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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les exemplaires origlnaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont flimte en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant solt par la dernlAre page qui comporte une emprelnte d'impression ou d'illustration, t.oit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous I*** «utres exemplaires origlnaux sont filmte e^ nmenpant par la premiere page qui cor te une emprelnte d'impression ou d'HIubiration et en terminant par la derniire page qui compoi'te una telle «mpreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernidre Image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvont dtre filmte d des taux de r6duct. A. BUDGE, Secretary Y.M.C.A. Montreal, March 15th, 1896. INTlIODUCTOliV LKCTUItE—OCTOBElt 4tii, 189^ WHY WE SHOULD STUDY TUB MUNICIPAL SYSTEM OF OUR OWN CITY. BY IIERHERT II. AMES, B.A. We arc met together to-night to ask, and if poHsil)!*', llnil a satlsfaetorj' answer to the question:— " Wlij- slioukl we irouhle om-selves to examine into our local municipal system and its ad- ministration V " In these days of multitudinous claims upon our time and attention, what considerations have induced tht^ Educa- tional Department of the Montreal Association to set ai)art so many evenings during the coming winter for the study of a delinite course In civic government V As Chairman of the Educational Work, the duty of replying to these inquiries naturally devolves upon mo,' and for greater convenience I shall divide my task into two i)ortions, treating tii-st of the importance of studying civic adndnistratiou in any city, and secondly of the peculiar necessity for work of this kiua in ^lontreal. Taking up, then, the first of these lines of thouglit, let me ask:— " What are the reasons why the science of municipal govci-nmcnt should be studied by the more thoughtful portion In any and every community V " To this Inquiry my condensed answer will l)e :— Because this science is-iu this country, at least-but imperf«>ctly understood, and failure in understanding it affects most intimately the pocket, the health and the morals, not only of the miuiicipiiJlty as a whole, but also of every individual within its boundaries. * ,»•«. u , ihls IS a science dithcult to master, chiefly because it deals with [j;;',f '*'''">' constantly changing conditions. Our municipal system was^'^''"'''«"-"°'^ originally intended for comparatively small and partially rnral communities. During this century of industrial development, there liave been great changes caused by the centering of population in the cities. A hundred years ago in the United States, but three per cent, of the ijopulation lived in cities; to-day, not only does one-third of all the American people reside in the large municipali- ties, but nearly ten per cent, of the total population is to be found The FItiftiiciiil Aspect of the Civse. 6 ^vlthln tiio lln.UH of tin- four largest ^•'f ' " ^,,J ;,^..,„.,,,. wu,„ thV lant canaaian .ousu. was «';-; '^j^',, "'jw V 1.. population, tuat .... n.nv. ^^^^^^^l^^J^^"::^/:^ ^r^n^ and Toronto. ,vhils, ,.u. ''-""-"f «; !;:^ "these two cltieB s.u>w.n. an ,„,,,,,H.. m population. ;"'■'•'« ^""^'i^,^^ onr kn,.wlo.lKe o,ssp..roont. ^.th t U -aj a . . m ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ of the Helenee of 1" ' ' "^ ^ ,,j ^.,^^i,,^ ,,,„,u the ln.l. wlu. i« ^,„,, „ is very >» ;•!>'; ;; ^^ ^,,',,„. To ri.htiy nn.lerH.an.l. expiHi.Mi .o wear .h.Mo, has >"»ti v i-onsmntly tl-"- =' -"""•■" "'"''^"^'' ^'t .rorh. n Ui«e.u.e and a r^;;rona:::rr;r;on^-^^^^^^ earnist attention ? c.mnnunity to What now ..oes success -' ^^^J^Z^tr an.l to appt-.n-iate nl)serve thf> okl '""''^«\';^l"'^\^f . ^^f'^, ^,Z adnnnistratlon. ' ''''''• 7 ""'r:^:" d^r^r t^Jlmn^lf nu,ney collated shonhl rais.^ these iuKl.es o a u.. t ^ -^^^ ^ ^^^ ,,,^^^,„ ,,« tion exer s upon a e > ^^; ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ,,,th these cities are un- and Washinfiton. It is ^^ell l^no^^n ,,^.....,^e of the comforts usually agreeable and attnu-tlve '-.^^^'^^^'^ '^^ ,,,,.u-ipal ,. , 1 +1,,^ oft'rM>tivo spi'vice turmsneo l»,\ i»" suppluHl ;-\ !^^-^J^^^^ ;^^, iZn is that many wealthy families authorities. rhe ^^^^^^'^^^ ^,^^j,^.^^ ^,^,^ ,ele<.t these respec- „„olc ,o a we«..oven,c., -^/j* Jt c wb » 1. Jl co-taulon, hand, all who can do so. will leave a tiij become intolerable. I l«'iu'.v Is , WlUMl mlatlon, roroiito, vvlun an UitttM- not ki'pt I, who Irt l(.rHtiino of Paris es are nn- le comforts municipal ly familii'S icse respec- •osp^'rlty to alue of all U certainly I the other 1 conditions Tonslder the nuittcr for a moment from the standpoint of the Individual citizen. If lie Is to «arry on hnshK'SH, if he l* lo rent or purehnse n home, if he Is to provide the necessities neration, on to whose slionlders— be it renuMnlwred -nnist soon b(> transfeiTod the hmd of taxation: who will be required to nijike piod. out of their own earnlnH:s, any bbmdcr or extiavaKance conindtled by the chic administration of the invsent day—how necessary, I say. Is it that these younjr men should understand the system (►f nunddpal finance that obtains In Iheir own city, should be able to criticize to some iMirpos<« when sound business laws are brolicn, and should have a. real mfiuence in deterndnlnK what shall be the natin-e and the extent of the burden which they will soon be requird to nssume. T1h« second evil attendant U|>on i)oorly adndnistered nmnicipal Municipal Mai- Kovernment, is the danger tlint lies therein to public lu'alth. It isM.iins Uangrr a recoffulzoKl law tliat "the nearer pei»ple live to eadi other, tlieHtuith."' shorter tlieir lives are." For i)erfe«'tly healtlifnl conditions, (^ach man must liave tlie exchisivo. use of a certain amount of aii-, earth anerative processes, tlie necessity for artlllcial reinforcement becomes imiM'ra- tivc: therefons in order tliat a larji*' number of people may live within a small space in any city, healili regulations re(piir«« to be made and rigidly enforced by strong and Imitartlal authority. If these laws are wisely framed and i)roi)erly exe<'uted, the amcMuit of sickness and the rate of death rim be greatly n>duced. Wr- mingliam and (Jlasgow, wherein a large popnhition must i)erforce be densely packed together, are examples of what wise sanitary measures, rigorously enforced, may accomi)lish. Tlie annual mor- tality In Birmingham, which less than lifty yi>ars ago was Mb to the 1,(100, is to-day but 20 to the 1,000. Twenty years ago the death rate of (Jlasgow was .'M», to-day it is under l'.'i% to the 1,000. This seems a slight difference, but it means an annual saving of 4,000 lives in (Jlasgow alone. Now, the exercise of precautions against disease and the maintenance of conditions that will promote healthful developmnt, rest mainly in the hands of the municipal 8 i It Means Loss of Patriotism. Special Xeeil for tliis St\i(ly in Montreal. authorities,. Defective municipal administration, tlierefore, means a lilglx death rate, exposure to contagious diseases, and the constant bringing to maturity of a type of manhood and womanhood of which no city can bo proud. Although the loss in money to a community through municipal mismanagement is bad, although deterioration in health is worse, worst of all is loss of character. It was through centuries of struggle that the privileges of self-govornment, so freely enjoyed by us to-day, were won. Time was when a man prized his franchise as he prized his life. When a municipality becomes so debased, by failure in the art of self-goveniment, that men come to question whether popular government is a failure, the shock to their faith in free institutions which must inevitably result, cannot but be attended with incalculable injuiy to the ideals and spirit of the rising gent-ration. If coimcillors, because of their incapacity, are the laughing stock of the town; if they are bribable; if valuable franchises are thrown away, and important contracts given without regard to values; if the public service is looked upon merely as ^n asylum for an alderman's poor relations and broken-down friends; it is not surprising that the dignity of public office and the title such as Mayor, Aldermaii, or head of a civic department, once regarded as an honor, becomes a reproach. If the young iiieii, who, in business or professional life, are strugj^ling to make their way to the top, constsxntly behold a class of 'nen— in whose honesty and capacity the public appears to have not the slightest confidence- growing daily more wealthy and powei^ful by the misuse of the very opportunities given to enable them to render public service, will not these young men be strongly tempted to imagine that honesty is not Ihe bt^t pohcy, "ud that the main requisite for ad- vancement in that city is not a clean past record ? Nor is this all. "Whore civic politics become diseased, national patriotism does not long Temain unaffected. As soon <':vi)ect pure water from a dirt- befouled spring, as piin^ national politics from a community whose local politics are degraded. He who loves his country, therefore, must love his city also, and labor primarily for her political purifi- cation. We have already noted how our cities are growing out of proportion with the country districts; how they are coming more and more to influence national life; how they eet the ptice for our whole political system. Each year tliis will become more true. If, then, there is to be any piirity in politics, national or provincial, there must be righteousness in civic administration. I Avill but briefly refer to the special reasons why the study of municipal administration is particularly needed in our own city at this time. During the past twenty years, the mania fo" borrowing 9 , means constant liood of lunicipal 3 worse, uries of joyed by rauchise debased, question eir faith , but be t of tlie city, are valuable 1 without 'ly as hn friends; title such regarded who, in L- way to esty and ifidence— ;e of the t service, ;ine that e for ad- 3 this all. does not ni a dii't- ty whose therefore, 3al purifl- ns out of more and our whole If, then, Mai, there study of k-n city at borrowing money has affected Montreal as it has many another citj'. Our tax rate is not as yet abnormally high, but the serious side of the case lies in the fact that our annual income, after de0.(iOO people are contaimd within an arta of C.OSS acres; this is an average, over the entire city, of 41 to the acre. Old Glasgow averages S4, New Glasgow, 53; London, 51; Birmingham, 44; Man- chester, 42. INIontreal is as densely populatest expression of the ideal, which to-day obtains throughout the United Kingdom regarding numicipal government. " The leading idea," he says, "of the English system may be said to 1)e that of a ,if)lnt " stock or co-operative enterprise, in which every citizen is a share- " holder, and of which the advantages are receivable in the improved " health, and tlie Increase In the comfort and happiness of the "community. The members of the Council are the directors of " this great business enterprise, and their fees consist in the " couHdence, the consideration, and tlie gratitude of those am(»ng " whom they live." It Is the attainnu'ut of such an ideal as this 10 for whUh we are to sti-ivo. It is because this prinolple is recog- nized an.l followed out to its logical couclnsiou that the humblest workingmau in nearly every British muuicipality enjoys benefits unkn()wn to us Howitubei.g The two desiderata before the eyes of the ideal city government ^''"'^''^"'- ^,^ ti,,t the obtaining of sources of revenue other than taxation ami, secondly, the instituting of some new privilege for the use of the People. Many cities throughout great Britain control and operate witli profit, their municipal monopolies, such as street rai - wavs -as water .*cc. From these, when properly administered. a large" revenue accrues. I<:uglish cities of about the same size as our own as fi.r example Bradford. Hull and Nottingham, obtani -.0 per cent of their annual receipts from the successful management of municipal assets. In CJlasgow, this pn^portion reaches 70 per cent Bv just this proportion is the tax rate reduced. Manifold, also ar.>" the measures by which the enlightened British munici- palities are furthering the health, the instruction, the recreation the comfort and the convenience of the people in general, and ot the working classes in particular. Public halls and gardens, libraries ami museums, art galleries, technical and trades schools, public baths, wash-houses, low-priced dwellings, cheap lodgings, plavgrounds for the diildren, and free music in hali-a-dozeii places .,t oiici--these are tlie privileges already within the reach of the meanest citizen in any large British centre. I believe we shall see, during the next (luarter century, advan- ta<-es provided bv the modern city for its citizens such as we liave not yet even dreamed of. The trend of the age is toward i.nmici- „nl "socialism, and. in hands that can be trusted, this need not present an unwelcome outlook. For the many there are ceriain privileges which the stale al..ne can provide. Tiiese ndvamages. onlv the rich mav enjoy if left to individual elfort. What magni- ficent possibilities for benefiting one s fellow-men li.- open to those who are to work out the science of municipal administration m the light of the twentieth century. What of the Fut\iii; ■.' LECTUEE II.— 0CT0J5EH Ht!I, 1895. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL ML'NICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. BY HERBERT B. AMES, B.A. To .Tacqiu's rartier, tiio iiitrcpirt Breton navij-afor. is duo tho honor of liavinji boon the tirst Eumpcan to yet eyes u]mu the land now occtipied by the city of ^lontrcal. Tho date of his arrival, October L'nd, 1.';].". just 3G0 years affo, is therefore the tarlii'st of which we need take eoj;nizane.'. .Taeiiucs ('artier founded a fhrivinjr Indian vill;i«<'. Ilochelajia by name, of which he iX'wvs us some account. He made, howevi'r, no settlement, and it was not until 1G11, when ('hami)lain landed at Avhat is now known as "Place Royale," that, any attempt was made to mark the spot by cleariv/}; the forest or erecting shelter. Thirty-one years later, on May ISth, l(i42, Paul do r'homedey, Sieur de Malponneuve, whose statue has but i-ecently betMi unveiled in Place d'Armes Stpiare, landed and made the tirst permane]'t Euro ean settlement. His xuidevtakint;- was maiidy of a reli;iious character. :Montreal was founded as a missionary out- post in the heart of the wihlerness. Tlie little hanilot, which lay close alonp: the river, was surroumled by palisades of wood and strne. Notwithstanding the attempts of the Iroouois to massacre tlie colony, it continued to hold the ground acquired, and bet^aime in tini(v an important fur-tradinj; post. It is not necessary to our imrpose to follow the historical development of the town from the time of Maisonneuve dawn to its capture by nded to Brockville. and in ISGO the Victoria Bridge was opened. I»fuallel with this era of railway development in 1851, the Harbor Commissioners commenced serious work in deepening the cliannel between :Montreai aiul Quebec, and continued operations until at the end of twenty years, vessels of 4,000 tons were to be found along the wharves of Montreal. The impetus given to the grow^th of the city by these enteiiirises, as shown by the following statistics, was very great. In 17G0 the population of the city was 3,000; in 18'J5. 22,^57; in 1851, 57,715; in 18G1, 91,000; in 1871, 107,- 225; in 18S1, 140,747; in 1891, 211,302; and it is probably very littl- short of 2.'>0.000 to-day. The wealth of the city has increased even more vapidly tlian its population. In 1801 the valuation of real estate, as per assessment roll (including exemptions) equalled $23,441,230; in 1871, $43,875,580; in 1881, $79,883,445; in 1891, $128,- 413,000; in 1894, $170,450,315. By comparing these figures it will be seen that :Montreal lias increased more rapidly in wealth than in population. In 18<>1 the value of real estate, as per assessment roll, to each unit of population, was $250, by 1871 it had reachensus of 1801 sliows the English- sji^eaking population still slightly in the majority. Since this time, however, the proportion of Frencli-speaking residents has greatly increased. Of the present population of ^lontreal, three-fifths are Frencli-speaking, and twofiftlis English-speaking. Lovell's Census of 1891, wliich places the population at 211,302, estimated that there are 155,511 Catholics, 53,803 I'rotestauts, and 1,928 Jews. It will 13 from two secondly, A.morican ■gest city » to 1850, balf-way ion about railway come up was the unk line, is system idge was 1851, the ening the .perations ex'e to be en to the following city was L871, 107,- v^ery little ased even »n of real equalled S91, $128,- ■es it will ^alth than ssessment d reach e-tem throughout tlje Pro- vince With the union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841 ho.A ever municipal institutions were intrmluced. la-nd by the time of confwieration in 18G7. had become fully developed. Iciording to Article 92. clause 8. of the British North America Act of 18G7 • "in each province the Legislature may exclusively male laws in relation to (8) Municipal iiistitutions in the province." It is therefore the Legislature at Quebec which passes laws regarding their local government for the various mm"; cipalities of this province. Should a municipality desire a special code of laws, other than that common throughout the province, such municipality applies to the Legislature for a charter, aiid b^^mes incorporated under aoi act gi-anting special powers. The Legisla. ture has the right to amend this charter from time to time, and even to revoke it altogether. The local municipal authonties exer- cise power, therefore, in accordance with statutoiy enactment ; and when thev go beyond their carefully defined rights, they can be restraine.1 bv the courts after a legal process. Throughout the province of Quebec the local municipalities comprise parishes, town- ships, towns and villages. ^Hiese are governed by Councillors usually seven in number, chosen by the rate payers of the district A majority of each local council cliooses ono of its members to act as its head, or Mayor, and tHe Mayors of all the local municipalities within the county, form the County Council, to deal with matters relating to the general interest. (Vide. Bourinot. " How Canada is Governed," pp. 22«J-240.) „ . ^ ^f Montreal during the French rule, was nominally in charge of local governors, but was really, like the other towns and villages, under the control of the Council and Intendent at Quebec. Of these local French governors there were sixteen, and the names of some are still presened in the nomenclature of our streets, such as Maisonneuve, Berthelot. Lemoine. Vaudreuil and others. After the conquest, for a brief period, the city was under direct military i'^ 15 mil'. The flrat English Governor of Montreal and district was Brigadier General Gage, who pi-ovetl veiy satisfactory to the in- habitants, and whose imthnely death was much deplored. In 17t>4 Civil Governnint succeeded the, Regime Militaire. and regular Courts of Justice were established. " From 1796 to 1833, the muni- cipal affairs of this city were administered by Justices of the Peace, sitting in special sessions for that purpose." In 1832 the city was for the first time IncorporattHl, Royal assent being given to this Clmrter of June 15th. This Chavter is legally known as I. William IV. Chap. 59. It was of an experimental character and expired on May 1st, 183(). For some years it was not i-enewed. as about tliis time the city and prov'nce passed through the troublous times wunected with the Rebellion of '38 and '39. Under this Charter the first meeting of the Coii)oration was held on June 5th. 1833. Jacques Viger, from whom Tiger Garden is named, was the first Mia&'or of Montreal. In the Charter of 1832 the city is described as "The 1832. Corporation of Montreal." Now, a corporation is " an artificial or fictitious person created by law and capable of acting within pre- scribed limits, as if it were a natural ixn-son." Ihis corporation was granted by its first charter, certain powers to borrow money for public works, was authorized to hold property, to sue and to be sued, and to have ai common seal, etc., etc. This original charter was vei-y short, containing but twenty-six articles. In those days citizenship was limited to proprietors only. The Mayor tlien had a considerable degree of executive power, and it was liis duty to see that the existing laws for the governing of the city were inforced, and any infraction of them duly punished. In 1840 tiie city wasisto. aigain incorporated, this time permanently, and received its second charter. This charter emanated from the Governor of Lower Can- ada and Special Council, and attached to it is tJie signature of C. Poulett Thomson. In legal parlance it is known as, 3-4 Vict. Cap. 3(5, land was assented to on June 25th, 1840. It contains fifty- six articles, and forms the basis of all succe^^iug legislation affect- ing the city. Some provisions in it are worth noting. The City Council was to meet four times during the year, eaoli session not to exceed three days. Tlie tax was limited to a shilling on the pound assessed value of property, and the «lebt could not exceed the aggregate amount of five years' income. Any by-law passed by the City Council might be disallowed by the Governor. On March 29th, 1845, an Act (known as 8 Vic. Cap. 59) was passed by 1345. the Legislature of the Pi-ovince of Canada, to amend and consoli- date all pi-evious enactments dealing with the city. This consoli- dated clKvrter contained eighty-three articles, and in it we notice a gradual withdi'awing from the general municipal law of the pro- ii 1881. 