTc l'oU»- man. 1. Front UhuU. i'olf man. nil in with their ; every company according to its ion-commissioned aster of tr^e rogi- itchens, &c., and cer's servant will in a Lino with g the front, iches being made Grand Stroet. ective Companies ht and left of the ours. and left of the e pitched in rear of the Colonel's 's Huts are in a hundred yards 5 water in rainy ^RCH. )an7 under the )ceed along the 0. 3 and 4 files rrnj»HPlior» of Tent*, Ki^. •^. Striking, the Tout. /, Fro/it Ranl< Pole -man ivalkinq out o/"' f^he. door of T'ent with tfu Pole. _ ft, Jttar -Rank S*oZe-man < fissisHn^ ^itto ami ifrnceeflitifi tv se/terate^ tJif Tale. 3, Wn^ac/cers a/trf J*ft/rficn t-e^a^y topao^ Tent , colieot TTt^lie^ts aTzilJF*eys, anti/ che^ whole' then r&a^ to place the T^eTzt ti^c. on the Jfuley. jVbt 7n^rt t>han J'vAerfv men should^ 6 e told off to a l^ent e^very Companjr should the/ e/'ore, he de^i'ided into more o/' less aectvons, accordrno toits ^trenalJv, each s&ction not eyxceedino /tftre/i men, zn4?ludrna JSTon Con^- nussioned 0£/ice7^s , Sand anc/ driim^ . Whole then2e?^s' tents ct^rc he^in^ pitched , the ()uartrrmas'l&r o^ thie^ 2ie■a'i7t^&?lt will ?narJc lhi,e line^ for the C?ffive7's Tent^, ffor-ses, J^itche?^Jb>, und afterwards sri^eri^n tend the erection/ of tlie T'c/its . J^aoA (lf¥ioer^^ .Servofnf will he y^e-sponsidle t/uct his ,7l£aster^' tent is properly pitched. Th^ airanoenient oft/ie^ eri/:'ampnient , a??^ the distant e^s^ be^tweert/ thA> lines of T'enT'S are' s/wwn ztv the follojvina S^etoh /- ^V- ^' I \v I I 1 h i'i msep, TiQ,. 4. TEXT with CTTRTATIV Baiaea fe DOOR roldecL. ;^Ti.£oldinq the^ cuT^tairv it shoii^ld i^ToUecL Cufhtlj ivith' the^ ha^?td^ inwarcls, ihe^ ropes slacTiened in .y are^ held to the Terit^ lvou<^ht out ami tied round the eord in a knot TJte/ Cords then are ti^^htened 19 If by Buglo sound, you are ordered to move your Compa- ny from the Co- lumn, to form the advance Guard, what is done T What are the neces- sary duties, ivuii precautions to bo •bserved by the leading double file? If the road han many windings, what is necessary to be done ? In n^ocnding a Hill, what is neoes- ■ary to be done ? move diagonally about a hundred yards to the right, and the two left files of the first section in like manner 100 yards to the left ; the remainder of the first section then follow under Command of the Senior Subaltern, next the right file of the second section moves on ; then the second section under the Command of a Subaltern, then the right file of the third section, then the reserve consisting of the two remaining sections, under the Command of the Captain, dropping the left file of the Company to the rea^ to communicate with a file thrown forward from the right of the Battalion. I move oft' in a column of sections at the double march, dis- tances being regulated by the previous order of the Command- ing Officer. Fir.-?t, the left file will be halted, then the left sub- division as the reserve, sending forward the right file of the third section as a communicating file ; then the second sec- tion sending forward the right file to communicate with the first section ; lastly, the first section is halted, detaching a double file to front under a Non-commissioned Officer, a double file diagonally to the right, and a double file in the like manner to the left. On approaching a hollow way or entrance to a defile, the double file will halt until the detached files have occupied the height, and if it is discovered that no enemy is in sight, they will proceed on, the Corporal of the double file moving forward with a file, and the other following at a proper dis- tance, so as to be able to communicate with the leading file, and first section. Files must be thrown forward at certain distances from the first section, for the purpose of keeping up the commu- nication, and the whole will proceed with great caution, until the defile is passed ; the detached and communicating files will then fall back, and the whole will resume their original formation. The detached files will move round the base, the double files moving cautiously, stooping down, or creeping up as necessary, taking care not to shew themselves on the summit, but to lie down behind the brow and make their observations. If no enemy is in sight, a signal will be given by the Cor- poral holding his firelock in a horizontal position over his head, and the whole will advance as before. 3 20 If the party dis- Qne man will hold up his cap on the muzzle of his firelock, ;Ziesadvrcing. but if the enemy is advancing in force, the men will in like what is done ? maimer hold up their caps taking up their position under cover, ready when assisted by the first and second sections to resist, until the main body has sufficient time to form an attack, or a defence, obstinately cisputing every inch of The third and fourth sections re-inforcing if neces- ground. sary 11' the loading or detached QWa ir/< (huirtl on ihr I.i,u „/• Mtrrl, rcing if neces- lin as quiet as on to the first m to the com- [) on with the lander of first their sections d files at such snt the flanks discover their remain per- is have been lOuYls ■ S,-'. « I;) 1 i! Rear Guard ov the Line of March. %\ \ ^! -'SI l«!'XCOT*v 21 REAR GUARDS. I countermarch my Company, and form it precisely as the vanced Guard, How do you form the Roar Guard I -. advancet ReM°Gu^rd face * Invariably towards tho supposed enemy, and on tho main when auhe Hal t, body advancing, tho sections, &c. are faced about by their and how do they respoctivc Commanders, and marcVi rear rank in front. march when tho main body is ad- vancing 1 Should they be at- The advanced files will immediately flill back on the first done^'^''*'^ '" section, ^vhicli will extend under cover re-inforced by the second section, shewing as much resistance as possible, and disputing most obstinately every hedge, row, copse, or other cover that may present itself; during this resistance, parties must be detached to each Hank to check the enemy in any attempt they may make to steal round the lianks, and there- by, not only endanger the Rear Guard being cut ofl' them- selves, but compromise the safety of the Main Body. On the bugle sounding the Rear Guard, the sections will he formed with the detached and communicating files as before, and tlic whole will proceed with caution ready for defence, at any moment they may be attacked. If tho cice or a.- ^^^ Advance Guard ? Bernbly sound, what is done 1 How is the Rear Guard re-formod *. ADDITIONAL REMARKS. Either in advancing or retiring, the greatest care must bo taken by the Skirmishers, not to allow any cover on their Hanks to remain unexplored, a circumstance that would undoubtedly entice the enemy to take you in Hank, and prove of tho most destructive consequence : on the contrary, every pains should be taken to steal round the flanks of the enemy. For instance, if a line of Skirmishers is advancing in contact with the enemy, and cover should present itself at right angles, the Commander of the support should immediately, and if possible under cover, detach a party to line the cover and open a cross fire, which must instantly drive the enemy from their position as no longer of use to them , if the Skirmishers continue to ad- vance, the tlanking party must fire, taking ground ^to a flank, carefully 22 ftvoiding their own Skirmishers. Skirmishora on dashing up to a wall or rising ground, must invariably bo loaded, lest an enemy should bo con- cealed behind such cover. Skirmishers should never fire at random (although merely at drill,) on the contrary with as much exactness as when firing at a target. In fact, judgment, tact, and decision on the part of the leaders, and individual intelligence and correctness of eye, whether in selecting cover or in taking aim, arc the chief requisites in light troops, and which alone can insure the prompt and accurate performance of the fore- going drill. I I r f \ 28 FORMS TO BE OBSERVED BY THE REGIMENT FURNISH- ING THE GARRISON DUTIES AT GUARD MOUNTING Word of Coininand. Town Major. Xon-Comtnissioned OflSoers comronnd- ing Guards to the front. Quick March. Inward turn. Word of Command. Guards Shoulder Arms. Field Officer, Officers and Non- commissioned otri- cers outwards face. Takerpost in front of your respective Guards. Quick March. Tlie duties are foi-mcd on the Parade in open Columns of Guards, and Divisions of (Juards, e(jualizcd into Six Divi- ftions, Grenadiers on the Riglit. Light Comj)anv on the Left. The men in waiting for Guard having marched from tlieir respective Barrack.s, extend and keep the groiuui. At an appointed hour the Divisions are wheeled into line by the Adjutant of the Day, who will hand them over to the Town Major for his inspection. After the Town Major has made his inspection, he will call the Non- Commissioned Officers Commanding Guards to the front, \i\)OU which they recover Aims, and step out in quick time, about 60 yards to the front, at which distance they receive the word ■' Inwards turn." The Non-Com- missioned Officer in the centre halts, and fronts, the re- mainder close upon him, and face the line with arms ad- vanced. The Officers for Guard form themselves in a line about three paces in front of the Non-commissioned Officers, at two paces distance from each other, after receiving the Pa- role and Countersign ; the Town Major will call the duties to attention and shoulder arms, and deliver over the Guards to the Field Officer of the day, with the Detail of Duties. The Field Officer now takes Command. The arms are brought to the recover at the Command, and when in front of their respective Guards they halt in- dividually, and the Officers on halting '-jwrt swords."' Officers and Non- The adjutant takcs post facing the right of the Duties, commissioned Offi- Q^^;gj.g rccovcr swords OH the word '■'march," and at the XcXHlit,Fr*o'nt!word "halt front," thoy port swords, and the Non-com- missioned Officers advance arms. m 24 Order Aran. Fix After the inspection the A(^utant collects the reports deTAms'. OffloerUnd delivers them to the Field Officer, then takes post on and Non-oommis thc left, od Officers inspect your Guards. Word of Command. Ti.e Band marches across the front of the Parade in line, and returns to its place in qaick time, — Drum Major salu- ting. Drummers call on tlie right. Troop. When the Queen's The Captain, Lieutenant, and Ensign of the right divi- Coiour is trooped, gjon facc inwards, and move in quick time, Captain to the front of the second file from the right of the second divi- sion, the Lieutenant three paces in front of the Grenadiers, the ensign two paces behind him, the Serjeant Major with his sword at the carrv in rear of the centre of the escort, and in line with the supeniumeraries, band and drums form in front of escort. Kscort for the Co- The Serjeant on the right of the Escort changes his flank lours, Rear Rank jj^d remains on the left until the finish of the second wheel, take close order — , , ... i • i ^ March. Escort when he resumes his stJition on the right. Quick Maroh. Du- ties order Arms. — Stand at Ea.se. . ^'«"'«'«'''"- The Escort is lialted to receive the Colour, which the open^ order! March ^^''jc'J'"* Major goes for, ou the approach of the Colour, Present Arms. the Lieutenant faces the Escort, both Officers present, the Ensign returns nis sword and receives the Colour from the Serjeant Major, who salutes as soon as he has delivered it, and proceeds to the rear of escort, the two Supcrnumeiary Serjeants, half fiice outwards and port arms, the musicians do not face about. Shoulder ^Arm^"— Band playing, Ranks open, and the right shoulders are Right Shoulders brought forward, which brings the right of the Escort in forward, March, jj^^ ^^-^^ ^^^ y^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^-^^ ^j^^^ ^-^j^j^ ,^^^^^ ^^^^^_ Field Officer, ty yards of the left of the line, the band ceases. The line Attention. Shoul- „„p„p„i.- „_ g derArms. Present P'^^^^'^^^ '^^"^®' AriaH. Ssae^immmmaiBam BSjiilWMiiiirwunii lAtuitnant. fhc OfficeFS lead in front of the line of OfHcers, the band wSei ^"'"" ^"^ between the OflScers and the front rank, the front rank of the Escort goes between the ranka, and the rear rank of the Escort goes between the rear and supernumerary ranks, both ranks are led by Serjeants; when the right of the Escort gets to the right of the duties, the Captain takes command. Bt«oort, Halt, i'roiit UrcBR, Preaent Arms. Field OJficer. Shoulder Avuiti. (toiieral Buluto. Pre^eBt Arms. Shoulder Arma. iloar Bank Uko cloBO order, March. Open Column right in front. Right abont Faue, Right Wheel. Points placed to march past. iffes his flank The Field Ofiicer tlion gives the word • "Shoulder Arms," and if tlie General is on Parade, General Salute, &c., and form the (hi tics in open Column right in front. The duties ^yill then march past in slow and (^uick time, as may be directed by the Senior Officer on Parade, after which they are formed by Guards, the Adjutant of the day reporting to the Field Officer when they are ready, when he marches the whole off to their respective parts. r, which the r«g«Mj|ij|rifi|rri- TiTi^«*>Mmi?r?*°^'^--" ^" ~^'^ 26 CHANGES OF POSITION BY BUGLE SOUND. No. 1. Right bkirmishcrrt wheel ((narter circle to right, each file Je 8klrmiSrg,'!v "'^viiig to thc iK'W position indepeiuleiitly. The Command- two in support, the d- of tlie right snp}»ort Avill liringloft shoulders forAvard the " right wiicoi' is will coiiiniUMiciitc! with the left skirmishers, move up to 50unclea-What in^, ■ li„^. .„i,l ],.,lt. The old left skirmishers close immediately to such file as will bring them nearest to their now position as a left sup- port, and the ohl left supjiort will become the right. Tiiree or four files on the right of oM right skirmishers If (ibiiiiueiy to ^^'^^^ be wheeled up in new direction, and on the "right right. wheel"' sounding, the I'emainder of right skirmishers and right support will conf()rm to them, in the manner stated in preceding paragriijih. .\o. :;. Left skirmishers wheel to left, and become right skir- s.'ilmf ''left JhS'- niishers. The left support will become the left skirmishers. What is done! The old right support, the left sujjport, and the old right skirmishers thc right support. Three or four miles on the left of old left skirmishers Avill be wheeled u[) in the new direction, and on the left wheel sounding, the remainder of left skirmishers and left support will conform to them. No. .-i. Forms line to left in close files, and extends from centre. .lo^fomcd'onlun-*'" "^''^'c^' h, ^^'01'^ "^ commaud from the senior Officer.— ports.and in s(,uaro When extension is completed, halt, (unless previously or- »houid the i;ugiO(|pj.