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EXHIBITION CIECULAE No. 28. 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 DKPAIJTMKNT OF AGlJlCUI/rUUE. 
 EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. 
 
 J. H. GRISDALE, B. Agr., 
 
 Director. 
 
 FRANK T. SHUTT, M.A., 
 
 Dominion Chemist. 
 
 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRT. 
 
 THE FARMER AS A MANUFACTURER 
 
 A. T. Stuart, B.A., A:<sistaiit Chemist. 
 
 Fart III. — Farm Product! : 
 
 Food and clothing materialt 
 and composition. 
 
 -their formation 
 
 TIIK l"HO( tSSKS OK LlfK. 
 
 II is in the lHt\i> cflh, of irliuh all plants and animntn art constructed, that the 
 manufacture of Protinn, Fat, Carbnh ydralrs and Fibre us well a.t colours, odours 
 and flavours take place. Koch cell is a wonderful chemical factori/. 
 
 Under the mifro-^oope all iihiiits luid iinimals are found to bo n;ade up of littln 
 cells or pouches. Some consist of only one or ftw cells, such ae brewers' yeast, while 
 others, as for instance, a tree or a cow, are made up of tliousands upon thousands. 
 The cells of the orange and lemon are so larK'' that they can bo readily seen, when 
 cut. 
 
 If we closely examine a cell we .shall t^ain Mime idea of the structure of all that 
 grows — both plants and animals. As an example, take a cell of the Jerusalem arti- 
 choke seen under a microscope which will mujmify it 2.10 times. It resembles a liltle 
 has filled with water. Within the cell is a little round l>ody, • the nucleus.' A vis- 
 cous turbid fluid, i)rotopIa.-m. lim>* the inside of the cell-wall and is connc<'fiil with 
 the nucleus. This li(|ui(i pl:iy> a very important part in all tiie processes of life and 
 from it everythiiiur eNe is nianufuctured. We thus have: 
 
 1. The wall — fibre or ti^Mie. 
 
 2. The contents liniuK the wall — protoplasm. 
 
 3. hittle body in centri' — nucleus. 
 
 4. Clear licpiiil — sap. 
 
 Cotton, flax and hemp consist of hug .slender cells, in wood tlie cells arc lonff 
 and arnmifwl in bundles. All livitiy: ,ells are di.st.-nded with liMuids: in plntits 
 which yield oil small droplets of oil are to be seen, wliile coloured and milky juices 
 travel up and clown in the s|)ecinlize<l spaces between the cells. The size of plant ccIIm 
 varies from often less than Viatm-inch to 12 inches, as in seaweed. All (irowtb in 
 plants and animals results from an increase in the number of cells. The nucleus 
 divides into two parts and walls (trow around each, nnil thus we have two cells. In 
 small plants like yeast, the Rfowinir colls separate, while in trees the cell walls sti<'k 
 together and form fibre. In the pufT ball, which in a siiiple niicht may Krr>v» as largo 
 ■s ■ peek measure, the cells multiply at the rate of 400,000,000 per hour. 
 
 61 697— 1 
 
By even a slight acquaintance with the nature of a cell one is better able to 
 understand the principles underlying the feeding of plants and animals, aod thus 
 will be in a better position to feed his crops and stock economically. Each cell is u 
 wonderful little factory in itself. There are no doors or windows so that all materials 
 must come in through the cell walls. Inside the cell, the nucleus, in the case of 
 plants, manufactures plant protein, fats and carbohydrates; and in the case of ani- 
 mals, animal protein, fats, but no carbohydrates. 
 
 Furthermore materials to be useful, for life, must be capable of being dissolved 
 in water by means of various natural agents. We speak of plant food being ' avail- 
 able' and of animal food being 'digestible.' Food in any other condition is useless 
 and represents mere waste. 
 
 In the case of animals the food is acted upon by the digestive juices which 
 enable it dissolve in water. In such form the food then passes through the walls of 
 the little blood vessels and is transported to all parts of the body to be delivered to 
 the working and growing cells. 
 
 This brings us to a etudy of the products of the farm — the various forms of pro- 
 tein, fat, carbohydrates and fibres. 
 
 TIIK PRODUCTS OF THK FARM. 
 
 PROTEIN, FAT, CARBOHYDRATES AND FIBRES. 
 
 The products of the farm are thus .•lu»,>iHed: 
 
 (a) Plant products. — 1. For human food, direct. 
 
 2. For stock food, direct. 
 
 3. For manufacture of foods, clothing and shelter. 
 
 (b) Animal products. — 1. Human food, direct. 
 