1874. 1889. Res>ime of the rreseut Charter. 16 vlnoe and a substitution of special provisions of local value. Seve- ral amendments were passed during the next six years, and in 18ol it became ueces^a-y to amend and a second time consolidate the city charter, and to vt^t fresU powers in the corporation. Ihis consolidation Is known as 11-15 Vic. Cap. 128. and the number of articles has herein grown to ninety-six. It contains elaborate pfo- vislons for the establishment of Recorder's Court to take the place of the old Mayor's Court, and Introduces xrany police regulations. Between 18.11 and 1874 tliere wore upwards of a score of Acts passed affecting the charter of the City of Montreal. In this year we find a revision and third consolidation (37 Vic Cap. ..1) enac ed by the Logisiature of the Province of (Juebec. This charter, which is the father of our present one. contains 217 clauses, and in its titles and arrangement is veiT similar to the one with which we are now familiar. The tlual consoildatiou, which is the present city charter, was accomplished under the guidance of Mayor Abbott, in 1S81) (52 Vic. chap. 79.) To this has also been added at succeed- ing' sessions of the Legislature, no less than eight distinct amend- ments altering more or loss the purport of the original clauses. Turning, now, for a bnef glance at the charter of the City of Montreal, at present in force, we find it to be a pamphlet ten inches by six and one-half, containing 59 pages, (exclusive of such portions of the provincial election act as are applicable to civic elections.) The amendments to this charter are contained in about 40 pages more, but it is probable that if consolidated. 100 pages would suffice. This charter contains 285 articlt>s and 10 schedules, these latter being prescribed forms for the transaction of business by the cdty clerk and others. The first four articles of the charter contain interpretative provision*, and the statement of incorporation, name, and general powers. Articles 5 to 11 define the city's boundanes. its division into wards, and give the method of procedure by which the city's limits may be extended. (See close of this lecture.) Sec- tions 12 to 29 treat of tlie composition of the Council, of tlie Mayor and his duties, of (pialification and disqualification on the part of Mayor and Aldermen. (See lecture ill.) Se<'.tlons 30 to 52a relate to municipal electors, voters' lists, revisions of the same, np.micipal elections and their contestation. (See lecture x.) Sections (30 to 80 treat of the meetings of Council and the otflcors thereof. (See lec- ture ill.) Sections 81 to 139a treat of taxation and finance. (See lecture iv.) Sections 149 to 206 treat of the Recorder's Court, its jurisdiction and procedure. (See lecture vi.) Sections 207 to 254 deal with matters pertaining to streets and lilghways, expropriation, special assessments, and the Avldening of special streets. (See lec- ture v.) Sections 255 to 207 contain provisions relative to the con- struction and operation of water-works, (see lecture vii.), while 17 tlu' reiimlnliiR piovlslons of the Apt, from 2»{8 to 285. are of mlscel- laiieouH character. Returning, now, for a few words in closing, In fuller explanation Such Proviiiom of the opening provisions of the charter we lind the Act entitled, "AnanMo^gT!" Act to i-evise and consolidate the charter of the City of Montreal,**''*'^"'""'' and the several Acts amending the same." It was assented to on March 21st, 1881>, Tlie clause dealing with incoq)oration reads as follows : " The inhabitants of the City of Montival. and their sue- a Corporate cessors, inhabitants of the same, shall be a body coiiiorate. In lact^"**'" and in nunie, by and under the name and title of " The City of Montreal," and as such shall have a common seaJ, with power to 'break, renew, change and alter the same at pleasure, and shall • be capial)le of suing and being sued, and of i)lea(ling and being ' impleaded, in all courts of law and equity, in all manner of acts. ' causes and matters whatsoever, and of acA-eptiug, taking, puivhas- ' ing anyor's ofiice at the City Hall. Fpon tliis plan the city it divided into twelve wards, juid since tlie cinarter was enacted a thirteentli ward has been created. Tlie boundaries of the several Avards are enumerated and .sijocitied upon the plan. Tlie metliod by wliidi the city boundaries can be extended is then explained. Briefly, it is as follows :— A by-law setting forth tlie proposed jihui is introducKl into the City Council, and receives during its firet and istH-ond reading tlie support of the majority of tlie Council. This by-law states whether the annexed territory shall form a ward of itself of be added to one of the existing Avards. Before the by-law can lie read a tliinl time in Council, it must be approved by the Municipal Council of the teiTitory affected, and sanctioned l>y the electors therein who are proprietors in said municipality. Hiuviiig received the approval of the outlying municipality, tlie by-law passes then its third reading in the City Council, and is sent to the Lieutenant-Covernor for ids approval. This being granted, the outlying district becomes an- nexed, and forms part of the city, sulijwt to tlie special acts, by- Jaws, rules iind regulations in force througliout tlie rest of the citv 2 Historical Keauiue . LKCmiK III.— (KTOr.KK IHtii, 1895. OUR LOCAL PAULIAMIONT. THE CITY COUNCIL. BY IIKUHKllT H. AMES. B.A. Within cevtnin aniiRte limits mn- City Council is a local par la- n,rnt in evoiT s.nse of th. wor.l. Its legislation is that which a?rl us mo'st intinuvtely: in fact it is of greater i-Por^--^^*^ us tlmt this lo<.al govonnnent be properly adn.inistered thaa any other provincial or national. EvJ at the risk of repe^xting facts brought out in a previous lecture et us look back over the past half-ce.>tury and note some changes that have iaken place since Montreal was tlrst P-nnanontt mcoioratcd. The hrst corporation, after 1840 -- 'f ^^-^^; but was appointed by the (Jovernor-Cleneral. Since 1842 howevei. the menib'is of this body have been elected by t^o^-^e payei. The city in 1840, was divided into six wards: East. Cent e, West, Queens'' St. Lawrence .nd St. Mary's. When Q"-'«;Vard was abolished, and St. Ann's. St. .)ame«, St. Anto'.ne and St. Louis oreateal govern- SCly Between 1842 and 1851 it was customary for the col-por- atTon to choose from 'among Its own members a person ^^" y/1"^"; fld to act a« mayor. The new election in the proper ward having tilled the place thus made vacant, the Corporation a gaii; seected nine from among its number, to whom was given the title of A - ;;;«" the remaining eighteen holding the title of "^'^uixcdlors." Thus the municip^al governing body in those days consisted of a mayor, nine aldermen and eighteen c-ouncillors. the aldermen form- ing a sort of upper and the councillors a Lower House. This con- tinued for upwards of thirty yeai^. By the revision of the clmtei. vWoh took place in 1874 (37 Vic, Cap. 51) the distinction between Ilderman and Councillor was ^abolishM. mul all the twenty-seven representatives from that time forward were styled Aldermen. 19 !IL. ocnl pai'lin- tliat which portance to i than any a previous I note some )ernianently not elected, ,2, however, i-ate payers, entre, West, , Ward was d St. Louis lid each was oca\ govern- i- the col-por- i duly quali- ward having ^vin selected title of "Al- 'Councillox*s." )nsisted of a lermen forni- se. This con- E the chax-ter, ;tion between twenty-seven id Aldermen. This nuniiior incronsed as wards were annexed, until in ISO,*?, prior to the adiiiisMion of St. Denis Ward, it n-iu-hed tliirty-slx. The term of ofBcc for an Aiderninn was until recently three years, and one- third of the Council came up for re-election e«ich year. By 8iH>cial statute the Council was renewed in toto F(>b. 1st, 1894. all the Al- diTiuen havin« to scoli electi(>n at tlie same time. The number of Aldermen was by the sauie enactment reduced from three to two, and tlie term of ottlee made two ins'tead of tliree years. The Montreal VUy Council to-day is comp().sers) the term of office of the Mayor and every Alderman expires, and to serve again they must be re-elected. Should th(> Mayor die or become Incapa- citated during his term of office, the Council has the power to ohooso from among its own number a successor to fill the unexpired term, in which case the ward from which an Alderman would have been taken might elect a new i-epi'esentative. Four times a year the Council names one of its members, to till for the ensuing quarter, Uio position of acting Mayor, a sort of Vice-president of Council! to perform, in case the Mayor be absent, such duties as usually fall on the chief officer. No person may assume the office of Mayor unless he be a BpiUsh Qualification subjiH^t, having resided within the city for the year immediately ATd^'«.:"'" prior to his election, and, during the six months preceding the date of his nomination, having been the owner of real estate within the city limits in value amounting to $10,000. clear of all obligations. For the Alderman the requirements are similar, except that the property qualification is fixed at $2,(X)0, and is based upon the as- sessment roll. Before the person elected can enter upon his duties either as Mayor or Alderman, he must take the oath of allegiance to Her Majesty, and make written declaration that he is legally qualified as to property to fill tiie position to which he has been chosen. Should it happen tliat during his term of office the pro- perty which constitutes his qualification passes out of his hands, or becomes encumbered so as not to leave sufficient margin to quali- fy upon, the Mayor or Alderman can be caused to prove his owner- ship of sufficient other property to qualify upon, or failing to do this, can be made to forfeit his seat. There are certain persons who by statute are expressly shut out from filling the position 20 MeetiiiK» of Council. (Charter, 8ec8. 66-78.) Of Muvor or Aldornmn. An.oMK tlu^e are „rlc«tK ami mlul«ters. lll^.7l'rlvy CouumovH. humuIkmh ot tho Quebec eaMuet, dty con- l::^;;. eivfc en.pi<.ye... ,K^>nH In debt to U.e Hty .. av UK . HUlt aRUlnBt the city for an an.ount ^"";""""«*;^' •.;!,"* I^.^re IDHO facto (UHiiuallH.Ml fn)m HervluK aH Mayor or Alderman. iUere L alnl a , V lion In the charter (See. .:., which provK e^that any Ahl "nL Who is or nuty became dlrcH-tly or l«ou.es forthwith .lisquaimed, and nu.y he unseat..!. H Is u^ 'iH-ovlslon. however, is n<»t reptnled as affcH-tluK Aldennen who m.y K. sh«reh<.hlers in a joint stcn-k eonu-any doln« l,usines« w h heCorporation. but suc-h n.e.ubers of the Council must refrain n.m vo lUK upcrn „uestions whei.«ln the Inteivsts of their co.npany an. lnv.>lv,Hl. Should a nu.nber of the (^mncll become Insolvent. or be convicted of coirupt ele<'tlon practices, or accept on. .,1 t le positions n.entloned alK>ve as d(>barrln« hUn from sen-ln«. or bo absent from the city for n.ore than two months consc^-utively, w h- ont leave, or become Interested In any civil contract, such a membei would become dis(!ualille sei-v*Hl upon each Alderman two days prior to the meetln«; this must specify the business to be considered, and no other business Is In order exci-pt by unanimous consent. Thus we freduently heai- of a member calllnj; out "Next meetiu},'. when' new b.isiness is proposetl. For ordinary business one-third of th(. Council, that Is. nine nu'inbers, is sutttcient to term •' quorum; to piuss a by-law. however, an attendance of two-thirds of the (Council is necessary. Questions are decided by a niajorltj vote The Mayor has tlu> power, which, however he rarely exer- cises of causing the arrest of any member of the Council, or any other person disturbing the meeting; saM pi-rson may be brought before the llecorder-s (^ourt and pmiisueil. 'I Ue otticns ot the Council, who are in attendance at Its •<■-!,.., .e the Cy Clerk and assist.uit City (Merk.. The former .... ai a uible just below th > Mavor. lie preparc>« the orders of the day. keeps the minutes, attends the nunvtlngs of Council, ami ha.s custody of all r(>conls. The minutes of the Council are signed by the :Ma..or. and are open to the inspection of any rate payer. The assistant City Clerk also .svtends the meetings of Coumil. When a question is raised as to the legality of a certain line of action. It is generally referred 21 inlulstorH, . city con- ■ having ii I Huch an^ an. There H that auy luUn'ested atHl. 'HilH ivuwn who ^IncsM with list rt'frain Ir compiuiy » iiisolvtrtit, one 'A' tlie liUK, or iM) Ivi'ly, wlth- 1 a lueiuber lul Moiulay 'toner. The nieetUiK of upon boiuK I. A notice (lays prior con.sUleri'd, )us consent. Lt meeting,"' 9s one-third to form •' f two-thirds a niajorltj rart^ly exer- incil, or any be brought leers ()f the ; (',iy t'lerk ist below th^ he minutes, all records, or, and arc It City Clerk is raised as ally referred .9- to the City Attower to pawn enactments huvluK alltheoity the f(trc«> (►f law. Thewt- are called by-laws, and the charter stlpu- ugufi'tue* lales that the <'lty Coimcll may piuss by-laws "For the ko

<, but they are eiuictcMl fr time to time as there Is ucimI. The by-laws conwolldated September, IStCl. fonn a book !»V4x,'es. It re- quires (excei)t by abro>,'ation of the rules) to be read three time« at three different meetlnfis of tlie Ccmncil. If it has been read twice and approved Ity a ma.jority. it is then enjrrosed and read a third time, when upon passin/.^ and l»elnjj signed by the Mayor, it be- Ciimi's o])erative. A l)y-law or resolutiiMi haviu}; passed the Council, its <'xecutlon Is laid upon stmie depnirtmeut. and the otticlals of that department, under conunittee supervision, are exi)ected to put the enactments into fdi'ci'. Offenders who break These city ordinancivs are arrested by the police, and trie'«'«efl of the Council. The Mayor is regardwl as the chief executive of the(By-i*w4i city. He exercises nominal control over all the officers of the Cor- 'i'i Coinrnitt'eej. (Charter, Sec. 29.) The Several Departments and Their Work. poration, ami it is his duty to .slhj to it tliut ail ihe l)y-lavvs and regulations of tlie city are faitlifully enforced. He may, from time to time, make recommendations to the Council for tlie improvement of any department, as he may deem desirable. He signs all con- tracts, agreements, etc., in the name of the city, and none are valid until so signed. The Mayor Corporation, as the result of an unolflcial caucus, apiwints from among its members certain Standing Committees to control and direct the work of the various civic departents. These committees are eleven in number, and contain seven members. The Chairman of each connnittee acts as its spokesman in Council, a,nd sits in the front row of seats encir- cling the Mayor's chair. The duties of most Standing Committees are specified by by-law. These comrcittees are not legislative, but executive bodies. They consider all matters relating to their several departments, and make reports and recommendations from time to time to the Council. The Council discusses these reports, and if it sees fit, i-atifles and puts the ideas into effect by resolution or by-law. Any report entailing the exjienditure of public money must also have the approval of the Finance Committee, altLough it has been known to be the case that a Committee not sure of the consent of the Finance Committee, luis reported direct to Council in the hopes of getting a majority therein. The SUinding Committees of the Council take to themselves the power to suspend or dismiss, as well as to replace or engage, sab-offlcers, clerks and underlings in their respective depai-tments. Tlie following positions, however, are l-egarded as in the gift of the Council, and cannot be interfered with by any Committee:— City Clerk, Assistant City Clerk, City Surveyor, Deputy Surveyor, City Treasurer, City Auditor, Acting Supt. of M. W. W.. Accountiuit M. AV. A\'. .Chief Engineer Fire Dept., the .four AssisUint Chiefs of the Fire Dept., and the twelve Market Clerks; the City Assess vs and staff are regarded as officers of the Finance Dept. The eleven Standing Committees of Council are designatetl as follows:— FinantH% Roads, Police, Fire, Water, Markets, Light, City Hall, Health, I'arks and Ferries, Mount Uoyal Park. Besides these Standing Committees there is also what is known as a "Board of iA 23 -laws and from time piovement IS all cou- ! are valid power of an exhibit ision. Our Boials, nor he Council irongh the il, usually • result of Ts certain he various luber, and ee acts as eats encir- !ommittees lative, but elr several im time to 1, and if it or by-law. must also t has been tie consent icil in the 'ommittees >r dismiss, underlings , however, interftn-ed ,'lerk, City or. Acting :ineer Fire the twelve as officers ignateil as Light, City sides these "Board of Chairmen," a. sort of cabinet composed of all the chairmen of the above Committees. This moots together to mutually determine how the funds shall be apportioned among the several departments, and it also considers proposed charter amendments. The chief (Uity of the Finance Committee is to pass upon reports of other Committees, which entail an expenditure of the public money, and to decide wh(>tlier such expenditure is necessaiy aiid proper. This Connuittee also has the supervision of the measures taken to collect moneys due the city, and its general expenditure. The chief offioors under its supeiTision are the City Treasurer and the (Mty Comptroller and Auditor. These officers are in reality not servants of the Committee, but of the Council, and they make their annual report to the Mayor and Aldermen. The duties of the Koad Committee are to control the measures taken' by the Road Department for the maintenance of the roads, repairing of the pavements, cloianiug and watering the streets, removing the snow, laying down avckkIcu side-walks, care of the public scpiares, maintenance of the sewerage system, etc. The chief officer of the lioad Department is the City Surveyor, witli a salary of $5,000 jier annum. His deputy rec.Mves .$-.200. The City Surveyor reports annually to the Council, and his subordinates makes reports to liim, which are embodied in his i-eiwrt to Council. Besides the work of the Road Department and the maintenance of the streets and sewers, this Department also administers such portions of the loan as are expinded for permanent street improvement; such as street open- ing, widening, etc. This is in fact the great spending department. The Police C^ommittee deals with questions relative to the police forci'. It supervises the governing, regulating, arming, clothing, rating, paying of the men; the residence, qualification, arrangin'g of service, inspection and distribution of tlie force. Tlie Supiin- tendent of tlie I'olice Department is empowered to issue certain licenses, from whi(?h the city derives a c-onsiderable revenue. The lire alarm system an Fire Brigade and tlie inspection of buildings, chimneys, boilers, etc. The chief executive officer of the Fire Depwartment receives a salary ivf .