^,(| ^^, Qxumil at the halt.) sound the i^kirmish ' and wheel to left — What does tho left •quale do ? No. 4. If obliiiuelv t loll ? No. (•). Ff ol)li(|Uuly The degree of wheel hiiving b(HMi previously ordered by the Commanding Officer. At the last sound of thc bugle, the senior (Officer forms line in the new position, and ex- tends from centre on march as before directed, or from any other file if necessary. 27 No. 7. What dous tho 1-, . i - i i.i_ • •,• Bqimre do, if the Jborms companies, and take up their position aa supports, ohauKo of poBition old right skirmishcrs becoming the left support. No. 8. If th-- chiinges of positiun are clircct, or ohliquely to right I No. 9. If changes of posi- tion are orderod to tal\e place from in- dependunt s(|uarcs — What id done 1 No. 10. If a line of skir- mishers is ordered by bugle to wheel on centre to right. What is done 1 No. 11. If obliquely 1 No. 12. If '• on centre wheel to left" is sounded 1 No, 13. In "whei'ling on centre," wliich is the pivot file 1 No. 14. If when two com- panies nre skirmish ing.and tw > in sup- port, the change of position is required to titke place on the centre of rigiit skirmishers — AVhat is done i The right square (consisting of two companies) forms lino in the new direction, and is extended as before explain- ed. The left square forms companies, and take up their po- sition as supports, the old left skirmishers becoming right support, and the old left support continuing as such. If to right, the right skirmishing square, and right sup- port form new line of skirmishers to right, or obliquely, and extend from right. Left square forms left support, old left support, right support. If to loft, vice versa. The right skirmishers turn smartly to right about, and the whole wheel inwards turning towards the centre file in coming to front, so as to see their proper distance and di- rection, previous to dropping on the knee. Three or four files in the centre are placed in the new position, and on the wheel sounding, the others conform to them. The left subdivision turns to right about, and wheels back. Right subdivision forward, each file independent- h- The subdivision wheeling forAvard invariably furnishes the pivot. For instance, if on centre to right, the right file of left subdivision becomes the pivot. It" on centre to left, the left file of right subdivision. The right skirmishers' company call, and '' on centre right Avheel " will be sounded, the right subdivision will turn about and wheel back, the left forward, and the re- mainder of the change of position will take place as ex- plained in No. 1 of this section. If obliquely, a few files in the centre will be placed in the new position, and on the centre wheel sounding the remaining files of that company and right support will con- form to them. The supports will be formed as before explamed. 1 ^mM^K^^f-ff^' 28 No. 15. The left skirmishers' company call will be sounded, and positi rf 8*iequia"d " OH Centre wheel to left.' The remainder of the change tt left, or centre of of position will take place as explained in No. 3, left skirmishers ? j^f obliquely, US befoxc directed. soundS: dune 1 CHANGING POSITION RETIRING, BY BUGLE SOUND. Two companies fhc proper riglit skirmishers wheel to right on their pro- twrin'*8upport""e- per left tile, und become leFt skirmi-sliers, each tile fronting tiring, und the as it arrivcs on the new alignmen;,. The Commander of ounlfs ' whtr is ^^^ ng^^t support will bring left shoulders forward, and when on aligni..ient with skirmishers Avill halt, front, ex- tend, and form right skirmisners. The old proper left skirmishers Avill form left support, and the old left support will become the right. On the bugle soumiing '• left wheel," the old left skir- mishers will Avheel to leit, on their proper right file, each file fronting as it arrives on the new alignment. The old left supix)rt will be brought on the new alignment, halt, front, extend, and form the left skirmishers. The old pro- per right skirmishers will close and become the nev, right support. The old right support will bc^^me the new left support, and the reserve will move round to its position in rear of the centre. If to left ? [FLANK PATROLES. {TTf a company in The Commander of the company will give the woru — by word ^.rt)tf(jiQ -'Right four deep ! March ! Double march :" When clear to form tho' Jrighe';of tiio column, '• Fvont form company ! Forward !' Halt i/uwmfV"^"'^^*'^^^^^''^^*^ subdivision as support, and extend the outward one from such tile as will covur the tiank of the column, and communicate with the right flank of the skirmishers. — When in position, if the skirmishers are at the halt, ihey ,. "will also halt. faein2; outwards. If the Bugle In file parallel to the column, and the leading file will B.-.unds the advance take the outsidc flunk of the skumishera for his general Low do patroi taovo 1 line of march. Hi ■B.jJ«.L!tJ«!»ih 29 funded, and the change >UND. In their pro- file fronting nniander ol prward, and front, ex- 'ttoltl^ ^^^ ^'^' ^ forrncd in like manner, the company moving by fours from left, halting right subdivision as a support, and ex- tending the left one. If the patroio is If on march, the same as takino; o;round to a flank. ordered to fire 1 „,, . , ' x t i xv r i • i How do the sup. -I he right support by left four deep, or m open column ports moTo 1 of scctions left in front. The left support by right four deep, or in open column of sections right in front. N. B. If the bugle sounds the " jQre " to a line of skir- mishers v.'ith flnnk patroles. it merely applies to the former, if the right or left flank patroles (or both of them) are re- quired to fire, a separate order will be given them to do 60. ft su23port, I left skir- file, each The old ment, halt, he old pro- ne V, right ho new left position in woru — V'hen clear I.'" Halt tward one timn, and lishors. — alt, ihey file will general COTERING THE MOVEMENTS OF A BATTALION IN ALL No. 1. AVhat is dsnel ITS CHANGES. The line will advance covered by No. 1. On the bugle sounding the "skirmish." The Command- er of No. 1 will give the word, " By the right double march !" and when advanced twenty paces, will extend from the right at such distances as will out-flank the left of the battalion ; and continue to advance until ordered to halt. If covered by left company : That company will advance in like manner, and extend from left. If the battalion changes position to right, direct or obli- quely, and the skirmishers are not called in, they will con- form to the movement of the battalion, by marching in file and wheelin;r to Y\ody has suiticient time to form for attack or de- fence , the tlivd and fourth sections reinforce if necessary. If tie leading double hie discovers the enemy in camp, or at the halt, the non-commissioned officer will order his party to extend, and remain concealed, detaching a man as quickly as possible with the information to the first sec- tion. Detached double ^os. 8 o?id 4 Jiku ii'ilJ form '] The instant the leading fiits should bo na-tJie right lidtarhed jH-ilij. and I duulde file is marched oft", Non-Coinmissioned t^'^' ^^^^ ^^'f^ f^^^ ^f ^^^^' fi''^^ I '^^ detaclicd files Avill be OSioer, ii(i\Ti\xiivssi'c('i07tJlt('l< ft det(ichf'>>' pi.riij. J moved off by the diagonal imp&!i£ijf^ 1 'i 34 First Mction. Xhe remainder of the first " CommuQicatiog file. Second Section. Should the enemy be dis- section roill then proceed un- 1 covered by the leading dou ble file, the commander of this section will, on receiv- Communicatine file. Bernainder of left ■ubdivision except the left file, with a bugler. der the command of the se nior suhaUern with a Bugler. ing the intelligence, pass it as (|uickly as possible to the next communicating file, for the information of the Com- mander of the main body, and without delay proceed to re-enforce the front, extending from centre about fifteen paces, or at such distance as will cover the ground requir- ed, with the flanks well protected ; and then remain quiet and concealed until further instructions are received from the main body. Should the enemy bo discovered by either of the flank double files, this section will be wheeled up as the outer flank skirmishers, and extend six paces (or more if necessary) from their inner fiar.V, either obliquely or direct to a flank, according to the position of the enemy, and remain concealed, waiting for orders as before explained. Right fie of second section ) Will keep up the com- as the commu/iicatingf/e. I) munication between the first and second sections, and convey any intelligence to rear or front that may be forwardel from the other sec- tions. Remainder of second section tin- ) Will forward any der the second senior subaltern. \ communication to front or rear that may be received. Should the enemy be discovered in front, this section m\l move up in double time, and extend from centre, and inter- mix with first section. If the enemy are discovered by the flanking parties, this section will not intermix, but will prolong the line of skir- mishers to the inner flank, communicating with the inner flank of first section. Right file of ( Will keep up the communication be- third section. ) tween the reserve and second section, and forward all intelligence that may be desired to pass to front or rear. Under the Captain will be ready to support or reinforce the front or flank, as circumstances may require. If the enemy are discovered, the reserve will act as support, and only reinforce when absolutely necessary. ^0.^ tMTE N?S. imj be dis- ;ading dou- iraander of on receiv- ible to the tlie Corn- proceed to out fifteen id requir- nain quiet iived from by either leled up as (or more liqaelj or he enemy, explained. ) the com- tween the ligence to other sec- rward any ication to ection will and inter- rties, this le of skir- the inner nation be- ction, and js to front reinforce ill act as sary. I>V;** -r s'l^ H.,rr/': x'.'s. .c*«» / ;^y;/ .Srrfn^r '/ _#••••••••••••*. • •••••••••••••\ o'Tf^'^icfion X \. \\ 4.'.': . ">!■,• t ion . \\\ \\ n 35 uttaokoU. Left file. "Will communicate with reserve of advanced guard, and coniniunicating file thrown forward from tho main body, and will convey any intelligence to next pnrty either in front or rear, that they may have been desired to forward. N. B. If either of the detached double files discover tho enemy, one man should be sent to the first section, and one to the leading double file of the advanced guard with tho information. The Commander of the first section, in addi- tion to passing the intelligence to the communicating file between the first and second sections, will also detach a man to the other flank double file. Should the enemy be discovered in front, the Command- er will immediately extend from centre, and move up ; the flank files of the skirmishers looking out for the detached double files to give them the information. Advanced guard If an advanced guard is attacked, the detached and com- municating files must fall back on the first formed body, which will extend, under cover, re-inforced by the remain- ing sections, resisting to the utmost, to give time to the main body to form. If attacked on a flank, and the advanced guard consists of only one or two companies, the first section will wheel up to the required position to oppose the enemy, and extend — the second section elongating the inner flank (of the line of skirmishers). Third and fourth sections forming the support, and reinforce if necessary. If the advanced guard consists of four companies. (See Rear Guards, paragraph 2 of the remarks.) If a company is ordered out from a column to form the "advanced guard," the company will be moved in a column of sections right in front of the double march, and will be formed in the following manner : — Should it be impractica- ble to move out from the column in sections, sections will be formed as soon as clear of the column. First — The left file of the company will break into quick time, and form the communicating file between reserve of advanced guard, and the file thrown forward from the bat- talion. Next Nos. 3 and 4 sections as reserve throwing forward right file of third section to communicate with se- cond section. Advanced Guard, Nu. 2. 3G Close. Next — Second section will brcnk into quick time, throw- ing forward right file to couimunicatc with first section. — Then the first section throwing Ibrward right dou})k> filo 100 yards to front. Nos. H and 4 files 100 yards diagonally to right, and the two loft tiles of the section 100 yards diagonally to left. The same instructions npply to each double file, commu- nicating file, and section, as already detailed. N. B. It will fre((ueutly occur on the march that one oj- both of the detached or jlanking parties from the first sec- tion are of no use thus detached, such as niairhing along the margin of a river or over a very large plain. «S:c., in which cases they will join their section ready to move out to one or both flanks as their service, or the nature of the ground may recjuire. On the buany will countermarch it, and if Tiot the rear eompaiiy of the column, it will be moved to the rear of the column. When the cf)lumn has moved of!' to suificicnt distance with their fih^ of" communication dropped to rear, tlie left file of tlie company will he laced ahout to keep up thcrcom- muni(^ation with that i\\o and the reserve of the rearguard. M.vi'/— Jlemaind(!rof left subdivision as reserve, leaving the ri^ht file of third section to follow as a connnuni(;ating file Then lh(; second section leaving right file as u communica- ting ^l](^ l^iisfly \s'\\\ follow first section leaving Nos. 1 and 2 files with a non-commissioned officer as th(^ rear party, and two files from cacli flank as the N92 SECTION OF AN EARTHEN FIREPLACE. I 45 IN QUICK TIME. Words of Command : — 'Tile Arms." ''Off Packs.'' "Prepare to Cook." At this last word of command all the parti'^s will fall in as above de- tailed on their non-commissioned Officers and be marched off at once by the Commanding Officer. The places for the kitchens will be marked off by the Quarter-Master of the Regiment, and the fire-men will be at once marched to him. CAMP KITCHENS. The following methods can be used in the formation of kitchens : Ist. From the spot on which the right-hand man of the fire-men stands, trace a circle IGfeet in diameter on the ground, (see fig. , pl-*^? ,) then another from the same centre, 19 feet in diameter ; this can 'e 'one by means of a piece of string or wi-e, or three fire-lock's slingr and ^.c couple of sticks or ramrods. Between the circumferences described, dig a trench (T), 1 foot 6 inches deep, and throw the earth from it in a high heap (H) in the centre, taking care to leave a space (or berm) between the bottom of the heap and the edge of the trench, 2 feet 6 ii hes wide ; this done place four men in the trench at equal distances from each other to divide the circle in four equal parts, and cut niches (N N N) in the inner bank of the trench opposite each of these men, sufficiently wide to admit a camp kettle, made to contain six men's messes, the same depth as the trench, and running into the solid earth towards the centre of the circle about 18 inches or two feet, to give room for three small canteens in a row (AAA), should there not be sufficient number of camp kettles at hand. The bank of the niches may be sloped off a little towards the bank, in the centre, to make the fire draw better. After this, cut as many more niches of the same dimensions between these four as will give sufficient room for the camp kettles or canteens, containing the messes of the whole Company, allowing one camp kettle, or three canteens, to every six men. It is advisable to have two or three spare niches in case of accident or inconvenience from high winds. The canteens may be supported by sticks stuck in the bank (D) sup- ported by a forked stick (O) in trench (T). Sixteen niches, that is. three in each space between the first four niches that are cut, would hold 48 small tins, 96 men's messes. This kitchen would answer well for a company 80 strong. 