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The State of the Bbllioerent l^owiiri at dbi^^^omi meat of the Wax.; their Inteiefts and Obj^j^ III ^v- of thei CoAtintiaiice: Interfocrfed wHh '^■^^^M^m !l1w GBa|iacter$ of the able and difittte«sM StATi^JifJ^ "' wWe WispOM nod Integrity, and of the HEitbMr '" CevRAOJ and Conduct, we are indebted for thi»t|!f;4 ^ILlTAItV Succefs, Mrhich is not i;o be e<^\^ Annals of tl^* or any other NationI ^K^-" ^ -,^ With the Addition* of ^ & ■ ■■ . •■•^■•'■"' ■ '•-. - ■' AJ^BTAiLoftheLaifdingofthef^ORCEaat «B|t:slr0N,^ri|f ; Fio^RisS of the Fleet in t^lM^ navigating the Ri^ St. I^XW-^^^ ' RENCE, and a daily Accotilit of the Siege of-t^EBXCy while in thePofleffioA of the French, and afterwardii in the Hiaa4$ of the j^iiiOLiriiH ^ with x'x different Mitir art '6ri>er9' that were, iffbed on the Occasion, taken ^oriH ((^pt» f<>|i^(N> KNC^X'S HlSTTMlICAL JOVRNAL of the WaR ia'A^ERIC^A. The SIXTH EDITION. . ^, ; < ^Uuftrated with ^ A%umier of Heads, Plane, M '^ U B L I ?rmtcd by J p H N E X S H A W .'■'■■.v,\,-- «ooQoo»ooOBOi M ii>(W n o ofTn« m om M.bCC.LXXIV. MMni^Mii^iH f -^ * K V c sy .-< Y > ER, CA. ■•f lip^ in tfaft '< IM1.»' H V If-' t < Biblioth^9, 3, rue de- rUniversit^i Quebec 4i;QUJ - i -. I , « : - - WE have taken the earlieK^Opportunity judicious Infpeiftion, an<^ mature Co tion of Eyjity could give usj of prefenting Publicf^if Complete Hisjort op War, not lefs important than, we ho|>e^ and corredt, written with an Impartiality, (hould be the Guide of every Hiftorian, and which we have not deviated through natioi^al whi3& '•• '■ ■*' tion. ■^ &■•', ^/•l We have taken up 6|ir History frorii the Goq^* mencement of th^ War, and have beftowed upon Jt all the Pains, fo mterefting a Subjedt requii^^ wWcfc, however, we muft acknowledge; deferves mucKraftie Ikilful Undertakers. None was ever more formed tio excite Curiofity, from the Importance of th^.E^nts^ . the Dignity of the Perfons engaged, the grea^l^^ of the Adions performed, and the amazing R^7ol0|ifp|t of Fortune j for the Reader witth^efind th^'ft^H!^^ ft 2 Accottnts '■^ tf*i" PREFACE. Accounts of this War, which has been carried on in the four Quarters of the World, united in one con- nedted Narrative, and continued to the Peace. To.efFed this from the Materials that offered, has been a Work of more Labour, than may at firft appear, and to render thefe Tranfadtions (which have not been lefe our Amazement, than the World's in general) the more confpicuous and clear, we have added, in Notes, the Accounts tranfmitted from the Commanders of our Fleets and Armies, and publiflied by Authority, when Fa6ts were recent, and the im- mediate Object of univerfal Attention. Thefe will illuftrate and confirm the Hifloryj and our Readers muft be pleafed to fee fo many curious and import- ant Pieces, which, while they give the cleareft Evi- dence, fupport the national Charadter to future Ages. In many Places we find them filled with the Adions of inferior Officers, which, with lefs Care in their Superiors, would have been loft in the Multiplicity of Events : This Care, not lefs commendable than ufeful, will excite Officers to feize every opportunity of immortalizing their Fame, and doing Honour to their refpedive Corps. Some of thefe Letters muft be ufeful in forming the young Soldier, as they are very expreffive of that Charader, pointing out the Care, Circumfpedion, Anxiety, and Perfeverance neceflary to form a Wolfe, or a Granby. In the Improvement to this new Edition of the Hiftory of the late War, will be found feme of the moft ftriking and interefting Events, that have hap- pened during the American War, and related with a Circumfpedion PREFACE. Circumfpedion in Detail, which could not have been expedted, but from one, who had been perfonally engaged in many of them. For thefe we muft ac- knowledge our Obligation to Capt. John Knox, Author of the Hijlorical Journal of the Campaigns in North Americay and without whofe Afliftance we fhould not have been able to give thefe Additions to this Work j which, to the Veteran will be pleafing, and to the young Soldier ufeful in inllruding him in the Duties of that Command, to which he may hope to arrive. It is not to be fuppofed thefe Additions are confined merely to the Gentlemen qf the Military ProfefTion, as every Man of defirable Feelings muft be curious refpeding the Circi;mflances, that lead to wreft the Empire of North America from France, to place it under the Dominion of the Britilh Govern- ment, adding fuch Weight and Importance to her Interefts, and Glory to her Arms, as but few King* doms have experienced. .' * ' ■'> ■ mV THE .■i.-i,:t 'ill *j i Vl j o; .■> •\^. ii V<'\' v«VViV7 :tj.; /z cic^^ {^y. r .'4 / -J y/i.ff.vt. 'A ( ■ i f. « ir u /I i'^ Vf ^f) D • 'v Vr'-^if^o "'. THE .'TU » * jr!' !'j fctc- .... . CONTENTS. OR I G I N of the troubles in North AmericOt page i M.DCC.LV. Admiral Bofca'wen and General Braddock fent to America^ 3 Different operations undertaken, 4 Two French men of war taken by Adm. Bofcaiven. ib. Gen. Braddock defeated near Fort du ^efriBy 5 .:*- Diejkau defeated, and taken by Gen. John/on. ib. Seizure of the French trading ibips, . ib. M.DCC.LVI. French threaten an invadon, 6 Fort St. Philip in the ifland of Minorca, beHeged, and taken ' by the French, ib. Sea-fight off Minorca, between Admiral Byng, and M. Ga- lijfoniere, ib. M.DCC.LVII. French threaten the invafion of Hanover, 7 Treaty with /?w^^," ' ib. Alliance with the King of Pruj^a, ;■;:•; ib. Rife of the Houfe oC Branden- bourg, 8 Ground of the quarrel between her Imperial Majejty and the Kx^goi Pruffta, ,^j^^9 Treaty of Peterfiourg, ^10 ♦rr~: pf Verjailhsy '■' \\ King of Prujfta enters Saxony and Bohemia, 1 1 Battle of lowo/r/ar, iz Saxomrtay furrenders, ib. State of the £»g///&Miniftry, 1 3 The charaQers and defigns of the fev.eral faftions, 14 A coalition of parties, 1 7 Ofnuego taken by the French, ib. Calcutta taken by the Nalob, 1 8 Angria reduced by Adm. Wat- Jon, 19 State of the confederacy againft the King of Prujjia, ib. The French pafs the IVefer, zz King of Pruffia enters Bohemia^ ib, B^tl\Q oi Prapue, :,,ib. M. Schwerin killed ; M. Bird^w^i wounded and dies, laj Prague irivefte 1 , ib. Count Daun taiu'^ command of the Aujlrian army, ib. Battle of Colin f 24 Confequences of the battle of Colin, , aj King of Prtf^a evacuates Bo' hernia, ib. Battle of Hajfenheck, 26 Convention ot Clojier-fevern^. Expedition to Rochfort, ib. Rujfians enter Prujfia, zy Aujfrians beHege Schtveidnitz, ib. French and Imferialifls make in^ curilons into Branaenbourg, ib. f^ii, "'^'^■•^^''*Si\ied. ^ \ 70 King of PruJJia marches Into ' Saxony, C O N T S/txeny, and joins Prince Henry, 74 General Ohtrg defeated at Lan- nuertuhaptrit 75 King of PruJJid furprifed at Hohkirchtn, 77 M. Keith and Prince Francis of Brunfwick killed, , lb. Affair at Gorlitz, 80 M. Dnun invefta Drefden, 8 1 The Suburbs of Drefden burnt, M. Daun retires from before Drefden, 84 King of Pruffia raifes the ficge of Nets and Co/J-/, ib. Death of the Duke of Marlbo- rough, ib. A Recapitulation of fome great /events, 81; Difpofitions for the winter, 86 Some reflections on the King of . PruJJia\ condu^ in Haxony, «7 The burning of the fhips at St. Ma/o, by Com, Hoive, 90 Taking of CA^r^owr^, 91 Defeat of St. Cas, 94 Operations in America, 9s* Englijb army defeated at Ticon- deroga, 1 1 5 They take Frontenac, 1 1 8 E N T S. The French abandon Fort Ju ^efne, \ 1 8 Gorei taken, . H^vtuljftl M.DCC.I.IX. The inclination of the powers at war at the cloflng of the lad campaign, 126 The King of ^pain'i death ap- prehended, 127 Gondii ion of the King of Pruf' fia, Emprefs ^een, Sweden, Holland, France and England, 128 The allied army moves, 1 ^ 5 Battle of Bergen, lb. Plan of the campaign, 1 36 Gen. Mir^wiVr defeated, n8 Bamberg pillaged, ib. flejfe abandoned by the allies, 139 Expedition to the Weft Indies under Hopfon and Moore ^ 140 Account of Martinica, ib. Failure there, 141 Guadaloupe invaded, and a de« (cription of that ifland, 14Z BaJJe Terre attacked and burn- Gen. Hopfon dies, 144 Operations againft GrandTerre, . ....... -i. .ib. The ♦ Contents of the Additions taken from Capt. Knox'i Hifloricat Journal of the Siege &/Cape Breton. A particular detail of liie land- ^ ing the forces at Cape Briton, 95 Journal of the fiege by Gen. Amherft, 98 Articles of capitulation, 109 A defcription of the town and harbour of Louift>ourg, 1 1 o people of Nottingham, in fa- vour of her (econd fon, 1 14 Gen. Abercrombie^s account of his expedition againft Ticen- deroga, 115 Col. Bradftreefs letter on the reduction of Fort Frontenac, 119 Adm Bofcaioen^ Iptter to Mr. Gen. Forbes"^ letter on his tak Pitt, \ III ing Fort du S^uefne, 1 20 Lord Howe killed, 1 13 Coin. Keppel\ letter refpefting Lady Ho'voe'^ application to the the taking ofGoreCf ib. s' Co|. CONTENTS. The inhabitants capitulate, 14$ Gen. Barrin/iton'i letter to the government on the occufion, ib. Bravery of a Frtncb lad/, 1 46 Maritgalanti taken, 148* Progrel's of the Frtncb after the battle of Bergtn, 1 54 Munjltr and other p aces taken, '57 Motions of Prince FirMnanJ, Battle of MinJerit 1 59 Hereditary Prince of Brunfiuick defeats the Duke of Bn/ac, 160 Prince FtrJinamfs order after the battle of Minden, 161 The Frtncb pafs the Wtftr^ ib. Lord Gtorgt S.ickvillt refigns the command of the Briiijb forces ) Marquis of Granby fucceeds him, 164 The Frtncb driven to Marfurg, Siege of MunJIer, ib. Projcft of Franci for an Invafi- on, 166 //flvrr bombarded, 167 Adion of Cupt Lagos t 168 M. tit la Glut, the Frtncb ad- miral dies of his wounds, ib. Admiral Bo/ca'wtn'a account of the action, ib. Count Dobna difgraced and fuc- ceeded by H'^ttltl^ 171 Battle of TLulicbaUf ib. Rujftam take Franc/or t on the Odtr, ijz Battle ♦ Additions from C.apt, Knox'i Journal. Col. J. Clavtring\ account of his operations at ^tbeCf ib. his expedition, 149 Gen. Barrington's letter of the taking ot Guadaloupt and Grand Ttrrty 153 Com. Moort's letter, 156 A lift of the fhipping employed Admiral Saunders's letter, 211 Movements of the forces from the Point dt Ltvit and the IHand of Orltansy for the heights of Silltry^ 2 1 5 Order for the defcent, a 1 7 for the reduction of ^utbec The defcent hiade good and the under Adm. Saundtrs^ which. hill afcended, 219 failed from Z.otti/JoKr^, 187 Battle of ^Mf^^f, 221 Journal of the prpgrefs of the General H'^o/fe and Monckton fleet in navigating the river St. Lniurence, 1 89 Arrive at the Ifland of Orleans near i^tebec^ 1 98 Preparations for a defcent near the Falls of Monimorenci, 199 wounded, 222 State of the Number of the Frtncb and Englijh armies, 224 Lifl; of the killed and wounded, 230 Great imprudence of the gre- The form of taking pofTefllon of nadiers in the nttack, 201 Orders occafioned by their mif- carriage, 203 Lift of the killed and wounded, 204 the town, 233 Gen. Monckton\ letter on the taking of ^tbtc, 235 Brig. Gen. Toivnjbend'a on the lame, ib. Gen. 1Volfe\ letter refpefting Admiral Saunders's on the fame, 240 Aparticwlar CONTENTS. Battle of Cunnirfdorf, 1 73 King of Prujfta rcpaJTcs the Ocitr, ib. Gen. Pulknmmer killed, 176 Soltiknff %nd Daun communicate on their future operations, Parallel of the King of Pruffia and Prince FtrtitnanU of hrunPwick^ ib. Plan ut the campaign in North America ^ 178 Ticoni/erojrd and Croivn Point abandoned, 181 Colonel Tonvn/henJ killed, ib. Expedition to Niagara, 182 Sir tVilliam Johnjon'i account of it, ib. Colonel Pridtaux killed, 184 Sir fVi//iam John/on defeats the French that came to relieve Niajrara, 1 86 Takes the fort of Niagara, ib. The expedition againft ^ehec, 187 Defcription of the Ifle of Or- leans near ^ehec, 194 Defcription of the town and harbour of ^lehec, 200 Aftion at the Falls of Montmo- renciy 2:\z Gtnernl IVolfe indifpofed 243 Difembarkition of the forces near Sillery, 244 The battle of ^//e^^f, 245 French defeated, 246 Gen. Wolfe killed, 247 M. de Montcalm killed, ib. ^ebec furrcnders, 248 Terms of capitulation, ib. State of the town, when taken polTeflion of, with fome other particulars, 249 Movements of Gen. Amherji, on Lake Champlain, 261 Piince Henrfs march into SaX' ony, and Gen. Fehla defeated, 263 K of Priiffia't furpiidng inarch into Saxony, 264 Pruffiant defeated at Maxen^ 266 Again defeated at Meifftny 267 Munjftr furrenders to the allies, 268 Hereditary Prince of Brunfwick defeats the Duke of tVurttm* berfr at Fulda, ib. The D. of Broglio difappointed in his attempt on Prince Ftr' dinand, near Munjitr, 270 The preparations at Vannts and Breji, ib. Remarkable behaviour of Adm. Saunders, and Gen. Tivv/n- Jbendy French fleet defeated near BtUt" ifl«% a7» Admiral Hanuke'^ account of his engagements with M. th Conjlans, z'j^ Lift of the two fleets, 277 Gen. To'wnjbend'i arrival from the tleet, 279 French fleet under M. d^Ache twice beaten, a8o M. de tally takes Fort St. Dei' vid'a, and repulled at Tan- jour, rt'nii . ib. Lays fiege to MaJrafs which he is obliged to raife, 281 M. Lal/y'a remarkable letter, ib. Behaviour of the French in Ger" many, tSz The Duke de Belleijle's letter on the occafion, ib. Refleflions on the ftate of the powers at war, 286 M DCC LX. Nothing decided in the war, aid the ftate of the feveral powers concerned, 488 ^' . ''*:■ -^ ICrfat . I I CONTENTS. Great Britain and PruJJiti pro- pofe an •accommodation, 291 Difficulties in concluding a peace, 292 State of the EngUjh garrifon at ^dehec, 294 Defigns of Monf. Levi, 295 Preparations for a ficge, ib. Gen. Murray's refolutions on the occafion, 296* Battle of Sillery, and Gen. Mwrr^T)* defeated, 320 ^ehec befieged, 327 The Rnglijb fleet under Lord Col'vHle arrives, ib. M. Levi raifes the fiege, 328 General Murray s letter on the occafion, ib. DiHrefs of Saxony y 334 Preparations for opening the campaign, 335 Lofles futtained by the King of Prujfta, 336 Theatre of the war in the Eaft of Germany, . ■ 337 Battle of Landjbut^ 340 Prujftan army under Fauquet deftroyed, 341 The Aujlrians take G/atz, 34a King of Prujjia marches to- wards Silefioy and deceives M. DauTiy 343 Siege of Drefden^ ib. raifed by M, Daun, 345 Brejlau befieged by the Aufiri- ans, 347 Caufe of the flownefs of the allies and French^ 348 A Difference between Broglio and St. Germain, 349 Marpurg and Dillenburg taken by the French, 350 Battle of Corbach where the Hereditary Prince was wound- ed, 351 Surprife and defeat of M. Glou- bitz at Ermfdorfy 352 Aftion at ff'^arbourg, 3 53 Prince Ferdinand's letter on the occafion, 354 The Marqulfs of Granby^s let- ter, 356 Prince Ferdinand's order after the day of battle, 358 Laudohn blocks upScbvjeidnitZf 361 March of the King of Prupa, from Saxony to Lignitz, 362 Laudohn ••-rt*- -a-w^' * Additions from Caf>t. A particular and circumllantial detail of the fiege of, and proceedings at ^ebec, under the command qt Gen. Mur- ray ^ 296 Gen. Murray prepares for a fiege, ib. The battle and defeat of Sillery^ Vhe Brifijb garrifon in ^ebec befieged, 300 Qiders for the working parties, 302 Great fire in the town, 305 Intel\igence by defevters from vtheenemy, ^08 KnoxV Journaly isfc. Arrival of the Leojioff frigate, commanded by Capt Deane, 310 Enemy's batteries firft opened, 31a The Vanguard, commanded by Com. Sivanton, and Diana frigate by Capt. Schombergy come into the bafqn before the town, 316 The French fleet above ^ebec taken, 317 The fiege raifed, 318 Lord Col'vHle with the fleet arr rive, 32a C O N T Laudohn defeated near Lignitz, 363 Daun forms the blockade of Schiu iilnitz, and compelled to raife it, 366 Action between General Hulfen and the army of the Empire, ib. Intercepted letter from the King of PruJJia to the Marquis (t Argens, 367 Situ It on of the French and En^lijb armies, 370 HeretH ary Prince furprifes a body oi French in Zierenterg ib. General Buloiu takes Marpurg 373 Deieated by Monf. Stainvi'^e, lb. Hereditary Prince marches to the Rhine, paffes that river, 374 Cleves taken and PFefel befieged ib. Battle of Cfl»/^f», 377 Allies defeated, ib. Lord Dotvne killed, ib. Hereditary Prtnce repafles the Rhine, 378 Siege of Wefel raifed, ib. Death and eulogium of George n. 379 Accefli'on of Gfor^e III. and his refolution of fupporting his allies, ib. Ruffians and Aujlrians enter Brandenburgh, 384 General Hulfen retreats from Saxony to Berlin, ib. Evacuates it, and the city capi- tulates, 38J Enemy retires out of Brandt n- hurgh, after having pillaged it, 3^7 Imperialijls make themfelves mailers of Mifnia, ib. E N T S. Ruffians befiege Colherg, Battle of Torgau, M Daun wounded. 388 390 lb. Siege of Colberg raifed, 392 The allies raife the fiege of Got- iingen, 394. Winter quarters and fufferings of the Britijh troops, ib. Popular debates in England con- cerning the German war, 395 Thurot fails from Dunkirk, 401 Puts into Co t /eniurgh znd Ber- gen, ib. Pu ts i n to the I^e of Hay, ib. He takes Carrickfergus, 402 Sails from thence, ib. He is killed, and the whole fquadron taken, 403 Capt. Elliot's account of the engagement, ib. War in America, 404 General Amherji goes down the river St. Laiurence. 405 General Murray marches from ^ebec, ib. Montreal furrenders, 408 Cherokee war, 409 Affairs of the Eajl Indies, 4 1 2 tally defeated by Colonel Coote, 4»3 Col. Coote's account of his pro- ceedings in the Eaji Indies, M.DCC LXI. Preliminary remarks, 421 Treaty propofed and entered into by the belligerent pow- ers, 424 Mr. Stanley fent to Paris, and M. Buffy to London, 426 French machinations with Spain, Difficulties in the negotiation, 428 Defign of the campaign in Heffie, and of the expedition cM Belle- ijle, 429 Prince \ CONTENTS. V Prince Ferdinand's plan, 430 Allies enter into Heje and Thu- ringidy 43 1 French retire, ib. Hereditary Prince repulfed at Fritzlar^ 432 Gen. Breidenhack killed, ib. Faitzlar taken, ib. Blockade at Marpurg and Zie- genhayny 433 Siege of Cajfel, ib. Battle of Langenfahzej 434 J^rogiio reinforced from the Loiver Rhine, 435 Hereditary Prince defeated at Stangerodey ib. Siege of CaJ/e/, &c. raifed, and ,, the allies retire behind the Dymel, 436 The negotiation continued, ib. Propofuion oiuti pojftdetisy 437 Debate concerning the periods, 438 BelleiJIe defer! bed, 439 Englijh repulfed at Lochmaria bay, 440 Gen. Hodgfon and Commodore Keppets account of their pro- ceeding at BelleiJIe f 441 They make good their landing, 442 Palais befieged, 445 Town abandoned, 446 Citadel capitulates, ib. England and France agree to treatiof a feparate peace, 447 Epochas propofed by England, 448 Court of Vienna agree, ib. Cjjefts of the negotiation, 449 Propofals of France with regard to Miirope, Afia, Africa^ and America, 450 French memorial concerning Spain, 41; 3 Indignation of the Englijh Mi- niller, ib. Englijh anfwer to the French memorial, 454 Motions of the French and al- lied armies, 495 General Sporcken attacked, 456 French pafs the Dymel, ib. Pofition of Prince Ferdinand^ ib. Jundion of Broglio &nd Souhifey 457 Battle of Kirch Denkerny and the French defeated, 458 Prince Ferdinand's account of the batde, 459 French threaten Hano4 14 SPANISH ', »* •*-■■«* -^i S P A N I S H £/«# «/ Battle Sblfi, ,* ; a • - 'H( , Taken, Tigra Reyna Soverano , r.? 'i:.-. Infante Aquilon l«.»'^.v .. '^ America Sij; i* .^.. Conqueftado T^« San Genaro San Antonio Guns. Sunk. Cans. 'JI7. OO * .' 70 Neptuno 70 Afia 70 Europa -70 ■' ■ .''-:- 70 Frigates. ;^ ' 60 Taken. ' 60 Vinganaza -• i • 24 • 60 Thetis 24 60 Marte 18 N. B. There were two (hlp3 of war taken on the (locks, at the Havannah. 5jT ■* '' '. » •• \ ■ ^ J fc ■- . . I i 1 .>> rr ._,: •.;'! . 1 il ■ "'.hi'-^-' i 1; '.it 1* ' ■: k r' •• Si;;:iMA«2 ft;' lilL 'f»( % • . •* ■» ^ '.' > THE ( [ I ] ' • ^^.^'' THE. ANNUAL REGISTER: OR, HIS T OR Y O F T H E ..h'J W A R. . C H A P. I. • •; ■ ' Origin of the troubles in North America. Admiral Eof^ cawen and General Braddock fent tbitber. Operations . intended. Two French men of war taken. Braddock ' dejeafed. Gen. John/on repulfet the, French. French threaten an invafton. Fort St. Philip A>ejieged and Haken, Treaty with Rujpa, the fpirit of it. Alliance with the King of Prufjia. Ground of the parrel between her Im^ perial Majejly and that Monarch. Treaty of Peterjhourg, Treaty of Verf allies. King of Pruffict enters Saxony and Bohemia. Buttle oj Lowojitz, Saxon army furrendersp 1"'^HE original plan of this work propofed no more than, that each volume Ihould contain, a narra- tive of thofe events which diftinguifli its own Year, But, becaufe we have entered upon ouis,_ undertaking in the heat of an almoft general and very im- ' portant war, I thought it would not be unnecelTary or difagreeal)Ie to look a littje farther back. It would be difficult, perfeftly to underftand the operations of the feveral powers at war, without reviewing the tranfa^ions of the preceding years j nor would it be eafy to enter into • B . • the »>:i. *' \l 2 The History of the War. 1755. the fpir'it of thefe* without examining the caufes which more nearly or remotely operated to produce thofe troubles that have involved fo many parts of the world in one com- mon diftraftion. The war in which all parties and intereAs feem now to be fo perfedly blended* arofe from caufes which originally had not the lead conne£tion : the uncertain limits of the Englifh and French territories in America; and the mutual claims of the Houfes of Auftria and Brandenbourg on the dutchy of Silefia. It is no wonder that the two former powers feizing on a country in which they confidered the right of the natural inhabitants as nothings (hould find it a very difficult matter to fettle their own. For a long time neither of thefe powers were fufficiently acquainted with the geography of America, to enable them to afcertain the limits ot their feveral pretenfions with any tolerable exa£t- nefs; nor, indeed, were thefe matters deemed of fuffici- ent moment to call for a very laborious difcuffion. At the treaty of Utrecht, whilfl; fo many more important intereds, or what then feemed more important, were difcufled, the limits of Nova Scotia, then called Acadia, were exprefled only in general terms, and left to be put on a more certain footing by -fubfequent negociations. Thefe negociations purfued with no vigour, and drawn out into an exceffive length, feemed only to increafe the former confufion. After the acceffion of the prefent Royal Family, a French conne6Vion, perhaps neceflary from the circumftances of the time, and afterwards a certain negligence of all af- fairs but thofe of our domedic polity, fufFered this im- portant point to vaniih almoft wholly out of our confi- deration. During this interval, our colonies on the con- tinent of North America, extended themfelves on every fide. Whilft agriculture and the maritime commerce flou- rifhed on their coafts, tjie Indian trade drew feveral of our wandering dealers far into the inland country, and beyond the great mountains. Here they found themfelves in a de- lightful climate, in a foil abundantly fruitful, and watered with many fair and navigable rivers. Thefe advantages. Joined to thofe of the Indian trade, appeared to compenfate for its remotenefs from the fea. It was judged, that as the firft fettlers on thecoaft, we had a good right to the inland country; and, if fo, to the navigation of the Miflifippiy which opened another door to the ocean. With thefe views. f. «*-ay»ili ■fa||ir j i|,»iii-i| liijfi I itm wm Dill I .1 >755* The UisrovLY of i be V/aH. ^ vicwsf a company of merchants and planters, obttlned a charter for a confiderable tra£t of land near the river Ohio, on the wedtrn fide of the Alieganey mountains, but within the province of Virginia; and the adventurers be* gan to fettle purfuant to the terms of their patent. Now began to (hoot forth the feeds of another difpute^ which had long lain unobferved, but which proved altoge- ther as thorny and intricate as that concerning the limits of Acadia. The French pretending to have firft difco- vered the mouths of the Miflifippiy claimed the whole ad- jacent country, towards New Mexico on the ea(l> quite to the Apalachian or Alieganey mountains on the weft. , They drove off the new fettlcrs, and built a new fort called du Quefney on the forks of the River Monongahelaf a fituation which commanded the entrance into all the coun- . try on the Ohio and MiflTifippt. The reader wilf obferve, that I do not pretend to dtcide concerning the right of either nation in this contcft. It it evif)ies at the mouth of the Miffifippi by a poifefTion of all that vaft country which lies between themj, the Engliih colonies mufl lofe all fhare in the Indian trade in time of peace ) and in time of war be expofed to continual dangers, or to the ruinoufly chargeable defence of a frontier more than fifteen hundred miles in length. If on the con- trary, the French fbould fail to make good thefe claims on ihe Ohi&,' and thofe on Nova Scotia, their two colonies entirety difunited, and the entrance into one (hut up for the winter feaforr by froft, and the entrance into the other dif* ftcalt in all feafons by the bairks at the mouth of the Mifli« ftppi, muft certainly lofe ail their value to France, and in their fall involve much of the fortune of their great fettle* ments in the Weft Indies. Both nations being fully perfuaded of this, no longer looked on the affair of the Ohio as a matter of indifference* They prepared to cut the gordian knot of the long and in- tricate negociation by the fword. Ships were fitted out, and fome troops filently fent off from Breft. General Braddock failed to Virginia with about fifteen hundred regular troops ; twenty four men of war under the Admirals 1 7SS« Bofcawen and Moftyn were ordered to America, to intercept the French fupplies. Orders were fent to our co- , .V B a lonies ^K i-^SS* I'llll |.r ^•^^^-.y^ 11. ^h.i i 4 The History of the War. 1755. loniei t6 trm ; and three operation! were tdutlly under- taken, one agatnft Fort du Qycfne under Braddock ; the other two agatnft the French forts in Nova Scotia, and the Port of Crown Point on the Frontiers of New York. The two courts in the mean time breathed nothing but peace, and exchanged reciprocal profeflTions of friendHiip^ and goodwill, which deceived neither party. They who are of opinion that the pafltons and charaden of the ruling men influence all public concerns as much as the pttbtic. interefts themfelves, thought they faw other caufes operating to haden this breach. On the death of a great Minider, which happened fome time before, the kdn«iniftration was new moulded. Some perfons then taken in, were confidered as belonging to a party not perfedly united with the remains of the old adminiftration. It was thought, that the leading man of this party propofed to ^ork out the old fervants of the crown, in order to make 755- y under- 3€k; the }tia, and w York, hing but ienddiip^ haraQem much as iw other death of Fore, the len taken perfedlj It was pofed to to make ! fubfifts, is diffi- ical to a fcious of' e confpi- iderable, s of the >ple. In [farily be emfeives them to and on : puibed lad play- krhom an ural fire French -d Mof- • n with lal judg- ;ver, the ind foon ndoned ; a Scotia. Quefnc, under 1755. 7* f History 0//^ War. 5- under General Braddock. That General abounding too much in his own fenfe tor the degree of military knowledge he pulleflcd, commuii iing in a country which he did not. know, and carrying on .t fpeciei of war in which he had no experience, fuflFcred hi*nielt, when he had advanced within 10 miles of Fort du ( r fne, to l>« furpriled by an ambuf- cade of French aiu] Indians. Mis army was feif.- ed with a panic from i.'ie unuiual appearance, and July 9, horrid cries of the favagcs i they fled in cnnfu- fion ; they were totally defeated with a lonfiderable (laugh- ter, efpeciallyof their oflficers. The General himfelf, after having five horfes killed under him, was mortally wounded ; wiping away all the errors of hisconduQ by an hoi^urable iicith for his country. The nation was fomethtng confoled for this \o(s in the Ylgnal advantage gained by General Johnfon, who com* manded the expedition defignedagainft Crown Point. He was attacked in his intrenchments by Sept. 7, the French General Diefkau, but the afTailant^ wanting cannon, and firing from too great a diftance, were totally defeated, and Diefkau himfelf was mad( piifionef^ This vidory, tho* very honourable for Mr. Jonnfon an4 the provincial troops under his command, yet as it was gained late in the i'eafon, and as the army was in no very good condition, had no confequences. On the whole, we feemed, after allowing for this vi£tory, and for the dif-* lodgment of the French from Nova Scotia, to have had the worfl part in the campaign ; confidering the fanguine cxr peSations which had been formed, and the great fuperiori* ty of flrength which we exerted, or were able to hav ^ exr erted, in that part of the world. During this fummer, our court took a refolutipn not to wait the precarious operation of our arms in America for redrefs of the grievances complained of, but to flrike t jch a blow as would at once put a fecurity into our hands, for the evacuating the places the enemy had fortified in our . territories, and difable them in the two mofl material points, the refources of their trade, and their feamen. Their - merchant fhips were every where attacked, as if war had been a^ually declared, and v;^fl numbers brought into our ports. The French made all Europe refound with com- plaints of what they called a proceeding fo4ipjufl, i^nd a vloUtioo of the- law of nations i^ flagrant and unpreceden^- mmM,m-v,mm"m->:r'- 0*'' 'm^w *3sn-'''>'^»*'? m I This History «/ tBe War. 1756, fed. But* whether it was that they were really in no con- dition to »di, or that they intended to influence the other 1 courts in their favour, by a (hew of extraordinary modera-» tion» they contented themfelves with this, and neither de- (clared war^ nor made any fort of reprifal for feveral nnonths after. At length they began to a^; feveral bodies 1756. pf troops moved to the coafts of Picardy, Nor- mandy and Britany; and all things threatened an Jnvafion on ^oihe part of this kingdom. Under the (hadow pf this flrata^eni, they gpt ready in the harbour of Toulon fL fleet of twelve men of war of the line, with the utmoft expedition^ which convoyed an army of about April 18. eleven thoufand men, under the command of the Duke de Richtieu to the ifland of Minorca. In a . ., few days they opened the trenches before St. Phi- This was done whiid the nation trembled under a fhame- ful panic, too public to be concealed, too fatal in its con* fequences to b<: ever forgotten. The real invadon did not leuefi our fears of the imaginary one; it threw us into a CPnfufion that frfFered us to be fenfible of nothing but our own weaknefs. We did not look upon ourfelves fufficiently fecured by the arrival of the Hanoverian and Heflian troops, which the fame weaknefs had induced us to call to our afliil-r ance. The miniftry feemed to have been infefted with the (cpnimon terror ; for though they had very early notice of the French defigns, fuch was the apprehendpn pf the in- vaHon, or fuch the ill contrived difpofition of our navy, that Admiral Byng was not difpatched to the Mediterranean t>efore the 5th of April, and then y/'nh. a fquadron of no inore than lofhips of the line. T|ip engagement with the French fleet under M. Ga- Imoniere; the retreat«^f Byng by which the gar- ,May I a. rifon of fort St. Philip was cutoff from all hopes of relief J the furrender of that garrifon after June 29. nine weeks open trenches ; the fentiments of the court and the public, on the different merits of th^ governor ijnd the admiral; the opppfition of fome, who ^!?* thought the one top highly honoured, and the other too. fevcrely cenfured; and the ineafures which rather indigna- tion at pur loffes and difgraces, than a cool fenfe of things obliged us to taike, are known to all the world. Our affairs fver^-tfi fuch (^ fpfid|tfon (hat Y^^ were driven to the expe- * i4 ^m\ . *—^^^j,^- .mtr .-..■q ^nfjgi'iff ■■i wma w m jmi^ii:. 1 no con- the other modera-r ither de- al months ral bodies Jy, Nor- itened m i (hadow ^ Toulon e utmoft of about id of the :a. In a St. Phi- i fhame- its con- did not IS into a but our Gciently troops, ir affift^ 'ith the Slice of the in- r navy, Tancan of no J' m < -^ /I. Ga- le gar- hopes I after of the rits of -i who -r too dignar things affairs expe- 4m m. t*% .f*j ^3ri I ''•-'^* >* :^--*K.j-^ y. ''^•:-t^ '. ^litmmin "•tfA 'l^V. • ■ 'f ^^^^ ^JpMiiiB^illll^to^^^^j''^^ mUlIK ^^^^^M^^r^ ■ ^^^ ~€si^. ..;..,=^.w.. .i,^--;:^'^»> afi'JfubfriJt/m. ■ \;w >757- . Tl^* History 0/ //>tf War. -y ^ent of a court martijil to revive the British fpki^ and tf> the unfortunate uecefllty of, ihedding the blood pf .-"bu,. . » ioi AdmiraU a perfon or a noble family^ as a fa- |h1y crifice to the difciif^line of our navy. " '' From this noelapcboly pi^ure, Jet us turn our ey<» ano* ther way) and review thi (teps by which thw war came to involve the red of the contending powers. .Ifhe French* . amoi^fl: the either plans they formed for dtftfeilihg our 4lfFairs» made no fecret of their ifefign pf attacking 4iis Majefty's German dominions. Thefe, countries evidenAj; had no fort of connexion with the nnatters which; gave . rife to the war. Hut being under a Sovereign fo reipark* ably affedionate to his native country ; tliey judged hJB might be terrified into a relaxation of his rights in Ame- rica* to preferve Hanover from the calamities with which it was threatened' Their politics, howevjerj^iig this in- fiance proved as unfuccefsfui as they were unjuilt. No motion was made towards an abatemeiait in otir^laims with regard to Antierica ; his Majefty took other, methods for the prefcrvation of the peace of Germany. His Britiifh fub- jefts by their reprefentatives, not more^eneroufly than rea-x ■fonably* refolved to defend the tlanovenans if attacked in their quarrel. To anfwer this pvirpofe* the miniiftry chjtej- ed into a fubfidy treaty with the. Emprefs of Hulliaijn virtue of which ihe was to hold fifty five thoufand tji^ffm readinefs to be fent on a requifition wherever thf^itllpi -fervice required. /;:"/; The alliance with RulTia was choien forreafpn^ ,w|iic)i were then fy^ciently plaufible; though ^jf to be Jio|>ed they can never fubfiil again. The long liV^lSi^t^isAitm between the King of Pruflla and our court* Ml;^h^ dbje connexion with that of Verfailles, raifed no f^-grouniled apprehenfions tttat he might be induced to ad; a dangerous part on this occafion. Ruilia was therefore a proper kKy». who had both a political and perfonal enmity to this'o;^* narch* and who would be fi^re to employ a great power with great vigoi^r in fuch a 4:aufe. But this fyftem. was in a fliort time totally reverfed. The King of PrulHia had b'ben too well apprifed of the ctofe conjun<5^ion of the coliirts ei Peterfljurg and Vienna, and of the real motive to that conjunction, to have the leaft defign of cmbrditing hinjfelf with England. Matters were therefore very fobnexptain- pdf and the treaty between, his Pruilian Majefly and this P4 . ^ourt, 8 The History of the War. . 1757, court^ to keep all foreigners oilt of the Empire, was figned at London in January 1756. ^Thefe treaties were cenfured «s inconfiftent witii each other; but in reality they were confident enough) ainning precifely at the fame objeft, to Oppofe the (chemes meditated by France for difturbing the aflFairs of Germany. If reflediog on the fentiments of thefe courts, there was fomething unexpeded i|i the alliance between Great Bri- tain and ^ruilia; it was foon followed by another alliance of a nature infinitely more furprifinjr. The Fmprefs Queen of Hungai^, finding England in no diipofition to co-operate in her defigns, had recourfe to other meafures. The houfe of Aufliria, which had formerly united Europe to preferve her from the power of France, now entered herfelf into the moft intimate union with that power. By this extraordinary . revolution the whole political fyilem of Europe afliimed a ntw face; it was indeed a revolution fo extraordinary, hat wc ftiall be.juftified if we interrupt the courfe of. this nai^rative, to look back at the caufes which produced it. The houfe of Brandenbourg, a little more than two cen- turies ago, was in a very humble condition. But by the part ihc took in the reformation, which put into her hands the edates of the Teutonic order; by a marriage from which (he acquired the dutchy of Cleves; and by an un- common fucceflion of able princes who carefully improved every turn in the affairs of Germany to their advantage, jBje raifed herfelf by degrees to a confiderable ftate, to an cleftorate, and at la(l to a royalty, not only m name but in power. The late Kiiig of Pruflia, in order to ftrengthen this power, though he pafTed almoft his whole reign in the moft profound peace, gave his whole attention to his army; frugal in all othfcr refpeds, in this alone he was expenfive ; it was hisliufinefs, and what was perhaps of greater mor ment, it was his only diverfion. Thus in a reign apparently inad:ive, there was always Itept up an army of near one hun- dred thoufand men, in as much exercife as they could biave in war, and formed with the moft perfe€t-difcip\ine. When his prcfdnt Majefty came to the throne, he imme- >>4diately Ihewed a difpofition of employing effe£tually that military forced which his father had fpent his life only in fprjming and training. He managed his difpute with the Bimopef Irtege ;by the funypaty method of force; and feeitiigd^fpofe^ to cari^ alb^logi^^ith (o high an hand, as 1757- The HiBTOViY of the W\k/ 9 made him indeed much refpeded^ but much dreaded, too by the Princes of the .Empire, who faw that there was another power to be feared in Germany, befides that of Auftria. But thefe were fraall matters^ rather figns of the difpofition of this Prince, than exertions of it. He medi- tated much greater things; and only waited an op- portunity to make good the antient claims of his family on . the moft confiderable part of the dulchy of Silefia. The right to that dutchy had been a very intricate affair ; but the houfe of Auftria availing herfelf of the greatnefs of her power, and a diflention between the Elector Frederick II. and his fon, prevailed with the Eledor to give up that right for an equivalent ; then fhe perfuaded his fon to con.- firm the treaty ; and at the fame time for a trivial conH- deratlon to give up the equivalent itfelf. The King of Pruffia, not thinking himfelf bound by thefe ads, though confirmed by a long pofTefTion, took advantage of his own . power, and the embarralTed circumftances of the houfe of Auflria, to refume what their power and the embarraffed circumftances of his family had formerly deprived him of. For immediately on the death of Charles the 6th, when the Auftrian greatnefs feemed irrecoverably Dec. loft, he entered into Silefia, and made himfelf mafter 1740. of the whole country with little oppbfition.. Then uniting with the French and Bavarians, he fecured his conquefts, by twodecifive vidories, and by a trea- ^ ty which yielded him the greateft part of Silefia •' * and the whole county of Glatz. But the caufe ' '^ of the Emperor which the King of Pruffia iiad embraced, foon caufed a renewal of hoftijities ; the Queen of Hungary faw herfelf defeated in three pUched June 2p battles ; her new ally the King of Poland, driven 1744. from his German dominions^ and the King of Pruffia entering Drefden in triumph, where he gave the law in a treaty, by which Silefia was once more folemnly confirmed to him : in return to which Dec. i745. he guarantied the Queen of Hungary the reft of her donlinions. \ The Qufeen of Hungary could not eafrly Icfe the me- mory of the wound (he had received in the lofs of one of the fineft and richeft parts of all hfr dominions. - Silefia^ which (he'had juft yielded, extended in length two hundred miles along the courfe of the large and navigable river Oder. A country ''m.:^ 10 The History of the War. 175^. A country of the mod exquiiite fertility and higheft cultiva- tion ; abounding with men* abounding with valuable manu- fa£tures, and yielding a clear yearly revenue of eight hundred thoufand pounds fterling. The peace was hardly concluded by which fhe refigned this valuable territory, than (he fet on foot pradices for recovering it. She entered into a treaty with the court of Peteribourg, of an innocent and flmply defen- sive nature, (b far as appeared to the public ; but May 22, fix fecret and feparate articles were added to it ; 1 746. one of which provides, that in cafe his Pruflian majcfty Hiould attack her majefty the Emprefs Queen, or the Emprefs of RuiHa, or even the republic of Poland, that this attack ihould be confidered as a breach of the treaty of Drefden ; that the right of the Emprefs Queen to Sileiia ceded by that treaty fhould revive ; and that the contraSing powers (hould mutually furniih an army of ftxty thoufand men to re->inveft the Emprefs Qyeen with that dutchy. To this fo extraordinary a treaty, the King of Poland' was invited to accede ; and he did fo far accede to it, as to (hew he perfedily agreed in his fentiment withihtfe courts. But his fituation in the jaws of a formidable enemy, and the experience of pad misfortunes, had rendered him fo wary, that he declined figning the treaty ; but ililU with the content of the parties concerned, whom he fully con^ vinced of his refolution to co-operate in all their meafpres. He deftred and they agreed, that in the fuccefs of their arms he (hould have a ihare in the fpoil, on the footing of a treaty for the eventual portion, of the King of May 18, PruiTia's dominions made in the lad war. On « 745. thefe conditions the King of Poland without adu- > ally figning, was underflood, and received as a party to the treaty of Peterfbourg. In confequence of thefe mtafures, all fort of neans were employed to embroil the King of Pruflia's aflPairs in the North, and particularly to render him perfonaliy odious to the Czarina. When their machinations had taken full ef- fed, and Ruflia was fixed in the unalterable enmity to tha^ monareh, preparations of magazines and armies were made in Bohefnia and Moravia ; and the King of Poland, under pretence of a military amufement,dre w together about (ixteen thoufslnd men, with which he occupied the ftrong and im- portant pofl of Pirna. The Queen of Hungary faw that (be 1 7 5^' Ti&tf History of the War. ii ftood in need of yet Wronger fupports than thefe in the arduous bufinefs (he had undertaken. She found that Great Britatn» which had often done fo much for her diflrefTes, would do little for her ambition : ihe therefore had recourfe to France, who joyfully accepted an alliance* that promifcd to confound the whole Germanic body» and concluded a treaty with the Emprefs at Verfailles the ill of May 1756, a remarkable sera in the political hiftory of Europe. The fecret articles of the treaty of Peterfljourg, the fountain of the prefent troubles, and the (leps taken to put that treaty in execution* though formed and carried on with as much fecrecy as earneftnefs, could not efcupe the vigilance of his Pruflian maiefty, who watched all their mo> tions, and had perfed intelligence of their moil hidden do figns. When, therefore, he perceived that by the breach between England and France, the Emprefs Queen would take advantage of thefe troubles to avail herfelf of her al- liances and her armament ; he ordered his miniller at Vienna to demand a clear explication, and proper affurances con- cerning the preparations he faw making : and receiving only a dry and equivocal anfw«r, that the Emprefs had taken meafures for her own fecurity and that of her allies and friends, the King believed himfelf no longer bound to pre- ferve any terms ; a dangerous war was to be kept out of his own territories at any rate; and being always in perfedrea- dinefs for a£lion, he fell upon Saxony with a confiderable ;irmy. At firft the King of Pruffia feemed only to demand a free paflage for his troops, and an obfervance of the neutrality profefled by the King of Poland; Aug, 29, but as he had very good reafon to dlftfuft fuch a neutrality, he demanded as a fecurity, that the Saxon troops (hould quit the ftrong port they occupied, and dif- perfe thenrJelves immediately. This demand was refufed, and the King of Prufli^ in confequence of that refufal, immediately formed a fort of blockade about the Saxon camp at Pima, with a view to reduce it by famine, fince its inacteffible fituation rendered an attack unadvifeable. There were in Bohemia two Auilrian armies under Marfhal Brownand Marfliai Picolomini;to keep them in awe,Marlhal Schwerin had entered Bohemia from the county of Glatz; and Marfhal Keith had penetrated into that kingdom on the (ideof Mifnia. But theKingofPruflia,not entirely confidingin th^fedifpoOtigns \ ancl (lill apprehenfive th^t M{^r(hal Brown might ■■■.;>«- gi »»— i ju wi' i i w in im ' ■ " " ■^: I a Tk History of t/jg Wak. 1756. might be able to convey fome rclitf to the Saxons* refolv- ed to bring him to adion, to the tuccefs of which he knev«r his own prefence would greatly ccntribute. He therefore lefi the blpckade of the Saxon artnyy joined his forces under Keitl.f and engaged the Auflrians at Lowufitz. Dec. I. Here he obta ned a vi£tory, which though it was not undifputed with regard to the field, of battle, yet with regard to the confequences it was as decifive as could be wilhtd. Marfhal brown found it.lmpra£licable to relieve the Saxons, notwithflanding the iudicious efforts he made for that purpofe ; and that army, after a vain attempt to retire from their difficult poft, which had one fault, that it was as difficult to leave it as to force it, were obliged to furrender prifoners of war. The King of Poland quitted his German dominions ; and the Pruffians took up their winter quarters in Saxony, fei/.td upon the revenues, levied exorbhant contributions, and obliged the country to furnifh> recruits. This unhappy people faw their country exhaufl- ed, ami forced to bear the burthen of a war againft itftlf. It was then that the King of Pruffia Qonfulting the rules of policy more than thofe of politenefs, made himfeU'maf- ter of the archives at Drefden, in doing which fome rough- nefs was ufed towards the Qneen ; but he made himfelf amends for the clamour indudrioufly raifed on this pretence, by acquiring the original of thefe pieces, which evinced to the world the reality of the defign againfl hinni, and which therefore in a great meafure juflified the means he had taken to Come at thcm» as well as the extraordinary feverities he ufed towards the unfortunate Saxons. C H A P. II. State of the Englijb minijiry. The cbara^ers and deftgns of the, feveral f anions. A coalition. Ofivego , taken by . the French' Calcutta taken by the Nabob, Angria re- duced by Admiral Watfon. HILST the King of PruflTia pafTed the winter in the mofl vigorous preparations for carrying on the vvar, his ally Great Britain prefented a very difFtrent face of things. The lofs of Minorca plunged the people into the utmofl grief mixed with (hame; for fuch a blot pn the national honour, and With indignation not only riiteililrir.-ifi'-iiVri MKrtnaniiniiiMtoiaaiiiiaitfM "tr:: ■ ilirii > iin ili ir i ill i ll > fHiH i l l- l i if I 'i'K ii ,4WMMW ' « 17.';7' T'/jtf History of the War. t% againfl thofe v/ho had a£ted weakly» but thofe who had provided infufficiently for the maintenance of that important pofleflion. The public refentment, which at firft Teemed to have no other obje£tthan Byng* was foon turned againft t' minidry. The clamour in parliament was great ; wi-thou^ doors it was exceflive. AddreiTes praying a Arid enquiry into the caufe of our misfortunes* were prefented from all parts of the kingdom. The miniftry^ notwithilanding this general difcontent, had a real ftrength ; and they might have (lood» had they agreed amongd themfelves. The commons could not be brought to any angry votes ; and the refult of the enquiry into the lofs of Minorca, was as favourable as they could have wiAied. But Mr. Fox (now Lord Holland) thought it not advifeahle to bear a large proportion of the odium caufed by counftls, in which he had little (hare. Perhaps he thought this embarraflm^nt, a (Ituation not unfavourable to the arrangement he had always aimed at ; he therefore fuddenly threw up an em- ployment, which he hoped to refume augmented with greater power. On the removal of this principal prop, the whole ftrufture of the miniftry fell to pieces. The Duke of Newcadle, the Lord Chancellor, the Hrfl: lord of the admiralty refigned^and the chiefs of the party by whofe manoeuvres they were difplaced, naturally fucceeded to the ma- Dec. 4. nagement of affairs. They who had reHgned 1756. gave them no apparent oppofuion in parliament ; ^ but whether it was, that the new miniftry were them- felves too frefti from oppofit ion, and forae of them too full of the popular manners, that introduced them to court, to be perfe^ly agreeable in the clofet, or that they had made their bottom too narrow, after holding their em- ployments for fome months, to the great concern of the public, they in their turn were obliged to quit their ports. Thus was the helm of government April 5. fecond time abandoned. The cafe of; the 1757. a King and the nation was at that jun0ure truly deplorable. We were without any ally who could do us the leaft fervice, engagt d in a war hitherto uniuccefsful, with the moft formidable power in Europe ; we almoft defpaired of our military virtue ; public fpirit appeared utterly extingniflied, whilft the rageof faSion burned with the utmoft violence ; our operations were totally fufpcnd- ed: .->l 14 Yhe History af the War. 1757* ed : and having no miniflry eftabHHied, we had no plan to rollow. Three fadions divided the ruling men of the nation, for the grofs of the people feemed to have no further views than a redrefs of their grievances, by whatever means that could be brought about ; the firA of thcfe fadions was compofed of thofe who had grown to place and power, or had formed their connexions under the old minidry. They were fome of the moft refpedable perfons in the nation* and had undoubtedly the gre»teft parliamentary intereft. They had at the fame time another intereil hardly lefs confiderable, that of th« tnonied people ; but in fome points, and thofe maiterkt too, thfty were weak. They were not at all popular ; a matter of great confi* deration in a government like ours; atid rhey were fup- poftd by the grofs of the people, not to be under the diredion of great political abilities. The fecond fa>dion, though not fufpe£l:«d of th^ want of fufficitnt ability, was yet more unpopukr th^fi the former; they had not attempted to preferve even ' ihe ap- pearances eflentiail to popotiapfiy ; and to them the more eflential, as their parliamentary flrength was, however refpe^abte, much inferior to the firA. Tf their influence at one court was able to baiki^e that of %ht old nminidry, by means of a then powerful connexitof!", that very con- nexion made them far worfe at another cottrt, and worfe with the generality of th^ people, who enterrsiined or pre- tended at Icaft to entertain, fiifpiSions of a naiti*re the more dangerous, as they were oflly dropped in hints and whif- pets, and never could comie to a full and open explana- tion. The third party, had little parliamentary dncJ lefs court Influence ; but they had a prodigious popuiarity, which fupplied every other defe^. The abilities 6f their leader were of the mofl fhining kind ; his application equal td his abilities ; hisdifintcreftednefs were confeflfed by bis ene- mies ; and though it would have (bined in the days of he- roifm, was now the more valtted, and fet ofF to the greater advantage by the general fetfiftinefs which prevailed among ^, think of aiding them in any cafe, only : by mji^i jjrriHi r:tiMIPii*!'rf» -iitHmm' ■ijULrUSnit'-i ' - I IIIIPU1 4««i. 'mff^ m^m. »« H P'IW - i| '757- plan of the other it we are ble both s to us a r nation. trade is 3 hand in But, if oning our | yrinth of artics in urchafing tty prince n all the from go- ittack her jr ill judg- nothing to ;nt, whilft ilways cut ^ing their wtak in its n invafion plying by V,:*, jfove our ver (hape like ours, f the fub- tic power, govern - ^vefnment len need [might be ;h other. make no |eng«ge in and to -. |f poflible ;s whoUjP Is oh the S* lafe, only by 1756. Tbe Hi sronY of tbeWk^. 17 by the way of diverfion with our fleeti» ^ould be t wav of proceeding, dill more extravagant than the former. U fuch notions were reduced to pradicc* we might foon lofc all thofe advantages derived from a fituation which w« abufed. The reafonableners of fuch a temperament, could not be perceived during the ferment of that timfe* in which thefe topics were bandied to and fro ^ith infinite heat. The refignatioii, or rather deprivation, of the popular mt- niilry, only increafed their popularity, and ihe general difcontent ; the people could not believe that good mear fures could be purfued, when thofe, in whom alone they confided, were not employed ; almod all the corporations of the kingdom prefented the deprived miniAers with their freedom, and addreffed them in the warmeft manner, teAi- fying the mod. intire approhati'ion of their condud, and the (incered concern to fee them but of employment. This confli£t between an old edabliflied intered, and the torrent of popularity, continued for a long time, and the nation was almod ruined by it. It is not eafy, nor perhaps quite proper, to attempt to trace the depsby which fo hap- py a coalition, as we have feen take place, was brought about. But it was formed in fuch manner, has held to- gether with fuch folidity, and produced fuch excellent efFe^s, as I believe the mod fanguine June 29. could not have hoped for at that time. Mr. Pitt was 1757. again redored to the office of fecretary of date, the Duke of Newcadle was placed ^t the head of the treafury, Mr. Fox was appointed paymader of the forces. This ar- rangement, which gave very general fatisfafiion, was how- ever difliked by thofe, whom their violent attachment to their party had infpired with a narrow and exclufive fpirit. It was the bed meafure, becaufe it was an healing mea- fure ; and it was little lefs than impodlble for any parti- cular party to carry on public bufinefs on its Angle bot- tom. • It was high time that our domedic didentions (hould be compofed at lad. From every quarter of the world> in which we had any concern, wie heard Aug. 14. of nothing but lodes and calamities. In America 1 756. we lod the Fort of Ofwego. That fort, fitua- ted at the mouth- of the Onondaga river, comnianded a commodious harbour on the Lake Ontario. It was built ■C ■ ■•■• by t« ^be History of the War. 1757^ by Gcncrat Shirley, and defigned to cover the country of the Five nations ; to fecure the Indian trade ; to interrupt the communication between the French northern and fouthem eftablifliments ; and to open a way to our arms to attack the forts of Frontenac and Niagara. For thefe pur- pofes, fome frigates had been fitted out for cruizing, and a number of boats prepared for the tranfportation of troops ; but they ail fell to the enemy with the fort, where one hun- dred pieces of cannon were, and a conHderable quantity of proviHon. One thoufand fix hundred men were made prifon- ers of war. The place made but a trifling refifliance, fcarce holding out three days; the attempts to relieve it were too late. The French demoliflied the fort. Our lodes were not confined to America. The Eaft India company received a blow, which would have (liaken an eftabliihment of lefs flrength to its foundations. The news of the virar between France and England had not yet reach- ed India, but a new and very formidable enemy was raifed up in that quarter. The Nabob of Bengal (the Nabobs are a fpeciesof viceroys to the Grand MoguU grown al- mod independent in their feveral provinces,) irritated at the protedioa given to one of his fubjeds in the Englifh fort of Calcutta, and, as it is faid, at the refufal of fome duties to which he. claimed a right, levied a great army, and laid (lege to that place. The Governor, terrified by the numbers of the enemy, abandoned the fort with feve- ral of the principal perfons in the fettlement, whofaved themfelvea with their valuable effeds on board the ihips. ■ --^'-^^Iv"^^ • -^^^./T Thus defertedy Mr. Holwell, the fecond in command, bravely held the place to the laft extremity, with a kvr gallant friends, and the remains of a feeble garrifon. A^ very iioble defence was tnfulficienc to keep an untenable placcy or toafied an ungenerous enemy. The fort wa« taken, and the garrilbn being made prifdners, June 16. were thmft into a narrow dungeon. Hoi welt, with a few others, came out alive, to paint a fcene of the moftcrAel dittrefs Which perhaps human nature «ver fufiered. The Eaft India company loft their principal fettlement in Bengal, and a fort, which fepured to them the moft valuable part of their trade. In the fpace of this unfortunate year, we were dripped ^ Minorca and Ofwego ^ we apprehended an invafion of Great *% 1757* The liisroKY of the W ASi, -19 Great Britain itfelf : our councils were torn to pieces by fa£lions} and our military force was every where in con- tempt. Amidft thefe loITes, we confidered as fome advantage, the redudion of the principal Feb, 13. fort of Angria, a piratical prince* who had been many years troublefomc to the Englifli trade in the Eaft Indies. This fervice was performed by Admiral Watfon in the beginning of the year. -i;-^: . X ,. G HAP. III. State of the confederacy againji the King of Prujpa, French 'r pafs the Wejer» King of Prujpa enters Bohemia, Battle of Fragile. Prague invejied. Count Daun takes the com" tnand of the Jujtrian artny. Battle of Colin. HAT turn the Engliih politics were like to take in the year 1759* feemed for fome time uncertain. The new miniftry did not feem well eftabliHied v nor was it well known, whether they would purfue the plans and preferve the connexions of the old. Abroad, every. thiog was prepared for opening the campaign with the Ut0)o(l eclat. All Europe was in motion. u#it >4^i? ' f France, in order to demonftrate to the QseenQf Hun- gary, the advantageous choice/ (he had made in x.onne£ting herfelf with the houfeof Bourbon, formed two gr^eat armies. The firft wa*3 compofed of near eighty thoufand men, the flower of the French troops, attended with a v^ artHl^ry and commanded by Marfhal d'Etrees, a General of the beft eftabliftied reputation flie had in her fervice. Under bin? ferved Marfhal de Contades, Marfhal Chevert, and the Count de St. Germain, all officers of high chara£ker, and all fit to coin- mand in chief, if Marflial d^Etrees had not been appointed to that eminence. This formidable army pafTed the Rhine, and marched by Weftphalia, in order to invade the King of Prullia*s dominions in quality of allies to the ]£mprefs Queen, and guardians of the liberties of the Empire, and to no other intent, as it was pretended ; but in reality, with a view to reduce Hanover alfo. They judged that their operations againfl: the King of Pruflia might be executed, and their fcheme to drive the King of England into fome conceiTions with regard to America, might be compleated by one and the, fame blow. The fecond army waS: com- C a ^ manded 'VT'mmi ■<■«<¥«»■ 100 \ ^History of ibeWAtL, i757- niandeil by the Prince de Soubife; itconiifted of about twenty 4i'Ve thbufand men. This army was deftined tp ftrengthen the Imperial army of execution ; but before' if kad pafled the Rhine* it made itfelf mafter of Clevea» Meura and Gueldres> wbilft a detachment from d'Etrees's army fcized upon the town of Embden» and whatever clfe belonged to Pruffia in Eaft Friefland. As foon as the King of Pruflia had entered Saxony in the beginning of the preceding fummer, procefs was com- jnenced againfl: him in the Emperor's Auiic council, and before the diet of the Empire. It is not difficult to con- ' ceW6 how the affair muft have been decided ; when thoie who feared the King of Pruflia, believed they Kad a fair opportuni^ to reduce him : and when thofe who feared the houfe of Auftria, were, by that very fear, obliged to fup- port^ thf power they dreaded : accuftomed as they were to the influence of a family in which the Empire had fo long been in a manner hereditary ; and over-^iwed by the ftppi^rance of a confederacy, the moil formidable the world had ever yet feen. Accordingly the King of Pruffia-was ndetiined fbr contumacy : aiid the Fifcal had orders to notify to him that he. was put under the ban of the Em- pire, and adjudged fallen from all the dignities and pbf- feifions which be held under it. The circles of the Em- pire wefe ordered to. furniih their contingents of men and itiofiey to put this feiitence in execution ; but the contin- gents were tiolteded (lowly, the troops were' badly compo- fed, and'probably this army had never been able to a&, if it had not been for the afliftance offered under the Prince de Soubife; t The Auftrians, who were principals in the quarrel, were not behind their auxiliaries in the greatnefs of their prepar- ations} ihey inade themofl ftrenuous efforts, by which they jiffembfied a body of upwards of one hundred thoufand men in Bohemia, and committed the command to Prince Charles ofLe|rrain,affiftedbyMar(halBffown. Inthe north all things ^reatened the Kmg of Pruifia. The Czarina j true to her refentments and her engagentents, had fent a body of fixty thodfafidmen commanded by MarfhalApraxin, who were in fbll nftarch to invade the Ducal Pruifia, whilfta ftrong fleet ix^aiet^ipp^ in the Baltick,' to co-operate with that army. Althd* the Ritig of Sweden was allied in blood and inclination '10 his PfUfliin majefty, yet the jealotify which the Senate entertained J 757 . Thf His- oKY of ite Wa r : ait entertained of their (bvereign ; the hope of recovering thnr antient pofieilions in Pomerania by means of the prefent troubles, and in fine their old attachment, to PraYice, newly: cemented by intrigues and fubiklicSf made their ill incUna- tions, to the caufe of Pruflia more than fufpicious. Hitherto indeed nothing more than the tendency of their coancijbwat fully known. The Duke of Mecklenbourg took the fame party, and agreed to join the Swedifli army when it ihddd' ht affembled, with fix thoufand men ; a proceeding which' he has fmce had reafon io repent bitterly. Thus were* thtf' forces of five mighty flates *, each of which had in tfaehrv turn been a terror to all Europe* united to reduce the heir < of the Marquifles of Brandenbourg j and in foch a point of danger and glory, had the great and formidable iblUtieaipf. his Pruflian majefty placed him, with little, ii^ coowarifon* that could enable him to fuflain the vidence of w many fhocks, except what thofe abilities fuppliedi • Bot'hl«' aftonifhing ideconomy, the incomparable order of hisifiiuuiccs* the difciplineof hi* armies beyond all praife, a fiigacity that< fofefaw every thing, a vigilance that attended to eveiry th^^ a ccnftancy that no labour could fubdjpe* a coilrageihalftna' danger coiild dirmay, an iiitoitive^ glance thateatchet.Uie^ decifive mortkeh^ all thefe Teemed to ft>rm a fort of 'baHance^ tt> the vaft weight againfl: himi; tdrtied the wiibes »f < btSi friends into hbpes^ and made them depend upion fefon^pear that are hoi within'the power df calculation. - i ^ri rvjff r The only drmy that appeared inhis'favourwwua bo3y;j6f between thirty andiforty thottfand Hanoverians and lleiiianky who with fome reinforcements of his own troops^ lormisd ah army of bbfervation, commaiathel:a|iit>« ties of the French general Were employed in fitiding Jii6fifffible $ made his difpoHtion for carrying the war into ohemta as fpeedily as the feafon would admit. Three great bodies of his troops entered into that kingdom by three vn^ry different ways, but nearly at the fame time. MarfiialSchwerin penetrated into it from Sileda. The Prince of Bevern entered with the corps under his com- mandfrbm Lufatia, and defeated as a preliminary'to a more decifive vidory, a body of twenty-eight thoufand Apr. ai. Auftrians who oppofed him. The King himfelf prepared to enter bohemia at a great diilance from tht corps commanded by thefe Generals; and as he feemed difpofed to march towards Egra, the enemy imagined he intended to. Execute fome derigndiftin£l from the objedof his other armies. With this idea they ^etached a body of twenty thoi^ftnd men, to obferve his motions. The King oJF PruiBa finding that this feint had all its effed, made a fudden and .ma(lerl> movement to his left, by which he cut off att, communicatipil 'between that detachment and thC: snaintsrmyJof the Auftrians* Spirited with. the advantage*, he paChed onwards with the utmoft rapidity to Prague* where he joined the corps under thf prince of Bevern and Marfhal &:hwerin, who h$.4 advanced .with , inconceivable diligence to nieet htm. Never were opera tions^ executed: with more judgment, celerity and fuccefs. , .q^(^\ ibi . of'w The Auftrian army was little ihort of one hundred thou-» fand men, and (He iituation of their camp, forti-* May 6. fied by every advantage of nature, and every . - contrivance of art, fuch as on cpniraon occanpn^ might juftly beconfidered as impregnable;; but the Pruf<« iiansy being netirly as numerous as the ep^my, infpired by a; fociety of danger with their King, and filled with that noble enthuiiafm, which, whilft it urges to daring enterprifes, a^ moftenfores their fuccefs, paffed moraffesjctinibed precipicesj^ faced batteries, and after a bloody and obiUnate refiftance, totally defeated the Auftrians. They took th^ir camp, mili- tary cheft,. cannon, all the trophies of ^ completfp vi0;oTy. The lofs on the fide of the vii^oi>, as well as the vanquKh- ^d| was- very great \ but both fides had yet 9, greater lofs in , ■- .:■-' ,'« •■- •_ |h« 1757. The History of^kf War* n the death of two of th« beft generals in Europe. Marihal Schwcrin was killed at the age of eighty-two^ with thi colonels iUndard in his hand at the head of hia regiment, MarHial Brown received a wound» which, from the chagrin he fuffered rather than from its own nature, proved mortid« About forty thoufand of the Auftrian army took refuge in Prague. The reft fled different ways. The King of Pruflia loft no time to inveft the place, and to cut off all fuccours. If on one hand fuch an imme^fe garrifon made an attack unadvifeable, on the other that formidable immber itfelf f^^emed to make the redudion of the plaee by famine the more certain. The King of Pruflia not relying folely on this, prepared to bombind the town; On the39tn of May, at midnight, after a moft dreadful ftorm «f rain and thunder, as if it were to difplay how nauch more ruinous the malice of men may be, than the g^eateflbierrora of nature, on the fignal of a rocket, four battiefies, iwliich difcharged every twenty-fpur hours two hundied^nd^i^ht]^ eight bombs, beCbdes a. vaft multitude of red hot balls, !»•« gan to poufd^ilrudiion on that unfortunate city^ Whi but they were repulfed with great lofs. The f>r<ipil magiftrSites, burgefles> and clergy, feeing their citj^ dn the point of being reduced to an heap of rubbHh, inade the Dnoft moving fypplications to the commander to liften to terms. The pommander was deaf to their prayers. Twelve .thoufand of the moft ufelefs mouths were driven out of the city. The Pru/fiaps forced them in again. The afiairs of ^ihe, Emprefs feem^d verging to inevitable deftrudion ; a t^hole army lyas upon the point of furrendering prifoners jpf war ; the capital of Bohemia on the point of being ta* ^iken, and with it all the reft of that flouiiftiing ktngdonfi. ^frhe fanguine friends to the King of PrufSa began to com- ^ipute the diftahce of Vienna. :i In this defperate fituation of affairs, Leopold Coiint Daun lifrnteredon the ftage, and began to turn the fortune of the sjwrmv: This .General never had CQmmanded in chief before ^ ^l^ut he was formed, by a long courfe of experikttdt *m ^>!ifarious parts of . Europe,! unde? the jgreateft Getierats, »nd 'M the moft illuftrious fcenes of adlons. Though o^ a very !?iioble family, he had^ without the leaft afli^ance from , VQurt favour jp rifen infenfibly by the flow gradation of mere C 4 «ncrit» i4 ^etiiitOK'Y df the "W hi. 1757.' merits with much efteem and without any noife. 'This General arrived within a few miles of Prague, the day atfter the great battle. He colleded the fugitive parties of the Atiftrian armvy and retired to a pofl: of great {lrength» from whence he nd the troops in Prague with hopes of re- ttef. But as no man better underflbod the fuperiority of the Prdifian troopsy and as he was fenfibleof the impreilion which the late defeat had left upon his men, he carefully avoided to precipitate matters by an hafty adion. He knew;that dnsfituation he had chofen would embarrafs the Pfttffisins .} tlwt a: large party of their army muft be alwayis j^Mnpfoyed toiratch him; and this would weaken their ef^ lortsoagatnft the great body (hut up in Pt^gue, whilft his own forces gained time to recover their fpirit^, and M in crcaferin. ftrength by the daily fuccours, which his court .exerted all t)ieir powers to fewd him : with thefe ideas h^ rwaiNdJniMc entrenched camp at Colin^ to iid -^as events ihflliiajdirea - ' ;r n ThticKtng of Pruflia' was liot lefs fenfible than Gouht Paiinidf-'tl^e efieds of this eondu6t. He determined at all ..«4veojtures. to diflodge him frbm the poft he held ; but whl^hf^*' ttt wats (hat the Kin^ feared to weaken his army > ;wi^kfii'^ad;ii£tually anarmy to befiege, er whether he was Vtiniied by a train of unitorm fuccefs, which made him l^ieli^Fethi? 'ftrms irrefiftable under every difadv^ntage, or whucetlter iwiere his motives or neceflities, the whole arniy ,emplOyed:ns JuneiSvwhi^h could be chofeny and defended by a v^ '. ; train of artillery. W4iatever the moft impetuous and well regulated Murage, whatever an iariior infpired by the remembfance of fo jna^y viSories £<»u1d db towirds overcoming every kind of difadvantage', wis dene by' the Pn|:^nt on this occaHi^n. ' They returned W the attack f^vff tj^i^s : in none oC- their viaorious battlfes had 'their bray^yheen more confpicuoysr Both the King*! brothers , were, ill v4he. field} and they did evei^ thing that could fte ^,exp^ae4?|r^nA the King of Pruffia's brothers; ,The Ring |[im(<^Ajtlhe head of bis cavalry, made one furieiQs and ton- chldtiig charge* Etery thing was tried, and every thing was iip^<;cefsfii|. The want of a fufficiently numerous mfanti^# 1*1 SI' ^f litstoRV of the War. z$ in a ground where his cavalry could not fupport them, the want of an equal artillery, the advantageous fituation of the enemy, their numbers, their bravery, their Genera), obli- ged the King of Pruflia to quit the field. What his iofs was is not fo certain ; it was undoubtedly great in the adi- on, but ftitl greater by a dcfertion, and the innumerable ill confequences that follow a defeat. Though the King of Pruflia was defeated in this battle> and though he brought on his defeat in a great meafure, by fome errors of his own, yet whatever fmall Memifh hiaf military (kill might have fiiflfered, his reputation was raifed higher thati ever, in the opinion of all judicious men, by the nobk and tandid manner in which ht acknowledged hismidake, by the 6rmnefs with which he bore; his mlf- fortui^e> and by thofe aftoniHiing (Irokes of genius and heroifm, by which he retrieved his Iofs. The frdfles of fortune make conquerors | it is her mahce whith difcovers heroes; ^4 ■'.ii-s Vi;;tJ C H A Pv rIV. Confequenet ttf the batih of Colin, King ofPrufpa ebacu~ at^r BwBetnid. Battle of Haftenbeck. Convention of H; Clofl^r-feven. Expedition to Rotbfort. Ruffiims enter '. ' Wiiffid. ' Aujirians beftege ScbiHeidnitz. French dttd lm» perialifls make incur/ions into Brandenburgb. '^ Sivedes enter Fenierariia. Battle of Nofkitten. General Lebwald de^ feated. Bad condition of the King of PruJJia. NE'A^Elt «(^«i thdbld'Aabferyation, i/«^ bmille ferdut -d'uh i^auVaif cu, m»fe verified than in the confe- q'uenides of the unfortunate battle of Colin. Though the King^ retired utipurfued by his enemiesi be was obliged to rejoih his own army before Prague without delay, artd to raif* the blockade of that place. The imfyrifo^ed Auftrians with joy received Count Daun their deliverer, and their united' forces became greatly fuperior to the Pruflians. The*K-iBgwasi0 a fhort rime obliged to evacuate Bohemia, and tak^ refuge in Saxony. TheAuftrians haralTed him as rtioch as pofliblc J but their armies, noiwfthftandjng their greai fuperiority, were not in a condition frorn their late Mcrii^s to inake any d^eciifve attempt upon hii^, li$ th^ ' *^ frontiers he History oftH^e Wa». >757- frontiers of Saxony abound with fituations eaftly defend* ed. The King of Pruflia's misfortunes now poured in upon htm at once, and from every quarter. The army com-* manded by the Duke of Cumberland, who continually re- tired before the French, after they had pafled the Wefer, came however to a refdution to make a (land at llaften- beck, within a few miles of Hammelen, where it was judged that the fuperior numbers of the enemy might be the leaft prejudicial ; bv^t notwithflanding the advantages of the fituation, the bravery of the Hanoverians and the condu^ of the Puke* the fiUied army was driven from the field of battle, i^nd retreated towards Stade. By July 25. taking, this route his Royal Highnefs w^s driven into ^ fort of cut 4/t fac. Unable by his fituatipn to retiret or \^ his ilrength to advance, he was compelled to iign the renparkal)le capitulation of Clofter-> Sept. 7. feven, by which thirty eight thoufand Hanoyer'unt^ laid down their arms» and were difperfed into dif- ferent quarters of cantonment. The French army had a little before this changed its commander. P'£trees» the favourite of all the military men, was removed from the command, which was conferred on the Duke de Rich- lieu, who excelled him and all mankind in th>B prt^eilion of a cpuriier. The Hanoverians y^ere now ,4mitf; fubdued gnd all ^h^ French force, let loofe by this tr^j^ty, was ready to fall upon the King of PruiTia*! dominions,; An enterprize was concerted in England iigain^ the coaft of France, to make a diverfion, ki ,his favour, by. jjrawing ■ part of the French army on the defence of their own country. England propofed to compafs angther greaf de^ fign, and which (he had equally at heart, by thexexjpedli- tion» which was to give an eflPedual blow to the niartfie of France.; The deflination of this armament iMFas kept a pro- found fecret, iind whilft it exercifed the pienetratiop of all *he ppUticians of Europe, it filjed France with t^ie moft Cerious rearms. The Engliih fleet at laft Appeared before Rochfort. Some time was fpent before il> could Sept. ai. be refolved what plan.M^lts to be followed in the attack} at laft it was refolved to fecur^ the fm^U tfle of Aix, froni whence fome obflru^ion was apprehended to their landing. . The ifland was foon reduced; but as » good deal of time was co^fumi^d in thefe.d«lib«r»tiofis and ^aiooaai 1757- The History of the War. «7 adionSf the militia of the country had time to gather, and there was an appearance of two camps on the more. The commanders now took into confideration the badnefs of the coafty the danger of landing, the time the enemy had to put the place in fuch a poflure of defence, as might make any fudden attempt, or covp tie main, unfuccefsful i in confequence of thefe del*' .ations, they unanimoufly re- folved to return without making any attempt. The difappointment of the nation was equal l^eptap. to the fanguine hopes we had conceived ; nothing could exceed the general difcontent. The military men blamed the plan of the expedition^ The Minillers, and with them the public voice, exclaimed at the execution. A court of enquiry, of officers of reputation, cenfured the commander V a court martial, of officers of reputation, acquitted him; The expedition ferved only in England to incrsafe and imbitter our diHentions^ and to turn our at- tention to vain difputes. It did nothing towards relieving the King of Pruffia. The RuiTians^ who had made for a long time a dHatorv march and fjpemed uncertain of their own refolution, all . at once haftened their motions. They entered the Ducat PruiTia under Mar. Apraxin and Gen. Fermer, and marked their progrefs by a thoufand inhuman cruelties. A large body of AuAifians entered Sileila, and penetrated as far as Breflau. Then they made a turn backwards, and laidfiege to the important fortrefs of Schweidnitz, jufYly confldered as the key of that dutchy, which was the caufe of the war. Another body entered Lufatia, and made themfelves mar>. ters of Zittsu. Twenty-two thoufand Swedes pierced into the Pruffian Pomerania, took the towns of Anclam and Demmein, and laid the whole country under cpntributions, Richlieu, freed from all oppofitlcn on the fide of Hanover^ made his way into HalberAad, and the old marche of Brandenburgh, firflexading contrlbutious, and then plun<9 derii^g the towns. The army of the Empire, reinforced by that of the Prince de Souhife, after many days, was at lad on full march to enter Saxony; this Left the Auftrians at liberty to turn the greateft part of their forces to the reduc- tion of SUefia. General Hadclick pierced through Lufatia, pafl*ed by the Prufiian armies, and, fuddenly prefenting himfelf before the gates of Berlin, laid the King of Pruffia's. capital und^r contribution ; and though he ret^ired on the approach %S Tbe Hi s tor y of the Wa r . 1 757, approach of a borfy of Prufllani* yet he flill kept pofleflion of his former poft, in order to interrupt the communica- tion of the King with SiieHa. T^e fate which feemed to hayi threatened the Emprefs Tome months ago* was now^ looked upon as the certain lot of her antagonid. All his endeavours to retrieve his affairs had hitherto been equally brave and unfnccefsftrt. General Lehwald had orders at any hazard to engage the Ruflians ; with thirty thoufand he attacked double that number ilrongly entrenched, at a place called Norkitten; but after feverai of thbfe Aug. 50. wonderful efforts, which the Pruflians alone knew how to make, he was compelled to retire; but he retired in excellent order, without being purfued, having killed Bve times more of the enemy, than he had loft or his own men, and more formidable after his defeat, ihan the Ruffians after their viftory. Th'e King of Pruffia exerted Himfelf upon every fide; his enemies almoft always fled before him ; but whilft he purfued one body, another gained, in fome other part upon him, and the wmter came on faft, ilvhis ftrength decayed, and his adverfaries multi- plied froni every quater. The following letter which ap- peared in the public papers about this time,- paints the con- dition ofthatdiftrcfTed monarch, in fo full a manner, that I fhall attempt no other defcription of it. " Mapy perfons, who faw the King of Pruffia, when he paffisd lately through Leipfic, cannot exprefs how much he is altered. They fay he is ft much worn away, that they fcarce knew him. This, indeed, is not to be won- dered at; he hath not a body of iron like Charles XII. and he endures as great fatigues as he did.. He is as much on horfeback as Charles was, and often lies upon the groun'dl His inward fuiferings cannot be lefs than his ottt'* .t^ard: jcit us caft our eyes on a -map of the Pruffian domi- nions; iand meafure what he hath left of the mahy fair pof- feffions he had in the month of April la(Y, of which a fpace of feveti months hath ftript him. Whence can he have men ? lie is ihut out from the Empire; and frorii whence can he draw money? the dutchy of Guelders, the dutchy ofCleves, the principality of Moers, the county of Lin«4 gen, the county of Lipftadt, the principality of Mindeti^ Eaft-Prieiland, dmbden, and its Infant cqmpapyii P^i't of the ^rc^biflioprick of Klagdeburgh, fome other parts of the mirche, Ducal Pomeraniai a great part of Silefia, a great V 1757* ^' History of the great part of the kingdom o^ Pruflia, Berlin itfelfy almoft all hisdominioni, in ihort> are either taken from him> or laid under contribution* and poncfTed by his enemies, who colled the public revenues, fatten on the contributions, and with the money which they draw from the eledorate of Hanover, and other conquefts defray the expences of the war. Thift pidure certainly differs greatly from that which the King of PrulTia might have (ketched out, the day h« took arms to enter Saxony. Add to this the Duke of Cum- berland's convention, which deprived him of all his allies, and left him without any afliftance whatever, excepting four or five hundred thoufand pounds (lerling, whfch the Britifh parliament may give him. Add likewife feme domeftic uneafmefles." CHAP. V. BattU •/ Rtjbach, Scbweidnitz taken by tht Auflriait^ Prince of Bevern attacked in bis entretubmentt. Brejlam taken by tbe Auflrians, King of Prufpa marcbet to Sileftg, The battle of LiJJ'a, Brejlau retaken* Avjirians driven cut of Silefia, THIS was the King of PrufTia's fituation, when the uill of Providence, and his own wonderful abilities, as wonderfully changed the fcene. tlis Majelly deferred to bring on a decifive af^ion, didrefTed as his affairs were, un- til the approach of winter; had he marched to attack the Imperial army, whiifl it was at a conflderable di (lance, he muft either have left Saxony expofed to the infults of the Auftrian parties, or have greatly weakened his own forces employed in the principal aflion. He therefore fufFcred the army of the Empire to advance to the frontiers of Mifnia, and even to threaten the ilege of Lcipfic, before he began to a6i againfl them : he however moved towards them, leaving an army in Lufatia to obferve the Auftrians. On his firft motions, the enemy retired with precipitation. ' Buf when they had reinforced ihemfelves with nunnbers and courage fuflScient to perfuade them to advance, the King of Pruflia in his turn retired. His refoliition Teemed to have been to fight as near Mifnia as pofiible, and as deep \ti the winter, as he conveniently might ; for if he fboulols have the good fortune to fuccecd againfl the Impert||l ^:- ' ii i..-.Tnyc- ". 'l « y< gp i y -i.F.-<'r 30 The H18TORY of the War. 1757. my> fuch a blow, at fuch a feafoni would effectually difa- ble them from a^ing any thing to his prejudice, for that year at leaft ; but if, drt the contrary, he fliould fail. Sax- ony was at hand, in which it would prdve difficult for the enemy to make any imprefTion whilft the winter continued. As for the time to be loft by following this plan, and the advantage it would afford the Auftrians in their defigns on Silefia, they were not to be compared with the advantages which the king received from it. He knew that Schweid- nitz was ftrong, and excellently provided; the prince of Bevern was Jlrongly pofted near it to obftruft the enemy's operations; the wit\ter would lean heavier on the befiegers; and on the whole, he had reafon to truft that his troops, animated by his own prefence and example* would prove far fuperior to the enemy, in enduring all the hardfhips of a winter campaign. After fome time fpent in various movements, between the allied army of the Imperialifts and French on one fide, and the Prufllans on the other, the King refolved to give battle to his enemies, who were now advanced to the con- fines of Mifnia. On th^ 24th of Odober, the King had taken his refolution; at that time his army happened to be divided into feveral corps, fome of them at a diftance of no lefs than twenty leagues afunder; yet fuch were the fpirit and excellent difpofitions of the Pruflians, that the jundion of all thefe corps was fully effeded on the 27th, and the King advanced towards the enemy. The enemy fell back at his approach, and repaffed the Sala ; they were followed XT clofe. The two armies met near the village of The united army» commanded by the prince of Saxe Hilburghaufen and the prince of Soubife, was fifty thoufand men compleat. But the troops of the Circles were new raifed, and many of them not well affeded to the fervice, nor to their French allies. The Pruflians did not amount to twenty-rfive thoufand ; but then they were Pruflians, and led on by the King of Pruflia. As foon as the armies were formed, and the battle going to begin, which was to decide the fate of lb many nations, and to determine between force and virtue, the King of PiuiTia addreflfed his troops nearly in thl^following words, « My dear friends, the htwr is come, in which all that ** is, and all that ought to be dear to U8> depends upon «« the u «( «( 1757. 72«Hi8TORY d//^^ War. 3c «« the fwordi which are now drawn for the battle. Time *< permits me to fay but little } nor it there occafion to fay <« much. You know that there is no labouTf no hunger, *' no cold* no watching, no danger that I have not ihared *« with you hitherto; and you now fee me ready to lay down « my life with you, and for you. All I aflc, is the fame ^' pledge of fidelity and affeaion that I give. And let me add, not as an incitement to your courage* but as a tef- timony of my own gratitude, that from this hour, untit you go into quarters, your pay fhall be double. Acquit <* yourfelves like men, and put your confidence in God." The efftCt of this fpeech was fuch as cannot be defcribed. The general emotion burft in an univerfal (hout, and the looks and demeanor of the men were animated to a fort of heroic phrenzy. In this difpofition, which prognoHicated fuccefs, the engagement began. In the beginning of the a^ion, the French cavalry came on with great fpirit, but they were repulfed ; fome regi- ments having gained an eminence, defended themfelves bravely, but in the end they were totally routed. The in- fantry, both French and Imperialifts, made but a faint re- iiflance. The King of Pruflia in perfon, expofed to the 'hotted fire, led on his troops ; the enemy gave way in every part; they were feized with a patiic, and fl^d in theuimoft diforder. They left three thoufand men dead on the field 'of battle; fixty-three pieces of cannon, and many colours. Eight French generals, t»vo hundred and fifty officers of dif- 'ferent ranks, and fix ilwuiand private men were taken. Night alone faved from total deftruQion the tcattered remains of Hn army that ta the morning was fo numerous and fo for- midable. I have not undertaken on this, tior (hall I undertake upon any other occafion, in thefc preliminary chapters, to enter into the detail of all the various manoeuvres of every battle; they are matters little imderflood hy, and little interefting to, the generality of readers. Befidcs, the accounts arc fometimes inaccurate, and feldom or never confiftent with each other. The glorious fuccefs of the battle of Rofij'ach, was fuch as hardly wanted to be improved ; the enemy was left to- tally incapable of adion. The King was fet fr^on that fide; but it was a freedom which gave him no rcfpite from his labours ; it only gave him an opportunity of undergoing ^ The History of the War. 1757. new labours in another part. The Auftrians had a vaft force, and had now begun Xo make a proportionable pro- grefs in Sileda. Thedependance which the King had up- on the fidehty of his Generals there, fecmed maken by fomething which then appeared, and dill feems ambiguous in their, condud. The Audrians after a iiege from *he« 27th of Ofliober to the iith of November, carried on un- der infinite difHcul ties, and with a prodigious lofs, had re- duced Schweidnitz, and obliged the PruHian garrifon of four thoufand men to furrender prifoners of war. Soon af- ter, as they had intelligence of the vidory of Roflbach, and knew that the King of Pruiflla was on full niarch to the relief of Silefia, the Auftrians refolved to lofe no time to attack the prince of Bevern in his ftrong camp under the walls of Bredau. A treble fuperiority incited them to this attempt. They attacked the prince's army with great refo- lution, and their attack was fudained with amaz- Nov. 22. ing intrepidity. The daughter of the Audri^ns was prodigious. A great part of their army had retired from the field of battle, and the red were preparing to retire ; when all At once the Prudian generals unexped- edly took the fame refolutipn. A part of their army had fuffered a great -deal in the engagement. They became apprehenfive of a total defeat, in cafe their intrenchments ihould be forced in any part. With thefe ideas they re- treated from the drong pod they occupied, and retired be- hind the Oder. The Audrians returning, with adonidi- m€;nt faw themfelves imaders of the field of battle, which they had but jud been obliged to relinquidi. What is re*'' markable, and what gave rife to many conjeflures, the prince of Bevern going to reconnoitre without efcort, and attended only by a groom, was taken two days after the battle by an advanced party of Croats, a fmall body of whom had eroded the Oder. This. ad vantage, though dearly bought, was immediately ^ , .followed with many others. Bredau, the capital * ^* of Silefia, immediately /urrendered> where, as well as at Schweidnitz, they found vad dores of providon, ammunition and money. All Silefia was on the point of falling into their hands. Fortune feems every where to have thrown the King of Prudia's afiairs into didradion, in order to raife, and as it were, to found his glory in eda- biidiing them; and to have been even fo Jealous of hisho-t; . noii?' ,V • ^757- ^^^ History of the War.^ ^^ nour as not to permit his o\Vn excellent generals and incom- parable troops to triunvph any where but in his own pre- fence. The King inimediately after the battle of Rofbach," with thofe Jroops which he had a few days before colle6led from places an hundred miles diftant froni each other, b^gan a march of upwards of two hundred more, and led thera from engaging one fuperior army, to engage another ftiU more fuperior ; from danger to hardfhip, and from hard- fhip to renew danger. In the moft rapid march he paiTed through Thuringia, through Mifnia, through Lufatia, in fpite of the efforts of the Generals Haddick and M^rflial, who were ported in Lufalia to obftru£t him ; and enterir.g SileHa arrived the 2d of December at Parch witK upon the Oder. Here he was joined by the Prince of Bevern's corps who crofled that river to meet him. About this time an incident happened which was very remarkable; one of thofe agreeable adventures that relieve the mind amidfl: the perpetual horror that attends a narra- tive of battles and bloodfhed. The garrifon of Schweid- .nitz had feen, with thegreateft relu6iance, the capitulajion which bound their hands from the Service of their JKing, and Country. Whilft the Auftrians were coiidufltii^ them to prifon, on their route they chanced to hearof fhe viQtory their mafler had gained at Roibach; animated with this news, they unanimoufly rofe upon the efcorte which con»- duded them, and which happened not to be very rtr9|\gf and entirely difperfed it. Thus freed, they marched on.no( very certain of their way, in hope to rejoin fome corps of the Pruflian troops. The fame fortune which freed th^m,, led them direflly to the army commanded by the King himfelf, which was haftening to their relief. Great was (the joy on both fides at this unexpeded meeting, for the .prifoners had heard nothing of his, majefty's march. This little incident, whilft it added a confiderable ftrength ta the .army, added hkewife to its fpirit, and feemed an happy omen of fuccefs in the future engagement. As his PrulTian majefty approached to Breflau, the Auf- trians confiding in their fuperiority, abandoned their ftrong camp (the fame which had been occupied by the Prince of Bevern) and refolved to giw the JCing battle. He w4s marching with th? Utmoft diligence not to difap- -^ . point them; and they met near the village of .,_,^* r D ' Leiit 34 The History of the War. 1757- Leutlien. The ground ivhich the Auftrians occupied was very advantageous, and every advantage of thelituation was innproved to the utmoft, by the diligence and (kill of Count Daun; who remembering that he was the only General who had eVer carried the field from the King of PruiTia* knew better than any body how difficult it was to obtain fuch a iri£kory. All the difpofitions were made accordingly ; the ground they occupied was a plain, except that in fome part it had fmall eminences ; thefe they furrounded with artillery; the ground was alfo interfperfed with thickets, which they fought to turii to their advantage. On their right and left were hills on which they planted batteries ot cannon, 't'he ground in their front was interfeded by many caufeways ; and to make the whole more impra£ticable, the Auftrians bad felled a vaft many trees, and fcattr*-ed them in the way. The King of Pruilia was not terrified with this fituation^ nor with the ccnfcioufnefs that above feventy thoufand ex- celleiit troops, commanded by Count Daun, were fo pofted. The Pru01ans, who did not exceed, as it is faid, tkirty-fix thoufand men, attacked them with their ufual refolution. It was almoft impoilVble, at the begining of the engage- ment, for the PrulTian horfe to ad:, on account of the impedtm^ts we have juft mentioned, but a mod judicious difpbfition of the King himfelf overcame that difadvari- tage ; he had in his firft difpofitions placed four battalions behind the cavalry of his right wing, forefeeing that Creneral Nadafti, who was placed with a corps de referve on the enemies left, defigned to take him in flank. . It happened as he had forefeen ; that Generars horfe attacked the King's right wing with great fury ; but he was re- ceived with fo fevere a fire from the four battalions, that he was obliged to retire in diforder. Then the King's- flank being well covered and fupported, was enabled to zGt with fuch order and vigour, that the enemy's right was obliged to give way. The Pruflian artillery, which was incom- parably ferved, had filenced that of the enemy, concur- ring to maintain the King's infantry, and to enable them to a^ in grounds where their horfe could give them but little aflliftance. The Audrians rhade a gallant refiflance during the whole battle. The panic of the enemy did not here, as at Rofl^ach, do half the bufinefs ; every foot of ground was well difputed. The Auflrians rallied all their forces about Leuthen^ which was defended upon all fides with 'f kbii'fsf' kii " 1757- The UisTOKY of tbe War, 35 with intrenchments and redoubts. After rdterated fttUcks made with the utmoft impetuoiity, and fuAained with great fimnnefs, the Pruifians mailered the poft ; then the Auftri- ans fled on all parts ; they were entirely routed. The King purfuied them to Lifla. Six thoufand of the Auilrtanf were ilain, fifteen thoufand were made priibners ; and an '.mmenfe arttUery^ upwards of two hundred pieces of cannon were taken. This gr«at and decidve aftiom was fought on the very day of the next ^month after the no lefs important and ck- ciftve battle of Rofbadi. The confeqiiences that iolbwed the aftion of Leothen, declaimed the emirenefs of the vic- tory. Notwithftanding the rigour of die feafon» the (lege of Breflau was immediately widertaken, and profecated with fuch fpirit* that by the 29th of December it forrendeved ; and with it furrendered the garrifon 'Olf thirteen tfaouiaiid men prifoner^ of war ; the blockade of SohweidnitK was formed as dofely as the inclemency of the winter wKM^d permit ; whilft the Prufllan parties laot only re-poffefied thofe parts of Silefia which belonged to the Kingy but penc '*ing into the AvtSinwa diivifion, reduced |aigerjidorf, Tro . and Tetfchen, and left to the Emprefs Queen» excc^. a forlorn garrifon in SchweidnitZy no.fon^t of footing in that country, in which a few days before fhe reckoned h^ domL: cd ail Europe, whilft it left General Lehwald at liberty 19 turn his arms into Pomcrania againft the Swedes. The Swedes on this occafion did nothing worthy of their ancient • military fame ; but every where retiring, left the PrufHans * aneafy conqiieft, not only of the Pruffian but of every part i of the Swedifh Pomcrania, excepting the port of Strajfund ; they le*" their allies of Mecklenbourg quite expofed to all 'the ref jtmentof the King of Pruflia, who chaftifed them uith the moft fevere contributions and levies. The French, who had been ravaging the old marche of Brandenburgh, evacuated that country immediately after the battle of Rol- bach< But one of the greateft revolutions of fortune in the \var, and one of the moft glorious and important confe- quences of that vi3ory, was, that the Hanoverian troops were enabled to refume their arms. From the moment the capitulation of xClofter-feven was figofd, the Duke de Rtchlieu, who came to the command ! only to reap the advantages, and fully the honour of an- other's conquefl, feemed to think of nothing but how to re- ; pair^ from the plunder of the unhappy Hanoverians, the fortune which he had (hattered by a thoufand vices. The raoft exorbitant contributions were levied with the moft in- ■ flexible fevcrity ; every exai^ion, which was fubmitted to, only produced a new one ftill more extravagant ; and all the orderly methrds of plunder did not exempt them from the pillage, licentioufnefs, and infolence of the French fold?ery. However, in juftic** to merit, we muft exempt from this . general charge the co:idu3 of the Duke de Randan, Gover- nor of Hanover for the French ; who faved the capital of the Ele&orate from utter ruin by the ftri&nefs of his dif- cipline, by the prudence, the juftice and moderation of ;aU his condud; ; a cond>Jid: which does more real honour to hW - name, than the moft fplendid viQories. The Duke de Richlieu's rapacioufnefs and oppreflic^i whilft they leaned (o heavily on the conquered peoplet ^ the conquering army no kind of fervice. Intent only oil, plunder, which he did not confine to the enemy, he rela:^i^d .every part of military difcipline; and that numerous ajrmy which Marftial d*Etrees had fuftained, and br^llght in h^lth and fpirits through the difmal delarts of Weftphalia, under all the oppofition of a ft.ilful adverfary, were now, in full peace, in the quiet pofieftion of a conquered and plentiful ! , " '• countrv. rr.- 1757* ^i^^ History ^/i&/r War. 37 country, reduced in their numbers, decayed in their health, and their fpirits, without cloaths, without fubfiftance, with- out order, without arms. In this condition they began at laft to perceive that the Hanoverians, with the yoke of the capitulation about their necks, were ftill formidable. As they had broke, almoft every article of that treaty, they made no Tcruple to add another breach in order to fecure them in all the reft. They attempted aftually to take their arms from the Hanoverian and Hefilan troops. Thefe gallant troops, who had with a fdent' grief and indignation fcsn the diftrtrfles of their ruined country, were ravifhed to find that the vi6kory at Rcfoach encouraged their fovereign to refent at laft this and all the other indignities they hrd fufTered. They began to collect and to a6t, and under the command of the gallant l^rince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, reinforced with a body of Pruflian troops, they broke from their con- finement. They reduced the town of Harburg, and laid clofe fiege to the caftie, which itmurt be owned was defend- ed very bravely. In all other refpefls th« French did [not feem in a condition to maintain their ground any where. Thofe troops, which a few months before had fofubmitted as to make it neceflary to declare that they were rot pri fa- lters of war, in order to explain their condition, were flow on the point of punifliing their advcrfariesto almqft the fatme ftreights. Such was the force of French military difciplinei and fuchthe triumphs of Voltaire's hero. \ The King of Pruflia now faw the full efFeQ: of his coiJr*- fels and his labours. His dominions were freed ; his allies were ena'^ led to aflift him ; and his enemies defeated, broken, and flying every where before him. In what light pofterity will view thele things is uncertain ; we under whofe ey?s, as we may fay, they were atchieved, fcarcely believed what we had feen. And perhaps in all the records of time, the compafs of a fingle year, on the fcenc of a fingle coijntry, never contained fo many ftriking events, never difplayed for many revolutions of fortune ; revolutions not only, beyond what might have been expefted, but far beyond what the moft fagacious forefif^ht, reafoning from experience, and the nature rf things, could poflibly have imagined. The King of Pruflia at firft triumphant : t^e whole power of the Au- ftriars totally defeated ; their hopes utterly ruintd : then their afi^airs fuddenly re-eftabliflied, their armies victorious, and the King of Pruflia inhis tt n hurled down j defcii^ed ;, D 3 . , . v|ibandpned Ml 58 the History 9/ the War. 1757. abandored by his atlies ; furrounded by his enemies ; on the very edge ofdefpair: then ail at once raifed beyond all hope, he fees the unitc^d Auflrian, Imperial, and Krench power levelled with the ground ; forty thoufand Hanoverians, a whole army, fubmit to eighty thoufand French, and are only not prifoners of war. The French are peaceable mailers of aii the country bcetwctn the Weffr and the Elbe : anon, thefe fabdued Hanoverians refume thtir arms ; they recover their country, and the French in a little time think them- felves not , jrc to the eaftward of the Rhine. Five hun- dred thou( J men in a£tion. Six pitched battles fought. Three grta armies annihilated. The French army re- duced and vanquiihed without fighting. The Ruilians vic- torious, and flying as if they had been vanquifhed,, A con- federacy, not of finaller potentates to humble one great powert but of five the greateft powers on earth to reduce one fitoaU potentate ; all the force of thele powers exerted and baffled. It happened as we have related ; and it is not the hi^ory of <> century, but of a fingle campaign. >*> CHAP. VII. Preparaiiant of an expedition to Louijhourg. Laid aftde. Fort Will'tam-Henry taken. Exploits of Admiral Watfon and Colonel Cli'oe in India. Chcndenagore a French fort taken. Vi£iory over the Nabob. Nabob taken and beheaded. Revo- htion in Bengal. Treaty advantageous to the Eafi-India tompany. Admiral Watfon dies. % m- WITH regard to the part we had in the tranfaQions of this year, though it waS not fo full of ftriking events, nor does it afford fuch a fplendid fubjefi for narra- tive, yet ft is as intercfling to. an Engliih reader, and may perhaps prove more inftruttive ; as it Ihews us in To flrong a light, the miferable confequences of our political divifions, vrhich prodiKied a general unfleadinefs in all our purfuits, and tnfufed a languor and inactivity into all our military ope- rations. For, wbilft our commanders abroad knew not wh* were to reward iheir fervices or punifh their neglefks, and ■were not alTured in what light even the beft of their anions would be confidered, (havinjg reafon to apprehend that they might not be judged of as they were in themfelves, but a» their appearances mijght anfwer the end of fome ruling fac*- lionj) >757- The History of the War. 39 tion ;) they naturally wanted that firmnefs and that enter- prizing refolution) without which the beft capacity, and in- tentions the mpfl: hone(l» can do nothing in war. The at- tachment of mod men to their parties, weakened their af- fe£tion to their country. It has been imagined that mini- iters did not always wiih fuccefs even to their own fchemes» left obnoxious men ihould acquire credit by the execution of them ; as it was fufpeded that officers even at the ex- pence of their own reputation, did not exert their faculties to the utmoft, left a diragrficahle mintfterial fyftem ihould cftabliih the credit of its ccunfels by the vigour of theif operations. For my part, I thin' that thefe refinements, in which there is often as much malice difcovered as penetra- tion, have carried the matter infinitely too far. But certain it is, that the fpirit of perfonal parties and attachments, ne* ver carried to greater lengths than at that time, proved of very bad confequences, if it had no other effed than to raife and to give a colour to fuch fufpicions as we have f ril mentioned. Whatever was the caufe, it is moft certamy that our fuccefs in America this year, no more anfwered to the greatnefs. of our preparations and our hopes t|iaii it did in the two preceding. The attack upon Crown P*^ 'nt, which had been a princi* pal objed of our attention u. ihe beginning, feemed at this time to be laid afide ; and an expedition to Lou'Hiourg, uiir doubtedly a more confiderable obje6t in itfelf, fupplied iti place. Lord Loudoun was to command the lar * forcef ifl.,. this expedition ; Admiral Holborne the navy. le foriiitr left New York with a body of fix thoufand men, and failed to Halifax, where he was joined by the July jf. latter, who had failed from Cork^on the 7th of May with a confiderable fleet, and much the fame number of land forces, which his Lordfhip had brought from New York. When theunited armies and fleets were on the point of departing for Louifbourg, news arrived at Halifax, th^t the Brefl fleet confifting of feventeen ihips of the linebefides frigates, with great fupplies of military ftores, provifions, and men, wero arrived at the harbour which they were pre- paring to attack. This news immediately fufpended their preparations. Councils of war were held one after another. The refult of the whole news was, that as the place was fo .well reinforced, the fleet of the French rather fuperior to our navy, and the feafon fo far advanced^ it was the more pru- D 4 dent 46 The History of the War. i757« dent courfe to defer the cntcrprizc to a more favourable op- pori unity. This refolution fccms to have been mod eligible in their circumdances, becaule the council of war was al- mofl unanimous in it. Lord Loudoun returned to New York, and the Admiral row freed from the care of the tranfports fet fail for Louif- bourg, in hopes, as it was faid, of drawing the French fleet to an engagement. But upon what grounds this hope was conceived, I confefs I cannot fee; as it could not be ima- gined^ that the French fleet having no fort of Occafion to fight in order to proteft Lcuifbourg, would chufe oiit of a bravado to bring on an unncceflary battle. However it was, the Englifh fquadron continued to cruize off that harbour until the 25th of September, when tht^* were overtaken by a terrible "ftorm, in which one of the fhips was loft, eleven difrinafttd, ahd the reft returned to England in a very fliat- t^rcfd condition. This was the c* d of the expedition to Lpuifbotlrg from Which fo much wasexpefted. But it was not the word confequences which attended it. • "t • Since Ofwcgo had been taken, the French remained en- tirely lifjafters of all the lakes, and we could do nothing to obft.ru£t their colle£ting the Indians from all parts, and obliging them to a£l in their favour. But our apprehenftons, (or what ihall they be called ?) did more in favour of the Frcncb than their conquefts. Not fatifefied with the lofs of thatitnportant fct-treft, we ourfelves abandoned to the mer* cy of the' enemy all the country of the. Five Nations, thS ortly body of Indians Who preferved even the appearance of frisndfhipto us. The forts we had at the Oreat carrying PlaciB .Hvere demoliflied ; Wood Creek was induftrioufly ftpppcd up and filled with logs ; by which it became evident to ail thofe who knew that country, that our communt.- cation-with our allied Indians was totally cuto^ and what was worfe, our whole frontier left perfeftly uncovered to the irruption of the enemy's favages, who foon availed them- felvcs of our errors. For after the removal of the^e bar- riersj and the taking of Fort William Henry, of which wc ihall fpeak prefently, they dtftroyed with fire and Tword the fine fettlements which we poflefltd on the Mohawks river, and on thpfe grounds called the German flats. Thus wifh a vaft increafe of our forces^ an«!f the cleareft fuperiority over the enemy,' we only abandoned our allies^ expofed our peo- ple, ^nd relinquiihed a large and valuable tra6l: of country. . - The 1757- ^^^ History of the War. 4r The French foon made us feel efFeftually the want of what we had loft, and what we had thrown away. A confiderable fort called Fort William-Henry, had been built on the fouihern edge of the Lake George, in order to command that lake, and to cover our frontiers; a garrifon of two thoufand five hundred men defended it. General Webb with about four thoufand men wrt3 poded at no great diftance. No fooner had the French learned that Lord Loudoun with the body of the army was gone on the Louif- bourg expedition, than they prepared to take advantage of his abfence. They drew together all the forces which they had at Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and the adjacent polls; they added a confiderable body of Canadians, and a greater number of Indiansrihan they had ever yet employed ; the whole made near oight thoufand men. With thefe and a very good artillery, Monfieur Montcalm prepared tobefTege Fort William-Henry. It is faid that the advances of this commander were not made with fo much fecrecy as to pre- vent General Webb from having early intelligence of his motions; but unfortunately no credit being given to this intelligence, orders were not fent to colledt the militia in <■ fufficierit time, which in conjun6lion with his own forces, and with thofe in the fort had either obliged the French to relinquifti their attempt, or to have made it a very great hazard. But the fiege being now regularly formed, and the befiegers nhieeting but little oppofition from within, and no difturbance at all from without, Aug. 3. the place was in fix days furrendered by the ad- vice of general Webb; whofe intercepted letter ^y. Monfieur Montcalm fent into the fort. ^ * The garrifon marched out with their arms, and engaged not to ferve during eighteen months. '! he French favages paid no re^rd to the capitulation, but falling upon our men as they marched out, dragged away the hrtle efie6is they had left, bawling the Indians and Blacks in our fervice out , of their ranks, fcalping ome, carrying off others, and com- mitting a thoufand outrages and barbarities, from which the French commander endeavoured in vain to reftrain them. All this was luffcred by two thonOmd men with arms in their hands, from a diforderly crew of favages. However, the greateft part of our men, though in a bad condition, got to Fort Edward, fome by flight ; forne hav- ing furrendered themfeives to the French, were by them '- ' ■ fent ■"S^'*: / 41 TJbe History of the War. J757, fent home. The eiteiry d(.moh(6ed the fort, carried ofF tilt prcvifion) ammunition, artillery^ and the veflds which we hrid prepaied on the lake, and departed without attempt- ing any thing farther. Neither w«!> any thing farther at- tempted on our Tide. And thus was finiOied the third cam- . paign in North America, where wc had actually near twen- ty thouland regular troops, a great number of provincial forces, and a great naval power of upwards of twenty (hipa of the line. A wur between the maritime powers is felt in all parts of the world. Not content with inflaming Europe and Ame- rica, the diflentiojis of the French and Enghfh puriued the lia6ts of their commerce, and the Ganges felt the fatal ef- fects of a quarrel on the Ohio. But here the fcene is changed greatly to the advantage of our nation i the bra- very of Admiral Watfon and Colonel Clive, re-e(labli(hed the military honour of the Kngtifhy which was finking there as it had done in all other places. Admiral Watfon with no more than three (hips of the line, failtd from Madrafs* and after a tedious voyage arrived at the port of Dec. 5. Balafoi c in the kingdom of Bengal, where (lAngth- ening his force with what recruits he could draw % logetker,. he entered the Ganges, and after a.ihort refinance made himfeU mafler of Bafbudgia fort which Jan. 50. comtnandecl that part of the river. This opened him a paiTage to the fort of Calcuttay the late > principal fettlement of the company in Bengal, and the fcene of tKe deplorable fufFerings of ib many of our unfortunate countrymen. Animated with revenge at the affeding Aght of this place, our (hips and land forces attacked it with fo much ipirits, that the Indians furrendered it on the fame day it was approached. A few days after Hugly, fttuated higher up the Ganges, was reduced with as Tittle difficulty. The Nabi.b, who faw that the torrent of the Engltfh va- lour could not be reftded by fuch feeble dams as forts de- fended by Indians, drew down a whole army confiding of ten thoufand horfe, and twelve thoufand foot, to drive them from their conqueds. Infinitely inferior as our troops were in . number, they did not hefitate to attack the Nabob's Feb. 5. army. Though our forces did not entirely rout the Indians, yet they made a great (laughter amongft them ; and they had fo much the advantage of the field, , that the Nabob was in a (hort time glad to con- ^ * elude a treaty of peace, by which the Englifli Eaft- » f >757' ^'^^ Hr STORY of the War. 43 Kaft-India company was rtteftablinied in all its anticnt pri- vileges; an immunity from ail taxes was granted, and a reftitution promifed for all that the trade had fuffercd in the taking of Calcutta. When all obdrudion on the fide of the Indians was re- moved, and the company's officers had taken poflefllon of their antient cftabliihments, the Admiral turned his arms againd the French. He refolved to attack Chandenagore, fituated fomewhat higher on the river than Calcutta ; a place of coofiderable ftrength, and the principftt fettlement of the French in that part of the Eaft-lndies. In this expedition Colonel Clive commanded feven hundred Europeans and one thoufand fix hundred Black foldiers. The adnniirais Watfon and Pocock commanded the fleet, if it may be called a fleet, which confided. of no more than three Oiips of the line» the Kent, the Tyger, and the Salifbury. The French pre- pared in the beft manner they could to receive them, and funk feveral large veflels both above and below their fort \ but the admiral having by carefully founding found a fafe paffage without being driven to the neceflTity of Weighing up any of the (hips, made fo fevere a Are upon the fort, in which he was feconded by Colonel Clive's batteries on the fhore, that the place capitulated in lefs than May 24. three hours. Five hundred Europeans and feVen hundred Blacks furrendered prifoners of war ; one hundred and eighty three pieces of cannon were found in the place, belldes a conflderable value in goods and money. Four forts cod our troops no more than four days to reduce them. The judicious timing of thefe feveral operations, as well as thofe which followed, was not lefs laudable than the gal- lant fpirit with which they were executed. Btfore the French were alarmed, care was taken to re-pofftfs all the pofts we formerly held \ to humble the Nabob by fome ef- fe6tual blow ; and by a treaty tie up his hands from afting againft us. This Prince had (hewed himfelf from the mo- ment of his figning that treaty, very little inclined to abide by the ftipulations he had made. He indeed promifed a- bundantly, but always deferred the performance upon fuch frivolous pretences, as evidently demondrated his. ill inten- tions. The Englifh commanders underftood this proceed- ing perfedly well; but they refolved to difTemble their fenfe ^of it, until they had broken the French power in this pro- vince, which they had greater reafon to dread, fmall as it was. I -«B-?55I*#"*? 44 ^^'^ History of tbt War. 1757. was, than a'l the armies of the Nabob. When they had fully accomplifhc-d thii by the taking of Chandenagorei they deliberated whether they ouf ht not to re-commence hodili- tit-s with the Indians. A reiolution in the affirmative had been attended with great difficuhy and danger, if a mod fortunate incident had not helped to enfure fuccefs. The Nabob Suraja Doula, the fame who had the laft year taken Calcutta, had (hewn to his own fubjeds the lame vio- - lent and perfidious fpirit, which formerly and dill diftrelfcd the Knglifh. His' Generals were moftly difcontented, and fpme of them entered into a confpiracy againft him. Jaffier All Cawn one of his principal officers, a man of great power and intered, was at the head of this confpiracy. As foon.' as their defigns were ripened, they communicated tliem to the Englilh government in Calcutta, praying their aiTiilance. The chiefs there did not hefitate li)ng what party t^cy Hiould take; they entered into a treaty with Jaffier AliCawii and the conlpirators; and in confequence of this treaty, our troops immediately took the field under Colonel Clive, The admiral undertook to garrifon the fort of Chandenagore with his feamen, in order to leave the greater number of. . land forces for the expedition. A detachment of fifty fea- ' m^n with their officers were added to ferve as gunners. A twenty gun (hip was ftationed above Hugly, in order to ;• preierve a communication between Colonel Clive and the Admiral. Their preliminary meafures being thus judicioufly taken* they advanced up the river* and in a few days brought the Nabob's army of about twenty thouiand men} exclufive of thofe who favoured the confpirators, to an a6tion> . June 22. which, was decifive in favour of the Englifli. Two confiderable bodies commanded by Jaffier and Roy Dolub remained inactive in the engagement. The Nabob feeing himfelf ruined by the treachery of his officers and the cowardice of his troops, fled with the few who continued faithful to him. Jaffier AH Cawn now declared himfelf openly ; and en- tering Muxadavat the capital of the province with 26th. an army of his friends and vidorious allies^ he was placed by Colonel Clive in the antient feat of the Nabobs, and received the homage of all ranks of people a& Suba of Bengal) Bahar and Orixa. The depofed Nabob . was foon after made prifoner> and put to death in hi^ prifon- :.y^\ by t*j^S. Thf History of the War. 45 by the conqueror. In about thirteen days this great revo- lution was accompHihed; and with lefs force and trouble than is oHen required to take a petty village in Germanyt was transferred the government of a vaft kingdom, yiiKling in its dimcnfions Co few in Europe* but to none in the ferti- lity of its foil, the number of its inhabitants, nnd the rlch- nefs of its commerce By the alliance with the new Nabob, and by the reduf^ion of Chandenagcre, the French were entirely driven out of Bengal and all its dependencies. This was one of the articles of the treaty. By the other articles, a perpetual alliance oiTenfive and defenfive was made be- tween the parties. The territories of the company were cnhrged, and upwards of two millions Aerling was Stipula- ted to be paid as nn indemnification to the Eafl India com~ pnny, and the fuflFerers in the taking of Cah itta. The new Nabob, full of gratitude to thofe to whom he owed his lig- nity, gave, befides the above large fums, about (ix hundred ^ thoufand pounds, as a gratuity to the fea fqua !ron ard the troops. However (hort of expectation our enterprifcs io America fell this year, thofe in the Eaft-Indles greatly ex cceded every thing we could hope from the forces which were employed. And it may be doubted whether all th : ;^reat fKjwers engaged in the prcfent bloody wars in Eu; ope, in . which fuch torrents of blood were fpilled, and fo many millions of treafure are wafted, v/ill in the conclufion reap amongft them fo much folid profit as the Englilh Eaft-India company did with a handful of men in a lliort campaign. The joy of the nation at thefe fignal fuccefles, was not a little ilamped by the death of admiral Watfon, who loft his life by theunwholefomnefsof thecoun- Aug. i<5, try, in which he had eftabli(hed a great and lafting reputation. Colonel dive ftill lives to enjoy the fortune and honour he has acquired by his gallant u .V colons. CHAP. VIII. French rHire 9ut of Hanover. The taking of Hoya. M!n^ . s iien taken. Dijlrefs of the Fnnch. Generofity of the Duke de Randan, The French retire beyond the Rhine, Rerovery cf Embden by Commodore Holmet. « ALL the bloodflied of the laft campaign in g Germany, and thofe lofles which both the • '^ * ' vidorious and vanquiihed felt fo vx^ry fevercly, produced nd overtures- 46 fbe History of the War. 1 758. overtures towards peace from any of the powers at war. And perhaps nothing fo fmgular ever happened, as that fo many dates, united, if not againft their real interefts, yet againft all their former habits of connexion, full of fo ma- ny occafions of jealoufy, abounding with matter of com- plaint againft each other, and even involved in misfortunes which ufuaily deftroy a mutual confidence, that not one of thefe powers either from fear, or hope, or wearinefs, or levity, defifted from their hoftilities againft the King of Pruilla; nor did that monarch acquire one ally more by the admiration of hi. fuccefles, than he had formerly gained through compaillon to his misfortunes. All the confede- rates preferved the fame attachment to each other, to him the fame antmofity. It i3 equally a matter of great admi- ration, how the refources even of thefe great ftites, could keep pace with their ambition, and in a very few months . fupply the place of great armies almoft wholly deftroyed. The King of Pruftia by his vidc*ries had added to his natu- ral refources. Thefe refources were more confiderable than is commonly imagined ; and the pofTefllon of Saxony which yielded, him great fupplies, faved his own revenue. He was indeed not qjite fo frefti as at the beginning of the war ; but then the condition of the enemy was in many refpe€ts far^orfe than his. His troops had beHdes acquired a high reputation, and a clear fuperiority over alt others. The confideration, however, of an army greatly harralTed, snd a moft fevere winter, obliged him to reftrain his ardor, "and to attempt nothing againft the Auftrians in the months of January, February and March. The fame ina^ion, ■ owing to much the fame caufes/ prevailed amongft the Hanoverians for a little time : but having been reinforced about the middle of February by a body of P^uftian horfe, they put their whole army once moce in motion. The Duke de Richlieu had been recalled, and the Count of Clermont now commanded the-French troops. This was their third commander in chief within the fpace of a year ; a circumftance alone fufficient to ftiew the unfteadi- nefs of their councils, and the irregularity of their opera- tions. In effeft, they every where retreated before the Ha- ;iioveriaDs, whofe main iiody marched on the right to the country of Bremen ; whilft a fecond body under General Zaftrow kept on the left towards Gifforn. They puflied the Freiich from poft to pbft. They obliged them to eva- cuate /Ount This of a eadi- pera- Ha- the neral i(hed eva- :uate t*l$t* The History of the War. 47 cuate Otterfocrg, Bremen and Werden. The caftlc of Rotterberg was taken in fix hours. A confiderable detBch«- ment under Count Chabot was ported at Hoya, a ftron|r fort upon the Weier, and a place of fuch confequence that prince Ferdinand refolvcd to diflodge the enemy from it. He appointed for that fervice the hereditary Prince of Brunfwick, with four battalions of foot> and fome ligdt horfe. This Prince, not twenty years of age, ha<|i,i»lready entered into the courfe of glory under the aufpicel df his uncle, and full of ardor to (ignalize himfdf, with joy em- braced the occafion ; and here he gave an earneft of his fame, in one of the moft lively and beft condu(^ed anions in the war. The flrft fruits of this young hero were luch as would have done honour to the maturity of the mod ex- perienced foUlier. The Prince had a broad and deep river to pafs. He had no means of tranfporting his men, but a fingle float; fo ihat a long time muft be fpent in get- Feb. 25, ting them over : what was worft, before half his troops were pafled, a ftrong wind arofe, which rendered the float unferviceable, and entirely cut off all communication between the Prince and the moft confiderable number of liis party, whilft the party he was going to attack was fu- perior to him, had his whole body been together. In this ^exigence the Prince came to a refolutior. worthy of hirtj- felf. He refolved not to fpend any time in attempts to fcriflg over the reft of his troops, much lefs to make any at- tempts to return to them ; but to urge on boldly, in fuch a manner as to poffefs the enemy with an opinion of h» ilrength, and to attack them bri&ly before they could be undeceived. Therefore, between fonr and fiv6 o'clock in the morning, they marched with the utmoft fpeed dirc^Jy to the town of Hoya. When they had approached within a mile and a half of the place, another accident was on the: point of defeating the whole enterprifc. Their detachment fired by miftake upon four of the enemies dragoons, who were patrolling; the firing was caught from one to another* , and at laft became general. This feemed more than enough to difcover their motion? and alarm the enemy. But the fame fptrit influenced the conduQ: of every part of this af- fair; a bold countenance became neceflary, and it was aflumed ; they marched with the utmoft dihgence to the V towji. i ^■Mitoigfc-. A .■■■■^w-i^'i 48 ^he History of the War. 1758. town, and encountered the enemy at the bridge; a fierce fire, well fupported on either fide, cnfued. The ground was fuch, that the Prince could not bring up his whole de- tachment equally. Senfible of this difadvantage, he formed' ,a defign to overcome it, as judicious, as it was refolute, which was to turn the enemy by attacking them in the rear ; to execute this defign, it was neceflary to make a circuit . about the town. Every thing fucceeded: The attack on. the enemy's rear was made with bayonets fixed, a terrible (laughter enfued. The French abandoned the bridge, and fled in confufion : The Prince having cleared the town tof the enemy, joined the party he had left. The Count de Chabot threw himfelf, with two battalions into the caftle, with a refolution to maintain himfelf there ; but in a lit'le time he capitulated, furrendering the place, his (lores, and magazines, his troops being permitted to march our. The Prince, who had no artillery, and who, on account of the badnefs of the roads, defpaired of bringing up heavy cannon, fufFered thdm to dtpart. Six hundred and feventy men were made prifoners in the a£^ion, and a place of much importance, and which opened a pa(rage over the Wefer, fecured to the Hanoverians, with the lofs of lefs than one thoufand men killed and wounded. I have dwelt on this adion, and described it as particularly as I could, though nothing decifive in itfelf, becaufe it is not in pitched battles betvfeen great armies, where the moft mafterly ilrokes of condu£i are always difplayed ; thefe le(rer a(Fairs frequently call for as much or more of fagacity, refolution, and prefence of mind, in the commander; yet they are of- ten (lightly pafTed by, as matters of no confequence, by the generality of people, who rather confider the greatnefs of the event, than the fpirit of the aQion., Prince Ferdinand continued to advance, with his right .on one fide of the Wefer, and his left on the other ; the French continued to retire, and fucceflively abandoned all the places they had occupied in the eleQorate, except Min- den. A garrifon of four thoufand men defended that place ; but it was clofely invefted, and in nine days the March whole garrifon furrendered prifoners of war. Se- 14. vetal (kirrnifhes happened between the advanced parties of the Hanoverian army and the French, always to the advantage of the former. The wretched con- dition of the French troops is hardly to be defcribed or ima- gined : \ ^w^ tion, the of Ithe all iin- ice; Ithe ISe. :cd :h, )n- ia- 1758. the UisrotLY of the ^ aPl. 4^ gined: officers and foldters involved in one common diftrefs; the officers forgot their rank, and the foldiers th€if obedi- ence ; full hofpitals, and empty magiazines ; a rigorou* fea- fon and bad covering ; their baggage feized or abandoned^ and the huflars and hunters of the allied army continually harafllng» pillaging^ and cutting them off. It was no alle- viation to their mifery, that the inhabitants of the country, which they abandoned, were reduced to the fame extremi- ties. The favage behaviour of feme of their troops at theii" departure, took away all compafllon for their fufferings ; but this was not univerfal. The Duke de Randan, who commanded in Hanover, quitted the place with the fame virtue, that he had fo long held it. Refentmenr had no power to perfuade him to aft with rigour, in the adverfe turn of the French affairs, than the pride of conqueft had in their profperily. When he had orders to evacuate the place, there were very confiderable magazines of corn and forage, amaffed for the ufe of the army ; he had full time to burn them, and he had precedents enough to have jufti- fied the aftion : but he left the whole in the hands of the magiftrates, to be gratuitoufly diftributed to the poor : he employed all his vigilance to prevent the leaft difordcr amongft his troops, and was himfelf the lad man that marched out of the town. This behaviour, which did fuch honour to his name and country, has made his memory for ever dear to the Hanoverians, drew tears of love and grati- tude from his enemies, and acknowledgments firom the generous Prince againft whom he ferved. The French, through extreme difficulties, marched to- wards the Rhine in three columns. The feveral fcattered bodies, which had united at Munfter, formed the right* The body which came from P^derborn, and which Was commanded by the prince of Clermont in perfon, marched in the middle. The forces which had occupied Heffe were on the left. In this order they reached the Rhine, which they all pafled, except a body under Count Clermont, who ftill remained at Wefel, and refolved to maintain that poft. The French army, which about four months before had paffed the Rhine in numbers, and in a condition to make the moft powerful enemies tremble without any adverfe ftroke of war whatfoever, by a fate almoff unparalleled^ now repaffed it like fugitives, in a condition the moft de- plorable, reduced to lefs than half their original number, E and March 14. 19. 50 'The History of the War. 1758. and clofely purfued by the cneimy.- which they had obliged to lay down their arms. The fame ill fortune, and the Rme defpair^of the?r af- fairs followed them every where. On the arrival of a fmall Englifh fquadron, cununanded by commodore Holmes be- fore Km bden, and their taking an advantageous Htuation, which cut oS the communication be- tween the r->wn and the mouth of the river Ems ; the French garrifon, confiding of four thoufand men, imniedi-tely evacuated the place. As foon as Mr. Holmes difcr vered their defign, and that they were tranfporting their artillery and baggage up the river, he orderjsd out a few armed boats to purfue them. Thefe took fome of the enemy's veffels, in which were the fon of an officer of didindion, and a confiderable fum of money. The commodore without delay redored the fon to his fa- ther, and offered to return the money, on receiving, the officer's word of honour, that it was his private property. This affair is mentioned, not only to do juftice to the judi- cious condud; by which a place of fo much confideration ivas fo eaiily carried, but alio to that generofity of fpirit, which 10 nobly diftinguifhes almod all thofe, who hold any rank in our fervice. C H A P. IXo Alterations in the French minijiry. The ^ate of the Englijh affairs in the year 1758. Subftdy treaty with the King , of Prujpa. Affairs of Sweden and Ruffia. Scbweidnitz. , taken. King of PruJJia enters Morazia and invejis 01- mutz,. Condu^ of Count Daun. Attacks the Prujpan convoy. Siege of Olmutz raifed. King of Prujpa marches into Bohemia. WHILST the French arms fuffered fuch difgraces abroad, they endeavoured by an alteration of their councils at home, to redore their credit. Their miniders liad been long the fport of female caprice ; it was their power of pleafing amidrcfs who governed their King, that alone qualified them to ferve their country. Some of the mod able men were turned out of their employments with difgrace ; others retired from the publick fervice with in- dignation i a certain low character had for a long time ap- peared 'I 1758- obliged their af- f a (mail Imes be- ntageous ition be- rerEms; thoufand As foon iiey were river, he hefe took "on of an »f money, o his fa- iiving. the property. ) the judi- ifideration of fpirit, 3 hold any the Englijb the King rbweidnitz nvep OU Prujpan Jia marches difgraces )n of their minifters I was their Ling, that leof the knts with with in- time ap- peared 1758. The Hi^romY of the W kVi, 51 peared in all the proceedings of France, both within and without. Even in their domeflic difputes, and where fome- thing of a free and manly fpirit appeared, this fpirit evaporated, and fpent itfelf upon unworthy and defpicabte objeds. Thefe conteds which involved the church, the law and the crown, weakened them all ; and the (late felt all the illefFedsof difunion of its orders, without feeing an augmentation of power thrown into the fcale of any. But now taught by their misfortunes and difgraces, they were obliged to an alteration in their conduft : they were obliged to call men to the public fervice upon public prin- ciples: at a time indeed, when in many refpe£ts things could only be altered, not mended : and wife and able mi- nifters could do little more by their penetration and public fpirit, than to fee and lament the ruin, caufed by the want of thofe virtues in their predeceffors. The duke de Belle- ifle, known to all Eiirope for his great abilities, and his great exploits, was at length placed at the head of the mili- tary department, as fecretary of war. There appeared in the common prints a fpeech, faid to be made by that nobltman in council ; which, if it be not authentic, contains at lead fuch fentiments, as would come not unnaturally from a French patriot, and one who had ferved his King and country with honour during better times. ** I knowj faid he, the ftate of our armies. It gives me " great grief, and no lefs indignation: for befides the real ** evil of the diforder in itfelf, the difgrace and infamy " which it reflets on our government, and on the whole " nation, is dill more to be apprehended. The choice of " officers ought to be made with mature deliberation. I ** know but too well to what length the want of difcipline# ** pillaging and robbing have been carried on by the officers •• and common men, after the example fet them by their " generals. It mortifies me to think I am a Frenchman ; ** my principles are known to be very different from thofe " which are now followed. I had the fatisfa^ion to retain ** the efteem, the friend (hip and the ccnfideration, of all " the princes, noblemen, and even all the common people ** in all parts of Germany where I commanded the king's, " forces. They lived therein the midft of abundance; ** every one was pleafed ; it fills my foul with anguilh, to " find that at prefent the French are held in ex^«|ration ; E 2 , ;. ; '%■: that ■». -^ , , ( , C. ' ■'' <% ,*» $2 • Tbe History of the War. 1756. ** that evfry body u ilifpirited, and that many officers 4>ub- ** Jickly fay things that are criminal and highly puniftiiable. " The evil is fo great that it demands immediate redrefs. ** I can eafiiy judge, by what pafles in my own bread, of ** what our generals feel from the fpeeches they mud daily «• hear in Germany, concerning our condud ; which indeed «< vvould loie much to be compared with that of oni: allies <* I muft particularly romplam of the delays and irfeiyilarity " of the pofts ; a fervice whi?!ris very ill prov ied for. f ** am likewife aifpleaftd with the negligence of our generals •* returning anfwers ; which is a »nanifelt breacii of their •• duty. Had I commanded the arnrsy, a thoufand things which ate done, would iiot have been done ; and others^ which are neglefted, would have been executed. I would have multiplied my commmiications^I would have had ftrong polls on the right, on the lelr, and m t;,c centre lltied with, troops. I would have bad magazines in eve. v place. The quiet and fatisfadion of the country (hould hiive ueen equal to their preient difaffeQion, at ** being ha»nv";d and plundered;- and we (hculd have been as much beloved, as we are at prefent abhorred. The confequenccs are too apparent to need being mentioned. I mud iniid on thefe things, becaufe late redrefs is better than the continuation of the evil." M. de Belleifle being edablilhed in his office, turned all his attention to the cure of the evils, which he lamented ; and exerted all the power that remained in the nation, to put their army in Germany once more upon a refpe^able footing. The expedition into Germany was originally a meafure as contrary to the true intereds of France, as it was of judice and equity ;' but having adopted that mea- sure, the confequences which arofe feemed to demand that it diould be purfued with vigour. Therefore the connexion with the Emprefs Queen was drawn clofer than ever, and 4icthing was omitted to give a greater drength, and a better order to the army on the Rhine. But thefe endeavours which drained all the finews of France, already too much -weakened by the atmod total ruin of feveral edential bran- ches of their trade, drew away all the refources neceflary to fupport their navy. It was then in a fufficientfy bad condition, from a want of leamen and dores ; and there were no means found, or little attention ufed, to redore it : fo that from a deficiency in the marine, it feemed to be equally <( « «( >4< ers .J>ub- niOiable. ; redrefs. ireaft* of mft daUy our allies revv'-'larity r gcneiai8 i of their nd things rid others^ ;cuted. I fOvU have nd m t:;€ magazines le country Fedion, at have been cd. The mentioned, fs is better turned all lamented ; [nation, to lefpe^able riginally a ICC, as it Ithat mea- land that |onne6lion ;ver, and id a better Indeay.ours jtoo much itial bran- neceflary ntfy bad ind there eftore it : d to be equally 1758. The Histohy of the W An. 53 equally impradicable to feed the war in America, or to ' preferve the coaft of France itfelf from infulls. Such was the condition of our enemies, at the opening of tl>e cam- paign of 1758. As to England, far from being exhaufled by the war, or difpirited by our ill fuccefs, our hopes rofe from our difap- pointments, and our refources feemed to be augmented by our expences; with fuch eafe and alacrity were the necef- fary fupplies granted and raifed. Many errors and many abufes which the war difcovered without makii>g fatal, were corrected. The fpirir of our officers were revived by I ear or by (hame. Our trade was well protefled by the fu- periority, and prudent didribution of our naval force. The revenue was frugally managed, and the whole (late well cemented and bound together in all its parts, by the union of the adminiftration, by the patriotifm which animated it, and by the entir^ confidence which the people had in the prefiding abilities and intentions. As France perfifted in her attachment to the enemies of his Pruflian majefty. Great Britain entered into ftill clofer engagements with that monarch, the luftre of whofe virtues, fet off by his late wonderful fucceffes, quite turned our eyes from the objec- tions which were raifed againft the conllftency of tiat alli- ance with our interefts. How fsgr it is confident with them, is, I think, a much more difficult point to fettle, than th« adherents to either party feem willing to allow. But it ought to be confidered, that the circumftances of affair« in the beginning of the war, hardly admitted of any othef choice ; it had been the height of madneis, to have beea on ill terms with his Pmilian n^^tjefly at th^t time ; and it was jmpoffible to have kept jtv»od terms with him, with^ttl being on very bad ones v ah Vienna. Things were in an ill fituation ; and the b^lUiKc of Germany was in danger of being overfet, >*hAt narty foever fliouM prevail. It was impoflibVe that Fj^iand could have (^>od neuter in thisconteft; if flie had, France would wvH have imitated her moderation ; ftx would gladly have joined with the King of Pruffia t<> diftrefs Hanover, and reduce Autlria. Thefe two powers fo exerted, would doubilefs compafs their end^ unlets, we interpofed to prevent it ; and we n\Mft fooner or later have interpofed, unlcfs we were teibived tameh to fee VNance and her allies giving laws to the conti- nent. I|^ a word, France would certainly have joined witk ^ i one 54 '^he History of the War. 1758. one party or the other* and the party whicli (he joined* ivould certainly, by that union, prove dangerous to the common liberty, and muft therefore be oppofed by us j we mud have been in fpite of us engaged in the troubles of Germany, as we ever have bctn, and ever Ihall be, as long as we are a people of condcleration in Europe. The alliance with Piuifia was pointed out to us by the circumflance of his aftinp on the delenfive. The King of Fruflla medita- ted no conquefts. Bui her Imperial tnajefly indilpiilJibltf aimed at the recovery of Siiefia, which was to diftuH the fettled order of things; and this defign was the only taufe of the troubles in that part of the world I am that tiii' i^, iiotwithflanding u|| that may hr laid, a aueKiuit fihle nr laid, a aueilii of feme intricacy, and requires a cotilicJeiation cjf ipanV more particularn, jjatn IIip bl»v|ty of mil d»fi|in will allow. But Whether we chule our pitily ih this alllatitb judiiiutiny or not, we have, I imagine, very great region to be pleafed with a (iicafure, which has induced Frfime to engHge fo deeply in ti.e aliairs of Germany, at io ruinous an expence of her blood and ireafure. Our miniftry was at this time fully convinced of the prudence of the choice that had been niade, and refolved to fupport his Prufllan majefty, and the army under Prince Ferdinand, in the mofl: effedual man- j^fr ) one hundred thoufand pounds were voted for the Hanoverian and Hefllan forces ; and a tonvention Ap. II. oetween the King of Pruliia, and IiJn niilaiinlB majefty, was figned in London, whereby the King of Great Britain engaged to pay his Pruflian majefty the fum of fix hundred and feventy thouland pounds fter- ing ; and each of the contra£ti"g powers engaged t- con-,. elude no peace without the participation of the other The northern courts made no alteration in their fyftem. In Sweden, fome real plots to difturh the eftabhfhed con- flitution ended in the ruin of their contrivers ; fome fi£ti- tiouB plots were fet on foot to give a fan£tion to meafures againfl: the crown party, which anfwered their ends ; and, as the ruling power continued the fame, and the inlernaj dilTenfions the fame, the hoftilities againft the King of Pruflla were refolved with the former animofity, but prof mifed to be purfued with the former languor. In Ruflia, the Emprefs did not think her intentions well feconded by her minifters. The great delays, and the unaccountable retreat in thf ^laft: campaign, gave ground to fufped, that ,v ft* 1758. Tie HmoRY of the War, $5 (he had been betrayed by her minifters, or her generals. Marfhal Aprazin was removed from the command, and was put under arreft. He juftified hisconduft by exprefs orders from Count Beftuchef. Beftuchcf was removed from his office, and put under arreft alfo. Count WoronzofF fuc- ceeded Beftuchef in his employment, and the generals Brown and Fermor took the command of the army in the place of Apraxin. As foon as the feafon permitted the King of Pruflla to re-commence his operations, he laid fiege to Schweidnitz, and puflicd it with fo much vigour, April 3, that tfie place (urrendered in thirteen days. The garriton rediicecl by ficknefs during the blockade, and by their loflTes during the fiege, from feven to little more than tjiree ^(iqiifand men, yielded themfelves prifoners of war, Hy this llroke, the Kilig of Kuflia left his enemies no foot- ing in Hiiy part nf his dominions. His next confideration ■was how to guald againft their future attempts, and at the iame time tu make a vigorous attack upon fome part of the Auftrian territories. His forces were well ftationed for both ihefe piirpofes ; for befides the troops which Count Dohna comnfianded on the fide of Pomerania, a confider- able body was ported between Wohlauand Glogau, in ordcf to cover Silefia from the fury of the Ruffians, in cafe they, ihould make their inroad that way. An army, in a little time after was formed in Saxony, commanded by his bro- ther Prince Henry, which confided of thirty battalions, and forty-five fquadrons. It was dcftined to make head againft the army of the Empire, which by amazing efforts made during fhe winter, and by thejunftion of a large body of Auflrians, was now in a condition to a£fc agajn. A ready communication was kept up between all the King of Pruv-' fia's armies, by a proper choice of ports. The King refolved to make Moravia the theatre of the war this year. Moravia was frefh ground ; a country, as yet untouched by the ravages of war. If he fliould fucceed in his operations in this country, his fuccefTes by opening to him the neareft road to Vienna, muft prove more decifive than they could any where elfe. If he fhould fail, the Aurtrians were at a diftance from the centre of his affairs, and would find it difficult to improve their ad- vantages to his ruin. After the redu6iion of Schweid* nitz, the King ordered two bodies of bis troops to poft £ 4 themfi^lviK^ 1 i ' • gS Tbe Ui sroKV of the War, 1758. (hemfelves in fuch a manner, as to make it appear that he intended to carry the war into Bohemia. Whild he drew 4way the enemies attention from the real obje£ts by thefe difpofitions, the main of his army by a very May 3. rapid march* entered into Moravia in two co> lumns, and ma(*e themfelves maders, in a (hort . time, and with little or no oppofition, of all the pods ne- . ceflary to cover the troops to be employed in the fiege of Olmutz. On the 27th of May the trenclies were opened before that city. Miirfhal Daun was no fooner apprifed of the King's march towards Moravia, than he took his route through Bohemia to that province. Notwithdanding that the Emprefs Queen omitted no poiTible endeavours >to aflemble a large army •gainft the King of Prudia, though die had for that pur- pofe exhauded the Milanefe and Tufcany, and fwept up the lad recruits in her Danubian territories, Mardial Daun was not yet in a condition to give the King of Prudia bat- , tie ; neither did his chara£ter lead him to trud that to for- ■June, which he might enfure, though more dowiy, by conduft. This wife general took his pods from Gewics to X/ittau, in a mountainous country, in a fituation where it was impoiTible to attack him. He iiad the fertile country cf Bohemia, from whence he readily and certainly drew fup- , plies, at his rear. He was from his poHtion at the fame time (enabled to harafs the Prudian army before Olmutz, and to intercept the convoys which were brought (o them from Silefia. Olmutz, by the extent of its works, and other advan^ tageous circumdances, is a city which it is very difficult compleatly to inved. So that lome of the King's pods be- )(ig neceffarily weakened by occupying fo great an extent of country, were attacked by Daun's detachments from timq to time, with fuch fuccefs, that abundant fuccours both pf men^nd ammunition were thrown into the place. Thefe attacks were always made by night, and very few nights pad*ed without fome attack. The fuccefs was various. But the operations of the fiege were greatly difturbed by thefe continual alarms. Befides, it is faid that the Audrians, be. fore the King's invafion of thif irovirce, had dedroyed all the forage in the neighbourhood of ^Jlmutz. The horfc; ' \yere obliged to forage at a grea^ didance, which harraded them extreanftly. Mardial Daun took advantage of alj th^ffs icircuindance^ |t was in vain 0at the King of Prudia ^n^ea- 1758. The History of the W AR. ^f endeavoured by all the arus .1 a great conr-mamler to pro- voke or entice him to an engagement. He profited of the advantages he had made, without being tempted by them to throw out of his hands the fecure game he was play- ing. The great obje6k of Marfhal Daun was the Pruflian con- voys. On receiving advice that a large and important one was to leave Troppau on the 25th of June, he iOok mea- fures to intercept it. He ordered general Jahnus, who was at Muglitz on the left, to advance towards Bnhrn, and a 'detachment which was at Prcrau at a confiderable diflance^o the right, to march to Stadt-Leibe ; fo th.it thefe two corps ihould on different fides attack the convoy at one and the fame time. To further the execution of this projed, Mar- ftial Daun himfelf approached the PruflTian army, and di- re^ed all his motions as if he intended to give them battle. However, the King was too great a mafter in the game of generalfhip, which was now playing, to be deceived by thb feint. He detached a confiderable party under general Z^?