$;?,< tdO. The Chit f of the Fire Brigade, the InspiH'tor of Buildings, and the Inspe<^tor of Boilers all report an- nually to the Fire Committee. (Iy-;aw M.) 24 The Water Dt'pnrtuunit of this city is under tlie direction of the Water Committee. Tlie aqueduct, wlieel-house, engine liouses, reservoir, pipe tracli. iiydnuits, fountains, meters, etc., are under its care. Tliis Committee, however, has nothins to do with the collec- tion of the water rates, whicii duty falls upon the City lYeasurer. The Superintendent of tlie M. W. W. annually rei)orts direct to the Council, his suliordinatis all reporting to him. (By-law (>"..) Th;> Markets Connnittee is entrusted with tlie care and rental of the markets, and the r-'gulaticm of tlie abattoirs. In recent years several of the public niarkets liiave been done away with, and small squares opened in tlieir placs, so tliat the duties of this Committee are hardly as onerous as lieretofori'. At each market is located n clerk, son.etimes witli an assistant. Tliese all report to this Com- nii Ltee The Board of Healtli includes stven members of the Council, wlio are styled the Health Committee. Asa Committee of Council these Aldermen superintend tlie work of scavenging, removal of night-soil and dead animals, maintenance of tlie civic hospital, burial of the unclaimed, vaccination and disinfection, inspection of milk and food, public baths, direction of the sanitary police, etc. The Chief officers of tlie Health Department are the Medical Health Otiiccr, tile Sanitary Engineer, and tlie Superintendent of tlie Scav- enging departmi'iit. Tliese last named officials report annually to the Board of Health, and the Medical Health Officer compii'i's an annual report as to the sanitary condition of tlie city, containing vital statistics, and other niattiM-. (.)f tlie lews important committees little need lie said. Their names sufficiently deline tlie work entnisted to the care of the Parks and Flurries Committees and the Mount Boyal Park Commission. Tiie l.igiit l)ep;irtiiuiit has no special officers. It is only called upon wlien some contract relative to the lighting of the city is to be made. It is furtlier entrusted witli tlu^ duty of seeing tliat tlie Cioinpanies witli wiiom arrange- ments are made for the ligliting of certain portions of tlie city, faith- fully keep their agreements with the city. When there is need of an executive officer, tlie work is performed by the staff of the City Surveyor. Thi' City Hall Committee is responsible for tlie condi- tion of the City Hall, and for the printing and stationeiy which may be noedeil for the use of tlie Council and officers tlierein. These last four Committes publish no annual report. It is thus tliat the executive function of tiie Corporation is fultilled. Iffil i LECTUKE rV.— NOVEMBER 1st, 1895. MUNICIPAL FINANCE AND TAXATION. BY WILIJA^I ROBB, KSQ., Troasum- City of Montreal. In attoniptinf? to (wplain "Municipal Finance" it would he well, perhaps, to c-oniuu'ucc l>y showing tlu> origin and growth of civic dclit. When jioople eniifji-ate to now countries tliev live isolated or sena- S^'B'" »"? „ , |. , ^ , ' Urowtn of lare lives at tirst, tlie lainily being the largest aggregation ; but <^''''<' d«''' after a while, the nucleus of villages are formed by the subdivi- sion of labor; one man commences to do nothing but carpenter work, another starts as a blacksmith, a third as a feidlor, a fourth as a shoemaker, and so on, while some one opens a general s.tol-e for the stock and i)ifn'isions Avliich all retiuire. (iradually these increase in number until there are many storekeeiMM-s, can^enters, blacksmiths, etc.. and the various other trades which population calls into existence. Still it is primitive lifi^each householder has his own well, and eacJi pn)vide8 his own system of sewerage. But as the villages grow in size tliis becomes more and more inconve- nient. A main sewer to carry ofl' all the drainage becomes desir- able, and a system by wliicli water will be carried to wicli house, a necessity. U]) to this time any little expense for police protection, street lighting, etc., has been defrayed by a small annual assess- ment on each householder, but now they are face to face witli s«}me of the greater retiuirements of modern civilization; they assemble to discuss the matter and dei'ide to inaugurate them. Now the (piestion presents itself: shall we pay for them at once or shall we borrow money on the security of our homesteads, and content our- S(>lves with jiaying only the interest V On the solution of this de- pends the issue of debt or no debt. . Now there are certain expenditures in all cities which are classed The Two as "General and Ordinary," as distinguislied fi-om those which are Kx^lmUture : "Special and Fxtraordinary." The genenil and ordinaiy expenses ExtrSorfihmry. The Funded Debt of Montreal. 20 conipriso police and tin> protoctidn.inaiiitonance of roadways and sidewalks, street lighting, and other things that come luider tlie head of "Administration." The cost of those is raised by taxes spread, as ecpially as possible, over all the inhabitants. On the other hand, when extensive "Special Work" is nndertaken. such as the construction of waterworks or the inauguration of a drainage system, the first cost of wliich wimld be too heavy a tax to be paid by the citizens at one time, resort is had to borrowing, and from that time forth tlie interest cost of the sum borrowed has to be added to the administration items, and piaild out of the annual taxes. This is the way in which the debt of a municipality com- mences. If the work is of such a character as to serve future generations, and of a nature to yield a revenue, or effect a saving, equial to the annual cost, then it is justiiiable that the generation oi-eating the debt should have nothing more to pay than the annual interest. If, on the other hand, the work is of a transient nature, undertaken solely for pi-esent convenience or gratitioation, then the whole cost should be paid at once, and to add it to the debt of the city would be unjustifiable. Chief among the fonner. as already alluded to, may bo mentioned "Water Works," "Main Sewers," "Parks," and the various permanent buildings required for munici- pal purposes, as it is manifest they (;ontinue to be as useful to succeeding generations as to the one which undertook them; while some, sucli as Parks, will increase in value, beauty, and capacity to afford pleasure and benefit as the years roll on. By such is cre- ated what is called the "Funded Debt" of cities, and tlie interest cosit thereof forms part, and sometimes a very large part of the amoimt which is required to be raised by taxation. As you are all citizens and prospective ratepayers of this good city of Montreal it may be iutei-esting to sliow you what its pres- ent debt is, and you may calculate, if you please, w^hat it is likely to be when you will have to share its burden. Tlie Funded Debt of Montreal, then, mt the present moment is over $24,000,000, costing about $3,000 a day for interest.* and Jias been made up as follows : Water Worlds $9,000,000 Street Pavings 4,000,000 Street Impi-ovements 3,000.000 Aid to Railways HarlK)r. etc 2,000,000 Main Sewerage 2,000,000 Municipal Buildings 2,000,000 Park 1,000.000 Miscellaneous 1,000,000 I, . ; $24,000,000 27 The three millions fov street improveraeuts represent the city's share of these alone. A much larger amount has been paid (or has yet to be paid) by tlie proprietors interested for their share of the est. I have been asked to omplaln to you the manner in which cities H"* ^'''«» boiTow this money, and perhaps it were well to do so here. In ^^^g "°"°«' **""''^ first place, a Canadian city, before it can borrow money, must have received a "Chartei-" from the Legislature of the Province in which it is situated. A "Charter" is just a deed from a government, con- feiTing certain powers and privileges, and which gives to a city an Individual existence in a corporate form. Its name is made to meaai and represent the whole body of the citizens, and they can thenceforth borrow money by Issuing obligations which aoknow- leflge that the city has received the amount mentioned in them. These "Obligations" are in the form of "Coupon Bonds," or "Re- gistered Stock," and are signed by the Mayor and one or more of the City Officials. "Coupon Bonds" are so called because they have small oblong Coupon Boiuis coupons attached to them for eveiy interest payment which be- s?ock''"''''""' *The estimates for 1896 place the Interest account as follows:— $ 580,500.. Permanent Stock at 7 p. c $ 41,05t» 1,100. .Tennlnable Stock at 7 p.c '77 487,500. .Stock at 6 p.c • '>9''50 240,000. .Stock at 5 p.c lij^OOO 3,310,142. .Stoayable semi-anually, would have fifty of these "Coupons" attaolu'd to it. one of which the liolder cuts off every six months and i)n'8<'nts it for payment, and it l)ecomes, at once, the evidence tluit he is entitled to the amount and a receipt to the city which redeems it. This word "Coupon" is from the French "Couper" (to cut), and simply means a piece which may be cut off. These Bonds are "pkayable to bearer," and are there- fore, negotiable or transferable certiticates which may be passed from hand to hand like bank bills. "Kesfistered Stock," on tbe other hand, is represented by a ct-rtilicate issued to the party purchasing it, wliich dwlares, on its face, that the holder, whose name is embodied in it, is insrribed on the books of the city as the owner of so much of its stock, and that the capital and interest are payable to him alone. It cannot, therefore, be transfen-ed from one person to another without the formality of their going to the Citj' Hall, <'ither personally or by attorney, and signing a transfer on the b(K>ks of the city, in the presence of witnesses, but it forms a much safer investment and is a favorite chuss of security. In raising money by either of th«'se modes it is usual for ai city to advertise the amount which it wishes to borrow, stating the legal authority wliicli it h:is for doing so, the purpose for which it is required, and all other particulars which lendei-s are naturally desirous of knowing, and asking them to "tender" for it in whole or in part, when the highest tenderer becomes the possessors of the securities. So mucli for the Funded debt. There is. however, anotlier divi- sion of municipal accounts, entirely distinct and separate from It, which it is important to understand; it is called the "Floating Debt Account." This account includes the multifarious items wliich arise in all lai'ge corporations, and which do not be- long to either the funded debt or revenue ac<'ounts, and as it is a brancli with which confusion freciuently arises, I should like to make it clt ar to you. Broadly speaking, the Floating Debt Ac- CKJunt consists of such special liabilities as are represented by special assets. In other jvords, it should, to use a familiar phrase, take care of itself. The extent of it does not matter so very much so long as there are bona tide assets to the full laimount of its lia- bilities. The principal items which compose It are the proprietor^ shai'cs of " Street Improvements," which, having first been paid for by the city, out of the proceeds of temiJorary loans obtained for the puiiiose, have to be collected in order to redeem the Bonds issued for them. You will thus see that if $1,000,000 is due. in this way, to the city, the city on its part must owe a million to some- 29 id running re fifty of r cuts off scomes, at i a receipt from the ^hich may are there- be passed :," on the the party ler, whose iLty as the iterest are iTod from ing to the a tiunsfer t it forms irity. In ai city to the legal hioh it Is naturally , in whole ors of the )ther divi- e from It, iting Debt ms wliich not be- i, and as hould like Debt Ac- cented by %r phrase, 'ery much of its Ua- roprietor^ been paid I obtained the Bonds ae. in this I to some- l>ody for It. and that the whole of the debt so due to the city must be held saared to the liability incuiTed for it. But while "Street Improvements" on the one haind. and "Temporary Bonds" on the other, illustrate the Floating Debt Account, it is by no means con- tined to these. Deposits made by contriictois to guarantee work; percentages retained on contracts for the same purpose; sums left in the hands of the city arwalting completion of transactions, and the thousand and one other things which arise outside of both tne "Revenue" and "Funded Debt" accounts go to make it up: but however numerous they may be. no portion of tliem is aviiilable for expenditure on account of either one or the other of these. To sum up. the whole of the proceeds of loans on Funded Debt Ac- counts are aii)plica.ble to expenditure on permanent work. The whole of the annual revenue is available for current administration. The whole of the assets in Floating Debt Account are required for the redemption of its own liabilities. The function of a national government is, broadly speaking, tne ^"'f^*''?"''? '° administration of justice, the providing of fncilities for the '^'"H"'y^''e^* development of trade, and the defence of life and property, and, Muni'o'iplti'""* on the principle that the citizens of a state should contribute to its '^'""'"°"- maintenance in proportion to the wealth which tliey have accunui- lated under its pi'<.tection, a national government may raise its revenue by the highest and purest of all forms of taxation— an "Income Tax." The function of municipal government is different. Its fundamental object is the providing of those conveniences which are necessary to the development of reial estat«>, and without wliich it would be of little avail, and hence we tind that in its inception, nninicipal taxation is levied, not on the amount of tlie taxpayer's general wealth, but on the value of the real estate wliich partici- pates in the benetits of its expenditure. Where special privileges are accorded, or excei)tioual use made of " •'*P?<'jai " any of the facilities provided by the general expenditure, special Taxatio*' taxes are, very properly, iniposetl, over and ahove the general taxa- tion to wliich all are subject, and sucli special taxes should, as far as possible.be made commensurate with the value of the privi- lege granted. Chief among such are (las ronipianies, which use the streets of the city for the pipes by whicli tliey supply their cus- tomers; Street Railways aind Telephone Companies, which occupy the thoroughfares with their I'ails and poles. These, and such as these, obtain exclusive privileges, and bec-ome possessors of valu- able franchises in which they are protected and secured from competition; they therefore become the legitimate objects of "Special" taxation— the best form of which is a percentage on their earnings. Thus the Street Railway of our own city pays a percent- age which this year will amount to about .$40,000, besides contri- ^f 30 butlng to tlu> removal of snow. You will thus see that the principle underlying "Special Taxation" is that of "Quid pro quo." It is justifiable only whore special privileges are accorded, and sliould be regulated by the extent of these. Katf^Tn'*^' Before I leave this subject, just a wiard about our water Tates. Montreal, isi We often hear tlie statement that they are high as compared with other cities, and New York is frequently cited as an illustration, but this impression arises from imperfect knowledge. In New York and other large cities of the United States, the water rate is a mere nominal one covering the cost of administration, while the interest cost of the system Is included in the assessment on real estate. If the cost of our water works had not been kept separate from the rest of the debt, there need have l)een no separate tax for water at all, and then Montreal would have been cited as a city where water was free, which would have been just as erroneous as Ihe state- ment that it costs in Now York only a fourth of what it does hi're. The obligations of a city require a certain revenue, and wherther that I'evenue is raised in one single tax on real estate, in a sub- divided one partly on realty and partly as Avater-rato. or in a tri- plicate form under the heads of realtj'. personalty laind water, matters little so long las it falls equitably on aJl and that real estete is not made liable for more than its fair share of the whole. Equity requires tiret the imposition of special licenses on everything which has had any special privilege or exceptional advantage con- ferred upon it to tlio full value of that privilege, and aftenvards, the striking of a general rate embracing the whole community. of'uevlime" "^"^^ HOW, having said so nuich about the mode of taxing, it may be instructive to look at the actual figures of our own revenue. It is derived as follows: — From taxes on Real Estate, say $1,600,000 Water Rates 650,000 Business Taxes and Licenses 450,000 ^larkot Revenues 80,000 ^liscellanoous items and interest. . . . 20,000 $2,800,000 And its expendilm-es nearly as follows:— I'or Interest on Debt $1,100,000 School Tax 300,000 Fire and Police Departments 500,000 Road iimd Water Department 500,000 Street Lighting 150,000 Miscellaneous 100,000 Health, Markets. Parks, etc 150,000 $2,800,000 ll e principle uo." It is md tiliould ater Tates. pared with tration, but 7 Yorlt and is a mere he interest estate. If 3 from the >r water at here water the state- does h»>re. id wherther in a isub- )r in a tri- iind water, real estete le. Equity everything lutage con- iftenvards, nunity. ing, it may evenue. It ai Tliese were tlio llKures of 1H!>4, tlioa(. of tho present year will be larger, and tlie Council is now exercised with the consideration of ways and means to increase tlio revenue. In closing let us enumerate tlie privileges the average citizen enjoys in return for his assessment and water rate. He has water caiTied to his house, wliere ho can distril)ute it to every mora and passage in it if he so desires, and use it in unlimited quantity; a system of drainage to carry it off as fast as he uses it ; well paved streets and side-waJlis to drive or walli upon; electricity to light them up at night-equal almo.st to daylight; police to guard his premises: a live alarm system ever on tiie alert to give intima- tion of lire; liremen ready at every hour of the day and night to rush to his house if it is in danger; Healtli Otlictn-s watchful to prevent causes of dis<'ase from accumulating near his dwelling; scavengers to remove all refuse, and incinerators to burn up all dangerous mwitter; watei- sprinlilei-s to Iteep the road dust from annoying him in sunnuer; snow-ploughs and rollei"s to make agree- able walking and driving in winter ; beautiful squares scattered through the city, embellished with Howers and furnished with seats for his rest and comfort; constant supenision of buildings to pre- vent their falling down upon him, and continuous inspection of boilei-s to prevent their blowing him up, and if with all this he is still unhappy, he must be a very unreasonable taxpayer indeed. 00,000 50,000 .50,000 80,000 20,000 00,000 00,000 00.1)00 00,000 ,00,000 50,000 00,000 50,000 ;oo,ooo LECTURE v.— XOVEMRER lonr, 1805. OUlt STREETS AND DUALNS. BY PEUCIVAL ST. iv to show you what is the way to providi? a city wltli jtoikI voads and yood sewers in tlio most economical and etticient manner, and how to lssita.ted by the condition in whidi the great growtli of tlie city found itself, and some means had to be taken in onler to make the streets wider. The principle adopted, of compelling tlie i)i-oprietor to build to tlie new line, compelled the city government to spend a large sum of money to expropriate land, and in order to collect the money they aa lontrciil. id Sewers*, I en>?iiie<'i' providi? luieal uiul ul. 1 tirst set- iiits think lall town, tiist con- ■ north of ithin fw, MO US the town heir hmd lit anj' re- * in many irrej^nlur I the City >eninjj, in bnild to money in me ni'<'es- t in some stated by itself, and :>ts wider, ild to tlie re sum of oney they liad to plaee the e<.st of tlie expenditure upon the property liolders most benellted by the improvement. If tills law had l.-.