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DOMINION OF CANADA. DKPAIJTMKNT OF AGlJlCUI/rUUE. EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. J. H. GRISDALE, B. Agr., Director. FRANK T. SHUTT, M.A., Dominion Chemist. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRT. THE FARMER AS A MANUFACTURER A. T. Stuart, B.A., A:<sistaiit Chemist. Fart III. — Farm Product! : Food and clothing materialt and composition. -their formation TIIK l"HO( tSSKS OK LlfK. II is in the lHt\i> cflh, of irliuh all plants and animntn art constructed, that the manufacture of Protinn, Fat, Carbnh ydralrs and Fibre us well a.t colours, odours and flavours take place. Koch cell is a wonderful chemical factori/. Under the mifro-^oope all iihiiits luid iinimals are found to bo n;ade up of littln cells or pouches. Some consist of only one or ftw cells, such ae brewers' yeast, while others, as for instance, a tree or a cow, are made up of tliousands upon thousands. The cells of the orange and lemon are so larK'' that they can bo readily seen, when cut. If we closely examine a cell we .shall t^ain Mime idea of the structure of all that grows — both plants and animals. As an example, take a cell of the Jerusalem arti- choke seen under a microscope which will mujmify it 2.10 times. It resembles a liltle has filled with water. Within the cell is a little round l>ody, • the nucleus.' A vis- cous turbid fluid, i)rotopIa.-m. lim>* the inside of the cell-wall and is connc<'fiil with the nucleus. This li(|ui(i pl:iy> a very important part in all tiie processes of life and from it everythiiiur eNe is nianufuctured. We thus have: 1. The wall — fibre or ti^Mie. 2. The contents liniuK the wall — protoplasm. 3. hittle body in centri' — nucleus. 4. Clear licpiiil — sap. Cotton, flax and hemp consist of hug .slender cells, in wood tlie cells arc lonff and arnmifwl in bundles. All livitiy: ,ells are di.st.-nded with liMuids: in plntits which yield oil small droplets of oil are to be seen, wliile coloured and milky juices travel up and clown in the s|)ecinlize<l spaces between the cells. The size of plant ccIIm varies from often less than Viatm-inch to 12 inches, as in seaweed. All (irowtb in plants and animals results from an increase in the number of cells. The nucleus divides into two parts and walls (trow around each, nnil thus we have two cells. In small plants like yeast, the Rfowinir colls separate, while in trees the cell walls sti<'k together and form fibre. In the pufT ball, which in a siiiple niicht may Krr>v» as largo ■s ■ peek measure, the cells multiply at the rate of 400,000,000 per hour. 61 697— 1 By even a slight acquaintance with the nature of a cell one is better able to understand the principles underlying the feeding of plants and animals, aod thus will be in a better position to feed his crops and stock economically. Each cell is u wonderful little factory in itself. There are no doors or windows so that all materials must come in through the cell walls. Inside the cell, the nucleus, in the case of plants, manufactures plant protein, fats and carbohydrates; and in the case of ani- mals, animal protein, fats, but no carbohydrates. Furthermore materials to be useful, for life, must be capable of being dissolved in water by means of various