- then, to fupport his convoy, which was already about f«?roi thoufand flrong. Before this detachment could come ofhf the convoy was attacked, but the Auftrians were repulf were now on their march om im- btained. were in e with a e before ver, and ardment ;arrifon, the ho- : battali- Tofs the )mmuni- new and o retard pelled to France, counter- dion, to »arty was e Prince I, would ne. He pafling enemies line, and e aflift- s, who Inow the entered himfelf ircum- ecc.ved prince Ittacked icufand them Iphalia, Ifeared, [y had^ iThefe their I march 1758. The History of the Wavl: #j knarch under the command of the duke of Marlborough to reinforce the allied army. The prince in this fituation of affairs, had no option left but an engagement with the French army, or a retreat over the Rhine : the former was noteafy to compafs, as the French induftrioufly declined a battle, and it became extremely dangerous to remain long in a pofition with the enemies army on his lefr, and the ftrong fortrefs of Gueldre on his right. In this fituation his fubfiftence became every day more difficult. To repafs the Rhine had its difficulties too ; the roads which led to that river were rendered almoft impaffable by the heavy rains ; the river itfelf was fo fwelled with them, that the bridge at llees had been for fome time ufelefs. Thefe difagreeable circumftances of the allied army did not efcape the penetration of Monf. de Chevert, one of the ableft commanders among the French, He formed a plan upon them, which, if it had fuccefeded, muft have put the allies into the greateft perp^xity. This general had fome time before pafl'ed the Rhint, with an intention of making himfelf mafter of Duffeldorp, and he had prepared all things with great ability fw that enterprize: the rains ufualTy heavy for that feafon, and fome other crofs accidents, had fruftrated his intentions. But perceiving that the fame ac- cidents which defeated his fore in his genius and the bravery oi- his troops. He con- iidered that though the poft he occupied was fufficiently ftrong, the enemy might make themfelves matters of Rees, by turning his camp, and thus execute one of the princi* pal paris of their defign ; he confidered the great differ- ence between attacking and being attacked ; he confidered the effect of an attempt altogether unexpected by the enemy ; he therefore took the refolution of abandoning his pofl, and going out to meet them. Perceiving that the French were marching into difficult ground, he did not lofe a moment to begin the adion. He ordered April 5. a fmall party, which he had pofled in a little coppice,, to fall upon the enemies left, which he obfcrved to be uncovered ; and appointed the fire of this party, as a fignal for all the refl to advance, and make the onfet with bayonets fixed. The French thus vigoroufly and unexpefitedly attacked, fell into confiifion ; their cou- rage ill feconded the wifdom of their general ; they did not jftand half ao hour ; they left on the field of battle eleven pieces of cannon, many prifoners, arH much baggage to the Hanoverians, who drove them uwder the cannon of Wefel. Thi5 fignal advantage over fuch a prodigious fuperiority was not more gallantly obtained than well purfued and im- proved. ImhofF faw that the rains had increafed to luch a degree, as to leav« no hcpes for the allied army to pafs by the bridge of Rees. Hnving taken proper care of his ma- gazines, he quitted his poft at Meer, and being reinforced by fome parties, who pafTed the river in boats, he marched with the utmofl diligence towards the route of the Englifh forces, and happily efFe6ted a junftion, which had hitherto been attended with fo many diflicuJties. Prince Ferdinand in his retreat met with no obftru6tion, but jufl what was fufficient to difplay more fully the gal- lantry of his ofFicei sj and the fpirit of his troops. A town called VVachtendonck was on his left, as he retreated ; this place, though not fortified, is a poft of much imporfance, ii.id being an inland furrounded by the river Niers, is ex- tremely difficult of accefs : the French had thrown a body of troops into this place. The hereditary prince, the firfl in every a^ive fervice, was employed to force it. The X. bridge ./.•k ■ V W'f* irbt fd bf f*R^n. ,J """"na little fit KJ ff:fP^^thuy^^ l^^^^^ftr^M a^S Aug. 9, " Although Pfm^^'if-i.*.!: . ■ •"^'> andioi ^' ^'^^^ >'^u^.in,u bona 'T'^'^^^'^^^ r^ii...., /■■» • % Tk History of tie War. 1758. »5^^ :«• r'' CHAP. XL Retreat from Bohemia. Meafures of Count Datiti. Battle of Cujirin. King of Prujpa marches into Saxony, and Joins Prince Henry. • ' • ''< /. ■ > BY the retreat of the Prufllans from Moravia* the war had affumed a new face. The Generals who conduc- ed it had changed hands. The King of Pruffia was obliged to aft upon the defenfive; Marlhal Daun was now in a con- dition of difplaying his talents in an offenfive war. The af- [. fairs of the King of Pruflia were fcarce ever in a more criti- cal fituation than at that time. The I^uflians feemed at firfl ■ difpofed to enter into Silefia ; but now they had united their feveral disjointed corps, penetrated into the New Marche of Brandenburgh, and having commenced the iiege of Cuf- trin, a place that threatened them with no great oppofitU on, they were arrived within a few days march of Berlin. Count Dohna polled with a greatly inferior force ut Frank- fort on the Oder, watched without being able to obftruft their progrefs. In Pomerania, the Generals Weedel and Manteufel oppofed almoft th2 fame ineffeftual efforts to the arms of Sweden. The army of the Empire, and a confi- derable body of Auftrians under General Haddick, advanced into Saxony, and pofleffing themfelves by degrees of thofe ftrong pofts, which compofe the frontiers of Mifnia, they continually flreightened the quarters of Prince Henry. That Prince was flrongly encamped at Dippolfwalde, with about twenty thoufand men, in order to cover Drefden, and com- mand the courfe of the Elbe. Thus circumilanced, the King could not find his account in remaining long in Bohe- mia, where it was impoflible to effeO: any thing decifive. Every thing depended upon his being able to drive the Ruf- fians out of his territories, who with a mighty force ruined every place they arrived at, and feemed not only to make war againft him, but againft human nature itfelf. Marlhal Daun was foon apprifed of the King of Pruffia's intentions : but he confidered that if he was to purfue the King into Silefia, he mufl encounter with difficulties almofl infuperable; feveral (Irong places flood in his way, and it would prove eafy for'the Pruffian troops left for the defence of that dutchy, to take an advantageous camp under one of thofe places^ and thus oblige them to wafte unprofitably the ■ V ^" ■ '— ■ ""'' time* '758. neUiBTo^v „f ,1,^ ,^ puft forward™i,h1,l whir?'' •""*'" of hi. lef t nothing deXli;;„»-/>^«-«./hicht^^^^^^ notfucceed, a^he King of P?l!:-P™^'''f '*« "woM want of AibCftance arrive in ther P^"" '""W, for confideration therefore pointed out ^""'".Lufatia. KyZ the great objeQ of the Auftr an oniric* "''*^ °'' Saxony Z apparently ,0 be compafled witw"'"'"'- ''wasaoobia Paflid, ProduSive of more fdidi'^'' '''"'' and if com- The army of the EmpTrealreadvn "'"!'«" ">» any oth" Henry could co-operarin ,he ,lr P"'" '" '^" of Prin « Saxony once effeaed, the K „! fi"'J'^ *^^ recover? „? entirely divefted of one of ih^l °^ ^"'f" "ould fee himfe^f «'y "pon in the war fn! P"n"Pal refources he hI2 ! -him hi. here&om in-r- P™^'""-' - ' W ner, defencelefs in t'hemfelvL? , ?P^ "^ *'* «ronK £!: by powerful armies. couU fcarcT fi f \"''«' "" ">«^W« BfnS' yoSiXd^^^^^^^^^ geEJbe^tti'fl-; rbrhl?,\r^ fepS^^^^^^^^^^ anJ V ^''"'"'ePrincewasfr.l,. P , '""' "■ another f ° his retreat into Drefdtn ^1 K ^1" ''""'"n two fire/ Mj™,n mature confider/t b ^ h^""^'^ impraaicab tj Marftai Daun reflefled that the fo t?e7f f T^'"^ ='«■''• p^ "^"» O' SpnDeftein, of which 68 y/;^lfi^O'K y fiffhe War. P«. 3- which he wfas not yet in pofleffion, would pfove no fmall impediment to his defigns He confidered that the p<>riiion of Prince Henry oppoiiie to thf trfriy of the Empire wa<> too advantageous, to make an at-# titck npor him advifeable : and unie/s the Prince could be ilVtiuc^d tu attack the ImperiaUAs firfl;, a point not tobeex-^ ^fltd ip biscircumftances, he might aiways find it tafy to thiow himftU into Drefden, and by proper motions to pfe*- fcrve ?fpe communication with the King. Marfhal jiyjtfi vas obliged to renpijt?t.c his firfl defign, out he was \mr% fulJJiherty tp forn> and to execute fu^h other plans for the Ltlief of Saxofty as his, prudence could fuggcft. ,, ,,^ f;; i^bout that time th* jnfiperial court elated with their it^ Cfi^tJiJCteljs, l>.^gan to fliew with jvhat moderation they W#Cei»|k-«ly 10 b^ehave if if continued and increafed. They fijtiriSly ithrew off all i\t little appearance of refpe<5l they bad bilheito r^tain^d f<^r ,tl)e King of Great Britain, and ffever^l oiherd of th.e'moft refpeOable Princes and perfonsof the Empire. They ipade t% abufe , of their authority go hand ijil harvd with the' fupcefs of their arms. On the 2/ " of AnKwftfllconclurif^liof the^ullc council yvas iffued again this King t»f Gxeat B/"itain> .as Eletlor of Hanover, again tijej.LandgraV:^ oj J^efle Cafly, againft Prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, the Count of Lippe Buckebpi|rg, a^^4 in general tgatnA.di i ho adjie rents to the King of Pruflla* ithreatenTng tbem with penalties, in dignity inperfon at^ e/Jate. In dpn- ftq[!»ence of this cle^rcei^Iiefters avocatpry we/e iflued^ np- u|jl out of the iide which was not inveAed. Never wks beheld a mofe deplorable fpe^acle ; nor was it eafy to fay which formed the. more wretched appearance, thofe who periftied, or thofe whojefcaped. Mean while the Governor firm iti ■■iK# -- - :,-,_. his <>»i' *f5 ^#^iftTO %R5,f^j»>*; .<^^««^!^fi«^ vS^Hr^'M^y. l5#n6% ^il'KX *J^^>i/ T^?.v"?^«r •■, ?fi fWs^U'i ^^wsw H»'"*^.'^^y "^T s^^PF'f^ 5 ^HJ^m MiifebVftc'j^/my j and mard^eiViur the greateu part o 175a. ff^'fl'HMXrOHRy •///»iil«# JHl#nD|(ifr U'M .roil, •.■f^i ^tofiell^i^teE^l1tf(Ml Jibthing new bn itfie fide m ^9^pny/9f ,f(|niQiis ; }ho!leDntBni6d:;hi|nrelf with takingVii w^lliil ]^i^|^De^rtvfl4Jiio hnnfelf an (safip'comintmidition with tk^f^Xm^fi^r, lihi^il^p'we, 'htiinttTruptp^ihe <:oThh\vtiicaX\o^ h^\v\t^W J^aigttziei) aodDrefiikn ; he f^vouned thei operations -Q^) Qe^er^^) iL^audohnti! who jiadu.advtinced 'through ith^ I^QWiec Li^ratla to ili« ictiBfiiiesi^ofifBratidinburgh'; and by jf ^ ipf ^^h*i !C^ paign lit' is not impoffible t hat thei i'!a»'iti* 49^fdi)th^W4oilackeii,fni^t^ J|«brtt€ie9^Hy)h^ppeR>yiijhcy1oft them , both. 'UpcA »py!^bfi[T)f»pp^ijti(Q>«^ itrie?n<>t;very eafy to accdunt for th* fgeffliji^g H«^iivUv .^iftlarrttal Dauni Whilft htJ hadfofa$i/t gppt^iiuuhis'^andfcii! However advanthgeoufly! Prirttce Benii^ m^^J\$y^ii:\m(w .hie poft,^,«r fobwever ftr^ ysti th«;i J>rodigious fujJeiiiority'cSf th^ toiti- t'binffli^iS^ifls (JB^nns i|9!!hf^e raore! thm- ov^r-ibnknced tHirt Mjf0PJiftgf^i4rd/iliQ bavie TjwiiHfiMff;^ imy to) h»ve) demanded |.„|Pf,fe^>wrhi§r)appeairied aitrlehgthi to fee theMarlbalJWW«n»v.ji^«r iuMi tbeil^Ang./Fibntrefj/of Sonn^#*fl9<|rftft •HftSMrfjp«.^taj3k^r/»4rr)eN^#di:nwjjilBia tarrifon of ohe nihoiifeffl^ /^Vr«^i¥ir(?rtir»)«nsf iliOi*heTA*iiftnan.Geneoa^ :::U hjjri -^N«fft afefitiib^ wfirtanqeTof ritiirtoecltbareatrmgle^ Scpt.*^'^. i4^BvMVjW.»PamJufrc^f758. cut off the retreat of their enemies towards Drefden. This was to bring matters to a fpeedy decifion. But now the King of Pruflia by the mod rapid marches had reached the frontiers of Saxony. The whole deHgn was difconcerted ; and far from being able to drdodge Prince Henry, they found themfelves utterly unable to prevent the King his brother from joining him, with his whole army. « Sept. II. On his approach General Laudohn abandoned his advantages in the Lower Lufatia, and fell back upon Marftial Daun ; who himfelf retired from the neighbourhood of Drefden and fell back as far as Zittau. The army of the Empire poffefled of the ftrong port of Pirna, which the Saxons had occupied in the beginning of the war, kept their ground ; but did not undertake any thing. Thus in fifteen days the King of Pruffia, by his unparalletlcd fpirit, diligence and magnanimity, fought and defeated a fuperior body of his enemies, in one extremity of his dominions, and baffled without fighting another fuperior body in the other extremity. Thefe advantages, gloriou» as they were, were not the only ones which followed the viflory at Zorndorf. The Swedes who direded their motions by thofe of their RufHan allies, haftened their operations when that army had ad- vanced into Brandenburgh. General Wedel was detached from Saxony, to ftop their progrefs ; and the Prince of Be- vern, now Governor of Stettin, gave them fomc oppofition. All this, however, had proved ineffediaal, if the news of the defeat of the Ruffians had alarmed the Swedes in foch a manner, as to make tViei cum with more expedi- tion! than they had advanced. Tho* the King of Pruilla's aftairs began to put on a better appearance by thefe efforts, the fortune of the vv?t ftili hung in a very dubious fcale. The enemy was Oill luperior. The Swedes and Ruffians had ftill fonne footing in his dominions. The Auftrians and Imperialifts were yet in Saxony; and if the King's armies had it in their power to take ftrong fituations, the enemy had the fame advantages. The condition of things was ex- tremely critical, and the leaft error or misfortune threat- ened ftill to plunge the King of Pruffia into an abyfs of calamities. CHAP. 1758. ^be History of the War. 75 CHAP. XII. General Oherg defeated at Lanwerenbagen. King of Prufjia furprifed at Hochkircben. Marjbal Keitb and Prince Francis of Brunjwick killed. Affair at Gorlitz, King of PrujBa marcbes intq Silefia. Marjbal Daun invejlt Drefden, The fuburbs burned. King of Prujpa raifes the Jiege of Neifs and CofeL He returns into Saxony. The Aujlrians retire into Bobemia. Difpofttions for the winter, rr^HE operations of the armies in Wedphalia, feemed J[' for a long time to languiih. The grand army of the French under Marshal de Contades, was wholly unable to drive Prince Ferdinand from the pofts which he had chofen fo judicioufly along the Lippe. The other diviiion of the French forces under the Prince de Soubife, had made no great progrefs on the (ide of Hefle-Caflel* againft the Prince Ifenburg) ^^ho (lill kept his ground in that principality, in order to protefl the courfe of the Wefer, and to cover the ele^orate. The French were fenftbie that an attack on the principal army of the allies, would prove a very dangerous attempt, in which even if they ihould have fome fuccefs, their progrefs into the King's ele£loral dominions muft be ver) (low and difficult. But as the body of the allies em- ployed in Hefle-Caflel was far the weakeA, and as an advan- tage on that fide promifed them the command of the Wefef, and a better paHage into the heart of the enemy's country^ they determined to make an attempt there. To further this defign, a confiderable detachment was made from the army of Marihal de Contades, which increafed the Prince of Soubife's corps to at lead thirty thoufand men. Prince Ferdinand, who was fufficiently aware of the enemies plan» had fome -time before fent General Oberg with a ftrong re- inforcement to join the Prince Ifenburg ; but notwithftand- ing this reinforcement, the whole force of the allies in Hefle did not exceed fifteen thoufand. This body was attacked by the French at Lanwerenbagen, and their great fuperiority, efpecially in point of cavalry, obliged Sept. 30. the allies to retire with the lofs of about one thou- fand five hundred men. The allies unable tO keep thefield> had however fome woods in their rear which covered their retreat, and they preferred fo good a countenance as pre- vented their defeat from becoming total. -Great ij6 The^iiro)KY(f'life^A9:^ ^gS^ Great confequences might have been apprehended from this affair. But the vigflanc'i^ of> Tk\ne^ Ferdinand, who had eftablifhed the mod ready communications all along the Lippe, rufF«rcd the vidoriovs arniy ro^ap bin little advan- tage from th^rr vidory. ^^hix at<>omplil1iied- General ad- vanc«^ with the utmoft expedition towards Rheda* and the Prince Ifenburgh havrnglalle^ii back upbii himythey joined infUch a m^nn^ as p6r^&ty \o lecure the Wefer» wnkout lofing any thing on the fide of the Rhine^^ Add although thefe neceffary motions, in romeforrt}ncoveredtheete€t6rate, fo as to lay it open to the incurfions of the enemy's light tPOdps^ who'pinetVatlJd evcnto thei gatts of HanbVclrY%et the French were not i^ a odtidftimi^ 't6 eftublifh arty oonfigpr- ^ble body, or to take any 'poft'of rt!ome!At>iTif thair part^J-*: i f During this tinoe^ the antiles^of tht Ktng of PruiTia «nd Marflial Daun, made no very r^tiiirkable; tndvements^ ^Th^ ^arfliiail kept his advantageous ^amp at'Stolpen, bywhich h» preferved a comAiunicat ion' with th(fi!tftty> of^he E)ni>pire. ^h0 aritiy was fecured by its inaccelUble fixation, but it iB^flrprifed? nothing oP confe^uence; The King^ of Pruffia t^tlht tiher hami, having taken ^ofleffioti of ^the tmportaht f 'thiei Auftriaris^ AiMtat the fame time that he fecUred thefe ii^terefting ob^* jifts, he was better fttuatied for thro«^^g^ fuctdtrrs into Siy^s than he contd be ati)^ wh«re elfe coYififtently with hii jgtMnA pianv The t^t'O urmieB kept the lAoft ^»tchfbl eye ygpotikafch others nitotions. The princfpal'a^ of the King efPruflia, Teemed to have been' the preventing Mai'lh'al Dttun Ir^ito communicatiing ^ith Bt)heiy]fia. The great: tnt> tention of Marfhal Dauii was' io icut > df' the Ktifg 'ftom Silefla; Things were fo balanced, '< thiit ft did notTtfem pof-i- fibfe by mere (kill in marches iind pofttiofls to aniwer thefe a battie^could not b^attertiptied- without extfetne danpr to the party who fliould begiri'the-attack.' 'iJJy^ '^ -^Jim jdi Marfhal Daurt fivf that if^arfy^ 'more time was ^kH- without H^iony the very fferfoi*' Muft-dbUgeiriiw'toiev«coate'fiaxony!» and; thuspgive up »Kf the*frtti!t«> of^tht ie«mpsi%ni* ^Heoarae 1758. 7'/'ap.pqare4i,|he,extlie^^ ^autiqn w^i^h qharadjerifea^; ^ha^ jible QeperaJ. ' / H^png Cpfptti«ricate4 his defign tq tbiC |^f;>pc9 PiPeMX-PpPst^t JVPi retlled ineaiures vith /himj» bieii^arahedji^ Jthe dead of % very 4<^rk night, in three fOlunni;s» towards the right of th^ ^Cing of Prpffia's camp. Notwithftandi^ |J^f 1 Wi^WP/^ P^ ^be nighty pqtwithilanding,t)5e^e|C?irary4»v^rK»iTof,ff, i,Kf j jl tlic Auftngjn. ;trni» the gr|^^t6efs,f)f,tbflif ;)«•»- O^ il^*? bers/and tjifi length of vifjyr jhipy, j^j^d tq.ipftrph^, ,;,j>. bnK yet fuph jvas the wife cpndi(i£t*.an4,.gr^at gpoijt^fpr^mifi'Qf) this defign, ; that thpx alli^alrrfved ,at thf S^^^i^\^^9,\, tbfl I'rufn^n caipp, noneji5|ying> Ipit tbeir y?aytr,>f jw^u^^d^qin ver;^* Hy»tbP,ut confuli^n,, afli/ijh .W(^ ,Tp^Dw jtl^.^ \mp 0ii^^r4s^f^?i^^,jk,em,,f9,a8,tMfl1f»)6€/v^ a j^r^jfiire fff:^)^u;aj)l^, >$,har4 ^p Jay,.j,ll; ]s^|l^|^f^ HIP a^Pfe tb^, jy>gil§P?i? 9* J-y ^ble, a ,comtp?n^er» or/ 4)?fj ,attcn,tjgni j p| fa 4T?ai)y^ ^qijljied piHc^rs as^ f^^ryed }^^^x\^Ts^.y ■ [To .^ftjt- 9F;trea,<^^fry, ^ a w^jr of agjcpunti^g fpf nfti^tui^,f,n|5H:ft cojprimpg,.than r^^aionabld,^ ^ floyre^Y^^ it,|«i[as, ^|:^e^,f>imn4i\^)m cneipy inj^;| mi^^f^fjthe,;^,amp,: aij^dianr|in|^e|HOHs^t«ck already JjMi^j;; §^arqe M.tb(? l^?itjUe^^>figp^9,.j^^^ ^ feat (jeemc<) cq-taiqiji-ni^t^! foj ftiuqb tiQmi^P r^'^m.m tKejtroop^^.^i th^ jrreparfbl^(,|6rs qf tWK^iP^Pjcei'ff !»" .\h0i Kei^h. .receiyeil t^fo fnufqjiet palls, and,wl! jde/w uj^n W% fyifi'l Tj^^i^iti^^^h of Brun5|v|ck had- his i^ff^^ ft\o^ oJF.fej, a^^^niiph, ball asj he mounjted . his l^orfcr T^^ Jf i^g Pi Pc»*f!i iia h^^jt%n t]h^^whplepf,',^jaif$.to fuftain aU)pe^/?^t^j^ tinid whfin he mb^ wj^ud.^fT^.^^^^ But his fPfsfeflfi^p^ ?fm%SW^ S^h9tm^fh%A9^M !^(t„tp reinforce Y^^ mh^ fm^.W ^n/fff^,inpp;^ent, the orcjcf*, were ceceiw-d,; W; m)/'ft'sTi^si"';' wy r*^^^^^^'-, g^^^i .^ctapw w^hpi commanded;^ 1^^ that |:|uarter, , >v;itb dilBBculty repvlfed • t^ef ' ' tance 78 7%e History of the War. 1758. tance to the right* which was alone obliged to fupport the whole weight of the grand attack. The Auftrians in the beginning of the engagement had beaten them out of the village of Hochkirchcn ; as the fate of the day depended upon that poft, the hottell of the dif- }>ute was there. The Pruflians made three bloody and un- uccefsful attacks on the village ; on the fourth they carried it; but the Auftrians pouring continually frelh troops upon that fpoty drove them out at length after reiterated efforts, and a prodigious (laughter on all (ides. Then the King defpairing of the fortune of that field, ordered a retreat : his troops, which had been fuddenly attacked in a dark night by fuperior numbers, and had run to arms fome half nakedf and all in the utmoft confuHon, had, notwithfland- ing, made a moft vigorous refiftance ; and maintained the ' fi^t for near five hours. They made their retreat in good order without being jpurfued, fuppbrted by the good coun- tenance of their cavalry, and the fire of the numerous and well ferved artillery, which was placed in the centre of their camp. They loft in this bloody adion at leaft feven thou- fand men, killed, wounded and prifoners, together with many cannon. The Auftrian account allowed their own lofs in kilted and wounded to amount to near five thoufand. The King of PrufHa, in retiring from Hochkirchen, in fad only altered the pofition of his ri^ht wing, which fell back as far as Weiflenberg. His left ftiU remained at Baut- zen. This pofition was nearly as good as the former. The great lofs was the lofs of reputation, which always attends a defeat, and the lofs of two great generals which attended this in particular. Marihal Keith was a Scotchman born. He engaged with his brother the Lord Marihal in the Re- bellion of 1 715. Being obliged to relinquifli his country on this occafion, he entered into the troops of Spain, and after- wards pafling into Ruflia, he obtained a conf^derable com- mand* and performed many (ignal fervices in their wars with Turk^ and Sweden ; and lerved them alfo in peace by feveral embaffies. But finding the honours of that country no better than a fplendid ferviiude, and n(^ meeting with thofe rewards, which his long and faithful ferVices de^rved, he left that court for one where merit is better known and better rewarded ; and having been employed fince the be- ginning of the war in a diftinguiihed command in the King of 1758. , ^Ift History of tbcW\R: 79 of PruiTia's armiesi he fell at laft tn a fervice that was wor- thy of him. If the King of Fruflia loft fome reputation in fuflPering himfelf to be furprifed in this affair ; he fully retrieved it by his extraordinary condu£t in the courfe of the adion» and his admirable efforts after it. On the whole, perhaps, when all circumffances are confidered, the King of Pruffia will appear greater in this defeat, than in any vi£kory he ever yet obtained. The wing of his army that was attack- ed, was furprifed at a diftance from him, the two Generals that commanded it flain in the ffrft onfet, his other princi- pal Generals wounded, the whole wing in confufion with- out a leader ; to come, in thefe defperate circumffances, in haffe from another quarter ; to recover all ; twice to re- pulfe the enemy, and at laft to retire, overborne only by numbers and fatigue, without being purfued» is fuch an inffance of great Generalffiip, as perhaps has never been exceeded. Whilft thefe things were doing in Saxony* the Ruffians made no farther attempts on the fide of Brandenburgh ; they remained in their camp near Landfperg, until the a iff of September ; when after feveral feigned motions, made to cover their real defign* they began their retreat towards Pomeraniay where they arrived o^ the 26th. It was impoflible that they ffiould keep their ground in that province during the winter, unlefs they could fecure fome fea-port, from whence they might be fupplied with {>rovifions. The little town of Colberg was very opportune or that purpofe, as it is a fea-port on ihe Baltick, and fo meanly fortified, that the redudion ot it i^ppeared to be as eafy as expedient. On the third of O^ober, they formed the fiege of this inconfiderable place, with a body of fifteen thoufand men. But fuch was the bravery of Major Heydon the Governor ; and fuch the incapacity of the Ruffians for operations of this nature, that this little town* defended only by a rampart, without any outwork, and lined with a very feeble garrifon, held out againft the repeated attacks of the enemy twenty-fix days, and then obliged them to ^ » raife the fiege* without any fiiccours whatfoever *^' from without. This was the laff enterprife of the Ruffians. Their vaft army retired with difgrace* firft from Branden- burgh, and then from Pomerania ; not being able to maffer one place of ftrength in either country; but having de- ftroyed to Tift Mi%TOKY ofitbeVf A my ^ 1758.. flroyed «»1th I h« mod rivii^i|>4rbUrf^y boih< t4^tf>f)^i6\*ny' and defencelefs villages ; leaving as Arong imp^tflfSorijr 6^' ^INitMyt rfor" thtwr; ^cgpMiitfj ' w^'of ' hdrrof' /br iHiir triiAft«r th^ddfcM which theK}nglreceived'\ik>Hoch1(irchbrf;^ ))r •iniitied^o ftietAirei to pfevm» thtiinemy froth rmkini* anif-iit&t^itd MiKratiUg^ of 'it*. "He perceiVM'cltarP^ 'IMT' the tdvihtAgff ch«y pr6{)offdto'deiupon 8rixony Kiiha thereiSrIt, linadetio'Vdriipltoto'MlnfoHb^- hw arni]P h^ conMerable dc^nthnriehtS' fnm > < that< tuf^ Pthhe < Hcary) Which >>wer» brbdgh^ ti'p 'by that f^-inde hiWdlfi' And as he (ihv, ihat Neifs^ rhe allege of whiidhiihaMli Meiv kK^ nckdf: iormc&iand profeduted Witli gr^^ v«goui(f->nMMl Mru] tftin)^ fUrrendcf /in dli aU'fides^ til"|ie*alrmy of Marshal Diau^itvla^ly Tifi^rbUB^' hatf iid thajiKto'intenj^t^htiii. i^TW fight was hii^Q(nitd"eve' h^-hj|dJhiiiohvtd apfy^hefiid'^frDfit'ihe' efforts^ of the enemy to^ hark-afft hith on ' hi«rmtinchi. ' ilf>he iftiotrid bd fo happy as to i&ape' bricohqnefpthefci diflidttltioHi'tyetthi^ marchemirely ' uifcov^bi^d'Saltony'v and' abiihdoned'that' mbft intereftihg poffeJliton Very poorly defehdf|d/i(i>aH«litf'fbfct^ tWo-poWerful armies. ''< /'•''' '•''>' inu-il «)h»,j-i;;I xiM^t > Ontiheoither •hamd^- Wth/k bonfideratlbd of^Saxo^f (HokMdl ditbin him ifi'ihis'preferie '(ituatton>> S'fleiifa< )hin^(t%4> fyme'^ rifcfae^iated'thi^fatiie br greater di{aidlVililigiiB>Aittflrieitftfe Mt bis BifTiinsi by fr^fKrttfgt'theAiuftHaiii^o 4bttbM« >foot{hgf therei This' dildmmaj 'WhicfciJ wbiiW' -fca?(ii r^iturtid -a' meandH genius eiYtirely Inadivey tind hij)Bered»hibii>fpofib teiking iShyMrefiMuHorti only 'obli^d c)ile!iCing^ofnFyuiDa>tb t0lke btfliireibktion 'Virith^he' greater 'ff^eed^iionditonekeaa^e^ ipw4thiih«S^gi eater •♦'fgour:'''^""*^'y,<»« Jnorliiw ,hn^jrnKi kvcI ^nOof ii)b'd4th'of NDveitibdrtat iiightv ^Hei)u}t«^)4in')iof Qor7he>.i A'body iQ|f jAuit^taWihaidinvilB endeaf^dttfed'ti^ fociirs ttiis pod ^efbneihktv ;• >tlt^^thati arriyed' w^defeilti-' edit with thHofs^ibf ^i^t hundred meh.* Sy thiKhalppy mktvH^ ail'th^'advintaijea .i>,..:! the 1758. The HtBTOKY of the W AtL. 9l the fruits hia boaftcd vidory at Hochkirchen, were lofl in • moment, and an open paflTage to Silcfia lay before the King. He purfued his march with the greateA diligence. General Laudohn, with twenty four thoufand men was fent to pur* fue him. That adive general continually harrafled his rear guard ; but the King continued his march without interrup- tion) and fufFered him 10 take niany. little advantages, rather than by delaying to contef^ fmall matters, to endanger a de- (ign, which might be decifive ol the whole campaign. On the other hand, D.iun, not content with the obftacfei which General Laudohn threw in the King's way, lent a tftrge body of horfe and foot by another route to reintorce the army which under the Generals Harfch and De Ville had formed the fiege of Neifs, and the blockade of Cofel. But he perceived that all thefe meafures would probably prove ineflFe£tual, as his principal projeift, which was to cov«r Silefia, had been deteiited. He therefore turned his viewi towards Saxony, and fatisfying himfelf with detaching Oe<* neral Laudohn, which might create an opinion that the whole Auftrian army purfued, he followed the King no further than Gorlitz; which place he immediately quitted* and having by forced marches gained the kibe, he EaiTed that river at Pirna, and advanced towards Nov. 6. >refden. At the fam« time the army of the Elm- pire, by its motions having obliged the Pruflian amky then extremely weakened by the detachments that had been drawn from it, to retire from its poft before Drefden,fome miles to the weilward of that city', cut oft* their communica*^ lion with Leiplic, whrlfl Marihal Diaun attempted to cutoff their communication with Drefden; but they found meant to throw themfelves into that city, and afterwards tt> retire to the other fide of the Elbe. The Auilrians and Imperial ids betgan at once to inveil rhofe two important places-^ another jparty advanced towards Torgau, and attempted that town. It feemed utterly impofllble to prevent the Auftr lant from becoming mafters of Saxony, who in a manner ct^ vered the whole country with their fcu-ces. -; In the mean time, the King of Priiifia drew nearer and nearer to Neifs. The fiege of that fortrefs was commenced on the 4th of Auguft; on the 3d of Odober it was com* pletelyinvefted;' and the place was pufhed on one fide with the greateft vigour, and on the other maintained with tbaf moft confiimmate (kill and bravery, until the approach of G ' the H Tife HiaTORY of the War. 1758. the King of Pruflia obliged the Auftrians* on the ift of Noivennber» to raife thefiegcf leaving a confiderable quantity of nniiitary (lores behind them. The lame terror obliged the parties employed in the blockade of Cofeli to leave that place at liberty» and to fall back, together with the armies of the Generals Harfch and De Ville into Bohemia* •nd the Audrian Silefia. The King of Prulfiai when he had thus by the report of his march) without fighting* driven his enemies Nov. 9. out of Silefiat loft not a moment to return by the fame route* and with the fame expedition to the relief of Saxony. Two bodies of his troops had moved for the fame purpofe out of Pomerania, one under Count Dohna» tnd one under General Wedel. The corps under Wedcl bad thrown itfelf into Torgau, repulfed the Auftrians, who had attempted that place* and purmed them as far as Eulen- burg. The grand operation of the Auftrians was againft Drefden. Marfhal Daun^ with an army of (Ixty thoufand men, came before that city* on the very day on which the King of Pruflia began his march to oppofe him* fo that he might well imagine his fuccefs certain againA a place meanly fortified* and defended only by twelve thoufand men. The ftme d^y he began to cannonade it* and his light troops* fup- ported by the grenadiers of the army, made a (harp attack upon the fuburbs. The Governor* Count Schmettau, faw that from the weakneis of the fuburbs it would prove im- poiBble for him to prevent the enemy from pofTefling themn felves of them by a coufy4«! main, and, if they fucceeded in |bis> attempt* the great height of thethoufea, being fix or feveji ftories* and entirely commanding the ramparts* would ttMtt the redudion of the body of the place equally eafy ahd certain. Thefe confiderations' determined him to fet lh«fe fi^burbs 011 fire. It is well known that the fuburbs of Drefden compofe onfi of the finefl towns in. Europe* and are greatly fuperior tpt that which lies within the walls. Here the moft wealthy part of the inhabitants reiide* and here are carried on feboie ftveral curious manufadures for which Drefden is foiia- Inous. Count Daun forefaw this confequence of his at- tempt. He endeavoured to intimidate the governor kom this, meafure, to which he knew xht cruel reafon of war V6uld naturally lead him* by threatening to make him per-i Cbnally anfwerable for the fteps he ibbuld take; but Count Schmettau 1758. le ift of : quantity r obliged . to leave with the Boheinia> report of k enemies irn by the on to the moved foe nt Dohna» er Wedcl rians« who ■ as Eulen« ras againft \f thoufand which the fo that he ice meanly ncn. The roops, fup- larp attack lettau, faw prove im- Ting themn licceeded in ;ing fix or irts» would [ually eafy tim to fet compofe |y fuperior wealthy Id OB tfaofe is foiia- lof his at- |r nor from In of war him per-, It Count tchmettau 1758. Tl&f HisToRV o//i^^ Wah; t| Schmettau anfMrered with the firmnefs that became a roan of honour and a foldieff that he would anfwer whatever he ihould do, and would not only burn the fuburbs. in cafe Marflial Daun advanced* but would likewife defend the city itfelf ftreet by (Ireet, and at la(l even the caftle* which was the royal rendenccf if he (hould be driven to it. When the magiftrates were apprifed of this refolution, they fell at the feet of Count Schmettau, and implored him to change his mind, and to have mercy ort that devoted part of their city. The part of the roval family* who remained in Dref- den* joined their fupplicatlons to thofe of the maEiArates ; they prayed him to fpare that lad refuge of diftreUed roy- alty* and to allow at lead a fecure fefidence to thofe^ who had been deprived of every thlhg elfe. All entreaties were vain. Schmettau continued firm iii his refolution. He toM them that their fafety depended 6h themfelves, aitd on Mar« fhal Daun; that tf he made no attempts* the fuburbs ftiould be dill fecure ; but that if he took any farther iteps, the neceflity of his madef's ferVice* and his own honour* would compel him to ^B. very difagreeabte to the lenity of his dif- pfifition. The Magidratis retired in defpair. Combudiblet were laid in all the hdufes. At three o*d6ck next ifforning* the fignal for -^ firing the fuburbs was given* and in a moment * * a: place fo lately the feat of eafe and luxury, floiiridiing in traffick* in pfeafures and ingenious arts* was all in flames.^ A calamity fo dreadful needs no high colouring. However^ as little mtichief attended fuch a combudion^ as the nature of thd thing could admit. Very few lod their lives; but many their \^hoIe fubdance. When this was done* the Pruman troops abandoned the flaming fuburbs* and retire4 in good order into the city. Marflial DaUn faw this fire, which* whitd it laid wade ihfB capital of his ally* made it more difficult for him to force, it* he fent in fome emptv threats to the governor. But the Saxon minider at Ratid>on* nnade grievous complaints to the Diet* of what he reprefented as the mod unparalleled ad of wanton and unprovoked cruelty* that had ever been committed. Hie emidaries of the court of Vienna fpread the fame complaints ; and they made no fcruple to invent^ and to alter fads in fuch a manner as to move the greatcft pity towards the fuflerers* and the greated indignat'ion againd the King of Pruflia. All thefe* however* were in G a a Qiort 84 the Hi sroKY of the War, 1758. a (hort time abundantly confuted, by the authentic certi-" ficates of the magiftrates of Drefden, and of thofc officers of the court, who were perfectly acquainted with the tranf- aftion. By thefe certificates it appears* that only two hun- dred and Hfty houfes were confumed. Though this was a terrible calamity ; it was nothing to the accounts given in the gazettes tit the Auflrian faSion. By thefe certificates it appears alfo» chat the people were not furprifed, but had fufficient notice of the governor's inrentions, to enable them to provide for their fafety. In a word, all the charges of cruelty againfl the Pruilian commander and foldiery, were fully overthrown. ; ;;h This fire made a coup de main imprafticable ; regtllar operations demanded time, and the King of PrufTia was now in full march towards Saxony. Marfhal Daun retired from, before the place on the 1 7th. The King, after croffing Lu^ : fatia, pailing the Elbe, and joining his troops under Count Dohna and General Wedel, arrived triumphantly at Drefden on the 20th. The armies of Marfhal Daun and the Em- pire gave way towards Bohemia, into which kingdom they foon after finally retreated, without enterprifmg any thing further. Six fieges were raifed almofl: at the fame time ; that of Colberg, carried on by General Palmbach, under the orders of Marfhal Fermor; that of Neifs, by M. de Harfch; that of Cofel; that of Drefden, by Marfhal Daun; the blockade of Torgau, by M. Haddick; and that of Leipfic by the Prince of Deux-Ponts. About the time that the Auftrians retired into winter quarters, the French did the fame ; and the Hanoverians permitted them to do it without moledation, the feafon be- ^ ing too far advanced, and their army perhaps not of fuffi- cient flrength for ofFenfive operations; and Prince Ferdi- nand kept the field no longer. The Britifh troops had no occafion of fignalizing their bravery this year , but without a battle the nation fuffered a confiderable lofs, and was touched with a very deep and general fprrow. The Duke of Marlborough died in Munfter, the 20th of Odober, of a fever, contraded by the fatigues of the campaign. Never did the nation lofe in one man, a temper more candid and benevolent, manners more amiable and open, a more pri- mitive integrity, a more exalted generofity, a more warm and feeling hieart. He left all the enjoyments, which an ample fortune and an high rank could beflow in the public h^J eye; , nto winter 1758. 7*/^^ History o//i&^ War. 2$ eye; and which every milder virtue, every difpofition to make and to be made happy, could give in a domedic life: he left thefe for the fervic'e of his country, and died for its defence, as he had lived for its ornament and happi- ncfs If we compare the events of this year with thofe of the iaft, we (hall find in the adions of the prefent year, perhaps fomething lefs of that aftonifhing eclat ; fewer battles ; not fomany nor fo ftriking revolutions of fortune; but we may difcover upon all ildes far greater management, and a more (ludied and refined condud; more artful movements, a more judicious choice of pods, more quick and vigorous marches. If in the laft year, the King of Pruflia was the hero of the imagination, he is this year the hero of the judgment ; and we have, I think, reafon to admire him upon jufter princi- ples. Obliged to evacuate Moravia, he throws himfelf into Bohemia, and executes a retreat with all the fplrit of an invafion. He >.i:;rches more than an hundred miles through an enemy's country, followed and harrafled by large armies, who are unable to obtain any advantage over him. Gain- ing at length his own territories, he engages the vaft army of the Ruilians and defeats it. He is unable to follow his blow, but he difables them from flriking any againil that • part of his dominions, which he is obliged to leave. Whilft he is engaged with the Ruffians on the frontiers of Poland, the Auftrians and Imperialifts enter Saxony. Before they can do any thing decifive, the King is himfelf fuddenly in Saxony, and by his prefence, at once difconccrts all their projeds. The fcene is again changed, they furprife ^ini in his camp at Hochkirchen, two of his generals are killed, his army defeated, his camp is taken. They attack Silefia with a formidable army. Notwithdanding his late defeat ; notwithftanding the great fuperiority of his enemies; not- withftanding the advantage of their pods; he makes an amazing Iweep about all their forces, eludes their vif^ilance, renders their pofitions unprofitable ; and marching \vith an aftonifhing rapiciity into the remoteft parts of Silefia, obliges the AuO.rian armies to retire with precipitation out of that province. Then he flies to the relief of Saxony, which his enemies. had again profited of his ahfence to in- vade; and again by the fame rapid and well conduced march, he obliges rhem to abandon their prize. t>efeated by the Auilrians he acquired by his conduct all the advan- ,' G 3 tage* 86 ^be History of the War. 1758. fagcs of the mod: complete vidory. He guarded all his pof> ieiHons in fuch a manner, as to enable them all to endure his abfence for fome (hort time; and he conducted his marches with fuch fpirit* as did not make it neceflary to them to hold out any longer; he made twice the circuit of bis dominions^ and in their turnhe relieved them all. Nor was the conduct of Prince Ferdinand of Brunfwic lefs worthy of admiration. Placed at the head of a body of troops* who were but lately obliged to lay down their arms* he found tl^ enemy in podeflion of the whole open country, and of all the (Irong places in it. Commencing the camipaign in the midft of a fevere winter, without any place of (Irength in his hands, he drove the enemy from all thofe they held. He obliged them to repafs the Rhine, he followed and defeated them in a pitched battle. Being af- terwards obliged by the great force of France on its own frontier* and the numerous armies they had in different pla- ces, to reps^fs the Rhine ; he defended Lippe againft num- bers greatly fuperior, and though they defeated a part of bis army, they were not able to turn their vidory to the leail advantage. .Prince Ferdinand's campaign may well pafs for a perfect model of defeniive operations. The Auftrians, in taking winter quarters* difpofed their forces fo as to form a chain of an amazing length, from, the frontiers of Moravia, pafling through Bohemia, all along the (kirts of SileHa and the borders of Saxony. There the Imperial army joined this chain, and continued it through Thuringia and Franconi^, where it was united to the quar- ters of the Prince de Soubife. Thefe troops had fallen back from Hefle Caflel, finding themfelves unable to maintain their ground in the landgraviate. The Prince de Soubife's cantonrnents extended weftward along the courfe of the Maine and Lahn, to nieet thofe of the Marfhal de Contades which (Iretcbed to the Rhine, and continued the chain be- yond it quite to the Maefey fo as to command the whole courfe of the Rhine, on both (ides both upwards and down- ward. Prince Ferdinand was unable to extend himfelf to fuch a length; and efpecially found it impracticable to efta- blifh quarters on the other fide of the Rhine ; but he dif- pofed his troops in the mod advantageous manner in the biflioprics of Munfler, Paderborn, and Hildefheim, and in the landgraviate of HefTe CafTel. The feveral bodies might «^ll .uiiite with eafe^ and fupport each other, To pre- . " . ■>/' ' ■■^-. ■ (erve 1758. Tbe History of tbe War, '^ *" .'c a communication between this and the Pruflllaft army, well as to break fome part of that formidable chain of trie enemy, the King fent feme bodies of his troops into Thuringia, who difpoffeffed the army of the Empire of feve- ral of their pods there> and threatened to penetrate dill farther. The King of Pruffia, when he had a fecond time driven the Auftrians and Imperialifts out of Saxony, refolved to .keep no meafures with that unhappy country. He declared, that he was rei'olved no longer to conHcJer it as a depoflt* but as a country which be had twice fubdued by his arms. He therefore ordered thoie of the King of Poland's privy council, who ftiil remained at Drefden, to retire at a very fhort warning. But if the King of Pruffia had a right, as perhaps he had, to confider Saxony as a lawful conqueft» he certainly feemed not to confider the people as fubjefts, when he contintied to exa6t the rrioft fevere contributions ; and in a manner too, very little becoming a lawful fovereign ; for he furrounded the exchange with foldiers, and confi- ning the merchants in narrow lodgings on draw beds, he obliged them by extreme fufFering, to draw bills oh their foreign correfpondenfs for very large fums. This eity had been quite exhaufted by former payments, and had not long before fuffered military execution. An enemy th;it aQed thus, had a£ted feverely; bur when a country is en- tirely poffeffed by any power, and claimed as a conqueft, the rights of war feem to ceafe; and the people have a claim to be governed in fuch a manner as becomes a juft Prince; efpecially when no extreme neceffity in hi^ affairs compels him to thefe rigorous courfes. To retaliate on thefe mife- rable people fome part of the cruelties committed by the Ruffians on his dominions feems to be very unreafonable* as it is but too obvious, that the barbarity of that people could not be redrained, however it might be exafperated by the total dedru£tion of Saxony. Such retaliations are odious and cruel. "We heartily wilh we could praife the King of Prqffia as much for his temperate ufe of his con- queft, as for thofe wonderful and heroic qualities by which he obtained it. We might be confidered as partial in our account, if we had omitted to take notice of what is alledg- ed againft the King of Pruffia, when we have fpoken fo fully of the outrage committed by his enemies. It is now time to turn our eyes from this great theatre towards lefler G 4 events. n 88 7i&(?Hr8TORY o///;^ War. 1758. events, but fuch as v/ill employ us altogether as agreeably ; the operations of the BntiHi fleets and armies in Europe and America againft the French. \,.fH C H A P. XIII. The burning of the Jbips at St. Makes. Taking of Cher- burg. Defeat at St. Cas. Operations in America. Siege and taking of l.ouijbourg. Englijb army defeated at Ti- conderoga. Tbey take* Front enac. The French abandon Fort du iluefne. Conclufton of the annals of the year il^S. IN the beginning of this year, the good condition of our navy and our army.; the fplrit and popularity of the miniftry ; the wife choice of commanders, in contempt of Vulgar and trivial maxims ; the prevalence of the contrary to all thefe amongft the enemy ; gave us ihe beft grounded hopes of a vigorous and fuccefsful campaign. Concerning the theatre of our operations there was fome doubt. It ■was the oprn'on of fome, that our pufh in Europe fhould be made on the fide of Germany ; and that we ought to ftrengthen the army of Prince Ferdinand with fuch a ref- pe^able body of troops, as might enable that finiihed com- mander to exert all his talents, and to improve to the utmofl: the advantages he had already obtained over the French. They imagined, that if an early and confiderable reinforce- ment were fent to the Prince, whilft the ^ench army was yet in a didrelTed condition, and if in this condition it fhould receive any confiderable blow, they would find it extremely difficult to retrieve it : and receiving this blow, on the frontier of their own territories, the Prince might carry the war into France itfelf; and thus very probably bring matters to a fpeedy decifion. That in purfuing this plan a diverfion on the coaft of France was by no means excluded : and that on the contrary it muft, on this plan* ^e attended with confequences infinitely more important than it could otherwife; that otherwife,, France might laugh at the little defultory efforts of an handful of mentt who were to be embarked and dif-embarked w)th.ffFeat difC ficulty and hazard, and, which would always berooUged to fly at the firft approach of an enemy. That whilft the French had only an army, greatly inferior in number, to en- gage on the fide of Gjgrmany^ they would always find them- ii •ii--.''> i'758. Tbe History of the War. 89 felves well able to aO. abroad, and defend themfelves at home. On the other hand it was Arongly urged, that we ought to make the deftruftion of the French marine our great ob- ject, and to condder all continental operations only in a fe- condary light. That by fending a large body of Engtifh troops to the King's army on the Rhine, we mud necefla- rily weaken our efforts in America, and on the coafl: of France } and by drawing away all our forces, we mull Hiake that internal fecurity, which invigorated all our operations abroad. That whilfl: we maintained an army of fifty ihou- fand foreigners in Germany, it would be the greateft impru- dence to fend alfo a large body of our own national troops into the fame country, and by that means not only fquander away our men, but employ almoft every penny granted for the land fervice, out of Great Britain ; a piethod which could not fail of exhaufting us in a very (hort time. That the force already in Germany was fufficient to keep the French engaged, and that the propofed expeditions to France ■would, by attacking the coafl, now in one part, now in another, and keeping all parts in continual alarms, necefTarily detain a very confiderable part of their forces at home, and thus make a powerful diverfion, whilfl we were purfuing what ought to be the grand perpetual objeft of all our operations, the deflru^ion of the French maritime power. The latter opinion prevailed ; but it was however fo far modified by the arguments on the other fide, that after fome time a few regiments were fent into Germany, as we have before related. Thefe and better reafons, no doubt, deter- mined the operations on the coafl of France ; but whilfl thenecefTary preparations were making, their deflination was kept an inviolable fecret ; and now, as they had the year before, infpired France with no little terror. Two fquadrons, by the latter end of May, were in readinefs for failing. The greater under Lord Anfon, the fmaller under Commodore Howe, which was fo defigne'd to convoy the tranfports, and to favour the landing and re-imbarkment. The land forces confifled of flxteen battalions, and nine troops of light horfe : they were commanded by the Duke of Marlborough. They failed from Portfmouth : but as foon as the fleet fet fail, the fquadron of my June i. Lord Anfon feparated from the refl, and bore off to the Bay of Bifcay> in order to fpread the alarm more widely. 90 The History of the War. 1758. widely, and to obferve the French fquadron in Breft. The other part of the fleet, which was commanded by Corilmo- dore Howe, with the tranrports, arrived withtiot tthy acci- dent in Cancalle Bay, at a fmall diftance from the city of St. Maloes. Here the troops landed without op- 5th. pofition, and having fortified a poft near Cancalle (ia poft by nature well fitted for defence) for the fecurity of their retreat, they marched in two columns to St. haloes. When the army arrived there" it was foon vifible, that the town, ftrongly (ituated on a peninfula, communi- cating with the main land only by a long and narrow caufe- way, was by no means a proper object of a coup de main ; and though for want of outworks, it was ill qualified to fuftain a regular fiege ; yet our forces were, for want of ftrength and artillery I'umcient, altogether as ill qualified for fuch an operation. They were therefore contented with fetting fire to about an hundred fail of (hipping 8th. many of them privateers, which lay under the cannon of the town, and to feveral magazines filled with naval (lores. The damage \^as very confider- able ; yet, what is to be remarked, the enemy did irot fire a fingle (hot on the detachment employed in this fervice. Having nothing more to do on this fide, they retired to Cancalle ; and re-imbarked with as little oppo- I2th. fition as they met with at landing ; the land and fea commanders having made all the difpofitions with great judgment. Before the fleet returned, they reconnoitered the town of Granville on the coaft of Normandy ; but finding that a large body of troops were encamped In the neighbourhood, they made no attempt there. From thence they inoved to«' wards Cherbourg, and made the proper difpofitions for landing near that place ; but a hard gale blowing into the ihore, and the tranfports beginning to fall foul on each other, it became extremely hazardous to attempt landing. Befides the provifions were near exhaufted, and the foldiers by being fo long cooped up in the tranfports, were grown fickly. It became highly nece(rary to return home, and they arrived at St. Helen's on the 29th of June. The fuccefs of thb expedition, by which the French fuf- fered very much, with fcarceany lofs on 6urfide,and though it fuflBciently anfwered the intention of the armament, it fell fomewhat fiiort of the expectations of the; public, who had 1758. The History of 4be War. 91 had formed much greater hopes* than it was poflible for the nature of fuch enterprifes to fulfil. However their hopes were again revived ; by feeing that every thing was prepared for another expedition, and that our armies and fleets were to keep in conftant action during the fummer. The time was now come when we were to turn the tables upon France> and to retaliate by real attacks, the cerrors which had been raifed by her menaces of an invafion. The Duke of Marlborough had now taken the command of the Englilh forces in Germany ; and General Bligh fucceeded him in his command. Prince Edward refolved to go upon the ex- pedition, and to form himfelf for the fervice of his country under fo brave and able a commander as Howe. It is eafy to imagine, how much the fpirir, the prefence and example of the gallant young prince, who went with the utmoft chearfulnefs through all the detail of a midfhipman's duty, infpired both the fean^en and the troops. On the firft of Auguft, the fleet fet fail from St. Helen's. In a few days they came to anchor before Cherbourg. The French had drawn a line (Irengthened by forts, along the moft probable places for landing. They had drawn down three regiments of regular troops, and a confiderable body of militia to the fhorc, and had in all appearance threatened a very refolute oppofition to the defcent of the Englifli forces. But the commodore difpofed the men of war and bomb ketches fo judlcioufly, and made fo iharp a fire -upon the enemy, that they never ventured out of their entrenchments ; fo that the landing was eftefted Aug. 6. in excellent order, and with very little lofs. The French who made fo poor an oppofition to the landing, had flill maay advantages from the nature of the ground which they occupied ; but they neglected them all ; and abandon- ing by a moft fhameful defpair their forts and lines on the coafts, they fufFered the Englifh to enter Cherbourg the day after the lauding, without throwing the leaft obftacle in their way. It niuft be remembered too, that the whole number of Englifh forces on this expedition was rather fhort of fix thoufand men. Cherbourg is on the land fide an open town; neither is it very ftrongly defended towards the fea. The harbour is naturally bad. But the place is well fituated, in the midft of the channel, ror protecting the French, and annoying the Englifh commerce in time of war and perhaps of fa- t V cintating 92 the History of the War. 1758. cilitating an invafion on England it felf. Mondeur Belidor the famous engineer, had dcmonflraled its importance, and propofed a plan for the improvement and defence of the harbour, as well as fpr the fortifications of the town. This plan was approved and partly put in execution by the build- ing a mole, digging a baion and making fluices and flood gates with excellent materials and a vaft expence. The work had been for a confiderable time difcontinued ; but in this expedition, that work of ib great ingenuity, charge, and labour, was totally dedroyed. Whilft our humanity- regrets the unhappy neceflity of war, we cannot help think- ing that the Englifh nation was freed by the fuccefs of this expedition, from what might one day be the occafion of no trivial alarms. When this work of deftruftion was over, all the veflels b the harbour burned, and hoflages taken for the contribu- tions levied on the town, the forces re-imbarked, 16th. with great fpeed and fafety without any interrup- tion from the enemy, and with the fame expedi- tion, care and condu£t, as they had been firfl landed ; the army having continued ten days unmolefted in I*'rance. The nation exulted greatly in this advantage, efpecially as it almod accompanied the news of our glorious fuccefTes in America. Nothing was omitted to give the a6tion its ut- moft eclat; the brafs cannon and mortars taken at Cher- bourg, were drawn from Kenfington to the tower, quite through the city, in great pomp and order, adorn- Sept. 16. ed with Areamers, attended by guards, drums, mufic, and whatever elfe might draw the attention of the vulgar. They who cenfured this proceflion as too oftentatious, did not confider, how forcibly things of this nature {Irike upon ordinary minds, and how greatly they contribute to keep the people in good humour, to fupport the many charges and lofles that are incident to the mod fuccefsful war. The fleet when it left Cherbourg, was driven to the coafl of £ gland ; but the troops were not difembarked ; it was refolved, that the coaft of France (hould have no refpite; and accordingly they failed towards St. Maloes*. and landed in the bay of St. Lunar at a fmall diftance from the town of St. M aloes. This choice of a place for land- ing, mufl: neceflarily have furprifed all thofe who remem- bered upon what reafons the attempt againft that place had been on as too 1758. The HisroKY of the W AK. 93 been fo recently laid afide. There was no other objed of fufficient confideration near it. The town was at lead in as good a pofture of defence as it had been then ; and the force which was to attack it had fince then been conHder- ably leiTened. There is undoubtedly fomething very unac- countable as well in the choice as in the whole condud of this affair. The perfons in the principal commands^ (hifted the blame from one to another. There is nothing more remote from ourdefign* than to fet up forjudges in mat- ters of this nature ; or ungeneroufly to lean on any officer, who, meaning well to the fervice of his country, by fome misfortune or miftake fails in fuch hazardous and intricate enterprifes. We (hall be fatisfied with relating tie fa6ts M they happened. :'::uKk'y}m As foon a!> the troops were landed in the bay of St. Lunar, it became evident that the defign againil St. Maloet was utterly imprafticable. Other proje6ls were then pro- pofed, but they all Teemed equally liable to objection. Whilfl: they debated concerning a plan for their operations, the fleet was in the greateft danger. The bay of St. Lunar is extremely rocky ; and the experience of the people of the country, together with what he faw himfelf, convinced '.he^ Commodore that it was impoflihle to remain any longer in this road with tolerable fafety. Therefore he moved up to the bay of St. Cas, about three leagues to the well- ward. The fleet was feparated from the land forces ; but it was ftill eafy to preferve a communication between them ; and as no attack was yet apprehended, they made no fcruple to penetrate farther into the country. In two days they ar- rived at the village of Matignon, having had (t-veral flcir- miihes with fmall bodies of the enemy, who from time to time appeared on their flanks, and who always difappcart^d when they were briflcly encountered. By this time the Duke d'Aiguillon, Governor of Britanny, was advancti within fix miles of the Englilh army, with a body of twelve battalions and fix fquadrons of regular troops, and two regiments of militia. This determined the council of war to retreat; they wanted but three miles to the bay of St. Cas. But in this little march a confiderahle time was confumed, and the French army was clofe upon them be- fore they could be compleatly reimbarkcd. A very deep hill formed a fort of amphitheatre about the bay of St. Cas, 94 The History of the War. 1758. Cas> where the embarkation was making ; but before the lad divifion, which confided of all the grenadiers of the army, and the f^ffk regiment of the guards, could get oflTi the French had marched down this hill, through an hollow way> and formed themfelves in a long line againft the few Englifh troops that remained. There remained in this exigency only the expedient of aflfuming a bold countenance! and attacking them with vigour. The bravery of our troops on this defperate occafion, was worthy of a better fortune. The fhips and frigates feconded their efforts, and made a fevere fire upon the enemy. All was to no purpofe ; their ammunition was at laft fpent ; the enemies numbers pre- vailed ; our little body attempted to retreat, but they fell into confufiony they broke, an horrible flaughter foIlowed> many ran into the water and met their fate in that element. The fhore was covered with dead bodies. General Drury was drowned. Sir John Armitage, a young volunteer of great fortune and hopes, was (hot through the head. Seve- ral officers, men of large fortune and conflderation fell. At length the firing of the frigates ceafed, and the French immediately gave quarter. About four hundred were made prifonera, fix hundred were killed and wounded. In the midfl of this carnage* in the midft of a fire that daggered the braved feamen who managed the boats. Com- modore Howe exhibited a noble example of intrepidity and fortitude, by ordering himfelf to be rowed in his own boat through the thicked of the fire, to encourage all that were engaged in that fcrvice, and to bring off as many men ay his veilel could carry. This affair difpirited the people of England, and elated the people of France far more than an affair of fo little confeqnence ought to have done. It was in faQ: no more than the cutting off a rear guard. There is often more bloodfhed in (kirmifhes in Germany, which make no figure in the Gazettes. And certainly, if our expeditions to the coad of France were planned with any judgment, on our part we had rather reafon to congratulate ourfelves that we were able to land three times on that coad, wifh fo in- coufiderable a lofs. The French indeed had reafon to mag- nify this lo^s ; and they did greatly magnify it in order to confole their people, who had feeti theit trade fufFer fo much, and their country fo lon-g mfulted with impunity. - - v;^^ >• Whatever .-;« a* 1758- kfore the rs of the d get offt an hollow I the few d in this ntenancc) 3ur troops • fortune. ] made a )fe ; their bers pre- t they fell followed) i element, ral Drury lunteer of d. Seve- n fell. At le French rere made a fire that Its, Com- idity and own boat hat were men aar |nd elated fo little no more in more 10 figure IS to the I, on our ^es that Ifh fo in- to mag- in order Ifuffer fa mity. ^hatever 1758. The History of the War. gs Whatever our fucceflfes were on the coaft oF France, they did not afFed ui in the fame manner with thofe which we had in America. From this part of the^orld we had long been ftrangers to any thing, but delays, misfortunes, difap- pointmentsy and difgraces. But the fpirit which had been roufed at home, dittufed itfelf into all parts of the world where we had any ccncerni and invigorated all our opera- tions. Admiral Bofcawen with a powerful fleet of men of war and feveral tranfports failed for Halifax from England, Feb. the 19th. He had the chief command in the expedition a* gainft Louifbourg, and in particular the dire^ion of the naval operations. Genetal Amherft, from wbofe chara£^er , great things were expe^ed* and who juilified thefe expec- tations, was to command the land forces. Thefe anumnted ' to about fourteen thoufand men, including feme light troops, * fitted for the peculiar fervice c^ the country. The whole fleet confif^ing of one hundred and fiftv one (hips, fet fail . from the harbour of Halifiix. On the fecond of June they appeared before Louifboqre. They were fix days on the coaft before a landing was found pra^^able * ; fuch a pro- digioua * Tb* impontanca oftbt a&i«n (tMianJitq; t/ tbtfarice(xf: for thi8.purpofe the fignal waa thrown out, a^d the troops got into their boats ; but, the wind rifing foon after, with a profpeft of angry wcAither, at the fame time a lumpy fea running, wjtbavery frighifulfmf on ihore,and a fo^ at the fame time thickeaing, it was not thought pra£lkabie to difembarlc at that juncture, and we were all ordered back into our /hips. The weather continued obftinate until the morning of the eight, when we were again ordered into the boats, thefwell being abated, and the^ wind more moderate ; the frigates at the fame time edged in fhore, to attack the enemy's intrenchments, and to cover the landing. After the ihips had been fome time en- gaged, a fignal was made for the troops to put off, and they rowed ,tl ItU ■111 ' 96 The Hnr OR Y of /be W KH, ijg9. digioui Turf fwelled all along the (hore, that no boat could poflibly live near it. The French not trufling to this ob- ftacle, had drawn intrenchments in every part where it might rowed up and down, niakin|^ feinti, a« if intending to land in dif- ferent places, and thereby divert the enemy's attention from any particular part of their coaft : this in a great meafure anfwer- ed our wifhes, and Brigadier ir«(/ir (whofe flag-ftaflPwas broken by afwivel fliot) pulhed afhorc, with his detachment, under a furioui fire, and landed upon the left of the enemy's works, then brifltly engaged, and routed them ; the remainder of the army follow^' the example without lofs of time, landing almoft up to their v. ift . in water. The ardour of the troops, in this enterprife, u na to be conceived nor parallelled ) many boats were dellrc/«d, anJ feveral brave fellows drowned : yet our whole Icfs ar ' < iing, I am well aifured, did not exceed oae hundred and tv.i i iwu, ot all ranks, killed, wounded, and drowned. The eucuy fled with grcai precipitation, and Brigadier ^0(|^# purfued them almoft to the J;ates of the town, with the lieht infantry, rangers, Fraftr*a High- anders, and the grenadiers ot the 1 ft, 15th, 17th, and zzd regi- ments. I can only account for the unfoldier-like behaviour of the enemy on this occafion, .lb} their apprehenfions, perhaps, of beinjg cut oft' from the garrilbh by fome of the divifions, whom they fu^ pe£led would land elfe Where for that purpofe ; and of being there- by hemmed in bi/^ween two fires : they were very well entrench- ed in a circular tbrm rOund the (^ove^ were numerous, and hid many pieces of ordnance mounted, from twenty-four pounders downwards, with (bme mortars, Ire. which were all well ferved. Thefe, as you may fuppofe, with their intrenching tools, ftores* ammunition, and fome provifions, fell into our hands : they had fome Indians among them, for we found the corpfeof oneot tbieir chiefs, a ftout fellow, with uncommon large limbs and featured j he had a medal and crucifix of filver, both hanging by a chain from his neck. Thougl^ many lives were loft, in this deicent, by the overfetting of the boats, occafioned by an uncommon great forf, yet, I believe, we benefited , J. in a very remarkable manner, for, w . .n the boats werf W^s^ ny by the V 'jnce of the fwell, to a confiderable heij .c lemy's ftiot, which would probably have done execution, had we been upon fti|l wa- ter, pafted under us : and in like manner fome flew over us, in our quick tranfition from high to low ; this is the only reafon that I can afllgn for our not lofing more men by the enemy's fire. The' weather coniinjed rough and unfavourable, fo that we had no / ummut .»:aiion with our ficet fot feveral days j confequently, having :/ tents on ftiore, a^^^ ^ very fhort allowance of provifions, •*■■■■ our '75»- it could this ob- rhere it might id indif- from any anfwer- troken by a furious !n bri(kl/ follow^'' icir V. ift . 'U i«<'l to »n iio^, I vu, ot all vith grcav 3ft to the rr's High- aid regi- our of the , of being a they ful- ling there- entrench- and hid )ounders i ferved. s, ftores* they had . leot thieir featured; Y a chain ifcent, by non great markatle ; 'jnce of t, which fti\l wa- ^er U8, in ifon that Ifire. The had no. squentiy, koviiions, out 175I Th HtiTOaV of the WAr. ^ might bt fK>fflble to Uadf fupporterf' them with bttterie* ia CMivenicot pMcei, and lined them with numeroui infantry. At Icagth the furf, though tiolent at bedi June i. watoblenrttd •> be iomcwtiat abated, and the Ad- miral and General diH not lofe a moment to avtiil thetnlMiret of thia opi ^rtunity ot landing i they made all their difpo- ijtion for it with the liigheft judgrmenti They ordered the frigates towarci. the enemies right and left, to rake oar fituation was far fron being comfortable On the ni^c of the nth* the enemy deftroyed the grand b* rery which Uopfpo- fite to the harbour's moutb, and retired into ihe luwu 1 in coafr- qnence thereof^ Brigadier frtife received orders to march witli a large detachment, mkI take poflfeflion of the Light-houfe Poin' which, with the ifland batteiics, form the entraace of thebarbom We had an incredible deiil of labotiron our hinds, cutting aad making fafcines, gabions and hurdles 1 intrenching our eamp and nofts» ere^ng blockbonfes, throwing op redr ibts, making roada for oar artillery, through a vile country, part, v rough, but in ge** neral fwampri adftocing our lines or approaches, cOnftruftiag batteries, and ikirmifliing continually with the rabble in the wood! ' round our camp,^ who are very trouhlefome neig>ibours : fuch are-, the employments of the army, often by night as well as by day » fuch the toils we have to encounter, in the progrefs cf this enteN; prife { vet with inexpreflible pleafure I behold tie zeal of the troops furmounling every difficulty, in all which they have noble examples before them in our general ofHcers. On the night of the 19th Brigadier M^»(^ opened on the ifland battery which how- ever wu not filenced until the 25th ; he alfo quieteu the fire of .a frigate that gave us much annoyance. — We then (for I was upon that fervice) ffot orders to rejoin the army with our artillery, and leave a fmall detachment with fome fhip-guns at the Point, to pre- vent the enera(f's repairing their works and batteries on the ifland. On the a6th, a party of the enemy flillied out, and attempted to 4irftroy one of our blockhoufes by tire, hoping thereby to favour a coup they had projected (as we furmife) ofgreaterjmportance $ but they were difappointed and beat back to their garnfon with fome lofs. A command of marines were landed for the firft time, and took poft at the Co and wasdeftined to the real attack. The divifioM in the centre to (he right, were onlydefigncd for feigned altacka, t» draw the enemies at- tention to alt parte, and todiftra£l their defence. ^ When the fire of the ftrigf tee enAtinued about a qoarter> of an hour. General WotfeS dWifion mioved towaxds the land; the enemy. refMved their flio^ until the boati were near in (hore, and then i^freSed tl|e whole fire of their can- non and mufqoetry upmi'tliem^ ^fhe fiirf aided their fire^ Many of ihe hoaft «ve»fi|t» jmrif m^ti* broken to^ceee^^ the men jiHn|»e#. M«9 tl»^^^ fetttewefe k^d, feme drowQedi i il^ re^i^|i^rted aui^ncouni^iii^ di^o^^ ties, by tnr etkia|i^'i|»iirh» and condUj^^ of th^r truly g4- Unt comnMni^i^ fii^^ took |fii(l, fell upon tint en«ny witb ftj^^ji ^iiMer Md i^fm^n^, 0>3»kthey foon obCgiedt, ttiem tp fiy itjtoQiUiiQQf kyti^xt i$ tli4$ poft w#&n)adi| gocd« th4cei^F^s^9iMtaMMWP4»tiM^lftCWf Brigadier ; four eldeft :y, (a corps am the dif- manded by companies I thofe by Brigadier \ton, Forbes, hite Point, ler General r's, Wbit- \l the fame is drew the >ps, pofted a fliot, titl ^ole 6re of fo great, )re. Not- If the furf, ^eir left of them to nd all the So 1758. 7*i&^ History ^//(^ War.' lor iremely unfavourable, the ground which was ragged in fome places and boggy in others, and the refiflance of the garrifon which was conilderable. The French had five men of So foon as the left divifioi; was landed, the firft detachment of the centre rowed at a proper time to the left, aa«i ibllowed i then the remainder of the centre diviiton, as faft as the boats could take them from the ihips ; and the right divifion followed the, centre in like manner. • ' It took up a great deal of time to land the troops ; the enemy's retreat, or rather flight, was through the rougheft and worft ground I ever faw ; and the purfuic ended with a cannonading irom the town, which was >u,( The 17th I pot Colonel Bafiid* on hor(eback, and, with Col. Willimmjtm and Major M'KelUry we reconnoitred the whole ground as far as we could ; and Colonel BaJiiJe was determined m kis opinion of making approaches by the Gretn Hilly and con- floing the deftru^ion of the ihipa in the harbour, to the Li^h ifSS, Tbe HisTOKY of f be Wa^r, ioj battery, from whence they might play upon thefe veflels, and on the batteries on the other fide of the harbour. Gene- ral Wolfe performed this fervice with his ufual vigour anci •r-'Tl. ■;,;, i^.<' .-. ... .■ .i, .,.:-,.: .....u Celcritj, Houfe Pointy and the batteries on that fide. I added two 8 inch mortars and three royals to the Light Houfe batteries. The i8tfa we had fine weather. Some IndiaHs cook three of the tranfports men at the bottom oiGabarus bay who landed there contrary to orders. The road for the artillery was puHied on as faft as poHible. We ^ot three sj pounders on Ihore, though the iiirf was great the begmning of the day. The 19th the batteries on the Light fhufe were intended to have been. opened this night, but could not be got ready fo foon, UEcboy a French frigate of thirty-two guns, was brought in to* day i had got out of the harbour the 1 3th at night, and wra hound to ^ebtc: By her we have intelligence, that the BitsmM got out the day We landed, and the Cotmttt fince our. arrival off the harbour. The aoth the Ifland Battny and fliips fired at the batteries oil the ihore, who began their fire this laft night. The enemy burnt an old fhip at the bottom of the harbouti The 2 1 it very bad weather, and the furf high. The enemy difcovered us making the road for the artillery^ and connonaded us i threw fome ihot into the left of the camp, but did not oblige me to decamp any part. An advanced redoubt towards Grrtn Hiil was thrown up this night. The 22d the bad weather continued ; we were employed on the road, and getting up a Block Houft on the left by the hVray road, to fecure the communication to the N. E. harbour and Light Houfcy and to hinder any parties from going into the town. The 23d the Admiral aflured me there were above an huhdred boats loft in landing the troops and provifions. This day fine weather ; and we now have on fliore twelve 24 pounders, and fix 12 pounders. The enemy fired a g^eat deal from their {hipping and Ifland Battery, and threw fome mot into the left of the camp. Colonel Meffervey, and moft of his carpenters, taken ill of the fmallrpox, which is a very great loTs to the army. Gabions and fafcines are landed, and carried forward as faft as poflible, to make an epaulement to Green Hill, The batteries at the Light Houfe fire with fuccefs againft the Ifland Battery, and I hope will foon filence it. On the 24th the enemy fired on the Light Houfe Batteriesitom the town and ihipping, and on our advanced redoubt, which was fini/hed, they fired from the town. Colonel Baflide remained Hxed in his opinion of advancing b^ Green Hill. We had this H 4 day -^4 Ti&tf History of the War. .1758. celerity, find took pofleflion of this and all the June I a. other pods in that quarter. His fire from this poft on the 25th filenced the idand battery^ which (Was that mod immediately oppofed to his ; but the (hips ftill continued tobegr uppn him until ihg at ft of the follow- ,-^^.%t day in the park of artillery thirteen 24 pounders, and feven i^ pounders. ' The 25 th the cannonading continued night and day : In the evenins the Ifland Battery was filenced } their own fire bad helped to break down part of their works : f afcines and gabions were forwarded to Gretn Hill as fail as po^ble. AH the men employed fX work» and making the necefifary communicatipn. T^ enemy fired a good deal at our advanced redoubt. 1 !«^^u % v., s , The 26th a fniall alarm on the left of a party that had advanced l&om the town ; had got up to the Biofk Hfuft, which was not quite finished. They had with them a barrel of pitch vq fct it o^ fire : The guard on it was not fufficient to oppole a (aige party | but a detacliment was fent but fo quick, that tbey ^ere forced to retreat without efFeQing their defign, though two of the men had been in the Block Houfey they were driven into the town with great pfrecipitatioh. Three hundred pioneers ordered to Grten HilJt. Ad- miral Bo/caivtn landed two hundred marines, and took the poft at Kennington Cove^ which is of great eafe to the army. I denred of the Admiral four 32 pounders and two 24 pounders to leave at the Light Hou/e, to keep the ffland Battery in ruin, that with a pror per number of men intrenched there, Brigadier Woife^ with his detachment, might be able to come round the harbour* bringing ]\i8 artillery with him ; and to try to deftroy the ihipping, and to advance towards the Wefi Gate. The 27th one brafs 24 pounder was loft in twelye fathom water, by ihippiag off the catamaran ^,as they were coming from the Ihip to land it. The cannon I requefted of the Admiral were landed this night at the Ligbf Uouft. The 28th a great many popping fhots and cannonading. Aa the poft at Green Hill was covered, we began the road over the bog, and throwing up an epaulement. Colonel Me^r*uejf. and his fon both died this day ; arid of his company of carpenters of one hundred and eight men, all but fixteen in the fmall-poz, who are nurfes to the fick. This is particularly ^nlucky at this time. I The 29th cannonading continued ; the frigate fired conftantly «t the epaulement ;' we purfiied working at the road which coft a great deal of labour : At night the enemy funk four ihips in the harbour'^ mouth ; Aptllot a two deck'd one, la Fidtlle of thirty- * A kind of Taft miic|i ufed at fea. .-,:"« J -fejj .1758. d all the I this pod ^, which the (hips 19 fpllow- • ip|J i feven i^ \y : In the bad helped bions were I employed ^'he enemy d advtMiced ph was not iQ fet it oil II ge party i e forced to be men had with great i/i7/.Ad- thepoftat I denrefi of leave at the ith a pror with his ir, bringing ;ng, and to lye fathom )ming frona Imiraiwere [ding. As U over the irf, and his lersof one who are tiine. v- inftantly ^ich cofta ^ips in the I of thirty- fa 1758. ^be History of the War. 105 ing fnonih, when one of them blew up» and communicat- ing the fire to two others* they alfo were in a ftiort time con- fumed to the water edge. This was a lofs not to be repair- ^nv,w^n ■ .■'-'' ^ , .■ cd; fix guns, la Chevre, and la Bicbey of fixteen guns each, and they cut off moft of their mads. Remains in the harbour five of the line of battle, and a frigate of thirty fix guns. The 30th» at night, fome firing at Ktnnington Cove : The ma- rines thought they faw Indians : The frigate fired all night at the epaulement. as the men worked in the night time. The I ft of July, the enemy crept out in the morning to get fome old pallifades and wood. Brig. fFe/fe and Major Scott's light infantry puflied them in with a very briik fire; and the Brigadier took poft on the bills, from whence it was intended to try to demolifli the fhipping ; we marched forward on the right ; forced the enemy back to Cape Noir with a fmart fire. V' The 2d, the epaulenunt and road went on heavily, from the extreme . badnefs of the ground : The enemy continued their cannonading, and threw fome fliells : We Ikirmiihed all day with parties out of the town. The 3d, a great cannonading from the town and (hipping On the batteries. Brig. Wbl/e was making an advanced work on the right, thrown up at fix hundred and fifty yaids from the covered way, with an intention of ere£ting a battery to deftroy the de- fences of the place, it bein^ pretty well on the capital of the Ci- fadsl Bajiion ; and the falling of the ground from this place, to- wards the works, would hinder difcovering as much of the works, as would be neceffary to do them any confiderable damage. In the evening the fea officers thought fome of the fliips would try to get but of the harbour. The batteries on the left immediately played on them, but it grew fo dark they could not continue. ' The 4th a great fog; when there were glares of light, the cannonading began; five hundred men were kept continually making fafcines. The 5 th very bad weather; the epaulement was haftened on ^s much as poflible, it fwallowed up an immenfe number of fa(^ cines, coft lome men, as the frigate cannonaded on it without ceafing. The 6th a floop failed out of the harbour with a flag of truce to Sir Charles Hardyy to carry fome things to their wounded offi- cers and prifoners. , The many difficulties of landing every thing in almoft a conti- nual furf, the making of roads, draining and paffing of bogs» and putting ourfelves under cover, render our approach to the place much longer than I could wiih. On io6 The History of the War. 1758. ed ; the approaches drew near the covered way, and things ^ere in a good condition for making a lodgment in it; the enemies fire was confiderably (lackened } the town was con- fumed . On the 7th we had very toggy weather { cannonading conti- nued all day, and many popping fhots from the advanced pods. I'he 8th I intended an attack on fome advanced polh at Cap* Noir^ but it did not take place. Col. Baftide got a contuiion by a mulket bail on his boot, which laid him up in the gout. The 9th, in the night, the enemy made a Sortie where Briga- dier Lavartnct commanded: they came from Caft Noiry and though drunk, I am apprehenfive furprited a company of grena- diers of ftrbts^By commanded by Lord DttndonaUf who were pofted in a FUeeke on the right. Major Murray ^ who commanded three companies of grenadiers immediately detached one, and drove the enemy back very eatily. IVbitmore and Bragg's grena- diers behaved very well on this occaiion. Lord DuiunitMd was killed, Lieut. Tema wounded and taken priibpcr, Capt. Btntein of the engineers taken prifoner : one corporal, three men killed 1 one ferjeant, eleven men mifling ; feventeen men wounded : The Sortie was of five picquets, fupported by fix hundred men ; a Captain, Chevalier de Chawvelin was killed, a Lieutenant wound- ed and taken prifoner : feventeen men killed, four wounded and brought off prifoners, .befides what wounded they carried into the town, one of which, a captain, died immediately. The ene- my feot out a flag of truce to bury their dead, which when over, the cannonading began again. The frigate was (b hurt, fhe . hauled ciofe to the town j the fhips fired very much againfl Briga* dier WolJe\ batteries. The loth, the road at the epaulement went on a little better j the enemy nred a great deal, and threw many fhells. The nth, a waggoner was taken off by fome Indians between the block-houfe and the left of the N. £. hariiour. The 1 2th, it rained very hard all night; not a man in the de- tachment could have a dry thread on ; we made an advanced work to Green Hill', at night the waggoner who had been taken, luckily made his efcape, faid, they were two hundred and fifty Canadians. The Citadel Bajiion fired very fmartly. The 13th, the enemy threw a great many fhelis ; we perfe£t- ed our works as fafl as we could ; bad rainy weather 1 the ene- my was at woik at Cape "Noir to hinder us taking poffeffion neat that point, which is of no confequence j fome deferters came in, &id a floop of Miray got in three days ago. The 14th, the batteries were traced out laft nigiht, with an intention to place twenty four pounders, divided in four different batteries. 1758. ^he History of the War. 107 fumed to the grouiKl in many placesj, and i.^e works had fuf- fcred much in all. Yet the enemy ftill delaying to furren- defy gave occafion to add one brave adion to the others, which batteries^ to deftroy the defences, and a battery of feven ofortars, with fome twelve pounders to ricochet * the works and the town. The i5tfa, the cannonading and firing continued; the enemy tried to throw fome flicUt into the cauip, luppofed to be intended againft our powder magazine : At ten at night the Light Hou/e battery fired fume rockets as a fignal of /liips failing out of the harbour f } Sii CbarUt HarJj anlweied it ; the frigate got out, and Sir Cbaries Hardj\ fleet got under fail and went to fea. .Be- fore day break, Capt. Sutherland, polled at the end of the N' E. harbour, was attacked, an'd there was a great deal of firing! the grenadiers of Brigadier IVelfe'B corps marched to fuftain him, and all the light infantry ; it was over before they could get up, and by tf deferterfrom the enemy, they were only one hundred men whtcn came from Miray^ where they left Monf. de Be/bimf* who had, on the other fide the water, three hundred men with boats to pa(st Major Sc9ttt with the light infantry, purfued, but could aoC get up with them. I encamped a corps forward. The i6th, towards nieht, Brig. fVolfe puHied on a corps and took pofleflion of the hills in the front of the Barafoy^ where we made a lodgment; the enemy fired very briikly from the town and (hipping. The lytb, a great fire continued from the town and fhipping; we refolved to extend the parallel from the right to the left. The fleet returned. The i8ih, all laft night the enemy fired mufketry from the co- vert way, and tried to throw fheils into the camp. The 19th, I relieved the trenches by battalions, the fourteeir battalions forming three brigades;. a fmart fire from the covert way, the batteries on the bft fired againft the baftion Dauphine with great fuccefs. The 21ft, one of the ihips in the habour, that had ibaoe pow- der in her blown up, made a great explofion, and fet the ihip on fire, which foon caught the fails of two more ; they burned very faft, and We kept firing on them the whole time, to try 10 hinder the boats and people from the town to get to their aififtance; the * Is half charging a gun, by which £he bullet fkips upon the giound like ftones when Ikimm'd upon the water. t This was probably the ihip which brought news to France of the Englijb landing, and efcaped notwithftanding the vigilance of fo great a fleet, .-.^^ j.^ ^^ » ' Entrc' ■^Wti ioB Tbe History ef the W AH, 1758. which had been difplayed during the courfc of thi» fiege. The Admiral who had all along done every thing pA^e continued onr fire without ceafing,aiid a Rieo" thet : The boats got to the fhips at one in the rooming, and took them both : They were obliged to burn the Prudent as ihe was X Of 74 guns. Of 64 goQs each. aground ' ff 1758. Thi History of ibe War. 10^ feverityof the weather, refolved on a ftroke, which, by beiiM deci(Ive» might gain him the pofleflion of the harbour, aM make the redu^on of the town a matter of little difiicuhy.He refolved aground) and thej towed off the Bitnfaifunt to the N. ^. har- bour. The 26th, the Admiral came on (here, and told me he propo- fed fending fix fhips into the harbour the next day. Juft at thii time I received a letter from the governor, offering to capitulate, and the articles were agreed upon. ArticUt *f capitulation betvottn tbeir exeel/encies AJm. Bofcawea and Aiajor Central Amherft { and bis excellency tbt Cbevaliir Drucour, gtveriur oftbe ifland 0/*Cape Breton, 0^ Louiibourg, tbe ifland of St. Johia, and tbeir appurtenances, I. The garrifon of Louijbourg ihall be prifoners of war, and fliall be carried to England in the ihipi of his Britannick Ma- jefty. ^ IL All the artillery, ammunition, proviHons, as well at the anns of any kind whatfoever, which are at prelent in the town of Louijhour^, the inlands of Cape Breton and St. Jobn^ and their ap- puiteiiances, ihall be delivered without the leait damage, to fuch commiffaries as ihall be appointed to receive them, for the ufe of his Britannick Majefty. " r< III. The governor ihall give his orders that the troops which are in the ilknd of St. J*bn and hs appurtenaces, ihall go On board fuch ihips of war, as the. Admiral ihall (end to receive them. ; IV. The gate, called Pvrte Daitpbine^ ihall be given up to the ' troops of his Britannick Majeily, to-morrow at ei^ht o'clock in the morning, and the garrifon, including all thofe that carried arms, drawn up at noon, on the Efplanade^ where they ihall lay down their arms, colours, implements, and ornaments of war. And the garrifon ihall go on board in order to be carried to Eng- land in a convenient time. ; i V. The fame care ihall be taken of the fick and wounded that are in the hofpitals, as of thofe belonging to his Britannick Ma- jefty. Vl. The merchants and their clerks, that h^e not carried arms iliall be fent to France^ in fuch manner as the Admiral ihall- think proper. Jjouijbourghi i6th July, 1758. . (Signed) Le Chevalier de DRUCOUR no The His Tonv of the 'W AH, 1758. refolvcd to fend in a dctar hment of fix hundred Teamen in boats, to take or burn the two ihips of the line which re- inained} and if he ihould fuccecd in this, he prnpofed the next A D*fcriftion »/ th* Town and Harbour of LourAourff, 'wkb Rtftrtficts pointing out the approaches of bit Majepy't Foreet. A. The Town of Lauijbourgb. B. The citadel. . C. A lake» where the fiHiing- batks winter. D. Stages for drving fifh. E. A bactery of twenty guns, ereded iince 1 748. F. The Dauphin battery of thirty guns, which defends the Weil-Gate, being that which was firft delivered to the Englijh. G. The Ifland-batterv of forty guns, iilenced the 24th of Junit by the Light-houfe battery at I, under the di- rection of Major-OeneraJ H. A fnnall battery of eight guns. I. The Light-houfe battery ta- ken by Major Gtu. IVolfe, June 12th, from whence the. Hiips in the harbour were deftroyed, at X. K. A battery of fifteen guns, ufed for the deftrudion of the (hipping. L. The grand battery of forty guns deftroyed by the French the 1 2th, when all the out parties were or- dered into the works of the town. M. A battery of fifteen guns, deftroyed titc fame time. N. Houfeft iahabited by fi^er- men. O. A lake. P. Rivers, from whence the in- habitants have then* frefh water. (^ A pond, which defends part of the works, and makes this oart very difficuh of aecen. R. The grand beach. S. Rocks under water. T. The Careening place de- fended from all winds. V. The green hill, from whence the town was annoyed hj a redoubt caft up the 21ft of June^ under the direo* tion of Col. Bajlide. W, The place where the enemy funk four (hips on the 29th, vix. The ApoUot a two* deck'd ihip, la FiJelh of 6 guns, U Cbevre and (B Btcb*^ of 16 guns each. X. The flarion of the French men' of war that were de- ftroyed from the Light- houle and other batteries, erected for that (ervice. "- Y. The place where the Pru- dent was fet on fire, by the boats from the fleet, June ^th. Z. The north eaft harbour, to which place the Bienfai- fant ihip of war was tow- ed by the boats of the fleet fifom Y. Aa. Capt. t if0» TV History ^ /Ap War. iti neit Aiy tp fend in feme of his own great fliips, which might batter the towii on that fide of the harbour. This was not n>oro A«. Capt. Suihirhntts oo^ that was attacked before Dajr* •n the 15th of JuJjt who laade a {pliant defence^ and cleared hiraiekf of the eoeniy» wuJboat any affift- ance, the reinforceinenc coming too late. Bb. Where the bicck-houfewai erected, the 22d of June^ near Miraj* road, to fc- cttre the communication to the North Eaft harbour and Light-houfe. Cc.' C4ife N»ir baftion, where the eiemy made a Tally of their picquets the Qlh of Tu^f liipported by fix hun- dred choien men i by thetn Lord DuruUnald was un- fortunately furprized. He was polled on the right of the dretn-billt with a com- mand of Ftrhit'i grena* dt«rs. On this occaHon Brmf^% and /r^#/««r«'t grenadient .b>uW><.«l tvith uacommon • intrepuHty* (they wore detached by Major A/Mrr«^^ and ncpiil* fed the Frtncbt who in ihU expedition loft fome able omcers, with many (bidt-^ ers. It was af^er this aflTair the enemy fent a flag of truce to bury the dead. tm * Miray, a lake fome ^vtn land from Louin>ourg harhtur^ lying befmten the tttvn atui tb» North'Mft bftrbour : here Mm/, de Bolbiere baJ on the otbtrJiM of that lake three hundred nnA tvao menf 'with boats /• ftifi ever. Exirad of a Letter from Admiral Boicawen, to the Right Honi Mr. Secretary Pitt, dated Namur, Gabreufe Bay, zitb of I Will not trouble you with a particular detail of the landing and fiege, but cannot help mentioning a particular gallant, action in the night between the a^th and 26th irtil^nt : The boata of the fquadron were in two divinons, detached under the com- mand of Capt. Laforey and Balfour ^ to endtavout either to take Of burn the Prudent of 74 guns, and Bienfaifant of 64, the only remaining French fhips- in the harbour i iu which they fucccciod fo well, as to burn the former, flie being a- ground, and took the latter^ and towed her into the N. E. harbour, notwithftanding they were expofed t^ the fire of the cannon and mafquetry of the Ifland battery, Pbint Rochefort, and the Tov/n, bemg favoured with a dark night. Our lofs was tnconfiderablc, feven men kil- led, and ntoe wounded. I have given the command, of the Bienfaifant to Capt. Balfoui\ V.' ■] 112 The History of the W UK. ij^ iWipfe wifely planned by the admiral, than gallantly and fuc4 cefsfully executed by Captain Lafor^. In fpitei July 25. of the fire frdm the (hips ail||^the batteries, he* made himfelf miafter of both thefe (hips ; one he towed off, the other, as (he raii.^roand, was fbt on fir^. i.j^This ftroke, in fuppori of the fpirited advances of the ■ ' land forces, was conclufive. 'The town furren- July 26. dered th<* next day. The garrifon were prifoners o^ war, and amounted with the irregulars and iteamen to five thoufand fix hundred and thirty feven. I The taking of Louifliourg was an event the moft defired Iby all our colonies; that harbour had always been a recep- tacle convenient to the enemies privateers j who infefted the EngliHi trade in North America. It was the moft efFedual bbw which France had, received from the commencement of the vvi^r^, By the taking c^ Louiibourg, ihe loft the jonlj^place from >y hence (he couU carry on the cod fifliery; land the only place (he had in a convenient fituation for the {reinforcements that were fent to fupport the war in the iother parts of America ; and with LouKbourg fell the ifland |of St. John's, and whatever other inferior ftations they .Ihad for carrying on the (i(hery towards Gafpefie and the |bay de Chaleurs, which our (hips foon after this event en- tirely deftroyed. It is incredible how much this fuccefs in America, joined to the fpirit of our other meafures, ope- rated to raife our military reputation in Europe, and to (ink that of France, and confequently how much it influenced our moft eflential interefts and thofe of our aUies. The plan of our operations in America were, however, by no means confined folely to this objed, impori;ant as it was. Two other attempts were propofed: the firft at- tempt was with a great force to drive the French from Ti- conderoga and Crown Point ; in which, if vre could fuc- ceed^ the enemy would iofe thofe pofts from which they were in the beft condition to moleft our colonies, and by fofing them, would lay open an eafy road into the very and the Echo, a frigate, to Capt. Ifl/orey ; Mr. Affleck and Mr. mekertan. Lieutenants who boarded the Bie^faifant^ fucceeded tlHofe gentlemen in the Mtna firefhip and Hunter floop. I hav2 only farther to aifure his Majcfty, that all his troops and officers, both fea and* land, have fupported the fatigue of this fieee, with' great firmnefs and alacrity. ^ ^ f~~ »758. ^beHisroa.Y of, biVf AH Gen. Abercrombie, conZ^der in l^'f 'l^""'"""'- America, conduaed thefini ? .1 !-" '''"'f "^ <>" forces W b"ked upon Ui^ZM^'^l- '"P""""-"- He em" "y P^ocefded in 1^' XT^T'- Thel^lffar' "untry through which >h.r '" Ticonderoga. A? ,1: ^°piy. and the guide. lhh""".i?^ "*' *fficut± "nknown country, were eS *=»",''»««<' 'he march to tht the ,dva„cK.:l':?ra '»!^7^'Srd°e"r: fore tliem, was bewildered in .h. r ^° ''"'' '««'y Aed be- inTh c °tr f«« in wkh'o'u" fo^r 77" '•/"'' '" '^^ pnfoners. The lofs on Ihe ?fl rl^"?'^'"''' ""f f°4Xht kIv to La °T"°" ^^'d'^r- The firft Vo ''^^"'P'^' ^"^ »- of hi. ,.,.. itrru"" - «« p?-^ "e • ,, tremble 114 ^^^ History of the War. 1758. tremble to fee the fame virtues expofing themfelves to the fame dangers. • Excepting this lofs, the army had hitherto proceeded fuccefsfully. In a little time they appeared before Ticon- deroga. This is a very important poft, and as July 8. ftrongly fecured. The fort is fituated on a tongue of land between Lake George and a narrow gut, which communicates with the Lake Champlain. On three fides it is furrounded with water; and for a good part of the fourth it has a dangerous morafs in front; where that failed, the French had made a very ftrong line upwards of eight feet high, defended by cannon, and fecured by four or five thoufand men. A great fall of trees with their bran- ches outward, was fpread before the entrenchment forabout an hundred yards. The General caufed the grou/id to be reconnoitred ; and the engineer made fo favourabli: a report of the weaknefsof the entrenchment, that it appeared practicable to force it by mufquetry atone. A fatal refolution was taken, in con- fequcnce of this report, not to wait the arrival of the artil- lery, which on account of the badnefs of the ground, could not be eafity brought up, but to attack the enemy without • Soon after the news of Lord Howe's death arrived, the fol- lowing advertifetnent appeared in the public papers ; an applica- tion worthy ot a Roman matron, ia the virtuous times of the .re- pubiic, and which could not fail of fuccefs, where the leaft fpark of virtue exided. ^ Ai^s^i-A, * To the Gentlemen, Clergy ^ Freeholders t and Burgeffes^ of the * Town and County of the Town of Nottingham. • As Lord Ho-we is now ablent upon the public ferrice, and * Lieut. Col, Howe is with his regiment at Lauijbourg^ it re(ts up- * on me to beg the favour of your votes and intereft, that Lieut. * Col. Howe may fupply the place of his late brother, as your ', rcprefentative in parliament. • Permit me therefore to implore the prote€lion of every one ' of you, as the mother of him, whpfejife has been loft in the * fervice of his country. uijit sj Albemarle Street f^ ^fP^- 14, 1758. " 7 : - v: CHARLOTTE HOWE. lofs 1^5^. The HiBTOKY of tbeWAK, 115 lofs of time. They were confirmed in this precipitate refo- lution, by a rumour that a body of three thoufand men were on their march to join the French at Ticonderoga, and ve- ry (hortly expe6ted to arrive. ,n^ ^i^.ijfii)^ tti tF~-n% dn.v; When the attack began, the difficulty of the ground, and the (Irength of (he enemies lines which had been fo httle forefeen, was but too feverely felt. Although the troops behaved with the utmoft fpirit and gallantry, they fufFered fo terribly in their approaches, and made fo little impreffion on the entrenchment, that the General feeing their reitera- ted and obftinate efforts fail of fuccefs, being upwards of four hours expofed to a mod terrible fire, thought it necef-* fary to order a retreat, to favc the remains of the army. Near two thoufand of our men were killed, wounded and taken prifoners; the numt^4)f the taken being very incon- fiderable. This precipit^tf^ttack, was followed by a re->; treat as precipitate; inforouch that our army '^^ gained their former camp to the fouthward of July ^. Lake George, the evening after the a£tion. (bj ::^iii s (b) General Abercrombie'j Account of bis Expedition againjl -',T~" '■■■'M-r, ■^*:^yi^. 7icf>nderopii»i^ i- .-.w.- 1. •*•;■,•>?•© jifcwp* 'i '-^ * Camp at Lake George^ July 12, 1758. TH E embarkation of the artillery, ftores and proviiions be- ing compleated on the evening of the 4th inftant ; next morning at break of day the tents were ftruck, and all the troops, amounting to fix thoufand three hundred and fixty-feven regulars, officers, light infantry, and rangers iucluded, and nine thoufand and twenty-four provincials, including officers and batteau men, embarked in about nine hundred batteaux, and one hundred and thirty-five whale boats, the artillery to cover our landing, being mounted on rafts. At five in the evening, reached Sabbath Day Points (twenty five miles down the Lake) where we halted till ten, then got un- der way again, and proceeded to the landing place (a cove lead- ing to the French advanced guard) which we reached early next morning the 6th. Upon our arrival, fent out a reconnoitring party ; and having met with no oppofition, landed the troops, formed them iii four columns, regulars in the centre, and provincials on the flanks, , Iz and p^;- ii6 7*/;^ History o//^ der the moft dlfadvanta^eous circumftances, and with the lofs of four hundred and fixty-tour regulars killed, twenty-nine mifllng, one thoufand one hundred and feventeen wounded ; and eighty- feven Proris and fet- or, at lead, : had previ- ■ convincing on our ad- were vain, well difpo- |on this itn- du ^e/ne, having, in )f Indians, an inflam- fevere of ive a thou- the coun- [eeded, and the ■J ■0~jf-y: ,•» ■\\3t y*^ 4 ■;> ',« - W- '^.v^*, ■.X.': ,^: flK V^ ..'«*>., V , „ .?;!^ ■V ._..■'' «•■■ ■ ■'• 1758. 77/tf History o///v War. 121 Notwithftamling the unhappy affair at Ticonderoga, the canipMign of 1758 in Aniericii was very advantageous, and very honourable to the Englifli interell. lionilburgh, St. John's, Frontcnac, and du Qncrne reduced, remove from our colonics all terror of the Indian incurflons, draw from the French thofe uleful allies, free our frontiers from the yoke of their enemies forts, make their fupplies difficult, their communications precarious, and all their defcnfive or offenfive operations uneffeflive.;, .whilH: their country unco- vered oi- its principal bulwarks, lies open to the heart, and affords the moft pleafing ^irofpcQs of fiicceft to the vigorous meafures which we may be alfured will be taken in the next campaign. Gen. Amhcrft is now commander. }t would be doing great injuflice to the fpirit and conduft of the miniftry, not to obferve, that they omittejd to diftreft the enemy in no part, and that their plans of op^ation were as extenfive i»8 they were vigorous. -^ « Two fhipsot the line with fome frigates, weiii*c * fent early in the fpring to the coaft of Africa^^to Mar. 9." drive the French from their fetllements there. They entered the river Senegal, and in fpitc of the obftruc- tion of a dangerous bar, which the fliips of war could not pafs, they obliged thcl^rench fort May i. which commands the river to furrender. And on the 29th of December following. Commodore Keppel, with the afllftance of lome troops under the command of Lieut. Col. Worge, made himfcif mafter of the ifland of Gorec and its forts ; the garrifon furrendering at difcretion to his majefty's fquadron (cj. By tliefe fucceffes, we have taken the various, and almoil infunnountable difl^cultics I had to grap- s pie with. I ihall leave this as foon as Tarn able to (land j but God knows when, or ii ever I reach Phila(L'l(>hin. I expeft tlie heads of all the Indians in here to-morrow, whea I hope very foon to finifli with ihein. (e) Commodore KeppePi Letter to Mr. Secretary Pitt, an his taking the Ifiand of Goiee. SIR, I Arrived here with the fquadron under my coii^mand the 28th of f)ecemher part in the evenings and the next morning, agree- 122 The History of the War. 1758. taken from (Itc cnvmy one of the mod valuable branches of their •greeabie to hia Majcfty's inllruAions, I attacked with the iliipa, Ihv turt HniUmttcriesoii the idamt o\ Corte, which were foon re- duced to atk to capitulate ; and the (Governor's demands were, to be ulluwcd to march the I'remb troops out of the garrifun with the honours of war. Klis terms I ablolutely rejected and began a frcfli attack ; It wn3, however, but of a very fhort duration, when the idand, loKs, garrilon, i^c. turrendercd at difcrction to his niu lefty's t'(|uadrun. Lieut. Col. IVarge had his troops enibark'd in the flat-bottomed bouts, in good order anil rcadinels, at a proper didancc, with the tranfports, to nticn)pt adcicent, when it ihould be found piadi- cable or rcquifite. Two days alter the furrender of the iHand, I ordered it to be <)clivcied up, with the cannon, artillery, llorcs, and provifions, (!fr. to the olllccrs and troops, Lieutenant Colonel IVorgt thought lit to garrifon the place with ; and the colonel is taking all ima- ginable pains to fettle and regulate the garrifon in the bell man- ner, and as (ad as things will admit of. The inclofed, Sir, is the llate of the ifland, with the artillery, •nimunttion, and provifions, found in the place nt its lurren- der. French, made prifoners of war, three hundred. Blacks, in arms, a great number; but I am not fufHciently informed as yet to fay precifcly how many they amount to. The lofs the enemy fudained, as to men, is fo very differently ftated to me by ihofe that it have been enquired of, that I mufl de- fer giving the number till another opportunity. Iron ordnance ot different bores, ninety three ; one brafs twelve- pounder i iron fwivels mounted on carriages, eleven } brafs mor- tars mounted on beds, two of thirteen inches ; ditto, one of ten inches ; iron, one Of ten inches. In the magazine, powder, one hundred barrels. Provifions of all fpecies for four hundred men for four months. » Explanation of the Plan of the IJlandof Goree. A. The negroe village. B. The company's gardens, ^e, C. The flavery. P. The negroes fountain. E. The company's fountain. F. The governor's fountain. G. The hofpital. H. The chapel. L The ofHcers houfe unfinifhed. K. Hutts for labourers. L. The barracks for carpenters. M. The apartment for bombar- diers. ' • N. Offi. 1758. 7*/'^ History o/ //f;^ War. 123 thrir commcrcey and one of the moH capable of abundant improvement. ,"....»., . From N. Officern, ftore-houfcs, and barracks for foldiers. O. The pharmacy and engi- neer's laboratory. P. The armourer's apartment and forge. Q;^ The governor's apartment and garden, C2fc. R. A cilUrn. R. R. A ciflern unfinifhed. S. A powder magazine. ' * T. Shadta for water caflcs. W. The landing beach, and en- try into the parade. V. The court of the fort of St. Francis. X. The Hiumbles. Y. The burying place. Z. Ditto for the negroes. 8c. A rain water ciucrn. Explanation of the Battcn'es. The grand battery 9 guns. The falute battery \ ,^„„„, (fmall) 5 '°2""'' St. Philip's battery $ guns. St. Peter's battery 5 guns. Citadel of St. Mi- 7 ^ chael, en barbet j » ' ' 6. North point bat- 7 9 guns. tery j i fplit. 7. Mortal battery 8 guns. 8. Weft point battery 5 guns. 9. A bittery unfiniib'd 3 gun;5. ip. NegToe batteries 10 guns. •} 4 guns. {Four half moon batteries en bar- ^ 1 3 guna. bet on the hill. I z. Two flanking bat- 7 teries for the bay 3 13 Three palTage 7 batteries ) ' ^ 1 4. Three brafs one 7 4 mortars, iron mortars. j 1 damage. 15. On St. Francis 7 izguns. fort 3 I (plit. Total 1 10 pieces. A Geographical Account of the River Senegal. The river Henga, or Senegal, is one of thofe channels of the river Niger ^ by which it is fuppofed to difcharge its waters into the Atlantic ocean : The river N'^er, according to the beft maps, rifes in the eatt of Africa-, and after a courfe of three hundred miles, nearly due welt, divides into three branches, the moft northerly of which is the Sene-^al, as above ; the middle is the Gambia^ or Gambra ; and the moft fouthetn, Rio Grande. 5tr^fl/ enipties itfelf into ihe Atlantic ocean in 16*' north lat. The entrance of it is guarded by feveral forts, the principal of which is Fort Lenuisy built on -an ifland of the fame name. It is a quadrangular fort, with two baftions, and of no inconfidcra- ble ftrength. At the mouth of the river is a bar j the beft feafoQ for pafling it, is from Marfh to Auguft^ or September^ or rather frojw 124 Tife HisroKY of tbe War, '758. From the Had Indies we have this year heard nothing remarkable. It does not fcen that the French, notwith- (landing the great druggie they made to fend out a flrong armament under Gen. Lally, have been in a condition to enterprifc any thing. It is faid, and probably with good foundation, that the greateft part of that force was dwind- led away with (icknefs during the voyage. Our naval force was exerted with fpirit and effeO. in the Mediterranean. The French found that the poffeffion of Minorca could not drive us from the dominion of the Mediterranean, where Admiral Ofborn gave the enemies maritime ftrength fuch blows, as they muft long feel, and which merited him the greatefl of all honours, to be joined with the conquerors of Louifbourg, in the thanks of the repreientative body of their country. The commg year feenis big with great events. In Ger- many the affairs of the rival powers of Pruflia and Auftria, appear to be more nearly balanced than at any time fince the beginning of the war. This force is as great as evei, and their animodty is no way leflened. Great (leps are ta- ken to affemble powerful armies on the Rhine ; whilft Great Britain has fentout two confiderable armaments, one to the Weftlndies, the other to Africa; the fucccfs of which muft from ^/>rtl to July, becaufe the tides are then higheft. The Englijb had formerly fettlements here, out of which they were •driven by the French^ who have ejgrofleci the whole trade from Cape Bltmco to the river Gambia^ which is near five hundred miles. The Dutch were the firft who fettled in Senegal^ and built two forts. The French made themfelves mailers of them in 1678. In 1692 the Englijb feized them j but next year the /re«fi& re- took them^ and have kept them ever flnce. They built Fort Leviis in 1 692, and have beyond it a multitude of other fettle- ments, extending two hundred leagues up the river. The princi* pal commodities which the French import from this fettlement are, that valuable article of gum fenega, hides, bees^wax, elephants teeth, cotton, gold duft, negroe flaves, oflrich featliers, amber- greafe, indigo, and civet. Formerly we were obliged to buy all our gum fenega of the Putcbf who purchafed it from the French ; and they fet what price they pleafed on it. But as the trade to Africa is now opened, by this important acquifition, the price of this valuable drug, which is fo much ufed in feveral of our manufa^utes, is much reduced. go 175^' ^^^ History of the War. 125 go a great way towards determining the ifliie of the war. Other great preparations are alfo making on the part of Great Britain. In the mean time, the Dutch enraged at the captures of their (hips, make complaints, and threaten armaments. The death of the Priiicefs of Orange, which happened at a mod critical juitdure, adds more perplexity to affairs in that quarter. If we look to the fouthward^ the clouds feiem gathering there alfo. The imminent death of the King of Spain, will be an event fruitful of troubles. In this affair the King of Sardinia, the houfe of Auftria, and the houfe of Bourbon, will find themfelves ccncerped ; to fay nothing of the maritime powers. In a word, the flame of war threatens to fpread in every part of Europe. h 5i',a ■im.:(' ■ ^ k.l I 4itji< THE [ 126 ] •ft-. ;;■: vv THE ryfi\ .,:■•• )t:-J ''■<) ANNUAL REGISTER: HIS TO ^ Y O F T H E W A R. For the YEAR 1759. ' C H A P. I. The inclinations of the Powers at war at the clojing the laft campaign. The King of Spain's death apprehended. Con- . dition of the King of PruJ/ia, Emprefs ^een, Rufjia, Sweden^ Holland, France, and England, "W THOEVER refleas upon the conclufion of the %/%/ feveral campaigns fince the year 1755, ^^^^ ^^" ^ ^ fily perceive that at the end of the laft, the for- tune of the feveral powers at war feemed more nearly up- on a balance, than it had been at the clofe of any of the former. The campaign was rather lefs bloody, than that which immediately preceded it ; and it was not concluded ' with any adiion of fuch an eclat, as could greatly raife, or deprefs the hopes of any of the contending parties. All parties became more cautious; becaufe it became every day more evident, that the fortune of war was not to be decided by any fmgle ftroke, however confiderable. The prize *759- 7*^7^ History 0/ /L^ War. 127 prize was rcferved for the player of the (kilful game ; for the moft attentive patience : for the greateft depth of re- fources. An equality of this kind feemed at laft to pro- mife Europe fome repofc. All fides" might now give and receive honourable and equitable terms ; and peace might be fettled on that footing* on which it has been ufualiy made, for ibme time pafl;« in our part of the world. But the great defigns entertained by each power; revenge imbittered by the blows which all had felt in their turns, the confiderati- on of the vaft expences that fell upon all, and which a peace at that time would have made fruitlefs ; even the hopes arifing from the equivocal appearances of the lafl: campaign, eftranged every court from the difpofition to peace. Info- much that there were no terms diredly offered by any of the belligerent powers; nor did any of the neutral interpofc their mediation. Befides thefe, another caufe operated powerfully ; a great event was hourly expeded about this time ; an event which threatened to involve the Southern parts of Europe in the calamities of that war, that had fo long wafted the Northern ; and which, whenever it (hould take place, threatened to render the political fyftem infi- nitely more intricate, and probably to give the war quite a- new turn. The late King of Spain, by the force of a conjugal affec- tion, rarely feen in that dignity, fince the death of his Queen had been given up to a melancholy, which preyed upon his health, and aflFe£ted his ui;derftanding. His death* or incapacity, appeared inevitable within a fhort time. The King of Naples, Don Carlos, was next in the order of fuc- cefllon. In the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, it had been agreed, that the dutchies of Parma, Placentia,and GuaftalFa, ihould be reftored to thw houfe of Auflria, in cafe Don Carlos (hould ever come to the crown of Spain. Thefe countries were at the end of that war, in the hands of tht= Emprefs Queen, or her allies. Her Imperial Majefty had fet up a claim to the reverfion of thefe dutchies, on the ex- tinction of iflTue male in the houfe of Farnefe. But the ambition of the Queen of Spain to make all her children Sovereigns, put powerful bars in her way to it. This am- bition was one of the caufes v^hich made the laft fo general a war. The peace of Aix la Chapelle, which put a period to that war, after fettling thefe contefted dutchies as an. eflablifhment for Don Philip, fecond fon to the King of i.i'; Spain, ia8 ^he History Qfthe War. 175^. Spain, provided, that whenever the event, which we have mentioned above, fhould take place, thatt is to fay, the ac- ceiHon of Don Carlos to the crown of Spain, then the king- dom of Naples and Sicil/ fhould pafs to the infant Don Philip, and the dutchies which formed his edabliihment ihould revert to the houfe of Auftria. The King of Naples, not without reafon, looked upoit this article of the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, as injurious to his rights; accordingly he .iever acceded to it. No method in this cafe could be feen, which might prevent matters from coming to extremities, except the fituation of the Em- prefs, engaged as (he was with a powerful adverfary, who kept her forces drained to the utmoft pitch. She was in nu condition to enq;cge in a new war, however intereiling the obje£^ might t>e. Her ally France, who fo ineffectually aflifled her in Germany, could not probably affift her with more efFed in Italy ; (he therefore feemed to have no other part left, than to acquiefce for the prefent, and wait in filence a more favourable opportunity to afTert her claimSi The event of the King of Spain's death has fince happened. It has produced none of thcfe immediate efFe£ls which were apprehended; and this probably proceeded from the caufe which we have juft now hinted. A dead calm at prefent broods over Italy. But in this tranquillity and filence there are materials gathering, which may in no very diftant period bur c in a terrible tempeft over that delightful country. They are very nearly the fame that produced the laft trou- bles tbert, and may not only revive them, but fpread the horrors of war once more over all Europe. \h ^. .' Such were the inclinations of the powers at war at the opening of this year; their ftrcngth feemed alfo very entire ; in particular, the refources of the King of Pruflia appeared aftonifhing, after the great blows he had fufFered ; and after the advantages he had gained, but gained at fo high a price. He was ftill able to (hew himfelf the father and benef-^Qor, as well as the protestor of his .people. In the midft of the devouring wafte of fuch an expenfive war, from the funds of his oeconomy he was enabled to remit the taxes to thofe parts of his dominions, which had fu(Fered from the RuflTian barbarity; he even advanced money to thofe which had fuffered the moll confiderably. To take a nearer view of his fituation, we muft obferve, that the whole kingdom of Pxuflfia ftill remained in the "^ ' hands 1759- fbe HisronY of the War, izg hands of the Mufcovites. , The dutchy of Cleves, together Tvith his other pofledlons on the Rhiney could yield him nothing; they were held by the French j but in ibcfe ref- fieGtSt his fituation was not worfe than it had been* almoil from the beginning of the war. He had to balance thefe loflTes, the rich country of S^ixony, which he had twice in one campaign w reded from the hands of the Auflrians. Add to this, the renewal of the fublidy treaty with Great Britain, OP the advantageous terms of the former year. Thefe were undoubtedly great fupports; aod the King feemed as entire in power, and more advanced in reputation than ever. But to a more critical examination, things had an ^(pe6t not quite fo favourable. This appearance was rather fpe- cious than entirely fdtid ; and whilft all without looked full and fJr, within there was a decay of fubftance, and an hollownefs that rung at the flighted touch. That incom- parable body of troops, which at the beginning of the war had given him fo great a fuperiority, no longer exided in the fame perfons. If his troops derived advantages from a long feries of a6Hve fervice, thefe advantages were equally on the fide of the enen.y. His army had known what it was to be beaten; and it is no wonder, if a fort of wearinefs and defpair began to creep upon them, after fuch an infi- nite train of unrewarded fatigues, when they faw that fo many wonderful exploits had nQt yet ended the war in their favour. Many of his bed generals had been killed in battle, or died, or had retired, or were difgraced. The hoards which he had amaffed before th« war, by this time mud have been entirely fpent ; his dominions mud have been greatly exhauded, both of men and mon^y. Saxony could no longer yield fuch fupplies as fc"*nerly. The in- digence of the fubdued inhah'»ants, fet bounds to the rapa- city of the conqueror. The fubfidy of Great Britain did ?. great deal ; but it could not fupply the deficiencies on this, and on every other fide. Thefe circumdanccs, pro- bably, made the King of Pruilia more cautious and dilato- ry than ufuil. ' The court of Vienna had as great burthens to fudain as the King of Prudla, and (he had fufFered much greater blows. That power has a drcngth, fome'/hat unaccount- able and peculiar to herfelf. More deficient in pecuniary funds, than any ether great power in Europe, (he is better able to fubfid, and to do coodderable things without them. K For ■-#• i^o The His r OR Y of the "War. 1759. For by a long habit» the whole (late is formed to its necef- fities; and the fubjeft is more ready to fupply free quarter^ and to indure military licence than any other. The coun«>^ try is abundantly fruitful in alt its parts. And whilft tht -war is carried on near home, an arbitrary gbt^ernment, operating on fo extenfive an obje£l, can hardly fail of fuch refources, as mud: ferve an Audrian army ; which is dill paid in a great meafure, as Tacitus defcribes the troops of the antient Germans to have been ; tlfey have a plentiful ta- bh in lieu of pay*. And indeed it mud be owned* that there is no Sovereign who is more highly honoured in his dominions» or obeyed with a greater mixture of love and ' rjsverence, by all b^ fubje^s> Ihan her Imperial Majefty, So that having(| very ample power, very willing obedience, a large territory and many men, not fufficiently employed in the arts of peace, it perhaps may be guefled, in what manner ihe has been able '■'^ fupply her many and great lofles, and to continue a war, like the prefent, better than dates more abundant in money. She is befides, and this is a matter of no fmall confequence, fupported by the countenance, the authority,, and the forces of the Empire. And ihe has for her allies the firft, and moft formidable names in Europe. In the wars which this power carried on in the lad, and in this century, though ufually not very fuccefsful, fhtc has always been the lad to dei^e a peace ; though frequently flow in her operations, Ihe makes amends by an extraordinary per- severance, -i- ' T l^his flownefs could not efcape general obfervation, in the aflions of the lad year. That the Audrians did not play with fufficient fpirit, the great game which was in their hands, after the battle of Hochkirchen, and the entry of the RuiTtans into the New Marche of Brandenburgh, feems hardly difputable. Perhaps it was that the court of Vienna, by an error common to mary courts, but particu- larly fo to this, and often fatal to it, interfered too much and too minutely, in the operations of the campaign. It is not impodible that the charader of Marihat Daun himfclf, mijght have had feme fhare in this ina^ivity ; a character almod in all things the dired reverfe of that of * Nam epul^f et quanquant incomptif largi tamen apparatus frikftipenditt udunu Tacit^ de moribus Germ. §. 14, -^' ■■■■■■ ^■v'^^ ■ .".;;■■.;": his 1759- Tbe History of the War, ijt his PruiHan Majedy. He faw that the King, adive, refo- lute and advantageous, wafted himfelf even by that adivity and ijpirit, to which he owed his moft brilliant fucceiTes. Should the Auftrians carry on the war in the fame fptrlt, they might fuflPer in the fame manner, without being ever able to equal, much lefs to exceed that great Monarch, in a ftile of adion peculiarly his o^<'n. Daun therefore, by principle, feem;^ to have kept his army from ccNnin^; to adion, in order to crjofc a ftrength entire, and recruited by a long reft, to that of the King of Fruilia, wafted by the efforts it was obliged to make incelTantly, and on every fide. His defign fcemed tp be, that the iflue of the war ihould rather arife from the general refult and concurrence of all the operations, gradually producing a folid though a flow advantage, than from the effe6bs of a bold, quick, and maft;erly ftroke. In fad, the Auftriam felt a!i the benefits, and all the inconveniencies which ufnally attend this fort of condufil, a condud which probably loft them Saxony in the laft campaign, and which has fecured them the poileflton of what thty now hold in that country. The Auftrians and Pruilians war d the time and one another, a'fVd came very late to aftion. ** *. The court of Peterft>urg ftill adhered to its oW iyftcra, in fpite of the late ill fuccefs of her ar"«s, and all the ef- forts of the Britifti minifter, to withi' w her from her al- liance. If (he had fome lofs of men, it was the leaA lofs (he could feel : and flie thought that whilft the war was* carried on at the expence of others, the redudion of fo near, fo dreaded, and fo heated a rival as the King of Pruftla, and the opportunity of the forming her troops to fervice, and perfeding her officers, were obieQs of con fequence enough to keep her clofely attached to her firft fentiments. The Swedes preferved likewife the fame connexion ; hot they'continued as before, an inconsiderable, and inglorious part of the war. -^ - Holk&iid preferved her neutrality ; but it was a neutrali<^ little refpefted, and indeed in itfelf little refpeftable. Di- vided in her councils, attentive only to private interefts, (he difgufted the Englrfh, and neither pleafed nor forvcd the French. For fome of the fubjefts of that republic had car- ried on the trade of France in their bottoms, which fiibjeift- ed them to frequent captures from the Englifh men of war and privateers. This produced loud complaints in HoHand, K 2 and 132 Tbe History of the Wah. 1759. and warm remonftrances to the court of London. Thefc complaints met with little attention, being in many refpedA but indifferently founded. The affair was drawn out in lengthf until thedifpute was extinguifhed by tbe deflru£tion of its obje£li fome of the French colonies were reduced* and the trade in the others* grown too fmall and too hazard- ows to be continued longer with any hope of advantage* The affairs of France and England were partly connected with the general fyflem, and partly didind and independent. France perceived that the ftrength of the Englifh, and the exertion of that ftrength, increafed continually in America; fhe knew from the natural inferiority of her colonies* and the feeble (late of her navy* that (he could not in reafon hope for great fuccefs in that quarter; for which reafon, although (he fent ;; fleet under Monf. Bompart Into the Weft Indies, and fome men of war* with as many ftore and tranfport (hips as (he could fteal out of the river St. Law- i^ence, her great efforts were to be made in Europe ; fhe had two objeds ; the recovery of Hanover* and the invafion of thefe iflands ; in either of which if (he (ucceeded* there could be no doubt* but that it would prove a fufficient ba- lance for all that (he had fufTcred* or had to apprehend in any other part of the world. With regard to the (irft obje£l* though it was difficult to attain it, and though if it (hould be attained^ it did not promife to anfwer her purpofes fo well as the latter, yet it was upon that (he chiefly depended. Hitherto indeed the fuccefs which France had in Germany, was not at all pro- portioned to the prodigious efforts which (he made ; fhe began to 6nd herfelf much exhaufted ; the wants of the French obliged them to pay little refpe^t to neutral, or even to friendly powers ; fo that the efteem and affiftance which they had in Germany* diminifhed continually. They eat up the country, and feized on fuch towns as were convenient to them, without any ceremony: yet freed from all thefe reftraints, their army had made very little progrcfs; their generals had not difplayed any great abilities, and their army, in itfelf very badly compofed* was deficient in difcipline, to a degree which is fcarcely credible. They kept neither guards, nor ports, nor ccn- tinels ; a great part of their troops wandered from the camp into the neighbouring towns, and returned drunk. Their councils of war were held in a tuinaltuous and difor- ■-" "^",'"-''^''" derly j^fP' ^^^ History of the War. 133 derly mannsr ; and all their deigns were perfe^ly known in the camp of the allies, where a very different pidure wjis exhibited, with regard to regularity and caution. The French troops have feveraleflential defers in their co;i(litution, which prevent them from equalling thofe of Germany, and other nations. Several regiments are in a manner hereditary in great families, who placed at their firft outfet at a very high point of military rank, think it unnecelVary to attain the qualifications, which lead others to it Aep by lUp. As to the refl of the officers, as their pay is fmall and their hopes little, few ftudy the art military* as a profeiTion : they ferve becaufe it is the fafliion to do fo, and that it is thought necefTary to be a gentleman. Thus they diipatch their bufinefs as a difagrceablc tafk ; and hav* ing little tolofe in the fervice, it is'almofl impoffible to pre- fcrve a due fubordination. The common men are little more 'han ab]e£): vaflals, and therefore want that high fpirit which in their gentry makes fome amends for the want of knowledge and affiduity. And as they are corrupted by the example of their fuperiors, fo by their negligence they are left without any reftraint. The officers do not choofe to incur the ill will of their men, or to give thcmfelves trouble, hy exercifing that wholefome fcverity in which the health and vigour of military difcipline confifl. The German common pcopic are indeed in a flill lower Aate of vaflalage than the French, and might therefore be fuppofed naturally, no better foldiers ; but their bodies are more robud and hardy ; their treatment is fevere and rigo- rous, their fubordination is mofl exad*, which makes their difciplire perfefi; and Germany is fo habituated to war, that all the people may be faid to be born foldiers. Thefe things give the Germans a great fuperiority over the French; a fuperiority which was more vifible in this, than in any former war. Thefe defers in their army were increafed by the low flate of their finances, which caufed their troops to be very ill paid. The French court made fome attempts to keep up their credit, by changing their former methods of raiijng money. Mr. Silhoute was made comptroller of the finances, and the farmers general were removed from their former employment of finding the ftipplies. New methods were devifed, which might flave off the entire ruin of t'* 4r finances, until their armies in Germany could ilrike (bme * .' K 3 * - eflfeflual 134 ^^f History of the War. ^159' effcduMl blow, or thtir projc^l: c' an invafion, 'vhicli qul- ettd the minds of the people in fome degree* ihould be put in execution. With regard to the latter proje£t, France had formerly found that the b;4rr report of fuch a defign had fervi d many material purpofes; but in England things had, finct then^ been greatly changed. 1'he threats of an invafion incieafed our internal (Irength, without raifing any apprehenfions ; they in a great meafure executed the militia a£l, which hardly any thing elfe could have put in execution; they in- creafcd the regular troops, both in their number and their ipecies. England for the fird time fnw light horfe and light foot. There reigned in both houfes the moft pcrfe£^ and unprecedented union. Among the great men there was no difference that could in the lead affec) the condu£fc of the war. The difpute concerning the preference of the continental and tlie marine fy{lem> was entwely (rlenced : becaufe a fyAem took place which comprehended both, and operated in both as fully as the warmed advocates of either could defire. Never did Kngland keep a greater number of land forces on foot, on the continent of Europe, in England, ^n America, when (he turned all her power to her land forces only. Never did fhe cover the feas with fuch formidable fleets, when her navy alone engaged her atten- tion. Such is the effe£t when power and patriotifm unite ; when liberty and order kifs\ and when a nation fits with a happy iiecurity under the (hade of abilities which (he has tried) and virtues in which (he dares to confide. CHAP. II. The allied army moves, Succe/s/ul Jkirmijbes on the Jide of the allies. Battle of Bergen. Prince Ferdinand retires to Windcken. Plan of the campaign. General Woberfnovj*s .... expedition into Poland. Prince Henry^s into^ Bohemia and Franconia. General Macguire defeated, Bamberg pilla- ged. Prince Henry returns to Saxony, Heffe abandoned by the alliei. THE feizing of Francfort in the lafl: year, by a moft flagrant violation of the liberties of the Empire, had given the French and their allies the mod material advan- tage they had acquired in the campaign; for it fecured to them :.^' V'- '759- Tife History of t be War. 135 tliem the courfe of the Maine, and the Rhine, and made it eafy to them to receive every kind of reinforcement and fupply. It fecured likewife that communication between themi the Imperial, and the Auftrian armies, and formed that chain, from which they derived no fmall benefit of mutual fuccour and concurrence in their operations. Much depended upon their being diflodged from that poll; as well with regard to the fortune of his Dritannick Majefly's army, as to that of the King of Pruflta. Such a Oroke mu(l necefTarily have the glycated influence on the events of *the whole enfuing campaign. Prince Ferdinand, fenfible of this, as loon as the . feafon permitted him to enter upon a£^ion, drew his troops out of their cantonments ; and at the head of thirty thoufand men, prepared to diflodge them, before they could receive the fupplies, of which they were in daily expcflation. The reft of his army, confifting of about ten or twelve thoufand men, were left to guard the eleftorate, and to watch the biflioprick of Munfter. Some detachments of Hanoverians and t^ruiTians had, in the latter end of February, driven the Imperialifts and Auftrians from the pods, which they occupied at Erfurth and Eifinach, and fome places in the country of HefTe ; this drew a ftrong body of the enemy into that part, which puftied them back; but the hereditary prince of Brunfwick, who led the army of the allies through ways, before deemed impaflTable to an army, defeated them in fqme fevCre (kirmiihes; fevcral places of importance were taken ; feveral whole battalions were made prifoners, with their officers. The. French, alarmad at the vivacity of this beginning, judged it but the prelude to fomething more deciiive. Accordingly the Duke of Broglio took an advantageous poft, near Bergen, at a village between Francfort and Hanau, which it was necef- fary the Allies ihould mafter, before they could penetrate to his line. This place he had made his right, and fecured his flapks and centre in fuch a manner, that the attack could only be made at that village. In this difpofition was the French army when the Allies approached; they formed themfelves under, an eminence, and began the attack on the village of Bergen, between nine and ten in the morning, with great intrepidity. They were received with a very fc/ere fire, 'which the enemy had prepared for them ; they made three attacks in the fpaq; piF about two hours, and were every time repulfed. K 4 Prince 3|: 136 The History of the War. »759' Prince Fcidinand now obferved that the enemy fliil kept A good countenance in their po(l| and tl At his own troops began to fall into fomc difordcr. This able gefteral, who never rifques his fortune on t (ingle throw, began to think of a retreat, whilA his lofs was yet incorifulerablct and the diforder of his men eafily to be repaired. But a retreat in the face of a viflorious enemy, was hazardous ; and the day was not yet above half fpent. In this exigence he made fuch movemeniSy as ftrongly indicated a dcHgn of falling once more upon the village* in the enemy*s right, and of making at the fame time a new attack upon their left. Thefc appearances were farther countenanced by a cannon- ade, on both thefe pofls, fupported with an uncommon iury. The French deceived by thefc manoeuvres, kept clofe in their ports; they cxpe^ed a new and a lively attack every moment ; they returned the" cannonade as brifkly as they could; and in this pofture things continued until night came on, when the prince made an eafy retreat, without difordcr, ormoUflation, and halttd at Windeken. In this aftiof) the lofs of the allies was about two thou- fand in every way : that of the French was by no means Icfs confiderable. The allies indeed fuffered nothing in their reputation ; their countenance through the whole adion having been excellt-nt. Prince Ferdinand gained as much honour, and difplayed as much fKill, as could have been obtained, or fticwn upon a more fortunate occa- fion. The event however was, in its confcquences, far from Indifferent ; for the allies having miffed this blow, the French (fill kept Francfort, and all advantages, which they drew from that fituation ; they had time and means to receive their remforcements; and thry acquired in a fliort fpace fuch a fuperiority, as obliged prince Ferdinand to content himfelf with afling on the dcfenfive, for a long time after. * ' The advantages which would have arifen from another iffue pf that battle appeared more fully, from the operati- ons which were carrying on the fide of Bohemia, and which probably were defigned to concur with thofc of the prince, in fome grand and comprehenfive licheme. There is no doubt, that the army of the allies, and thofe of his Prufllan Majefty, had determined to aft in concert, and had fettled fomc plan for that purpofe; and though it fliould not be difcovered with equal certainty, what that plan was, It ■"^^'^u," i-^^r*/ I75Q' ^'^^ History of the War. 137 it mny not however be unpleafunt to trace it ; as far at lead as a rcafonahlc conjc£lurcf guided b) the lights derived from the tendency of each operation, may lead us. For if Ave liiccccd at all, in fuch an attempt, it difTufes a wonder- ful cicarncfs over the whole narrative. It is not impoHible then, that it was designed in the firfl place, to keep the Ruflians at a dillance, until the latter end of the fummcr, by the c'c(lru£tion of their niaga/ines in Poland. That en the other fide prince Ferdinand (hould attempt to drive the French towards the Rhine, u to get between them and the army of the Empire; vvhicit saving thus loft its communication with the French, prijice Henry (hould ru(h out of Saxony, and IhII upon them in BuhcirtiA and Fr.inconia, and cut off alfo tiicir commtMiication with the great body of the Audrians. Then the Imperialiils, would find themlclves fitualed between two hoAile and fti- perior armies; whilfl in Bohemia, ivlarfhai Oaun ^ ould be cither obliged to try his fortune fingle handed, v uh the King of PrulTia, or totally to abandon that king lorn, into which it was in the power of the Prufliar-. ."' enter, in op- pofite parts at oncCi The 6r(l part of this pUn was executed with great fpirit and fucccfs. So early as the 23d of February the PruHian general Woberfnow marched into Poland from Glogau in Silefia, with forty-fix fquaxlrons, and twenty-nine battalions, where they routed fome bodies of Coflacks; and after hav- ing deftroyed feveral immenfe niagazinta, particularly one at Pofen, faid to be fufficient for the Tubfiftence of fifty thoufand men for three months, they returned without any lofs into SHefia, on the i8th of April. As for the fccond Aft of th'-^ military drama, it was exe- cuted with as great fuccef*}, .^rd with fomc advantages more ftriking than the firrt. Prince Henry commanded the Pruffian troops in Saxony, which the public accounts called forty thoufand men. He had certain intt lligence, that fome movements, which h?,d purpofely been made by the King of Piuflia, had drawn the greateft part of the Auftriati troops, which had been ported as a watch upon Saxony, towards the frontiers of Silefia. He immediately took ad- vantage of this opening, and entered Bohemia in two columns : one marched towards Peterfwade : April 1 5. the other, which was commanded by General Hulfen, made its way by Pafberg and Commottau. The firft 138 The History of the War. 1759. 11 firft penetrated as far as Lobofchutz, and Leitmeritz» the enemy flying before them* and every where abandoning or burning the vaft magazines which they had amafled in all thofe parts. The body under General Hulfen did as much fervice, and it had a more adive employment. The pafs of Pafberg, ftrong in itfcif, was defended by a confiderable body of Auflrians. General Hulfen having conduced his cavalry by another way> fo as tofj^ll dire^Iy oa*i|lieir rear, attacked them with his infjBlwtfy in front, and drtTve thenfi out of all their intienchmehts ; one general* fifty-one oflScers, and no lefs than two thoufand private men, were made prifoners on this occafion. The Prufllans loft but leventy April 22. men killed and wounded. They returned into Saxony with hoftages for the contributions they had exa3:ed. After this fatiguing expedition, the prince gave his troops a few days to reft, and then led them once more to a^ion. 'He direded his msrch through the Voigtland, towards the army of the Empire; they entered Franconia by the way of HcfF; they attacked General Macguire, who command- ed a body of Auftrians and Imperialifls. Here they were bravely refifted for the whole day ; but the numbers and fplrit of the Pruflians prevailing, Macguire gladly took ad- vantage of the night to make a retreat, having loft about five hundred men. A few (kirmifties more decided the fate of Franconia. The^army of the Empire retreated, as the Pruflians advanced, and abandoned the rich biftiopricks of Bamberg and Wurtzburg to contribution. The May 16. town of Bamberg furrendered upon terms; bui fon^ confupon happening before the capitulation was compleatly finiuied, a party of Croats came to t)lows with a party of Pruflians, who had by this time poflieflion oi one of the gates; this was refented as an infringement of the capitulation. A pretence was given to plunder the place; it was given up to pillage, by order of the comman- ders, for two 'days, in a very unrelenting and licentious manner. This produced loud and juft complaints againft the Pruflians, and in due time a fevere retaliation. Prince Henry had puftied 6ack the ariny of the Empire, as far as Nuremberg ; he had difabled a great part of the circle of Franconia from giving them affiftance ; and thus far he had accompliftied the obje&s of his expedition. But as that 1759- ^^^ History of the War. 139 that part of the plan, which prince Ferdinand was to have executed, had failed, it was innpofllble on one- hand to hinder the French army fronri fuccouring that of the Empire, or on the other, to prevent a body of Auftrians from availing themfelves of his abfence, to penetrate into Saxony. In thefe circumdances any farther (lay in Franconia was Appearances were hitherto favourable enough to the PruiTians: however none of the great ends propofed by the general plan were fully anfwered. The Ruffians, notwith- uanding the de(lru£tion of their magazines, continued their march towards Silefia. Count Pohna, who had raifed great contributions and levies in the dutchy of Mecklenburg, was preparing to oppofe them on the fide o*f Brandenburgh ; other parties under other commander:;, were polled at thofe places where their irruption was the mod apprehended. The approach of this army brought things nearer and nearer to a crifis. The eyes of all Europe were fixed with anxiety and cxpe£lation on their progrefs. It appeared the more formidable, becaufe the progrefs of the French arms waf* very rapid after the battle of Befgen. Prince Ferdinand finding that another attack was not ad- vifable, retreated continually. The French poflefied them- felves of Hefle without oppofilion ; they met as little in making their way through the bifhoprick of Paderborn; and whild their grand army, under Marfiial de Contades, pufhed the allies in that quarter and on the fide of Hefle, M. d'Armentieres was pofted by Wefel, to advance on that fide as occafion (hould require. The condition of the allied army was extremely dubious ; whilft1?he French increafed in their numbers and fpirit. Their new fuceefs gave them reafon to hope for a campaign as fortunate fis that of 1757, tIJ igainfl: Prince far as cle of *ar he }ut as that r ... ^:^\ ■ •:?¥:' ^ij; • \ •••1.'. ,.-i..k'v)5.5^;.i *'i'^ 1^^.'' /Sf^ ^^' i^/ir;*-' • :«« i>:?vK»'i.5ii-:-'"-'- '^- >i^^' l^i Ir 'li I40 Tk History of the War.v 1759. '? C U A P. III. :' Expfditicn to the fVeJi Indiat under Hop/an and Moore. Ac- luuht of Marti nico. Failure there, ''1 be Ctiufes of it. (juadakupe invaded. Defer ipt ion of that ijUind. Bajfe terre atttisktd and burned. Gen. thpfon dies. Operati- on/ againfl Grand Tetre. Several paffes forced. The in- habitants tapitulate, liravery of a French lady. Mary- eafaute taken. . „. GR F. A T Uriialn was not content wi'li thtu efforts which fhc Titul nmrfe in Germany : America, th« intcrefls t)t which had given rife to the war, was thu ot>jc6l which prrticipAHy cng.i^vd her attention. 