-n ach.pted some thirty years before, tlic^ hardship wonhl not have- been felt and it is a lesson to all of us wi.o liave any interest In «(kh1 city «overuniont, to have a tcmn laid out from the start with wide and straiKht strwts. Irrespective of individual prop»^rty iK.iders. Tlie expropriation became expensive because proprietms l>rouj;iit for- ward witnesses wlio exagtfenited tlie values of tlie property, and the Commissioners awar asphalt was used, citizens re.p.ested to have wooden blocks which, although noiseless when laid, is not a pavenu.nt that will stand long wear in this climate. The asplialt whi(^h was u.sed. al- thougli not as noiseless as the w(M)d. is better adapted to the cli- mate, altliough at times sonunvhat dangerous, being very slippery at various pericMls of the year, of short duration, namely : in the autumn when tlie rain freezes on it, and in tiie spring. The pave- ments have been paid for by tlie city generally, and not as in the I nited States, where all paved streets are paved by the proprietors abutting on the street. In London the rule adopted is tins :-A proprietor who cedes a strip of land to tlie city government for a street, has to pay at his own cost for the grading land forming of a gravel road with stone curbing on the side, and with flagstone sidewalks ; the city will not accept any strwt unless with these i^^nditious. They have also to place in that street a sewer the 34 alz<. of which Is .v lh<> city, ntul to ho bulll to siu-li (1. (h"i>th lis lh(> city may divide, and the proprh'tor hnn to (h>poHlt nil i>stiinati' least amount of water (about 20 percent). The broken stone will then be (luickly incorporat-nl with the mortar and rapidly mixeil. spread ann days 1>efore tho top wearing surface Is laid on it Tho pavoments-or wearing surfaco-usod in the city are tamarac blocks (plain and creosotod). granite, Syenite. PorpheiT and Scoria blocks; Tdnidad and Sicily rock aspbalt, and these pavonients are laid on the concrete foundation. .siaewaik^ in permanent sidewalks, wo have in use New York blue stone flags, asphalt mastic and various cement comiwsitions under th(> various names of Granolithic, Firimite, Rockledge and Artificial Stone. Tho New York flag stone is laid on a bed of 2" of sand, joints thoroughiv cemented, and where tho flags are laid only in the centre of tlie walk, the sides are filled in with composition of coal tar and ashes, prepared and laid in an economical manner by the Koad Department. Some of the main streets of the city were laid in this manner in 1875 and 1870, and al-e in first class condition yet. Asplialt mastic sidewalks have a concrete foundation of 4" in thickness, composed of one part of best Rockland cement, three I 1 f II to such to dcpoHlt The pro- lint sowov, y. Whm»- oiuhvay a )('n.s(', 1111(1 > property to 1)(; inon; totl Staites, Ijirt;*'. s lio llnds -pnule. ox- y:ooil niii- JiiVtMl tlio , and also te for th(> id ('(Muont, wisurcs of It be thor- tht' least ken stone (1 rapidly cntly with mortar ap- thlck, per- ished road ;ion of the surface Is in the city , Syenite, sphalt, and blue stone under the 1 Artificial I" of sand, vid only in iposition of manner by i city were (S condition ition of 4" nent, three 1 35 parts cleiii. sharp. .Ivor san.l, and six parts broken 8toMe»-2'' cubes nilx|Ml and spn-ad In th.. same manner as the concrete, be- fore descfl I khI. for sin..t pavluK. ()„ this fouiidatlon-vvhen thor- ouRhiy 8et-the nj^phalt mastic Is laid I" thick. thorouKhly snHK>thed to an even thickness. Th(. mastic asphalt Is a manufactured oom- IK>und, made up of natural asphalt, artincia! bitumen aiid Krlt The asphalt is ,vdu<.ecl to a pow.ler r. to 7 ,K.rcent of artificial bitumen. -<• to 30 perc(,nt of sdt. and balance powdered luiphalt. A ton ol this composition will cover an area of twenty yards 1" thick. o '«,w?; «,^ "T'"' " '-'"""'■""^ '•'"'"''"* "" "'" «''""''<1 'n cakes of alK,ut fltty-six ikmukIs each. These Imve to l,o melttni in tiie m.n kettles used for the purpose, and It is found necessary to add .{or 4 percent of ad.litional bitumen to replace that lost by evapora- tion. Cement sl.l,.walks are made of ,i composition of PorUand <'em,Mit, sand and broken stone, with a weariiiK surf,ice of 2", made with flm> crushed stone; the thickness varies from 12" to 17" ac eonlin^ to the name of the patent. All cement itnd asphiUt Side- walks a,d in this city, have bcc. guaranteed by the c<>ntrac(.>r8 who laid tliem. from live to ten years, the city retaining 10 percent of the cost of the guarantee. The asphalt pavin^^ is also guaranteed for t.Tins varying In.m hve to liftin-n ycai-s. the city retaining cer- tain percentages from each contract, to cover cost of repaii-s in case the contHM-tors should refuse to make the necessary repairs when ordered. This money is to be returned at the completion of the term of guarantee, or a written ivport from the City Sui-veyor that he street i.H in good order, and that the terms of the contract have been earned out satisfa,-t<.nly. Curbstone is now laid on the fol- lowing dimensions : !)" thick. 12" dcH.p, and from a fcH>t upwanls in ength. This stone is laid on a (!" concrete foundation, the con- crete being composed of the same maieriai, and laid in the same manner .i,s previously ,lc>scrll>ed. We have used all sizes of stone for curb stone, some being 4" and r." thick and 12 inches deep. oth(>rs C," an.l from 20 to .30" deep, and in some in- stances from .six to nine feet long, necessitating the use of a derrick .o rc>lay them. These heavy stones were probably used in the expectation that the frost would not affect them but my experience with them has been that they were the most affected ' l)v the trost, tbere being more of Wunn out of order in tbe spring than ot any other kind. ' In regard to the proper drainage of a town it is first of all ne^sewer.«. cessary to take levels of the ground, showing the different water shells throughout and to confine tliese water .shetls to themselves by means of building main sowers separate to its individual water sneci. ^A l,en tliat has been done, the sewer can be built, which 36 at first would appear to bo larger than nccessai-y. but as they are destined to carry the water from li>ug distances, the utility of them is apparent This principle in most towns is difflcult to undertake, because the first outlay is biggtr tlian the citizens can well afford, and, therefore, many good schemes have been stopped for the time, and have cost more money in the end. The great point for a city is to adopt health laws which will compel proprietors to have sewers built in a sti-eet before buildings are erected, and not allow any buildings to go up unless a sewer is built in the street first. The old-fashioned principle of having outside closets connected to the drains should not be allowed, but all sewer arrangements sh .Id be constructed within the building, so that the drain shall have the water power to flush them. The method adopted in this city is to charge the cost of sewers in the street, that is, the property abut- ting on both sides of the street shall pay the cost of a three-feet high by two-feet wide sewer— egg shape. This shape was adopted on accoimt of its bottom being of a 0" diameter, so that the same amount of water that will keep a G" pipe clean, will lieep this sewer clean, and the sewer bei. g three feet high, allows men to enter it to clear out any obstruction that may get there. If the tile pipe system were adopted, it would necessitate having large manholes built every 200 feet, and the sewer would then have t(* be made on straight lines, so that any obstruction that might happen to get in them could be seen from one manhole to another. This In theoiy is very pretty, but in practice very diflftcult to obtain, as a pipe miglit break and an obstruction get in, which could not be taken out without opening up the street to do so. By having the large size sewer, as I said befoiv, a man can get in to take out the obstruction, and save the cost and inconvenience of opening up the street, and making the pavement above a patch one when re- paired. The principle of assessing tlie proprietors for the cost of the sewer is, in some casfs, an unequal one, as the proprietor might liappen to build his house upon rock soil, and he would have thi; expense of building on the I'ock, while his neighbor— a few feet away —would have eairth to build on, and a lej-s expensive sewer to pay foi". Therefore, the principle whicli I think most eciuitable, would be to gvt a mean rate of tlie cost of the sewers throughout the city, and bring all proprietors down on an eiiual basis. I will give you an example :— In 181)3 some sewers cost only 43 cents a foot run to tlie proprietoi-s, while to other proprietors it has gone as high as $3.40 a linear foot. You will therefore see why it would be more eciuitable to strike a mean rate for all. alt they are ^' of them ndertake, ell aCford, the time, int for a s to have not allow reet first, inected to Its sL ikl have the city is to jrty abut- three-feet i adopted the same keep this s men to If the ing large 1 have t(* lit happen ir. This tain, as a Id not be aviug the take out )ening up when re- le cost of tor might have thi! feet away er to pay le, would ?hout the will give ts a foot le as high would be 37 (The following is an extract from Dr. F. W. Campbell's lecture No. IX., placed liere f(»r the convenience of tJie reader.) Wo are certainly well situated for sanitation. A mighty river Our syste... of flows in front of us at a rate vai-ying from four to six miles an hour '^'""^'■ From the river bank the land rises in a series of terraces We are therefore extremely well placed for carrying out a thorough system of sewerage. The (luestion naturally arises : " Have we such a system V" and I am obliged to answer that we have not. In 1892 when tlie public bt'canie much alarmed at a possible visitation of cholera, I formed one of a con.sulfing Iward to aid the Health (Com- mittee in its work, \^^hile acting in that capacity I was able to gain a fair insight into our system of sewerage. As in our commer- cial work Ave have been handicapped by our nan-ow streets due to om- former founders not grasping the possibilities of the future so our sewerage is defective simply bectiuse the great future of Montretil was not realized, and at the outset no general plan, capa- ble of dehnite extension, was made. Certain localities were drained as necessity arose. No provision was made for sewers being tap- ped, and to-day I am sure it will be news for many of you to know that A\-e have drains whicli terminate in deiaid ends. In 1802 the Consulting Board, of which I was a member, devoted a Report of the good deal oftinu^ to the question of sewerage, and obtained from Mr. &htlrd St. CJeoi-ge, the City Surveyor, a great dmlof information. The mem- bel-s of this Board personally visited the Craig street main sewer, entered it at Victoria square, and travelled its entire extent, emerg- ing at Delorimier avenue. The information we obtained was tabu- lated as follows : 1st. That the main sewers, required for the drainage of the city, had been built; intercepting sewers, to relieve the former, also existed, and tlie construction of othera was being con- templated. 2nd. That in general the lateral sewers had been built without i-egard to the general system. 3rd. That those recenOy constructed had, however, been so built. 4th. That the numerous dead^ ends constituted a dangerous defect in the sewerage system, oth. That there were seven or eight miles of streets without any sewers. (5th. That tliere were twenty-eight miles of streets with sewers two feet in diameter of wliich fully fifty percent were in bad condition. After gaining tlie above facts, we submitted a statement showing tlie size, shape and fall of all servers, and the material of which tliey were built, and recommended :— 1st. That the dead ends should, as rapidly as possible, be done away with by connecUng them with other sewers. 2nd. To abolish, as Mpidly as possibte, any wooden or stone drains, and renew them, as well as all others defective from size, shape or fall, by modern sewers. 3rd. To build sewei-s in the seven or eight miles of streets where none ex- ;:{8 m isted. 4tli. To flush freely all sewers at rogular intervals, and in prolonged dry weather freauently as recinlreil. ~>ih. To ventilate all seweirs at their highest ijoint, and keep tlieni open in winter ; also to extend all private drains, by means of iron pipes, to the roof, so as to act as so many ventilators. Gth. That houses should not be allovi^ed to be erected where there was no public drains or exten- sion of the city water system. It was urged that the above sug- gestions might and should bo carried out within five years, are Cared for" From the City Surveyor we obtiiined the following as regards the management of the sewage system :— 1st. Sewers are visited syste- matically once lai year, and they are cleanep them clean. 2nd. The principal cause of ol)struction is brick aud mortar which find their way into them. 3rd. The sewers dis- charge into the river at Delorlmier avenue, at FuUum street, McGill and Point St. Charles. In winter the outlet at McGill street is closed, amd the contents of the sewer at that point are eaiTied to and discharged at the pumping station. The number of privy pits /n the city at this moment is estimated to be 6,500, wldle some five years ago they numbered fully 8,518. You will see that the num- ber has been greatly diminished, and I look forward to the time arriving before long when the number will reach a limit which may give us a reasonable hope for their speedy disappearance. We must, however, remember that till we have sewers and water in every street where there are buildings, privy pits must exist. Their number can be limited, however, by not allowing buildings to be erected where sewers and water have not yet been provided. The very great impoi-tance of a complete system of sewers for Montreal is one of the vei-y urgent questions which, from a sanitaiy point of view, face us to-day. Without this, how can we expect our mor- tality to be much farther reduced ? its sewers are truly the bowels of a city, and serve to remove the tilth that would otherwise poison the community. In this connection let me say that sanitation is closely influenced by house drainage which, as all know, lias improved very much within aj very few years. I am afraid, liovvever, that house drain- age and plumbing does not receive, in houses being erected, or where alterations are being made, that close attention or inspection which it should. Let me add, I would not allow anything but iron pipes for house drains, and I deeply regret to see an effort being made for a modification of the by-law, which now makes their use imperative. House Drainage. I.KCTrKE VI.— X()VKM15EI{ 20tii, 189^ THE riiOTECTION OP LIFE AND riU)Pj3RTY. KY ALDEHMAW E. GOFF PENNY. The subject uiwii which I am to spealc to you to-uifjht, would soeni, at first thought, to be a most uninteresting one, but a little study will show tliat it is one of great importance. Eveiy large (!lty to-day has its own police laws and regulations, and tliough they differ somewhat in detail, yet they are based on the same prlucipkvs the world over. The first mention I have been able to The Police find of a constabulary system in :\Iontreal was in 1003. On Janu- Early ilys. aiy 27th, 10(!;!, at the request of Monsieur de IMaisonneuve, 140 (titizens of the Town of Ville Marie volunt-irily offered to foi-m the militia of the Holy family of Jesus, Mary and Joseph, and were enrolled in companies of seven men each, the whole forming twenty companies. These were all the men available at that time for pro- tecting Yille Marie. Later, in 10(>7, de :Maisonnenve organized a police force, at the head of which were five of the principal in- habitants ; these acted as judges. The chief duties of this force were to guard against fire, and see that no one was out after nine o'clock at night. The laws at this time were mostly relating to taverns, and were very strict, so much so that only travellers could ol)tain liquor from them. Coining to the beginning of this cen-^KeMmitieai Police Forct' tury 1 sliall (piote from Alfred Sandliaui's "Slvetches of Montreal from 1839 to ' Past and I'resent" :— " During the earlier years of the histol*y of our city, it was customary to appoint, at stated periods, two or more persons in o.iiii ward who should act as constJibles. These were generally taken from among inerclmnts, tradesmen, and others whoso well known character and acquirements fitted them for the position. Thus we find that in 1811 there were sixteen constables and five substitutes appointeuKh to jiet a peep at one police regu- lation book provioiis to the present systtMu. This is dated 1817, and was printed by .lames T.ano, 29 St. Taul Street, the title being "A Book of Rules aind KeRulations of the Police for the City and Suburbs of .Alontreal." The government authorized the Court of Quailer Sissions to make these regulations to "more effectually provide foi- i-egnlation of police in the City of ^lontreal." The lirst aiticle refers \.e called the nucleus of our present force, 1 shall quote from "Bosworth's Hochelaga Depicta," jiublished in 1839. "The "police force was ting the committee wa,s author- ized to draw up by-laAvs. The first Police Conninttee book on record is dated 1842; the first Police Order book is 1840; the tii-st order is signed T. Wiley, chief, and refers to a man being left on duty seven 41 Takins' now. The Poiic- Cotnniittet-. hours without i-olief. Then, as now, the city was divkled Into three districts. From l,s;iS to ISjr, thv im)11cc force has been established JJjJiJ^^JJ,'/^'" by virtue of charters, granted to the city from time to time by tlie^*^^' legislature, by which tlie City Council has been given power to create a police force, and make the necessary rules and regulations concerning it. Thus, the City Council is now acting under its pres- ent charter obtained in 1,SSJ>, but the by-laws of the Council gov- erning the force date from 1S(J.-.. The authority given by the charter reads as follows:— "Ihe City Council of Montreal is hereby author- ised to make laws for tlie good goveriun(>nt, peace, welfare, etc., of the city, and the prwervation of order therein; to provide for tlie governing, regulating, arming, clothing, lodging, and paying of the men and officers of the constabulary force of the city, juid for regulating the residence, rank, inspection, and distribution of the force." On May loth, IStt.-). the City Council enacted the following by-law:— "A Police Department is liereby (>stablished for the City of Montreal; these shall be arnuMl at tlie discretion of tlie Police Committee witli such arms as they may determine." It goes on to say tliat the Coiuicil may incivase or diminish the force as tliey deem expedient, without tln' nect\ssity of a by-law. the Police Committee; it is compoMed of seven members of the City" Council and elected by it. The Committee gets its authority from the same by-law (No. ."») as abo\e. under another section, which states that "The Committee is hereby aut'iorized and required gover'tment and control of the police force as they may deem expedient." We have thus seen that the charter hiis given tlie City Council the necessary autliority to arm and ecjuip the police and reiiiunerat<^ tliem. This ixiwer the Council has ])a.ssed (»n to the Committee, but reseives to itself the right to li.\; the pay of each oflictT and man. To- lay the force is composition 1 J! 11 1 . i 1 J- .. . . ' -. . . of the Present made up as follows:—! superintendent, A inspectors, 14 captains. Force, 29 lieutenants, :i2.