 2. For manufacture of food, dothing aod ahelter. 
 
 STOCK POODS. 
 
 The following tables are of considerable interest as showing that the nature of 
 the apparently great variety of materials is comparatively simple and can be cusily 
 understood. By reading the figures one will be able to distinguish between good and 
 vmluable products and inferior ones. 
 
(oMi'cisnioN UK iMrc'in.vNT h;k!>i\(: sti fk-;. 
 
 Corn prorlncts — 
 
 C^m Ic^rni'l 
 
 t 'orn aiirt Col al 
 
 • ilutfti meal 
 
 <Tfrm int'al 
 
 Sugar meal . 
 
 \VlH>at iiriKliicta— 
 
 \VI„.„t 
 
 1 <■«■ (fniili- H^iiir 
 
 \Vlie;.t lir.ui 
 
 Wheat shi.it,- 
 
 Whi'at III .|.|1mi>.-s 
 
 Wh"iit SI rfi<iiin^'<4 
 
 Kyc iToducts 
 
 Ry 
 
 Ry liraii 
 
 Rvi> nhn Is 
 
 r.arley nnxlucts— 
 
 Harley 
 
 Malt sprouts 
 
 IIrewf*r !f grains, w*'t. 
 
 •• <lri«<l 
 
 Oat pro(inctH— 
 
 Oato 
 
 Oat meal 
 
 ■ ■ ffi'ri or fthorts. 
 
 .. il i.-t 
 
 .. linllo 
 
 Buckwheat ... 
 
 Oil iH^arinj? we«ls — 
 
 Fla.K Hee<l 
 
 r^insettl nujal ^iltl pr(>c*'fl.s) 
 
 " (new H ) 
 
 Cotton seed meal 
 
 hull 
 
 Sunflower Heed 
 
 IVjis 
 
 <ire*'n fitdtler corn 
 
 I'.HldtT com (Held cnred) 
 
 Tlie (ir.iH-es: panture and soiling 
 (frawKes 
 
 I'iutture grass (mixed) . . 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Red top. in bliKim 
 
 Oat fodder 
 
 ll»v- 
 
 ■ Timothy 
 
 Ked tup 
 
 MixfMl ^^ra.<(ses 
 
 Straws- 
 Wheat 
 
 0,if 
 
 (.rieii Uir:\^i- (l.gunies' — 
 
 lied clover 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Cow i>ea 
 
 Soyri liean 
 
 Hav and .Str.iw ileirmiie..) 
 
 Kel rl.uer 
 
 AllaKa 
 
 Cow |ie,i 
 
 Soya U-an (itraw) 
 
 HiKits and tulierx 
 
 Pot.lti.es 
 
 Sugar iMTt.* 
 
 Mange!, 
 
 Turuim ... 
 
 l.'.'IK... .' 
 
 Miimfiictup'd proiliicta— 
 
 Dried lil.».d 
 
 .Meat acrap 
 
 IJeet pulii 
 
 >i raolawea 
 
 Waste. 
 
 
 Val'i.ilile. 
 
 
 Water \'1^- 
 
 \ 
 
 I'rjtein. 
 
 DifTPOtihle 
 ; Carl... 
 
 1 
 
 1 Fat. 
 
 
 hydrates. 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 07 
 
 4 3 
 
 15 
 
 Ifi 
 
 4 
 
 6.) 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 43 
 
 It 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 (il 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 52 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 03 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 rM 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 5:1 
 
 3 5 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 lo- 
 
 ftS 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 ll 5 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 !l 
 
 :a 
 
 12 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 <) 
 
 or, 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 15 
 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 :« 
 
 1<> 
 
 3»i 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 11 5 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 12 .-) 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 9 
 
 :« 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 3:! 
 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 ?r 
 
 17 
 
 !•. 
 
 11 
 
 54 
 
 
 33 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 'i 5 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 3 
 
 :I5 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 7 
 
 3 5 
 
 10 i 
 
 5 
 
 62 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 (» 
 
 11 
 
 2 1 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 rt2 
 
 15 5 
 
 2 Ii 
 
 '■» : 
 
 1 
 
 l:t 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 43 : 
 
 1 4 
 
 (1 
 
 ;« 
 
 4 ,« 1 
 
 17 1 
 
 
 \3 X) 
 
 « 1 
 
 41 1 
 
 12 
 
 1" ; 53 
 
 4 ' 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 '.1 1 -.0 
 
 12 
 
 :» 
 
 8 
 
 70 i 11 
 
 3 
 
 ,.- ; 
 
 .. 
 
 70 i 12 
 
 4 i 
 
 13 1 
 
 
 t*.-, 4 
 
 •» 
 
 :» 1 
 
 
 7.-. 10 
 
 3-2 1 
 
 11 
 
 ."•) 
 
 1.-. i 40 
 
 7- 
 
 36 
 
 I : 
 
 !• -.v.) 
 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 1 "' 
 
 1 1 ' :;■( 
 
 11 
 
 39 
 
 1 I 
 
 11 Hi 
 
 •-> :( 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 MO 3 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 16 1 
 
 •1 
 
 ,<7 1 '2 
 
 11 
 
 10 j 
 
 1 
 
 'o 1 ii ,-, 
 
 11 
 
 5-4 ' 
 
 I 
 
 lilt 
 
 1 5 , 
 
 11 
 
 7 2 ; 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 :iil -, , 
 
 1 ') 
 
 1 
 
 "2 
 
 n { 
 
 '.)■ : 
 
 !.(> 
 
 
 14 
 
 '.HI 
 
 •-'.•. ■ 
 
 Ii 
 
 - 
 
 
 'J<» 
 
 11 1 
 
 it 
 
 00 
 
 
 , .^ 
 
 
 
TXVl r"^' -nd function. A young and growing animal neck a ifberal ration 
 CM- r !l \" *«"«-^«""'."« ""t-^""!: « ^nature animal doing no work can do 
 
 ,r n J ^th/ '^'"•"'''"''7"*^''' '^°?'' '" P'"'"'"- '^'"""^'">- '" ^'■'^•""'f i^ attained 
 henr&r. '^'"'f^nent of special cases-cow. in milk, .teer fattening, laying 
 
 The value of food (protein, fat and carbohydrates) can be measured bv th" 
 XrrVhTfa'' ■' "i^-*" 'nl"" '7 ^'"^"'-^'"^ •»>'> '""'^ -''^ ™^' -' 
 t.on and fuel value of the more common human foorh are given, together with the 
 figures showing the relative costs to the confumor. 
 
 HUMAN FOODS. 
 
 Bwf, flesh 
 
 Sirloin Htoah 
 
 Loin 
 
 Shank 
 
 Corned beef. 
 
 TonKiii', pickled 
 
 Veal, Ip(f 
 
 Mutton, hind leg.. 
 
 L»mb, hind leg 
 
 Pork, fresh ham . . . 
 Pork, Hnioked ham. 
 
 SauHnge, jwrk 
 
 Kgga, hen's. ... 
 
 Butter 
 
 Milk, whole 
 
 Cream 
 
 Cbeeae, full cream 
 
 Flour 
 
 Bread, white 
 
 Soda crackers 
 
 MolaHNes 
 
 Candy 
 
 Sugar 
 
 K<'nnR, dried 
 
 C'at>Li;fcgu 
 
 Oniirnt* 
 
 Potattiea 
 
 Apfileil 
 
 Otiin^es 
 
 WHU-rnii-luiis 
 
 Raisins 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Ch<«'i.!::(c 
 
 /o 
 
 12 8 
 
 13 3 
 aii 9 
 
 8-4 
 6 
 
 14 2 
 18 4 
 174 
 10 7 
 136 
 
 11 2 
 
 15 
 2(1 
 30 
 2.5 
 27 
 5!) 4 
 10 
 21 6 
 
 MO 
 52 5 
 42 9 
 4y 2 
 S8 9 
 60 1 
 fit 3 
 629 
 48 
 
 34 8 
 39 8 
 66-6 
 111 
 87 
 74 
 312 
 12 
 
 35 3 
 5 9 
 
 12 6 
 
 77 7 
 7« 9 
 62 6 
 
 t'lS :i 
 6:t i 
 
 37 5 
 
 13 1 
 6 9 
 5 9 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 16 6 
 16 1 
 
 12 t* 
 
 14 3 
 11 
 16 5 
 16 1 
 
 15 9 
 
 13 5 
 
 14 2 
 13 
 13 1 
 
 1 
 3 3 
 
 2 ;■) 
 2.5 -9 
 II 4 
 
 9 2 
 9 8 
 
 22 5 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 19 6 
 
 29 1 
 
 12 9 
 
 48 7 
 
 Hi 1 
 
 17 r> 
 
 7 3 
 2:< 8 
 m 2 
 
 7 9 
 U 7 
 13 6 
 25 9 
 XH 
 44 3 
 
 9 3 
 8.5 
 
 4 
 
 18 S 
 33 7 
 
 10 
 13 
 9 1 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 4 
 
 76 1 
 
 ,53 1 
 
 73 1 
 
 70 
 
 9t) 
 
 100 
 
 59 6 
 
 4 8 
 
 8 9 
 
 14 7 
 
 10 a 
 
 8 5 
 
 2 7 
 
 6S 5 
 
 18 .5 
 
 30 3 
 
 9 
 09 
 6 
 4 6 
 4 3 
 9 
 0-8 
 0-9 
 8 
 4 2 
 
 2 2 
 9 
 
 3 
 7 
 .5 
 3 8 
 5 
 11 
 2 1 
 
 3 5 
 0.9 
 .5 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 3 1 
 16 
 2 2 
 
 
 -2 i. 
 
 97o 
 
 1,02.5 
 
 545 
 
 1,245 
 
 1,010 
 
 •12.5 
 
 890 
 
 WiO 
 
 I,. 120 
 
 i.ras 
 
 2,075 
 
 0.15 
 
 .•t,410 
 
 :110 
 
 805 
 
 l,88"i 
 
 1,03,5 
 
 1,20<( 
 
 1,87.5 
 
 1,225 
 
 1,(W0 
 
 I,7."'0 
 
 l,.52tl 
 
 11.5 
 
 I'lO 
 
 2!I5 
 
 I'K) 
 
 TM 
 
 .50 
 
 l,2ltt 
 
 1.775 
 
 5,02.5 
 
Ten cents will pnrchasn - 
 
 iJe.f,H.ew„„..t.;;:; iv* :""■ 
 
 Mutu.li ch<.pi., , . 'o,^ 
 
 K..«tixirk, loin..::;:.;:;; iT/S 1 
 
 Halibut, fresh ... ''^'1 ;! 
 
 •v»!inon, canned -,.;, 
 
 I*Mtter , ';. 
 
 Wl.ratfluiir .... ,.'1';' 
 
 IVn meal .. '^^ 
 
 {'"""Hal : ;; ••^, 
 
 ^MM•atb^f ad.. ;:;;;; g'JjO 
 
 cX;; *'■"'•• '*'•>• 3,w'> 
 
 po.at;..,(9o..b.i^h);;;;;;;; ,ji);; 
 
 T'""'" 12.K. 
 
 S"K*' ;;::::•;;: .,i;'.o 
 
 (Eiipixy, hcaf, tU). 
 
 Tl, 
 
 le Mll..^t <xp.ii.in. f,juj 
 in list. 
 
 Tlie tl. 
 
 f.ii., »t f,.,„i in ]:,(_ 
 
 fAcmriY I'ni IDIOTS. 
 
 c.oth!;:^;;::;:[„"^;:tr::,;:r :::•,:-':; ,t ^"" f ^^'^ -^''••=- ^^ ^-' -■> 
 
 tives, poisons, alkaloids, otc.' Th.. '„ ,. ,1 , r '-"'"'"■■'• "'''""■'^- ""vours, .lip*- 
 
 18 the real msnuhctuvcT i ""''" ^"•" ''"•■""« Piirposrs. Who 
 
 aniip:o;::i^t";;:;Lt/;:r':e '^'r 7 '"'':''' --"'-- -^ >"->- ->•< 
 f^piant sou.., i„ thA;::;;"^:rjr ;;::;:; ^-: :^ii^'^='-' -^ "^- 
 
 Farm Proilutt». 
 
 KactiilT I'KKlliC'tK. 
 
 (") I'l.mf. 
 
 I. Protein . 
 11. Fau... 
 
 Oili. 
 
 Kat« 
 
 Wax 
 
 <»uina 
 
 ('■I Aniiiiii! 
 
 Miiata. cawin, gla 
 
 HI. Garbohydratei 
 
 IV, Mineral 
 
 V. Tiiauesam! I'il.ns !cott..n 
 
 Un«eedoil,<'omui,cotton seed oil, 'oieo oil lar,l ,.,! 
 Stllrin '"'""• "•"'■ '"'"i'=«>'t"'l I»l.r!cant^ Kc 
 Camauba I;'"'''' '""o*. f?" 
 
 RubUr, cbewin^^in: : ::;;:;;.;, "" 
 ^T"- ^""fy- "'"■<•■''. 'x-T, «hi. .\.,„o 
 
 I ««'>. pii>tK», etc. 
 
 •tc, f, r «,,»!«, 
 RTeasea, etc 
 
 Vr. Colours, uJoura, n.4V., irrt, ,\,gv> 
 
 gf^tivi'B, alk.i!cii,l.. 
 
 "<'"e |iri«liiot». 
 
 en, «<.,d .ind |,a,, r... .^\V,„1, l.^ir, ie..,h, r, ,i,k.