'J his was indeed the l^rcpcr tibjed\ ot her nutural ftrength, and by her fuccefs in this quarter, Hie mot\ tfFcduHlly laid the axe to the root of the enemy's naval power, and cut away one great part of the rcfotirces which i«d tiie war. A fquadron of Kov» nine fhips of the line, with fixty tranfports, con- 1758. raining fix regiments of foot, m the end of the laft year, failed for the Well Indies, in order to attack and reduce the French Caribbec illunds. General Hopfon commanded the land forces; the fleet in the expe- dition was to be under the orders of Coninuxiore Moore, then in the Weft Indies. Their firft objct\ was Marti nico, the firft in rep.utation t)f the French Carihbecs, the feat of government, the centre of all the trade which France carries on with thofe iflaods; ftrong both by nature and art. This ifland lies in the 15th degree N. lat. The flioie is on every fide" indented with very deep bays, wliich they call Cut de Sacs ; and the fands, ontj difcoverabie at low water, form in many places a hid- d&nt and almoft infurmountablc barrier. A lofty ridge of almof. Impaflable mountains, runs north weft and fouth eaft quite through the ifland ; all the fpace on both fides is inter- fe^ied at inconfiderable diftances with deep gullies, through U'hich the water pours down in the rainy feafons, with ^reat impetuofity. In other rcfpefts, the ifland is pleafant and fruitful ; well watered, and well cultivated, abounding 'with plantations and villages all along \\)i fea coaft. The two principal places are St, Pierre, and • Port Royal j both towns ^ Ac- of it. Baffe ^Perati- he in- Mary- ! centre inter- irough with leafant unding The ; both towns I759* '^f-^^ HfSTORY of f/je War. 141 towns confidcrable in thi'» part of the worW, for their mag- nitude* trade and ftrength. By this fliort defcription may hv difc^rned, how defirahle luch a conqucft was, and the difficultly* which naturally oppofcd themfeWes to it. They were th-" p;reater, bccaule at this time there was in the ifland a confidcrable nuqiber of regular trooips. They have at all times a numerou.^ and well armed militia, not contemptible tor their difcipline, and well fuitcd to the fervice of the country ; add to thi>, that they can bring into the field a large body of ntf^roes, habituated to arms, and in general well affected to () e in- terefts of their mafters. The Englifh forces landed without oppofition, on the weft fide of Port Royal harbour, after the men, of war had driven the enemy from th/fir bit- Jan. 6. teries and entrenchments. But on their landing, they found that the nature of the country proved a gr*at«'f obftruQion to their progrefs, than the ftrcngth of the enemy. Thefe profound gullies, inclofed by fteep, and almoft per- pendicular precipices, proved an unfurmountable obffacle to the regular march of the froops, or the conveyance of cannon. The enemy had broke up the roads j ard five miles of fnch roads, and through furh an impraSticible country, were to he pafltd before Port Roval could be at- tacked by land The commander, fheretore, of the forces, judged the difficulties on the land-fide infurmountahle ; tlie naval commander held ir inipoflible to put r)ie cannon a(hore nearer to the fort Some jealoufy feems ro have arifen. The refult of the whole was, that the forces were reinv- barked on the day of their landing. Very little wa-j done at Port Roynl ; but it was hoped, that more v/ouhl be done at St, PicMre, They accordingly let fail for that place; but when tt py had arrived before it, and examined the coaft, new ciiffciil- 19th. ties arofe, which prodi^ced a new deliberation. They determined that the fort could rot be reduced, with- out fuch detriment to the troops and the Ihipping, that they could afterwards make little ufe of their (iiecefs; and in this they had probably pood real'nn. The conduft of the officers afterwards plainly demonflrated, that ! o m«in views had any influence on their councils; they agreed to abandon their enterprirc ajr^inft K^artinico. But laving been foiled in this then Hrft attempt, thev refoivtd not to 142 The History of the War. 1759. return with the difgracc of havine done nothing worthy of the greatncfs of the armu'iicnt, and the expe6tation of their country. They confidercd, that the ifland of Guadaloifpe was an objcd, though not of i'uch an ccla^ of full as much real confequence as Martinico ; and they knew, that it was neillier fo ilrong in troops or fortifications. Their Hrft failure might lead to an a(fvantage» as confiderabte as that which th( ;, had miffed. In purluance of thefe refolutions, they fet fsiil for GuHdaloupe. .. ' The ilianr^ is called Guadaloupe, from a refemblance which it jcars to a chain of mountains of the fame name in Old Spain. To fpcak with exa^ncfs, Guadaloupe is rather to be confidercd as two iflands, divided from each other by a fmuU arm of the fea, or falt-water river, not above three hundred feet over where it is wideft. One of thefe iflands is called the Grand Terrc ; the other more particularly and by didin^ion, Guadaloupe; they are to- gether in a circle about ninety leagues. The 6r(l is nearly deftitute of frelh water, and not perfeflly cultivated ; but it is otherwife with Guadaloupe. No part of the world is furniHied with more or better. No lefs than fifty ri- vers, in that fmall circuit, throw themfelves into the Tea; many navigable by boats, for two, fome even for three leagues into the country. Not to mention the numberlefs fprings which rife among the rocks, and after a thoufand beautiful meanders, lofe tliemfdves in the larger dreams. The firft accounts which we have of that country, are la- vilh in the defcription of its beauties; and the lateft agree with them, that no part of the Weft Indies, perhaps of the world, affords more agreeable and romantic fcenes. It is full of high mountains; one of which towers far above the reft, and is a volcano, continually emitting fmoke and fire. From hence they have confidcrabie quantities of fulphur. They have alfo hot baths, fit for all the medicina-1 purpofes in which fuch waters are ufed. The laud in the valleys is extremely fertile; it produces the ufual Weft India com- modities, fugaT) indigo, coftce, cotton, and ginger : the mouiUains abound with game : fo that there is nothing in the ifland wanting, for the convenience and delight of life, in an air more temperate and falubrious than is commonly breathed between the tropics. The French began to plant colonies iu this ifland as early as the year 1632. But tor a long time this, together with all agree of the It is >ve the jd fire, ilphiir. lurpofes jlleys is com- : the ling in »f life, tmonly Is early \t with all '759* ^^*' History of ihe War. 143 all their other colonies, continued in a languidiing condi- tion: It was in the beginning of the prefent century, that they began to emerge. Aft^r the peace of Utrechu had Siven France time to breatiie, fhc turned her attention rongly to thefe iflands ; Guadaloiipe partook however lefs of this care than Martinico, and yet, by its natural ad van- tages, it does not fall (hort of that iHand, neither in the c^uantity, or the goodnefs of its produce ; if it docs not greatly exceed it in both ; as it certainly does in its capacity to receive all forts of improvement. The importance of this ifland, until its late conqueft, was very little known in England. The reafon was this; by an old regulation, the people of Guadaloupe were forbid to trade direflly with Europe, but were obliged to fend all their produce to Martinico, frofti whence they had all their European commodities. A ftrange regulation, to be continued in an age fo enlightened as this, by a nation fo enlightened as France. ^ The Englifh made attempts upon this ifland in 1691, apd 1 703 ; but they were neither powerful enough, nor con- duced with fufficient ability to produce any permanent ef- feft ; the troops waded the country, and retired with their booty. But on this occafion, of which we are going to fpeak, they were more able, ftrong, and fortunate. On the 23d of January, the fleet came before the town of B^Te Terre, the capital of the ifland, a place of confi- derable extent, large trade, and defended by a flrong for- trefs. This fortrefs, in the opinion of the chief engineer, was not to be reduced by the fliipping. But Commodore Moore, notwithftanding this opinion, brought four men of war to bear upon the citadel ; the refl were difpofed againft the town, and the batteries which obflru£^ed the landing. About nine in the morning a fire from all fides began, which continued with the utmofl fury until night, when the citadel, and all the batteries, were efFedually filenced. During this cannonade the bombs, that were continually fliowered upon the town, fet it on fire in feveral places. It burned without interruption the whole of this and the fol- lowing day; when it was almoft totally reduced to aflies. The lofs was prodigious from the number of warehoufes in the town, full of rich, but combuflible materials. Nothing could be more flriking, than the horror of the fpcdacle^ ....■•"'' ' ^ from 144 'The HiSTOKY of the War, 1759. iVom the n ')tual and i\nremUted fire of To many great (hips auii baticrie , heightened with a long line of flames, which extended alortg the (hore, and formed the back ground of this terriblf pidure. in this lively engagement, our lofs was very inconlidera- ble. The next day the forces lwncJ«J without op- J.iri. 24. pofltion, and, took pofTeifion ot tluj town jnd t sta- dtl Notwithftanding this iuccvrs) thp iflancii %va8 far from being reduced. The country is rugged and tno-i^» tainou£» and abounded wiih pal'es and Jitilcjv, ot i: dlHu-.-Jt and dangerous nature. I^he inhabitanvs bad retired with their armed )> d and reduced the towns of St. Anne, and St. Francois ; v«/hil(> ;i>is atr !rk diverted the enemy's attention, 'the Gene- ra! k*f upon the (Irong port of Gofier, and poiTefTed him- ft!f oi it; rjnd thus ^e Grand Terre was in a manner re- duced, and difabled from fending any relief to the other part. There is a coniiderable mountain, not far from the town of Bafle Terre, called Dos d*Afne, or the Afs's Back ; thi- ther a great part of the enemy had retired. It is a pod of great ftrength, and great importance, as it keeps a watch upon the town, and at the fame time foirms the only com- munication there is between that town and the Capes Terre, the plained, pleafanted, and moil fruitful part of the whole ifland. It was rot judged praflicable to break into it by this way; 9nd all the reft of Guadaloupe was in the enemy's pofleiTion. Therefore a plan was formed for another operation, by which it was propofed to furprize Petit Bourg, Goyave, and St. Mary's, and by that way to march into Capes Terre, which might be eafily reduced. But this dcfign failing, it was neccflary to attempt thofe aces by main force. Col. Clavering and Col. Crump anded near Arnonville, and attacked the enemy, ftrongly intrenched at a pod, ftrong by nature, called Le Corne. This was forced ; another intrenchment at Petit Bourg had tlie fame fate; a third hear St. Mary's yielded in the fame manner. An opening being at lafl made into the Capes ^;'/ ; • ■■■- Terre, r, «7S9. ^-^^ History ./,fe War 'lev came m and capitulate^, .t- "^ ^'''■* »"<^ fwordi ond thcr civil and reliriml k ' *"""' PoAiflions, » to ,hcm. '"'&""•» ''ber-cs were gran.e^ May ,. after, and * jh^ rlZ^^r"""'" ' ''^ V» .9*. Squadron under M R« ^ '^ ^S'-cd, when the Pr u valua^: ifllTd! 'Zr 'a''^"""*"" /^ «-' Britain .K- "li'ch the Fnrlift. . ""^P^'gn of near threen!' .'l '^" J^Sea„d,,e^^«:t:XftS with a'^rnr'- s:^ntr3:K^-e:^^^hTf^^^^ thefe ^Iffi 1 ? '"'' ^''"y 'hine that Zlj <^f^"ded by tnele difficulties only increaC-f .T ^ ''"''•» •*>em • .ft "ho though, nothiti loffiM '''^"''''"■- <^' "urXPces "ere no. more diftljgXdfo' »".''" ~mmande„r«S ^reaha ""' *°' '^^*rvi';;:?7;:;,'''^Pi<'i.vand'*^ 'ween .hem. r^ f:^lZt"^T''"e ">« f"b«' ed ^ - ha. , r^ ,,,^,^^1^-. a» -o^Bre.ve that .I'X" T" >' 7"^ ^o« Gen B • ^^ ^ ?®'^ aJ] exubarked, with I 146 ^be History of the War. »759. It mud not be omitted, that many of the inhabitants exerted themfelves very galiantly in the defence of their country. A woman* a confiderable planter in the ifland, parti- their baggage, He. without the lofs of a man. The fleet failed the next tooraing for Fort Uuit, but from the very great difficulty * of turning to wiodwaKl, wece not able io rea« h it tilf rbe 1 itb, at (bur in tlte afternoon, when all the fliip» of war, but only twenty fife of tlie lianljxMts, came to an ancpcir t the others wera illhei (irifen fijuch to Jeewatu* uf prevented oy the wimis ana urqng currents from weathering flu* point of Saiulet. I WHHf on rtiojc fir Fort Louh iWevcuina >(i fee t|ie ferfs Bajf, with all the ilitps of war, except the R«ebuck of 40 guns, which he left, as (bme protedion to the tranfports. From this lime to the 17th, I continued to dired works to be •made for the fecurity of the camp, and for the hnilliing, as well as fbengthening the lines, when, the chief engineer, who was on board one of the traofporiii that could not before get up, beint;; arrived^ and having made to me a report of the weaknefs of '.ne Foi t, I thought it necelTary to call a council of war to coiiUder the ftate thereof; and it being debated whether the Fort might \-\. 759. tatJts their [bind, parti- [ failed [ficultf ' : : iitbf ut onlf [ids ana c»t,an the rmer 1759. 7'te Hi&TotiY of tbe W AH. 14*9 former ifland. T .» is a fmall place, but the conqueft is of confequcnce, as the French by this are left no footing in the Leeward iflands: Martinico is one of thofe to the v/ind- ward. lit the 3, asl tioops \i the t been : lines, e lofs, jffeffed inders, 1 Bap- rtcidges hat was f of the li, who Lhe Lee- olloMt a likewifc wee men with the rident, I i thrown iuie paft, battery ; Tally) to [rdingly a ic com- lUt much the work, and one and re- , and fix [he aflift- aswel! [might be )S, being nov now arrived ) nine having come on the 23d of March, and the others by one or two in a day ; as I had ^ng intended, fo iboa as it was in my power to make an attack on the Guatialoupe fide, as the enemy had there fome polls of infinite confequence, I form- ed, upon the information of fome Negroe$t who promlfcd to con- duct the troops in flat-bottom boats by night, a dcfign of furprizr* ine Petit Bourg, Guoja've, and St. Marie'st at the fame time. Tne firft was to be ettefled by Brig. Crump, who, the moment he had made hiinfelf mafler of it, was to march to bay Mahaut, and deftroy the batteries there, as well as a large magazine of provi- fions that the enemy had colle£led from the Di4tch, and to hinder any more arriving : The latter, under Brig. Clwvering, after he had furprifed St. Marias and Gueyafve, was to march into the Capefierre, and reduce that fine country. The fuccefs of this appeared not only to me, but to the gentlemen who were to exe- cute it, alniofl infallible : But the night proved fo bad, and the Negroe conduQors were fo frightened, that they run f^veral of the boats on the fhoals, of which that coaft is full ; fo that tho' Brig. Ciavtring did land with about eighty men, yet the place was fo full of mangroves, and fo deep in mud, that he was obliged to return, but not without the enemy's difcovering our defign. This obliged me to attempt by force, what could not be effe6K> ed upon a fafer plan : But as I then was laid up in a moft feverfe fit of the gout in my feet, head, and flomach, I (ent Brigadiers Ciaivering and Crump to reconnoitre the coad near AmovilTe ; and upon their report, ] ordered one thoufand thvee hundred regulars, and one hundred and fifty of the Antigua volunteers, to land un- der the protection of the Woolwich man of war : What happened afterwards, you will fee by the following let.cr which I received at Petit Bourg from Brig. Clat/ering, on the z^iu of April. At M. P$yen^s, Capejlerre^ GuaJaloupe, April 2^, *7$9« m SIR, •■■** n;5^3'n 't'^umi'Fm-f- ■" I 'i:H*'t^^ rvVi^- ON 7hurfday the 12th of April, at day-break, I landed with the troops which you put under my orders, confifling of one thoufand three hundred men, exclufive of the Antigua volun- teers, at a Bay not far diilant from Armvilte. The enemy made L3 I'l I ''''I li I no 150 The History of the W ah, *759« •ward, Thefe beginningft were happy omc •» . of »he fuccefs of the more important undertaking, which w^i to be carried on in anottkcr part of Ameriga. The reputation of our arms nooppodtion to our laiiding, but retired, as our troops advanced, to very llrong intrencluncnts behind the liver L« Corn. This poft was to them of the greatell importance, as it covered the whole country to the bay Mahautj uliere the provifions und fupplics of all forts were lanvicd from St. Eujlatia, and ihcicfbic they had ve- ry early taken poflefllon of it, and haU Ipared no piiins to ftrengthen it, though the Htuation was fuch as required vciy little aHiUance from art. The river was only acceffibic ai /wo narrow paflcs, on account of a moiaf: covered will) iriruigroves, and thofe places the luij occupied with a rcdoubr and well pallifaded intrench- nien''d, defended witli cannon, and all the militia of that pan of the country. Wc could only appronch them in a very contrufted front, which wa:i at lead reduced to the breadth of the roads, in- terfpfled with deep and wide ditches. Our artillery, which con- fift^u !.){ four field pieces nnd two hawbitzers, were ordered to keep a cnnttaiit 6re on the top oi' the iiitrenchments, to cover the attack mac'e by Duroure\ regiment and the Highlanders^ who, on this occaiion, behaved with the grc-.itell coolnefs and refolution, keeping up, as they advanced, a regulai platoon firing. This be< haviour i'o intimidated the enemy, that they abandoned the firft intrenchmenr on the left, into which the flighlanders threw theni- felves, fword in hand, and purfued the cneqiy, with part of Du- roure's regiment, into the redoubt. The enemy ftill kept their ground at their intrenchments on the right, from whence they annoyed our people very much, both with mufqiietry and cannon ; and though thofe who had carried the firfl intrenchments had got into their rear, yet, till a bridee coqld be made to pafs the river, they could not get round to at- tack this pofl. This took us up near half an hour ; but however we got up time enough to take near feventy of the enemy prifo- ners, as they were endeavouring to make their efcape, amongft whom were fome of the mof): conflderable inhabitants of the ifland.' Wc found in both the intrenchments fix pieces of cannon. Our lofs was one ofHcer and thirteen men killed, and two ofHcers and fifty two men wounded, So foon as the ditches could be filled up for the pafTage of tire artillery, we proceeded on our inarch towards Petit Bourg. A conflderable number of the enemy had lined an intrenchment 759- jcccfs arried if our arms ancedf lis poil ! wbole }lies of hail vc- :ngthen [Tiltancc iffcs, on : places Urench- pari of ntrufted )ads, in- ich con- dcied to :ovei the who, on :folu»ion, This be- the firft w them- t of Du- lls on the h, both 111 carried a bridge id to at- however \r\y prifo- amongfl: :s of the ion. Our icers and of t^e ourg. A 5nchn»ent about '759' Tte Hi sronY cf the War, 151 arms there* except in the redodion of Loiiifboorg, had hitherto not been irery great, fiut other commanders were now appointcdi and other maxims prevailed. f^Iowevcry about half a mile on the left of the rood, l>iit when ihej pcrcetTcd wc were cndeavouriog to forronnd them, thcjr abuDiioncd it, keep- ing always aboat two hundred yards iu our Iront, fetiingr fire to the fugar-can«3, which obliged na ntore than once to leave the load» to avoid any accident to our powder. The troops arrived late on the banka of the river LezMrJ, be- hind which, at the only ford, the enemy had thrown up very ftrong intrench nienis, protected with four pieces of caiuMm or the hill behind them. Having reconnoitred the (ide of the river, and fioch'ng it might cod us very dear to tbrce i\ie paiiagc at the ford, I ihereforc kept up their attention all the night by firing into iheir Iiih's, during which time i got two canoes conveyed al)Out a nitic and a half down the river, where being launched, wc ferryed over, before break of day in the morning, a fuflicient number of men to at- tack them in flank, whiill we ftiould do the fame in liront: The enemy foon perceived their danger, and left their intrenchmenta with the greateil precipitation. Thus we pafied without the iofs of a man, ftill purfuing them to Petit B»urg, which place they had fortified with lines, and a redoubt filled with cannon. We found Capt. Ut/eJale there, in the Granada bomb, throw- ing ihells into the fort. The enerny did not remain in it Jong, when they faw our intention of occupying the heights round them, hot left us mailers of that, and the Port, with all the cannon round the place. We halted here the i4tb, to get proviiions for the troops. On the 1 5th at day break, Bng. Crump was detached with feven hundred men to the bay Mahautj and .t the faai« time Capt. Steel with one hundred to Guttyave^ about iovcn miles in our front, to deftroy a battery there. The panick of the enemy waa fuch, that they only difcharged their cannon at him, and aban- doned a poft that might have been defended againft an army. He nailed up feven pieces of cannon, and returned the iame evening to Petit Bourgt Brig. Crump returned likewife the next day with his detachment from the bay Mabauty where he found the town and batteries abandoned. Thefe he burnt, with an immenfe quantity of proviHons, that had been landed there by the Dutch, and reduced the whole country, as far as Petit Bourg. L4 Th« i! I 1^2/ The History of the War, "^159' wc poftpone the narrative of thefe very interefting events, to confider thofe which ih rvened on the continent of Eu- rope, in which too we are to fee our arms no lefs dtAin- guifhed ; The heavy rains on the lucceeding days had Co fwelled the ri- vers, that it was iirpofTible for the troops to advance; however, this delay gave us an opportunity of ftrengthening the poft at Petit Bourg. On the 1 8th in the evening, the Antigua volunteers took pof- ieflloh again oiGuoywuei they were fupported early the next morn- ing by a detachnient commanded by Lieut. Col. Barloiv, who had orders to repair the road for the palFage of the cannon. On the 2oth, atter leaving two hundred and fifty men to guard Petit Bourg, the remaining part of the detachment, with the can- non, moved on t ^uoyatvef in order to proceed afterwards to St. Marie'st wher v t were informed the enemy were colledling their whole force to oppofe us, and had lilcewife thrown up intrench- ments, and made barricadoes on the road to prevent our approach to it. We were not long before we perceived them j but, at the fame time, we found, as veil by our own obfervation, as by the information of the guides, that it was not impoflible to get into their rear by roads the enemy thought imprafticable, and confe- quently had guarded with very little care. A detachment was immediately formed under Col. Barlotv, for thi? fervice, and orders were fent to haften the march of the ar- tillery, which, from the badnefa of the roads, had not been able to get up. The firft fhot from our cannon, placed very near their intrenchment, with the alarm that was given by our detachment in the rear, made the enemy very foon fenfible of the dangerous fituation they were in, and indeed their precipitate flight only fa- ved them from being all taken prifoners. We purlued them as far as the heights of St. Marie's^ where we again formed our men, for a fre(h attack on the lines and bat- teries there. Whilft the barricadoes were levelling for the artillery, we at- tempted a fecond time to pafs the woods and precipices that co-^ vcred the flanks of the enemy's lines j but, before we could get up our cannon, they perceived our movement, and began to quit their lines to oppofe it, which made us refolve, without any further delay, to attack them immediately in front ; and it was accord- ingly executed with the greateft vivacity, notwithftanding the con- ftant firing of both their cannon and mufquetry. They abandoned here all their artillery, and went off in fo much confufion, that thvy never aftervvard? appeared before uj, . We 1759* Tbe HisTOKY of ibe War. 153 guiflied; and to behold England emerging from the rub- bifli of low principles and timid condud, once more become the pride and terror of Europe, and ading in a manner not unworthy the moft illuftrious periods of her hiftory. ' CHAP. get up lit their further accord- the con- mdoned , that We We took up our quarters at St. Marie's that night, and the next day entered the Cape/ierre^ which is the licheft and moft beautiful part of this or any other country in the Weft- Indies, Eight hundred and feventy Negroes^ belonging to one man only, furrendered this day. Here MefT. de Glainvijliers and Duqueruy^ deputed by the prin- cipal inhabitants of the ifland, met me to know the terms you would grant them; and, as I accompanied them to Petit Bourg the next day, and there prefented them to you, it is not neceffary for me to mention any tranfa£tion fincc that time. I cannot, however, conclude, without doing juftice to thofe, to whofe merit is due the fuccefs that has attended the King's arms on this pccafion j I mean the fpicit and conftancy of the troops : To Brig. Crump, without whofe concurrence I never undertook any thing, but chiefly to yourfelf. Sir, who planned the whole enterprize, and who furnilhed me with all thefe means, without which, neither bravery or prudence can little avail. . .: j ; I have the honour to he, Sec. !; J. CLAVERING. ■■'',•■!' ..!t:.-.-i:i The Hon. Gene*'al Barrington'j Letter to the Right Hon. Mr. Se^ cretary Pitt, dated Head !^arters^ in tht Capefterre, Guada- loupe, May 9, 1759. ^ -: . ^ I Have the fatisfaftion to inform you, that by great perleve- rance, and changing entirely the nature of the war, by carry- ing it on by detachments, I have at length made myfelf mafter of Guadaloupe and Grand Terre. This is a work, Sir, that, T be- lieve, the moft fanguine (confidering our total feparation from the fleet) could not expeft to have been performed by fo fmall a bo- dy of men. I iliall not in this trouble you wuh a detail, as I have done my- felf the honour of fending it to you in my other letter. I iliall only fay in general, that the great good condudl and zeal of Bri- gadiers Clatr,cc for .■•■■ invaftoii. Havre bombarded. Action oj^' Cape Lugos. ifffi'-b feet defeated. WE left the army of Prince FcniinarK? upon the retreat, ever fince the hatllc oi Brrgcn. The ^ renrh ad- vanctd wiili great vivacity; iheir light troops niuue incur- hons tren liments, and ftrong pa/TeG j took fifty pieces of cannon, and advanced as far aa the CapeJJerre, the only i jinaining tinreductd part of the country. This at laft brought the enemy to terms. My fitu.iiion was luch, that it was ahfoluiely neceifary, that what was done fhould not be piacraftinated, ;is I was determined to grant no truce for time enough ior the inhabitants to recover fronri their fear&. Mr. Mooic was abfeoi^ the thing prcfled j and fonie tefolution was to be taken immediately. That, which I took, wati according to the beft of my undeillanding^ and I hope> Sir, you will apprc-.vc of it. I beheve, Sir, the infinite confequence and value of Guada- loiipc and Grand lerre, is not perfe£lly known in England^ as (if I am rig!) 'v infcirr.icd) there is more fugar grown here than in all the Lcenvard Iftands put together ; befid'~" f^reat quantities of cotton and coffee. The country, efpecially the Capejlerrsy the fined I ever faw, watered with good rivers every mile or two ; and a port belonging to it, where all the navy of England might ride fate from hunicanes. All this ran be explained much better, than I can by letter, by Bi^-. Cla»■ me to procure a return of le artillery and (lores (which have been delivered up, in confetjuence of the capitulation) to fend by this opportunity ; but J hope to be able to have the honour of fending it very foon. I cannot help congratulating i<\yfelf, that I had juft figned ffie capitulation with the Inhabitants of the Grand 'Terre, when a mef- fenger arrived in their camp to acquaint them, that M. Beauhar- tioisy the general of thefe iflands, had landed at St. Anne'sy on -the windward part of that Ifland, with a reinforcement from Mar- tinico, of fix hundred regulars, two thoufand buccaneers, and two thoufand rtar.d of fpare arms for the Inhabitants, witii artillery and mortars, under the convoy of M. Bompart's fquadron. This fup- ' :^.: port, if* i i : »56 7/r HrsTORY of the War. »759' m^ Munfter ant! Minden, in order to rctiird the enemy's pro- grcls: their principal cttftgn Teemed to be to cut off his port, had it rirrived there an hour fooncr, iiiufi have made the coiHiuell ol that ifland very difhcolt, w not impoflilile. Ay foon as lie heurd the capituliuiun waa figncd, he rcimbmkcd again. Cmimoi/ore JVIoorc'i Letter to thf Rifrht Hon. Mr. Secretary Pitt, J0teil Caiiilnidgc, in Prince Rupevi'j Uay, Duinini^ue, May BY the Griffin, which arrived here on the \ jiU of Aprily I vva;i hoiioined with your lencr, ftgiiiiying hia Majefty'a inoft giiirfous approbation ol my cooduilit, aiid oi the behaviour of thole Tiiu'cr my conunarul, which 1 took the liberty to conummi- caic to ihofc gciiilemcn : And give mc kave to lay, Sir, nothing can conirihiite \o much to our hnppiners, as being honoured with, and rxfciiting orders to the lionour of his Majelty's arnia. Give me leave. Sir, to congratulate you on the capitulation ot the ifland of Gtmdnlotipe and Granti Ttrte, which Major Gen. Barrinffton fends to you by ihis e:;prefs ; in gaining which, great i.oiioui is due to the troops, 'i he thong hold, the enemy had, could not he conquereo but by great condudl and relblu- tion. I hope the conijueft will prove as great an acquifltion as it ap- pears to me. It 13 with great plcafnre, I think 1 inny fay, Sir, that on thia expcditipn, grear unanimity has been kept up between the two Corps, SvS well in obedience to hia Majetb''s conuuands, as from our own inclinations. It has ever been \\v. wiih to have fuch har- mony fubfilt, and I flatter niyfelf I have always fucceeded. I beg leave to acquaint you, Sir,- that, on the 2d loll. l>eing informed, the French fquadron, under the command of M. Botn^ f^rfy was to windward of Marigahnte, I put to fea in the night, and endeavoured to get up with them ; but, after beating five days, and having gained very little, two of our cruizers, that l*^ad fent different ways, to watch the enemy's motions, faw thein, the 6th inrt. return betwixt the two iflands into Fort; Rfji/. From the almoil conftant lee currents, it being very dif- ficult for fliips to get to windward, it mull always be in the ene- my's choice, whether they will come to a general action or not. I'heir fquadron confifts of nine fail of the line, and three fri- gates. I iliall, in conjunftlon with Gen. Barrington^ give every aflift- ange in my power to any other fervices. retreat ^^ 1759* 7*Zv History rccife, or they virerenot fufficiently underftood by the Eng- i/h commander } Aj that thcri was fome delay in waiting for an explanation. The critical minute pafled away ; the Britiifh cavalry loft their fliare in the glory of the a^Lon ; and the French reticated in fome order, favoured by the fpirited and well-judged efforts of the Duke of Broglio, and the advantages which the poflcfTion of Minden gave them. What is remarkable, the French attributed their misfor- tune in this battle to the fame error in their difpofition, which loft: them the batile of Blenheim ; that of compofing their centre almoft wholly of cavalry, without any proper fupport of foot. The battle was over ; but then it was that the cfic£ls of Prince Ferdinand's admiri Me difpofitlons appeared in their full luftre. The French not having been molefted by the Britifti cavalry in their retreat, had an opportunity of re- gaining their former advantageous poft. They had, indeed, loft the honour of the day, and miffed the ftroke which they had meditated. They had likewife loft a great r/umber of men. But all thefe Icfl'esand dil'graccs might be repaired, and there feemed nothing decifive in the day of the Minden. It had certainly happened, as it then appeared, if the Prince who forefeen this, and negle6iing nothing which could be provided, had not formed the plan of detaching z^tSj the Hereditary Prince in the manner already related. At five in the morning of that day, this young hero attacked a large body of the French under the Duke de Brifac ; this body, though ported in a moft advantageous manner, he entirely defeated, and obliged them to take refuge in Min- den. The news of this blow came with an ill omen to M. de Contades, in the inftant when the Englifh infantry began to engage his centre. The eneroy himfelf could not help admiring the dexterity of the ftroke under which he funk: and full of aftonilhmeiu at a conduft cit once fo daring and judicious, paid the juft applaufe to a General, who could detach with tecuriry fo large a body from his army, when 1 50> rhat ( the the 'itua- :l>out ently uting ; the )y the oglio, { gave nisfor- jfition, jpofuig proper Fcas of in their by the of re- indeed, ; will' h number epaired, Vlinden. Prince ould be rQ^ the At five ,cked a ic; this ier» he |in Min- jn to M. |y began lot help le funk: [ing and could I, when he 1759. The HiBTOK'v of t be War. 161 he was going to attack an enemy already much fuperior to him in numbers. This happy Hroke decided the affair, all the pafles thro' which the French could draw fuccour or provifion, were feized. They rclinquiHied their fliong pod ; they fled through Minden, and pafling the Wefer, retreated to the^ eailward of that river ; thus lofing all the advantages which they had made in the campaign, and forced to retreat thro* a country different from that through which they had ad- vanced, and ir» which they had taken no meafures to pro- cure fuhfiftence. The lofs of the French in this a£lion amounted to about feven thouland men killed, wounded and prifoners ; among whom were many officers of confiderable rank. The lofs of the allies was not more than two thoufand. The Eng- lifh, as they gaint:d the greateil glory, fo they were the ffrcafcft fufrerers. Twelve hundred of the killed and wound- ed were of that nation. 'The Prince on the day after the hnttle paid the due honours to thefe illuflrious corps, as well. as to fevcral of the, Hanoverians who had behaved in the fame gallant manner. He did juftlce to the merit of the officers i he diflinguifhed their names, and even particula- rifcd fo low as captains. 'J'o fomc in the mofl obliging manner he fent confiderabTe prefenis ; and he omitted no- thing to (hew that he knew what it is to be well ferved, and how to encourage the troops and officers to do their duty with fpirit and chearfulnels. Although the Englifh had the greatefl fliare in the ho- /. ihe orders for the rejoicing, which were fuppofed to co. -^y a ^ery fevere refleftion on Lord George Sackville, crmmander in ■iL. Serene Highnefs declares publickt/, that next to God he attri* 'butes the glory of the day to the intrepidity and <>xtraordinary good behaviour of thefe troops, which he alFures them he /liall retain the ftronged fenfe of as long as he lives ) and if ever upon any occafion he Hiall be able to ferve thefe brave troops, or any of them in particular, it will give him the utmoil pleafure. His Serine I^ighnefs orders his particular thanks to be likewife givei "to Gnneta] Sporcken, the Duke of //o(/?««, Lieutenant Generals Ifnhoff^i'nA Urff. His Serene Highnefs is extremely obliged to the Count de Buckeburgt for his extraordinary Care and trouble in the nttnagen«nt of the artillery, vHhich was fcrved v^ith great efFeft j likewife to the commBndir>g officers of the fevePal' brigades of ar- tillery, viz. Colonel Brorone, Lieutenant Colonel Hutte, Major Hajfey and the three Emglifb Captains, Phillips^ Drummond^ and FoVf, His Serene Highnefs thinks himfelf infinitely obliged to M«j<)t Generals tValdegrave and Kingfleyt for their great coura^ and good order, in which they conduded their br^ades. His 'Ser'eH6 Highnefs further orders it to be declared to Lieutenant G-niidral the Itlarquis ofGranty, that he is perfuaded, that if he 'fes-a hid^the good fortune to have had him at the head of the caval- ¥) of iKe'ri^fWfrtg, hisprefence would have greatly contrfbtited tl, make thedecifion of that day more complete and tliore btillilnt. 1 1 fhort, his Serene Highnefs orders , thlt thbfe bf'his Stti/e whofe behaviour he mod admired be named, as the Dtfke of ^ichmndy 'Coloifel/'t4«r«y, Captain Legotiur, Colonel Watftfiy "CBptein ^TiV- ftrty aid de camp to Major General Waldegrtputy Adjutant-Gene- rals Erfioffy Bulow, Durendolle, the Count Toie and Maltrti ; his Serene Highnefs having much reafon to be fatisiied with their condu^. And htj Serene Highnefs defiresand-orrters'ltfe generals of the army, that upon all occaHons when orders are brought to them^by His aid de calilj)s, that they be obeyed pundually^ and without delay. . ,„ , '^Prince Ferdinand, in ibi Orders of tht zd of Aifgufly having 'oihittedCdptaitt Maihian, ftnt ihefoiioiving, larote in bis own \ '»■'■■ -^ • -• -■ * - .1.1 .. ■ . • Iv S I R, IT is frOm a fenfe of your nierit, and a regard to juftlce, thfit . I do Ju this Wiaririer declare I have reafon to be infinitely fatisfied J:t. ■<,:•'■ : . . 1759- (VI • the kiander in ic attn- wdinary he Hiall f er upon )r any of re. His rife give I Generals ed to the ble in the at effea ; des of at- te, Major montit and obliged to at courage ades. His Lieutenant that if he fthecaval- ■ontrlbUted [re btilliatnt. aite whofe jptain'^i^ itant-Gene- laltrti ; his with their le generals brought to ";ually, and * in bis own iuftice, tb^t je infinitely 1759. Tiie History 0/ ik WjiK. ^ ^i6^ chief ot the Englifti forces. The Prince rqq^ired wit^i an eniplii>ns) which fecmed particularly pointqd^ ^h^t his.orderi by his aids de cannps for the future fliould be more exadly ol'eyid. In a manner Hill lei 10 be milunderftood, he ex- prcded his concern that the Marquis of Granby had not had the command of the Britilh cavalry. Had he com- manded, his highnefs made no doubt that the f^ccefs of the day had been much more complete and brilliant. The fe- vere infinuation concerning the difoljcdience to orderS) and the remarkable compiimext tu a fubordiiiate officer, were clear declarations. The news of a vi^orv a ccnfure lb difgraceful 1 to England. In proportid jn proportion to their opin. rious to our troops, ^nd of mander, came at once which 6lled all hearts* le great general to >vhoin they owed fo feafoiiable an advantage, was (h^ir indign^^ti- on againft the unfortunate commander to whpm it was at- tributed that this advantage was not greater. The publjcy as ufual, judged definitively upon the.firfl: charge They never pardon a general wliofe error it is to fall fliort. ;In vain they are prayed tofufpeiui their judgment, and to wait for a full difcufTion ; the matter is already decided ; they have a fad againA an officer, and they look upon ^11 rea- foning in his favour, not lo much a defence of his condu£ky as the exerUon of eloquence and artifice to palliate a negle^ of fatisBed with your behaviour, a6tivi y, and zeal, which in fo codr fpicuous a maooer you made appear at the hattje oi T.bornhauJ»n on the firil oi Augujl. The talents you poiTefs in your profedioa did not a little contribute to render our iirefupeiipr |;p il>at of the enemy j and it is to you and your brigade that I am ipdebted ifpr having filenced the fire of a battery of the en^my, which extreme- ly galled the troops, and particularly the Britijb infantry. Accept then, fir, from me, thejuft tribute of my moft perfeft acknowledgments, accompanied with my fincere thanks. I ihall be happy in every opportunity of obliging you, defiring only oc- cafions of proving it ; being with the molt diftinguiihed efteem, i:\;;.M:^-r^:,. Tour dtvated and y\ii'*.'i,n '. iij faiisfied •via entirify ^ffe£l}*pfl(§ fer^ant, .i^j,sUi.-Qj. ^'-^ Ferdinand. v:^^^;.■^••^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 I « 12.0 1-25 111 1.4 I m 6" Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. UaSO (716) S72-4S03 \ qv \\ ^A >j^ ;\ '<^ •S},^ i64 Tbe History of ibe War. ^159' of duty. This indeed makes the cafe oJF officers particular- ly hard; but then it always (hews them what they have to do. •^■'"^' The merits of the matter are dill regarded in the fame light by the public. But the heat, the eagernefs, and curiofi* ty of the firft movenlents being over, the matter will be heard, whenever it comes to be again difcufled with lefs at- tention, but with lefs paiTion too. It is not for us to deliver any opinion in fo nice a controverfy. We have in points of lefs moment hitherto declined it ; and we (hall always de- cline it until the proper judges before whom it probably will come, fhatl have taught us what to think. There is indeed no doubt that if the cavalry of the allies right wing, fituated as it was, had been brought to ad: at the critical time when it had orders to move, the battle of Minden had proved as decifive as that of Hocfled. But whether it was a fault in the giving or the delivering of the orders, or whether it was fome mifapprebenfion in him who received them* we cannot but fincercly pity a commander of fuch admirable talents, who> by the err^ or the misfortune of a momvent, loft an opportunity that would have ranked him for ever with the Marlboroughs aiid the Brunfwicks. A few days after the battle his lordfhip refigned his com- mand and returned to I^ndon. He was but n few days in Landon when he was. deprived of all his military employ- ments. The Marquis of Granby, whom the opinion of Exince Ferdinand, and the defires of the whole army had pointed out, . fucceeded him in his command. A generous and ardent courage, an affability of. manners that flowed from no artifice, a manly freedom and opennefs of foul, a chearfttl and unreferved converfation, a muntBcence that knew ito bounds, fo many qualities of the man and of the fol- dier, endeared him to the whole army, and rendered Eng- liih and foreigners, his inferiors, his equals and his fuperior in command, unanimous in his favour. Whilft thefe changes were making. Prince Ferdinand loft no time to improve his vidpry, by the purfuit of the French, who retired in the utmoftdiftrefs. The allisswere not indeed able to overtake the main 'body of their army, but they haraffed them extremely, and the French were obliged to facrifice a great part of their army piece-meal to preferve the reft entire. The neceffity of providing fubfif- ence drove them towards CafTel. The Prince purfued them, 1759* Tbe History of ibe W AR^ 165 them* obliged them to evacuate that place, and once mor^ freed that poor di(lrefl*ed country from the French tyranny The caftle of Ziegenhayn, afler an hour's defence, gave the allies about four hundred prifoners. After thi^ the Hereditary Prince of Brunfwick, equally con- Aug. 23. fpicuous in the greater and the lefler operations of warj made a private march at night in order to 27. furprife a corps of French irregulars,' command- ed by the famous partizan Fifcher, which were poded at Wetter, where it was convenient for the allies to encamp. This corps he entirely routed, killing a great number and taking four hundred. The French threw a garrifon into Marpurg, in hopes of putting fome (lop to the rapid career of the allies. In efFed this did prove an obftacle for fome days, but at length the caftle furrendered, and the garrifon, confiding of between eight and nine hun- Sept. 11. dred men, became prifoners of war. Here a bound was fet to the progrefs of the allied arms. Not that they were (lopped by any confiderable obdrudion from the main body of the French in that quarter, but from • fome e(Fe£ls in another quarter of the unfuccefsful begin- ning of the campaign, from which the battle of Minden had not yet perfeQly difengaged them. Munfler was dill behind them, and dill in the hands of the enemy, who had a powerful garrifon in that city. M. de Contades, who even after his defeat exceeded the allies in numbers, and had now no further view of an ofFenfive campaign, fent 3 drong body under d'Armentieres, which was reinforced by fome troops from the Lower Rh«ne, to near (ifteen thoufand men, to cover that place. Prince Ferdinand had before detached General ImhofF from CaflTel in order to reduce it. On the approach of d'Armentieres, Imhoff was obliged to raife the fiege. But being foon after re- inforced, the French commander retired in his Sept. 6. turn towards Wefel, the poffefllion of which place had all along proved of infinite importance to the French in all their operations. The fiege of Munder was again re- fumed, but the budnefs threatened to be di(!icuU and tedious. This however was the only rub which the allies encountered. In all other refpeCls they were perfedly fortunate. They had driven their enemy two hundred miles before them, and at the end of the campaign, after all their e(Forts, and all their M 3 . linguine ^. i6^ Ti^ HisTOR-^ of the W AH, 1759. fanguine hopes of conqueft, fer thcrti down jiift where they had begun it. The '^vent of the battle of Minden, and the fubfcquent misfortunes of the French aiTnS, threw Verfailles into the Utmoft confudon. The news of tfhat defeat arrived jiift as the king was taking horfe to hunt. He retired filent and' dejeftcd into the apartment of Mjirfam de Pompadour, and for feme time faw none of his minifliers. The Duke of Brog- lio and Maiihal de Contades mutually accufed each other for the ill conduf^ of that day. The piublic acquitted Brog- tio. Belleirfe and his General ContadeS loft all reputati- on : but the duke ilill prefcrved his employment and a con- iiderable part of hi$ influence at court. As foon as the Brft confufion and furpfize of fo unexpe£l- ed an event was a little abated ; it was refolved fo fend re- inforcements to their army in Germany, and at the fame time to fend thither fome bfficer of experience and authori- ty, who might judge, and compofe, if poflible, the differ- cricw_ which fubfifted between the commanders ; as well as to aflift in the deliberations for retrieving their affairs. Pub- lic misfortunes call great men from their obfcurity. M. de Etrees was chofen on this occ^afion, and invefted with an au- thority which he unwillingly accepted. When he Sept. 25. arrived at the French camp, he could not avoid a figh on viewing of the ruins of that army, vhich had triumphed under his command at Haftenbeck. However, his behaviour to M. de Contades polite and generous. The old Marechal told him tha . was not come to take his comniiand, but to ferve under him ; and vhilft he aflifted him with his advice, he would receive his orders. v Whilft the French endeavoured to piece up tlieir broken fortune in Germany, they made fome fhow of pqfliing the other part of their fcheme with vigour. All their ports ivere (ull of the preparations for an invafion of the Britifh dominions. Men of war, tranfports and flat- bottomed boats, now almoft a word of ridicule, were prepared with greatdi- ligence. They talked of a triple embarkation. Monfieut Thurot was to command a fmall fquadron and feveral tranf- ports from Dunkirk, which it was believed were intended for Scotland. This man from a mafter of a merchant fliip became a captain of a privateer, in which capacity he greatly fMinoyed theEnglifli trade, and acquired a reputation. At a time f759- The History of iJb/rW AK, 167 a time wh«n Prance does not abound with great men> hh fervices in this way and hift daring fpirhy recommended- him taa command in the king's tervice. The defign againft England, as the voyage hither is the fliorteil, was to be attempted from Havre, and fome other ports of Normandy, in flat-bottomed boats. The thir4 embarkation, which was fuppofed againA Ireland, was to be made from Vannes in the Lower Brittany, where a far^e body of troops was affombied, commanded by the Duk^ d'Aiguitlon governor of that province. This embarkatiofi was 10 be covered by the fleet under M<. de GonHamv which was prejpari^g with great diligence in Breft. Hadthfo defign been fuch as it was repreTented, and had it been put into execution, there is no doubt but fuch an attempt upon both kingdoms, at three different places al once, muft have tl^rown the whote into no fmail confuHon. But exceUent meajfures were taken on the part of England to fruArate their defigns, whatever they might have been.* A Afuadron under Cemmodore Boys was Rationed before Dunkirk. Admiral Rodney was fent to bombard Havre, which fervice he performed >yith fuccefs. Admiral Hawke blo(iked up the harbour of Brtfl with a ftrong ft)uadroR> whilft a leff«- kept a watch upon that of Vannes. Thefe precautioiM weredontirued the whole fummer,dur4ng which time the French proceeded rather flowly, but after the battle of Minden had dieftroyed their hopes in Germany, they turned to this obje^ with the greater attention. Wh^t tflueit had we fliaU relate in its proper plac'e. But their fiftl attempts on the ocean proved a) unfuccefsful as their arms on land. A great fleet was equipped at Toulon^ which fome defti- ned for America, whilft others believed it was defi^ned to unite itfelf with that of Breft to favour the invafuMi. Xdt miral Bofcawen who commanded in the Mediterranean, blocked up this fquadron, until fome unfavourable weather and the foulni^f; of his (hips pbliged him to retmrn to GiU-: raltar to refit. The French took this oppprtu^n^- ty to fail out, s^nd thcjy prp(;^qded with great dijj- J^v^. 14. genge to the ftreights. They bed arrived very near Qil^ralt^r before the admiral htid notice Df their approach ; but notwithilanding that our ihips were not perfeSly prepared to fail, the admiral ufed M 4 - -:< -^.i ;p • ^r* ''' ' ■ ^^^ -"it. i68 The Histohy of the W AM. 1759- fuch great expedition that in two hours after the account ar- rived the EngUfh fleet was out at fea. 1 he Engli(h fleet was compofed of fourteen (hips of the line befides frigates. The enemy had twelve of the line. They were fuperior in the bulk of their (hips and in the number of men, if they were inferior in the number of vef- fels ; and it is the opinion of many perfons of judgmenty that if th^y had formed a hne of battle, and foirght Mr. Boicawen m order, they might very well have hoped for a better ifTue of this matter than they found. But the evil genius of France operating on the cowardice or incapacity of theii: commander, induced them to feparate their fleet and fly. The Engli(h (hips were newly refitted ; they pro- ved better failors ; and the men, animated with the ipirit- ed example of their admiral, engaged the French (hips as they could overtake them $ and they overtook fome of them ofF Cape Lagos in Portugal. A bri(k engagement enfued. Two of the enemy's (hips, the Ocean and the Redoubt- able) were run on (hore and burned. The firft was the (hip of M. de la Clue, the French admiral, who efcapfid to land ; but being grievoufly wounded, and, as it is faidj having loft both his legs, he died foon after. Two other capital (hips, the Centaure and Modefte^ were taken. The fcattered remains of their fleet with difficulty got into the harbour of Cadiz, where they were foon after blocked up, and where they ftill remained. This adion happened on the i8th of Auguft } and it gave a great eclat to the Briti(h arms, which, iti the fame month) had triurnph- fid (o fignally both by fea ?ind land C^^ixjo ar: CHAP. .1.. (b) Admiral Bo/cawepi's Letter to Mr. Clevelandy Secretary t» the Admiralty t dated, Namurey off Cape St. Vincent t Auguft *' ¥ Acguainted you in my laft of my return to Gibraltar to refit, I As foon as the fliips were near ready, I ordered the Lime and Gibraltar frigates, the firft to cruise oflF Malaga^ and the laft from Eftepona to Ceuta Point, to look out, and give me timely notice of the enemy's approach. ■ ■ ' " ** On the 17th, at eight in the evening, the Gibraltar made the (ignal of their appearance j foiirt^en fail on the fiarbary fhore to the *a(lward of C^/a. « 1 got ^1S9' fhe History of the War. 169 CHAP. V. A P. 1>'-Mi^, |o refit, |he laft [timely Lde the lore to I got Count Dobna difgracrd. tVedel fucceedt him. The Rttffiaus enter Silejia. Bottle of Zulicbau. Ruffiani take Frankfort on the Oder. General Laudobn joins them. King ofFruffia joint IVedel. Battle of Cunnerfdorf. King of Prufpa re- paffes the Oder. SoUikoff and Daun communicate. King of Pruffia detaches General fVunfcb into Saxony, Parallel of the King of Prufpa and Prince Ferdinand of Brun- fwick. AS the king of Pruffia's viftory at Rofbach had given the Hanoverians an opportunity to I^CQ^jheir |M>un- try, it might be expe^ed that the a^air ^g||||^^ i»ould have • *' I got under fail as fad as poflible, and was out of the bay be> fore fen, with fourteen fail of the line, the Shannon and i^/nn fireihip. At day light I faw the Gibraltar y and foon after feven fail of large fhips lying to ; but on our not anfwering their Hgnals, they made fail from us. We had a frefli gale, and came up with them iaft, till about noon, when it fell little wind. About half an hour pad two, fome of the headmoll fhips began to engage ; but I could not get up to the Ocean till near four. In about half an hour, the Namur^s mizen maft and both top-fail yards were ihot away; the enemy then made all the fail they could. I Shift- ed my flag to the Newark^ and (bon after the Centaur of feventy- four guns ftruck. I purfued all night, and in the morning of the 19th, faw only four fail of the line ilanding in for the land, (two of the beft Tailors having altered thek courl'e in the night). We were not above three miles from them, and not above nve leagues from the fhore, but very little wind. About nine the Ocean ran amongft the breakers, and the three others anchored. I fent the Intrepid and America to deftroy the Ocean. Captain Pratten having anchored, could not get in ; but Captain Kirk performed that fervice alone. On his nrft firing at the Ocean flie (truck. Captain Kirk fent his officers on board. M. de la Clue having one leg broke, and the other wounded, had been landed about half an hour ; but they found the Captain M. le Comte de Came, and feveral officers and men on board. Captain Kirk, after taking them out, finding it impoffible to bring the ihip off, fet her on fire, Captain Bentley^ of thq IVarfpight, was ordered againft the 'femeraire 17© T'he History of the War. 1759. hare fervcd to free his Pruflian majefty from feme of the numerous armies that opprefled him. But as this battle was fought in the middle of the feafon for adion, and as Munfler dill continued in the poflfefllon of the French, Prince Ferdinand could not venture, at that time» to make any detachment from his army in the king's favour, with- out rifquing all the advantages which he had obtained horn lis viftory. The king of Pruflia was therefore left alone to ftruggle with the Auftrians, Ruffians, ImperialiAs, and Swedes. The Ruffians, whofe motions governed thofe of all the ether armies, left their camp at Pofna in Poland, and quit- ting the Viftula,drew near to the banks of the Oder. They weie Temeraire of feventy-four guns ; and brought her off with little damage, the officers and men all on board. At the fame time Vicc-'Admiral Binderuk with his divifion burnt the Redduklaile, htt officers and men baviog quitted her, being bulged » and koaght the Mtdtfitt of fixty-four guns, off very littlf damaged. ** 1 have the pleaCure to acquai«t theit lordihipSk that qaoll of ki's majefliy's ihips under my command failed better tbas^ thoie of the enemy. **■ Inclofed I fend you a lifl of the French fquadron, found oa board the Mode fie. *^ Herewith you will alfo receive the number of the killed and wonnded on board his majefly's fhips, referring their loidAtips for ftcthcr particulars to Captain Buckie^ ' '•' \ snins If.-,:.' Jmieftbe French Squadron under the command of M. dela Ctu9* Ships. Guns. L'Oeean 80 burnt. LeRedoutable 74 burnt. Lc Centaure 74 taken. LcSonverain 74 efcaped. LeGnerrier 74 efcaped.- LeTemeraire 74 taken. LePantafque 64 loflcomp. LcModefte 64 taken. Ships, Le Lion Le Triton Le Pier L' Oriflamme La Chimere La Minerve La Gracieufe Guns, 64 64 26 1 ^4 a4j -y-.' lofl compa- ny coming thro* the Streights. » **' In this engagement the Engli/b had thirty-fix men killed, and one hundred and ninety-fix woon^d. -' ^■ v». C/h<* pbmpa- coming the [ghts. , r J, and 1759. The History of the War. 171 were under rhe command of a RufTian nobleman. Count SohikoC Count Dohna, who had been ordered to oppofc them, faw that their numbers were too confiderable, and their pods too ftrong to be attacked with any profped of advantage, fo that he contented himfelf with obferving their motions, and harafling their march. This condud leemed more dilatory and timid than the circumdances, or the in- clinations of the king could bear. He is faid to have re- proached that General in fo fevere a manner, for a condud in which he was in all probability very juHifiabie, that he took the (irft opportunity to refign his command, and, under the' pretence of recovering his health, retired to Berlin. The king imniediately put General Wcden into his place, with pofitive orders to engage the Ruflian army at all events. To enable him to obey his commands, he reinforced him with feveral detachments from his own army. The pofitive- nefs of the king's orders on this occafion may perhaps be cenfured ; but it mud be owned, that the time required t courfe next to defperate. His hereditary dominions were in the utmoft danger, and nothing but fome great and fortu- nate (Iroke could efFedually prevent the jundion of the Audrian and Ruflian armies, an event which, of all others, he had the greateft reafon to dread.^ Fortified in fome meafure by the reinforcements he had received, and in cpnfequence of his orders. General Wcdel refoived to attack the Rufllans on their march. They had got toZulichau and direfted their courfe July aj. . to Croflen in Silefia, to get before the Pruflian army, and to make good the p^flage of the Oder. The fituation of the Ruflians was very advantageous; polled upon eminences, defended by a powerful artillery, and near feventy thoufand ftrong. The Pruflian army fell (hort of thirty thoufand ; and they had greater difadvantages than their inferiority of number to get over. They had a bridge to pafs, and fuch a narrow defile to druggie through^ that fcarce a third of a battalion could march in front. Thad then been in great danger of. a defeat. u v- The night, and the prudent ufe of fome eminences, vrhich were defended as well as circumftances would admit, ^ preferved the PrufTian army from total deftrudion. How- ever, this lofs was far greater than any which they had fuf- tained from the beginning of the war. All their cannon was taken, the killed, wounded, and prifoners, by the mofl favourable accounts, were near twenty thoufand. Gene- ral Putkammer was killed on the fpot. Thefe generals whofe names are fo didinguiihed in this war, ItzenpUtZj Hulfen, Finck, Wedel, and Seidhtz, were among the "wounded; as was the Prince of Wurtemberg, and five ma- jor generals. The enemy could not have fewer than ten thoufand killed on their fide. For hardly ever was a more bloody battle. 1 -'r c"iU lAis^iil fel '« rlyriv brtii rimvi'^^^' "When the King of Pruffia found himfelf obliged to quit the field, he fent another difpatch to the Queen, exprefled in this manner. " Remove from Berlin with the royal fa- " mily. Let the archives be carried to Potzdam. The " town may make conditions with the enemy.*' We ihould in vain attempt to draw the piQure of the court and city, on the receipt of fuch news in the midft of the joy, which they indulged for that which they had received but a. few hours before. The terror was increafed by the indiftinft relation that foon followed, which gave them only to underftand, that their army was totally routed ; that there was no ac- count of the king, and that a Ruilian army was advancing to take pofieflion of their city. The day afttr the battle, the King of Pruflla repafled the Oder, and encamped at Retwein. From thence he moved to Fuflenwalde, and placed himfelf in fuch a man- ner, that the Ruffians did not venture to make any attempt upon Berlin. He continually watched their army, a part of which, inftead of turning towards Brandenburgh, marched intoLufatia, where it joined that of the Auftrians. Here the vjiSorious general SoliikofF, for the firft time, met Marflial -. , ,- - Paun, It-f^f^ii pafled ce he man- tempt part irched re the larfhal 1759* The HlSTOKV of tbg^AILt, tf]*J Daun, and amidft rejoicings and congratulations confulted about the meafurcs for inoiproving their fuccefs. The Ruffian and Au(trian armies thu» united* fcarce feemed from their (Irength and their vidories, to have any other deliberation left, than of what part of the PrufTian dominions they fhould take pofTeflion. The King was twice defeated with a vail lofs. He was cat off from all commu- nication with the army of his brother Prince Henry ; yet to the ailoniihment of all the world, the fuperior, the vic- torious and united army a£led upon the defeniive) and were curbed in all their motions, and fruftrated in all their de- figns, by the inferior, the beaten and divided. Nothing ever ihewed the genius of the King of Pruflia more fully, than his condud- after the battle of Cunnerfdorf. In a few days after fo terrible a defeat, every thing was in order in his camp. He fupplied the iofs of his artillery from- his {lores in Berlin. He recallec* General Kleifl;, with about five thoufand men from Pomerania; in prefence of two fuch armies as tbofe, of Marfhal Daun and Count SoltikofF, he detached iix thoufand men from his fmall body, to the relief of Saxony, where the army of the Empire had availed itfelf of his abfence, to reduce the whole country. Hall, Wit- temberg, Leipfic, Torgau and at lad Drefden itfelf, had opened their gates lo the Imperialifts. With the remain- der of his troops, he put himfelf between the Ruflians and Great Glogau, covered that city, which w^s the objed: of the enemy's defigns, and faw them foon after, notwithfland- ing their twovi^ories, obliged to return again into Poland ; and to leave him free for the reft of the campaign. What was done by the King of Pruflia fince that time, will be the fubjed of another chapter ; after we have re- lated.the proceedings of the Englifh and French in America, to which the order of time dire£ls our prefent attention. But we cannot difmifs the affairs of Germany, in which two fuch battlei as thofe of Minden and Cunnerfdorf were fought, with ° vents fo different for the common caufe, without obferving fomething .cpncerning the two generals who conduced them. They are certainly in reputation the firfl in Europe, which probably never produced two greater men ; though they differ as much in their chara6kers, and in the kind of talents they poffefs, as they agree in the greatnefs of their abilities for war. The King of Pruifia, rapid, vehoment. \ if» N impatient] ii . I 178 Tifcf HiBTORY af the War. 175^. impatient) often gives decifive blows ; but he often mifles bis {lroke> and wounds himfelf. Prince Ferdinand is cool, deliberate, exad» and guarded; he fees every poifible sld- ▼antage, he takes it at the moment, purfues it as far as it will go ; but never attempts to pu(h it farther. Nothing in the man diflurbs the commander. In him, we do not fee a perfon who is a great foldier; it h the idea of a per- itOi general ; it is a general in the ab(lra£t. Ferdinand fuffers his temper to be guided by his bufinefs. He never precipitates matters ; he takes them in their order and their courfe, and trufts nothing to fortune. The King on the other hand, leads, and even forces circumftances ; he does not endeavour to remove, but to over-leap obftades ; he puts all to the rifque ; and by fufiering Fortune to play her part in his deiigns, he acquires a fplendor and eclat in his flftions, which mere wifdom could never give him. Printe Ferdinand is famous for never committing -a fault. The King of PrulTia is above all the world, in repairing thofe he has committed. Like fome of the great matters in writing, whenever he makes, or feems to make a miftake, it is a (ignal to the obferver, to prepare for fome great and admirable flroke of fpirit and condud:. His errors feem to be fpurs to his abilities. He commits an error, he repairs it ; he errs again ; and again afloniihes us by his manner of efcaping. We ibould often condemn the commander, but that we are alfo forced to admire the hero. i ,.''j'^- ; . 4|>*/i;r'i-4' ' CHAP. VI. )UJukU7i.ri; iji ....;: Plan of the campaign in North America. Three expedition. . . *Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned. Colonel Town- fiend killed. Expedition to Niagara^ Colonel Prideaux killed. Sir Williant Jobnfon defeats the French. Takes >- Fff^t Niagara. Confequences of this, ! • * .? ;W-3; SOV TGI i:Z-^ ' TH E theatre of our operations in America, is of fuch a vaft extent, that if we had perfevered in the courfe we purfued for fome time, in attacking bat one place at once, the war would inevitably be fpun out to an extreme length, without bringing on «ny thing deciiive; and it would have rendered our natural fuperiority of little ufe, by fnffering the French to collet, as they had hitherto donCf S9' ifles ooU ^d. as it hing I not per- ;nand icver their n the edoes s; he ly her in hifi Prirtte The 5 thofc lers in liftake, 5 great errors error, us by mn the ire the .-. ti • ...>!; tditiottt. Town- *rideaux Takes [of fuch courfc ^lace at jxtreme and it Itle ufci litherto doncy 1 759. The Hi s TOR Y 0/ the War,? vf^ done, their ftren 'h into one fingle point, Which wimbled them to contend ih us, with a force fufficientfor the fcr#c-. vice in that coua.;y. This year another method was follow- ed. It was propofed to attack the French in all their (Irong pods at once ; to fall as nearly as poflible at the fame time upon Crown Point, Niagara, and the forts to the fouth of Lake Erie, whilft a great naval armament, and a confider*" able body of land forces fhould attempt Quebec, by the river St. Lawrence. This plan was very advifable, as it tended to weaken, by cliftra6ling the refiftancL of the enemy, and whilft we ad- hered to it, it was clearly impoiTible for the French to maintain their ground in any of thofe places which were at- tacked, without very weakly defending, or even deferting fome of the others; and if, by- the means of fuch diver- ftons, any of thofe places ihould fall into our hands, the campaign could not.be rai(i to be tpent to no purpofe. But befides the end in diftrafking the enemy's defence, there vrat another propofed of no lefs confequence ; which was to make a concurrence in all the various operations, fo that whilfl; they divided the enemy, they might mutually fup« port one another, t .> I'v/r'^jli frmn. J nbri r ,ria^^^ General Amherft, who commanded the American forces in chief, with the mod confiderable body, amounting, in regulars and provincials, to about twelve thoufand men, was to attack Ticonderoga and Crown Point by Lake George ; the reduction of thofe forts would naturally lay open th« Lake Champlain, where, having eftabliihed a fufficient naval force, hfe was by the River Sorel, which forms the communi- cation between this Lake and the great River St. Lawrence, to proceed diredly to Q^iebec, the capital of Canada. Hero he was to make a junction with General Wolfe and Admi- ral Saunders, who having entered the river St. Lawrence at the oppolite quarter, would probably have commenced the fiege of Quebec, by the time that General Amherft might find it pradiicable to join them. It was not doubted, that if this jundiion could b,e e(Fedbed, the redu6:ion of that city would follow of courfe. -t r^ : "; ii-ai^ The third of the grand operations was againft the fort, near the fall of Niagara ; a -place of very great confequence both in war and in peace. The reduction of this was com> mitted to Brigadier General Prideaux, under whom l^r William Joknfon commanded the provincials of New- York, . ii --■;• N 2 .: ani HI ■ . -^'r "19 II i%0 ^be History of the War. 1759. and fevcrallndians of the Five Nations, who were engaged in our fervice by the credit that gentleman had obtained a- mong their tribes. . The obje£l of this operation lay too remote from the o- thers, to expert, with any great confidence, that they could be aflided by its fuccefs in any other manner than by weak- ening the enemy's forces. However it was hoped, that, if they ihould be fortunate enough to take Niagara early in the feafon, the troops might be embarked on the Lake Ontario, and finding no longer any obfl:ru£tion from Fort Frontenac, which was deflroyed laft year, ifiight fall down the river St. Lawrence, and pofTibly either make themfelves maflers of Montreal, or by their approach, at lead, draw fuch a force to that part, as greatly to facilitate our defigns upon Quebec and Crown Point, fiut if this fcheme, in addition to its own end, ihould not facilitate either of the other two capi- tal undertakings, it would probably, as it was the mofl im- portant place the French had in that part of the world, draw all the troops they had upon the Lakes to attempt its relief, which would leave the fort, on thofe Lakes, expofed to a fourth, though inferior expedition, which was made a- gainfl: them, under General Stanwix. In reality, it after- wards had that efFe£t. ^r The army under General Amherfl was the firfl in mo- tion. The Lake George, or, as the French call it, Lake Sacrament, is a long, but, in proportion, narrow water, a- bout forty miles in length, and enclofed on either fide with marfhy grounds. This communicates by another long and very narrow flreight with Lake Champlain. This ilreight is fecured at each fide by a fort ; that to the fide of Lake George^ is called Ticonderoga; that to the Champlain Lake, is called Fort Frederick, or Crown Point ; both ex- tremely flrong in their Htuation ; and the former of which had repulfed our troops with a very confiderable flaughter, as has been related amongfl the events of the lafl year. ^P^' General Amherft, after he had pafTed Lake George, ar- rived with very little oppofltion from the enemy before Ti- conderoga ; at 6rd the French made, fome appearance, as if they meant to defend the place ; but as they knew the ftrength cf our forces, as they faw that the preparations for the attack were making with as much judgihent as vigour, ,^, and as the enterprize which was preparing againd Quebec, did not leave them a force fo confiderable as they had there in 1759- 716^ History o/ /i^tf War. ^ i8t in the preceding campaign^ they abandoned their fort in tiie night, having damaged it as much as they could* ■, . and retired to Crown Point. * J"^ > General Amherft immediately fel himfelf about repair- ing tlie fortifications of this poft, which effectually fecured the Lake George ; covered our colonies* and was of fuch vafl importance* to enable him to pulh forward his offen- five operations, or to favour his retreat* in cafe of a reverfe of fortune. The only lofs of any confequence which t^e Englifh army fufTered, in making this valuable acquifition* was the death of Colonel Townfend* who was killed, in re- connoitring, by a fhot frOm the fort. The fteady bravery, the promifuig genius* and the.dgreeable manners of this offi- cer* caufcd tills lofs to be confidered as a very great one. They compared this melancholy event with the death of Lord Howe ; ihey remembered how much thefe young fol- diers refcmblcd each other* both in their virtues, and in the circumll:aiicesof their fate. Both dear to the troops* and having both loft their lives on an expedition againfl this place. .„ ;x.»v Alihough the general had reafon to imagine* that the fame reaibns which had induced the enemy to abandon their fort and lines at Ticonderoga, would perfuade them alfo to relinquilh Crown Point ; he took all his meafures with the fame care, as if he expefted an obftinate defence at the fort* and an attempt to furprize him on his march. He remembered how fatal fecurity had proved to us* in that part of the world, upon many occafions. The French abandoned the fort as it had been forefeen. The general retired with about three thoufand five hundred . men to the bottom of Lake Champlain* and polled himfelf at the ifland called Ifle du Noix. He was ftill pretty ftron^ on the lake, having feveral armed boats and floops, with which he hoped to prevent the progrefs of the Englifli into the interior parts of Canada > General Amherft, asfoonas he had taken poffeffion of Crown Point* ufed every « endeavour to attain a naval fuperiority on the lake, °' ^' and in the mean time began to fortify this poft, as he had that at Ticonderoga. To this time the French were a€tu- ally eftablifbed in the heart of our territories ; fo that dur- ing a war of three years, we had, in effeft, been only a£ting on the defenfive. It was on the day on which Mr. Amr herft tpok poffeffion of Crown Point, that he received the N 3 agreeable i If :1l J -^ .'J \tl The UiBToKV of the Wak. 1759. •grccsCble news of the reduction oi Niagara, by the troops under Sir William Johnfon ; and he had the pita fun and encouragement of feeing two of the great obje6ls ol" the campaign ftccompli(hed« whilft he prepared bimlelt to co- operate in the accompliihment of the thim, which was to be decifive of the whole. The body which h;ui been appointed for Niagara, under General Pridcaux, without any accident arrived at the fort, which licb at the bottom of the lake* towards the fouth-weft (a J. E,!q/5;«KV • This IX-»i (aj Sir IVilliam JohnfoH!s Letter to Major-General Amberlly on his Conquejl of the Fort at Niagara^ 2^th July, 1759. S IR, *• -• i\ IHave the honour to acquaint you, by lieutenant Mnntcrieff", Niagara furrendered fo his niajefty's annjt the 25th iiiilant. A detachment of twelve hundred men, with a number of Indians, under the command of Meflrs. Aubry and de Lignery, COlle£U'd from Detroit Venango, and Prefque ijle, n^p.de an au.mpt to reinforce the garrilon, the 24fh in ilie mc)rniiig ; bur as 1 Jmd intelligence of ihem, I made a difpofiiioiv to inteiccpt ihem. The evening before, 1 ordered the light infantry and picqupis to take don the road upon our leit, leading liom Niagara i'alls to the : In the morning, I reinforced thefe wiu, two coiupanies of grenadiers, and part of the 46th regiment. The action began a- bout half an hour after nine ; but they were fo well received by the troops in front, and the Indians on their flank, tirat, in an hour's time, the whole was conipleatly ruined, and all their offi- cers made prifoners, among whom are Monf. Aubry, De Lignery, Marin, Repentini, &c. to the number of feventeen. I cannot afcertain the number of killed, they are fo difperfed among the woods, but their lofs is great. As this happened under the eyes of tjie garrifon, I thought proper to (end my lad fummons to the commanding officer for his nirrendering, which hw liftened to. Lieut. Moncrieff will in- form you of the ftate of our ammunition and proviiions : I hope care will be taken to forward an immadiate fupply of both to Ofwego. As the troops that were defeated yefterday were drawn from thofe pofts, which lie in Greneral Stanwix's route, I am in hopes it will be of the utmoii confequence to the fuccefs of this expedition. The public (lores of the garrifon, that can be faved frorti the Indians, I fliall order the afllftant quarter- mafter-general, and the clerk, to take an account of, a$ foon as po(ni\le. ' -■ .... ,..,. ..:. . 'As 59- Dops and the 3 CO- was been thout >ttom This , on hit ntcrieff inilant. nbci of Ligneryt aii-iitpt as I ivad sm. The 10 take 7j to the panies of bfgan a- eived by |at, in an ;hcir offi- Lignery^ I cannot long the thought ler for his will in- : I hope both to ^re drawn I am in tfs of this Ibe faved ]r-geneial, '759' ^^ History of fhe War. 183 This is, without e;cception> the mod important ))oft in America, and fecures the greateft number of communica- tions. For it is fituated at the very entrance of a ftreight, by which the Lake Ontario is joined to that of Erie, which is connected with the other three great feas of frefh water, by the courfe of the vaft river St. Lawrence/ which runs through them all, and carries ofF their fuperfluous waters to the ocean. A little above the fort, is the catarad: of Nia- gara, which is efteemed the mod remarkable in the world, for the quantity of water, and the greatnefs of the fall. This fall would interrupt the commerce between the lakes, but for a road which the French have made up the hilly country that lies up the (Ireight ; fo that there is here a good carry- ing-place, and not very tedious ; for after a portage of a- bout eight miles, you reimbark again, and proceed without any interruption to the Lake Erie. As the great communication of thofe who go by water is along this ftreight, and carrying place, fo thofe who travel by land, are obliged to crofs it. The lakes are fo difpofed, that, without a (omewhat hazardous voyage, the Indians cannot any otherwife pafs from the north-weft to the fouth- eaft parts of North-America, for many hundred miles. The fort of Niagara, thus naturally commands alt the Five Nations, and all thofe Indian tribes that lie to the north- ward of the lakes, as well as thofe that are fcattered along the banks of the Ohio, Ouabache, and Miilifippi, and ac- cording as it is poftefled by the Englifli or the French, con- neds or disjoins the colonies of Canada and Louifiana, pro- teAs or lays open oupown, and is in all refpefls of fomucl^ confequence, that it was the opinion of perfons, the moft converfant in American bufinefs, that this attempt ought to have been made much earlier ; and, that if fuch an at- '^:^\;-t>-,^..r '■■ ^ . ' ^-n. ;■-..,-■- ■-, r-h-;."-:;. tempt. As all my attention at prefent is taken up with the Indians^ that the capitulation I have agreed to may be obferved, your ex- cellency will ex^yfe my not being more particular. .k-.v/I Permit me to aiTure you, in the whole progrefa of the fie^e, which was fevere and painful, the officers and men behaved with the utmoft chearfulneft and bravery. I have only to regret the lofs of General Prideaux and Colonel Johnfin. I endeavoured to purfue the late General's vigorous meafures, the good efiefts of which he deferved to enjoy. W. JOHNSON. N4 V. \l M *1 > ! i i84 The History of the War. n59' tempt, made at fuch a time, had fucceeded, it woiild hive contributed very much to the fecurity of thofe parts of our colonies, which were the mofl: expofed, and would have, at the fame time, greatly facilitated all our ofFenfive meafures, and fhortened the war. From the time that the French were acquainted with this place, they were fully poflefTe^ with an opinion of its im-< portance, both with regard to commerce, and to dominion. They made feveral attempts to e(labli(h themfelves here; but the Indians, who feemed more fenfibleof the confequen- ces than we were, conftantly oppofed it. They guarded this fpot for a long time, with a very fevere and prudent jealouly. -i^tnii os^iJtft t.| .: But whilft we negle^ed, confiding in our (Irength, to cul- tivate the friendfhip of the Indians, the French, fenfible of their weaknefs, omitted no endeavour to gain thefe favage people to their interefls, aud they prevailed at lafl, under the name of a trading houfe* to ere^ a (Irong fort at the mouth of the flreight, on the very bed harbour, not only on this, but on any of the lakes ; an harbour which is fafe from e- very wind, and open for the whole year. A French officer, an able and enterprifing man* had been a prifoner among the Iroquois for a long time, and having, according to their cullom, been naturalized, he grew extremely popular a- mongft them, and at lafl acquired his liberty. He com- municated to the then governor of Canada, the plan of an eflablifhment at Niagara, and he himfelf undertook to exe- cute it. He returned amongft the Iroquois, and pretending great love for their nation, which was now his dwn, told them, that he would gladly come to make frequent viflts to his brethren ; but it was proper for that purpofe, that they ihould allow him to build an houfe, where he might live at cafe, and according to his own manner : at the fame time, he propofed to them, advantages in trade from this eflab- liihment. A requefl, which feemed a compliment to thofe to whojm it was made, was readily granted. The houfe was built. By degrees this houfe extended itfelf; it was Arengthened by various additions ; and it grew at laft to a regular fortrefs, which has ever fince awed the Five Nations, and checked our colonies.' The (lege of this place had not been long formed, before J , Genera! Prideaux was killed in the trenches, by ^*^v^°* ?h^ bMrffing of a cohorn. As fpfjinjs, this acci- ' ■^i/; ■ _ "'-'■" • ;,-' " den( 759' hive ts of i^ould nfivc hthis s im- inion. here; quen- larded udent to cul- ible of favage ier the mouth n this, rom e- officer, among :o their ular a- com- of an |to exe- ,tending n, told ifits to at they live at |e time, eftab- o thofe houfe it was ft to a ations, before Ihes, by IS acci- den| .^59. TIa* History of the War. 185 dent happened, which threatened to throw a damp on the operations, an exprefs was fent to General Amherft, who» always attentive to the fervice, loft no time to fend an offi- cer of chara6^er to command in his place. But the com- mand* which in the interim devolved upon Sir William Johnfon, could not have been better beftowed. He omit- ted nothing to continue the vigorous meafures of the late general, and added to them, every thing his own genius could fuggeft. Refpe£ted by the regular troops, dear to the provincials, almoft adored by the Indian.i, poflTeiTed of that genius for acquiring popularity amongft all kinds of men, and that verfatile difpoiition, which we fo feldom fee united ivith difintereftednefs and integrity, he employed thofc talents folely for the benefit of his cotintry. The troops, remembering that it was under that general the firft a^" vantage had been obtained over the French, puflied on the (lege with fo much alacrity, that in a few days they had brought their approaches within an hundred yards of the covered way. The French were alarmed at the imminent daflger of this interefting place. They therefore colleded all the regular troops and provincials, which thf;y could draw from all their ports about the lakes, and to thofe joined a large body of lavages, in order to give the Rnglilh battle, and to raife the fiege. They amounted in ail to ieventeen hundred men. When General Johnfon was. apprized of their approach, he ordered his light infantry, fupported by fome grenadiers and regular foot, to take pod on the road to his left, by which the French were to take their route. Fie placed his Indians on his flanks. Whilft he took mcafures to receive the French, who came to relieve the place, he pofted a ftrong body, in fuch a manner, as to fecure his trenches from any attempt of the garrifon during an engagement. In this difpofition he waited to receive liiecne- » . my. At nine in the morning the engagement be- •'*' ^ '* gan, by a violent and horrid fcream of the enemy's favages, according to their barbarous cuftom. It was this fcream, perhaps the moft horrid found that can be imagined, which is faid to have ftruck a panic into the troops of General Braddock, and was one of the principal caufes of that de- feat, by which our endeavours in America were fo long -fruftrated^ but on this occafion it had no efFe6l. The e- ' • ncray ■ '\ 1 86 The History of the War. ncmy was fo well received by the troops 1759- in front, and by the Indians on their flanks, that, in lefs than an hour's ttnDe, their whole army was ruined. The purfuit was hot and bloody ; and it continued for five miles. Seventeen oflScers were made prifoners, among whom were the firft and fecond in command. I . This adion was fought in (i^ht of the fort ; J" y *5' 2nd it was no fooner concluded m favour of our troops, than the general fummoned the garrifon to furren- der; fending a lifl: of the prifoners, and remonftrating on the ill efFe£ts of their holding out longer, particularly with regard to the Indians. The capitulation was figned that night. The garrifon, confiding of about fix hundred men, furrendered prifoners of war, and were condufled to New- York. The fort and (lores were given up to the .Engliih troops. ' This was the fecond very important fervice performed by General Johnfon in this war, and a fecond time he had the good fortune to make the commander in chief of the enemy his prifoher. It muft not be omitted, to the honour of this ^ntlenian, that though he was not regularly bred a foldier, the mod compleat officer could not have made more excel- lent difpofitions for the battle, or have condufled the (lege from the beginning to the end, with a more cool and (leady refolution, or with a more compleat knowledge of all the neceflfary manoeuvres of war. The taking of Niagara broke off effedually that communication, fo much talked of, and fo much dreaded, between Canada and Louifiana, and by this ftroke, one of the capital political defigns of the French, which gave occafion to the present war, was defeated in its dtred and immediate objefk. ■r^ V «. ;>-■ ' :t ■ * "! ,» r CHAP. r ■ • ■■*!. .,-\ ,.^ ... 1759* ^^' History of the War. 187 CHAP. VII. i 7ht txpedition againjl ^tebec •. The JJle of Orleans occupied. Defcription of the town and harbour of .^lehcc. Situation of the French army. A^ion at the Falls of Montmorenci, General Wolfe fickens. The camp removed to Point Levi, The troops go up the river. The battle of ^elec. Gene* ral Wolfe killed. French defeated. M. de Montcalm killed, ^teb^c furrenders. Movements of General Amherfl on Lake Champlain, THE confequences which attended the redudlon of the fort of Niagara, as well as thofc upon Lake Cham- plain, were very interefting; but the great and central operation H s P. • As nut have in other places^ where the incidents nuere many, and the objects as luell as difficulties great ^ introduced into this hijlory^ the circumjiantinl relations given by cflptain John Knox, in his hijiorical journal of the campaigns in North-America ; fo Jhall toe here, vuhere the conqueft of ^lebec, and ivitb it that of all Canada are the objeif j not lefs from the dangers and diffi- culties of thisfervice, than the great variety that appeared in ir, fhenuing the ability of the commander, marking him not more the foldiert than the good man, enduednvith a humanity, perftverana and courage, as have not yet been exceeded. This addition mufi be canfidered valufthle, as it Jbews the nature as well as the fer- vice neceffary in an American ivar, the orders given on the of- cafion, and the manoeuvre neceffary for an army to folloitj, voitb the navigation of the river St. Lavorence, and a defcription of the country on its banks. The Lifi of the Naval Force that failed from Louifbourg for the fiege of ^ebec, under the command of Admiral Saunders, the ±^ of June, 1759. ohips' Names. Neptune •— Princefs Ameh'a Dublin — Royal William Van-guard Terrible — • Captain — . f>hrew(bur^ Guns. 90 80 74 Commanders. f Admiral Saunders, Comfnan- I der in chief. Capt. Hartwell; AdmiralDurel). ^ Admiral Holmes. 84 Captain Piggot. 74 Captain Swanton. 74 Captain Collins. 70 Captain Amherft. 74 Captain Pallifer. • Devon^ i 1*11 1 88 ^be History of the War. 1759. operation to uhich all the rcfl tended, and to which even ehorcwerc to be only rubfervient, was that againd Qtiebcct the capital of Canada ; and as this was to be the dccifivc ftroke, Ships' Nmiics. ^ Devon Hiire » ' , Bedford — Alcide — Somerfft — Prince Frederick Pembroke Medwny — ' Prince of Orange Northainberlami Orford — biirling Caftle Centuiiun Trident — Sutherland Frigates, — Dlani Leoftoffc KicluDond Trent Echo Sloop*) «* Seahorfe Eurus Nightingale Hind Squirrel Scarborough Lizard , ., Scorpion • ; ^^ V Zephir ' • ' ' Hunter Porcupine - Baltimore • Cormorant > Pelican Racehorfe ■ ^onetta Vsfuvias Guns. Commanders. iml- !o Rodney cuttKv 74 Captain Gordon. 68 Captain Fowkes. 64 Captain OouglAfs. 68 Captain Hughes. 64 Captain Booth. , 60 Captain Wheelock. 60 Captain Proby. 60 Captain Wall is. 64 Captain Lord Colvillc. 64 Captain Spry. 64 Captain Everet. 60 Captain Mantle. . .; > 54 Captain Legee 50 Captain Rouk. 36 Captain Schomberg. ' "" Captain Deane. Captain Handkerfon. Captain Lindfay. Cr.^tain Lc Fo'^ey. Captain Smith. Captain Elphindone. Captain Campbell. Captain Bond. Captain Hamilton. Captain Scott. Captain Doak. Captain Cleland. Captain Greenwood, Captain Adams. Captain Jervis. Captain Carpenter. Captain M a8 32 28 H 20 X2. 20 20 20 20 28 14 12 10 H 10 8 8 8 8 M I a Captain Montford. Captain Rickards. Ci^tain • . Captain Chads. Captain Smith. Captain Douglafs. ■II f fl»-.»v :' V- i •.'"■' rv 1759- ^'^'^ History of the War. 189 Aroke, it was proper that the grcatcd force (honld have been employed againd it. If we reckon the maritime force, there ii no doubt that v''« employed % greater number of men The Bonetta and Rodney, as tAUi the Charming Molly, Turopa, Lawrence, Peggy end Sarah, Good Intent, and Piofperity, tran- fport cutters, were appointed founding velTela. I hpd the inexpretllble pleafure to obferve at Louijhourg. that om whole armament, naval and mih'tary, were in high ipirits ; id, *^Soughi by all accounts, we Ihall have a numerous ui my and Vuti< ty of difficulties to cope with, yet, under fuch admirals and generals, among whom we nave the happinel's to behokl the motl cordial unanimity, together with fo refpedable a fleet, and a body of well-appointed regular troops* we have reafon to hope lor the greated fuccefa. The prevailing fentimental toad among the officers is •— ffriti/k colours on tvery Frtnch fort^ port^ and garrifon in Americu Jun* 7th, Moderate weather all lad night ; this day it Motvs fredi. At Ave P. M. Newfoundland bore north, at three leet^ues diftanee } the land covered with fnow ; and, as the wind comes moftly from that quarter, the air is exceedingly cold. By the 18th our fhip came to ao anchor, m Hght of the iflamls of Bic and Barnahy in the river St. Latvrtnce : the former bo'c W. by S. at nine leagues, and the other about eight leagues ^. W. and by W. of our courfe } here we met the Richmond frigate, and a tender of Admiral Dur«//'s fquadron. A midfhipman Wa> indantly fent on boaid of us, who gave us the following intel' ligence : •(« v*jj»k« * That Mr, Dureil had taken poflefTion of the idand oiCoudre^ * and had proceeded to Orleans ; that he alfo took three prizes, * befides fome fmail craft, laden with flour and other provifions i * but that three frigates and ten tranfports had efcaped them, and ' got up to rhe town, which is about thiity-tive leagues from * iience : that the enemy have alniod finiflied a Inige three-decker ' at Sluebec ^ and, by fome packets that were intercepted, the * admiral has received information, that proviftons, and particuiar- * ly bread, are fcarce in the French army.'— Tiiis gentleman adds, that they have got a good number of pilots,, which they decoyed, in their paiTuge up the river, by hoiding French colouts with the ufual fignals *. ^vm r. siv/u <. Our * Upon the van of Mr. DureU's fquadron having appeared under French colours, expreCes were fent up to ^eiec with the joyful tidings;, for the enemy expefted fome promifcd fuccoiirs ftom ■;:«r.l! I' III' 'lIllMj II. :;J ; .11.11 III! '1 I. |i*!H' 190 The History of the War.' 1759* men againH; Quebec, than againil the Champlain forts ; but the land forccb, from fome gaufe, fell much fhort of the number originally propofed, for they did not exceed feven thbufand Our fleet are all in fight, though far a-ftern of us ; however, . the wind fpringing up fair, and the weather clear and moderate, we again weighed and failed until feven in the evening, when the whole came to an anchor between the two iflands before-mentioned. The diftance between Bic and the fouth fliore is between four suid five miles, both lands high and woody ; before our ihips came within two miles of the ifland, we found from feven to eight fa- thoms and an half, in our foundings \ the N. £. end of it is rocky, and very long ledges run out from it. Though the river is of an CKtenfive breadth between ^iV and the north more, I obferved th/e channel here is on the fouth fide of the river, and of the foregoing ifland ; all our fleet kept that courfe. We found two other ihips of Mr. DureH\ fquadron at anchor here $ faw a great number of feals and porpuffes to-day, with which this river abound?. At night fell fome rain, and the wind frefhened. On the iQih, the fleet weighed at four o'clock this morn- ing ; wind variable : foon after we had thick weather and a vio> lent florm j we reefed and double-reefed, but at length were obliged to com^ to an anchor, and, finding a flrong current to en- counter with, which drove our iliip from her mooring, we were under a necefllty of paying out one hundred and forty fathoms of cable ; this blowing weather was attended with heavy rain. To- wards noon it cleared up, and the wind and fwell abated : before four P. M. the wind fair, and weather more moderate. A parcel of fmall birds flew about our ihip to-day from the ihore ; they are very tame and familiar; one of them, having perched on the ihrouds, fubmitted to be made a prifbner : it is about the fize of a fparrow, its head and body of a copp^<:olour, interfperfed with black ; its wings and tail are black and white ; its beak of eboay, curved-like, though much iharper than thofe of a hawk or par-^ ..^4■• .ij-:.'! X^ii rot, from France^ and the greatefl: rejoicings imaginable were made throughout the whole country : but they foon changed their note ; for when a number of canoes had put off with pilots, and thofe who remained on fhore did not fee their friends return, but, on the contrary, faw the fVbite colours flruck, and Britijh flags hoi fled in their place— —their confternation, rage, and grief were inconceivable, and had fuch an efFe^ on a Prieft, who flood upon the fhore with a telefcope in his hand, that he dropped down, and inflantly expired. 1759' ^^^ History of the War. 191 thoufand men, regulars and provincials, though the origi- nal plan intended nine thoufand for that expedition, inde- pendent of the jundion of thofe under General Amherll, whofe m :lti| 1:1 lade lote; Ithofe ]t, on flags [were jupon »,and rot, and with this farther difference, that the extremities of the upper and lower beaks crofs each other ; we gave it grain to eat, but it preferred feeding on flies, and whatever it could find in the crevices of boards.— At feven o'clock P. M. the Richmond frigate paflTed us, on board of. wliom was General Wolfe^ who politely fainted us, hoping jwe were all well on board : at eight, came a- breaft of a fmall ifland on the fouth fide of the river, and at nine came to an anchor in twenty fathom water. We faw an im- menfe number of fea-cows rolKng about our fhips to-day, which sure as white as fhow : we diverted ourfelves in firing at them, and I obferved fome of them, that were flruck on the back with ball, did not feem (enfible of it, nor did our fhot make any impreffion on their fkin or coat, but boundeu as it would upon a ilone ; that part of their body which they expofe above the water may be from twelve to fifteen feet in length, but their (hicknefs I cannot be a judge of, having never feen them out of that element. I wifh' I was able to give a particular defcription of this animal, from my own authority $ bur, as that is not in my power, I ^all pre- ient the reader with 'the account given by an eminent French author, Moniieur CameiUe^ in his own words ; and, for the fatif- fa£lion of fuch of my readers as do not underfland the French language, I ihall attempt to annex a tranflation of it : *' C'eft un animal fort monftreux et amphibie, qui furpaffe quelque fois les bceufs en groffeur. II a la peau comme celle d'un chien marin, et la gueule d'une vache, ce qui eft la caufe que quelques-uns I'ont nomm^ vache marine — d I'exception qu'il a deux dents qui fortent dehors recourb6es en bas et longues d'une coud^. Elles font auli eftimees que I'yvoire, et on les employe aux m^fmes ouvrages. Cet animal a rarement plus d'un ou de deux petits. II eft robufte et fauvage d'abord, et trds difficile d prendre, fl ce n'eft en terre ; il arrive peu qu'on le prenneen I'eau. On dit qui ne mange ni chair ni poiffon,et que fa pStire confifte en des grandes et longues feiiilles d'une certaine herbe, qui croit au fond de la mer." '* It is an amphibious animal, and generally of fo large a fize, *' as even to exceed fome oxen : it has a ikin lUce to that of a fea- dpg, and a mouth like a cow (which is the reafbn of their be- ing called, by fome authors, a fea-cow) with this exceptibn, that it has two projecting teeth, crooked downwards, to the length of about half a yard j thefe teeth (or tulks more proper- 'f <( (< « « « « (( '^ 192 ^he History of the WaR. 1759, whofe afll fiance on the occaHon was taken for granted. In this expedition General Wolfe commanded the l^nd forces. The fleet was under Admiral Saunders. 1,; ^>j % ■...i-;r ■••• • ■ . ■/ '■ ^..w;ThC « «i (( ly) are as valuable as ivory, and are applied to the fame ufe. This animal has feldoin more than one or two young ones j ,it it ftrong, extremely wild, and very difficult to be taken> except on ihore : it feldom happens that they are taken in the water. It is averred that they neither eat flefh nor Hili, but that their food conilds of large leaves of a certain iiibuiarine weed, known ** by the nameof Tea forrel." I Ihall here fubjoin what I was afterwards told by a MifHonary of ^ebecy with whom I fometinies converfed about thefe and other curiolities in this country : — The inhabitants, fays he, of the E. and N. E. parts oi Acadia y frequently take thefe fea-cows by the following flratagem : — they tie a bull to a ilake, fixed on the lliore, in the depth of about two feet of water; they then beat and 01 hcrv/ife torment him, by twilling his tail, until they make him roiu } which as foon as thefe animals hear, they make towards the ihore, and, when they get into flxallow water, they crawl to the bull, and are then taken with little difficulty : their fore-feet are, in all rcfpefts, like thofe of a cow ; the hinder feet are webbed, or joined by a membrane, like a goofe : they have no hair about them, except on their head, which is generally white or grey ; tley are covered with a hard fcaly fubftance or fliell, which, how- ever, turns to no account ; thefe people, as well as the favages, eat fomc parts of this animal, and what they diflike they boil, with its fat, to an oily or greafy fubftance, with which they fayeor cure the Ikins of other animals for leather. :'-,J , , 20th. Agreeable and warm weather to-day j wind variable, and little of it. At eight A. M. we doubled the entrance of Tadoufac bay on the north fide, and Red Jfland on the fouth : I am inibrmed, that within this bay is an excellent harbour, which communicates, by the river Seguen/iy, with Hud/on's bay^, and is navigable for large trading veffelsfor nine or ten leagues up the country *. The entrance of that bay or harbour does not appear to be above half a mile over, and may be eafily known ; for, on the weft fide, a little to the fouthward of the entrance, is a fmall Hat illand, of a reddifli fandy colour, with fome grafs on it, but clear of wood or bufhes. Here the river St. Lawrence is not a- bove eight miles or three leagues over, and the lands all round MS are lofty, and thickly covered wi^h trees ; as we came a-breaft - .. ©f * Sec Dr. Dou^lafs's Hiftory of America. ^s:ri 1759- ^^^ History af the War. 193 The whole embarkation arrived in the latter end of June in the lile of Orleans, a few leagues 26th^ from Quebec* without any accident whatfoeveri notwithdanding i *i' 1 of Tadoufac^ we encountered the ftrongeft rippling current I ever faw ; it runs nine or ten knots in an hour, and, at the fame time, the wind dying away, drove back fome of our trjinfports, and ma- ny of them luckily efcaped falling foul of each other, particularly of the fmaller craft. Another of the birds, defcribed yefterday^ viiited us to-day } there is a trifling difference between it and the former, I mean as to its plumage being fomewhat brighter than the tirft is ; they were glad to meet, feem to like our European grain, and have a pretty wild chirping note : we think they are male and female, and that the laft, by his fprightlineik, is the cock. At one P. M. came to an anchor oif the iflands, weighed again at eight in the evening, and anchored about ten at night;, I believe' the reafon of our weighing in the evening proceeded from many Ihips being drove from their anchors in the afternoon, by the rapidity of the current, which, however, does not run with equal force every where, a I ft. Wind W. N. W, and blows frefli; continually anchoring and weighing again, as before. At ten A. M, law a few houfes ou the fouth (hore, and teyond them a great fire in the woods. , At one P. M. came to an anchor off* a neat fetttement, confuVing of thirty or forty houfes, on the fame fide of the river, and a large tra£t of clear cultivated land adjoining to them ; 1 lament our not having a Pilot on board, from whom I could learn the bearings^ diftances, and many other particulars of this country and naviga- tion. The habitations before-menfioped are the firft we have feen iince we entered the river St. Lawrence i quite calm this even- ing. 2 2d. At eight A. M. the fleet weighed ; anchored at two P. M. and in an hour after weighed again ; we did not run long before we had a fignal to drop, and accordingly we came to anchor in twenty fathom water, off. a fine large fettlement or village, on the fouth fiiore, with a neat church to it; the wind variable with ibme. rain. Here we have iflands on every fide of us, with no remarkable cur- rent. The lands on the fouth fide of the river feem to be tole- rably well cultivated. We made feveral tacks from north to fouth to-day, and got from five to ten and an half fathom water. Between five and fix P. M. weighed again, with a fair wind, but blowing fo freih, that we were obliged to reef; we failed until nine at night, and then anchored in fifteen fathom water, clo& under the north ihore. The Mafter of the Good-will tranfport, O wh« ''1 I ! l! wmi ii m t$4 77v Hi fl TORY nf the War. '759' notwi » lift. ifirl'mp tilt- ill Jrtttio of i\\^ rivfcr St. l»Bwrcncc, and the icportu ol lie dufigcrnujt luiviftrttinn, ()rol)iii>ly fpie«d for noliiical purpofts. 't'hcy lundcd upon ih« Klc of Or- ' r Icnns, Who in «rt tidtfiymiiii, ortr of the yoilhf'ftv hrorhffrs of Trinity- hbufb, ri pilot fnv t!it* livei '^hntne^, ami «n CKperk»nt.'«rd nmriner, fliy^, h \j a (lifficient depth of water for boats, and other fmali cratt, as We are (old ; btit of this, I prefume, we Hiall be better informed, txiibre niany tnOnths are elntpfed. Here we are entertained with a itioft: agreciible profpedt o\ a delightful country on every fide ; wihd-riiills, water-mills, churches, chapels, and compad farm- hbufes, all built with llone, aiid covered. Tome with wood, and others with llraw. The lands appear to be every where well cul- tivated, and, with the help of my glafs, I can difcern that they ate fov^ed with flax, wheat, barley, peafe, &c. and the grounds lEtrc inclofed with wooden pales. The weatlier to-day is agreea- bly watm ; a light fog fometinies hangs ovec the Highlands, but ih the riVer We hive a fine dear air. Where we now ride, ihc tide does not run above fix knots ati hour, :ind we have eood an- chorage ; thfc itit of Our fleet are working up^ and, by me fitua- tion of afihirs, I am inclined to think we are happily arrived at thb jplice. that, to all appear^ce, will be the theatre of our future operotiohs. In the curve of the river. While we were under fail, Wb hdd a traA{i(^ftt VidW of a ftupendous natural curiofity, called ^e Water-tkli ^( M^Hi'mariemy^ of which I hOpe, before the t\olk Ifjf the camp^fgn, h> be able to give a (atisfaftory rdation. A f»6iht of land hini^tt^ fhun the weft end of Otleanst and inclin- ing to the ibtithWard, uitercepts our prol))e£i of ^ueiec at pre- ^tn, fVdAh Which we ^e now between five and fix ittlles ; the country-peOple, on the fofnth fhore^ are nu)ving their effeGts ih ^rf^, Ibd cdiridfH'ng thetn, under efcorts of trmed men, to a grditer diftant%. Ac ten o'dock A. M. a figtkal Was made for Sie Qaaxtfet-^Mafters of Mgiments, by which we conjeAare the ar^hy will be bhSetdd to ptispare to IsM. . At thteiie IP. M. Another figilal Was khadb fbr the tr^iMports to vnoik up under the Common dore's ftern. And We fi>d^ af^er anchored agaih, off the pariiK church of St. Latvrwnee^ .;„-.. Hh*ttihg aeca^paitiviwttr ^et U their fiaifoH »Jf the IflAitd af Or- ^- Ifeans ^eat Qttfebec, ixthe*-^ iht forces encaatpedy (z6 June) we Jball pajs over the intermediate time to the ^\jl of Jttly> as Htt any .s n59- The History of the War. ^99 neceflary, as they might be employed eUher with fffti -i* vantage againd the town, ornmch to ^he annoyance ot vt\p befwgers ; for whilft the enemy continued mailers of thofc, it lOr- nme Mt \any V finy thing material happtntd until thi unfavourable attack ef ,'i the enemies ivurlts, of ivhiib iht particulars are at foUo inhuman praSice ; and mufi then hanje fallen a facrifice to others, but that Providence, vjjiling to reivard fo much me- , . rit, threnv an honejl Highlander in his tnay, n*.ho happily ,>..;i.1 ^took him up, and laid him in the l-ov) of one nf the boats, then ready to put off. ..i^p:- V *i i- :'*»,» wtv" '«■ • • ^M ^y !t '.i\ % I ao2 The History of the War. ^159' . Quebec, fays F. Charlevoix, can boail of t fre(h water harbour, c;ipable ot containing an hundred men of war of the line, at one hundred and twenty leagues diAance from the By the excellent, ^'iipufuion which Brigadier Monckton made on the bench, after he had colledcd all the troops that were onOiore, he leiuiharked them without farther lofs, bringing away as many of the wounded as he could conne at ; and the army returned to their refpcdttve camps. Ab the tide had left the anucd cats dry, the Admiral lent orders to have the officers and mt-'n taken out, and the huiks burned, led they (hould fall into the enemy's hands, to whqm they might be ferviceable on fome future occafion. The left of our torces this day, killed, wounded, and raiinng, includ- ing all ranks, amounted to four hundred and torty-three ; among whom were two Captains, and two Lieutenants, fluin on the fpot ; one Colonel*, (ix Captains, nineteen Lieutenants, and three £n- figns wounded. The enemy fuffered moil from our batteries on the eminences to the eaflward, having, as I was afterwards informed, at ^ebtc, near two hundred men and officers killed and difubled. The obje£t of rhia day's operations was to penetrate into the enemy's camp, and force them to a battle, in hopes, as their army (though infinitely fuperior in numbers) confided modly of aulitia and peafants, they would have yielded an eafy victory to our re- gular forces j and notwithdanding the variety oi difficulties we had to encounter with, fuch as intrenchments, traverfes, redoubts, ;ind fortified houfes, that were loaded with fwivels and other fmall pie- ces of field artillery (almod innumerable) it js moie than probable we would have carried our point (though with great lofs) had it not been for a chain of concurrent circumdances that defeated the General's plan and expectations: to eaumerate thefe may feem neceffary. — The obdrudion our boats met with in their fird at- tempt to land, by which much time was lod, occafioned by a ledge of rocks extending along the north (hore, from the right to the left of the front of their camp; the dorm of uncommon heavy rain, that not only damaged our powder, but rendered the preci- pices t to the enemy's works fo dippery, as to become impofTible for men to afcend them ; thefe, together with the ill-timed zeal of. our grenadiers, who, regardlefs of difcipline and theconunands vt ' of ■•f^'jjtr :iT.'^ * Burten of the 48th regiment. t At the foot of their paiapet on the fummit, were felled trees laid for feme yards down the dope, by which tb^ became dill more inaccefllble. .,r -rv ■ » << <( <« « « « ■^*^^: #■ *' \:i>;; 1759- '^^ HrsTOTiY of the War, 403 ihe fea. It lit son the moil: nnvigable nver'in the tinivcrfc. The river Si. Lawrence up to \\\t ifle ot <.>rlcani, ihat is fur ftbout one h'lndit^d and twelve leagues from its muuthy it no of their officers, were eager to didlnguilh tlicnifclvcs under a mnn, of whom they, and indeed the foldicry in v iirraJ, hnd the hiji^h* ell opinion and confidence . — to which I \w\y iiibjoin the retreat ot the tide, then more than half ebb ) and tin; haily approachine night, beginning to expand her dreary wing.<, witli a forihur prol- petl of unfavourable weatht- r Ik'fides ^11 thele, other circumllances there are not Icls deserving of attention ; I'ur, hnd wc fuccecded^thu river CharUi remained afterwards to be croired, hetore wc could invert the garrifon ; and the Frinch army would probably have occupied the high ground behind it, and intrenched there: our army was already greatly diminilhed, and would have been conli- derably more fo, it the General had perievcred ; all which deter- ring incidents, critically concurring, prevailed on his Excellency to withdraw his troops, and give up the proje£l for the prefent. ORDERS. Camp at Montmweneyy Aug. \. ** The check, which the grenadiers met with yellerday, will, it is hoped, be a lefTon to them for the time to come j fuch im- fetutuf, irregular, and unfoLtitriike proceedings deftroy all or- der, make it impolfible for their commanders to form any dif- pofitidn for an attack, and put it out of the General's power to execute his plan. The grenadiers could not fuppofe, that they alone could beat the French army, and therefore it was necel- fary, that the corps under Brigadier Momktvn and Brigadier TeivnJbenJ (hould have time to join, that the attack might be general ; the very firft tire of the enemy was fufhciefit to repuife men who had loft all fenfc of order and military difcipline ; Amherji's and the Highlunti regiments * alome, by the foldier- like and cool manner they were lonned in, would undoubcedly have beat back the whole Canadian army, if they had ventured to attack them. The lofs, however, is inconiiderablc, and n:ay be « «< «« « « «< <» *< « 4( • Major Ptf«/. /Emil. Ir'vtngwuszt the head ofA'mherjV& regiment ; Colonel Frafer being confined by a wound he had received before that day, I cannot recollect who was then at the head of his highlandtrs: the reader may remember that thefe corps were commanded by Brigadier Monckton, and were part of his brigade iiom i\it Point de Levi, ■-'•■^i'^ • .r , . .■ ,; ;;» I I ao4 The IhRroKY of tbg 'War.' ^ 1)59. no where liTs than from four to five leagues broad ; buta- bove that illc it narrows, fo that before Qycbcc it is not a- bftvea mile over. Ilcncc this place got the name of Qncbeis or Quebec, which, in ihc Algon(|uin tongue, ligiiifics a ftrait. The " be cnfilv repaired, when n fnvournbic opjport unity offers, if tlic *' men will (new n proper attention to their oBiccrs. The killed^ ivounritf/t and mijfinf( of tfm army, in the Aifftrent fermkts nvhere nve httnte he«n emfloyedy ftnct our (trrivrtl before S^tehtCf amount to Killed. Wounded. Milling. Comniiifioned Officers, lo 47 Serjeants, — 9 26 "^ Drummers, — ■ 7 Rank and file — Mi? i;7j> 17 TotrtI i8i 655 17 Total of every rank, regulars, marines, artillery and rangcrr, 854. Major General Wolfe's Letter^ and Admiral Sautfdcrs's, to Mr. Secretary Pitt, relative to the Operations at ^ehec. Head <^«/ir/rrj at Montmorcnci^ in the River Saint Laurence y Sept. 2, 1759. 1 :■ ^.f -■'<- . r SIR, .V IWidi I could, upon this occafion, have the honour of tranf- mitting to you a more favourable account of the progrefs of 'his Mnjeity's arms ; but the obtbcles we have met with, in the operations of the cannpaign, are much greater than we had reafon to expcd, or could forefee ; not lb much from the number of the enemy (tho' fuperior to us) ns from the natural ftrength of the country, which the Marquis de Montcalm feems wifely to depend upon. When I learned that fuccours of all kinds had been thrown in- to ^ehc ; that five battalions of regular troops, compleated from the bell of the inhabitants of the country, fome of the troops of the colony, and every Canadian that was able to bear arms, be- fides feveral nations of favages, had taken the field in a very ad> vantagcous fituation ; I couid not flatter myl'elf that I fhouid be able to reduce the place. I fought however an occafion to attack their army, knowing well, that with thefe troops I was able to fight, and hoping that a vidory might difperfe them. ^ ^c We *759' ^^^^ History of the War.' 205 ""Ihe city is the feat of the governor and the intendant, and the fupreme tribunals of juHiccfoi all the French North America} it is alfo an cpil'copul fee, and a place of con- siderable: Wc found them encamped along the fliorc of Beaufort ^ from the river St. Charles to the falls of Mantmorenci^ and intrenched in every acccinble part. The zyih of June we landed upon the ille of Orleans { but receiving a meflage from thu Admiral, that there was reafon to think the enemy had artillery, and a force upon the point of Levi, 1 detached brigadier Monckton with four battalions to them from thence. He palled the river the 29th at night, and marched the next day to the point; he obliged the enemy's irregulars to retire, and poflcircd hiinfelf of that poll : 'i'he advanced parties upon this occalton had two or three Ikir- midies with the Canadians and Indians, with little lofs on either fide. Colonel Carleton marched with a detachment to the Wetter- ' molt point of the ille of Orleans, from whence our operations were likely to begin. It was abfolutely neceffary to poiTefs thefe two points, and for- tify them ) becaule from either the one or the other, the enemy might ninke it impoflible for any iliip to be in the bafon of ^eiec, or even within two miles of it. batteries of cannon and mortars were erefled with great d'lC- patch on the point of I.ei>cr aiid lower town ; tli£ lovver> which is narrow, is buiU '■■'■■ - , • .. *:• .>* u in a manner which might be made ufetul to us. There is be- liJes a lord belov/ 'he falJs, which incy be paiTed for fome hours i*i tlie latter pan ni' tKe tbb and beginning ot" the flood tide; and I had hope?, thnf pnliibly raeans might be fo^ind of paHlng the riv«r ahove, lo as lo fight tuc Marqwis ^e Motitca/m, upon terms of Icfs di(;uiwaHt*gt. than di)>;£lly attacking his iiitrenchments. /n peconnoiui"^^ the river Montmoien: i^ we fowud it fordabie at a, place about three wiiks up j but the oppofitc bank was intrencli- cd, nnd fo felttp and wootly, that it was tu no purpofe to atterapt a paflage there. The efcort was twice attacked by the Ind^am^ u-lio were as often repulfed j but in thefe rencounters we had tbrty (officers and men) killed and wounded. The i8th of J»Jy, two men of war, twso armed floops, and two transports, with fonve troops on board, palled by the town without any lofs, and got into the upper river. This enabled me to reconnoitre the country above, where I found the fame attenti- on on the enemy's fide, and great difHciilties on ours, ariiing from the nature of the gr as it mufi have been many hours before we could attack them, (even ^i^pqjofing a favourable night fof the boats to pafs by the touro unluirt) rt teemed fo ha- eajdous, that I ibought k heft to defill. . i^owcver^ to /divide the enemy's force, and to draw their at*- fiention as high up the river as pofiible, and to procvi^e fome in-* teUigence, I lent a detachment under the cammand of Col. Carle- ton^ xoiaaad at the Point de Trempty to attad: whatever he might ik}9cl ^heire, bring off* fone prifoners, and all the useful papers he could get. I had been informed thai a number of the inhabitants of ^ebecy had retired to thart place, and that prot)pbIy we tiionld rfind a ma^aztine of proviiioDs there. The Colonel was fued upon by a body of Indians the moment -. he >^k ne4, 1759- ^^' History of the War. 207 built upon a (Irand^ at the fpot of^^ lofty rock, upon which the upper town ftands. 'This rock extends itieU, and con- tinues with a bold and iteep tront* wedward along the river /(•rK7fhl ■ • ■ ' , , St. la- tent he he landed, but thej were foon difperfed and driven into the woods : he fetrched for magazines, but to no puipofe, brought off fome prifoners, and returned witb little lofs. After this bufinefs, I came back to Montmorencit where I found that Brigadier Town/htnei had» by a (iiperior tire, prevented the French (iom ereCling a battery on the bank of the river, from whence they intended to cannonade our camp. I now refolved to take the firll opportunity which prefentcd itfelt of attacking the ene- my, though polled to great advantage, and every where prepared to receive us. \:..:yj :o /; •■.•> •, .• j.,:i;c;-. :>.<;.•• ., -^a .a As the men of war cannot (for want of a fuflicicht depth of water) come near enough to the enemy's intrenchments to annoy them in the leaft, the Admiral had prepared two tranfporcs (draw- ing but little water) which upon occafions could be lun a-ground, to favotir a defcent. With the help of thefe veflels, which I un- derAood would be carried by the tide ciofe in iliore, I propofed to make myfelf mafter of a detached redoubt neai to the water's edge, and whofe fituation appeared to be out of mufquet /liot of the intrenchment upon the hill : If the enemy fup{)Orted this de- tached piece, it would neceflarily bring oi. an engygement, what we mrfft wiflied for ; and if not, i fliould have it in my power to examine their (ituntion, To as to be able to determine where we could beft attack them. Preparations were accordingly made for an engagement. The 31ft of July in the forenoon, the boats of the fleet were filled with grenadiers, and a part of Brigadier MoncktotC^ brigade froai the pioint of Lefvi : The two brigades under the Brigadiers Tewn- Jbend'A^^ Miirray were orderad to be in readinefs tti> pafs the ford, when it fliouid be thought neceffary. To facilitate the paiH^ of this corps, the admiral had pkced the Centurion in the chan- n«4, ifo that Are might check the fire of the lower battery wJikh coihmftnded the ford : This flwip was of great ufe, as her fire was vety j«dicioufly direded. A great quantity of artillery was placed upon the eimtnence, fo as to batter and en>filade the left of rlieir intrenchments. FiHDm t^ veflel whkh run a-ground, neareft in, I obferved that the redoubt was lofo irvach commanded to be kept without very ^reat k>fs ; anfd the more, as the two orme^ fliips cou?d not be brought near enough to cover both with their artillery and piu^uetry, which I at fir^t conceived they might. But as the '- " ,/f ;- enemy ' • - ■, v i; ! 208 . fhe History of the War. 1759. St. Lawrence for a confiderable way. Another river from the north- weft, called St. Charles, falls h^e into the for- lucr, waihing the foot of the rocfc on which Quebec ftands; enemy feetned in fonie confudon, and we were prepared for an sidion, I thought it a proper time to make an attempt upon their iiitrenchmciits. Orders were fent to the Brigadiers Generals to bki ready with the corps under their command. Brigadier Moffy Br>.d a number of iliells and f1u>t> but did no coniide- 'table d<>mage. As foon as this dilorder could be fet a little to rights, and the boats were ranged in a proper manner, fome of "the officers of the navy went in with me, to tind a better place to land : we took one flat-bottomed boat with us to make the ex- periment, and as loon ns we had found a fit part of the iltore, the • troops were ordered to dilembark, thinking it not yet too late for 'the attempt. "^ihe thirteen companies of grcnaditrs, and two hundred of the , fccond/?oyrt/.^/«fr»V«» battalion> got firftonihore. The grena- ^^ diers weieordeied vo ibrm themfeives into fourdKlinft bodies,and to begin ihe attack,fupported by Brigadier A/owc^/o/z'scOrps, as foon as the troops had paffcd the ford, and were at hand to aflift. But whether from the noife and hurry at landing, or from fome other •faufe, the grenadiers, inftcad of forming themfeives as they were directed, ran on impeiuoufly towards the enemy's intrenchments * in the utmoft diforder and confuilon, without waiting for the corps which were to fuftain them,and join in the attack. Brigadier Manckton was not landed, and Brigadier Toionjbtnd was (till at a confiderable dldance, though upon his march to join us, in very freat order. The grenadiers were checked by the enemy's firfl: re, and obliged to flielter themfeives in or about the redoubt, which the French abandoned upon their approach. In this fitua- tion they continued for fome time, uiiable to form under fo hot a fire, and having many gallant officers wounded, who (carelefs of their perfons) had been folely intent upon their duty, I faw the abfolute neceffity of calling them off, that tkey might form 4.C' 1759' TifeHisroKYoftbe'WAtL. ^dg (lands ; the point on which the town is built, thus becomes a fort of peninTula by the jun£tion of thefe rivers ; fo that whoever attacks Quebec, mud either make his ap- proaches themfelves behind Brigadier Monckton's corps, which v;as now landed, and drawn up on the beach, in extreme good order. By this new accident, and this fecond delay, it was near night, a fudden ftorni came on, and the tide began to make ; fo that I thought it mod advifeable, not to perievere in fo difficult an at- tack, left (in cafe of a repulfe)the retreat of Brigidier To tun/i'fw^'s corps might be hazardous and uncertain. Our artillery had a great effeft upon the enemy's lefr, where Brigadiers Totjunjbend and Murray were to have attacked ; and, it IS probable that if thofe accidents I have fpoken of, had not' happened, we fliould have penetrated there, whilft our left and centre (more remote from our artillery) muft have bore all the violence of their mufquetry. The French did not attempt to interrupt our march. Some of their favages came down to murder fuch wounded as could not be brought o(F, and to fcalp the dead, as their cuftom is. The place where the attack was intended, has thefe advanta- ges over all others hereabout. Our artillery could be brought into ufe. The greateft part, or even the whole of the troops, might aft at once. And the retreat (in cafe of a repulfe) was fe- cure, at leaft for a certain time of the tide. Neither one or other of thefe advantages can any where elfe be found. The enemy were indeed polled upon a commanding eminence. The beach upon which the troops were drawn up, was of deep mud, with holes, and cut by feveral gullies. The hill to be afccnded very fteep, and not every where practicable. The enemy numerous in theii intrenchments, and their fire hot. If the attack bad fuc- ceeded, our lofs muft certainly have been great, and their's incon- fiderable, from the ihelter which the neighbouring woods afford- ed them. The river St. Charles ftill remained to be paffed, be- fore the town was invefted. All thefe circumftances I confider- ed ; but the deilre to a€t in conformity to the King's intentionc, induced me to make this trial, perfuaded that a victorious army finds no difHculties. The enemy have been fortifying ever fmce with care, fo as to make a fecond attempt ftill more dangerous. Immediately after this check, I fent Brigadier Murray above the town with twelve hundred men, direfting him to afnft Rear Admi- ral Holmes in the deftruCtion of the French fhips (if they could be got ar) in order to open a communication with Gen. Aniherjl. The P Brigadier w £&.< _ J v^-* tto The Hi sroKY of the ^AK, ^^59- f roaches above the town, and overcome the {>recipice whiieh have mtentioned, or crofs the river St. Charles, and at- tempt it u^on that fide. The former of thofe methods m\i(k .'U'yi% appeair l>i> I c Pi! Brigiulier was to feek every favourable opportunity of nghting fomc of the enemy's detachments, provided he could do it upoti tolerable terms, and to ufe all the means in his power to provoke them to attack him. He made two difllerent attempts to and upon the North fliore without fuccefsi but in a third was more fortunate. He landed uneipe^ediy at de Cbaitibaudt and burnt a magaaine there, in which were fome provifions, fome ammunition, and all the fpare ftores, clothing, arnis^ ahd baggage, of their army. Findii^ that their ihipt were not to be got at, and little prof* pefi of btingtng the enemy to a battle, he reported his fituatioa tio mb, and I ordered him to join the army. The prifoners he took informed him of the forrender of the fort of Niagara ; and we difcovered, by intercepted letters, that the enemy had abandoned Catithn and Crown Pointy were reti- red to die ifle Aux Naix ; and that Gen. Andftrft was making pre- parations to pals the Lake Chathflaini to fall upon M. Jt Bwrk- Magut'a corps, which confifts of three battalions of foot, and aa m»ay Canadians as make the whole amount to three thoufandmen. The Admiral's difpatchesimd mine would have gone eight or ten days iboner, if I had not been prevented from writing by a fever. I found myfelf fb ill, and am ftill fo weak, that I b^ged the general officers to confiilt together for die public utility. They ake all of opinion, that (as more fl»ips and provifions have now l^t above the town^' they fhould try, hy conveying up a corps of four or five thoufand nten (which is nearly the whole ftrength of the army, after the points of Ltvi and Oritatts are left in a pro- per fkato of defence) to draw the enemy from their prefent fitua- tiosj wad. bdag them to an adioa. I have acquiefced in their ptopofal, and we are prepario^ to put it in executi(m. The Admiral and 1 have examined the to^n, with a view to a general aflaitit ; htiC, after coAfulting with the chief engineer, who is weU acquainted with the lOterior parts of it, and, after viewiiq; it widi die utmoft attentioii, we found, that though the batteries of the Lower Town might be eafily filenced by the men of war, yet rhehufraefs of an ai&ult would be little advanced by that, fince the few pafiagea that lead from the Lower to the Up- per Town, are cdrefiiUy intrenched ; and the up^r batteries can- not be afieded by the ihipis, which muft receive confiderable da- niage from them and from the mortars. The Admiral would rea- dfly job is this, or in any other meafore, for the public fervice; but ''. . 1159' The HisroKY of the W Ati, an appear to a prudent commander wholly unadvifeable, and the latter extremely difficult. If the former method ihould be attempted^ they would have that dangerous precipice to over- rea- rice; but but I could not propofe to him an undertaking of fo dangerous a nature, and proaiidng fo little fuccefs. To the unconunon ftrength of the country, the enemy have ad> ded (for the defence of the river) a great number of floating bat- teries and boats. By the vigilance of thefe and the Indians round our different pofts, it has been impoflible to execute any thing by furprize. We have had alinoft daily fkirmifhe^ with thefe Sava- ges, in which they are generally defeated, but not without lofa on our fide. By the lift of difabled officers (many of whom are of rank)you may perceive. Sir, that the army is much weakened. By the na- ture of the river, the moft formidable part of this armament is de- prived of the power of a^ing, yet we have almoft the whole force of Canada to oppofe. In this fituation, there is fuch a choice of {difficulties, that 1 own myfelf at a lofs how to determine. The afTftirs of Great Britaiut I know, require the moft vigorous niea- fures ; but then the courage of a handful of brave men ihould be exerted only where there is fbme hope of a favourable eventL However, you may be afTured, Sir, that the fniali part of the cam"* paign which remams, fhall be employed (as fat as I am able) for the honour of his Majefty and the interefl of the nation, in which I am fure of being well f<^conded by the Admiral and by the Generals. Happy if our efforts here can contribute to the Alc- cefs of his MajeAy's arms in any other part of America. I hav9 the Honour to be. /.. J i'i" tVith the greaufl Refpe^, Sir, /^ ;# . Tour mojl obedient ^ and mojl humble Servant, y ' JAMES WOLFE; ■ • ??■>•» Sterling-Cajik off Point Levi, in the River St. Lawrence, ^tb tf Septetu^er, 1759. SIR, --^.•••v-^, .... > N my letter of the ^ of 'June, I acquainted you I was tlwn off Scutari, flandiug for the river St. Lanvreme. On the 26tit> I had got uo, with the firft divifion of the fleet and tranfborts, as P a far I 212 7*/;^ History o///;^' War. '759» overcome, defended by the enemies whole force, which the attack would draw to this quarter. On the other hand, the country from the river St. Charles to the northward, for M \\ M far as the n)iddle of the ifle of Orleans, where I immediately pre- pared to land the troops, which I did the next morning. The fame day the fecond and third diviflons came up, and the troops from them were landed likewife. I got thus far without any lofs or accident whatever ; but, di- rectly after landing the troops, a very hard gale of wind came on, by which many anchors and fmall boats were loft, and much da- mage received among the tranfports, by their driving on board each other. The iliips that loft moft anchors I fupplied from the men of war as far as I was able, and in all other refpe6ts, gave them the beft afTiftance in my power. On the 28th, at midnight, the enemy fent down from ^ebee feven firefhips ; and though our fhips and tranfports were io nu- merous, and neceflarily fpread fo great a part of the channel, we towed them ail clear and a-ground, without receiving the leaft damage from them. The next night General Monekton crofTed the river, and landed with his Brigade on the South fhore, and took poft at Point Levi ; and General Wolfe took his on the weft- mott point of the Ifle of Orleans. On the I ft of July, J moved up between the Points of Orleans and Levi ; and, it being refolved to land on the north Aiore, be- low the falls of Montmorenciy I placed on the 8th inft. his majef- ty's floop the Porcupine, and the Bofcaiuen armed vefTel, in the channel between Orleans and the North ihore, to cover that land- ing, which took place at night. On the 17 th, I ordered Captain Rous of the SutherlarJ, to proceed, with the firtt fair wind and night tide, above the town of ^ebeCy and to take with him his majefty's fliips Diana and Squir' rely with two armed floops, and two catts armed and loaded with proviiions. On the iSth, at night, they all got up, except the Diana, and gave General Wolfe an opportunity of reconnoitring above the town, thofe ihips having carried fome troops with them for that purpofe. The Diana ran afhore upon the rocks off Point Levi, and received fo much damage, that 1 have fent her to Bojlon with twenty-feven fail of American tranfports, (thofe which received moft damage in the gale of the 27th of June) where they are to be difcharged ; and the Diana, having repaired her damages, is to proceed to England, taking with her the maft fliips, and what trade may be ready to accompany her. On 1759- ' The History of the War. 213 for more than five miles* is extremely rough, broken and difficult, full of rivulets, gullies, and ravines, and fo con- tinues to the river of M^^utmorenci, which flows by the foot Mth On On the zSrfi, at midnight, the enemy fent down a raft of fire- ftages, of near a hundred Radeaux, which fucceeded no better than the fire-/hips. On the 3 III, General ^o^ ther may be done for his nwjeity's fervice. I'he enemy appear numerous, and feem to be ftrongly polled ; but let the event be what it will, we iliall remain here as long as the feafon will per- mit, in order to prevent their detaching troops from hence againft General Amhtrfi ; and I fhall leave cruizers at the mouth of the liver, to cut off any fupplies that may be fent them, with ftri£l or- ders to keep that ftation as long as poflible. The town of Sluebtc is not habitable, being almoft entirely burnt and defiroyed. I endofe you the prefent difpofition of the {hips under my com- mand : twenty of the victuallers that failed from England with the Ecboy are arrived here, one unloaded at Loyijhourg, having received damage in her paflTage out, and another I have heard no- thing of. No ihips of the enemy haye come this way, that I have had any intelligence of, fince my arrival in the river except one, laden with flour and brandy, which was taken by Captain Drake of the Lizard. Before Admiral Durell sot into -the river, three frigates, and feventeen iail, with provuions, ftores, and a few recruits, got up, and aise thofe we are ib anxious, if pofll^, to deftroy. Yefterday I received t letter from Genq:al Amhtrfi (to whom I have had nooM>ortunky of writing (ince I have been in the river) dated Camp qS Crown Pointy Augufi 17th, wherein, he only de- fires I would fend tranfportb and a convoy to f^etti York^ to carry to England fix hundred and Seventy prisoners taken at the furren- 6eT of Niagara, I would have wrote to you iboner from hence, but while my difpatches were preparing. General IVolfe was taken very ill ; he has been better fmce, but isftill sreatly out of order. . lihall I75P' Titf History »//iv Wa». ^15 In this advantageous (Ituation was the French army poA* ed» upon what was deemed the only acceillble fide of Que- bcc» all along from the river St. Charles to that of Mont- morenci> I /hall very foon fend home the great flupe, and have the ho* nour to ^9, With tbt grtateH refptay Sir t X^ur mojl oktditntf ^ndmtjl humilt fervant, /: CHARLES SAUNDERS. Frtm tbt knpraiiicMbility 0/ a gentral a£muit tn thf tonun^ tvbicb t hi General has dtclartd in bis Litter^ lue Jhail Mlo M 8 •r-» Ift " 6 — 2d "4 — 3d " S — 4th " 6 — 5th " 1 _^ 6th *t Sept. I ? ORDER of troops in the line of boats. Number of Boats. ' — Light infantry leads. •— Bragg's regiment. ~ Kennedy's ditto. — Lafcelles's ditto. "^^ — • Anftrnther's ditto. ( Detachments of Highlanders \ and American grenadiers. Captain Chads, of the navy, has received the Generars di- " reflions in refpe^ to the order in which the troops more, and *' are to land ; and no officer muft attempt to make the leaft al- " teration, or interfere with Captain Chadi particular province, *' left, as the boats move in the night, there may be dif Hie will ihcw two lights in the main tup mall ihrouds, one " over the other. The men to be quite fiicnt, and, when they " are about to land, niuil not, upon any account, iiie out of the *' boata ; the officers of the navy are not to be interrupted in *' their part of the duty; they will receive their orders from the *' officer appointed to fupcrintend the whole, to whom they are ** anrwerable. Officers of artillery, and detachments of gun- *' ners, are put on board the armed (loops to regulate their fire, ** that, in the hurry, our troops may not be hurt by our own ar- *' tillery ; Captain fork, and the olficers, will be particularly *' careful to dilHnguini the enemy, and to point their fire againlt *' them i the frigates are not to fire till broad day-light. To that no '* miftake can be made: the officers commanding floating battc- *' ries will receive particular orders from the General. The troops ** to be fupplied to-morrow with provifions to the 14th. The " troops oidered for the firft embarkation to be under arms at the *' head-quarters to-raorrow morning at four o'clock." Great preparations are making, throughout the fleet and army, to furprize the enemy, and compel them to decide the fate of ,§luebec by a battle : all the long-boats below the town are to be filled with feamen, maripes, and fuch detachments as can be fpa- red from Points Le'vi and Orleans^ in order to make a feint off Beaufort and the Point iie Lejiy and endeavour to engrofs the at- tention of the Sieur de Montcalm, while the army are to force a defcent on this fide of the town. The officer of our regiment, who commanded the efcort yellerday on Hie reconnoitring party, being a(ked, in the General's hearing, after the health ot one of the gentlemen who was reported to be ill, replied,—' he was in a * very low-indifferent ftatej* which the other lamented, faying, * he has but a puny, delicate conrtitution.'— This ftruck his Ex- cellency, it being his own cafe, who interrupted, * Don't tell me * of coniliiution, that officer has good fpirits, and good fpirits » vvill carry a man through every thing.' 1 2th. A foldier of the Royal Americans deferted this day from the \ « *7£9' ^''''' 'History of the War. * 217 imagine a rtrongcr p<>fti a poll at once more ilcfinfihlt* in iti'.'lt, 01 bctter'calciiUtcd lor luccourinj; a city, on which fulc focvcr it fhould he attacked. '1 hiib polU-d, thiy j^rcatly cxcccilcd of In a Ix- ime 11 its jom Ithe ihc fouili Ihoro, and one came over to us from the enemy, who inforiiicil thcGeneiul, * that he hclonged to a detachment compo- * fell of two othc CIS und Hfty men, who hiid hcen fent actodj the * river to take a prifoner \ that the French generals fufpcdl we arc * going higher up, to lay wafte the country, and deliroy fuch * Ihipu and ciaft as they have got above j and that Monficur Mont' * calm will not be prevailed on to quit his fituation, infdling that * the flower of our army are Uill below the town ; that the leduc- * tion of Ningtir/i has caufcd great difcontcnt in the French aimyt * that the wretched CamuUans are much dilfatisfied, and that * Monfieur de Levis is certainly marched, with a detachment of ' the army, to Montreal, in oidcr to reinforce Mr. Bourlemacque, * and ftop General Amberjl\ progrefs.' This fellow added, * tha.t, * if we were fairly landed on the north fide of the river, an incre- * dible number of the French regulars would actually defert to us.' —In confcquence of thi« agreeable intelligence, the following orders were this day iffued to the army. O R D li R S. .. Onhovi^A XhcSutherlanJ, \2\\{ Sept. ** The enemy's force is n'>w divided, great llarcity of provifi- ** ons now in thti' camp, and univerlal difcontcnt among the ** Canadians i the lecond officer in command is gone to Montreal ** or St. John's, which gives reafon to think, ihat General Am- ** her/l is adv.incin^ into the colony: a 'vigorous hlonv Jfruck hy •• the artny at this junSlure may aelermine the fate of Canada. *• Our troops below are in readinefs to join us; all the light ar- *' tillery and tools are embarked at the point of Lefui, arid the " troops will land where the French feem lead to expeft it. The «• (iitl body that gets on fliore is to march direft'v to the enemy, ** and diive them fron^ny little poll they may occupy } the offi- *• cers iiiuft be carefuffthat the fucceeding bodi though he was fupenor in number to f w H Mi . ** agnin/i ^ve nveak French Ifattaiions, mingled nuith a diforderly " peafantry. The foldiers muft be attentive and obedient to their " officers, and refolutc in the execution of their duty." The Brigadiers Manckton and Murray, with the troops under their conniiand, reimbarked this day, from the pariHt of St. A'f- (bolasy and returned to their ihips. I'his evening all the boats of the fleet below the town were filled with marine^, &c. &c. cover- fd by frigates and floops of war, worked up, and lay half-chan- nel over, oppoHte to Beauport, as if intemJing to land in the morning, and thereby 6x the enemy's whole attention to that quar- ter i the fhips attending them are to edge over, at break of day, as near as poHlble without grounding, and cannonade the Freneb intrench ments. At nine o'clock this night, cur army rn high fpi- fits, the firil divifion of them put into the flat-bottomed boats, and» in a fhort time after, the whole fquadron moved up the ri- ver with the tide of flood, and, about an hour before day-light next nioi ning, we fell down with the ebb. Weather favourable, a ftar-light night. BATTLE OF Q^U E B E C. ' '• ' ^ Thurfday, Sept. 13, ij^g. Before day-break this morning we made a defcent upon the north fhore, about half a quarter of a mile to cbe eaftward of ^illtryi and the light troops were fortunately, by the rapidity of the current, carried lower down, between us and Czite Diamond ; we had, in this debarkation, thirty flat-bottomed boats, contain- ing about flxteen hundred men. • I'his was a great furprize on the enemy, who, from the natural flrength of the place, did not fuf- pedl, and con4^uently were not prepared againfl, fo bold an at- tempt. The chain of centries, whrch they had polled along the fummit of the heights, galled us a little, and picked off" feveral men*, and feme officers, before our light infantry got up to dif- lodge themf. This grand enterprise was conduced, and executed with * In the boat where I was, one man was killed ; one feaman, with f»ur foldiers, were flightly, and two mortally wounded. t Captain Donald McDonald, a very gallant officer, of Frafer^s Highlanders, commanded the advanced-guard of the light infan- 1759' ^^^^ History of the War. 219 to the Englifh, refoived to rifquc nothing, and wifely relied on the natural ftrength of the country. When Gen. Wolfe faw the fituation of the town, the nature t '.' r.V. ' of with great good order and difcretion ; aa fail as we landed, the boats put off for reinforcements, and the troops formed with much regularity: the General, with Brigadiers Monckton , with loud Hiouts and recovered arms, two of them in- c' r> o the left of our army, and the third towards our right, firmg obliquely at the two extremities of our line, from the dif- tance of one hundred and thirty — , until they came within forty yards; vhich our troops withttood with the greateft intrepidity and firmnefs, ftill referving their fire, and paying the ftrifteft obe- dience to their officers: this uncommon fleadinefs, together with the havoc which the grape-fliot from our field-pieces niadeamong them, threw them into fome diforder, and wiis moft critically maintained by a well-timed, regular, aoid heavy difcharge of our fm'all arms, fuch as they could no longer oppofe* ; hereupon they gave way, and fled with precipitation, fo xhvx, by the lime the cloud * When the General formed the line of battle, he ordered the regiments to load with an additional ball. The forty-third and forty-feventh regiments, in the centre, being little affefted by the oblique fire of the enemy, gave them, with great calmnefs, as remarkable a clofe and heavy difcharge, as I ever faw performed at a private field of exercife, infomu^h that better troops than we encountered could not pofilbly withftand it : and, indeed, well might the French officers fay, that they never oppofed fuch a iKock as they received from the.centre of our line, for that they believed every ball took place, and fuch regularity and difcipline they had not experienced before ; our troops in general, and par- ticularly the central corps, having levelled and iw^Ay-r-comme une coup de canon. 222 The History of the War. 1759. amidil the choice of difficulties which lay before hiiii» to pitch upon thcfe where ;he vabur of his troops might be emjnDycd uith the bcft profpcfl of iuccefs. Ij ii h' >■" ii , f dond of fmolce was vaniiheiii our men were again loaded, and^ profit^ jy the advantage we had over them, purfued them al* iBoii to the gates ot' the town» and the brkuse over the little river» redoubling our fire with great cageimfs, imikiiw.tfiany officers and men prifoners. The weather ckwed upv with a comfortably warm fna-ihme : tlie J(|jK|^l«aMler8:^ vigorottily to- wards CW/c/'s ii— <^that the enemy were extremdy appreheailve of be- ing rigoroufly treated; for, coiifcknis of their inhuman behuvbur to our troops upon a former occaiion, the officers who fell into Ottf hands molt piteoufly (with hats off) fued for quarter, repeat- edly declaring they were not at Fort WilUam Henry (called by them Fort Gror^f) in tk« year 1757. A fbidier of the /?oy/i/-^- merieans^ who defeited from 03 this campaign, and fought againft us to-day, was found wound^.'d ■ on the field of battle; he was immediately :ried by a general court-martial, and was fhot todeath, pmrfuant to his fentence. While the two armies were engaged this 1759. Tbf HisTORr of the War. 423 As foon as he had fecui'ed the weft point of the iflc of Orleans, and that of Levi, he eroded battericy there of cannon and mortars* on the high ground, from the point of this morning, there was an inceflUnt firing between the town and our fouth batteries. By the time that our troops had taken a little refreHiment, a quantity of intrenching tools were broughionfhore, and the regiuientr, were employed in redoubling our ground, and landing fonie canrvon and ammunition. The omce'-s who are pri- Toners fay, that Sluebec will furrender in a lew days : fome defer- ters, who c«.me out to us in the evening, agree in that opinion, and inform us, that the Sieur de Montcalm is dying, in great ago- ny, of a wound he received to-day in their retreat. Thus has out late renowned commander, by h!s fuperior eminence in the art of war, and a moft judicious coup d'eclat, made a conqueft of this fertile, healthy, and hitherto formidab.e country, with a handful of troops only, in fpite of the political fcheuies, and moft vigorous efforts, of the famous Montcalnif and many ot^er officers cf rank and experience, at the head of an army coniide- tably more nutnerous. My pen is too feeble to draw the charac- ter of this Britijb Achilles ; but the fame may, with juftice, be (aid of him as was faid of Henry IV. of France: He nuas pof" ffffed of courage, humanitj^ clemency^ genertfity, affability^ and foliteHefs. And though the former of thefe nappy ingredients, how eifenttal fbever it may be in the compofkion of a foldier, is not alone fufficient to diftinguiOi an expert ofltcer ; yet, I may, with iiiiOi truth, advance, that Major General James Wolfe^ by his great talents, and martial difpodtion, which he difcovered early in life, was greatly fuperior to his experience in generalship, and VMS by no means inferior to a Frederic t a Henry, or a Fer-' dinand. if HI il^i by h, :d t:s *^ When the matter match'd his mighty mind, ** Up rofe the Hero : on his piercing eye ** Sat obfervation, on each glance of thought - ** Decifion follow'd, as the thunderbolt ,n ** Puriues the falh." ;: The Ilrength of our army^, this day in the aftion, will bed ap- pear by the following return j to which I ^all fubjoin that of the enemy, as delivered to me afterwards by an intelligent Frenth' man, OFFICERS 224 v/;^ Hrd TORY o/ //;A vi {.'