-. constables, 1 chief dettvtive, 7 detectives and ?up^fn"tendeiit S variously employed: a total of iiSS all told, belonging to the active^''' force to guard the city. Of thes<> one third do duty during the day and two-thii"ds at night. The superintendent and inspectors are appointed by the Ccmiu-il; all the other officers by the Committee, and the constables by the superintendent himself. The superinten- dent is responsilile for the good governifieiit and efficiency of the force. He may, however, issue such orders as he considers right, so long as tliey are not inc(viisistnt with the laws and by-laws of the city. He has also the right to dismiss any officer whom he has had the power to appoint , but sucli officer has right to a4)peia' to the Coinmlttee, whose^ iudgment is final. The superintendent also A Omstable 8 Unties. vooeivi's orders from the (.'omu-il from time to time, to issue petty licenses, sucli as for ilogs, vehicles, i)en police stations in the city, to each of which is apiwintwl ont' captain, one or two lieutenants, and as many men as are necessary— according to locality. The captains, with their families, reside at tlu' stations, and H is their duty to see that the stations are kept clejn 'e the relief go out, tliat the men under them do their propoi ind that reiwrts are propetly entered, and also to report ev»'r: .uorning '.,> the superintendent. Coming now to the constables, 1 will not g(> into all the details of the duties of a policeman, for. las the writer of the article on this subject in Chambers's Encyclopedia says: '-Tlie duties of a policeman are exceedingly multifarious." The tirst duty of a policeman is obedience to his superiors, then courte«y to mil men. One man's beat is supposed to l)e one stpiare mile, except in tlie crowded thoroughfares, where more men are on duty and the beats slioltei*. While on his beait as constable he has to look after the obstreper- ous small boy; he has to keep in order the boys and girls, men and Momen of all classes and ages. As crimes are committed by people from the lowest to tlie highest circles of society, our policeman has an opportunity of seeing many phrases of life, some ludicrous, but for the most part the saddest. He will in his time aiTest from the meanest sncak-thief to the millionaire bond-thief; from the lowest drunkard to tlie debauclietl roue of good family; he has to see that no laws or regulations are infringed; that citizens' doors are not open at niglit ; watch suspicious i-liaracters (even cabby's pelrson is not sacvetl); he has to be out at all hours of the day and night, in fine weather or wei, in warm or cold days; a policeman must keep his eyes and «'ars open, to be always on the alert, aaid act, often on tlie spur of the moment Avithout liesitiition, and on his own .iudgment. A constable to be eligible for the the force must speak and write both languag&s, be up to the regulation measurements and pass a nudical examination. In tlie year 181)3 a haindbook, called the Police Manual, for the guidance of the Montreal Police Force, was coni](iled by Messrs. Lanctot and Dandurand, with the con- currence of Mr. Etlu«»r, City Atttirney, and Superintendent Hughes. This book was, I believe, accepted by the Poilice Committee. It gives in detail all the otlicers of tlie ft>rce; describes minutely the duties, of each— las also of the constable.s— and as a help to these latter to perform their duty efliciently, various orders and by-laws 43 concerning the city are printed in full, and I believe each man is given a copy on his entering the force. One of the latest additions to the police system is the piutrol. In ''he Patrol connection with this there are six waggons. These are placed at '*''"""• different stations, so m to divide the city among them as evenly as possible. In conjunction with the waggons we have 100 patrol boxes scattered all over the city; you all lw what the outside loolvs like; if you would lilie to see the iusida, I have no doubt some obliging pcliccman might lock you in. Inside you would find a tele- phone, also a dial ^Wth a handle to turn to lire, ambulance or riot. ^vevy constable and officer is supplied with a key to tliese boxes; and in an emergency can lock a prisonei- in until the waggon comes; or he can telephone for assistance in case of need, or give an alarm of fire. A constable on beat is oblige^l to stop at these boxes from time to time and report himself to his station. The cost of placing this patrol system was $30,000— $24,000 for the boxes and instruments in the stations, the balance for horses, waggons, etc. The city pays the Bell Telephone Company $2,000 per annum rental for the maintenance of the phones. I will proceed now to 'the De- '!"*"• detective tective Department, to describe which I cannot do better than to "'P'"''""""- quote from the Manual: "Detei^tives are luider the control of a chief, subject to the superintendent, to whom he shall be resix>nsibie for the efllcient discharge of his own duties and of those under him. Detectives rank over constables. Consideralile latitude must natur- ally be allowed members of this dej>artment in the perfonnance of their duties, but they are particularly cautioned against practices calculated to destroy esteem and respect." Detectives really have more responsil)ility than the police, and as a rule have to take more risk as to their lives. The Chief Detective receives $1,000, and his subordinates $900 per annum. These men are called upon to hunt down the worst criminals, and to go into the lowest dens and places imaginable, and to ti-ace most intricate frauds; they therefore should be well remunerated. We will noAV look into the cost per -^ '"'»»' (^'ost ^ -^ t. -^ . (it the Police annum of our Police Department, and for this purpose I will take i^ppaitnient. the estimate for tlie coming year, lately furnished by the superinten- dent. He asks for the present force and staff, including salaries, unifoi'ms, maintenance of stations, repairs— in fact, eveiything— $307,500. Now, this per annum would ip-"-- aibout $800 per man including all officers. The following estimate submitted by the superintendent recently to tlie City Treasurer gives a fair idea of the yearly reciuirements of the force :— m 44 Satedes $245,000 Uiiifonns 2r>,000 Horse-keep, oxtliiinse of horses, repairs to vehicles 4,000 Contlnjjeiicles for 1(5 stations 8,000 Light and fuel for ilitto 0.000 Medical assistance 1.200 Provisions for prisoners 1'600 Rent of stations, taxes, etc 2,000 Telephones 1-200 Ninnbers for licenses 3,000 Repairs and furnishing 0,000 Rent to Bell Telephone C'ompany for patrol system 2,000 Allowance to officers for horse keep, rent, etc. . . . 1,500 1 ■ Total 307.500 The Superintendent's salaty is $3,r)00 a year; the Inspectors, $1,200; the captains, *,S(»()-$n(>0 with house; the lieutenants, $700-$750, and the constables, !t!400-$(i00. Eaoli man is supplied with an overcoat, fur cnp, blouse, tunic, sunnuer cap and helmet, trousers and boots, mitts and gloves. This applies only to the police force; the detectives The Annual i-ecelve onlv their pay and a badge. During the year there were Police Report. ^^^^ r^yy^ made, and these include all sorts and conditions of men from the scavenger to the gentleman. By these 30 nationali- ties were represented, their ages ranging from 10 to 90 years. The greater number were arrested for drunkenness. The Detective Bu- reau recovered property to the value of $19,420. The Patrol Report was that there were 191,454 reports from constables on beats, 4,689 alarms responded to, 3,S05 arrests made, and 738 fires attended. From tlie foregoing you will see that our officers have not been The Provincial idle. Besides tlie civic police we have the Provincial Force. This *'°"''^" body is limited to one chief and six men, the chief being paid $1,200 and the men $000. Their principal duty is to see to the proper en- forcement of the license laws, and prevent any infraction of them. There now only remains for me to tell you how prisoners are ar- rested aad punished. An arrest can be made either with or with- out a wan-ant. AVith a warrant, the constable must ascertain tihat it is signed by the justice issuing it, and it is directed to all or amy constables in the territorial division within the jurisdictioa of the justice issuing ; he must also see that it describes the accused and names the offence. AVithout la wari-ant, a constaible is authorized to arrest any person attempting to commit, in his presence, a felony or misdemeanor. The usual mode of effecting an aiTest is by seiz 45 Ing t le prtsoner by the arm, and saying : " You are my prisoner " If a constable finds himself being overcome he ma,y use weapons. When a prisoner Is first arrested he is taken to the nearest station afterwai-ds to the Central Station, from which ho Is l)rought before the Recorder to be, by him, disposed of accoi-dlng to law. The The Recorder', Recorder's Court is established by the City Charter. The Recorder*^'""'*' himself Is appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor ; he lias a saiUiry of $3,500 a yetir. His court is for the purimse of ti-ying all cases where money is owing to the city, and pettj- offences and misde- meanors. Whenever the Recorder orders tiny person to be im- prisoned, he or she is sent to the common gaol. Appeals may be made from the Recorder's Court. For every prisoner sent to gaol, belonging to the city, the city has to pay for his maiutenauoe ; this has averaged between $7,000 and $8,000 per annum. Lately, how- ever, the Quebec Government has been trylug to make Montreal Ijay for all prisoners no matter whore they come from. This the city has been fighting, as the gaol appertains to the Provincial Gov- ernment. Now, Sir, I think I have told you all I know on the sub- ject, and hope I have not tired my hearers, whom I thank for their patience. I LKCTI'IIK VII.-DKCKMr.Ki: l.Vni, 1895. MONTKEALS WATER SUPPLY AND ITS CONTROL. BY JOHN KENNKDY, ESQ., Cliief Kngiuocr Port of Montreal. Karly Water Works uiider Private OHiiershiii. At the bi'jfiuning of the present century, Montreal was a town of only about 0,000 inhabitants, who lived mainly within the old fortl- tications, or in other words, within the flrea boundeil by the sites of McGill Street, Fortilloation Lane, Ben-i Street, and the St. Lawrence. St. Paul Street was then considei-ed well up town, and Notre Dame Street and vioinity Avere called Upper Town. The only means provided by the municipality for the supply of water, con- sisted of public pumps at Place d' Amies, the ^Larket Place (now Place Royale), Notre Damie Street near the Court House, St. Jean Baptiste near St. Paul Street, and ])(>ssibly a few othei' points. For the rest, the citizens supplied themselves with water from private wells and cisterns, and by water carts from the St. Lawrence and the creeks, the principal of which was the Petite Riviere, which ran where Craig Street now is. The need of Avater works, however, AVias already recognized, and on April 8th, 1801, an act was passed incorporating .loseph FrobiSiher (one of the founders of the North- West Trading Co., and builder of Beaver Hall) and his associates, inider the title of the Company of Proprietors of the Montreal Watet Works, Avith a capital of £8,000, and power to increase to £12,000 or .$48,000 in all, Avith exclusive rights for 50 years. A gravitation system Avas determined upon, and construction conuuenced at once. Water was obtained from the pond in the rear of the present Cote des neiges College, at Cote des Neiges Village, and Avas brought to the city through Avooden pipes laid round the southern slope of the Mountain via Monklands (noAV Ville Marie) and tlie Cote St. Antoine Roa they wfi'c pin-chaHtHl by a new company, inidcr thi> nninaycniiiit of Mr. Thus. I'ortwuH, for £r>,(K)0 ($20,000). The new company al)andoned the pravitatlou supply from the mountain si)rinv;s, and substituted a steam punipinR system, with supply I'n.ni tlie St. Lawrence. Four-inch iron j.ipes were substituted for tht; wooden ones, and wooden cisterns were placed on Notre Dame Street, east of Bonsocours Street. Tlie wooden cisterns failed, and w.'re replaced l)y »thers in 1S27 A'hich were Mued with lead. They were of "Jlo.OOO gallons capacity, and had a 1 elevation of 5>7 feet above the river. Tlie pumpiuK enm'ino was placed on the west (orner of Wat.i- nnd Friponnc Streets, and the water was drawn from tlie river side opposite. Tlie amoiint expenJed by Mr. Torteoiis was aliout £40.000 or SKJO.tMM). Tlie l"our- ineh pipes proved insuttlcient, and in conseciuence of this, and tlie death of Mr. Porteous, wlieMc cut. t]. rise hnd sustained the under- taking, it ayain fell into disrepute. After beiny; advertised for sale for two years, the works wei-e purchased in \KV2 for £15,000 ($(50,000) by 'Mr. M. ,T. Hayes, who formed a third company. Tliis company laid some pipes of 10 inclies diameter, renewed the pumping engine and added others. In 1S4;! tlieie were iwo pumping' en;i:ines; one, rated at 40,000 gallon.s capacity per hour, was used both for jiumi)- ing and yrindinf;, ii jii-ist mill l>ein>r attached to the works; another, rated at r.;{,000 ^'allons capacity per liour, was used for pumping only. This would give a combined pamping capacity of 2^4 million gallons per twenty-four hours; but, ten years later, and after a third engine had been added, or possibly substituted for one of them, the Avhoh^ reliable capacity was stated as re soon afterwanls lal.l In (Jrlttlntown and other parts of the city not hitherto supplied, and the number of Ure hydrants In the city was Uureased b. lOb. The water works were however, still dulte liui(le(puit<' to the wants of the city; and worse Htm the water supplied was unwholesonu-. The punipluR capacity was only about 1.(MK »,(>()() gallons per day; the reservoir uas too low; the pipes were too snuill. and the hydrants too few to prevent greot tires. ,, , , i)...iKnan.i ^)^, May TJth, 1852, on motion of Aid. Atwater and Aid. Valols. rrSrr'the CUy CouncH voted r.>r,n i^l.m)) for a survey, plans and estluuite for introducing water from Lower hachine or elsewhere, Mr Thos. C. Keefer. V.K., was (onimlssloned by the water works to preiM.re plans and estimates for the supply of .-,.(.(M».(M)() gallons per day to be taken from Lower Lachlne. On the 25th of October following, Mr. Keefer subndtted an able report, dis<-usslng various feasible schemes for the new wati-r works, ami r«Hommendlng the one which was afterwards constrmt«Ml, vl/..:-The water power pumping system In which the water for the city is taken from the St Lawrence. al)ove the Lachlne Hapids. and i)umped to the city under the pressure of the McTavlsh reservoir, l»y power obtained through utilizing the fall of the rapids. The estimated cost was £150.000 or $()00.0()0. This was looked upon as a large sum. for in those days the city did not lightly borrow and spend ndlllons. Public opinion was. however, strongly in favor of an abundant supply of pure water, and that with the least possible delay. The project was therefore adoptwl. Mr. Keefer was forthwith instructed to prepare plans for vigorous construction <»f the works, and the legislative authority was obtained for borrowing the nec-essai-y money. On the 20th of May, 185:?. ground was broken for the con- struction of an aqueduct; ccuitradts for the pumping machinery and pipes were made soon after in Britain, and by the end of the year great progress had been made in the constructkm of nil the heavier parts of the works. The new waterworks were finished in the summer of 1850. On the 10th of October they were publicly tested as to tlielr capability for thi-owing tire streams, and gave great satisfaction. Hose was attached to the hydrants In various parts of the city, and sti-eams thrown over the highest commercial buildings of the time. At Notre Dame Street Ohurch, Place d'Armes. these streams measui'ed 110 feet in height. The dietribut- 40 luK pllK'H ..f tlu. ..l.l u..,k.s w.To rortliwith iv-arnuiKoa a.ul coiUH-ottM with tlu. now n.aiuH. ami tho ..l.l puniplay ina.-liliuTv and ivsi-rv.-lr wnc HiipirsiMlcMl by the now. The p.m,i,ln« n>ac.lmu.,y of l,W Im.l a n.paolly oi .;,(.(kmki(. Kall..nsru,npin« WM ■< \- r ■• '"'*■" '^'"" -'""'"'^'«» 112..-i()(MHM. gallons, an.l ^^.^^ -O-i t..., nhow th,. flv.T. During tlu. s.urotMllnf; thir, v-nln,. yoars n..w .ua..l.l.u.ry has lux.n l,„,u .inu- t.. thuc addcl, au.l .>hl Uc.nu,llshc..l. k.«vl«« the pn-Hettt pun.ping plant as follows:- WATKU l.„UKu ruMPS. "^T^l^'" Thro(. piiinpH of l,sr,(; (nearly won. out) .Irhcn by th.. ''''''«''''"'''■ turbiiu. of 1,S74. . Tufblnc. ami pair of pumps of iNi;^;; ;; ^'^^;;'X T.u-bi.u. an.l pair ..f pumps of issi ;; ;; .^l^,,,,;,^^ lurbiue and pair of pumps of IS!).", o.tMJO.OOO Total wator power pumping' capacity lo,m>.(Hm STKAM PUMPS. Wortldn.nou 1.JW duty ouKliio of 18TO ^.OOO.WO W orthiuKtoii hlKh duty cnffino of l.s.su ^ ^„„j ^^^^ Worthlu^'ton high duty ("UKiuo of 1S!>4 ■' ".■ [[ !»'ooo,000 Total steam puniplujj capacity 2S,U0U,U00 (Jraud total water aud steam capacity 43,000,000 The present daily consumption of the city varies betwet^n 14.000- 0(M) gallons and IH.OOO.OOO gallons, and averages a,bout 10.000,000 «allons p..r day for the year round. Our water power machinery is tlHis dertcient at its best in summer, by about 3,000,000 gallons per (lay. while at the worst, in winter, it is well nigh useless because of the action of the ice In the little old aqueduct. It therefore follows that one of the two high duty steam engines must always l>e In use; much of tJu> time both must be in use, leaving only the old low duty engine In reserve. The cost of steam pumping in 1894 wm about $43,500, and this year it will probably be over .$45,000. Mr. Thos. C. Koefer and Mr. E. Vanler, civil engineers, ' w»e improvements called upon, two years ago, to deal with tlie question of an increase "°'""'"""**'*' of the water power, and, in a comprehensive repoit, datetl March, 1804, they agreed with former <^mlnont engineers in advising the completion of the new aqueduct, and with it the increase of the water power machinery and improvement of the tail race The 4 50 l-'B! II. Pipina. Main Reservoir. caDUcitv of the enlarged water power thus recommended would be 45,()0().(i()0 j^allons per day in the winter, and 50.000,000 to CO.OOO - 000 fjallons in the summer. The estimate" ;^>-"f -- The secial staff of clerks and collectors, whose salaries are charged up to the Finance Depjirtment and not to the water works The immediate management of the works, and of tlte officers and men for working them, is in the hands of a superintendent, who is an engineer holding his appointment from the City Council, but acting in all ordinary matters under the direction of the Water Committee. The entire official and working staff averages about 3.-0 and is m.ade up as follows :-The superintendent, assistant superintendent. 3 draftsmen and 5 clerks in superintendent's office. 1 guardian and 2 assistants on the aqueduct. 1 chief engineer. 4 assistant engineers. 5 oll(>rs, 9 stokers and others at the low level pumping station; 1 engineer, 1 assistant and 1 stoker at tlie high level engine house and AIcTavish reservoir, 1 general foreman over city plpeage works, 1 foreman in repair shop, Lagauchetiere Sti-eet, 10 tui-ncocks, 4 hydrant Inspectors in summer, and about 25 in winter; G house service inspectors, 2oO sub-fonnnen. mechanics and laborei-s. Besides this strictly waterworks staff, there are al>out 18 clerks and 20 collectors in the water works branch of the City Treaisuref's staff. Water is furnisheil to citizens under a tariff of charges established by the City Council. By far the greater part is furnished for domestic use. and for this the annual rate is 7% per cent, of the rental, with certain additional charges for baths, etc. For stores IM, 53 :iii(l ()ffic(>s the rates are $4 upon a rental of $".0. $."> for $7."., $0 f ;• .$100. and $1 upon every $-jr. additional rental. In all these cases the charge is against the tenant. l»aynient is eonipulsoiy, whether water hi? taken or not. No person is allowed to draw water for himself or others from the river, nor to buy it from the works by meter foi- ordinary domestic use. For engines, factories, elevators and other industrial uses, it is sui)plied through meters, and charged under a sliding stale of rates from 30c per 1,000 imperial gallons for less than 1,(I00 gallons per day, to ir)C per 1,000 gallons for 0,000 gallons or over per day. For building purposes, garden hose and sundry other temporaiy or annual wants, water is supplied at spec-ially prescribed rat(!s. The tarilf charges include all the obligations of individual citizens arising from the water works. There is no charge for hydrants, and nothing is chavged under the guise of general tax for interest, sinking fund or the like. St. Denis Ward alone is excepted from the gen«>ral tariff, it being supplied with watr. F. W. Campbell's lecture is in- serted here for the convenience of the reader.) The water supply of a cit^j- is an importamt factor in its sanita- ^''^^water^^^ ^ tion. I can well remember tlu> time when the great part of the Health^ Point city was supplied by water carts. At that time the city Avharf did not extend liHlow the Long AVharf, opposite the Bouseeours Church. At that spot, and about where the abutment of the Victoria Bridge is now, the water carrier Iwicked his cart into the water and tilled his hogshead by means of pails. He then retailed it at three pails for a penny, and as everyone kept a water barrel, tlu> tally was made on some convenient spot. Few house water-barrels IkhI a cover ; tilters were uncommon ; ice, as delivered at our doors to-day , and for past years, was only known to the wealthy. I well remem- ber the move to establish our present works. It was not sanitation which drove the citizens of INIontreal to decide to build them ; it was protection from lire, for, aliout lsr»ii. a cimtlagration starting on St. I.awrenci' ^lain street, near St Catherine, swept the city as far as the gaol, desti'oying over 1,000 houses, and rendering homelass 10,- 0(Mi prvsons. Ipon the whole, our water may be considered a good '^I'liil^- 2"i^k°"gvvater ing water, yet it is capable of impiovement. This can 1^'e *loue, yjiBhU)e^ lirst by sedimentation, and second by tiltration. These pro- cesses which are, in the main, mechanical, are particularly needetl where water is taken from running streams, for then generally more or less of floating material is carried with it. Much of this is of so coar.