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!-■

PARTfN. ANNUAL REPORT, 1886.

GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA.

ALKJtIOl) U. v.. SKLWYN, r.M.d., \A>.\\, l-MJ.S., DiiiKrioii.

REPORT

EX IM.OR ATI ONS

IN I'OKTKINS or TIIIUXIUNTIKS or

VICTORIA, NORTiriTMRRllLANP AND UKSTIOOUCIIIi:,

NRW lilUJNSWIOK.

. , TO A(100MI'ANY (JT'AUIliU HIIKLT MAI' 'J. N.W.

li. W. BAILKY, M.A., n..I)., IMJ.S.C,

PROKESSOU Ol' NATIIKAI, IIISTOKY IN IMi: HMVKKSITV ol' NKW IlUUN8\VICK,

AND

W. M(^INNKS.

PUBLISHED IIY AUTIIOUITY OK I'ARLIAMKNT.

DAWSON HROTHKRS.
1887.

Bric.e. Twentij-fivc (\nts.

V • < Jl

» •

I'll

'.J. ■

i. .«» *,

■ *■■■•

I ', ■ i;

GE(

TOR(

;?»-5

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Scienu

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GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA.
ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., P.R.S., Director.

TORO^:TO
CtMiuAL
LIsrnRr

REPORT

Science and Teclmalogy

E X P L ORATIONS

IN rORTIOKS OF THE COUNTIES OF

>'■'

CIR

VICTORIA, NORTHUMBERLAND AND RESTIGOUCHE,

NEW BRUNSWICK.

TO ACCOJrPANY QUARTER SHEET MAP 2. N.W.
BY

L. W. BAILEY, M.A., Ph.D., P.R.S.C.,

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP NEW BRUNSWICK,

AND

W. McINNES.

y.t

:,♦■

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT.

MONTREAL :
DAWSON BROTHERS

1887.

JAN 3 1 1974

Alfred R. C. Sklwtn, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.

Director of the Oeological and Natural Ilutory Survey of Canada.

Sib, — The following report, which we have the honour to submit,
■embracog the results of observations and explorations made by us, with
theassistanceof Mr. J. H. Bailey, during the summers of 1885 and 1886,
in northern New Brunswick.

The object of those explorations was twofold, viz , first, to obtain the
necessary data for the completion of the quarter-sheet map of the series
of New Brunswick map-(, No. 2. N.W., which accompanies this report,
and, secondly, the determination of the succession of the Silurian strata
in the northern portion of the province, and their relations t-* other
systems! As the investigations in the latter direction embrace areas
beyond the limits of the map, and are not yet completed, the present
report will be confined to the region which is now delineated, embra-
<!ing portions of Victoria, Madawaska,Northumberland and Restigouche
counties.

The courses and dips, both in the report and on the map, are
given with reference to the true meridian, the variation being about
20''-21« west.

Our thanks are again due to the Manager of the New Brunswick
Railway for free passes, and other facilities, on the several lines under
his direction.

We have the honour to be,

Sir,

Your obedient servants.

October, 1887.

L. W. BAILEY.
WM. MoI.NNES.

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REPORT

EXPLORATIONS

IN
PORTIONS OF THE CX)UNTIE8 Of

VICTORIA, NORTHUMBERLAND AND RESTIGOUCHE,

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The area to which this report and the accompanying map J'efer, J®*!"" .
lies iramodifttely north of that mapped and rojiorted on in 1885;
while upon the ouHtcrn and wo8torn Bides it ia bounded by the areas
proviouHly surveyed and mapped by Mr. R. W. Ella in the counties
of Northumberland, Glouconter and Restigouoho. On the weat it is in
part boi'dered by the state of Maine, and in part by that portion of
New Brunswick which, above the Grand Falls of the St. John River,
«xtencls westerly between the last named state and the province of
Quebec. It may be added that this latter tract, together with a small
triangular area lying between the headwaters of the Green and Quata*
wamkedgewiok rivers, in the county of Restigouche, embraces the
only portions of New Brunswick which remain to be surveyed.

The formations repreaontei within the area to be considered are, in ?ormationa.
descending order, as follows : —

G. 1. Lower Carboniferous.

F. Devonian.

E. Silurian.

D. Cambro-Silurian.

A. B. Pre-Cambrian.

Gr. Gi'anite and related rocks.

G. 1. Lower Carboniferous.

Within the district examined, the Lower Carboniferous rocks are
confined to the valley of the Tobique. They ai-e the northern half of
the outlier described in part G. of the Annual Report for 1885, and
as they have been already pretty well considered in previous years,
little need be said of them here.

NBW BRirNSWIOK.

Trap.

Extent or an». The ijrotttost bioudth of the outlier in about twelvo miloH, and it

extends northerly on the Tobique to a point a little beyond Blue

Mountain bond. Tlio strata uro iyin^ everywhere nearly horizontally,

with broud, low undulationn Hhowinj; that they have been Hubji'ctcd to

but little dlHturbaneo aince their original deposition. Their huccohhIoo

Saowuion of On the Tobiquo, in doHCending order, MoemH to be : —
b«di<

Coarse, red conglomerate.
Gypsura.

Soft, red, shaly sandHtono, with thin bandn of limestone.
Limestone.