natural agents. We speak of plant food being ' avail- able' and of animal food being 'digestible.' Food in any other condition is useless and represents mere waste. In the case of animals the food is acted upon by the digestive juices which enable it dissolve in water. In such form the food then passes through the walls of the little blood vessels and is transported to all parts of the body to be delivered to the working and growing cells. This brings us to a etudy of the products of the farm — the various forms of pro- tein, fat, carbohydrates and fibres. TIIK PRODUCTS OF THK FARM. PROTEIN, FAT, CARBOHYDRATES AND FIBRES. The products of the farm are thus .•lu»,>iHed: (a) Plant products. — 1. For human food, direct. 2. For stock food, direct. 3. For manufacture of foods, clothing and shelter. (b) Animal products. — 1. Human food, direct. 2. For manufacture of food, dothing aod ahelter. STOCK POODS. The following tables are of considerable interest as showing that the nature of the apparently great variety of materials is comparatively simple and can be cusily understood. By reading the figures one will be able to distinguish between good and vmluable products and inferior ones. (oMi'cisnioN UK iMrc'in.vNT h;k!>i\(: sti fk-;. Corn prorlncts — C^m Ic^rni'l t 'orn aiirt Col al • ilutfti meal <Tfrm int'al Sugar meal . \VlH>at iiriKliicta— \VI„.„t 1 <■«■ (fniili- H^iiir \Vlie;.t lir.ui Wheat shi.it,- Whi'at III .|.|1mi>.-s Wh"iit SI rfi<iiin^'<4 Kyc iToducts Ry Ry liraii Rvi> nhn Is r.arley nnxlucts— Harley Malt sprouts IIrewf*r !f grains, w*'t. •• <lri«<l Oat pro(inctH— Oato Oat meal ■ ■ ffi'ri or fthorts. .. il i.-t .. linllo Buckwheat ... Oil iH^arinj? we«ls — Fla.K Hee<l r^insettl nujal ^iltl pr(>c*'fl.s) " (new H ) Cotton seed meal hull Sunflower Heed IVjis <ire*'n fitdtler corn I'.HldtT com (Held cnred) Tlie (ir.iH-es: panture and soiling (frawKes I'iutture grass (mixed) . . Timothy Red top. in bliKim Oat fodder ll»v- ■ Timothy Ked tup MixfMl ^^ra.<(ses Straws- Wheat 0,if (.rieii Uir:\^i- (l.gunies' — lied clover Alfalfa Cow i>ea Soyri liean Hav and .Str.iw ileirmiie..) Kel rl.uer AllaKa Cow |ie,i Soya U-an (itraw) HiKits and tulierx Pot.lti.es Sugar iMTt.* Mange!, Turuim ... l.'.'IK... .' Miimfiictup'd proiliicta— Dried lil.».d .Meat acrap IJeet pulii >i raolawea Waste. Val'i.ilile. Water \'1^- \ I'rjtein. DifTPOtihle ; Carl... 1 1 Fat. hydrates. 11 9 8 07 4 3 15 Ifi 4 6.) 3 H 12 26 43 It 10 14 9 (il 6 7 13 19 52 9 10 9 10 09 2 12 16 8 03 1 12 34 12 39 3 12 12 12 rM 4 12 18 13 5:1 3 5 12 25 10 51 2 12 9 lo- ftS 1 12 24 ll 5 50 2 !l :a 12 45 15 11 12 <) or, 15 10 32 19 37 15 76 10 4 9 15 8 :« 1<> 3»i 5 11 29 47 4 8 22 11 5 52 6 8 30 12 .-) 47 3 6 42 9 :« 5 9 50 1 40 5 12 29 8 49 2 9 24 21 17 29 9 22 29 3:! 10 19 28 40 3 8 26 ?r 17 !•. 11 54 33 15 7 31 12 21 29 10 20 17 52 1 80 'i 5 1 12 4 58 3 6 2 3 :I5 1 80 7 3 5 10 i 5 62 17 12 19 6 (» 11 2 1 21 6 rt2 15 5 2 Ii '■» : 1 l:t 10 28 43 : 1 4 (1 ;« 4 ,« 1 17 1 \3 X) « 1 41 1 12 1" ; 53 4 ' 30 4 '.1 1 -.0 12 :» 8 70 i 11 3 ,.- ; .. 70 i 12 4 i 13 1 t*.-, 4 •» :» 1 7.-. 10 3-2 1 11 ."•) 1.-. i 40 7- 36 I : !• -.v.) 11 40 1 "' 1 1 ' :;■( 11 39 1 I 11 Hi •-> :( 40 1 MO 3 1 ■ 16 1 •1 ,<7 1 '2 11 10 j 1 'o 1 ii ,-, 11 5-4 ' I lilt 1 5 , 11 7 2 ; 2 i :iil -, , 1 ') 1 "2 n { '.)■ : !.(> 14 '.HI •-'.•. ■ Ii - 'J<» 11 1 it 00 , .^ TXVl r"^' -nd function. A young and growing animal neck a ifberal ration CM- r !l \" *«"«-^«""'."« ""t-^""!: « ^nature animal doing no work can do ,r n J ^th/ '^'"•"'''"''7"*^''' '^°?'' '" P'"'"'"- '^'"""^'">- '" ^'■'^•""'f i^ attained henr&r. '^'"'f^nent of special cases-cow. in milk, .teer fattening, laying The value of food (protein, fat and carbohydrates) can be measured bv th" XrrVhTfa'' ■' "i^-*" 'nl"" '7 ^'"^"'-^'"^ •»>'> '""'^ -''^ ™^' -' t.on and fuel value of the more common human foorh are given, together with the figures showing the relative costs to the confumor. HUMAN FOODS. Bwf, flesh Sirloin Htoah Loin Shank Corned beef. TonKiii', pickled Veal, Ip(f Mutton, hind leg.. L»mb, hind leg Pork, fresh ham . . . Pork, Hnioked ham. SauHnge, jwrk Kgga, hen's. ... Butter Milk, whole Cream Cbeeae, full cream Flour Bread, white Soda crackers MolaHNes Candy Sugar K<'nnR, dried C'at>Li;fcgu Oniirnt* Potattiea Apfileil Otiin^es WHU-rnii-luiis Raisins Peanuts Ch<«'i.!::(c /o 12 8 13 3 aii 9 8-4 6 14 2 18 4 174 10 7 136 11 2 15 2(1 30 2.5 27 5!) 4 10 21 6 MO 52 5 42 9 4y 2 S8 9 60 1 fit 3 629 48 34 8 39 8 66-6 111 87 74 312 12 35 3 5 9 12 6 77 7 7« 9 62 6 t'lS :i 6:t i 37 5 13 1 6 9 5 9 S I 16 6 16 1 12 t* 14 3 11 16 5 16 1 15 9 13 5 14 2 13 13 1 1 3 3 2 ;■) 2.5 -9 II 4 9 2 9 8 22 5 18 9 2 14 3 18 1 3 3 6 1 2 1 33 3 19 6 29 1 12 9 48 7 Hi 1 17 r> 7 3 2:< 8 m 2 7 9 U 7 13 6 25 9 XH 44 3 9 3 8.5 4 18 S 33 7 10 13 9 1 11 5 4 6 2 4 76 1 ,53 1 73 1 70 9t) 100 59 6 4 8 8 9 14 7 10 a 8 5 2 7 6S 5 18 .5 30 3 9 09 6 4 6 4 3 9 0-8 0-9 8 4 2 2 2 9 3 7 .5 3 8 5 11 2 1 3 5 0.9 .5 8 3 4 1 3 1 16 2 2 -2 i. 97o 1,02.5 545 1,245 1,010 •12.5 890 WiO I,. 120 i.ras 2,075 0.15 .•t,410 :110 805 l,88"i 1,03,5 1,20<( 1,87.5 1,225 1,(W0 I,7."'0 l,.52tl 11.5 I'lO 2!I5 I'K) TM .50 l,2ltt 1.775 5,02.5 Ten cents will pnrchasn - iJe.f,H.ew„„..t.;;:; iv* :""■ Mutu.li ch<.pi., , . 'o,^ K..«tixirk, loin..::;:.;:;; iT/S 1 Halibut, fresh ... ''^'1 ;! •v»!inon, canned -,.;, I*Mtter , ';. Wl.ratfluiir .... ,.'1';' IVn meal .. '^^ {'"""Hal : ;; ••^, ^MM•atb^f ad.. ;:;;;; g'JjO cX;; *'■"'•• '*'•>• 3,w'> po.at;..,(9o..b.i^h);;;;;;;; ,ji);; T'""'" 12.K. S"K*' ;;::::•;;: .,i;'.o (Eiipixy, hcaf, tU). Tl, le Mll..^t <xp.ii.in. f,juj in list. Tlie tl. f.ii., »t f,.,„i in ]:,(_ fAcmriY I'ni IDIOTS. c.oth!;:^;;::;:[„"^;:tr::,;:r :::•,:-':; ,t ^"" f ^^'^ -^''••=- ^^ ^-' -■> tives, poisons, alkaloids, otc.' Th.. '„ ,. ,1 , r '-"'"'"■■'• "'''""■'^- ""vours, .lip*- 18 the real msnuhctuvcT i ""''" ^"•" ''"•■""« Piirposrs. Who aniip:o;::i^t";;:;Lt/;:r':e '^'r 7 '"'':''' --"'-- -^ >"->- ->•< f^piant sou.., i„ thA;::;;"^:rjr ;;::;:; ^-: :^ii^'^='-' -^ "^- Farm Proilutt». KactiilT I'KKlliC'tK. (") I'l.mf. I. Protein . 11. Fau... Oili. Kat« Wax <»uina ('■I Aniiiiii! Miiata. cawin, gla HI. Garbohydratei IV, Mineral V. Tiiauesam! I'il.ns !cott..n Un«eedoil,<'omui,cotton seed oil, 'oieo oil lar,l ,.,! Stllrin '"'""• "•"'■ '"'"i'=«>'t"'l I»l.r!cant^ Kc Camauba I;'"'''' '""o*. f?" RubUr, cbewin^^in: : ::;;:;;.;, "" ^T"- ^""fy- "'"■<•■''. 'x-T, «hi. .\.,„o I ««'>. pii>tK», etc. •tc, f, r «,,»!«, RTeasea, etc Vr. Colours, uJoura, n.4V., irrt, ,\,gv> gf^tivi'B, alk.i!cii,l.. "<'"e |iri«liiot». en, «<.,d .ind |,a,, r... .^\V,„1, l.^ir, ie..,h, r, ,i,k.