-e a character as to be intercepted by wire screens, but a 54 oonsiilerable amount is so liuoly dlvitlecl as to reauire more ela- fndrat"ratio'; borate arrangements for its removal. Sodiment^'itiou :-Much of the matter which a running streain bears along in suspension, is of hi-her sp. gr. than the water itself. If the w«ter is allowed to stand quietlv in basins or reservoirs, the greater part of the sus- peniKHl particles will sul)siae. In many modern works the wau>r of a stream is allowed to stand in settling basins for a few hours or days Hamburg on the Elbe, and St. Ix)uis on the Mississippi, sub- mit the water which they ^ise to no other treatment. As a means of purification such a process, as a rule, is utterly inadequate. Sedi- mentation alone is unsatisfactoiy ; still it is of great value, and often is practically indispensible as a preliminary to successful fil- tration. Filtration :-By properly conducted process of filtration it is possible to etfect thorough clarification. Filti-ation of water on a large scale has long been carried out in England and on the Con- tinent. But on this Continent, so far, little has been done in this direction. No filtering material has proved practically available on a large scale except sand. Filter beds, as usually constructed, are water-tight basins, ten or more feet in depth, the sides built of masonry, and the bottom puddled or made of concrete, or paved with brick and cemented. The following figures show the size of the filter beds at Poughkeepsee, N. Y.: They are two in number, each 200x731/2 ft.; depth, 12 ft. The filtering area of each is there- fore 14,700 sq. ft. Tlie six feet of filtering material, beginning at the top of the bed, are disposed as follows :— 24 indies of sand, (t inches of %-inch grave!, inches of Vg-inch gravel, G inches of 1- inch gravel, (> inches of 2-inch broken stone, and 24 inches of 4 to 8-inch broken stone. LECiriiE VIII.— JANUARY lOiii, 1896. PKOTECTION AGAINST FIRE, AND THE LIGHTING OF OUR CITY. BY ALD. A. A. STEVENSON, Clmirman Civic Fire Committee. I begin by lueutiouiug tlmt Fire Brigades, as they exist to-day, are of ratlier recent growth. In the olden time, a couple of thousand years ago, there were, no doubt, bands of men organized for the purpose of extinguisliing lires, but tliey have passed away, and it is most ditftcult to trace their existence. About two thousand years ago, there Avere a number of sucli bands in Europe, but they have long since passed away, and have been replaced by others. It was ^JJ.^ ^',5'^^ ^^ in 1841 that the following companies were organized in this citj^ :— " Montreal," " Neptune," " Queen," " Protector," " Hero," and " Union." These companies had manual engines, Avorked by some 36 or 40 mc'n. The only means they had of getting the engines to a fire was by procuring a horse from some cab-driver, and hitching it into the shafts attached to the engine. To the engine there was attached about 300 feet of hose. There Avas alliso a resei-ve hose reel. There were two hook. and ladder compaxiies at that time. The men were paid one dollai* ai fire for a while, afterwards their remuneration Avas changed to tAventy-four dollars a year, and still later to thirty-tAVO dollairs. For a long time these men AA'^re fur- nished Avitli a veiy slim uniform— a canvas coat and a fireman's belt. Even this Avas discontinued later on. Only half a century ago these companies Avere in existence. Each company tried to excel in getting to a fire fii'st, for the simple reason that the cor- poration paid $20 to the company which threw the first stream of water on the fire. Many of those Avho delivered water to the city kept their puncheons filled all night and their hoi-ses harnessed, in case a fire should occur, as $5 was paid for the first punchion of water that airived at a fire. The alarm bell Avas placed in Christ Churdi Cathedral, and there Avas an apparatus that wound up and 56 First Paid Department. Present Force and its Disposition. Apparatus now in use. kept the bell poing. Aftenvards the old French tower was iisod for that purpoiso. and when a tiro mrnrred <.n(. of the hum, ran to the beagle of the parish iluurl., and the old man in eharg*' would climb up the tower and hang out a pole with a tin lantern on the end, in which was a lighted candle. The pole was hung in what- ever direction the lire was. The lircMuen were never allowed to ring the bell until tJie pole had betni hung out. In those days there were veiy few. if fliny buildings saved ; the firemen turntnl their attention more to the saving of property. Latter, this method of alarming the citizt>ns was changed, and the bell was rung attev the engines had left. In m\:\, the nucleus of a paid department was formed, consisting of a chief, superintendent, and twenty-four men The guardian (what we now call captain) was paid $3Go a vear, the assistant, $275 a year, and the drivers $240. They furnish- , ed their own uniform. In addition tx> their regular duties, in con- nection with the fire department, the permanent men usetl to water the streets in summer, caft water for the city, etc. Thus these men in reality earned their vrages (luite as much as any of the com- munity. In 18G3. tlie Fire Alarm Telegraph came into operation. Constant additions have been made to the present force, until now it numbei-s 190 all told. There is a chief with $;3.000 per annum, four assistant chiefs, each in charge of a district, with a salary of $1,200 a year, exactly tlie same amount of money as that paid the ordinary fireman in New York City. Then AVe have a secretary for the ottice of the Committee, whose salary is $700. We liave 17 fire stations in Montreal, controlled by 17 captains. The captjiins get $700 a year and free dwelling. We also have engineers whose salaiT is $"<>0 ; 8 foremen of ladders with a salary of $(!.")<) ; 3 fore- men of salvage waggons with a salary of $800 ; 3 foremen of chemi- cal engines, with a salary of $800 ; one foreman of water-tower, with a salary of $('.."')0 ; 1»'.» first-class firemen, with a salary of $000, and 41 second-class firemen, whose salary is $r.00. I do not mean to say that a great many of the second-class firemen are not entitled to first-class pay, but the funds will not permit, and tlieir salary has to be regulated accordingly. We have two doctors who attend at fires In order to render the men evei-y assistance. When men are overoonie by smoke, as tliey sometiras are, the doctors attend to them, and also attend the m(^n who get hurt in any way, and see that they are taken proper care of and taken to their liome or a hospital. The apparatus now in use are :— 15 reels, each drawn by one horse and can-ying 500 feet of liose ; 2 spare reikis carrying 500 feet of hose. Those are placed in Nos. 13 and 14 Stations, and aire used in case a fire breaks out while the other reels are away. We have 2 reels carrying 500 feet of hose, and these barrels can either 57 be usod singly or doubly : these are drawn by two horses. We have 4 extension ladders each drawn by four horses ; ."i Banjrour ladders eaeh drawn by two horses, and 3 single ladders, each drawn by one hol'se ; also 9 steam lire engines,, 4 Avlth three horses and 5 with two horse.s. We have also 2 salvage wasKons, drawn by two horses each, and carrying tifty covers which aire used for spreading over goods to protect them from water. AVe have three chomical en- gines, drawn by two horses, each having a capacity of 100 gallons. The chemical comjionnd is 28 imunds carbonate of soda and 13% pounds of sulphuric lat-id, the soda mixed with 100 gallons of water. When it is needed for use they have a method of turning a tap whicli breaks a glass and allows the acid to ndx with the soda; in this way they soon get up a great pressure. The insurance com- panies place great reliance upon these engines, as they claim that the damage is nearly always greater by water than by tire. There have been great improvements in nozzles of late, whereby it is now pos- sible for a man to regukite the stream of winter as he likes ; this may, therefore, before very long, lead to the discontinuance of the chemical engines. Then we have a water-tower drawn by four horses. It is a piece of apparatus which has not been used very often, and is not intended to be used very often. It throws a very great quantity of water, and is used for drenching out flres. We had hard work to get tliis tower, as the people seemed to think it would not be wanted in ^Iontr(>al. AVe liave 100 horees on duty. There are nearly always live or six horses in the hospital from injuries or sickness. We liave to rely a great deal upon hose ; we do not rely upon engines as much as they do in other citit«. We have a good pressure of water from the reservoir. The pressure at the hydrant opposite the Windsor Hotel is 128 pounds, at the C. P. K.. about 170 or 180 pounds, and at the hydrant opposite the convent near the G. T. K., 18() pounds. We get the best hose ob- tainable ; we have 28,0osed of seven members of the 58 Boiler Inspection. Tlie BiiiliUng Iiispector'a Duty, ("ouiu-il. This department 1ms four sub-dopnrtments under its jmlsdiction : the Firo IX.partn.ont proper, tl.e Fire Alarm Tolegi'aph Departmont. tho Bc»ih>r Inspection and the Bnihlin« Inspection. The by-law respwtinK steam boilers n-as passed in ISm. Di. ChamiKifrne has been Boiler Inspe<-tor since 1870. He has to inspwt all boilers in operation in the cit.v. There are 70:i boilers in th" citv. Thev ar»> not all in use, but every boiler in operation must be "inspected every year. The inspoc-tion fee is $o. The Boiler In.spector regulates the capacity of etu-h boiler. If it is lOO povni.ls h,. wants a b..iU>r to carry, he locks the valve there and tests the boiler to IW) pounds', r.o percent more than he allows the boiler to be used. This is with new boilers. With second-hand boilers he adopts Lloyds" rules, which recpiire all iMMlers to be test- ed to double tlie capacity allowed. Dr. fhampagne has been Boiler Inspwtor for 17 years and never met with an explosion. He has also to examine applicants for certilicates as engineers. The Building Inspector issues all permits for buildings. He inspects all buildings in wliich any material changes are be- ing made, not including, however, the insertion of new win- dows doors, etc. He takes nottss of places where fire es- capes' are necessary, to see that they are useful in ea.se ot live He also hns cliarge of all the cliimney sweeps. He attends to till compiaints and claims. The ckiims last year amounted to about 3o(i.andoned the system of placing the keys Fire Alarm Telegraph. Fire Alarm Telegraph, 59 In houses. We now have a little «lnss lxix fnsteutMl to tlie pole on which is the alarm box. The key is euelosecl In tliis little Khiss box, and in ease of lire is taken out. the box unlocked, and the alarm sounded. There are also, in the central portion of the city. '2't keylews box(-s— non-int<>rf(>rint,' boxes. Tliey have a liandlo which you turn in order to sound tiie alarm, and tliere is a Kong inside the outer door which rings as soon as the handle Is turned. This is to alarm the policemen in tlie vicinity in order that false alarms may be prevented. Th(^ number of alarms in 18(53 (the fli"st year of the lire alarm telegraph) was 141; the numl)cr in 1804 was 1,030, and in IS!)." a smaller number— 831. In the olden times the ^,i^^;;i„^,_ streets were lijihted by coal oil lamps. For a great while back we have had gasliglit. A few years ago electric lights were introduced for the ligliting of the streets, and the last electric light contract was made to extend for ten years from the 1st of January. 1894. The electric lights now in use number 1,042 arc lights. There are 108 sixty-five candle power incandescent liglits, three sucli liglits being equal to an arc liglit. Tlie contract provides that the city shall pay $124.10 per arc light per annum (('(pial to 34c per night) for the first term of five years; $120.45 (equal to 33c per night) for tile second term of three years, and 110.80 per arc light for the third term of three years (equal to 32c per night). Then, in addi- tion t(^ these arc lights there are 701 gas lamps in the streets, sup- posed to be sixteen candle power. The fire department of this goBt_<.f the Fire city is nm at less cost than any of the American cities of the same or approximate populations, as will be seen by the following state- ment:— Kxpeiise Force Hoae Po)iiili\t,inii. iii'ii.im. of Men. in feet. Montreal 250,000 $14S,50(". 100 28,000 Buffalo 300.000 450,000 354 00,200 Detroit 250,000 583,052 338 55,000 Milwaulvte 270.000 410,000 315 57,400 Minneapolis .. 210,000 330,143 300 48,333 Providence 150.000 257.395 205 Montreal cannot afCord to reduce its flre brigade, neither in num- bers nor efficiency. If che city cannot furnish the funds for the proper maintenance of the brigade, I hope the citizens will come to its help by Increasetl taxes to sustain it. The Fire Committee will never consent to the fiTe department being retluced. I IXCmtE IX.-KHr.nrAllY Um, ,i06. THE IM'IU.IC IIIOALTII AND Till-] AUTHUKITIKS KNTUUSTEl) WITH ITS CAUH. BY F. W. CAMPBELL, M.D., L.R.C.P., Deiin o( liishop's Colleyo. (Note. For Dr. ('Minplu'irs rt'iuarks on our Sowcnige iui:istriit<'H issiuMl strict injunctions for kci'pinj; tlu- streets in order. Ev(>ry liouselu.lder liad to lun'i> free from liltli, mud. dirt, rnl)l.isli. straw or liay, rules did not by any means cover all that have b(vn necessary, yet as they were strictly enforced they accinnplislied more than would a sunihia- inind»<"r pass tli<> vital statistics of our Hty. Tlu' firMt Im- iiinh Kate, portant (lisfovcry In tliis rouiicctioii was the (Icuionslratioii oi' tlu' cuoruiouM birth rate of the French ("amidlan pt^pulatlou. 1 have examined the imhllslKMl returns from \SH', to IstM, and, whll(> the percentage varies slljrlitlv every year, yet the llnures for is'.tii are i\ fair average of each year. In 1S<.>2 th«' inniilter of births anions French (.'anadlans was (1,SS2. which was ."iL'.rui per l.tMKi of the popu- lation. This pive a surpltis of births of ."..(rji) over the deaths of the saime nationality, which amounted to ',\,s:>;\. Amonj,' other CatholUs the larlh ratt> was •_'7.(h{ per l.dOO, and anions rrotwtantw the iTte was the lowest of all, viz.— liT.JU. I also note the fact that our Itlrth rate is greater by one-third than In any city of Hunvpe or the United States. In ISiCl tlie birth rate wa.s, in the following cities. ju» followsr-Edlnburgh, 2(5; (Jlasgow. 32; Dublin. 2H; T^mdon, :{0; Liverpool. ;j.'>; Manche^^ter. :V2; Kirmingluun, .'U; Leeds, :V2; Shef- lield, ;W; Hrlstol, ;iS; Sydney, ^1; Paris, 24; Brussels, 2:>; St. I'eters- burg, :!1; Home, 2r»; French Canadians of Montreal, "»(». After hearing these figures I think we can readily nndei-stand the onor- luouf, increase of the Froucli Canadisin race. Tlie mortality of u Death Rate, city must vaiy to a slight extent from year to year. Epidemics of a nature not controlled, so far as sanltiitlon is concerned, will, iu spile of all man can do. make their appearance. Such a condi- tion of things occurred in Montreal in 18!»4, when scark^t fever made its laippearance and caused 41)7 deaths, or :M) more than in 1893, and 401 more than the total of the six preceding years. But even this disease, thougli unpreventable in its (K'cui-rence by any Botutl of Health, was quickly suppressed by tlie prompt action of our Health Board. The disease of all others which Is under the con- trol of sanltaiT science is typhoid fever, and In l.S!>4 the total num- ber of deaths from it was 42. the smallest numl)eT for any previous year. In connection, with infectious and wmtagioas diseases, it isH^^^,^,,. well at this point to siiy .just a word with regard to the way i" dhj.-;;/^»'« which they are now managed. By an arrangement with the city, our large hospitals have been freed from admitting such cases. The city now takes charge of them in the civic hospital, their super- vision, however, being still under the Montreal (Jeneral and Notre Dame Imspitals. Such an arrangement is a most advantageous one, as it removes from the very centre of our cltj-. to a point remote from It two diseases, sometimes vei-y prevalent, and which are rightly dieaded by the public, viz.-soarlet fever and diphtheria. Another vacdnat.on hvgenic matter for which we owe our Board of Health «, debt of smaiipox. obligation, is the hiffh state to which they have brmight vaccina- tlon It is but ten vears since ^Montreal was the scene of a smallpox epidemic, the severity of which will be appreciateil by those whoso 62 Cntiiiioaition Ullll I'llHcrH llf the Miiitril of llnvlth. m.'iiicr.v iiiiiy hnvc b.'como .lull«>(l by lapse of llnu'. wlioii I icU y«Mi tliat it ciuiscl :\.U-A .l.'iillis. JMi only of whom sm-vv prol.'staiils. Almost a ivi^Mi of l.MTor cxlstfil in our dty at that tluu'. lor it was dfomea a(lvlMabl(> by llu- lin» May. 1.SS(». lip to today, we hiiv(> been abscdiitely free from smallpox. I do not think we are likely to ever sw such an epler. 1S7»!. This body (■(iisisls of the Mayor, ex-«»mcio, and nine Aldermen. If necessary, nine, but not more, qiiallti.d ciiizeiis may be added. The Hoard has power to ai.point such llealtli odic.Ts as may be neces.sary; to a(h)pt and enlorce all sanitary matters iclalin^' to the cleanliness of the city; i.reveiit the entry into tlie city of all strangers or emi- grants, or their ba;ij,'a«e, when the apiwarance of either indicates danger to the public health; to adopt prompt measures to prev(^nt the spread of :iny eiiidemic, cont.iKious or infectious disea.se; to pre- vent all communication IxMween any part of the city so infected, except by means of physisians, nurses, or messenjrers to cari-j- the necessary advice, r.iedicine or food to tli(> aJllict.Ml; to cause any . avenue, street, or pas.-!a>;e to be fenced or enclosed, and to adopt suitable measures to prevent persons from >,'oiug to or coming from any part of the city so enclosed; to provide the means of cleaning, purifying and cleansing of all stre.-ts, buildings and premises m all ways that may be deemed requisite to i)reserve the heaWi of p..wer«„fth.. the city. The powei-s of the Health Otticers ai-e given as; To enter Health ortictrs.j^j ^H liouvs any house or building, yard, vacant lot or other prem- ises, and to order the removal of any offensive matter found tliere- in; to enforce cleansing, purifying and draining as nuiy be neces- sary to the publici health; to isolate iKUients liaving snuillpox, typh<«d fevi'r, diphtlit>ria, or any other dangerous or contagious liiseas*' whenever they conslilcr it for the welfare of the patients or the pviblit-. I'nder the written authority of th(> :Medical Health Otticer they may command tlie removal of persons lodging in any boarding house wherein the rooms are so overcrowded and tilthy as to be unwholesome and dangerous to the public health; also the destruction of any bedding, weiiring appari'l, or other articles in- fected which may be found; provision is also made for the inspec- tion of milk by two inspectors wlio sliall visit all dairies or milk depots in tho city. The by-law also directs that any physician who has under his care any case of smallpox, typhoid fever, diphtlieria, or other dangerous or infectious disease, shall report the same to li tlu< IltMUth Dt'partinciit wlllilii 1 wonty-foui* houi's, h^vIuk nuiiit' of liatlciiit, «« well as miinbcr and iiaiiic of street where mich patient I'rsUU'S. A very linitoi-tant'iliuisc in tlils l»y law is that wlilch slates tlial no parent or j;naitlian sliall permit nny pni»ll to alleml any Hchl in the city, nor sliiill any one liavinK control over H\H'h seliools permit any pnpll to attend any seliool In the elty when such i>upil Is affcclease, nntil nil dan^'cr of sndi conla;;i(iiis disease iias jiassed, to the satis- faction t(. lie Health < MHcer. 