!£ B 'U ,J UJ 5' s o HI ft* 15 th 28th J 5th 47th 48ch $8th 60th 78th 2 2d 40th 50th AinlierlVs Biagg's Otwiiy's Kenr.tftly's Lnkelles's Webb's Anlhuthcr'a cMonckton'sl i t Lawrence's Frafer's rLouifbourg ^Companies Coi Grenad. Rank and File. Total 1 1 4 '5 1 5 I 21 6 352 1 I 5 9)8 1 23 1 1 362 c 1 1 5 1 1 8 1 I I 23 II 4?6 c I 6 6 4 1 1 «7 li 280 I 5 8 8 3» 2 30"; 1 4 16 7 1 I I n *.i4 605 I I 4 7 6 20 296 1 2 6 6 26 «5 266 1 n 4 1 1 8 28 '4 474 / 12 7 1 c 28 14 603 c I 2 8 1 Q 4 216 3 6 5 48 109 67 5 2 4 I 259 102 4215 406 421 5'9 327 360 683 33S 322 540 662 241 4816 « Total of all Ranks, including General Officers, &c. 4828. One Major-General, three Brigadiers-General, one Quarter-Maf- ter-General, one Aid Quarter-iVlafter-Generai, one Adjutant-Ge- neral, four Majors of Brigade, two Aids de Camp. STATE of the FRENCH ARMY. Right Column. Troupes de Colonic 550 Regiment de la Sarre 500 Reg.de Languedoc 550 Des Milices, and \ one fix-pounder 5 1 2000 Centre Column. Left Column. Reg. de Berne 360 ! RoyaleRoufillon65o R.g.deGui-7 ,^ enne j Des Milices 1200 1920 La Colonie 650 Des Milices 2300 3600 Monfieur << 175^' Tie \:li sroK'v of the "W A t(» 42^ )ow in the north channel of the ifle of Orleans, oppofite to iMonlmorenci ; Admiral Holmes Was rtalioncd above the town* at uQcc to didract the enemies attention) and to pre vent I' 'i.'j Monfieur ur time, in erecting redoubts and other works, prudently de- clined the undertaking. The Sieur * Je Montcalm died late laft * The appointments of this great man, as Lieutenant-General, tnd Commander in Chief, &c. &c. did not exceed a thou(and fols per day ; and I have been credibly informed that all his other emoluments did not amount to more than the like fiun ; the whole equivalent to about nine hundred and thirty pounds (lerllng» per annum. night; 1759' sri>nqui(hed by fo brave and generous an enemy : If I could fur- ' vive this wound, I would engage to beat three times the number ' of fuch forces as I commanded this morning, with a third of * their number of Britijh troops.' We are drawing artillery and ammunition afhore, with all ex- pedition; in which we are much favoured, at prefent, by the weather, and have found a convenient road for the purpofe, lead- ing directly from the cove to the camp ; — this is the place that had been intended for our defcent ycfterday, but, the morning being dark, and the tide of ebb very rapid, we were imperceptibly car- ried a little lower down, which proved a favourable circumftance ; for there was a ftrong intrenchment that covered the road, lined by a detachment of one hundred and fifty men. It is ftill much more fortunate that the General had not deferred the execution of his proj'.'dt to another day j for two French regiments, with a corps of favages, were actually under orders of readinefs to march at fix Q 2 o'clo?M% •' - \ ■?-..■ azS The History cf tbe War. 1759. msndecl the enemies intrenchmentSf and a ford above, and anothtT below the fatlsy encouraged him to this attempt ; but upon reconnoitring the ground, the oppofite ihore was found oV:Iock, on the morning of the 13th, and intrench themfclveii im- mediately along the heights ; but happily our troops were in pof- ieflion of th«t ground, before the enemy had any thoughts of tlir- ring. Seteral men and Officers wounded to-day in camp, by Hiot and (hells from thetovm. The French regulars, in the late en- gagement, fired flugs of lead and iron from their finall arms ; fome of them were found in the fhot-pouches of the Officers that were made prifoneni, who, being challenged upon this fubjed, replied, ■with a fignificant ihrug, — * It was their cuftom, wrthout any ill * tJefign.* A flag of truce came from the garrifon this afternoon, ieqaefi:ing permimon to bury their dead ; all that were within our reach we had interred before. — Brigadier Mtnckton took the op- portunity iu this cefTition to pafs the town to his tent at Point Levi, of which notice was fent to the Governor and to our batteries on thefouth Ihore. After our late worthy General, of renowned memory, was ear- ned off wounded, to the rear of the front line, he deiired thofe Whv were -about him ro lay him down ; being alked if he would have a Surgeon ? he replied, ' it is needlels; it is all over with * me.* One of them then cried out, * they ran, fee how they * run.' * Who runs!' demanded our -hero, with great eameftnefs. like a perfon roofed from fleep ? The Officer anfwered, * The * enemy. Sir ; Egad they pve way every-where/ Thereupon the General rejoined, * Co oxr o/jou, my lads, i* Colonel Burton — ; ' tell kirn to march Webfo'i regiment with all fpeed donvn to * CharlesV river, /• cut *ff the retreat of the fugitives from the * brid^ Then, turning on his fide, he added, * NoWf Cod be * praifed, Ivaill die in peace .** and thus expired *. , . : ^h • Variooa accounts have been circulated of General Wolfe's mannet of dying, his kft words, and the Officers into whole hands he fell : and many, from a vanity of talking, daimed^he honour of bang his fiipporters, after he was \$rounded ; but the faregoing circtimftances were afcertauned to me by Lieutenant Broion, of the grenadters of iauijiourg, and the twenty-lecond regiment, who, with Mr. fienderjan, a volunteer in the lame companyv and a pri- vate i.ian, were the three perfons who carried his Excellency to iht rear ; which an artiUcry Officer feeing, immediately flew to his affifVance ; rind thefe were all that attended him in his dying mo- ment't / da not recolhS the artillery Officer's name, or itjhould be cbearfully recorded here. >759' 7l6f History of the Wail, 229 found fo ftcep and woody, that he could not hope to put his dtfign in cxtcuiion, which was by movinp towards the ene- mies flankj to draw them to an engagement. To bring the • ^is onour egoing of the who, a pri- ncy to to his S) utt , : MyrmiJfinum, Do/of>unnfue, aut Juri tnilei UlyJJeit 1 ^tmptrtt a tachrjmii ? This reHgnation, and ^rcatncfs of foul, calls to mv remembrance an alu'.oil fimilur tlory ot Epaminom/ai, the Theban Geneial | who, having received in Beht a mortal wound with a fword, which was left in his body, lay m that poilure till he received intelligence t^lat his troops had obtained a vidlory.and then permitted it to he drawn out, faying, at that indant, * This is not the end of my life, my * fellow- fuldiers ; it is now your £//7/R{noWaj was born, who dies * in fo much glory.' iijth Wet weather to-day: more deferters coming out to us, they lafciriu us, that Monfieur dj Rumftyy who commands in the town, riid the principal Officers ot the garrtfon, are fettling the preliminaries for a capitulation j that the Indians have robbed one of their beft ftore-houfes, and are gone off to their rcfpedtive dif- trids ; tlrat the citizens and Canadians in general are much diflatif* fieU, aikd impatient to have the town delivered up to us. A Ca- nuM.in was taken in arms by a party of Higblanaert ; they found hii.-. concealed in.the bufiKsto the left of the road, leading from the cove . he (aid he had been there iince the eveiiing, previous to our landing i and was afraid to attennpt his efcapc from that plac%, though fauitfhing with cold and hunger, left he Ihould not get quarter, if he was taken. He was (i;nt on board a ihip inicnedtate- ly, to join the other prilbners. We are landing more battering cannon and iioics, which the failors and marines are drawing up to our camp. We are confiderably annoyed by fliot and Ihells from the towu, ntverthclcfs we are fpiritedly rendering our works more deit;;(ifible : two thouiand meii are employed in making fiiicioes and gabions, to inable us to carry on ajpproaches. A parcel of (ailors, guine to fome houies on the beach under Capt Diamond^ in (earch of plunder, were fired upon, and made priibners. The enepiy have brottgHt up a mortar to their fouth-weft baftion to bombard our fhips, aibove the town^ and have thrown feveral ftells for that purpofe, without any efFedt The wind ihifted to the N. W. this evening, and the weather cleared up j three del^rters elgaped tQ our camp at night-fall. The enemy acknowledged to have had near Jdfteen hundred, kil- led, wounded, and prisoners, on the 1 3th inftaut; among the latf A ajo The HiaroKV of the W\K, 1759. the French to an a£)ion wait hit fingle obje£k. He had found that any attempts to alTault the city would prove to no purpole, whilft the fleet could only battef the lower towhf ter, which amounted to almoft three hundred, are inchided one Lieutenanr-Colonel, nine Captains, five firll and Iccond Lieutenawts, and two Cadets. Befides Munfleur //r Mtntealm^ the two nexi in command were alto killed, viz. Monficur dt Stntjtrfrue and Mon- fieur Jt St Oursy Brigadiers. This great lots tell molUy on the regular troops. A LIST of the Killed, Wounded, and Mifling, on the 13th of Htfttmhtr. ' f I ah. aSth. 35th. 43d • 48th. 58th 78th. Lou. Or. Total o o o o o o o o o I o 1 1 1 a° Killed. Wounded. jj u s n At « »' 1 . u: £ i i M a ii jl 1 Serjeants. 1 Drummers 1 •a 1 2 i \ 5 s» 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 1 39 1 6 2 , ♦ 1 28 3 1 2 2 18 2 1 I a ♦ a 1 2 26 < 3 1 1 8 % I 1 3 80 J S I 3 a 2 1 80 I 2 < 2 2 I H 2 5 3 7 «3> 2 1 1 3 1 i i 47 6 1 17 47 14 a 6 II «5 4 S06 5 Artillery. ^ C c 9 o g O O ■i > 21 5 Staff. Killed, one Major-Genertl : Wounded, one Brigadier, one Quarter-Mafter-General, one Adjutant-General, one Major of Brigades, one Aid de Camp, one Engineer. Ail ranks killed, wounded, and miffing, fw-huridred and fixty-four. -» ^^ ,i6th^ 1759' ^^^ History of the War. ajr town, and mud fuft'er greatly by the cannon and bombs of the upper, whild they were employed in this ineffectual lervice \ lor after the reduction of the lower town* the paf- fages 1 6th. Cloudy weather, and blows .frefli. About ten o'clock lad night the enemy beat a chnmade, and an Officer was Tent to the General ; we flattered ourlelvcH they were about to capitulate, but it was only to requefl permitllon to fend their women and children, over Charlti\ river, into the country ) which was generoufly granted We profited by this ceflation, tiaving advanced a large detachment, with a covering party, nearer, and ^- oppo* fite to Port St. Louis^ to clear the ground of brulh. take poft, and throw up a fpacious redoubt, it being intended to ere£t a battery there : thefe parries were augmented to day, and the enemy are endeavouring, by a very hot nre, to route them thence. The le* cond in cqmmand of the marine department, with w Prleft, and thirty Canadians^ were this day brought in prifoners by a party of Highlandtrs. The enemy feem to be more lavifh of their ammu- nition than heretofore* neither fparing our camp nor the '''^uth batteries. We are drawing up more artillery, and large mh ei are employed in cutting fafcmes, &c. the mod effectual prepa>ationa are making to hallen the reduction of this capital, and, m a day or two, we hope to open a formidable fire upon the upper town, and the woiks on this fide of it ; which, however, do not feem calculated to bear much battering. ORDERS. 17th. " Complaints have been made that great diforders hav9 " been already committed, in the neighbourhood of the camp, by '* the foldiers } which has obliged the country people, who wer^ ** coming in with frefh provifions, to return. Gen. To'wnjbtnd takes *' the earlieft occafion of declaring to the trooc , hat, wbiift he " has the honour to command them, he thinb <'. his duty to in- ** dulge them in no a£ts of licentioufnefs, the only circumftance '* which can fully the glory they have, acquired, and prolongs the *• redudlion of this country ; he is determined to freferve thefamt ** good difcipline kept up by their late Ceneral, and^ like hitrit to ** grant every proper indulgence^ which the good of the fernticg *' and good difcipline didates. One Field-Officer, four Captains, " twelve Subalterns, and four hundred men with arms, to parade *' this afternoon, at four o'clock, for work : the Engineers will ** order tools for them, and will conduct them. Neither Officer ** nor foidier to be allowed to go near the French general hospital 1 ■I %^2 fhe History of the War. 1759, fftgcn to ilu« upper wcrr cxircmcly deep, and moitovvr fo well iiilrrnchftl, flmt ihis ndvuntsigc would prove litilc toi wards tlic iod«iil"\i()n of ihc place. The ♦• the r,uard there, and that in Mnjor Dul/in^'n redoubt, to be at-» ** tcntivc thatthii order be obeyed. Three Capttiina, fix Subalterns, " and Hvc hundred men, to parade to-morrow morning, at day- •* break;, foi rufcinc-iuaking. The piipicta and working parties ** to parade, for the iuturu, at four o'clock in the afternoon, " I'hc UrigiuHcr of the day will difpofc of the pi([uct9 in the fol- <*. lowing icdqubta : y ** Advanced redoubt — i '• Dtilling9 retloubt -r— i *" ** Field ariillery redoubt ■— a *• The hulpital poll -r- 1 " Right redoubt — i '* The rert will be difpofcd of by the Mrigadier of the day, where ** he Ihall think proper ; all :)ui-ports and piipicts to fend a guide " to the parade at tour o'clock iu the afternoon, to attend the ** relief." Wet weather to-day. The Adniiral moved the fleet up into the bafon, and \t preparing to attack the lower town : the artillery which we have now m this camp confill.s of twelve heavy twenty- four pounders of brafs, four light ditto, fixtecn of twenty-twq poutiders, and eight of iron ^ tour thirteeninch brafs mortars, and one of iron $ four brafs ten-inch mortars, and eight of eight; inches) four btafs twclvi -pounders, and fixteen ditto fix-pounders; eleven royal howiry.ers of live inches and an half, and thirty of four inches and three quarters ;*in all, fixty pieces of cannon, and fifty-eight mortns, in choofing his po(l> was well apprifed of its importance. He knew ** artillery and ftores of every kind, provifions, &c. &c. for his Ma- ** jefty's fervice ; abftra£ts of which they are to deliver in, figned. ** to the Englijh Commiflary, that nothing be concealed or em- bezzelled. During this time the Commanding Officer of artil- «( . ,' ■}<'" •* SIR, I Have the honour to acquaint you with the fuccefs of his ma- jefty's arms, on the 13th inft. in an a^ion with the Frenchy on the heights to the weft ward of this town. It being determined to carry the operations above the town, the pofts at Point Levi, and /' IJle d'Orleans, being fecured, the gene- ral marched with the remainder of the force, ftom Point Levi, the 5 th and 6th, and embarked them in tranfports, which had ^ pafled .1 J l!>"j m V i: 2$6 The History of tbs War. *759. (Irong) in fuch a manner, as tc make any attempt upon him by furprife abfolutely impofllb!c. In the mean time,, from the town,- iireihips and boats were let down the ilream to pafled the town for that purpofe. On the 71b, 8th, and gtb, a movement of the fliip' vas made up, by Admiral Holmes, in or- der to amufe the ener.iy now polled along the North fhore ; but the tranfports being exr? mely crowded, and the weather very bad, the general thought proper to cantoon halt his troops on the South iliore ; where they were refrefhed, and reimbarked upon the 1 2th at one in the morning. The light infantry, commanded by Colonel Hoive, the regiments of Br agi;, Kennedy^ LafcelUs, and Anjiruther, with a dctacluuent of Highlanders^ and the American grenadiers, the whole being under the command of Brigadier NUnckton and Murray, were put into flat-bottomed boRts, and, after ibme movements of the mips, made by Admiral Holmes, to draw the attention of the enemy above, the boats fell down with the tide, and landed on the North fhore, within a league o( C^pc Diamond, an hour before day- break : the rapidity of the tide of ebb carried them a little below the intended place of attack, which obh'ged the light infantry to fcramblo up a woody precipice, in order to fecure the landing the troops by diflodging a captain's poft, which defended the fmall intrenched path the troops were to afcend. After a little firing, the light infantry gained the top of the precipice, and difperfed the Cap- tain's poft } by which means, the troops, with a very little lots, from a few Canadians and Indiansin the wood, got up, and were immediately formed. The boats, as they emptied, were fent back for the fecond embarkation, which I immediately made. Brigadier Murray, who had been detached with Anjiruther's battalion to attack the four gun battery upon the left, was re-r called by the general, who now faw the French arniy crofling the river St. Charles. General H^olfe thereupon begun to form his fine, having his right covered by the Louijhourg grenadiers ; on the right of thefe again be 'afterwards brought Ottuay^ -, to the left of the grenadiers were Bragg's, Kennedy's, Lafcelles's, High- landers, and Anjiruther's ; the right of this body was commanded by Brigadier Monckton, and the left by Brigadier Murray i his rear and left were protected by Colonel Hotueh light-infantry, who was returned from the four gun battery before-mentioned, which was foon abandoned to him. General Montatlm having collected the whole of his force from the Reauport fide, and ad- vancing, /hewed his intention to flank our left, where I was im- mediately ordered with General Amherft^ battalion, which I form-r . . . «<* t3 \ ■''\lM<'\ r m .y.^s., 2^B The Hr=^TORY of theWAK. 175^. fel of this kind fent i«gainft them was towed afhore without doing the lead mifchicf. The general finding that all his efforts to decoy the enemy to an engagement had proved unfuccefsful, and, fenfible that The a£tion» on our left and rear, was uot {o 'svorc. Th houfes, into which the light-infaTitry were throwiri, were well defended, being fupporte^t by Colofiel Homo?, who taking poll with two companies behind a fmali cupfe, and frequently lallying upon the flanks of the cneiry during th^ attack, drove them often into heaps, againft the front of which body i advanced platoons of Amberlfi regiment, which tota'ly prevented the right wing from executing their fiut intention. Before this, oie of the i?,,y/ A'meriean ):>artalions had been detached to prcibrve our conmuni- caiion w:h our boats, and the other being fent to occupy the ground y/hich fci'iaditr Murray^ movement had left open, I re- mained witJ! Apiherji'^ tofupport this difpodtion, and to keep the enemy's righ:, nd a body of their favagcs, which waited ftill mere toward,^ our rear, oppofite the pods of the light-infantry, waiting for an opportunity to fall upon our rear. This, Sir, was the Htuation of things, when I was told, in the aililion, that I commanded : I immediately repaired to the centre, and finding the purfuit had put part of the troops in diforder, I formed them as foon as pofllble. Scarce was this effected, when M. de Sougaifiville, with his corps from Cape Rouge of two thou- fand men, appeared in our rear. I advanced two pieces of artil" lery, and two battalions towards him : upon which he retired. You will not, I flatter myfelf, blame me for not quitting fuch ad- vantageous ground, and rifking the fate of fo decifive a day, by feeking a frefh enemy, pofted perhaps in the very kind of gr^ound he could wifli for, viz. woods and fwaraps. We took a great number of French oflicers upon the field of battle, and one piece of cannon. Their lofs is computed to be about fifteen hundred men, which fell chiefly upon their regu- lars. I have been employed, from the day of action to that of the capitulation, in redoubling our camp beyond infult, in making a road up the precipice for our cannon, in getting up the artillery, preparing the batteries, and cutting ofl^ their communication with the country. The 1 7th, at noon, before we had any battery erected, or could have any for two or three days, a flag of truce came out with propofals of capitulation, which I fent back again to the town, allowing them four hours to capitulate, or no farther treaty. The Adnural had, at this time, brought up his largp (hips 1759* ^^^ History of the War. 239 that they defired nothing more than to a£t defenfively, un- til the (eafon itfelf (hould fight for them, and oblige the Englilh to retire, hecamf at laft, in fpite of all difficulties, to her lips fhips as intending to attack the town. The French officer return- ed at night with terms of capitulation, which, with the Admiral, were confidered, agreed to, and figned at eight in the morning, the 1 8th inftant. The terms we granted, will, I flatter myfelf, be approved of by his majeily, confidering the enemy affembling in our rear, and what is far more formidable, the very wet and cold feafon, which threatened our troops with ficknefs, and the fleet with fome accident ; it had made our road fo bad, we could not bring up a gun for fome time ; add to this, the advantage of entering the town, with the walls in a defenfible (late, and the being able to put a garrifon there ftrong enough to prevent all furprize. Thefe, I hope, will be deemed fufficient confiderations for granting them the terms I have the honour to tranfmit to you. The inhabitants of the country came in to us fall, bringing in their arms, and taking the oaths of Bdelity, until a general peace determines their fituation. I have the honour to inclofe herewith a lift of the killed ami wounded ; a lift of the priibaers as perfeA as I have yet been able to get it ; and a lift of the artillery and ftores in the town as n^'ell as thofe fallen into our hands at Be^auport in confequence of th« viftory. By delerters we learn, that the enemy are re-aflemWing what troops they can^ behind the Cape Rouge ; that M. tie Levji is come down from the Montreal fide to comnmnd them j fo4>i« fay, he has brought two battalions with him ; if lis this Slow has already affifted Getvral imberfi. By oihw defeneis, we learn, that M. de BmgaiH< ?*'/>, with eight hundred men, aad provifions, was on his i»*^vh tv> l^ing himtelf into the towii the 1 8th, the very nKKO»r^ it capitulated, on which day we had not compleated the invcv^^utt ot" the plaee, as they had broke their bridge of boats, a»ss h*«i detachments in very ftrong works .M\itular, preients to military operations of a great extent, and which no army can itfelf folcly fupply ; the immenfe labour in artillery, ftores and provifions ; the long watchings and attendance in boats; the um !« ?,40 'The History of the War. '759. to tlic refoluiion of attacking them in their intrenchments on (he fulc of Montmorenci. The place where the attack was. to be made, was chofen with great judgment, as the only the drawing up our artillery hy the fcaineu even in the heat of action i it is my duty, ihort as my coniinatul has been, to nc- knowledge, for that lime, how great a Ihare the navy has Iiad IH this lucccl'sful campaign. I have the hnnoiir f" he, &c. ,. • (JEd tbWKlsteNtl. Vi(t Admiral ^mndfrf'^ hUtr to ihi Highi Honmahle /j/r. s t It, I Hive I ho gieateft pleufure in acquainting ynij that the town and cjtadc;! of aijtehec furiciKlcrtd on tht- iBih iiillant, and I iiiclofe you a copy of the articles of capitulation. 'I'jie ainiy took fijlK'lJiaii of the gates on the land fide the fame evening, and fent i\fe-gU:iids into the town to prcfervc order, and to prevent any thing Ikhii heing dcftroyed ; and Captain Pal/ifer, with a body of leanien, lamlcil in the lower town, and did the fame. The next day our army nia'clicd jn, and near a thoufand French oflicerB, fo|clicrs and Uiinicji, uiiu eniharked on hoard fonie Etigtijh catts, V'lio Ihall loun proceed for frame, agreiiible to the rapjtnlatlon I had the honour to write to you the 5th Inll. hy ilie Hst^ney cuiici. 'llie tioop: , menrioned In thai letter, Imharked on huiiid the (hips and vellcls above the town. In the night of the fjth infl;. and at h ur in the luorning of the I3ih began to land on the north ilioii.% {il)out i mile and a half above the town. Gener"; Mont- calm with his whole army, left their camp at Jieauport, and iiKUchi'd to meet him. A little before ten both armies were form- ed, and the enemy began the attack. Our tioops received their lire, and referved their own, advancing till they were fo near as to run in upon them, and pulh them with their bayonets ; by which, in a very little time, the French gave way, and fled to the town in the utnioft diforder, and with great lofs j for our tioops purliied them quite to the walls, and killed many of them upon the glacis, and in the ditch ; and if the town had been furtiicr ofi', the whole French army muft have been deftroyed. About two hundred and fifty Fremh prifoners were taken that day, ai. ong whom are ten captains, and fix fubaltern officers, all of whom will go in the great fliips to England. 1 .in fony to acquaint you, that General tVolfewas killed in the adion j and General Monckton Hiot through the body j but I759* ^^^ History of the War. 241 only place thereabouts in which the artillery could he brought into ufe ; as there« and there onlyi the greatefl part, or even the whole of the troops, might a£t at oncci and that m )Ut he a he is now fuppofed to be out of danger. General Montcalm, and the three next French officers in command, were killed ; but I niuil refer you to General T^oiunjbend (who writes by this oppor- tunity) fur the particulars of this a£tion, the ftate of the garnfon, and the uieafuies he is takiiig for keeping pofTeiJlon of it. I am now beginning to fend on Ihore the ftores they will want, and rnyill(i||y for five thoufand men ; of which I can furniih them ill a lufflcient quafithir. The night of their landing, Admiral HolmtSt with the fhips ann troops, was about three leagues above the intended landing filttce : Ueheral ii oih^ with about half his troops, fet off" in Miiiifi, and dropped down with the tide, and were, by that means, lefs lialile lu Iih tliff overed by the French centinels, polled all along the coalt 1 lie iiiips (uilfmed them about three quarters of an hour aflerv/ards, and got to the landing place juft in the time that had been concerted, to cover their landing ; and confi- dering (he darknefs of the night, and the rapidity ofthecUr^nt, this was a very critical operation and very properly and fucceff- fully conduced. When General Wolfe, and the troops with him, hn(| |ani|e(|, the difficulty of gaining the top of the hill is fcarce ctedlbje : it was very deep in its afcent, and high, and no path wliRFR rwo could gu a-breaft : but they were obliged to pull them- lelves up by the liuuips and boughs of trees, that covered the declivity. f nmiediately after our victory over their troops, I fent up all the boats in the fleet with artillery, and ammunition j and on the 17th went up with the men of war in a difpofition to attack the lower town, as foon as General Totunjhend fhould be ready to attack the upper ; but in the evening they fent out to thecam^ and offered terms of capitulation. I have the farther pleafure of acquainting you, ihat during this tedious campaign there has continued a perfect good unr derftanding between the army and the navy, I have received great afliftance from Admirals Durell and Holmes^ and frofl» the captains : Indeed every body has exerted themfelves in 1 execution of their duty ; even the tranfports have willingly filled me with boats and people on the landing the ^^P<>P^j and many other fervices. ^, •= ■ . ,?,,'' I have the honour to be, &c. v>rr CHARLES SAUNDERS. i which was at the nnoulb of the river Montmorenci> the bed difpofitions for it were madCf both on the part of the Admiral and of the July 3a General. But notwithftanding that the whole was condu£led with eaual vigour and prudence, il was totally defeated by one of thofe accidents which fo fre- quently inicrpofa to the difgrace of human wifdom, and which dentonftrates that flic is far from being the fole arbi- trtfs of war. The Englifli grenadiers, who led the attack, had ordera« immediately after their landing, to form themfelves on the beach ; but in(kad of forming themfelves as tlicy were di- rcdedf from the hurry and noifc of their landing, or from an ill>govemed ardor, they ruflied impetuoufly towards the enemies entrenchments in the utmoft diforder and confuH- OP, without waiting for the corps which were to fuflain them, and join in the attack. In this diforder, they were met by a violent and Heady fire from the entrenchments, by which they were thrown into more confufion, and obliged them to flicker themfelves behind a redoubt* which the French had abandoned on their approach. The General perceiving that •*> was impoflible for thefe Srcnadicrs to foitn under fo fevere a fire» that the night rcw on, a violent temped was gathcrii^, and the tide began to make,, faw clearly that he had nothing further left, than to order a retreat, with as little dtfadvantage as poflible. He therefore called off thofe troops, and having formed behind Brigadier Moockton*s corps, which was on the beach in excel- lent order, the whole repafled the river without moleftati- 011, the General expofing his perfon with that intrepidity, which diilinguiflied him both during the attack, and the retreat* > The lofs in this check was not inconfiderable ; and the event on the whole was fuch, as to difcourage any further attempts upon that fide. They returned to the old meafures. The General again fent fome bodies above the town, and Ibtne men of war failed up he dream for more than twelve lwg^y?l» They received intelligence that the enemy had amalTeil fome magazines of provifions in the interior coun- try, and il>«y propofed, by getting bet\ een them and the town, to draw the French army from their entrenchments, •to ua^J ' -—»•«■*» or lag WAm thi.. They could not come n~r .k* *""' moment i. •vcr they recei»«J inlel«~«. J!' "? "•" «f W". How! fuccefi of Sir Will!. *t^ "'"" •«'"'« Prifoner. «? .u J^«f in Ih. w,y of olVe'liS'' «'*'/'""'''«'' ?h«Viffie„7 Pent ,„d TicondJg, Bu?!|;"' ^J' f '''»''°"inr S knew (h«, no mHia conduS c ' T^ ""'««» «nd he 'nent into difeafe a- r "'""« ^M converted Hi f.«« • . -e ,y ;Zfc'o"h'^^^^^^ «cco„n, .,,,„,. clehber.t,„„ with hi, officer" £l ••'".°'"™' » ""d "ftor a Jt'empt, ,t Montmore"i 2„ . 'P'S'^' ">»» »ny fur," * f'< >f poflible, to dr.w ,h °,„. ** ''«»""he town, in o" •lengn of Wolfe wa, "",ir !r*^ '" "" »'^''»n- B« thZ wI'k'I " '""' been bXe "i^T P^^^-'^lyXed! was broke up, and the trMp. „„* ■='"? »« Montmorenci -fl of ">e river, and enca^KVZt^ti '" V'h T "- /• ■ ./ rfron \-f 75Sf' 244 " 7'iff HisToHY ^/Af War. dron under Admiral Hoimet made movements up i'j n\r: for feveral days fnccefllvelyy in order to draw the wiicmies attention as far from the town as polTibie. This fuccecded in fome meafure; for, though it could not perfuade the Marquis de Montcalm to quit hb pod* it induced him to detach M.de Bougainville with fifteen hundred men to watch their motions, and to proceed along the wcllern (hore of the river, whilft the Engli(h army dire^ed its march the (iune way on the eaftern bank. When Gen. Wolfe faw that matters were ripe for affcion, he ordered the fliips under Admiral Saunders to make a feint, as if they propofed to attack the French in their en- trenchments, on the Beauport ihore below the town, and by their motions to give this feint all the appearance of a reality which it poflibly could have. This difpofition be- ing made below the town, the General embarked his forces about one in the morning, and with Admiral Holmes's di- viiion went three leagues further up the river than the in- tended place of his landing, in order to amufe the enemy, and conceal his real detign. Then he put them into boats, and fell down fdently with the tide, unobferved by the French centineU poded along the (horc* The rapidity of the current carried thefe boats a little below the intended place of attack. The ihips followed them, and arrived juft at the time which had been concerted to cover their landing. Con(idcring the darknefs of the night, and the rapidity of the current, this was a very critical operation, and it required excellent heads both on the part of the marine, and the land fervice, topreferve a communication, and to prevent a difcovery and confufion. As the troops could not land at the fpot propofed, when they were put on (bore an hill appeared before them ex- tremely high and fteep in its afcent ; a little path winded up this afcent, fo narrow that two could not go abread. Even this path was intrenched, and a captain's guard defend- ed it. Thefe difficulties did not abate the hopes of the Gene- ral, or the ardor of the troops. The light infantry under Cdonei Howe laying hold of (lumps and boughs of trees, pulled themXelves up, diflodged the guards, and cleared the path ; and then all the troops furmounting every difficulty, gained the top of the hill, and as fafl: as they afcended form- ed themfelves, fo that they were all in order of battle at day break. ■-,-<•' Mont- •v-*^ » ex- nded ■eaft. end- lene- bder irees, the bulty, jbrm- he at lont- 1759. The VtisronY of ibe W AH. 245 Montcatni) when he heard that the Englifli had afcended the hillf an4 were formed on the high ground at c..^ the back of ihe town, fcarccly credited the intel- ^ ' ^' ligence, and ftill believed it to be a feint to induce him to abandon that Arong pod, which had been the objed of all the real attempts that had been made fince the beginning of the campaign. But he was foon> and fatally for him, un- deceived. He faw clearly, that the Engliih fleet and army were in fuch a fituation, that the upper and lower town might be attacked in concert, and that nothing but a battle could pofllbly lave it. Accordingly he determined to give them battle, and quitting Beauport, paflcd the river St. Charles, and formed his troops oppofit^ to ours. He filled the buflies that were in his front with detach- ments of Indians, and his bed marVfmen, to the number of about fifteen hundred ; his rtgular forces formed hb left ; his right was compofed of the troops of the colony, fupported by two battalions of regulars. The reft cf the Indians and Canadians extended on that fide, and attempted to out-flank the left of the Elngliib, which was formed to pre- vent that defign, in a manner which the military men call Potence ; that is, in a body which prefents two faces to the enemy. Here Brigadier General Townihend commanded fix regiments, and the Louifbourg grenadiers were difpofed in a line to the right of this body, extending to the river. A regiment was drawn up behind the right for a referve. It was formed in eight fubdiviiions, with large intervals. The light infantry under Colonel Howe, proteded the rear and the left. The difpofitions on both fides were ju* dicious, and the engagement on both fides began with fpitit. The Englifh troops were exhorted to referve their fire ; and they .bore that of the enemy's light troops in front, which was galling, though irregular, with the utmoft pa> tience and good order, waiting for the main body of the e- nemy, which advanced faft upon them. At forty yards dif^ tance, our troops gave their iire* which took place in its full extent, and made a terrible havock among the French. It was fupported with as much vivacity as it was begun, and the enemy every where yielded to it ; but juft in the moment, when the fortune of the field began to declare itfelf, General Wolfe, in whofe life every thing feemed in- cluded, fell : General Monckton, the Tizj,i to him in com- t R 3 , mand. 1!" '"I '■t y. II 1 it If' ' hH 11 I 11 1 iii" I 41 i^ «R"' ) fbe HrsToii Y of the War. «46 ii^e MrsTonY o/ tM war. 1759. inand> fell imincdiatcly aftcr> and b^»h were conveyed out of the line ; the command nOw devolved on General Town* (hend. It was at a very critical time. For, though tho enemy began to fall back, and were much broken» the lofs of the two generals was a very difcouraging circumftance» ;tnd it required great temper and great exertions to fupport the advantages that had been gained, and to pufh them to their proper extent. General Townlhcnd Ihewed himfelf equal to fo arduous a duty ; the troops preferved their fpiriti and each. corps feemed to exert itfeif with a view to its pe- culiar chara^er. I'hc grenadiers with their bayonets, the Highlanders with their broad fwords, and the reft of the forces, with a fteady and continued fire, drove the enemy in great diforder from every poft, and compleated their defeat. During the whc'- aftion. Colonel Howe with his light inlBin try covered fhi. > ft wing in fuch a manner, as en- tirely to fruilrate the a Jempts of the enemies Indians and Canadians upon that flank. The field now feemed to be compleatly decided, when a new enemy appeared, which thre.'^tene'd to bring on a frefh engagement, and to put all again to the hazard. M. de Bougainville, whom the feigned movements of the Engl ifh troops had drawn up the river, turned back on difcovering their real defign, and now appeared on the rear of the army, xt'ith a body of two thoufand men. But fortunately the main body of the French was, by this tmtic, fo broken and difper- fed, that the general was able to eftablifh his rear, and to turn fuch an oppofition on that fide, that the enemy retired after a very feeble attempt. In this decifive action our troops loft about five hun- dred men; on the fide of the enemy at leafk fifteen hundred were killed. But however glorious this viftory was, and however important in its confcquerces, it muft be admitted that it was very dearly bought. Soldiers may be raifed ; officers will be formed by experience } but the lofs of a genius in war, is a lofs which we know not how to re- pair. The death of WoUe was indeed grievous to his count try, but to himfelf the moft happy that can be imagined ; and the moft to be envied by all thofe who have a true reliih for military glory. Unindebted to family, or corne£tions, unfuppoftcd by intrigue or fadion, he had accompliflied the whole bufinefs of life at a time, when others are only be- ginning to appear j and at the age of thirty-five, without . ' ' (etling i759» , The HtaroKY of tlie V/ AK, a47 feeling the weaknefs of age or the viciflitude of fortune^ having fatisfied his honeft ambition^ having ccmpleated hiti chara£ter, having fulfilled the expedations of his country, he fell at the head of his conquering troops, and expired in the arms of vi^^ory. The circumftances that attended the death of fuch a per- fon» are too interefting to be pafled over infilence, and they were indeed fuch as fpoke the whole tenor of his life. He lirft received a wound in his hand ; bitt, that he might not difcourage his troops, he wraj^ed it up in his handkerchief, and encouraged his men to advance : foon after he received another ball in his belly ; this alfo he diffembled, and ex- erted himfelf as before; when he received a third in his bread, under which he at lad funk, and fufFered himfelf, unwillingly, to be carried behind the ranks. As he lay druggting with the anguilh and weaknefs of three grievous wounds, he feemed only folicitous about the fortune of the battle. He begged one, who attended him, to fupport him to view the field ; but as he found that the approach of death had dimmed and confufed his fight, he delired an ofBcer, who was by him, to g,lve him an account of what he faw. The ofBcer anfwered, that the enemy feemed broken ; he repeated his quedion a few minutes after with much anxie- ty, when he was told that the enemy was totally routed, and that they fled in all parts. Then, faid he, ** J am fatisfied j" and immediately he expired. Without the fame advantages, the enemy aifo had an heavy lofs in this battle, which, no doubt, contributed to their de- feat. M. de Montcalm, commander in chief, was killed on the fpot; an ofFccr who had done the highed fervices to his country throughout the whole American war, and perfeCtly fupported his reputation in this lad fcene of it, having made the mod perfect difpofitions that human prudence could fug- ged, both before the battle and in the engagement. It is fomething remarkable that, in both armies, the fird in com-r mand diould be killed, 'and the fecond dangeroufly wounded. But General Monckton happily recovered, the French ofli* cer Hied a little after the battle. Five d.iys after the aftion, the enemy feeing ttlat tiie cond- munication between the town and the army was cut off, and that the Englifli fleet and troops were Sept. i8. preparing with all vigour for a fiege, fyrr^ndered ■--:. ' • R4 :-.i:vr"*i: I'll ^,i rM 1 1 ,'^ lifif! *^.- 248 7/?;^ History 0/ //>^ War. i759« the city of Quebec upon terms of honour * to the garrifon, and advantage to the inhabitants, who were preferved in the free exercife pf their religic, and thepofleflion of their <( it « J^^jirticlei of Capitulation de'mandedhy Mr. de Ram fay, the Kings Lieutenant, commtfnding the high and loiv Toians of ^ehec. Chief of the Military Order of St. Le-wis, to his Excellency the General of the froops of his Britannic Majejly.—.*^ The ** Capitulation demanded on the Part of the Enemy, and grant- '•>'- ** ed by their Excellencies Admiral Saunders and General ** Toivn/bend, ^c. isfc. i^c. is in Manner and Form as berc- " after expreffedy , , - , , .: ,„, . I. Mr. de Ramfay demands the honours of war for his garrifon, and that it fliall be fent back to the army in fafety, and by the fhorteft route, with arms, baggage, fix pieces of brafs cannon, two mortars or howitzers, and twelve rounds for each of them. — The garrifon of the town, compofed of land forcfes, marines, and failors, fhall march out with their arms and baggage, drums beating, matches lighted, with two pieces of French cannon, and twelve rounds for each piece ; and Ihall be em- *' barked as conveniently as poffible, to be fent to the firft port in " France:' II. That the inhabitants fliall be preferved in the pofleflion of their houfes, goods, effcds, and privileges.—'* Granted,— upon *' their laying down their arms." III. That tlie inhabitants fliall not be accountable for having carried arms in the defence of the town, forafmuch as they were compelled to it, and that the inhabitants of the colonies, of both crowns, equally ferve as militia. — *' Granted." »';•''>; ••''• IV. That the efFefts of the abfent Officers and citizens fliall not be touched. — " Granted." V. That the inhabitants fiiall not be removed, nor obliged to quit' their houfes, until their condition /ball be fettled by thejr Britannic and moll Chrijlian Majefties. — " Granted." VJ. That the exerciie of the Catholic, Jpofiolic, and Roman religion fliall be maintained ; and that fafe-guards fhall be granted to the houfes of the clergy, and to the monafleries, particularly to bis Lordfliip the Blfliop of ^lebec, who, animated with zeal for religion, and charity for the people of his diocefe, defires to refide in it conftantly, to exercife, freely, and with that decency which his character and the facred offices of the Roman religion require, his epifcopal authority in the town of ^ebec, whenever he Ihall think proper, unul ij^e pofffiirion of Canada fhall be de- cided % 1759* ^^^ History of the War. 249 civil rights, until a general peace (hoiild decide their future condition. The fortifications of the city were in tolerable order; the houles almoft totally demolifhed *, A garrifon of five to leir cided by a treaty between their mott Chrijiian and Britannic Ma- jefties. — " The free exercife of the Roman religion is granted, '* likewjfe fafe-guards to all religious peifons, as well as to the *' Bifhop, who ihall be at liberty to conie and exercife, freely *' and with decency, the functions of his office, whenever he *' ihall think proper, until the poflefiion of Canada rtiall have ** been decided between their Britannic and moft Chrijiian Ma- " jefties." VII. That the artillery and warlike ftores fhall be faithfully given up, and that^n inventory of them lliall be made out. *' Granted." VIII. That the fick and wounded, the CommilTaries, Chaplains, Phyficians, Surgeons, Apothecaries, and other people employed in the fervice of the hofpitals, ihall be treated conformably to the cartel of the 6th of February, 1759, fettled between their moft Chrijiian and Britannic Majefties, — " Granted." IX. That before delivering up the gate and the entrance of the town to th^ Englijh troops, their General will be pleafed to fend ibme foldiers to be pofted as fafe-guards upon the churches, con- vents, and principal habitations. — " Granted." X. That the King's Lieutenant, commanding h ^ehec, ihall be permitted to fend information to the Marq* de Vaiidreuil, Governor-Geneial, of the reduction of the place, as alfo that the General may fend advice thereof to the French Miniftry. r- «' Granted." , XI. That the prefent capitulation iliall '-e executed according , to its form and tenour, without being fubjedt to non-execution under pretence of reorifals, or for the non-execmion of any pre- ceding capitulatipiis. — " Granted." Duplicates thereof taken and executed, by, and between us, at the camp before l^Mf^ff, this iSrhdav o^ September, 1759. CHARLES SAUNDERS. GEORGE TOWNSHEND. > •. . DE RAMSEY. f State of the To'wn, ok the Surrender to the Forces. 03. ift. The city of ^ebec f confiils of two towns, difiin- guiflied by the high and lov/ town : they are fep.uated from each othejT t Said to be derived from kth-btis, which is an old .•llgofiquin -ti Indian w liiti'; 250 The His tor y of the W ak. i yg^, five thoufand men under General Murray, were put into the place* with a plenty ot provifions and ammujiition for the winter. The fleet failed to England foon after, feariug lefl the fetting in of the frofls fhould lock them up in the river St. Lawrence. Thus other by a fteep cliff of rock, which is a natural fortification to near two thirds of the upper town, at the fame time that it ierves a> a flielterto the low town from the keen, penetrating, north-weft winds i the buildings were, fn general, very good, until deftroycd by our artillery, during the liege ; andconlilted, befides dweiling- Kcules, a number ot churches, colleges, convents, and other public edifices, which, in the city as well as the country through- out, are built of a durable kind of greyifli ftone, whereof they have great plenty in ihis province. There is a large parcel of vacant ground within the wpUs of the upper own, which, how- ever, dot- 3 not furnifh them with many gardens, the land being fo barren and rocky as not to bear culiivaiion j and the few that they have within the city, being naturally of a Ihallow foil, are indebted to borrowed moid from other places. The ftreetsof the high town are broad but uneven, running upon a declivity from the fouth, where they are higheft, to the north. Thofe of the loYr town are narro^v, ftanding on a confined ipot of ground, which was formerly overflowed by the tide to the toot of the precipice, arid, by the retiring of the waters, pointed out a place, at the head ot a fpacioiis and moft delightful bafon. commodious, in all refpefts, for merchanfj to build and inhabit, for the convenience cf trade f , Their principal public buildings were the cathed;al, of which only the walls remain : the biihop's palace, the coileg^s ©f the Jefuits and RteoUeds, the convents ot the Urfulines and Hotel de Dieu, with their churches, a feminary for the education of youth, almoft beat to pieces, with a neat chapel adjoining; a ftately, but unfiniftied, houfe for the Knights-Hofpitallers^ the Jntendant's magnificent palace in the fuburbs of St. Roque, and the church of Madame la ViQdirey in the low town, of which the Indian cxpreffion, and impiies,— * What is ftreJght.* This is the etymology given by French and other hiftorians, who advance that the Aborigines firft exprefTed themfslves to that efFeft, with admi- ration, upon their difcovering the ftreight formed in that part by Cape Diamond, and fome eminences jutting into the river from the fouth lliore. t The tide rifes here eighteen feet and a half * - 1759^ 72?? History o//^^ War. 251 Thus the capital of French America was furrendered to the Engtifli, after a mod fevere campaign of near three months ; and perhaps, if the wiiole be confidered* there never was an the that Imi- rt by the the walls only arejlarniing *. I am credibly informed they had a Ane painting in that church, reprefenting a town in iiames, with an infcription fetting forth, that, in the year 1711, when this capi-> tal was threatened with a (lege by IValktr and Hill^ one of their pioys women, pretending to be inipired,prognollicated, * that this * church and lower town would be deftroyed by the Briiijb, per- * haps hereticlcs, in a conflagration, before the year of our Lord * 1 760 i' which made (b greai an impieHlon on all ranks of peo- ple, that they dedicated two days, every year, to fading and Wor- il>ip, and implored the intercelTion of their patrunefs wiih the Al- mighty, to protedl that church and city fiom fire and fword, &c. In the corner-houfes of the ftreets art niches in the walls, wllh ftatues, as large as the life,ofSt, Je/>/A, St. Urfula, St. /1uguJiine,Sl. Dennis, and many otherf j with the like figures in the fronts of their churches and other religious houfes, which have an agreeable effcft to the eyes of p lengers. The callle, or citadel, and refi- dence of the late Governor-General, fronting »he Recoli-jfils' col- lege and church, and fituated on the grand parade, which is a rnacious place furrounded with fair buildings, is curioudy ere6led .a the top of a precipice, foiO^iof the epifcopa^ houfe, ahd over* looks the low town and baffilCT whence you have a moil extenfive and delightful profpeft of the river downwards, and the country on both fides, for a very confiderable didance. This palace, call- ed fart St. Louis, was the rendezvous of the grand council of the colony. There is, befides, another citadel on the fummit of the eminence of Cafe Diamond, with a few guns mounted in it ; bur, excepting its commanding view of the circumjacent country for a great evtcnt, and of the upper as well as lower riyer for many leagues, it is other wife mean and contemptible. Moft of the other public buildings carry a ftriking appearance, particularly the Jefuits* college, Vrfutint aiid Hotel de Di$u convents, with their churches ; the Hidiop's palace and chapel of eafe adjoining, ind, above all, the luperb prlace of the late French Intendant, with its out-offices and fpacious area, would be ornaments to any city in Europe : but the refidence of the Qinv>p, by its fituation on the ■r- ■,'■■- " - - ■:-. ' / top * In the year 1690, we fent an army to befiege ^ehec, under the command of Sii IVillinm Phipps, who, after wafting time, and ■^ofing many men and fome rtiips, was obliged to retire j the church of La Fi£loire v/as built to commemorate the raifing of this fiegc. 4m ;|i|!!'i ' t ■ ::t m :^\' i I 1.'^, J552 T'be History of th War. '759- mi enterprife cf fiich difficulty carried on with a more gal- lant pcrfcverance, or accomplinied with more vigour and ability. A city ftrong in fituation and fortifications^ was to lop of the precipice between the high and low town, fnfFered ▼eiy conliderably from our batteries, as did that of the Governor- Genera) before-mentioned, which are both built of brick, they being conl'picuoufly «xpofed to our view from the ibuth fide of the river. On the right of the defcent, leadmg to the low town, /lands a llately old houfe, faid to be the firrt built of ftone in this city ; nnd, over the frontdoor of it, is engraved a doj-; t^nawing a large fieihy bone, which he has got under and b'^iween his tore-feet, with the following whimfical infcription : ye fuis le cfnen qiti ronge fos, Sans en perdre un Jeul morceau : ' Le temp '' ' . • • - '• Of (III ■'1,1, P 'Jtiiidtig % \ \\ 254 The Hf STORY of tht War. *759' the inclinttions of a wife and cautious commander. AT theatre of more liian five leagues was to l>e filled, and operations of that extent to be carried on in rhc eye of the or line of fortification to the country Hide, confit^s of an entire wall of niafonry of a modern con(lru£tidn, and Teems to be part ofade- fign intended to be cannon-proof) there are no batteries on it, ex- cept a few flank 6res about the ports of St. lAuii, St. Jtan^ Pnlais^ and one or two other places ; this line of ftone work extends, from the S. S. W. corner behind the citadel of Cape DiamanJ^ to the north corner near the lower road leading from the country to St- Rocque, where, by the afliftance of nature, it forms a ftrong angle, and runs away in a long curtain eaftward, excluding that whole fuburb, to Port Palais, and a little beyoiKJ it : whence it terminates to the low town with the dicing flope of the rock, and with no other defence than a regular piquet-work on its furamit, , with loop-holes for mufketry, and two worm-eaten nine-pounders, pointed to the ftrand, at the entrance of 'he little river } at the eaft end of the upper town is a wall of inaibnry, which joins to the piquet work before-mentioned on the north- eaft, and runs fouth, feemingly intended to cover a fteep by^- way leading to the fally-porl from the lower town, and may be efFetl;uaIly protected by mufketry, as it is of a good height, with a foot-bank, lupported by fcafFolding, which gives fmall arms a great command over that quarter, the men being well covered ahoue*. On thp flank op- pofite to the fouth ftiore, from the fouth-weft angle, all round Cape Diamondy is another ftockade work, rUBoing with great fymmetry down to the dock-yard in the low town, with loop- holes for nuiflcetry. Rut this feems to me to be the mod afTailable part of the whole. There is ti9 ditch round the town, nor any *ind qf outworks ; and, though it would be an undertaking of imnienie labour and great expence, I ihmk it very practicable to furround the town, on the land-fide, by a moat communicating with the rivers St. Lawrence and St. Cbmrles, "Which, together with -natural fprings in the rocks, would keep it tor ever fufficient- Iv lupplied with water, and would render that part of the town MTipenetrable. Perhaps fome tray think I talk of inipoflibilities ; hut, when we take a biew of the llupenuous works at' this natvce cairied • In an ailjoiniai^l^Bfe was quartered the grenadier company of Ot-juayh reginenr, with a referve of a fpaw apartment for a iSubaitcrn's guarvi, which always mounted tliere, in my time ; whence this p-.ice was called the fally-porl at O.'-iiJv's grenadier ^uard. I know dd other name for it. 1759" • ^/>^ History o//^ef War. 255 Aipefior ifftny, by lefs than feven thoufand men. In this conteft wtith (o many difficulties, one may fay with natur« klelff the genius of the commander (hewed itlelf fuperior to • • , ■;■•• ■'\ , , ■ every i..ii lu ')im> and/ a nurfe to attend him ; fometimes fhe will take two, vhree, oir more, under her cire, according to .the number of fick or w(:iher Pefi/b .-m with op- iTpofed ; but black riband from the neck to the girdle or this drefs, they make a very decent, gr' ance : they zrt hot under the fame rei countries; their office ofnuiTing the Tick t r)rtunitlrs of taking great lutitudes, if tlje never heard any of them charged with the ieatt icvity. In the fouth wing of this edifice is a fuperb church, and, in the other, a very neat chapel ; in both of them are ftveral images and Scrip* ture-paintings as large as the life. The chapel is fmall and extremely neat, void of all fuperilitioua pageantry ; within the chancel (lands a table with a green cloth on it, as in the eftablifhed church of England ; the walls are covered with boards, which, with the rails of the chancel,-^ feats, and a compact gallery for fingers, are painted an olive colour. Here, as well as in the church, are lamps burning, both by day and night, atcording to the Romijb cuftom ; but whatevet may be deficient in this is amply compenfated in that of the Urfu- iineSf within the city ; where no art has been fpared to render it, throughout, as oftentatioufly glitterin? and captivating as poflible. This convent is dedicated to St. Urjula, their Paironefs, whofe defcent the nuns have traced to Scotland ; (he is fd id to have been killed by the Indians in her endeavours to reform them, and to fow the good feed of chriflianity in this country ; in commemo'*^ ration of this pious woman and her martyrdom, they have ercded her flatue againft the wall of the edifice, with an arrpw (being the infhument by which (he was killed) transfixed in her Lreafl. The Hotel de Dieu h a fpacious fair building, with an attic (lory ; and feems as if intended, in procefs of time, to be enlarged in the . '>^i form of a fquare j but, at prefent, it condfts of two wings only, making a faliant angle. By an infcription, I perceived it was conftrtidted, in the year 1 639, at the fole expence of Mary de Vigmrot, Dutchefs of Aiguillon j of whom I faw a tolerable portrait, on her knees in a praying pofture : her Grace dedicated . this houfe to St. Jofepby who is alfo the patron of Canada. I had a view of m^iny other paintings of angels, faints, &c. but they are too indifferent to deferve any notice; the fiftersof this convent ..■ ■"■■ ' ' ■* '■ ■•' ••^•■vc^'-^r - - are. it ■* *f'^'-,- ^%.. t^' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V '^0 .^. ^/ ^ ^ 1.0 I.I ■ 45 ■5.0 ■u liii 12.2 IL25 i 1.4 ■ 2.0 m 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 '^ »58 y^HlSTORVf/rlrtfWA'R. t^gg, mhy, ^dftfgenee» and (k'rfl, Wlridi never couU liive talkeii |>l«ee, Inft from thM perfeft love to tiheir cotstitry, that am*- nutted 1 did not evceed fix thoufand feyen hundred of both fexes* and pf all ^jB,f thoi:\gh 1 have heard it aflerted, previous to our Heetandaili^y failing up the river, that the males of '^eiee, fit tft bear arms, amounted to between feven and ei^ht thouiand : this probacy has been taken from fome late exaggerated accounts of the Preneb ; or perhaps it was mtended thetein to include the fencib^e lutiin within the city and diftrtCt,or government <^^»hec} but evfi^this cakulatioh muA be erroneous; for in ihe difpofitipns {(greed ^f^n^y the enemy in a council ^ war for ,die defence of their capital, we find th^ tjbe:brigade of ^^, which com- poled the jtight of their army in camp, did not exceed three thou- |a|id five hundred men j and the trooju ocdered to remain within the towA, ,C,9l(ed La miHce dt la viife, were muJIered at no more than fix hundred and fi'f\y ; to whidi if we add three hundred flutlents who were lo arms, and as many merchants and other voiemteers, who were aiEluaJlly refidents of the place, we can per- ceive diat theie, fommed up tqgetfaer, fatl greatly fhort oTthe jgtnmbers boailed of by French ttavellers and writers. It is true, jthere has been an immenfe iflcreafe of inhabitants, l£hrau|(hout the colony, within thefe forty years paft, if we may credit what we have been tdid by the clergy upoii the fpot.| one of thefb xeveEend fathe;rs alTured me, that, wKsn our arany landed on the ifland'of Orleans y their wh^f force, in and aboiltv:the,g^ifon, amounted tq twenty-two thoufand men^ though ',fi>lne of them afterwajds^ who were QQt actually muftered, were allowed to de- part, for the defence of theif reJ^eQive parifhes. To all thefe, if we cottld fut>join the number of Canadians who were a^ually employed thiaTyear at Ticondero^a, Crown Pointi f!iag»ay and the other immerous fortiefies throughout, what the French would i^),po^e upon us to be, .the extent of this great coloAy^ und 4;ompare them with the ftate of iihe country In the year 1714, and afterwards in i747* as delivered ro us by the hiftorians of thofe times ; we fliall find the French inhabitants of Canada amazingly multiplied, notwithftanding their loifes from time jer- tke true, lout trhat thefe nthe dfbn, ithem vtiit no ttlurmUriiM|iikbir diftonterifi Mor il^fiifd jcu^loufy'^ m iMM coffipetitiok) t)eti*«eii thtelaiid iittd fetf-l^tricii ; \M fli6 iltolt Maloos endtaVoikrs t6 fecotUi dich «:}thei^ cfibrti| And thfi iDoft g^nerotis iiltUhiHbhs oti leiirli fi^t, fd gift il dl^ prai(« to their ttitttiial (brvicct. -^ .- - ^.i . When the news of this deciilve adion arrived hi ISi^Undy We nil remember, though it is Tery difllctiTi to dtftHVe^the Various and milted etnotions with which etery dtititnii^ h&eA. But tSvO day& btfoek ihh cah)^^ traii f tt^cid Ai eij^refs Which Geh^^l Wolfti had fdit, olF after' th^affiilf of Montmer^ci. Wh^ thej;.eiiet:i^T dbiiht€ii, the'(^«h6ii ihOUghtthey hiid heiibh to d^iir. Bifti Whilft this glddtH Wa^ TrHh and th ' thd niidilt of the g«hibral ddp6pdi(h(^ i^i fecohd exprefs ilh^ivts^ itnd brings 1111 at once ati :stceoi| *:,.:■. ^jo'; • < '■■■:■ time to time (liOt hV fickatift, for it is;areiiMfcUbt6 heaftby dimiti^. but) by the itcmtiti Of war, to Which they Innre he«n eitodm for many camfMliiMft paft. Ftuhti-Gidtle^i^ tells us/* That * Momtiii FoKmitiii iMe Go¥«Mbr-i6eheMd oT CUmda (t&A * father, or uncle, to the prefent Governor) acquainted the #WmA *Mtoiftry, in the yeari 7 14, that this ^0117 had adutfy! no * ynore tbim f«ur ikoniapfl lour htfndtf d and, eilMx ^^MiU* QBBn» * indepeadeat of the tw^tjr-^ight f ompNM^^ or the Kin^s troopf ' Oe^uiars, amounting topx hundred aflid tweaty«eig|it ntei^j * which, he addfd^ aie^di^trfed in the (stent of an huiiidrca * Icawes i* ziadljoSlox thi4glas, la^e of ^0/^^, in his v^Mcriaui hlftbry, fets forth, ': "that,, in 1747, ait their militia, or fi|btrn^ * njen, who w(/i^e tapa^e of marching and fatigue, did not 6x- * ceed twelve' thon&iiid^ excinfive of t(^}a«'3 ^nd InJJaiif, th^ ' k^^; being ebmptttod at one thoufahd -^ v«'ho, I am credibly Informed, have fince much decreafed. I perceive I havi bMA w&vXtkf kd, ftem a oalculaiUon of tke feneibie men who Were mfaabkaAtfs of ^tiiiw: only, ;o thegllimbers thrm^oot diti ex** taafive provinoa of Cawtt^, wht<»Uu)ngh J had intnndffd t4 have relerved them for another ofyj^pBtty, may i» wq}!, while I are treating upon that fubj«i^» be |^ai&ed here i and I have been s^red by one of the lathers of the t^ecolle^N* tbat^ Independent oTthf forces frOm old l^ranr^, and ieveral (m\i tribes of lavages^ ^the Canadians bearing arms in different places* at the commenceo inent of this campaign, amounted to tw^nty-feven thoufandmen, from the age of flxteen to fixty. S 2 fucb i I ! i I ' •! 0O ^ke IIisTo&T of the War. 1759. Itfjch f,4CCMiOnk;'—o?.r{-!cnTJ->ov"v ■./,■ =ff':.;i; (.r,"i'«^-'-'-' .iTbe iiatioo^ which never fiiflfers any public fervice to £&' tinrtt'M'ardcd^-^proc^eded to honour the merits of the ing ^and^bf lh« dtaik ' The minifter faitnfelf made the lAotioinr for this purbbfe'^'thehoi^ iof ipom and all thfe.fort^' of efoguencc was difplav-^ in Itetting oflF thefc i^ic^ih their jj^^ light. A ^'i^ni^eht monument li^sfblied for the ^^eafed general u4 ^eftminfter Abbey ; tn^ ^ing Generals and Admirals received ^he greateft of ^j^vii;^,, the th^s. «^ tltjicK <;Quntry« b^ .^hietr eepwfcn- tiUifeV^ ■;' : .■ .v?.f\. 't .'v4v^-i5")K f! .ifiji v-'iB i>y~'' 3'*-r!-:c^'r'- It i^ not known with T^ertainty in what mamier the French difpofed of the r^aiiider of their army after the battle «f Quebec, it i^p>bab1e that they retired towards Montfeid and Ti by which he could difily defeat any atteqapts by boats. .' . ,''!•:'"'' -^ ' ■ ' General Amherft fopnd it nece&ry to attain a naval fo- pertority npon the Lake Champlaih» before he codid hope to pyfh his operaticms any fiutbei^ ; biit this was a wokk: of fb mach timc« that it made it abfolnteiy impoflible to-attiih the great end of the campai^y thb commonicatiion with General WoIfe> who was left, mthemainnerwe have.feenytb the exertion of his fingle ftreirgth. 'The naval preparation^ were not perfedly accompliflied before the loth of Odo-> ber. They c<^nfi{led of a great radean» eighty four feet in length, and twenty in breadth* which carried fix twenty* four poanders ; the reft confifted of a brigantine and a Covered by thefe the army was en^bar|ced in boats in a moft excellent difpoQtiony and proceeded a confio derabTe way np the lake ; bat as the feafon was Q^ n^ far advanced, aifid the weather growing co|d and ' lempeftaous, he Judged it highly dangerous to venture his troops much upon the water in open batteaux ; for the ' waves run as high on this lake as at Tea in an hard gafeof wind. Befldes, he CQuId not h"!^ at this advanced ^&P to ad at fqch a diftance as the Ifle deNoix with any f finf ; he therefore wifely poftponed his operations on that 0de lo another year, and contented himfejf for the prefent with the efforts of his little marine, which exerted irfelf with great a^ivity ; they blocked op two of the enemies 4r«>ng> eft'vcflefs in a bay, but the French abandoned them in the night, and funk theni in a deep wa- .03. i5^« ter, the crews making their efcape; thefe they S3 '^ ^i^ Thi H«»^TPiiY of tbt War. I755J. Wffe in hopvt to weig)) np. The French appearing no \^ where t9 ^pofe theniy the ariped floops retuftif4 OQl, 31. to Crown Point foOn after the troops* which were difppfed in winter qM^r^crs. The oBeoiprable and vi|;<>roii| campaign of 1 7591 which mf4f full amends for the fnadtvity of the former* was thus lHy>l^i)y clofed. 9v the t#)ung if Niagara, Ticonderopa* and 4P9ve flU QueVecy; the French^ in the little remainii^ jp^rt s4 Cpe Peinfif <^ut oflf. So that in ihe Pfiening ^f t^e next qa^paie^, if they are attacked yrith vigour from the fide of Quebec, whilft General Ana- Iwrfl advanqts with hit body ^y I^ake Cht^niiplain, of which ^ hat now the ^tife dpminion, the fefiiUnce will be no IDorp (h^n fu^pent give reputation to the CQnqueft ; and it will depend more uppn pur own fentiments of convenience ijviViit VV* pf North Amt^'ic^ we (hall leave to France* than tp i|py ^flports tb^y nf^iy make in that pari of the world ; hiippy if pur Europeipr fyftem ihould fo for concur* as to if»):ifp u^ free to cpnclude a pei^ce in America upon its own aperi^. fvinct Bftarfi nureb mU^ Saxony. QentraJ Febla dffiaieJ, Xing of PrvjjpM eaUr^ Saxony. PtnMant, itftfAti at il^lffi?. 4g4iin deff4fe4 at Mfijfen. Mifrfilfai Daun of^ cupiet tbf eauif qt Fir^. Mnufifr furriniteri to the allies. . fUff^Hvy Pri^f rf Brunjwick deffais the Duh of ^tftftenjimrg at Fvliia, ^^(b of the Hereditary Prince ^ ffrui^wifk to Saxot^* * w E iw^ noticPj in the preceding part of our aarra- tivef of that movement of th^ I&»g pf Pru^Tw, by lifhiic^ he got hetwpen th? Huijlign? 9^4 ^«at Qlogfji^ ^m thereby bailed their defigp uppn that imipprtant pUpf, Thiv napyementy atono^ daring* prudent pnd neceflarvi hindered the Ruffian? fron^ t^i^ing winter qu?i(tera ip his domiflipnff \ hut at the &me liffi^ it unavoidably cut o|F all cpmrnunloa*' tion with the army of Prince Jfenry* That m9' ^be Hmtoay of tbt Waa. ^ That prince,, Huin^ that he cmild not feoond the operas tions of llie King, ht» brother* on the fide of Stlelia, con** trived another expedient, of co-operating with hint, which was inmiediateLy to dire^hiajnarcKtowacdi Saaony. There was no object, the pofleflioo of which was more iateteiU ing^ om that account it was very proper \ hut this march anfwercd alfo another end i^' (inr it drew the atteoi^oa of Marihal, Dauo t^ the fide of Saxony, and difabled hioiiromr aflifting the defigns of the Ruffians againft Qlogau, either with his whole army, or with any confiderabk detachment, fromii. The whole country of Luiatia,, through which, this projjBded march 1^, was in a manner Qverfpreadj with the enemy. Marihal Daun, with the oMin army qf the Auftrians^lay at a place called Sorau,opppfite to the prince's camp. Five bodiea of Ruflvms oceupieil as many advanta- geous pofts between the Bober ano itm Neife. General Laudolui pQfli»0i;d the whole country along, the Spree, with lieveral Auftffiau corps. To gitt mund Marflial Paun,r it was necel&ry to vm^» a vaft circuit), and to ma^ch between the Auftiian* and Ruifian armiea for noom than fixty l^gUih miles. Before the prince entesad upon this aiduoua defi^,. by feveralbeld movements he obUgadf Marflial Paun, Xfy repeat fipom Siocau to Gorliu, and &om Ciorlitz as fai aa Qaut^en, keeping himfelf as much as poidijble between the prince asd Saxony. But bis rog^al highoiefs having pencelved the di* le^cn in which Marihal Uaiun wa» moving, made a com- tafs to the nonthward of the Auftrfans, into the Lower ^ttiatis^ peffed the Neifs at Rothenburg, and nvir ated in aU fecurity behind, the town. They wierc, routed wiiih no iinalt flaughtcr. Hawing diflodged tbis^ c<>rps« ti^e gince's army had leifure to repofe themfelves afteb fu<;h a tiguing march, for two days ; and then cofitinued their progrcfs towards the £lbe, which river they; cnpfled at Torgau, having received notice that O^. %, Marshal Daun. had cuofled it before them* nc^s Drefden. Thus was the grand theatre of the war onjQemove transferred into Saxony, and that miferable country, con- S 4 tinual\y if if lt!'!i 264 ^^f History of the "Wam, 1759, tinuiUy harnfTedy continually rofled from hand to Jiand, ih^ fpoft of viol^n^e and fortune, fuffered equal diftreffes from its deliverers apd its enemies. The PniiRan army, from the beginning of this war* hai been particularly diftinguilhed for its marches ; and there is certainly nothing in all the various operations of war, which more particularly diAiilguifhes good troops, and able and fpirited leaders. But this march of prince Henry over fuch a tra^ of country, almoft every where occupied by the enemy, in fo fhort a time* and with fo little lofs* is perhaps one of the moft extraordinary* and the beft con- du(9ed, of the marches, that have been made by the Pruf-- fian, or any other army. This fortunate (Iroke, together with the retreat of the fluflians* afforded fome hope, that, notwithflanding his re- peated difafters, the King of Pruflia might ftitt conclude the campaign to his advanta|;e. The detachments undef Finck and Wunfch had no fooner entered Mifnia* than fhey attained a fuperiority over the united armies of Auftria and the Empire ; all the places which in fo ihort a time they had feized* in as ihort a time were reduced to the obedience of t^eir for^ner mailers. Wunfch had engaged their arjnny, arid defeated/one of its wings., This vidory gave them the poffeiHon of every thing to the gates of Prefdeni 'the only town which remained to the enemy of all thoTe they had taken. They found themfelves unable to prevent prince Henry frpm paillng the Elbe; they found thenifelves unable to prevent General Hulfen from coming to bis relief with a conHderable detachment ; they found themfelves unable to prevent the king from join- Nby^.i2. ing himfelf to thofe; when, after obliging the Ruffians to evacuate Silefla, he marched to their relief, leaving General Itzenplitz, with a part of his army, to keep the Ruffians from availing thenrifelves of his abfence. On this the amiy of the empire retired. Marfhal Dauri fell ba^k towards Drefden. All the King of Pruflia*s pofts were left unmolefled, and after all his loflfes, and all his ner teiiary detachments, he ilillfa^^^^elf at the head ^ a gallant army of fixty thoufai^|^^^ppl high fpirits, and ready tb execute the mofl defp^Pi^nhis orders* notwith- ilanding the- Advanced feafon, and the great extremity of i|Ji^ c^ld;'^.'*''^'' ' ■' ' ■ ' ' ■ ^ ■' ' -^^ ind th- of ft 1759. Tbe HisTOkY of tbe Wail. 265 It is true* that M|ir(hat Daun was funerior to him in num- bersj and yet more fo in fituation. He could at any time take pofleiTion of the' famous camp at Pirnay where he could not be attacked with any profped of fuccefs; but then the freezing of the Elbe* the fnow on the mountains which divide Bohemia from Sai^ony* and the continual mo- leftations which might be expeAed from the Pruflian par- ties, made this fituation as dangerous, in fome refpe£ls, as it was defirable in others. It was the opinion c^ many, that thefe advantages on the fide of the King of Pruflia, well purfued wjthout aiming at more, would, in a (hort time, infallibly have obliged Mar- Ihal Daun to relinquilh his ftrong pod, and to retire into Bohemia, abandoning Drefden, and with it'all the fruits of his vidorious campaign. But the King, po0*eired by an idea of the ill fituation of the Auftrians, thought that ad- vantages of greater moment, and more dccifive, might be drawn from it. He knew, that the pafles into Bohemia were fo difficult, that by fome pofU properly chofen and ftrongly guarded, the fubfifience of the Auftrians might be made impradicable, and even their retreat rendered To dif- ficult, that Marfhal Daun would find himfelf compelled to fight at a di fad vantage, and to put to the hazard of the field, all that his caution and prudence had been fo long and fo painfully procuring. Upon this plan the King having obliged Marfhal Daun to retreat as far as Ptauen, advanced himfelf as far as Keflfel- dorf ; and ordered General Finck, with a firing corps, to turn the Auflrians, and feize the defiles of 1 u^ten and Ot- tendorf, through which alone it feemed pofiible for the Auftrians to communicate withjflpmia. This was fo fuc- cefsfuUy executtd, that the* /flpeared no doubt that the King had e^e£lually ^^^^'j(S/p^ of his principal objeds^ and had placed Daun bet' E^^vro fires. WhiUl the Pruflians en^>yed this fecurity, Marfhal Daun^ >vhp was aware of their defign, had fo occupied all the etninences about this rough and dangerous place, and all the pafTes into it, that the PrufTians were hardly attacked, when their defeat feemed inevitable. It is probable that they had got too far into thefe defiles, and had not taken proper ftieafures to fecure a retreat, or any fort of com- munication with the grand army. They became too late feofible pf their fituation, and they made, for a whole day, the % ■,'^ £66 Th HitTOtY of ibiWAt, 1759* the BMkft intrepid t flforts to dUengtigf tbcmiehret from it ; tut ihty were foiled in every attempt* with confiderehUr IqTi of BMni end of the moft pert of their artillery. Night put t ftop to the cogageioent } the Auftriani cm-> ployed it efffftualiy* to ciuangke the Pruffiaot* hy gOMrding with double firength and viguaoce* every aveituc through which it wai poAblc for thens to eiicape. So tk*t Nov, a^ when the morning appeared* they Jkw the hiUa covered upon every fide with great hedie& of thew f ncmiest and every defile jircfented a wall of bayonets, ihfough which it was 'uvpodible to penetrate. Thtisg^d with the lofTcs of the preceding day^ in which it is iaid they had eihaufted almoft all itircir aniakUBiti9n» ftripped f ihe greatcft pait of their cannon* furrounded hy. the enemy on all quarters* no refource, no proTpeft of relief m- peariag* Ihe army loA all hope* and alt fpirit. To make env efforts in this condition* General Finch thought would only he to throw away unprolitably the lives of nany brave men* which might be referved for a more hepefU occaiioo $ the iherelorct not with (landing the known vigour of his mailer* the apparent flianoe of the thing*, and (be thoufiMid i94 4i^ wt M Himfelf in • condition to force 26S fbi Hi^ORY of the Vak. 1^5^ force ihem to • decifive t£lion; ind therefore the fita* ation of the two armtes had continued much the fame for a confidcnible time. At length Monfter» after a feries ci operations, fometimes a liege, fometimei a block- Nov. 20. ade, now broken off, and' liow refumed, at laft ruriendered» and the garrifbn capitulated for tlieir Kbcrtjr. Not long after thlt» the Ffc^editary Prince of Brunfwkk^ gH whofe cnterprifes are diftinguiOied with a pec nluir eclat and fptendour, thit mark thi^nl for his oWn, performed a frrtice that curbed the French, even more than the lofs of Munfter. Prince Charles of Bevern was alfo engaged in tbisdcrign. The Duke of Wurtembnrg had renewed hb treat/ of fubfidy with France, and having recruited and augmented his troops, he lay at Fufda, a great way to the right of the French army. The Hereditary Prince formed a defrgn to attack him at that di(!ance. On the 2Srh of November, takinc a fmati, bat weU chofen corps of horfe and foot, and difcngaging them from ihetr baggage, he arrived in two days at Futda, where the Wurtemborgcrs enjoyed themfefvs were pofted in a |4»in before the town. The Hereditary Prince felKupon ihcm nnawares m their front and flank, and drove them into the tpwn, into which he clofely purfued them. Here they made fome appearance of maintaining their ground (or fbme minutes, but they were fdon driven out op the other fide, and hotly purfued by. the Prince of Broiifwick; without the town they were met by. Prince Charhs of Be* xt^'n, who had made a compafs abolit the place,' ^nd at** tacked them vigoroufly as foon as they had got out of it. Four battalions made fome' refiflance, and were all cnf to pieces or made prifoners ; the reft, with the Duke hii|ifelf| covered by the refiftance of thefe battali.onss made 9 fhift to efcape. Above a thoufand prifoners were made on this •ccaiicaa \ and the Pf ince returned to the camp of the allies, ffter 1: 1759* ^ History tf she Wai. a^i after having efFBduaUy difabkd this corp» from performinc pny ^biag coiifider^le ; and this adion wa« of the greaten confequence, as, by the difpoTitionof that corps at Fuldat there wm an appcamnct at if the Frendf inetnt to form a ^3ommuiiic«tion with the army of the Empire* for the mu- tual cxtenfion and fccuritv of their wiqter quarters. This cnterprife was only the prelude to aaother» yihkh promtled to be much more ezteniive in its confequencia. Th^ feafon was liow grown too fevere to fuffer the allies to PM^ any further the fdvainagia they had obtained over the French \ it the Came time it difabled the French from at^ tenipting any thing confidefable againf^ fhfm< Be(id« thel^ advantages of th^ feafon» by poflcfling Munfter, the alliea were no longor obliged to keep fo large a body of men in Weftphalia. Th^fc, were the confidefations which fuf- fer^d Prince Ferdinand to turn his eyes to the diftreflfed ftace of «he King <4 PrufliaV affiura. After the two great blows which that monarch bad fuiFeredf there was Bohop«. oFdif- lodging Marflial Daun with his Angle force % and he was utterly unaMe to javaM himfetfy as heretofore* of the rigour of tl^ feafon* to ftrike a decifive blow. Prince Ferdinand* diftant as be was from hit diftrefled ally, and fo near to an enemy fupefior in numbers^ did not hefitate to iend him fuccours, to enable him» if poflible, to n^ake a final eflbrt. He detached therefore twelve thoufand of his bed men, and placed them under the command of the Hereditary Prince, with whofe vigour and diligence he was perfe^^ly acquaint- ed* and under whom he knew the foldiers would endure any hardflbip withchearfulnefs. They marched from Korfdorff, and in the depth of the late fevere fea- O^. 1 1. fbn, without tollng a man by ficknefs or defertion, in fifteen da^s* marched near three hundred miles, and joined the Kmg of Pruflia at Freybourg. This JunSion raifed for a while the fpiritsand hopes of the Pruman army, but, in efFcQ, it did more honour to the abilities of the Hereditary Prince, than fervice to the King. The feafon which fought equally againd all fides, the inaccefTible camp at Pirna, and the caution of Marihal Daun, rendered it irapoiTible for the King, notwithftanding this reinforcement, to make any attempt. So that after feveral movements in hopes of bringing the Auftriiins to an engagement, he was obliged at length to defift, and to fuiFer illi \'-l -.V.^'fH'' ^Hii the afo the Hi s TOR Y xf tbe W ar . 1 759. the (hattertd remains of his army to repofe in itinter quir- tersy after the fruitiefs iktigues of fo long, fo laborious, afld fo bloody a campaign. i«J • vi4 - ^ « > The King of Pruifia did nof id«riv« iH« benefits that ^«fe expeded from this detachment ; the French had no foOH^r notice of it, than they attempted to avail themfelves of the weaknefs it caofed in the allied army. The Duke of Bfoglio was now at the head of the FrMch troops ; he had lately returned from Verfailtes, havii^g mined the charade of M. de Contades, e(labli(hed his%v?n, removed his rival, and, in fpight of feniority, had acqwr^d the Marlhal's ftaff, and (he command of the army. He thought he had now an op« portunity for an a^ion of eckt to diftinguifli his entrance into command. He attempted to attack Prince Ferdinand by Airpriie. But finding him perfe^ly prepared, Dec. 24. and all his pofts well guardtd, he thought it MOft ■'**■■' prudent to retire to his former quAt^ers; arid with this abortive attempt clofed the operations of the Ger- man campaign, from whetice Frante had entertained Aich fimguine hopes; leaving to Prmce Ferdinand the glory of taking Munfltr in the prefence of one of their armies, and of fecuring his own pofts againil: all th^ir efforts, aft^ ht had, from an inferior number, detithed twelve thoufand m^n three hundred miles firom his camp. •' '•' a? C H A P. IX. } m ■■^ir Tbt preparalhitf at Varmfs end Brt^. The Englfpflertdfivm from their Jlation. The aftion near BeiieifU. Frincb Jlwt defeated. War in the Eaft Indies in 1758. French fleet under M. D*Acbe twice btsten. M. de Laify taker Ftrt St. David* Si and repidfed at Tanj^ur. Lays fte^ U Afd* drafs. Obliged to raife the fiege^ C^nciujim aflhe ^ttnalt of 1759. ' . THE feverityof the winter could not put a ^p to the operations of the land armies ; it had no nx)re «ffe^ upon the operations at fea, which went on with vigour, in fpight of the inclemency of the fcaibn. The ifivafiort pro- je6ted by France, which the engagement off Cape LagOs had retarded, wfts by no means laid afide. The preparations for a naval equipment in the har- jbour of Bretl, and for tranfporting a body of forces from Vannes, 1759' ^^ HisToiiY of the War. 271 Vaonesy went on continuaUy. Ttie winter did nol dday thefe preparations, becaufe it was hoped that» in that feafon, the ©riiilh fleet might be obliged to lake refuge in their own haTb«^ut« ; «fid thus might aflfbrd an opportunity for the French fleet to come out unoppofed, and to execute the ob- jeaof their deftination before the Britifh navy could be in readinefs to encounter them. In fad, they were not wholly difappointed in their ex- pcdations. A violent dorm forced Sir Edward Hawke to f[uit his {(ation off Breft. He came with his whole fleet to anchor in Torbay. The French fleet availed itfelf of his abfence to ptit to fea. The whole Eng^iih nation was Nov. 14. alarmed ; but it was an alarm which produced no hurry or diilurbance, but vigorous, ccol, and fettled me- thods for defence. And now the ts*TA of the whole war was put to the iffue ; for -upon the good or ill fucccfs of this ftrofce every thing depended. Admiral Hawke toil not a mo- ment's time to put again to fea, and to feek the Nov. 14. French fleet. Both fquadrons put to fea on the 'feme day ; Sir Edward Hawke from Torbay, M. de Cort- flans from Breft. There was a difference of but one (hip of the line in therr forces. It is inpoffible here to pafs over the gallant behaviour of one of oar Admirals, as it hefps to mark the genius and fpi> rit of this happy time, and as this is one of the fineft in- (Ranees of it. Admiral Saunders came into port from his Qjiebec expedition immediately after Hawke had failed. After fucii a long voyage and fo fevere a campaign* un- hroken by fatigue, and Aill infatiated with glory, he deter- mined immediately to fet fail again, and partake in the honour and danger of the coming engagement. For this purpofe no time was to be lofl;, and he had no orders. But te thought the exigencies of his country fufficient orders ; and he knew that at this time the letter of military difcipline would never be fet againft its fpirit. He therefore fet fail without waiting for orders with ten (hips; but fortune did not favour the ^enerofity of his intenftons, and he did not join the Britifli fleet time enough for the engagement. As Sir Edward Hawke concluded that the fir ft rendez- vous of the enemy's fleet would beat Quiberon, hedirefted his course with all diligence for that bay. But here again •^ ' foriure 272 The History of the War. 175P. fortune for a while feemed to declare for the French ; for a flrong wind blown in an eafterly point, drove the Englifli fleet a great way to the wedward ; but at length it became more favourable* and bore them in diredly to the (hore. About eight o'clock the headmofl (hips difcovered the enemy bearing to the northward, between the ifland of Belleifle and the main land of France. Hawke faw at lad what he had fo long, and fo ardently wiihed for> (though hitherto in vain) the enemy in his reach. But yet there were.fuch difficulties in his way, as would have checked a very cautious commander, or per- haps any commander in circumftances lefs critical to the public fafety. On the flighted infpeftion of the chart it will appear, that all this fea is fown thick with fands and (hoals, and fliallows, and rocks; our pilots were by no means well acquainted with it ; and the wind blew little lefs than a violent ftorm, and the waves ran mountain high. In thefe circumftances they were to attack a very flrong fquadron of the enemy on their own coaft, with which they were perfedly acquainted. All thefe difliculties only ani- mated the Englifli Admiral. In one of the flneft fliips in the world, commanding the flower of the Britifli navy, and feconded by fome of the moft tried and braveft oflicers in the fervice ; and, above all, not dubious of himfelf, he ordered the fliips nearefl the enemy immediately to chafe, and, by engaging them, to give time for the reft of the fleet to come up. Marflial Conflans had two choices, either to fly, or to ftand and fight it out. But he followed neither perfectly ; for feme time he appeared as if he meant to fight ; but after giving the Britifli fliips time to come near him, when it was too late, he crowded all the fail he could carry ; at the fame time he ftiewed an attention to keep his fquadron to- gether. At half an liour after two, the aftion began with great fury. In two hours the enemy had loft three fliips of the line, one ftruck, two were funk outright. Hawke ordered his fliip to referve her fire, to pafs by all the others, and to be laid along fide of the Soleil Royal, the beft fliip in the French navy, and commanded by M. de Conflans ; the mafler rcmonftrated on the almoft inevitable danger of the coaft. Hawk anfwcred, " You have done your duty in this *« remonftrance ; now obey my orders, and lay me along "fide .♦i' echi tJS9' TibeHinroKY of fbeWAn. 27^ ftJG^ FreaoH admiFal." A French fliip'6f ftfremjr ^fouflyput himfelf between ththi ; Hawt^e was to befiow here the fire he had refiervcd for a greater titcafion^ and at ene broadlide fonkhcr to the ^tom. The hefuifQoft of the £n|fifli (hips fired on th# eneniy as they came up to thenif aiiil thert paiTed <^ to others, leaving 1())ore beliihd'To ii^iprove thek luccels* "anB dedri^y or take y this method they /had jj^ot up quite to the 'Vai^of th^ cftdriiy, #id iiifoiiki mi^e toti% deftroyed tlfeir fleet, hiM^btllbcht tnteirjpQl'^ to^fatt thei^i' ».Ben>re night tamib dfty the ■ tpaiiy 'sflm vh» mncti d^periiBd ; hot in the bagerheTs of M'^ptirfuit» tv^o cSf thl|!ti|$l|^'(htp$ unfortu- ,rotc;!y^Wfli!|lt waVtk ^itdhy'darlpnefs i'ft dfitg#6iA dMH Ailrotind- e|^^^ bniilitjoftaH fiiJes. Ai^!Witin««l fifiri of d}*efe guns was l^el^ Avi^^ knbiidi% whether ihef^tahieironi Trietid Qr;^i^mY; .attil^ On d^cov^rtt of fht b^dnefs of tbecoaft and ihf^ ilatknete of tj>|? nkht,S%0o|^||jprerft equ?il)y un- able to venture to jtheiran&nce^ ^ ' ^ ' Wh^lt liiornini; Ml^^ 9^* ^^^ i<>iUii4 the * French Admi- ral Mjrpnhk:fiMpi#Q4 another called the Hero^, on fiiore; thefirft was fet;On fife 1^ the enemy, the otKer by our fea<- men. Thus concldd<^ mh renitarkabl^ $0i6h (s)^ in which ■ ■■■■'. ■ ' ' - ■./ . ,. - V ... . I [ , 1111 I I I II I I II i jn ii w i i , )n . 4uj i r^. , '■ M ' .' i - ' - ' (c) Sir Ednjtiard Hanvkis ^^er to M^^CU^nd^ Secretary t§ the ASmraltj,'^ ; - k^alGeorgf\'4ffPenri$fitht,N9n).%^ SIR, V '^ IN ipy letter of the 17th, By cxpr^fs, I defired ycm wouTd ac- quaint their lordfhips with m^r having |-eceiviid ihtelligence of eij^hteen fail of the line and thj%6 frigates of the J?r^.f|uadroh, being difcovered about twehty-four leazues to the N. W. otBellem ijlef &.ttx\n% to the eaftwardi all theprtfooeri however agree, that T on liHi 1 % l;ll I! ' ill 11'"" i:|| ;«Jil 274- ^^ HiaxoEY tftbt Wak. 1759. tte French ImuI four capital (hips ^flroyed, ooe taken» and the whole of thetr formidable navy« in which con- (ifted the lafl hope of their marine, (battered, difarmed, and difperfe^ The long threatned invafioo^ which was to repau* oa the day we chaied them, their (quadnm coofifled* accoidiag to the accooipaiiying Uftt of Awr flaipv of eighty, fii of fcvenM-four, thcee of ieventy, eight of fixtf-fgur, ooe frigate of thtr^-ux, one of tbiit^-four, tvA one of fifteen guns, with a finaU veflel to look out. Thejr fiiilfd frooi Bwffi the 1 4th ioft. the Gioie day I (ailed from Torhof. Concludio|; that their fir(t tendezvous would be ^uibtnn^ the infltant I received the intelligence, I dire^ed my cour(e thither with a preft fail. At the firft wind blowing hard, at S. by E. and S. drove us coofiderably to the weft ward. But 00 the 18th and iQth, though variable, it proved more favourable. In the mean time, having beeo joined by the hLudftmjt and Cmvtntty frigates, I directed their commandcia to keep a head of the (quadtoa : one on the ftmrbqaid and the other on the huboacd bow. At half paft ei^t o'clock in the morning of the aotb, BelltifUi by our reckon- ing, bearing E. by N. one fourth N. the mtudft»n§ made the filial for feeing a fleet, I immediately fpread abrcnd the (ignal for aline abreaft, m order to draw all the (hiffs of the ((j^uaoron up with me. I had before (ent the Ait^uanime a-head, to make the land* At three fourths paft nine /he made fighal for an enemy. Obferving, on my discovering them, that they made off, I threw out the fignal, for the (even mips aeareft them to chafe, and draw into arline of battle a-head of me, and endeavour to ftop them till the reft of the Cqoadroa flieuld come up, who were alfi» to form as they chafed, that no time might be loft in the purfuit. That mornmg there were in chafe the Rtebefttr^ Catbawtt Port- land^ FalktaiM, Minerva^ Venggance and Venux^ aH which joined me about eleven o'clock \ and, in the evening, the Sapbire from ^iberott bay. AH the day we had very frefh gales, at N. W. and W. N. W. with heavy fqualls. Marfhal QoHfUns continued going off ui^er fuch fail as his fquadron could carry, and at the fame time keep together, while we crowded after them with every fail our fhips could bear< At half paft two, P. M. the fire beginning a-head, I made the (ignal for engaging. We were then to the fouthward of Belleifle j and the Freneb Admiral headmof^»fQOn after led round the Cardinals^% while his rear was tna^ion. About four o'clock the Formidable ftruek, and a tittle after, the Tb^e^ and Suferb Were funk. About * Rocks fb called. five the 8 his trhWe At gnaj } aoa ttahle bout 1759. 57>^ History (/ /ife? War. 275 ttpiXt thcfir fofle< in ev£ry pitft of the wdrtd, w^s difli- {mted, and rhe cfedit tt tti€\t zttai hto}Ltii afong with their brces. The behitvidur df (he Sngfifld captains and (eamen. on five the //!rr»i ftruck, arid came to aif aachor, but it bWing Itaid, no boat c»uld be fent on hovsA h«F. Night wavnow come, and being on a part of the coaft, among, iflands and fhoal«> of which we ware rotaUy ignosant, withmit a pilot, as wa« the gteatcik part of the (qjoadMmy aad blowing tm& o» a lea ilaor^ I made the fignal to anchor, and came, to i» fifteea fatboia wacw; the iltand of Dumtr beaf ing Ei by N. baiwcea two aad three miiet, ^(U^tdimUs W. half S. aad th» fteaples of CrMOM S. £. as we found next norain^ In, the night wvbeai4 manjr guas ofdiftveft fired, biMf blow- lag hardr want of .knowledge of the coaft, Mid whethav they were ^ted by a fnendi or a» a0e«y, prevented jtM aaeane (^ le- Ifef. By day-bceak (^ihc A»ft, we diftovered oae of our ihij^dii*- mafted aiKore oa the F^ur \f th« JVtfa<^ tkfi alfo, and y^S«lM tiojaiy which nader cover of (be nigtit had- aocbordd aipofi^ ua^ cut and run a^iOEe to the weftward of CWsmV. Oa the laaiaf'a momg, I made the i^x's- Hgaal- Uyflii^ and^purAie her,rbiKike unfortunately got upo» the #ei«r,. aad both Am «id tjie Rtfoliuhn ace irrecoverably loft, not^rithftandiiig we lenti tbem^alV the aiift- ance thai the weatfaer would peFmic^ About' fouriccwe of dM Kf/olutioH'a company, in' ^te of (ho flkoaspft refinenftMa«8a< of their capfain, miade raflsy and,, witkfeveni French ptifonar»be* tongiifg to the Formidabk, put off, aad V am- aftaid,; drove out t# fea. All the Efix\ are iaved (with- aS'BiaDjr of the ftorea as f q(^ iible) except oae Ueuuiiaift aad- a boat's- ereiw, who were drov« on. the Prtnth Ihore, and ho«e net been- haarfd of : th«^ remsuns'of both fliiips have been fetoa firev We found ^c D»pJ*tJkpf»t Rt- vingty znd DeJSanUy iiv the night of the aothput out tofeo',; as I hope the Siui/i/are did, fon ihe io ftiU> mii&ag. The- Doffetft>ir$ and i>«/F759- The History of the Warv 277 captain was accufed, nor even in any degree fufpeded of miibehavioiir or cowardice *; in which thofe who engaged* and thofe who did not, gave proofs that they were equally ardent in the fervice of their country. ' Thofe we have fuftained» let it be placed to the necefllty I was under of running all rifles to break this ftrong force of the enemy : had we had but two hours more dayrlight, the whole had been totally deftroyed or taken, for we were alnioil up with their vkn when night overtook us. Yefterday came in here the Pallas^ Fortune. floop» and the Pro- ferpine Bre-ihip. On the 1 6th I had difpatched the Fortune to ^eheCf with directions to Captain Duff^ to keep dire£lly on his guard. In his way thither he fell in with the Pbeie, a French fri- gate of forty guns, under jury-mafts, and fought her feveral hours. During the engagement lieutenant Stuart^ sd of the RamillieSt who I had appointed to command her, was unfortunately killed 1 the furviving officers, on confulting together, refolved to leave her, as ihe proved too ftrong for them. I have detached captaiii Toung to ^iberon bay with nve fhips, and am making up a flying fquadron to fcour the coaft to the ifle of Aixy and if practicable, to attempt any of the enemy's ihips that may be there. "••'^>. *" , I -■' P- C Sir Edward Hawke, ^'^^ i Captain Cambell. « f Sir Charles Hardy, f'°^ Captain Evans. 750 Captain Graves. 780 Captain Buckle. 600 J. Young, Efq; Commodore. 600 Sir John Bentley. 60Q Captain Fortefcue. 700 Hon. Captain Keppel. 700 Right Hon. Lord Hpwe. 600 Captain Speke. 600 Hon Captain Edgcumbe. T3 Swiftfure^ il m m 179 ne HiSTPHY rf tbt Wa». 1759. 'VWf «^ho tbin)^ Tuch in«turi d«£erving of thsir noticci h(iye ot^reryt^, thit this ()cciriv« ii«v») engagements tt)li (urreqder pf the Prif flyin froopv tt M»»eny ana the tftking of MunAer, happened OQ the fame day« \H apth of No* This 3)»ip«. jwiftfwe, Dorfetihire, iMrford* ^»iA|iefter, enspte, t«vwge» Inftrepifi, MQQt«KU^» punkirk, Pefianpei • Q»ni. Men. Cpomna^derit $aD $Ir Thomas Stanhope* 520 Captain Denis. jao CHpt»ia Gambier. $9vell on their affairs, began to irifluence them here. M. d'Ache, in two naval engagements, wag worflcd, and prevented from co-operating with the land foil&ies for the refl of the campaign. And h;id the fpirit and condud of Admiral Pococke been as well ieconded by fome of his captains, as it was by others, there is great reafon to believe, that the French naval power had been as cfFe£tually deflroyed in thofe feas, as it had been in thcfe of Europe. Notwithftanding thefe checks, it was necefTary that Mar- ihal Laiiy fhould a£t. But it was not only the difgrace of the French fleet, but an extreme want of money which de- layed his operations. A Prince of the country, the King of Tanjour, appeared the only refource which was open. To this Prirce he applied for a confiderable fiim of money, which being abfoluttiv refufed, he tarried the war into his dominions, atni laid ficgc to his capital city. But after ly-. ing f( veraj days before it, and aftt i having even made a prac- ticable breach, the (kill ol fome Englifh gunners, the want of prcviflons aid ammunition, ar.d the diforders which reigned in his army, obliged him to return without the money, and with the mortification of) being beaten from d, place, only fortified alter the Indian manner. This failure in thew pecuniary txpeflations, and their rcpulfe from an Indian town, were bad encouragements to the undcrtakirg of nn fntcrpri7,e againft an European ene- my, and a fcrtificaticn in fome degree regular. But having , fei/.ed iipon«a Dutch xefTcl, as it is thought much with its own confent, which contained & large treafure, ; ^hey fet out at length to befiege ^^iadiafs. But heic their fuccefs 1759' ^^^ History of the War. 981 was no better than at Tanjour» though their ftrength w^i greater, and their efforts much more obftinate. Colonel Draper and Major Brereton defended the place with the utmoh (kill and bravery. Mr. Pigot likewife with equal generofity and prudence, fcconded their endeavours, by the fupplies of (lores and ammunition, which were ad- mirably diflributed, and co operated with the military with a firmnefs and intrepidity, by which he obtained an honour equal to any in the defence of the place. Whil(l the town was defended with great (jpirit within ; parties were continu- ally fent out, which fo infefted the roads through which the enemy's convoys were to pafs, that their army in the trench- es were infinitely weakened by the detachments which they were obliged to fend out. After a fiege of more than two inonths, they were obliged to abandon their cnterprize, and by that means renounce for ever all thofe fanguine hopes, which they had entertained from the forces in this part of the world. The Englifh on the contrary, went on from fuc- cefs to fuccefs. Whild they defeated the French on the Eaflern coafl of the great peninfula of India, on the weftern they took the great and opulent city of Surat from the pow- ers of the country, with very little lofs. General Lally left Madrafs in the utmoft tranfports of rage and defpair, which a man of honour and ability in his profefTion can feel, who is ill feconded by his troops, ne- glected by thofe who ought to fupport him, and cheated by the villainy of contractors, and or all thofe who turn war iptp ^ low traffic (a). His letter is a ftrong and very (Iriking : ' picture (a) General Lallfs Letter to M. de Lyrit, dated Madrafs, tbi %^th of February, 1759. Good blow might be ftruck here : There is a mfp in the road of twenty guns, laden with all the rtcbeb of Madrafs, which it is fatd will remain there till the 20th. The Expedition is juft arrived, but M. Gorlin is not a nmn to attack her : for /he has made him tun away once before. The Brijiol on the other hand did but juft make her appearance before 67. ^fhomas ; and pn the vague report of thirteen mips coming from Porto Novo, fhe toqk flight ; and after landing the provifions with which (he was laden, fne would not (lay long enough even to take on board twelve of her own guns, which ihe had lent us for the (icge. ^ . If I aSa T'Af History 759' ^^' History of tbe^KK, 283 «fleA|i«l ond rtdic»t fault in fome fuperior part of their go- vernment, more CMAly iiKlcCvl visible in its confcquences, than difcovcrable in its .auft^ In Europe the receive*' ^flFers of peace from the kings of Great Britain anu PruflTu. But as ih^'y tUti not expe^, from their fitUAtioni very advantageous or honoui jb^e terms, the|r refoWed to ad> in one inftancet the Roman part» and Aill hold Qutf determined to hazard the U(l extremities; perhaps* hoping fomtthing favourable from the fortune o>i 'heir allies, fince their own had deferted them ; and reiblving to contrad their plan, and to make one (Irong effort in one part, rather than unprofitably to wa(le their ftrength upon feveral infe- rior objeds. This effort could be made with any profjpeA of fuccefs only in Germany, (a) But the fupplies nicelVary for ihia >i but the fire of the Englijb muft deftroy, fooner or later, even though that from Heaven ihouid not. v , -Nti. ■ Ihavt tht htutur to ht, ^c. (^r.* '^ SigHtJ, L A L L Y. P. S. I think it neceflary to apprize you, that, as M. Je ^upire has refu(ed to take upon him the command of this army, which I have offered to him, and which he is impowered to ac* cejpt, by haying received from the court a duplicate of ny conn miflion, yo^ nouftof Deceffity, together with the councit, take it upon you. For v^y part, l undertake only to bring it back either to Artim or Sadrajit. Send therefore your orcers, or come you<[felf to coninwnd it j for 1 fliall quit it upon my arrival there. (a) The Due Je BtlMJffs Letter to Marfhal CtntaJest lated ytrfailUsf July 23, 1759. J *AI toujours peur que Fifcher ae foit parti trop tard : 11 eft \ ftotfe ^- •f voit de resources pour aos Depenfes iea |>lus urgeniea, et pour lea rcparatioMdcsTroM pes, <)V1« dai^a r Argeai qtie qou 9 pour- rons I AM ftill afraid that Fifcher fet out too late : It is, how- ever, very important, and very eifeatial that we flioukl raife large contributions. I fee no other reiburce for our moft ur- gent expeneet, and for refitting the troops, but in the money we may draw from the enemy's tv . : coutftry; 284 The History of tie War. i759- this great charge were difficult to a nation^ whofe trade was wholly dedroyed. On this occafion they did not fcruple io break in upon the public faith» and t€ find fupplies for one year rons avoir du Pais enemyjd'od il faudra egalement tirer des Cub- Jiftancesde toutes iLfpeces,inde- pendamnient de I'Areent, c'elt i dire des Foins, des Failles, des Avoines pour THy ver.des Qleds, des Beiliaux, des Chevaux, et ni^me des Hommes pour recru- ter toutes nos Troupes Etran- geres. La Guerre ne doit pas ^tre prolongee, et peut-6tre fau- drat'il, iuivant ies Eveneniens qui arriveront d'ici a la Fin de Sepceiubre, faire un veritable Defert en avant de la Ligne des QujtTtiers, que Ton jugera a pro- pes de tenir pendaat I'Hyver, afin que I'Ennenii fetrouvedans une Impotnbilite r^elle d'en pouvoir approcher en nous re- iervant de la Subfiltance feule- inent fur la Route qui pourra nous convenir de prendre dans le milieu de I'Hyver, pour cnlever nous nifimes Ies Quar- tiers des Fnnemis. C'tft pour pouvoir reniplir cet Objet, que je fais travailler fans Ra- lache a toute cequ'il taut pour que toutes vos Troupes, fans Exception, foient bien habiil^es, bien armies, bien equip^^s, et bien repar^es, en ^out Point, avant la Fin de Novembre,avec des Tentes neuves, pourque fi cela convient aux Anaires Poli- tiques ou Militaires du Roy, -vou^ puifliez aifembler le tout ou partie de votre Arm^e pour agir offenfivement et avec Vi- country j from whence we muft like wile procure fubfillence of all kinds, (independently of the money) that is to fay, hay,ftraw, oats for the winter, bread, corn, cattle, horfes, and even men to recruit our foreign troops. The war muft not be prolonged, and perhaps it may be neceuary, ac- cording to the events which may happen between this time and the end of Stptembfr^ to make a downright defart before the line of the quarters, which it may be thought proper to keep during the winter, in order that the enemy may be under a real inipoHlbility of approaching us ; at the fame time referving for ourfelves a bare fubfiftence on the route, which may be the mofl convenient for us to take in the middle of winter to beat up, or feize upon the enemy's quarters. That this objeft may be fulfilled, I caufe the greateft afliduity to be ufed in preparing what is neceiTary for havmg all your troops, without exception, well cloathed, welt armed, well equipped, and well refitted in every refpeft, before the end of Nvuember^ with new tents, in order that, if it fhall be advifear ble for the king's political and military affairs, you may be able to afTemble the whole, or part of your army, to aft olFenOvely, and with vigour, from the be- ginning of January, and that 1759* ^^ History of tht War. 285 year in an expedient, that (truck at the fources of all future credit. They (lopped the payment on many public bills and funds*. The King threw in his own plate into the pub- lic (lock as an example, and a requeft that others (houid .contribute in the fame manner from their private fortune, to the necefllties of the (late ; tho* feveral of the nobility> and many churches and convents fent in their plate, there was yet a general backwardnefs to give into this method of fup- ply, and to trufl the public with fo confiderable a part of their fubdance at the indant when they faw it fo notorioufly break its faith in other particulars. ^iM^. ^vkj^. However, 5uer, des le commenceno^nt de anvier, et qye vous ayez la Satisfadtion de montrer it nos Ennemis, et d toute IT'irope, que les Fran9ois (cavent agir et (aire la Guerre en toutesSaifons, quand lis ont un general tel que vous, et un Minillre Militaire qui f^ait prevoir et fe concerter avec le General. Vous fentez, Monf. le Mare- chal, que ce que je vous dis peut devenirnop(eulement utile et honorable, mais peut-6tre mdine necefTaire relativement jt ce que vous f9avez, et dont Je vous parlerai encore dans ma Lettre particuli^re. (Sign^) M. Due de you may have the fatisfa^ion to Hiew our enemies, and all Eu- rope, that the French know how to a£l and carry on war, in all feafons, when they have fuch a general as you are, and a mi- nifter of the department of war, that can forefee and concert matters with the general. You muft be fenfible, Sir, that what I fay to you may become not only ufeful and honourable, but perhaps even neceflary with refpedt to what you know, and of which I fliall (d.y more in my private letters. ^ Belleifle. '*-^^; ' '" ' ■ ♦ The French court ftopt payment of the following public debts, viz. i. The three kinds of rents created on the pofts. 2. Thofe conftituted upon the cheft of redemption, 3. The coupons of bills on the fame cheft. 4. Thofe of the two royal lotteries. 5. The reimburfement of bills drawn to bearer on the fame cheft, 6. The bills of the two royal lotteries. 7, The rents created on the two fols per pound of the tenth penny. 8. The reim- burfement of the capitals of rents. 9. The payments of bills difchargeable in nine years, under the name of annuities. 10. Thofe of the new actions on the benefit of the farms. 1 1. All the bills drawn by the colonies upon the governmentj amouniiug to ' >33 3*000 L 286 The HisTOA'v of fbd "War, 1759. Hotever, theft rcfourcw, ftich as they are, wHI eA»bIe them to keep the war on fool. They turn their whole tt-^ tention to Germany, where they have very greatfy atrgnteitt- ed their army, and placed it tinder a gener^lj from whofn they have fome hopes, after their repeated dffappoimmems, and the frequent changes they have mtkie. They propofe alfo another army under the prince de $(»abffe ; if they c«n compafs this latter proje6^i as it is believed th^y may, the fyflem of Germany is ftrll in very immifienl danger. For notwithflandirvg the tried goodnefeof our troops, and the admirable commander at (he head of them, it is certain, even with any reinforcements we may be able to fend, we (halt find it very difficult \o contend with two armies, fup- poiing that we fhall have no other than French armies to contend with, and that the King of Praffia flioifld be able, as he has hitherto been, to find employiwenf fcr the nwny, the powerful, and the implacable enennties (hat ftrrrocmd him. It is certain he is much reduced} and that hU refourcte are nearly exhaufted. Thefe are fai^s which cannot be con- cealed ; and yet fome glimmering of hopes RM»y be (Ull per- ceived, when we confider the adnairable talenU for wav and government, which that monarch poflefTes ; and when we cemftder even the events of th« lall {ten him) imfortaaate campaign ; whereafter having fufiirred foar capital defeats, and having obtained no one conTiderable advantage, he hats yet continued in fome fort fiipertor in the field ; the enemy has not been able to make the feaft impreffion upon hh do- mimons , and he has, at lafl:, more than divided Saxony with tbem ; the city of Drefden is all tfiat they pofTefs in that country, and the acc^uifition of whieh has been the only fruit of four campaigns, and four victories in onjE campaign, and the eflforts of the united forces of Aufkia., RufKa, and the Empire, to fay noifain.g of France and Sweden. As for Great Britain, fhe has only to fear from her con- nexions. In no one yeat ftnce fhe was a nation,, has fl\e been favoured with to many fucceflcs, both by fea andihndi, an<1 in every quarter of the globe ; nor have her ofScersr, borft by fea and land, ever done more honour to their country, by their flcrFf and bravery. And with regard to fhe imernal adminiftration, it fuffices to fay, that whilil France be- came bankrupt, without delay or murmuring there have been more than fix millions borrowed in England at a very eafy rate ; 1759" ^ History of the War: 287 rate ; and that the intereft on this immenfe fum has been made good by a Tingle tax upon malt, which will fcarce be Celt by the people. By thi» the resources of E^land may be imagined ; efpecialfy if we coniider, that highly as we are taxed for the neceflary charges of the war ; we have not been prevented from great and expenfive voluntary exertions of public fpirit and beneficence. The cities of London and Weftminfter, and after their example other towns made a large fubfcription for enlifting foldiers. Subfcriptions were alfo carried on to a great amount, for cloathing the enemies prifonersy abandoned through the negleQ or poverty of their ibvereign ; and for adminiftering to the relief of the fami- lies of thofe who had fallen in the battles of Quebec and Minden. Tbus a6tuated by the warmefl patriotifm, which far from extinguifhing, feemed to kindle a beneficence to- wards our enemies in dieir diflrefe. The condition of Europe, which all people thought would have been decided in this campaign, is oearly as du- bious as ever ; and the difficukies which oppofe themfelves to a peace are rather augmented than diminifhed. Here then we clofe the fcene^ and conclude theeventsof the pre- fent year ; in the next we hope, notwithftanding appear- ances, after fo many fcenes of horror, to have the more pleafing ta(k of relating the fleps taken to a general peace, on terms as particularly advantageous to our own country, as the mixed interefls of Europe, and the various fortunes of the powefs embarked tit the fame caufe, wiU admit. \rii' ■ ^^m- , If Jr. :i^;. "■.!"• >!;■;; -y THE ': J-'"-;.;: * ^"'V!- •^:y r^.-' '•<:, [ 288 ] r l THE ANNUAL REGISTER: I.:.. t^l^H''.-.,* - !• HIST O R Y • ^^^:^ :/■.;: -.^--.y OF TH.E W ..,:..:. A' 'M R. J; ■ : -. ^ijte^^i^ For the YEAR 1760. ^^* *^^ '^ *''' ' *'ifT*r,«^. .»..»« -* ,t. 'J-- V . ^'; "f^^/-^^ ■ C H A P. I. •MSrt#^;.4«i!^wffj.>3:.fi/) Nothing decided in the war. State of the feveral powers concerned. Great Britain and Pruffia propofe an accommo- dation. Difficulties in concluding a peace. The condition and hopes of France. Demands on the King of Prufjia, Treaty faid to be between Rufpa and Aufiria, IF all the wars which have harafled Europe for more than a century had not proved it» the events of the lad campaign!! muA have fatisfied every thinking man, ' that vjflories do not decide the fate of nations. Four mod bloody, aild to all appearance moft ruinous defeats, wh-ich he fuffered in that year, had defpoiled the King of Pruflia of no mor^ than a fingle town. After thefe accu- mulated blows he ftill found himfelf in a condition to make^ good his winter-quarters ; to cover his dominions ; and to tempt the favour of fortune in another campaign. . .. - .. ^. To^. -.■^kmi:. 1760. ^be History of the War, 289 To carry our attention a little further back ; who couM have imagined, that when the French had compelled the Hanoverian troops to lay down their arms, when they had thruft them into a defencelefs corner, had bound them down with the yoke of a Arid and fevere capitulation, and had poflfefled themfelves of every place which could boaft U16 fmalleft (hare of (Irength in the king's German dom'i|lfons, that in a few months they (hould find themfelves compelled to fly before their captives; and after having fuffered a confiderable defeat, (houid be pufhed back almoft on their own territories. On the other' hand, it might have been fuppofed that the effects of thefe advantages under the management of a very great commander, who was beddes largely reinforced, could have been fruftrated only by the lofs of fome great battle.* But the fa^ was otherwife. The Hanoverians, without any adverfe (Iroke in that campaign, were obliged to repafs the Rhine and the Lippe; an4i fince that time, fortune having decided nothing by the events of five years war, has given to prince Ferdinand the poffeflion of a great part of Weftphalia^-in the manner of a conquered country, and yet fees him 4^andoning HefTe, and with difficulty co- vering the bordo^ of Hanover. In (hort, th^vi£lory of Crevelt could not enable the Duke of Brunfwick to defend the Rhine. The battle of Ber- gen did not give Marfhal Broglio an entrance into Hanover. The great vifkory of Minden did not drive the French from the Maine. We have feen armtcs, after complete victory, obliged to a£t as if they had been defeated; j^d after a defeat, taking ah ofFenfive part with fuccefs, and reaping all the fruits of vi6iory. Thefe reflexions are flill more ftrongly enforced by the fortune of the King of Prullia. Covered with the laurels of Lowofitz, Prague, Rofbach and LifTa, when he began aft^r fo many compleat triumphs, to purfue his advantages, and to improve fuccers into conqueft, the fcene was fud- denly altered. As foon*as he attempted to penetrate with efFe6t into the enernies country, without having fuffered any very fignal blow, without any confiderable mi(fake committed upon his fide, fortune, who hath as it were at- tached herfeif to the defenfive, immediately forfook him. He was not able to take a fingle place. And thofe advan- tages, which, at other times and fituations, would have laid i. cl*.-..- 290 The History of the Wai. 176a. the flDUfidation of a Ufting empire, have in his cafe only protraQed a fevere deftiny* vrhich feme thinjt in the end inevitable i but whieh as naanyt as great, and as entire vi^ories fince obtained over his forces, have not been yet tbic to bring upon hinn. The balance of poMv^er , the pride of modem policy, and originally invented to preferve the general peace as well as freedom of Europe, has openly prcferved its liberty. It has been the original of innumerable and fruirlefs wars. That political torture by which powers are to be enlarged or abridged, according to a ftandard, perhaps not very ac-> curately imagined, ever has been, and it is to be teared will always continue a caufe of infinite contention and blopdihed. The foreign ambafladors conftantly refiding m all courts, the negotiations inceflantly carrying on, fpread both confederacies and quarrels fo wide, that whenever hof- tilities commence, the theatre of war is always of a pro* digious extent. All parties in thofe difFufive operations, have, of neceflity, their ftrong and weak fides. What they gain in one part is loft in another ; and in conclufion, their aflBiirs become fo balanced, that all the powers concerned are certain to lofe a great deal ; the mod fortunate acquire little ; and what they do acquire is never tn any reafonable proportion to charge and lofs. Frequent experience of this might prove one of the fltcongcft grounds for a tailing peace in Europe. But that fpirit of intrigue, which is the political diftemper of the time, that anxious forefight which forms the chara^r of all the prefent courts, prevent the falutary effects which might refult from this experience. Thefe modern treaties of peace, the fruits not of moderation but ueceflity ; thofe engagements contraded when all the parties are wearied and none fatisfied, where none c^ properly be called con- querors or conquered, where after having fought in vain to compel, they are content to over-reach them in the very moment they are formed, and from the very ad of forming them, with the feeds of new didentions, more im- placable animofuies, and more cruel wars. For if to for- ward the work of peace, any member in thefe alliances ihould acquire a cefiion of any importance in its favour, thb afterwards becomes a ground for another alliance, and for new intrigues to deprive them of their acquifltion. To fettle the peace of Germany, Stieiia was yielded in 1745 to 176 tot} the T mem deiin in no Leipi city; King peace model pofats expe61 and m the ad the rel fufficie To accept! every c look fo doned i e^rts hopes \ in that in that Theftr wafted ( pence o exhauft tience o hope, of hear or at lea fuch as The that flie junQurc fuch ftea reality, very inn fliould h her grea 1760. ^e History of the War. agi to the King of Pruflia, and that ceflion giive occafion for the war of 1 756. The kings of Great Britain and Pruflia chofc the mo- ment of fuccefsy to propofe an accomnnodation} and they defired that the oppofite powers fliould concur with them in nominating fome place for a congrefs. Some fpoke of Leipiic» as a means of indemnification to that unfortunate city ; the States General would have given a town of theirs $ King Staniilaus offered Nancy, his capital: but the time of ' peace was not yet come. The two kings made a dtfplay of moderation ; and they had reafbn to think that if their pro- pofals (hould be accepted (which probably they did not then expe£t) they mufl naturally take the lead in that negotiation! and mufl give the whole a turn to th^ir advantage. But the adverfe alliance unanimouily reje^ed their efTorts, and the refufal of fome of its members was couched in terms fufficiently haughty. " .; . To fpeak impartially^ they could not at that time have accepted propofitions for peac^. France had fuifered in every quarter: in her prefent condition (he couM iizarcely look for very favourable terim. As they had now aban- doned in defpair ail attempts by (ea, and coniequently all efforts in North America and both the Indies, all their hopes were centered in Germany. Hitherto their fortune in that country had not been very encouraging. But dill, in that country lay their bed and indeed their only profped. The ftrength and p^rfeverance of (he two empreifes, the wafted condition of the King of Pruflia, the enormous ex- pence of the German war to England, which mud gradually exhaud the refourccs of her credit, and with them the pa- tience of an incondant people, had infpired with no fmali hope. All thefe confiderations confirmed their refolution of hearkening to no ternvs, until by acquiring fitperiority, or at lead an equality, they might be affured of procuring I'uch as were noi very difadvantageous or humiliating. The emprefs queen upon her part had a moral cer.tainty, that fhe could" not procure, by a treaty propofed at fuch a junQurc, thofe objefls for which (he had begun, and with , fuch deadinefs in every fortune had carried ori the war. In reality, her circumdances then were, and they dill continue, very intricate and embarrafled. It was neceflary that fhe fliould have allies- of great power; but if they have done her great fervices, they have formed high pretenfions ; in- r; U 2 deed 292 5^^ History of the War. 1766: deed fo high, thtt if (he and her allies cannot abfolutely pre- fcrtbe the terms of peace, it is impollible that they mould all be in any degree fatisfied. Her lltuation in this refpe£l has puHied ad internechnem, the war between her and the King of Pruifia. Even the ceiTion of nU Silefia in her favour, cannot procure a peace for that monarch. The Rufltans will never let loofe their hold of the dncal Pruilla ; a country conquered by their own arms, a poHeflion which rendered the King mod formida- ble to them, and which is their fole indemnification for what they have expended in a war entered into for other views than thofe of glory, or even of revenge. It has been confidently afTerted, that the emprefs queen of Hungary has adually guarantied the pofTefTion of that country to its conquerors. This is indeed a very extraordinary flep, and the tzGt is not fufficiently authenticated. But the report is not altogether improbable. We may be fure that if fuch a guarantee has been made, it has been entered into upon fome reciprocal engagement of equal force, and for anob- jed equally important. * Nothing but the laft defperate neceflity, nothing in (hort but being conquered in the mod abfolute fenfe, will ever induce the King of Pruflia to fubmit to both thefe ceflions. By fuch a fubmifCon, befide being defpoiled of that con- quefl, which is the great glory of his -reign, and conflitutes the firmeft fupport of his revenue, he will fee his heredi- tary dominions curtailed of another province from whence he derives his royal title, and what makes it of infinitely greater importance in his eyes, the befl commercial part of his territories, and that only part of his territories, by which he could have hoped to become in any degree a maritime power. • ■'.'■.■■«•'.' 'V ■; ■:> But though it weffe pofTible that his Pruffian Majefty could be brought to fubmit to thefe humiliating terms, a great deal ftill remains to be adjufted. There are other de- mands, which, though not fo high in their nature, nor fo ftrongly enforced, are notwithftanding confiderable, and cannot, with any decency, be totally negle6ied. What is the nature of the bargain between the Emprefs and the Se- nate of Sweden, has not yet been made publick Be it what it will, this is probably the lead perplexing part of the whole. ^>«f ■ But fome indemnification for the King of Poland, on whofe 1760. The History of the War. 2g^ vrhofe dominkms the greateft calamities of the war have fallen* feems abfolutely neceflary ; and on wh. principle can Auftria ever exped an ally> if flie ihould fecure all the benefits of the pacification to herfelfy and leave to her con- federates nothing but the fufiferings of a war in which they were involved purely in her quar'-el? This variety of demands, all to be fatisfied out of the do- minions of a fingle prince, muA necelTarily perplex the work of peace with almoft infurmountable difficulties. It ought not indeed to be concealed, that there are circum- flances which feem to lead to fome folution of this embar- raflment. But if they are attentively concerned, they will, I believe, be rather found to increafe it. Great Britain has had remarka.ble fuccefs ngainil France at fea, in America, and in the Indies. On the continent of Europe, her fortune is, even at this day, tolerably balanced : the two weak parts, therefore, in the oppofite alliances, (I fpeak only with regard to the events of the prefent war) are France and Fruilia. As therefore France will expe3 fome ceilions from Great Britain, it is reafonable that they fhould be bought by fome moderation of the rigorous terms which otherwife would have been impofed on Pruflia. All the facrifices to peace mud be made out of the ad- vantage acquired by Auftria and Great Britain. But when Great Britain fhall have confented to fome concefTIons, to forward this great work, what return can the Emprcfs Queen make, but an abatement of her demands upon Silc- fia? That is, by giving up that grand, favourite, and in- deed to her fole object, for which (he has brought upon herfelf a heavy war, difguHed her antient and natural al- lies, and purchafed the aid of her natural enemy, at the price of places which the bed blood of Europe has been fo often (bed to preferve in her family. To all who confider the charaQer of that court, ic will appear very plainly that Ihe will hazard almoft any thing, and even rifk thofe con- fequences to which her imprudent alliance with France has expofed her, rather thaA accept a peace which muft deprive her of her hopes of Silefia. When thefe things are weighed, it will not appear won- derful that there have been fo few ferious overtures for peace; and that the longer the war continues, the greater difBculties feem to opppfe themfelves to any concluilon of it. ^., ,,__, . «,, •'*'^-(^^- M i'l-t , «94 ^^f Hi s tor y of the V^ak,^ i 760* The only hope that remains of any happy conclufion, is that fome of the great members of the alliance, wearied and exhau(!ed» wiU at length fly oflT, and thereby throw the reft into fuch confufion, that a peace will be fuddenly huddled up; and all difficuhies not removed, but forgotten, by not- allowing time to weigh and Audy what may be gained or lufl. This muft produce a fyftem of pacification, the na- ture of which it IS impoifible to foreree; becaufe it cannot be faid upon which fide this defedion will begin ; but prin- cipally becaufe the war (lill continues, in the event of which, in fpight of all that can be conje£lured from the ftrength and prefent condition of the powers concerned, fortune will have fo large a (hare. But we may predift without rafhnefs, that the find overtures will be between Grc;\t Britain and France: for they never think of peace in Ge .Tiany. • ; CHAP. II. Staff 0/ the Englijb garrifon at ^ebec. Dejigns of Monf Levi. Preparations for a fiege. French army marches from Montreal. Their fir engtb. Battle of Sillery. Gen. Murray dejeated. Quebec hefteged. The Englifb fleet under Lord Cohille arrives, frencb veffels deflroyed* Levi taifes theftege, THIS was the po(lur# of Europe at the clofe of the campaign of 1 759. And all thoughts of peace being entirely removed, the war was profeculed in this part of the world with the utmoft vigour as foon as the feafon per- mitted them to recommence operations. But in America, the feverity of winter was not able whol- ly to interrupt the progrefs of the war. Canada had been fuppofed conquered, by the taking of Quebec. Indeed without the poffefllon of that place, it had been impofliblc to reduce that country; but (liH d great deal remained to compleat the advantage to which the taking ot Quebec had only given an opening. The French troops, after their de- ftar, iiad retired into the h^'art of their country. And the Eiiglifli navy, having provided the town fufficiently with military (lores and provifions, fet fail, fearing left they ,ftiould be overtaken by the (roft. Ten battalions, two conri- panies of the artillery, one of American wood-rangers, in all about feven thoufand men, formed the garrifon which was 1760. The MistorV 0/ ibe War. §95 was left in Qyebec to command Canada during the winter, and to facilitate the entire redudion of that province in the cnfuing campaign^ They were under the orders of Oene« rai Murray. As the river St. Lawrence is commonly (hut up by ice, for the greater part of the winter, all communication with Europe was cut off. The conquering army wai therefore fubje€k to be invefted in Q^bec. The French command- er, M. Levi, was fenfiblc of this advantage ; and he faw that it was the only refource by which he could have any chance of preferving Canada. He accordingly prepared to make u^e of this taft and only opportunity ; and he was not without fome profpe^ of fuccels. He knew that the fortifications of Quebec Were weak and incomplete, without any kind of outwork ; that the town was almofl a general ruin, fince the late (lege; and that the Englifli garrifon had been much enfeebled, and greatly reduced in their numbers by the fcurvy. He knew alfo, that by fome misfortune, no provifion had been made to prevent his attaining a fuperiority on the river ; as no vefTels had been left, on a fuppofition, that they could not be ufeful in winter. ^' -nv>r,f -^^ The winter had pafled in ftirmilhes always terminating in favour of the Engliih, by which they enlarged the fphere of their fubfiftencc. M. Levi had indeed propofed, during the rigour of the feafon, to attempt the place by a coup dc main; and had made preparations for that purpofe. But the adivity of the garrifon was fuch ; and all the outpods fo well fecured, that he thought it more prudent to abandon that defign, and to poflpone his operations, to the opening of the fpring,. when a regular fiege might be formed. The forces which ftill remained in Canada, were not un- equal to the attempt. Ten battalions of regular troops, amounting to near 6ve thoufand men; fix thoufand of ex- perienced militia of Canada ; about three hundred favages. This was the force which M. Levi had collected at Mont- real, and with which he took the field on the 17th of April, 1 760. His provifions, ammunition, and heavy baggage, fell down the river St. Lawrence, under the coavoy of fix fri- gates from 44 to 26 guns. By this fquadron, which there was nothing to oppofe, he acquired the iindif{Hited com- mand of the river, a point of the greated importance to ' r U4 the 296 The History of tbe War. 1760. the whole defign. In ten days march, the French army arrived at the heights of Abraham three miles from Quebec. When Gen. Murray perceived the approach of the ene- my, he had two parts to laice, either tu keep within the town> and confiding in his trpops, which though weak as an army, were ftrong as a garrifon, to fudain the ficge to the utmoft extremity ; or to march out, and by trying the fortune of the field, to avoid the tedious hardlhips of a fiege, in a place which feemed to liim fcarcely tenable. He refolved on the latter part *. But when he came to review il • In tht Progrefs of thi Americnn CampnigH, tut bait heen careful anJ attentive to introduce from Capt. Knox^ s Journal every Re- lation that could be conftdered interejiing : Tbis that nve havt no-w come to, is tbe Particulars of tbe unfortunate Defeat at Siliery, by ivbicb tue nvere in Danger of lojing our Conquejts in Canada, and ivitb tbem tbe City of ^ebec, its Metropolis ; • tvbofe Prefervation and Defence^ is no left memorable tban its Conqutfi ; being attended •with a tedious and heavy Service ; and though in tbe Narration there is not that Variety neceffary to make it (to fom'.) more entertaining, yet as it does Honour to tbe Governor and the Regiments that jupported it, to pafs it in Silence might be confdered as depriving them of that Degree of Honour they are entitled to, and vihtch voe have been care- ful to preferve to others. GEneral Murray had no fooner determined what part to lake, {April 20) than he prepared ibr it, by calling off his out- polts, which he did from the houfes at St. Rocque and the pod at Point Levi, and fetting iire to the two blockhoufes that he had erefted there. All the Britifb merchants were reviewed, and, at their own requcft, formed into an independent company of vo- lunteers, to be commanded by Lieutenant Grant, of the fifty- eighth regiment j this gentleman they particularly made choice of, and they, including their fervants, amount to about one hundred in number. The fick and wounded of our garrifon, who are capable of ufing their arms, are to have their firelocks, bayonets, and am- munition near them in readinefs, and all the troops are to be quite alert and prepared to turn out, or march out, at a moment's warn- ing. The naval armament of the enemy are fallen down to Cape Rovge ; and they pretend that there are four French topfail veflels below at the Tr»;.verfe. U BATTLE 1760. The History of the War. 297 review his ability for this undertaking, he coiitd pofiibly draw into the field no more than three thouGind men. How. ever he was not frighted by the enemy's grcut iuperioiity. He BATTLE of SILLER Y. Monfirur de Levi, and bis army, occupictl the village and neighbourhood of St. Foy lad night, and his advanced polls pof- fefled the coppice contiguous to the general hofpital ; early this morning our light troops puHied out, and, with little difficulty, drove them to a greater diltance : *Tis not in mortals to command Juccefs, , • f But loe It do more, we'll de/erve it. aSth. About fcven o'clock bur army marched out to the heightt of Ahratjam, with a refpe^lable artillery, confilling of eighteen pieces of cannon, viz. two twclve-poundcrs, %ith fixteen fix- pounders, and two howitzers { we alio carried out our tools, as if intending to intrench ourfelves, and cover the town ; which fcem** ed to be the fole refolution taken by the Governors, previous to our march. Upon coining to our ground, we defcricd the enemy's van on the eminences of the woods of Sillery, and the hulk of their army 10 the right marching along the road of St. Foy, in- clining, as they advanced, in order to conceal thenifelvcs. Upon this difcovery, and our line being already formed, the troops were ordered to throw down their intrenching-tools and march forward, this being deemed the dcciiive moment to attack theiu, in hopes of reaping every advantage that could be expedled over an army not yet thoroughly arranged. In confequence of this refolution, our forces advanced with great alacrity ; the forty-eighth regi- ment, the fifteenth, and fecond battalion of the fixrieth, forming the right brigade, under Col. Burton ; the twenty-cigfith, feventy- eighth, and forty-feventh, the left under Colonel Frafer-, the fif- ty-eighth was the right centre corps, and the forty-third the left centre, commanded by Colonel James. The iecond line was compofed of the thirty- fifth, and the third battalion of^oyal Americans, tlrawn up, to appear moc nuimrous, two deep. — Our right flank was covered by Major Dalling's corps of light in- fantry, and our left by the company of volunteers ;ind rangers, under their refpeftive commandants, Captains M Donald and Hazen. The artillery were placed occafionally, in front, in the' intervals, or on the flanks, as circumftances might require, com- manded by Major Godnvin, and afiifted by Major M'Kelltir, our chief engineer. Thus did our little arpiy advance, weak, in point of ■ ■ ■ " jwi 1 ,' . ' • -'»;■ ill 298 The History of the War. 1760. He detei mined to engage; and he grounded his refolution on the following reafons. 1 iiil of nuntbers, when compared with that of the French, but pow- erful in every other refpeft ; and having an enemy to encounter, who, by frequent experience and repeated trials, were unaccuf- tomed to (land long before us. Our tield-pieces were exceedingly well ferved, and did amazing execution; as foon as we came within the range of nmlketry, the light infantry attacked the French grenadiers on the left of their army, and routed them : at the fame inltant the volunteers and rangers engaged their right, repulfed them in like manner, and poflcifed themlelves of a re- doubt occupied before by the enemy; the centre pods, feeing their right and left give way, fled without firing a fliot. Whilll we gained this fmall advantage over their van, the main body of their army advanced with great expedition, completely formed in columns, in fpile of the utmoft efforts exerted on our part to pre- sent them } one of thefe columns came, without lofs of time, to fuftajn their flying grenadiers, now purfued by our light infantry, who, being overpowered with greailofs, retired to the rear, and were of Hitle fervice afterwards; the enemy, profiting thereby, inftantly wneeled round fome rifing grounds, and charged our right wing vigoiov.ny in flank, while M, Jc Le'vi, with another divifi- on, made the lib; rnovement on our left, and then the adion be* came obftinatc < <> both fides. The General immediately ordered the thirty-fifth irom the fecond line, to fupport our right wing ; and the third battalion of the i'ixticth the left, who acquitted themlelves with great honour, ^ehc being the grand objed, the enemy feemed regardlefs of our centre, hoping, if they could out-flank us, they would be able to get between us and our ear- lilbn ; and this it was that attraded their greateft attention. They lufiaincd their right and left wings wirh frelli reinforcements; and Fortune, who appeared for fome time undetermined on whom to con er her laurel, at length inclined to the more numerous army. 7 he enemy poflefled themfelves of two redoubts upon our left, which gave them a great advantage ; but, by an excellent niove- nitnt oi the forty-third regiment, ordered by Colonel James, from tlie centre, to fupport the third battalion of Americans on the left, both thefe corps made a vigorous effort to recover thofe woikii, and fucceeded ; they maintained them for fome time with admirable firmnefs, but, at length, being reduced to a handful* they were compelled to yield to (uperior numbers. In the courfe of the action we were mfenfibly drawn from our advantageous fiiuaiion into low fwampy*ground, where our troops fought al- moft tnoft my, ,i,v*e;-.'_ •*•.■. 1760. *Tbe History df the War. %gg Firft, that his army, not with ftanding its inferiorityi was in the habit of beating the enemy. That they had a fine train of field artillery; that lo (hut themfelves up at once • within tnoft knee-deep in diilblving Wreaths of fnow and water, whence It was utterly impradicable to draw off our artillery under thofe unhappy circumftances, after this infeebled army, had perfornied prodigies of valour, exceeding alt defcription ; having the whole force of the jcountry to contend with, and our communication with the tow.n in danger of being intercepted we were obliged to give up the conteft. The troops being ordered to fall back* ft command they were hitherto unacquainted with, as if fenfible of the critical pofture of our affairs, they drew a natural concluil- on ; and, growing impatient, (bme of them cried out, Damn it, Hvhat is failing back hut retreating ? The inference was immedi- ately communicated to the whole, and accordingly put in execu- tion. This difcomiit was however lb regularly condufted, that the enemy did not purfue with that fpirir which the vaft import- ance of their victory required ; the truth was, they were very roughly handled ; and from their loiTes, which fell moftly upon the flower of their army, they were heartily fick of it. The ac- tion was immenfely warm for near two hours, and we had eleven hundred, of all ranks, killed, wounded, and prifoners ; the ene- my, by their own acknowledgment loft conflderably above that number ; and I am induced to think, if the invalids of our gar- rifon had been able, or one thoufand frefh men only could have been brought up to fuftain us, we fhould not have quartered within the town this night, nor permitted Our antagonills to ih- camp fo near us ; for they loft no time in intrenching themfelves, withm nine hundred yards of our walls. The ftrength of our ar- my, in the morning, was three thoufand one hundred and forty j and that of the enemy amounted to fifteen thoufand, as we have been informed by prifoners and deferters ; though by a ftate which I faw, and was copied from a return in the poffeffion of M. Vaugeuliny the French Commodore, they made eighteen thoufand, viz. troupes de France^ five thoufand ; de la color.ie^ three thou- fand i miliccy eight thoufand five hundred ; Acadiaus and fava- gCcJ, thirteen hundred i cannoniers, &c. two hundred ♦. • I cannot think but this return nmft be exaggerated ^ the copf I received from Capt. Da^id Matt land, of the 4^d lecfimeni, who was tnade prilbner on the 28th, and, on the z^'h, wa^, with others, fent on board the Commodore to be tranfmitttd to Montreal. I'hir worthy officer is fince dead, and nioft defervedly regretted by all his acquaintances. ' . ■ In 30O The History of the War. 1760. ivirhin the walls, was putting all upon the fingle chance of holding out for a ccgifiderable time a wretched fortification; a chance which an ad:ion in the field could hardly alter> at / ^ the In the evening returns were called for of the effeftives we had taken into the held, and thofe who were killed and wounded, &c. The guards are reduced to one Captain, feven Subalterns, with the like number of Serjeants, Corporals, and Dturumers, and one hundred and hity privates^ ihofe who mounted yefterday were not relieved uiiiil nighi-fall j we annoy the enemy as much as poflible with ihot and ihell, and our advanced blockhoufe has great coamiand of their works. Our weather, in the whole courfe of this unlucky day, has been exceedingly mild and pleafaiit. All the uien, and oiBcers off duty, are ordered to parade for fatigue &t five o*clock to-morrow morning. Late this night the Governor iiTued out the following orders : ORDERS. ** The 28th of April has been unfortunate to the Britijb arms, but affairs are not fo defperate as to be irretrievable ; the Ge- neral often experienced the bravery of the troops he now com- mands, and is very fenfible they will endeavour to regain what they have loll ; ih«. fleet may be hourly expelled, reintorcements are at hand ; and ihall we iofe, in one moment, the fiuits of fo much blood and treafure ? Both officers and men are exhorted patiently to undergo the fatigues they muft fufier, and to ex- pofe themfelves chearfuUy to fome dangers } a duty they owe to their King, their Country; and themselves." •c •( «c •( (( «l «c «t ,;« n\\ : . The BRITISH GARRISON of QUEBEC befieged. . , 29th. The enemy's fleet have fallen down to xhtFmhn by Sil- teryy and their boats are continually employed in landing , their ilores, ariilleiy, and provifions. The army have thrown up a line of counteivallation this night: their right extending to the ¥ou- hrty and their left towards. St. Charles's river, beyond our chain , of blockhoufes; by their attention to one particular fpot, oppo- fite to St. Leivis'i, baftion, we fufpeft they are erefting a battery, having provided a quantity of fafcines and gabions for that pur- pofe. We arre opening embrafures in the curtains for cannon, re- verting the parapet wall with fafcine-work j and our carpenters are employed in preparing and laying platforms for guns. The I enemy have brought up a piece of ordnance to bear upon our large advanced blockhoufe, being much annoyed at their work by the fire of its aitillery. " ... ^^^ .-it6^#rm!i!ij 3°^^- 1760^ The History of the War. . 301 the fame time that it gave an additional one, and perhaps « better; and in fine, that if the event was not profpeioiis, he mighty after holding out to the laft extremity, retreat, with what 30th. Eniign Maw, of the forty-third regiment, wiih two non- commiflioned and twenty volunteers, fallied out laft night, hoping to get a prtfoner for intelligence ; but unfortunately, his light not being equal in goodnefs to his fpirit and ability, he fell into the enemy's hands, and fix of his men were klHe.'**.ii1 302 7'/&(f History fl/* //^^ War. 1760. what (hould remain of the garriibn> to the ifle of Orleans or Coudres, and there wait for reinforcements. It I76( It theol the ry, with a great quantity of ammunition and other (lores, by the late ftorm ; which difperfed their fleet, overfet fome of their (lore- veiTels, and llaved others to pieces. (This i» a nioft remarkable iullance of the Icind interpo(ition of Providence, in behalf of the troops of this garrifon and the Britijh arms in Amtric^.) It be- ing of the utmoll confeqnence at prefent, the governor injoins all officers to attend the men on every kind of fatigue, and keep them clofe to their work. Any officers who choofe to go volunteers \xpon forties *, are defired to give in their names at the head quar- ters, aad his Excellency promifes to recommend them to his Ma^ jefty ; any Serjeant who choofes to go volunteer upon the like fer-* vice, aud can find twelve men, alio volunteers, will be well re- warded. In confequence of this intimation, two oc three Ser' jeants only, and a few privates, did offer themfelves } but not one commifHoned officer (hewed any inclination to go out of his own proper turn : the fenfe of the gentlemen upon the publication of this order was, that, if the General (hould think proper to com- mand a corps, a large detachment, or fmall party, from any par-r ticttlar regiment, to fally out,, they were ready and willing chear- fully to execute his Excellency's orders, to the utmoft of their power, in their regular tour of duty. We maintain a bri(k fire on the enemy's works, which are oeverthf lefs in great forwardnefs. [ • ORDERS. ** In order to eafe the troops as much as poffible, the General is pleafed to order that only one half of the men off duty (hall work at a time, with the fame proportion of officers to overfee and forward whatever may be neceffary For the honour of our king and country, and to be relieved every fix hours ; the men coming off work are not to quit until the relief comes. The working parties to be difmilTed this day at half after one for dinner ; and half of the men, with their proportion of officers, to parade at half paft two for work, and continue till relieved ; the men's victuals to be always ready dre(red for them about the time ef relief, that they may get their proper reft; but thofe men, when off duty or fatigue,, are never to ftray from camp ; any women who are detefled givins liquor to foldiere, upon any account, will be moft feverely p;ini(hed. iC <« • i <( t« •( C( C( «« «t «c ngcr harbour a thought of viliting France or Englandy or of falling a facrifice to a nierci- lefs fcalping knife. We are loufcd from our lethargy ; we have recovered our good humour, our fentiments for glory ; and we feem, one and all, determined to defend our dearly purchafed gar** rifon to the laft extremity. Batteries are erecting to enfilude the road leading to the lower town ; two noble cavaliers are begun upon the commanding rocky eminence between the citadel of Cape Diamond ^nA Port St. Louis, which is a work of labour, the earth being borrowed from other places ; and we are throwing up traverfes in different parts of the city. Fine weather to-day, the wind fluctuating between the S. W. and N. W. points, which u as perverfe as it can blow. We have opened more batteries, and maintain a heavy fire on the enemy's works ; the General and Lieutenant-governor viflt the guairds and working parties frequent- ly, to encourage the meov and influence them to diligence and aiertnefs.