46 Iff The for!ration of these kitchcrs would occupy considerable time, (f,bout two hours in . verage ground, 8 men being employed,) and they could not be roiistrncted at all without a ^-.ufficien* supply o':' tools. The above l;itchen is .ipplicablc for a permanent encampment, and for ne old large 20 oi* cO men's kettle. Kitcheur. foi- the samll mess t^ns or centre tins only, may be formed as fcilo\v3 — with 1 view of c jok'nc^ with celerity, previous to an unexpected march, or on a hnlt, or -i retreat, vd n it is requisite the men sho'ildhave sa^-tPiiancc ii\ order to support th.^m under the eficctsof severe fatigue and weather : — With a sp-ido niake a slanting hole in the earth, from the sur- face, about 18 ihohes cu-ep at the deepest part, rnd so narrow that the snail i:.M will stand iicr-^sa it. (i- rlc fig , plate ,) or with stones build up a kitchen high enough to contair: a good bodv of fire underneath, v.hich can h2 a^;sisted by digging up the eaicli as above. ThcssC kitchens may hi long enough for a mess of one section of three's, or f-^r comrades, (wnich C^ionel J. Leach so btrongly recommends, and therefore should be fol- lowed) : but '' u'li ere great celerity '' is re(|uircd in cooking, it would be better to cook in messes, as the division of labor would greatly ac- O'.'lcrate the opera .ion, particularly as the fire-men (No. 1 front rank of threes) would have the kitchen built and l.re ready by the time the water, "ivood, and lation parties were returned. xVfter the observations and remarks that have been made in the Duke of Wellington's Despatches relative to cooking in the field, showing the necessity of doing it with celerity, which is so essential to the Soldier, it will be unnecesL^arv to enter much more into the subject, but still it is re- quisite to make young Officers and Soldiers aware that the more sus- tenance and support that can be got out of whatever ration may be pro- vided for the Soldier, the better. It, therefore, becomes a matter for con- sideration, after knowing what the usual ration on active service generally is. how to make the most of it, in order that it should be most nutritive and wholesome ; it seldom consists of more than a pound of beef or mut- ton (generally the former) killed about half an hour previous to being issued, Avith '' perhapst'' a little rice or floui", and a pound of biscuit. — The meat being generally tough, hard, and stringy, it requires a little knowledge of gastronomy, which an Englisli soldier seldom possesses, "whilst the Frenchman almost naturally does, to make this ration answer the al ove purpose ; it becomes, therefore, very desirable to teach the un- initiated to make as good a mess as possible out of what Providence and the Commissariat may provide them with. Tiie quickest and most efficient way to obtain the most nourishment from itne, (tibout y could not 3nt, and for ? formed as unexpected sho Mid have fatigue and cm the sur- ■o\v that the stones build leath, v.hich hens may bo (Ics, (which luW be fol- 5, it would [ greatly ac- mt rank of le the w ator, D the Duke showing the Soldier, it still it is re- e more sus- may be pro- tter for con- ce generally ost nutritive beef or mut- ous to being )f biscuit. — aires a little n possesses, tion answer ach the un- eiice and the shment from Ki, 1 Section of Fig. 1. II. 47 the ration is by stewing ; or, in othor words, only ^'just^^ to cover with water the meat, w hich must be cut into small pieces, and not to make it into a jorum of broth, which is objectionablo for two reanona :— first, it takes three time? as long to cook ; and, soccndly, it haiclens and soddcns tho meal if boiled in haste, and makes it therefore less strengthening and nu- tritious : whilst '' stewhtff" with a little biscuit pr-wder (which a man will find at tho bottom of his !iaversuck), a little rice or flour, and a bit of onion, will make him a good moss in twenty minutes, providing ho has dry wood and water at command. This can be cooked in the limall centro tin by comrades, or in the mess tin. Every soldier should have pepper and salt in his ha\ersack. and with the above ingredieats he i.j no soldier who can't make a good stew from them. Ir will bo observed that by cook- ing in the centre tin, ''■ where there is time,^' potatoes can be boiled in the men's ness tin. Where stones are plentiful, kitchens constructed ar, in plate ^, fig. *", will be found useful, and, indeed, sometimes more efficient an J successful than those '.tescribed in the yrecedinic methods. \ T J 1 48 f ^ 1 .V'/A ?k BAKING. FORMATION OF THE OVEN. " Ovens'' constructed in the folloAving manner wore found to succeed very well, and, during a period of two months, that thejwerc under trial, never failed from first to last in producing '"bread" of excellent quality. They were built on the surface of the ground of stones and clay, having an orifice about 20 inches wide, 18 inches high, and 9 feet long, — for the "Oven " ; brge flat stones were used for the bed or sill, and others of greater thickness for the roof, or crown, the walls and roof being well plastered over with clay, anil then covered in Avith u thickness of about 8 feet of earth : the whole finished, for the sake of neitness, with turf — a small trench being cut in front of the entrance, to enable the Bakers to work easily. When time will admit, it will be found a great improve- ment to arch the roof of the oven, this construction can be easily effected, by first making a clay or sand cast of the dimensions required, then placing rough stones in the usual position for an arch, and, after the key stone has been inserted, breaking up and withdrawing the cast. When the oven has been made a few days and thoroughly heated (250 ^ fahrenheit), the process of baking takes about one hour and a half In " laying the Fire "" the back of the oven should be heated first, and the wood gradually drawn to the front until the proper degree of heat has been obtained, when all the wood and ashes should be carefully raked out, the pans with the dough placed in, and the entrance closed, either with logs plastered (jver with clay, or, Avher time admits, a rough door of w^ood made for the purpose. The utensils required for Baking and mixing, are : — 1st, a trough (on trestles) about 10 feet long, 18 inches deep, and two feet wide, divided in the centre into two compartments, in one of which the "Spun,'' as the mixture of flour and yeast is called, is "set,"' in the other dough is made which at the proper time is mixed with the "spun."' The "spun"' should be in proportion, about 30 lbs. of flour to one quart of yeast, and be allowed to "set" for about 9 hours, or until it rises and falls — to be afterwards mixed with about 100 lbs. of flour, and sufficient water to make the dough of the required consistency. It should then be L. DRAWINGS OF A CAMP OVEN, Yin- SOO iMnri. l.'Zf". 7W/ succeed ider trial, t quality. 7, having — for the others of eing well of about Ih turf- Bakers to improve- ■ effected, n placing icy stone (250 ^ f irst, and heat has ked out, ler with of wood igh (on '^ided in as the is made le quart ses and ifficient hen be /iaf(in^. ^ i 49 allowed to remain about two and a half hours before being placed in the oven for the purpose of " proving." The dough should be divided into loaves of the proper weight, and placed in iron pana provided for the pur- pose, about 4 feet long, 6 inches broad a^ the top, an about 5 inches deep. An oven of the dimensions stated will contain six of these pans, which are placed in it with long wooden tools called peels, and withdrawn by the same, or a long ii'on fork. The process of heating the oven will require the services of one man continually to attend to it, and will occupy from one and a half, or some- times two hours, according to the state of the weather. The oven and the "dough'- should be ready at the same time, to efi'ect which the fire should be commenced during the time the dough is "proving.'' When "yeast" is not to be obtained, an "American powder," exten- sively used in the United States, can be substituted, a very small quantity of which is required to be mixed — and which may be employed with con- eiderable success. ■^LirP«EftattnpDBWl«9- 50 ABATTOIll. When cii-cum stances permit. "Abattoir," or Slaughter Yards, should be ' formed, which may be done by clearing a space of about sixty «quar(^ \ ards enclosing the same by what is usually te"raed "snake fencing*' and which requires no nails in its construction, two trees should be left staiKimg for the purposes of a gibbet to which tackle should be a.ttached. A deep pit should be dug, each time an ox is killed in Aviiieh to bury the offal mixed with quick lime ; lime should be also strewed over any blood wnich might have fallen in tl^e yard. The Butcher's implements requn-ed for the use, and to be kept in the possession of each Regiment when encamping, are as follows : Slaughter Tackle, A Picketing Hammer. An Axe, Two Knives, A Steel. A slaughter board, .i- block, must be provided on the spot. '-'^^^^ t I Cl U Pi an DRAWINGS OF A CAJVIP N£uLSSAR^. 3, should be (iiaro >ard8 ' and \> hich :an(iing for ich to bur J ;d over any cept in the ,^^*p*^i">^;' s i i1 h8 I u LATREENS. On a Regiment encamping Latreens should be formed without delay, one for the Officers, one for the non-commissioned Officers, and a third for the men, the latter about 24 feet long, with a soil pit five feet deep, the two former about 10 feet long, the whole with steps leading up the front ; and, where practicable, bushed round by a circle of trees. A portion of the earth which has been excavated when digging the soil pits, should each morning, or oftener, if required, be thrown over the soil mixed with quick lime. If the proper attention is paid in this latter respect, no injurious effects will result from a Latreen of the dimensions already mentioned, and made available for 300 men. 4 62 1 DUTIES OF WORKING PARTIES CUTTING BRUSHWOOD, MAKING FASCINES, GABIONS, ETC. When the investment and other preliminary arrangements for under taking the seige of a fortress, have been carried into effect, the first de- mand for Working Parties will generally be made for the purpose of cut- ting Brushwood, and making Fascines, and Gabions. CUTTING BRUSHWOOD. The men for this duty may be told off in divisions of 25 each, and be drawn up in single rank. Each man must be furnished Avith a bill-hook, and for every 100 men employed a portable grind-stone, and some rag- stones, should be taken to the ground for sharpening their tools. In se- lecting the wood to be cut down, it should be remarked that straight and pliable rod? varying in length from 10 to 15 feet, and about 1.^ inches thick, are the best. These qualities will be found united in the willow, alder, ash, Spanish chesnut, &c., o^ from five to seven or eight years growth, and in hazel of almost every age ; but if Brushwood of this quality cannot be found in the neighbourhood, or within any convenient distance for being transported to the spot where it is required, any trees that have branches approaching to this character must suffer, and be converted to the purpose, though it will be a more tv^dious operation. The mode of using the bill-hook will be easily acquired by the men, when they see any one at work who has been accustomed to it. The safest and best way is to strike back-handed, and upwards, especially when the brushwood is of a size to be severed at a single blow. If the wood where the work is to go on is extcubive, convenience alone will decide whether the whole party shall be set to work in one line ; but if from circumstances the front is restricted the working party must be divided and arranged in two or more parallel lines, with an interval of a probable days work between each. The men must be drawn up for work in single rank, at 6 or 8 feet •apart, according as the brushwood stands thick on the ground or other- wise, and they then work straight to their front. Each man should be required to bind up what he fells in loose bundles weighing about 40 or 50 A FASCINE '^t'^-^^^::^s^: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ij M/., i|j^ 1.0 I.I ■tt Bi 12.2 £ lis 12.0 IL25 III 1.4 1^ v] 7 f ^:# ^;; -?>%*v '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation as WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y, 145M (716) •72-4503 1 \ iV ^ ^ \\ % 6^ ^V^ ^ ^s .^' Ik t 1| inclies in diameter at tlic thick end, are laid over them, their ends pro- jecting.; about 18 inchcB bevond the extreme trestles. The leaves must be stripped off entirely as well as the refuse ends and crooked branches, other branches may be half cut through and laid iu. In piling the brushwood on the trestles, the larger rods should be kept as much aa possible on the outside, and the smaller stuff be put in the middle. When the -'cradle" is nearly full, the "cAoA-er" (fig. ) is applied in several places to prove whether there is sufficient for a fascine of tne re- quired diameter. The fascine is then finished by binding it with ^ withes'^ or spun yarn. This is done by four men, two of whom apply the "choker," to compress the brushwood into the proper diameter near the place where the other two bind. The first band should be near the end of the fascine, about 6 inches from the outside trestle, and others should be applied every 18 inches, or nearer if the brushwood is short. The fascines may then be removed from the cradle and the ends sawed off. The mode of preparing the "withes" requires some little nicety and must be explained. Straight pliable rods, of five feet long, should be selected, the thickest end being about the size of a man's thumb, and the other end the size of a little finger. The thick end is put under the left foot, and taking hold of the top the rod is twisted to the right till all the fibres of the wood are broken. A loop must be made at the thin end, and the thick end must be then sharpened. In binding the fascine, the men stand on opposite sides of the trestles, the "withe" is put underneath, and the ends being brought upwards, the thick end is passed through the eye and hauled light, and being then doubled back is twisted in and out till it is secure. The three little sketches (fig. ) will shew the mode of making the eye, and the appearance of the "withe" when it is bound round the fas- cine. Great care must be taken in binding, for on this tiie goodness ot the fascine much depends. When the "withes" cannot be had, spun yarn, cut in lengths of 6 or 7 feet, may be used. ii will be necessary to explain what a fascine "choker " is, and the mode of using it. It consists of a stout chain attached to a couple of strong levers about 4 feet long, 2 inches in diameter, made in a round or oval shape. The chain is four feet long between the levers, and is fixed at the distance of 18 inches from the ends, and a mark is made on each side of the centre of the chain with a couple of rings, which are placed at a distance to correspond with the circumference of the fascine to be made • for a 9-inch fascine these rings should be about 20 inches apart, In using the choker, two men stand on opposite sides of the fascine, the | of an inch in diameter, and i> inches longer than the gabion is high. Four pickets rather stouter than the others siiould be jdaced at equal distances in the circumference. The pickets being «lriven about six- inches into the ground, the large and small ends being alternately uj)per- most. the best way of executing the wel) is l>y working with three rods (called waling). Tlie rods being carefully stripped of leaves, are first placed as shown in fig. ( ) The first rod wiiicli is to tlie rear is then [Kissed over the ot! er two, outside two of the pickets, within one and tlie top brought out again. — The second rod is then passe Oit b I o n s Scale t'loV: ^t J I J\r? of rickets - 12 lleitfhtof Web 2: it: ■ « TArT^trw. LeiKffthofV?J'3'/ DiamefJ'e oFGabion -'d I '■'SBnKrvt -£Aai9k>iA' n^v MorGnf/.s A'. JV? t^/VVf*-/!. ' .'/. ■fM.^.-^«(»>*x,- _ ». « p-^^ i.t>uaM^mfii'-^'*M ::. ■ M.'JMB>iiiiiiiiii nil 1 1 i'VJD«-'>:'iiC« tfmi . .. > ■ 2k ; « ....■ atsaa. 1 1 tt 1 n f f f f \ 1 jFi'^. /. Elevation of" it Gab li'ofL. J\r.R The htuHtends show [| r ^ n| ///Y' ht'tjintiintf tmrJ ilic noi.iiied ends. JAl ,1^ a (liefcnniiiatunt of the f /iVy./.v, ^^^ i?^^ /Vy A* . Phi n of /// c Corn i/i eu cein en L . T.W «TH0»O , LITM H 5l»5.S«l' ST- N r 57 The time incr ^ases in proportion to the number of pickets. The weight of gabions, of the dimensions stated, averages from 36 to 40 lbs. t?l 68 TRACING. Though the tracing and hiying out the parallels, approaches, and other works of a seigc. is strictly a part of the duty of tlw Engineers, the mode in which it is aftected will he briefly adverted to : otherwise, a working party marching up in the dark and coming across a mysterious looking white line laid on the ground, and perhaps stretching away for a mile oi- two, will he speculating how it got there, instead of forwarding the purpose for which it was placed by the vigorous use of the pick-axe and shovel. Before the working party is brought up to commence operations, the different lines which have been drawn upon the project of attack to repre- sent the ihst parallel and its communications to the rear (which is all the work which shouM ]>e attempted the first night.) requires to be marked on the ground in such a way as that they can be seen in the dark. This is effected at dusk. The pickets of the besieged arc first driven in — an operation to which it is assumed they have been accustomed for a week or ten days before, and if somebody is not Avide awake in the place, it is possible the garrison may bo ignorant of the further mischief that is com- templated. A greater force under the title of the " covering party '' is, however, now employed upon this duty, and they are afterwards charged with protecting the workmen and repelling any sortie that might be at- tempted for interfering Avith them. For this jjurpose they should be equal to al)out two thirds of the garrison, and the main body should be jjosted at dusk in extended order in front of the proposed parallel. It is very essential that the tracing should be comjdeted before it is quite dark, for it is next to impossible to do it afterwards, even with the best arrange- ments. A working party, however, may be distributed when it is pitch dark, when once the white line is found on the ground. When the works are extensive two or three Officers of Engineers are engaged in tracing them. These Officers Avill have previously taken every possible precaution by measurement and observation to make themselves thoroughly ac(iuainted with the ground, and all the objects upon it, that can guide them in determining the precise situations of certain fixed points in the first parallel, and have taken means for laying out its proper direc- tion from these points to whatever extent it has been judged necessary. — 1 ^ .'^ > J^ ?^ :5^? ^ ^ ^ rs > «»• 4> ^ > ^ ■N ?? i ? ^ aclips. and other ineors, the mode rwise, a working rsterious looking ly for a mile or 'ding the purpose ixe and shovel. operations, the ■ attaek t(» repre- (wl>ieh is all the L'S to be marked the dark. This t driven in — an led for a week or n the place, it is hief that is com- rn ?• ,'ring party is, [jrwards charged it might be at- ■f should be equal hould be posted d. It is very (fdite dark, for he best arrange- khen it is pitch )f Engineers are lusly taken every ake themselves ts upon it, that rtain fixed points its proper direc- ted necessary. — si »i ft "^ff' m m CO 01 59 T«) fii(!ilitat<' t'XjtliiiiiilU'ii wv will suj)jK.»st' that two i .,. mtj* aiv cuiuloyed, arui that ra<.h has t<» trace 1,()()() yiuds of paralU'l from soino central point Two parties of «0 sappers each would ho para'led an hour before ilusk at the Knirineers depot, and eacli man would ho fuinished with oO yards of broafl white tape, roHed up into a hall, and the parties would he marched oft* hy the nUiiers. ^o as to ;^et as near as pos.>ihle to the situation at dusk ; they would then coui'eal ihenisehes. waitinservation. and yet he light enough to dis- tin^juish ohiects ami see what thev were ahout. The Officers would then cautiously advance, each followed hy the -0 men in sin^U' file, and hy measui'cment or other means would ascertain when they had arrived at the central point of the parelkl The two leading men would then halt and give the ends of the taj)es to their Officers, who would here separate, and going in «»pp(tsite directions, followed hy the remainder of their res- {»e(;tive parties in single rank, would walk on in the line of the proposed jiarallal until they had run out the whole 50 yards of the first tape. The second nam would then halt and deliver the end of his tape to hia Officer, whowojild j)roceed in the same manner as was done with the first, and 80 on till the whole twenty tapes were laid on the ground, and the 1,000 yards of parellel were thus marked out hy them. Each tape bearer when he delivers tlie end of his tape. ? the tape run out through his fingers. The ends of adjoining tapes arc tied together and a small peg is used for securing tluun in their places on the ground. We have now the lin»' traced, and a man placed a** every oO yards of it« lenirth as a marker, who would receive orders not to stir until the distri- hiition of tlie w(uking j>arty was completed. The direction of the ap- proaches, which are to (onununicate from the first parallel to the rear, are traced in a similar manner, and it is previously arranged from what points the distril)Ution of the workmen is to he made. The Officers of Engineers. chargeack. to .some fixed object which could not be mistaken or accidcntly missed, and by this route he would conduct the working party to the spot. We will supi)Ose tbat besides the 2,0. ^ :> f^a it: c ^ ^ I ^ 3. -I ^ S 1^ ^ s" o t^ m ^ "0 33 O r- n o OD > H s or bri- ur and a 5:3 M cp 9P "WMMM 7 aONHMP '■ t half befor the col urn determine it be supp the parti( 2.000 yai point. For thi sion migt in single they had divisions. which, fo respond rear of tl the word any nois( best secu the same On pr in rear o at extenc on the g his front forming cessive t the mer being ct inwards is to be white to had six sent the portions quietly and sit wards left in market! begin v 61 half before sun set they are marched there, and told off in divisions, and the columns drawn up to correspond with the arrangement that has been determined upon for executing the work. For the sake of illustration let it be supposed as before, in describing the mode of tracing, that one of the parties for the night have to commence the first parallel, which is 2.000 yards in extent, and that they are to be distributed from a central point. For this purpose thei'c would be two columns of 500 men ; each divi- sion might consist of 2o men, and each column of 20 divisions, drawn up in single rank and formed in the same order they would be if from line they had been broken into a double column in rear of the two centre sub- divisions. Every man would be provided with a pick-axe and shovel, which, for the purpose of distribution, would be laid out in rows to cor- respond exactly with the columns. The divisions Avould be filed up in rear of the rows ; each man taking post behind a set of tools, which, on the word being given would be taken up. It is a great object to prevent any noise or clatter of tools in marching to the ground, and this will be best secured by each man carrying the pick-axe and shovel together on the same shoulder, and receiving a caution on the subject. On proceeding to the ground the column may be halted some 20 yards in rear of the white tracing tape ; and what we have to do is, to form line at extended order on the two leading divisions, and to get each man seated on the ground with a measured portion of six feet of the Avhite tape in his front indicating the length of his task. To execute this manoeuvre of forming line, it has been found convenient to bring up the column in suc- cessive divisions, for as it takes some little time to grope about and extend the men the rear divisions would soon be crowded by the leading files being checked. To obviate this the two leadin':r divisions should be faced inwards, and advance in double files to the pomt from which the extension is to be made, each led by an Officer of Engineers. On arriving at the white tape, the leading man of each division "halts," and if the tape has had six feet lengths marked upon it by cross pieces sewn on, so as to pre- sent the appearance of the tail of a boy's kite, the men will recognize their portions as they come up, and all they have to do, is to place their shovels quietly along side the line, and the pick-axes opposite the middle of them, and sit down in silence on their tools. The remaining men will file out- wards in rear of the wliite tape, and form up into line to the right and left in extended order. ea?h man placing his tools opposite one of the marked intervals of the tape, and sitting down until the order is given to begin work, which will be done when the whole extension is complete. — AQ li I If the tape has not been divided in this manner, two sappers will be found at the central point fronting the men as they come up, each with a white rod which thej turn over and over to measure the portions for the men i\h they present themselves. When the extension of the two leading divisions is com{)lete, the two next in column are faced inwards, and advancing to the central point, will then file outwards and form on the flanks in the same manner as hjis been described. When the extension is complete, the divisions last formed receive ordera to commence work which must be taken up by the whole line " without a word being spoken.'' It is half the battle to get the first nights work over "on the sly," and if favoured by a dark and windy, or foggy, night, it is just possible to elude the vigilance that now, of course, reigns among the listeners in the fortress. The task to be executed by each man of the first relief has been already adverted to. It is to sink a hole or trench, 3 feet deep, and 5 feet bi-oad, along the whole length of 6 feet which has l)een the measured portion on the white tracing line. This is not to be sunk close to the line but about 18 inches from it. xNow it may seem superfluous to give any further di- rections, but there really are two ways of doing axf^ this simple operation, and a miner and a tailor would set about it on very different principles. The object is to obtain cover as speedily as possible and to work with ease. In commencing work each man should be directed to begin a hole with his pick-axe on one end of his task, about 3 feet in rear of the line, as if he were going to plant a tree, and throw out the earth with his shovel to the front of the tracing line, and when it was as deep as his knees to jump into it. By this he would obtain a little ' ' face ' ' of earth to work at, which is a great advantage. This hole must be converted into '' a bit of a ditch," just broad enough to work in, and running the whole length of the ti^sk, which he will gradually deepen till it is the regular depth of 3 feet ; by these means a man will be partially covered before half his task is finished, and it will be completed with fiir less labour than if he had attempted to sink the whole area of 6 feet long by 5 feet broad, an inch or two at a time, by fiddling away with his pick-axe all over the surface, and then scraping the lose earth off" with his shovel. After the distribution of the men has been effected, and they aie set to work, the ''responsibility" of the Engineer in a great measure ceases, and it remains with the "Officers'" and "men," on whom the execution of the work devolves, to acquit themselves of their duty. There are few services on which an Officer or Soldier can l)e employed which call for \ task had inch 63 the exercise of more vigorous exertion and energy than the first night's work in breaking ground before a place ; indeed, the duties of workinir parties generally demand, not only the passive courage, which makes men stand fire, to which they can make no reply ; but that zeal, perseverance, and intelligence, which alone can overcome the many difficulties that they may have to encounter. ■ 1 1 f I I 64 OBSTRUCTIONS. Obstructions in front of Temporary Works of inconsiderable pi ofile, are essential to their being vigorously defended, and va»:ious expedients havi; been devised, so.ne of which it will be well to explain . "An Abattis" is, perhaps, the best obstruction that can be formed in a limited time. It is made by felling a number of trees, if they are on the spot, and laying them side l)y side, with the branches towards an ene- my, and interlaced as much as possible. Small t^igs should be cut oft', and the projecting points sharpened. If the trees are so large that they cannot easily be displaced, no precaution is necessary for securing them ; Vat if they are smaller they mu^t be confined in their places ]>y driving stakes among them, and laying heavy timber on their butt ends, or bury- ing those ends in a sn.ill ditch. If trees and brusliwood stand pretty thick upon the ground, there will be no necessity for placing them in any regular form when cut down, for it has been found on service, that if per- mitted to lie as they fall, a most formidable obstacle will be presented. With smaller sized trees, if instead of being entirely separated they are only half cut through, and the heads pulled down, and interlaced among each other, in the way a growing hedge is "pleached," a most formidable obstacle would be presented, providing there were enough trees on the spot to make it perfect. Having already explained the nature of an •' Abattis,'" it may now be as well to show how to surmount or deal with such an obstruction, when placed as the attacking party. An abattis is probably the first obstacle a column will fall in with, and in an attack by surprise an endeavoor should be made to get round the flank of it, and if that "wont do ' the men must crawl through in the best manner they can, avoiding any noise, and forming again as they succeed. If the attack is by open force, and the abattis should prove a puzzler, there is no harm in making the attempt to set it on fire. A few resolute men carrying small faggOtS which have been previously dipped in pitch, and each man provided with a lighted "port-fire," if it is day-time; or if they can approach unseen by night, with some other means of setting f uring e piofilc, are edients have be tbrmeil in they are on vards an ene- be cut oft', ge that tliey them ; ])y driving nds, or bury- I stand pretty r them in any e, that if per- presented. eparated they nd interhiced lied," a most R enough trees t may now be Tuction, when II in with, and ret round the lirough in the again as they ove a puzzler, ^ few resolute jped in pitch, day-time; or [ins of setting 1^ 65 !▼<< fire 10 then, — jniist rush up from some noighbourii.^ place of concenl- meiit, cov'orc*! I\y a smart fire of muakotry, and throwing in their lighten! fagjrots, all will soon he in u hlaze. When that has subsided and there is no f'l'ar of the men's pouches being exploded, the breach will be practica- ble without waiting for the hot cinders to cool ; for thev will only prove stimulants to exertion. This little conflagration wouhl go on under the protection of a party, near enough to prevent any attempt on the part of the defenders to extinguish it. If, however, abattis is formed of small materials, or that sufficient precautions have not been Uiken to secure it in its place, tliMt is. if it is '"a bad one," it will be a waste of time to stib. it to the dehiy of burning it. In such a case, a party rushing up with ropes, may tie them to some principal trees ; a big hook fixed to a rope or pt)lc. siu'h us the companies of firemen have for their work, may be used, and a tree or two may by these means be dragged forcibly out of the line : or some handy fellows, with good tools, may partially open it, by cutting away a few of the small branches, so as to let men get through it at "Open order."' A little impudence will go a great way sometimes : }.nd in cases of necessity, putting a good face on a dangerous enterprise, is the best handmaid to success. " Palisades" form a very good obstruction, especially if protected from the effects of artillery ; and if the means are at hand they are soon planted. They are composed of stakes of strong wood 8 or feet long and H inches thick, fixed about 3 feet in the ground^ and o or 4 inches asunder. " Chevaux de frize "' consist of a piece of timber from to 12 feet long, and about 6 inches in diameter, into which is inserted staves cross- ways, about 1^ inches asunder, about 2 inches thick, six feet long, and pointed at the end, if not shod with iron. Their use is to stop up a breach, rlofend a passage, or form an intrenchment against cavalry. '• Chevaux de frise ' of a temporary nature may be made for stopping up an outlet through a barricade, or for adding to the defence of a door- way, or cutting off the communication between different parts of a post, &c. If it in to be removed for the convenience of passing, it should bo made in length proportionate to the weight; and when so arrange' the means should be at hand for chaining or otherwise securing the lengths together. A good obstruction might be mad' on* vf'connnon sheep hurdles, plant- ed in rows at 8 or 10 feet distance, aci'' loaning a little to the front, in which direction they are very awkward to get over. Stakes firmly driven into the ground, and plenty of them, arc net easily passed over in close order. 66 ' Holes abo-' 3 feet deep, and the same diameter usually called ■ trap holes," dujt rows as if for planting trees, and the earth out of them piled up in s. heaps, would materially interfere with regular ami rapid movements. Many otlicr temporary expedients would suggest themselves under the flifference of circumstances that are to be met with at every step. It should rv(T be remembered that whatever will cramp and impede the steady move- ment of a column, and detain it under a close fire for however short a pe- riod, is '• Avorth having," and should not be neglected. Where a mighty '• abattis " could not be formed, perhaps a cabbage garden could be found, and that Avould be '* better than nothing," inasmuch as it would be prefer- able to a bowling green, over which people could come at a racing pace to the assault of a small work. HOW TO MACADAMISE IMPEDlMEN'l'S. If the obstructions outside of a post consist of military pits, stakes, or the stumps of trees, &c., they may be passed at "open order" if they can not be avoided, and the column be re-formed as soon as possible. Small ditches may be filled up with faggots or bundles of hay ; Chevaux do frise may be displaced by main force with a rope, and a good pull altogether ; or they may be cut up or blown to pieces with a bag of powder ; palisades or faises in a ditch may be got rid of in a similar manner ; or if a party is provided with ladders or planks, and the ditches are narrow, the last obstructions may frequently offer facilities for constructing temporary bridges for passing over them. Stockade work or palisading may be es- caladed with ladders brought up in a line under the protection of a firing party and carried by two or four men, according to their length. The ladders would be planted as close together as they conveniently could be, and the assailants would mount them, on as extended a front as their numbers permitted ; or a stockade may be breached by the explosion of a bag of powder, &c. By some such means as these, applied with boldness and decision, in a common sense sort of way, troops assisted by workmen would be a match for any of the ordinary obstructions which might op- pose their advance, whether the attack were made by night or by day, by surprise or by open force. I y called " trap rth out of them gular and rapid L'lves under the step. It should he steady movo- .rever short a pe- Where a mightv could be found, would be prefer- a racing pace r pits, stakes, or der" if they can 30ssible. Small Chevaux do frise pull altogether; owder; palisades er ; or if a party ) narrow, the last acting temporary lading may be es- ection of a firing leir length. The niently could be, a front Jis their the explosion of a lied with boldness isted by workmen which might op- ;ht or by day, by .» ^5 Hi 5 ^ "^ :? Si k ^ ^ ..^M IT COMMENCING A SECOND PARALLEL BY THE FLYING SAP. When a parallel is said to bo commence*! by sap, it merely implies that gabions are used. The peculiar arrangements, and manner of working with them, described in this paragraph, constitute what is calle^l the " Flying Sap." The workmen ordered for the duty of commencing, or opening the se- cond parallel, will parade at the Engineers depot to receive their tools and gabions in divisions of 25 men, who must Ixj formed in column at single rank. ((reneral Pasley recommends these divisions to be of 50 men each.) Every man is to carry a couple of 2 foot gabions, howling them under his arms^ by means of a picket 2 feet l) inches long, driven transversely through each of them, about 15 inches from the top, which pickets he grasps in his hands. In one of these gabions he also carries a pick-a.xe, and in the other a shovel. The iron part of the shovel, and likewise of the pick-axe, rest on the top of their respective gabions, and are secured from falling by passing them beyond tht; picket ends, which project above the web, whilst their helves hang down inside. In carrying these tools in the gabions, they should be as near to the man's sides as possible. The pick-axe may there- fore come entirely under one of his arms, but the shovel iron standing too high to be carried in this position, must be a little to the rear of his other arm. The transverse pickets must not be driven through the centre of each gabion, but nearer to one side of it, namely that which will touch the man's thighs after he ttikes it up. The implements necessary for each division, consisting of 50 gabions with their transverse pickets, and a shovel and pick-axe fixed in each alternate gabion, must be previously laid out at the Engineer depot, in successive parallel lines, at central intervals of about feet apart, so as to suit the formation of the column. The sappers employed in this duty must be well acquainted with the projier mode of arranging the pickets and tools, and strictly cautioned to do so with the greatest care, for which pur- pose they should be ordered to lift up each })air of gabions in succession, by way of trial, after the pickets and tools shall be fixed, shifting them if inconveniently placed. 9 iDNMiliH ] 1 68 After receiving their tools and gabions, the whole working party must advance by files, in single rank, through the continuations of the several approaches, in front of the first parallel, and through other openings made for the purpose in the parapet of tliat work, to the j)roper jtoiuts on tlie propose! second parallel, from whence they are to extend to the right or left as may })e directed, on reaching which points they will be formed along the line of white tape previously laid, as has been already ex})lained under the head of Tracing, Working Parties, &c., excepting that no marks on the tape are necessary in the " Flying Sap; " for the two gabions car- ried by each workman measure his task. As they come up into their proper places on the reverse side of the white tape, the men will successively put down their gal)ions close to- gether, m front of the line, so as to clear it by two or three inches. The sapper who assists in superintending the extension, is to correct the position of every successive pair of gabions, which it is difficult for the workman himself to place properly, on setting them down. As soon as each workman has got his gabions placed by the assistance of the sapper, he will disengage his tools and pickets, as it is useless to waste the latter by leaving them in the gabions. They may be laid down in rear of, and close to, the gabions. The tool's must be laid down be- hind the two gabions which mark each man's task, in the manner be- fore described in treating of the first parallel. Whilst the extension of the whole working party is thus going on progressively, the men first posted will sit down behind their own ga- bions and tools, as soon as the latter are properly laid oat, and will wait ''in perfect silence" for the order to commence work, which will be passed on from the extreme points of the parallel, as soon as the whole operation shall be completed. In all cases w^hen working parties take their arms, they should sling them behind their back, with the sling all to the front of the body, over the right shoulder, and under the left arm, and with the nmsket behind, the "butt"' downwards and muzzle upwards, having the bayonet previously fixed in reverse or downwards. Parties in this order having both their hands at lilierty can carry their tAVO gabions each as well as tools, and having placed the former, and laid down the latter, after being extended, as has been already explained, each man will unsling his fire- lock and fix his bayonet properly, and afterward ground his arms, three full paces in rear of his own tools, the bayonet turned t )wards the rear. Working parties when allowed to go armed, should carry the nmsket and bayonet only, without accoutrements, because it is impossible for men ij ty must several igs made s on the right or led along ed under narks on ions car- e of the close to- inches. ;o correct fficult for As soon 3e of the to >Yastc I down in down be- mner be- o'oing on r own ga- and will vhich will on as the ')uld sling the body, le nnisket le bayonet er having IS Avell as fter being ; his fire- rms. three •> the rear, le musket le for men .' *» .