Highly calcareous white and red sandstone.
Red and gi'ey grits and conglomerates.
Soft red shales.
' lied sandstones and conglomerates,

■Volotnic rook*. At the edge of the basin on Otelloch stream, and at the Blue Moun-
tains, small miissus of volcanic origin occur. Those consist of ush-like
felsitic beds, volcanic agglomerates, traps and claystone porphyries,
and are probably contemporaneous with the upper beds of the Lower
Carboniferous.

Just above the Blue Mountains, these beds are represented by a massive
ledge of green, chloritic, highly calcareous, amygdaloidal trap, which
is exposed on the left bank of the stream ; in general aspect, this trap
closely resembles those of Lower Carboniferous age in the southern
part of the province. A flesh pink mineral, resembling natrolite, occurs
in this ledge, but the vesicles are mostly tilled with culcite.

The principle exposure of the volcanic material, however, is that
making up the mass of the Blue Mountains and rising in low clift's from
the water's edge at the bend of the river. Those are red crystalline
fclsites, hardly distinguishable from those of I're-Cambrian age, and
dull reddish-purple, banded, felsitic beds of ash-like aspect, associated
with volcanic breccia or agglomerate, with light-green, hard, soj-pen.
tinous matrix. Where exposed on the steep sides of the upper peak,
.they show an almost horizontal, gently undulating etratitication.
None of these beds are seen in actual contact with the Lower Carboni-
ferous, BO that stratigraphical evidence of theii- relative age is wanting.

Their close similarity to the volcanic masses so common in other
parts of the province at the base of the Millstone ("Irit, warrants the
conjecture that these are also overflows which have occurred about
that time. Limestones of Lower Carboniferous ago, occurring about
half a mile below these beds on the river, are quite hard and crystal-
line, but show no disturbance. Eed and greenish-grey in colour, often

Blue
Mountains.

Limestoneg.

■Aiiiv.] VIOTORtA, NORTIICMBERLAND A BESTiaOt'ClII COUNTIES. 7 N

}lue
lily,
<i to
Hiot>

prettily mnrblod, and hunl enough to tuUo u good polish, tlicmo lime-
HtoiicH would probably ulloid hundMomo mai'bloM tor ornumentul
purpoMOH.

On the Otolloch, clayNtono porphyry in uHMOciatcd with the Lower
('arboniforouH oatidNtonuH, and Not't, groun and purplo slutoH, of HuppoHcd
Silurian ago, arc cut and overlaid by a trap Himilar to that firnt
obovo doHcribcd. The purplo colour of theso Hlatos in ot'ti-n nuporticial,
and IS probai)ly only a local diHColouration, caUHod by the rod Hand-
BtoneH which have overlaid them.

At the contluonco of the WapHkohogan with the Tobiquc, on thoayinum.
left bank of the latter utroam, twenty-three miles by rotul from tho St.
John Uiver, and again two miles further up, high clitfs of gypsum are
seen. Those bods form tho sides of u very slight undulation, dipping
easterly at a low angle, tho top of which, where it approaches tho river,
has boon denuded, leaving only tho underlying shales and liinestonos
exposed. At the upper of these two exposures, locally known as
Plaster Rock, the clitl" rises vertically from tho water's edge to a
height of 150 feet ; it is made up of beds of impure gypsum of different
colours, varying from dull purplish-red to greenish-white, with thin
layers, which are pure white and fibrous ; it is underlaid by soft,
red shales, with thin bands of limestone, and by massive bods of
Hiliccous limestone. Ascending Salt Creok (so called from its slightly
ealino taste), which empties into tho Tobique just above the cliff,
tho gypsum is been at intervals, cropping out from the sides of
the ravine worn by tho brook, for a distance of a mile back from the
river. Kast of this, no exposures are seen, the surface being hidden by
a thick covering of drift, until tho elevation known as Plaster Rock
ridge is reached. This ridge, lying two miles back from the river, is
four hundred feet above it, and forms u high, level, tabln land, clothed
with a large growth of hardwood, and with a soil appai-ontly well
adapted for cultivation. Outcrops of coarse, red conglomerate, in
heavy beds, lying almost horizontal, shew near the top of the slope.
They would thus overlie the gypsum and form the summit of the
Lower Carboniferous, on the Tobique. Tho gradually rising ground,
lying between the Tobique River and the foot of tho ridge, is pitted
with a number of the largo funnol-shajied pot-holes so common in dis-
tricts underlaid by gypsum. Some of those holes are upwards of fifty
feet in depth, with steeply sloping sides, and with a width at the top
of about sixty feet.

Without attempting to calculate the amount of gypsum contained in
these beds, it will be readily inferred, from the above coneiderations,
that the quantity is very large — certainly many million tons.

8 N

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Tufaceous
limestone.

Character of
soil.

A rather remarkable outcrop of tufaceous limestone in thicic bods,
which seem to be a continuation of those underlying the gypsum, occurs
in the bank just above the plaster cliff. This has been described by
Mr. Hind in his " Preliminary Report on the Geology of New Bruns-
wick," page <i4.

This Lower Carboniferous tract, as well as the Silurian area suc-
ceeding it on the river, is generally chai-acterized by highly produc-
tive soils, well adapted for cultivation. Extensive intervales and large
flat islands occur in many places along the river as far as the main
forks. Part of this low land is covered with groves of largo elm and
balsam-poplar ; most of the lots adjacent to the river, however, are
taken up, and settlement has already extended to within half a mile
of the forks, or for tifty-four miles back from the St. John River. .V
projected railroad, connecting with the New Brunswick railway sys-
tem at the mouth of the Tobique, and extending up the river as far as
Plaster Rock, will, when built, add materially to the value of this
section.