'I'lie staff of the Health Dei.artnient ^'"l^^;;' H'" Is as follows;- Medical llealtii otHctr, Saidlary Hiif-'ineer, Snperin- o.puit'n.nt, tendent of the Scav(>n«in^' Service, Stn-relary and assistant, three Hislrict Physicians and Vaccinaters, four clerks, one notice ser^'er, one niessenj;er, twenty-live sanltiiry polleonien, one dislnfector, two elty meat inspectors, three jjnardians of pnMic baths. It would occupy too much time, and it is unnecessary, to dellne lh(< duties of ea«-h. Amonjr our by-laws we have several important ones ^^hu-h s,.n,..^^^^^^ are in tlie IntoreHts of piibllc hernlth. For Instance, it is most im- ny-MwH. portant that our ic(> sni)ply sliall be takei\ troni where there can be no possibU^ contamination. For this purpose it is directed that tlu' City Surveyor shall lay out and indicate the plnce« on the river where ice can bo cut, and ice must not be cut on 'any other spot. Another by-law, which is more honored in the breixth th;in in the observance, is tliat which provides that every cart, wnjion, or other vehicle used to transi)ort manure, liouse offal or other olfensive sub- stance in or through any of th(. st.riH?ts of the eitj-, shall be titted with a p.od and substantial box thereon; and every such box shall be provided with a coverin^' so as to conceal its contents, and pre- vent tlK> escape of offensiv»> exhalations. It is a matter of very cMiiectionund };reat importance for the sanitary condition ot tlie city, that its ij.i,.'i,',ij,e. yards and lames shall be iiept continually free from any collection of ffarl)aKe. Abimt the yoar l.S7t> a systematic removal of liouse jiarbaK** was inaufiurat.>d. In 1S80 its removal at nifjht time was commenced. In 1SS3 I find that the sum of ,H1S,00(» was voted for this puri)ose. Fwm tliat date up to the time when the city aj;ain undertook the scavcnsins, some three years or so ajio, tli(> removal was dono by contract, its disposal beius accomplished by dumpinji. Tlie contract invariably reipiired that the offal be removed to a certain distance outside the city limits, wliere it was used to fill up low lyins ^n•ound, Rullic^s, ravines, etc. Sonu' years aso it was decided to compel the contractor to incinerate the offal, and an aiv para.tus for this puiTOse was built by him. but it was of no prac- tical use, and the dumping was recommenced. Upon tlie comple- tion of the live vears' contract, which was on April aoth, 180a. a provisional arrangement was made with the contractor, whereby ■ i-^ 1 64 The City Undertakes Its Own Scavengin!,'. it was extouiled lor u cortidi. period iu order to ^afford the c-ity tune to thoroughly study the duestion. A Conmiittee of the B(Kird of Health was formed for this pun.ose, and they advised the tollow- intf alterations iu the si,eeitieations:-(a. The elty to be divided into three districls of equal size, East, Centre, and Wc.st.eaehtobei.ro- vlded with a piece of laaid suttieieutly extensivi> to aeconunodate a building for an ineinerator. as also stables, and a building for the horses and vehicles reciuinMl to carry out the service in the section, (b) Th" dailv removal of offal from 1st of April to the :nst ot Oc- tober eacl' vear. ((MThe incineration of all refuse, (dj The work to bo performed only at night. (e» Tho contract to be for seven viviirs from April 1st, WXl The Board of Health concurred m this rwommendation of iLs Committee, and advertised for tenders, only one olfer was re<-eived-pric(> !fU:{,(K)U. Avith a yearly increase of 3 per cent. This convinced the city that there was no alterna- tive but takinjv the service into their own hands. It granted an appiopiiation <>i fiOO,(H»0 for the purchase -f three sites for inoin- erators within the city; the old (Jregoiy property, .just s.nith of the c«nal rnd near tlu' wheel-house of the water-works, purchased for a little over if:V.i,m), and cvu'bracing 1S.S,.-j79 scpiare feet, whereon to-day is working the iucinerutov for the western division; the "Amos" property, a large property comprising 700,000 s.-,. and has an area of 3:1.000 square feet. What the incinerator slu)uld be was a vexeil question, but eventually that known as the "'Hiackery" patent was decided upon, and from all I can gather the decision was a good one. as it has fully done all it was claimed to do. The present i)ositi(m is therefore this: The western section of the city has its refuse Incineratwl. In the other two sections it is dumped, pending the creation of incineratoi-s. for which, at present, there are no funds. To give an idea of the magni- tude of this Avork. I would stsite that from April 1st. 1S08, to .Tanuary 1st, 1894, there were lenioved OO.aitO loads. It is to be hoi>ed that the erection of the centre and cast incinerators will be proceeded with just as soon as the flnanci-s will allow. In the meantime it is satisfactory to know tha.t the " dumi>i"S," which tiikes i>lace in these sections, is not likely to produce any bad results. Under the dinn-tion of the Medii-al Health DtHcer they are disinftn-ted by a new methwl followed in France for the abatement of sinular nuis- ances. This consists in sprinkling the .surface of the »lei)Osit and the saturation of the sui.erticial layers, first with a saturated solu- tion of sulphate of iron, and after complete desiccation by a like copious sprinkling of .he milk of lime. The results obtained T)y 05 this method havo been really woiulei'ful. In my yoimg days, the Cinieterieg cemeteiles of the city wore the Protestant Cemetery (now Duftenn s(inare) on Dorchester street, between St. Urbain and Chenne^-ille streets; the Militjii*y Cemetery on I'apineiaiu road (still extant); and the Roman Catholic Cemetery which covered the spot now em- braced by Dominion square. The entry to the latter was by Ceme- teiy street, now Cathedral street. All the bodies buried in the Military Cemetery still remain thei*e, but on the opening of Mount Royiail CenieteiT. in 1854, a si'eat niaiiy bodies were removed thither out of the Protestant Cemetery. When tlie Catholic Cemeteli-y at Cote des Neiges was opened, it was intended to sell oft' for buildinji lots the City Cemetery ; in fact several were sold, and buildings connnenced directly facing St. (ieorge's Churcli. The excavators for foundations revealed numerous bodies ; tlie outcry became uni- versal ; building stoj)ped, and in deference to tlie wishes of the en- tire population, the citj' purchased the ground, the result being the niagnilicent Dominion Square. The advantages of burial away from the city are many ; time, however, forbids me to enter upon their consideration Aside, liowever, from sanitarj' considerations, there ai"e otliers wliich appeal with great force to the better in- stinctt, jf our nature. I have shown liow much we have advanced ^'•''""'^i'''''' , in all which is calculated to promote our hi,>altli, and witb it our ''"pioveineiits. happiness. With our squares— excellent l»rc«thing places— scattered throughout our city, witli our streets improved by being widened, with our glorious Mountain Park, with our elegant gem, St. Helen's Island Park, Ave have opportunities to roam and gain health for our- seh es andchildren, for beyond that of many in this world. We have three public baths, where, in summer, every man and boy may cleanse himself, and we have, in the last three years, had added two excellent private swimming baths. Tlie great obiect in sanitation, whut llMpriivra in my opinion, is to bring about good health and thus prolong lite --iiDitiitioii to the greatest number. Have we done this i Have otliei- cities cuniiu. done tills '.'' I will not weary you witli tigures or numeix>us com- parisons. Let me take London, where saiiitaiy matters may be looked upon as at a very high point, lu the year 1894 the net gain ill li;"o saved during the year was represented by 11,0(50 lives. In other words, had the deatli rate in l.s()i.>-<»3 prevailed throughout the year 1>S!»4, 11,000 lives would have been sacriticed in addition to those which were actually lost by death. In 1S93 the death rate in the following cities was :— London, 17.8; Dublin, 21.8, Edinburgh, 17.."), Clasgow, 10.8; Sydney, (with siibuiiis) 14.12, Brisbaiiie, with sub- urbs) I'-'.O."); Paris, '2ih:i ; St. Petersl>urg, ol.4 ; Moscow, 34.1*; Ber- lin, 18.2; Vienna, 22.8; Rome, 10.4; New York. 20.1 ; Brooklyn, 20 ; Boston, 2:5 : Phila,delpliia, 20 ; P.altimore, 20.S; Cincinnati. 18.3 : St. 5 66 Louis, 10.1. Turnins to our city. I And that for the last twenty vea.s the .loath rate, per 1.0(X» of the population, ha« ^nadually de- cree 1 oac-h year in proportion to the expenditure for nanitary , rpol per capita of the population. In 1872 the death rale was 37 i; per 1000. In 1S1.2 the vate was reduced to 24.49, a diminu- tUm of 13 in eveiT thousand. The civic appropriation made for the Health Depm-tment in 1872 j;ave a c^ita of Iti cents. In 185)2 the appropriation wa.s 41 cents per capita. With such a result before us there can l.e no reason to doubt that by a further civic expendi- ture we couhl reduce our mortality to a rate which would compare favorablv with that of the very best sanitary goveanied citiet*. LECJTUKE X.— FEBKUAKY Ttii, 189G. MUNKirAL SUFFUAGE AND THE LAWS GOVERNINa CIVIC ELECTIONS. BY ALEX. (}. CKOSS. B. C. L. Legal Advisor of the Volunteer Electoral League. It was r.vently my privilege to listen to an address given lij- a pio ninent officer of the Department of mblic Instruction This C emau took .x-caKion to mention that the readiness with whh^ oiu school children forget most of what ha. been crmnmed ni o them indicated a most beneficent provision of nature Tha, bo > olTw which is known as the C-hart.. of the (^ity of Montreal, with veganl to what might vulgarly be called " f >'^"« /'7^;;' J^ f ir f om being like the laws of the Medes and Persians. V eo Iglv it th<^ desire for change shall continue to be '^« a e and elfective «,s it has been, in modifying, altering "nd uhl ng to the City (Miarter. you may have occasion for grai- ;\"ti within the next two years the l>enelicent aptitude alreaxly nti ned shall have enabled you to forget most of what you are , .;. tn h^-n- Th*^ object of vour meeting appears to be pri- ZiW^ Jdrhmal'lme. L .o it will doubtless be antici^ted 67 that what Is to he said to you shall consist principally of an account of the provisions of law accorrtiufi to which the pTOple of ^lontreal select tiieir aklermen. It will accordingly occur to you that what I am about to say should be divided into two parts, the first con- sistins of a summary explanation of what constitutes the rlfrht of municipal suffrage in this City of Montreal and of the way in which that is exerciswl, and the second consisting of a variety of oi)serva- tions Iwadny upon the moral obligations connected with the sub- ject, or in other and fewer words, tlie subject will be lii"st treated fi«om the point of view of the nuuiicipal law and in the second place it will be dealt with as what we may call "tlie municipal conscience." Part I.— Definition of the Itiyjht of Municipal Suffrage and expla- nation of its operation :— I may begin by stiying that you, the inhabitants of tlie City of Montreal, are a body coiiwrate know by the statutory title of "The City of ^Montreal," and in so far as concerns your municipal inter- ests you are under representative government. To govern your- selves in municipal affairs you elect two representatives in each ward, and the twenty-six representatives or aldennen and a mayor compose the City Council. The Council is the agent of the C\)r- poration, and with the exception of statutoiy duties, specially assign- ed to particular officers, all that the City of Montreal can do nuist be done by the Council. Those of you who are electors in a par- ticular ward elect the aldermen for that ward, but the electors of all the wards elect the mayor. Each elector has onl one vote for nuayor, but an individual may be an elector in several wards and vote in eacli of such wards for an alderman. Elections are required to take place in February 1st, every second year, January 20th being nomination day. As regards the statxitoi-y (lualititiations QuaJiflcaUoMs required of you as electors, it may l>e said that the right to the franchise comes as near to practically manhood suffrage a.s it is possible for any system to come, where the suffrage right is limited by the i-equirement of residence or interest in a locality of limited area. To entitle you to vote, your names must be upon the elec- toi-s' list, and, to have the right to have your names put upon this list, each of you nuist be a British sul).1ect of twenty-one years of age or over, and uuist come within one of the following classes, viz : —(1) Male pei-sons whose names flre on tlie last assessment roll as owners of real estate in the ward assessed at a valuation of not less than $300, or having an assessed rental value of .H:iO per year or over. (2) Husl)ands Avhose wives own land valued at .$300 or over, or do a business which sul».icH-ts them to paynuMit of the busi- ness tax. (3) Widows and spinsters having the property qualltica- 1 I It How the Electors' List is Prepared. Worit of tlie Assessors. 68 tion above mentl':ne- male person not being a guest or lodger in a hotel, boarding-house or private dwelling and being an inhabitant honseholder in th3 city, whose name is entered upon the last assessn.ent roll in force as the tenan :ra dwelling house or part of a dwelling house in the w^^^ ^ which such list iH made, such dwelling house or pait thereof, if the enancy e of a part, being of the assessed value of $300 or upwards or of the estimated yearly value of $30 or upwards. (5) A ela^.. con- sstiniof every male pei'son though neither an owner nor house- holder who. either individually or jointly as a co-partner with anj other person, is entered on the last assessment roll in foi-ce. «« the tenant or occupant of any warehouse, counting house, shop, office or place of business in the citj-, provided that such warehouse shop, etc if occupied by the person individually, be of an asst^ssed value of $300 or over, or an annual rental value of $30 or over. In eases of joint tenancy, the share of each tenant must come up to the re- quired valuation, and joint tenancy is declared not to cover the cases of members of associations or societies in respect to the so- ciety premises, nor to the c-ase of the employe of another person m respect of property upon which the employer himself is qualified as an V^tir. You will have observed that an electoi-s' list, cor- responding to what in Great Britain is called "burgess i-oU oceu- Xs a cIt important place, and so it will be well to explain a once how 'this list comes into existence, particularly - it ha^ a sort of double parentiige, differing in that rt^pect from most othei 7lS lists and bui,ess rolls. The primary idea respecting the •i^bt to the citv municipal suffrage, appeare to be that persons ^M^o ec^ tribute som;thing in the form of t.xes to the City Treasury are entitled to be electors. Acordingly. for the hi-st step to^^aHls the making of an electors' list, advantage is t^iken of work and into - niatioir primarily designed for the purposes of taxation ai|d revenue collection ; that is to say, work done by the assessors. ^^^e 'isses sors are agents of the city for the pu^se of valuation and tax ap- pointment. Thev are required once a year to value and assess all IZrbL prop^ty in the city, and to ma^e -^urn of^^e n.mes of all persons liable to pay any t.ix or assessment, specityui!, tl e amo n pavable by every ratepayer. They state with regard to ITpropei-tv, its actual value, the own.^-s name and the names o ^b tenants or sub-tenants, establishing amongst the tenants jv^ien there are seveml, the proportion of the annual value applicable to each tenancy. The assessors in this way make a roll tor each ward and after its completion they hold a meeting at which they heai complaints against the entries in the roll, and ui>on hearing Uie complaints they may confirm or amend the entries. Aftei this 69 revision the rolls are handenl over to the City Treasurer who pro- ceeds to collect the taxes. So far it will be observed the operations of the assessors consist in providing nmchinei-y for revenue collec- tion. At this stiage, liowever, another part of the City Charter comes into operation, and makes it the duty of the assessoi-s to copy from the last assessment roll then in force an alphabetical list of the pea-sons therein named wlio appear to be qualified to be elector ; to sub-divide each ward into electoral districts ; to make a list of electors alphabetically arranged for each of those electoral districts, and to hand over these lists to the City Clerk before December 1st. The lists give the names of the voters, their callings, their street addresses, and mentions whether they are owners or tenants. We have now got the length of having an electors' list, or rather aThe.Boardof draft of a list lying in the custody of the City Clerk, but, since the operation of preparing it lias been purely mechanical, consisting sim- ply in copying into a list the names of such individuals as the assessment roll would indicate as coming within the conditions as to valuation required of electors by the Charter, the City Charter provides statutory machinery, by way of a Board of Revisors judi- cially and specially appointed, for the revision, correction, altera- tion and final authentication of the electors' list. Names are liable to be stnick from the list by the llevisors for a variety of reasons, for example, because they happen to be the names of deceased persons, of minors, or of married women, or because they are al- ready mentioned in the list for the same ward, or because they are the names of persons who have not tlie qualifications re- quired by the electors. To have a name, other than that of a deceased person struck out, the application for that pui-pose must be lodged in the City Clerlv's oftice on or before .Tanuary 4th, and notice must be sent to the person whose name is objected to by registered letter through the post. A hearing follows and the niatter is decided by the Revisors. The Revisors, at the close of their operations, certify tlie list 'and it becomes operative. It need only be added that a person whose name is on the list may find his right to vote suspended in consequence of tlie City Treasurer hav- ing placed certain letters opix)site his name which are inteiTi'eted by law as indicating that the person has not paid his water rate or personal ta^. The arranging of the details, such as engaging lulling apartments, apiJointing and instructing otttcers who are to hold polls and receive ballots, rests chiefly with the Revisors. A how candidate for the otHce of mayor or alderman is nominated by tea ^^.^ Made. or more electors, Avho sign a nomination paper indicating which of the two cliarges or seats for the particular ward it is intended that the candidate shall fill, and the paper also must be accompanied by J .^ 70 Mnniciiml Klectiuns. The ever Increasing Ooiuplexity of Urban (Jonilitions. City Clerk between 1(» "»*\ '-^.^ "^ "' ^ j, ,,,^ae the nominee ootl. When onlv one nomination iov a seat is maat, ^. ,„,,„ r pU!ed eUx:,... More ,U„„ o,,. ..o,n.„a,ion tor a «.a n^a^s the ,aUl„s ot „ v„„. Of .he eU-.o... ""-!«;;':;;:,." '^ lions „, voto ta,:e pU.oe o„ Ke.nn,„rj- 1st, a„. ^^X^^^Z, of ;;;:;'::\;,;;Lr .r;>"no.. », .„a,.o.. a,„, a,.we.. ^ - 'ior Conrt Incite within thirty days of the elections. About tins, ^ttevs any ivmavUs which mi.ht here be ma^ wov^ J^ ^ - technical a nature to interest yon. Snch is « .umniaiy .t S e'Uvi-oa. which control and .nide yonv operations m ^ selection Of the persons whom you elc^-t to administer the atlaus over which the City Council has jurisdiction. Part 11 -Duties of Municipal Citizenship :- Xn iiti Kiuctorv w^ public or governmental bodes, the cla-s.es cf subjects ^^ ih N.hich civ^c .