— All the troops off duty are ordered to be at their alarm- pods this day at one o'clock, and the convulefcents, at the faroe hour, at the pods allotted for them, with their arms and accou- trements. In cafe of an alarm, the guard which firft obferves the enemy approaching, is to beat to arras ; and the Drummers of tine other guards are to do the fame, that it may be communicated through M«,* ^ 304 The Hist OR"^ of ibe War. H*j6o, \ Jenfivc in a (Irong pod ; and Quebec may -well be confidered at lead as a (Irung retrenchments It is as hard to under- sv ,. (land •^IT*'*" 1*. through the whole garrifonjlf^iiftdh regiment is immediately to fend an ofHcer to Citadel-hill to receive miets for the regiment ; and all the fatigue-parties are inftantly%iQ( )Qi|B| their corps. The alarm-pofts afllgned to the troops are aslfi ^tMi jbthe hftebith re- giment, at £/. Joj^n's bslllion; the twenf^iJ^H^ ait St.^auis'a baftion : and the lower flank within the cafma7|j|j|hj!k thirty-Bhh between 0/4U.W 3o6 fbe History rf fbe War. 176a Ktrriibn, who muft ntocffiirily fuffer by fuch in tftnt, both 111 tiumben muI in fpirit $ it it equally difficult to conceive hovir 176 how from ffuUrljr fwept, as they (ee the bad cooiequences that may ariie nom a ncf^eGt of it; and| in cafe fire luppeiu by fuch negled, the peribns occupving fiich houfe are threatened with fevere pu- mikment. The n-ovoft has received orders to hang all ftcag^^rt and marauders j it is once more injoined, that neither officer nor ibldier ftir out of camp, except vrhen upon duty ; any man guilty of a bleach of dus order will be ponifhed in an exemplary man- ner : it is again repeated, that half of the officers off duty do at- tend the working parties, and keep their men clofe to their buA- nefd. The flag of truce, that came down yefterday by water, was, on account of the officers who are prifoners, to procure far- ther refrefliments and neoeflaries for them. Another was lent to- day from the general hofpital by the lower road 1 the purport of It was to convey Ibme branches of the fpruce-tree into town, ,to make beverage for the governor's table : application was made for this fiivour before, and it was pofitively refufed, /rom a notion that it was wanted for the ufe or the ^anifon ; as the fpuce was accompanied with many polite compliments, his Excellency ient M. Je Levi a Cbtfiirt ciieeie in return. The troops are indefati- gable in forwarding their work j and our batteries fire vigoroufly on the enemy, who remain very quiet in their camp and trenches 1 this inclines us to think that no meafnres will be taken on their part, until the arrival of a fleet. Waud (kill perverfe, blowing SeihatW.N.W. ^h. A French floop, fiom SilUry^ paflTed our batteries laft night undifcovered, until ihe was olmoft out of reach of mir artiUerv, and (ailed down the river. M. Bourkmmc^fut was wounded m the thig^on the aSth ultimo. An unlucky accident ha{^)ened at one of our batteries, by fome fparks of fire having reached one of the chefts of ammunition, which inftantly l>lew up, and, communi- cating with the mens' arnu, diicharaed ibme of them, whereby three (bldiers received fliot wounds; a Lieotenant and feveral others of the forty-third legiment were mofl: feverely icorched ; very fortunately the fire did not reach to another cheft adjoiniog, which kiyalfoopen, and was full of loaded fliells, ready for embafly ; hodthe flafli reached thefe infernal meflTengers, we fhould proba- bly have had a large breach made in the rampart, and loft many Kves. 'We had a Unart frofl laft night, and the air was extreme- ly-cold ; the wind continues to blow down the river. The ene- nly have got another frigate at the Toulon^ and theii approaches were advanced this night within fisvcn hundred yards of the Ur- Mint I quarter trenche have m men pei theywiJ fl'oni oil head quj ■fe not t rounds J «tremelj ">g. one thorough! "y promo difaftrous W'hich we vaiefcenta «t ftven o' ™a«n and 1 6th. W< fainft the < rorthispu fheirguns. m the coi Wy, being; "••d down executed wj* Hjght, from ^VKyNxU add and round r "'nence We < 'angers fallje ""perceived, *«houi havi Afoidierof- ^Jofe timber f cianged. Th( 1 7601 Tbi ttiSTORY of the War. 30^ how the renihw of that nrrifofiy which ilibuld be dritett (torn QyebeC) couM htre uifely rctrctted to the Hit of Or^ leant fulint baftion, under co^er ot a faiall coppice oppose to that quarteri they are drawing cannon to^ay tirom their camp to the trenches, fo that we may foon espeft to hear irom them. We have mounted only five captains guards for feme days 1 ten wO* men per regiment are ordered immediately to join me artillety} they will be emplojred in fewing up fand-Mg9» and making wads ftom old junk for the* guns; their names are to be fenttodie head quarters, as they will be paid fOr their Hibottf'. The guatdii; are not to pay any compliments, during the fiege, except to the rounds I and the officers commanding guards are ordered to be extremely punctual in having their men under arhis every morn- ing, one hour at leaft before day^light ; and remain fo untilit is thoroughly clear and light abroad. The Governor has madie ma- ny promotions in the room of thoi^ that btfcame vacant on the difaftrous 28th of April: The wind is variable this evenings which we hope will be productive of a Britijb pXt. Such con- valefcents as are able are to repair to Port St. LtUis-c^trj morning at feven o'clock, to make and fill fand-bags ; the reft are to re- main and make wads in their quarters. 6th. We ihall very foon have a moft formidable line of fire a- gainft the enemy of near one hundred and forty pieces of cannon r for this purpcfe we are ftripping all our batteries next the river of their guns, planks, and platfbrms. The parapet wall, furround« ing the country fide of the town, is now ftl«iigthened' confidera* bly, being revefled with fafcines^ and a quantity of earth ram-' med down between the lining and mafenry work; this has been' executed with afloniihing diligence and perli;veram:e, bjfi day and night, from Ca{>e Diatnmd to the Hangman's redoubt. We have*' likewife added to the miferable defences eaftward of I^alace>gate» and round that quarter which overlooks the /Vf/^ir and river $t. Charles ; the enemy are alio very diligent, yet perfeflOfy qUiet. Many £gnals are made on both fides of the cottntry downward^ whence we conjeAure there muft be a fleet in the rfvCr. Out' rangers fallied o\X laft nlgtti* went up to the enemy's^ trenches' unperceived, poured in a fi'flart volley, and returAed'immediatelyy- vrithout having a fingle fKot fired at them; they are advaiiced^ everv evening about half-Way between the town and our- chain of blockhfoufes, where they renlain on their arms ufitil^y-bredc. A foldier of the R^al Jmerieam deferted laft ni^ frtkn one of tbofe timber fijrtreiTes, which occafioned the co\iiA(fi(ipi*a being' changed. TheGeneral has received fome partridjges, as W pr^wt^ X a from V*- 3o8 ' The HisroKY of the War, 1760. leans or Coudrefs, or have remained in cither of thofe places, wfth any tolerable .fecurity, whilft the enemy were, as they were. from M. iii Levi. Our weather is very favourable 1 wind un« fettled. The names of the officers who command the invalids of each corps are to be fent, everv evening, to the head quar- ters I they are ordered to continue all nij;ht with their men : theft convalefcents are to be reviewed on their alarm-pofts at fun-fet. 7th. Twofoldierst whodeferted from this army laftcampaiffn* returned to us early this morning : by them we are informed, that the enemy fay they will not fire a gun at us, until they open a battery of forty pieces of cannon together ) but where they will Erocure them, thefe men fay, they cannot conceive 1 for, after aving ftripp^ their fliips of^ their beft and heavieft metal, they did not fee above twenty-fix pieces, of different dimenfions. in their park. That they are in the greateft diftrefs for provifions, each man havinjg only one quarter of a pound of freih meat, and half a pound of^bread, per day ; that a detachment of five thou- land men are thrown into the trenches every nisht, each of whom is ferved with a jill of brandy, but the reft of their army do not receive any i and that their lavages, who amount to three hun- dred and nfty, are very clamorous for liquor. Thefe deferters add, that, on the 28th of April, we repulfed the French army at two different times with immenie lofs, and that, if M. Bouriemacque, who is the life and fpirit of the troops, had been wounded earlier in the day, we (hould have gained a complete victory. The ene- my, fay they, compute their lofs in the action at eighteen hun- dred killed and wounded, and near five hundred fince that day by our fhot and ihells; but that they heard an Aid-Major, or Adju- tant, acquaint fome of their officers, that they had confiderably above two thoufand killed and difabled in the engagement. The deferters affure us moreover, that there is a fleet in the river, but whether Englijb or French is yet uncertain j and that the foldier, whodeferted from one of our blockhoufes on the 5th inftant, was ihot to death by the French centinels, as he was creeping over their intrenchments, from a fufpicion that he belonged to 9. for tie, and was fent forward to reconnoitre their fituation. The enemy had fome refpite from our batteries to-day, our firing being leu frequent than heretofore. Towards evening the wind changed to the S. S. E. and blew frefh. 8th. The enemy remain very quiet, and we have maintained an tnceflant fire upon their trenches all this night ; fome deferters, who came ii;i to us this morning,- fay, that it is incredible the execution made among them by our mot and fhells j that their officers 1 7 6o. Tl'tf Hi 8 tor y of the W a if. 3O9 vrerCf confefledly mafters of the river. Thefib are matren not io cafily comprehended by thofe who are at a diftance from officers are laviih in their encomiums on our gunners, and the aneft Briton at the memorable battle of \AgineoUrt: Damti them, if they do come, there is enough ef them to fight y enough to be kilfed^ and enough to run away, ft is recommended to the officers to outs and the thunder of our artillery } for the gunners were fo elated, that they did nothing but fire and load iai a confiderable time : in ihort, the !;eneraT (atiafa^iou is QQt to be conceived, and to form a lively dea of it is impofTible, except by a perlbn who had fuifered the extremities of a fiegei and been deftined, with his brave friends and valiant covjotrymen. to the fcalping kmves of a faithlela con- queror and his barbarous ailie*. I believe I may venture to ad- vance, that the gariilbn of l^ietmot when cloiely befiegedi and hard preiTed, abgve iburfcore year^ ago, by theT^r^^i were not yiore rejoiced on fif^t of the Chrlfltan army, under the famous S^kiejkit marching to their relief, than we of ^ebt^ were upon Ihe arrival of the Itofit^y with the agreeable intelligence w a JStf¥i^ Aeet b^ m»fte(i ef the river ott^-wr^ef^ aud nigh at 1760. The HiBTOtiY of ibeWkti, 511 greater influence from the charader of the general ; « ma* of the moft ardent and intrepid courage, paflioaatelj dedv rout hand to fuftain ni. Captain Dutnt left inglmnd in March UA^ with fome ihipi of the line and othei frigatci, undci the coin* roand of Commodore S^nMnt^it, ftom whom he parted at fea* aMU not heiag able to rejoin them» ke kept his coarie, knowing hia fliip to M a good tailor* and made the heft of hii way hithei 1 he rpoke with LordC«Avi//r'a fleet from H^Uputt who were crui* fin^ off Ntvufoumiiand feven dayi ago 1 and wag told they re'^ ceived orden to rendexvoui at the ifland of Bi(. The Umfvf newa-ptpers, fraught with the defeat of Otffi^tit, 7kur§t, «n4 many other intereuing eventi, were fent to the Fr$mch general% early in the evening, by a flag of truce. We have not only the plcafure to be afcertaiaed of the promotion of General M^ntkfn to the command of the feventeenth regiment* and of Genera^ tvwt\flHnd to the twenty-eighth j but likewife the iatiifadtion qf being aflured, that Greneral Murriif fuccecd* the former in thje fecond battalion of Rtyel Amtrifantt an^ i« confirmed in hit gp^ vernment of ^tbtc : we alfo learn* that the redu^ioa of Af^ii- rtal, with the remainder of the colony, ia the plan laid down Uff this fummer; and is to be profecuted by General Amimfit in con- cert with the greateft part of this garriCbo* and a reiaforc«|int<)t from Louijhourg. A fculking party of the enemy cante near ^ block-houfe, number two* laft night* in ho^s of taking a pr^ foner { but the ferjeant was not to be furprifed* for* as iboo as they camt; within piftol-ihot* they were fired upon* and imme^l* ately turned tail : this morning we found one Frtnebman who had been killed ; and* as a quantity of blood lay on the ground as far as our men could venture to trace it* we conclude that feveral were vrouoded. The beats of the fquadron at SiHtry have been in conftant motion fince the arrival of the L^floff^ and two brigs have made their appearance there, which we never perceived be- fore. The parole of the day is Dtan*y md the counterHgn ii Sivanton. A ferjeant of one of our advanced guards reported 10 me this day* that he &w fix of the enem ^ earned off from a pa<~ licular place where they had been at work* being killed by a fie^ gle ihor from one of our guns. The governor acquainted thf garrifon, in public orders* with (he fucoefs of hi^ Majefty's arroi and the fuperiority of the Britijb fleets over thofe of the enemy in Eunpe ; afterwards his Excellency proceeds thus : * A ib'ong ' fquadron is at hand* and the general does not doubt but both ' oflkers and men will exert their utmoft vig0vr and fpirit on the ' prefent occafion, in order to put a final Miiod Va the war in thif X4 r iiKH X^r: ^12 The HieroKY of the Wkti, 1760. reus of gloty* and emulous of the ref^utation Wolfe had ac- quired. He knew that a bold and fuccefsful ftroke, and well ..t^^ 1^ ^ part of the world.' One hundred and fifty additional gunners ftom the regiments are fent to join the artillery, and are to remain with ^hem until farther orders. One man per regiment, who has been ufed to the Tea, is to be fent to the head quarters immedi- ately with all their neceiTaries, arms* and ammunition } jthefe men are to be put on board a fchooner, which is to be difpatched down the river ezprefs. The troops are defired to defift from work, and return to camp; and the officers are defired to infped their arms and ammunition : they are to keep one half of their men always under arms on the ramparts and at their alarm-pofts 1 the remain- der are to be ready to turn out, with their arms, in an inftant ; the fituation of anairS) and the circumftances of the enemy, now nown defperate, render it neceflary to take every precaution that human prudence and forefight candidate, to prevent aforprize. Repeated aflurances hav^ been received that the French Generals are meditating a dernier effert for the recovery of this fortrefs j ^but herein they have verified the old adage, Voccafien perdue ne fe retreuve pas twjtun: For our forces, inftead of llackening or growing fupine at the profpeCt of being foon relieved by a fleet, exert themlelves to the utmoft of their power, for the defence of -t^e carrifon, and the honour of his Majefty's arms. The con* valeftents are under orders to be ready to come to their alarm-pofts ■on-the ihorteft notice, with their firelocks and accoutrements. It Mows cold this iJght, with the wind at eaft. -'h. ipth. The garrifon were under arms this night, as on the pre- ceding; and we kept a conftant fire on the enemy's works. A fchooner (ailed this day to haften up the fleet, but was obliged to return with the evening's tide, having loft her rudder. The enemy unmafked their batteries to-day. Two of our guns burft on the line, whereby two men were killed, and the like number wounded. Captain Deane took a />«»<''& letter of marque oiF €fafpie bay, laden with ftores and provifions, and fent her into Halifax : ihe mounted twenty-fix guns. All the troops, including the convalefcents, are to take watch this night, at their refpeflive alarm-pofts, as before. Fell fome rain this afternoon, which lulled the wind: in the evening came on thick haay weather. ENPMY'i BATTERIES FIR8T OPENED. 1 1 th. This morning the enemy opene(| their batteries ; one was pppofed to Cape Di^nmAt a fecopd againft the citadel, and the ^^ . ^ third -.:■:--<- 1760. The History of the Warv 313 veil purfuedy might fo difable the enemy» who were in no likelihood of receiving fpeedy or confiderable fuccours from ' Frante* third the UrfuUne baftion ; their ihot are twenty-four, eighteen, and twelve -pounders. They likewife bombarded us with three nine-inch mortars, and we returned this falute with great vigour; a few of our men were wounded by their ihot, but their ihells have not as yet done any execution *. We have moft agreeable weather to-day, and the wind favourable for the fleet. The troops have compleated all our works » and, including flank-Bres, we have got near an j^ndreJ and fifty pieces of can- non on the ramparts, between Cape Diamond and the Hangman's redoubt. We now take it alternately to (\and to our arms, both day and ni^ht, at our alarm-pofls, one half relieving the other. A Hoop failed this morning in quell of the fleet. One of our guns burft on the line, without any difafter happening. The garrifoa have received the fame orders, with re(pe£t to their remaining alert, as before ; with this difference, that, as the General will have no man expofed to the enemy's Are but when neceflity re> quires it, he dire£t^, that, inftead of being drawh up on th« ramparts, they are to keep under cover below, leaving a fuificient number of centineis to give them intelligence of the enemy's ap« proach ; the regiments are then inflantly, as well the reftine men as the others, to be difpofed of upon the ramparts, according to the former dire£lions they have received on this head : every fol- dier, not on duty, is commanded to have his arms and ammunition ciofe by him in his tent ; but they are not to load until called up> on to man their alarm-polls. Biifk Bring between us and the enemy this evening ; by their ihells flying over the town, they feem to be intended againd the Leojioff riding at anchor in the channel ofi^ Cape I)iamond : they have nearly got her direQion. Wind viariable towards evening. nth and 12th. A return of the killed and wounded of each corps is to be given in every evening at orderly time, fpecifying only.the cafualties of the preceding twenty-four hours- It is ex- pected that every convalefcent will make one hundred wads per * As four Officers cf the forty-third regiment were fftttng on the ground in a foldier's tent, eating a difh of peafe-porridge, a ihell pitched within a yard of the door of the tent, and they had barely time to ftretch themfelvs at their length, when the ihell burft ; but, by being extended flat on the ground, they happily received no other damage than loffng their mefs, which was over« fet in the buftle, • -.;';^ '-'■•.: ■ day 4 m 314 ^^^^ History of the War. 3760. France, that the way to conqueft would lie plain and open before him ; and he naight expeft the honour of the total redudion daj ; the OfEceri appointed to comniand them are to report, in writing, in the evening, the number of men who worked, and the number of wads made that da^: theie Officers are enjoined t^ continue with their men, and (ee that they do their utmoft ; erery foldier muft afiift, as far as be is able. Some c(^orn9 are prepare ing to play into the Boyaux*, which the enemy are advancing upon their left. All the guns bearing on the enemy's batteries are ordered to be chalked, that they may be diftinguifhed from the left ; and the gunners are deiireu to regulate their fire by that of ibt Frencby taking care that the euns are well pointed, and ramr floed home j which will prevent the like accidents that have al- ready happened by the burfting of cannon. A Frtncb {hot will not nt Briiijb guns i the governor recommends it to the artillery officers to be very attentive to that particular, and to fire (low and fure. The additional gunners' arms are to be infpedled, that we nay be certain they are in good order j and care muft be taken to lay them and their anunumtion in fnch places on the ramparts; where they will be fecured from wet or other accidents. We are throwing up a ruvelin on the outfide of Port St. Lwis ; one Capta>n, four Subalterns, four Serjeants, and two hundred rank and file, are employed on this fervice, from nine at night until break of day. We have had fierce cannonading and bombarding, between the town and the enemy, for thefe laft thirty.>fix hours $ but with little lofs on our fide, except a few men being wounded ; and we perceive this evening, that we have difmounted fome of their guns, though they are ftill extremely laviih of their ihells. The troop'; have continued under arms both day and night, one half relieving the other, as before; and the foldiers, feeing there is a necefTity for our being thus harafied, are amaaingly alert, and take ple^fure in doing their duly. On the night of the i ith we were alarmed, and the whole garrifon ftotxl to their arms un- til morning ; this was occafioned by the enemy's fending down a brig for intelligence, and the Leoftoff*% firing at her, as fhe pafled. Doring this time the Fr*»fA, who before had been quiet for fome hours, renewed their thunder, but the fuperiority qH ours fi>on put them to fdence. Cold, cloudy weather, with a briik eafterly wind. 13th. We did not moleft our neighbours much laft night, but we have renewed our fire this morning, and continue it with our * Works or branches advanced from a trench in fortification. ufual 1760. Tbe History of the Wak, 315 redvSton of Canada* before the arrival of the reft of the king's forces to his afltftance. :,. ^^^ ^ ^ „ : .. , Thus u(ual vigour 1 thej amufed us» about midnight, with two rockets, one from their fleet, and the other from Foitit Levi » which obliged us to beat to arms, man our defences, and remain there untu it wasdear dty-light : as thefe are the cuftomary fignals for military achievements, we expeded, every moment, to fee the enemy's columns advanced to the charj^ j the troops were well prepared, and the foldiers orderly and m good fpirits: about five o'clock half of the garri they were entirely driven from their works. M. Je Levi fent twv field-pieces to play upon the Vanguard, but without any eP 3i8 TheHiBTOKY of the W AH. 1760. ces. The right and left of the enemy's ran poiTefled them- felves of Tome fmall woody eminences) the main army marched for, by the ihip's /heertng in the current, fhe brought feme of her g|ur.9 to bear uoon thofe of the enemy, and obliged them to re- ire. Friday anernoon. We have the pleafure to (ee feveral large odies of Canadians fiUnK oflP tCMrards CharMturg and Btmtpori, kind others down the fouth country, that have found means to get acrofs the river j hencd we flatter ourfolves, that M. dr Lmi is going to raife^ the fiege. Some deftrters, who are juft arrived, confirm us in our conjedture, by aflurinff us, that the militia are ordered to return to their refpeAlve pariihes, and the regular and colony troops to march back to Jacjuft Cartitr { they add, that our artillery has done amazing execution in the enemy's camp 1 that the xtgttMnx dt-Guitnne loft live hundred men in the late en- gag' Aient, and near three hundred, fince that day, by our ihot and ihells 1 this corps confifted of two battalions. > corps The SI£0£ of QJJEBEC RAISED. Other delerters are coming in to us, who inform us, that the enemy have abandoned their camp and works, except the grena- diers and picquets, who are intrenched up to their necks, to cover the retreat of the army. In confcquence of this intelligence, the Governcr has fent an order to the batteries to fire i ricochet *, hoping our ihot may overtake them in their flight, and fcour the circumjacent country to a great extent ; after the gunners had prepared to execute thefe dire£tions, I believe I may venture to advance, that there never was fuch tremendous firing heard (even at Bergen op Zwn^ when it was befieged, or elfewhere) as our ^ artillery difplayed this evening for near two hours. The light in- fantry are ordered to be immediately completed to five hundred * By elevating their guns, at leaft, ten degrees above the level, that the ihot may bound and roll after they ftrike. Mortars and howitzers are likewife frequently ferved in this manner with great fnccefs, their ihells doing the execution of ihot and ihell. The i\0v&Ti% effedt our artillery had upon this forttefs, when wr; can- nJaaded and bombarded it acrofs the river, is to be imputed to this method of firing ; and ihot will extend confiderably farther than when diichargra fnn! Hank. It is a very advantageous in- vention, and is aicribed to the celebrated Marfhal Je rauban ; for mns are loaded with a fmaller quanrity of powder than ufual, aiidli|e confequently lefi damaged, rank i*j6i rank tfaenii favou duty night, march 6li Gi there < fj6ok The History of the War, 319 marched by the ro«d of St. Foix ; and formed themfeWea under the (heher of the woods. Whilft the body of ihe enemies rank and file, and they, with the grenadiers, are enjoined to hold thenifelves in readinefs to mtich at a n.oment's warning;. This favourable profpe^ i^iakes no alteration in the ufual fatigues and duty of the gtrrifon. Ha''^ the troops are to take the watch this night, and the remainder are likewife under orders of readinefs to inarch at the ihorteft no'Jce. When Commodore Swanton got oflf Gaffes, in his paflage hither, he looked into that bav, and there difcovered the French ftore~{hip, which had been obliged to put in there laft Novemhr, where ihe has fmce remained : the ffreateft part of her crew were Sfaniard$ and Italians^ with about fpurfcore French regular foldiers, and twenty failors >f the fame nation ; this ihip, which is frigate-built, was unrigged, and haul- ed up into a creek for the winter ; ihe is between four and five hundred tons burden, was formerly BrrViy^, called i\it King Geergg, but now the Two Brethers, and commanded by M. de Bujie ; vat came from Eeurdtaux. was pierced for twenty-fix, but mounts only twentv-two gur ine pounders : her cargo, befides the fol- diers, connfts of twenty-four guns and carriages of twenty-four pounders, three hundred barrels of powder, a quantity of pro- vifions, wine and brandy, a large parcel of blankets, fmall arnis^ lead and cannon-fhot, with two iron mort>> and beds, a great number of ikells, and a variety of other ..ores ; this valuable price is now in charge with the Eurut floop of war, and is ex- peded up to-day. She was the chief of M. de Levfs hopes, at they had intelligence of her being at Ga/pee foon after ihe arrived there ; but, fortunately for us, the winter then letting in, it was not poiTible for her to profecute her voyage ; the greateft part of her crew deferted her at Gafpee, and wandered through the woods until they reached fort Cumberland in Nova Scotia, where they made loud complaints of the ill ufage they received, and declared^ if it had not been for the regular foldiers, they would have cot off the Frenchmen, and bore away for Halifax. 17th. The enemy difcharged a volley of mufketry from their intrenchments towards the garrifon, which, as we fuppofed, was, prendre leur derniere congi ; for a Lieutenant ♦, with a fmall re- connoitring party, being fent out, found the trenches abandoned, marched into them, and immediately tranfmitted notice thereof to the governor j whereupon the light infantry and grenadiers iar ♦Lieutenant M^Alpin^ of i\\t R both on the right and left>. with the utmoft impetuoHty, ftantly puflied out, and early this morning his exce^ency followed with a detachment from the\ ten regiments, and the whole pro* ceeded to Lorette ; eagerly hoping to come up with the cream of the French army, and pay them off for all our fuflPerings fince the ayth ultimo. Unfortunately they had crofled the river Cap« Rougt, before we leached Lorette : fome ftragglers however fell into our hands, and we had nearly furprifed a body of Indians in the ham- let of St. f oy, who, upon light of our van, threw down their arms and packs, fet up a hideous ihbut, difperfed themfelves, and got inftantaneoufly clear of us. All the ficK and wounded of the ene- my, among whom were many Officers, who had been diftributed among the netghbourim; houles and parifhes, were made prifoners: and the General, perceiving it to no purpofe to continue the pur-*' fuit any farther, refreshed his troops, and marched back to his garrifon, where he found a polite billet from M. de Levi^ recom- mending the prifoners and the wounded in the general hofpital to his excellency's care, and afluring him he was (b tender of the people who had taken the oath to his Britannic majefty, that he did not infift on their taking up arms, though he had compelled them to work for his army, which, he faid, he had a right to do^ in this or any other country, by the rules of war. Our lofs, during the fieze, by every accident, men and Officers included, did not exceed thirty, killed and wounded ; and, now that our affairs have re-aiTumed their former fuccefsful complexion, to take a retrofpedive view of the different works perfon[ned here within thefe twenty days by a handful of men, who have been con- tinually harafled with labour and watching, both day and night, is indeed ftupendous, beyond conception : however they at length find themfelves Well recompenfed for all their toils, and are lb happy, and in fuch high fpirits, that it is impofllble, even at this time, to exprels their ardent dedre for new enterprizes, to which they are encouraged by their confidence in our two governors, the greateff dependence on the Officers their fellow-labourers, and their own ftrength, fat furp^illng, till now, their mod faiigutne ideas. Th^ enemy certainly abandoned their camp, and retired in the moff precipitate manner, leaving their tents, cannon, mor- tars, petards *, fcaling-ladders, and intrenching-tools almofl in- numerable, •'An engine filled with combuftibles. and fixed by fcrews with a port-fufe, to the gate of a town, with a view, by hi burfting, to I ) 63. ^f Ml sroR Y 6f the W A R * ^ 3WP. impetuofit^Tt and drove them from the eminences^ -though^ they .were well maintained; the advanced pods of the French. centre numerable, fire-arms in great abundance, ammunition, baggage«'i and fome proTiilons behind them i we are at a lofs to what cauf*: to impute, this fliamefiil flight of an armj fo fuperior in numbertf : fo well provided beyond what we could have expected, and, in ' fhcrt, with fo many other advantages over us, except to a fuf- picion, as we furmifedt and were aiterwards confirmed in by the ■ prifoners and deferters, of our frigates landing fome frefh troop* above to charge them in the rear, while the garrifon fliould Tally out, and thereby take them between two fires } this wife con- jedure ftruck them with fuch a panic, that they inilantly forfook every other confideration, except their fafety, by a hafty and inglorious, retreat. The lofs of the enemy, from the a7th of jff>rti, inclufive, has fallen moMy on their regular and colony troops, having one hundred and fifty-two Officers killed and wounded ; of the Utter twenty>two are fince dead. The Indians cominiited great diforders in their camp by getting drunk, plun- dering the Officers' baggage, and cutting up tents : to this end they tell upon a fmall guard of grenadiers, who had the charge of the Officers' cfFefts, and fcalped every man, except one, who made his cfcape. All the deferters agree, that our artillery did im- menfe execution in tlieir trenches, which is partly evident from ' the handles cf the wheel-barrows, and other tools, being tinged with the blood of their late mailers ; at the time that our ihips worked up to attack their fquadron, they were fo prepoffeffcd with our making a ilrong y^r/rV to penetrate into their camp, that they prepared a large column of fele£t men to oppofe us : and, while this body were forming, a Hiot from the garrifon look therai ill flank, killed fifteen on the fpot, and difabled fevetal others The regiments are ordered to have their barracks cleaned out as foon as poflible, tha* they may break up camp. The guards are dircQed to pay our deliverer, Commodore Sivanttn, the compli- ments of a Brigadier-General ; and the centries are reminded to reft to the Captains of his majefty's ftiips. The commanding Of- ficers of regiments are defired to make their men give in to their Quarter-Mafliers the tents cut up and taken from the enemy's camp this day, in order to be given to Doctor Rujfel, to make lint for their brother-foldiers who are wounded. All the dead, to make a breach or opening j which it feldom fails to do, if pro* perly executed ; it was partly to prevent an attempt of this kinv that the governor erected a ravelin >o cover Port St. Lou{$, Y for 3ftf 7^ History #//*# War. i'760. 6tiitrt gtve wy, vnthout t blow, tnd fell btck upon their main army. Hitherto h for the future, are to be interred in the burying'ground of the femioary. Detachments are ordered to level the enemy's intrench- ments, and huts, which they had ere<;ted for ftorehoufea. 1 8th. The troops decamped this day, and returned to their quarters. Lord Colv$ih*» fleet are at leugth arrived in the bay, and were faluted by the sarrifon. In the evening four Officers and one hundred light innntry were ordered out to fcour the coun- try. The Frtnch CHficers and others at the general hofpital affirm, that M. Jt Lrui did not intend to fight us, upon his marching down with his army into our precin£ts, except he fhould be at- tacked } and much Icfs had he any thoughts of opening a battery againft the town ; his plan being only to inveft the place, and have ^^cty thing in readinefs, in cafe a Frtnth fleet Should pofleft the river S:. iMwrtnct before a Britijbt or that the 7'uao Brotbtn floreAiip, from Gafpi*^ on which was his principal dependence, had arrived time enough to enable him to befiege us in form : but the Canadians^ elated with the fuccefs of their victory, befought their General, in the moft earneft manner, ^ to proceed with the * artillery and ammunition in his pofleflion, afluring him, if he ' would make a breach or opening in any part of our works, ' they would force their way m, without requiring the leaft af^ ' fiftance from the regular troops.' An extraordinary guard is mounted at the Fouhn, to take charge of the artillery and (lores found in the enemy's camp, until they can be removed. I Qth. The LetjitfiuA Diann not being yet returned, the Hun' ter floop worked up this morning in quefl: of them ; and, in fome hours after, the Diana and HunUr returned to the fleet before the town, but the other unfortunately ran upon fame unknown rocks, and inftantaneoufly went to the bottom : luckily the Offi- cers and men werepreferved, and taken on board the other frigate i this difafter however happened in an excellent caufe, for it was not until after they had completely deftroyed the enemy's fquaidron, being (ix in number. The /« Marie was laden with wounded Officers and foldiers, therefore went off early in the day ; and, the navigation of St. Pettr's lake being very matlow, fhe thought proper to lighten, by heaving her guns over-board, as has been already related, to prevent her falling ini:o our hands, or fharing the fate of her colleagues. We have now in the bafon fix fhips of the line, with feven frigates and (loops of war : a moft grateful profpe£t to the remains of our fhattcred army, and the Britijb traders'!, who wintered here with us. It is amazing to fee the ef- feft 1760. fi6# HitTORY of tif0 War. i|t| Hitherhi the fortune of the fteM was favouhibie to tht Bnglifli ; but now the advantage* they had obtained brought them liMa fc6k of our artillery in the environi of the late Frtfich caiDp and clrcumjaccfit country, for the eitent of almoft two milei i the ground being ploughed up by Our ric^^cbtt firing. The enemy id not bury our dead, but fuflfered rhem to he fcalped and mangled in an unheard of manner, drew 1 hem away dear of ihei^ camp, and ieA them for ruveuouf birdi and beaftfl to prey upon. The detachment of Heht infantry returned to*day 1 they found the enemy in the neighbourhood ofCaft Rougt^ where they have eftablllhed a new puic : as our people received order* not to ifio- )e(l them, except tbey were atta(.ked, they contented themftlyea With bringing off a number of cattle l(i-am^ their preciuAi. Oni half of the men off duty are ordered immediately for fatigue ^ they are to beemptoy(;d m rei>Ucingthe ftores and provifioos that had been difperfbd for fafety, in different places, during the fiege. One Major, five Captains, ten Subaltern;, thirty non-commiffion- ed Officers, ten Drummers, and five htindredprivate9aar<0tdei'e4 to pa tade to-morrow morning, at four o'clock, with arms and ammunition Complete.****' General Murray returns his hearty * thanks to both Officers and njen, for the g^eat Seat and diligence * they have Ihewn during the fiege, by which the moft faiieuine ' expectations of the enemy have been eflfeftually defeateoi he * will not fail, by the firft and earlieft opportunity, to report the * fame to his majefty : he cannqt doubt but this little army haa an ' entire confidence in thofe that command them, and will chear- * fully aflld in accomjpli/hing the conqueft of a country now at * its laft gafp. — Thole Ofiicers and foldieri who lent money to the * Government, in the beginnrng of the winter, are defired to ap- ' ply to the Secretary, who wul p^y them the principal and inr * tereft.' 20th. Ships are working up, by tyeiy tide, with (lores, liquor, and provifions of ail kinds ; the Captains' guards are now reduced to two only. In the late naval engagement between our frigates and thofe of the enemy, which, uom firll to laft, continued one hour and two thirds, we had two feamen killed and leveral wounded ; M. f^augeulin, and his men, are prifoners ; moft of the other crews went aihore and eicaped; before the French ihips were burned. Captain Deane humanely lent a flag of truce to the enemy, to acquaint them with his intentions ; ana therefore defired they might take their wounded men out cnT them, which was complied with. Y 2 The jz^ The History of the War. 1760. ihcmi'iU! OP the main: army of the French« which formed in colarnns, and advanced with great r;ipidity to fupport The Maioir'i detachiQenty of five hundred men, attempted to crofa'Cftar/r/i fiver this moraingi but, the water* being toohishi they were obliged to defift, and return to the garriCbn i their defti- nauon i» to fearch the neighboiiring hamleiiTor fire-arma, and to compel the inhabitants to come and level the enemy's intrencli- ments. There is a man here who is a Britijb fubied, and, when a boy, was made prifoner by the Indiant on the back fettlejnents of NtwEnglandt was afterwards fold to the Frtnch, Htid hat lived here for many years ^ but, dill retaining his natural affeflion for his. own people, upon the furrender of ^tbtCt lad year, he fubmitted to the Governor, and made him an offer of his fervicfft his name is Davht and, by his converfmg fluently in 'the Frtnch tongue, has rendered himfelf ufeful to his excellency in the capaci- ties of domeftic and purveyor, during the courfe of this winter. After the 28th of ^/n7, this man, being fent down the river in « canoe, in fearch of, a fleet, was taken by one of the veiTels de- tached by the enemy at the time of the olockade 1 from thence he was put afhore, and tranfi^iitted to the Frtnch camp, either on fufpicion of his being a ipy, or in hopes, from the good ufage he had always met with in tanadar he would render them fonie notable fervice : at firft they gave him kind and foothing treatment, but, feeing it was inefFedual, they threatened to hang him, it' he would not be communicative, and give them intelligence of our real numbers, operations, &c. &c. Davis, however, being thoroughly attached to the Britijb intereft, remained impenetrably fecrut, pleading ignorance of the military, and of all our tranf- afllons ; at length the (lege being raifed, he was left at liberty and came back to us. By him we learn, that t'iC enemy buried twelve hundred men the day after the a£lion ; that their whole lofs was nineteen hundred, among whom one hundred and Hxty Ofhcers were killed and wounded ; and, of the latter, twenty-eight are (ince dead : that, in their camp and trenches, they had near a thoufand killed and difabled by our artillery ; and that, in the courfe of the fiege, the enemy had refolved on two particular nights to ftorm the garrifon, for which purpofe every necefTary preparation was made, and would have been executed, had it not been for the incelTant and formidable fire we maintained on both thefe critical liights, which rendered it impofHble for men to ftand before if j they alfo had fcoutsto reconnoitre us in the night- time, and finding we were not to be furprifed, they refigned their projefl. Davis farther adds, that every man of the conquered country, ijBo. The titiroRY of We^'W AK, }is their broken vangunrd. The fire becume very hot* ind Itop-" ped the progrefs of our troops i whilA thcfe of the enemy having country, fit to bear artna, joined M. Jt Ltvi after the engage- ment, except the citixens of ^tbic. This day I ^ocured the reading of a manufciipt fragment found in the eitemy's eanip i it was part of the journal ota iV«nr^ Officer, wrdte In tin «ntfto- lary manner, as if intended to he tmofhtitted to £wr«/i , - he author therein * expfefled srcfat afHNsiihmcnt at feeing lia awrch * out of our garriion on the morning of the aSth ol-y^rA/*'ffld. * much greater at ou^ '#M#rf/y;in;fidvanr'ng to givethcni baulef ' for that it was nqt their inteniion to figti^ or difturb ut,, bttt Quly ' to cyt off- our comffmnlcation with the country by, a line of in- i trcnchment, and ^ait the arrival of a fleet, which i/vou^ld det^r- *:niine their and our fate together with thul of O iiftU\ il' % if * 'we had ke|it bur high advantageous ground with our ar ''try,' * on the day of aftion, inftcad of marching down into > i onirs'' *'0f fnow and water^ it is jprftbnble we might h-'ve carried the * day, andoW?ged thehi to dcferi their etriterprife . This felf-fuf- fictent journalin adds, * that the Britijb bchavec weii, until they Vadvanced upon uswhh their 'ba.yone(8, whicbi according tor * culloni, threw us into confufton* and. .compelled us to give up, ' the cunte^.'r^l ihali only obfcrve,Jn anfwer to this aflertion from the pen of an enemy, that thq aruiaments of that naMon» both by f«a and land^ have always prefftried en^agingjai an.iiii- modeiate dittahce, and that, confcibua'of thtlr being reiuatkable for their backwardnefs to clofe £ghting, they are ever ready to refleCl on their enemies in this particular, hoping, by fiich a re- crimination^ ro eJktot (henifelves and (Irike terror into our forces to fucceeding fenerations j moreovet.thfrt'e arrfo many recent irtftan- ces, as well as antient records, of ! * |>rowef8 of the BritiJIf troops, and the modefty of the /»-.• v, in fighting or p« I never faw them difpofed to come to the diftance of piftot-fhot, much lefs to bkyonet-pufhing. - 25th. Several tribes of Indians have fent a deputation to tho; Governor to treat for peace. The troops and v^roitfen are now direfled to be vi6lualled at the ufqal allowance, as in the winter. An Officer failed, this day, expr^fs to General Amh^rfi^ by the way of fiiijion. Captain Deane has been tried for the iofs of the y 3 f ;, Uf^9ff% I i M! 5 if The KiBTOfiY qf tbe/WAti. i7 defeat : and th for a vigorous defence. The late check he had received* onljr roufed the governor to more ilrenuous efforts. He knew that the lofs of the place would be attributed to the teme- rity of his councils ; he was fenfible that in proportion to tl^e honours paid by the public to thofe who had conquered Cbi^b^C) would their indignation fall upon thofe by whom it (hould happen to be loft; and that in general nothing makes a worfe figure, than a raihnefs which is not foriv- nate. Thefe thoughts were perpetual (lings to a n^ind like his, paflionately denrous of glory ; and that very difpofition which led him to fight unfucccfsfully with a weak army, gave him a^ivity and fuccefs in the defence of a weak forti- fication. The French, whofe whole hope of fuccefs depended on perfecting their work before a Britilh iquad.roit could ar- rive, loft not a moment's time to improve their vi£tcry. They opened trenches before the town the very ni^ht of the battle. -But it was the nth of May before they could bring two batteries to play upon the fortifications. They were greatly deficient in this refpefl;. Their accounts fay, they had no more than twelve pieces of' iron artillery, which carried twelve pound balls. The Engliffi train, was, without comparifon, fuperior. Before the French had opened their batteries, one hundred and thirty two pieces of cannon were placed on the ramparts. The nre of the befiegers was therefore always flack, interrupted, and of little effect. Notwithftanding the weaknefs of the enemies fire, the fuperiority of the Englifli artillery, and the refolution of the governor and garrifon, the relief of the place depended en- tirely on the early arrival of the Britifti fleet, which was looked out for every hour with the moft an^ous expectati- on. Had any French fliips of force come before the Eng- lifh, it was the general opinion that the place iBuft inevi- , tably have fallen into their hands. On the 9th of May, to the great joy of the garrifon, -an Englifti frigat-? anchored. in the bafon, and brought them an account that the Britifti fquadron, commanded by Lord Colville, was then in the river. On (he 16th, a ftiip of the line and a frigate arrived ; the next morning the two frigates were fent to attack the French fquadron above the y ' -.i. ..tw .v>« *i« 'town. «•*:•.. ■ M\ 3a8 The History of the War. 1760, town. They jcxecuted their commiflion fo wd!, that, in a moment) all the French veffels, of whatever kind, wcredil- perfed, and the greateA part dedroycd or taken. M. Levi, who had the mortification to behold from the eminences this a^ion, which, at one ilroke, put an end to all the hopes he had conceived from the late victory, was perfuaded that thefe frigates, by the boldnefs of their man- ner, mufl have been the vanguard of a confiderable rein- . forcement; and that too clofe at hand: He therefore raifed the fiege in the utmoft hurry and precipitation, leaving be- hind all bis artillery, and a great pait of his ammunition and baggage, although Lord Colville, -ith the red of the fquadron, did not arrivd at Qijebec until two days after (a J. . Thus war; A ' no' (a) TbeHw. James Murray's Letter to Mr. Secretary Pitt^ dated . i ^tbec. May 2$y 1760, SI R,,-j- j., , ■ ■ HAVING acquainted General Amherfi^ three weeks ago, th^t ^ehec was befteged by an army of fifteen ihoufand men, I think it neceifary, to do myfelf l^e honour of addrefling direftly to you, the more agreeable news of the iiege being raifed, left, by your receiving the former inieJiiwencc, before the latter, foiiie inconvenience might arife to his Majefty's fervice. By the journal of my proceedings, fince I have had the com- mand here, which I have the honour to tranfmit to you, you wfii perceive the fuperiority we have uiaintnined over the enemy, du- • ring tha winter, and that all Lower Canada^ from the t^oint Au TretnhUy wa^ reduced, and had taken the oath of fidelity to the King. You will*, no doubt, bp pleafed to obferve, \.\\^\ the ene- my's attempts upon cur pofls^ and ours upon theirs, ail tended to the honour of l^is Majefly's scrips \ they were always baffled, and we 'ere conftantly lucky. I wiih I could fay as much within the walls ; the exceffive cold- ftefsof the climate,and conflantly living upon fait proviftons, with- out any vegetables, introduced the fcurvy among the troops, which, getting the better of every precaution of the omcer, and every re- medy of the furgeon, became as univerfal as it was inveterate, info- ' much) that, be^re the end of April, one thoufand weredead> and f hove two thou&nd of what remained, totri'.y unfit for fervice. In ^his fituation, I received certain intelligence, ;hat the Che~ . Ya|ier ^e Lew was affem^ling hi^ army, which had been cantoned • "• ' ' • ' in 1760^. 7'/b«r History of the VJ ml, 329 Thus was fpruinarely preferved from the mtA imminent danger, the moft confidcrable place we f.ad taken in the war; jtnd that which gave us the mofl: decifive advantage. The in ih« neighbourhood of Montreal i that he had compleated his eight battalions, and forty companies of the Troops de Colonic, from the choice of the Montrealifis y had formed thefe forty companies into four battalions ; and was determined to befiege us, the moment that ^t. La'wrtnct was open, of which he was entirely mafler, by means of four King'd frigates, and other craft, proper for this extraordinary river •As I had the honour to acquaint you formerly, that Sluthee could be looked upon in no other light than ihut of a ftrong can- tonment, and that any works I fliould add to rf, wowld be in that ftile, my plan of defence was, t^ take the earlie# oppf>/»ufii(v of entrenchmg myfelf upon the heights of Abraham, which entirely commanded the raniparts of the place at thediftance of ^ ace of hokliag out for a confiderable time, a wretch- ed fortifi ation; a chance which an a£tion in the field could hard- ly alter, at the fame time it gave an additional one, perhaps a better, I refolved to give them battle ) and if the event was not profperous, to hold out to the laft extremity, and then to retreat 10 the ifle of Orleans, or Coudres, with what was left of the gar- riibn, to wait for reinforcements. ■ ^ .-■ This night the necefl*ary orders were given, and half an hour after fix next morning, we marched With all the force I could mufter, viz. three thoufand men, and formed the army on the heights, in the following order ; Amhtrji\ Anftruthtr^^ zd bat- talion of Rvfal Americanty and Wtbh*s, compofed the right Bri- gade, commanded by Cot. Burton: Ktnuedjt'if ta/ceiles\ High- lanJtrst and Tcwnjotnd^ the left brigade^ commanded by Col. Frafer: Otvuty^, and the third battalion of Reyal Americ/inst were the corps de referve. Major Dalling's cprpfs of light infimtry covered the right fianlc, and Capt. Hazzen's company of rangers, with one hundred volunteers, under the command of Capt. Dcnald Macdonald, a brave and experienced officer, covered the left. The battalions had each two field piecei-^ While the line was forming, I reconnoitred the enemy, and perceived their van had taken pofleflion of the rifing grounds, three quarters of a mile fn our firont, but that their army was up- on the march, in one column, as far as I could f^e. I thought this the lucky moment, and moved with the utmoft order to at- tack them before they had formed. We foon beat them from the heights they had pofleffcd, tho' they were well difputed ; and Major Daliing, who cannot be too much commended for his be- haviour this day, and his fetvices during the winter, forced their corps of grenadiers from a houfe and windmill they had taken hold of, to cover their left flank. Here he, and feveral of his offi- cers were wounded j his men, however, purfued the fugitives to the corps which were now formed to fuflain them. They halted, •nd diiperfed along the front of the right, which prevented that wing from taking advantage of the firfi impreffion they had made on the enemy's left. They had immediately orders given them to fegam the flank, but, in attempting this, they were charged, thrown 1760. Tife H18.TORY of fbe War. 531 wae nothing now to cloud the profpeA of the certain re* du6kion of Canada, by the united efforts of three Enelili armies* whoy by different routs* were moving to attack tnof* parts thrown into diforder, retired to the rtar» and from the number of officers killed and wounded, could never again be brought ttp^ during the a&ion. Ot ceffity of executing works of more immediate importance laft au*> tumn; before the frofl: fet in. i wanted the a^iftance of Major Matkeller^ the chief engineer, dan^roufly woutirded in the action $ his teal fbr, and knowledge tn the l^rvlce, is well known ; but the alacrity of the garrifon'made up for every defeft. My journal of the fiege, which accompanies this, fets forth in foil what was done { and I flaner myfelf, the extraordinary per^ formances of the handful of brave men I had lefc, will pieafe his majefty, l''ii!3l<. h* ]|i/^ %M 3:* The History of the War. 1760. parts of it which Hill remained to Frttnce. In the mean time that haughty power wat obliged to fit the important fpedator of the rum of her colonies, without being able to ■ft v.- niajedy, as much as they furprifed us v to them. , ■;*-i^i'*;'"b*'^'''i.:-.M','> ^ ^■^ Great praifn is due lo C(^'Uin0i^:)re S»ufat^9», aiSd the'Captahi StifQmhng ant! Dtaii* » I i' ive not >vords to exprefs the rradinerii, \ivRcityt ;vnd v iliut tluy 1' twed m attacking and dcilroying the enemy's t'quad;o«>. Captain /J^rawf has loft iii; (hip; but u v, )in a ^d caufc-. and he has dene he .our t > his country. The morning of 'he 27i;h ai May, I had intendrd a ill.»ong for- ties to have penetrated into the eaci)/s cai7)|r>, w^ i li» from the jinturmttiion of the prifoncrs I hai! uiken, an-, the concurrent ac- cu\>ut oi the (^tfeiiera, I conceived to be very prafticabie. Toi f\\\i |!i!pofe, I had ordered the regiments oi Amherft, T^'ifi/bitiil, L^f:ti(n% Jnfiruiber, and Hwblnndtrsi with the «;v;;iiiiei» and light infantry under &rnis> but was infotuied by Lit^ut. M' /llpin^oi my battalion (whom I fent out to amufe the esctny with ra\all Tallies) that their tr«-;.ches were- abandoned. I inlUndy puflied out at the head of ihefe corpse not doubting but we nm(t have ovei taken and forced r.heir rear, aiic^ had ample revenge for the aSth o\' /1prH\ but I,w; :> difappointed, for they had crolTcd the river Capreuge, before \v<.* could coineup with them. Howevert we took leveral pcifoners, and much baggage, vfhich would otberwife have efcaped. They left their camp ilanding } all their baggage, ftores, magazines of proviiions and ammunition, thirty-four pieces of battering cannon, lour of which are brafs twelve p6Unders, ten 6eld pieces, fix mortars,, four pe- tards, a large quantity of fcaling ladders and entrenching tools be- yond number i and have retired to their former afylum, Jacques CartUr, From the information of prifoners, dcferters and fpies, providonsare Very fcarce : amtnynition does not abound 1 and the greate.ft pjirt.of the Cfl«a to open on the theatre of Europe. CHAP. Major Maitlandt the bearer of thefe difpatches, who has a€led as Adjutant-General this lalk winter, is well acquainted with all our tranfaftions here 1 he has a thorouj^h knowledge ot the coun- try, and can give you the beit lights with regard lo the incafures farther to be taken, relative to his majefty's wkws in Cannda. I cannot tiniih this long letter, without obferving how much I think myfelf obliged to the Lieut. Governor, Colonel Burton ; his aftivity and leal were confpicuous duiing the whole fourle of this winter's campaigti, and I flatter inylelf. Sir, yuu will be pleafed lo lay his iervicea before his majelly. P. S. Since 1 have wrote the above, a nation of Indiufh has furrendered, and entered into an alliance with us. / have the honour to be^ ' ^ ' ^- " IVith great regard^ SIR, youn, &i. i^ JAMES MURRAY ^dmiraity-Office, June 27, t^fvo. CAPTAIN '\'.yomk*rf arrived tt^is ntofnin^, with ^/,ilatcvi at ^<- bec, the »4th N SU%\ givintg an account, that, oa the nth of thalilica(h, tW Hutor arrived at the Kle of Bee, in the riv^r St. La^urtnt'his fquadionas had fcpaiated f';on» Nim in his paf- iage ftcnn Eng/and i but having, oa the 14th, received advice from Brig., (.»eiv. Murray, that iKwiiemy had befieged ^«f^ef , he got under hid with the utmolt dU^iaich, and anchortd above Point Le<»i\\>t: 15th in the evening, where he fourtd \ht Leojlojff'e, one ot his J^uaUion. which arrived a lew days before, and whole com- maoQ^r, Cnpt. Diane, imnudiaTtl y came orf" to him with a uieffagc frovw d\v- Generol, earnelUy rccoiiiinen;ling thf fl^etHly removal of the /nnc-^ naval tbrce above the town, coulilling ot two frigates, tW9 ',■ m* SS4 The History of ih War. 176a CHAP. Ilf. Diflrefi of SaMony. M. Br§glio t^mmtndt thi main My of the French army, St. Germain commands on the Rhino. EngUJh army reinforced. King of Prujpa^s lojj'es. Thea- tre of the war in the eaji of Germany. Poflioni of the Aujirian and Pru^an armies, flattie of l.attdjhut. Pruf Jkn army under FoHfuet dejlroyed. A Winter rtmarkal)lv (evere fucceejed llip hipocfy cam- paign of 1758. At Bareith jn the night of the 16th c( ember, the cold was inliippudaule Reainniir^s Winter rtmarkahly (evete fucceeded th? hlrjotfy cam- ht of th« iheriiiuiiielei was (link lofiriieiii whi'li isprecifely the lamQ degree it fell to in 1709. A year like this diUlii/^ui(h(^d bir the int^nfenefs of the cold, and the fury of war. Birds dropped dead in their flieht. At fr/7, but did not arrive at ^ebec till the 1 8th of May, having been much retarded in his paflage by thick fogs, great quantities of ice, and contrary winds. [ Gazette Extraordinary. ] in one ar i76o» TJbi HiMTOKY of the Wak. 335 made a dreadful havock. A peilikntial contagion ragod a- mong tha cattle. Famine was foon added to the reft of their calamities ) and every mifery that can afflidmankindr was poured out upon that unfortunate people with the mod liberal meafures. There was no profpe^ uf an alicvation of thefe didrelTcs. On the contrary, the ruflFering!> pf the peo- ple only made their fovereigns more earned for revenge i and out of the general want a refource arofe to their armiAs, who were the more readily recruited, becaufe the fcanty pay and fubfidence of a foldier, became an ob'jcGt of envy to the wretched peafantry in mod of thefe countries } and ueatli feemed more honourable and lefs certain by the fword, than by penury and difeafe. France and England vied in their endeavours to augment their fotiea in Germany. M. Broglio had now the com- mand of tlie grand arm/i and the fole conduct of the gene- ral \i\au iif operations. tU had early, in this year, been hnno'jred with the /IfifF of a marHial of France. And no- thini \raa omitted to gjve ludre to his command, and to furnidi him with every means of exerting his talents. His corps was augmented to near one hundred thoufand eflfe^ivc men. Thirty thoufand drawn out of their quarters in Ouf- fcldorp, ClevQs, Cologne and Wefel, and compleated by draughts from France, formed a feparate army on the Rhine* under the Count de St. Germain. This difpofition was made not only to divide the attention of the allied army, but to prevent the ill confequences of the mifunderftanding which was known to fubfift between this general and the Duke de Broglio. The third army propofed at the clofe of the foregoing campaign did not appear. On the Hde of England, the preparations were not lefs tonfiderable in proportion to her ability for that kind of war. Six regiments of foot commanded by Major General Grif- fin, were forthwith fent to reinforce the allied army. Elliot 'i> regiment of light horfe foon followed them. At the opening of this campaign, we had irf Germany twelve regiments of heavy, and one of light horfe ; and twelve regiments, with two Highland battalions of foot ; the whole amounted to near twenty-two thoufand men. In the courfe of the fummer, they were further reinforced to near twenty- five thoufand. Such a number of Britifih troops, ferving in one army, had not been feen on the continent for two hundred Kl m ,1 -a. 33^ > The Hi STORY of the W AH, 1760. hundred years pad. The allied army indeed fell (hort of the French in numbers ; but they exceeded it in the quality of the troops. Thofe newly arrived from England were frefti but not undifnplined ; the old were indeed harafled^ but ihey had been !»ccuftomed to viQory. In the beginning of the year, the death of the Jan. 31. Landgrave of Heffe Caifel had excited fome ap- prehenfions ; the difpofitions of the fuccefTor were uncertain ; and hi» withdrawing himfelf from the caufe of the allies would have made a breach in- their army^ that it Vfould have proved almoin impoiTible' to (lop. But thcfe fears were foon difTipated. The new Landgrave, among the very fir ft a£ls of his government, gave the ftrongeft proofs of his rteady adherence to the fyftem of his father, and even agreed to add confiderably to the HefHan troops in the pay of Great Britain ; fo that all things promifed as favourably for the allies, as could have been expe£ted frojn their ir- remediable inferiority in numbers. . The King of PruiTia was under far greater difficulties ; he had felt the heavieft blows, and was mofl fcanted in the means of healing them. His lofTes were not to be reckoned by the men killed and prifoners, but by armies deftroyed or taken. Forty generals had died, or were (lain in his fervice, fince the llrflof Oc- tober 1756, exclufive of thofe who had been wounded, difabled, or made prifoners. And this alore would have been a Ipfs not to be repaired, if thefe murdering wars, which cut off fo many experienced officers, did not at the fame time, form fo many more to fupply their places. The king had renewed his alliance on the former terms with Great Britain. By his iifdefatigable induftry, no gaps were feen in his armies. But they were no longer the fame troops; and if the King of PrufTia had formerly the merit of ably cornmanding the moft excellent armies, he has now to fill up the moft remarkable deficiency on the part of his troops by his own heroifm ; and to undertake far more ar- di!0'.!s enterprize^, than his firfl:, with infinitely weaker in- flmments. Hib fairs wore a bad afpeft in the opening of the tormer year. In liiis, they fecmed altogether defpe- rate. The Ruflians had fufTered ; but they were fufficiently re- inforced. The Swedes, who had been generally obliged to give 1760. The History of the War. 337 give ground in the winter* had, in that of 1 7591 the advan- tage in feveral fmart (kirmifliesi and had even taken prifo* ner the Pruflian general Manteuffel. At to the Audrianif vi^orious for a whole campaign almoft without fightings their armies and magazines were full> their corps compleat, their men frefli> vigorous* and fulh of refulution. Several (kirmiflies of confequence had been fought during the cef- fation of the great operations} and they were generally to their advantage. The King of Pruflla was fenfible, that in this* as in the former campaigns, he (hould be attacked by four armies ^ and that his dominions would be inveded upon every fide. As thefe operations were very extenfive and complicated, to enable the reader to form an idea of the campaigni it will not be amifs to fay fomething of the ground the king had to defend, which is circumdanced in this manner. To the north is PomerMiia. This country is very open ; and it is defended on that part on which the Swedes gene- rally a£^, with but few, and thofe mean, fortifications, An- clam, Demmein and Paflewalk. But then the Swedifli army is not numerous, and if they (hould attempt to pene- trate far into the country, they mud leave Stetin, in which there is always a (Irong garrifon behind them to their left, which would render their fubfiftence difficult, and their re- treat, in cafe of any misfortune, extremely hazardous ; and they iiave. not fufficient ftrength to mafter this place by a regular fiege. This has always proved a check to the pro- grefs of that army, even when they have been otherwife fuccefsful. This fame country to the eadward of the Oder* is one great obje£t of the Ruffian defigns. Its chief ftrength in this quarter is the town of Colberg ; a place they have frequently attempted, but always without fuccefs. And their failure, in this inftance, has been the maia caufe why they have never been able to take winter quarters in the King of Pruflia*s dominions, or even during the campaign, to make any confiderable impreflion upon Pomerania. For they can have no communication with their own country by fea, for want of this port. On their rear, lies the exten- five and inhofpitable defert of Waldow ; and this, with the uncertain difpofition of the city of Dantzick, renders their fupplies of provifion from Poland difficult a,qd precarious. "'"■•■-^ Z '- '^'^ ' ^ " Neither I") II I '■ ■I dl 'jj8 The History of the W.^r. 1760. Neither it it poflible* in chefe cireumftar. /-s, to unite their forces with thofe of Sweden sdiing in the fam'^ country. The Oder ftowi between them ; which ii fo commanded by the city of Stetin, as to make all communication between thefe armies in a great meafure imoradicable. Infomuch, that on the flde of romerania, the force of thefc.two powers is compelled to ad feparately, without concert, and there* fore wenkly and ineffedually. To the weil ward) the Kmg of PruHia is fuffieiently co- vered by the city of Magdebourg» the Arongeft place in his dominions, and in that part of Germany. Here are his greateft magazines, and his principal founderies; and this Is the repofttory of whatever he finds neceflary to place out of th^ reach of fudden infult. To the fouthward he is obliged to defend Saxony and Si- leHa. Both of thefe countries on their frontiers towards Boliemia» rife into very rough, broken, and mountainous grounds, abounding in advantageous pofts and flrong fitua- tions. Lufatia lies between them ; a level fandy plain, (in- terfperfed with pine-woods,) extending without any obfta- cle to the very gates of Berlin. Through this country the king's communication between Silcfia and Saxony mufl be kept up, and therefore it has been from the beginning of this war, the great fcene of thofe remarkable marches and counter-marches, by which his PrufTian majefty has acqui- red fo great a reputation ; and alfo of thofe bold and fudden attempts which nave didinguilhed fome of the generals of the adverfe party. As an army cannot be advantageoufly pofted in this territory, it has not been ufual for a confider- ablc body to remain there long ; and it is particularly un- favourable to defenfive operations. This country may be confidered as the curtin, and the frontiers of Saxony and Sijefla as the baflions, that flank the fort of fortification which the king is to maintain. No part of that monarch's territories are naturally more defencelefs than the eaflern ; at the fame time that it is at- tacked by the mofl powerful of his enemies. A country al- together fandy and level, extends along both fides of the Oder, from the northern frontier of Silefia, until it meets Pomerania, a country of the fame kind*. There is no re- rpe£\able fortification on this fide; and the river Warta, that Calls here into the Oder, makes the tranfport of pro- vifions. 1760, tifions ■d agi As I moiintii above t before 1 gree oi which \ a length have be large a 1 operatio art of re The] himfelf £ . only limi fortune 11 In purfufl berg, an of Thars vantageoi ly intVem by natun that they pieces of In this Saxony, gaged, an Henry, 01 expofing Whilft Prince He the Oder, CrofTen. communic Silefia, th< nues to Be of the ene ters near fide of Sill was fo difp as either p{ -i ^ 1760. Tbe History of tbt Wah. 559 tifionif and» confequently, the fubfiftence of the armttf thai ad againft him, more eafy. Ai to Silefui it is covered on the Bohemian fide with mountains, and it contains places of fuch ftrength as to b« above (he neceflity of ]^ielding to the firft armv that appetri before them. Indeed it is to be remarked, that ftich a de* gree of (Irength feems fuflicient for the icind of fervict which has diflinguifhed this war. Never was a war of fucb a length and extent, in which fewer Heges of con(Vquenc^ have been formed ; and the late fcrvice, which affords fo large a field for experience in every other fpecies of miiitar/ operations, affords very little matter of improvement in th* art of reducing or defending drong places. The King of PrufTia's deHgn feems to have been to fave himfelf as much as pofTible to the end of the campaign ; the only time when his fuccefs might be decifive, and his ill fortune not ruinous. He therefore formed a defend ve plan. In purfuance of this he withdrew his out-poAs from Frey- berg, and drawing a chain of cantonments from the forefl of Tharandt on his right to the Elbe, he took a moft ad- vantageous camp between that river and the Multa ; Arong- ly intrenching it where it had not been previoufly fortifiei by nature ; and furnifhed it with fo numerous an artitleryf that they reckoned in their front only two hundred and fifty pieces of cannon. In this fituation he covered the moft material parts of Saxony, kept the attention of Marshal Daun's army en;* gaged, and was enabled to fend out reinforcements to Prince Henry, or elfewhere, as occafion (hould require^ without expofing one part whilft he defended the Other. V' Whilfl the king's army defended his conquefts In Mifhiai Prince Henry had afTembled an army about Frankfort ot| the Oder, and took various pofitions about that place an4 CrofTen. In this pofltion, he commanded three principal communications, in fuch a manner as to proted at once Silefia, the New Marche of Brandenburgh, and the ave- nues to Berlin ; all which were threatened by feveral bodies of the enemy. General Fouquet had eflablifhed his quar- ters near the county of Glatz, and whilfl he covered that fide of Silefia, he communicated with Prince Henry, and was fo difpofed as to fend to or receive fuccours from him, as either party (hould happen to be preflbd. * Z a . Marihal J40 fbe History' of the War. 176a . Macihal Daun, as foon a ^e faw that the King of Pruilla \izA fortified himfelf in thispoft* he too buried himfelf in en- trenchments^ and kept the mod attentive eye upon all his majeily's motions. Whilfl: he confined himfelf in this po- ifition* in order to tie down the King o^ Pruflia, general l^audohny with a ftrong but light and difincumbered army> moved from the camp he had occupied during the winter in bohemia, and prefenting himfelf alternately on the fide of Lufatiai and on the frontiers of Silefia, threatened fome- times to penetrate as far as Berlin, fometimes by a bold ftroke to efFe£l: a jun£kion with the Ruilians, and attack Prince Henry* fometimes to fit down before Glatz» Schweiduitz, or Breflau ; and thus the alarm was fpreadupon every fide, not knowing where the ftorm would fall. At length V declared himfelf. Having by feveral feints perfuaded 7< n ral Fouquet that his intentions were againft Schweidnitz, that general marched thither a confiderable body of his troops* and left Glatz uncovered. As foon as Laudohn perceived this movement, he, on his fide, made another, and poflefleO himfelf of Landfliut ; and when he had taken Landfliut, he pretended a defign of fecuring this poft by leaving a fmall body of troops there. This feint alfo fucceeded, and drew general Fouquet from Schweid- nitz back again to Landfliut. He drove the Auflrians from that place without difficulty ; but in the mean time Lau- dohn made himfelf mafler of feveral important pafles, by which he was in fome fort enabled to furround the corps of General Fouquet. The commander finding himfelf in thofe dangerous cir- cumftances, had nothing left but to fortify his pofl, for- merly made a very ftrong one, with additional works ; which he did with fuch efFed, that it had more the refem- blance of a regular fortification than an entrenchment. However, the army he commanded was far from numerous ; ■and he was obliged to weaken it flill farther by a detach- ment of two thoufand men, to preferve, if pofllble, a com- munication with Schweidnitz. " T"^ ',. ' '"^l Laudohn longed to diftinguifli himfelf by fome capital (iroke ; he had now, by a feriesof very artful movements, procured a moft favourable opportjinity. Firft, therefore, ^ he fliut up with great dexterity the paflTes on every fide, and rendered his adverfary's retreat impra6licable. Then he '•^miM ■ ' "■■■'■'-- ,,,;■.■ ^^"" * ■•• 'began 1760. TUfeHiSTonYoftbeWAH. i^l began an attack on the Pruflian eDtrenchments in' j^' the dead of the night in three different places. ^ ^' The iignal for the aflault v/zs given by four hawlntzers fired in the air. The Auflrians rulhed to the attack with uncomnrion fury, and maintained it with fo ileady a refo- lution, thaty in three quarters of ah hour, the two ftron^eft entrenchments were carried, and the line of communication forced. The Prufiians at dsy-break found themfeWes pufhe^ back from hill to hill, an() line to line, to thiliir lafl en- trenchments. Their refiflance was all along brave, and their retreat regular. The enemy purchafed every advan- tage at the dearefl rate ; but at laft prefTed upon every fide, worn down by a terrible (laughter, their general difabled by two mortal wounds, at eight in the morning the remnant of the army threw down their arms, and furrendercd on the field of battle. '/ ' '. ; ' ^ On the (ide of the vanquifhed^ the (lain' werlr'SBout'foui' thoufand. The prifoners were, one genera) of foot, namely General Fouq^uet ; two major generals ; two hundred and thirteen officers of the i'nfeHcr rank ; and upwards of feven thoufand privkc foldiers, fiftjr-eight pieces of artillery, with a number of colours. Never wasVmore entire and deciiive viftory. The whole armyj general, pfHcers, eVery "tiring was dcftroyed. Scarce three hundred of the body mtrench- ed by Landfhut efcaped. The corps alone which 'w^as t^ preferve the communication,' fogetheir with fom fell^ lik^ ^ Z 3 a florm. ill 342 The Hi&roKY of the Wak. 1760. a dorm, upon Giatz. Glatz confiOs of two fortreflesf the «M and the new. The old was taken by (lorm ; the new furrcodered at diicu ion. Two thoufand brave men and fpme {ood works could not defend it againd the impetuoflty of the Auftrians. One hundred and one pieces of brafs cannon were taken. Immenfe magazines of provifior and niSUtary ilores, piled up in this frontier place to favour in htUtr times an irruption into Bohemia, fell into the hands of the conqueror. Every thing gave way. The poffeffion of Glatz laid all Silefia open* and the Auftrians might turn their arms upon any fide without the leafl danger to the freedom of their retreat. Neither was there any fort of army to give the leaft obftrudtion. The King of Pruf- fia held down by Marihal Daun, was in Saxony. Prince Htnry was alfo at a great diftance towards Cuftrin. If that Prince attempted to move to the relief of Silefia, he laid open ^randenburghi and even Berlin itfelf to the irruptions of the Ruflians. If he remained in his poft, Silefia was in- cvitabljr loft. Even his fpeedieft march feemed by no means tf certain ^yay to relieve it. The King was yet further dif- tant ; and any motion of his threatened to (hake and un^ hinge the whole fchenn/e of his defence j expofing at once Saxony and Berlin, yhe lofs of his tfiud arntiy, fmall as th4(t army was, laid him under difficulties that feemed in- fwperable, Faiypi|red by thefe drcunof^ajaces, Laudohn had only to .choojfe what dirednon he.ihould giy? his arms. Silefia, as has Ip«<;^ obferved, l^y open before him. He had threat- 4Hied Schweidnitz; but he ;faw that BreilaAi was; a place 0|f greater confequence, much ttiore pafily reduced, and that the pofleflion of it facilitated a jun£iion with the Ruflians ; a point on which the yltimjiva improv».ment of his viftory wholly depended. The place befides is of fo great extent, i^nd the works of fo little comparative ftrength, that he huA no fmall hopes of maftering it before Prince Henry could <;ome, if he fhauld at all attempt to come to its re- tic thcreibre delayed no longer than the march of his heavy artillery and the necefiary preparatives required, to lay ficge to the capital of Silefia, of whofe fafety the moft fa Rg»tne friends of his ,Prui!i|»& majefty began to defpair. But in the interval between the battle of Landfliut tnd Ibd .qwiimew;€iw;|t.:«|.jl}!?iieg«<>f 6«[eflJ4Vij Jhe King of ■»^f.no»i... ::-■■:--• \:^ . :.. ^-v.. • pcuffia 1760. 7^/6^ History o//^^ War. 34^ Ptuflia was not idle. His thoughts were continually em- jployed to repair this djfafter : all ordinary refources were impradticabie or ineffectual. His genius alone could enter the lifts with his ill fortune. Placing therefore his hopes in himfelf, he aimed by a daring and unexpected flroke, tp draw even from fo fevere a misfortune fome new and more brilliant advantages. In purfuance of the pkn he had laid, he difpo- t 1 ^ fed alt things for a march towards Silefia, and "' ^ had pafled the Elbe, and penetrated through a woody coun>- try without oppofition j had the enemy been apfMrifed of his march as early as he began it, it had been attended with great and unfurmountabie difHculties. Marfhal Daun no fooner had advice of his march» than he alfo immediately moved with the utmoft expedition at the head of his main army towards Silefia, leaving the army of the empire, and a body under General Lacy, to awe oaxony in his ahfenc^. The two armies continued their route through Lufati* ; that of the King of Pruffia a little to the northward, that of Marfhal Daun to the fouthward ; both apparently puilj- ing towards the fame object, and with equal eagernefs. But as the army of the Marlhal had rather the ihorter. cut to make, and as he moved with far greater and more unajF- feCted diligence, he got very confiderably the ilart of tlie When his majefty was appnfcd that Marlhal , „ Daun had gained full two days m» ' h upon him; . Jiiy.,,j8. that he had a^u?.lly arrived at Gorlitz, and was .,,;.„ puftiing by forced marches to Laob^n ; his great purpofe was obtained. Immediately he ftruck Into Marjftial Daun's trad, but wheeled into the >ppofite diredion, repafled le Spree near Bautzen, and whilft every one imagined , him on the frontiers of Silefia, he fuddenly fprung up like a mine be- fore Drcfden. The army of the Empire retired, • JUacy's *6orps was obliged tq/hift its fitjjation. The Pruffiau gene- rals Hulfen and Zicthen, who had probably been prcpar«d to a6t in concert with the king, joined him before that place, and knowing there was no room for July ij. delay, began the fifige with the utmoft vigour, , ' |^ I Then was this moft unfortunate city a third time expofed to the fury of war. The inhabitants fuffered in their habitations for the weaknefsof the works; and there were armies both without ard within of fufh inutu»|[ and deter- Z 4 ■ minea %\ a^*i 344 ^'^^ History of the War. 1760. mined rage, and fo carelcfs of al! things but their enmity, that they little fcrupled to ftrike at each otii?r through the bodies of the luffering Saxons. All Europe ha4 now its eyes turned to the event of this mafterly manoeuvre ; and certainly through the whole courfe of this eventful war, no- thing appeared more worthy of regard, nor at any time had there been exhibited a piece of generalfliip more compleat» than the conduft of the King of Pruffia*s march. Since Drefden had failen into the hands of the Audrians, it had been ftrengthened with the addition of feveral new works. The burning of the fuburbs by the Pruflians, in or- der to keep them out, became an advantage to them when they came to poffefs the town. In ftiort, the place was rendered, in all refpeds, more defenfible than formerly. It had alfo a very large garrifon under General Macguire, an officer of courage and experience, who refolved to maintain it to the laft extremity : when \e was fummoned to furren- der, he made anfwer, '* That it was impoflible the king could have been "apprifed with his being entrufted with the command of that capital ; otherwife fo great a captain as his majcfty would not make fuch a propofal to an- officer of his (landing : that he would defend himfelf to the laft man ; and wait whatever the king fhould think proper to attempt.'* '^y- Both parties being therefore infpired with the utmoft re- folution, the one to attack, the other to defend? the fiege wa^ puftied oJi by eVery method of force and addrefs ; there was fcarcf; any intermiflion of affaults, furprifes, coups de mains, fallies, and all kind of actions ufed on fuch oc- cafionfe ; and all the moft vigorous in their way. In the rnean time three b.itteries of cannon and mortars played continually, but with much greater damage to the buildings tiian tffe& on the fortifications. ^' Marfhal Daun was in Silefia when he heard all at once of the deceit put upon him by the King of Pruflia, of his retuin to Saxony, of-thefiege* and the extreme danger of Drefden. His return was as rapid as his march had been. On the 19th he appeared wiihin a league of Drefden. His approach only caufed the Pruffiansto redouble their efforts ; that day they had received reinforcements of heavy cannon and mortars, and battered the pl^ce with new fury. The cathedral church, the new fquare, feveral principal ftrects, fome palaces, the noble manufa6lory of porcelain, were all fUtirely reduced to aflies, 1760. ^be History of the War. 34^ The fiege continued til! the 226. The night of the 21ft, Marflial Daun had thrown fixteen battalions into Drefden. It was in vain to coniinue .any longer the pretence of bc- iiegitig a whole army within the town, whilft, at the fame time, there was another army to reinforce it without. The king withdrew his forces without moledation from the fub- urbs, though there were three confiderable armies of the enemy in the neighbourhood, belideb that which was within the walls. Thus ended, without the fuccefs fo mafterly a proceed- ing deferved, the King of PruflTia's famous (Iratagem. But the want of fuccefs can detraft nothing from the merit of the meafure. By drawing Marlhal Daun from Saxony to Silefia he gained the ufe of eight days, free of obftruQion from the enemy's grand army ; eight days at a time when hours and even moments wero critical. In this time he had certainly a chance at lead jf reducing Drefden ; and by the pofTeflion of that place he would have found himlelf infinite- ly better able to carry his arms to the defence of every part of his territories for the prefent, and for the future would have that . eat place of retreat in cafe of any misfortune. If he failed in this attempt, his affairs were precifely in their former condition j and he coi Id not fuffer in reputation by having made it. • As the King of Pruffia could not be blamed for the fpeedy return of Marflial Daun, and the confequences of that re- turn ; fo neither in efFeft could the Marflial fuffer any juft imputation in having been deceived by the king's march. He knew that there were very plaufible motives to call, and even to prefs him to move that way. He knew that if the king fliould get into Silefia without any oppofition from him, Laudohn might not only be deprived of all the advantages he could hope for from his late vicbory, but, by being at- tacked by the united armies of the king and his brother, would run the rifque of a defeat that might fully revenge that of Lardfhut. Whatever the merit of either of the commanders might be on this occafion, it is certain that Laudohn met no con- fiderable obftrudirn. - But Laudohn who faw all things prepared for an obflinate defence, did not wholly truft to his military manoeuvres. He fent a letter to the governor. Count Tavenzien, to in- timidate him by the difplay of his ftrength. Hq fent forth, . ■. that ii if w •.» X^ iiil--...' !■ . ^' ! / 34^ T/^f History of f be War, 1760. that his forces conHfted of fifty battalions and eighty fqua-' drons ; that the Ruilian army of feventy-fire thoufand men were within three days nnarch j that it was in vain for the governor to exped fuccour from the King of Pruflia, who was then at the other fide of the Elbe, that it v/as dill more vain to look for relief from Prince Henry, who could fcarce hope to (land his own ground againd the grand army of the Ruffians; that in cafe of obAinacy he could exped no rea- fonable terms: and that thcfe were the laft that Hiould be offered. Moreover he reminded him that the place was a mercantile town, not a fortrefs ; and that he could not de- fend it without contravening the l«ws of war. rf- Thcfe rules, by which honour is reduced to aft, not by its own feelings, but according to intrinCtcal circumftances ; rules by which they have attempted to dciermine exactly and mechanically that niceft of all line wliich difcriminates courage from raihnefs, form one of the ftrongeft inftances of the great difference between the ancient and modern methods and ide^s of war. In the ancient times, a brave commander would have aniwered this threatning meflage in general terms of defiance. But Count Tavenzien re- fp€6ted thefc imaginary laws. He took care to prove that, in defending the town, he did not infringe them ; a.nd fpoke as Laudohn had done in the character of a military jurifconfult, as well as a foldier ; be gave for reply, That ibe town of Breflaw being furrounded with works and wet ditches* was to be confideied as a place of ftrength, and not fimply as a mercantile town. That the Aullrians themfelves defended it as fuch in i757» after the battle of Lifla. That the king had commanded him to defend it to the laft extremity; that therefore General Laudohn might fee it was not from humour he had refufed to liften to his fummons^ That he ' as not frighted with the General's threats to deftroy the town ; for he was not entrufted with the care of the houfes, but the fortifications. H.ni' Laudohn had alfo fent in a memorial in the farrte mena- cing ftile, where he thought it might have a greater cffed, to the civil magiftrates, hoping that the ruin, with which the town was threatened, might induce them to join with the inhabitants, to perfuade the governor to a fpeedy fur- render. All thefe menacing meafores feemed to argue a fear in Baron Laudohn, that the Ruffians were not fo near as he pretended, 2na- "ea, lich rith ur- 1760. The History of the War. 347 pretended* and that the town might poflibly be relieved be- fore their arrival. However he fhewed them, at nine of the very evening of the meffage, that his threats were not va"n, by a terrible difcharge of mortars and red hot balls that fell in an uninterrupted (hower upon the city until midnight. During this fierce bombardment, that made a dreadful havock in the town, he attempted the out-works by aflault. His Croats attacked the covered way in many places at once, with the ufual impetuofity of thofe brave irregulars ; but they were received and repulfed with a refolution equal to their own, and with more Aeadinefs. The operation of this dreadful night having made no im- preiBon on the inflexible determination of the governor. Baron Laudohn had once more recourfe to negotiation. He now changed his ftile, and held out the mod flattering pro- portions \ offering to grant him what capitulations he fhould think proper to a(k, and even to leave himfelf to draw up the articles. The governor replied, that the firing the town had made no change ip his refolution ; and he -would wait with firmnefs for the enetny upon the rampart« ; but that he could not help obferving it was contrary to the laws of arms to begin the fiege of a fortrefs, by ruining its inha- bitants. The meflenger made anfwer, that the trenches would be foon opened. Th^ governor faid, it was what he had long expected. . The Auftriaus, foiled is their hopes from treaty, contt- Dued to batter the town, and made feveral attacks upon the out-works for three days fucceflively. They found every poft bravely defended ; the Ruffian army did not appe?r, but they now began to perceive the approach of another arm" lefs agreeable, that of Prince Henry ; which having marched with the utmofl diligence from Great Glogau,now cam*; tVft upwi him; and on the 5th of Augufl, reached within a few miles of the town. Laudohn did not think it expedient to put the advantage he had gained, «ind thofe which he had yet to expeft from the management of time, to the ilTue of a battle; he there- fore decamped and made his retreat in good order, but with fufficietit quicknefs J having procured from this entcrprife only the, wretched fatisfaiEtion of reducing a great part of the city to a heap of rubbiih, and of having revenged upon BreiUw.fomc part of the f«ifferings of Drefden. .;.CHAP. tF, ^^t! '-W ui T'h History cf ibe WaK, pyto. CHAP. V. Cau/e of the flow fiefs of the AUies and French. Advantages on the ftde of the French. Differences between Broglio and St. Germain. Marburg and Dillenburg taken by the French. Battle of Cor bark. Hereditary Prince wounded. Surprize and defeat of Monfteur Glaubitz at Ermfdorf. 'the Allies change their camp. ABion at Warhourg. THE French and allied armies had been reinforced in the manner We have already mentioned. But the vigour of their operations did not altogether correfpond with what might have been expefted from their ftrength and mutual animofily. The campaign, at leaft in any effeftive manner, opened late. A country, which had been f6 long ihe theatre of fo ruinous ^ war, had been too much wafted to make the fubfiftenc'e, end confequently the U^t motion of the armies eafy. The winter had been fevere and long; and it was not until the green forage appeared plentifully above ground, that thofe great bodies of cavalry, which make fo large a part \n our modern armies, were in a condition to aQ: The fufferings of the Englifh ho/fe, from a want of dry forage, during a great part of the winter and the fpring, had been extreme; this obliged them to fall much farther back from the French cantonments j and tomoletl them lefs than they ©thervi ife would have done. It was befides a lois, that, at the opening of the campaign, they had fo extenfive a traft between them and Hanover'; which, by an artful choice of pofls, might have been yielded ftep by ftep, and the campaign fo managed and fpun out, that the feafon of a6tion muft have expired, before the French cowld have reaped any decifive advantage from their fiiperiority. - ' ' ' ' Aiihoiigh the French wrre, during the winter, fupplied far better than the allies with all neceffarics by the com- mand of the Maine, the Mofelle and the Rhme ; and that the countries at their back had been mucli kfs confumed hy the war ; yet the fame difficulties embarraflled them as i^>on as they thought of taking the field, and quitting their afivantageous cantonment. Therefore there was a jQownefs m tl--e principal armies upon both parts, until the hriddk 0t' fommer. • ^m^ ' Not 1760. 7i&^ History of the War. 34.9 Not however, but that fomething was attempted in this interval) by leffer parties. On the fide of the Rhine, fomc a£lions happened between the army of St. Germain* and the corps of General Sporken, who was poded at Dulmen,. to obferve the French in that quarter. Dulmen formed the ' right flank of the chain of cantonments made by the allied army, which extended its left to the fouth-ea(l frontiers of the country of Heffe, above an hundred and fifty miles dif- tant. The Hereditary Prince, who was on that wing, ex^ erted, as much as circumilances would permit, his ufiial aiSivity and enterprise. He threw hmfelf into the diftrift of Fulda; he laid it under aa^heavy contr bution, and broke up feveral French corps that were ported there. , Thefe anions decided nothing. The French army fu- perior in numbers, and in fituation, advanced ; and (he allies, who feemed to have chofen the defenfive, gradually retired. In effe6i, if the French had purfued their original plan, it would have proved almod impoffible for the allied army to tpaintain its ground. If St. Germain, pofifefled of Cleves, Wefel, and Dufleldorp, had advanced on the fide of Miinfter; and Marflial Broglio moving forward through the ciDuntry of Hefle, had made a (Irong detachment to the eaft ward of the Wefer, whilft> with his main body, he en- gaged the attention of Prince Ferdinand, the allies would fhortly have found themfelvcs enclofed upon three fides ; and nothing could have Extricated them but a capital vic- tory obtained under every dif "ad vantage. The French army was fufficiently numerous for thefe operations. But it was fufpeQed that the jealoufy which fubfifted between M. de St. Germain and the Duke of Broglio prevented their being carried into execution. This mifunderftanding daily increafed. Infomuch, that Marfhal Broglio thought fit to order the corps of St. Germain to unite itfelf with the grand army. The count, who could not brook obedience to a younger officer, and one befidea with whom he was not on the bell terms, re- tired from the fer vice. He had only ferved be- July 9. fore upon condition of commanding an army en- tirely diftinft, and' under his own parficular orders. This difference deprived France of one of its moft able generals, and difconcerted one of its mod promifed fchcmes of ope- ration. Before this mifunderftanding had produced thefe effe£l«, • . - the B5^ the History eftbe War. »*;(>*3. the affairs of the French went on with all imiginable , iof- perity. The principal armyi not retarding itfcir by con- iider^'^ion of the places of ftrength which the ai.ies pof- fefTed n their front, the caftles of I'l.^rburg and Diilen- bourg» pufhed forward into the !^'i< i^v i ^ Tbift important movements obfiged Prince Ferdinand to fet himfelf alfo in motion ; and as he was not in a condition to' make detachments of fiifficient ftrength, he crofled the Dymel y^i'th his grand army, in order to fight the Chevalier de Muyi . His Sereiie Highnefs formed his main body on -r • ^ • the heights of Corbach, and moved towards the ^ ' 3 r; enemy, who were advantageoufly po^ed near Warbourg ; in the mean time the Hereditary Prif(cffibke at Minden ; and he exceeded it at Warbovrg. he Englifli loot yied with the cavalry and artiUety^ aM made fucb earneft cfibrta to cone to aaioo, that in ftvain- iQg their pai&ce J|M[pus^ morafly ground and in burning V^thef, (everu IfiiMcrt dn^ped down on their nmrch. ButjIJigy wei« iqBbtA to engage, and probabky in their w«W E j||JitieH NMHbfKrdil that it fo li^[»pened. Thi rSpjft ma%«|Rcipitate retreat tMeardt Stadh "en; StmPiA'f^dto^^iBA in pa$ng tboDynielv fifteen . =7cd were le^^ the ^eU of battle ; as nuiny vrere mad& prifb- nors. Tisf- pieces of caunorygece tikm ; but they oonfoled ^emfel^ii^ in havingf kft no iwraes. Tb« loft o|i^e allied «rmy in general has not been, that I car find, pubKflied. That of the Endi& in kilkdlf wotmded, a^td miffing, was Bye huodrtd ahonne^i but then the battle lay cbi«fly on tiiemy «id^ tbe'Mql^dadcd in that number^ weve but .irt)out^biiiiOT^dw^ (a)* «•, '•-,' . ■ . ■ ■ s .■ . ^": tkular^ng th* BatM* •f if^ariotfrg. S J |l, fFkrhurg, Attg. 1. IRave the hobonr of tcquaintin^ your Majefty^wi tb ihe defeat of the referve under the Chevalier J8 down.it|f ,iMjBicvf that river, in order to cut me qfiT f'om VTtfiphalht. wJhilft j^l «r S¥pgJ$9 wat advanpmi; with, hit iDitiii arm}^ towardt^roy cainp .at ^a^, and Prince ^v/«r with his refervey on ous, jw^it^kWfluifia Ci^si. Hei;evjiQn I determined to leave i Crtncxal [K^t^nflgge w^ a body ortrb()p6 at C0j^' ' "* arm^ Vj>oa tHeirirbnt>.w^ich was d9ne .wjth all pcifiD|f|a^€$i the enemy Being attacked almoft in the fame inftarit by lA.Sff^ and the Hereditary Fri^ce in flank ztAxv^ t(^r; As. t;]^infa^ of the army tQradx the cavalry of ^e~ right. The' £ff^/()l$ artillery got up on a gallop, and feconded the attack in a ftj^^rifeg mannfir^^^ and' jttrticularry the Enghjb. The Frencb cavalry,- though very numerous, rctr^f^jed, ^as jfoon as^pnrs adf>u?ccd toichKlKg&tllieily e^cc|ting only j^^Pi, .f^^ad'rons ^'y tlist kept ihm ^^^. Ipt Were iboh bifokiei. Apart of the JSng/i/i ctt^vzUyth^^lk^^pS^ the enemy's infantry... ?yhich fuffetedextrejwlyi an4'.ffMriifHi(ia^ the Tii^ rifti^pd w*A the utmofii Rr<^'p|tatiot«Mi^ad -wlfb the lou of many meif, as well from the fire- of our aitill)|^y^'jia , ■*! |a fqwadwko^jf r^lil^ Iwfe whan complete, it^Q liuvdrad apti n»y ,men, pf ^f^goona one hundred aad dghiy .— This fenrils toconjirm wh»tf\^QM^^ on La^(?arg* SmcAvill^ilutA, That had the^pnt orthieqivalry moved faft anpugh t6 ^have^btio^ the i^iment^vhiie .. pomio^ hicv^galhptd, it was hta opialoa it would have cpate^up jfix. for bufin«& and would hava beat any HoKt Bhtub Squadrons it could have met with.] A a 2 from <,-^ N lu.but ,acqording tatl^e uAial play of fortune, in this war, mJ^r^ijipunt.lW defeat ioffb large a ps^rt 'iorf litt'Ermcili armiA ^^^a ^i^ with a rapid and unrefified tide trt (torn tHe attacks of the cayalry. Many were drowned in the -J^r/ h> 'attempting Xohr6 it. The eneniy's lo(^ in nen is very conflde^kiili: Tcknnot ^xaCtly afcertain it, but it is fuppofed that 'diei^'M^eJeft' fifteen Kiindred men upon the field of battle ; aiid the a Ab^n^'of the prifoners.we have made, probably exceeds tBaf 'aiiifnbeh'*^e'haVe taken ten pieces of cannon/withfome colours. 'The Itift on our lidrls very moderate, and fa)[lf ichiehy upon the '^raVfi^atidfbn bf Maie^ilF% ^hgUJb greiiadien, which did wonr d^s. 'CMlpii6l ;8f^iki;r/ift,;wEd-Cdmmanded the b^gade, formed -^^ Et^r0b'^taA\tti M^ScMeb Higblandtirs^ diftinguifhed hW %Ifj;r(fatly,' and has been' wounded in his hea^^ ^^'ftfyX6rd'G>ttMi^, with the. £ff^/(/& cavalry, has contributed f^remeljr to the fuccefs of the day. I charge Capt. F>t««. Ai?pat rfive the next morning;, thip whole army allehojiiled, ahd forced .OMthe heights of (3irbeke. The HereditarjrTrfnlefe waft, at this time, marching: in two columns, in order to iiiini the enemas left flank ; which he did,:^jtit> pttte; forcing them to fall back upon ^<7ri«»rj^. The irdTy was, aC this time, marching with the greateft diligence tip at^ck-the enemy in front; but the infantry could not get up iii Umei' Ge- neral H^aUegrdvi^tx the head of tke Britijby preiTed their miircH as much as poflible; no troops could ihew more eagerniefs to get up, than they Aitewed. Many of the men, from the heat of the weatjier, and ever-flraining tfaemfelvesro get on, through moraily and very diflicult ground, dropped dpwn.on their march. .. ,1 General Mtftyn^ whtt was it the head of the Brit/7j<& cavalry, that was formed on .the right of our infantry, on the other fide of a large Wood, upon receiving the Dnke^s orders to come up. with the cavalry as faft as poflible, inade To much expeditibn, bnhg|ing them up at a full trot; though the difta^ce was near five miles, that the £rf/^ Cavalry had the happinefs to arrive in time, to fhare the glory of the day, having (uccefsfuily charged feveral times both the enemy's cavalry and infantry. I ihould do injuftice to the general officers, to every officer and private man, of the cavalry, if I did not beg your Idrd/hip would aflure his majefliy, that nothing cbuid exceed their gaTtant beha- viour on that Occafion. Captain Philips made fb much expedition with his cann6n, as to have an opportunity,' by a fevere cannonade, to oblige thofe who had pafled the Dymely and were forhied on the other, ficle;, to retire Mrith the utmoft precipitation.' T: , I received his Serene Higbnefs's order's yeftcrday in the evenings to pafs the river after them, with tw$lve\9r////& battalions, and ten fquadrons ; and am now encamped upon the heights pf fViUa, . about four miles from fVarbwrg^ on the heights of which their grand army is encamped. M. Je Muy is now retiring from the height^ of Volkmiffeny where he lay under arms laft night, towards IVotfJhagen. \ cannot give your lordihip an account of the lofs on either fide. Capt. FmcHtl whom I fendoiF with this, fhall get all intelligence he can upont this head before he fets olF. 1 am, &fr. GRANBY^ ' ' Aa3 P. S. > i- ^1 7*^6^ HjwpojiY^/^W**. iTlbu ierrltprjf f^/fifed u^ Gottingr n anfl M^lpdwm) f vifikory ( f. $. Sflitufd^y moming/ix o'clock. J have juft joiofd tb« grand a^o^y witli my dettchment. ^ tfi^bt. ftff^f iV/ ttrrHre9Qii^ivi{^ 8, and ie&irdljii; .;t6 a Aiort account of thU »^on ttuhlii^ed in a gtaeite^ e)ttrar«d 1^1>e Upwards of thtrty^five thovfand men ) the Hereditary rbce'scQig^s, when joined tothat of General ^/0r(^«ff,conriftcd.«r twenltv-ioyr ]battalio;is and twenty-two fqi^^ - Total: lofsiuftained in the cavelry, in killedi wouaded and mlf- fingi one hundred and daty-fiMir. Total lofs ifuilataed in the gre- K^adiersluid HigjU0n4«''t ia killed* wounded and miflingt four hua- (flred and fifteea* BbnAbardiersrKunners, and omtrofles, killed^ funded and miQing» e)(^ven. Total ^ye.^^mid'edand ninety. JfffiSirfllf H^hnfjt Prince Ftrdiiidtt^s Qr^fri^fifr the S^iUe. W»rhurgCam^f Fri4»jh4uguft ItifGo, ]H]8 Sereae Highnels again renews the compliaiaemi ai thankai tliat he gave in general te.-ms yellerday to the geaeralf, cJficers, regiments,, and corps, who were thep engagedj ^nd who* by their vdbur and excellent conduct, gained fo complete a vi^ory over the enemy; and orders his thanks to be publickly given to Lord Qr^nkji^ under whofe orders the Pritijb cavalry performed pro- digies of valour, wbich they could aot ti^il of di^ng, having his Lordi^up at their head, and the other general officers of the PrJii/ti cavalry, who, by their examples, fhewed the troops they led to the cha{ge» how iBUCh theya£led with aa aftonifbifig GOir«a|^e, and a pre^ce of mjad not to be equffled. His S^eae Hsg^nefe is ipojich obliged to them,, auj^ gives, in^nite thaak^es well. .to. them, as to all the officers in general, and in particular IQ the whole Britifi' cavalrj, and j>rincu>ally to Lieuteqapt'-Colooel Jit/ynfm of sCenwtf/s reginpent { the nmily of Lord (fr«i»^, ,ta particular Captain Vavf^an, are hereby dellred to receive the: feme complir ment of thanks, as they conflantly attended Ix>|d Qrtknhy in the different attacks of the cavalry, ' and execfltad his Lordihip'9 orders in the moft punftualinaaner. The corps of brave grenadiers, who ^ tmi^h coatribated to ^he giprjous fuccefs of the day> receive by this the iuft praife due to them. His Serene Ht|;hne^ eanaot enough Acknowledge how m^uch efteem and regard he has forthem; He orders his beft fhan)(%ff4ie9tei)ant-^Q]^aei B,^kvi^b and Major Aiaxviell^ a^ 1760 vidoi thelu impor fible, the m open nay* cnteri Wefe thf 176b. ^be History t[ the Wxiiv 359 vidorjr t tad whilft in EngUnd wc gave loof« to cur joy on the luccefs of our arnia« the French were takiig the i9Pft itn£ortant ^ces of our alliei. The fad was, that Prince Ferdinand fnuft have been fiin« fible, that in quitting his camp at Kalle^ and taking peft to the northward of the Dymel, he, in a srcat meafare, laid open dflel and the whole territory of VutfJk to the French t nay, that by this movcnuent nothing was left to hinder their entering the Hanoverian dominions on the right of the Wefer. But notwithiUnding theie rifquei» the ftep ht alfo to the three Captains of the Britijb artillery, PMJi^t M'iaint eikd Stroetiit who w well maMf^ed their artiUery. All the te- ginaents under the command of his Stftm Hif^^$ the Htrciitttry PriMCi, and Lieutenant General Sfwrcktn, from the GeoeraUdown to the private men, are particulariy thanked by \in Strfnt High' ntfiy for the good conduct and cotirage with which they fought ycfterday. Major-General Bredenhtckt at the head of Coft*i fegimenf, whon^nalited himfelf fo much; is efpedally thimked, atisColc^ nel HunJ of the Hfjpan artillery, by whofe care his artillery waa fo well managed. Major Buhwy with the BHii/b UgiM, manoltlvred ih0 whole day in the face of the enemy, and who did thiem infiai te damage, , his Serena Higbn$f$ returns him many thanks, and afTufis him tMt he ihall, on all occafiont, retain a proper fenfe thersof. , In fiae, hxiSersnt Higbnefs gives many thanks to thofe who accompanied his perfon, as well as thofe of his Caite, particularly to \hs brave /Capt. tFinfenroad, who is very, much wounded ; Capt. Carfitutrt greatly contributed to the taking of feveral of the enemy^s'cannon; !ount Daunaw, who was inftrumental in making prifoners a great number of Fifcber'% corps ; Capt. Shpir^ Major of brigade H^-> dirAurg i and Capt. Malhrtie ; who, at all time?, exectited with alacrity and exa^nefs the orders they received from hln. His Strene Highntft deiires that on the firft occafion the arm)r will return thanks to the Almighty for the fuccefs of yetlcrdajr, And flatters himfelf that, by his afliftance and the braver 7 ihewed yefterday, we il>all in the end overcome every obilacle tla^t offers. IVarlourg Campy Saturday^ Aujgufi ^, 1760. His Serene Higbnefs orders that a pa|:ticular compliment be tnade to Lieutenant-Colarvel Sloper, for his behaviour and bravery In the affair of the 3'ift of July : he likewifedfefifps Kii|hMs to be given to Lieutenant-Colonel C/itttoH^ acting as zMi^^ffOO^ to his Serene Higbnefs the Hereditary Prince, i:^-' ' , A a 4 ■ "::-i^.yjtoi ill III ■^..vri'.... V... ^6o The History of the War. 1760. took wai prudent, and even ncccfrury. Had he fufFcred the progrefi of the Chevalier de Muy, on the Dymel; had he permitted him to (Irengthen his poHs upon that river* hit communication with Wellphalia had been inevitably cut oflfy and of courfe his fphere of i'ubfiflcnce greatly ilreightened. It would have had a worfe effeft. For he muft have en- tirely loft the command of the Wefer, without which he could not have ftood his ground a moment ; and he would on that lofs have found himfelf compelled to retire into the heart of Hanovera where he muft neceflarily be ftreightened in his winter cantonmentsy and where a blow of any confe- quence muft be decifive againft him. He therefoire fought the . battle of Warbourg though He loft all Hefte.b victory ; and he would not quit his pofts on the Dym«l» though he faw Gottingen and Munden in the hands of (he French. He was not to be frighted from his fteftdy and well chofen plan, by vain rumours or threat- iening appearances. He was by no means in a condition to make large detachments; it was therefore neceiTarv to fa- crifice ibniiething; and he made the fmalleft facrince that circuinflances would admit. For he forefaw that the French army whilft he kept his pofition on the Dymel* could not poflibly take up their quarters in Hanover, or even ad there in any conftderable body, and for any confiderable time, without fubjeding themfelves to the fame or greater incon- veniencies than thofe to which he would have been himfdf liable* had he* in defending Hefle* fufTered them to occupy thofe critical pofts on the Dymel. He knew farther* that it would prove extremely dangerous for them to hazard them- felves beyond Gottingen ; and that it would be more diffi- cult for the French army to fupport themfelves in that ad- vanced poft* than for him to annoy them there. It is poflible that reafons fomewhat like the foregoing, to- gether with others probably far more cogent, might have determined that great commander to this condud. But whilft he fecured that middle communication, and aded tip- on the defensive plan, the troops were not idle ; hisdetach- ments a&ed in many parts with fpirit and effed. But we muft defer for a while the narrative of thefe a6tions, being called from this part of the theatre to the eaftern parts of Germany, where* about this time* fcenes of greater eclat Were opened. CHAP. i*f€( 1760. Tife History 0/ the War. 361 CHAP. VI. Laudobh hloch up Scbwtidnitz. Ruffians enter SiUfia, March of the Kins of Prujpa from Saxony to Lignitz. Jun£iion of the AtJIrian armies in Silefia. Tbe Hujtans pafs tba Oder. Plan of Marjbal Daun. Laudobn defeated near Lignitz, Daun forms the blockade of Scbweidnitz. Com' pefled to raife it. A^ion between General Hulfen and the army of tbe Empire. Intercepted letter from tbe King of Prufpa to tbe Marquis of Argent, FROM the time that the King of Pruflii found himfdf compelled to raife the fiege of Drefdeni it wa& evident that he could have no hopes of ading in Saxony to any good purpofe. The bufy part of the campaign came on fail. Though Prince Henry had obliged Laudohn to retire from Breflau ( that general, ab1e» and lately viftorious, was ftill formidable ; he kept Neifle and Schweidnitz blocked up ; and wanted to efFed a jundion with the RuflianS} by which he propofed to give the final blow to the king's power in Silefia. The Ruffians had now a£^ually arrived in the fron- tier parts of that province, and >yanted but a very few days eafy march to compleat that fatal and long dreaded jundion. At the fame time another body of Ruffians had penetrated into Pomerania ; laid all the defencelefs parts under contri- bution, and threatened the fiege of Colberg. The Swedifh army, faid to condd of twenty-two thoufand men, com- menced alfo, tho' with lefs vigour, their operations. In all that country the King of PrufTia had not five thoufand men to oppofe them. In thefe circumflances a plan of inrre defence would have proved altogether without effeft. The King of Pruflia had but two armies ; and it was neceflary that one of them, at leafl, fhould make the moil rapid and fudden movements to oppofe fo many combinations. On the fide of Silefia the diinger feemed more prefling, and accordingly he marched to its relief; advanced near two hundred July 30. miles, and left Marfhal Daun, who had confider- ably the flart, far belnnd him. This march would have been thought an aftonifhing exploit in a partizan at the head of a fmall and difencumbered corps ; but that a nume- rous army, clogged with its artillery, with above two thou- fand waggons^ mouldy in that tlme> traverfe fuch a fpace, ihould i u;i' j6« The HiiTORY of tbt Wax. 1760. Ihould Mfi the Elbe, the Sprce» the Neifle, the Qyeifit and the Bobcff five confidcrable riven \ thtt they (hould ttitOt ■U this, with one army of the enemy on one fide of tte flanki, another behind* and with a third in iti front (the •£tual pofition of the Aufiriani in Lufatia) w|f an a£tion re- ferved for, and only to be expeSed from the King of Pruf- fia. The attempt itfelf could have been juftified only by peceflity ; and the neceflity wai urgent. The Rufliani ap. Eroached. Marlhal Daun followed towards Silefia { and the ing could hardly promife himfelf fuccefs, but from a march «f fuch rapidity, as might enable him to try hit fortune with General Laudohn, before the triple iundion he appre- hended had made his eoemiet irrefiltable. But notwith- Aanding the hopes conceived from this march* before the king could come to an a&ion three bodi«s of Auftrians had joined* Laudohn's, Daun's* and Lacy's ; and extending themfelves alons the KatA}ach* t river which falls into the Oder, occupiea all the ground from Parchwitz to Coflen- dau* a fpace of little lefs than thirty Englifli miles. But in this extent their pofts were every where ftrong* and their communications eafy. The king's camp was at Lignitz. It was in vain that for feveral days he attempted* by various devices, to detach one body of the enemy from the reft, or to turn their flanks and attack them at difadvantage. The IMture of the ground or the (kill of the oppofite generals al- ways difappointed him. At length MarfhalDaun took himfelf the offenfive party. The advantage of his fituation* and the fuperiority of his numbers, prevailed over his cautious nature to rifque an at* tack. It was therefore refolved, after the fituation of Lis. pitz had been well reconnoitred, all circumftances maturely weighed, and the defign communicated to the other generals* to attempt the King of Pruifia in his camp, with the united llrength of the three armies. To enfure fuccefs beyond a doubt, it was determined that this attempt (hould be made by furprize, and therefore in the night, Marfbal Dauo re- membered the bad guard which had been kept by the Pruf- fians; and the advantage* which, in the year 17 $8, he de- rived from a night attack at the battle of Hochkirchen. In confequence of this plan the whole army* as foon as it (hould begin to grow dark* was to march from their feve- ral pofts to fuch fituationsas were marked out for each corps; they livere to (Irike their tents* but yet to keep up the fires I 1760. TJbe HifTOEY if ibi War. 36J in their CJimp8» and to have the druim beat iht t«ttoo at ufual. Some time after Marfbal Daun had begun to monre, to • hit alloniOiment tlie patrolei he had fent out returned with the account, that they had met no out-poib. Ai foon aa day broke* and the army had advanced* their apprchenfiona were confirmed. They v^ere difanpointed in their defign^ there wps no enemy in the camp ; but when they cad their eyes from thence* they could perceive at a diftance the rifmg of a thick fmoke* which left them no room to doubt that their fortune wai then on the point of decifion^ by a part of their forcei only* and that the king and Baron Laudohn were at. that moment hotly engaged ; Daun could only look on and wait the event. On the 13th of July the king waiin his camp at Lignitz* when he received advice that the Ruflian army of twenty- four thoufand men* under Count Czemichew* had thrown bridges over the Oder* at a place called Auras, and that they were to pafs the river on that very day. He fufpeded alM^ that the enemy had formed the deiign of a general attack. Troops which have been a long time oppofed to each other can reciprocally guefs at each other's deftgns ; the method ufed by the enemies generals grow familiar* 4nd the leaft siution they make difclofes their defigns. This is the account the Prufllans gave of the means hf which they came to a knowledge of Mar(hal Daun*s pro« je^s. The Aiiftr ians attributed this difcovery* not to the PrufTian fagacity* but to the intelligence given by deferters. Whatever the means were J>y which the King of PniiEA became fufpicious of this defign* it is certain* that he toc^ the moA eorly* the moil vigorous* and the mod effeSive meafures to defeat it. He was thoroughly feniible of the dangjcr he ran of being furrounded* if he continued in hts pod at Li^nitz; out of that very defigi^ which wascalcu- fated for his ruin* his genius drew a new means of fafety. He faw at a glance* that the plan which the enenriy had formed'to furround him* at the fame time neceflarily di- vided their own armies. And this diviiion was the great ob- je^ he had purfued fo long, and thro* fuch difcouraging dif- appointments. His only bufinefs was to prevent their reunit- ing in a general attack upon his quarters. Therefore in the very evening calculated for tho attempt on his camp* he c^uitted it with fis much privacy as the enemy had propofcd to m III 'I: 364 The Hi STOKV of th War. 1760. to attack it, marched, and took an advantageous poft on the way through which Laudohn was to pafs. And now the deciiive hour approached, in which he was to put to the rifque as great a (take as had been played for fihcjc the beginning of the war. No vulgar advantage would fuffice in [lis fituatipn, and that very fituation in fome fort difabled him from attaining a great one. After four bloody campaigns, and the viciflitudes of a fuccefs in all its changes exhaufting, his old corps was nearly annihilated. Thofc who fucceeded to their places, had fcarcely feen the brilliant times of the king's fortune.; and they inherited neither the fevere difcipline, nor the undaunted fpirit of the firft companions of his hopes ; they were new to fervice, yet difpirited' with defeats. The king himfelf gave life to the whole, he alone was to rectify a thoufand faults, and to fup- ply a thoufUnd deficiencies. The poft which he chofe, was fuch, as whild it {lopped the progrefs of Laudohn in front, if Daun fhould attempt his rear, would, from the nature of the ground, lay him un- der great difficulties. This rear he further flrengthened with feverat batteries. As foon as his army was drawn up, he divided it, leaving his right on the ground, where it had been forrhedF to obferve Marfhal Daun and to maintain that poft ; whilft, with his left, he turned in order to fall upon the corps under Laudohn. No difpofitions cotild have been mack with a more perfe& ikill. Mean time Laucohn was advancing faft to the fnare which had been laid for him. Already he had pafTed the Katfbach, and was moving towards Lignitz, full of the hopes of no fmall (hare in the glory of giving the final blow to the King of PrufCa, and had advanced as far as the vil- lage of PfafFendorf, when by three in the morning, the day- light began to dawn ; a thick fog that had covered all the adjacent grounds fuddenly cleared up, and, like the opening of a great fcene, difclofed at once the whole Prufllan army, regularly embattled, advantageoufly pofled, furhifhed with a dreadful and well-placed artillery. He was now come full upon his enemy. It Aug. 1 5. was impofTible to recede ; the furprize he intend- ed was turned upon himfelf. But this able gene- ral, though furprifed, was not difordered. The beft difpo-i fitions were made that the time would admit ; a fharp and obflinate combat began { which continued without giving # ..-;--^.; . ■ way 1760, 1760. Ti&f History o/ /;&tf War: 365 way on cither fide, until fi^r^ The King of PruiBa exerted himiclf with incredible diligence to preferve an uniform (Irengthin every part of his Une, and hazarded his own life with, a boidnefsy which nothing but his fityation could. excuTe. His clothes were fhot through in feveral place)* his horfe wa$ killed under him. But al) th^fe trpurr * bles aiud dangers were fully com penfa ted by the efforts of histrbbpsy who maintained /o (leady a fire, and pulhed th«: Auftrians with fo much ardour, that they at lalt gave ground, and retreated with precipitation, though not without fome. order, towards the Katfbach^ ' The king purfiied them to this river, and no further. HIj advantage, as it was gained by the mod vigorpus (leps, (q.. bounds were fet to the ardour of improving it with the moft, guarded caution. He feared, if he purfued his fiiccefs too far, it might disjoin the part of the army engaged from thai which he had left to obferve Marfha'i Daun; and perhaps give that general an opportunity of taking a fevere revenge on the right, for the fuccefles of the left. Notwithftanding this referve of the king, (a referve, the want of which was formerly the only failing in his military charader, but which his misfortunes had now perfectly taught him,) nqt- withdandiii^, I fay he did not pu(h his good fortune againil. Baron Laudohn to the u;;mofl:, the vidory was complete, • glorious, and adorned with all the trophies. By their own. confelfibn, thie Auftrians loft upwards of fix thoufand men, killed, wounded and prifoners. The Pruifians made it a- mount, and not without probability, to ten thoufand. A- mong the prifoners, were two generals, and eighty-four of- ficers; eighty-two pieces of cannon and twenty-three pair of 'colour« were taken. On the fide of the conquerors, fivCj hundred Were killed, and twelve hundred wounded. y/ith regard to Silefia, the vidory near Lignitz produced- fome tinoft immediate, and moft ufeful eflTeds. Although Marlhal Daun, not difpirited with his late mifadventure* and only follcitous to repair his lofs, had detached a ftrong^ corps Under. Prince Lowenftein, and Gen. Beck to ftrength- ' en the Ruflians, and encourage iheni to advance. Count CzernicheW was fo intimidated with the late defeat of the Auftrians, ihat he repafled the Oder by the fame bridges on which he had lately croflfed it. * Thus one great end of the King of Pruifia's march was obtained. He prevented the dreaded jundion of thofe two •w, ■ -.. ,^-.^--^ -■•>,- ,.'-■ V'. powers. li f<«#|j bS6 The HisTonY (ffhe Wabi. ryfe powers. In the other part of his de(ign» he did not (b per- vt&\y fucceed. Marmal Daun» fince the a€tion of Pfaffen- florf, conld indeed make no progrefs in Silefia ; but on the other handy the king was not able entirely to drivie hin;i out of that province. The Aullrians even after their defeat, ^ar ftfperior to the king, had been befides greatly reinforced, 'the Emprefs exerted all her powef^ to remove this ilie^eft this kte check might have had on the reputation of her arms ) «t the fame thne that (he augiYiented her troops, (he com- forted and encouraged Baron Laudohn^and by a very gene- rous and gracious letter let him fee, ttiat, (he was not a fove- teign, in whofe mind a late misfortune cancels the menaory of paft fervices. In the praifes which this letter beftowed on Laudohn, feveral were of opinioii, was couched, an in- direct cenfure on the condu6: or Count Daun, the flownefsr of whofe temper To ill agreed with the ardour of her am- bition, aiid with thefe great hopes, which the number of her forces, and the ftrength of hthe Au> *^ ftrians on the other. .A let us not flat- ter ourfelvesy for fear fome unexpeSed btfd ntws fliould furptrize iis. , '* I lead here the life Of a military monk. I have miicH to thirik of about my afiairs, and the reft of my time t devote to literature* which is my confolatioii, as it was '5^f the conful, the father of his country and of eloquence. ** I know not if 1 (hall furviVe this war> but I am deter- ** mined, in ctifcit fliould happen* to pafs the reft of my days in retirement> in the bofom of philofophy and friendfliip. *' When our corfefpondence (hall be mbre open^ you*lI oblige me by writing' more frequently. I know not where we ihall have our winter-quarters. My houfes at 9reflaU were deftroyed by the boipbardmeht. Oiir ehemie^ envy. us every thing, even day-y was conilderable. The prince reached his^camp without the leaft mole Aation in his retreat. If we conHder the difHcuity of this attempt, very few, have been bolder ; if we examine the difpofuions, npna, could be conducted with greater wifdom ; if we attend to , the behaviour "pf the troops, we (hall no where Bnd an ex- ample of rnore exa^ obedience, difcip!ine and courage. To attack fo, large a body of the enemy, fo (Irongiy poded, , within a fmall league of their grand camp> to march fo far , in that critical fituationy and in a very dark night> to divide^ into fo many parts, yet ^to a& with fo much order and fo en-;. tire a concert^* was certainly an exploit of the very firft rank; and though not pfany great importance in its confequences, is fo admirable in its condu^ aild execution, that it well de- ferves to be to|d.at the length we have given it. This added greatly to the reputation of the Britim foldier$ as troops, and no lefs to their honour as men, by the humanity they fliewed to their prifoners, .and the generous fentimerits of the common fort with regard to money ; as there were feveral noble inftances that night of their refufing to take any thing from their prifoners, who had offered them their purfes. They loft but ten men. From this time the operations of the two armies, whichi for a titne, jeeraed to languilbji were renewed with frefli vi- gour. Prince iFerdinand perceived, th^t whilft the French communication with the Rhine and with Frankfort on the Maine continued open, it muft. prove to little purpofe to at- tempt any thing either for the relief of Gottingen or Caf- (el. Their progrefs indeed into. Hanover had been checked ; but whilft ever they continued in fo advanced a pofition, it was evidently impoitible to prevent their making very ruinous inroads into that country. To force them to a bat- tle againft their inclination, would be difficult, and the at- tempt itfelf dangerous. There reipained but one method, which was, to make frequent and ftrong detachments into the iouthern parts of Heffe and Wetteravia, and thus ren- ." ,.*.- , ' der fefll< 1760. the History oftBe'^kK. '97^ der precarious thp French communication witK'Ihe Rhine and Maine, frorti whence ihey drew ihe greateft pTarV of their fupplies of all kinds. " „ ... , With this intention, he detathed General Btilbw at i\\9 head of ft ftrong corps, who pufhed forward towards Mar- purg, furprized the town, deftroved the French bvens, with feveral. hundred waggons of 0our, and caVfied 'off a confiderable quantity of cloaihing ^nd military flofesj' In the mean time, his light troops fcoured the cOiintfy iVluch a manner as for a while anfwered the great end ofthe^ex- pedition in breaking the French communicatioqrWjth F*r'ank- fprt. Proceeding on this ptan he made a fufth'6r rripye- ment towards Ffafikenau, >*WcHr at len^thi. neceltitaicd the French g6tieral Stainvltje, Wh6 V^himatirfe^ "jn;^hore parts, to quit t)is pofition, and endcaybur to flop t|(]e p.rq^ grefs of thisdetachment. He piine iip with th6§r ' " \^ V '! , " rear as they wtre pafling the river Orche, anili^S?|t i^. falling upon them at this diladvantagfi wulj'^ fuperior nunibers and gr?at fury, he entirely Routed the rear; and took (bme men iand.sj Y^ry great "huniber of horfes. ^ •■•■ -^. ■ :'^!^''''';'^:y::z , ,,, J' It was to be apprehended that he migiit havfe Jurfutedthi Advantage, to the entire ruin of M.'Bulow*s de'tachmerit, if the Hereditary Prince, by a forced rtiarch o( five Gerroatj miles, had not arrived time enough to lupport faiiin. On the prince's arrival Marfhal Stainville felt hack, arid took por- fefllon of a ftrong poft in which it was in vain to attack him ^ Whilft thefe meafures were taking with mixed fuccefsi for difquieting the French, and interrupting their commu^ nication to the foi/lhward of their quarters, like move- ments' were made to the northward, to oblige tHem, if pof- fible, to relinquifh their hold ort Gotfingen. But General Wangenhetmjwfho, with that defign, had croflfedthe Wefer^ and in the beginning had proceeded with no fmall expedi- tions ; but at length he received a feviere check, which forced hihi to repafs the river with fome S^pt, 19, precipitation. However thefe frequent detach- ments anfwered fo weU the end of haraifing the French, that, on the "aoth, they retired from. Tmniephaufen, and ifell back upon Caffel, where they began ^o entrench themfelves. prince Ferdinand followed thent^ ctofe ; and the better to obferve their motions, fixed his quarters as near as. he could to thofe of the enemy. ' 6^3 ' But % »*• . • *~ 374 Tbf History of the 'W AR. 1766. Bill whilft the grand armies thus watched each pther> th-t «/«• of Europe were drawn to a different quarter, b^ a movement equally aAoniAiing for its rapidity and myAerious for its defj^n. The Hereditary Prince of Brunfwick, whom ive have (cen but a few days before in the furtheft part of Hefle, fuddenly appeared on the frontiers of the United Provipcesy with an mrmy of twenty battalions and ten iquadrons. One detachment of his troops whjch had pro- ceeded on the fide of Duffeldorp, pafles the Rhine above tloeroot ; another which had nnarched through Muniler* pafles it nearly about the fame time, but a great diflance below, at Rhees ; th,efe two detachments move to meet cacli other> and, as they proceed^ feize all the French polls along the Rbine^ the enemy's guards are every where taken or abandon their redoubts. This puts into their pofleiBoa ii hnmber of boats, by which they are enabled to transport all the ttk of the tropps^ which are intended to Ad upon tine left of the Rhine. Then they proceeded, without de- lay or oppofitiont diredly to CleVes; the garrifoki 0^.J|. ,,, t*Kes refuge in the caflle, which is vifforoufly kt- ^ ' '"*' tacked, and in three davs furrenders nve humlred meq prifoners of war. Whilft this was performed by one body> another h?4 tai^ ^ge ^o Wefiet, and battered the plac6 v^ithfo, much fury, that the reduction of it appeared ceWain ; and with it the entire poflefTioh of the Lower R^hrne almoft from Duffeldorp to Cleves. ^ *The f chjtSt of thofe forces which were to unite from fuch a diflance. This defign of the expedition from Portfmbuih has, w^ undefftandf been formerly difavowed. WheHier in ftria^ nefs, not being a principal in the war, with her Imperial Majefty, England ought to have made fuch an atttmpt, though Oftcnd was defended by a French gat-rifbn, we (hall not take upon us to determine $ but without the ai4 of fuch cf^nfidetations, it is evident there were fufficiehl ob- jtdions to it from the fide of mere prudence. *Almo(l in-* fbperabfe difficulties occurred in fuch a fcheme; and i( would fcarcely appear to moft men advifiible to add a Fle« mifli to our German war. But we think it poflible to give fome reafonable account af the expedition of the Hereditary Prince, independent of *ny conne^Hon with the Britifh armament. For a confide* rable time the French had fecmed refolved to refume their former plan of an army on the Lower Rhine ; fuch mbtions werenMde,as ftrongly indicated tliatthis deftgn would fliort* ly be ptit in execution; and the allied »rnny had every thing to fear from it. For as the French were checked from proceeding to the complete concjucft of the eledorate by the allied army on the Dymtl, if this army (houW itfelf be fo checked, by one of the enemy advancing from the Lower Rhine, there would be then nothing to hinder M. Brogtio from fending forward fo ftrong a referve as might finally reduce Hanover. In thefe circumftances nothrrt^ buf » very deciiive viSory could jpoftibly fave the allied army# thus fiirrounded and deprived of its fubfiftence, from pe- rifhing in the moft miferable> or furrendering in the moft fhameful manner. There was one ftep only whichr might with certainty pre- vent thrs defign, and even in fome meafure turn it upon the enemy ; the taking Clevti and Wefel into the hands of the allies. This would not only defeat the (cheme of th« French for a6iing on thev Lower Rhine, but greatly em- barrafs their operations in every other quarter. Even the attempt, though it Should not be attended with fuccefs, would neceflarily draw the attention of the French thai way, and thus fave Hanover at lead for one campaign. This alone had been a fofficient reafcm for the march. But B b 4 '^ had I mmm 376 fbf History of the War. i960. • had the Britifh armament at the fame time been intended jfbr fome part of the coafl of France* or had England poll- lically kept up fuch a rumour, when (he had in reality a more remote objed for her armament ; in either of thefe cafes it would undoubtedly have co-operated with the Here- jditary Pripce'i defignif by detaining a greater l^ody of th^ l^rench troops at home to defend their own coafls. We do not pretend to penetrate into all the motives. But it is evident) that, in the German enterprifeyever^ thing depended on the celerity of the operations. The (lege- of Wefej wa^ , carried on with great vigour, by that part of the prince's army which was on the right of the Rhine* whilil the prince covered it on the left. But before the tnemy could difturb him» natufe declared againft his fuc- cefs by the fall of immenfe rains, which fwelled the Rhine and Lippe tp fuch a degree as greatly interrupted the pro- grefs of the fiege, haying rendered the roads of Wedphalia impaflable* and therefore prevented the arrival of thefe reinforcements which werjB iptended to pufli the fiege with (he greater effe^. Thefe rains alfo made it very difficult for the prince to prefervp his communication with the be-r fiegersy which, however, he made a Oiift tp keep open by pne bridge above and anpther below th'^ town. In the mean time, the French, with all the expedition l(heycpv)ld ufe, had colle^cd an nrmy nder M. de Caftries of thirty battalions and thirty-cight Iquadrons, partly froin the great aririy in HeHi;* partly from the Lpw Countries, trhis ,bpdy advanced as fiir as Rheinberg, and after a (Irenu- pus refiftance drove out a detachment of the allies which |)fld b«en pofled there. Frpin thence th^y marched by their ^v.ft, and encamped behipd the convent of Campcn. The Hereditary Prince now faw at the fame time the fea- fon and a fuperior army aSing againfl him ; to fight I'tis fOemy* fully prepared tp. receive » im, with the troojs lN,hich h|p cpuici fpare from the fiege, might be a def :< ^ attempt. To break up the fiege would have of itfelt an- fwerf^ tb^ intention of the enemies march. There was no pediujTi but a furprize; which was refolved, and all the difpofitipns for jt ^nade with the judgment by which the great prince <►' '= ccf*»mand.''^\ is diftinguifhed upon fuch difficult ocCiAJonf . Tilts attempt became the more neceflary, and tiie jejs time wi's to be loil: in making it, as intelligence jiad been rcteivep that the French army was fliortly to be . ^ augmented fharp I' - 1760. The History of kbe Wa». 377 augmented by powerful reinff>rc*ment«. The prince bc^ gan his march at ten in the evening. To reach the enemy's camp, it whi necelTary to diflodge Fifcher*s corps of irrcgularst who *^ad occvjpi<^d the con- vent of Campen in their front. This prodiiced fome (hot, and this (hot alarmrd the v hole 0£l. i(k French army, 'which immediately got under arms and pofted themfelves in a wood. The allied troops pufhrd forwrardy twiri* .epulfed the French* and with the mod roble P': ' ei'nce reiterated their attacks on the wood, and \ep ij| - terrible and well fupplied fire for fixteen boui > wiroout ;ntermi(rion» that is from five in the morn- ing 10 li fame evening at nine. There have b«en fcwex- r iples of fo obfHnate a combat. But at length finding night approach* the troops harafled* their ammunition fpent) aiid all hopes vain of diflodging a fuperior enemy from an advantageous poft* the Hereditary Prince having had an horfe killed under him* and being himfelf wounded* was, with regret) compelled to retire. Eleven hundred and /cventy of the allies were killed and wounded in this bloody adion; about five hundred were made prifoners. The lot's of the French was far greater* but they had the field. On this occafion* the Englifh nation regretted the lofs of one of its mod (hining ornaments in the death of Lord Downe* who, whild his grateful fovereign wasdefiining bins to higher honours* received a rhortal wound in this battle« He was a perfon of free and pleafurable life :. but of an ex- cellent underftanding, amiable manners* and the nioft in- trepid courage. In the beginning of this war he bad a con- fiderable (hare in roufing a martial fpirit amongd the young* people of rank in England* and having long (hewed them by a gallant example how to fight* he, at lad* by a melan- choly Of, (hewed them how to die for their country. ' As the Britiih troops had been the greai^ft fufFerers in this as well as in mod other actions of the campaign, great murmurs were raifed againd the commander of the allied lirmy* as if upon all occafions, even the mod trivial, he had wantonly expofcd the lives of the Britiih, in order to preferve thofe of the German foldiery. Some carried this complaint to a ridiculous length. But could it with reafon have been cxpeOcd, that where twenty five thoufand En- glifli had ferved for a whole campaign* were engaged in five (harp encounters (fome of them a fort of pitched battles) in all "at 't!l 'N 378 The History of the WaH. 1760. ■t all which they acquired the whole glory, that they (hould lofe a fmailer number than two hundred and fixty five kil- led and eight hundred and feventy wounded, which is the whole of their \oU in all the encounters of this campaign ? It is true» the life of a man is a facr^d thing, and of value to his country. But in fome circumftances it is ridiculous for a nation to think of fparing even a greater effufion of blood to acquire reputation to their arms, and experience to the troops and the officers. The Englilh defired the pofl of honour with equal fpirit and wifdom, they were entitled to it, they had it, and they purchafed it more cheaply, than on the whole might have been expected. Neither was their blood laviihed on every trivial occaiion, as had been falfly fuggefted. The only affairs in which theyfuffered any thing worth notice, were thofeof WarbourgandCampen; both anions of the htgheft confequence. After. the difappointmeiit and lofs the Hereditary Prince bad fu^ered in the late engagement, he was fenfible that a £ege couid tio longer be carried on with any profpe^t of fuccefs, in fight of an army fo much fuperior ; the Rhine every day fwdled more and more, and his communication with the troops before Wefel became every hour more dif-* ficnft. BeHdes, as the whole country was, by this time, overflowed, his men mufl have been expofed to the greatefl hardfhips and the mofl fatal diftemper5.v Thefe confldera* tion& determined him to repafs the Rhine without delays Kotwithftandiag the extreme nearnefs of the French army, the late reputfe the Prince had met, and the great fwell of the waters, fuch was the impreffion he had left on the enemy and the excellence of his difpofitions, that they did not even attempt to diflrefs his rear ; and he pafled the Rhine without the leail moleftation, not only under the eye, but, as it were, within the grafp of a fuperior French army* From this the operations of the armies became gradually more languid ; for as nothing decifive happened on either fide during the whole campaign, it was impofTible to think at this advanced feafon of undertaking any very fignal enterprife; as if, by common confent, they began to move towards win- ter quarters : So that whatever happened after this was not conneded with the general plan of the campaign; and were ♦he fudden aQ;s of detached parties, who attenrpted fome ad- vantages of furprife. Of thefe we (hall take fome notice before we condujde, but we pafs them by at prefent ; the ■*-/'."' ^ ' 'J\ attention i'jSix The History cf tbe War. 379 mttentton of all men being at this time more engaged by an event of the greateft importance, and which many were of opinion would make no fmall jchange in the nature of th« war, and above alljtii: the general fyftem of pacification. This was the deSitk ii4^|^f$,|{»k^ing of Great-Britain.* . He died (uddetilyir Ms palace ai; K^iington in the 77tlr year 0|f ills age> and 33d of his reign. The , immediate caufe of hit 4^f|^ was the rupture of the fubilidife^of the right irentriele ol l^is heart, by which the carcvlation was ^0^ pql tfi an jnftant. This was preceded by no fort of appa- renJt^lnef9% Hi^ Nfajefty enjoyed an uncommmi degree of health a^nd ilrength for th|t age $ but it was believed that he Ibad jTufoed, by exposing himfeif too much to the cold* in reviewing tome troops that ^ere to be embarked for the expedition, lie had been, extremely folicitous about the fortune <^ tbis expedition. He tnd been no tefs anxious for the fate of the enterprife under the Hereditary Prince, an account of the ill ruc<:iefs of w|)icb>.e bad received, tho' it wasnot'tit that time made public. Thia was bctieved to have touched him deeply, ;,:)Lnd to have been one of the <:ai»* fes pf: a death foaffiiinipg to all his people. , . When fat^re hiftorii^^come toffieak of hi« late Majeftyi they will find, both in hiifortuiie and his yktue^ abundant matter lor juft and unfurpe£led panegyric. None of his prede.ce9br9 in the throne of ^njgland lived to fo great an age ; few of them enjfxyedl fo JoAg a reignr And this lonjg courfe was diftlngiuihed^ by qircumftances o^ peculiar feli^t enjoyed perpetual peace at home, and ajbro^d on many occafions acquired great glory. There was to the ia^ a confiderable increafe in their agriculture* their commerce, and their matiOfadures, which were daily improving under the internal tranquiUity they enjoyed, and the wife regulations that were made in every feflion of his parliaments. By a wonderful happinefs, he left thefe im- provements no way checked, but rather forwarded, in one of the moil; general and wafleful wars that has raged in the world for many centuries. He lived entirely to extinguifh party and the fpirit of party in his kingdoms; it was not till theclofeof his reigii, that his family might have been confidered as firmly and immovably feated on the throne } but he^ having baffled ,... ... --^^-- ■ all .>'.'•,. '■ »l. I 380 Th History of tie Wa^, 176a ttt the privatie Tnachinations of his enemies polrcy, fub- dticd at length the utmoft ^fFort of their force : and though on that menacing occafion, he experienced, in the fulleft lincafure, thie afFej^ion of his people, yet the completion of this great fervice Vo his farrfiiy, he Owed folely to the capa- city and bravery of his own fo^n. He lived with his queen in that kind of harmony and confidence, that is feen between the beft foiled conples in private life. 'He had a hunrierous ifliie, in which he had ^leat caufe df'lktisfaftion, and very llttJe of difquiet, but what wias the al'moft nccefiary conlcquence of va lif^ pro- trafted to a late period. He fttrvived ieven of his children. He had the fitisfaftion to fee in his fucceflbr, "what is very tafre, the rhbiV affeQionate obedience, the mbft dutiful ac- qaiefcenCe in hi* tviH ; and w^rat is no lefs rafc, contrary 4o the fofttfn^bf moft old kingsy he never poffefled more perfeQly the ' Jovie of his fubjeSs than in the lafl: years of his life, Ahrf he died at the Very point of tinic when the Iferror of his arms,' the powc# of his kingdoms aiid the wif- dom of his- government, w^re ail raifed to almoll as high a pitch as they could poflibly arrive at ; they were indeed ft that hci gilt df profperky atid glory, as never had been exceeded in'tlic reign of the nabft fortunate of his prede- • His p4rt3 wire not livcTy'br tjrllliant ; but the wHote of fits condyifl^ demonhrates that he had a judgment both fo^ Kd and cbmpreh(Bnfive. He tinderflood the itltered^ of the fithcr foverefgtw of Europe; and was particularly fkiTled in ail the rceefies of that political bbyrinth, the fyftem of Germany ;-bf -the liberties" of which he was through his whole life ii rnoft zealous alTertor."" In the year 1741, he took wp'^rrns, 'and even rifqucd his own perfon, when, by tlie projeded difmembernient of the houfe of Auftria, they were ih danger of falling a facrifice to a Frerlch fafikion. He afterwardis rcfifted with equal firmnefs that very houfe of Auflri^, which he had expofed his life to defend, "virhen Ihe liberties of the empire were threatened from that quar- The acquiritions of his father* were, by him, confirmed, improved and enlarged. He was enabled by his oeconomy always to' keep up a confiderable body of troops in Hano- ver •, by which means, when the war broke out, there was a difciplined force ready to oppofe the common enemy; •?■■ - '' "- ''- ■■ and 1760. Tbe liisroK\ of the W At^u 381 and we do not hazard any thing in aflerting, that if it had not been for the prudent forefight of thiit meafure, the ar- iny which has fince been formed* and the great things which have fince been done» could never have had exi{l> ence. So that if we only examine what he has done itl Gerniajny> when we re(le£l what enemies fecret and cfecla- red he had at different times to manage and to fight in that country, he mufty in every fair judgment, be allowed the greateft prince of his family. He was in his temper fudden and violent ; but this, tho^ it influenced his behaviour, made no imprefllon on his con- dud, which was always fuificiently deUberate and attentive! to his own interefts and thofe of his fubje£ts. He was plain and dired in his intentions; true to his word; (leady in his favour and prote£tion to his fervants, and never changed them willingly ; this appeared clearly in thofe who ferved more immediately 'on his perfon, whom hefcarce ever removed; but they grew old along with him, or died in their places* But having been in a fort conapei- led by a violent faction, to relinquiih a minider for whom he had great afle£tion, and in whom he repofed an unli- mited confidence, it afterwards became a matter of more indifference to him by' whom he was ferved in the affairs of his government. He was merciful in his difpofition, but hot to fuch a de- gree as in any fort to encourage offences againft his govern- ment. On the fuppreiTion of the rebellion in 1 746, he be- haved without any remarkable difplay either of feverity or clemency* Many were pardoned, many puniihed ; and this, perhaps, is the moft proper condud on fuch occafions, where offended majeffy requires vidims, juffice examples, and humanity pardons. But though the law in many inftanccs had its free courfe, the exceffes committed in the rage of war, were by him neither commanded nor approved. After that rebellion had been fupprefTed, he retained no bitter re- membrance of it, either to the country in which it unfor- tunately began, or even to many of the perfons who were aflually cojKcrned in it. , i i.J.i «.. ^ . As he came into England in a riper age, and of confe- quence never had been able to attain a perfefl knowledjie of the force and beauties of our language^ he never fhewed a fufficient regard to the Bnglifli literature, which, in his reign, did not flourifh : ^nd this mull be confidered as the greateft, i;^" 3^2 7!