Devonian on

Campbell

Siver.

Devonian
fossils.

F. Devonian.

A flmall area of soft, dark blue, calcareous slates and soft, dark-grey,
rusty-buff weathering sandstones refei-able to this age occurs on
Campbell Rivei-, extending for a mile or more above the mouth
of the Don, and for about three miles below this point. The dip, as
seen at a small island a mile and a half below the mouth of the Don>
is S. 45° E. < "75°, and two miles below S. 80° W. < 70".

The exposures are too few, and the strata too much crump' ed, to
allow of their structure being definitely ascertained, but they probably
form an irregular synclinal lying in a trough in the oldei' rocks,
which has been prciv-cted by them from denudation. The few expo-
sures seen are abundantly fbssiliferous, although, owing to the cleav-
age which cuts the bedding obliquely, the fovm? obtained were gene-
rally imperfect and distorted. Those collected, however, which have
been determined by Mr. Ami, justify the beds being placed in the
Oriskany group, at the base of the Devonian. Prom a small collection
made at the locality, Mr. Ami has furnished the following list : —

1. The carbonized stem of some plant too imperfect for identification.

2. Polypora. Sp. indt. (Generic reference doubtful )

3. Strophomena {Strophodonta) magdijica, Hall. Several casts of the
interior of tliis shell present the muscuhir impressions very perfect.

4. Strophomena {Slrophodonht) vuristriata? Conrad. A form which is
most probably referable to the above species occurs in the collection.

5. Slroi>homena rhomboidalis, Wilckens. There are numerous exam-
ples of this species occurring at this locality, and they appear to be that

lar;
that
slijL
on

•]

VICTORIA, NORTHUMBERLAND A RESTUIOL'CIIE COUNTIES.

9 N

form or variety doscribod and fijjured by Prof. Hall as tlie S. rugom
(Palaeontolosry of Now York, Vol. III.)

6. OrOiwldppnrionyx, Xanniim. Amongst the species collected are
two or three casts of the ventral or flat valve of the above Orthin, show-
ing the imprints of the muscular adductors and their bilobate character
very well.

7. Orthis. Sp. indt (Of the type of 0- o6/ato. H )

8. LrptoarUa Jhthdlitci^, Conrad. Small examples of a sjjccies of
Leptocniia, wliicli cannot be differentiated from the above, occur in the
collection. Tliey resemble those from Gasp^ in a very marked degree.

9. Eatonia f (Portion of the cast of the ventral valve of a spec'es of
Eatoma, too imiierfect, however, for specific identification.

10. Spirifcra arrecta, Hall. Numerous internal casts of this well-known
and easily recognized sjKJcies occur at this locality, and present all the
characters and variations described by Prof. Hall in Pal. N. Y., Vol.
in., p. 422.

11. Spirifcra. Sp. indt. Besides the casts of .S'. arrecta, H., above
referred to, there occur int«rnal casts of another species of Spiriftra,
much longer, proportionally, and with elevated umbonal region. They
present many points in common with .S'. xuhmucronata, H., and with
5. cycloptcra, H., also.

12. Plerinca textilis, H. (or a very closely allied species).

13. Pterinea, or Migamhon'ta. (Probably a sjxjcies of the latter, and
as yet undescribod.)

14. Pygidium of a trilobite resembling Calymcne.

Of the above species, Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 12 are known from
the Oriskan}'. For those who consider the Oriskany as forming
part of the Silurian the above would then be i-eferable to that system.

E. Silurian.

The rocks of this system, within the district described, cover a very Extent of area,
lai'ge area, embracing full}' one lialf of the quarter sheet map, or all
that portion of the latter which lies north-west of a nearly uniform but
slightly crescentic line, extending from the head of the Three Brooks,
on the Tobique River, to the valley of the Upsalquitch. To the north
and west, the formation passes beyond the limits of the map.

The surface features of this Silurian tract have been pretty fully surfncc
described in previous reports, and especially in those of Mr. Robert '^'^"'""^'
Chalmers, on the Superficial Geology of New Brunswick.* A few
additional facts may, however, bo stated here. Over almost the entire
district, the country is hilly and the scenery i.icturcsquo, but few of
the hills reach an altitude of one thousand feet, while their slopes,
though occasionally abrupt, are in general suflSciently moderate to ad-

• litport of Progref 8, 1882-3-4, and Annual Report, 1885, Part (i (J .

10 N

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Watershed.

mit of Huccessful agricultural operations. Most of the eminences have
the form of long, narrow ridges, or that of inverted canoes, with a
regular and continuous crest line, but at times, this is replaced by a
more or less serrated outline, or, more rarely, where igneous rocks
occur, by conical or pyramidal forms.

The district is everywhere well watered, including upon the southern
side, in ad<lition to a small part of the St. John, a considerable portion
of the Tobiqne Eivei- and some ot its most important affluents, upon
the west, the Salmon Eiver, Little Kiver and Grand River, tributary to
the St. John, and upon the north, the more southerly branches of the
Eestigouche and Upsalquitch. The position and relations of these
streams would seem to indicate the existence of a definite watershed
extending north-easterly from the St. John Eiver near the Grand
Falls to and beyond tlio headwaters of the Upsalquitch, and parallel,
or nearly so, to the course of the southoi'n margin of the ."-ilui-ian.
tract. • By its tributary, the VVagan, the Eestigouche approaches quit©
nearly to the head of Grand Eiver, connected with the St. John, and
the short poj-tage between the two has long been used as an easy mean*
of passage fi-om one set of waters to the other. The Tobicjue again is
readily navigable by canoes, through the Little TobiquO; to its source
in Nictor Lake, and tins is scpai-ated by another short portage from
the head of the Nepisiquit. Owing to the facilities of comiriunicatiorv
thus offered, the fine scenery which their streams afford, and the fact
that, as a rule, they abound with fish, they furnish many attractions to
tourists and sportsmen, while through the sale of the fishing privileges^
they are becoming an increasing source of provincial i evenue. They
are also the seat of extensive lumbering operations.
" Fertile belt." The general fertility of the Silurian district has been a frequent sub-
ject of comment, and certain portions of it, more particularly in
Carleton county and in Aroostook county, Maine, are quite famed^
both for the vigor of their forest growth and for their agricultural
capabilities. Prof G. L. Goodale, in the seventh report on the agri-
culture of Maine, commenting on this feature, and after alluding to the
species of plants by which the county of Aroostook is characieiized,
divides it into two portion-i, both adjoining New Brunswick, but of
which one, bordering the Aroostook Eiver and lying to the south of
Grand Falls, is much more fertile than the other, and embraces many
species which are usually to be met with only in a more coufhern
latitude, lie finds this diffei-ence also to bo coincident approximately
with the character of the rocks in the tracts, that of the more souther-
ly or "fertile belt" being especially marked by the presence of cal-
careous strata. If this bo tho true cause of the difference it may be
expected that similar results would be observed where these several

lavo
th a

•AiiiY.] VICTORIA, NORTHUMBERLAND & RBSTiaoUCIlE COUNTIES. U N

groups of rocks, in their eastward extension, enter the limits of the
province. And this would to some extent appear to be the case. Here,
also, a "fertile belt," continuous with that of Aroostook, is well
marked, and is rapidly becoming the scat of thriving settlements, but
owing to a change in the course of the sti-ata in passing fi-om Maine to
New Brunswick, the width of the belt in the latter is considerably in-
cieased, extending probably at least as far north as Edmunston, and
eastward to the valley of the Eestigouche. Even above Edmunston,
much good land is to be found, but the more hilly character of the
country in this direction, combined with the shortness of the season
and the occurrence of early frosts, give here a less promising aspect to ^^
the work of the agriculturist.

The ceolojicical features of the district under review present but lil-<?ooiogioal
tie diversity, being very similar to those of the Silurian tracts described
in previous reports. The prevailing rocks are slates, mostly of dark
grey colours, weathering to bluish-grey and often conspicuously bund-
ed, but in places thoy are greenish or reddish. They are very generally
calcai'cous and at times mai-kedly so, but bands of true limestone are
infrequent. The slates not uncommonly alternate with sandstones,
which are also calcareous, but beds of coarbCi- character are rarely mot
with. Intrusive rocks are also not common, though covei-ing some con-
siderable areas.

Ihe attitude of the beds over the Silurian tract is usually one in- Wsturbance.
dicative of great distuibance, and over largo areas, great masses of
strata have been att'ected by extensive and complicated folds. But
over other considerable areas, it would seem that the pressure to which
the beds have been subjected has resulted only in local crumplings,
the beds as a whole still occupying positions which are not far from
horizontal. It is in this way that they are made to spread so widely
and to acquire the appearance of having a much greater thickness than
they actually possess. In connection with those movements, slaty ^'"'y "^""'^^^fe.

cleavage has been veiy strongly developed, and in many instances
makes the recognition of the ti-ue stratification a matter of some
difficulty. Owing to the circumstances to which reference has been
made, together with the ])aucity of fossils, any attempts to determine
the relative position of the different groups of strata, their thickness or
their correlation with those of other regions, are at once inconclusive
and unsatisfactory, indeed within the limits to which the present re-
port relates, there ai-e very few facts which help to throw much light
upon questions of this character. So far as at present known, these
relations seem most likely to bo disclosed by the study of the regions
to the north and west of that here described, more particularly those
of the Aroostook region in the state of Maine and the Temiscouata re-

12 N

NEW BRUNSWICK.

gion in Quebec, but as these two still under examination, any further
reference to the conclusions which thoy indicate would be prem-
Possils. ature. It will here be sufficient to say that of the fossils collected

within the area under discussion, all are distinctly Silurian, indicating
in most instances an horizon about that of the Lower Helderberg
formation.

D. Cambro-Silurian.

The belt of rocks which has been classed in the accompanying map
as Cambro-Silurian, is a continuation of the strata of that su2)posed age
described in the i-eport of last year as forming a rim protruding from
underneath the eastern edge of the Silurian area in the district imme-
diately to the south.

In the absence of any contained fossils, these sediments have been
so placed on account of their sti-atigi-aphical position, under the
Silurian, and on account of their close lithological resemblance to
measures which have been refei'red to this age further to the south.
Typical rocks. As seen on Campbell and Galquac rivers, and at several intervening
points, they consist of thick beds of felspatliic sandstones and quart-
zitcs, with layers of hard, blue slate intorstratified. They show
evidence of having been crumpled everywhere into sharp folds, the
tops of which have been denuded, and the strata now stand on end or
are tilted at very high angles; they preserve a tolerably uniform strike,
■Conglomerate, however, of about N. 40° E. A. persistent band of liard conglomerate,
holding pebbles of white tjyartz, quartzite, jasper and black slate,
occurs near the edge of this belt all along ; it is seen in both the Gal-
quac and Wapskehegan rivers, and Mr. Hind has noted the occurrence
of largo blocks of a similar conglomerate on Campbell River, about
two miles above its junction with the Serpentine.

Although resembling in many respects the conglomerates occurring
in the Silurian, the absence of any of the beds which are everywhere
associated with the Silurian conglomerate, and its stratigraphical posi-
tion (dip N. 55° \V. < 75° to 90'), render it probable that it is here a
basal conglomerate of the Cambro-Silurian, holding pebbles which
have been derived from some Cambrian or Pre-Cambrian rocks which
have not yet been noted.

<3cneral
elevation.

General Remarks on the Pre-Cambbian Area.

The region within the limits of the present sheet, lying to the south-
east of the great Silurian area, is everywhere of a very rugged and
mountainous character. Its general height above the sea, as ascer-

•»ILEY.] VICTORIA, NORTHUMBERLAND k RESTKIOUCIIE COUNTIES. I'.i N

tained by baromoter levels, is over 1,200 feet, and throughout the
whole district, in every direction, peaks rise above this general level to
a height of 2,000 to 2,700 Ibet. Among the more prominent of those, Hciaht of
of which the heights arc known, are Bald Mountain, near the iiead
waters of the south branch of Nipisiguit Iliver, about 2,500 foot above
the sea; Sagamook or Bald Mountain, rising abruptly fi-om the south-
ern shore of Nictor Lake, 2,53T feet ; Bald Mountain, about three
miles above Indian Fails, on the right bank of the Nepisiguit river,
1,922 foot; Bald Head, six miles back from the Tobiquc, at Riley
Brook, a very sj'mmetrical, conical peak, rising to a height of about
1,900 feet, and the Blue Mountains, upper and lower, coming close to
the loft bank of the Tobique, thiitcen miles below the forks, about
1,72-4 feet.

Fi'om these central hji^fblands flow off to the sea rivers, which empty Ccntml

'^ , . watershed.

into the Bay of Chaleur on the north-east, into tho Straits of Northum-
berland on the east, and into tho Bay of Fundy on the south. Owing
to the great height of this cential watershed, these streams are all
very rapid and difficult of navigation, flowing through deep, narrow
valleys, with often high, precipitous banks. As an example of theii'
rapidity of descent, the right hand branch of the Tobique may be taken.
From the lake a its source to tho main forks, a distance of twenty-
eevon miles, it has a fall of about 780 foot, or an average descent of a Rate of
little over twenty-tive feet to the mile. Early in tho season, before
the water has fallen to its summer level, most of these streams may be
travoi'sed with light birch bark canoes, by making portages around
falls and rapids, and shoeing the canoes with cedar splints in the
rougher stretches. Brook trout abound in all tho waters, and salmon Fishes,
ascend many of the streams. On the Tobiquc, the salmon now afford
good fly-fishing, although up to quite recently, it was generally be-
lieved that they would not rise to a fly. White-fish, Coregonus albus,
are also plentiful in tho Tobique, and in tho lakes at the head of tho
right hand branch Togue, Salvelinus Namaycush, ai-e caught in largo
numbers through the ice in tho winter. Kols are common in thelakct-,
and lampreys in the streams draining them, where they were observed
about tho end of June, making their spawning beds in rapid jiarts of
the stream, by di-agging away the stones and pebbles from one place
and dropping them just below, foi-ming a hollow about eighteen inches
in depth, with corresponding mound of pebbles below.

Animals, useful for food or valuable on account of their skins, are <*»»>«•
fairly plentiful in parts of this region. Moose and cariboo are found
in considerable numbers, and black bear, beaver, otter, lynx, marten
and mink, are trapped quite extensively by the Indians and by white
hunters; of these fur-bearing animals, the otter and beaver are fast

14 N

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Timber.

becoming rare and, at the present rate of destruction, will in a very
few years bo almost extinct in the district. Largo areas are still
covered with a thick growth of black spruce of fair size, and in this
lumber the chief value of the tract lies; the pine has been exhausted
for many years, only a few scattering specimens of while pine and
sapling red pine are now to be scon. Cedar of good size is plentiful
along most of the water courses, and hardwood trees, of different
vai'ietios, maple, birch, ash, &c., are almost evei'ywhero intermixed
with the spruce. The rocky character of the surface, covered over
large areas with boulders of granite, gneiss and quartzitc, doi-ivod for
the most part from the underlying rocks, and its extreme roughness
render it generally quite unsuited for cultivation and dci)endant for
future value on its forest growth. '

A.B. Pre-Cambrian.

Ooological
boundaries.

Typical rocks.

Succession on

Ciimpbell

River.

A largo part of the area under consideration is occupied by rocks sup-
posed to be of this age. Their occurrence on the Ncpisiguit Rivorand
on the streams flowing into the Miramichi has been already referred
to by Dr. Ells in the Report of Progress for 1879-80, pages 30 and 31
D, and tho geological boundaries in this part of the region ai'o laid
down from his work. North of the Nepisiguit River, the western edge
of these rocks is defined by the unconformable overlap of the Silurian
slates, which here extend eastward to a point about midway between
the head and foot of Nictor Lake ; further south, a band of slates and
hard sandstones, apparently more recent than the I're-Cambi-ian, and
overlying them, lies between them and the Silurian. These are thought
to bo of Cambro-SiUirian age.

The typical rocks of this formation, as seen in its south-eastern
extension, consist of very hard crystalline felsites, generally of a red
colour, highly chloritic quartzitos and folspathic and micaceous schists.
Tho stratification of these beds is generally very obscure and diificult
to ascertain with certainty; their general strike, as ncarl}'^ as it could
bo obtained, is N. 70^ E. Owing to tho densely wooded nature of the
country and the absence of rock exposures in situ over largo areas, the
structure can only with difficulty bo worked out, and on the accompa-
nying map, an attempt has only been made to fix, with an approach to
accuracy, tho boundaries of tho formation. It is cut by large areas of
intruded granite, which will be referred to later on under that head.

Ascending tho right hand bi-aiich of the Tolii(ine, the first rocks sup-
poso^d of this to bo ago arc soon just below .Sixteen-mile Brook, or about
four miles above the mouth of tho Serpentine ; those are massive
ledges of greenish-grey crystalline felsite mottled with red blotches,

•AiiEY.] VICTORIA, NORTHUMBERLAND t BESTiaoUCHE COCNTIES. 15 N

rory

still

this
isted

and
tiful

ent
ixcd
over

for
ncss

for

without apparent dip. This oxposuro seems to mark tlie western edge
of the Pro-Cambrian on the Tobi(jue, as just above, whore the stream
bends to the west, are seen hard felspathic sandstones and blue slates,
belonging apparently to the overlying Cambro-Silurian ; those extend
for about a milo boyond, or until thoy again are overlaid by the soft,
calcareous beds of the Oriskany basin, elsewhere described. Above
these last named beds, for some distance, no exposures aie met with ;
the soil is, however, tilled with angular blocks of a coarse amygda-
loidal dioiito, which occurs in place about two miles above the mouth
of the Don. Hard, crystalline, rod and greenish-grey felsitos follow,
and. with occasional ledges of fine-grained syenite with specks of clear
quartz ami rod felspar — the grains of ([uartz sometimes circled with
felspar — an<l of amygdaloidal diorito, continue to the foot of Tobique
Lake. Although obscure, the strike, whore recognized, seemed to b'-J
about east and west. Along Tobique Lake no exposures are seen, but T^biquo Lake,
the shores are plentifully strewn with blocks and boulders of fine red
eyenito and groenish-grey chloritic syenite. The immediate shores of
the lake are low and densely wooded with black spruce to the water's
edge, giving the lake a dark and gloomy appearance. A ledge of
felspathic schist, with a strike X.H., is mentioned by Mr. Hind as
occurring on the shore of Milpugus Lake, which lies about a milo MilpagusUlto.
to the south-east of the head of Tobique Lake. About two miles
east of this lake is Jjong Lake, a tine shoot of water five miles and a Long Lalte.
half in length, with an average width of about half a mile ; al-
though showing no lodges in situ, the same bouldei's are common
along its shores to a point about mitlway up the lake, beyond which
granite only is soon. Ledges of coarse, green, chloritic diabase and
hard, groon chlorilic quartzite, with veins of quartz and quite
micaceous and schistose in certain layers, occur on the portage to
Serpentine Lake, which lies four miles to the north-east, and form tho
hills separating Portage from Adder Lake. Tho immediate shores of
Serpentine Lake arc quite low and fiat, and but one exposure was Serpentine
seen; this occurs on a tongue of land jutting out into the lake from its
westein side, and is a hard, felspathic schist, striking about N. '70'' B.,
and dipping to the north at an angle of 65°. On Serpentine Eivor, Serpentine
between the lake and tho Stillwater, boulders of pale reddish crystal,
lino folsite and syenite are common, and tho former is present in place
at tho head of the dead watei-. From this point down to the edge of
the Cambi'o-Silurian belt, the rocks are hard, grey quartzites and
6chists, highly chloritic, and often with many thin veins of quartz
running parallel with the planes of cleavage. About eight miles
above the forks there is a ridge of coarso gneissic granite, which seems
to cut these bods — possibly a spur from the main granitic mass to the

16 N

NEW imuNswrcK.

Blue

Mountain.",

Two areas.

Character of
the granite.

Boulders.

cast; tluH will ho f'liiMher roforrcd to. Kast of tlio main body of
granite, the Pro-Cam brian rocks consist mainly of foispatliic gnoisses
and schists; they are described by Mr. Klls in the Jteport of Pj-o-
gress for 1879-80, i)age 32 D.

In addition to the mtiin area of those rocks above described, another
smaller tract lying to the southeast of tlio IJluo Mountains is occupied
by strata, which tiro probably also of Pre-(/ambrian ago. Yeiy hard
white and rod crystalline felsitos, not distinguishable in macroscopical
character from those so commim in the main I're-Cambrian area, form
high clitls on the Gulquac Itivor, it few miles up i'rom its mouth.
Although not occurring in actual contact with the Lower Carboniferous
strata, they are seen for a considerable distance along the stream,
rising in high blutl's on the right bank, while on the lefV, the rod sand-
stones and conglomerates of the Lower Carboniferous lie in their usual,
alnost horiz(mtal, position, and show neither alteration nor disturb-
ance, both of which might bo looked lor wore these felsitos intruded
Binco the deposition of the sandstones.

Gr. Granite.

Two ai-eas of granite come within the district under considera-
tion. The larger of these has an average width of about twelve
miles, and extends from the head waters of the NW.. Mirainlchi in a
south-westerly direction to and beyond the lakes at the sources of the
Gulquac and Little S.W. Miramichi rivers. The smaller is a long narrow
tongue, about foui- miles in width, running up into the Pre-Oambrian
from the main granitic mass to the south. It lies about live miles
to the east of the first and nearly parallel to it.

The granite in both of these Jiroas is of the same character and is
quite similar to that described in previous reports as intrusive and
probably of Devonian age ; in toxtin-e, it varies from medium grain to
coarse, with large crysttds of orthoclase felspar. The mica is often a
black variety of this mineral, and is not unfroquently replaced by
hornblende ; sometimes both mica and hornblende are present. In
the absence of exposures of rock in situ, the south-westward edge of the
larger granitic mass has boon fixed at the western limit of the largo
granite blocks and boulders which are strewn along the shores and
neighbouring hill-sides about the upper half of Long Lake. The difier-
ence in the character of the boulders along the upper and lower stretches
of this lake is strongly marked ; along the lower jiart of the lake, chloritic
quartzites, gneisses and schists form the larger number of the boulders,
and lai'go blocks of granite are markedly absent, while towards its head^
those of granite are the prevailing feature and the others are seldom
seen.

pinid

! main bt^dy of

Ispathic gnoisHCs

Jloport of Pro-

oseribed, another
Uains is occupied
ago. Veiy hard
. in inacroscopical
mlirian aica, I'orra
iVoni itrt mouth,
wor Curl)oniferou»
along the Htroam,
let'i, the red sand-
i lie in their u.5ual,
ration nor disturb-
ise felsites intruded

ct under considera-

h of about twelve \
JW.. Miraniie-hi in a

^t the sources of the J

allcr is a long narrow |

to the Pro-Cambrian |

lies about tive miles [

amo character and is
,orts as intrusive and
Vom medium grain to

The mica is often a
equently replaced by
nde are present. In
i-wostward edge of the
rn limit of the largo

along the shores and
ongLake. Theditter-
per and lower stretches
,artofthelake,chloritic
lumber of the boulders,
while towards its head , |
1 the others are seldom

•Aiiiv] VICTOBIA, NORTHUMBERrAND A RESTIuni'CHE COUNTIES. 17 N

In addition to the areas alieady referred to, a ridge of y"«'*^^ic'y'f«n'J^oon
granite, about a quarter of a mile in width, trending W.N.W., crosses R'vor.
Serpentine River midway between the lake and its junction with
Campbell River, forming a series of rapids and falls. The granite
composing this ridge ditt'ers very materially in structure from that
described above; it is of a coarse, grey variety, with black mica, and
generally with a distinctly gneissic arrangement of its constituents
and is in places traversed by ramifying veins of somi-vitreous, rusty-
weathering quartz. Owing to the generally contorted and highly al-
tered aspect of the PreCambrian, evidence of the intrusion of the
granite in the altering and crumpling of the beds* is not readily recog-
nized. Both of these results of intrusion, however, are here present,
though to a limited degree; as the granite is approached on either side,
the quartzites become hard, quartzose schists, cut in every direction by
numerous veins of quartz, and noticeably more twisted and distorted.
Although it cannot be stated with any certainty that these gneissic
granites may not form a part of the system of rocks which encloses
them, yet it would require a more detailed examination to settle the
point, and they are provisionally classed on the accompanying map
with the intruded granites. In last year's report, Part G., mention was
made of a very similar mass of granite which forms the high hill at
the forks of the South-West Miramichi River in Carleton county;
this was also provisionally placed with the intruded granite.

What has been said of the shores about the head of Long Lake will ciiamcter of

° _ , tlio surfaoe.

apply equally to the whole region about the head waters of the trul-

quae, and to the watershed between these waters and the Little South-

West Miramichi. Nowhere wore any ledges seen, and everywhere the

surface was strewn with large granite boulders. On the Little South-

West Miramichi, however, ledges of grey granite occur and the eastern

edge of the main granitic mass, as well as the limits of the smaller belt

are here clearly seen. In both cases they are cutting Pre-Cambrian

gnessis and schists.f

Materials op Economic Importance.

Although the district under consideration, as far as it has been ex-
amined, has not proved very rich in economic minerals, yet it contains
some which are worthy of mention. That valuable minerals, other
than those enumerated, may exist in the district is, of course, possible
and even probable. A thorough prospecting exploration of the whole

• This cannot by itself bo taken as evidence of intrusion— it c;in be readily otlierwiie ex-
plained—nor does it even always accompany intrusion.— A. R. C. S.
t Report of Progress, 1879-80, page 32, n.