^4£^^ ^■'^<- . » ■■■'*■ ^ ■if- ■-s.,,, fSViWrA s/foxvhfc/ //it' //if'///Of7 (tfUr/r/'^n/f/ //w U/ffntuiH in (///\ *////< ///y //' ntt/'- ' a FIvim/ .SV///. T W. blHONl",, lirH 1:'>S'. .11.' Sf ri r I 'i -i 69 to work with their afooutrements on, and if they take them off, they could not put them on again, and adjust them in proper time, in the event of a sudden sortie : besides which the men of the working parties, if provided with accoutrements, could not be distinguished from the guards of the trenches ; and thus lazy or ill-disposed individuals might often have an opportunity of skulking from their work for a great part of the night, withont detection. The working parties, Avhen armed, should therefore only carry a few ball cartridges in their pockets or foraging caps, and they should not even be allowed to take their bayonet-scabbards with them, which mig t be liable to be lost. •I m RULES FOR OPENING A SECOND PARALLEL BY THE FLYING SAP. The method of arranging the workmen with their tools, behind the line of gal)ions, so that the space coveied shall be at the rate of 2 gabions, or about 4 feet per man, has already been explained. In this order the men are rather more crowded than one could desire, but the use of gabions, the size of which is necessarily limited, leaves no alternative. Wlien the order is given to commence work, every man will begin dig- ging in the rear of his own two gabions, Avhich he Avill fill with all expedi- tion, striking the sides of the gabions from time to time with his shovel, and afterwards patting the earth at top, to shake it down and make it com- pact before he tlirows any of it over. When filled, which may be done by good workmen in from 7 to 15 minutes, the line of gabions will be mus- ket proof everywhere, except in intervals between adjacent ones. The Engineer officers superintending, and the sappers attached to divisions will take care to instruct the men to force their gabions forward at top, whilst the work is in progress, in order to give them a slope of about one forth of their height, which is necessary to their stability, and which may bo judged of, with sufficient accuracy, by the eye. This arrangement may be aided by introducing sods under the l)ack of each gabion. The usual berm of 18 inches must be left behind the line of gabions. The parapet of a second parallel may be crowned by one or more rows of fascines laid over the gabions, with which it is rivetted interiorly. — When fascines are used to crown the gabions in a second parallel, the se- cond and third reliefs of men ought to take them out with them, each man carrying a G feet fascine, and 2 or 8 pickets — these fascines should be laid at the same slope of one-fourth, w^'ch was before prescribed in placing die gabions. The fascines must also be secured by pickets driven through them, ob- (I n iujwii. l inj ;n I I I I i 70 liquely, downwards, into the earth, at an angle of about 45 degrees. — There should be two such pickets to a 6 feet fascine. In dealing with this subject the system of dividing Working Parties into three reliefs during the 24 hours, each relief never working more than 8 hoars at a time or less if tasked, has been adopted, and which has been the rule laid down in most military works. But, towards the close of the Peninsular War, at St. Sebastian, in 1813, for instance, this rule gave way to a system of employing them by two reliefs only in the 24 hours, the first commencing at dusk, and taking the duty for all night, while the se- cond, commencing at day-light took the duty for all next day: and this arrangement, together Avith the guards of the trenches being only relieved once in *he 24 hours, has l)ecn strongly recommended by many Engineer Officers, as saving the fatigue to the troops of marching backwards and forwards between the trenches and their camps ; allowing longer intervals of rest ; and also that in the parallels and approaches in which the mili- tary working parties are first employed, which are commenced at night, and if discovered, exposed to the enemy's fire ; the confusion and waste of time that must attend the relief of 1,500 or 2,000 men in the dark, and setting an equal number to work instead of them, is obviated. N/S/\/V/S^V/N/V/V/S/S/\A/\/N» OF RIFLE PITS, AND SAND-BAG LOOPHOLES. The covering parties, which by night throw out pickets with an ad- vanced chain of sentries to cover the workmen employed in the openmg of the trenches, must retire into them by day, with the exception of the dou- ble sentries in extended order, who may still keep watch in front, provided that they shelter themselves in small portions of trench, protected by a low earthern parapet. In making these pits, which are called "rifle pits," two Soldiers provided with a pick- axe and shovel, and a dozen sand-bags, work and Avatch by turns, and make an excavation, of Avhich the form is of no importance ; but it may be rectangular or elliptical, and just large enough to hold them conveniently, throwing the earth up in front, and also on each flank if necessary, and forming the reverse of their trench with a step in wliich they can sit. They then lay two of their sand-])ag8 as headers, with a splay towards the front, about four inclics apart in rear, on which they lay a third sand- bag, on a .stretcher over this narroAv opening, affording a covenient loop- hole through which a mau can fire at his ease, au^^ iu the same manney a ii '.•'' Second Parellel. It: =30=3 11 the dark, and :s with an ad- 1 the opening of T T Method o/* arran^mo' workimt Parties yfi'fh Aj-ms. n Beoond loophole is formed one for each of the two men. The depth of a rifle hole may be about 3 feet, but no particular directions are necessary as to dimensions, for the men are sure to make it convenient for their pur- pose, and comfortable for themselves, which is all that <■ m be required. A line of rifle pits in front of the position intended lor the second par- allel may greatly facilitate the tracing of that work, and might also be made useful in preparing for the opening of the trenches, but in this case it would be necessary to spread them out opposite to several other fronts of the place, in order to keep the enemy in a state of uncertainty, as to the intended project of attack. 72 A CATECHISM ON OUT-POST DUTIES. I Question. — What are the diiferent parties of troops called in the British service, as laid down in the "Field Exercise Book," which act in front of an army, for its protection and security, when in camp or contonments ? Answfr. — The "Outlaying Picquct." its "Patroles'' and "Detached Parties,"' and the " Reserve for the Picquets," — in all "four." Quest. — What is an Outlaying Pic({uet, and its object 7 Atfs. — An Outlying Picquet is a certain number of men, under the command of a Captain or Subaltern, detached to the front of the main body of troops. Its principle duties are to secure the safety and repose of the camp or contonments, by occupying such ground and commandixig such roads that no part of the enemy's force can approach without being seen. Ques. — What is the Reserve 7 A71S. — It is a body of troops of such force, and so placed, as to support and assist the Picquets on their being attacked, or that the IMcquets can retire on, if found necessary ; and to impede the advance of the enemy so as to enable the main body to get under arms. Quest. — What is a Patrol ] Aus. — As relating to an Outlaying Picquet, it is composed of a small body of men, under command of a Subaltern or Non-Commissiond Offi- cer, to be sent to the front, and flanks of the Picquet, for the purpose of gaining information in regard to the movements and position of the enemy that may be in their vicinity. Quest. — On being ordered to take charge of an Outlaying Picket with a view of covering any part of the camp or contonmcnt, Avhat would be your first duty 7 Ans. — To make -i nominal list of the Non-Commissioned Officers and men of the Picquet, and inspect their arms, ammunition, and rations. Ques. — How would you move the Picquet to the ground you are order- ed to occupy 7 A71S. — I should move as an advance guard, to avoid being surprised, with advanced, flank, and connecting files. Ques. — On moving to the ground you are to occupy, what observation would you make 7 78 Ans. — I should take particular notice of all roads on my flanks, and such positions that, should I be driven in, 1 could defend. Q,iivii. — What is your " first duty" on arriving on the ground you are to occupy \ Ans. — The ground having been pointed out to me by a superior officer, where my right and left flanks are to rest, I immediately guard against surprise by placing sentries in such situations that no enemy can approach my piccjuet without being seen. Besides which the advanced files of my picquet will feel their way and ascertain if any immediate attack is pro- bable. Qucs. — What is the second duty after taking the foregoing precaution? Ans. — To communicate with the officers of the pic([uets on my right and left flanks. Qiics. — How do you communicate '? Ans. — I take as many men as I think will be requisite to keep up a chain of sentries from my picquet to the picquet I am going to communi- cate with, posting double ser, ies as I pass along, and keeping them in view ; and, having communicated with the Officer on my flank, or Non- commissioned Officer in charge of the flank parties, I return to my picquet, reducing or increasing the sentries as I find requisite, and placing them in the most advantages positions to overlook the approaches to my picquet. My junior Officer, or Serjeant having done the same on the other flank. I then, by visiting myself personally, ascertain that they have posted the sentries according to orders, viud conmiunicated with the Officer on my other flank. Ques. — When do you conceive that your sentries are posted as they ought to be ? Ans. — When they completely command every approach to the picquet, and can see the sentries on their right and left, and are as much concealed as possible from the enemy's view. (clues. — Should the picquet be a flank picquet, what precautions would you take for its security '? Ans. — I should, after taking care of my " immpdiatc " security, send out patroles, under an Officer or Non-Commissioned Officer^ to the ^' vn~ protected Jlavk\ " which I should do every half hour, day and night. iiues. — Into how many reliefs do you divide your j)icquet 7 and how often do you relieve your sentries '\ Ans. — Into three reliefs of double sentries, and relieve them every hour, taking care to have sufficient men to patrole. Qiies. — After your communications are established with the picquets on l! • ' : ;i i ) i • ; H t i A U your flanks, and your own security from surprise ensured — what do you do? Ans. — With a patrole I make myself thoroughly acquainted with the approaches and environs of my post ; and " if ordered to defend it,^^ do my best to strengthen it, by throwing up obstacles, making loop-holes should my picket occupy a house, and in the neighbouring walls ; throw- ing up breast- works, if I have tools, and making my defence so as to have as many cross fires as possible. Ques. — Are the sentries on an outlaying picquet posted double 7 Afis. — Yes ; and a communicating (single) sentry from them to the body of the picquet, to convey any signal or order that might come from the front. Ques. — How do you place your sentries at night 7 Ans. — I generally remove them from the place they occupied during the day, particularly should they have been seen by the enemy ; and if they have been on a height I move them to lower ground, in order that they may discern any object on the sky-line with greater ease than look- ing down they would be able to do, and place them in the most advan- tageous positions. Ques. — Would you increase the number of sentries at night 7 Ans. — As a rule, yes, with the view of preventing the possibility of the enemy stealing in between them. Ques. — Would you increase your sentries at any other time 7 Ans. — Yes, durmg foggy weather. Ques. — Ought you to post your sentries thickly or not 7 A71S. — If possible not, but it must depend upon the nature of the ground and the state of the atmosphere. The great object should be to save my men as much as possible, always bearing in mind that every unnecessary sentry entails additional '•'^ duty on all his comrades.^'' Ques. — When the advanced sentry is very near the enemy, what pre- cautions would you take to secure his preservation 7 Ans. — I should place obstacles in the approaches to his post, about 30 yards in his front, as well as flanks, when it is practicable to do so, such as abattis, &c., which the sentry could see over, " and so that they may not afibrd shelter to the enemy," in order to stop any sudden rush that might be made upon him. I should particularly take this precaution at night, or should the sentry be placed at the end of a bridge where he must actually stand on the end of the defile. Ques. — Were you not to take this precaution what might happen 7 Ans. — The sentry might be suddenly overcome, and not able to fire, or you the 76 give the alann. jukI coiiHC4Uontly the picijuet might he surpribed, from hriii;^ uiiiiltio to get under ariius to meet the enemy. (itffjs. — Ih it generally recommended that the " advanced ' sentries should f)i! so protected .' Atis. — Yes, where practicable for the above reasons. Qitf's. — When a wood is in your front how would you place your (sentry .' A us. — iVs far from the wood as would be advisable, with a view of keeping as good a look out as possible, but being most particular not to cridaiigcr the sentry from a sudden rush from the wood 7 Qtfcs. — How do you ensure the body of the piccjuet being instantly made ac(|uainte(l with any immediate threatened approach of the enemy .' An.s. — By the conununicating sentry firing, or making the preconcerted signal. Qt(rs. — VVhiit regulates the actual position where you pliu;e the body of your piequet .' 1//.V. — After liaving ascertained the most advantageous point for post- ing my advanced sentries. I place my piequet so as to be within hearing of the connecting scniries fire, and out of sight of the enemy, and as near the centre of my line (»f sentries as possible. Q//('.v. — ])o you examine your sentries as they are relieved .' 1//.V. — Yes, in order to ascertain whether they have observed anything in tlieir front, and. if of ini|)ortanee, immediately to report the circum- stance to the Field Officer of the picquets, always taking care to state in my report whether the movements, or whivtever demonstration was ob- served, was on •' our " right or the " enemy's " left, or " vice versa." Q//e.v. — On receiving verbal orders from your Superior do you write them down immediately? A/ts. — Y'es, iji order to give them over correctly to the Officer of the new pic(|uet that relieves me I QiH's. — Do you place the same men on the same posts during the time they are on piequet .' j;/.v. — Yes: and I take care to place the most intelligent men, on the most important stations. Qucs. — Should a sentry or a man from the picc^uet desert, what would you do .' Aits. — Immediately inform the Field Officer of the day of the circum- stance, and the Officers on my right and left, and be most careful of my immediate security. 10 I i I ! 1 ' 76 QtffS. — Whon you are pcrmittcfl to have a firo for your picquet where wc»nl(l you pliur it .' 1//.V. — As much out of observation as possihlc; and in case the pie(iuet syiouM he iittaekod ill night, I shouhl previously point out the place for the iilaiin post on tlie strongest and most defensillo ground, and, if possi- ble, '■'' in rcnr (ff flic firi',"' in order that the enemy should be exposed thniisclves on (•o!iiin<; up to it. (^Hfs. — When do you '' always " get your picijuet under arms / 1//.V. — One hour l)efore day-])reak. Q///. v.- 1 low do you ensure your sentries looking in the right direc- tion duiiu;; the dark .' /I //.%•■ -J >y placing a piece of stick horizontally on two forked pegs in the direction of the enemy's posts. This precaution is to be taken also by the body of tlic pic(juct .' Q//r'.s'.- -Under what circumstances .should you retire your pict{uet .' [ns. — When my flanks are thoroughly threatened, unless I have orders to defend my post to tlie last. Qias. — if you were forced to retire, in what direction would you fall back .' .I//.V. — The Fiehl Officer of the day having shown me where the reserve is posted. I should retire upon it, firing, and disputing the ground; and on ap])roa('hing the reserve I shouhl order my picquet, which would be in extended order t(j place itself on its flank, and not cloud its front by our retrograde movement, so as to impede its fire upon the advancing enemy. Qi/t's. — When you hear firing on your flank or flanks, which indicates n retrograde movement of the picquets po.sted there, what should you do 7 Ah6-. — I should retire throwing myself on the flank of the advancing enemy, of course keeping my retreat open to the rear. Q///'.v. — If after you have bee*i relieved from your post you hear firing from the front, what should vou do .' Ans. — I should immediately return, and give my support to the ad- vanced pic(j[U3ts, and send word of what I had done to the Field Officer of the day. Qars. — You have stated that a patrol is a body of troops varying in strcngtli accordini; to circumstances, sent out under command of an Offi- cer or non-commissioned Officer to gain information regarding the enemy; how many vit]iout waiting for any order. " Trail arms." " Form at the bottom of the ditch." " Forward." They will descend — form at the bottom of the ditch, and sling arms. '• Threes by ranks inwards face." " Move your lah!H tlie superior ( Hficer to whom the rejiort is a(l(lress(>(l to make marginal notes, and the nuniher- ing of the paragrai)hs afford>4 an easy reference to the several parts of the Huhject. 2. All reports should he aeeonipanied hy dra\vings either as sketches of the ground, or view (»f the principle features: and the more they are il- lustrated hy vignettes and diagrams, which may he given in the margin or in the paragraphs of tlie I'cports, the more interest will he given to them, as facilitating a (piick comprehension of the suhjcct. 3. ^Mariy parts of a report may he given in a tahular form, Avhich shouhl be done when ])ossihlo. 4. An early attention to the ohject of the report, and the instructions or orders received for mnking it, Avill save much ti'ouhle ; it is also neces- sary to arrange the suhjects in the order of their relative importance, so time may not he lost in seeking for information of little value. 5. An important consideration is the C(jndensation of facts in the small- est possihlc space, in logical order, so as to keep up the interest of the subject, and l)y inserting unimportant details in notes or in a})pcndix to the report. 6. The purport or su])stancc of each paragraph of the report should bo briefly inserted in the blank half margin side of the paper ; this enables the reader to recur to any part without trouble. 7. Military reporters should l)e careful in recording hearsay statements and oflering opinions on surmise ; and, if vague, the authorities should be quoted, and the value of the evidence stated ; facts are what are required, based upon ocular demonstration. 8. In framing a report much valuable information will be found in the " Aide Memoire of the Military Sciences,"' under the heads of "Field Sketchinji," •• (Teoh) 1 _,- 10 » d r. [* '■'•«*»*i*©a&.».. /■' Thii iiciioit hil:^ bccu ooiisiilcialily iCilucfd, :\wi, on the mip, nuuibcrs ha i y^^ 1 Form. (A.) REPORT on the Road from TRUXILLO to MERIDA, n SKETCH OFTHE ROAD. PLACES ON THE ROAD, AND NEAR TO IT. DISTANCES a n o a • 4) rt -H a O t»H H 1. TRUXILLO .... 2. S'»- Anna 3. Rivulot 4. Rivulet 5. Bud Roail couiinenccs G. S'" Cruz do la Sierra . . 7. ru ERTO DES'> CRLZ 8. Pcrales River . . 9. Villames . . . 10. Perales River . . 11. Road to Plascncia, 12. MI A J AD AS . . 13. Burdalo River 14. Another Branch . 1"). N'enta do la Aguia 1('». San Pedro . 17. MKRIDA . . . (ir lo. Truxiilano ]",». MKRIDA . . . liO. Fuvu of (Jiiadiuna lliver Lkauuks. 1 11 ^k ACCOiAlMODATlON. O O Pkrmanknt quaktkks. 450 120 21)0 00 1200 300 "00 1 ;;o 0(10 10 2)00 00 o to u o Ox A Makch. 300 5000 2.0 8(10 1200 3(:o ](I0 2(ii} i'>i;o 3u(io 200 300 7il(iO 100 CO u o 000 1. 2. a! 4. 5. G. 150 2S0 20 8. 250 200 -•) lino 9. 10. 11. 12. la. 14. 1'.. IC. 17. \C. I'J. Truxillo is a large to abundance, fn Sla. Anna, a chapel i Pass a rioulet by a sti Rivulet always fordal JJeep sandy road for 1 Sta. Cruz de la Sierr water ; the sit lery. Near to ting 20,000 mi Puerto de Sta. Cruz marshy, and t The road from Truxil (see 5.) The Tuere is an ab At one leaj;ue and a h but this road i intersected wit are likewise es .as represented lurd, always p half a league. Villames is a very pc You again cross the Jiodd to Plase iria, Jliajadas is a well b taiuiiig 2O0 ni large olive wo ot sheltering 1 long there, it The banks of the Jiu feet ami a hall /) ;//// this. Another Inai.ch of /; cable. Vi'iilu de la A'j:iti:i i .S' III Pi'dro is a vciy .Meriln is a larj^e, m The direct ro.i.l to \ ble, and only Guadiaiia River. this river is fij boat which pli men may be c ni.iv be obtain is very nipid '\;* Thi- liO'iort has been oousidcrulily reduced, and, on the in:>p, nuuibors ha'. e bttn suLtitiitod for nuiues u' places, in order to incel ih Form. (A.) ILLO to MERIDA, reconnoitered on the "ist of May, 1809. l:o 2. 3. 4. 5. 0. 1(1. 11, 1:-'. ID. 11. 1'), n;, 17, k', I'J, Truxillo is a large town, witb two good convents, &c. &c. ; situation elevated ; inhabitants healthy ; water may be procured of a good quality, and in abundance, from the fountains in the town. Sin. Anna, a chapel about three miles from Truxillo, and three quarters of a mile to the left of the road. Pass a rivulet by a stone bridge. Rivulet always fordable ; average depth in summer, 1^ feet ; gravelly bottom ; low banks. JJeep sandy road for two miles, and difficult foi artillery. Sta. Cruz de la Sierra ( 1 of a mile to the left of the road) is composed of tolerably g.ood houses ; the River Perales, which runs close to it, always aflfords water ; the situation is elevated ; and the inhabitants healthy. From Sta. Cruz there is a road to Carceres, seven lengues, practicable for artil- lery. Near to Sta. Cruz de la Sierra, at a convenient distance from the river, is a wood of ever-green oak, which attbrds the materials lor hut- ting *JO,000 men. Tlie situation is very elevated, healthy, and in every respect eligible. Puerto de Sta. Cruz is a better village than Sta. Cruz de la Sierra. The houses are larger, and streets wider The situation, however, is low and marshy, and the inhabitants unhealthy ; which renders it until for permanent ((uarter. The road from Truxillo to Puerto de Sta Cruz, is gencr illy very good, ani de la A'j;ni:i is a large inn. The proxiaiity of excellent water, and the abundance of bailey, make this inn a very desirable iiuartei for cavalry. .S'//( Pedro is a very poor village, ami only to be used in a case of necessity. .Meridii is a large, well built town, &c. vS^o. &c. The direct ro,i.l to Merid.i is frequently rendeied impassable from the rains ; then you may move artillery by Traxillano ,• this road is always passa- ble, and only two miles round. Guadiana River. This large river has a bridge a(;ro,ss it, of masonry, with sixty arches. From the first week in July to the Vieginning of December, this river is fiudable in many places. Its general breadth, in its course from .Merida to IJ.idajnz, is lol> (eet ; its b'jttoiii gravel. There is a ferry- boat which plies during the winter, at two miles above the brii'ge. This boat is cipihle of containing 50 men, or ti hor.ses and 'JO men. 1000 men may be conveyed across in two hours and forty minutes. At the dist.mce of a quarter of a mile fr )in the right bank of the river, wood ni.iy be obtained for forming a fiyinu; liridge ; ami workmen and tools may be i>rocured at Merida. Thtcur.ent of the (juadiana river, in winter, is very rapid ; in summer, sLw, and nearly stagnate in .-ome places. luiues I. f pi. IOCS, in (.-idtr to iiael the .-rize uf tliu bouU. 87 9. Tlie application of ground to military operations, whether offensive or defensive, for strategical or tactical purposes, may be considered the moBt difficult of tasks to a military reporter, and few opinions should be given, except those formed from incontrovertible facts ; and assertions that a river is impassable, a country inaccessible, place impregnable, and roads impassalile, shouhl only be offered on most accurate information ; and, if not from personal inspection, the authority must he given. To suggest that particular sites afford good positions for offensive or defensive tactical operations, or that they are well suited for intrenched camps, posts, or positions for strategical operations, should be given hypothetically, if not based upon a thorough acipvintance with the country, and some knowledge of the art of Avar. 10. Finally, in arranging the report, the classification of matter under different heads should be attended to, and subjects separated, keeping the descriptive, statistic, political, and military parts distinct, as Avell as other points unconnected with each other. .! T i 88 PASSAGE OF RIVERS. Temporary bridgCvS are made with piles, trestles, boats, pontoons, casks, and other materials. Pile bridges are more especially applicable for rapid and shallow rivers, in wliich boats or floating l)ridges cannot be ma I - use of: but they are V'iry li.able to be destroyed by a sudden rising of tae water. Napoleon erected two bridges on piles, from the Island of Lobau to the right bank of the Danube in 1809 ; one was 430 yards long, and the other 273. — Piles are generally merely used as supports or pier abutments, when deep or wide rivers are to be crossed. Pile engines form part of the French field equipments. Trestle bridges are exceedingly useful in establishing communications across shallow rivers, when other means cannot be obtained, on account of their ensily I)eing made of rougli materials ; but the bed of the river must be sound and firm and the current moderate. Trestle bridges are especi- ally liable to be destroyed by any swelling of the water. Boat bridges consist of boats placed at certain intervals from one another and connected by balks ; the whole being planked over. When it is de- cided that a river is to ])e crossed by means of a bridge of boats, parties of light cavalry are sent to reconnoitre along the l)anks of the river, or of any stream running into it. This operation requires great celerity and secret' ; all the boats that can be found are brought to some appointed spot, where a guard of infantry is placed for their protection. As it might happen that the enemy liad destroyed all the boats on a river, or collected them on that side of which lie is master, it is usual for armies at the present day to take with them into the field a bridge equip- ment. The principle upon which these bridges arc constructed is, that the weight which a floating vessel bears is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the part immersed, deducting the weight of the vessel ; hence the desiratuni is, to displace as much water with as little weight as possi- ble, by which means buoyancy is combined with portability. The bridge equipment in use in the British service consists of tin cy- linders, divided inside into partitions, so that they do not fill and sink 89 from a shot striking them, or from scraping on a rocky bottom. These cylinders are termed pontoons, and are of two dimensions : the larger with hemispherical ends, is 22 ft. 3 in. in lengtli, and 2 ft. 8 in. in diameter ; the smaller with conical ends, is 15 ft. in length, and 1 ft. 8 in. in diameter. A pontoon bridge is laid down in the same manner as a boat bridge, viz. : pontoons placed at certain distances, connected by balks, and the whole planked over. One carriage will contain two large or five small pontoons, with their appurtenances. The French and Austrians make use of flat bottomed boats, about 30 feet long, each boat requiring a separate carriage for its transport. When it is proposed to form a lodgement on the opposite bank, to pro- tect the formation of the bridge, the troops intended for this purpose are pushed over in '• flying bridges," rafts, and roAv-boats. Filing bridges are of two kinds, the swing and trail. The swing fly- ing bridge consists of a large boat, or raft, anchored in a river, usually at a bend of it, by a cable which should measure at least once and a half the width of the river. It is carried from bank to bank by means of the current. A "trail flying bridge" consists of a haAvser, or chain, stretched across a river, to which is attached, by ring or traveller, a boat or light raft. — The boat is moved across by men warping on the rope. Bridges of this description are generally used on rivers where a more per- manent structure would be objectionable, either on account of its impeding the navigation or from certain military points of view. Rafts are made use of in mountainous countries, where it may be im- possible to convey bridge equipages ; and even in flat countries, when the localities admit of it, and there are no other means of passage. The greatest objection against rafts is their low degree of ])uoyancy, and gen- eral manageability ; but they are easily constructed, and (jannot be sunk by artillery fire. The best Avood for rafts are poplars, firs, and pines. — Rafts ready constructed are found in many rivers of tlie French frontiers and the neighbouring countries, Avliere timber is a great article of com- merce. The Liere and the Drome convey the fir trees of the Hautes-Alps to the Rhone ; the Moselle and the Saone, those of the Vosges ; the Aragon, the Segre, and the Cinca receive the firs of the Hautcs-Pyrenees, and take them to the Ebro ; the Rhine receives the green timber of the Black Forest ; the Mein, that of the Spessart ; the Elbe, the pine-trees of Bo- hemia and Saxony ; the Po and the Adige, those of the Julian and Tyro- lese Alps. ill 90 Common row-boats are often employed for pushing over troops to form a lodgement. At the passage of