^ HiSTOtY of the War. 1760. il gretted, or rather th^ only blemifli that lay upon his go- vernment. * He has been cenfured, as a little too attentive to moneys and perhaps in fome miniite things this cenfure was not wholly withoat foundation. But there are two confiderati- ons which greatly enervate this objefHon to his charader, Firft, that this difpofition never ihewed itfelP in one rapa- cious ad} and» fecondly, that it never influenced his condu£k on any important occafion. For it is now well ktiown that he fiiewed no improper parfimony, wbeh this, war^broke out,. In fad, he expended fo much op thatoccanbh, th^t on his deceafe, his private wealth was fotitid to tHB far inferior to what had commonly been jipaj^ined. ' '^ V ■; ' ' Though it is true> that during his vrhole life, he had filewn a remarkable affedioit to his Hanoverian fubjedsji yet the taif zSt of it demonftrated that they were far from engrofling the whole of his regard; and that in reality his German pofreifidrts held no other place in his confideration than what their relative importance to the reft of his dominions naturally claimed. For when that: truly fevere trial came» in which the interefts of England and Hanover were feparated, when a. war began- for an ob-r, je3 wholly foreign to that country, a wai- in which Hano- ver muft iufFer much, and could hope no advantage, even there his majefty did not helitate a moment to expofe his German dominions to almoft inevitable ruin« rather than matce or eveit propofe the finalleft abatement frorh the im- meniity of the Englith rights in America. A condufi^ tha( more than wipes off every fufpicion of an improper partialis ty ; and which furelf ought never to be mentioned without the higheft gratitude to the memory of that magnanimous monarch. If the authors of thefe flieets were equal to fuch a de- iign, it would, perhaps, be impollible to exhibit a more pleaAng pi€lure than that which might be formed from a juft view of his late majefty -s conduft, to thefe two fo differently conftituted parts of his dominions. His virtue was proved by two of the greateft trials to which the na? ture of man is liable ; the truft of abfolute and unbounded power ; and the moft exalted ftation limited by the ftrift- cft laws. For thefe two fo very different fituations, very different ^nd almoft oppofite tempers and talents have been i|lways thought nc^cffary. But that king h^d a mind per- "f ■ « . • • feaiy I7€a TifeUisroKY cf tbe 'War. 583 fedly adapted to both ; for vhilft in Engiaiid he kept the liberues or his people inviolate^ and like a wife magiftrate, was fatisfied to make his authority co-operate with law, and his will freely fubfervient to the wifidofn of ages, in Hanover like an indulgent father, ading only from the ien^ timenta of a paternal heart, his afFedion and his equity fup- plied the want of law and conilitution. He has indeed ie£t to his illuftrious fucceflbr, an admirable example; which he not only promifes to follow, but in many refpeds to ex- ceed; and his fubjeds take the greater intereil in his vir** tues, as they look upon them as more peculiarly their own ; and they now boail of a prince, who neither has, nor can have any partiality but the beft, and who is io birth as well as inclination Britifli. As foon as his prefent majefty came to the ^hrcne, and b«d met his parliament, he, in the Not. i8« moft public and folemn manner, confirmed the hopes of his allies, and gave the mod undoubted aifurance^ of his refolution to continue the war on the former plann and with ^he former vigour ; and he found his parliament J^o ways changed in their refolution of fupporting it with the fame liberality and fpirit. Infomuch that as there was no apparent change either in the fyAem of the alliance, m the difpofition of the kjng^ or in that of the nation, or in the general plan of the war,' we have only to pafs again to the tranla^ions of the continent, thinking it unnecef- fary to apologize to our readers for having been diverted from the courfe of the narrative for a (hort time, by an event of fuch melancholy imporUnce to Great Britain and to all flurope, CHAP. VIII. J^uJJlans and Aujlriant enter BranJenhurg, General Hul- fen retreatt frwi Saxony to Beriin. Evacuates it. The eity capitulates. Berlin defcribed. King*s palaces plun- dered. Enemy' retires out of l^randenburg after boning piU laged it, . *.v^\ THE King of Pruflia's letter, with which we clofed the 6th chapter, exhibited a true pidure of that mo* narch's apprehenfions ; the events which immediately fol- lowed proved ths^t thefe apprehenfions were but too wcH grounded. m 11 ' !'■ ii 3^4 The History of the War; liSdi grounded; The viftory near Lignite* indeed> gave fome relief to Silefia } but whilft the enemy had fo many atid fo numerous armies in the field, even (hame> independent of their intertfl) exa£ted from them fome (Iroke of confe- (quence. The late manoeuvres had necefTarily drawn the king of Pruflla into the fouthern parts of Silefia, and confequently to a great diftance from Brandenburg, with which country his communication was much interrupted, or rather wholly cut off. The Ruffian army, which after it had repaffed the Oder aHVuras, began to move out of Silefia, puflied forward a powerful detachment under Count Czernichew towards the Marche of Brandenburg. A body of fifteen thoufand Audrians i.:ncier the Generals Lacy and Brentano from the army of Count Daun, and the whole United corps of Auflrians and Imperialifts which afted in Saxony, began their march in concert with the Ruflians, and propofed to unite at the gates of Berlin. Thefe armies amoiinted to forty thoufand men. General Hulfen, who was altogether too weak to oppofe the Imperialifts in Mifnia, fell back upon Berlin. General Werner, who had lately been fent into Pomerania, returned with incredible fpeed and joined the troops under Hulfen ; but when they viewed their combined ftrength, they found it confifled of no more than fifteen or fixteen thoufand men, a force far too weak to oppofe to thofe powerful armies that were marching againfl: them. Wholly unable to prp- ttO. a place of fuch immenfe extent, and fuch imperfeiEfc fortifications, they faw that to attempt a defence, would be oiily to involve the troops in the inevitable fate that waited the city^ without being able to add any thing effec- tual to its fecurity; therefore after having defended it a- gainft the advanced guard of the Ruffians under Tottle- ben, who attacked the gates and bombarded the town,* when they found the grand armies. advancing ; they made their retreat; leaving only three weak battalioiis in the place, to enable it to make fome fprt of capitulation with the enemy. Berlin is compofed of five towns, which have flretched to each other, and grown into one vaft city upon the banks of the river Spree. It has been augmented to this gran- deur, by having long been the refidence of the eleftors of feiandcnburg and kings of Pruffia, who as iBfey have en- . . -. larged 1760. TAe HiSTotLY of tbe Wak. 385 larked their dominions by inheritance^ rorce« or policy* have all contributed fomething to the grandeur and ma^ nificence of this their capital. The fituation ot the town on fo noble and navigable a river as the Spree, communi- cating on one fide with the Oder, by a canal (the moft princely work of her fovereigns) and on the other falling into the Elbe, has added not a little to its extent and opu- lence; but that which has contributed mod of all, has been the reception of the French refugees, to which this city has always been a mod aflured and favourable afylum, as it has alfo been to thofe protedants who have been perfecuted in any part of Germany ; and the prefent king by enlarging his plan, and imparting an extent of toleration unknown to his predeceflbrs, has -alfo introduced Roman Catholics* whom he has encouraged by fuflfering them to build a moft magnificent church in the heart of Berlin. By this means he has brought the mod oppofite fa^ions to concur in pro- moting the grandeur of his royal refidence. From thefe caufes Berlin is become one of the mod condderable cities in Europe ; vad in its extent ; confiderable in its commerce, and magni6cent beyond mod others in its public and private buildings, and the regular didribution of the dreets in the new town. It had long been the feat of the greated mili- tary arrangements in the world ; and it was made, by the prefent king, the feat of arts and fciences, and the place of refort of ingenious men, in every (Science, in every art, and from every quarter. ^•5^•■■■?«'?.;r'^ij 'I') rv}W'''^p Such is Berlin, which, at this time, being deferted hy tne greated parr of its garrilon, was abandoned to the mercy of a mighty army of Audrians, RuiTians, Saxons and In>peri- alids, animated by. revenge; exafperated by injuries; and in- dicated by avarice. Nothing could exceed the terror and condernation of the inhabitants on this o^cafion. Tbey were acquainted with the favage charafter of one part of the enemy, and with the violent animofity of the red; and they knew, that they did not want pretences for colouring their feveritiesj with the appearance of a jud retaliation. In thefe difpofitions of the inhabitants, the enemy ap- proached. The garrifon immediately propofed to capitu- late. With refpeS to them, the terms were ftiort ; they were made prifoners of war. But w^ith regard to the inha- bitants, whene'the great danger lay, the. conditions were more tolerable than they expe^ed; they were promifed Q Q tho -«i«*"'-' m m m '^^ 386 Ti>fi HutoRV $f tkt War. i*^6a .4' the fV«e ffx'trcife of their religioiit nnd nn immunity from ^riolence to their goods and perfoni. It wai alfo agreed that the Ruffian irregular* fhould not entor the town ; and that the king*! pahqe (hould he inviolable. Thefei on the whole, wei*e favourahle terms ) and (hey were granted principally on the mediation of the foreign minifters refiding in Ber- lin* who interpoM their good offices with great zeal and humanity. The difficulty was, how to iecure the obferv- •nee of them. ThcHi oonditions being made> the army of the OA. ^. allied powers entered the town; totally deAroyed the magaftineSy arfbnaU, aqd founderies> feitcd Ml tmmenfe quantity of military (lores, and a number of eannon and arms ; called firA for an immenfe payment of looiooo guilders, and then laid on a contribution of i>9QOiOOO German ciiowns ; not fa tisfied with this, many irregolarities were committed by the foldicry ; but, on the wholes though feme ihocKing a6lions were committed, a hf more eialb difcij^line was obferved than from fiich troops could have been expe€Ud upon ftich an occafion, where there ivas every incentive which could work upon the>licenfe of a conquering armyw Their officers no doubt with great difficulty ^treferved eVen that degree of oii^r^. But tbough their behaviour was tolerable, with regard to the private Inhabitants, there was fbmething (hocking and ungenerous in their treariment of the king's palaces. The apartments of the royal caftle of Charlbttenburgh, were entirely plundered, the precious furniture fpoiled, the pic^ ' tures defkccd, without even fparing the antique ilatues coMedcd by Cardinal Polignac, which had been purchafed hy the koufb of Brandenburgb. The caftle of Schonhoufen, belonging to the queen, and thofe of Predericksfeld, be- longing tb the margrave Charles, were alfo plundefed. The pahice of Fotfdam, the famous Sans-fouci, had a better fate; Prince Efterhafi commanded there ; it was pre- fervecl from the fmalltft violation. ThI Princo on viewing the palace otjly aiked which pv^kure of the king refembleci him mofl', and being infovmed^ defircd that he might have teavo to take it, together with two German flutes which the l^ing utedy to keep them, he fftid, in mennory of his majefty. This was a (brt of taking very different from pilhige. They ft«i4 4n the city four days, but hearing that the king^ ajpprehenlWe o£ this flpoke, was moving to the relief . - of , were IS pre- aewing I'embWd It have i\ch the lajefty. that the iC relief of 1760. The History of the War. 317 of hit cipiiat, they quilted it on the 13th of OAoher ( itid having wafled the whole country round for a vttd extent, and driven away all the cattle and horfes they could fln6t retreated by different routs out of Brandenburghi leaving the people Aill trembling under the alarnrij and jardly yet certain of their fufety. We do, by no meani» undertake to authenticate the rava- ges which the Prufllan accounts charged upon the Auftrians and their allies, in this excurfion ; nor whether they itiiiy not have been in general much exaggerated, or in fome cafes abfolutcly feigned. We have abundant reafon to Aif- pe6t the exa^l veracity of many pieces of that nature which have been pubiifhed on alt fides; and which are but too fre- quently a fort of Aate libels, where the powers at war, not content to dedroy each other in the field, purfue their ad- verfarics reputation, and endeavour mutually to paint each other as monflers* equally cfevcud of juflice and compattlon. Indeed if we were to give credit to aft the writings of this kind that have appeared, it were hard to fay, which of thQ parties have, by their conduct, brought the greate(( difgrace upon human nature. It is. however, certain, that the country of Brandenburgh fuffered more feverety, on this oc- cafion, than the city of Berlin. An ill difciplined army is always moft furious in its retreat, and the country had made no conditions. CHAP. IX. Jmp^rialijls make themfehes .maflers of Mifnia. M, Stain* ville enters Halberftadt. Ruffians beftege Colberg. Lau- dobh befieges Cofel. King ofPruJJia and M. Daun march into Saxony. Battle of Torgau. M. Daun wounded. The towns in Mifnia retaken. Siege of Colberg raifed. Swe^H driven back. 7^' TH E King of PruiTia at lad faw his capital taken l^y his rood cruel enemies, and put to ranfom ; his native country was waflied ; they took up their quarters in his pa- laces : but this was far from the whole of his misfortunes. When Gen. Hulfen marched to cover Brandenburgh, thrive remained no PruiTum army in Saxony. So that the In^- rial army on their return from Berlin, within la iQtiort^uDe, and with little cppofttion, made themfelves majfliers oClwiip- C c 2 fick* iii' m \ 588 The History of the War. 1760. fick> Torgau, MeifTen, and at Uft of Wirtemberg; in which city they took the grand magazine of the Pruf- 06i. 15. fianS) immenrcly Oored. The king was now to- tally driven out of Saxony, in which he had no longer a fingte place. M. Stainvilte with a detachnnent of Brogtio*s army, as foon as Wangenheim had been obliged to repais the Wefer (as we have related in the feventh chapter) pu(hed into the King of Pruflia*s dominions on that fide, and laid the city and dutchy of Halberdadt under contribution. In the eaft- ern Pomerania, the RufTians had inveded Colbergj both by land and fea, and prefled that city with a clofe and unremit- ted fiege. The king could fcarcely hope to relieve it. In the weflern Pomerania* the Swedes urged forward with un- common vigour, hoping to partake in the plunder of Ber- lin ; and they advanced with fuccefs. In Silefia, the king had no fooner began his march to the northward, than Baron Laudohn profited of his abfence, to ru(h again into that country, and to invefl the (Irong and important fortrefs of Cofel. Whilft the king's dominions were thus attacked in fo many parts, he was himfelf attended every flep of his march by the fuperior army of Count Daun, who moved along with him, and watched him with the mo t attentive vigilance. His condition Teemed extremely to reiemble that to which he had been reduced in the autumn immediately preceding the battle of Roibach. In Silefia, his condition was at that time worfe ; but he was then in the pofTeilion of Saxony* of which in this campaign he was wholly de- prived. Saxony was, however, ftill his great^objeft, and knowing that the enemy had evacuated Brandenburgh on his approach, he left that country on his right, and continued his march to the Elbe> which he paiTed on the 25th of Odober. Marihal Daun pafTed it the fame day. The two champions were to engage once more for the fo often contended prize: but now every difadvantage was on the fide of the King, of Pruflia, who had no longer any place of ftrength in that country, and all the magazines he had aisafled were in the haiids of the enemy. But being joined by his generals Hul- fen and Prince Eugene of Wirtemberg, with the corps un- (dertheir command, he advanced up the Elbe* whilft Marihal Daun fell back to cover Leipiic and Torgau ; . but finding the Pruflians direded their march towards the Elbe, he encamped I'jSol ♦y/'f History o///& fantry once more advanced, maftered feveral of the enemy's intrenchments, and made way for a new attack of their cavalry, which broke in with irreriftibte impetuoiity upon the Auilrians, and threw feveral bodies of them into irre- parable diforder. It was now about nine o'clock, the two armies were involved in a pitched darknefs ; yet the fire con- tinued without intermiiUon, and the battalions with a blind rage dilcharged ^t each other without diftinguiihing friend «Mr toe. Marfhal Dauu'did every thing in the difpofition and the ai^ion, that became his high chara£ler. But he was obliged to yield to the miraculous fortune of the King of PruiTia. He received a dangerous wound on the thigh, and \^a& carried frocn the field, which probably difheartened the troops, and haftened '^e defeat. The command then fell on the Count O'DonneU who finding a gre^^t part of his troops in difor- der, the nigjbt advanced, and the enemy poflefled of emi- fisn^ which coqsmande^ his campj^ and 6i which it was • vain 1)60. Tbi HuTeRY ^ ihi Wa*, 591 vain to think of dirfMfli tling thcm» dr^rcd a retrett* Whioh was conduced in this darkncfi^ and acrofi iha Elbe with Mrondorful order ) none wert \o(i in pafling the bridf ta^ and far the greater part of their artillery vrai preferved. The Prufllans remained mW^ers of this vrelUfought «hd bloody field. The darknefs I indered them frotn moleAing ihfe tntf- mies retreat or improving their vi£tory» whith thejr bought ftt the expetice of ten thoufand killed and wounded, and i- bout thr«e thoufand prifoncrs. But even with this lofs* the Advantage was wtU purchafied : it w*s « neceflary and a glorious victory. It re-cftabliihtd ihc reputation of their arms ; it fecured their winter-quarters ( 4hd gave them •- gain the pofleiTion of a great part oif Saxony. Probably of all the King of Pruflia's battles, this waS the moi) innportant ; and it was that in the condud of which he fhewed the greateft fkili, intrepidity, and perfevdrance. His troops behaved with a Af n^nefs which would have doife honour to thofe which he formerly led into fiohemriii. In this af^iom where they were te fttrmeunt dvery Obflaele and encounter every difficulty and danger, in order to attick (b great and exceltdnt aH arifiy its' the AuAfian^ im^r (tich in •econiplilhed comnMnder as MarAlal Dtun, their nombcr didnot exc together with eight thoufand of the common fort. The king \ii thi^ bat- tle, in whith he every momeht expe4ed his life t6 thd great- eft dangers^ received a flight contufiofi in his bread by a mu(ket ihot. The Auflrians difputed the vi^ory in the Gazettes. But the King of PruiTia reaped all the fruits of it ; he r^overed all Saxony except Drfefden 9 it had been the extremity of rafhnefs to have commenced iht liege of tbit place in the depths of winter* and in the fight of an army fhx)ngly pofted* afid which though it had been beaten, continued after its de- feat, more numerous than hii own. His troops had alreidy fudained fatigues almoft beyoAd human tlrengt^ ; and the toioft prudent part now left, was to permit th^m to enjoy a Iktle repofe; and ttt tht interval of Si€ki«n to prepare by C c 4 , employ- 392 ^he History of the War. 1760. .'employing the means his victory had put into his hands, for the arduous work of the enfuing campaign. Indeed the face of the Pruilian affairs had been prodi> gioufly changed fince the day in which their enemies had entered Berlin. It was obferved, that the taking of that city had been, before this, ominous to the Audrian caufe: and that Genefal Haddick's expedition again ft it in 1757, had been followed by the vidories of Rofbach and LilTa, as this irruption was by that of Torgau. There was fome diffe- rence between the former vi£^ories and the latter. But the Pruiiians drew motives of confolation and hope from thefe coincidences. There was alfo fomething folid in the advan- tages they had acquired. After the King of Pniflia's march had delivered Berlin, General Werner marched into Pome<> rania ; and on his approach, together with that of winter, the Ruffians raifed the fiege of Colberg, (which they had kept fo long blocked up by fea and land) and then retired into Poland, not having been able to efFefl in Pomerania by Ihe operations of the whole year, more than the devaftation of the open country. Then Werner having freed the Eaftern, flew to the relief of the Wcftern Pomerania, where the fuccefs was as rapid, and more brilliant. He defeated a body of Swedes which was pofted near PafTewalk, com- pelled them to retire with the lofs of a thoufand men, in killed and prifoners ; and purfuing his iadvantage with fpirit, the Swedes were at length compelled to evacuate the Pruf- lian Pomeranid, and to fall back upon Stralfund. All the armies of the Ruffians at length quitted the king's territories. General Laudohn abruptly raifed the blockade of Cofel ; and afterwards abandoning Landihut, he retired into the Auftrian Silefia, and left all the Pruffian part in quiet. Marihal Daun after the battle of Torgau, feeing the King of Pruffia attempt nothing againft Drefden, placed one part of his army in that city, and cantoned the reft in thofe ftrong pofts which lie to the fouth and weft of it, by which he commanded the Elbe and kept open his communi- cation with Bohemia. The army of the empire retired into Franconia, and placed its head quarters at Bamberg. The King of Pruffia omitted nothing to re-eftablifti his affairs ; and the recovery of Saxony gave him great oppor- tunities for that purpofe. We may judge of the importanclii of that poffeffion by the refources he was able to draw from it. He demanded of the circle of Leipfick for the contribu- Tj. tions 1760. 7i&f History ^//'^ War. ^g^ tions of the enfuing year, two millions of crowns, exclufive of the ordinary revenue, together with a vaft quantity of forage and provifions. From ail the other parts of Mifnta vd)ich he held, he exaded in the fame proportion. He compelled them alfo to fupply a vad number of recruits: his demand was twenty thoufand ; and though it be certain that they could not iupply fo many, yet he was enabled by the recruits furiltflked by Saxony alone, entirely to fill up the breaches which the battle of Torgau had niade in his battalions. He drew alfo vaft refources from the dutchy of Mecklenburgh, which he taxed at fome millions of crowns, an immenfe quantity of proviflon, and a great number of recruits. Thefe he iniifted either on receiving immediately, or that the duke (hould enter his troops into the Prufliaa fcrvice. . It is faid that his majefty then made fome fort of treaty or compoiltion with the duke, whofe condition has been from the beginning of the war, the word that can be imagined. For his f^ation is fuch, juft behind the Pruf- (ian dominions, and out of all poflibility of communication with the grand armies of his allies, that he cannot be bene- fited by any advantages which they acquire ; on the con- trary, he fuffers almoft equally, whether the King of Pruf- fia be vi£toriuus or defeated; and his dominions muft fumifli the means of improving the king's vidories, and repairing his loiTes. If the King of Pruilia has made a treaty with this prince, there is no doubt that it is almoft wholly in his majeAy's favour, and that he has taken care that he (hall not draw much lefs profit from the Duke of Mecklenburgh as an ally, than he had derived from him as an enemy. •In (hort, with regard to extent of poflefTion, the King<^ Pruilia It much in the fame (ituation in which he was left at the cloiing the foregoing campaign; but in all uther rcfpeds his condition is infinitely preferable. He had then indeed the fame pofieifions in Saxony ; but he ctofed that campaign with the lofs of two battles, deflrudive in themfelves, and difgraceful in their circumfiances : he clofed this by a mod beneficial and mod glorious viftory, by which the reputation of his arms, greatly tarnifhed, was refiored tu its former brightnefs, and which, in its confequences, has given him as fair a profpeft of fuccefs as he can have, whilft the alliance againft him is not in the leaft degree weakened by the fall- • ing off of the mod inconfiderable member, or the abate- ment of the fmalled degree of their animofity. CHAP. Dli lifl *• ...^., 394 7'be History of th^ War. 1760. G H A P. X. The AUUs mife the Jkge 6f Gottingen* tVinUf quarters and fufferings of the Britifi troops. Popular debates in Eng- , land concerning the German 'Wan .1 • ■ THE allied army in Weftphatiay after their failure on the' Lower Rhine, turned their attention to the eaft- iward of the Wefer^ and made ft vigorous attemt>t upon Got-^ tingen, which* from the 226 of November, until the t2th of the following monthy they kept blockaded. But the French made a brave defence, and hiving taken a ftrong pofl: of the allies in a faily, they compelled them to raife the blockade. They were before heartily weary of it, having AifFered in- credible hardihips, both in this and all the other fervices of the campaign, in which they had (6 often traverfed that great tra£t of country which lies t^tween the Maine, the Wefer, and the Rhine : and though the winter continued very temperate and op>en, fueh nnulual rains had fallenythat the waters were every where oiity and the roads fo damaged* that their provifions could fc^fcely arrive^ or fhdir coromo- fiiication be preferved. ^ At length tbercfoife, they ^ubn^itfed to gd into winter <|uart«rs, kavtng the FreAeh in pofleffi^n of Hefle, and the whole country eaitward of the Wefer to the frontiers of the tfleftoratc : by which they communicated with the AuArians snd Imp^riaHfts, and prevented the fuecours with which the King of PruiTia, after the battle of Torgau* had intended to reinforce the ^Allied army. TheEngltAi troops were dan- toned for the winter* m the bilhopric of Paderborn ) and Lord Granby edablifiied his head quarters in the dity of that name. But thefe (garters proved a very i-ndifferent jj^ace of repofe fet the Britifli troops^ worn out with the fatigues of fo laboriiHis a Campaign* partly from the natu- ral penury of the Country j and partly from the vaft num- bers to be fupporfed* at a time when the fyhere of their fubiiflcnce was extremely ftreightened ; and even that nar- row fphere exhauiVed by having been four ye%rs the feat off war. This fcarcity was increafed by the difficulty of the i^Oads, and probably in fome degree by the avarice of con- tradors, over whom, fevcral were of opmicHi, as ftri^ a watch had not becQ kept* as is at all times necelTiry for that f»rt of people. But nar- atdf fthe con- piaa that But 1760. The HisroiiY of the V^ AK. 395 But whatever were th« caufes of this fcarcity ] it was bit- terly felt by the troops, and was accompanied by difeafes which thinned them extremely. This raifed a general dif- content in the army* which was fpeedily communicated to England, where the people during the preceding year, not having been ft ruck with thofe biilliant advantages which diftinguiih an offenfive campaign, did not confine their complaints to the condud of the war, but began to fall into an almoft general diflike of the very fyftem upon which it was purfued. Much of the old difputc between the naval and continen* tal fchemes was renewed ; and enforced with many addi* tional topics. The alliances of the war in Germany were feverely criticifed. *' We are purfuing, faid they, a fyftem^ by which we mud certainly lofe all the advantages which we acquired for the ihort time we followed one that was more national, and fuitable to our circumftances ; a fyftem of ail others the moft abfurd ; a fyftem in which defeats ar« attended with their ufual fatal eflFe^s, and in which even victory itfelf cannot (ave us from ruin. We will not enter^ (aid they, into that long and vainly agitated queftion, Wh&* thcr we ought to take any part in the differences which may arife between the powers on the continent ? This difquifition is foreign to the-prefent purpofe } add it is befides of too vague and general a nature to admit any precife determi- nation ; but this undoubtedly may be aflerted, that we ne« ver can conftftently with common prudence, engage in a con* tlnental war againft France, without a concurrence in our favour of the other powers on the continent. This was the continental icheme of the great King William ; and this principle the founc'.atlcn of tin. grand alliance which he pro- je^ed, and at \[\c head of which, in defence of the liberties of Europe, he made the n>oft auguft appearance to which hun[>an nature can be raifed. It was on this principle, that, in conjun^fon with half Europe, we carried on the war with fo much honoop and fuccefs agatnft France, under the Duke of Marlborough, But to engage in a continental War with that power, not only unaflifted but oppofed by the grcateft p^rt of tbofe ftates with whom we were then combined, i» an attempt never to be j unified by any comparative calcu-* laiion of the populotffnefs, the revenues, or the general ftrength of the two nations. U is a defperate ftro^glff, which na^uft. 6naily end ui our ruin^ ' ^ But 9' ■m-. 396 The Hi STORY of f be War. 1760. But what is the fccnc which we have chofen for this ilruggle ? We have chofen Germany ; the very fpot of all others which the French, if they had their choice, would have pointed out to us. By making Germany the theatre of war, they fee that country walled and deftroyed, the ftrength of which has always proved the greatefl bulwark againd their overbearing ambition. They fee the fwords of the Germans, from one end to the other of that vafl and populous country, turned againft each other; and they fee with joy the Englifh, whofe intered it is to fave them as much as poflible, co-operating with her -blood and trea- fures, to compleat the difunion, and confequently the de- folation of Germany. In a war in that country France has many advantages : (he fupports her armies in a great degree by pillaging thofc whom in every refpefk it is her intereft to weaken. She is not very remote from her own frontiers, from whence (he is eafily provided, eafily recruited ; and by means of which a great part of the public money is expend- ed in the country where it is raifed. Is llhe unfuccefsful ? {he is brought thereby but the nearer to her frontiers, fup- ports her troops with ftill the greater facility, and exhaufts ftill lefs the natural wealth of her people. Even fuppofe the French army driven into France ; even then thefe advan- tages on her fide are increafed ; and very obvious circum- ftances render it impoflible for the allied army to pufh their fuccefs on the German frontiers of France to any decifive confequence. But to the Englifh, every thing is unfavourable in fuch a war ; their greateft fucceHes will only carry them to a great- er didance from th*;ir refources, and r.very ftep of their pro- grefs mud make the tranfport of proviHon, artillery, ammu- nition, and the infinite impediments of a large army more difficult* and in the end altogether impracticable. This is not rpeculation ; the events which followed the battle of Crevelt have proved it. Prince Ferdinand, vi6:orious in that adion, was obliged, rather from the difficulty of fub- fiding, than the fuperiority of the enemy, to repafs the . Rhine, and to bring back to Germany that war with which he threatened France. It is thus, that, upon this plan, vic- tory itfelf cannot fave us, and that all our fuccefles ferve only to accumulate new diftrefles, new difficulties, new charges. Whilft France, who has only contrafled her expences by the lofs of her navy, encourages us to enter deeper and deeper 1760. The History of the War. 397 deeper into the inextricable toils of a German war, in which we wade our (Irength only to entangle ourfelves further. She holds the firings^ and can never be tired out at this gannte. From all this arifes an expence unknown ^en io . thought to our forefathers, and which the fmgle revenue of England is by no means able to bear. The allies, if they deferve the name, fupply not the fmalleft part of it. The Hanoverians and Heilians contribute to our- fervice only by enabling us to protra^ dill longer our efforts in a fyilem, in which nothing can fo efFedually fcrve us as being defeated as early as pofllble. As to the King of Pruilia, what we pay to that monarch, may rather be confidered as tribute than fubfidy ; (ince we receive nothing in return : and that far from being able to afford any relief to our armies, he is fcarcely in a condition to fupport himfelf. So that this alliance is worfe than the former, as it is an heavy charge compenfated not only with no real, but even with no apparent or (hewy advantage. In« deed, he is an ally the lad in the world we ought to have chofen, on account of his long connexion with our worft enemies, the mean and the hoftile fentiments he has always entertained towards us, the injuries he has done us, and the general lightnefs of his faith with regard to his former allies. We regard him, it is true, as the protedor of the Proteftant religion ; but how lightly he thinks of all religion his writ« ings ted ify ; and what mifchiefs he has done the Protedant caufe in particular, this war will be a lading memorial. When he entered Saxony, a Protedant cofuntry, he found that religion no ways moleded in thofe places, where it had been edablidied or tolerated by the treaty of Wedphalia. Even in the Popifti dominions the perfecution began to lofe fomething of its edge, when he, under the name of its pro- te£tor, brought upon it as great a calamity as its mod deter- mined enemies could have wifhed ; by dividing the reformed dates of the empire, and fetting Frotedants to cut the throats of Protedants, whild all the Popidi powers have been forced into a drl^ confederacy. Had we kept ourfelves clear of this runious fydem, and indead of engaging France on her drong fide, attacked and vanquiflied her colonies, one after another, we might, with- out exhauding our own drength, have gradually waded away the principal refources of her trade, and whild we continued this method, have as little. rcafon to gr^w tired of a war -■■■ '-'■ ' :,•'•- ■"^^tJ''"^ .^9^ Tbe UtsTQUY of tbfWkn, ty6o. (the whole funds of whieh would be fpetit at home) as France has to grew weary in the prefeni manner of carrying it on. If the powers on the continent were left without our interpofition to do their own bufmefs, they would proba- bly better underftand and better defend their own rights. M word let France enter, let them conquer, let them pof- fefs Hanover ; there is no mifchief they can do that country greater than it fuffers by the prefent war ; and we, not ex- kaufting ourfelves by afruitlels defence, ihould, in the end, by the entire poflcffion of the French colonies, be able, be- fides the fecurity of our own juft claims, to rcftore the Hanoverian domink>ns to their lawful fovercign, and even to procure feme indemnification for what they might have fuf- fared in our quarrel." *»• This is pretty nearly the fiibftance of what was urged a- gainft the German fyflem ; ^nd the argument was conduc- ed with great management and addrefs, and interfperfed with « number of topics well calculated to fpread difcontent, and to place in an odious light every (lep taken in thofe alliances and in thatwtir. Nfany, however, (Ironely adhered to that method, and they anfwered *« That the beft reafons on the other fide were more Fpecious than folid ; and that the chief writings againft our German connexions were declamations rather than arguments. That the complaint of the expence of this war was in fome meafurejuft ; but if the advantage waa in any degree equivalent, the expence was incurred to good purpofe. That France, by engaging fo heartily as (he jhas done in the German war, has drawn away fo much of her attention and her revenue from her navy, that it enabled us to give fuch a blow to her maritime ftrength, as pofllbly (he may never be able to recover. Her engagement in the German war, has likewife drawn her from tne defence of her colonies, by which means we have conquered fome of the moft confiderable fhe pofTefTed. It has withdrawn her from the prote€lion of her trade, by which it is entirely d we have refervcd it for this place. Thf reader will remember^ that st the French i«h«inc for ii^ading ihefe iflands, (which was dffcribed as il thtn appMfed to 118 in th« 41 b chapter of the annals of 1 759^) it fmall ff^uadron was prepared at Dunkir|(, under Mgn^^r Thurot, the deftin&tion of which moft people at thai time imagined to have been for Scotland. But, tt has fince af- pcaredy that this little fiquadron was intended to make a di'- verfion on the north coaA of Ireland* whilft the grand 4eet under Monfieur de Conflansi made the principal deAuent in fome of the fouthern parts of t^t kingdom. The Bagnner in which the latter and principal part of this prded failed* has already been related among the tranfafiions of that year. It remains now to give fome account of the part in which Thurot was concerned. His fquadron* confiding of five frigates, on board of which were twelve hundred and feventy land foldiers, failed from the port of Puakirk on the 5 th of O^ber I75f. They had been blocked up until that time by an EngliSi fleet ; but under favour of an hai;y night, they put out lo fea, and arrived at Gottcnburg in Sweden ten days after* From thence they made to Bergen in Norway. In ihefe voyages, the men were reduced by ficknefs, and the vefleU themfelves had fo fuflfered by dorms, that they w«re obliged to fend one of the mod coniiderable of them back to France. It was not until the 5th of December, that they were able to fail direftly for their place of dedination. But their okl ill fortune purfued them with frefh difappointmenis. For near three months they beat backward and forward ainojigCl the weftern ifl«8 of Scotland, having in vain .'Attempted a con- venient landing near Derry. ' In this tedious interval they fuffcred every pofUble hardihip. Their men were tbijmed and difheartened. Aiiother of their diips were feparaied from them» of which they never heard more. The now ft- maining three were extremely fliattered) and their cre>9s fulFered extremely by famine. This obliged them to put into the ide of Ilay ; where they refitted Feb. !#.' and took in fome cattle and provifions, which weve liberally paid for by the generous adventurer who com- manded, and who behaved in all refpe^s with hi9 vfiuil courtely and humanity. .^3 / :> ii^^' . 402 The History of the War. 1760. Here tfiev heard for the firft time of the defeat of Con- flan's fquadron. This was a circumftance of great dif- couragement. But as Thurot could not be fure that this intelligence was not |;iven out to deceive him ; he perfifted in his rcfolution to fail for Ireland. Indeed he had fcarcely any other choice; for he was fo poorly victualled, that he could not hope, without fome refrefhmenti to get back to France : And he was further urged on by his love of glory, no fmall (hare of which he was certain to add to his cha- raQer, if he could Arike a blow of never fo little impor- tance on the coaft of Ireland : For by this he miffht make fome appearance of having revenged the many infuTts which had been offered to the coaft of France. Full of thefe ideas, he arrived before the town of Car- rickfergus on the 28th of February ; and landed his troops, now reduced to about fix hundred men, the day following. They were augmented by draughts from his feamen to near one thoufand. Thefe he formed on the beach» and moved • to the attack of the town. Carrickfergus is furrounded by an old wall ruinous in many place s. Colonel Jennings com- manded about four companies in the town, moftly of new raifed meuj extremely ill provided with ammunition, and no way pf^pared for this attack* which they had not the lead reafon to expeft. However, they fliut the gates, fent off the French prifoners to Belfa(l» and took all the mea- ^ fures their circumftances would admit. The enemy ad-.^^ vanced and attacked the gates. There was no cannon } but the gates were defended with eflneCt by mufquet (hot, until the ammunition was fpent. Then the garrifon retired into the caftle, which, having a breach in the wall near fifty feet in extent, was no ways tenable. They therefore furren- dered prifoners of war with terms of fafety for the town. Thurot as foon as he was mafter of Carrickfergus, ilTued orders to Belfaft to fend him a quantity of wine and pro- viHons ; he made the fame demand to the magiftrates of Carrickfergus, which they having imprudently refufed to comply with, the town was plundered. Thurot having vidualled, and gained as much reputation by this aflion as could be expeded from a fleet which was no more than a fort of wreck of the grand enterprife, fet fail for France. But he had not left the bay of Carrickfergus many hours, when near tjie coaft of the Ifle ofMan, he perceived three vfail that bore down upon him. Thefe were three Englifti frigates IHa( but inforn)j 1760. The HiaroKY of tie War. 405 frigates which happened to be in the harbour of Kinfaki when Thurot made his defcent } the duke of Bedtord» lord heutenant, difpatchcd orders to the commander of the fri- |;ates to go in queftof the French armament. The KngiiHi frigates were one of thirty-fix guns commanded by Captain Ellioi ; and two of thirty-two. Such was their diligence and fuccefs, that they overtook Thurot's fquadron before they could get out of the Irifh fea. They were exaftly three frigates to three. The French ihips were much the larger, and their men much m6re nu« merous } but both (hips and men were in a bad condition* A (harp and clofe engagement began. None of the French could poflibly efcape, and they muft take or be taken. Thurot did all that could be expe£ted from the intrepidity of his charader ; he fought his (hip until (he had her hold almod filled with water, and her decks covered with dead bodies. At length he was killed. The crew of his (hipi and by her example thofe of the other two, difpirited by this blow, and prefTed with uncommon alacrity by the (ig- nal bravery o( Capt. Elliott, (a J and thofe who commanded under him, (Iruck, and were carried into Ramfey Bay in the Ifle of Man. Even this inconfidcrable a£^ion added to • * "--/-.It (aj Captain Elliotts Account of bis Engagement with Monf. thurot i in a Letter to his Grace the Duke of Bedford. JEotust in Ramfay Bay ^ Feb. 29, 1760. My Lord, IHad the honour to write to you on the 26th inft. off Dublirtf but very incorrectly and in great hade, as I that minute had infommtion frpni the fi(hernien, that the enemy were then at Car" rickfergusy I made all the difpatch polfible to attack them there, and got off the entrance of the harbour that evening, but the wind being contrary and blowing very hard I could not get in. On the 28th, at four in the morning, we got light of them un' der fail, and gave chafe ; about nine I got up along fioe their Comunodore, and, in a few minutes after, the en^geraent became general, and continued very brifkly for an hour aod a half, when they all three ftruck their colours. They proved to be the Mqrfhal Beltpfle^ of forty-four gun»f apd five hundred and forty-five men, Monf. Thurot ^ commander^ who is killed : the La Blonde^ of thhiy-two guns', and four hun* dred men, and the Tcr^/f A»rr, of tw«nty-fu gunff, apd three hun^ Dda ^fA 404 TbeHiiTOKy eftbt'WAn, 176a the glory of the Engliikarns. Noac had been better con- 4\i&t6, or fought with greater refolution. This Tele infult on our coeftt was fevvreTy punifhed ; and not a veflcl con- cerned in it efcaped. The public indcfod lamented the death of the brave Thurot, who* even whilft he commanded a priva* tcer» fought left for plunder than honour; whofe behaviour was on an occafions full of humanity and generofity ; and whofe unquoted courage laifed him to rank* and merited Aftindton. His death fecurcd the glory he always (ought: he did not live to be biought a prifoner into England ; or to hear in France thoTe malignant criticifms* which fo oiften attend unfortunate bravery. This was the fate of the laft remaining branch of that grand armament, which had fo long been the hope of France* the alarm of England^ and the obje^of general attention to all Europe. In America* the French had no great reafon to boaft of their fuccefs. The adtion of Sillery only gained them* by dred men* (inciudinr the troops in this number). I put io here to refit the fhips, who are all jpcatly difabled in their niafts and ringing ( the Marjbal ^r//rrjf# la particular* has loft her bowfprit, miaen-maft* and main-yard in the aCtion, and it is with much dif- ficulty we keep her from (inking. I have acquainted my Lords CommtlRoners of the Admiralty iwith the particulars by expre&» and I purpofe returning to fome Sort in Engand as foon as the ihips can poffibly be repaired, ttbjoincd is a lift of the killed and wounded. / am. Nfy UrJ, f ;- : ?.^.»IUi:iAy. T»ttr Gratis /t\.\ In his Majefty's Ships, ^olus, - - Pallas, • - BnUhuit, - - lif*JI bumble, and mtjft obedient Servant, JOHN ELLIOTT, Killed. Wounded. 4 15 i teijva i 5 U I V' ■*: ■■U^'/trqif;; 3» in 176a 7i&eHitTo»Y e//^f War. 455 tn immcnfe effurion of Hitir blood, a viftory ^'hich wat attended with no advatitageout confcquetKcs. Vaudrcuily the governor of Canada, after Levi had been compelled t« raife the fiege of Quebec, fixed his head-qu.irters at Mon- treal, to make, if poflibie, a lad Oand iti that place; for whic^ purpofe he called in all his poAs ; and here he colleded th« whole regular force that remained in Canada. At the fame time he fought to keep up the fpirits of tl«e people by various rumours and devices, which he praSifed on their credulity. But Monfieur Vaudreuil's greateft hope, wat not in his artifices, nor his force, but in the fituation of Canada, which is much harder to be entered, than when the enemy entered it, to be conquered. On the fide where the mod confiderable part of the Britilh force was to ady it is covered with vaft impenetrable woods, moraflesy and mountains ; the only (oderable entrance ior an army, it by the river St. Lawrence ; and the navigation of this river is rendered extremely difficult and hazardous by the number of fliallows, rift4 and falls, that lie between the difcharge of Ontario and the Ifie of Montreal. Vttidreuil evas in ev- pedafion, that the preparationi} neoefTary for conducting aH army through futh a long and difficult way, would necci^ farily confume fo much oJF the fummerf as not to Itave fiif* ficient time for the operatiomibfolatelyneceffin'y to Sedate the remainder of Canada. He did imm apprehehd nrmcH dai^r from the garriron of Quebec* which had beeii weakened by its defeat in the fpring. Thefe confiderationt gave him fome confidence that he might protra£t the war iomewhat longer, and another year might pofltbly give for- tune an opportunity to take ibme turn in his favour. But Mr. Amherft, whofecalm amd fteady refolution no difficulties could overcome^ was taking the mod e#e6tual meafures to defeat his expe^ations. His plan was difpofed in this manner. Brigadier General Murray had orders to advance towards Montreal, on his fide, with aii the troops which could be fpared from the garrifon of Quebec. Colonei Haviland failed from Crown Point, and took poflefllon oif the Ifie at Noix, which bad been abandoned by the enemy on the 28th of Augud, and from thence had orders topro'> ceed direSy to the city of Montreal. His own army, c<»l» fiding of about ten thoufand men, he propoied to tranfpoit by the way of Lake Ontario into the river St. Lawrence. Thus he propoied entireiy to furroutKl^e laA place of inu- D d 3 , portance •/• 4o6 I'be History of the War. 1760. portancc which the enemy pofTefled* and by the motion of the three armiesy in three fuch different routs, to render it impoflible tor them to form an efie&ual oppofition to any of his corps, v. Having laid this general plan, he left Shene^a* June 21. dy on the frontiers of New- York, and pafled up the Mohawks river and down that of the Oneidas, to Ofwego, Where he arrived on the 9th of July. The army he had colieded there, confided of about ten thou- fand men, regulars and provincials. Sir William Johnfon brought one thoufand favages of the Iroquois or Five Nations ; the greateft number of that race of men which 'was ever feen in arms in the caufe of England, ( It was a matter of the greateft .difficulty to tranfport fo numerous an army, the whole of its artillery, its ammuni- tion, and all its proviiions, over the expanfe of that vaft lake in open boats and galiies ; it required the greateft cau* tionand the exadeft order, left they (hould fall foul upon one another, left they ihould be driven out too far to gain the land «n the firft threatning of a ftorm, or left they ihould come too near the fliore. But all the difpofttions were made in the moft admirable method, and with that regularity of military arrangement, which makes fo conr fiderable a part of the charader of that able commander. So that the whole army emb&rked on the 10th of Auguft. A detachment had been fent fome days before to clear the paflage of the river St. Lawrence of any obftrudion, and to find the beft paflage for the veflfels. On the 27th he had entered that river, taken pofleiTion of Swegatchie, and made all dtfpofitions for the attack of L-Ifle Royal, a fort lower down in the river which com- manded it, and by this command is the moft important poft, and as it were the key of Canada. The troops and boats were fo difpofed, that the ifle was compleatly invefted, and the garrifon was left no means of efcape! The batteries , were then raifed and opened, and after two days "^* 5* (harp firing, the fort furrendered. This being a poft of importance both to command Lake Ontario and to cover our frontier, the general fpent fome days here in order to repair the fort, and at the fame time to fit out his veflels, and to prepare all things for pa^ng his troops down the river, the moft dangerous part of which ^e was now tp encounter, as all the rapids lie between this 1760. Th History of the '^AR, 407/ place and Montreal ; but notwithftanding all precautions, near ninety men were drowned in paillng tliefe dangerous falls, and a great number of veflfels broke to pieces. This . lofs from fo large an embarkation, in fuch circumftances, is to be regarded as very inconfiderable. At length, after a tedious fatiguing and dangerous voyage of two months and feventeen days fince they left Shenec- Sept. 6. tady, the Englifli faw, with great joy, the lile of Montreal, the objed of their ardent wi(hes, and the pe* riod of their labours. , ' , They were immediately landed in the beft order ; and all difpofitions were made for attacking the place. So excel- lently was this plan concerted, and fo faithfully executed* that General Murray landed from Quebec that very day ; and Colonel Haviland with his army from I(le de Noix the . day following. ;a , Montreal {bj is the fecond place in Canada for extent,-^ building, traffick, and {Irength. Its middle fituation between the lakes and Quebec, hath made it the ftaple of the Indian trade ; but the fortifications before this war were mean and inconfiderable ; fomething has been Hnce ^dded ; but no^ thing made the taking of it an enterprife of difficulty, except that here was colleSed the whole regular, and no fmall part of the provincial force which remained in Canada. However* by the difpofitions which at once brought agaioft. days (hj An Explanation •/ the References to the PerfpeSiv/ View •/ Montreal, 1 . The river St. Lawrence, 2. St. Peter's river. 3. A bridge over St. Peter's river. 4. M. de la Calliere's houfe. $. The general hofpital. 6. A dry ditch encompaifing the town, except that part to- wards the river ; it is about eight feet deep. 7. Theslacis. 8. The fmali gate. 9. Market-gate. , 10, $t. Mary's-gate, Dd4 II. Water-gate. I z. The fally-port. 13. The Recollets convent, 14. The parifli-church. 15. The nunnery-hofpital. 16. The Jefuits church and feminary. 17. The palace of M, VaU'? dreuilf Governorrgeneral of Ca- nada. 18. M. de Longuevii's houfe. 19. The citadel. 20. The wharf. them 468 The liUT6iLt oftbi War. 1760. them ttifee armies, the greateft part of the flower of the BrifKh troops in Ameriea, Monfienr Vaadreuil favir himfelf erttirely encloftd j he defpaired of defending the place ; »M therefore furrendered the garrifon of Montreal as * prifoners of war, and the inhabitants of hts government as fubjefts to ihe King of Gteat Britain on the 8th of Septem- ^iber 1766. :- And thus, in the fixth year of the war, and after rhemoft fevers ftraggles^ was the vaft country of Canada reduced to the king's obedience. In this time fix battles had been fOiight, the fortune of which was equally divided ; in three the French had been vi^orious ; in three ..le Engliih. The fifft of thofein which the French had the better, was fought in th« meadows near Fort du Quefne, where General Brad- dock was killed ; the other at Ticonderoga, where General Abercrombie commanded ; the third at Sillery, where Gene- ral Murray was repulfed. The vidories of the Englifh were, ifty that near Crown Point, where General Johnfon commanded; and Dieikaa was made prifoner ; the id near Niagara, where General Johnfon ilfo commanded ; and tht 3d and principal near Qiebec, where Wolfe gained the vi£tory and loft his life. From the EngUih two forts had been taken, Ofw^o and Fort WJIIiam-flemy. Th« Eijg- \Hti Oft thetr Mt to6k ihrte cities ; LouiH^ourgh, Quebec, and Motjtreal ; ^nd fi^^ principal forts, which commanded as many important communications. Beaufejour, Niagara, Frontenac, Ticonderoga, Crown ^oint, and I0e-Royale ; IjeHdes (bmo ethers of tnfprior confideratioB* ;lv-^;;v'^^ i^> -U Taking the whole war in America into one view, Canada ' had been defended with bravery and condud^ fufficient to crown the Generals Wolfe and Amherft, and the Admirals fiofcawen and Saunders, i^ho finally reduced it, with the greateft glory. And Vithout queftion, the condu£l of General Amherd: in hifi \siSi expeditbn, by which he obliged Mo^real tof&rrender wifhout a blow, and finally conquered Canada without efTuiion of blood, deferves every honour and «very rccompenfe a grateful people can bellow. The hamafiity with which he bahaired to the conquered both French and Indians, tho»gh the one had perpetrated, and ,v,t V , ^j,..,.^^ They were not in ftriftnefs prisoners ; but fent to France Upon condition not to ferve during the war^ ■'.:■ :tf, and the ■»ir; iH; V m m V . ;>•,! .!5I 1 I itf ntlfjl iL.^Ki t ^v ^'Jf. *, .■^- ■/ ;♦ ? il t'« ^% •X*f'- »4-* HiV" r.v<.-»;., 'K *i^ i '^^' I ii- z:i 2^;.ir; rt^^J^I^Jfe ^«- Jtiw. *^ftfei 1760. iHv History of fbe War, 409 the other at Waft connived at the moft horrid crueltiei on the Englifli prifonert» addi a high fuller to hit conqueft. Hit troops fet not one houfe on tire, not one habitation vru plundered) not one man was killed (except in the attack of Ifle-Royal). None was more diftinguiihed in this rcfpeCt than Sir William Johnfdn ) he led into Canada sn army of one thoufand of the lierceft and moft cruel favages which arc bred in America^ without doinf the lead damage to the country^ r; offering the flighteft injury to the perfons of the inhabitants. To effed this he was obliged to exert the moft unwearied endeavours, add the xvhole of thole uncom- mon ^"'cdts which give him fuch power over the minds of all forts of men. The gfeat vi^ries by which he has ad* vanced the intereft of the nation, have done him left honour than his condud, by which he has fo greatly advanced its chara^r for humanity and moderation. It were to be wiflied that the fame might be faid of the army, which marched from Qyebec ; who finding that the inhabitants in fome parts were out in arms, were under a necefllty of fet- ting fire to the villages $ the tr «iiefs of General Murray's nature revolted when the gh^ing fuch orders became a ne- cefixry part of his duty. In the courfe of this fnmmer, Lord Byron with three of his majefty's ''nly 9. (hips deftfoyed a iettlement of French where none had ever been fufpe frem the then commander in chief of the »»*,»... Britiih ,\ ■I '*•.« >i. 410 The History of tbeWAK. 1760. Britiih forces in America. Some parties of them had ap- '. pcared in our favour on the Ia(l expedition againft Fort du ; Quefne. But it is thought that on that occafion they re* ' ceived fome infults, and had been treated in general with a neg1e£k which made the deepeft impreflfion on the minds of ' fo vindiftive a people. Thefe difcontents were fomented by * the French, who hoped to caufe a diverHon of a part of our < forces in that quarter. At length they commenced hoilili- • ties in their ufual manner, by cruel ravages and murders on the frontier of their neighbouring provinces. And there was very great reafon to apprehend that the fame artifices - of the enemy, and the fame opinion of iU ufage, would draw the neighbouring and powerful nation of the Creeks^ into the like meafures. ■* ■ Mr. Lyttleton, who was then governor of Carolina, hav- ing in vain endeavoured to pacify them, took the 0&. refolution of marching with til the force, regular 1759. and provincial, which he could raife, into the Cherokee country. This army in all did not ex- ceed eleven hundred men, but it was conduced with fuch fpirit and difpatch by Governor Lyttleton* that, in a veiy- diort time, he marched three hundred miles through a vaft • defart which lies between the Indian caftle of Keeowee and ' Charles-town. He was advanced into their country before they had made preparations to receive him. They taw their towns in cafe of obftinacy on the point of being delivered to fire and fword. They therefore deiired a conference, in - which they acknowledged themfelves to blame; and conT fented to fuch a treaty of peace as the gover^ior Dec. 26. was pleafed to di<&ate. They gave up the perfons guilty of the mofl^.flagrant murders, and put into his hands twenty-two hoftages, as a fecurity for their ad- herence to the treaty. 1'he governor had all imaginable reafon to be fatisfied with the efife^ his expedition had produced ; and having) as every body believed, effe£tual1y chaftifed the former info- lence of the enemy, and fecured the future tranquillity of the fouthern provinces, he returned to Charles- town. But thefe perfidious barbarians, equally regardlefs of their faith,> and of the fafety of their countrymen, whofe lives were pledged for their fidelity, broken out as foon as the army was removed, into their former ravages ; blocked up Fort Loudon, which ftands in the middle of their pountry, and ied 1760. Tbe History of the War. 411 made fome attempts on Fort Edward, which lies nearer to the fettlenients. Their total want of (kill in carrying on (ieges prevented them from any hope of maftering thefe places, otherwife than by treachery or famine. They fail- ed in the firft inftance ; and the laft required lime. The imminent danger of two I ngliih garrifons, and that whole traft of her colonies, being made known to General Amherft, he detached G>lonel Montgomery to their aifift- ance, with a regiment of Highlanders, a battalion of the Royal Americans, a body of grenadiers, and the provincial troops. He marched into the enemy's country. He made war upon the Indians cfter their own manner. No other would have been effectual. He burned Edatoe the capital of the Lower Cherokees, confiding of two hundred houfes, an Indian town of the very firft magnitude ; aud then pro- ceeded to the fame execution on all the towns and villages of that diftrid of the Cherokees, which were numerous, populous, and wealthy. I'he inhabitants generally fled on the approach of our troops ; fome however were burned in their houfes, and fome women and children were made prifoners. '^S This univerfal deftru£lioo of the lower fettlements being compleated. Colonel Montgomery palTed on to the iniddle Cherokees : but as the army marched June 517. through a dangerous ground, favourable to the Indian method of fighting, they were Aiddenly attacked upon all fides by this lavage enemy, with the greateA furyf and with the ufual horrible fcreams and outcries. The troops were fo well difpofed with a view of this kind of war, that they flood the charge with firmnefs ; they were not intimidated with the covered fire, or the fcreams of the fa- vages. The fight was long and well maintained on both fides. But at length the ^idians fled. A neighbouring town (one of the mod confiderable) was entered that night. The enemy made fome attempt to moled them; but to lit- tle purpofe. The Engliih lod in this adion twenty killed, • and about eighty wounded. The Cherokees had near forty killed. The number of the wounded is not known. Though Colonel Montgomery was vidorious on this oc« cafion ; yet it was neceflary to retreat on account of hit wounded, for whom he had no place of fafety. For if he d\ould attempt to proceed, he had to apprehend frequent ikirmidies as he had advanced, and the number of wounded . , together 41 a Ti^HlS tdR Y 6/ tbi W A R. 176a together with the difficulty of his marchy weuM b€ hourly increafed. The retreat was certainly neceiTary. But whefi Colonel Montgomery had arrived at Fort St. George, he difcovercd part of his orders, which threw the whole coufl<' try into conftcmation ; which was» that when he had cbaf" tifed the enemy, he was to return to New- York with the troops under his command, and rejoin the grand army. Thcfe orders without delay he obeyed } not however with fuch rigour, but that the earneft entreaties of iht provinM i>revailed on him to leave about four hundred men for thei# protc£tion. Carolina and the neighbouring colonics were again ex<^ (wfed to the fury of a favage enemy, not fo much weakened •s exafperated by their late fufferings; the fate of the gar<« rifon of Fort Loudon was but too certain. For feveral months they had fufFered a clofe blockade; at length feeing no hope of relief, their provifions b^mg totally Aug. 7. confumed, and the enemy ihewing fome pacific difpofitionsy they were reduced to Kirrender upon iMMniraUe conditiom. But the enemy, equally regardlefs of faith and humanity, fell upon them in their march, butchered all file officers but one, killed feveral of the prhrate foldiers end carried the reft imo an horrible captivity. Thefe outrages on the (buthem colonies threw fome damp :, following 1 ofl inl fiel for 1760. The History of the War. 4i5 At Tea Admiral Pocock feconded the extraordinary eflForts of Colfinel Coote with hit own ufuai (kill and intrepidity. Again he engaged the fleet of Mon- Sept. 4, fieur d'Ache, a brave commander, who has, in 1759. fome degree, fupported the declining reputation of . ? the At following terms : That the Eureptam (hould have leave to march out with their arms, two rounds per man, drums beating, and fix days provifions : The Seapoys to be difarmed, and turned about their bufinefs. The garrifon confided of one hundred Europtant, (officers included) five hundred Stapoyt^ and nine gun Having intelligence that Brigadier General BuJ[y was arrived at Areti from the northward, with three hundred Eurtptarn^ and a large black army, and that the army, which lay at Cbittiput, ws" to join them, and that the force from the fouthward were on their march toward j^rcott I therefore thought it advifeable to crofs the Paiia, and encamp the army oppofite the jlrcot^ having the Palia be- tween us. Three thoufand Moratta horfe about this time join^ i the enemy, which put me to the greateft diftrefs for want of pii- vifions, as they plundered all the country. On the ayih, Lieut General Lalfy arrived at jlrcot, and took the comnuind. January the 9th, the enemy were all in motion. On the ioth» General Lally marched with all his army towards IVtndi'waflt^ and I moved with our army along the banks of the river, in order to obferve their motions, and cover our own country. On the 1 2th, I re- ceived a letter from the commanding officer at Conjfveram, that five hundred of the enemy's Europeans^ and a large body of horfe, had entered the town j and that the reft of their army lay at Jangolamy three miles diftance from it : I therefore put the array \n motion, and endeavoured, by a forced march to fave that place, which was very weak (but of confequence *r »«:) and hap- pily arrived there the 13th before day-light. The enemy quitted the place, their army moved towards IVonJituaJb. The 15th, I crorfed the P/i// a^ the lame tinic, I ordered up two pieces of cannon, and advancing myfe jf with two companies of Stapejs, obliged the enemy to retire to thut main body of horfe, which cojwfted of two hundred Eh- rtpeafift and three thoufand Morattas, on their left. Upon the whole of our cavalry's advancing) that of the en^m^ retired in pretty good order, ti'l our cannon began to play, which was ex- tremely well ferved, and obliged them to retire precipitately. I then ordered the Major of Brigadi; to the army* which was about three quarters of a mile in the rear, with orders for them to form the line of battle, but not to advance till J had jqined them. Soon after, having taken ^tofleffion of a tank, which the enemy's caval- nr had occupied, I returned to the line, which by that tioie was ^rmed according to my orders. After reviewing the whole, aqd finding the men in great fpirit, and eager to engage, I ordered the larmy to move forward. About nine o'clock we arrived at the pdil we had driven the enemy from, which was about two miles from their camp, and halted in their view, near half an hour ; during which time, I went very near to them, and reconnoitred their utuation. Upon finding tney were ftrongly polled, and our flanks expofed to the enemy's cavalry, which was vaftly fuperior to pura, | ordered the army to march by the right, in order to eain th? advantage of a hill three miles from us, and about two mi^s from Wondivajb^forti and the horfe, which was then in the front, to wheel to the right and left, and from behind the fecond line, in order to make the rear guard, and cover the^ baggage. 3y this motion, I covered my right flank with the hill, and had iome viUages \n m^ rear, where I then ordered the baggage to. This ohUgea the enemy to alter their difpoHtion. Puring all this time we cannonaded each other, and (kirmiihed with their advanced pofts, and Moral ta horfe ;. The latter dira|lpeared about eleven o'clock* The enemy, after making their fecond difpoiition, looved towards us about the diftance of three quarters of a mi^^iiiider cover of a bank. The cannonading then began to be fmarfon both fides ; and upon fee- ing the enemy coming briikly up, I ordered the army to march forward. At twelve o'clock the enemy's Eu''fif*an cavaby puflied with -*■■>. .^ a. .1' t7fe The UnvptLY of fit WAKi 417 apd blood jT' conflict to giveaway before Admiral Ppcock» and ip taile (belter under the forts of Pondicheny* Durinff this eQgagement^ eight of the Engliih ibips ftood the £re of the wi^h agreat deal of refblution, in. order to force our left, and come round upon the rear. Immediately I onJered up .foihe. compames of 5r oant. Of the JnJian battalions, two Lieutenants, twr B^gns^ Of the Marifw, le Chevalier le Potte, knight of Maita, whO is £ e fince %^- M Ill ; . r, \ {]Siti« Wfere^ittf fhan^lMi 'fi¥« hOmS^ and fniy of oof =^=^ French, {ktt (teK^ 6f hK^ W6uo)w, tovrards fitnttklrtriy^ to deftroy the F^tieh country, and marched the atmy to beiSeie (Jbittipui j and on the 28th at night, ereftcd a ^o gjip-battety, and got in one 24, and one lo pownder, and pfayed upon them from an eight-ifiCh howitos. The ne«t day, aft^iinlkfng a breach, L* ChfeValter «* f//^, with fiisgarrifofi, fiiritndered prtfotrers of war. The garrifop confuted of four ofSt^ • , cers, 17^. ^A^ History if fbe Wai/ 419 Trencliy the loft ^»«s not left Ihtn one tbovOin^. A^mir^t FoiBock iinittcdiatelv got himfelf t'gjiin in Mfi||ht1ng con- dition, ana' brtred the French Ite beibre fbndiiincrrjry whoUy under their cannon, and rtsftifed a new engagtmeilt. It has been ohferved thtt hiftor^r tin hardly prbdtice an inftance of two ^uadrons fiffhting three ^itch«i battW^, tin- der the fame commanders, in ei^hte^n months. Without fbe lofs of a'lhip on eithw fide. After this engagerhent AdnA- fal COTnifti arrived on thecoaft of Coremandel, and jotned Pocock, by which we attained fo deciiive a fuperiority in ftrength, as we had before in courage and ability, that the French no longer appeared in thofe feas. Moft of their (hips went off, as it was thought, to Mauritius. Then the French affairs went rapidly to ruin. On the 5th of April, '1 1' r^i cers, fifty-four private, and three hundred Seapeys^ with feventy- three Europeansy wounded in the hofpital. I found in the fort, nine guns, and a good quantity of ammunition. Having intelli- gence of a party of the enemy going from Arcot to Gingey, I fent Captain Smithy with a detachment to intercept them. On the 30th, marched the army towards Arcot, the capital of the pro-^ vince, in order to beiiege it. This day Captain Smith joined me, having taken the party I had fent him after, which confided of ten Europeansi fifty Seaptysy and two brafs eight pounders ; and foon after he took a: Captain of the Lorrain regiment, and three French CommifTaries. On the ifl of February , I fet out with the army for Arcot, leaving orders with Major Monfon to throw a few fhells into Tiot- meryy and to fummon the garrifon. February 2. The army marched and encamped within two miles of Arcot. Maj tmd Major Monckton. , By }t)ie t^kifig of this and two other places of l^fler confider- ^ttoflii the French were a^ually, reduced to |hefingle port of : Pondicherry ; which ;was» when thefe accounts came away» . ctofely blocked up by land and Tea. The ftrongeft hopes ; pre conceived that thi' capital of the French India power .and commerce, wfill Ihortly be brought into our pofleflion j Vand withthejfe pleafing hopes we conclude the hi(|ory of the war of .1 7(60.,. , j-:-:\. \yM'LV„ ■> ^^ m}S*' mf Yry:,ri^l- •** fvf «>M> <«M>^ •««)» r*e ^^ ••miiw^ki '.'.;* f^\v(\7> m .;.,,. iJj.ii? g*ji '-ft- n ) : r ' > -»♦ ( 'n a. . < •>- -•" .jy* •yt'fi ^^iOM-i ,1 ;,r{ ',■;« •}Trv.;cr '■•!( t 'd ,r,ri «/^) ,t..'.'.. ■: SHH [ 4*1 1 TH^ ANNUAL REGISTER: i> ^^im; • OR, H I S TO R Y ,#■:■,.>< :>fi ^^^'^i**"!?- grlrta uf^b^n ! ..iYn'^rj i5v«j:i e-siJiiJiioii Sfcflt \ifcWpli>^ ; noitrr'iq.. :i..T "f'l ■» "^f, -♦ ,',-•„ ITM f « •> ■) . ■- hreliminary r^arh. Treaty fropiftd and' enWind into hy the beUigjireitt pWuers. Mr. Stanley fent tH '^ Paris^ and Mr. &^y '* ■ l^^ndoni French matbinatloni- in SpamJ Diffiemtiet in the negotiation, P inanHn- ner* reduce all of them to it. The war, if it continues, draws date after fl;a,te,«ito4t§^ yert«]( un^ :aH S!lU1 wifh more €» fe^r ftf\i|^les> they are U> oftert eoftiptelled to ibbkiiitk When» fetdom^ a ffeaty ^ : > * See Hiftory of the W«r 1 760, Ch^p. I. p, 288. Mi I7i5i. TiMt HisTPRV ^ tbt, War- A%i is coDclvi^ci po pthv tc/|j;^s, ^ the Kin^pf Pruffiii })gs iound by jTf vpr^ ftX|>erieQ<;f, «;?d 9^ yrf obferyj^4 i?n A forofxer ciccaiion, if pnl/ a (hort cf n«iivp« and sot •^jprl^eqt f e.a^. But it muft b« acknowIed||e4 t]|i«t this fitu^itio^j, t^mfift coincident with their true inter^^ js, aut the ^^amie iiuEie, tjlye moft contradi^pT/ to the pa.Oi^;^^ ,«h(f prejudice; of nVtiopjs. ^ It appears hard to lofe, upon ever^ ji,4c^ ivv^j phjee ce^ured* but;t is the \>m» o;i the fame principle th^ the i^qr|;j^ IpH'ie^ are the bf{l| and that jio injured^p^f is left to b);^Qd <^yej a future war. Contrary to .the bpipipn of tl^^'^Kfii^ j^^rip^s on'all lidesy |Mri therefore imaj^itied that the ^^far fcv« hundred and fifty-eight, in the f^gfeV the thw-d c»fr\pai;^, yras the liappy moment fpr ijt^ptia.UQn.^t fhj&i^qu^.jwjv- cver> no proportions had been ipade. The prppphwpnspf feventeen bunaired and fif4^y-iiine v^ere hiit tfi^tl^ ''FKf^^' and obvLoiifly cpuld end in noth.ips^,.. J^ut ;ja thf ^ftjjjinit\g of theyeaf, of which we are now^oii^g to,!trid aptd weU vppdui*^- cd marches, and thofe Hv«ly tn\«|M\^e$ \^hkh difttnguiHt the former years, except * a \^ry few ipilaac^s, fcaixe make any part of tW hiiS>CY befonc us. But th^vjj^h the operations of the 6etd Had fallen into a Aate of \»agupr, the cabinet became f«U of Vuiiners, and n^gpt;iat^>(^ ^oturiih« ed. In tills fituatlon caoiiour obliges us tv *<^Wfint our readers that we*re ftiU more liable to miftj^H^s, fh^n .wh^i\ we attepiptcd to defcnbe thjc trAnfaftions pf ^Ke g,aiT^pa\gn. It very frequenllv haj^ns, that the .accounts of the military operations coaac authenticated from the haudsjof ^hojte|grAat jgenerals wbp havt c^ndu^ed th^n), ^nd when w^ h?ve al- lowed foi the partiality of the account, there is uolhing to £e4 be I ' 424 f be H18TOKV of ibe VJ AtL. 1761. be detriAcd from thttn fdr want of fufficiint infoimation. Even in the cafe of pAHlaitty, we are often able to corred the mifreOreftntation Or over-charge of one of the parties by that 6f the other. *^h'e| (p various and difficult to he reconciled, that, ^ia alone liscmed matter enough for a fcparate and very arduoui x^iiptiatioa. In effe£l ^ll the powers of the north were concerned in it. For this reafon thf other great object of the general 'war » the liniits of America* which by that ftrange chain oif noHlle connections^ which even unities the various inde« pendfeht quarrels and enmikies of Europe^ hod bccai mixed ivith t^e Gcnsan^iiputeas ,war>SA>o fer upon its proper .fnd peculiar Wb} and whilft the truly QernMA int^rofts verehandM at AugAiujgt :l^ y"^* propofed to treal on this 4iea^ ff^parat^ly in London ^n4 in i^aris. For this purpofcj ininifiecs wcfe tpvtually Cent |rom thole courts^ Mr. Sian- ]ey on/tJ^iiPfTt of ^xtgJifMi awl Mv Jiugy.ie^i |hat V TranC^.-;.. . J.il.f, , ' -^..t •; ,'...rj\- ' '' ■;»;-'f<> M"0' li tH-"'-' ^ Thisrpropofttion was al£o exceedingly iprndeUt ; lor ^hcr« 4» no doubt that if thefe potentatee could fettie Ihcir claims to their mutual fatisiFadion, ^ Ih^uld carry, to lAug^urg the fame candour and good .faiths and tl|e rUMine ftflcere ^e- fire of pettce> their influence ofuft neceffivily tienid iQ ini^re principles lof.inoderation in^ tjhe ncf^ afid muft contribute Iargc1]f to accelerate the great wiork of paci6cation. Things were thus let uppa the bed footing poflible* ^pd the negotiation feemed ta, be, in the happiff ft t'Mn that could ^be wiihfdi $ut unfortunately the fplan And dil^oittion <)f ^he treaty Yfece ranch n>€ffeVari)y adjufted} IhKn the matter 'and ,tl}e (ub|(ince. It was ve^y obvious^ }tlp#( F«lwK)e» if flie .^ Va^jWit|jflg_even to pretend toft.defireof ,pe«9e*:(M>tld!fcaroe .^.,4tv9f^, makiiig conccfllonsn which to her wen; Aiftciently moftjmng*, The moment her proper quarrel oamt to be fepafated from the general caufe, Che had -everytdifadvan- t^e,^ th|e BegotiationY b^caufe fhe had ifuffered nyery dif- .ailer it^^he war. Ontheiici^ of Cermanywdxled fhehiod ai^ed wtth^fuccefs; buteven there the, adivanfages ihe had iacquired.>?*Cire ftilt prec<^iiou6„ as. the chance of. u^arwasiliill _open^ .•nbfjpropoiition for a ceflation of laruis (arairing be«i udmitteiL As flue knew therefoFe) that great facrtfices . might t#« .V:f 1761. l^be History cftbe War. 447 fnigbt be expedcd from her> (he dui not fo finally reft iter ho^ upon the ncgiMiauon» m not to look out for another rcu>urce(an4 this ren4fre^i on her part* \JDt^ whole proceed- ing lefs efic&ive and tefs Sincere. The refource (he fbiight was in Spain» who (he hoped could not look with indinerence op the hiuniliation ol th« ., principal branch of the hou^e oJf Bourbon. Hitherto indeed the king of S^ain had obferved a tolerable exa^ neutrauMf IB his oMUkidy and in jiie declarations had ulence and extent* mu(l in a manner be at the mercy of England: no power being in. any fort able to afford thcoi . afli(lance» or to hold the balance between them and the power of England. At (his time, indeed* the French cour< , had not ahfolutely fucce^ed in hier defigns at :Madrid; but * (be wta 4h bopfWt. that every Aep (he took Wi the treaUr and e:veryx09qeffionihe,iko«,d(l make* woiild prove afreui incentive to ,th^ je^^oufies and appreb6n(K)tts of Spain, 'thus in effed all the motions w^ick France feem^qgly rondo , towa)rd«^s|c« were in reality, lo'many issjt^^ towar<]b a new war ) and w4)iM at l^ndon ihc breathed «^)ihing hut r. ;o <. deration* andg them f^tl»r> an4,continu-> ifig:tkem 'longer. , *,- ^![y*fi ->) - ..< h.Hiiii --.d lAiHu Qo the ^ide of Engwpd* thopgh there was -tar more goodisilll in the public {M-oetdure* there were jklfo, it-mu(^ . be |tfdiTHt4cd> iliamr «irciMri(laBcefi which co-operated to re- tard the f)ea The gr^at and almeft unparalleled fncceiii whitfh aKfconded oKr araas in this wa^ 4ia4 /rsUied a proporT tibtiabte ex|«^(i€ni> and inlipired very thigh thoughts into ^6 totodftof tlfe people. TIm^ thought it unreadable to * make n \ 'm !1 ^ '}.{ I 420 Tie Hi tTORY of tJbiWAtL, 1761. make tlmoft any concdnoni to a nation whofe annb^imi and vblence they had always found to correfpond with its poWer^ and whom they now confidered at lying at their mercy. That this was the time for reducing France, which if we let pafsy we could never hope again to recover. In thefe fentiments it muft have fared ill with that adminiftration, who (hould make a facrifice of any of thofe obj>ds on which the people had fet their hearts. On the other hand it could not have efcaped them» that the fituation of affairs in Germany, however they might be artificially feparated in the difcumon, muft necenarily have an influence on the final determination of the treaty. They faw, that after a fevere ftruggle of five years, the affairs of our neareft allies were only not ruined. To fay nothing of the condition of the King of Pruffiai the whole country of HefTe was in the adual pofTefTion of France ; they like wife held the county of Hanau ; and by their occupation of Got- tingen, the Hanoverian territory lay open to their arms. If this quarrel (houid be confidered as a caufe not ftridly En^ glifh, (though the French in their memorials contended it was), yet certainly the HelTians, and principally the Hano- verians, were allies of fo near a connexion, and had done and fufTered fo much in the common caufe, that it muft have appeared (hocking to all Europe, if folely attentive to our own peculiar advantages, we ihould patch up a peace without any provifion in their favour : and it was very evi- dent, that this pr6vi(ion could not be made in the fituation fh which the: left campaign had left them, unlefs our go- vernment puf chafed it at a price that would be very grudg- ingly paid bjf the Englilh fubjefts. • ' The mtnifby* perplexed between the natural expedati- ons of their cbtintm and the reafohable expedatibrii of their allies, mitft-havie round it not a little difficult to knoi^ What party they ought to take. In order to reconcile^ as much as poifibie^ th^fe contradi6tory defires, the t>nly folution which could be found was to pufh the war viath llhe ufmoft vigour ; and in the mean tiiiie liot' td hurry the hegotiat ion : in hopes that during its progrefs things might t»«Aich a turn, as to enable them td purcKafe peace £dr<^keir allies out of the acquifitions they fliould have made after the' com- mencement of the treaty, and without being ol^iged to'have recourfe to their conqueftsj previous to that ieri. On this footing they propofed to fatjsfy the demands of -the public y feith. 1761. 7^/ History 0/ /£r War: 429 ftithy tnd at the fame time to preferve the reputation which ivat (o ncceflar^ to their affairi at home. Accordingly th« duke of Brunfwick was to profecute, with the utmoft vigoury the operations which he had beiun in the depth of winter \ and an expedition* the objed of which was then fecret>was prepared with equal diligence in England. In thefe equivocal difpofitions, and in this odd mixture of hoftile and pacific meaiures, began the year 1761* a year more remarkablef perhaps* than any of thofe we have hi- therto defcribed* for events which will be radically dccifive of the future profperity or mifery of Europe* but lefs* for thofe matters by which the imagination of the reader is commonly affeded. Having in this chapter laid down* as far as we can coniedure, the political motives for the un* common effort which was made in Germany, in our next chapter we (hall give an account of the military plan of this effort* the execution and the fuccefs of it. '"''^ ' C H A P. II. .H'J-) .a )edatl- f their What much bititiun ufmoft iation: (lich a allies Princi Ferdinand*! plan. Allies enter into HeJJe and Tbu- ringia, French retire. Hereditary prince repulfed at Fritzlar. FritzJar taken. Several magazines taken. Blockade of Marpurg and Ziegenbayn. Siege of CaffeL Battle of Langelfaltze. Broglio reinforced Jrom the Lower Rhine. Hereditaty prince defeated at Stangerode. Siege of Cajfel, t^c. raijed, Allies retire behind the Dj' A T the clofe of the laft campaign, the French had the jf\ entire and undifturbed po0eflion of the whole territory oi'Hefl'e: a country tolerably provided* and which contains many tenable places. >Some of thefe they had ilrengthened with additional works ^ and they had amafled immenfe ma- gazines in the mod convenient (Ituations. This was their condition in the front of their winter cantonments. On their left they had driven the allies from the Lower Rhine* where they kept a confiderable body of troops* which Hreightened our quarters, and checked our efforts on that fide. On their right they poflelfed the town of Gottingcn, in which they had placed a very ftrong garrifon ; and thus they (hut us up on this quarter alfo* whtlfl the king's German dominions lay entirely open to their en terprifes. I# I -; m^ w 'M' J*. irr^.i- i; 43© ffbe HisToiY of the War. i*j€u If vre confider the fituaribn of the French armies, thev ^11 prefent us with the idea of ah immt^fe crefcent, th^ -two advanced points of which wer^ at Opttingen and Wefel» : -and the body extended in Hefle: ^o that being perfieftly 'Well provided with magazines^ and ipafter of ^ll the proper jCommunications, neceflary for their current (ubflfteQce, with ftrong places in their rear, and in both their flanjcs : in the next campaign they had only to advance their feveral 'pods in a manner to enclofe the alhedarmy, which* without feme iignal fuccefs (from their numbers and (^tuation, hard- ly to be expeded) would find itfelf entirely incapable of making any i^and againft them. Prince Ferdinand was very fenfibte of thefe inconveni- tncies of his iituation, and of the advantages the enemy had Over him. It was extre*"ely difficult to fett|e a plan for idion; but no a£tion :. id be attended with much worfe confequences> than ina .civity in a bad condition. He knew from experience, that the French were ill qualified for win- ter operations in Germany, and that his own foldiers* beiides their futperior hardipefs, and their being inured ta the ri- gour of the climate, could fuffer but little more from field lervice, efpecially if attended with fuccefs, than thev mud endure from the badnefs of their winter quarters. It is true that there was fomething difcouraging in the attack of a very _ fuperior body of the enemy, pdiTcffed of every advantage •gainfl: him: but it was clear, that this fvperiority, and thefe advantages would not leffen as the fommer approach- ed; It was clear, that every ftep the enemy gained on him, would render his defence weaker ^nd his refources mupre fcanty; and that if theefiem;^ found themfelves in a condi- tion to commence this campa^ where they had conchKled the laft, and thut nothing (houM hinder their procee^ine in , the eariieft feafon, he cdtitd never reafonafoly hope to pro- tra A the war to another year. For to fpeak the' truth, this was the utmoil, which, in his circumftances, he could pro- mife himfelf from the mod judicious fcheme of rondua. Having therefore refolved to a£^, he loft fio tinie to 9B. with vigour. He appointed three places of rendezvous on the Dymel, the Rhine, and in Saverland. His army afliem- i^ed on the 9th of February, without fuSecing the enemy to have any previous notice of their intentions. The next day the troops halted, and the duke conimunicated to his . - ' generals ftl if6i. Tbe Histoky tf the War. 431 ^ertlt the dirpofition he hid mide for the motion of the whole; ■ "'"■'".■■ ; ■ • ■ ■• • The centre was led hj his ferene hi^hnefs in peHbn ; it penetrated dtreAty intonefTe, and marching by 2tierenberg and Durenbtrgy made its way towards Caflel. The^ight and left of the army were each at a very coniiderable dif- tance from this body ; but they were fo difpofed as fuHy t» co-operate in the general plan of operation, which was very extenfive. The hereditary prince commanded on the right : he marched by Stadbergen for Mengerin^haufen ; tnd leaving the country of HelTe to the ea^ward, as the alarm was to be as fudden, and as widely diffufed as pofli- ble, he pu{hed forward with the utmoil expedition into the heart of the French quarters. General Sporcken com- manded a corps at a greater diftance to the Ieft» and pene- trated into Thuringia, by Duderdadt and HeiHgenftadt. The delign of this movement was to break the communica- tion of the French with the army of the Empire, to open one for ourfelves with the Prufiians* and to cut off all in- tercourfe between the grand army of the enemy, and their garrifon at Gottingcn. By this fudden, extenfive, and vigorous attack, the French were thrown into the utrnoft confternaiion : they re- treated* or rather fled upon every fide. It could fcarccly have been imagined, that this was the fame army which had but juft clofed the campaign with fo much fuccefs. Such has been the fport of fortune in this war, even beyond all former examples of her caprice, that the inftances are numerous of inferior and l>eaten armies, without any appa- rent change in their circumftances, drivirg the conquerors before them. So remarkable was the revolution of fortune at this time, that it is highly credible if the French had had their quarters in an open country, their army had been to- tally defltoyed: but happily for them, they had very foffi- cient means of fecuring their retreat. For as the allies ad- vanced, they were obligee', to leave Cafle? and Gottingen at their backs ; into the former of which the enemy had thrown a garrifon equal to a moderate army ; and in the latter they Jiad feven or eight thoufanJ men. Beyond thefe again were Fritzlar, Ziegenhayn, and Marpurg, places of a tolerable degree of flrength and well garrifoned, befldes fome other inferior polls. ' ^'"^ • •' The I I'J i'i 40 The HiSTOH r •/ the Wa r* 1 7^1. ^■^fTbit hereditary prince* whofe party was the mod advan- c»dy (truck the firfl bJow^ by an attempt to furprize Fritziar. He had received advice that it was not prepared to receive hv^. He accordingly took c. 'y a few battalions and no cannoHf in hopes of being able to carry that piace at once. But unfortunately he was deceived in his intelligence. The garrifon was prepared and refolutey and though the here- ditary prince attacked it with his ufual fpirit, he was obliged for that time to defift, and to draw off with no inconfider- able iofs. About this time, Marpurg was attempted in the fame manner^ and with no better fuccefs. General Breidenback, an Hanoverian officer* of great bravery, experience, and reputation, who commanded there, lofl his life in the attack. .Thefe two fevere check's at the entrance into aSion, did not bowever difcourage either the parties that fufFered them, or ahe reft of, the army. They advanced as expeditioufly, and with more caution. Cannon and mortars were brought be- Inrc Fritzlar, which, after a defence that was rather made for the credit of the commander, than from any Feb, 15. hope of faving the place, furrendered on honour- ..?. .L. able terms. A large magazine was found here. The Marquis of Granby was employed, with fuccefs, in reducing the forts and caflles in this neighbourhood, The allied army rerolutety advanced, and, as they advanced, the French continually retired, abandoning pod after poft, and fell back almoft to the Maine. They fired their magazines as they retreated ; but the allies purfued with fo much ra- pidity, that they faved five capital (lores ; one of which contained no lefs than eighty thoufand facks of meal, fifty thoufand facks of oats, and a million of rations of hay, a very fmall part of which had been deftroyed. Thefe were acquifitions of the utmoft advantage, as they wondvf fully facilitated the progrefs of the army ; which, as it advanced, ftiti found its fubfiftence ; provifion was alfo thereby made for the cavalry, which, otherwife, it could never have been fupplied with In fuch a feafon, and at fuch a vaft diftance from our original quarters. . Notwithftanding this fuccefs in front, it was not here the grand objeft of our operations lay. Caflel was to be redu- ced. The French had in that town a garrifon of feventeen battalions, befides fome other corps, under the command of the count de Broglio ; and there was no doubt, that he ^ would 17 wo Ca hig add of this mm SBSS wmsmm 1761. T'/;^? History o/ /^^ War. 433 would defend the place to theutmofl'. The fortifications of Caflel are moftly in the old manner ; they confift of very high, but ftrong walls. Some works indeed had been newly added ; but the great hope of the enemy was in the flrength of the garrifon and the rigour of the feafon. The fiege of this place was not to be delayed ; however it was nectflary previoufly to clear all the adjacent country of the enemy, :. d to cut off the communication of the garrifon with their grand army. .Therefore when Marfhal Broglio had been driven quite out of Hefle, and had retreated towards Frankfort, prince Ferdmand ceafed to advance ; and having ordered two bo- dies to the blockade of Marpurg and Ziegenhayn, which ftill obftinately held out, he formed that part of the army which was with him into a chain of cantonments, making a front towards the enemy which extended fiom the river Lahn, to the river Ohm, and from the Ohm to the Fulda ^ thus, he propofed to watch the motions of Marftial Broglio*s army, to cover the fiege of Caflel, and the blockades of the two fortrefles jufl mentioned. The fiege of Caflel was car- ried on by the count of Lippe Schaumburgh, a fovereign prince of the empire, reputed one of the abled engineers in Europe. His management of the artillery at Thornhau- fen was a principal caufe in the acquifition of that great viQory ; and it was not doubted that his abilities would be exerted as efFe£lually at Caflel. Trenches were cnened on the firft of March. All eyes were now diredej to this point i for on the fuccefs of this ilroke depended the whole fortune of the campaign. It was very apparent that if Caflfel and its garrifon fliould fall into ihe hands of the allies, Got- tingen and the inferior places muft inevitably fdi! along with it; and this misfortune would be more than equivalent to the lofs of a great battle. Whilfl: the war was thus carried on in HefTc, M. Sporck- en who commanded the detachment to the left, on the fide of Saxony, advanced with an intrepidity equal to the refl: ; he was foon joined by a corps of Priiflians, and the united army loft no time to clear the Werra and the Unftrut of the bodies of French and Saxons which occupied the moft im- portant port upon the fe rivers. As thefe bodies were ad- vantageoufly ported, and could be fupported on one fide by the garrifon of Gottingen, and on the other, as they pro- mifed themfelves, by the army of the euipire, they nrjain- F f tained m ,:&r 434 T^df History «/f/7 y " * . .Pit n^.i,^.^^ i-' ■■ ■ '" ^Tbe negotiation continued. Proprfttions of Mix poflidetis. De- bate concerning the periods. Belleijle defcribed. Englijb ^ repulfed at Locbmaria bay. They make good their landing. ,'} ' Palais bejieged. Town abandoned. Citadel capitulates. ■>* • ■ ■ .ii ♦ IT muft be obferved, that after the judicious reparations which had been made of the interefts of the feveral -» powers at war, there ftill remained a fufficent fund of in- ,£'tricacy and altercations in each particular uifcufTion. In ■''^"i^iiVTi-t 4 . order ■i-'- B W HW 17^1. The History of the VfAK, 437 order therefore to make the way to peace as fmooth as pofli- ble, it was refolved previoufly to eftablifh fome certain and fimple points that might fervc to dired and keep flieady the whole negotiation. Thefe points were but two ; indeed they were fo infeparably conneded with each other, that they feemed rather members of the fame propofition than feparate articles. The firft was, that the two crowns Jhould remain in pojfejpon of what they have conquered one from the other. The fecond imported that, the fituation in which they Jball ftand at certain periods, fhall be the pofttion to ferve as a bafts for the treaty which may be negotiated between the two powers. As Fymce was known to have had the worfl in the war, a propofition oi flatu quo, coming.from her, mufl: have ap- peared an inftance of moderation, altogether furprizing to our miniders. It is certain, that had peace been concluded at that inflant, and upon the fole foundation of this article, England would then have polTeffed all the conquefts (he had made, every one of which was in a very high degree advan- tageous to her commerce and her power, and none of which could be confidered as a fubje6t of future difcuilion. On the other hand, France continuing in pofTeflion of the places fhe had conquered, would have acquired no advantage that could at all countervail the expence of keeping them ; at the fame time that fhe would be expofed to endlefs alter- cations, and would afford matter of the higheft jealoufy, indignation, and difcontent, even to her neareft allies. This bafis being therefore fettled, although it was evident, that the treaty could not reft upon this bafis folely, England had certainly a great fuperiority in the negotiation, and might rationally expe6t (when they (hould come to talk of reflitutions) to purchafe the evacuation of the French con- quefts in Germany, at a much fmaller price than their ap- parent magnitude might feem to demand. However thefe were flill a matter of fo much anxiety, and the nature of the precife ftipulations were ftill fo uncertain, that the ne- gotiation, though It proceeded with ftrong appearance of a defire for peace, met with very frequent checks and delays. Both parties were indeed unanimous in the article of uti pojpdetis ; than which, it muft be admitted, there could not be a better ground to treat upon. But as the war ftill continued^ and whilft it continued might make a daily alter- ation in the fortune of the contracting powers, it was ne- F f 3 tteflary 1 i *j." 4j3 The HrSTORY of $he War. 1761. ciflTary to fix upon foirie epocha* to which this poffeflofy triiclc fhonld f' t^r. l he French on ilis IhmcI propofed, /^ / the Jituaticn in tohieb thiy JhiJ! fiutul on tb* firft of September, in ihc year 1 761, iti Ihr Etifi-lnd.esy on rlx fit ft of July, in ihe fume Vcar, /'« /^(' fVeJi-lpoief avd in /l/nca, at.J on fhe firrt of May lollo^ii'g /« intoffe^lbouldhethfip'jfttion tx'bich Jh'Mtd fptve (IS hafii U the treaty which may I e neg'itiuted betvoeen tbe twspoivi'rt. They acli'etl furthe-r, that as thefe epochaj mighr feern too near or too diftant for the inteK ft of Great- Bnia n, they wtre ♦•xtiemcly willing to ent>;r into a nego- tiation upon thatohjcdt. ' The fipjiiifh miriftry received this prcpofitinn ^\th lefs fetisfaaion than its apparent fairnels deljived. They en- tirely ri'je^ted the French cpochas; and declared il)at they could not admit, without prejudice to th< mfeivc-s, any other epochas than thofe which have rejereme to the day of finning toe treaty of peace. Had this re^ fu ion heen ftri6ly ad- hered to, it was evident that the negotiation was that mo- irent at an end. For though what was afitrted in the French memorial in reply to this dtclaraiion (that the bafts of the propofition ofwU pcffidetis was neceff^rily conre^cdwith . ihe partiivlar epoibas fropofid) is by no means to be adniit- ted; it is, on ihe other hand, not eafy to deny the validity of thetr ubfequent aflerrion, " that if not thee, at kaft lome certain periods during the war, ought t; be fixed ; and that the uti pofpdetis could v>o\ reafonally hav^ reference only to the time of figning the treaty of peace." For if the con- ♦rary principle was once admitted, it would become diffi- ciih to know, or even with probability to guefs, at the na- ture or the value of the pofleifions wl.icH,hy fuch an article, •fliould be mutually given away. And it thcfe difficulties ' occuncd in the fimphcity of a pofltffory article, tliey muft l>e increa.ed tenrold upon every othe?, and tnuft come to fuch an height « to precluile allpoffiTility of negotiation on things of fo ir»*T*ca'e a nature as exchdugesandequivaWrtts. The French tn their memorial, inftlkd fo ftromgly on t^« y.roptiety of eftabliihing thefe periods that their threatened lO recall the whole p4opofition if they were net agreed to. Jt rauft doufetlels appear at tirft view lurpr zing to fe* Prance, ^hofe aftual inuation was very indiffcrei t, con- terafing lor a. near periou, and England, whok affairs were at mm I ^6i. Thi History of the War. 439 »t t)iat time apparenfty rn a profperous fituationy poAponing fK« K// poffidetis to one more remote. But the truth is, that in that particular neither party confultcd their prefent coiv- ditiori. They afted wholly on forefight. For though the V/n%\y^y Oft the 25th of March, when this propofition was ms»(?;,. of har- bours, a fori of a diflike to the expedition fc;;gan to arife. Several did not fee of what confiderable iervice fuch a con- quell could be of to England in time of peace, or of what prejudice to the enemy in time of war. They forefaw that it could not be taken without confiderable lofs, or kept without confiderable cxpence ; and on the whole they ap- prehended that, when exchanges came to be made, France would lay no great ftrtfs upon it On the other hand it was urged, that though the harbours were had, yet fmall priva- teers might iflue from thence, greatly to the molefiation of the French coafting trade; and that the fleet of England might ride between it and the continent in a well protected road. They imagined the pofl'eflion of this ifland, if not of great detriment to the intereft of France, would be a grievous wound to her pride ; and that tho'e circumfiances which had formerly induced her to expend money on the fortificatiors there, and on the apprehenfion of an invafion to fill then* with a powerful garrifon, would likewifc per- fuade her to fft \ value on' the place when it came to be eftimated V.\ t'.e treaty. Whil/1 'Ucy reafoned in this manner in England, the fleet undei (he command of commodore Keppel, and the land forces under general Hodgfon, arrived before Belleifle on the 7th of April, and on the 8th agreed to attempt 9 landing on the fouth-ead of the ifland in a fandy bay near Lochmaria point. Here the enemy were in pofTtfllon of a little fort; they had moreover entrenched themfelves on an hill exceflively fteep, and the fopt of which was fcraped away. The attempt was made in three places with great refolution : a few grenadiers got on (hore, and formed them- felves; but as they were not fupported, they were for the greater part made prilbners. The reft of the army, alter feveral very brave arid repeated efforts, being wholly unable to force the enemies lines, or make good their landing, were obliged to retire with lofs; what added to the difafter was, that feveral of the flat bottomed vefiels were deflioyed or fiamaged in an hard gale which followed on our retiring frpm the (here. This made the profpeft of any future at- tempt t fuch, had been ire the wea- y of a fecond 1761. T'bt History 0/ the Wak. 441 tempt more > npleafing even than the fiift In this attack we lod in killed, wounded and prifonero, ear five hundred men. Neither commanders nor foldicrs were however difpirited by this mortifying rtpul'e. They refolved, if poflible» not to return without efTcO, and (hen tletermined diligently to fe: rch the whole coall, in order to find a phc e more fa- vouraole for anoth«,'r attack. The view indeed was not en- couraging. The ifland is naturally a fortification ; and what nature had left undone to nj i amply fupplied by art. It was a long time after this firft ther would give our commanders an i trial; however they perfifled with t».e uiiuoll fteadinefs, and found at length a convenient fituation. Not that it was a part of the coaft Icfs ftrong than the reft; on the contrars , they built their principal hopes on the exceftive fteepnels and difficulty of the rocks, which had rendered the enemy rather Icfs attentive on this quarter, l^his ar- duous attempt was made at a bold rocky fliore, near the above-mentioned point of Lochmaria. Befides the princi- pal attacH) two feints were made at the fame time todiftraft: the eremy, whilft the men of war dire6led their fire with great judgment and efFe6t on the hills. Thefe manoeuvres gave brigadier general Lambert with an handful of ment an oppcrtunity of climbing up a very fteep rock, without molcftation. This little body having thus profperoufly gained the top of the hill, formed themfelves in good order, and without delay. They were im- April 25. mediately attacked by three hundred of the French, but they maintained their advantage with refoluti- on until the whole corps of brigadier Lambert, which now had afcended in the fame manner, arrived to their afliftance, and repulfed the enemy fdf^ ' " * . - "■"':•., ' ■■^'■- :''-'' The ■t ' (dj Letters from Major Gen. Hodgfon, and the Hon. Commodore Kcppel, to the Secretaries of State, relative to their expedition agatujl the ijland of Belleifle. n I jj f On hoard the Valiant y off ^ ' • \ Belleifle, April \z, x'j^x. IH. ive the honour to acquaint you that his Majelly's fleet under ihe command of Commodore Keppel, and the tranlpoits with his IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m 12.2 us lU 111 2.0 im IL25 i 1.4 1.6 6" ^^ ^ Hiotographic Sdences Corporation i\ ^ v ^ ;\ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^' 44% ^^ HfdToitY of tbeV7kfi, tfSt. Tlie landing of ill the forces was macfe gocx) tn a fliort l!»nne J»ftef. The Ids in tliis daring and fiiccefsful aftempf, was inconfiderable. In one or two places the tntftty - feemed fat Majell/'s forces on board, came to an anchor hi fhrs road on 7utJeliPfy the 7th inft. about twelve o'eldck. Soon after thek arr- yivial, 1 went with the Commodore to ttke a view oi the eodft; aad we agreed at our return, that the port of St. And^t appeared to us to be the bed place to make a defcent ; and it wasi fettled, thai Sir Tb^ias Stanbtpty with fome of his Majefty's lliipsy and the traniportSy with Stuart's and Gray's battalions and marines on board, ihould make a feint at Sauzon, at the fame time that we made a real attack at St. Andro. Then it was too late in the day to do more than give the neceflary orders for the troops deftined to land firft, to be ready to embark early in the morning in the fl^c-bortomed boats, that I might attempt a landing as foon as the Afps had filenced a ibur gvn-battery, which commanded the en- trance of tHe bay. Thfs was foondone by the AdiltiSy after fhe took her ftation. No rime was then lofr id go in with the boats, wish the grenadiers, and the regiments ordered for thi^ fervice. But whem we entered the bay, we found the enemy ib ftrongly in- ticached on each fide of the hill, which wsts exceflively fteep, and the foot of it (craped avmy,^ that it wa» impofilble to get up to the hreailwork. After feveral unfucceisful ejfforts, feeing it was impradicabli; to force the enemy from their lines, It thought it ad- viiabfe to defift. Major General' Craivf or it And Brigadier Carkton exerted themfelves as much as pofllble on the occaubn : the latter is wounded in the thigh, bur in a gpod way of dtting well; The Jbfewe i\iif\?red in our retreat was very incondderabte, as the fire of the flii^s covered it. The weather has been fo bad ever fince the 8th, that I have not been able to get returns from the feveral corps, fo I cannot afcertain our Ibfs ; but I believe there are near five hundred killed, wounded and prifoners. I ihall dejire Mt. •Ktppel to go along with me to reconnoitre the ifland once more, and if we can difcover any part whereon aa attempt can be made with the leafl: probability of fuccefs, we fliall make a fecond trtaf. \ eannot help obfenring to you, that the whole ifland is a I fortification }. and that the little nature had left undone, tp make it Aich, has been aaply fupph'ed by art ; the enemy having been at work upon it ever i)pce ^r EdtMard ffaivie appeared belbrc it lad winter. I have the honour to inform you, the greatefl: harmony has iubiifted between the two fervices ; and I (hould not do juftice to the comingnder and plHcers of his Majeily's fleet, if I did not at ^^-^---■—-:^r--^y--r-. - the ifCt, The HtsTORY of the War. 44^ feemcd iJifpofed to make fome ftand ; but the body of light horfe, which was embarked in this expedition, fooai drove them to the town, and laid all quite open to the in- trenchments the fame tune inform you, tkat they have affiled me to the ut- moll of my wishes in carrying on the operations, purfuant to his Majeily's initruftions. / bavt tbt bomur to be, t^c. - ^^T SHEDHOLM HODGSON. .? :Wr^ ^yolUint^ in tbt grtat r§ad tf SIR, { Bulleifit^ April 13, 1761. I Had the honour of writing to you the 29th of Marcb, when I left SpitheaJ. ft was from that time to the 6th inft. before the wind came to the weilward, to enable the fleet to fteer in with the coaft oi France; and that evening I detached fix frigates, in hopes they might in the night get fb Rationed, as to cut on the enemy's communication with the main land. The next morning the Sect paffed the fouth end of BeUef/le, clofe along the /bore; and at one of the bays by Point Loebmaria, the general and myfelf thought a deicent might be tried: but as the wrnd was foutherly, it cuuld not polfibly be attempted at that time. At twelve o'clock the whole fleet anchored in the great road; when immediately I went with General Noefgfon to the northern part of ^e ifland, to be as well informed of the ftrengih of the enemy's works there as ihe lime would admit ; and while we were, upon this necefTary fervice, the fhips of war in the road were preparing the flat boats for the reception of the troops ; '^but by the time we got back, it was too late in the day to mafcf; any trial. The 8th, the wind north-eafterly, the boats being ready for the reception of the troops, the lignal was made very early in the morning for them to affemble at the' rendezvous} and three fhips, with two bomb-veflels^ were ordered to proceed round the Foint of Locbmaritt, at the S. E. pttrt of the ifland, and attack the fort; and other works m the Sandy Bay, round the before-mentioned point, the place the general and myfelf had agreed to have at" tacked. Captain Rarringttm, m tie Acbilles, got placed flrft, and (bon filenced the Are from the fort and from ^e fliore ; and then,, as he was direAsd, made the fignal of his having done (b { wjben the troops in ihe boats were puftied to the landing, with great brifknefs and fpirited behaviour, at three different places near to each other, by Cajitain Bartvn, whom I otdcrcd to comman'/ *^ ^ boar*.. m y 444 Tbe History of the W AK. - 1761. trenchments before it. The great difficulty now confided in bringing forward the cannon, which were fird to be dragged up the rocks, and afterwards, for two leagues, along boats. But the difficulty of getting footing, and the enemy be- ing ftrongly intrenched on the heiehts, and in the little fort, the troops foon met with fuch a repulfe, that it became neceflary, at well as prudent, to defill from the attempt for the prefent, and retire with the flat boats ; in which they were well covered by the ihips and bombs. One of the flat boats landed iixty of Erjkine\ grenadiers, who l|ot up a very difficult place to the top of the hills } where tl^y tormed with great fkill, but were fo immediately routed by a inuch more numerous body of the enemy, that all attempts to fuccour them was ineflfedual, any further than the boats brmging from thib rocks about twenty of them. While all this was tranfa£ling. Sir Thomas Stanboffy with four ihipsofwar, the battalions of Grays and ^ruar/'s, with five hun- dred marines in tranfports, were oppofite Sauzon^ at the northern part of the ifland. Thefe troops were embarked in the boats, if poffible to divert the enemy from the principal obje^. A gale of wind coming on very quick after the retiring from the ihore, has occafioned fo much damage among the tranfports, by the lofs of anchors and flat boats, that it takes up a very con- fiderable time to put things in a way to attempt what further ^ inay be thought prs ble. The lofs of flat boats in the gale is twenty-two, whic .11 render the force of landing much infe- rior to what it was firfl attempted with. While the repairing and adjufting of thefe defeats are in hand, I hope (rvf\Q fpot may be agreed upon, where we may be more fuccefsfu^ in the attempt, than we were on the 8th ; but if notfo, I hope his Majefty will believe I have had nothing more at heart than the exerting the force intruded to me, in a manner moft conducive to the honour of his arms. / bavi tbi bonottr ta be, ^c. A. KEPPEL. SIR, f Beliei/Ie, four o'clock in tbt \ mornings j^pril z^y 1761. to inform have on- AS I have juft had a note ftom Commodore Keppel, me, that a frigate will fail this day for EnglanJ, I ly time to acquaint you, that his Majefty's troops under my com- mand landed vefterday at five. The enemy's attention was (9 1761. The History of the War. 445 along a very rugged and broken road. This neceflarily took up fome time. However the fiege was comnnenced wiih vigour: and the garrifori* commanded by the chevalier de St. Croix, diftra£ted with our attempts of landing at different places, where there was the ieall appearance of our being able to fucceed, that it gave Brigadier Lambtrt an opportunity of climbing up a rock with a corps I had left with him for that purpofe, if pra^icable. The difficulty of mounting had made the enemy leaft attentive to that part. BeaucUri^a grenadiers* with their captain PatterftHy got up before they faw what was intended. They immediately march- ed a body of three hundred men to attack him. The grenadiers maintained their ground till the reft of Brigadier Lambert's got up. We took three brafs field-pieces, and fome wounded pril'oners. It is impofTible for me fufficiently to commend Mr, Lamhert^s con- duct and gallant behaviour on the occailon ; and take the liberty to beg you will permit me to requeft you will recommend htm to the King, as an officer deferving his majefty's favour. Captain Patter/on has loft his arm. I believe our lofs is not above thirty killed. I am afraid you will not he able to read this fcrawl, as I write it in the field, the troops being on their march. ; , "«»v!.-jrf'! 41 *'f Jam, Wf. S. HODGSON^ VJ{1< M :ih SI R, ■-<'»■ a/ .10 'i'; f Valiant^ in the Great-Rtad tf \ Belleijle, April 2^, 1761. I Had the honour to fend you a letter by the AQetn frigate, in which I gave you but little hopes. Since which time tbe general and I having confidered, that by attempting a place where the mounting the rocks was juft poffible, and where the enemy were no otherwife prepared, from the imprafUcable ap- pearance it had to them, than by a corps of troops to annoy tbe boats in the attempt, that k carried fome degree of hopes witk ^ it ; and by making a difpofition for the attack of their intrench- ed bays, and at SauzM at the iame time, which the arrival of the Uanfports with the light horfe enabled me to do, we might poffibly gain a footing ; I have now the greateft pleafure in acquainting you, that his Majefty's troops have made good a landing on the rocks, near Point Locbmaria', and cannot fuffici- ently commend the fpirit and good behaviour of tbe t/oops in the attempt, and the judgment w^th which Sir Thomas Stanhope, and the reft of the captains of the king^s (hips, dire^ed the. fire upon the hills. Capt. 44^ The History of tbt War. 1761. St. Croit* a brave and txperienced oAker, threatened on their fide a long and obfttnate defence. Nothing in fad: was deficient on either part. The enemy made fome failles; one of them with confuJerable efFe£t, Major Gt neral Ciaw- ford was made prifoner on this occafion. But our troops were only animated by thefe Checks. A furious attack was made upon the enemies lines which covered the town) and they were carried without much V>k', principally by the uncommon intrepidity of a company of marines which had been but newly raifed. No adion of greater '/pirit and gal- lantry had been performed during the whole war. The tovvn«was now entirely abandoned* and the defence confined to the citadel. It was obvious, that as our fleet Prevented all communicatiofr wirh the continent, and there- y cut off all hopes of felief, the place mu "' neceflarily he : reduced ; but the chevalier de St. Cfoix uas refolved to pro- vide for his own honour, when he could not for the pre- fervation of the place intru(ted to him» and, firce he cculd not maintain it^ to fell it as dear as (ofllble. Accordingly there was no mention of yielding until the ?tK of. June, when there was no longer the flighted profpefk of fuccOur, and the place was by no means fafcly tenable. Then he capiturated, and the garrifun marched out with the honours of war. V . Thus was the ifland of Belkifle reduced under the En- gUfli government, after a defence of two months. In this expedition we had about eighteen hundred men killed and Wounded. The lofs nrioft regretted was, that of Sir William Peere Williams, a young gentleman of great talents and ex- t Nations, and who had made a dv(lingui(hed figure in par- mcnt. He had but newly entered into the fervice. He " was (hot in the night, by having carelefsly approached too near a centinel of the enemy. He- was the third pcribn^ of his family who, in this war, the love of cnterprize had brought to an honourable death in thefe expeditions to the coafl of France. What- - Capt. Ratrington. having been employed in many of the ope- laitioAs of this fervice, 1 have feat jbitn home with this letter : asd beg, Sir, 10 r«fer yov to hin^ for ibe particulars. 1 bafve the honour to bty ^e. A. KE^PEL. i76f. 7'be HisTOKY of the Wael. 447 Whoever difference of opinion might have been enier- tcrtained concerning the value of this conqueft, or the price w4iich was paui for it, the rejoicing in London was great and fincere. The general and the land and lea cfii. cers empby«d in the expedition were the fubje£l of very jufl flppiaufe, who with fo noble a perfeverance had (Irug- fjkd withy and had overcome fuch great diHicultieSi and who had the fpirit, after fuch a difafler on their outfet, to renew an attack under circumftances nearly as unfavourable as thofe by u hich they had been at firft foiled. The city of London addrefTed the King on the occafion. And it was generally expe^ed that this new proof of our fuperiority mud influence the negotiation in our favour. Some how- ever were of opinion, that it would rather exa^rate the French* and irritate their pride to renew thefe efforts which their misfortunes had (lackened when they faw us in the midfl of a treaty making attempts, and carrying places is Old France, and, as it were, in the prefenceof that haughty f^ourt. However, as there was nothing done that was pojt ilri^ly juilifiable, no complaint was made, and the treatf proceeded^ to ail appearance* with as much good humour as before. -^t^'i-^^'i^!'' >; ; K ' CHAP. IV. . ' w ,.- ^ ," Btigland and France agree to treat of a fipor^ti' P^uHlk^^ „ ebas propofed by England, Court of Vienna agrSh yU , je^ of the negotiation. Propofals of France with Ytk 'i to Europe, Jfia, Africa, and America. French memor'M- concermng Spain. Indignation of the ^glifif mi%\^r» Englijb atfwer to the French memorial. IT muft^ be obferved, that though the courts of London and VerfaiUes treated feparately, it was hitherto by no m^ans propofed* that this feparate difcufTion iliould lead to a (eparate peace. It was no more than a previous arrange- ment for the removal of thof(^ difficulties, which might prevent the pea^e of France with England from being unt- ied with the general peace of Europe. But in proportion as thci tr^ty s^lvanced, it became obvious, that the fettling of any ti^ms* which had no reference to the fignature of f^jnflhimg obligatory between the two crowns, could at bed be only void atid illufory, and might in the end even prove ^*i. -1 =; f *»?.; «• ■*^ 448 y^r History o/" //^f War. 1761. prove the fource of dangerous and captious altercations. The Enghih minider therefore, before he would agree to that definitely upon any pninti and particularly upon the epochas, infilled upon two preliminary conditions. Firft, that every thing, which (hould be happily adjufted between the two crowns in relation to their particular war, (hall be made obligatory, 6nal, and conclufive, independent of the fate of the negotiation of Augfburg. Secondly, that the definitive treaty of peace between Great-Britain and France, or preliminary articles to that end, fliall be figned and ratified between the date of that memorial and the firft of the following Augud. If thefe conditions were accepted, then England, on her part, confented to name detprminate epochas, to which the uti pojpdetis (hould refer; the firrt of July for Europe; the firft of September for Africa and America ; and the firft of November for the Eaft Indies. The French miniftry, without contefting the epochas themfelves, complained of the conditions; of the firft, becaufe they faid it departed from the letter and fpirit of the memorial of the 26th of March, which was the foundation of the whole treaty ; of the fecond, on account of the extreme (hortnefs of the time allotted for the difcuilion of fome difficult and momentous points; and the adjuftment of matters which regarded a war extended over the four quarters of the globe ; for the memorial which contained thofe conditions, was dated on the 17th, and was not received at Paris until the end of June, fo that little more than a month was left to obtain the confent of the court of Vienna to a feparate treaty, to fettle the terms of this treaty, and, finally, to ratify it. If a very uncommon good underftanding had not fubfift- ed between her Imperial Majefty and the king of France, it muft have been very difficult to have received this con- fent. But in fa£t it was immediately received, and upon one very fliort and apparently reafonable condition, ** That nothing might be ftipulated to the prejudice of the houfe of Auftria." But when this condition came to be explained, as we (hall fee prefently, it was fo far from facilitating, that it created new obftacles to the peace. However, this acquiefcence of the principal of her allies, enabled France to accept of the firft condttioh without referve; and to the laft ftie verbally, though not in the cleareft terms, agreed alfo. " , ? 3 Things upon That oufc of )lained» itating) ;r» this France to the agreed 1761* ^ HiiTORY of the War* 449 Thingi fecmed for rhe prcfent in the bed fituationp which in thii ftage of the treaty could be ezpeScd. The bafis of the nMoiiation was foH«llv eftabliihed The article utipoffidetitt mice the taking Bclfcifley was a matter of Icfs diflfcultyi and the iepochat were in general fettled in fuch a manner* as to coincidf with the dcfigns and defires of both parties. The treaty was confined to the two powers, and it was to be perfcdly definitive as to them. A time for cor* eluding it, was alfo in a great meafure fettled ; a circum- ilancck which if it did not admit fufiicient leifure for accu- rate difcuflion, cut off however the opportunities of chicane* and feemed to be the mod fuitable to a candid proceedings and a fincerc defire of |>eace. The foundation being thus laid, the fuperdru^re was the next confiijeration. This fuper(lru€ture confilUd in the adjuftment of thofe compenfations which were to be made for the reciprocal conquefts (and here the difficulty lay) of the two powers; a pundilio of honour might have inter-* vened at the very fir(i fetting out, extremely pernicious to' the falutary work in hand ; from which party the firfl pro- pofulon fhould proceed ? But in this refpe£t France gave way, and that concefTion afforded no inconfiderable proof of her pacific intentions. We mud apprize the reader that we do not mean to en- ter exactly into the whole detail of this negotiation, nor undertake precifely to defcribe alt the turns that were takerf in it. This, we imagine, would prove a tedious and unac-< ceptable performance. We (h >il .ittach ourfelves to the capital obje^s which were contenr'ed for in this game of policy: We ihall endeavour to point out the matters which firft obftrufted, and then finally broke ofJ the treaty ; and we fhall reft on thefe things in fuch a manner, a: feems to us fitteft for marking out the true fpirit of the negotiating powers. Our own obfervations (hall be very fparingly in- terpofed. We are hiftorians, and not advocates. The uti pojpdetis being fettled as the bafis of the treaty ; nothing could reafonably be claimed by either party, that was not to be counterpoifed by fome equivalent from the other; and confequently it was neceflary to adjuft and value their feveral poffeffions, pretenfions and demands* There were (tx principal objeds in this negotiation. Firft* the limits of this two crowns in North America. Secondly* the conquefts <)f Great Britain in the Weft-Indies* (toge-^ - G g ther ^£5 Tie Hisfp^Y «/ tbf Wm*. 17^ '• |hcr with the neutral iflaiuii thf re.) Thirdly, sur conquers ID AfrifTt »q4 in India. Fourthly, the adjuftment of ihc particular affair betweea tb« Englifh and French in Ger. fii^fny. Fifthly, the conduft which the two crowns wers tp hold with regard tq their refpedive allies in Germany. ' And ladly* the rfsilitution of thf captures made by England* f r«vi,om to tb« declaration of war, Qn the Btd of thefc articles, France propofcd to cede anrf gMaranty all Caaada to England ; ftipulaiingonly that t^e fref and publick exf reifies of the Roman Catholick reli-* glQq (hould be permitted under the En^lilh government, |n4 that thofe of the old French colonifls who chofe to re- tire might have leave to tranfport themfelves from thence, ipd t^kf away or difpofe of their effef^s. In compenfation |pr this, thiey required a confirmation of the privilege of what filhing they enjoyed on the coaft of Newfoundland, Vncjer the treaty of Utrecht; and that this fishery, might be carried on with advantage, they likewife required the fllftilution of the ifle of Cape prcton, excluding themlelves IB. returfi from ereding on that illand any kind of fortifica* tiftfi whatfoever. V Thf affairs in the Wedrlndiei, which make the fccnnd capital obje6l, they propofe to fettle in this manner. They qfifred to exchange Minorca ior Guadaloupe and M^rigftUntf ; and as to the four neutral iflands, they in- fixed, that two of them, Dominica and St. Vincent, were bfld by their natural inhfibitants the Caribbees, under the prQte^tpn of France, and that they ought dill to remain in the fam^ condition. With regard to the two others, they propofed to make a fair divifion ; that St. Lucia (hould re- gain to Fran(;e, and that England'fhould enter into poflef- {ion of Tobago. On this head it is fuffioient to obferve, ^ib^^t, in the opinion of fome people, our miniftry did not, in this treaty, fet the juft value on the acquifition they had made ; when they looked up^n Canada as the great and Reading ol^e^, and only confidered Guadaloupe and Mari- galante in a fecondary and fubordinate light. This is a q^eftion of difficulty, and has been much agitated. Thofe who dread a frffli American war from the ambition of ^rsitmPx sti\d were (Iruck with the idea of extended empire, preferred the former conqueft ; thofe who folely confidered our intereft as a convtmercial people, were greatly in favour ojf thf Uw^f. ' : . -.., . '.^ . :•. ■ ■'..,■■• On !).' 1761. Tbe History 0/ ;<* War. 454 On the fide of AfrkHi Fratice fttisfitd htrOilf with ^H mtnding either th« fettlement at S«tiegtl> or the i^e ^ Ocree : for which (together with the r«nor«tk)n of Belie^ ifle) they confenttd to evacutt^Gottititen, Hcfle and Hanau, and to draw off their army to th« Maine and the Rhittt. This was certainly a full equiTaleht. But with regard tto the £a(l -Indies, they had no tolerable eouivaleht to offeh They eitpatiated mucii in their mettiorial upon the difiMfK- Yantages which mud arife to the eompanies of the two ftk- tion«> from their entertaining vieWb of conque(l» fb tOntrafy to th« true fpirit, and the real intered of thefe trading eftv. blilhments; and they concluded by propofing the treaty, formerly fettled between the fieuri Godcheau and Saundefl, as a bafis for the fe-eftabli(hment of peace in Aft^. it mud be retDiirked, that this tfeaty had been concluded at la time when the affairs of France in the Ea(l*Indies made a figure very different from their prefent fituation ; and thefts> fore it Teemed unfair to make this treaty a (liindard under circumftances altogether inapplicable. The war» which his been 10 lonv, with fo tliuch blt)t)^ ihed and fo fruitlefsl/ carried on in Weftphalisi, the French ftreniioufly contenl|M» was from the time of (whstt they called) the breach tif the capitulation of Cbfter^Setert, a war purely Englifh ; Mftd therefore fhat their con<)ue(ls iti that part of Germany, formed a proper compenfation ftJr the Englirti conquefts in the other quarters of the world. Our minirters did »ot attempt formally to refute this aflfef- tion ; they rather feemcd to admit it; and they agreed ac- cordingly to receive the evacuation Of thefe pliices As itn equivalent for cefllons to be made ort the footing we h^Ve already mentioned. On this point there Was little diiH. culty. The intricate and knotty part wai on Mfhat we hi^ft fel- ted as the filth objeft; the eonduf! of the two crowns with regard to their allies. Here was a real, a capital difficulty. From the beginning of the negotiation, EhgUhd had de- clared that they woiud inviolably preferve theif faith to the King of Pruflia, and would aQ. ftrenttbufly irt his fupp^r't. This piqued the French minifters; who, in their turh, thought themfelves bound to make Ji declarsttion eqtially ftrong in favonr of the cmprefs; atid they had, ittoreoifer, recently conditioned with the court of Vienna, to admit nothing i^ th« treaty to her difadvaniage ; words of g^«at G g 2 latitude. 45a 7'be 'History 0/ tbe Wak, 1761. latitude. However» in this difficulty, they found out a fotution, which it mud be confefled, had a very fair and 'captiva^ng appearance. They propofed that both armiei in Germany (hould obferve an extraa neutrality ; and (hould be reciprocally bound to aflford no fort of aifmancei nor to give no fort of offence to the allies of either of the parties. And they propofed further, that as armies in this (tate of inert neutrality muH be a dead and ufelefs expence to the power who maintains them, the French king, from the time his Britannic Majefty recalled the Engliih forces from Germany, would caufe double the number of French for- ces from the armies of the Upper and Lower Rhine to re- turn into France; and that no French troops (hould remain in Germany but in proportion to thofe which the king of England (hould keep in his pay. It mieht certainly be ur- ged in confirmation of the propriety of this offier, that in reality thefe armies, whilft they continued in ad;ion, though they worried each other abundantly, afforded no kind of afTtnance to their allies, and therefore, when they came mutually to entertain pacific fentiments concerning their own particular quarrel, and were to give an example of mode- ration to the reft of Europe, there feemed to be no rfafon why they (hould make efforts in favour of any ally which they had not made, or been able to make in the hotted time of hoftility. The laft article had its difficulties alfo. The French indfted, as a point from which they were refolved never to recede, upon the reftitution of the captures made before the declaration of war. This demand, they were of opi- nion, was grounded on the cleared principles of the law of nations, and the mod exprefs dipulation of treaties. With- out entering into thefe various arguments with which this pofition might be maintained and attacked, it appeared to many that the honour of both nations was almod equally concerned, the one to claim, the other as refolutely to re- fufe this reditution. On the whole, thefe propofals, which the French fent to London in a memorial of the 1 5th of July, formed, tho* in fome re^pe^ts undoubtedly exceptionable, a very agree- able pl')n for a treaty of peace. A better could not have been txpe£ted in the fird projed of an enemy, and it might be hoped, that a negotiation thus favourably begun, could not fail of adjuding eafily whatever appeared wropg, or fuppTying '-,, ►'f , 1761. The History of the War. 453 fupptying whatever was defective in this firft draught of the propofitions. But fatally for the repofe of mankind, in the very inftant that this fair propofal was made, at the ve- ry moment when thefe ftrong demonftrations were given, «n 9lQl was done which blew up, at one explofion, the whole bafis of the treaty that had been long and carefully laying, fcattered the materials which had been fo indudrioufly col- le£ked, and fo cautioufly arranged, and inflead of extin* guiftiing, f^rrad the flames of war more widely, and made them range with new fury. From this time forward all the tranfadion was full of animcfity, refentment and miftruft. The reader has been apprized of the meafures which France had been invariably purfuing at the court of Ma- drid, an^ the arguments (he employed to infufe a jealoufy into that court. Hitherto, however, there was no appear* ance that thefe meafures had any e(fe£fc ; but to the infinite furprize and indignation of the Britifb minifter, together with the memorial which contained the above recited pro- pofitions, Mr. BufTy, the French agent, delivered a private memorial, fignifying, that in order to eftablifli the peace upon folid foundations, not to be (haken by the conteded interefls of a third power, the king of Spaii might be in- vited to accede to guaranty the treaty, and that to prevent the differences which fubfifted between Great Britain and this monarchy from being a means of producing a frefli war in Europe, with tie confent and communication of his Ca- tholic majedy, he propofes, that in this negotiation, the three points, which had been difputed between the crowns of England and Spain, might be finally fettled. Firft, the reftitution of fome captL.es made upon the Spaniih flag. Secondly, the privilege of the Spanifh nation to fifh on the banks of Newfoundland. Thirdly, the demolition of the Englifh fettlements made on the Spanifli territories in the bay of Honduras. It may be eafily imagined, from the charaQer of the then fecretary of ftate. in what manner he received thefe propofals: he rejeded with the utmofl fcorn, the offer of negotiating, throuph an enemy humbled, and almoft at his feet, the difputes of his nation, with a power aftually in friendfhip with us. He called upon the Spanifh minifter to difavow the propofitions, which had been faid to be made with the knowledge of his court. He returned as wholly iiudflMflible this ofFenfive memorial, declaring, that it would Gg3 be 4^ ^i&tf History ^ QinceivQd an incurable fufpicion o^ the fince- lity of Fcapce in the whole proceeding, it would not have huen prudent to have nxade thofe advances^ wkkh> on a fuppofition, of good faith and pacific intentions, might poffi- iii^ have be^n advifable ; for though both powers^ had over %n4 over declared, that their refpedive propofition?, if the t.reat;y (hould by any accident be brol^en off, would be con* ^dered a$ retra6ted of n^ver made ;, yet it is certain, thatt thJQgs. Qpc^ f^^ttled and agreed to„ unavoidably flamp theti qwn im^pxei^oiii upon any future negotiation, relativa to the ijjnae (vbjea. M>l* Fitt'^, anf^Ker,, wKich is dated on the 29th of July» %gc^e« to the r^ftitution of GuadaU>upe>, Marigalantte and !$i^Hel0^, OA ^Q compenfations pcopofed b^y France. It a^cee^ alfot ta ^«c^i,v.e Caoad&» but without any n«w lim>iiia QC a^y ei^qeption whatfoQver -,, and 1^ adda to th« French offer of all, Canada,, '' its appurtenances." It adeavta thte: ^tiopofal of the partition, of the neutral iilands. It rejje^. t)^ Frepch deniand of Cape Breton* or of any o^her ifland. iM ^kl^ gulph or river of St. Inawrence ; 01; of any power of ^j(h|ing in. that civei;, in that gulph,, or on. thof« coafls ; and itssJjpwA t\yc privilege of fiihin^oa the banl^s of Newfound:" Uj^dx only ot^ confidieration of the dennolition of Dunkirk. ^\>t, th^ pj;opof«d ceditution either of Senegal or Goree, is U|^t»rly, refufed. The German neutrality is, rejcfted* with, difdain ; and it is declared that Great Britain is unalterably ij^ffplved to. fuj^por.t the kii^g of PrulTia with efficacy and gpod faixhr In aiddi tion to- the o^er mad« to evacuate He{&> 4c. iPi is. ipfifted fehaA thte French Ihall wake a general evA- Qiation of n}\ her con<|«eft,s in Weftphalia* a^id a'l its.coun- trjies,, ipc4udipg i]t^ corq^ieft& 6"om the Iting of Pru^a, on t|be Rhine,, though Fiajice ha-d befor«< dcclarqd* that they Mjere conqfiered for the queen, of Hungary, that tfhey were a a^ree ta deliver- thorn tio>th|king ©f 17^1. The Hisr&K^ of ti^ WAtt, ' 455 of Pruffis. l\ye treaty between Saunderi and Gbdchem was not tKfiTKdCcd a^ a proper bidt for H treaty relattive u> the Ea(l \n6uii. But it wa9 agreed, thi^t (he two comps^* nies fhould negotiate concerning thiir refpeS'fve intereiU, als the king of Great Britfllifi could not difpoft* of th<^ rights of the Englifti Eaft India Company (rithoo< iheir con^nt. As to the redituHroYi' of the captures b^for^ thd war, this ^as moft pfcfitively refiifed. In this period we leafve the negotiafion t ALthough the grm piifpofe of the ^arVy afnd ftT*ertUoUs effort mlade by th* aUies was- not fully anfwdred', it neverthelefs produced, as We' have before obferved, a very cohfiderable aiid ufeful eflfeft. The d( ftru6tioh of the French magazines retarded' thdr operations irl fuch a man- ner, that the greateft part df the month of Junc-wa's fpdnt before their armies found themfelves in a condition to aft. But as ibon as they had taken proper meafurc^s for their fuG- fiftendey the prince of Soubife caufed his troops to pafs the Rhine, and to advance on the fide of Muiifter, not far from which city the- hereditary prince of Bruhfwick was pofted to oppofe him. Mia^lhul Br ogiic iSi mbjl^ the^ foi»- G g 4 cca ■it. 1/^6 The History of the War. i*jfv. ces under his command at Cafl*el, and moved towards the Dymel, in order to effefl a junction with the body under the prince of Soubife. They made no doubt that their con- joining ftrength would foon attain a decided fuperiority over the allies, who had ended their late enterprize with a lofs which WIS confiderable, and which, in their clrcumAancesi they could not well bear, nor eafily fupply. Thefe hopes werer fupported by the fuccefs of their firft encounter. General Sporcken with a Arong detachment had been polled in an advantageousiituation on the Dymel, and in the front of the allied army. On the approach of Mar- QniI Broglio, he attempted to retire with all that expedition which his inferiority made neceflary. But the ■June 29. French came upon him with fuch rapidity, that they overtook and attacked his r^r, which was indantly routed; they took eight hundred prifoners, nineteen pieces of cannon, four hundred horfes, and upwards of one hundred and fevcnty waggons. The fame day they pafled the Dymel; and whiHl prince Ferdinand, dijcouraged Jul^ 2. by this check, fell back to the Lippe, they made themfelves mufters of Warburg, Dringleburg, and paderbom. The allies, however, foon recovered their fpirits ; and the main body of their army being well fecured, they fent out feyeral detachments. Their fmall bodies were condu€t at a place called Soed, betweeti Lipftadt and Ham. On the other hand, as foon as the general of the allies was apprifed of their intention he polled his army in a very ftrong and advantageous manner. The river Aeft runs for a coniiderable way, almoft para!« lei to the Lippe, from which it is not diflant, in fome pla- ces, much more than half a mile. The high road from Lipftadt to Ham pafTes between thefe rivers ; and it was of the utmoft moment to prince Ferdinand to fecure that im- portant communication by which, alone, he could hope Hr advantageous retreat, or in any degree propofe to command the adjacent country. With a view therefore to prote£fc that communication, he e(labli(hed his left wing on the ifthmus between the rivers. The left extremity of that wing under General Wutgenau, leaning to the Lippe, by which it was perfedly fecured, as th« right was fupported by the village of Kirch Denckern, (ituated immediately on the Aeft. I'he marquis of Granby commanded in that wing, with the afliftance of lieutenant general Howard and the prince of Anhalt, who were pofted towards the above- mentioned village. At that village another river called the Saltzbach, fmall, but very deep, joins the Aeft almoft in a right angle. Be- hind this river, on a confiderable eminence, was placed the centre comma rtded by General Conway ; and on the con-, tintiation of the fame emirence, the right wing, under the hereditary prince, ftretched out towards the village of Werle, and it was well defended on the flank by rugged, buftiy, and almoft impraOigable ground. Nothing could be more advantageous than this difpofltion of the army, by which the whole centre and right wing were covered in front .;by the river, and the left fupported by rivers on both its Banks. In the left indeed was the ftrength and flower of the army; the ng time with all the intrepidity and firmnefs, which Briitifil troops always exert, and which that gallant oliker knows (a well bow to infpire. The difpofition we have juft m«ntioned, was net then compleatedf fo that they had the whole Wt" lent of that ianpetuoiity, which diilinguiihes the Frencll in their firft attacks, to refift for fonie hoi»r»» until Wut"* gienaii, according to the plan originally pro^e^ted, arrived to their aAflaince, and then with cfibrts unified and! rcdou^ Ued in ai long and obftinate combat, which continued until k was qnite dark, they repnlfed the French, atid drove ihetn into the woods. By t4i« next morniirgv tkse diiik) nhe principal •bj«Qt of the enemy. The prince de ^ubife led' their ctn- me on dnriT left. The engafemenr began at three* in thtf moming,. and i ort an eminence, in' the front of the Mariquis of ©ranby'a campi. which he Had' nor been able to encloie within his lines. Senfible di^ the preffmg: neceflSty there was- of pre^ vending the enemy from^ feizing on an eminence, from whence they> might cTuetly gtdl his army, he called in a* re- ferve,. which had beenplafcedon the other fide of thrLippc under general Sporcken. Strengthened by this fifjfPjply, ahd encouraged by the irrelblution which noyf' begam to appear in thi¥ motions^ of rlie enemy, he commanded^ the troops, which were* neareft af hand, to: advance upRtfn themi ,:- . This 17^1. ^^ History rf the Wai. 459 This movement was dec»five, ihe enrmy gave wsy, fell into diforfleF, am.' retireid with precipitation. Their centre and lefts which had aot b«en able to pafs the Salizbachy after a long and efft^koai cannonade, retired withi the rcd^ and covered their retreat ; fo that faroured 1^ this ctrcvtn- fiaiKe,. and the clo(cne(a of the country, which was fiiH ol hed|^esy they marched off in tolerable orcter, and were pnr« Cued but a htlle way. However, their lofs wa» confiderable: the regiment of Roiige> conTifUng of fiour batuiions» with Its cannon and colours, was entirely taken by the (ingle bat- talion of Maxwell. Their whole lofs in kiHedi, wounded, ai Tbe beaces of thia^ an officer of very dfftin«. guiihed Hierit, and who has greatly contributed to the happy Aic- cefs of this day, will give your maj[efly an exa6l account of it. i have the honour to recommend him to your majefty's royal fa- vour. FERDINAND, Duke of Brunpmck and Luneiourgg What folUnjti h tifr Recount giveir by Major JVedHerBourne, ON the 1 5th of ^fy rhe FrencB attaclted the light troops in the front of Lord Graniy'a corps, which was encamped on the- heights of Kirch' Denckertr. His Lordihip ordered' the Tegi»» ment»of Cbmwaiiis, f^eith, Cam^MF, sind Marjberg, to^the left to iiippof t the* poitsi There was an uninterrupted ttre of cannon and fmall arms, till nine* at night, when it ceafed, without any impreifion having been made by the enemy upon Lord Graniy^ Iffft. hi the morning of rhee r6th, about three o'clock the canno- nading began very brifkly on both (ides, and continued till nine, when rhe enemy gave way in great diibrder. His mod iierene highnefs the £Uibe, then ordered the corps of the prince of . Anbalff. 460 Tie History of the 'W AR. 1761. the greateil honour to the wifdom of the accompliihed com- mander in the dtlpofitionv and to the bravery of the troops in the combat ; but it was far from decifive. Notwithftanding the lofs the French fufFered, they were dill much fuperior, in their numbers. On this mifortune the old ill underAanding between Suubife and Broglio broke out with frefh animofity. Narratives, memorials, and replies, conceived with great bitternefS) were mutually remitted from both marihalsto their court. Marihal Broglio alledged, that his misfortune was ow. ing to the prince de Soubife*s delay, who did not begin the attack till it was too late for him to continue it; the prince de Soubife, on the other hand, fuggeded, that Broglio began his attack earlier than the time that had been fixed, in hopes of forcing the allies without Soubife*s aflldance ; and when he found that point loft, obliged Soubife to retreat, that he mipht not have the honour of recovering it. The allies, after this battle, kept their ground for fome time, whilft the French retreated. It is impoflihle regular- ly to account for all the unexpe^ed turns which have hap- pened, perhaps, more in this campaign, than in any of the former. It is enough to know that the original fuperiority of the French, together with their opportunity of conti- nual reinforcement, may very tolerably explain the reafon Anhalty Lord Granhy^ and IVutgtnaUt to attack them on their re- treat; which they did with fo much vigour, that the enemy never attempted to form before them, but threw down their arms and ran off in the utmoft diforder. When major Wedderbeurne came away, there were fix colours already taken, eleven or twelve pieces of cannon $ many officers, amongft whom the Comte de Rouge^ and great part of the regi- ments of De Rouge, Daupbin, and Provence^ to the amount of three thoufand men. After having purfued them about a league, the duke ordered the troops to form upon the heights of JITiW^ Denckern. The he- reditary prince was ftill driving the enemy on their left. Prifoners and cannon were coming in every moment. It was faid, that the MarAial dac de Broglio commanded on the right of the Freficb army, oppoHte to the prince of Anbalt, Lor4 Granbjfj and Lieutenant General IVutgtnaut where his ferene high nefs wast n perfon. Major Wedderbourne adds, that this great victory was obtaine4 ^th Icarce any Iqfs on the part of the allied army. of . with 1761. 77fe History of the War. 461 of the advantages whith they fo often obtainec' after very confiderable defeats. This is a point which it is ntceflary the reader (hould continually keep in his mind during the whole narration of this ftrange war. After their late lofs and retreat, the French foon advanced again« The party under the prince de Soubife pafled the Lippe, and made difpofitions for the fiege of Munfter, whilft marfhal Brog- lio's army turned off on the other fide, croflcd the Wefer» and threatened to fall in upon Hanover. This divifion of the enemy compelled prince Ferdinand, though little in a condition for it, to divide his army alio. The hereditary prince pofted himfelf to cover Munller ; whilft prince Ferdinand continued in the country towards the Wefer, to obferve the motions of marshal Broglio. Whilft thefe various pofitions were mutually taken, as the armies were continually moving near each other, •a number of. very (harp (kirmifhes enfued. MarHijd Broglio cautioufly avoided a battle whenever he faw that the duke of Bruniwick, by calling together his troops, had prepared for, and was defirous of it ; fo that there was no way ieftt but if pofTible, to check his motions, and wear down his force, by reiterated lefler a&ions^^/ Thefe aSions were almoft (h) TranJIathn of Prince Ferdinand's Letter to the Marquis of Granby. " My Lord, Convent at Buhren, Auguji 6, 1761. I Think it my duty to acquaint your lord Hit p how much I ad- mire the valiant and brave conduct of lord George Lenox, with the picquets, and of major H^atjb^ with his battalions of grenadiers yeilerday in the attack of the poll and village of IVefien. I beg your lord ihip will be pleafed to fignify to them my molVgrateful acknowledgments, and that thefe two gentlemen would do the fame to the brave troops who were led on by commanders of fuch diftinguiihed valour. / have the honour to bey With the tnoft perje^ refpeS^ My Lordy ^c. Cn '/> 4^2 y/v HtsTORv 9f th War. 1761. almbft alwap to the advantage of our troops. In one of them however, the young prince Henry of Brunrwkk was mortally wounded ; and the whole army faw with July 30. regrvty the difappointment of fuch great hopes as were formed from the fifing gallantry of a prince, who fo nnbly fupported the martial fpirit of his fa- mily* and had fallen whilft he was emulating the heroic •Qions of his brother the hereditary prince and his uncle Ferdinand. On the other fide of Weftphalia, the prince de Soubife perfevered, notwithdanding Come checks in his defign of lay- ing fiege to Munfler ; there was great reafon to apprehend that he might fucceed in that enterprize, as it was always in Marfhal firoglio's power, by taking fome (leps on the iide of Hanover, to make it neceflary to draw away the greateft part of the force defined to the fuccour of Mun- fter. He therefore began to make the previous arrange- ments at Dorften* The Hereditary Prince, who knew that he was continually liable to be called off) took the Aug. 30. firft opportunity of attacking this place. A bat- talion of French troops formed its garrifon, and made a brave defence, but it was aflaulted with fo much re- folution andprefeverance, that they were obliged to furren- der prifoners of war. The prince totally deftroyed the ovens which Copy of the Marquis of Granbfs Letter to Major Walfby com- manding the fir ft Battalion of Britifb Grenadiers. «* S I R, Camp at Haarny Atigufl -j^ 1761. f YOU will perceive, by the copy of the letter I have the plea- fure to enclofe to you, how much his Serene Highnefs ad- minsd •• jur behaviour, and that of the firft battalion of grenadiers under your command, at the attack of the poft and village of Wefttrm^ on the 5 th. ** You will, therefore, according to his Serene Highneft's de- fire, teftify to the troops his extreme approbation of their diftin- SuiAied bravery and firmnefs, and iikewife my thanks in the Tongeil manner. / #«», iMtth thegreatefi regard^ $ir,-&c. G R A N B Y." n6i. Tbe HiiTORY o/tbf War. 463 which wer« eftabliAied hert* end by thti metnt not only fruftrated their defign of befteging Munfter* but compelled them> for a tinnie, to retire from the Lippe. At to prince Ferdin«nd» he few clearly* that the inten- tions of Marlhal Broglio were to make himfelf mader of his majefly'Sf and the duke of Brunfwick*8 territories. To at* tempt to follow him, and to beat him from thence* would only be irrecoverably to transfer the feat of war into thofe countries* and wholly to abandon Weftphalia to the enemy. Divei Hon therefore, and not dire6l oppofition, became his pbjed. He refolved, that as often as he perceived Marfhal Broglio making any progrefs on the fufpeded quarter, he (hould throw himfelf as far into HeHe as the enemy had ad* vanced towards Hanover, and by (lopping their fubfiitence, oblige them to quit their enterprise. This plan at drfk fu6. ceeded to his wiihes, and drew back Marfhal Broglio into Hefle, upon whofe approach prince Ferdinand retired to hit old quarters at Paderborn, and ready for a new movement as foon as Broglio fhould return to the 0€t. 19. execution of his former deHgn. Accordingly he foon returned to the Wefer. Then the Hereditary Prince, who had by this time rejoined the grand army, advanced into HefTe, and puihed to the fartheft ext- tremities of that country, even as far as Fritzlar; but tho* he fucceeded fo far in his attempts as to deftroy ail the lefTer magazines which he found in the open country ; yet as all the fortreHes were in the hands of the enemy, as the gar- rifons had been newly reinforced, and the grand magazines were well fecured in thofe places, he kept his ground in his advanced pofition. It was on this occafion principally that prince Ferdinand found the difadvantage of not being able to.form two armies, which might z&. feparately. For on one hand, Marfhal Broglio, when he had perfectly fecured his pods in HefTe, took a fituation in which he watched all the mations of prince Ferdinand, and kept himfelf in readinefs to fall back into Hefle, or to advance into Hanover, as might bell agree with his deflgns. From hence he fent out feme powerful detachments whicK^a£ked with great effe£t. One of thefe detachments entered the Harts Forefl (the remains of the great Hercynian, fo famous among the antients) and be- fieged the flrong caflle of Schartsfelts, which they took and demolifiied. Then they laid the whole trad of country under 464. The Hi STOHY of ibe War, 1761, under fevcre contributions. Another, and ftill more power- ful detachment under prince Xavier of Saxony appeared be- fore Wolfenbuttle, aconfiderable city, and ftrong. 