^oveiniments have to deal are ever becomir., more numerous a^^l impoi"ant. Hence the surpassing important.,, of securing he veiT best talent for municipal administraiion and of avoiding the 71 disastrous results which may be e- locted to flow from maladminis- tration. Under such conditions it is natural thiit one should be diffldent alwut laying down the rules of conduct with positiveness. and one cannot help feeTiuK the difficulty of Rivins an adeciuate answer to the question, by what general i)rinciples cau a young man bt«st guide himself so as to do his best for the city in wliich ho lives. Tlie idea seems to be tacitly accepted at the present <^in»e,?^,',',^,^,'i.^'^j, that refoi-ms can only be effected as the outcome of a general h"c R';;^^j;''^^,^^ and cry movenu'ut. We havi' l)ei'()me. as it wore, infi'cted with the Yankee brass-band idea. When it is desired to accompbsli some object of a public Icind, the accepted policy seems to be to give the matter notoriety, to keep it before the eyes of all people, to enlist the arts of the newspaper man, and the cartoonist, and so upon the crest of some Avave of excitement or acclaim, to carry the desired scheme to a consummation. It appears to m(> that there underlies all such progranuni^ a dishouorlng nssumption, that people in gene- ral are unfit to judge for themselves, and tbat we should look for- Avard to attiaining a more independent and retiecting state where such methods will have been discontinued, and wlien we shall bet- ter appreciate the relative imporiance of Avork and noise. I cannot be donvinced of the pi-opriety of citizens of Montreal proclaiming to the Avorld that the best interests are almost if not altogether at the mercy of a, gang of traitorous plmulerers in descriptions of ^^ hom all the defamatoi-y resources of the English language are ex- hausted Laying aside, then, the notion of detraction a- not l>einS why our^ a creditable or politic instrument of reform, let us consider the "^- f <-',;i;;'^ i'''"' ture of the relation Avhicli really exists between an alderman and his electoi-s. When >ou choo:;« an alderman, you in etftvt ask one of your fellow citizens to undertake duties tlie efficient performance of whicli involves a great deal of Avork, a great deal of study of rules of procedure, and often entails, as a conseiiuence, a great deal of keen annoyance which a perscm of average sensitiveness nuist feel Avhen his efforts are baulked by unmerited defeat. You ask him to perform these duties witliout one cent of renmneration, and even go a little further and interdict all commercial relations be- tween the city and himself. I believe witli most of our citizens tbait (speaking commercially) one cannot get much for nothing in this Avorld, and th.it Avhat is professedly given for nothing is likely not to be Avorth much. So it appears to me that this question of the gratuitous nature of aMermanic senice lies at the threshold and should take tii-st place in the consideration of improved municipal government, and that you should prepare yourselves to come to a decision respecting it. If our citizens of leisure and Avealth Avould do their duty to the city, they would prepare themselves for alder- 72 manic duties and then come forward and offer tx> undertake these duties and as they would probably protlt most by good municipal ISlsLtion and would bo lattonding to their own buBiness to a ™tel eCt'thaB would be the case with others who must work for he "ipply of daily necessities, I feel that the citizens m^ght ustlv ex Lt them to perform those duties without remuneration. Ct bee u^ ids end cannot be attained, and because Montreal gexx- tlleno wealth «,nd leisure disregard this obligation «* eiti^en^^iP- we are undea- the necessity of looking to others to do he div^ie« of aldermen, and. such being the case, it seems that we f^^H'-^^^' The matter a. a busincs n.an would look at it, and decide that If we aesire first class sor^•ice we should pay for A-t class sen^ice a«a then hold the representative to strict account, because if we pay fothing for a sex'ice we are not in good position io And lault with Nece«.ty Of "^t ^e get. Next, permit me to direct attention to anothei- quah- ^^',.i^r«"i!Me«fleation for aldermanic service to which -^^^^"-'\'^'^^^''''''ZZ2l for Procedure. ^^^^^^^^^^ ^.j^ . ^ knowledge of the rules of procedure goveining the despatch of business, and the ability to formulate Ideas in practical shape, such rules are obviously necessary However ^W m^^ bers of our Citv Council, mid. in particular, many o? its English speaking members, do not think it worth while to familiarize thcnn- selves with these rules, and as a consequence they are repeatedly baulked m their attempts to attain desirable ends. A French nevvs- naper in the citv a few days ago ccmtalned some sensible state- ments about what is regarded a« an undue preponderance of law- vers in the Citv Council. It may be due in part to professional narrow-mindedness that members of the legal profession are marked- Iv zealous for a ceremonious adherence to the letter of rules, and perhap. still more zealous in making objection when rules are not being obsei-ved. but still it cannot be a matter of suiTnse that a few members of a deliberative assembly achieve a predominant in- fluence, when, owing to the Ignorance or Inexperience of the others, these f.^w bi-come Instinctively to be looked upon as the only ones who can embody their hleal and demands in the form of motions, iuiiendments or reports. „„„„^ The cultivation I have already mentioned the pi-etlce of sweeping «^i«PaUige- of Civic rri.u-. ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^^^ ^^.jj^^^ metliods are disapproved of and hinted that with regard to things which we do not like, If thei-e be a time to speak there is pre-eminently also a time to be silent. We have all been witnesses of a state of affairs which seems to consist in unstinted denunciation of a numher of men and their sup- nortei-s all of which seems to be met with a marked degree of inditfei-ence on the part of those assailed, while the injurious OBd "grettable phase of the matter Is that the city suffers from such 78 objiir^'ation when so widely circulated by newspaper piiblicatiou. Is It too soon or to<» late to suggest that you seleet anothei- point of view V As young aud inspiring Canadians we are not without reason for feeling some pride in being citizens In what is certainly no mean city. Our youth should bo taught chat if tliey were to asl£ where upon this North American continent cities can be found which can compare tor a moment with tliis splendid city of the Royal :Mountaln. tliey would be asking a duestion which it would be"verv hard Indeed to answer atfirmatively. So, let us not too reaidlly indulge in that self-depreciation which outsiders may be but too willing tb consider a con-ect (estimate. It is to l)e feared ^liat In the propagation of some of our ideals, we do not maice sufflcleut allowance for the divergent views of those yl^"^^/^!^'^*^^ ,^^f^^^^%,uuo„fron. are different fivjm our own. Let me in closing cite two short P'^^" mul S"ff™«e ages from Mr. Mill's considerations on representative government '^^in'«™^; which I think both lappropriate and well founded in principle :- " The exercise of any political function, either as an elector or a "representative, is power over others. Those who say tliat the " suffrage is not a trust, but a right, can scarcely have considered " the consequences to which their doctrine lt«ids. If It is a right, " if it belongs to the voter for his own sake, on what ground can " we blame him for selling it, or using it to recommend himself to " anvone whom it is his Interest to please. A person is not ex- " pelted to consult exclusively the public benefit in the use he makes "of his house or his three percent stock, or anything to which he "ha.s a right. The suffrage is Indeed due to him, among otlier " rc-asons as a means to his own protection but only against treat- " ment from which he is equally bound, so far as depends on his " vote to protect everyone of his fellow citizens. His vote Is not a " thing m which he has an option ; it has no more to do with his " personal wishes than the verdict of a juryman. It Is strictly a " miatt^- of dutv ; he Is bound to give It accordingly (sic) to his best " and most conscientious opinion of the public gootl. Whoever- has " anv other idea of it Is unfit to have the suffrage ; its effect upon " him is to pervert not to elevate his mind. In any political elec "tion even by universal suffrage (and still more obviously m the "ease of a restrlcteil suffrage) the voter is under an absolute "moral obligation to consider the Interest of the public, not his " private advantage, and give his vote to the best of his judgiuen " exactly as he would be bound to do If he wei-e the sole voter, and " the election depended upon him alone. This being admitted, it is " at least a prima facie consequence that the duty of voting, hke "anv other public duty, should be pertormed under the eye and "criticism of the public ; eveiTone of whom has not only an inter- '^^..■si 74 ",.Ht in ltsporfoniuuuM.,lmt a p:,«,Ultle toconshUn- l.tmsolf wiouko.? •• If It is Din-fomuMl otluTwlsc tliiui lionostly iind nuvfully." I vcii- tnro t(.\i.ia that tlio practice of askinK lar^rc nnu.l.erH t.. nl^rn so ."0.1 n.,,.l.itions. an.' '. .'- M.lvan.v.l plcdgos Is mischievous .,„.l that chH-tors nsk... to commit then.selvcH In such wnys sluml CW...O... .vt-usc. such. «en,ic.ncn, are the conshU-nHions -^'-^^ I "-;- ^^ iu^tiHc.l in i>x,.ccth>u' mlsht possess some int.nvst lor .voii n con uoctioii with the wi.le subject of municipal suffraw.'. We hear U, said that It is ideas which rule th.' world, and so, if here and theie in what I have snld are to l>e found some few ideas which may c.>n- trihuto t<» the fonnation of p. M'^r con. ,.,.^-n «>f the pilvllejies of Htizenship, and the resiK>nsil.llitii.s <-onnected with the exercise of mtmicipal sutTra«e. or Indicate in any decree the dlm-tions in wlHcii i.sefvd eifor. may opiate, the result will helH-t- ter than tho effort desen-es. Aln.ut this, however, there c-.ux be no doubt, viz : that the K<)<>«1 wlsh(^s and encourajjement of nil sliouhl ;vo out to tliosc ycmnp; men who from motives of patriot- ism and enlijilitened interest in the affairs of this great city are willing? to expend enerijy " For the cause that lacks assistance. "For the svronKs that need resistance, '• For tlie future in the distance. " For the good that you can do." : HULKS AND KKia'LATTONS OOVKUNISO THB MOCK CITY COUNCIL OF THB YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, MONTRHAL. This or.Mnl.nt.km shall ho known ns th. Mock City Co.in.u ^ nn Y M C A., of Montn.al. Any m.Muhor of the V. M. C. A., ot Moiit- rea active <.r assc-iato. .nay boronu. a nUMulu'r of this Cound ui>on he a mual pavn.ont <.f a fee of one .lollar, whieh «oes to the E.lnea^ : ;; Depart^nent t<. r ,>n.vi.Hn« a l';--;;;^ .UH-ntio,nu-y eriti.-. The n.eetin.s of his ho. y ff^^^^^ -;7^ Friday evening from the 1st of November to the 1st ot Miu h. 1 his n y -cnmcll sin.U consist of a Mayor. City Clerk. (Mty Att.>rne>s twenty-six al.lern.en. two representing each of the thirteen eulc ^:X ana sueh number of ahlermen at lar.e as ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ft-om ime to time deem lit to adn.it. The nu^tinKS will be hehl In the Lecture Hall of the Y.M.C.A., on Don.lnlon Scinare; due m> ttco- tion of each session, setting forth the business ot the daj . ^ H bt serve.l ui>on each member forty-el«ht lumrs prior to e date of n etin«. At the close of every session, each speaker will W^h. benefit of the klmlly crltieism of a professor of elocution. M^o ^M 1 point out the lines alon« which the si^eaker may improve in Ins methods of pvddic speaking. The following shall constitute the rules of (U-der for sovevnlng this l>ody, which will bc^ upon all cK-caslons strictly enforced. 1 As loon after 8p.m. as there shall be a uuornm present, the.nneo. 1. AS BOiiu ^,..,..^.. ,„. :„ l.ia nl.s.'Uee. such Presi.lir 1 As soon aner oi*."'. "f' i.i»v.v .....«— - — - Meeting and "Vlnvov or in niS uoirst^me, i"*- ■u-t>-"o • - , , . Officer. Alderm.a as the members present shall choose, shall take the c-hair and cai. the members to order. f „ ^. . 2 Immediately after the Mayor has taken his .eat. the niinutes of Rea.^^oe the preceding, meeting shall be re^id by the Clerk, m order tbivt any error therein may be rectitiwl by the Council. 3 One-third the meml>ership of the Council sluiU constitute a ^j^^^unu quorum for the transaction of ordinary business, but It shall require two-thirds of the members to pass a by-law. () Mnyor not to Debate. AdniiHiion of 4 rpj^^ public wlll be pf^inlttwl to llHten to the debate, but shall Sb SHtingB. ,„,t occupy seatH reserved for the Councillors, nor take any i^irt lu the (lIscUHslon. c 1 m VrMBrvatinn - rp|,^. ^^[ayor shuU prcsorvB order and decide quc«tlonH of order, ;'o.;ndr'""'"H,a;j(H..t to ai)iM^.l totho Coundl; in exi.l^ilnlnK a point of ord.-r or practice, he shall shall stato the rule or autliorlty applicable to the case. , (i The I^layor shall take no part in any debate, or v(Me. tmlcss tuo Council shall l)e clearly divided, in wldch case he may give his rea- son for HO voting. lie nuiy, liowever, state facts, aiul «lve his opinion on questions of order. DEBATE. 7 When a niend>er is about to speak, he shall rise in his place and resptH^tfully address the Mayor, lie shall confine himself to the question, and avoid all personalities or offensive woi'ds against any member of the Council. 8. A member called to order by the Chair, shall ut once take his seat but may afterwards offer an explanation. Should the Mayor or the Council, if apiM^aled to. decide that the member was not out of order, he nuiy continue. 9. No mendjer shall speak more than once to a question, except In explanation of a uuiterial part of his subject, wldch may have bwn mlsunderstooil. at which time he is not to introduce now nuatter. 10. No member siiall speak longer than five minutes. Member* Speaking. When a Point of OriltT is raided in I>ebate. Memliera gpeali bu once. Time allowance. Decorum in the Council Meniiierg must Vote. Routine of Busineas. Questions by Members. CONDUCT OF MEMBERS. 11. No niember shall leave his seat while the Mayor is putting a question, nor sliall a member intemipt another while speaking, ex- cept to a point of order. No memljer shall pa.ss between the speaker and the Chair. 12. EveiT member present, when a question is put, sliall vote, unless personally interested. 13. The ordinary routine of business In the Council shall be as follows:— a. Receiving petitions. b. Presentation of reports of committees. e. Notices of motion. d. Questions put by members. e. Orders of the day. 14. Questions may be put by any member of the Council to the Mayor or tlie Chairman of any Committee, relating to any public matter connected with tlie business of the Council. No argument o SI s 77 or opinion Is to Ik* offiTi'd. nor fact wtatiMl, except Huch iih 1h> necps- gnry by way of oxplanatl«>n. In luiHwcrInK hucIi (incHtlou the iiuUter ghould not l»e delwittnl. OltDKUS or THE DAY. 15. a. The onlern of the (hiy shall be railed in their nunierioal order. b. Xo ord»'r Hhall be taken out of Its turn. e.\<.'ept on a vote of two-thirds of the Council. c. Any order calhMl three tlniem without, response, shall he struck from the list by the City Clerk. MOTIONS AND QUESTIONS. Id. Tlu) :dayor shaill consider a motion to adjourn as always In order, nnles« \^ nunnber hnn i)osse8slon of the floor, or any question has been put but not yet decided. Upon a iiviestlon to udjouru then; shall Iks no debate. 17. All motions sliall be in writing, with name of mover and seconder, and shall be sent to the Chair after being read by the proposer. lis. The Mayor, upon receiving a written motion, shall read it aloud; It sliall then be deemed to be in possession of the Mayor, and may be debatetl. It may, however, he withdrawn ot any time before dtn-lslon or amendment, with the permission of tlie Council. v.). After the motion lias been read by the Mayor, the mover and seconder shall liave the tirst right to speak. '20. When a (luestlon is under deliate no motion can be received, exc pt it be 1. To ameiul the (luestlon. 2. To commit. 3. To lay tlie ne the consideration of it. 5. To consider the previous question. (J. To adiourn. 21. Tlie previous ate. 22. A question may be reconsidered at any time during the same session, by the consent of a majority of the members present, or at any other subsequent session, by the concurrent vote of a majori- ty of "the whole raembei-ship of the Council. A motion to reconsider once made and decided cannot be again made during the current year. Motion to Adjourn. Motion* How ninde. Motions - How proposeil. What in in Order dnring Debate. PrevionH tjiiestion. Ucconsidcra- tiun. 77 Every petition, remonstrance, etc., intended to be presented to" the Council, shall have thereon endorsed the name of the appli- cant and the substance of such application -^"^'^V''"'". t'brentui the City Cl.-rk, unless a member desires the reading of the eutut ^'T'xo resolution, motion, or report, involving the expenditure of .!;>■ portion of the city revenue, .shall be debated by the Cx>uuci , nnless the same shall have been previous y ^^^^'"'^ "^^"^^ m-oved of bv the Finance Committee. Should, however, the Unauce Committee "refuse to s^inction an appropriation, a three-,iuartei-s vote of the Council may pa.ss it over tlieir heiuls. BY-LAWS. 20. When a by-law is to be submittetl to Council for considera- tion every member shall have a copy. .S..: AVheLver a by-law is reaul in Council, the Clerk shall record the date of the reading thereof on the back. •11 l-:very bv-law shall be read twic* before it is committed and engrossed, and read the third time before it is signed by the Mayor. :{l>. No by-law brought into the Council shall have m.n-e Umin one reading on the same day. :VA The duty of preparing by-law.s shall devolve upon the City ( day. New coninmnications and petitions shall be tii'st taken up, then any unfinished subjtH't. then the speci.d orders of the day. unless the Council dtH-ited orders and resolutions. 4.'{. It shall be the duty of tlie Clerk of the City ('(mncil to atteh.i tile meetings of Council and Committees, land keci) tlie nn-ords of Committees of Council, and all such records sliall be subject to inspection by members of the Council. 44. No standing I'ule or ordei- of tlie Council shall be suspended, unless with the consent of three-fouiths (W tlie members present, nor shall any rule or order be reiiealiMl or amended without due iiotic ' being given of the motion thereof, nor unless a majcrity of tlie whole Council shall concur therein. To prepare Orders of ttie Day. To keei> Minutes. 80 MEMBER'S NOTIFICATION. ASSOCIATION HALL. Montreal, December 31st, 1895. Sir -You are reqiiesteil to attend the regular meeting of the Y. M. C A Mock City Council, to be held in the Association Hall, on Friday. January 3rd., 189G, at 8 o'clock p.m.. convened by His Wor- ship the Mayor. To consider the business summarily specified in the following order of the day. ^ ^^ paYNE. City Clerk. ROUTINE PROCEEDINGS. Roll Call and Minutes, Receiving Petitions. Presenting Roports by Committees. Notices of Motions. Questions Put by Members. ORDER OF THE DAY. 1 Report. Chairman of Finance. On amendments to the City Charter regarding the raising of a temporai-y loan, and in- creasing thci civic revenue by additional taxation. 2. By-law. 2nd and 3rd reading of By-law with reference to the early closing of shops. 3. Report. Roads. On improving the means for gaining access lo Mount Royal Park. 4. Reiwrt. Police. On the petition of certain ratepayers in favor of closing all saloons at 7 p.m.. on Saturdays. 5 Bv-law. 1st and 2nd reading of By-law to amend By- law No. r>0 in reference to the use of bicycles upon the public 0. Report.'^'pSice. On the petition from the Montreal Kennel Club regarding the disposing of unlicensed dogs. 7 ^Motion Vld. Barker. That the Legislature be petitioned to en- ■ ' act :-"That an allowance of 5^1.200 be made to each member of this Council." ^ 4. -, ^ 8 Motion Aid. Ross. "That the business tax be reconstructed so as to discou'-age the spread of departmental stores." • 4' IB