the Adour. in 1814, by the left wing of the Duke of Wellington's array, under Lieut. General Niddery, in 48 hours, from the evening of the 22d of Marcli to that of the 24th, 6,000 men, and a small body of cavalry were ferried over in row-boats and in pontoons used as row boats. The horses were made to swim over, led from tho sterns of the pontoons, and some light pieces of artillery were transported upon pontoon rafts. Though these are the means generally used for crossing rivers, a determined body of men will always devise some expedient when these cannot be obtained. In the retreat of the Anglo-Spanish army across the Duero, in the month of October, 1812, the regiment of Brunswick (Eh was detached to destroy the bridge of Tordesillas , it was done in time, and a tower be- hind the ruins was occupied by a ss a. wet the end am A.B. .g. 21 tches, by -de-frize, means oi 3 crossed; be made p, before i L i 'Si z u ■% ; I 93 the wheels quit the nlge of the counterscarp. As tlie ditches of field works are commonly (Icfenclod by caponniers, and reverse fire from case- Tnatcd cuiuitcrscarjts. to make up for the want or deficiency of flank fire from till' parajR't, so any (.'xpedient by which a ditch, so protected, can be crOffiHcd at tlio top. is deserving of favourable consideration and adoption. But those expedients can only be resorted to when the ground in front of the work is clear fi'om local expedients or artificial obstacles, so that several (larriage bridges may be run up in time. If the ground be soft, such uiacbiiies would occasion but little noise in their movement; and by nail- ing leather on the wluicls. using leather washers, and other precautions, noise might l>e almost entirely prevented. Expedients of this nature may undoubtedly be of service, either in the assault of works, or to cross any ditches, canals, or other impediments by which the approaches to the works may be covered. And. although attempts by such means may be difficult, yet the losses attending them will not, in general, be so great as to fill up ditches, inundations, kc. by materials carried by hand, under a heavy and protracted tire. Space w ill not admit of entering into continued details of the expedients that will present themselves to determined men on service, but from among many others may be mentioned the facility with which sometimes can be formed (in the absence of other materials) rafts of casks and scaling lad- ders, for crossing wet ditches; as also of " fascines" for a similar purpose. The following extracts are added as showing the value of inventions such as that of Sir. Wm. Congreve, which has been described above and the purposes to which they may be adapted. In General Niel's report to the Emperor, under date '' Sebastopol, Sept. 11," — in describing the attack on the "Malakoff Fort," by the French ai-my, he says : ' • In ordt r to cross these ditches, which were very deep, we had invent- ed a kind of bridge, which could be thrown across in less than a minute, by an ingeinous manojuvre, in which our men had been exercised, and these bridges were very useful to us." In allusion to the attack on the great Redan by the British army, of the same date, as published in the English newspapers, the following ob- servations Avore made : " There is a deep ditch at your feet, some 20 or 22 feet deep, and 10 " feet broad. See ! hero is the place Avhere the French crossed, — here is " their bridge of planks ; and here they swarmed in upon the unsuspect- " ing defenders of the Malakoff". They had not 10 yards to go. We had " 200 — and were then out of breath. Were not planks better than " scaling ladders I See how easily the French crossed ! " H ) I OF FLYING BRIDGES. The principle (»f' the Flying Bridge, should he well understood by all classes of Officers, particularly Staff: as it may be applied either wholly or partially, to boats or rafts of any kind, and on every scale, for passing small as well as large rivers. A Flying Bridge is formed by iinchoring a floating body in a river so as to receive the action of the stream oblicjuely : by which a force is de- rived from the current to move the vessel across the river. The force that urges the boat, C. G., (fig. 8), in the direction (J. B.. depends upon the oblic^uity of the vessel to the current; und is a maximum when the side 0. E. makes with it an angle of 54 ^ , 44. The force of the current upon E. (jl.. the end of the boat, acts against the force, L. P., and therefore floats for flying bridges should be long and narrow ; and flat headed boats should not lie used unless they are very much af this shape. The boat A. (fig. J>), fastened to a cable by a buoy. 1]., securely an- chored, will, in crossing from ('., soon come into the line of direction of the current B. D. ; and if she be steered in the proper degree of oblicjuity. she will pass through the ascending part of the arc to the bank E, whence she may be made to recross to C, in the same maimer. The mana^uvre will be more easily exec.ited with a long than with a short cable, for it w ill be in the nvc of a larger circle. If a short cable, B. G., were used, the boat would have to ascend from G. through a space equal to G. II., to arr've at S.. and conse(iuently suffer great resistance from the action of the current. Also resolving H. S. into B. IJ., II. S., we see that the force. B.II., supports the boat against the stream, whilst it is held to the centre, B., by the greater force, II. S. The movement, therefore, should not be made in a longer arc than 90 "^ : and when this is observed, the angle A. B. E.. never being above 45 ° . the force E. 0. will never be greater than 0. B. Whenever a long service of cable is used it should be floated by inter- mediate buoys 1, 2, 3, (fig. 14.) When a river is too wide for a simple flying bridge, the boats may be sheered across the current by warps to two or more buoys — or the boat Csi idfratood by all 'd either wholly ciile, for passing iy ill a river so h a force is 4mc"^ ' "1 ■ ■ ■ " 97 ervals. This es, and is an ^age in small it beyond this followed, vers, both in n eiFected by , and a feint variably been MEMORANDA. The Company is formed for Set up Drill, at close order, the files light- ly touching to a flank. The Commander then orders, " Front rank two paces to the front," " Rear rank two paces to the rear," "March ;" " the right files two paces to the front," "March;" " the whole right half face." The words of command simply are the numbers over each figure, A whole battalion may be exercised in a similar manner. CLUB DRILL. It is desirable that the recruit should be practiced in the use of the the Clubs, together with Extension Motions, for at least half an hour every morning before drill, until he is perfectly suppled and fixed in the true position of a soldier, as directed section first, part first, Field Exer- cise and Evolutions. The recruit being placed in the position of attention, with a club in each hand, pointing downwards : — Words of Command. Part First. "One." At the word " one," the club in the right hand is slow- ly carried round the head, until the hand arrives in a per- pendicular line above the shoulder, with the large end of the club pointing in a diagonal direction to the rear, "Two." The club in the left hand is raised in a similar manner and carried over that in the right hand till it reaches a cor- responding position. ••Three." The hands are carried slowly to the right and left, until they become in a true horizontal line with the shoulders, the large ends of the clubs still remaining in the rear. "Ponr.' Second Part. "One." "Two.' 'Three 98 n^ulf L^tal?il^/^^^^^^ '^"^^? '' '^' ^''' P^^ition ; care must be taken that the recruit does not stand with a hollow back during this and the succeeding practLe Raise both hands to the front, bringing them close to ge her m a horizontal line with the shoukkr chbs hpinJ held perpendicular, the large ends upwards" "^' ''"^ tillTw • *;'"* T" ^'P' "P ""d tl>^ eFubs'^Ced over t they point ,,. a diagonal direction to the rear the hand» stilUemaining in a line with the shoulders, the Ct tut- The hands are brought slowly do,vn to the first position Commence swinging the club with the right hand the Tfront " "'^"' ""■• *'"' ^•'™"- ''^y 4* "quiet The left club as No. One Both clubs as No.'s One and Two. B-At the word '' Attention •' they cease swinging the clubs. "Pour." Third part. "One." "Two." "Three." -■•^ f ' i ■*~* •sition ; care nth a hollow 99 em close to- clubs being 3 the hands, e shoulders, ards. irned over, ', the hands wrist turn- st position hand, the square to cluba, NOTE. The following note, explanatory of the position of the several armies at the commenc'-nient of the present war, is inserted as illustrative of the strategical points, and principles, of military tactics, which guide the ope- rations of armies on an extended scale. 1. It is a principle in military tactics, that the '-base "" of operation of an advancing army, and of the enemy, should run parallel. 2. If the troops move too far from the basis, a new one should be form- ed. The Russians, is 1T1>-, were almost destroyed at Valmy, from neg- lect of this principle: so, also, Jourdan, in 1790 ; and Napoleon on his advance on j\' scow and Liepsic. The Russian " line" of operation, at the commencement of the present war, extended from i^'okchany to Kalafat. (300 miles.) and Avhih: it rested on that base it was in constant danger of being In-oken by perpendicular attacks from the Turkish front. T'hc Turkish line of defence extended from Kalafat and Widdinto Ilir- shova (2')0 mik's), thence along Trajan's Wall (30 miles) to Kustenji. — l?rinci)ile points : Kalafat, "Widden, Nicopolis, Rustchuk, Turtukai, Silis- tria. and Trajan's Wall (fortified). In the rear of this lino moveable columns were stationed at l*levna. Tirnova, Osman, Bazar, Rasgrad and Bazardjik. By means of these columns, on the principle of •• /riani';idar roHciiilrdl'ion.''' support could be readily given to the advanced line. In the roar of tliis line were 8humla and Soi)hia — the great reserve points. Tlie maritime fortress of A'arna covered the right. The maritime base of the Allies extended from the month of the Da- nube to Kustenji, A^arna. Rurgas, Sizeboli, Midia and the Bosphorus. Adrianople supjxirted the advanced base, (the Balkan.) and was in it- self the apex cf a triangle, resting on Enos, and the maritime base of Midia, having Rodosto on the sea of Mai'mora, as an intermediate reserve point. The Russian line of connnunication was of great length (300 miles), and parallel with, not perpendicular to the Turkish fi'ont. The Russians must naAc assailed (said ■•an English officer"' atihattime) ('ithcr t)n the right centiv. or left. .1st. On the riglit — They must have forceehin(l Trajan's wall, aiirailow, (Jalatz or Fotkehany, and Avas open to perpendicular attacks from the Turkish forces, unless the Uussians could have formed a new l)ase on the Danube, and at that time in the uncertainty of Austria, they Avould have been exposed to great danger from the operations of a force debouching from Transylvaiua or Scrvia to take them in reverse : the Allied lleets in their rear within 36 miles of the l)anTd)e. nt Kustenji: and in their fn>ut an Allied army in the A'alley of Maritza. i (EXTKNSIOX.) NdTK. — 77/. s'. '' E:t/(n.sion Mu/ians'"' an: not inftndn/ to sujti rsuh uhij now in prai- I !'■<:, th> ij air thsigned rallur as an addition 1<> t/il-«>f, has !>nn found productive of great hrivjit in attaining that iniportant dr^idf ratiiin III. a soldii r'r, instruction — " his sitting w/)." The R-'xruit falh in, with 'railed arin.i. Bring the Firelock ncm^^i^*^ front of the thigh, seizing it at th^ same time with the /eft hand close to the right. GrdiplheFireUtck ivifh the ri'^h' hand at the small at' the Bull, retaining the hold with the left. P'/\..' (he lift hand 'Ung the >■••'' sling till it reaches near the upper swiitl. liaise the Firelock irith arms eitmdid 'ill it IS din el! y ■juer ih( liuul . Pass the Firelock to ih'' r*^ X^ Dumb Bell Drill. 2Dd Paut. 1 2 3 h) front. Bring fhr hnnils ainurlly mil Id the front in line with Ike r/iin. Bitng le hands in line .din front of the shoul- ders ; palms of the hands to the front, and elbows close to the side. s/narlli/ to tin ri^hl<.)left,])ahn. of the hands vf>- p< ritiosi . 3rd Part. ^■ '•"Via* ■ V^- ■ '-'*i«»>;, Hnng the hands sinartlji to the front, thumbs vp- prvinoi^t , in aline with the chin. \ Bring tlic iuuuh sniarthj to the rear in a line with the shoulders, palms of the hands uppermost ; then to the front, and so on, judg- ing their oivn time. I'roi) xhmih iiv.nt " Fir hnir/ii Mo/ii) Ih' «•/ mil oi \ \ I ■'^laitils (ii ( linn — pa], h 'in lis If) f MEMORANDUM. n-^^'- - -^-^.-V^-V" The Words of Commnnt/ (ire simply t lit num!>crs (ic( r kuI, Fr^un, (1, 12, .'), I, 5."' Froin position « 5 ' Trail Arms is rrsnmcd by rtvrrsinir tin words of nn/n/uind, (4, ."l, 2, 1, 'J'nt/l Arms.) From 3 to 4, and 4 to 5, (pnrticnlar/y lh< />it/n\) tlu Firelock slvniJit.hr moved very slowly, and the change from 4 tn "). uml .". to 4, should l,e fn- iinmthi repeated before returning to Trail Arms. Care is to be taken that at the word " Fire," the head is not bent, and that th: Firelock is pressed will to the nar without tnvrhing the Forage Cap. A udiole Battalion may be evercisnt in these " Ftlcnsinn Motions'' hi/ stepping back the Rear Rank six paces, and the hft Fib^ time pans /nan ,■ tb' whole then standing infovr Ranks, should b, half faerd i„ ih, riabf nr lift, irh/ib will (ijfnrd room for ■ ach to t \irrisi freely. Dumb Bell Drill, Lst I'akt. ■4s^ Stlj 101 ADDENDA. It iDJiy not Ik- iiiappropriuto. in ;i work compjlt'il l'<>r pnu'ticMl purposes, (•» ii(l«l, with rot'creiici' tn tlic piiniirrsipli (tii •• Hiikiiio useful wlu-re tho niiiteriul itself nii'.y 1)(! (IcfuMent, niul where tlie substitute I'ccoiiiinended, •• Aineriejiu J'owder," is not to he ohtiiiiicil : I'oil 2 o/. of hops in four (piarts of water, h months, and is best at the latter })artof the time. This yeast ferments spontaneously, not retpiirinL' the aid of other yeast ; !ind if care be taken to let it ferment well in the eartlu-n liowl in which it i.s made, you may cork it up tight wheti bottleil. The (piantity ])ro(luced by the forejjoing receipt wouM fill about lour vS(dt/er water bottles: and durin;! several months that it was under trial it utt'orded light liread and suffered no failure. FOU r»HEAD. One <|uarter of I'lour. three table-spoons full of yeist. a piid of water milk warm, two oz. of butter with the water. lii-r it stand twp hours tq rise. However ])UeiMle to casual obsei'\crs sucli receipts may appear, the [»'ac- • ical Soldie'r will understand their value.