0&. 5. ly fituated, as it is wholly furrounded by the Ocker. But the French, as they knew that the town is moAly built of wood, commenced their opera- tions with a very fierce bombardment. This had fuch an efFed, that the refiftance of the place was not proportioned to its flrength ; in five days it furrendered, and was fubjed, Ifke the r«(l, to a grievous contribution. Flushed with this I'uccefs, the French followed their blow, and advanced, keeping dill the courfe of the Ocker, to Brunfwick; and began alfo to inved that city. The reigning prince, unable to protc^ his fubjeds, or to fecure his perfon in his dominions, fled to Hamburgh, where he met the landgrave of Hefle, whom the rage of war had in the fame manner driven from his territories. This free city now became a place of general refuge, and enriched itfelf by the calamities, as it had in better times done by the profperity of Germany. It was lately computed, that the ftrangers there had increafed to forty thoufand, amongd: whom they could reckon two fovereign princes, and feveral 6.ther perfonsof the firA diAin£tion. This rapid and unrefifttd progrefs of the French to the eaftward of the Wefer, was to the hightd degree alarming. Prince Ferdinand, with all the expedition in his power, de- tached the Hereditary Prince to the relief of Brunfwick. This meafure fortunately faved that very important place. This afiive commander compelled the enemy not only to raife the fiege of Brunfwick, but to abandon Wolicnbuttle, and to make a precipitate retreat with the lofs of fome of their cannon, and upwards of one thoufand men. Whilft Broglio*s detachments proceeded thus in diilrefllng the country to the eaftward of the Wefer, the prince of Soubife, who, by the removal of the Hereditary Prince of Brunfwick to another quarter, faw no longer any thing ca- pable of oppofing him, jjpiead his army by detachments over all Weftphalia, and ravaged it in the mod cruel man- ner. They took Ofnabrug ; and becaufe the contributions were not immediately paid, they gave up the place to be pillaged by their troops, who rifled the miferable inhabitants without mercy. Another body pufhed as far as Embden. This important town was immediately furrendered by the garrifon 1761. 7'te HisTOKY of tht W Ate, 46^ garrifon (iwo Englilh companieiof inviilids) at thedefirc of tht timid inhabitanli, and the promifc of a favourable treat* ment : notwithOanding thb capitulation* and the merit of fo eafy a furrcndcr» the town, at well at the whole country of Ead-FricHandt waa laid under a ruinous contribution. But their exorbitances grew to fucli an extremity> that the boors were at length compelled to rife, and with fuch arms as a fudden rage fupplicd them* to drive thefe oppreflbrs out of their country. A more confiderable corps commanded by the prince de Conde» laid fiege to Meppeot a place on the Ems» of fome confequence* and where we had fome 0&. 1^4 magazines- In three days it was reduced, and the garrifoii of five hundred men were made prifoners of war. The city of Bremen was defended by a weak garrifon* This was a place of far greater moment than Meppen» the allies having amafled their immenfe magazines, as it was a great and trading town, advantageouily Utuated on the river Wefer ; and the pofleiTion of this place mud undoubtedly have given the French the command of that river, thro' which the allies derived all (heir fubfiftence. If the £ngli(h had loft Bremen, they muft have feen themfelves invefted and locked up in a barren country, in the heac( of Germany, furrounded by their enemies, and deprived of every refource^ Fortunately the inhabitants of this city proved as brave as thofe of Embden were timid. They were exafperated by the example of the French rigour, which they had feen oh every fide of them. They therefore joined the garrifon, inilead of difcouraging them in the defence of the place. The French were obliged to retire precipitately ; and a ftrong reinforcement was thrown into Bremen, to fecure that very important city from the like enterprizes for the future. - v^ Whilft the two French armies in this manner ravaged all -the country held by the allies, prince Ferdinand, who faw the rage of war fpread all around him, with his ufual firm^ nefs, kept that central pofition which he had taken foon af- ter the battle of Kirch Denckern; no movements of the ene- my could terrify or allure him from it. He had fettled his head ouartersat Buhne, and his army extended from thence towards Hammelen. Pofted in this nianner, he fecured the courfe of the Wefer, by pfeventing the eneixify from mak- Hh ing -J.-7- ; 466 7*^Hittt)Rt 9//jbf War. ' 1761. ing themfelf ei mafters either of HtifimehnMit Minden ; he Uy in the beft fttuttioti in which it wts poflTible to pUce a (Ingle army, that was to tL& againft two ; and knowing that he conld not foHdw thdr niovements with the body of his ■rmy» without hatardiitg.the king's eie6h)ral dominions, and iitdeed ev«ry objeft of the war, he contented himfelf with fending out (bch detachments as he could fpare, fuccefllvely fo the reN^f of the places which were attacked. He faw that the winter approached^ which had always been a cir- cumftance fayourable to htm ; and it was eviden*^ ^h: t whiifl he continped with his maiil body Immova'i ic as it Was, ahd bit detachments active on ever ^ar, 11 . as im- pofTible for the enenty to keep any of thuf^ iil.*^ t s, they had fcixcd in their incvrfions. ' "* '^; '. • CHAP. vr. t A,^. uii.Jr.itjA CondiHon 0/ the King of Pruffia, His irta^ion. Motiont 0/ thte Rt^ms and Laudobn. Btejlau cannonaded, Tottlebtn irmoited. Colberg hejiegtd, Rnfpim magazines in Poland deproytd. War trans ftrred to Pomtrania, King of Prujjia , ^uitt bis flrong camp. Scbweidnitz taken by a coup de main, *• General Platen reputed. General Knobloek made trifoner at Treptow. Prince Wurtenhurgb retreats, Colberg taken, Rttffhns winter in Pomerania, UNTIL this year the operations of the Prufllan armies tocA the lead in intereft and importance bevore all the other events of the war. The firmnefs and adivity of their illuflrioua moitarch, the number and animofity of his ene- mies, the bfows that he gate, and thofe that he fufFered, his diflrefKng and terrible falls, his amazing and almoft miraculous recover .t, hept all eyes fixed on his motions, as the great centre o^ \ 1 ' ittentior Undoubtedly nothing that has ever be* ■ '^P:*^ c* tl^e fce»ic of human affairs, at- iraded the minds of men to it with greater juftice ; none perhaps aflForded at once more entertainment to the Imagi- nation, and furnifhed more copious materials for po1itic;»l and military inftrndion ; and probably, therefore, this part of all our modern hiftory» will be the moft carefuHy ftudied by pofterity, when it comes to be properly known, and worthily written. To 1761. nden ; he plftce a wing that dy of his ntonS) and ifelf with icceflively Hefaw >een a cir- >h: r whilft ^\VAR. 4^^ 7(1 judge of th« importance of this branch nf the g«Mnll war, ii will be proper to rccollc£l thflt> Ix liiles a nvindbsrllf fiege "Wich wirt prolecuted, together v-iih ifiniimefable and bloody fl'"'rmi(ht», no lef» tfian nineteen pM^ed hattlcs* or c.pilal idttons, have been fought ofi his part flnce the clofe of the year 1756, whrn the King of Pru(Pa firft febcd upon SaxoD/i and nnade nn irruption info Bohemia. In eleven of thefe baltles, ihe king or his generah were det ^•- td. He was vidorioui only in eight. Ten ef th«m y e fought under his own command; und fcven out of tM flgh. vidories which were gained, were obtained bv himt*U fo perfon ; of the eleven defeats he was prefent only at tht «e From thefe circumftances fome jihjgment may be forr -ed of the afttvc and enierprizing charader of this lonar ^^ and of the amazing refource be had prepared, 0. forme , or feizcd, and in fome inftances, one may fay, atmoft >:rca»- ed. We have obferved that the UO campaign had tnda more to his advantage than the r ne precedinghaid done ; fo thofe two great viftories of Li^nitz and Torgau, wltf* which he then ended his operations, had not only rescued his affairs In Silefiaand Saxony from impend rngdeftru6lioA, but had enlarged his field for recruiting, and prepared l^nti, to all appearance, for more early and vigorous adion, than could have been expected in moft or the precedinj^. cifn*- paigns. But every one was furprixed to obferVe, thar this year he had totally altered the fyftem of his eonidtt6^. Ati inactivity and langour was diflFufed ove all his proceeding!. He feemed to ha^e adopted the caution and flownefs which had been fo long oppofed to his vivacity by Ma^fhaf DftiHi. The fummer was almcft wholly fpent, and the King ^f . Pruflia had fcarccly been mentioneti. It was not fufpefted that the propofcd li^goliatiort alt Augiburgh, could ha:ve had much, if any, influence upon hts method of proceeding. J^o particular p opoMs had been made concerning his affairs, nor indeed any other nwrks of a pacific difpofition towards him ihewn, except what were contained in thofe general declarations, which a regard to common decency had enaSed. It mud have afdded tot4TC anxiety of his fituation, that Great Britain and France were at that time engaged in a feparatc treaty, in which the lat- ter power was in a condition to n^ke fa itlany flatterrng of- fers in relation to Germany, that he might well have dread- ed the withdrawing of th fer, however alluring ; in fa€t it proved to be fo ; for in re- jewing the German neutrality, which the French propofed in the late negotiation, our country afforded as convincing a proof of an unfhaken public faith, as any people had ever given to their allies. However, whilft this point remained in any degree of fufpenfe, it would have appeared natural, that the King of Pruflia ihould make fome uncommon exertions t > confirm the faith of his allies, as well as to put himfelf upon a more refpedable footing at the enfuing congrefs. It is, notwith- . (landing, certain, that he contented himfelf with ading wholly upon the defenfive ; a condud, which perhaps his circumftanlces had rendered abfolutely unavoidable. Prince Henry commanded an army in Saxony, which intrenched itfelf (Irongly under Leipiic. Marflial Daun continued near Drefden; and thefe two armies did no more than watch each other during the campaign. The King was alfo in- trenched in a very (Irong poiition in Upper SileGa, not far from Schweidnitz, whilft the fortrefles in the lower part of that country were filled with fuch garrifons, as put them out of the reach of any fudden infult. This pofition was pointed out by the motions atid appa- rent defigns of his enemies. The Ruflian army was this year, as well as in the former, divided into two ftrong bo- dies ; one of which, led by Tottleben, direfited its march towards Pomerania ; the other, under Marflial Butterlin, en- tered into the Upper Silefia, advancing towards Breflau. Baron Laudohn entered that province in the part oppofite to them, and they propofed to unite their armies, in order to attack the king, or to take Breflau or Schweidnitz in his prefence. The remarkable drought in the beginning of the feafon, which had greatly lowered the Oder, facilitated their jun^ion. The Ruflians fpread themfelves over all the open country of Silefia; and exafted heavy contribu- Aug. I. tions. A body of them appeared before Breflau, and began to cannonade the town from feven bat- teries. 'Paudohn exerted the whole of his fkill to draw the king from his poft, and to engage him in a difadvantagcous s^inn. Sometimes he advanced, as if he meant to join the Ruflians: fometimes his motions indicated a deflgn on Schweidnitz; 1761. The HisroKY of the Wak^ 46^ Schweidnitz; thefe attempts failing, he turned off and made a feint as if he propofed to fall upon the Lower Sileiia, in hopes that he might at lead oblige the King of Pnsflia to detach and divide his forces; but the king continued im- movable in his poft. ' '' .-•' " ' ," '- ' ::P*^^ •W-^':'Jr' Whilft thefe various movenients were making with little eflfe^y on the fideof Siltfiaj the other grand divifionof the Ruflians advanced without oppofition into Pomerania; and it was expected that their proceedings would be attended with greater efFed fince the removal of Tottlebcn, and the appointment of general Romanzow to the command. Tot- tieben had been long fufpeded, and* it is faid, at length convided, of a fecret correfpondence with the King of Pruflia. The fituation of this monarch obliged him to fight with every fort of weapon ; and Tottleben, a foldier of fortune, without any national attachment or particular allegiance, was a fit objed for the King of Pruffia^'s pecu- niary flratagems. He did not fucceed fo well in the attempts of the fame kind, which he is faid to have made upon Lau- dohn. Every circumdance concurred to render the method of corruption lefs fuccefsful in that quarter. Cotberg, regularly befieged, or clofely ftreightcnedev^ry campaign, fince the RuiTians made themfelves mafters of the kingdom of Pruflia, was now aflaulted with greater and more determined force than ever. A (Irong fleet, confifting of forty fail of all kinds, blockaded it by fea, whilfl the army of General Romanzow formed the fiege by land. On the other hand, the place threatened a defence worthy of its former eflPorts. This city was from the beginningof the war of greater ftrength than it had commonly been reprefented; every attempt of i:he Ruflians, by demonflirating where any weaknefs lay, taught the Pruflians, who were fully fenfible of its importance, in what part, and in what manner it was neceflary to add to its works; and they had omitted no op- portunity. In addition to this defence, the Prince of Wur- ten burgh was ftrongly intrenched under the cannon of the town, with a body of fix or feven thoufand men. The King of Pruflia was extremely alarmed at the dan- ger of this momentous pofl, the key of his dominions to the north, from the relief of which he was removed, andt as it were, chained down, at fuch an immenfe diflance. Though Laudohn and Butter lin found abundant employ- H h 3 ment mm 3/!i« m ww'M »ip!: 479, 7>tf History •/•//&ke compelled them at once to fever |Ui« untQiPy fo latiely and with fuch difticuiy compafled) to drpp III) ti^eif defigns uppn Breilau, tq repafs the Oder* and to retiriB withoMt delay into Poland* left their reoiaining magazines (hpuld (hare, the fame fate with the three abover mentioned) and their fut^ire fubfiftence be thereby rendered wbpllj precarious. So unfortunately circumftanced were the afFairs of the King of Prudia, that his wifeft fchemes and happied fuc< cedVs cQttld hardly anf\ver any other ervd than to vary the fcene of hisdifirefs. The flprni which had been diverted fiom Silefia by General Platen's expedition, was only rc- rnoved from thence to be discharged with irrefiftible fury on Colberg. The Ruflians* >vhen they faw that the meafures the king had ti)ken, rendered the completion of both their defigns impna^licable, refolved at all adventures to fecure ene of them. Colberg was the obje<£lof their choice, not pnly as the place furtheft from fuccour, but as the pofleflion of it vvQuld be an advantage 6^ ted for anfwering thofe ends, 'which were rnort nearly and properly RuiTian. Mat dtal But- ^erJifi) therefore* as foon as he had eflabiifhed his convoys, • direded siii ■ ufeful utmqd 176 1. < : 7)6p HffiToRY of the Wah. , 4^1 directed his courfe towgrdi Pocperania, and being mafter pf Lanfpergf he fen t detachments from thence, that cruelly waded all the adjoining Marche of Brandenburg, without at the lame time diverting himfelf by thefe ravages from his main intention. A force of RuiTians was by this time afTembled in Pomc- rania» to which it was impofliblc for the King of PruiTia to oppofe any thing that was in any degree able to contend with them in the field ; of couffe he could not promife him- felf that immediate faiOng the fiege* could be the effied of thefe fuccours. AH he could do was to fend another detach- ment to that parti under General Knoblock; and hoped that by the union of thefe feveral fmall corps, and by their in- tercepting, or at leaft didre/Trng the Ruflian convoys of pro- vilion, the place might be enabled l^o hold out, until the (a- vere fetting in of winter £hou id render the operatiop$ of a fiege impra6ticabl«. v ..,v^., -.,^;, , .«,j ,..,,.,, j,.^ k.,.: '.»._' He was providing in this tpapner, and uudying new me- thods for the relief of Cblberg, to the danger of which place his whole attention was drawn, when an event happen- ed juft by him, and, as it were, under his eye, almoft as diflrefllngas the taking of Colb^rg would b^ve proyoi, and fo much the more diftreflTing^ as it was entirely uneypei^ed. On the retreat of the Ruffians under Butterlin, the King of PruiTia imagined himfelf at liberty. He found a want of provifions in his flrong camp near Schweidnitz, and to be the more eafily fuppiied, be approached nearer to the Oder. He was fo little in fear of the enemy* that on the makinethis movement he drafted four thoufandmen from the garrison of Schweidnitz : he thought that the preparations neceflary to a ftege, would give him fufEcient notice, and fuSicient lei- fure to provide for the fafety of that important place, from which, after all, he had removed but to a very fmall difliance. Laudohn, who through the whole campaign had watched the king with a moft diligent and penetrating afliduity, and hitherto had found no part open and unguarded, thought in this inAant he perceived an advantage. It was indeed anad- .vantage which would never have appeared as fuch, but to a general as refolute as fagacious. He refolved to attempt this firong place, by a coup de main. On the ift of Oftober, at three in the morning, the aflauk began. An attack was made at the fame time on all the four outworks which the troops, ordered on this important enterprize, approached :; , H h 4 with m '% 474 31&ff History 0/ the Wa». 1761. vith fo much precaution, that they were not perceived by the garrifon. They fcaled all the four at the fame time ; and the troops which defended them had fcarce time to fire a few'cannon (hot. On the fide of the aflailants, not a gun was difcharged : but in ore of thofe out-works the fire of the fmali arms fet fire to a powder magazine, which blew up, and on this occafion about three hundred of the Auftrians, and about the fame number of the Pruflians, were killed. As foon as the out- works were carried, they prepared to aflauh the body of the place, which they entered by burft- ing open the gates, and at day-break they found themfelves mafters of the town after firing a few (hot. Five battalions, making about three thoufand men, and lieutenant-general Zaftrow, governor of the fortfefs, were made prifoners. The conquerors found here a great number of cannon, and a large magazine of meal. Their iofs in the whole of this bold and fortunate undertaking amounted, by their accounts^ to no more than fix hundred men. In a manner fo unexpeded, and confidering the nature of the fortifications, fo unprecedented, Schweidnitz fell for a fecond time, in this war, into the hands of the Auftrians • and'that city, which, in the year 1758, had coft the Pruf- fians a blockade of fome months, and a fiege of thirteen days open trenches to recover it, was again loft in a few hours, and with a very inconfiderable damage to thofe who undertook this daring enterprize. ^ The King of Pruftia felt this grievous blow to the quick. By their polTefiion of Schweidnitz he faw the Auftrians en- abled to winter in Silefia ; he faw that whilft they held this place, he could poiTibly make no motion for the relief of any ^ other part of his dominions, without expofing Breflau, and along with it the whole of Upper Silefia, to a certain and irrecoverable conqueft. In the firft agitations produced by fo extraordinary and afFeding a difafter, he was difpofed to attribute this misfortune to the treachery of the governor, but he was too generous to harbour fuch a fufpicion, for anytime, againft an officer 'who had hitherto ferved him with fidelity, and who rnight have been fufprized with an attack of fo uncommon a nature, and which the king him- fclf had as Utile fufpeQed as the governor. He immediately recovered his temper, and faid with a fmile, «« It is a fatal «* blow ; we miift endeavour to remedy it." He wrote to General Zaftrow, who commarided there, ** We may now fay, ti ime time : wrote to 1761. ^ The HiaroKY of ibeW AK, 473 ** fay, what Francis T. of France, wrote to his mother af- *< ter the battle of Pavta, fVe have loft all ex€*pt our honour. ** As I cannot comprehend what hath happened to you, I <* (hall fufpend my judgment; the thing is very extraordi- «« nary." Schweidnitz was loft fuddenly ; but Colberg made a moft obftinate and noble defence. At length, however* the gar- rifon began to be forely diftrefTed for provlHons. General Platen quitted the intrenchments, which he had maintained in conjundion with the prince of Wurtenburgh, in order to cover the reinforcements, which the numerous and ftrong detachments of the RuiTians* who overfpread the whole country, had hitherto kept at a diftance. But he had the misfortune to meet an infinitely fuperiorbody of theenemy, to be beaten, and to lofe part of his convoy ; and it was with difficulty heefcaped with the remainder to Stettin. The other (General Knoblock) had edahliihed himfcif at Treptow, which was to ferve as a reding place for the con- voys; but as General Platen had beenrepulfedjin the man- ner we have juft feen» Romanzow advanced with a large force to Treptow. Knoblock, hopelefs of afliftance in a town which had fcarcely any walls, and invefted by a body fo vaftly fuperior, yet made a vigorous and gallant defence for five days; he was at length compelled to furrender him- felf and his body of about two thoufand men prifoners of war. Thefe fucceffive difafters were occafioned by the necefllty there was for reviftualiing Colberg, coft what it would, for that end, of difperfing the Pruflian troops in the face of a Ruflian army of fifty thoufand men. The revtSualling in thefe circumtlances could not be effe^ed without a fmgular piece of good fortune ; and, in order to get into the way of this good fortune, every rifque was to be run. Thefe advantages over Platen and Knoblock raifed the fpirits of the Ruffuns, and enabled them to contend with the extreme rigour of the feafon in that northern latitude ; they pufhed the fiege with redoubled efforts. All hope of a fupply from the land was abfoluteiy at an end ; and though the Ruffian fleet had been by a violent florm driven oflT the coafl, the fuccour from the fea was too precarious to be de- pended on. In this defperate fituation the prince of Wur- tenburgh became apprehenfive, lefl his army, which had t)epn unable to relieve the town, by delaying any longer under m. W (I ;tr" li i ■ . j 474 Th History r|,' , ,i And now Colberg, hopelefs of all relief, the Dec. 16. garrifon exhauAedi provifion low, the fortifica- tions in many places battered to pieces, after a long fiege of near fix months, furrendered to the RuiTians. The governor and the garrifon were made prifoners of war. This place was defended by the gallant Heyde, who, to this time, had maintained it fuccefsfully againft all the efforts of the Ruffians during the war ; and as he was didinguifhed by the king his mailer, for his merit in the fuccefsful de- fence of it, he had likewife as full alFurances of bis favours after having on the late occaHon conduced himfelf with his former bravery, though it was not with the former good fortune. The lofs of two fuch places as Schweidnitz and Gilberg, at the two extremities of his dominions, was decifive againft the King of Pruflia. It was now impoflible for him to make any movement by which the enemy could not profit ' to his almoft certain deftru£kion. To form fieges, with an army like his, inferior in the Held, was impoffible. The Ruffians, by poffeffing Colberg, poffeffisd every thing. They were mafters of the Baltic ; and they now acquired a port, I by which their armies could be well provided, without the neceffity of tedious, uncertain, and expenfive convoys from Poland. The road lay almoft open into the heart of Bran- denburg. Stetin alone ftiod in their way ; but it was ob- vious that nothing but the 'advanced feafoa could fave Stetin from the fate of CoiL*erg. The Ruffians, now for the firft time, took up their winter quarters in Pomerania. It is remarkable, that this whole year pafled without a regular battle between the King of Pruffia and any of bis enemies, yet none of the mod: unfortunate of his campaigns had been fo ruinous to him. He had fuffered four terrible defeats, without having balanced them with a-fingle ad- vantage of confequence in the campaign of 1759. Yet in thefe circumftances it is almoft incredible how little he really loft. He was able to take the fi^Id again the enfuing year, in a very refpe£table manner* and to make head againft his >;.aiJ- enemies. 1 761. The History of the War* 475. cncmiei. In that year he loft a whole army near Landlhut ; dill he was far from being broken. Afterwards, in that fame campaign* he gave his enemies two ilgnal defeats, andend* ed his operations advantageoufly, and with great glory. But in the year, of which we now write, without fulifering any confiderable blow in the' field, without any (Iriking efforts on any fide, his power has gradually crumbled away. Th« mod calamitous defeats could not (ink him lower. And in the fituatton in which he ftood after the taking of Colberg, we may fafely fay, that there was fcarcely a pofltbility that he could be preferved from deftru£tion by any thing that lay within the reach of human endeavours. ,>'i ci't CHAP. vn. '.'l^; T'be negotiation refumed^ Frittcb concejfiont. Difference con- cerning the Gerfnan alliance. Difference concerning tbt captures antecedent to the declaration of war. treaty breaks off. Meffievrs Stanly and Buffy recalled^ /< ■>> AFTER having been fo long detained on the theatre of war, it is time we (hould return to take a view of the negotiation for putting an end to the miferies it occa- fioned. In reality the view, even of this fcene, was very gloomy and unpromifmg. The confidence and good hu- mour of the two courts being fubverted, all that followed was rather an altercation than a treaty. It is true, that pa- pers pafTed backward and forward ; and the pretenlions of each party, the points they agreed to cede, and thole which they were determined to adhere to, grew more diftin^ and explicit. But all that cordiality was vaniihed, which is fo neceflTary towards fmoothing and clearing a road, which a long hoilility had broken up, and fo many intricate topics had contributed toembarrafs. Without involving ourfelves in the detail of the feveral memorials which were delivered in, and without referring numerically to the feveral articles, it will be fufHcient that we briefly date thofe points which were, or feemed to be, in a fair way of adjuflment between England and France | and afterwards thofe on which it fhoutd appear that the negotiation broke aif. After fome difcu^ons concerning its proper limits, it was agreed, that all Canada ihoukl be ceded to the £ngli(h. Thift 1' .'ii i T 1':; i 476 Tbe History of t be W A tL. ifGt. This ceflion comprehended, on one Me, all the iflands and countries adJQJnine to the gulph of St. Lawrence. On the other, it took in all the great iflkcs, and the whole courfeof the Ohio, to its difcharge into the Miififippi. A territory fufficient for the bafis of a great empire. In drawing this line of divifion, another queflion arofe concerning the hounds of Louifiana, and the Hate of the intermediate Indian nation between the lakes and the Mif- fifippi, who inhabit, or are rather fcattered over an im« menfe country, that lies along the back of our colonies all the way from Penfylvania to Georgia. It was therefore very proper that fomething definitive fhould be fettled on this article, as it might otherwife eafily be made produ£live of a new war. England propofed that all thofe nations ihould continue, as (he contended they had heretofore been, under the proteftion of Great Britain^ without faying any thing precife as to the dominion of the foil. ; France controverted this propofition ; (he, on her part, propofed to divide thefe nations; that thofe to the north- ward of the line drawn to afcertain the limits of Canada ihould be independent, under the protedion of England, but that thofe, which were to the Ibuthward, (hould enjoy the fame independence, under the protedion of France, No- thing was perfedly fettled in relation to this point; but it does not feem as if there could have been any material dif- agreement upon it, had the other matters in debate been adjufted to their mutual fatisfadion. The African conted feemed to have been attended with dill lefs difficulty. The French confented to give up both Senegal and Goree, provided Anamaboo and Acra were guarantied to them. The momentous queftion of the fi(hery was likewife de- termit ed. The French gave up their claim to Cape Bre- ton and St. John's, and were fatisfied to receive the little ifland of St. Pierre on the coaft of Newfoundland; but even this they were to receive on conditions fufficiently humiliat- ing. They were to ereft no fort of fortification, nor to keep up any military eftabii(hment there. An Englifh com- miiTary was to refide on the idand, in order to fee that thefe ftipulations were adhered to As to the reft, the French were to have the fame privileges on the coaft of Newfound- land, checked with the fame reftri6tions, which before the war they had enjoyed under the 15th article of the treaty of Utrecht. iK 1761. Tbe History of the Wak. 477 Utrecht. In conformity to another grticle of that treaty, and in compenfation for the privik of the 6(h«ryy they confented that Dunkirk fliould be dcmoliflied. Concerning the iflands of Giiadaloiipe, Marigalante, Mi- norca and Belleifle, no great controverfy had rubfinied from the beginning. It had all along been agreed* that thefe conqueils (hould be reciprocally reflored. Neither did the French fcruple to adopt our propofal concerning the affairs of the Ea(l-Indies» nor to make latisfadory declaration con- cerning Oflend and Nieuport. So many delicate and intereding points wcrefettledi that it does not firfl appear what it was that could have retarded the peace. A difcuiTion of the feparate intereAs of two powers only, that are in earned to agree, may be fettled without any very confiderable difficulty. The hard and al- mod inextricable part of the knot, is that wherein the crcfs concerns and intereds of allies intervene. There were two points upon which, if we may form a judgment from ap- pearances, this negotiation unfortunately broke off. The fird was upon the manner in which England and France might be at liberty to alTid their refpe^tive allies; and on the reditiition of Wefel, Gueldres, and fuch other places as the French had conquered from his Pruflian majedy. On the fird member of this principal point, the repeated propofals of France for a neutrality in Germany, had been uniformly and pofitively rejected by our adminidration. They were confidered as fo many attacks upon national in- tegrity. This fcheme, therefore, not being admitted, they would or could come to no agrtement> and fcarcely to an intelligible explanation either of the mode or the quantity of the aflidance which they fhould be at liberty mutually to impart 10 their German allies, or of the place in 'which fuch fuccours fliould be employed. As to Wefel and Gueldres, the French obdinately refufed to redore thofc places. They declared that fuch a ceflion would be dtre£lly againd the faith by which they were bound to the Emprefs Queen of Hungary, for whom they infided that thefe places had been conquered, and in whofe name alone they were governed, though they had been reduced by the French arms, and were at that moment held by French garrifons. As to the fecond point, namely, the rediturion of cap- tures made previous to the declaration of war, Khe negoii- aiing ■'jli ''I' m I' m I4i3 m \iV, If! ♦'iii If 'K- 478 The History of tbe Wak. 1761. ating powers were equally pofitif e* the one to demand, the other torcfufeit. The Engiifh argued that this claim had no fort of foundation in the law of nations, neither was it grounded on any particular convention. That the right of •II hoftile operations refults, not from a formal declaration of war, but from the hoftilities which the aggreffor has fird offered ; that the contrary of this propofition is at leaft ex- tremely conteflible ; and fmce, it can by no means be clear- ly eftablifhed, it follows that the detainment of thofe cap- tures muft be confidered, on the fide of England, as part of the uti pojfidetitf originally propofed as the bafis of this treaty. France, on the other hand, reen>ed as folly convinced of the juftice of her preienf ons, and fhc deemed th€ argu- ments with which ihe fuf ported them to be fo unanfwer- able, that (he oBvred to fybmit them to the juftice of the Engli(h tribunals. They urged that this claim of reftitution was founded on the law of nations^ and upon particular convention ; by the 19th article of the peace of Utrecht ; and Ify the fecond article of the treaty of commerce j and that this was ftrengthened by the third article of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which renews and confirms thofe articles in the j^receding treaties. By thefe articles a protcftion is allowed to tl>c refpeftive fubjeSs who may have fhips in the ports of either of the powers, becaufe having no opportunity of knowing that a rupture is fallen out, they failed under a fecurity of peace, and under the faith of treaties. By a parity of reafoning, the (hips not aflually in thofe ports, ought to enjoy the fame fecurity ; clfe, as they are included in the fame parity of cir- cumflances, it would follow, contrary to the principles of humanity and right reafon, that the fovereigns had ^fOvid- ed for the prefervation of one part of their ^ubjefts from the rriiferies of a fudden rupture, to which they expofe the reft. The particular conventions of thefe treaties, they faid, had their foundation in general equity and the lam^ of nations ; fince, as it is impra^icable for bdligerent ftatts to agree amongft themfelves which is the agreflTor, it is proper that the fubjefts (hould receive previous notice of the rup- ture, in order that they may be able diftin6l:ly to know when they arc, or are not in fecurity, or when they may, or may not rely on the treaties which fubfift betwee*. their fove- reigns* • - Thefe 479 great no au- i*j6t, Tbf History oj thtVfkm.. Thcfe topics were, as ufuali bandied to and fro wii heat and little eflfed ; and as in fiich diicufllons th ments on botlv fides are plaufible, and there can be thorifed judge, the weight of the feverdl pretenfions com- moniy depends upon the power of the parties to enforce them. On thefe two points, therefore, the renunciation of German alliancesi andthe reftitutionof capturesi the negO' tiation from the beginning was at a (land ; and on thefe at length) to all appearance, it finally broke o(F. . w« . Not but we are fully fatisfied that the difagreement even on thefe points might have been only the odenfible caufe of the rupture. The true caufe of the breach feems to have been the unfeafonable interpofition of the Spanifh claims. For could France be fuppofed in good earned to defire peace» that is, to defire fuch a reafonable peace, as her circum- (lances might demand, when (he officioufly mingled, with our particular debate, the affairs of a foreign and neutral power, which had not the, fmalled connexion with thofe that were at this time properly under deliberation } It was ridiculous to urge, that this was done from a prudent fore- fight, and to prevent a future war, which thefe difputes might poffibly occafion. The bufinefs was to put an end to the war which then a6kually fubfided ; and nothing could be farther from a(ri(ling this defign than to increafe the fub- je€ls of debate. France muft be fenfible of the weight of this argument, who herfelf propofed in the very beginning of this treaty, as means almoft neceffary for carrying it on with eflfeC^, that their particular difpute (hould befeparated from thofe of their German alies, with which it certainly had a more natural connexion than with thofe that fubfided between England and Spain ; as all the former parties were then engaged direftly or indireftly in the war, to which Spain had then no manner of relation. The Knglifli miniftry finding the French immovable on the two capital points above-mentioned, and having no opi- nion of the fincerity of their procedure, fent dire6lions to Mr. Stanly, to return to England, and to defire that Mr. Buffy (hould, on the part of his court, Sept. 20. receive the fame orders. An end was thus put to this negotiation, (from which Europe had conceived fuch fanguine hopes of the alleviation of its miferies) after it had continued near fit months. So far indeed it was from pro- ducing the happy efFeds that ware propofed from it, fb far was !i* • 480 The History of the War. 1761. was it from appealing the animofitics of the powers originaU \y engaged, or from extinguifhing the old war, that the parties leparated with intentions more hoflile, and opinion) more adverfe than ever ; and the war was foon fpread to a much greater extent b^ the taking in of a new party, anJ may pofllbly fpread, fttll more widely, by laying open ne«v fources of contention which may gradually draw m other powers, and finally involve every part of Europe. It wa- alfo a means of producing changes in England, which at ^ time of lefs tranquillity, and in circumflancesof lefs inter- tial Arength, might have been produdive of the moft fatal confequences. But thefe matters are referved for the fub. jed of the enfuing chapter. The leading negotiation in London and Paris being thu:* broken off, that which was propofcd at Aug(burg never took place. CHAP. vni. Condufi of Spain during the negotiation. Spanifb minijler^s memorial. Treaty between France and Spain. Difference in the Englifb miniflry. Mr. Pitt r it was only neceHary to continue our prefent efibrts; no new armament would be ne^eflfary ; and that if any war could provide its own refources* it muft be a war with $pain. That their flota had not yet arrived* and that the taking of it, would at once difable theirs, and ftrengthen our hands. This procedure fo fuited to the dignity of the iiation* and the infults it had received, would be a leflbn to Spain, and to every other power, how they (hould prefumc to dilate in our affairs, and to intermeddle with a menacing mediation, and an officioufnefs. as infidious as it was auda- cious. That he would allow our enemies, whether fecretor declared* no time to think and recollect themfelves. Thefe fentiments, fo agreeable to the refolute and enter- prifing chara6ler of this minifter, appeared (hocking to al- mofl all the red of his collegues. They admitted that we ought not to be terrified from the aflertions of our juft de- mands, by the menaces of any power. They owned that Spain had taken a very extraordinary and very unjuftifiable ftep ; but tl^a,t we ought to admit and even to wi(h for, an e?i:plan^^ion ; this court upon a fober yet fpirited remon- iikrance, might recall that rafli propofition into which they had been perhaps unwarily fc^duced by the artifices of FranQe ; that to fhun war upon a juft occafion was coward' ice^ but to provoke or court it was madnefs. And, if to coyrt. fl war, was not in general a very wife meafure, to de- uce it with Spain, if pojlibly it could be avoided, was to overturn the mod fundamental principles of the policy of both, nations. That this defire of adding war to war, and enemy to enemy* whilft we had our hands already as full as they could hold* and whilfl: all our faculties were drained to the utmbilvpitch* was ill to calculate the national flrength of our country* which, however great, had its limits, and lyas not able to contend with all the world ; that whilft we were calling for new ei)^raies* no motion was made of new lollies, nor indeed of any new refource whatfoever. To plunge into fuch n\eafures, in the manner propofed, and upon no better grounds, could not fail to fcandalize and alarm all Europe ; and we could podibly derive no advantage from this pre 1761. Thf: History f//ip War,. 481 time of (b»t ddtberatioil, it itlighA be expe6)«^ to be&fe in its harb^iff ; nnd perhapi if w« could fuocecd in drifting • it, >ve might perform a fervic« not very agreeable ta neutral nations, and ad lit tit advantageous to our owri coihmtfce. If Spain, biiod to h«r true interefts, and mified: by French countiU, (bouldgive in a moredeciiive manner into thede«* figns of that court, and obftinajtelf refufe areafonable fttif** fa^ion, it would be then' the true time to dieelaefcairary.ivOien all the neighbouring and imptfitial powers wftfeiooAvinioadi that wealed with asmneh tcmjpetasrefblutton^^abd when every thinliiin^ man ;at home fliouldibf ^fatisfied j!that hefwtf pot hurried In t(» the hit^ards add enpenccs t»f w^r^. fvofp ain idea of chimerical heroifm, but from inevitable ndgnfiity ; »nd that in ftlchlAr.^ide we migh^-^^f^**^ ^P^^ ^^ uthnoft fupport which the. nation cduld giv^; to Aniadnainidrkdion that dfpftnded upon! its flfengthy and yet dreaded to iiiir^tt it wfuntonly, Of .toiMnploy it tinjciliy. The miniAtr wtarmed })y Ihis oppofitioo^ dedared that,, "^fi^lThis wis the !tiraei>^ <^ h\jmbling the 'wholf houfe of ^ Boacbon ; that: j|f this of^ T«rctL)iaiBd << if lie could not prevail in this inftance, he was refolved that this was the lad time h e woul d fit in that council . He thanked IheminllTersoF the latencingToflheir fup- port; fai4h«iWAsh}fttffi^l«d'ilo44(e fBii^i{^ib]t^]rhe voice of ithe.pifiDplei to^whuom htncdnfidered hjmfdf tA accourttayeipr-his cotidu6^;<«indith9t he wputd qef{kmfibl(g f^ « meafto^eihetv^SnolOhgeifaHti^^ togui^e.*' ' ' » >'v » The noWe terdv'whd pi#tfdd^'ilA ihW cotihcil, tb .WfiotA years h*«^fe added t^fe'Wi^bfti''^,iB5spfe^^^^^ the vigour ahdj fire of 11^^^% ; ^od jyho was himfejf gp bol^ a miniileras e^r.difeffcedthejii^ff^Jr^ of tiiis oatioi^ ,ma^ him this reply :** I find the gei^t^qo^n is determined to " leave us, npf c*n t i'ay Il»m forry f"or it, fmce he would <* otherwife havecsrlainly compeiledusto ieaVchim; botiy <* if he be refolved to afluroe the right of adviiing h^ ma'- *< jefty, arid dire£liing the operations of the wat^ to #hat «< purpofe^arf Weeaflled tothis conncil? Whetf he tilk* ^ :-..,... • ^u The reader will obferve thftt ttigether ^A-fth thbfc iriat- ter8»' which' lift ve been publiftied, relative to this very im- portant delijbenltion, with ibme appearance of authenticity, weliave added fiich arguments as have been agitated among the people; a liberty necellary to place the matter in its full lighti Mr. Pitt and Lord Temple, adheringto their firft opinion^ and?ltavrng:delivered their reafons in writing* reiigned their employmenfs* This reiignatbn feemed equal to a revolu- tion in thciftate. An univerfal alarm wasfpread; a thou- fa-il)d rumotirs flew abibad^ and the (irft fuggeftions were, thatahis^reat minifter, ehdeavouring to avail himfelf by his fifmiiefsia negotiation oi: the advantages heliad acquired I vl-M.'r'^^^ ■- : .^''t; >;;?■:• !,:r .•:! ;c:: ::■.-.-. by :j;jfja.: .uov : -n.. 1 » < » •: '(a)' was oppofed by the whole council who were refolved to have a- peace at any rate, and that this oppofition had driven him to refign the feals. But the true caufe of the refignation very foon came out ; and oikr this point a violent confli£t enfued, in which the popuUl^' caufe was worfe fuftained, and the minifterial better* (thatr IS) with greater effed) than is ufual in fuch difcuflionsK Some circumdances contributed not aiittle to this fuccefs. When Mr. Pitt refigned the feals, the great perfon tQ whom they were delivered received them with eaie and firmnefs, without requefting that he (hould refume his of- fice. His majefty expretTed hi& concern for the lofs of fb able a fervant ; and to (hew the favourable fenfe he enter- tained of his fervices, he made hini a moft gracious and un- limited offer of any rewards in the power of the crown to beftow. His majefty at the fame time exprefled himfeU not only fatisfied with the opinion of the majority of his council, but declared he would have found himfelf under the greateft difficulty how to have z6ted, had that council concurred as fully in fupportihg' the meafure propofed by Mr. Pitt, as they had done in rejeSing it. A fentiment (in the light in which his majefly cbnfidered this meafure) grounded upon the firmed principles of integrity and ho- nour, and which mufl raife the higheft veneration for hit royal charader, not only among hts own fubjeds, but a- mongfl all nations, when they fee a power, which has fo little to fear from any human effort, fo very fearful of the leaft infringement of the flriSeft and mofl critical rules of juftice. Mr. Pitt was fenfibly touched with the grandeur and condefcenfion of this proceeding. * I confefs* Sir, I had but too much reafon to expert your majefly's difpleafure. I did not come prepared for this exceeding goodnefs. Par- don me. Sir) — it overpowers, it opprefTes me.' He burfl into tears. We are far from an attempt to add any colouring to fo exquifitely affeding a pi^ure. We are indeed far from be- ing able to do juflice to perhajps one of the mofl pathetic and elevated fcenes which could pofllblj^ be difplayed, the parting of fuch a prince, and ftxh a minifler. The next day a penfion of three thoufand pounds a year was fettled on Mr. Pitt for three lives, and at the fame time a title Was conferred upon his lady and her ifTue; a penfion • .- \' 113 - the i(.,«*'ii "i^n -I 4g(S The Hiz'tfCiRy df the War. 1761. tHe b#ft b«ftowed, and al DobHity the moft honourably acn ifiade the Erft articles ) the honours and rewards fM iMXt 'f and they were followed by a letter' from oiir am*i liilSltdtir in Spiaifly contatni«g. an account of the 'favourable «fid {MCffio language of that court, and of the ftrong afTu- ranC6« they gave of .k defire to accomnuxlate all differences ffi an amicable manner. :..( oai /^ni^ir^-j n:'i ,jivi k ffiuft be owned that this nianoeuVi^e was very (kilfully etecvted. For it at once gave the people to underftand the ttut motive W the refignation ; the infufHciency of that trtOtive^ and the gracioufnefs of the king, notwithfl^anciing the abrupt departure of his minifter. If after this the late Diinifter fhould choofe to^nter into oppoHtiony he muil go i^to it loaded and oppreiTed with the imputation of thd tlickeft ingratitude; if on the other hand he (houKd retire frdm baflnefS) or (hould concur in fupport of that admini-» Ar«tk>t> which ht had left, becaufe he difapproved its mea- IUt-d> hi$ aequicfbence would be attributed by the hiultitudp to i bargain for his forfaking the public, ^nd that the title iAd the penfion wete the ^onfiderations* . . Thth were the ban^if r' that were oppofed againft that Hi^rXred lAotive ** until this occafion. Mr. Pitt has had the freed fcppe for ** the exertion of his genius ; he was, perhaps, the' only ** £ngli(h minifter that never met with the ftighteft oppo- *< fition ; he has had the treafures and the forces of the na- << tion at his moil abfolute command; let him, in his turn, / li4 "do • <'ii .^i^il 488 Tti HiSTioiiY of the War. 1761. << do that juftice that has beien done to him; let him, if " the favours of the crown ^onAitutjs no obligation, be '* bound at lead by the rules of equity ; and if he will not « partake in the condud of the prefent mod intricate and ** difficult bufinefb of adminiftratipn, let him not render *< it ftill more intricate and more difficult bjr his oppo- <( htion; and let him not ftudy to find a juftification of «« his meafures, from the ill fuccefs of liiofc whom he has ** left, when that ill fuccefs will be owing to his own de- " vices." Thus far the points feem to haVe beei) urged with pro- priety and weight. A torrent, however, of tow and illibe- ral aQufe was alfo poured out on this occafion (a J. His whole 4.V (a J A Utttr fr^m tit Right Hon. Mr. Pitt, to a Ptrfin of Bmi- j, , s ,• '*"*(* *^ tbi City. J>tar Sir, fjondoHt OQoher 17. FINDING, to my great furprize, that tfie caufe and manner of my refigning the feals, is grofly mtTreprefented in the city, as well as that the moft gracious and fpontaneous marks of his ma- jefty*8 approbation of my ferviceSf which marks followed my re> iienation, have been infamoufly traduced as a bargain for my for- faking the public, I am under a neceility of declaring the truth of both theie fa£ts, in a manner which I am fure 110 gentleman will contiadi^ { a difference of opinion with regafd to meafures to be taken agafntl Spaing of the higheft irfiportance to the honour of the crown, and to the mpft eflential national interefts, (and thjs founded on what Spain had already done, not on what that couf t may farther intend to do) was the Caufe of my refigning the feals. I>ord Ttmplt and I fubmitted in writing, and fjgned by us, otir moft humble fentiments to his majefty, which being over-ruled by the united opinion of all the reft of the kine's fervants, I refi^ned the feals op Monday the 5th of this inonth, in order not to remain refponAble for meaiuresi which I was no longer allowed to guide. Moft gracious public marks t^ hi** majefty's approbation oi my fervices foijowed my reHgnation : They are unmet ited and unfoii- cittfd ; and I (hall ever be pro^d tp have received tbein from the beft of fovereigns. I will now only add, my dear Sif, that \ have explaiped thefe matters oniy for the honour of truth/ not in any view to court re- turn oftcon^denfc ffpm any mi|n, who with a credulity, as >veak '"■''.-' '■ -l'-, ■ 'v^ ■ / ■ ■■ ■: \. ■ .j^ ■#; •\ 1761. fhf H18TORV of the War. 489 whole life> public and private, was fcrutinizcd with the ut« moft ipalignity, to fiirnifli matter of calumny againft him. The fuccefles of his adminiftration were depreciated ; hit faults were monftroufly exaggerated^ and the rewaids and honours fo juflly conferred on him by his fovereign* were* hy every trick of wit» ridicule, and buflpoonery* converted into matter of degradation and difgrace. Without prefuming to take any part in a controverf/y which (however unequally) divided the royal council, or without entering into the fentiments of any fai^ion, which we have always (hunned, we may affirm with truth and impartiality, that no man was ever belter fitted than Mr, Pitt, to be the miniftcr in a great and powerful nation, or better qualified to carry that power and greatnefs to their utmoft limits. There was in all his deigns a magnitude, and even a vaflnefs, which was not eafily comprehended by every mind^ and which nothing but fuccel's could have made to appear reatpnab}^. If he was fometimes incorre£^, he was never vulgar, . ,. t^aui - His power> as it was not acquired, fo neither was exer- cifed in an prdin^ry manner. With very little pailiamenta^ ry, and with lefs court influence, he fwayed both at court and in parliament with an authority unknown before, to the bed fupported minifters. He was called to the minidry by the voice of the people ; and what is more rare, he held it with that approbation ; and under him, for the (irft time, admini(lration and popularity were feen united. Under hiiii Great Britain carried on the moil important war in which fhe ever was engaged, alone and unaflifted, with greater fplendour, and with more fuccefs than' ihe had ever enjoyed at the head of the mod powerful alliances. Alone ihjs iiland feemed to balance the rcil of Europe. Ii) the cppdu^ of (he w^r h^ n^ver fu^er^d the enemy to -.,„:^.^;: ■-..,.. . -z^, . ...... . .,.: breathe. a^ it is injurious, has thought fit haftily to withdraw his good opi- nion, from one who ferved his country with 6deh'ty apo fuccefs ; and who juitly reveres the upright and candid judgment of it i little foliciious about the cenfures of the capricious and ungene* rous: Accept my fincereft acknowledgments for all your kind fni^qdil^p, and .believe me ever with truth and efteemi ■3:f! 4^ Jear Sir, your faithful friend, td^e. 490 The UisroKY of th Vf AR, 1761. breathe, but overwhelmed them with re-iterated blows, and kept up the alarm in every quarter. If one of his expedi- ttoiw was not fo well calculated or fo fuccefsfully executed, fimends were made by another, and by a third. The fpirit of the nation once roufed, was not fuffered for a moment to fubfide i and the French, dazzled, as it were, by the multitude and celerity of his enterprifes, feemed to havfe loll all power of refidance, In (hort, he revived the mili- lary genius of our people ; he fupported our allies ; he ex- tended our trade ; he raifed our reputation ; he augmented our dominions ; and on his departure from adminillration, left the nation in np other danger than that which eveir muft attend exorbitant power, and the temptation which may be, to the invidious exertion of it. Happy it had been for him, for his fovereign, and his country, if a temper lefs auftere, find a difpofition more pradicable, more compliant, and conciliating, had been joined to his other great virtues. The want of thefe qualities difabied him from ading any otherwife than alone: it prevented our enjoying the joint fruit of the wifdom of many able men, who might mutu- ally have tempered, and mutually forwarded each other; and finally, which was not the meaneft iofs, it deprived us of his own immediate ferviccs. / ' *> • ' Thole who cenfured his political condud: the moft fevere- 1y, could raife but few exceptions to it ; none of them (ing- ly> and perhaps, the whole united, of no great weight againft ft perfon long engaged in fo great a fcene of a^ion. '*' Whether the part, which under his adminiAration we rather continued to aft than newly took, with regard to the affairs of Germany, be for the real intereft of Great Bri- tain, is a queftion of the utmofi difficulty, and which per- haps will never admit a fatisfaftory folution. To condemn him on this head we muft be fure of this folution. It has been obferved in favour of that contefted meaifure, that France demonftrated, through the whole progrefs of the late treaty, the moft earneft defirc, that we ftiould abandon the German connexion; no trifling argument, that our enemy did not look upon it to be extremely prejudicial to our intercfts. If he has carHed on that war at a vaft expence, a prodigious ftand has been made againft the entire power of France ; bad lefs been expended, the whole expence might have been loft. How far this part of his conduft was agreeable ip, his fprmer declarations, is a difcuftion which » " " can 1761. ' The HjsTORY oftbi War. 491 can avail but little. He found the nation engaged in thefe •i?airi } it was more eafy to pufb then) forward} than to extricate himl«lf from them; as he proceeded, he difco* verva oy experience the advantages of that plan of aClion* Ahd hit opifiion was cbMged. But eten admitting) that, to attain the ends of oppofiti- on, he had on The oondua 0f Mt. -Pftt Whien the parltaiVient met, ifk which he ittade his own juftification, without impeaching the conduct of any of his coileagues, or taking one meafure that might' (i^em to arlfe f^dm difguft or oppofition, has fet a feal upon his chara^er. X''** • " ; >' '. Lord £gremoiit was appointed to fucceed hiiti as Secre- tary for tht f0utHern department. , , Difputt mOitb Sptfrt, ' Atpi4fitttation df the earl of Briflol Dif^ofitim of the court of Madrid. Treaty between Francv .{!• 0ui 'Spain. England defires a communication. Court cf K Spoilt i^f$fte. Tb& minifies mutually withdraw, A rut^ :ot turd, ■■■ ■ .<;U£^:i!^tJ'^?-' ^^'-'^^ -' '-'/^ T'HE tkYifbrtuniiti InlerVcntion of Spain in the late ne- gotiation, raifed fe many dii^culties, and created fo «> much !! m '.y *^ 492 72>ff History o/ /i&^ W A B. 176?. much mifchief both abroad and at homci that it becomes an xra in this hi(lory» and it is neceflfary we Ibould purfue that objeid from the point *t which we left it* td its final and fatal determination. The anfwer which had been received from the Spanilh ininifter in London was far from b^ing fatisfa'^ory to our court. Orders were immediately given to the tarl of Brif-. tol» our ambaflador in Spain, to remonftrate with energy and firronefs on fo extraordinary a proceeding i to adhere to the negative put upon the Spani(h pretenfioos to fi(h at Newfoundland ; to reft the article of difputed captures, on the jufttce of our tribunals; to continue the former profef« fions of our detire of an amicable adjuftment of the log- wood difpute; and of our willingnefs to caufe the fettle* ments on the coaiT of Honduras to be evacuated, as foon as ever his Catholick maje(ly (hould fugged a method for our enjoyment of that tiamc to which we had a right by treaty, and which was further confirmed to us by repeated promifes from that court. At the fame time that the earl of Bridol was authopfed to proceed with that fpirit, which the offended dignity of our court required ; and to bring Spain to a categorical and fatisfadory declaration, concerning her final intentions; yet if he perceived on her jpart any intention to; difavow or even to explain away this ofrenfive tranfaflion, he .was rea- dily to accept it, and to afibrd to that court as handfome a retreat as poiTible. The letter whiqh conveyed thefe in- ftru&ions was written by Mr. Pitt, and dated on the a8th of July, a few days after the fatal memorial h^d been delivered byMr. Bufly, The earl of Briftol pundually obeyed thofe orders. He found General Wall, the Spanilh minifter, much in cold blood, and in very equivocal difpofitions. He heard with great patience the proper and e^ergic reprefentation that had been very ably made by the earl of Briftol. He ap- plauded the king of Great Britain's magnanimity in not fuffering France as a tribunal, to be appealed to in his dif- putes with Spain; and declared, that in the propofition which had been made with the confent of his court, things were not confidered in that light; alked whether it cou'd be imagined in England, that the Catholic king was feek- ing to provoke us in our prefent mod flourishing and; moft fx^Jted ijtuatjon, and after fugh Jl ftrk^ of profperous events i76t. Tbe HisTonY of tie War, 493 as no fingle nation had ever met with ? He valued* and re- ciprocally returned, our frequent profeflions of frieadfliip and our defire of amicable adjuOment. But tbefe faVoara- ble demonftrations were accompanied with fome circum- ftances) t^it had a very menacing appearance. For in the 6r(l place, he declared that at that time the utmofl iiarmo* ny fubfifted between the courts of France and Spain ; that in confequence of their perfed agreement, there was a mu- tual unreferved communication of every flep taken in their feveral negotiations with England; that France had even offered to aflid Spain, in cafe the difcuflion$ fhe had with us'ihbdid grow into a rupture; and that this offer was con- fidered in a friendly light. Such an intimate Union of a third .power with one of the parties at war, forebodes no long duration to its friendship, or even to its neutrality with the other. If Spain juftified the proceedings uf France, and owned herfelf concerned ih them, it was but One, and that a fliort, ftep toa jundion with her. Jf'* • [ -i' anrwo!t». /vr ,{J As tb the three matters in difpute, the Spanijfh minifter refolutety adhered to them all ; aJnd as to thc5 liift (that cf the logwood) he obferved, that Great Britain had offered them nothing, but what they had long fince been tired of, treaty and negotiation ; that this matter had been already fully difcuffed; and that on this head Spain had given the itidft convincing proofs of herdefire to be on the bed terms with England; for in the beginning of this war, before England had grown terrible by her fucceffes, when their American governors had endeavoured to diflodge the En- glifh from fonne new edablilhments on the coafl of Hondu- ras, they had, at the complaint of our court, in order to take away Jill caufe of miftruft, ordered the governor to rle- fift from fo juftifiable an enterprize. That on the offer of England on this occafion to fettle matters in an amicable manner., they chcarfully agreed to that method. But that fix years had elapfed without their receiving the lead faiif- fa£tion. Trhey even alledged -that the Englidi encroach- ments on their coads in that; tii^e increafed. In this manner the Spaniards vindicated the form and the matter of their proceeding: they fliewed no fort of difpofi- tion to relkx from their claims ; but at the fame time they no longer infided on blending together the feveral difcuffi- ons; and they profeffed in general, though not very warm terms, » de%e of continuing in amity with us. . With re- .•^■:&r^i' gard I. I "'■>. 494 7'be History of ibt Wa». 1761. gird to the matter in difpute, the pretennoni of both povr* cri ftood in thii podure throughout the whole difcuflion ; except that they were urged with tnore or lefs afptrity» ac- cording to the Bu^uating difpofition of the court of Spatn* which Teemed to reft upon no fure and fettled principles. There were probably two fa^ions in her councilif whof as they aliernateiy prevailed, changed the language and counte- nance of the SpaniOi minifter. However, Tor fome time the afpe£t of things continued on the whole td be rather fa- vourable ; and even an exprefs declaration was at length made, that Spain had been, at no time, more intent on cultivating a good correfpondence with us. But ftill the French intereft filently gained ground at Madrid ; the con- iidental communications of that court with Spain; her af- fe3ed moderation in the treaty ; the dangerous srcatnefs of England; the common intereft of the ho^fe of Bourbon, every part of which muft fuffer, both in its digntry and fafe- ty, by allowing the principal of its branche«^ to be pruned to the qujtfkt thefe points were urged with contiitual folici- tation; and they aflfured the Spaniards that even the iigi* ing an allisnce between the fovereigns of the two nations, would intimidate England, already exhaufted by the war* and apprehenfive of loCing the valuable commerce flie car* ried on with Spain. Thefe arguments and fuggeftions at length prevatledj and a treaty was figned between the two courts, the pur- port of which was to preferve from oppreffion, and to main- tain the intercfts of the houfe of Bourbon. This alliance was of a nature the more dangerous, as it tttrned upon fa- mily not national intereft, and becaufe not ftating exa&ly its objeds, it might be made juft of what exteiit they plea- fed. We make no mention of any other treaty than this, of itfelf fufticiently alarming, becaufe whatever fufpicions may be entertained, there is no certainty that any other has been concluded between tHofc powers. France had obtained in this treaty almoft alt that ftie aimed at; by it ftie entered into the clofeft connexion with Spain ; this conne6^ion did not indeed feem dire£tly of ne- ceffity to conclude a breach with England; it led to it how- ever, almoft inevitably. At fiurft the whole tranfadion was kept a profound fecret ; the inferiority of the marine of Spain, and the precarioufhefs of their fupplies from America, in cafe they came to a prefent rupture with £lngland« obliged vv'>. them 1761. I'he History of the War. 495 them to this temporary rcferve. France to^ik care that this treaty fliould not tranfpirc until the negotiation was broken off} and Spain, whilft (ht was under thefc apprehenfioni, exhibited thofc occafional proofs of a pacific dirpofitba^ which we have jud now feen. But as foon as France ha4 lod all hopes of concluding the negotiation in the manner (he had wiihed, and had failed in the ul'e (he made oi the intervention of the claims of Spain, flie circulated with great induftry a report, that Spain would immediately declare again(t Great Britain, in confequcnce of a treaty lately con- cluded among the Bourbon courts. ., \,. . u^ . England found that thofe boafls of the French were too confidently made, and too generally believed, to be altoge- ther without foundation. In confequence of thefe appre- henfions, orders were fent to Spain, to demand in the moft moderate terms, but in a manner not to be evaded, a com- munication of this treaty, or at lead a difavowal that it contained any thing to the prejudice of Great Britain. But before thefe orders could reach Spain, lord Bridul had him- felf received intelligence of the treaty, and of the hopes, which the French made no fecret of their deriving from that fburce. He therefore thought himfelf under a necefTity of defiring fati$fa6^ion from the SpaniHi fecretary of ftatc concerning it. Upon this application there appeared on a fudden fuch & change in the countenance, language, and fentiments of that minider, as indicated but too fully the juftnefs of the fufpicions that were entertained. The Spanilh flota wa» now fafely arrived with a very rich cargo ; the French arras had made a confiderable progrefs in the king's electoral do- minions; the fuccefs of the Imperial arms was no lefs ftrik- ing; the reafons for their former (hew of moderation no longer exifted. They therefore gave a loofe to thofe move- ments which they had atherto concealed. M. Wall, eva* ding a dire£t anfwer, entered into a long and bitter com- plaint, not only of the treatment which Spain had received from us, but of the haughtinefsof our late proceedings with France; that it was time for them to open their eyes, and not to fiiffer a neighbour, an ally, a relation, and a friend, any longer to run the rifque of receiving fuch rigid laws as were prefcribed by an infulting conqueror; that we were intoxicated with our fuccefles; and a continued feries of- victories bad elated us fo far* as to make us reje£t the rea. ^ A fonable 49^ TbgHtstok^ofiJife'Wktii i which her policy had perfuaded her to afTume ; the fecrctary, M. Wall replied, ** That ** the fpirit of haughtinefs and of difcord, which DftciCU ** didtited this inconflderable ftep, and which for ... ... " the misfortune of mankind (lili reigns fo much in the ** Britifli government; is what has made the declaration of " war, and attacked the king's dignity ; and that the Earl " of Briflol might return when and in what manner was ** convenient to him." 'f /.. r? f ., The Earl of Brittol parted from Madrid the 17th of De- cember; and thus was brought on a rupture which has prodigioufly extended the operations, and confequently the miferies of war, and threatens to prote£fc them to a very lung duration. Europe unfortunately found herfelf plunged into the gulph of a new war, at the time (he hoped to emerge from the old one, and by the very means which were ufed to draw her out of it. A point of honour alone feemed to have been the lad and immediate ^ caufe of the breach; but-whoever has diligen^y attended to the Spanifh aflPairs from the memorial prefented by Buify to the ^nal anfwer delivered by Wall, will _ fee that the motives were, however ill underdood, of a much more ferious and impor- tant nature. As the two powers had now come to extremities, and the Englifh ambafiador had departed from Madrid, the Spanifh minifler alfo quitted London ; but before his departure he left a paper, in the nature of a manifefto, of very little im- portance in point of argument, but filled with invectives, charging the war on the haughtinefs of the late Englijll^ minifler, and on the little refpefb with which his court had been treated, both during the adminiftration of that minifler, and fince his relignation. That had the purport of the treaty been defired in a manner lefs offenfive to the dignity of his mafler, it might as eafily have been obtained, as it could have been juftified ; for the treaty, which was be- lieved to have been figned on the 15th of Augufl, contained only a reciprocal guaranty of the dominions of the feveral branches of the houfe of Bourbon, but with this particular reflriftion* that it fhould only extend to the dominions which fhall remain to France after the prefent war. It mufl be remarked that, this paper, whilfl it pretends to fct forth the purport of a treaty dated the i $th of Augufl, does noj deny the exiflence of any other treaty, which K k might "i ■ 498 7> perfevere to the very Uft moment, in the 1761. at Britain. [he utmoft iai of lord )n; as this r wc treat ion the af* f. ■■. • ,* ' ■. • Ijjti:- / . '.' ' Fteet dif- furrtnders. oguVs army \gal depofed* ing. Dotni' i^'^*»n<§evra(h, .vitionof il^-icrry was 1 to our ene- ■rong*v forti- r the caphal It is fituated m our fcttle- ifpcrity it ri- jlcndor ; and ;alth was left i in war. iportant place leht perfeaiy French, the \t land forces niral Stevens. e on account ted ; and even have proved ^ny army that iccfoftrongly an officer able fo prejudicial , as in cffeft t moment, »n the 1 761. Tife History of the War. 4^9 the defence »f the laft (lake, which the French had left in India. The blockade being therefore chofen as the mod eligible for the time, was continued with the bed dirpofitions, and the moft extraordinary patience on both fides, for full feven months. In this time the garrifon and inhabitants fufFcred foreiy by famine. Colonel Coote, in order to augnMnt their diArefs, erc^ed batteries at a diftance, not with n view of ruining the walls, but to harafs the enemy by on increafi b':?:^':'-!' ^y; ^i-iu-i ■ At length when the weather appeared fettled, four batte-* ries were raifed at fome diilance to enfilade the (Ireets of Pondicherry, whilft others were advanced nearer in ordef to play upon the works. Thefe operations, though the fiege was not yet formally undertaken, commenced on the !26til of November, 1 760; but as the feafon of the rains and wind! was not yet quite over, much was fuffercd from ilerms, which ruined the batteries and approaches. They wert however always repaired with the uttnoft alacrity and fpeed^ and the (iege fuffered no intermiflion. So that the befieged^ who eagerly expected the arrival of their Beet to their reliefy were reduced to the moft extreme diftrefs. They lived on camels, elephants, dogs, and cats. The extreme fcarcity and dearnefs even of this wretched provifion, increafed their mifery. Sixteen roupies (half crowns) had been paid for the flefti of a dog. < •> ^^ ^ h In the midfl: of this diilrefs their hopes were fuddenly re- vived, and thofe of the beliegers, notwithftanding the pro- grefs they had made., almbft totally depreffed. On the firft of January 1761. one of thofe terrible ftorms, fo frequent in the Indian fea, and fo ruinous, drove the Engliih fquadron from before Pondicherry. Two fhips of the line were wrecked, and their crews, with the exception of two or three men, entirely perished. Two others of the fame clafs were driven aihore, and beat to pieces. The men forttt<. nately efcaped. The real damage which our fleet fuftained on this occafion, together with the idea of a far greater* fuggefted by their own defires, and juftified by the violence of the ftorm, elevated to the higheft pitch the fpirits of the garrifon, funk by difeafe, famine, fatigue, and an unirtter<- rupted train of adverfe fortune. General Lallv feeing the port clear, fent an exprefs without delay to the French a- gent in the neighbouring neutral fettlements, that this was Kka the 500 'The History of the War. 1761. the lime to throw in fuccours j he feemed fanguine and full of vigour. The letter, whitli was interc«^plcd, is printed below (a)i as it may tend to furnifh fome idea of the cha- ra£ter of this finguiar man. But admiral Stevens, and thofe who commanded under him, exerting themfelvcs with unparaiieled diligence and ce- lerity, {appeared again before Pondicherry, in Icfs than four days after the dorm, with eleven fhips of the line and one frigate, and the blockade wus as complete '.»s ever. No fuc- cours had been thrown in, and admiral Stevens, in order to prcveht the ill impreiTion which the late difafter might have occafioned, fent a meHage to the neigh. ouring Dutch and Danifh fettlemems, of the good conditioi. and flrength of the remainder of his fleet, and aflured them he would make prize of fuch veflels as he found infringing the neutrality by attempting to fupply the enemy. Notwithftanding this mortifying difappointment, Monfieur Lally made no propofal to furrender. I'he iiege was carried on with redoubled alacrity ; and at length a large battery being advanced within four hundred and fifty yards of the rampart, a breach being efFe6ted, and not more than one day's provifion of any kind remaining, a fignal was made for * ■'■■,) «*,ii i,iij {a) Tranflation of an intercepted letter from general Lali/, to M. Rayniund, the French rsftdent at Puilicat, dated Pondicherry, y //&tf 2// 0/ January, 1761. Mr. Raymond, THE Englifb fquadron is no more, Sir; out of the twelve fhips ihey had in our road, feven are ioft, crews and all ; the four others difmafted j and it appears there is no mere than one frigate that has efcaped ; therefore don't lofe an inftant to fend us chelingoes upon chclingoes loaded with rice ; the Dutch have nothing to fear now ; befides (according to the law of na- tions) they are only to fend us no provifions themfelve.^, and we are no more blocked up by fea. The faving of Pondicherry has been in your power once alrea- dy ; if you niifs the prefent opportunity, it will be entirely your fault ; do not forget alfo fome fmall chel'ngoes : offer great re- wards: I expeft feventeen thoufand Morattoes within thefe four days. In fliort, rifque all, attemp* all, force all, and fend us fome rice, fliould it be but half a garfe at a time. /' ' ^ ' .;•'. '"■" . ]i.'> :\ ' Signed, LALLY. 1761. y/v History fl//^(f War. 501 for a ccflation of arms ; the principal of the Jefuits, to- gether with two Civilians came out, and offered terms of capitulation. The governor prcferving all his haughtinefs, which neither his errors nor misfortunes could In the leaft abate, declined to offer any terms; he Jan. 15. font out a paper full of invef^ivcs againft the Kng- lifli, for the breach of treaties relative to India ; he alledged that thofe breaches difqualified him from propofing any terms ; and in confoquence he rather fuffered our troops to take poffcflion of the pi ice, than formally furrender it. As the governor refufed to capitulate, the propofal of the in- habitants was little regarded, and the city of Pondicherry, with a garrifon of about fourteen hundred F.uropean fol- diers, a vail quantity of military ftores, and great richesj was given up at difcretion to our vi^orious arms. "i*'!^ 'i'^ Nothing can bt fiid too highly of the condu/^, perfeve- rance, and unanimity of the land and fea fervices during a tedious fiege and blockade of eight months, in a climate fo unfavourable to all military operations. Colonel Coote gave the final biow to the French power in India ; he was now indifputed mafter of the rich coaft of Goromandel j the French power was wholly extirpated; the neutral nations were contemptible; the princes of the country confidered us with an awful regard, and nothing but a little French fettlement on the coaft of Malabar, called Mahie, (and which was foon after reduced) oppofed our commanding the whole trade of that vaft peninfula of India from the Ganges to the Indies, the moft extenfive and profitable fphere of commerce in the world. Whilft every thing was giving way to our arms in the fouthern parts v it was to Mr. Law lie attributed the redudion of feveral contiderabl'^ provinces to his obedience. Elated with thefe fuccefTes, Law perfuaded him to turn his arms againfl Bengal* which had not acknowledged him; it was a rich and flouriOiing country, and the pofleflion of it, would undoubtedly contribute more than all the reft, to iif t him on the throne of the Moguls. Here, unfortunately for him* the evil genius of Law impelled him to encounter again with thofe arms, by which the intereft of his country had been before ruined in this part of the world, and which indeed were thofe only, from which he had a great deal to fear. Sha Zaddah entered the kingdom of Bengal) at the Inead of an army of eighty thoufand Indians, and fomething more tKan two hundred French. The French fupport was more prejudicial to his title in the eyes of the Engliih, than any other objedion, and as they were now become the arbiters of crowns in the Eaft, they joined the Nabob of Bengal to oppofe his progrefs* About twenty thoufand blacks, fupported by five hundred Engliih foldiers, formed the army againft him. A major (major Carnac) commanded that body* whi h engaged, and totally routed an army offoiirfeore thoufand men, com- manded by the Mogul in perfon. That prince was taken prifoner ) Mr. Law was alfo taken, and the party of French adventurers difperfed for ever. It is not yet known with certainty, in what manner they mean to difpofe of their captive monarch. It was fome heightening 10 the fatif- fa6^ion of this great event, that it happened on the fame day in which the French agreed to the furrender of Pon- dic berry. A little before this, JafRer Ali Cawn, the Nabob, who, In 1757, had been placed in that dignity, by General Clive, not' 1761. Tbe HisroKY of tbeWAK. 503 notwithftanding the terrifying example of his predecefTor, by his weaknels and mifgovernment, drew on himfelf the hatred of his fubjeffcs, and loft the protedion of the Eng- liih. But as his ambition was the feebleft of his pa.lions, he confented quietly to quit the throne. The revolution was effeded without btoodflied, his fon-in-law was appointed in his room ; and as the vhole tranfa£tion was with the .on- fent and co-operation of the Englifli governor Vanfittart, the old pri 'Jeges of the company were confirmed, and new were acquired : the Engli(h in Bengal, were become neccf* fary to the government of that country, and every change produced foniething to their advantage. It is certain, that the period of this war in the Eaft-Indies, has been marked by as many ftriking events, uncommon cir- cumflances, and Hngular reverfet of fortune, as any that have happened from the time of our knowledge of this part of the workl. It can hardly be faid, that this feries of profperity was interrupted by the fuccefsful attempts of the count d'Eilaign. This l^'ely adventurer, with the command of no more than two V. binary frigates, had, in 0£tober 1759, taken smd def- troyed the Englifh fettlen^ent of Bender-Abafli, on the Per- fian gulph ; he then (Iruck over to the ifljtnd of Sumsitra, where we carry on our mr^ confiderable commerce in pep- per ; and before the en^ jf the following April, reduced Bencooien, the principal iettlement, and all the reft of our forts and fadories on that ifland, which made a defence al- together as unworthy of the reft of our conduct in India, as that of the count d'Eftaign was fuperior to the eflRorts of hh countrymen in that quarter. This bold adventurer, how- ever, could rot derive fo much honour from the vigour of his enterprize, «s difgrace from having made them againft the moft facred law cf arms : if what is faid is true, that he was at the very time a prifoner upon parole. In America, the iiland of Dominica, one of thofe iftands called Neutral, but which the French had fortified and fet- tled, was reduced by a fmall armament under Lord Rollo, and Sir James Douglas. North America was perfeSly quieted by & peace with the Cherokees. Colonel Grant re- duced them to this neceftity, by penetrating with great courage and perfeverance into their country, and deftroying 6fteen of their towns, and almoft their whole harveft. tiki Kk4 THE ,*a ».;»« ANNUAL REGISTER: tt,->iltnT-{Lv3*»Ki i'f t R, 'i .!.>. ; J ''I.iU H I S T O R Y O F T H E \.... , . * For the YEAR 176a. ■■■■'■■ V- :,< 1 ■ f ■' ■ ' - I * , S ' I ^ . . . 1 (J f 1 hi ■' 'n^i^fi. t*. -»*.»*-M' U C HAP. I. ." ■<'>'>«.''^' vu !*■ •• • iVa/^ of Europe in the beginning of this year. Ill Jf ate of the • Britijb alliance. Condition of the northern powers. War *■ reaches to the fouthern. Family compail. Spie articles ;i from it. Obferuations upon them. Confequences of this ^ treaty to Europe. War declared againjl Spain. State of Spain and Great Britain at the beginning of the war be- tween them. Advantages and difadvantages on each fide. THE clofe of the year 1761,. left the affairs of all Eu^ rope, both military and political, in the mod inte- refting fituation, in which they have Aood, at perhaps any period of our modern hiftory. The endeavours which had been made to bring about peace amongft the belligerent powers, ferved only to increafe their animofity. And at the 1762. The History of the War, 505 the fame time they brought into light and exertion, thofc latent motives and difpofitions to war, which had long lurked in other powers under the veil of neutrality ; and had only been kept down fometimcs by irrefolution of temper in per- fons, and fometimes by want of fyftem in politics. Thefc ineffeQual endeavours for peace, produced alfo many oc- cafions of quarrel and debate, that were abfolutely new. Mo the north, there was no appearance of relenting in any one of the powers engaged. It was not to be expected that the confederacy, which had held together fo long, and under fuch difficulties and difappointments, (hould now break to pieces, juft at the moment when the dates which compofed it, feemed in a condition to reap the mature fruits of their unanimity and perfeverancc. The King of Pruflia was not in a (late cither to allure or to intimidate. Great Britain could not increafe his fubfidy, nor reinforce his ar- mies. The allied army in Wcftphalia played a defenfive, and, on the whole of the campaign, a lofing game ; and there was nobody fo fanguine as to think that Great Britain could increafe her ftrength in Germany, where (he paid aU ready one hundred thoufand men, and expended five mil> lions annually. Although nothing feems more certain in a general view of the political fvftem, than that the King of Pruflia is not the natural and neceflary ally of this nation ; yet his fortune neither was, fince the beginning of the war, noi' is it now a matter of indifference to us. The late Mr. Shippin was of opinion, that the power of France was become an objeft of much lefs terror flnce the growth of the power of Ruflia. But he never imagined it poflible, that all the great continental powers of Europe, (hould ever be united with France; and that they (hould » >nfpire to load her fcale inftead of balancing it. He ne- ver could forefee, what has actually happened in this war, that this very power of RufT.a could co-operate with France, and even with Sweden ; and what is full as extraordinary, that both thefe latter could co-operate with Auftria, to def- troy in effefl: thefyftem, which had been eftablifhed by the treaty of Weftphalia ; that fyftem, which it had been the great drift of policy, and the great obje£t of war to both France and Sweden, in the laft century, to eftabli(h and to ppnfinn, and to the houfe of Auftria, »i, UM'i*'-\l I) i 506 Tit^ History tf//i># War. 1762. The deftru£^ionof the King of Prufllii, Teemed to include the dcftrudion of the treaty of Weftphalia i becaufe he ii the only power in the cmpirei capable of aflerting the inde- pcndencv of its membcri, and fupporting the declining credit of the ProteAant caufe. The total ruin of Saxony* with fuch ctrcumdancet of unpardonable cruelty by that prince bimfelf* and the ex- hauHcd (late of all the other Proteftant memberi of the em- pire* have narrowed that intered more and more* to the fingle object of Pruifia. Ai this intereft wai (irft formed in the empire, fo its condition there cannot fail of having the moft fenfible influence on all the potentates of the fame communion. Even in this light* England had an intereft that the King of Pruflia ihould not be entirely cniflied by the prevalence of a combination, compofedin lo extraordi. nary a manner, that its fuccefs muft ncceflarily produce a total revolution in the fyllem of Europe, and draw on a feries of confequences, which, though it is impoflible to particularize, muH: have undoubtedly been of the mod im- portant and alarming nature. But there was an intereft yet nearer to us, the fate of our own army in Germany, which could not furvivc the deftriic tion of the King of Pruflia for an hour. Thefe circum- ftances rendered the profped of the campaign in Germany very gloomy ; as there was no fort of ground to fuppofe that this prince, upon whofe fate fo many important interefli immediately depended, could hold out to the middle of fummer. JBefides, Denmark (hewed no favourable difpo- fitions towards us ; and Holland difcovered evident marks of coldnefs, if not of abfolute alienation. Such was the dif- pofition of th« powers in the north. The fouthern powers of Europe, whofe total inconnec- tion with the caufes, and whofe great remotenefs from the feat of war might appear fuflicient to enfure their tranquil- lity, began to enter into action with a fpirit equal to that of any of the partie«, who had from the beginning aGted as principals ; new fewel wat heaped upon the Are of conten- tion, which had waded fo many nations, juft as it feemed to be on the point of expiring. That alliance between the branches of the hoafe of Bour- bon, of which we have fpoken laft year, and which is fo well known by the name of the Family Compafk* is one of the 1 76a. The History of the War. 507 the moft extraordintry tranfiflioni of this, or, perhaps, of any time* It has already produced fomc eftc6is anfwcrable to itsdefign} it may produce others ftill more important ; and on the whole mud be confidcred as an event of the moft cxtenfive, la(lU>g, and alarming influence. The treaty 0? Viennai in 1756, between France and Auftria, has certainly contributed> not a little, to give that new turn to aflPairs, b^ which almoft all the difcourfes, that have hitherto been written on the intcrefls of princcsf are rendered erroneous, and of little ufe in future tpeculations. That treftty, however, though it feemi entirely to have dif- jointed the anticnt fydem of alliance, by which France was formerly counterpoifed, may, poflibly, not be fo much ft lading change, as a ttmporary and excentric deviation from the fpherc in which the houfe of Auftria had former- ly moved, and into which it feems fo fuitable to her natural and permanent intered to return. The Bourbon compa6^ is of a different nature ; and it feems to have at length pro- duced that entire union between the French and Spanifli monarchies, which was fo much dreaded on the death of Charles 11. and which it was the great purpofe of the treaty of partition, and the war of the grand alliance to prevent. We have feen it take place in our days, comparatively with very little notice ; fo much greater is our prefcnt (Irength ; or (o much greater was the apprehenfion in thofe days, than the danger of the actual event in the prefent. It was a bold pufli in France to attempt, and an uncom- mon fuccefs to procure, towards the clofe of an unfortu- nate and difgraceful war, an alliance of this kind. France could not have expected from the mod fortunate ilFue of her affairs, an advantage fo great as that which (he derived from her uncommon didreffes. It is feme time (Ince the jealoufy of her power has began to abate. But in fa£fc her fecurity) and probably too her power, will be greatly in- creafed by this very circumdance. Indead of forming fuch an obje£i as alarmed mankind, and againd which all Eu- rope ufed to unite. The is herfelf become the centre of an alliance, which extends from the northern to the fouthern extremity of Europe; and (he was, in this war, a£tua)ly united with Ruffia, Sweden, Audria, the Empire, Spain» and Naples ; to fay nothing of Denmark, with which diA had alfo feme connections. With h'- W(m yiXm II 5o8 The History of the War. 1762. With other nations, however, her ties arc comparatively flight : but the engagements of the Bourbon compad, form rather an a£^ of incorporation than an alliance. It contains ftipulations hitherto unheard of in any treaty. By the 23d and 24th articles, the fubjcQs of the fcvcral branches of the houfe of Bourbon arc admitted to a mutual naturaliza- tion, and to a participation of fuch privileges and immuni< ties, as if they were natural born fubje£ts of the countries of their refpe£live fovereigns. The direft trade to America forms the only exception to this comprehenfive communi- tive of intercAs. The tenor of this artkle is of infinite confequcncc to the general trading intcrcft of Europe ; all the ftates 'of which, by the 25th article of the fame alliance, are excluded from any profpeft of obtaining fimilar ad- vantages. This forms a civil union in almod the ftriQeft fenfe ; the political union is even more perfeft. By the ift and i6th articles, the two monarchs of France and Spain, agree to look upon every power as their enemy, which becomes an enemy of the other ; that a war declared againft either, (hall be regarded as perfonal by the other; and that, when they happen to be both engaged in a w^r againft the fame enemy or enemies, they will wage it jointly with their whole forces ; and that their military operations fhall pro- ceed by common confent, and with a perfect agreement. By the 26th article, they agree reciprocally to difclofe to each other, their alliances and negotiations. By the 1 7th and 1 8th, they formally engage not to make, or even to liften, to any propofal of peace from their com- mon enemies, but by mutual confent ; being refolved, in time of peace, as well as in time of war, each mutually to eonftder the interejis of the allied crown as its own ; to compen- fute their feveral lojfes and advantages ^ and to a£i as if the two monarchies formed only one and the fame power. The King of the Sicilies, and the infant duke of Parma are comprehend- ed in this treaty. Here is the model of the moft perfeft confederacy. There is but one reftriftion to the extent of this fcheme; but this particular reftriftion is a key to the whole treaty ; as it {hews, in the moft fatisfaflory manner againft what objefil: it was principally direfted. For by the eighth article it is provided, that Spain ftiall not be bound to fuccour France, when ihe is engaged in a war, in confequence of her en- gagements 1762. 7be History of the War. 509 gagements by the treaty of Weftphalia, or other alliancei with the princes and ftatcsot Germany and the north, uiiUJt jome maritime power takes part in tboje wwr/, or France be attacked by land in her own country. This exception of the maritime powers indicates fMfficientiy, that the tenden- cy of thjis article is to afFe£t Liigland, and ferves to point out clearly, though obliquely, to the other powers of Eu- rope, that their connection with England is the greut cir- cumdance which is to provoke the enmi'y of Spain. ^*' ■'' It fhould feem that this treaty alont , '^htn once its true nature came to be difcovered, if no other caufc exited, would have been fufficient to juftify Great Britain in a de- claration of war agai .ft a monarchy, which had united it- felf in fo intimate a manner witii her enemy, that it was rendered impofllble to diftinguifi the one from the other. In this point, however, prude. 'ce was n inttrpofe, andcir- cumftances todire^. It was not iher ^ore, until every at- tempt to bring Spain to a clear de .-is-ation of pacific in- tentions had been tried withr^t fuccefs, in t' e manner we have already leen, that wa> \visa£tually declared againft her. This declaration was iinade, on our part, in London, the 2d of January, of the prefcnt year. Since Great Britain was a kingdom, (he never was in fuch a doubtful and dangerous fituation; for at this time we were engaged, diredly or indlre6lly, in a war, not only with all the great continental powers, but, what is more material, with the moft confiderable part of the maritime ftrength of Europe. According to the ordinary computations, the navy of Spain confifted of more than one hundred men of war ; and though the French navy was greatly reduced, it be- came of confiderstiH-M when added to the Spanifh. Great efforts were made to render it refpeCkable. Several com- munities in France engaged to fit out men of war at their own expence , and in general that whole people felt, after having been funk under a long defpondency, a momentary glow of hope and animation from this alliance, fo powerful in its real ftrength, and in its principals fo flattering to the national vanity. The glory of their royal houfe, was, on this occafion, united with the fafety of their country. They were reinforced by the moft cordial amity of a power un- touched in its refources of men, money, and ftores ; whilft Great Britain was exhauftedof men by her many viftories, „ ... . -..,- ^ and ii *0' •n I i'i t V '-'I' m 510 The History of t/jeWAtL, 1762. and her refources were finking under a debt of more than one hundred millions. Befides a rude (huck had been lately given to the fydem of the Englifh minillry» which might be fuppofed, in fome degree* likely to afFe£t public credit. The part which Mr. Pitt might finally take, and the confequences which might refult from his adions, were extremely undetermined ; nor was it at all clear, what degree of harmony and real confi- dence continued amongft the feveral parts of the fubfiding adminidration. All thefe confiderations could not fail of infpiring France with great confidence. Great Britain, under thefe circumftances, hadr however, fome things in her favour. The hope of plunder which always attends a Spaniih war, difpofed the minds of many towards the prefent ; and was fure to call forth a very vigo- rous exertion both of public and private ilrength. This circumftance alfo infured the fupplies. » With regard to the adminiftration, their delay in enter- ing into this Spanifh war, contrary to the ideas of Mr. Pitt, his refignation in confequence of this delay ; the neceiBty, which fo foon after appeared, of engaging in hoflilities, and which, to the bulk of the people, feemed to iuftify the fentiments of that minifter, together with a recolle£lion of the Angular fpirit, with which the French war had been car- ried on, mud neceffarily have excited them to the mofl ftrenuous efforts, and to every a£t of laudable emulation. There was a neceffity of fhewing, that the fpirit of the nation, and the wifdom of its councils, were not confined to a fmgle man ; and it was (hewn effeduaUy. We had alfo, to balance the great (Irength derived from the extraordinary combination of our enemies, that uniform tenor cf fuccefs on our fide, which made our people believe themfelves invincible. This was. not an ungrounded pre- fumption, or a dream of enthufiafm ; (heir jud opinion of fuperior courage, together with the folid experience derived from fuch a variety of fervices, and (b many (harp confli£ts by fea and land, all combined to make our forces feem, and be, almoft irrefiflible. Spain, on the other hand, had, in the' very conftitution of her power, an eflentia! defed, which expofed her on this, as upon all other occafions. Her refources, though very great, are not within herfelf; and confequently are sot always at her command, being fubjeft not only to be intercepted 1762. fbe History of the War. 511 intercepted by the operations of the war, but to be deftroy- ed or loH; by the cafualty of long voyages } and, in every event, are liable to delay and difappointment. .";■•, CHAP. II. Portugal tbrMtened. Mehncbtly JIate 9/ that kingdom. Ar- rogant propojition of the Fremh and Spanijb miniflert to the court of Lijhon. Anfwer of that court. Several memorialt. 'I Refolution of the King of Portugal, Fremh and Spanijb minijlers depart. War declared by thofe powers again^ Portugal. SUCH was our fituation, both at home and abroad, at the breaking out of this new war. Something extraor- dinary was to be expeded from the confederacy of the houfe of Bourbon. It was not, however, altogether certain where the ftorm, that was gathering, wouM fall. There were apprehenfions for the peace of Italy ; Holland had fbme caufe of dread ; and menaces were ufed in that quarter. But Portugal feemed to be mod endangered, on account of her clofe and natural connexion with Great Britain, her inter- nal weaknefs, the antient claims of the Catholic king, and the opportunity of invafion ; that kingdom being on all fides, except to the fea, in a manner inclofed by Spain, x Public conjefture was not miftaken in fixing upon Portu- gal. No mention was made, indeed, of the Spaniih pre- tenfions to that crown; but a refolution was taken, not only to oblige her to renounce all friendlhip, but to violate her neutrality with Great Britain. . -^-^ «> v . No attempt was ever defigned with lefs appearance of judice; no propofition was ever made with more arrogance and defpotifm to an independent fovereign ; and no fcheme feemed, according to every human appearance, fo certain .of fiicceis. ■■■' ' ,;• '•■-■ •va^>"-' The kingdom of Portugal, on the recovery of her liber- ty, which happened in the year 1640, found herfelf ftrip- cd of the greateft part of thofe acquifitions, in both Indies, which had been the principal fources of her power, and the great monuments of the captivity of her former kings and commanders. During the interval of her fubjedion, new commercial powers had rifen, fome on the ruins of her fof- tuney m p t*3 *i Nl,. *? 1 '/HiA I'' 5ia The History of tbeWAK, * .1762. tune, and others upon different, but not lefs fubftantial foundations. Though the Brazils were recovered, and Goa and fome other places in India remained ftill to Portugal, her maritime power, and the fhare of trade, on which it depended, were not recoverable. Contrary to the fate of other nations, who have fhakenoff a foreign dominion, (he did not owe her liberty to great abilities. Whilft the United Provinces were firft freed, and afterwards aggrandized, by the capacity of the Princes of Orange, and whilft Pruflia, from an inconfiderable and dependent principality, grew in- to a formidable monarchy by the genius of her fovereigns, Portugal continued to languifli in a ftate of mediocrity. Without any fymptoms of danger to herexiftence, fhe fuf- fered a gradual decay of her power and confideration. The chara^er of her government was narrow and biggoted, and the whole fyftem of her commerce prepofterous. If, on the one hand, a long peace added to the refources of her revenue, it, on the other, abfolutely annihilated her mili- tary ; and no country in the world had an army fo incomp- lete in numbers, fo ill fumiihed' with arms, fo deficient in ■ difcipline, and fo wholly unprovided of able and ex- perienced officers. >. V ;?.u'7f. !..t«> r U'ln this condition, (he fuffered a fatal blow from the earth- quake in 1756. The wealthy and flourilhing city of Lifbon, was laid level with the ground ; near thirty thoufand of the inhabitants were buried in the ruins; and thofe who re- mained, with the court itfeif, were reduced to the utmoft .diftrefs and mifery. .ib>hf t; iixv ; > ■ «.!.»?' ' - - As if this earthquake, which overturned their capital, had alfo (haken and diftraQed the frame of their govern- ment, and the temper of their minds, the moft dreadful diftempers broke out in the ftate. A feries of horrid crimes, and of cruel puniftiments, fucceeded to this calamity. The moft noble and wealthy family of Portugal, having engaged itfeif in a facrilegious attempt on the life of their fovereign, was cut off at once, with little diftindion of fex or age, by a bloody and dreadful exertion of juftice. Many others, who were accufedor fufpe6led, fuffered death, or exile, or im- prifonment. Amongft thefe, and from the fame caufes, one of the moft confidei?.ble religious orders for wealth, influ- ence, and policy, was ftripped of its pofleflions, and entirely .dfiven out of the country, ■ .^, ■ M' 1762. The History of the V^ kik. 513 Ali thefe circumdanccs left this unhappy kingdom in the utmoft weaknefs and confufion. All thofe, and l hey were not a few, who were attacheH by connection of blood or intereft, to the nobles that had funercd, or by religious ore- judice to the Jefuits, who had been expelled, could never be cordially relied upon by the crown, and were probably as little inclined to any extraordinary efforts in favour of a government, which their refentments mud have reprefent- ed to them as no better than a bloody tyranny. The Bourbon confederacy, had fonne ground to fuppofe that Portugal, in this Htuation, would not have courage to withAand their nrvenaces, and much lefs ability for any long time to refift their efforts. The Spanifh army overfprcad the frontiers of Portugal ; the commerce of corn bctweenr the two kingdoms was prohibited, and every thing threat- ened a fudden invafion. In the rnidft s» be confidered as a piece of convenient injurttce, \vhi\h they left to the previous neceflity, and fublequenlfc iWctts of their affairs, to juflify as they could ; bin lo man^bemo- rials '\ i';62. ^be History of the War. 517 rials and reafonings on the fubjed, fhew that this oppreflion was deliberate, and that they had not been driven to it by a fudden emergency, but that it became a regular and avowed part of their political fyftem. Having laid open the manner in which the fouthern part of Europe fo furprifingly became engaged in this war, it is now our bufinefs to relate in what manner fome of the northern parts were as furprifingly extricated out of it. ' CHAP. III. * ^ Death of the emprefs Elizabeth of Ruffta. Her charafler. State of the tower of Rujfia on her deceafe. Her nephenuy Peter III. fucceeds. Entire change of fyjiem. Peace with Pruffia. Peace between Prujfia and Sweden. Pruffan conquejls rejiored. The czar enters into an alliance with the king of Prujfia. War with Denmark threatened. Its caufe. Extorted loan from Hamburgh. Campaign be-' tween Prufftans and Aujirians opens. Prujfiuns obtain advantages in Saxony and Silefta, Sudden revolution in Rujia, ' • ' ' ' . ^ WE have feen, in the clofe of the laft year, that by th% taking of Colberg, on one hand^ and Schweidnitz, on the other, the king of Pruflria*s dominions were entirely at the mercy of his enemies : his forces were worn away% and evtn his efforts had gradually tdkvhned : « compfete viftcry, tho* this was an event not at all prolNAMe, couW not fave him. The Rufliam, by wintering it* Pomerania, and by th^- ^\4lc(r\on of Colberg, which inuired them fupplics bv A iatt and expeditious channel, were in a condition to vvnimence their operations much earlier than ufual, as well Jv^ to fuftain them with more fpirit and uniformity. No re- iwrce of policy could be tried w\th the leaft expectation of fuccefs. After C^nH a refiftance for five years, of which the world never Hunilhed another example, the king of PruiTia had nothing left but fuch a condua» as might clofe the fcene with glory, fince there was fo little appearance of his concluding the war with fafety. In the midft of thefe gloomy appearances, his inveterate and inf\|6xible enemy, the emprefs of RufTia, died, in the (ixty-third year of her age, and the twen- Jan. 2. ty-fccond of her reign. L I 3 This ^: m* 5i8 The History of the War. 176^. This princefs ^^as fccond daughter to Peter the Great, and a dcfcendant not altogether unworthy of that itludrious founder of the Ruillan empice. Froni being tittle better than a prifoner, (he became in a raonvent a defpotic fove- reign. At the acceflion of this princefs, the Ruffian power, fo ne\vly created, fcemed to be in danger of a decline, from the many revolutions to which the empire had been fubjeO: j and the inriiliitinns of Peter Hie Great, by which that ex- tenfive part of the world wvs. driiwn out of harbarifm, be- gan perceivably to dec.iy, until her acerflfion to the throne, when the forrher was put out of all queftion by tlie vigour of her govertiment, and the latter cheriflied and promoted j)y the enrourag<:rnfciit wlijrfi /he gave to every valuable art tifld ftleiite, 'the academy at Pcterftufgli iw at prefentone of ihe mofl flourifliing in JLuiupe, and has already enriched the learned wot id with cnnfiderabte difcoveries. In faift. Hie governed the Rufnan empire with more le- nity than any of her predeceilors } and, perhaps, canied this amiable difpofition to an impolitic excefs. She regula- ted and increafed her finances ; kept alive, and even in- creafed, the difcipline of her armies ; and in all her tranf- aCtions with foreign ftates, and in the various faces which jier politics (tfT^iTied, (h^ always fuppuited the dignity and linporlance of h^r rounlry at the higheft point. For kor private pleafures, Itiueed, (\ht has been iiiucn cenfuredj hut as they were merely pleafures, and of fuch a nature that fen- timent had little flvire in them, they had little influence on herpublic conduO, which was always manly and firm. Th<^ part (he took in this war, though it might in fome meafure have been diflated by relentment, was, at the fame time,, the refult of the founded policy. No power, but that of the king of Pruflia, was capable of checking hers. He wg^, not only from his ftrengtb and chaca6ler, but from the fituation of his dominions, the only prince In Europe dom whom it could be materially her interefl: to make conquefts. By the retention of Pruftia, and by the dominion which, in another name, (be held over the dutcby of Courland, (he pp{re(red a very great fliare of the Baltic coa(l> and thereby poflefled the means of becoming a maritime power of the fii;{l order. VVitli thefe advan.tap;;ws, (he might eafily conn- plete all thaft had been wanting- towards eftablifhing an un- conlrolable power over Poland. By the faime nneans (be might entirely over-awe Denmark ar.d Sweden ^ and alfo, by 1762. The History of the War. 519 by her vicinity, (he would be enabled to interpcfe in tht concerns of Gernwny, with much more authority than ihc had hitherto poflcded ; although her intervention had al- ways been of confequence. In reality, the houfe of Auftria fccmed to make far greater facrifices of her intered to her rcfentment than Ruilia didy with whom thofe two principals went hand in hand, and fupported each oth«r. For nothing is nr. >re evident, than that Ruflia would fet up for a defender of tl>e liberties of Germany, if ever (he got any footing in its neighbourhood ; that (he would animate the powers there to atTert a greater ()f;gree of independence than they do at prefent ; that (he would render, by her machinations, the empire in the Au- firian family very precarious; and might even find means of ft fling fome feeble prince on the imperial throne, in order to emoroil (he whole Germanic body, and to keep it in en- lire dependence upon Ruflla. On the whole, if the project of Auflria had fucceeded in their full extent, (he would have very lioon found in Ruffia a more powerful reftraint than ever (he had either in France or Sweden, even in the great- ell heights of their power am) credit in Gernoany. She would, indeed, have ruined the king of Pruiiia; but (he wouki have purchafed his ruin with her own independency. Thefe were the profpe£ts that lay before all political rca- foners at the time of the death of the emprefs Elizabeth. Charles Peter Ulric, of the houfe of Holflein, who had been created grand duke of RulTia, and appointed heir ap- parent to that vaft empire by the late czarina, fucceeded, under the name of Peter III. None but thofe who were intinuitely acquainted with the charaSer and difpofuion of the new czar, could have any reafon to imagine that he would abandon the fyftem of Lis predecefTor^ which was certainly founded on the true intereft of the country He go- verned. The king of Pruflia himfelf feemed for fome time to have entertained no great hopes from this change. The czar had, however, fometimes difcovered marks of efteem for the character of this monarch. He had the black eagle, of which order the king of Prufiia is grand mafter. But the king of PruflTia could place very littie confidence in this : however, with that air of pleafantry, which never entirety forfook him in all his misfortunes, he faid in a letter to Mr. Mitchel, the Britifh miniAer at the RufTtan court, '< Is not this a very extraordinary knight, to feed eighty ihoufand men L 1 4 at ■\M. . . \' glO The Hia Ton Y of the V/ak. 176?. at my cxpence ? He it the only one of my knights that talces that liberty. If every knight of the garter did the fame, your England (England though it is) would be devoured by them. I beg you would endeavour to make my knight more tradable, and tell him it is againft the inditutes of the or- der, for a knight to eat up his grand mailer.** The eyes of all Europe were now fixed upon the ftcps which the czar might take. With regard to the govern- ment of his country, nothing could be more popular and aufpicious than his firfl meauires. The earlieft ufe he made of his ahfolute power^ was to fet the Ruffian nobility and gentry free, and to put them on the fame footing with thofe of their rank in the other more moderate governments oi Europe. Almoft all the exiles were recalled to court, and amongft the reft the unfortunate count Biron, who, from a fovereign prince, had been reduced to the moft wretched condition, in the moft wretched country on the globe. He had been many years a peafant of Siberia, and may very probably once more become a fovereign prince. It is in thofe defpotic governments we fee the moft ftriking excelTes, and difmal reverfes of fortune ; in which one day a perfon is raifed to fomething almoft above man, and the next is perhaps in a moment degraded to the loweft (|ation of hu- manity, -ir^nih i.Si-jri ■'t\ :;,.'r .. ^^-y- i.*« -j' : :M.rv '.\>::\ ■. The hew emperor proceeded in his reformation to abolifh fome fe.verc and tyrannical jurifdidiions, and intending the fame benign difpofition to all degrees of his fubjeds, he leflened the tax upon fait, to the very great and univerfal rel ief of the poor. ;^ • . . ; ;.vi ty.: Thefe beginnings gave the moft favourable impreftlons of his domeftic government. But Europe was principally con- cerned in his foreign politics. It was not long before his difpoTitions to peace became apparent. What aftoniftied the world, was the high rate at which he valued thisblefllng. In a memorial, which he caufed to be delivered on the 23d of February, to the minifters of the allied courts, he declar- ed, that, in order to the eftablijhment of peace^ he was ready to facrifice all the conquejls made by the arms of Rufjia in this waft in hopes that the allied courts will, on their parts, equally prefer the refloration of peace and tranquillity, to the advan' iages wbic h they might expeH from the continuance of the war, but which they cannot obtain but by a continuance of thf effufton 9J hMman hlofld" 1^62. The History of the War. 521 1 iic alltes praifed the difintercftalnefs, fpirit, and huma- nity of this deciaratiou ; but recommended to his attention the fidelity to treaties, which conditutes a no lefs valuable part of the royal chara£^er, and a no lufs confiderable branch of the duty of a monarch to his fubjefts. They fhewed • difpofiiion to imitate his defire for peace, but by no meant to follow his example in purchafmg it by a ceHTton of all the advantages, which they had acquired, or hoped to acquire by the war. The Czar having thus far complied with decency, and being of a chara^er little fitted to wait the (low procedure of a joint negotiation, gave way to his ardent defircs for peace, and to the fentimentsof that extravagant admiration* which he had conceived for the king of Pruflla. A fufpen- fion of hodilities was conclued between them on the i6th of March ; and it was followed not long after by a treaty of peace and alliance. Nothing was May 5, flipulated by the czar in favour of the former con- federates, whom he entirely abandoned. He even agreed to join his troops to thofe of the king of PruiTia to a^ againft them. In a little time a Rufllan army was feen in conjunc- tion with one of Pruflia, to drive out of Silefia thofe Audri- ans, who had been a few months before bi:ought into that province by the Rufllan arms. This was a miraculous revolution. Fortune who had fo long abandoned the king of PrufHa to his genuis, after ha- ving perfecuted him for near five years, and overpowered him with the whole weight of her anger, at length made amends by a fudden turn, and did for him at one ftroke the only thing, by which he could poflibly be faved. Sweden, who (Ince (he has recovered her liberty, has loft her political importance^ and for a long time zQlcA entirely under the dire6iion of Riifllan councils, followed on this» ac on all other occafions, the example of the courts of Peterf- burgh, and figned a treaty of peace with the king of Pruflia on the 22d of May. > In order to account for whatever was not the refult of mere perfonal charafter in this extraordinary revolution of politics in Ruilia, it will be neceflary to remind the reader, that the czar Peter the third was duke of Holflein; and that the dukes of Holftpin had pretenfions to the duchy of Slef- wick. Thefe pretenfions were compromifed by a treaty in 1732, Put as the cefllon made by the houfe of Holflein in this •itti III i.i* , % iL •11 ■ •+'■;■.,. m ilU 522 The Hi TORY of the War. 176a. thin treaty was the /i.ft':\ ^f neceflity, it had been alsvays apprehended that (hev.v uid make ufc of the fir A fafc oppor> lunity of reclaiming her anti' nt rights. The czar feifed eagerly on the great one, which the pofTeflion of the whole Ruflun power ufl'orded hirrit and he refolved to enter into •n immediate war for this ohjeOt lo which his predilcdion for hi» native country gave in his eyes a far greater impor* tance than to all the conqueds of his predeceiTor. As long A3 this war with the kinf?of Priiflla fubfiftcd, it was impoiTi- ble that his dcfigns againd Denmark could be profecuted with any hope of fuccels. Wholly indiflfercnt therefore to all < thersi and paflionatcly fond of this obje^, as foon as he came to the throne, without any difpute or negotiation, he offered the king of PruflTia, in his great diftrefs, every thing he could have hoped from a feries of viflories, and whilfl he joined his arms to thofe of that monarch in Sile> fia, he caufed an army to march towards Hotdein. Thus the peace with RuiTia, far from conducing to the general peace of Europe, did very little more than change the face of the war. It brought in new fubjefts of difpute, and new parties, and by threatning Denmark, left not a Tin- gle power in the north in a Aate of afl'ured tranquillity. The king of Denmark, though threatened by fo formida- ble a power engaged in purfuit of a favourite obje£t, was nolt terrified into any mean concefTions. He recruited his army, repaired his fortiBcatiorvs, and prepared for his defence, with temper and magnanimity. As money mud be much wanting for the fervices of fo important a war, as his coun- try could furniih no great fupplies, and the borrowings in every part of Europe, together with the fuddcn invafion ef his dotniaions, could enable him to form no fanguine hopes of public credit, he turned his eyes towards the city of Ham- burgh, which had enriched itfelf by its indudry and n«u> trality during the whole war, and by the number of wealthy perfons who had fled there for refuge from the calamities, which all the neighbouring countries had fuffered. His Danifh majedy had always kept alive a claim of fovereignty over that city, which (who ever founded) h» exereifed whenever he found himfelf able. He thought the prefenf, one of thofe conjunctures. Therefore without any previous notice he appears with a drong army June 18. before Hamburg, feiz.es the fuburbs, threatens the city with an immediate fiege, if they did not immediately ; to the 1762. ST/ttf History o//i& pofTcjOTed by the Pruflians, was efFeftually fecured ; and any attempt which might hereafter be thpught proper for the recovery of Drefden, was much facilitated. Although the Auftrians, fenijble of the confequence of this lofs> and largely reinforc* ed from the armies in Sileiia, attemp.ted to recover thefe poflis by feveral lively efforts, they were repulfed with no (mall flaughter on both fides; and prince Henry remained fo much mailer of Saxony, that it was neceflary to keep 3 large army from the war in Sileiia, to prevent, if pofTible, his making irruptions into the very heart of Bohemia. His Pruffian majefty derived advantages from the condud of his brother, which he did not negled to improve. It was not until the latter end of June that he was joined by his rew Ruffian allies. As foon as this junction was formed, he refolved to make a trial of what thefe men could do in his favour, who had afted fo ftrenuoufly againft him. Mar- (hal Daun'sarmy occupied feveral llrong, but detached emi- nences,^ m iM 524 ^/^^ History ^/;&^ War. 1762. rences, which enabled him to communirote with and pro- te£i Schweidnitz from all attempts of the enemy. July 21. The king of Pruflla undertook to diflodge him from thofe advantageous pods. In fome of his at- tempts he fucceeded j in others he was baffled with fomt lofs. This was no regular battle; but the king of PiufliiVy though he liid not fucceed immediately in his attack, yet by his, judicious manoeuvres he attained all the advantages he propofed from his enterprife. For marflial Daun? appre- heniive from the motions of his army, that the king of Pruflia intended to feize upon his principal n;agazine, and even cut off his communication with Bohemia, abandoned thofe important pods which he had hitherto maintained with fuccefs, fell back to the extremities of Silefia, and left ""hweidnitz entirely uncovered. The king of Pruflla immediately prepared to inveft that city, whilft different detachments of Pruflians, fome on the fide of Saxony, others on the fide of Si'cfia, penetrated deep into Bohemia, laid many parts of the country under contri- bution, and fpread an univerfal alarm. It was about five years fince they had been driven from thence by the v'lGto- rious arms of marihal Daun, who now found himfelf unable to proteft that kingdom from their ravages. A confiderable body of Rufllan irregulars alfo made an irruption into Bo- hernia, and began there to retaliate on the Auflrians thofe exceflfes, which they had themfelves fo often before com- mitted on the Prufltan dominions. Whilft the king of Pruffia was thus playing with fpirit the great game which fortune had put into his hands, he was all at once threatened with a fudden reverfe, by ano- ther revolution in Ruifia, which bore all the appearance of being as unfavourable to him, as the former had been be- yond all hopes beneficial. The variable political climate of Ruifia, under whofe influence all his fortune decayed or flourifhed, was covered with a fudden cloud by the depo- fition, followed clofe by the death of his fafl friend, and faithful ally, the czar of Mufcovy, 176 I- 4 F CHAP. 1762. ^he History of the War. c H A P. IV. ; 5^5 i '\ t ./> Caufes of the revolution in RuJJia. Czar irritates the clergy and foldiery. Differences with the Czarina. Confpiracy a- gainfl him. Czar depofed by the Senate. Attempts an ef- cape. His imprifonment and death. The Czarina declared Emprefs. Her politic condu^. Ingratiates berfelf with the peoples , . .- ... ., FROM the moment of the late Czar's accefllon to the • throne of the RufTias, fomething extraordinary was expeded. His difpofition Teemed to lead him to make al- terations in every thing, and having fet before himfelf two great examples, that of the King of Pruffia, and of his pre- deceflbr Peter I. it was expeftcH, that this vaft empire was going once more, almofl within the life of a man, to aflumc a new face; a circuradance which could not fail of having a ferious influence on the affairs of Europe. Peter III, made more new regulations in Ruflla, in a few weeks, than wife and cautious princes undertake in a long reign. It was to be feared, that his a£tions were rather guided by a rafli and irregular turn of mind, and the fpirit of innovation, than by any regular and well digeftedpian, for the improvement of his extenfive dominions. . / His firft anions on coming to the throne, it is true, were laudable, and feemecl well calculated to acquire him the af- feflions of his people. But if in Tome inftances he confulted their intereft, in many, he fliocked their prejudices; and he loft thereby that opinion, which is on all occafions necef- fary, but is particularly fo for carrying fuch uncommon defigiis as his into execution. The power of the Czars, though abfolute and uncor- trolable in its exercife, is extremely weak in its toundation. There is not, perhaps in Europe, a governmtnt which de- pends fo much on the good will and affe<'V •)■ . .;, ' • ] ' This Lt. 1762. 7'be HistoRV of tke W Ak* 529 This prince was indulging himfelf in indolent amure<^ ments, and lulled in the mod profound It-curity at a houfc. of pieafure, called Oraniebaum on the lea (hore, when a foldiwT brought him an account thatiiis kingdom was taken away from him. Aftonifhed, and wholly unprepared for this event, he was fomc time fenfelefs, and entirely at a lofs what part to take. When he was rouzed from this trance by the approaching danger, his firfl fuggeilion was to defend the place with his Holftein guards; but tho' fatisfied of their attachment, he. doubted their llrength, and he knew it was in vain to hope for any effort in his favour from the Ruflians. Nothing then remained but flight, bv which he might cfcape to Holftein, and wait fome favourable turn of fortune.. This late lord of powerful fleets and armies embarked in. a fmall veflel, and with a few attendants, rowed towardfs Cronftadt ; but he had not proceeded very far, when h©. was informed that this fortrefs was \n the hands of his ene-. mies, and that every avenue for efcape was (hut againu him. Ceje6ted and defponding he returned to Oraniebaum,. Af- ter fome (hort and tumultuous deliberation, he refolved to abandon all thoughts of defence, and to thro\v himfelf on the comptifllon of the emprefs. - ,. . \ . On her march (he met his mefTengers, who brought let- ters containing a renunciation of the empire, and (lipulating no other terms than leave to return to Holftein, and the fatisfaftion of taking with him, as the companion of his re- treat, the ccuntefs of WcronzofF and one fingle friend. Reafons oi ftate could not permit the emprefs to confent to the firft of thofe terms, and the laft could not be very flattering to her. His terms were rejefted ; and he was re- quired to fign an unconditional relignation of his crown, ac- cording to a form that was prepared for him. Not fatisfied with depriving him of his crown, it was thought fit to make him the murderer of his own reputation ; and this unfortu- nate prince, moved with the vain hope of life, figned a paper declaring his convi6lion of his inability to govern the empire either as a fovereign, or in any other capacity, and his fenfe of the diftrefs, in which his continuing at the head of affairs would inevitably involve it. After he had figned this abdi- cation, he gave up his fword, and was condu(^ed toprifon, where in a (hort lime, but according to July 6. "hat had been univerfally expected, he died. The M m diforder. lid i '■'"'•" m '.-■1:4 1 Wit. if'' 530 The History 0/ the War, 1762. diforder, which killed him» was called an hemorrhoidal eholic. Thus was a revolution of fuch immcnfe importance effeft- ed in a fingle day, and without ftiedding a Tingle drop of blood. The unfortunate emperor enjoyed the power, of which he had made fo imprudent and impolitic an ufe, no longer than fix months. His wife, without any hereditary title, is fovereign miftrefs of the Ruffian empire ; and the mod abfolute power on earth, is now held by an ele£live monarch. Immedittely on this revolution a number of manifeftoes appeared, in which the condu£t of the late Czar was fe- verdy condemned, the weaknefs of his perfonal charaSer expofedt) an«^ defigns of the blackeft kind, even that of mur- dering his confort, attributed to him. Thofe manifeftoes at the fame time '"<»re filled with the ftrongeft declarations of afiedion from trie emprefs to the fubje£ts of RufTia, of regard to their iiiterefts, and of attachment to their religion ; and they are all filled with fuch unafFeded and fervent ftrains or piety» as muft needs prove extremely edifying to thofe who are acquainted with the fentiments of pure religi- on, by which great princes are generally animated on occa- fions of this nature. Nothing could be more able than the condu^ of the em- prefs, fince her accefllon to the throne. In almoil all re- fpeds it was the very reverfe of that of her hulband. She difmifTed all foreigners from her confidence and fervice ; (he fent away the Holdein guards, and chofe Ruffian, whofe antient uniform was revived with luflre, the emprefs herfeif frequently condefcending to appear in it. The clergy were reftored to their pofleflions, and' their beards. She conferred all the great pofts of the empire on native Ruffians, and en- tirely threw herfeif on the affedionsof that people to whom (he owed her elevation. CHAP 1762. The History of the War. Sii CHAP. V. .".lA Hffif^ of the revolution in Rujpa on the King of Prujpa't af- fairs. Situation of the new emprefs. She adopts a new trality. Ruffian conquefs rejiored. Rujftans qutt the Pruf fan camp. King oj PruJJta draws Marjhal Daun from Buckerjdorff. Scbweidnitz be/ieged. Marjhal Lnudobn at- tacks the prince of Bevern. Is repulfed. Difpofttion if the French and allied armies. Broglio removed. Battle of Grabenjlein. French defeated. Lord Granby drives the French from Hamburgh. Prince Xavier of Saxony de- feated. Gottingen evacuated. French army called from the Lower Rhine, THIS great change in the government of Ruflla, it w«s univerfaliy feared » would be followed by a total change of fyftem with regard to foreign aflfairs. The peace 'and alliance with the Kingof Pruflia were very unpopular meafures in Mufcovy. It was not probable that the clofe and intimate connection which had fubfifted between the King of Pruflia and the late Czar, could greatly recom- mend him to the luccefTor. And as it wa« imagined that this revolution muft have been in a great degree owing to the machinations of thofe courts, whom the Czar had ir- ritated by withdrawing from their alliance, there was the greater reafon to apprehend that the power, which was now fet up, would be exerted in their favour. There was alfo great advantages on the fide of Ruffia, if the emprefs fhould not hold the peace concluded by her late hufband to be binding on her, as none of the conquefts were at this time evacuated. Every thing feemed to con- fpire towards plunging the King of PrufTia into the abyfs of his former diftrefTcs, after he had emerged from them, only for fuch a time, and in fuch a manner, as to make them more bitter and infupportable. Fortunately, however, for this wonderful man, the era* prefs, who had come to the RufTian throne in the extraor^ dinary manner that we have feen, could not look upon hcf- felf as fufficiently fecure to undertake again "a war of fo much importance as that which had been jufl concluded. It was neceflary, for fome time at leafl, that (he ihould confine her attention folely to her own fafety. Therefore it was M m a expedient ,^ .:iv-. Ul^^i wm ]l m in f IIh I| jH|^H^K r^i* II ili II I IK' J 1 532 7'/><' History ^/ //^^ War. 1762. expedient to collcft, within itfelf, all the force of the em- pire, 111 order tooppofc it to the defigns o^ the many male- contents, with which that empire always abounds, and who, though not attached to the .ntereft of the late Czar, and little inclined to revenge his fat«^^ would find now both inducement and opportunity for railang troubles and at- tempting new changes. Very plaufible pretences for fuch attempts exifted from the timie of Peter the Great ; who, whilft he injproved and ftrengthened hit. kingdom, left in it, at the fame time, the feeds of civil wars and revolutions. Thefe confiderations, whatever her defvres might be, in- duced the C/arina to continue fo much of the fyftem of her predeceflbr, as coincided with her fituation. She there- fore declared to the King of Pruflia's minifters, " that flie was refolved to obferve inviolably, in all points, the perpe- tual peace concluded under the preceding reign; thaf, ncver- thelefs, (he had thought proper to bring back to Ruflia, b/ the neareft roads, all her troops in Silefia, Pruffia, and Po- meriinia.'* It was not the critical fituation alone of the Czarina which produced this moderation ; the prudent behaviour of his Pruflian majefty, during the time of his connexion with the late Czar, had a connderable (hare in reconciling the mind of thisemprefs to him, and of perpetuating fome- thing like the fame friendship, with infererts fo very differ- ent. The Ruffian fenate, flaming with refenfment againil: this monarch, and againft their late fovereign ; iffiA the em- prefs, full o^ fufpicion, that the conduft of the latter might have been influenced by the councils of the former, fearch- cd eagerly amongfl the papers of the late emperor for eluci- dation or proofs of this point. They found indeed many letters from the King of Pruffia ; but in a flrain abfolutely different from what they apprehended. The King of Pruf- fia had, as far as prudence would admit, kept a reierve and diflance in regard to the rafh advances of this unhappy ally. Too experienced to be carried away by his inconfiderate impetuoflty, he gave hisn much falutary, though fruitlefs, advkre ; he counfelled him to undertake nothing againft the emprefs his combrt ; to deflfl from the war with Denmark ; to attempt no changes in the religion and fundamental 1762. laws of the Germany. country j and not to think of coming into On (■ 4 1762. The History of the War. 535 On hearing thefe letters read* the emprefs is faid to have burd into tears of gratitude, and made in confequence the ftrongeft declarations in favour of this prince. They were not without efFe6t. Orders had been given with relation to Pruflia, which threatened a renewal of hodilities. They were foon fufpended. The army of the Ruffians was in- deed feparated from that of Pruifia ; but all the important places, which the Rufllans had, with fo much bloodfhed* and through fo many difficulties acquired, and which gave them the command of every thing elfe that remained to the king, were faithfully reftored. < i • This change from a ftrid alliance to a cold neutratUy, though it made no fmall difference in the PrufTian affairs, yet, all things confidered, mufl be regarded as an efcape, and as a deliverance almofl as wonderful as his former. However, this circumflance could not fail of infpiring fome degree of confidence into his enemies, which the King of PrufTia endeavoured above all things to prevent. On the 21 ft of July, the orders arrived at the allied camp from Peterfburgb, for the Ruffians to feparate themfelves from his army, and return without delay to their own coun- try. The king, without being confounded by this fudden order, and inftead of flackening his efforts on account of this defertion, refolved to fall with vigour, and without de- lay, upon Marfhal Daun, and to attack him before the news of this change could reach him. Since he could no longer profit by the arms of the Ruffian?, he endeavoured to profit at leaft by their appearance in his camp. The very next day therefore he attacked the Auflrian army, whofe right wing occupied the heights of Buckcrfdorff ; drove them from that eminence, and from fome villages where they were advantageoufly pofted. The fuccefs was not owing only to the fpirit of the actual attack, but to an apprehenfion of the Auftrians, that the whole united army of the Pruffians and Mufcovites was on the point of engag- ing them. The King of Pruffia made an ufe of thofe allies, in the moment they deferted him. This lively attack was made with a lofs only of three hundred men on the fide of the Pruffians ; the number of the Auftrians killed is not known. The prifoners amount- ed to one thoufand ; and fourteen pieces of cannon were taken. It was indeed no more than an affair of pofts ; but its confequences were important j for the communication M m 3 of m {fJm r.1 534 7be History ofU't: War. 1762. *of. the Imperialifls with Schweic»>.,tz was now entirely and finallv cut oflF; they could it t atlempt any thing confider- a^le for the relief of that pl.ice. Prince Henry held them in continual alaua for Bohennia, and a great part of their attention, and 10 i'mall part of their forces were kept con- tinually engaged upon that fide. The King of PrufTia having thus pu(hed b. k Marfhal Daun> inverted Schweidnitz, and laid fiege to that impor- tant fortrefs before his face. This w«is the fourth time which that place had been beiieged (inc^ \h^ beginning of this war; and this circumdance alone might fuffice to (hew the many and extraordinary changes of fortune which dif- tinguifhed thefe campaigns. We apprehend no indancehas happened before of any place like this of real Arength be- ing To often iuccefllvely taken and retaken in the courfe of a fingle war. As Schweidnitz is the key of Silefia, and, though not quite a regular place, is, notwithQanding, well fituated and well fortified ; as the garrifon amounted to nine thoufand men, commanded by a good officer, and afTifted by a very experienced engineer, and as two great armies of the ene- my obferved all his motions, it was neceflary to make the difpoHtions for the fiege with uncommon care. His infant- ry were encamped on the heights behind Schweidnitz. His cavalry formed a chain in the plains of Keintzerdorf, to be nearer the camp of the prince of Wirtemberg, which was Htuated fo as to prevent any enterprize from the county of Glatz. The prince of Bevern commanded a ftrong corps, which ported itfelf advantageoufly near Cofel. One tinder General Werner did the fame at Noifla. By ihefe dlfpofitions the Pruflian convoys were proteft- ed, the principal places in Silefia guarded, the fiege of Schweidnitz covered, and an eafy communication pre- ferved between all the detached corps employed in thefe feveral fervices. The efFe6ts of this wife difpofition were foon felt. Mar- ibal Daun, defpairing ta fucceed agamft the army, which, under the king in perfon, covered the fiege of Schweidnitz, endeavoured to break this chain, and by that means didrefs the Pruflians who were carrying on the fiege. Laudohn was therefore detached, with a very fuperior force, to at- tack the prince of Severn, and to drive him from the ad- vantageous pod he occupied. This attack^^as made with all \y and nfider- them their con- 176a. The History of the War. 535 all the celerity and refolution, which didinguiihed the opera- tions of this brave officer. But the prince, mindful of the difgrace he had iormerly fuffered in this province^ oppofed him with fuch conAancy and perfeverance* that the King of Pruilia had time to come to his relief. The Auflriant were then put between two firvs» routed, and purfued with a terrible flaughter. This attempt being defeated, the King of PruiTia met with nodiAurbance in his preparations for the (lege, and the trenches w opened on the night of the 8th of July. Whilft "^of Pruffia was making thi8advap./^'<:i:>u«i ufe of hi!( '\t armies of the French and tiie tfl-'i-i in Weft p notinadive. Among the commandtrs of the for. ... ,reat difunion had long prevailed. The Marshals de Brogiio and de Soubife had mutually accufed each other; the camp and the court were for fome time en- tirely diftrafled with the cabals of the partisans of theft officers. The refult was not favourable to Marfhal Brogiio. \In him the French court was obliged torecaH, and in fome meafure to difgrace, one of the very beft of their officeri. A fufpicion* and that not weakly founded, prevailed againft this general, that unable to bear a competitor in fame, or an ailbciate in command, he had often, in order to difgrace thofe with whom he was to «6t, negle£led to improve his favourable opportunities ; and that in fome inftances, by his conduct he had purpofely occafioned fome failures, and even defeats. This was a fault which no great qualities in an officer could compenfate. He was therefore removed from his command, and the condu£i of the army left to the prince de Soubife, who was infinitely beloved by the fol- diers for his generous and benevolent difpofition; and Mar- fhal d*Etrees, who has been fo often mentioned in the courfc of this hiftory, was aflbciated with him. The plan of the canvpaign, on the part of the French, did not differ much from that which had been formerly pur- fued. They had, as before, two armies ; this under the prince de Soubife and Marfhal d'Etrees on the Wefer, and another under the prince de Conde on the Lower Rhine. The ^lifpof^ion of the allies was alfo but little varied. The Hereditary Prince was ported In the bifhoprick of Mun- fter, to watch the latter of thefe armies ; and prince Ferdi- nand in perfon, with the body of the army, lay behind the DynieU to njake head againft the former. So little had the M m 4 French ^^ :•*.: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe e <^ ^. ^ ^c 1.0 1.1 1.25 1^ iss HHBbk ^U4 «IUh Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7i^) 872-4503 536 The History of the Wail, 1762. French profited by their fuperior numbers* and fuperiorie- fources in this continental war, and fo little decifive ufe bad they made even of fome advantages in the field* that this icampaign commenced very nearly in the fame place, and they contended for pretty much the fame obje6ls, which they had ftruggled for in the two preceding years. :■< So fuperior was the genius of prince Ferdinand* thatun* der many difadvantages he was the firfl; to commence ofFen> five operations. The (Iroke he ftruck on this occafion would fuffice alune to rank him with the firft commanders of his age. His abilities throughout the war have never ihone out with more luftre than in this campaign* which con- cluded it. The French army was moft advantageoufly pofted* both for command of the country, and for ftrength, near a place called Graebenftein, in the frontiers of Hefle; their centre occupied an advantageous eminence ; their left wing was almoft inacceflible by feveral deep ravines, and their right "Was covered by the village of Graebenftein* by feveral ri- vulets, and a urong detached body under one of thtir heft officers, Monfieur de Carries. *M In this fituation they imagined they had nothing to fear from the. attempts of prince Ferdinand* whofe arqiy, be- fides the inferiority of its numbers, was feparated in fuch a manner, and in fuch diftant places, that they judged it im- poffible it could unite in any attack upon their camp. But whilft they enjoyed themfelves in full fecurity, the florm was preparing to fall upon them from all -quarters. ' A confiderable corps of the allied army* under General Luckner, was polled to the eaftward of the Wefer, near Eimbecke, on the Leine. He Ly there to obferve prince Xavier of Saxony* who was encamped between the Wgrra and Gottingen. But if he watched the prince, the prince alfo watched him. When, therefore, he had orders to quit this pofl:, that he might co-operate in the grand defign, he left a fmall party of his corps in his ftation, by which he deceived the prince of Saxony ; and marching in the night with the utmoft fpeed, he croffed the Wefer, turned the right of the French army, and, without being difcovered, placed himfelf upon their rear. General Sporcken at the fame time placed himfelf fo as to attack 'the fame wing in flank. Prince f erdinand croffed the Dymel, ip order to 1 1762 comml Th( celeritl ed the themf<4 front* begunj corps lerablel fare fol nppofed genero As than c< Stainvil himfelf whicb [»f. .^\-, 176a. The HisroKY of the War, 537 fall upon their centre. The attack on the enemy's left was commanded by lord Granby. Thefe preparations were made with fo much judgment^ celerity, and good order, that the French had not perceiv- ed the approach of the allies, when they found 4.^ themfelves attacked with infinite impetuofity in June 24. front, flank, and rear. The battle was fcarcely begun, when they thought of nothing but flight. The corps under monfieur de Caflries had time to retreat in to** lerable order, and without any great lofs. But it did not fare fo well with their centre, and their left, which were oppofed by the calm refolution of prince Ferdinand, and the generous courage of lord Granby. As the French placed all their hopes rather in retreat than combat) an entire rout mud have enfued, if monfieur Stainville, who commanded on the left, had not thrown himfelf with the flower of the French infantry into a wood, whicb enabled him, at the expence of the bef^ part of it, to cover the retreat of the army. Here this bravlp and accom- plifhed oflicer made a refolute (land, and for a long time fuf> tained the whole weight of the allies. His corps was a devoted facrifice. All but two battalions were cut to pieces or made pri- foners. The other bodies, covered by this refolute manoeuvre, made a (hift to cover themfelves- under the cannon of Caf- fel, or precipitately efcaped to the other fide of the Fulda. Thus did the French army, by the virtue of monfieur de Stainville, efcape a total defeat : but the confequences of the adion were not recovered during the whole cam- paign. They loft much credit both in point of refolution and generalfhip. Their infantry, in this engagement, confift- ed of one hundred battalions, when that of the allies was compofed but of fixty. The common men made prifoners by the allies on this occafion were two thoufand feven hun- dred and fifty, and no lefs than one hundred and fixty-two officers were taken. The Englifh loft but a few men killed, and no oflicer of rank but lieutenant colonel Townftiend (aj, . who (a) This colonel TownJIjenJ was fecond fon 10 the Hon. Thomas tvuinjhendy Efq. He had dillinguiilied hinifdf on feveral occa- fions. At Guadaloupe he was pufhed overboard in the landing of the troops, but his black faved his life by jumping after him. In the laft campaign in Germany ^ he was fhot through the arm, and in this engagement he loll: his life, feeking the polt of honour that his duty did not require. 53^ 7>tf History of the War. 1762. who fell with great glory to himfelf, and to the regret of the whole army. - Every thing in the condud of prince Ferdinand appears the effect of a well digefted plan : and one great adion compleated always helps to difclofe a feries of boki> mafter- 4y, and connected defigns. As foon as the enemy was diflodged from their ftrong pod, tife was made of this advantage (whilft the French, under the hurry and confufion of their )ate misfDrtunes, were un* able to provide againft unexpeded accidents) to pu(h for- ward a body of the Englifh under lord Granby and lord Fre- derick Cavendifh. The French could fcarcely imagine, that, whild they were in pofleflion of (b (Irong a place as Cafltl, and commanded an army fo fuperior in numbers to the allies, that, whild prince Ferdinand braved them in front» they (hould lind one of his detachments upwards of thirty miles behind them. In this emergency, mon(ieur de Rochambeau perceiving their motions, haftily colleded fome brigades of infantry and cavalry at Horn- July 6. bourg, to prevent, if poiTible, the communication of the grand army with Franckfort from being cutoff. But they were charged with fo much vigour by the two Engli^ commanders, that, though ihey defended themfelves with fpirit for fome time, they were m the iffuc difperfed with confiderable lofs. They were obliged to evacuate that traft of country. Fritelar, Feltzberg, and Lohr; and almofl all the important pods in the ibuth part of Hcffe were occupied by the aUies. The communication with Franckfort, from whence the French drew their whole fubfiftenpe, was abfolutdy intercepted. To the north of Hefle alfo the allies were not lefs adive, nor lefs fuccefstul : they obliged prince Xavier, with his Saxon detachments, to abandon his advanced pod on the Leine, ar.d unite himfcif tc grand army. They got between him and Gottingen, ., which the French garrifim 'there was left without fupport. This garrifon, feeing its -communication interrupted, blew up a part of the fortifi- vcations, and atten^rted a retreat; but finding no avenue -open, they were obliged to return in confufio!