18 N

NEW BRUNSWICK.

ro^'ion, with tho time and moans at our dispoHul, has hoon imiwssiblo ;
in Iho unHiitllod porfions — and those cmbrnco fully throo-lburthsof its
entire extent — no examination, which can claim to have licen at all
an exhaustive one, has been made. Tho principal MtroamH have boon
examined and to some extent tho country bordering thorn, uiid a num-
ber rtf traverses made from point to point tiirough tho forost-covorod
areas. These have atlbrded tho moans of obtaining a good knowledge
of tho general geology of tho region and have enabled us to lay down,
we hope with a fair approach to accuracy, tho boundaries of the
ditTorent geological systems; they have not resulted, however, in the
discovery of any minerals of economic importance, although tho highly
altered character of tho strata over large areas and the numerous in-
trusions and contacts would seem favourable to tho formation of
mineral-bearing veins.

The following are the more important minerals known to occur in
the district; —

Gypsum. — Large beds of this mineral occur on the left bank of the
Tobique River just above tho mouth of its atlluent tho Wapskehegan,
or about thirty miles from the St. John. Their mode of occurrence
and some idea of the probable extent of the deposits has been given in
preceding pages. The occurrence of these beds and their value to the
agriculturist was early pointed out, and the neighbouring farmers have
used the gypsum as a fertilizer to a greater or less extent ever since
the country has been settled.

In more lecent yeai-s it has become, to a limited degree, an article of
commerce, although distance from a market and tho rude moans of
transport available have prevented its extended use. It has been
shipped either by carrying it down tho river duiing high water on
rafts or by hauling on the ice in the winter time. Considerable quan-
tities have each winter been hauled in this way by the farmers of
Aroostook county, who esteem it highly as a fertilizer for their crops
of potatoes, large quantities of which are grown in that region for the
manufacture of starch. It is stated that upwards of a thousand tons
have been taken away in this manner in a season.

There are now two mills on tho Tobique, one ut Three Brooks and
the other at Quaker Brook, which are fitted with machinery for grind-
ing the gypsum , but owing in a largo measure to the poor facilities
for shipment their operations are on a very limited scale. This draw-
back, the want of means of carriage, will, it is expected, soon be done
away with, as a railway is projected, and surveys foi- it have been
made, to run up tho valley of the Tobiciuo as far as the gypsum beds.
Connecting at the mouth of the I'iver with the New Brunswick railroad
system, it will afford an outlet for the plaster as well as for the lumber
and other products of the districts.

MiitY.] VICTOBIA, NOIUUUMHKKLAND AND KE.STIOOI CUE COUNTIES. 19 N

trod
dgo
wn,
the
tlio

'ly

i ri-
ot-

Liviestones. — Tlie only (IcpositH of limeHtono known In tliin diwtilct,
which give pioniii-o of hiirning to form ^'ood linio, aro of Lower Car-
boniferous n^e and occiu* near llieMiunmit of lliut series on theTobiquo.
They occui- in thick bidw at hoveral points along the I'ivor above the
Wapskehegan ; many of these beds are too silicions for Ciilcination, but
there are among tliem some of good (luuiily which would proi>ably
yield good lime.

The slates of Silurian age throughout this tiact are, over large areas,
highly calcareous ami are ofien banded with layers of tine pure lime-
stoiio; none sufficiently pure for calciruition have boon noticed.

Building Stones. — Some of the sandstones and grits of the Lower
Carboniferous fbi mation on the Tobique seem to be well adapted for
building stones. Tlu-y vary in texture from tinc-gruined sandstones,
approaching freestones, to coarse grits and conglomerates; and in
colour, from white, through pink, to purplish-red. Their hardness
is equally variable, and as they (tcour at ditferent points in massive
bods, it seems probable that the}' may furnish good building material.

Hoofing Slates. — iMr. Hind mentions the occurrence of excellent roof-
ing slates on the right hand branch of the Tobique River, below the
forks of the Serpentine.

Brick-clays. — Clay which seems well adapted for the manufacture of
bricks occurs in thick beds at several points along the St. John River.
Owing mainly to the limited demand it has not yet been utilized to
any extent.

Marl. — Considerable deposits of this material, which is valuable as a
fertilizer, were noticed in the bed of a small lake, lying on Lower Car-
boniferous limestone, a short distance above Burnshaw Brook, on the'
right bank of the Tobique. Many others of the small lakes through,
out the di>trict, notably those lying on the highly calcareous strata of
the Silurian, aie likely to yield it.

Gold. — The discovery of gold has been from time to time reported
from almost every part of this region. Up to the present, however,
the only finds which can be jegarded as authentic have been made by
washing the drift, and these have nowhere been rich enough to indi-
cate that extensive working would give i-emunerative results. Mr.
Hind reports the occurrence of tine gold, in small quantities, in the
drift in many places thi-oughout the region — notably "in a valley on
the north side of Blue Mountain."*

None of the numia-ous quartz veins throughout the district have yet
been found to bo ani'iferous; the only discoveries of this metal, which
are considered to bo well authenticated, are those from the drift.

•Preliminary Report on the (loology of New Brunswick, by Henry Youle Hind, M.A.,F.
Q.S., Fredericton,1865.

No. 7.

NEW BRUNSWICK SURFACE OEOLOOY.
QUARTER SHEET No. 2, N. W.

To accompnnv Part N.. Annual Renopt, 1886.

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