\. Delpair- ing of their ability lo hold this important place, they thought themfelves happy, when at length, with much •Aug. 16. management and difficulty, they wereabie to eva< cuate it without oppoiitioa. Prince 1762. The History of the War. ^^g Prince Xa'vier, after having, as we faid beforef quitted his advanced fituation at Morungen in the territories of Ha- fiover» united himfelf to the right of the principal army, which was pofted to the eadward of the Fulda» not far from the place where that river forms an angle in its jundion with the Werra. In this angle (lands the town of Munden, a fortified place* in which the French had a garrifon. Full of confidence from this fituation> they were under no ap- prehenfion : but the generals Zaftrow, Gilfac* and Waldhaufen, paifed the Fulda in their fighr, July 23. and under a heavy fire of their cannon. The corps of the two termer officers poflefled themfelves of a wood on the enemy's right flank. General Waldhaufen^ in the mean time^ had feized the village of Bonnevert^ which enabled him to keep the garrifon of Munden in check, and gave him alfo an opportunity, whenever the occafion required it, of falling on the enemy's rear. The bold paflage of the Fulda, and the judgment of the fubfequent difpofitions, infured tlie vi€tory. Prince Xavier, for a good while, defended himfelf with an obftinate refolu- tion ; but finding his flank gained, he began to give way. in this inftant Waldhaufen, who had hitherto only watch- ed the iffut of the engagement, threw in his horfe upon the rear, and compleated the defeat. General Stainville, who occupied a ftrong entrenched camp in the neighbourhood, feeing the party of the prince of Saxony in danger of being totally cut to pieces, quitted his intrenchments with his whole army of ten thoufand men, and haftened to their relief. Prince Frederick of Brunfwick, attentive to this movement, with great quick- nefs feized this critical opportunity, entered their camp the moment they had left it, and entirely deftroyed all their works. In this adion eleven hundred of the enemy were made prifoners. The French finding their communication dedroyed, their army furrounded and harafled on every fide, andU. without intermiflion, were neither able to advance with a ' profpcfi of fuccefs, or to retreat with any hope of fafety. In this diftrefs they had nothing left but to call their army from the Lower Rhine to their aflidance. No time was to be loft. Exprefs after exprefs was fent to haften them. In confequence of thefe difpatches, the prince of Conde ad- vanced by forced marches; the hereditary prince ftuck ♦ i-r clofe dl 4^1 II .. 540 Tbe History of the War. 1762. clofe to him> and kept himfelf in readinefs to fall upon his corps* when a favourable opportunity fhould offer. lo the mean time prince Ferdinand prefled upon Soubife*s army. Advantageoufly as they were fituated* he offered them battle for a whole day. Rather than rifk an en- gagement they decamped in the night* and quitted* with- out an adion, thofe advantageous grounds called the heights of Mulfingen, where they could not be attempted without the greatell difficulty and hazard ; and the«quittingof which gave prince Ferdinand the mod important advantages over tliem. • Never were military operations pu(hed with more vivaci- ty, whild the negotiation for peace was in great forward- nefs. The two great contending courts had opened confe- rences* whild their armies were cutting one another in pieces: but prince Ferdinand* on that account* rather drained than flackened his efforts. He knew that the negotiation for peace is always much forwarded by the operations of the campaign, and that a fuccefsful adion often haftens the decifion of a contefled article. Perhaps too he was willing to (hew in England* that the neceflity of making peace ought not to be attributed to the circumftances of that part of the war which had been committed to his care. People imagined they could difcern fomething like coldnefs towards this great commander in the new Britifh miniftry ; and that he, on his fide* feemed rather to favour that party in Eng- land which WrtS for prolonging the war. t^ ■w: CHAP; VI. . v-;,,.> ;■)■- J,^^i ;i<"i» War in Portugal. Plan of the campaign. Mirand, Bra- ganz, and Chaves taken. Almeida befteged and taken. ;. Count of La Lippe arrives in Portugal. Surprize of Va~ ' lentia d'Alcantaray by general Burgoyne. Affair of Villa Velba. Spaniards retire. 1>!{; ^'i;- HE events of the war in Germany, though itsobjeS was not more interefting than that in Portugal, feem to rank far before the a6iions of the latter in dignity and importance. They naturally occupy the firft place, and juftify a more minute detail in an hiftory of military opera- tions. It is in Germany that the great efforts of all the great powers in Europe were made from the beginning. ■- ■• ■ - '■: Here -v? feem ' and I and ipera- II the inlng. Here 1762. Tbe History of the War. 541 Here the mod confidcrable armies were maintained ; here the great battles were fought ', and on this theatre the great commanders gave a full fcope to their genius. Germany (ettrn, as it were» the natural foil of hodiiity ; but Portu- gal» which had long languifhed in a tranquil obfcurityi could fcarce furnifh out a faint image of war. Of the (late of the military in that country we have fpo- ken in a preceding chapter. The marine was not oil a much more refpeftable footing. About fix or feven (hips of the line, and a very few frigates, compofcd all the naval force of Portugal that was (it for fervice ; of that Portugal which had formerly been one of the (ird maritime powers in Europe. The fortifications in that kingdom had been alfo long negleded, and fcarce any of them were in a condition to mftain a regular fiege. Portugal, however, poiTefTed fome advantages ; but they were only fuch as (he derived from her weaknefs. The ex- treme barrennefs and poverty of the country, made it very di(ficult for an army, either of friends or enemies, to fub- fift in it. The badnefs of the roads, and the frequency and fteepnefs of the mountains, which occupy the greateft part of that kingdom, made it no lefs di(ficult to advance with rapid marches, and to improve the advantages of the cam- paign with proper expedition. The nature of the country alfo rendered it not unfit for that fpecies of defence, which the beft force it had was beft qualified to make ; that is, in the way of an irregular war, by its armed peafantry ; for the defiles in many places are of fuch a nature, as to be capa- ble of being maintained by a fmail and undifciplined body, againft very numerous and very regular forces. And the Portuguefe, from the higheft to the lowef}, were animated with fuch a fincere and inveterate hatred to the Spani(h name, and v^ere filled with fo much terror at the profped of falling a fecond time under the government of that nati- on, that great hopes were entertained of their exerting themfelves to the utmoft on this occafion, and of their rouf^ (ing that natural courage in which the Portuguefe are deficient. *' '^- Thefe advantages, however, did by no means balance the dangers to which that kingdom was expofed, from the joint hoftility of France and Spain. All the hope of Por- tugal Was centred in England, for whofe fake, and in whofe quarrel (he had been drawn into this unequal conteft. The . "• greater i\ i H It I ' :!-J 'iit . 542 The History of the War. ij$^^ greater the weaknefs of Portugal was* the more confpicu. ous were the magnanimity and refources of Great Britain, who made, in the clofe of fo expenfive and ruinous a war, fuch aftonifhing efforts, and who was in a condition by her ftrength to prop up, at lead for a time, fo very feeble a fyf. tem. She fent to Portugal, officers, troops, artillery, arms, military {lores, provifions, and money, every thing which could enable the Portuguese to exert their natural ftrength, and every thing which could fupply that ftrength where it was deficient. When the Bourbon courts made war againft Portugal, the declared objeft was to prevent Great Britain from the military and commercial ufe of the ports of that kingdom. As it was impoilible to attain this objed by naval operati. ops, thev attempted it by military ones, and aimed their principal endeavours at the two great ports, to which the Englim principally refort. Oporto and Lift)on. The pof- feflion of thefe two objeds would probably have finiflied the war in their favour ; the poflfeftion of either of them would Iiave given them the moft decifive advantages in it. With this view three inroads were to be made, one to the north, another was propofed more to the fouth, whilft the third was made in the middle provinces, in order to fuftain thefe two bodies, and preferve the communication between them. The reader muft confider this as what ap- pears from their dedgns, and from the fteps they took to exe- cute them, to have been their general plan ; not that it was ever perfeftly executed in all its parts, or at the fame time. The firft body which commenced hoftiiities was com- manded by the marquis de Sarria. This army entered into the north eaft angle of Portugal, and marched towards Miranda. This town, though in no good ftate of defence, might have delayed them in their progrefs ; but a powder majQizine having been blown up byaccident»the fortifications . ' ^» were ruined, and the Spaniards, before they had ay 9.. raifed their firft battery, marched into the toWn by the breaches in the wall. Animated by this eafy and fortunate fuccefs, they pro- ceeded to Braganza, a confiderable city, from whence the royal family of Portugal derived its ducal title. This town made no greater defence than Miranda. From May 15. thence a detachment marched to Moncorvo* which was furrendered in the like manner; and .-■i'' '9? 1762. The History of the War. 543 every thing was cleared before them to the banks of the Douro. A party under count O'Reilly made a forced march of fourteen leagues, in two days. May 24. to the city of ChaveSf which was immediately evacuated. By thefe fuccelTes they became maflers of al- moft the whole of the extenfive province of Tralos Monies* and their progrefs fpread a general alarm. Oporto was aU moft given up as loA ; and the admiralty of England prepa- red tranfports to carry off the effcds of the Brttifh fadory^ However, the body which had traverfed this province with- out refiftance, attem^tng to crofs the Douro, had its pro-, grefs checked on that (ide. The peafants, animated and guided by fome Englifh oi^cers, and feizing a difficult pafs* repulfed and drove them back to Torre de Moncorva Thcr are faid to have been guilty of fome cruelties to the Spanilh prifoners who fell into their hands. Thefe cruehies were afterwards feverely retaliated upon them Thefe people^ on both (ides naturally ferocious, had not been fufficientty inured to war, to moderate its fury, and reduce it under laws; they hated mutually* and they gave a full fcope to their hatred : they did not fee each other as fotdiers, but «• enemies. ^^. <.■.,•,.;. , ; : The fecond body of the Spaniards, which we have men- tioned as the connedive link between the two others, en- tered into the province of Beira, at the villages called Va| de Mula and Val de Codha. They were joined by ftrong detachnieii|s» amounting to almoft the whole army in Tra- los Montes, and immediately laid fiege to Almeida, which* though in no good order, was the (Irongeft and bed provi- ded place upon the frontiers of Portugal. Befides, it was of the greateft importance from its middle fituation, as the pofleimn of it would greatly facilitate the operations upon every im^nd would efpeciaily tend to forward an attempt upon Lijmdri]) which was the capital objed, towards which, at this rirheVsill ^ endeavours of the Spaui^irds feem to have been dire^ed. «< Almeida was defended with fufficient refolution ; but fate V^fiprefeen as foon as it was attempted, there beil no mcaflllpf a0brding relief to any of the places befieg^dif It furrendered, however, upon terms Aug. 254 honourable to the garrifon. The Spaniards, having made themfelves matters of this , placejT overfpread the whole territory of Caftle Branco, a principal 'in / 544 The History of the War* 1762. principal didrift of the province of Beira* maicing their way to the fouthwardi until they approached the banks of the Tagus. During the whole of their progrefsi and indeed during the whole campaign, the allied troops of Great Bri^ tain and Portugal had nothing that could be called a body of an army in the fieldt and they could not think of oppo. (ing the enemy in a pitched battle. All that could be done was by the defence of palTes, by (kirmilhi and by fur. prize. ;^-;-^'- ^ • ^ ' ^ • ^ ■-* 'r'^-^ " '■ By this tjme the count of la Llppe Buckeburg had arri- ved in Portugal. Lord Tyrawly, who had been fent, at the defire of the couVt of Liibon, thither before the break- ing out of the war, being difguded by the behaviour of fome perfons at court, and much difappointed in his expec- tations of the exertion they had promifed to make of their own force, and even of the ufe they had made of the fuc- cours from England, had been recalled very early in the campaign, and probably not contrary to his own inclina- tion. It is impoflible to exprefs the joy which filled the whole nation at the arrival of fo celebrated an officer as the count la Lippe to their adidance. More unanimity was now ex- peded, as the count had nothing to complain of, and came an entire dranger to all the fubje£ts of debate, which had hitherto exided between the Britidi general and the court of Lid)on. That army, which we have mentioned as the third corps dedined for the invafion of Portugal, aflembled on the frontiers of Edremadura, with an intention of penetrating into the province of Alentejo. Had this third body been joined to the others already in Portugal, it would probably have formed fiich an army as might, in fpight of any ob- drudion, have forced its way to Litbon : had it a€ted fe- parately, it might have greatly didra£ted the defence, fo as to enable fome other body to penetrate to that city. It was neceflary to prevent, if podible, their entrance into Portu- f; (Ince their mere entrance would have been almod equal, ts confequences, to a vi£tory on their fide. The count la Lippe, therefore, formed a defign of at- tacking an advanced body of the Spaniards which lay on their frontiers, in a town called Valentia de Alcantara, as he hfUkd that they had there amaded condderable maga- zines. 1762. TJbe HmoKY of the "Wak, 545 zincs. The condu£l of this important enterprize was com* mitted to brigadier general Burgoyne. This gallant and able officer, though at ft di(lance of five days march, and in fpite of all the difappointments and ob(lru£tions to which lervicesofthis kind are fo liabk*, when they cannot be executed immediately ; vet effect- ed a complete furpri^e on the town of Valentia Aug. 27. de Alcantara ; took the general, who was to have commanded in the intended invafion, one colonel, two captains, and fcventcen Tubal tern officers. One q( the befl regiments in the Spanifh fervice was entirely deilroyed. > Although they were difappointed in their expedations of finding maga/.ines in this place, the effe£t of this well-con- ducted entcrprize was not lofl. The taking of this general was probably the caufe which prevented the Spaniards from entering into the province of Alentejo. This feemed to have been for fome time the dedination notonlyof that par- ticular body, but alfo the great obje£t of the Spanifh army^ which had hitherto a6ted in Bcira. The former of thefe provinces is a plain, open, fertile country, where their cavalry, in which confiflcd the chief of their army, and in which lay their mod marked fuperiority, may have a€ted, and a£led decifively ; whereas the latter was a rough moun- tainous region, in which the horfe were fubfifted with dif- ficulty, and could be of little fervice. To prevent, there- fore, the entry of the Bourbon army from any quarter, into Alentejo, feemed to be the great and fingle objed of the campaign on our fide. General Burgoyne, by his expedi- tion into the Spanilh territories, had already prevented it on one part ; and the vigilance and adivity of the fame ofHcer had no fmall ihare in preventing it alfo on the other. That part of the Bourbon army, which aded in the ter- ritory of Caflel Branco, had mjjde ihcmfelves mafters of feveral important pafies, which they obliged fome bodies of the Portuguefe to abandon. They attacked the rear of the combined army, wl-ich waspafling the river Alveito, with the appearance oi a retreat; but, in reality, with a view-^^v to diaw them infenfibly into the mountainous traSs: here " they were repulfed with lofs; butftill they continued maflers of the country ; and nothing remained but the pafies of the Tagus, to enable them to take up their quarters in Alentejo. Burgoyne, who was ported with an intention to obftruft them in their paflage, lay in the neighbourhood, and within N n * . view H' ■ < 546 The HiBTonY ff tht War. 176a. view of ftdcUch«Ucimp, compofcd of a confidvrtble body of the enemy's cuvalry, which lay near • village called Villa Velha. At he obferved that the enemy kept no very (eldiory guard in ihii pod, and were uncovered both on their rear and their flanki» he conceived a dcfign of falling on them bv (Urprize. He confided the execution of thii defign to colonel Lee, who turned their campi fell 0&. 6. upon their rear in the nighti made a confiderablc flaughter, difperfed the whole purty, deftrovcd Ihtir magatinei, and returned with fcarce aiw lofs. Bu^ goynt* in the mwn time, fupported him by a feint attack io Another quarter. Avhich prevented the enemy's being re- lieved from the adjacent pods. J, This advantaget being obtained in a critical momenti wis Attended with important confequencci. The feafon was now far advanced ( immcnfe raina fell at this time } the roads were dcdroved) the country became impracticable; and the Spaniardsi having feized no advanced pods in which they could maintain themfelves during the wintert and being ef- pectally unprovided with magaiinei for the fupport of their horfe, every where fell back to the frontiers of Spain» where Iheir fuppliei were at hand, and where they were not liable to be harafTed by the efforts of the combined army. In this manner Portugal was faved* at lead for that cam- peign* by the wife condu^ of count la Lippe* and the dif- tinguidied valour of the £ngli(h commanders and foldicry: •11 that was wanting towards their deliverance was accom* pliflied by the fuccefs of the Englifli army in more dilUnt quarters^ and by the peace* in which fo valuable and fo ex- nofed an ally was not neglefted. There never was probably fo heavy a iiorm of national calamity, readv to fall upon an unprovided people^ fo happily averted* or fo fpecdily blown over. Every thing, at the beginning of this campaign* bore the mod louring and ominous afped to the affairs of Great Britain. As it advanced, the (ky continually cleared up ; and the fortune of no nation* towards the clofe of it* was enlivened with a more brilliant and more unclouded prof- perity. We diall now proceed in the retktion of thofe fuc- ccffes, and of the progrefs of the Englifl) arms in other parts of the world* where new fcenes of danger and hotiour werenowopePAdK>>thef«(i, . •?> ■ys/J CHAP. 176a. Tht History of tbt Wah. ^ CHAP. VII. 547 EitpfJition aggin/l Murtinin. Forai ftnt tbilh^r. Tmpt Und 4it Cms Ntivire. Nature 9/ Ibi founlry. Atlmk «/ tk» pojli Mar fort Htya/, Fort Royntfurrtn^nfd, St. firrre and Ibf whole ijland capitulate, St. Lutie, Orenadet, and St. yincftit tiiken, PrepgratitM for war again/i the Spani/f iVtJl Indies. TOwardi ih< clofe of the Uft year* it wai determined to rciumc the fchemc of operation! in the Weft Indies 1 where nothing had been attennpted fince the year 1 759. Dif- treffed hi the French trade to their iflandi had been» it ftill coniinutd a rcfource to that nation. On the other hand» nothing could poflibly furniih ui with places of more im- portance, either to retain* or to exchange upon a pcac^f than our fuccefs in this part of the world. Another con- fideration had probably no fmall (hare in direding our armi towards that quarter. From the time that the difpofitions of Spain had become equivocal* it was neceflary to t4.3 fuch (lepit as would put us in a rerpedable fituttion* in cafe I war with that kingdom would become unavoidable. It was therefore very proper to have a Arong armament in the Wed Indies, that lide on which Spain it moft vulnerable* and in which ever^ wound affe^s a part of the quickcft fenfibility. Accordingly the force which was font into the Well Indies on this occafion was very great ; and, if wt take the naval and military together* it was fuch an armament as had never been before leen in that part of the world. It was certainly very right to leave as little to hazard as poiH- ble ; and wh^n* in the mod frugal method of proceeding, a great many men mud have been employed, and a great deal of money fpent, it would have been an unpardonable error, from a confideration of almod any faving, to have left arty thing imperfe^ \ efpecially at a time, when the cflfeA of every operation became almoft hourly, more and more critt- oil and decifive. Every thing which had been an objed of war in North America, was by this time complemy acquired. It was therefore eafy to draw a very coniiderable part of the army from thence. Eleven battalions w«re drawn from N«w ,. N n a - York ; m 548 fhe History of the War. 1762. York ; a draught was alfo made from the garrifon of Belleifle. Thele were reinforced by fome troops which had been fcattered among the Leeward Iflands; fo that the whole land armament did not fall very (hort of twelve thou- fand men. General Monckton, who had acquired fo much reputation in North America, and had received a very grievous wound at the taking of Quebec, commsnded the land forces in this expedition. The marine was under rear- admiral Rodney. The failure in 1 759 did not difcourage our adminidration .from making Martinico theobjeft of another attempt. The Englifh fleet, after having rendezvouzed at Barbadoes,came • before this ifland on the 7th of January, 1 762. The troops landed at a creek called Cus Naviret without the !ofs of a man ; the fleet having been difpofed fo properly, and hav- ing direSed their fire with fuch effe£t, that the enemy was obliged in a fliort time to abandon the batteries they had ' ereded to defend this inlet. When the landing was efi^efted, the difficulties were far from being at an end. It is true, that neither the number nor the quality of the enemy's regular troops in the ifland were very formidable. But the militia was numerous, well armed, and not unqualified for fervice in the only kind of war* which could be carried on in thieir country. Befides, the whole country was a natural fortification, from the number of ravines with riv^jlets between them, which lay from diftance to diftance. Wherever thefe" grounds were pra^icable, the French had polled guards, and ereft.d bat- teries. It is eafy from hence to difcern what obftru£iions theprogrefs of an army was liable to, particularly with re- gard to its artillery. Thefe obftruCtions were no where greater than in the neighbourhood of the place, againft which the firfl: regular attack was propofed. ^?i v. r This town and citadel is overlooked and commanded by two very conilderable eminences, called Morne Tortenfon and Morne Gamier, Whilft the enemy kept poflefllon of thefe eminences, it was impoflTible to attack the town ; if they loft them, it would prove impoflTible to defend it. Suitable to the importance of thofe fituations were the meafures taken to render them impregnable. They were proteQed, like the other high grounds in this ifland, with very deep ravines ; and this great natural ftrength was improved by every 1762. ^he History of the War.^- 549 every contrivance of art. The Mome Tortenfon was firft to be attaclscd. To favour this operation, a body of regular troops and marines were ordered to advance on the right along the feii-fide, towards the town, in order to take the redoubts which lay in the lower grounds. A thoufand failors in flat-botlcmed boats, rowed clofe to the fliore to aflift them. On the left, towards the country, a corps of light infantry, properly fupported, was to get round the enemy's left ; vvhihl the attack in the centre was made by the Britiih grenadiers and the body ot the army, under the fire of bat- teries, which had been ere£led on the oppofite fide with great labour and perfeverance ; the cannon having been dragged upwards of three miles by the feamen. * , i. The difpofiiionsfor the attack of this difficult pofl, having been made with fo much judgment, on the part of the com- mander, it was executed with equal fpirit and refolution by the foldicry. The attack fucceeded in every quarter. With irrefiftible impetuofiiy, the enemy's works were fucceflively carried. They were driven from poft to poll ; until our troops, after a (harp ftruggle, remained maftcrs of the whole Morne ; fome of the enemy fled precipitately into the town, to the very entrance of which they were purfued. Others faved themfelves on the Morne Gamier, which was as (Irong, and much higher than Morne Tortenfon, and overlooked and commanded it. Thus far had they proceeded with fuccefs; but nothing decifive cculc: be done, without the poffefTion of the other eminence, our troops being much moieiled ^y the enemy, from that fuperior fituation. ' ....--- It was three days before proper difpofitions could be msde for driving them from this ground. Whilft iJiefe difpofitions were making, the enemy's whole force defcended from the hilljfallied out of the town, and attacked the Englifh in their advanced pofts; but they were immediately repuiled: and the ardour of the Britilli troops hurrying them forward, they improved a defcnfive advantage into an attack, pafTed the ravines, mingled with the enemy, fcakd the hill, feized the batteries, and ported themfelves on the fummit of Morne Garnrer. The French regular troops efcaped into the tow-n. The militia difperfed themfelves in the country. All the fituations which commanded the town and citadel weke now fecured; and the enemy waited no Ion- p . ger, than until the batteries againft ihem weri: com- * ^* N n 3 pletedt ^:- ii SSO The HisTOKY of thW AH. 1762. plettd) M ei^tolite. And to fioirrenckr this itnporttnt phce, the ft«y, for the affiftance received frotn the fleet under his Command : the utiuoft hattnony has fubfiiicd hitherto, and I am perfuaded will continue to do fo. This will be delivered to your lordfliip by Captain ft^dl/!^*- hm, who takes home tht admiral'l difpatehes, I havi tb9 hMkfl* hi tic. ROBERT MOtlCICTON. jiJmimi R»dnty*t Uitir t$ Mr. ClfVthnd, Cafe Na^ti Bttyt MaftinUtt Juti^ 19, 1761. IDellreyou will acquaint their lordfliips, that t arrived at Bar- hadoes on the ztd of November^ having parted company with the iquadron under ray command, in a hard gale of wind, a few daini after we left the channel , ,/s,v,;.. The Foudroyantt Modefit^ and Ba/ilijk^ join^ me the 27th, the Ntttingbam and fhunder the ift of Detemhiff and the ran- guM-Jf with the remainder of the fqUadron, on the 9th. The 7'emraire and AAew^ with the troops from BeHeifle^ arrived the 14th of December y and Major General MoncktM, with the forces from Nortb America^ on the 24th ; and havii^ remained a few days to water the fliips, refresh the men, and make neceiTary dif- pofitions for our enterprise, we arrived oSt Martinicp the 7th of January ; and On tlue 8th we all anchored in St. Anne\ bay ; the ihips I haid appointed (under Sir Jamet Douglas) having filenced the forts of that coatl j in performing of which, we bad the mi- fortune to Ipfe the Bmiftmable^ as ihe was leodiiig in for one of • Nn4 - the ggz The History of the War. 1762. oorrefponded with that of the fortifications, and with the natural advantages of the country. Our troops therefore were thFenemy's battieries, owing to Ifie pilot's being ignorant of a lit- tle reef of rocks, which took her up. We have faved all her people, all her ftores, and I hope Toon to get all her guns. Having by the motion of the fleet and army, taken pofleflion of «n excellent harbour, and fecured a landing on the wcathernioil part of the ifland, which might be made tenable at any time, as Ukewife thereby greatly alarmme the enemy. ; At General Imuciton'a requeli, I difpatched Commodore Sivan- tpn^ with a fquadron of lliips, and two brigades, to the bay of Petite Ancit in order to take poit there. Captain Herniey of the Pragon having Hlenced the battery of the Grand Ance^ landed his marines and feamen, who attacked it alfo from the fhore, and took pofleiljon of the fort ; and, on the 14th, I followed with the whole fleet and army» after deftroying the enemy's batteries at St. Anne's bay, when (bavin? reconnoitred the coaft with the Gene- ral) we came to a refolution, to make an attempt between Point Negroe and the Cas de Pihttty which I ordered to be attacked on the 16th ; and having very fuccefsfully, and with little lofs, fllenced the batteries, I landed General Monckton with the greateft f>art of hif forces by fun-fet ; and the whole army was on fhore a ittle after day-light next morning, without the lofs of a man (the boats being^ comipanded by Commodore Swanton in the centre, Captain Shuldham on the right wing, and Captain Hervey on the left) with fiich necefl*aries as they were mod immediately in want of, and had all the fhips and tranfports anchored as much in fafety, as this coaft will admit. I aifo landed two battalions of marines, conHfting of four hun- dred and fifty men each. The army are now carrying on their approaches to the heights of Mount Grenie and Mount Tortenfont which the enemy have made as ftrong as art can do, and from whence rhe.general pro- pofes to lay fiege to Fort Rryal. I have the happjnefs to add, that the sirmy and navy continue in perfeft health j and carry on thefervice with the greateft fpirit jmd harmony. I General MoncktorCs Je con d Letter to the Earl ofEgremont. Fort Royal in Martinuo,Fei>. ^fi'jSz. My Lord, "^ ■ Had the honour of writing to your lordfliip the aoth of Janu- ary , when I acquainted you that I intended to attack the ene- my >i&i86 > i!ti » i... .M ijfe„ 1762. The. His T o fLY of t be W AH, $*^^ were dill under fome anxiety, for the final fuccefs of their work, and feared, if not difappointment, at lead delay. But the rcdudion of Fort Royal, had fo greatly abated the enemy's my in the ilrong pods they occupied on the oppofitc heights, and the Morne Tortenfon^ leading to Fort Royal, as foon as I had erected batteries (which were thought neceifary) to aflift us in the pafling a very deep and wide ravine '*, or gully, which feparated us from them. My diipofition for the attack being made on the 24th ofjanw ary, at break of day, the troops advanced under a brilk fire of our batteries. I'he grenadiers,. under Brigadier Grant, firil falh'ng in with the enemy's advanced pods, began the attack : Brigadier Rufane on the right, with his brigade, and the marines, was to advance and attack the redoubts along the coad; one thoufand Teamen in the fiat-bottomed boats, rowed us as he advanced : Lord Roifo^s brigade fupported the grenadiers : Brigadier fVal/b with his brigade, (lupporting the light infantry under Lieutenant Colonel Scott) to attack the left of a plantation, and to endeavour to get round the enemy. The light infantry eHecled rheir attempt, and while the grenadiers were driving the enemy from pod to poft, they got upon their left, which helped to complete the event of the day. The enemy's works were now fucceflively attacked with the mod irreiiitible impetuofity, fo that at nine o'clock we were in the entire pofTeinon of all their works, and the ftrong ground of Morne Tortenfon, coniiding of many redoubts mounted with cannon, and advantageoufly Htuated to aflid the natural ftrength of the country. The enemy retired in the greateft confufion, to the town of Fort Royal, and to Morne Garnier (a Hill higher hill than the Morne Tortenfon, and feparated from it by a deep ravine,, covered with a very thick bruili, and a rivulet at the bottom) from whence they thought they were never to be diflodged, both from iti • * A large holloiu made hetiueen tnvo bills, occajioned by afud- den current of iva/er, luhich is very frequent and, rapid at the time of the Equinox. It is of a conftderahle depth, and not lefs difficult to get into than to afcend, as it is tufted ivith irees, brujb- •tuoodon every Jide, and in many places covered over. Tbefe the French lined luith infantry ; but our forces, refolute, and de- termined to carry the batteries on the other fide, let each other down, Jirji flinging their mujkets ; when they got to the other fide, clam- ' bered up as fafi as pofjible, formed; and carried all before them. Some nvere let down precipitately, by the banks giving way, but they foon recovered themfelves, and joined their corps. 554 ^^ HisTOny of tbe Wah. 176a. «nenDy*i confidence, that the militia defpaired of making an> cffcdiual defence. The planters alfo, folicitous for their fortiincsi were apprehenfive of having their eftates ruined, by iti natural ftrength, and the works and batteries they hnd on it. The Ipirit of the grenadiers in this attadk was fuch, that fome of them even purfuetl the enemy to the biidge of the town, and brouffht off prifoners from thence. While this was doing on this fide. Brigadier Havihrnl yt\x\i his brigade, two battulions of Higbhndtrtt and a corps of light in- fantry (which I had formed from the feveral regiments, and given the command to Major Ltland) had orders (from the reported pra6ticabiljty of the pniTagc) to crofs the ravine a good deal to the left, and att ick a body of the enemy who were pofted on feveral heights oppofiie to him, and to try to get into their left, and by that means divide their force. Yet, although they began their march at two o'clock in the morning, fuch was the difficulty of accefs, though I am convinced every means were tried, that it was late before they effected it. When I found that the enemy were giving way on all iides, I ordered Lieutenant Colonel •^rai/'s tight infiintry. Brigadier Waljb\ brigade, and a divifion of the grenadiers, to a plantation more to the left, where Brigadier HaviMndwM to have come down : they drove off fome of the enemy pofted there } and the light infantry g^ffeffed themfeivesof a very advantaeeous poft oppoHte to Aiornt arnitr. Tofupport them, I ordered Brigadier mt;//f7 ately ?-«M* 1762. ^bt HisroKY of the Wkh, $$5 liy a war too long continued, or perhaps of loiing ail by SaiTing the opportunity of a favourable capitulation. In- uenced by thefe motives* and diftieartcned by the train of mis- ately rcpulfed \ and fuch was the ardour of the troops, that ther pafled the ravine with the enemy, feized their batteries, and took poll there, being reinforced by miaadier IValJh'% brigade, and the diviiion of grehadiers under Brigadier GrMni^ who immediately on the attack had marched to fupport them. Night was now come on ) but Major Z.r/<(iffmnll have taken fonie time. (n the ieveral attacks, I am credibly informed, that the enemy had ^$6 7>(f History o///r War. 1762. mist'ortunc9, which had attended ihe French rirms hcrc^aiviif ill all other parts of the world, they refolved to hold out no had not lefs than one thoufand men killed, woumleJ, and tnken prifoneri: among the Intter, feveral of their principal officers ot the militia, takea the 24th. Our lolk your lotddiip will fee by the return. You have alfo, my lotd, a return of the artillery and Uorcs taken fruiii the enemy on the 24th and 27th of January ; and in the citadel at its furrender on the 5th inltant. 1 cannot tTnd words, my lord*, to render that ample juflice due to the true vaIout anii perlevering ardour of his uiajeUy's troops, which I have the honour to command. The difficulties they had to encounter in the attack of an enemy, poiFefled of every advan- tage that art or nature could give them, were great. 'I'heir per- feverance, in furmounting thefe oblUbles, furnifhes a noble ex- ample of Britijb fpirit. 'rhe Biigadiers Haviland^ Grants Rufane^ Lord Rol/o, and tValJby and all the ojicers in general, deferve the highed ap- plaule for their aniirated and foldierlike conduct. The grenadiers of the^army, in three divifions, headed by the X^ieuienant Colonels Fle/cber^ Maffyt and yaughan, and the light infantry and rangers, in three bodies, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel •Sco//, Major Le/andt and Captain Kennedy, particularly dillinguidied thetiifeWes, thc.warmeft part of the fervice having fallen to their lot. "^ M. la Tottche the Governor General, after leaving a garrifon in Fort Royal, letired with the remains of his grenadiers, and is now, as I am informed, at St. /'iVrr*. We have not as yet had the ieaft t'^ corierponLiencc together, nor has he fo much as fent to enquire alter his killed, wounded, and prifoners. Immediately upon the fort furrendering, the Admiral and I re* ceived a deputation from moft of the quarters of theiHand, defir- ing likewife to capitulate, M. la 'toftfhe having refufed them to enter into any terms. On the 7th inftant we agreed upon the ca- pitulations, to which we have every day fome of the other quar-r icrs oi the ifland acceding. St. Pierre^ and the neighbouring quarters, are ihe only ones which hold out, owinz to the prefcnce of M. 7a louche ; but iLould they not cooae in, m a day or two, which I am told I may expert every hour, I p«rpofe moving that way, and do not the leail: doubt but that I iliallioon reduc^ them toreaiuH. • > '^'^^&i■^ On the 7th inftant, Pidgeon IJland, one of the defenceiM^rl|BQ^.. harbour, iurrendered by fummons on the fame terms of thedi^ '^ del, (cannon exceptsd.) ■ -^y: .--■.■?- :• . ,;vr;^-\ -■ Your ^nMkk^m.. 1762. Tbe HmToKY of the W A r: 557 no longer; nnd General Monckton, jud as he wsis ready to embark, for the reduflion of St. Pierre, Feb. 12. wnstortunatcly prevented by the arrival of deputies, * who Your lordlliip may look upon the capitulation for the Ifliind ai fixed, the Admiral and myfcif being retulved not to make the leatl aheration. The otJier quarters mull accede to it. ,We hope both the capitulations will receive his niajefty's appro- bation, as it has been our earned (ludy to obtain, on our part, every advantage I* the nation, that could accrue from the conqueft of this ifland. The day after the aflTail^^ th^yth, learning from one of my parties that M. Nadau DeuH^tj^hte the Frincb governor of the ifland of GtiaJahuptt was a^PilDufe about two leagues from my quarters, I thought it necefliiry to fend, and bring him in, and he is now with me a prifoner. I purpofe fendinz him to France by fome opportunity that may offer hereafter. The French troops are all aboard, and will foon fail for France according to the capitulation. I have given orders for the repair of the citadel, and for every neceflary work. The inhabitants, who had all quitted their hoiifes, and retired to the heights, are now returning to them } and as foon as I have fixed the inhabitants of St. Pierre^ I fliall purfue the other parts of his majeftv's intlruflions. I mud repeat to your iordihip the harmony that fubfifts between the fleet and army, and the cordial alllftance we have received from Admiral Rodney ^ in every part of the operations where hit aid cuuld be ufciiil. This will be delivered to your lordfliip'by Major Gtiies, one of my aid-de-camps, who will inform your Iordihip of any par- ticulars you may defire to know. I mull beg leave to recommend him t«ii'bis jntjefty's favour, as a very deferving officer, and who haa now liirVw upwards of twelve years in America with much credit. / have the honour to be, life. R. MONCKTON. Rear ^J^if^lR^nefs/econd Letter to Mr. Cleveland. ■ It ■ ..:^:y^»^^ Royai Bay, Martinico, Feb. lo, 176A. SI Jl^^i^l^PpiN' of the t^hjS^ January , fent exprefs by ^'^9\n^ifthgham, acquaiii)ili|Mheir lordfhips with my arrival and landing the army ai Ct/jk^a/vire-i I have the honour ; '■ '^"' to 558 Tbt History of tbt War. 1^62. who came to capitulate for the furrender of that place, and of the whole iOand. The furrender ot Martinico, which was the feat of the fupenor 10 congratulate them on the furrender of the nioft important cita- del of, Ftrt R^jmtt and Pidgfm Ifiand 1 whicK^as given his ma- jefty'i forcei pofleflion of the nobleft and beft harbour in ihefe parts of the Irtji Indies. The alntoft infuimountable difficulties the troops had to ftruggle with, and the furpriciog ftrength of the country, improved by all that art could add, will be beft explained by General M^mkfH, But this I muft fay, in juftlce to thofe I have the honour to comnund, that the intrepidity and gallant behaviour of the officers and troops cniployod on this ex|Mdition, could be equalled only by the j^ager and chearAil afiivity of the officers and feamen 1 who contributed every thing in their power towards the redu^ion of the place, and made no difficulnes in tranfportioK numbers of the heavieft mortars, and ihips cannon, up the lleepeft mountains, at a very condderable diftance from the fea, and acrois the enemy's line of fire. I have the pleafure to acquaint their lordfhipa, that we have taken, in this port, fourteen of the enemy's beft privateers ; and many more which are in the other ports of the ifland, will he immediately delivered into my hands, agreeable to the capitulation of the inhabitants : and for all further particulars, I inuft refer their lordfliips to Captain Darby^ who is charged with thefe dif- patches. It gives me the fmcereft fatisfa^ion, that I can niTure their lortjihips, the moft pcrfedl harmony has fubfifted beiweeo the navy and arm^, each vying (in the moft friendly nmnner} which ihould ferve his majefty and their country beft. G*mral MMckftCs third Lettery dated St. Petmf^t, Mturtiniet, February 27, 176a. n t^ w My Lord, ^* IHad the honour of writing to your lord/Iiip the 9th inft. from Fort Rtyali which went by my atd-de"Casi|>, A^ajor Cattt^ who failed from thence in his majefty*s llilp N^Atingale, on the lOth inft. a duplicate of that letter I oMtMClol^ ' Juft when I was about toembark forth* redMmoffl^^^/tfr's, two deputies arrived at FeiH^ai on the itdi lift, ofl^gternu of capitulation for the whale ifltnd, on the part of M. B^ Taffor Velat9mhe, the Governor-GiMnU on the 13 th. They received the 176a. The History rf tbt War. 559 fuperior p;overnment, the principal mart of tradci and the centre ot all the French force in the CMribbet > naturttlly drew on the furrender of all the dependent idiindf. Gra- . i V . nada. the Admlrart and my anfweri* to their propofali, which they carried to St. P*t§r'n and on the 14th returned with the capitu- lation figned. In coafequence of which, I left Fort Rofal on the 15th, with the grenadier! of the army, and the fecond brigade) and on the following day took polTclfion of this large and opulrnt town, with all jhc polls in the neighbourhood. The caemy marched out about three hundred and twenty grenadiers, who are embarked, and will fail immediately for France. M. Le Vajjtr DehioMchittht Governor>Geneial, M. Reuiilt, Lieutenant Gover- nor, and the ftafF, will fhorti v follow. Inclofed I fend your lordAiip a copy of the capitulation for the ifland, which we humbly hope will meet with his majelly's ap- probation. Commodore Stuatiton is now oflF the GrtnaJti with a fquadron of men of war } and I propofe fending immediately Brigadier IValJh with the 5th brigade, and the corps of light in- fantry under Lieutenant Colonel Scott^ in order to reduce that and the oth^r iflands. I have undoubted intelligence, that the number of white men in the Grtnadtt do not exceed five hun- dred { and in the other iflands not ouite fo many. I Atould have proceedied upon this fervice myfelf, had I not thought it of more confequence, for his niajefty's fervice, my re- maining here at this critical time, when, by what we can learn, a rupture with Spain may be daily expe£ted ; and here I am alio at hand to fettle many material affairs relative to the fecurity of this conqueft. Indeed, I have good reafon to beliere, that Brigadier ffaijh will meet with very little obftruftion in his operations. However, ihould he not immediately fucceed, I ihall move that way with a larger force, and make no doubt to compel thorn to a fpeedy furrender. It was not my intention to have Cent home an ezprefs, until I could have informed your lord/hip of the reduction of the other iflands, mentioned in his majeily's inftru£Uoos...~— ^But aa this ifland ia now completely reduced to his majefty's obedience, I was apprehendve that a delay, in fignifying this iotereftiog event, might be attended with fo<*)^ ^ad eonfeqnences at this critical juadure. I ther^pre fend this by my aidHde-C|tniP, Captain Rieaui^ who can inform your Iftrdflxip, of any particulars you may deiire to know ; and I beg leave to recommend him to your lordihtp's countenance, as a very deferving and good officer. 560 97'(r History o/ //r War. 1762. nadtf a fertile ifland, and ponifled of feme good harbours, was given up without oppolition. St. I^ucia, and St. Vin- ccnty the ri^^ht to which had lb long been objcfts of con- tention Ai it was neceUary for his nnjelly's fervice, immc(hatcly to till fouM! civil einployinents here, I have, accordingly, nppoiiited proper perfons to a£t until his majelly's pteafutc be known. Your lordihip hns, herewith, a return of the artillery, nnd wnr- like (lores, found in tlie town, the Htiluit^ and the other differ- ent polls. / bavi tht honour to hf, l^e. R. MONCKTON, Admiral Rodnt/s third Lttttr, dated St. Pitrre's Road, Martinicj, Ftbruary a8, 176a. • t.^jnvf SINCE my difpatches ofthe loth inftant, by Capr /tirhy, acquainting their lordlhips with the furrenricr'of t'urt Royal, and the capitulation of the greated part of the inhabitant., I have the additional pleafure to congratulate tLcir lordniip:), on the conquefl of the whole ifland of Martinico ; M. Delatouche, hav- ing thought proper to fend his broihei on board the Marlhoiougb^ with articles of capitulation, jull in time to fave the town of St. Pimrf from dellrutlion j a copy ol which capitulation, I have the ^>iKJ%to inclofe. V 'As this great illand is now entirely fubjefted, to his majefty's obedience, I cm only repeat, in this public manner, my entire approbation, ot the conduct of all the officers and feamen, of that part of his majeOy s fleet, which I have the honour to command, all having exerted themfelves, in their po^oper llations, with an or- der and refolution becoming Britijh feamen. Immediately on the Surrender of St. Pierre, I difpatched Com- modore Stvanton, with a fquadron of his majefty's iliips, to join thofe alreadv before the ifland of Granada, and block up that port as cloie as pofllble : The iflands of St. Vincent, and St. Lucia are likewife very clofely blockuded { and I make not the lead doubt, but that all the Caribbe^ '(la* ;l6 will, in a very fliort time, be fubjeft^d to his majelly. On the 4th inltant, Captain Ott r-v. nC ^ majefty o iliip the Ailion, cruizing off Tobago, fell in v.iui and took a large Sfanijb regifter ihip, laden with cannon, powder, fmall arms, and ordi- nance ftores, bound to Laquira. . _ . . . .. , Admiral 1762. 97c HiiTOiY »//iv Wa«. 561 tention between the twon«tK>ni» fallowed id txtmp]t/. The Engtifh were now the fole ind undifturbed pofleflbrt of ill the C«ribbees, «nd ' -Id rhtt chftin of tnnuitiertble Kland* which formi «n immcttff how, eKttndini^ fttrni -fhe eafterti point of IfiipiiriioU nimoft i.i thv cfvntinent of Sodth Ame- ric*. And thmigh for )f ihe<« itiiifHU are bi^rirfr, none of them very Inrgr, and itot n »ny of tltim w*M rnli«bited» they boid more trudt h«n fiilh to the M of nniny relpcft- able kingdoms. o ^ The rime» in which Martmteci Wai r<'dttrerf, was a c'ir- cumftatKc of almoO as much coitfequcnee as the rc3 '.•»¥>'"»•« i \ '^\'\ 5 •'" Vi -s^^/^ i*"*"; [l«V^y^'\',v i. *'.i ViVWK A\ 1 ifV-.'rtViw'*, ■^ -■?f,vA -^r ,.-.-V.v,^^. ni->C HAP. >is plan imiralty, |; but as expedi- IS left to \tn be had 176a. ,. 72;^ History o//i?'JC8, and perhaps in the world. It is entered by a narrow pfiiTage, upwards of half a mile in length, which afterwards expands into a large bafon, forming three cut de facs\ (a) and is fufficient, in extent and depth, to contain a thoufand fail of the largeft (hips, having almoft throughout fix fathom water* and being perfeQly covered from every wind. Ii» this bay the rich fleets from the feveral parts of the Spanifh Weft (tf) Deep Bays. ■:. ■>'}: 1762. 7*be HisTOKV of tbf W AR, ^S^ Wed Indies, called the Galleons and the Flota> aflemblcy before they finally fet out on their voyage for Europe. This circumftance has rendered the Havannah one of the moft opulent, flourifhing, and populous cities in this part of the world. Great care was taken to fortify and fe- cure a place, which, by being the centre of fo rich a com- merce, would naturally become the faired mark for the at- tempts of an enrmy. The narrow entrance into this har- bour is fecured on one fide by a Tery {Irong fort, called the Moro, (C) built upon a proje£ting point of land : on the other, it is defended by a fort called the Puntal, (D) which joins the town. The town itfelf, which is fituated to the wedward of the entrance of the harbour, and oppofite to the Moro fort, is furroundcd by a good rampart, (AA) flanked with badions, and covered with a ditch. The Spaniards, who had been for fome time preparing for war, had formed a confiderable navy in the Weil Indies: this fleet, (q) which was near twenty fail, moflly of the \\x\c, lay at this time in the bafon of the Havannah; but they had not, when our armament appeared before the port, received^ it feems, any authentic account from their court, concerning the commencement of hoftilities between the two nations. Whether the Spaniards were rendered ina£live by the want of inftrudions, whether ail their fhips were not in fighting condition, or whatever clfe was the caufe, this fleet lay quiet in the harbour. If fome of the above rea- fons did not eppofe, it may be very rationally fuppofed, that their beft part would have been to come out, and fight our fquadron. They were not very far from an equality ; and though the ifliie of a battle might have proved unfavoura- ble to tliem, yet a battle tolerably maintained would have much difabled our armament, and perhaps have been a means of preventing the foccefs of the whole entefprize. The lofs of their fleet in this way might poflibly have favcd the city ; but the city once taken, nothing could pofllibly fave the fleet. It is true, they much trufted, and not wholly without reafon, to the ftrength of the place, and to thofe adonifhing difficulties which attend any military operatioi*, that is drawn out to length in this unhealthy climate. In other rcfpeSs, they were very far from being deficient in proper meafures for their defence. They itiiide a ftrong boom (p) acrofs the mouth of the harbour; and almoft the O o ^ only i (I (]■ pi 1 i ^66 Tbe History of the War. 1762. only ufe they made of their (hipping, in the defence of the place, was to fink three of them (n) behind this boom. When all things were in read iirefs 'for landing, the admi- ral; with a great part of the fleet, bore away to the weft- ward, (s) in order to draw the enemy's attention from the true objed, and made a feint, as if he intended to land up- on that fide ; while commodore Keppel and captain Har- vey, commanding a detachment of the fquadron, approach- ed the (hore to the eaftward (t) of the harbour, June 7. and efFeded a landing there in the utmoft order, J without any oppofition, haying previoufly filenced a fmall fort, (F) which might have given fome difturb- ance. The principal body of the army was deftined to ad: upon this fide^ It was divided into two corps ; one of which was advanced a confiderable way in the country, towards the fouth-eafl of the harbour, in order to cover the fiege, and to fecure our parties employed in watering and procuring proviHons. This corps was commanded by general Ellior. The other was immediately occupied in the attack on Fort Moro, (w) to the redu£lion of which the efforts of the £n- glifli were principally direded, as the Moro commanded the town, and the entrance of the harbour. This attack was conduced by general Keppel. To make a diverilon in favour of this grand operation, a detachment, under colonel How, was encamped to the weftward of the town. This body cut off the communication between the town and the country, and kept the enemy's attention divided. Such was the difpofition) and it was impoflible to make a better, of the land forces during the whole fiege. (aj -'-\- ■ "'■■'',!'■ ' The .i.. -i (aj Explanation of the Plan of the fiege of the HAVANNAH, drawn by an officer on the foot, Augu/l i 5, 1762. 1,.). AA Extent of the tuali B The Land Gate. C Moor Cajile. D Puntatl'^rt. p The Ffirtf or Governor's Hou/e y Fort Cojimaf. (Gr Fort Ch or era. ^ Tbf Cajile of Bofan^a. References to the PLAN. a Where his majejlfs troops firft landed June 7, 1 762. b The march of the army imme- diately after landing. C His majeftys jbip Dragon againji Cojimar. d IVbere the armyfrfl encamped, e Where 1762. '■ The History of the War. ^67 The hardfhips which the Rnglifti army fudained; in car- rying on the fiege of the More, are almoft inexprefllble : the earth was every >vhere fo thin, that it was with great difficulty they could cover thenfifelves in their approaches. There was no fpring or river near them ; it was necelTary to bring water from a gr«at di'lance; and fo precarious and fcanty was this fiipply, that they were obliged to have re- courle to water from the fhips. Roads for communication were to be cut through thick woods ; the artillery vlras to be dragged for a vaft way over a rotigh rocky (bore. Several dropped down dead with heat, thirft, and fatigue. But fuch was the refolution of our people, fuch the happy and perFeft ,tinanimity which fubftfted between the land and the fea fervices, that noilifficulties, no hardftiips, flackened for a moment the operations againft this important, Arong* and well defended place. Batteries were, in fpight of all difficulties, raifed againfi: the Moro, and along the hill upon which this fort (lands, in order to drive the enemy's (hips deeper into the harbour, and thus to prevent them from molefting our approaches. The enemy's 6 re, and that of the befiegers, viras for a long time pretty near on an equality, and it wa^ kept up with great vivacity on both fides. The Spaniards in the fort communicated with the town, from which they were e Where the cannon and fiarts nuere landed. f The batteries againji the Moro. g The Dragon^ Cambridge^ and Marlborough^ againft the Mo- ra, h The bombs againft the Puntal. i His majefty's Jbip Belleifle^ againft Chorerafort. k The batteries on the naeft-ftde againft the Puntal. 1 The batteries on the Cavannes bill. ; in The hoetzers againft thefljip- ping. n The Neptune of 70, Afta of 64, and Europa of 60 guns^ O funk at the entrance of the harbour. o One Company s flttip overfet. p The chain and bomb. q The Spanifl) Admiral and fleet. r Tvjo fhips on the flocks. s ip flruck ivith lightning, ivhich bleiv up. 04 AU:V jecruited • .i i 1 ^ea 97>

and our whole milit.try (kill and fpirit was put to the fevereil trial. i* ;.v; In the midd of this (harp and doubtful contention, the capital battery againfl the fort unfortunately took fire; and being chiefly condruded of timber and July 3. fafcines dried by the intenfe heats and continual cannonade, the flames foon got ahead, and became too powerful for oppofition. The battery was almoft wholly confunied. The labour of fix hundred men, for feven- tecn days, was dellroyed in a moment ; and a|l was to be- gin anew. This was a mortifying ftroke. . It was felt the more fe- verely, becauie the other hardfhips of the ficge were be- come by this time almoft infuppor table. 1 he fickntis, fomething of which the troops had brought with them from Martinico, and which increafed infinitely in this unwl oie- fomc country and rigorous fcrvice, had reduced the army to half its number, at the fame time that it doubled the fatigue of thole few who ftill preferved Tome remains of flrength. Five thoufjnd foldiers were at one time down in various diftempers ; no lefs than three thfjufand of the fea- men were in the fame miferable condition. A total want of good provifions exafperated the difeafe, and retarded t!ie recovery. The deficiency of water was of all their grievan- ces the greateft, and extremely aggravated all the reft of their fufferings. 1 he procuring from a diftance this wretch- ed fupply, fo unequal to their wants, exhaufted all their for e. Befides, as the feafon advanced, the profpe6t of fuc* ceeding grew fainter. The hearts of the mod fitnguine funk within them^ whilfl: they beheld this gallant army ^^afting away by difeafes; and they could not avoid trem- bling for that noble fleet, which had rid fo long on an open (Itore, and which muft, to all appearance, be expofed to in- evitable ruin, if the hurricane feafon ihoiikl come on before the reduction of the place. A thoufand languifhing and impatient looks were caft out for tlie reinforcement from North America. None however as yet appeared ; and the exhaufted army was left to its own endeavours. Many fell into % Syo The History of the War. 1762. into defpair, and died, overcome with fatigue, anguiih and difeppointment. But in the midll of thefe cruel delays and diftreflfes, the fteadinefs of the commanders infufed life and a6iivity into their troops, mmS roufed them to incredible exertions. 1 he rich prize, which was before thcmj thefhame of returning home baffled; and even the ftrenuous refinance which was made by the enemy ; all thtfe motives called londiy on their intereft, their honour, and their pride, and obliged them to the exertion of every nerve. Nobody could imagine that it was this reduced and (lender army, by which thefe afto- rifhing efforts wt-re made, and this extenfive fphere of duly fo perfcdly filled. New batteries arofe in the place of the old; the fire foon became equal, and then fupc- July 20. rior lo that of the enemy. They by degrees fi- lenced the cannon of the fort, beat to pieces all the upper works, and made at length a lodgment in the cov( red way. Their hopes were now become more lively. Some I 1 days before they had gained this grand advantage, J ^ * the Jamaica fleet appeared in its paflage to Europe, with feveral conveniences for the fiege. Not many days T I ofi ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^y received a confiderable part of the J ^ * New York reinforcement. Some of the tranfports in their paflTage thro' the old Bahama ftreights were loft, but the men were faved on the adjacent iflands. Thefe favourable events infufed double life into their ope- rations, in this advanced ftate of the fiege ; but a new and grand difficulty appeared, jufl at the feeming accomplifh- ment of their work. An immenfe ditch yawned before them, for the greater part cut in the folid rock, eighty feet deep, and forty feet wide. To fill it up by any means appeared impoffible. Difficult as the work of mining was, in thofe circumflances, it was the only expedient. It might have been an imprafticable one, if fortunately a thin ridge of rock had rot been left, in order to cover the ditch towards the fe:4. On this narrow ridce, the miners July 20. wholly uncovered, but with very little lofs, paf- fed the ditch, and foon buried themfelves in the wall. ^ f>; ' - It now became vifible to the governor of the Havannah, that the fort muft be fpeedily reduced, if left to its own ftiergih. At all events fomething muft be done in this exi- gence 1762. The History of the War, 571 gence for its immediate relief. Accordingly be- ^ .-..A fore break of day a body of twelve hundred men, July 22. moftly compofed of thecoumry militin, Muialtoes and Negroes, were tranfported acrofs the harbour, climbed the hills, and made three attacks upon our pods. But the ordinary guards, though furprifed, defended themfc ^ fo refolutely, that the Spaniards made little impreilion, and were not able to ruin any part of the .approaches. The pods attacked were fpeedily reinforced, and the enemy, who were little better than a diforderly rabble, and not con- du£^ed by proper officers, fell into terror and confufion. They were driven precipitately down the hill with great (laughter; fome gained their boats, others were drowned, and they lod in this well imagined, but ill executed fally, upwards of four hundred men. This was the laft effort for the relief of the Moro; which, abandoned as if was by the city, and while an enemy was undermining its walls, held out with a fuUen refolution, and made no fort of propofal to capitulate. The mines at length did their bufinefs. A part of the July 30. wall was blown up, and fell into the ditch; leaving a breach, which, tho* very narrow and difficult, the general and engineer judged pra^icable. The Englifh troops, who were commanded on the moft dangerous of all fervices, re- joiced that it was tq be the end of labours much more grievous to them. They mounted the breach, entered the fort, and formed themfelves with fo much celerity, and with fuch a fpirited coolnefs of refolution, that the enemy, who were drawn up to receive them, and who might have made the afTault an affair of great bloodfhed, afloniihed at their countenance, fled on all hands. About four hundred were flaughtered on the fpot, r>r ran to the water where they perifhed. Four hundred more threw down their arms, and obtained quarter. The fecond in command, the mar- quis de Gonfales, fell while he was making brave, but in- effectual efiTorts to animate and rally his people. Don Lewis de Velafco, the governor, who had hitherto defended the fort with fuch obftinate bravery, feemed refolved in this extremity to fhare the fame fate with it. He colle6ted an hundred men in an entrenchment he had made round his colours. But feeing that all his companions were fled from him, or flaughtered about him, difdainirg to retire or call for (juarter, he received a mortal wound, and fel], offering his m 571 Tbt History of the ^ AH. fjSz, his fword to his conquerors. Th« F.nglifh wept with pity snd admiration over thxt unfortunate valour, which had oc- cafiuned thcnn to many toiiiome hours, and coft them fo many Hvei. Tfaiii the Moro cume into our pofTcfTion after • vigorous ftrugglci lorty ioiir days from the time the iiril operations hiw) been begun Hgainll it. No time wan loll to profit of this Kreat advan^ige, notwithftanding thnt the firitnefs flill rtgcd like u |>c(>ilcncet and that many niw and great works were to be undertaken. Not only the fire of the fort was tamed agninft the town, hut a line of batteries (I) was erc£l. td along the hill of the Cavannos, on thr extremity of which the fort (lands. By thele batteries, which mounted three and forty piece? of cannon, and twelve mortars, almod the whole raftern fide of the city was commanded from one end to the other. Preparations for an attack were alfo made, •nd batteries ereded to the weflward of the town, which on that fide had hitherto been only watched. Some Aug. 2. time before a part of the tecond dlvifion of the troops from North America hao arrived. A part had been taken by a fquadron of French men of war ; but thofe who efcaped, came very feafonably, «ind were of fig- Oal fervice. "When thofe preparations were perfeQIy ready Aug. ro. to take cfF«;6l, lord Albemarle by a meflage rcpre- fented to the governor the irrefiftibje force of the attack, which he was ready *o make upon the town, but which, in order lo avoid unnecvflury efFufion of blood, he was willing to fufpend, that the Spaniards might have Ici- fme lo capinilate. 7'he governor in a refolute but civil manner rcrtjrned, that he would defend the place committed tehim to the lafl extremity, and began inftantly to fire. To convince the governor that the menaces employed were nftants. The garrifon, which was reduced to about feven hundred men, Itad th« honours of wafj and were to be con- • : . ■■ ':; veyed •*«&.V| h ••♦J,. 4 S. V rK ■:'r .***^ f'L .1 "^ ■■■^Ur U •- ,^- ;s 1 -.A* , V**^* • ;■■?. r^' ^ ^ I •• •'i 1 Jew ip^i W^m fj''''M :. n .+ -.,- ■?^. '4' Wi"'^ . APlai w 1 i' ./^ •■j«(»*-- .t^jf .^■.»* ,V.!.W ..ill"! •5 ..*. ^iiJi^ »»• ili^^ jf Hi'''. !nn' M ii'' ■' .:9Bm ki 'Wl Hi m ^■% >? -{■■■}■:: 5r-' ■ -"^•'^'^ Jisit?'! .1 1 kii AFLAK\rtfM iSiBGEi of the Havana ■'-.<«.*«>«*•.. ■ -. i. -Tr;=^;^ ■■■•.:rr.w!*' & of the Havana 4^4. 4, ^^ 4,4k 4k^ li 17^*- the coura; tfOOps» at Th« acqnij tages whicj vantagjeof the ptundcj Nine fail o veffeU in t jqC theif ca by themfel in focwadcd the Englid varrasih dfl •bit nit:rcl of three n ■ V ' f * 0'^^ 'a mv| ■;■ ij€z. .srZ^» and was ftea<^i|j|^| Aftir two days altercation, they gave up tb;^ p "' tbc Engliih troops were put in poflcflion of tht- ofi^ the 14th of Auguftj when they had been Mor^ ft liid months and eight days. ; AHhoogh we have not purftied in <;xad order afl the- de* tftif of the nrare minme o{K^t{i^s of this memorable fiegCy We have dwelt on it a lon^eV time, than we have, on our plan, generally allowed to iucli tranfadiom; becaufe it was» . without queAioo, in itfelf the moft confiderable, and in jts cooiequences the mod decifive conqueil we have made Cinac t^ l^eginning of the w^r; and becaufe in no operation wtfif the courage^ lleaijinefsy .and perfeverance of the Britifli Ifoops, and the coiidu£t of their leaders more confpicMOusL The acqciifition of this place united in itfelf alt the advan- tages which can be acquired in war. It was a fi^ilttary ad^ vantage of the higheft clafs;.itwas equal to the greateft naval viSory, by its effcft on the enemy's marine; and in the plunder it equalled the produce of A national fublidy. Nine fail of the enemy's (hips of the Hne, feme of the 6nMt vpflels in the world, were taken, with four frigates. Three 1)1 theif capital (hips had been, as already noentioned, i^vk by themfelves at the beginning of the fie^e ; two move u«ie in focwaicdncfd on the flocks, and thefe were deilroyed by the Englifh. The enemy, on this occafion, loft a whole fleet, in ready money, in the tobacco colleScd at the Ha-* varraslh on account 0/ the king o4 Spain, and in other i^W*- idblt merchandizes, the plunder d^id not, perhaps, farl Qltcft of three millions fterling. ^tf/ X Sjpiaifi -*<«^ ^ja^^lutpf- fmm tht Eari o/ Albemarle, to the Earl tf Egrement, [^r.^yil^im.K.adiimrtar$ near the Havaonah, Augufi. ii, 176s* li/fV & the hoMur cf informing yowr Lerdiktp, Uiat t&e tamn ofAiiJtm^imakrWiihtiil Nx^dependeacicsHiod the ORnoffM i^.i'jSrj^i in ii A PL AN of ihe Harbour aad Tow-] - - ISLAisTD of Cape Bret OTNT •T^Wpi^- y-*- .<> ■ ;X"anis Ba/ 1 «f >e^ -''^. ] Id Town # Louis B i: T OTNT Drawn on the $ .^ ^y"^.. jOk ot ^JSK- !d&^»^ ■r*""N ■•3" I - ■■ U-.ij) ; jt i j -■ ■ ll- '-r J<« /$ Sir George Pococke, /» Afr. Cleveland, Aatfd^ Chorea River, near the Havunnah, the 19//& 0/Augu ft,. 17634 S I R, ^-, ■ -,■ ix "■" - - '■' '• ' '■ ' IDefire you will acquaint tti^ir Lorcjl^Ips, that it is w|th the grea^eft pleafure I now congratulate them on the great (ucceiii of his majefty*s arms, in the redudion of th^ HatMuinab with ^11 its dependencies. ; ;i • -A- ■■■-■■- i The M0r0 fortvas taken by ftorm on th^, ioih of laft month; after a fiege of twenty-nine d^yjf: during which time the enefiiy loft above a thoufand men, and a brave o^cer in Don Letvii M i^'elafct. <: i'M '.«,.<«cfe*W' 576 The HiiTOTiv of ite V/ AR, 176.. entirely vani(hed: the prodigious advantigcs thtyhad^ vain- ly expeded to flow from thtfumiiy compa^, were now ren* dered abortive* and grief and defpaif were the iTHslancholy offspring of injuftice and ralhnefs. Great Vtt^fn^ captain of one of their men of war, and sovernor in the Mart, mortally wounded in defending the colours Iword in hand in the ftorm . And on the 1 1 th inftant, the governor df the Ha- numnab defiied to capitulate for the town, which was granted, the Articles agreed ro, and ligned, (a copy of which I endofe) and we ^rc put in poiretfion ot the Punttt and land gate the t4th. With this great and important acquiftiion to' his majefty, have alfo fallen twelve men of war of the line, as per lift, three of which were funk, with a company'^ (hip, in the entrance of the harbour; tine are fit for fea, and two on the (locks; a blow that I hope will prove the more capital to the enemy, as they receive it fo early in the war; and, I may venture to my, will leave all their fettlements, ^iii this part of the world, expofed to any attempts that may be thought proper to be made on them. But howevt. trivial, with the poneflion of the Havannt^^ it may appear, yet i cannot help mentioning the difcovery and potTefling of the harbour of Marhlf about teven leagues to the leeward of this, and which we had made purfelves matters of, though the enemy had endeavour- ed to ruin it, by finking fhips in the entrance . and We had lately fent near one hundred tranfports with fome Men of war there, for fecurity agatnft the feaA>n» in which wr are already advan- ced. It will be as needlefs, as almoft impofliHe, for me to exprefs or defcribe that perfe£l harmony tlliat has uninterruptedly fubfifted between the fle^t and the army, from our firft fetting out. Indeed it iadoNig injoftice to both, to mention them as two corps, fince each has endeavoured, with the moft conftant and chearfiil emu- lation, to render it but one; uniting in the fame principles of ho- nonrandgbry for their king and country's fervrce. lam glad, on this occafion, to do juflice to the diftinguiflied merit of Com- modore Keppei, who executed the fervice, under hiji direction, on the C9xmar fide, with the greateft fpirit, a£ttyity and dili- gence t and I mnft repeat that the teal of his majefty's fea officers. and feamen exerted in carrying on the fervlces altCtted to them, ia higW»t» be commended. , , ,,« & iVy,i .*^ I ihaJl now beg leave to refer their lordihips td captain n4r«<^ for all fbrther Mtticttkrs, who I fend with this l«tttfr, And who hM approted himfelf a brave and deferrmg officer in thii etped^ tioiij ij6a. fbi History of the War. 577 Great Britain... on the contrary* as prudent in the enjoy- ment of vidory, ai brave in gaining it> feemcd not fo cUted with her good fortune, as to make hkx indulge in the luxu- rioua tion ) therefore think inyfelf obliged to defire their iordflii|« ^ recommend him to his inaj city. •'"": t ,f Sir, Tour mofi $htditnt kumiit Servant f , G. POCOCK. A Lift of tht Jbipt ofwtur thai wtre in tbt harhour «//i&#.Havannftby undtr tbt commando/ tbt marquis del Real Tranfporte) commo' dort and commandtr in cbitf of all bit Catbolic MojtJiy$ Jbift in America, and/urrtndtrtdiuitb tbt city tbt I2rifr 0/Auguft, -176a. Tigre Reyna Soverano Infante •Nepiuno Aquilon ' •Afta America Guns. 70 7P 70 70 70 70 64 60 *Europa — Coaqueftado — t^anpenaro — tSsii|.Antonio - Frigates. tVingai^iza — §Thetis — iMarte Guqi. 60 6p * Su$^ at tbt enltanct 0/ tbt bariour, f NtwJBi^t. % Tahn fy tbt Dtfianct, \ By tbt Alamain. KB. There are two fHips of war On the ftocks, and ief era^ merchant ihips in the harbour. ■y Utt9r from Sir George Pocock to Mr. Gletelam), dahld't^ ;■ Chorera Rivtr^ tbt xttb of Auguft, 1762, intloftdin tbtfin^ *" going of tbt i^, J iN the 28th of July the /n/rr/^4tr arrived* hAVghttly refufed. To effeft fo great, fo defirable a work, it was thought the.redu8ion of the Philippine iflands would not a little GNMlriliillt; that enterprtze was therefore formed, and tn- truftea to the execution of two great men, who had, on nttany occaiiohs before, fignaliscd themfelves in the fervice of their country,and approved themfelves equal to the greateft things: thefe «me genera) Dra|>er> and admiral Corniih. The troops allQtleii ftr the ifervice, were the 79th regiment, and a com- pany of the royal artillery, thirty of the artillery furni(hed bjr tiic gcnttdnicii df Madrafe, fix hundred fej^>oy9, a com- ■■ I* j > > Cjgntl %a.d Thunder bonlb, to meet the Richmond^ and to take the men out of her; and ordered captain Elphinfian to take the Cygntt mHiKliim, and proceed ii|> (be ftreights to meet the fecond Uivifi- Oil'of traniports. ' The ad inftant, the tcho and bomb returned with the fecond diVifion, confifting Of eleven, fail of tranfports, which failed from Vtivi Turk the 30Ui of ?««#.' The Richmondt Lizard, Enter f rimy Qtg*i«t and forevpine floojy arrived the 8th» bringing with them btt It fhdt go by tfte Srft opportvffftf . / . • pany 1762. TifeHi9T0kYcfiAeWA^, 579 p«ny of C«ffree8» one of Tofmzts, and JMie U Pkmcers; A» which vr«re addedf the prccBrious aHiflance/of. two compa* nies of Frenchmen, mlined in their fcrvioc* (vith fooM Ima* dreds of Mnarnacd Laicars* hr the ufeof the tm%imtmrs, and park of artillery. Thii little iupply ol men was. fiuther reinft)rcKl with a fine battalion of five hundfcd and.fifl9F)fea>«. mtOk and two huadred^nd fcveaty good marines; fotttettlia whole force aitiounied to tw6 thonfand three hondned m^o** who^ with the fttcenkry. iloret» were embarked on bdaldfl|f hia. iTM.jefty'6 fqvadnon, and tr#o India ihips employed as trafliporta^ As it nnyappear furprifing fo important a ctnqueft mould be attempted 'with fo fmall a fcMxe^ wktn a graater miig;bl^ be employ eiif. it may not be amifs toobferve* that if more were drawn from the attemptf with a few brave men, a pUce that wis uhpnepared (as imagined) for fuch a vifit^ than by eliiidoyiiig a greater force to fubjed^our own icolonMs to homm atteihpt^ and»f perhaps, to give the eneray time lo be aware of ou;riden§aB« Oo the firil of Auguffjthe foroc&iei;i£aily tba Seabcm* Captain Grants having been ;^viouflydifpa|dBed tImNigli ■" the freights of Malacca itatboicnlnltu^ of kheOuitaiear tot (lop all vjdffeis that m light fad bouad toMiantlii, orfepa^mb any «f the ncigHbopring («tdemdnta to give die ^Spanardt inteUi^nce lof ti e defign^ Gh'the a3d of the. MUowhig month' they anchored in Manila ;bay> andlound that thair vifit Jivas unekpeded^ and >tlie dnetny nn^prcpiredi.' To h^ creafc a^ mucit as poilibte tjieir vifibltconfufionandjoonfter-k Hation^it was determined to lofenotinneinthe ivtaak4»f the port of iuavite^ as at firft deteirnined, buipiroceeddir^dity to the gifand objcnft, the city of Manila, the gebenl and admiral lightly judging, that their conquefl > of that impCNVf tant place would of courfeacfafion and dfaw after it ithaf^ll of Cavite. . >■ yt'jfii '•r^nKv , ■ r ■■ -i- r In coniipqaence of this refoliitiion, a faromoai' ^ was lent toittiejgoveroor tofiipnender the t«wn,', Sfpt.i^ but it had^io e^d on him; wherefore the admi^' h. t . ■::( ral and feme other principal officers examined the and (lores. About two milea to the fouthof Matiik a convenient place was found. Accordingly att the boats were prepaoed, and the frigates fent in very near^the ihortt» tocdvcr th« dcicffit. ThtSe latter kept up a very brilk P p 2 fire « *,t"..c H 580 Tbt Uisr OK Y of fife War. 1762. fire to the right tnd tefr» to proteft the flanks, tnd dirperfe the enemy who were anembled in great numberif both horfe and foot, to oppofc a defcent. It had the defired tfftGt, The Spftoiardt retipedf and left a clear coaft; but a violent furf iriling, many boats were dafhed to pieces, the armo and amAninition much damaged, but, providentially, no lives w^r« loft* ' The troops then formed upon the beach, march- •d» end took poflRefllon of the Malatta, fixed their our pnAs, and pified the whole night under arms. The Spaniards in the mean time, were employed in burning of their fuburbs. < , The next day n fort, named the Polver-ifta, Sept. 2^. which the enemy had abandoned, was fei/^d, ' . >ii t( : which proved a mod excellent place of arms for cov^tfig'the landing of the Acres, and fecuringa communi- cation with the fquadron. Cobnei Monfun, whp had been detached by the gen<:ral with two hundred men to view the roads and approaches to Manila, occupied the Hermita churcbrWhichw«8large and commodious, and about nine hundred yards from thecity. Orders were then tent to major, More to marerior (kill and bravery of the Engtiih troops were (o evident from this affair, that it occafioned a fecond fum- mons to the governor, but to no purpofe ; the anfwer wa» much more fpirited than their condud. had been. The church from whence the Spaniards had been driven, colonel MoDfon 1763. 77>r History o/ //rtf War. 581 Monfon had orders to keep pofTriTion oft tf he found it tena- ble, from the top of which a ptrfed view wai had of th« enemy*8 worki. The front they were obliged to attack* was defended by the ha((ionA of St. Diego and St. Andrew, with orillons and retiied flanks; a ravelin which covered the ro)al gate, a wet ditch, covered way, and glacis* but all ihel'e works were out of repair, except the ballionf» which were in excellent order, and lined with a great numbtr of fine brals cannon. It became abfolutely neceflnry to found the ditch, and which might have proved a very perilous en- terprife, had the Spaniards been caretul in poding centriei on the covered way, but their omifllon and negligence made it the more ealy. It was therefore undertaken and efFefted by a fmall party of the 79th regiment under captain Fletcher, with the lofs only of three men. The city of Manila being of great extent, aitd the num- ber of men employed to reduce it very fmall, it became impoflible to invefl it on every fide; two fides therefore were conftantly open to the enemy to introduce fupplies of men and provifions, and carry out their eflFe£ts. The gar- rifon confiAed of eight hundred men of the royal regiment under the command of the marquis oS Villa Mediana, bri- gadier general, which was farther reinforced by a body of ten thoufand Indians. It is evident from hence, that the dif- advantages under which the Englifh forces laboured could not be remedied, nor could there be any reafonable ground for fuccefs, but in the prudence and wifdom of the gene- ral) and the matchlefs intrepidity of the troops. r 'J'he city continued thuit mvefted, and was cannonaded both by the, batteries ereQed, and the frigates, which were brought up till the 2d of O^ober, when a battety for twen- ty-four pounders was completed, and a mortar battery for the heavy (hells of ten and twelve inches, which made a good parallel, and communication from the church to the gun battery, and eAablifhed a fpacious place of arms on the left of it, near the fea. Thefe 'were greatly facilitated by the roaring of the waves, it being very tempcftuous wither, and which prevented the Spaniards from hearing the noifc of ^he workmen, who gave no fort of interruption, but feemed to truft entirelv to the elements. In the mean time, the governor, who wis an archbifhop, ga^e out, that an Angel from the Lord was gone forth to deftroy the Englifli, like the hod of Senacherib. In the afternoon the Teamen, P p 3 with 58*. YAp History «/ /Atf War. 1762, iwtt^ great aBiv'tty and indefatigable labour had 0&. i. brcAigbt up and mounied all the guns in the bat* tier]r»> which were maiked. A fatly w'as made the fourth by one tboufdnd of thelndt- iB9, vrbo attacked the cantonment of the feamen ; but upon thttjiiAtm, colonel Monion and captain Fletcher^ with the j^si|fiiets» being difpatched to their affiftance, the enemy was ilpwfcd^ and forced to fly, with the lofs of three hundred ftilMk Had tke ikillf and weapons of thefe Indians, who are a wild and barbaroui people fronn the province of Pampanga, been equal Co their ftrength and ferocity, the difperfion of them might not have been fo eafy } for though armed chiefly iMthbows, arrows, and lances ; they advanced up to the ve- ry muzzles o^ their enemy's pieces, repeated their aflaults, and died like wild beads, gnawing the bayonets. In thisfkir- mifb, captain Porter, a brave and experienced fea officer, was Aaln. Scarce werei the Indians thus rooted, when another body of them* with part of thcSpanifli garrifon, attacked the church, and fovccd the feapoys from their poft in it, neareft the town, took poffeAon of the top, from whence they killed aiKi wounded! feveral of the Englifli, who were entirely expo^ fed to all their weapons* Notwitbflanding their difadvantage^ ous iftuattoii, the European fbldicrs maintained their poft behind the church with great patietKeand firmnefs, and at lift difledged the enemy, with the lofs of captain Strahan, of ihtt 79th regiment, and forty private men wounded or killed. The Spaniards left feventy dead behind them 'n and about the church. This was their laft effort. All their Indians, ex- cepting eighteen hundred, difcouraged by their lofs, returned home, and the fire of thcbefiegerscontinruing with unremitted fury, the next day a breach appeared prafiicable, and it was thought the Spaniards, fenftble of their danger, would think of giving up the town : but they were obftinate wkhout bra- vety< ©r any generous refoluti«!>n of defending the breach. The next day at four in the morning, in confequcnce of a reiolution formed the preceding night, the Aug; 6. troops filed off from their quartei s in frhalt bodies, to give the lefs fufpicion to the enemy, with an in- tention of fto*ming the town, andi, by degrees, ifremblcd at St. Ja^*s chiBTch, obferving the utnwfl fjlence, and conceal- ing themfelves in the place of arms, and parallel between the church and the battery, while in the mean lime a brift ftre w^s kapt up ii|>oii thjt wprks, ifid thole places where the V:rn enemy 176a. The HistoRY tf fh'WAH. 5IJ eiemy might be lodged or intrenched. At dny httkk a large bcxly of Spaniards was difcerned, forming themfeivet on the balhon of St. Andrew, but upon the explofion of fome fliells that were thrown among them) they went oflT. Taking im- mediate advantage of this, and by the fignal of a general difcharge of artillery and mortars, the troops rufheajOnto the affault, under cover of a thick fmoke that blew ^il0iy Ofwn the town. Srxty vx)hMteersof different corps iMto lieutenant Ruflel of the 79th ted the way, ftipported by ^t^e grenadiers of that regiment. The engineersi with thle pioneers and other workmen, to clear and enlarge the bt'eachy and make lodgments, in cafe the enemy (hould have been too (Irongly intrenched in the gorge of the badion^ follo^t- ed. Colonel Monfon and major More were at the head of two grand divifions of the 79th ; the battalion of feamen ad- vanced next,fuftained by the other twe divifions of the 79th ; and the company's troops clofed the rear. They all mount** ed the breach with amazing fpirit and rapidity, end difperfed the Spaniards with the greateft focility. Little refit^aitbc was given, except at the royal gate, and from the galleries of the lofty houfes which farhxinded the grand fquafe. trt the guard houfe over the royal gate, one hundred of the Spa- niards and Indians, who would not furrender, were put to the fword ; and according to the enemy's own account* three hundred men were ,drowned in attempting to efcape over the river, which was very deep and rapuJ. The governor and principal officers retired to the citadel, and , were glad to ftirrender as prifoners at difcretion, as that place was in nb gbod pofture of defence; the nnarquis of Villa Mediana> atid the reft of ths SpanIA officers, were admitted as pri- foners of war 4)n their paroles of honour, artd to conciliate the afFe^ions of the natives, all the Indians taken prifoneirs, were difmiffed irt fafety. The joy on taking this important place was greatly cloud- ed by the lofs of major More, who being transfixed with an arrow near the Royal gate, died immediately, uni««rfally lamented for his good qualities. A few officers only v/ere wounded, and no more than thirty private men killed .or wounded. In confequence of the terms given to the Spa- niards, the port of Cavite, and the citadel, with the iflands attd forts dependent on Manila, were given up to his Bri- tannic majefty, and they were to pay four millions of dollars fOr the pfefervation of the town and their efFefts. P p 4 Such IS! ^■.^lUfMiit.maiumt^-'* 584 Tbe History of the Wak, 1762. Such lucrative conquieds as the Havannah and the Philip- pine iflands, had never before been made (a). But thefe immenfe captures, though they enriched individuals, contri- buted nothing diredly to the public fervice. However, they t fm) SrigaJitr Gtittrai Draper'i Utter to the Earl of Egremont, which hat been uniformly progfcffivt for ed bjr captain Gram, in the Seahrfty whom I had detached, tipoiB my Bffli arrival at MaJrafs, to cniife between this ifland tasd the ftrails of Simeaport, to ftop any veiieb he might fufpe^t gpiog to Manila. Onthe 19th, I mode the eoaft of Lueonia, but was drove off again by a ftrong N. £. wind, which fcparated fome of the fqaa- dron. The azd, the gale broke up> end the wind fhifting to the S. W. the 2}dr we recovered the land again} the next day entered the bay of Manila, and in the clofc of the evening anchored off the port ot Cavite, with the whole (quadron, except the South-Sea Cafile, and admiral Stevtns. the FalmtuthznA Effex having joined me fyti the coaft. In the iMght I fent the mafters to found about the fortifications of CtrviUy and, by their report, found that it mijo^htbc attacked by fbips. "be a5th| in the morning, the wind not being favourable to at- taeil: >.ke Ca^ite^ I took two of the frigates, and with general Draptr, and fome otiier officers, reconnoitred the ihore about Ma" nUa: and obfervcd fome churches and other buildings to ftand near the works on the ibuth fide of the town, particularly t -.//e firft, to have had the conveniency of that port for the ihrpping, but con^ fidered that though the attack fhould be attended with all the fuccefs we could hope, yet it would caufe a adzy at leaft of two days before we could land at Manila^ which time would aifotd opportunity to the enemy to demolifh thofe buildings near the works, and to prepare many obftacles to our landing, and perhapi recover from that conftcrnation ourunexpefted arrival had thrown them. in; and further, Mun//o being the capital, if that fell, Ctf- vite would in confequence. Fromi thefe corv'ideratioAs, I joined in opinion with the general to take advantage of circumilances, To favourable for a deCcent* and knd the troops with all difpatch, and endeavour to get pof- feiiton of fome pods near their works, which, if efFeded, would greatly facilitate the redu^ion of the city. In confequence of thefe refohitions, I immedi! "Ay made the fignat on board xht Seaft6ffe for the fquadron to join me, and fbt the ttoops to ptepa'e to land. About fcven in the evening the 79th regiment, with the marines in the boats, under the direftion of \.\ft captains Patk^r, Kempenftlt, and Breretio, pu n>ed for the fliore'; %n-i under the fire of the three frigates, eftedled the landing at a . church lii' I ■ )'■* fl mm 588 Tbe History of the War. 1762. ior the lad three years. It has, in r loofe way, been com- puted* that the iiicce's of otrirms in the Eaft Indies, inde- pendently of the great increife of valuuble merchandize, (which church called the Moratta, about a mile and a half from the walls. We had no oppofition from the enemy, but fome difficulty from the fuif, which ran high, and bilged all the long boats, but hap- pily loft no men. The next morning, the general took an advanced poft about two hundred yards from the glacis, and there, under cover of a blind, intended his battery agamft the face of the S. W. ballion. The number of troops being Imall, I landed a battalion of feamen, coniiltii\ f about feven hundred men, under the command of the capt. ; Collins ^ Pitch/orJ, and George Ourry. The 2^ ..n, I difpatched three armed boats after a ealley, coming up the bay to Manila ; they came up with her, refoTutely boarded her, and took her, notwithftanding ihe kept up a fmart Hre with patteraroes and muOcets ; fhe mounted two carriage and feventeen brafs fwivel guns, and bad eighty men. By letters found in her, we difcovered ihe was difpatched from the galleon St. Pbilipfina, from Acapuhoy and whom we had left the 10th of September i at Cajayoga, between the Embocadera and Cape Spiritu Santa. Up- on this difcov'*'y, I came to a refolution to fend the Pantber and Argo in |ueft of her; but it was the 4th of OSober before the weather permitted their failing. The 28th of September the general acquainted me, that he was beginning to work on the battery, and that if fome fhips could get tif ar enough to ihroW fliot on the works of the town oppofite to it, it oMght take off fome of the enemy's fire and attention, and there- by facilitate its conflruQion. In confequence of this, 1 ordered commodore Tiddemany with the Elizabeth and Falmoutby towards t\it town, as near a- the depth of water would permit, and to place the ^{ps in fiich a pofition as would beft anfwer the purpofe in- tended, which was accordingly done the next day, and their fire had a very good effete. On the 30th, the South- Sea Cajile arrived with ftores which were much wanted, particularly the entrenching tools, for want of which the army had been fo greatly diftrefTed, that I was oblig- ed to employ all the forges in making fpades, pickaxes, &c. for them. The firft of OSober it began to blow frefh, and in the nisht increafed ro a hard gale, which drove the South-Sea Cafile ainore near the Pul'oerijla^ a little to the fouthward of our camp. This accident, however, had fome coniiderable advantages attend- ing it, as the fituation fhe lay in made her cannon a protedion for the 1762. The History of the W KK, 589 (which ufcd to be formerly the foie produce and advantage of the Elaft India commerce,) has brought into li.ngland, during the war, near fix miUionft in treaiure and jewels. Th* the rear of our camp : it was h'kewife the means that all her mili- tary Itores were got on board with (atiety and dilpatch, and the ar- my fupplied with the provifions ihe h^ on board, both of which were articles they ftood in immediate need of, and which could not have been lupplied by boats, as it continued blowing weather for feveral days after, and the furf breaking very high on the beach. This gale was from the W. S. W. direQIy on the Hiore, v/hich ^ave lue much concern for the fafety of the fquadron, particularly tor the EUeahth And Fatmwtht who were on'" in four fathom wa- ter, and, as i hr.e been fince informed, ftruck , but the bottom being mud, and foft to a conftderable depth, they received no damage. On the 4th, in the morning, the General opened the * battery, which was fo well managed, and feconded by the (hips before the town that in four hours the defences were taken oif, and the next day in the evening the breach was made practicable. On the 6rh, at day light in the morning, the general's regiment, with the lea battalion, mounted the breach, made the attack, and foon got poiTeflion of all the baftions, which completed the con- quell. 1 immediately went on ihore, and with the general, had a meeting with the Spanijh governor, and fonie of: the principal ofncers, when a capitulation was agreed on, that the town and port of Ca/eM, With' \ Seaford and ^eahwrjty^ to take poiTeffion of Cavil e^ agreeable to JS capitulation ; by this acquifition we are in pofleHion of a very large quantity of fiaval ^pres ; and befide the advantage of ainioft evcrv coaventenipe tor remitting a fquadron, the people aie fupplivdwiijh freih meat and vegetables in great plenty, The iiege, though lliort, was attended \yith many diffigulties and great fatigue, ip which both the officers and men exerted themfelves with the uiqiqti chiearfuinefs. We had conilant frelli gales, a lee ihore, and c qfequently a high furf to contend with, which made it always diifi(^\\lt(irequently hazardous, and fometimes impoflible.to land with bps^ts., The raifis fell very heavy, and our little army were fi^rounded and harriTed by numerous bodies oi Indians, who, thougl^ Mi^difciplined, and armedonly with lances, bows and ! 'I'i H 1 fii ,%rMM'^ '^-^ arrows. 590 The Hi &ronY of the Whti. 1762. The capture of the Spanifh regifi^r (hip, the May 21. Hermione, which happened food after the com- mencement of the war with Spain* and juft as (he was on the point of entering one of the ports of Old Spain, and arrowi, yet by a daring refduiion and conteinpt of death, they became not only troublefome but formidable. I have the fattl- fiidion tif ac<^nainting their lord(hipc, that, throttghout the vrhdle tipcdtiton, the n:oft perfect hariBony and onanifntry have fubiift- ed between his majefty't land atad ^a forces. You will receive with this, an account of the nnmber of ofRcers and men, both feamen and tnarfnes, that were landed from the (ifaadron, as likewife of the kiUed and wotmded in each corps. It it with concern, I acquaint their lordihips with ihe lol^ of commo- dore T^i/i/rmatt, who, in attempting to enter the HVer in his barRC, the morning after the redu^ion of Muni/ff, was drowhed with nve of his peo^e, by which unhappy accident, his Majefty hai loft a brave and experienced o(ficer. Captain ICmfenfti4yhj whoml fend this (and will prefent to fOtt for their lord(htps a plan of the town of Manila ^ and the port of Cantitt) has been of the greateft afliftaafce to me during the Ck!>urfe of this enierpriae ; be is very capable of fumifhmg their lordfhipa with many particulars necelTary for 'their information; and his great merk makes it my duty to recommend him as a very ahk and good oiicer. lam, &fi^■ Xiiw :y 8. CORNISH. ltlt9rJromP^iet'jtJmira1.Cotn\(h,t6 Mr. Cleveland, dated in the Bay tf mamWt Nov. 10, i7 ' IN ndiysletter of the 31ft of OiSd^er, 1 acquainted you of my hav- in^fept Captain Fatker with the Panthtr and Arg^, xh qveft of the galeon St Phllippinay from Acapulco, botWd to Manila. The 7th inft. captain Aiiff^ in the Argiy returned with a letter from captain Parker^ aci^liainitiAg me, that, fn tonfequence of tay orders^ having the jet^' of O^Sober got the tehgth of the illand Cafuly flKir the entranctk into the ErM^caderh^ in pnrfuit of the 8t. Pii^mat whese the «^» had come to an anchor (and which he intended to do for that' night) juft as the day ciofed (aw a fail, and (landing to the northward j at eight in the evening he got Hght «yf the chafe, about twQ leagues to leeward^ but tiniliickHy by tk^ rapidity of a counter current, to what the chafe was in, drove among 1762. Tbe HiBTOtLY of the W AH, 591 and that of the Santiffimo Tr inidadf a Manila (hip» rauft be arfdsd to thttfe rcfoiurces. The UrA of theft: was ivorth lit* tl« lefa than a millioii fttrling, and the other at lead thrm miUions of doUara. The taking of thefe (hips is not altoge** ther unworthy a place in hiilory; becaufe it had no finall inAiience on the affairs of the Bourbon alliance, and oopfii among the Nmrrango's in the utnioft danger of being lolb, nad ohtigeid to anchor ) the frigate having efcaped the danger, got op with the chafe, and engoiged her near two hours ; but was lo roughly handled, that captain King was obliged lo bring too ffft re« pair his damages. By this tiuie the current fluckened, which ea* ahled captain Parker to get under fail with the chafe in fight: about nine the next rooming he came up with her, and atier oatr tering her two hours within- half mulket ihot, ihe ilruck. The enemy made but little redftan'^e, trailing to the iinmenfe thicknefs of the (ides of their fhip, which the Panther's fhot was not able to penetrate, except her upper woi^s. Captain Parhrv/zs no lefs dif> appointed than furprized, when the general came on board, to find, that inftcad of the Saint PMi^iua, he had engaged ani taken the Santiffimo Trincdadt who departed irooi Manila die firft of jA^gv^fi for Acapulccy and had got three hundred leagues to the eaftward of the ^mb«caJtra } but meeting with a hard gale of wind, was difniafted and put back to reht. She had eight hundred men on hoard, and pierced for fixty guns, but when captain King engaged her, had only fix mounted, end but thirteen when taJ^en: flie draws thirty-three feet water, and is a much larger ihip than the Panther. I cannot afcertain the value of the cargo ; but tha£ is to the amount of one iniilidn and a half of dollars regiii^r^, and flic is reputed to be worth three nulliona. Captain King left the Panther with her prize at anchor, about thpee leagues fcuth of the Carrigedmv, at the mouth of thit^bajji^i and asi luve fent a neiofbrcement of men with launches andavakpa, I hope vety fooa to have Her in fafety. l-amt (^t, S. coRKisa. Officers killed and wounded, &c. belonging to tlie Norfolk, Lieut. Peter Porter , and Mr. ff^iie, furgeon's leconH mate, killed. ■ -^ Lenox Thomas Shearing, fecond Hei^tr ant of marines, wounded. Total officers, feamen ahd marines landed, loi?. Killed 17. Wounda ry. ' ^ N. B: The fiMgeons, armourers, and other artificers, are net inchided in the above accowifl. mrf$lk, if Cavita, S. C O R N I S H. 0«. 31, 1762. ^4 :'|ili derably »«!.*•■»«•.. 59* ^be History of the War. 1762. derably funk thole refources of money* which were the prlncipftl objects to France wheA (he formed that famous treaty. All thefe advantages were without anv confiderable allay on the fide of Great Britain; they would have ferved to balance any poflible fuccefs, which thie enemy might have had in Portugal. But their fuccefs in that quarter, where they had entertained the moll fanguine hopes, was by no means confiderable, and very far from tending to any thing decifive. Thefe confiderations helped to difpofe the Bour- bon courts .to peace, almoft as foon as they had jointly en- tered into the war; and Europe, after having been deceived in the hopes of tranquillity, which were entertained from the late negotiation, and plunged apparently deeper than ever into war, was, in reality, approaching fad to peace, and the public repofe was preparing, when it feemed to be at the greateft didatice. CHAP. IX. Propofals for pegce. State of the minifry and parties, Dukes of Bedford and Nivernois employed in the negotiation, Newfoundland taken and retaken. fVor in Germany, He- reditary Prince defeated at lobannijherg, French repulfed, Caffel iwoefted. Remarkable cannonade at Bucker Mubl, French take Amonehourg. Cajfel furrendered to the allies. War in Wefphalia concluded. WHEN France had found experimentally, that the prefent, at.leaft, was not the favourable time for drawing fiom her alliance all thofe advantages with which Aie flattered herfelf, fhe inclined in good earned to peace. The fincerity of her procedure in the former negotiation might be juftly queftioned; becaufe (he had prepared an after game in cafe of its breaking off. And fhe fo much relied on it, that it is very pofftble the negotiation itl'elf was but a feint made to cover and to prepare that projed. But finding that Great Britain was neither intimidated by the threats of that formidable alliance, nor at all likely to be re- duced by th^eie'rtion of its forces; Ihe came in ||Ood ear- neft into thefe pacific fentiments, which formerly (he had only counterfeited. The flow progrefs of the Bourbon troops in. Portugal, the retrograde motion of the French army in German/i 1762* Tiff HisrovLY of ibeWAK, 593 Germany! the taking of Martinico and its dependencies, and the imminent danger in which they beheld the Havana, nahf all confpircd to humble the pride, and da(h the hopes of the Bourbon alliance. On the fide of Great Britain likewife, the difpofitions to. {>eace became much more cordial. No people were ever • efs . intoxicated with thrir fuccefles. Vid:orie8 Were be- come familiar to us, and made but little impreflion. The marks of public joy on the mod confiderable Gonquefts* were become much (lighter and colder, than were (hewed at the beginning of the war> upon very trivial Advantages. Befides the nation had occafion for peace. Though her trade had been greatly augmented, a circumftatice without example favourable, and though many of her conqueQsf ts we have leen, were very far from unlucrative, her fuppHes. of money, great as they were, did not keep pace with her: expences. The fupply of men too, which was . nece(rary to furnid) the wafle of fo extenfive a war, became fenfibly dimini(hed, and the troops were not recruited but with fome^ difficulty, and at a heavy charge. It was time to clofe the war, when every end, we could rationally propofc to our- felve^ in carrying it on, was anfwered ; we hadf enough iH) our hands to anfwer all our demands, and almoft all ourex- pe£tation&; and as it is grown into a fort of maxim, that na- tions greatly vidorious, mud oede fomethingon a peace, the difficulty on ,our fide was only what, and how mocli we (hould retain. Not that there was a doubt, but whatever choice of acquifition could be made upon any rational prin- ciples, a great deal would ftill remain to give the fuUeft fcope to every fentiment of equity and moderation. AH thefe were fufficient inducements to peace. But other things. operated as caufes. An alteration in the fyllem of the Brittfh mtniftry had begun this war ; another alteration put an end to it. The whole council had been almofi unanimous to oppofe Mr. Pitt» in his fcheme for precipitating the declaration of war againft Spain. They thought his principles too vio- lent, and they did not perfedly like his perfon. When he retired %un public bufinefsy it feemed as if they breathed more freely^ and had got t'tA of a burthen that opprefTed them. But he was not long removed, when it appeared that the remaining part of the fyftem, was framed upon Q^q prin- 594 The History of the War. i> that it 1762. was by principles fo very difcordant in themfelves no means likely to fland. The duke of Newc«(lle« firfl lord of the treafury, by his early zeal in favour of the Proteftant fucceflion, by the libe- ral and politic ufe he had made of a great fortune, by the obligations which in a courfe of many years» and in a fuc- ceflion of great employments* he was enabled to confer on fome of the mpd confiderable people in the kingdom, had attached a great number to his fortunes, and formed an in- tereft in the parliament and the nation, which it was ex- tremely difficult to overturn, or even to (hake. He came to be coniidercd as the head of the whigs \ and he was in reali- ty well qualifiedy in many refpeds, for the chief of a party, from his unbounded liberality, from his affability, magni- ficence) and perfonal difintereflednefs. Even the defers and faults, which might have appeared in his charafler, were rather of fervice to him, as they often tended to foften re- fentments, and helped to give that great power, of which he was pofTefTed, an appearance lefs formidable. During a great part of the late king's reign* his family had direded all things without control. On the accefllon of his prefent majefty, his fituation feemed more doubtful. But in a little time he appeared outwardly as well edab- lifhed as ever, not only in his former high employrhents, but in that (hare of influence which is commonly fuppofed to at- tend it. There was> however, very little reality in this fpecious appearance ; for he did not pofTefs the royal confix dence, upon which all the efTential power depends. Nei- ther his age, nor his fituation in the former reign, had al- lowed him the opportunity of cultivating an interedwith the prefent king. Another noble perfon (a) had been in an employment near his perfon ; and having formed his mind with much attention and fuccefs to thofe virtues which a- dorn his ilation, deferved and obtained a very uncommon ihare of his confidence. This nobleman was firfl groom of the Aole : afterwards, taking a more open ihare in the condu6^ of affairs, he ac- cented the feals as fecretary of ftate. On the removal of Mi. Pitt, who nreferved a fort of union in the admraiflration by their common dread of him^ the only competition was Tjeiween the duke of Newcaftle and lord Bute. Th/former ■.'■ ! could (a) The Earl of Bute. 176a. Tie Hi a r OK \ of the W AIL, 595 could nut well endure that decay of influence, which, on t thoufand occafions, he muft have fenfibly felt, and which the great rank he held muft have rendered only more pain- ful. Lord Bute, on the other hand, could not bear to fee the treafury board, which, under whatever limitations, was attended with fo much power, in the hands of his rival. It is indeed a department, the entire conduA of which is ab- folutely eflfential to the pcrfon who has any pretenfions to be at the head of the Britifh adminidration. Thefe principles foon produced their natural tffeSt, In a (hort time the duke of Nftwcaftle thought him- felf obliged to rcfign, and lord Bute became firft May a5. commiiTioner of the treafury. This reiignation was followed by that of others of great confideration for their rank and influence. No one was fiirprifed at he fer- ment which enfued ; in which perfonal refentment, partv violence, and national, or rather local prejudices, were all united, to throw every thing into confufion. In this condition of parties, a number of thofe called Whigs, who had loft their places, being highly irritated at the late changes, and even many of thofe who ftill continued in employments, being fuppofed attached to theintereftof the duke of Newcaftle, and therefore not to be depended on by the new ad mi nift ration, it became neceflary to have re- courfe to thofe called Tories, or country gentlemen. From the beginning of this reign it had been profefled, with the general applaufe of all good men, to aboliih thofe odious party diftindions, and to extend the royal favour and prote^ion equally to all his majefty's fubje^s. The perfons called Tories had, befides, been before adive in fupport of fome of thofe, who now clamoured at the very meafures which they had themfelves, more than once, a- dopted. However, occaHon was taken from th< r The History of the War. 176a. It was in Germany that the greateft efforts were made. Even after tbe negotiations had been confiderably advanced* -:,*..■ the inch mortar, Apd feven fiohorpst ftnd fix royals. Th? 9ne(ny fired pretty brilkly from the fort, and threw feme fhells. The 1 8th, in the morning, I received a letter from count eh Hau/onvilUt of which I do tnyfelf thi: honour to inclofe to your lordlhip a copy, as alfo of my anfwer } with copies of other let;- ters that pafled, and cf the capitulation. As lord Colvi/ify at this time, was fonie diftance off the coaft, and the wind not permitting his lordfhip to (land in, to honour me with his concurrence in the terms to be given to the garrifon, I thought no time fhou!r^ be loft in fo advanced a feafon, and there- fore took upon me to determine it, hoping to meet with his lord? /hip's approbation ; ■^^d he has eiven me the greateft pleafure^ by entirely approving af every thing I have done, I muft beg leave to fay, my lord, that every afliftance we could poflibly defire from the fleet, has been given us. Lord Coi by the in- comparable judgment of prince Ferdinand's meafures* had been Captain Campbell has brought with him the French colours which were hoifted on the fort of St. John's. Urd Colville'* Letter to Mr. Cleveland, dated, St. John^t, Nevf foundlandy Seftemier ao, 1 762. SIR, I Had the honour of fending you an account of my proceedings until the i8th of duguji, by a veflel which failed from Placentia lor England at that time ; and on the 22d I failed with his ma- jefty's fhips the Northumberland^ Antelope, Gofport and Syren, and the l(ing Gforge, beloiieing to the province of Majfachufett^s bay. On the 25th, we chafed a fchoon^r off St. John'z, and took her clofe to the harbour's mouth, She had been an Englijb pri- vateer, taken by the enemy, had eight carriage guns mounted, and was mannea with thirty Frenchmen^ commanded by an enfign de Faijfeau, "^ ' The enemy had fent away great part of the inhabitants of St. yohn's, men, women, and children, by giving them veiTels and provifions to carry them where they pleafed ; two of thefe, a floQgjt and a ichooner, we met with on the coaft, and took twenty-three irijbmen that were (ingle men out of them, to replace in part the marines of the fquadron that were left in garrifon at Placentia ^nd the ifle oi Boys. Thefe Irijhmen faid, that if I would go into the hzy of Bulls, numbers of their countrymen would refort to me and enter on board the fquadron ; but during two days, which I ftayed in that bay, not a man joined me. The few inhabitants that remained there, quietly followed their bufmefs of fifhing, and 'ti« poflible the enemy prevented any others at St. John's from coming; Mr. Garland and Mr. Davis, two of the principal inhabitants of Harbour Grace and Carbonera, in Conception bay, having ac- quainted me that a number of men in their neighbourhood were willing to ferve in the fquadron during the prefenl exigency, I fent the armed fchooner for them, and fhe returned with fifty men, which I have dillributed among the fliips. And the fame gentle- men reprefentinfi:, that the energy fcnietimes fends fmall parties by land to Portugal Cove, which have threatened to moleft them in ihallops 6oz Tie History cf tJbg War; 176a. been obliged to call that under the prince of Conde from th^. L fwer Rhine to their afliftance. In order to complete ihtiir junction with this corps, the grand army uncovered CaiTel, jhaltops from that place, deiired, in Gefiaff of tfiemrelVes andall their neighbours, that the fchooner might be ftationed in Con- ttftUn bay, for their proie^ion and defence, whieh requeft I conv- plted with. The iiland of CarbinerOy in Conception bay, has hart no ct'im gavri. Jti for many years but a few Old men of the arriijtry. tntnke care of the guns and ori-aance flores. Had fome oi the irshabi- tants of the adjacent coall taken poft here, they inif^n e»^tly have defended it .igainft any force, except cms nar.ov/ Isiuai'jf place, and no (afe road in ihe netghbjurh ood tuv great fftips ; but theen'?my landed in boats, and deft* oycH the v/iiole v/^vhoiit re- Sftance.' And the ifle of £.y.', near ft !jlan4^ would probably have ihared the fame fate» hu^i it not been poifelfed in diia time by the Syrerii marines. i In frequently pafijtig the haioour's mouth of St. Jo^n\% wc^ «cttld ph-lnly fee that the fort, which fronts 'he entrance, Wu.^ fortsfjed r.\\ sound the new works ; and that a rjidouht, 01 tbme- thing, like Mie, v/jisraifed at che little harbour of Kitty yitty. The ©W battery at iht tonth fiui. of the harbour's mouth was repaired witKaddiuoK^). > orks, and a new one ereCked on the fame fide nearer iLe enrrfinre. All thefe were to be feen from the fea j and I coi!?d fiot i«aa) thai the enemy intended any thtngmore than the finiiliing thefe works. On the 8th of September^ I received by a floop exfM-els from Halff^Xx letters from Sir jeffery Amherjl at ^ew Yorh^ acquaint- tog me, that he had come to a refolution to fend a body of troops, in order ^o diflodge the enemy as foon as poflible from St. Java's ; and that Lieutenant Colonel Amberji was to command thefe troops. The fame conveyance brought me letters from Colonel Amhtrjiy acquaintinr me with his arrival at Halifax^ on the 26th «)f Attgujii his departure from thence on the hrft of Sept ember ^ and with his intention to call at Louijbourg foe the troops there, and then proceed round Cape Rac^t to join me on this coail. Upon receipt of thefe letters, I fent the floop which brought them to look out for Colonel Amberji, and the liSLXifpotta off Ca^ Race j and in order to join them the fooner, to concert meafures for the enfuing operatiorw, before the enemy could have notice of their arrival, I dropped down with the Iquadron to Caps Brojle, but Mr. Giiiy of St. Jobn% who had been fent out of the town in a cartel fchooner two days befwe, fending oflF advice from f*rry- ''■',' ' ianJ, 1762. The History of the War. 603 Caflel, quitted the banks of the Fulda, and fell back to a confiderable diftance. The Hereditary Prince of Brunfwickf who had attended this corps all along, thought at length , a fair tandt that he was fvre the enemy intended to fail in a very little time, I returned with the fquadron to our ftation oS St. Jobn'n. On the litb, ve were joined by Colonel Ambtrft^ with the troops in ten tranfport veiTeis \ and I propofed Torhaj as the pro> rsreft place to land at : It is to the northward of St. John'a, about vcn miles by land, and the roads pretty good, but the bay is not reckoned fafe anchoraee, being open to the eafteriy winds, which ufually begin to prevail at this feafon. By one of the tranfports from l^etju Torky I received a duplicate, the original not yet come to hand, of their lordfliips order of the ythof June, dire£lirg me to repair myfelf, or fend a fufficient force to enable Captain Gravis of the Antelope^ to defeat the defigns of the fqu^dron commanded by M. de Ternny. On the 1 ath, we proceeded to 79rbay. I fent Captain Doug- las in the Syrertt to anchor with the tranfports, accompanied by the boats of the fquadron, and a number of flialiops, or fiihing boats, which Fhad colledled from different parts for the king's fervicet With the reft of the /Kips I returned to my ftation, clofe to St. 7«A«'-8 harbour. Next roornmg Colonel Atnherft landed with the troops in ihe head of the bay, Having orily four men woumded from a diftant bufh-firing of the enemy. ' He marched dire^ly to Kitty Vitty, and made htmlelf mafter of that important port ia ihe evening, wtthoirt having a man killed, and only two or three wounded. Every thing belonging \o the army was carried from Torbay to Kitty Httyy in fhallops, efcorted by boats from th« fquadron. And this fervice was conduced, with diligence and care, by Mr, Dugdale, my firft Lieutenant, Captain Doughs hav- ing joined the fquadron again. Ihe enemy's fteei was to have failed the morning I pafted the h«rb©«r with the tranfports ; aaii three hundred men only were to be left in St. Jo^w's for the wir*- ter 1 but, upon feeing us, they l»?Kkd their grenadiers agi*m. The 15 th, it blew ftrong froni E Kk E. S E with ikkk rainy weather. In the evening rh« wi«M thJt^'ed to th^? weftward, li^t breezes, and thick fog. At fix *fxt mvv ning, it being calm, wuK a great fwell, we faw *nM»i ts\e u>«ft~h€ad, but could bring vheiH down no lower than hx\\ ynatl fhrouds, four fail, bear- ing 8. S. E. diftant feven lef^^« $ the mouth of St. %-6»'s har- bour at the fame tine bore W. four leagues, ^^e loft fight ot ihem about ievtn, *^ou£jh verv clear ; and Icvv^c time alter, a fmall breeze fpiLogingtip in the S. VV. ^^uarter, I ftood in towards ^ TorhAy ! m 6o4 The History of the Wak. 1^62. a fair opportunity had occurred of ftriking a de- Aiig. 30. cifive blow againftit. With this aid he attacked, with his ufual vivacity, that^part of the FrcMich army. Ttriay, in order to cover the fhaliops that might be going from thence to Kitty Vitty. In the afternoon I received a note from Colonel Ambtr/t^ ac- qvainting me that the French fleet got out lad night. Thus, after being blocked up in St. John's harbour for three weeks, by a Iqnadron of equal number, but finaller ihips, with fewer guns and men, did M. Ternay make his efcape In the nignt by a jhaiiieful fiight. I beg leave to obferve, that not a man In the fquadron imagined the four fail, when we faw them, were the enemy 1 and the pilots were of opinion, that they mull liRve had the wind fimch Orniigei than with us, to overcome the weijerly Iwell in the harbour's mouth. I lent the kingGeotgetoumy I'tUn Rijig, f)sfar brina ||ie inteliigpnre if Mie enmiiy fliouid Iteer to- Wards Phuenth -, ilid IdUatitil I :i|iiaiii Puug/iii ul \hfi >\vttn,tn as Trepaff}, to fet the tranf^orts moved from Torbay, as a very unfafe road to the ay of Bulls. A bomb battery was opened againft the foH, in the night of the 17th, and next day it capitumted, before any other battery began to play. The fquadron got into the harbour yefterday morning j and \n the evening I received their lordlhips order of the 3d of Augufl, lent me by Captain Pallifer of the Shrenvjhury, who, with the Utiftrbtt Bedford, and Minerva, had iuft arrived on the coaft. I have dlretted Captain Pnllijer, with the other /hips, lo come Into the harbour, as loon as a convenient opportunhy pfferi for ill rfoing. We have about eight hundred prifoners, grenadiers, picquets, aitd fome marines, being a very mie body of men, and nearly ct^ual in number to the regulars of our army. I am now prepar-* ingtranfports to carry them Ko Br ejl. The enemy did not intend to leave fo great a part of their force here j their grenadiers were ready for embarking; but M. de Ter- may feemed determined at all events to grafpan opportunity ,which, if once loft, might never be regained ; ther^Wre, in the utmoft confufion, he left behind his grenadiers, anchors, and turned his boats adrift when they had towed him out. The fog was fo thick that Lieutenant Colonel TulHkin, who was polled on an eminence in the narroweft part of the harbour's mouth, could hear their noife, but could not difcern any of their fhips. The fog even altered the direftion of the found, which feemed to come from another l^6^. The History of tbg War, 605 ariny» which was poded at a place called the heiglits of Johannifberg, near the banks oi' the Wetter. At nril hi* I'uccefs was anfwer^le to his own expe6tations« and t}:^ courage another part of the harbour, whilll they mud have been diredljr /under him. There is a confiderable quantity of provlHons and other good* at this place, collected and tumbled promifcuoufly into diticieat ftore-houfes by the enemy. Many of the Irijb fervanis have alfa been robbing and plundering their mailers. To afcertain proper- ty, in order to make reftitution as far as can be, and lo reiiore regularity to a country, fo long diftraded by being in the enemy'* fioffefiion, will be the particular care-of Governor Graves^ who, fi my opinion, is well qualified for fuch an office ; and as he will ftay lieie he will be able, in a great meafure, to reiiore the af- fahs of ( Ciipla lis country, n Douglas of the Syren has behaved with fpirlt and ac- tivit)^, and exerted tstxy talent of a good ofHcer during this ex- tl (witliout ;it)dlng any km Inippy in the opportunity of lending pedltioH I and (« tim Initipi lord/hips. more officers to the corps) I him to wait on thev The follotoing Letters ha'vingfomething in them very partictdm'^ nve jhali Jubjoin them here, leaving our Readers to make fiut ohfervatiom at may occur. m Now helntf tinder Tome doubt of St. Jobn'A and PUctnJlam NenvjouHfllandi this fummer, as the fquadron i:om Brefi }(g fulled, \ fflfld in the news-papers, whither can they go but to Nenufoundlqnd', and as a loyal fubjeft to his majeilyr .(Uul a great friend to trade, in which I have fuffered much by being too cntcr- prizing, I do therefore moil humbly offer my thought* for the good of my king and country ; that is, I really thmk from xny heart, that faid Breji fquadron is gone to Neixifoundlandy man/ of our Newfoundland iliips being taken the lail year. The com- mon enemy muil know the ilender force of our Newfoundland convoy in thofe parts ; and, was a fmall fquadron of his majefty'a ihips to go foon to Neiufoundland^ and return again after examtn- ing into the fafety of fhat valuable ifland and trade, may likely iave many of his majefly's fubjedts from ruin, and prevent thie common enemy a footing in the Newfoundland fifliery. ' You will pleafe to communicate thefe my thoughts to their lordfhips, which, I humbly think with fubmiffion, >s worthy at this time of their confideration. * I have •Hi 6o6 The History- of the War. 1763. courage of his troops. He drove the enemy entirely from the high grounds into the plain ; but whild he purfued his advantage, the body he attacked was reinforced by the main army. The a£lion, which began fo favourable for the alliesj ended in a defeat. Thciy lo(t above three ihoufand men in killed) wounded, and prifoners. The Hereditary Princef who had> through the whole adion, made the mod power- ful efforts, and expofed himfelf to the greateft dangers, xt- ceived a wound from a i.'>u(ket-ball in his hip-bone, from which his life was a long time doubtful, and his recovery lingering and tedious. Whilft his life continued in danger, the concern was unufual, and common to both armies ; both taking an intereft in the prefervation of a prince, as much endeared by his humanity, as admired for his valour and military genius. A vi£tory of the greated importance could not have more fully difplayed the fuperiority of prince Ferdinand's capaci> ty, in the condud: of a war, than his meafures after this defeat. The French were not fufFered to derive the fmall- eft advantage from their victory ; nor did the allies lofe a foot of ground. The communication with Caflel was dill at the mercy of the allies. The French, in their retreat, had thrown a garrifon of ten thoufand men in that place ; and * I have, by long experience, fotne judgment in Tea affairs ; as alfb a willingnefs to ferve my king and country; thefe will plead an excufe in my behalf to their lordfhips for this trouble. 7*0 John Geveland,^j^i I am, ^c. 4dwiiratlj-0ffict;Junei\fi'j6z. » I R, -*T Have received, and communicated to my lords commiflioners J. of the admiralty, your letter of the 8th inftant, with refpeft to the appre^ienfion you are under, that the Breji fleet is gone for Ntwfoundland. Tour ^try bumble Servant ^ J. CLEVELAND.' i*j€%. T'bt History of the War. 607 and the prince made immediAte and vigorous preparations to beTicg^ it. When the prince had adjufted his army to cover thefiege, the French took advantage of his ovement for that pur- pofe, to repafs the Lahan near Gieifen, and advanced to- wards Marpurg. But as they advanced, the prince drew his army from the (lege, and made fuch difpofitions as ena> bled him to fall at once upon their flank and rear, drove them from all their po(ls, and obliged them Sept. 26. once more to fly with precipitation behind the Lahne. After this fuccefsful affair, the body of the army refumed their preparations for the fiege of Caffel, which was now become the grand obje£fc of the campaign ; and the great pur pofe of the endeavours of both armies was, of the one to open the comniunication with Caflfel, of the other to^cut it off. ' A number of ikirmifties happened in thefe movements. The moft remarkable among them was the affair of Bucker Muhl, not fo much for the confequen- Sept. 30. ces, which were not extraordinary, but for the uncommon fteadinefs of the two parties engaged. It was a poft of feme moment, the forcing of which would fa- cilitate to the French the reduSionof Amonebourg* a fmall fortrefs, but of importance, as it commands a pafs which led into the country which they propofed to enter. This poft was nothing more than a bridge over the .Ohme, de- fended by a (light redoubt on one fide, and by a mill on the other. The allies had no cover, except the redoubt ; nor the French, except the mill. The engagement began at firft between two fmall bodies, and an artillery proportiona- bly fmall ; but as the a£bion warmed, the artttfery was gradually augmented, until it amounted to about five and twenty heavy cannon on each fide. The allies had originaHy but one hundred men in (hi^ poft ; but before the bu6ner» ended, feventeen complete battalions were engaged, ';<'ho fucceiifivcly relieved each other, after each detachonenr h&6 made fixty difcharges. The artillery fired at a diftan -e ivf three hundred paces, and the mufquetry at thirty. Beiides, the allied troops, as they paffed to and from the redoubt, were, for a length of four hundred paces, expofed to all the enemy's cannon loaded with grape (hot. The (ituation of the French^ was nearly the fame. A dreadful <§ 1 6o8 fife liiBTOHV of tU War. 176a. drcadriil fire was iuppoiicil between llid'e reloltite l>nilieii»- withoui H moment '.H intermiflion, or the Icall (lu-keni->ir op one fidv ur the other* fur near fifteen hoiirs» from tVi. 'Iawi of iliiy tu dark n\^Ut, Neither (ide g4vc way ; «)- -i Cmb mol\ bloody cuntt ll for m mod trifling objed^ in the end, left the aUics in thepoUcflion of their redoubt* Nnd the French of their mill. The whole compafs of military hiftory fur- niihes no inOance of fo obllinate a difpute. The allies lod fix hundred men in killed and wounded ( towards the ctofe of the (1ay» the dead bodicH (erved tu raiCe a parapet for the redoubt* in the place of that which had been beat to pieces by iliu can\mnndet The French arc thought to have fuifered more in this adion than the alhcs. However* though they did not fuc- ceed in their attack upon the bridge* they battered at the fame time the calUi of Amonebourg with fomuch fury* that in a Ihort time they eflei^ed a breach* and obliged the gar- rilon to furrcnder. By this advantage they gained a good deal of ground* and even got on the rear of the allied ar- my. But with this advantage* confiderable as it was* they were able to do nothing decifive : they were able neither ta raife^ nor materially to didurb the fiege of Caflfel, which went on without interruption ( nor were they able to throw the lead relief into this place* where their garrifon already began to fu6fer for want of provifions. This capital of an unfortunate principality, which has fo often baen taken and retaken during the courfe of this war* defpuiring of relief* at length furrendered to Nov. I. the vidorious arms of the allies* after a fiege of fifteen days o|icn trenches. The garrifon made an honourable capitulation. And now prinoe Ferdinand might confider himfeif as mader of HefTe* no place of ftrength in that country remaining in the enemy's hands, except Ziegenhavn. Advanced as the feafon was* the prince prepared to Uy nege to that fortrefs ; and as he was now able to draw down his whole army into that quarter* there was no quedion but he would have made himfeif mader of the place without any difHculty. But the figning Nov. 15. of the preliminaries of peace* at this time notified in the two armies, pu^ an happy conclufion to all military operations. Thefe preliminaries had very little to do towards com- pleting the relief of our allies; except that they fet thefeal on on their good fortunOf tind prevented their being ex pofcd any longer to the chances of war. Thii ctnlpaign; though it wai not di(lingi|i(hed hy *t\y great deciAve VM^ory, wai notithe left honourable to the eommande^ ^ t|i« troibpi. A connected feriei of judicioui ari^ rpirit(d,ti|]/eVattonf' pro- duced all the effcai whicH could' be prbpof(fc<^ Yi'o'm a tingUi and brilliant (Iroke. At 'tbii-pi^Vlqd»the Franch. aflter hav- ing for flx yeari exerted alrnoftthte wh6le undivltted flr^ngth* ot their monirchy upon thii Angle obje^i were, in tlf'f ^nd» vefx little ixiore advancied thah th4y weft thf ilay tbty firft fei their lodtin Oermatiy. The pofleflidif'iQif ihk$k or four poQr uniinf^OFtint placet Wf • all thev hjid ^ur^hafid b/ many millions of trcafure expanded* ana pofliply near two hundred thd^fand lives thrown aw4y. 'The whole body of theji|liei acquired great and Jul! glory in tJiU wiir ; but the Englifll had all alopg the pbif o^ honour,/and obtiiined the higneft reputation. ; As to theljr commander (He duke of firunfwickf, having b^gi^n Ihis ope- rations almoR without a^ army^,naving continued the war with an aj'fpy f^^^y* inferior'lh ^umbers, hay,bg experienced every variety or Tortune* h'U'ciipai^jy and his firMMefi car- ried him with credit ihrougb-aU^'4Uul enebUd him 4» con- elude the war with, a triumphant fupcriority, He may now enjoy, in the H6 Wable Ve^ni ^iSh his exploits l^fiVe pur: chafed fw:,)bijiinf«|f;a|id his ,cotiiifii"V,, the bertVr«swa|j if9,ins||lq*^tiem c^cirful in tjic fervkej to alteyiaie ilie^ nafdihms m wa^^ was exerted b^V^nd what could ^'e tfoug'ht pbflibi^ in the limits of a private fortune ; and, the .ia,^uri|aipi\ of th,;^i tnu iiiemorai»ie war» have contributed to rai^lb ^^mmtiMik^M L MAM ii n f ilii ft tiiiii i ii i ii fi ii ii ii r i lM" fince he he te((iq9pQ7^f Bb entir^:a|)j>r^Mon of dieir cc has hacl'tbe hoadur of conini^-'^iiifi; mem. ** TOiettrijIirieii^s*^^ .y fail forks' diiiit«l!'4cfeno^ed^- ineiits l^lf^ i^ettl^Ore retim s ais - ^arrtu^ft 'ttiabls tt> the ^nertt&, officers, and private men, compofiiu the wHoli? Brilfjb corps, fbr thie^ :1«Kl!^^"^^6iU, diib!p({t^; 'aiid 1^ condtt6t He Jkas conftantly vxpMMdtd fVdm every kidlvidlnl; Kftd-lut Moft prticular bad perfimd tlnnks ase due fep timn/for . their leady Qbeidbeiice» u^n ail occafiena^ in iiidi orders «» his ftation obliged, ^i^ •tall|rayi been. djre#e|^ j^ itheir good, by evfrjr means in his power j and he has the fatisfadtion to think he has ibme reafon to flatter himfelf of their being convinced, if a etei f th e efficac y, t l e aft ef thcfinc erky^f-hts i nt e nt ieas, if he anay Judge by the nojble return thejr .behaviour .has nlade.him ; a ^)>(^ii%otn^, (hat %hae^1(ia$>ihi ^h V^^ieaai,1^ thdeared them tothi^i^'rt^i^d^^#^, Ulid-ha^coVired'ttiemVith glory and honour. . , , r•^. V- ,i>^, » !liil^%»flbl^ of^.^W'^^i^, %^1flia#1B^i)n9e',^hi)ek vHBfdr^ev^thehis glvethitt^feyferVj y^£$c£t %e f^iiim bit &t%^o make'is Mppriient its thefr Ihres, to^bbi ttpttn !t ai^jglnidild^tiuty, ^ It i«dSaitibt;s, CO 'give th^'.bv^jl^inbte prtkif c^isiiiffi^^ftion and - - - y^o makeisMpptfientststhcfi idiotfs arid ektAi^kfy toiifter- k; Aad^Wm'fi^* this 1762. The HiSTOKY of the "W AH, 611 this country ro t pitch of glory» in which it has not been exceeded by any other in antient or modern tinnes. Futur* hiflfory will pay them a reward more adequate to their merits. C HA P. X. Shg* 'and furrender «/ Scbweidnitz* War transferred to SatC9ny. Jiujiriant defeated at Freyberg. Prvffans rawigt the ^tipire. Preliminaries of peace between Great Britain and trance, Difputes concerning tbem, Mr. Fox comes in* tp admlnijiration. Preliminaries approved by parliament* Peace of Hubertjbourg between AuJIria and Prupa, Con* clufion. WHILST the courts of London and Veffailles were making fo confiderable a progrefs towards peace* thofe of Vienna and Berlin feemed to reniit nothing of their antient animofity. The King of PruiTiay deprived of the af- fidance, but at the fame time freed from the hoftiUtiies of the Rufllans, direded his whole force and attention towards the fingle object of driving the AuftVians out of Silefia. Prince Henry, who commanded in Saxony, contented himfelf wi'h aftingupon the defenfive. The Kinjg in per- fon carried on the (lege 6f Schweidnitz, almoft in the pre- fence of Marihal Daun, who fcarce made any attempts to relieve it. But whatever deficiency there mi^t have been in the fpirit of the grand army of the Auftrians, it was ai»- ply compenfated by the obftinate bravery of the garrifon^ Which refilled all the attacks of the Pruifians for >near twc months from the opening of the trenches. It is faidthat the attack was conduced, and the defence made, by two engi- neers, who had written on the fubjed of the attack and de- fence of places ; and they were now pradicalty engaged^ prove the fuperiority of their feveral fyAems. However this may be, Schw«iidnit7 coft the King of Pruf- fia a great deaf of time, many laborious efforts, and a num- ber of men. The brave garrifon, to the number of eight thoufand men, wer«i at length obliged to 06l, 9. furrender prifoners of war. Their ill fortune pur- fiied them every where. A great part of this bodj^pf gal- lant prifonere were drowned at the mouth of the Oder, on ^r^ thik 6iZ fbe History of the War. 1762. their paiTtige to their intended confinement at Konnigfberg : only nine men of the whole number el'caped. The King of Pruflia now mafter of Schweidnitz, and confequently of Silefia, turned his attention to Saxony, vhere he confiderably reinforced his brother's army and made preparations whiph indicated a defign of laying fiege to Drefden. Id Saxony alfo the Audrians began to exert themfelves with great fpirit; and made fome progrefs under the gene- rals Stotberg and Haddick. They obtained confiderable advantages, jn feveral encoum.rs, over the army of prince Henry i and even puflied them back to Freyberg ; the pof- fefiion of which place they prepared to difpute with the Pruillans. But here fortune, which has feldom proved Iqng conftant to their arms, entirely forfook them. The united O^. 29. army of Imperalids and Auftrians was attacked by Prince Henry (who took advantage of the ab- fence of general Haddick) in the neighbourhood of Frey- berg, and totally routed. Great numbers were flain. The PruiHans took near fix thoufand prifoners, among whom were about two hundred and forty officers of all ranks, thir- ty pieces of cannon, and feveral ftandards. The vidory was complete, and, as far as regarded the event of the campaign, decifive. The Auflrians attributed this defeat to the treachery of one of their fuperior officers, who was foon after taken into 9|)ftody. But whilft they were inquiring into the caufe of their difafter, and preparing to puni(h the author of it, the PruiTians were puihing the advantages which their viQory afforded them with all imaginable alacrity. And this they were, enabled to do with the greateft effei3:, by means of a partial ceffation of hoftilities, which rhe Auftrians were fo Jmprt^lent as to conclude with the King of Pruflia for Silefia and the eleftoral Saxony only, without foref'eeing the dan- ger, or providing for the fafety, either of their own im- mediate dominions, or of thofe members of the Empire^ which were the mod: attached to their intereils, and which were, now txpofed to the attempts of a bold, rapacious, and cxafperatcd enemy- One body of the Pruffian arntiy broke into Bohemia, pulhed on almoft to the gates of Prague, and deftroyed a capital magazine. Another fell upon the fame country on another : 1762. 7'be HisroKY of the W AR, 613 another quarter, and laid the town of Egra almoft in tfiieSf by a bombardment and a cannonade of red hot bullets. Some extended thcmfelves all over Saxony; others penetrated in- to the furthed parts of Franconiaj and even as far as Sutbia^ ravaginjj the country, exading the moft exorbitant con- tributions, and fpreading difmay and confufion upon every fide. 1 he dyet of the Empire fitting at Rati(bon, did not think themfclves in fafety ; but were beginning to fly> ^uid preparing to remove their records. The free city of Nuremberg, fo famous for theingenious induOry, and pacific difpofition of its inhabitants, UifFered the moft by this invafion ; having been obliged to pay con- tribution to the amount of two hundred thoufand pounds of our money. It has been fuppofed, that in this expedition the Pruflians raifed a Turn equal to the annual fubfidy, which had formerly bi en paid by Great Britain to their fovereign. Many of the ftates found themfelves obliged to fjgn a neu- trality, in order to favc their territories from further ravages. And now a great part of the Empire being, already in- cluded in the peace between Great Britain and France, and the reft, tied down by this neutrality, entirely difabled by the late defeat, or exhaufted by the fubfequent incurfions^ were no longer in a condition to furnifh an army under the inriperial name and authority. After the whole alliance had been thus gradually diflblved, the affair was, at length, left to be decided as it was begun, by the fmgle arms of Auftria and Pruftia ; fo that there was great reafon to hope, as the war in Germany had fucceeded immediately to the rupture between Great Britain and France, the peace between thefe powers would alfo lead, to the fpeedy pacification of the Empire, The preliminaries had been figned by the Britiih and French minifters at Fountainbleau, on the third of Novem- ber, and it is neceffary for the completion of our defign, that we Ihould here give fome account of thedefinit ' trea- ty which was built upon them. The reader will recollefit, that, in the negotiation of 1 761, it was laid down as a principal by the two courts, that their refpeflive propofitions, in cafe th<. *eaty ihould by any accident be broken off, were to be confidered as re- trained or never made. At that time we remarked, that thefe propofitions would probably have their influence, not- withftanding this provifion ; becaufe, as we then obferved, Rr^ thing* ffi4 5fif History 0/ tbe War. 1762. diinfp once fettled and agreed to> unavoidably (lamp their own impreifion upon any Tatme negotiation relative to the ikme fubjed. It happesed very nearlv, as was then fore- feen ; for, as far as we can judge, the negotiation did not fet out upon any new or peculiar principle of its own, but feemed to afliinne as a bafis thof« points, which were near- eft to an ar>< of th^ K^ng of Pruflja were ti^ the lowejl ebbi hj* was overpowered by the whole- ^eigh( of AHftria^of Sweden* of the ^mpire» ancl o| t^uffia, a^ determined a%ever« in h<;r enmityi ^nd then fue(;ef8fi)l \ to fay nothing of France. Neither ^^neroiity} n9r ^erhapi| found policy, Qvight to have permittecl ps to defert him ii^ that ruiiOiiion. But when t;|ie lad treMJ^ W^s m^de^ the con-* dition of his pffairs was ablqlutely reverfcd. He liad g[ot rid of the mQiil powerful, and one of the moil impt^^abfe of his enemies. He had concluded a pea9e with Sweden. The treaty itfelf freed him from all apprehenfions of France. He had then none to contend with, byt a non^nal army of tH Empir**, And one of Auftria, which, though fqmeth'ng m.ore thnu nominal, was wholly unable to oppofe his progrefa. His fituation, from being pttial)le, was become fo,rmtc&bi derived upon the four quarters of the world, left no fort of doubt that it was not only our bed, but our only policy, to guard againft all podibility of the return of fuch evils, itxperience has ihewn us that while France poireHes any fingle place in America, from vrhence (he may moled opr fettlements, they can never enjoy any repofe, and of courfe that we are never iiscure from being plunged again into thofe calamities, from which we have at length, and with fq much difficulty, happily emerged. To remove France from our neighbourhood in America, prto contra^ her power within the narroweft li- mits poflible, is therefore the mod capital advantage we can obtain ; and is worth purchailng by almoft any concef- lions. -h;;-T'.: ! . ^ v.-,' . '. They infifted that the abfolute fecurity derive4,fcpra this plan, included in itfelf an indemnification. Firft ; by fav- ing us, more efFedually than any other method could, from the neceflity of ano^h^r war, and confequently by giving us an opportunity of increaHng our trai^e^ and low- ering our debt. Secondly ; by permitting our cplonies on the ^>. V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■M ^2.0 u I IL25 iu I 1.6 J I Photograiiric Sciences Corporation // ^*.' ^ V ^ 23 WIST MAIN STRIET WnSTER.N.Y. MSSO (716) S72-4503 .% 6^ 6ai 3^tf History ^/i&f War. t*j6t. tiMF continefit t& «irt«nd themlelves withont danger or mo- leAatic^. They fjfiewed «h« great increare of poputation in thofe colonies within a few ytuii They fliewed» that their trade with the mother cOttntrt had uniformly^ increa- (ed with this population. That hcSngnow freed fMnn the mdeftatioii of enenties^ atid the etlnulations of rivals, un- limited in their pofleiliotis, and fife in their jperrens* our American planted wooM, ^y tho very ooUrfe of their natu- ral propagation in « vetj mort tine, fumifli out a demand of our mHiilufi^ttres, as large as all the working hands of Great Britain could poilihiy fupply. That there was ther«» htt no reafon to dread that want of trad^, which their tdverfaries tnlinuatedy fince North Amerka alone wduld fupply the deficiencies of our trade in every other part of the world. They expatiated on the great vfsriety of dimates, vrhich that cottntry contained, and tlie vail refource^ which #ould thence arife to commerce. That the vakie of our conqudfts thereby ought not to be eflimated by the prefent produce, but by their probable increafe. Neither ought the value of any coun^ to be folely tried on its coiifirtiercial advan^ tages^ that extent of territory and a number r^ futijeAs, are matters of irs itiuch coniideration to a 'ftate attenttvurs lace in letfe |up- in- r ro- of 'he The OAlf poifft, ^ich retnxkied to be i^ufled in the Weft Indies, was the logw)ood itrade. . Spat^ tbiffented tiot to diftufb tfie fen^ifh m thctr occtipatton of cmting logw^ooA «D the bay of HondnraSy and to permit tkiem to occupy ttich buildings ito ituqr be fi^cefiary for them tn th'm occa]««> tton. Gtt9k BritiTn> oh het ftde» ftipularted to deitroy the foitificaVMnkii^hich had been etteded on that bay*. By this artkl^ tbe Eng^iilh ieqntred a folid nght in this long cclnM4led tirade | but feetned; ftt the htttt iivtve, to lofe all the fflcHans^ df prbte6Mmg it.' It is, howerer, difficult to fKninteliftabefl^l' method of «^t^ng a daim of fdch a pe- culiar nature. ^Ilie right we oatffltd was not a right to the territory^ nor direSly to the produce ; but onfy a pritilege of cuttmg and taking away ^is wood by indulgence. To bave infiftdd on the right of evening forttfications, wotiU bsvebeenttiaking tbe ftroiigeft daim to an abfdlute, direft and exclufive dominion over the territory itfelf ; a point, to which jf do not find that our moft eztenfiye claims have ever been carried. -^ in Africa, Goree was lefttrfed to Trance, and Senegal remained to (3l«at Britain f. This regulation feems to bsve divided tlte trade on this river, and th^ adjacent coirft^ between the 'two nattonsb - The !Engli'0i, a:s rhey are now circumftanced on that ^ft, feem to be the moft afdvant^go- t>uily fttuated for '^ trade tn time of peace ; and tihe French ibr carrying aWay the wholie of it in time of war. ' WithMi^gard to the Eaft Indies, all the French fa£boruei and ft^tlenl^ars are reftored to that nation In every -part df India tt Although this tntift be regarded as a very great conceflion, it does not j however^ a&>rd allthofe advantages to Pfafhce, which might be imagined at the -firft view, Firft, becaufe tbe Ibrtt&aitons ereded at -Aicb a vuft ex- pence iinaM thofe fettlements have been totalty -deftrir^ ; and it carnibt be expefied* in th» ^nvfent !ftaation of ^h^ Fieneh «GM)pn^, that they can, m the courfe of maiw y^ears, If «tiA,be reftored to then* former ftate; in'Sengily (including^ '^ij ^li ezptan^ttion annexed to the definitive trtet^, the kmgdom of rixa)'tbey have errga^ to erelft 'no ktndtitf^fbrt^cation, nor to keep any number of firfdiers wbatfoei^er. Secondly, they have agreed to adoiowledge the prefent reigning fubas t)f Bengal, Decan, and the Car- natick, aa the brml fowireigns of ffaefe Countries. Thefe princes • Def. tr.'trti-xvH. t I^f. tr. art. x 1 1>er. tr. art. id. fo4. • Ti/gUisrO^X^jifeWm* if^ZA ftwm*f§^,^fft^t^o^^ they Sre in our J9|fr«il> and |]|p;||: iqifvtb|m ovfc et^, fhe ac- tt>fi<«a»f^ 4ep^fyi^]0f^p^»^ o£ thf ir power up. fn;0|^2^^fl*lf>y «^t|i^^^^^ w becosmc. Cape Gomorm 2. aiui> itt » «£ceal«i #i ^ape t^c^morui}^,^ mmsfm the o^her, .libtiily. tm. ^^^ «.* lilllsg^ **WH ■ Bf^ ui5^S^I^,^c%: m ^jw&w*' 'Hli ■Hj^: tt^Aded» fhtt thtrffrtlimimN rtti would Uftdctfgo i^gdrem fertftioyi iAd'Hilgbt poWjF intui- a h«ivy cenfureliDm pirliamciit* Thttfrttiiot fcttp W«r« critkii^d withotiV$mr(T» T|ey vere dfckijM^iabft ittgltfril^8» iflad#qUat«^ a^We^ factct^^iht mi^g M^Mim tft« ji^ft otfii^tiimitol tin) ftatiMi I' tlilt pur %»inRitit^ wafr lildbdcdV MiAiN»r.»}li«t iibaiiddii^l Fa^k^•Kpe!^tioQ irtlMwci/cf jftBtirfily dif^ appdilfttdi « TfM^|ftil^ii|jifiti wir« fl|^b¥«d^«^lh9M^^^^ quatiidutoi]^ l»y Mtfa'hodfiitir bf ^e-lirdi MfUh^ i. 6ut ally di^H^ } by fiiewmtkati» ^Uh T^btj M- I)^» 9* iKlMh 'j»dbd^ wm^ trati^iik ^t^t^fl chim of <^^ «gretd aihikig mtinfttf as^ &^ » party in liiniAKtf^ iia^iiat^dMkm^ tbi di4i^rnit^ly apphoWd^ bad bte»«dopttid ia tbefe prelirohiai^ and c^'iefiay'uBprcifVftd. Itiit true^ itllad been obj^Sedj ^0 oiur'additmnlilfBiif effdt) fiboe that timef gaye ui {j|n^d^ew3 bet^ri t^fi»M 1>Ut it waa anTn^erxi cd^ that tmi{>4|i^tt«1)W tbe war| bad inci«a>IMf INii tit trafti ^anilHida^jp^^r^^i iki^ tbat^ peace wiH bejtbme ntceffai^to t)^ natioi^^ , Thife ir^ijlinisii whatetvf tjatd^^ib^ m themfelvea, Werb>i|lrong asaih^rdiitfei^.i^^ the/ were father FeiorMjt^^thitdlQislthfe'fir(ltiflro4efe^ Wing altog^th^r agrieii^e td i%^if0Mm>plmbfi^^ \^^:^ poflti6ny bad alwi^i piirffn9l,:atid to. die f^iirnttcntraiiuvf of tbeni hadpabHckly at6trtdy and" perfaa|» to&(^tl|E>;?ie^ fatned. On; the ^n^hde^ it wa*' etideiit^ tbaty iv^ thd a^ueftion tains Ofr|( the diicontented party wiia fiMiBJiiibt ve-^ ry weHdnitedy and abfoteteiy ihipRmdcd of^'aik]R regtilar fcheme of oppttOtion. , Ud^ifiimtf though ^baiB«d, 6A thia occaiion* it has fince begun to revive and t^'^ntte;' and thbugh peace ii happily teftored with fbrei|hif)b#artf» our dofheftic quiet is m\ far f ronb being fecsrely eOlabH^^d* With regard to the powers in Germany, tlH( pii^ be* tween England and France* and ihe (bpenorhyelt t'be king «f FruQi^ at the c)oft 0^ theeaildpaign^ infpirid^ at lengthn , S f though h i i' l! 6 !' ^iifp i^*'*^^K|4' tlfn^ He retnins his do- tidMnS'i^i-^r utfaoft.!exteiits and^ having dfHvered his <()iiifti^r^^w1neom]^rtbio takiits for war, he sow enjoys imit^loirwBiiver it by his iloMsadnnruray«^^ for go* ^erenieA^'^ Scaix:d^iirtts the 'iivr cehcte he be-t V |^to40^ir his attetftfoii^dohie(litpoli(iy^ find his care for the^hi^ficf^ of his people. He immediately iKftributed lands t0'hu4tiband«d fddiery; and gave them the horfes of hif«rtiHery to aid thdm in their cultivation. . £ufofi^ is now pacified;; and v4e b^egins torefpirv, after a mere^g^snenil'iind a mo^e blobdy w«tr than aay the world ' haAf' teperieti^ fince tbit which was contluded' by the jpea<»io| Weftphalia. Aa faieasit is fafc to judge concern- ing a fyflem wiiich is fiibjeaMo ib great and Unfercfeen va- riations> and fometimes £n6mVeKy flight caufes> this peace I»romUe kind eita«. ""uftaory, at any work of ■■■I;- . ■ ■■' . . ■/ 1/ •'■I ^ ^ N 1 i. i: f; '^,J.-0: