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PAGE. r x^ i(#i [NlRMtD CxmSSLY rOR" TUTTLl'S MSTOKY OF THC DOMINION "- TO FIND BIOGMPHICS SEC INDEX THt BURIAND DESBARATS LITIIO >.IJMP< Hon. CHARLES TUPPER, C.B., P.M., M.D., L.R.C.3. #1 ■ w^ 1 y^i \ 1 It Kk ''ftn* I f 2 \ «^ Au >.--, 1 lESBARATS IITHI1I.0MP' i * •■•<:'*. ■^^^ \ 1^ i f I i •t I I lWIi! CtSPl-'i'.S Li I Hi. .i. Hon ' llAM.i..-i TLJ'PtR, !:.»., V.M ■ i\ L^, THE HONORABLE CHARLES TUPPER, C.B., M.P., M.D., L.R.C.S. •i^ / HE HAS DEMONSrRATF.n BY HIS (J\V\ ACHIi:VE- IVIENTS TBI': CREAT TOSSHUL- iTiES OF H^^rA\ t.ife. without THE AID OF FORTUNE, HE HAS I'.Y HIS OWN UNAIDED INDl'STRY OBTAINED A CLAS- SICAL EDUCATION, AND DISTINGUISHED HIMSELF BY HIS SCHOLARSHIP AND PRACTICE IN THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE. ENTERING POLITICS EARLY IN LIFE, HE SOON BECAME LEADER OF HIS PARTY IN HIS NATIVE PROVINCE, AND WAS FOR MANY YEARS, PREVIOUS TO CONFEDERATION, PRIMF^MINISTER OF NOVA SCOTIA. HIS STATESMANSHIP IS DISTINGUISHED BY THE FREE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM OF NOVA SCOTIA, OF WHICH HE IS AUTHOR; BY HIS WONDERFUL ADVOCACY OF CONFEDERATION, WHICH TRIUMPHED IN THE FACE OF A DEADLY OPPOSITION ; AND BY HIS UN- PARALLELED ABILITY AS A DEBATER IN THE DOMINION HOUSE OF COM- MONS. HIS WONDERFUL TAL- ENTS AND SOUND STATES- MANSHIP HAVE MADE HIM ONE CF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED MEN OF THE NATION. rORTRAlT ON OPPOSITE PAGE. (8) liH ■1^, [NCRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTU S HISTORV OF THE OOMINION"- TO FIND BIOGRAPHIES SEE INDEX Hon. ALEXANDER MACKENZIE. THE BURLANO 0E5BARATS UTHO COMPT ■t jjV-Tf. lOtSBARMS LITHO COMPT / X **•- NDr.K MArKh.'rcUu. -4 5t , i, I a I ^ 11 THE HONORABLE ALEXANDER McKENZIE. HE HAS RISEN FROM Tin: MOST HUMBLE BEGIXXIXGS, BY ins \vondI':rful talents, iiis UNALTERABLE FIDELITY TO TRUTH, HONESTY, AND PATRIOTISM, TO THE EXALTED POSITION OF PRIME MINISTER OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. WITHOUT A CLASSICAL EDUCATION, Y1:T WITH A MIND AS MARVELLOUSLY DIS- TINGUISHED FOR ITS GREAT STORE OF VALUA- liLE IXFORMATION AS FOR ITS WOXDERFUL GENIUS, HE IS THE UNDISPUTED LEADER OF THE GREAT LIBERAL PARTY OF CANADA. PORTRAIT OX OPTOSITK PAGE. <£-< 4 I! tN«*VtOtXPRESSLYfORIUTTa-5 HISTORY Or THE DOMINION - TO flNO BI06RAPHIEO 'Jtt IHOl» THE eURLANO OESBARATS IITHOCOMP' JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON, M.A., LL.D. ^ I'J- A L %^ ■A: iV-' I MRATS UTHO COMP' T % '^< •^. \ \ \ 4 ■»<,: y i'4( KtiDlANO 0(^1 )OHN WH. \\ \) \ \\ .*>*. )S \ '^ Hi \ \ I: JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. HE HAS ACHIEVED INTERNATIONAL FAME BY HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE, AND DISTINGUISHED HIMSELF AS CANADA'S BENEFACTOR BY HIS DEVOTION TO HER EDUCA- TIONAL INTERESTS, IN WHICH HE IS LEADER. rOKTKA/T OX OPPOSrrE PAGF.. (7) ii i> It Hi 4 ^- /■ FLACoFTHEnOMINION OF CANADA. I MANITOBA NOVA SCOTIA ^HRt fff tblbmim^K af ^mw^^^ 0. D0WNIE*C9 PUBLISHERS, ^.«,<5V M N T R E A L . /aN*-» BRITISH COLUMBIA. NEW BRUNSWICK. QUEBEC. MANITOBA NOVA SCOTIA ^BRUNSWICK. „. u> MANITOBA i!ii !il| ->RINCt tP"-. ARD ("> t; .VrfiH ai . 1^ ^-^iiHan d\ €m^i^ A SCv ro P\iaLl6WltHi, BHlTiaHCOt-UMeiA. NEW BRUNSWICK. if IAN ITU B A • • • •»"•*• • • • • • • • ••••••• ;« » *- -• t--RlJN3WlCK. M W •I • ^0 the ^coylc of the ClomUiiou of • • CitmtcTu lulto hittc ^uucx- • • ittlou, iintX looli fox* Judcpcuttcucc • '. • oulB JH the pcvpctuul contimutucc o f the g^oUticul^ gommevciul, unci 2\indve(l ties, luhkh hlurt SJvitlsh Amevlca • • to the mnitert Jvlnoaom, this • • wolumc Is most ves^ject- futltj dedicated bu the Authov. 3 Ijjul %juLt.*f.%% % « iriui-«jL««».M i&KiKJiirjt • u iiLi 4|UJti JL( Au^ fju^J JL« «i * > If II • I li 1 1 < « ■ « ■ « •>-■ nrkiu^ «Tir^ini ■ i i\ini r r von D. TUTTLE'S POPULAR HISTORY (11' THE Dominion of Canada, ART ILLUSTRATIONS. MMM rllF. EARLIEST SETTLEMENT OF THE BIHTISII-AMEIIICAN COLONIES TO THE PIMISEXT TDIE; TOCF.Tin.R WTTK PORTRAIT ENGRAVINGS AND BIOGRAl'i 1 ICAL SKKTCIIKS OF THE ^[O.ST DISTINGUISHED MEN OF THE NATION. By CHARLES R. TUTTLE, Author of "Dominion- Encyclopicdi a of Univfi!s\i. Histokv." •• History of tiik Coi-ntrits of Amfrica;" "IlisTOHY OF UoRiiFR WARS OF Two Cfnturifs;'' Histories of tmi; .Statls of Michigan, Inijiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, etc., etc. COMPLETE IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. SOLD OXLY RY CANVASSING AGKNTS. MOXTKEAL: nOSTON : MONCTOX, N.R : LOXDON, FAT,,: D. DOWNIE & CO., TUTTI.F. .K: DOWNIE, II, I!. lUCXEV & CO., D. DOWXIE & CO., ITllI.ISIIFRS, ITIil.lsin.KS. I'UllI.ISIIKRS. I'L'III.ISJIKRS. 1S77, iStt. 1877. IS7 '1 w O Entered accurding to Act of Congress, in tl'C year A.I>. i'^r~, iiv iL rii.i-; .V itiiw mi;, In tlie office of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 1).C. F.ntercil according to Ait of I'arlianient of Canada, in tlie year one tlionsand eiglit Immired and se\eniv-seven, Hy CHARI.KS K. TL' TTI.K, In llie or' . of the Minister of Aiiriculture and Statistics. PranHin Pyent Rand, yfvery, &' C'mfaHyi 7/7 Franlllii Street, Boslon, T iiicfi j cliiiri mill , mill 1 (•iin>i \ till' II jil'i'>r Hull'. I Socii' ill ;j,i" •• tin- ill ilii till' St Vnlllll sliall Jll'sfiif : (lm;lH lii.>tni mill t (It.o'iH glTilt tlicir misii] conn reuse hiive Mill Cam Gr>4u9 y-seven, rPvEFACE rnill-: DmninidH of r'anuiLi, witli hrv -real iiilaiira> aiul iiii-lity vivcix : hov vn-^t natural ivsoiivccs ■ ,if the >(pil, tlir ni'iiK' ami tlic s.^a : Imt (•\lrii>ivi' iiicivliaiil iiiariiif ; lu r intclli-cnl ami r.qiidly iiiriTa>lii-' poimlatiou; lier wisi'ly ailju-hMl Fr.li.ial ( iovmiiiicni ; Iht l.ciirlirnit .■(inraliuiial and cIiaiiiaMc iiistilr.iions: lici' \\''I1 ••slalilislicd tinani'ial ami cnninuTcial cn-tlii : licr ravoiahli; climate, and lastlv, licr iust'i aiaMo udiiufotioii vvitli tin; Tniicd Kim;d(ini, is I'lill nf |ii(imi>i' of I'utnrc j^rcaimss j and iiowiT. Tho Ftd.Mal I'nion of iStJT, constitnicd l'.iiii>h N'oiili Anicricaa i'.iiii-li naiion. wiiliii i ' constitutiuii and ^oviTnnicnt fonmlcil in wisdom and jn-iir.'. The icii years whicii iiave ela|ised .sinee ' the nnion was eon>unniialrd are fnll of tlallerin;.;- tr>limonials to the w i.-doni of ihal nnion, andllie pre.-ent eondilion td' ilie yonn-' nation points to a near fntnre national L;reaine^s id' >nrpas>in- nia;^ni- tmle. In view (d' these clian^'es, ihe prisenl >eenis to (h^niand the pnliliealion id" this \(dMme. , III Isiii'i, in an address delivereerved that, willi a sinyli! e\e''[iiioii in fa\(n- (d' M. (iaineau. the w liters of Canadian history in "cneral. had no reason to plnnie themselves on ihe elahorale natnre of iheir prodnei ions, and add_ed, ' '' the hi--torian (d" < 'anaila, or lirilisli America has yet to conn'."' .Mr. Moi'j^an w as nnil(nd)tet It. MIU 1. <.irK -. IMN ::. Ilu\ I. .Mil' .-.. A\i-i i;. ,SAMI 7. < iii;i .•>. (;i;\. 'I. M\Ul hi. lluX. II. llnX. !-■. Iii;;|i I.!. IMN. II. lli>\. 1".. IImX. ii;. iiu\, 17. l.MKIi !■<. IPi\. 1". .Sli; I' -'I', .-lli II i-'l. siK i: l.'!'. .SIK .ll I'-l. Ml! .\ L't. .sii:. 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IldN. .IFIHIF IHNKIN . II. IldN, l>A\ll) Clllilsl'll'; . I,-., silt ciiiFF .iivsrni; uiiiiAi III, IldN, li W. SCdTT 47. S.VNFoliD FI.FMMINO. Ilsi.l. 4-. ,\IA.Id|!-(lFN, Slltl.V SMV'I'II . 4',l, IldN, .1, II. (• WlFUiiN . .-0. IldN, i;i)W.Vl!|l lil.AKl-: . .M. IldN TlldS, 1!, CdFFIN . .-..'. IIiiN. WII.I.LVM Ml lidFiLVLL . ,•.:■,. IldN. .IdS, i:, crsiIiiN . .-il. IldN. A. (■,v,MI'lii;LL . .V). l.dUli MdNiK .Sll. IldN, (ii;d. llUdWN .■i7. ( d|„ .1, III! \v ,-.,«. IldN .IdllN S, M,\(|iiiN,VLIi . ,-,',1. IldN. r. ir,U!('v .\ir(ii;i': CO, Sili .IdllN lio-i; .... (II. IldN, W. II \\ll i;'j IldN, \ .1. sMii'ii i'.,i. IldN, .iA\ii;< Fi;i;i!ii:ii . (II. IldN, 1SA,\(' llFlll'I'i; . i:,-.. IldN. .IFIKIF W. .1 liirrlllF . I'lil. IldN W. I., I.ANiiXIN . i!7. HON. HAVID I.AILIi (i>. HON. n:Ti:ii Mri'( 111:1 1, . C.'.l. IldN. .M,i:X. MdLlilS 711. IldN, HI!, 1:, IIVl:l!SilN 71. IldN. l!dlli:ilT ll.M.HWIN . 7J, IldN. .11: \N cllAKLi;- (11 \1'.\|S 7.1. Sll! ALLAN N. Ml N Ml . 71. SIK l:iiW\l!|i KLNNV WOOD ENGRAVINGS. inj liij III III |H.' ■JJI) II. WiiLi-i'; . IJ. iivT'iLi; I.I. F\ \('F,\ II. (M'TllI I.-I. 1I,\I"1'I.I'. I(>. iiAi'iLi: 17. .\1T\(K l". IIATTI.I'; 111. INSFlKll 'Jll. liKl'F.\r ,\T LoriSIIOFIKI .... OF CMilLLiiN TliiN d|'" lili.iFI SNI', , 1-; dl'- FdUr I'LdNTI'N AC dN 1111; I'LAINS OF ,\I1I;AII,\M (iF si-, \n\v; (IN (.iriailC, 177-.. dl' (,ill KNSTiiWN lIl'llllll'S . ONPH ,\T sr. HI'NNIS. I,':i7 dl- INSlliOF.NTH, Is.lT . Js^-tl J.'vS-'.l •Jl>.--ll Js»- ',1 .-l-JII-l :i-j(i-l :-.j(i-l ;ij(i-l .-i-jn-l .•i."ij-:i .-nu-.-i .■i,-i-j-;i .•i.-j-:i .r.j-:i .-IS I-.-, .-M-.-i .■W(-.1 .•IHl-.-i :m-,-i 41(-.-7 4111-7 41(1-7 41(1-7 41(1-7 4h-!l Ih-'i 4 Is-ii 4IS-1I 41^-tl 4MI.| I'll 1 4-11-1 4x1-1 4MI-1 I'Aiir. Jdll •JIKl ;i;n .' 1 1 1 1 411 III i,-.j l.-.J ■11 ,, il 1. Antiiinl in tl]i< .\iiii(|i llflllCI 7. Sliii ii'.-i. II 1. Tli.irwnl Thorxl ll.'.-lill;; and by 1. Cliristop ol l)isr (Inr. 4. C'ulia, I I. Disi'ovi'rl V<.'. ■Agen onil Vny St:l ll.v'n I. KviH-ilhl.. '■IT.iniKl tl.iji. II. I. Kaiiv rriM nf llnpoi (■.•l"ni,.« lu ^"i^il Ml i''i Il !•: A. II. iciii, nl SI. (_•{■„ and LoBca I- VI' I, '• <'linni|.lalir Inn (,lii,.|„ I."WIT SI. ir,iK. ,5. (■ iii'in. (!. (• 7. C.'llH|ll|>l '■ liimniKlosl lU CONTENTS. VOLUME I. CII.S PTKTl I. niSTORY OF Till". DISCnVl'PV OF AVrUICA. V\c,v 1, Antliiultj-nf Amfili'a. 2. Eii'-oppaiis Inslnimental or IiiliM-.'Pt.'il in tlio Kiirliipt Discovury i>t Aim^ri.'.-i. .'I. Xfrso Lltornluro ;iii.l Anliiiuitii's. 4. Wlici ««;ri> tliu KursomiMi '.' 5. Uiscovi'iyuicl si'l- ll.'iiicul of Ici'l:iii(l. fi. Klsci.v.'ry aii.l S.'ltli'ineiil nf (iivc'iil.iiiil. 7. Sliipsiir i1m' N'orsciiKMi. s. H|:iriii> lu'lioMrt tlioShonTi of Anu.T- ifii. !». Discovery of Ainerii'U liy l.rif Kiikson 10 CHAI'TKU It. llISriPUY <1F THE l)IM'iiVi:UV OF AMl'ltli A. 1. Tlir.rwnlcl Kiiksc.ii'B I)lsciivoi-i..s. 2. I'lisiii'ii'Mifiil KxiM.,liliou of Tli'Tt^liin KiiUi^on. 3. 'riinrliiui aiiiKliulii.l. I. K.'BiTipiioii of ;Im' llxpiHliiinii. ."i. Olli.'r I';s|i.'.llil..iisliy llinX' i-» ■!!. il. OnTi- iir.t ill;; links li.'twiM'u tlio Disi'oviTy (.1 AiuiTJcii by llir Niirseniun mill liy Culumbus 53 rllAl'TKIl IN. lllsrollV IIF TlIK DISi DVFUV OF A.MKUK.A. 1. rlirlstoplii'rCdliunliiis mill his riMii iif Disi'ovi-i'V. 2. Kirst Vnynt'i) nl liiscovt-ry liy rolniiilnis. ;t. CnliinilniH I>jsfi'vi'r> Smi Salvn- (lor. 4. 'I ill! I.mhlili},' nil Sail Saiva.lor. .'i. I 'oliinihiis lll-cuviTrt L'lilia, Ilayti, cti' 05 (HAITI:!; \\\ IllslclltV OK TlIF M-iovi;ilv or AMlliliA. 1. l>in«'ovl VoyaacM of .lii..|ii''> I «r">'r. 7. railinr's Si'n. on. I Voynsii ami DisruviTy of iln' Si. lawroiuM'. k. Cavtlcr at SI > ' ""iia. 11. Caili.T at llo.'lii'la'.'M. In. His U.'iarii to Kiaiici,-. 57 (■ii.M'iKi! y. K\rt.on.\TIOV AND CtM'II IMIAI OF TIIF HoMIXIOV. ;, Kxi'i'.liiioii of Ciirlinr anil Itnln'i'val. l'. 'ri'iniiorm-y .U iloniinMit lit (aiiaila. :<. I.a Koilm's I'l-rpaniiion I'm' an KKin'ilitioii. I. i.a lliiilii''« linyal i'oiiinii».''loii. ."i. I^'aiiiii f I.a lioi'lin's lAp.'ili- lioli. (1. I-lvli.'li I'.inviiM-oll Siilili. I-I;lll.l 110 tii.\i'i'i:ii \i. KXrl.oIlArloV AMI sl;ni,IMt;M' oF TIIF. IIOMISIOX. t. I'arlv l''ii'iii'li 'I'railiTs III .Vnn'rliii. 2. Voyaui'S ami nlwiTvatlons of hiipoiit ilravi', \. 11. liui:l, ;i. Kariy I'lmtrosn of Kniopran ('o|..iili'H ill .■\iiii'rii'a. 4. Ill' Mollis lioi'iivi's lioyal ('"iiiinisslon 111 \i>ll ami 'I'raili' in .\iiii'rli'a. '<, Nnlili'in 'ii .\i'iiiiiipiinir.l Kariy Kii'mli Kxpi'ililions. i;. Ho MonN' i:xpi'iliii..n to Nov.a Siotia, .\.l'. Iiail. 'I'lii' i:Npi''lilioii 111 Annapolis llii^in. h, Hi' MoiilB at si.ciiiix. !i. iMipoiii (li!i\i', al I'oit linyal. in. pniitrliicmi't anil 1,1'Si'Hlibot at I 'oil Itoyal tl2 (•ii.\rii:i! \ir. F\ri.iiiM t lov AMI sriri.i.MrM of iiii; homimox. I. (■Iiainplaln's Vnvaai' to f'aiiaila, .\.I>. liHW, riiaiii|>laiii l''oiinil- Ina (.lai'lii'i', .\.|). llllH. :i. Collilitloll of llin .Vlliiliillni'S nf tlfl I.OWIT SI. I.i A.l). lilMS. 1, ■rill' Wlnti'V at iJiu'Ih A.D. ir.ii". ."i. rlinni|il:ilii's Kliii K.xpi'illtioii aiiiiiiisf iliu lioiiiiols, ,\.|>. pi'in. II. ('liaiiip'.ain's l''lr»t llalllo uilli Ilin Imllans, .\.|). limii. 7. (.'liiiinpiaiirs |ii,'»piilli' I'mviii as (lovi'nioi- CHAI'TKU VIM. KXPr.dllATIilN AND HHTTI.HMKNT of IMF lioMIMoS. I. DIIIli'iillloslwIwiMin Do Miinls anil Ills Kiiin. OvnilliinHin;; Ainilli'H m Page. Colonization. 2. I'ontrini'ourt olitalns a lioyal ronllrmatlon of llisiliani tol'iirt lioyal. il. I'onlrii'i'ourl n'-i'slalilisiios I'mt Hoyal. A.I). It-li>. 4. Ponliiiii'onrt fiiiiravor.i, lull in vain, to avoiii tlio .li'snils. .1. llnrtfni Inllu.ifisof .li'siiilsal I'm! I!..\;il. il. Capt. Al};;.!! Inva.lrs Nova S'Olia, .V.l>. lillj. 7. I'oll lioval Itninni liy Ait;all, A. 1). ltM:i C* CllAI'Tiat IX. KXl't.nlSATIOV AM) SI rri.FMFNT 111' Till: lioMIMOV. 1. Clianipl.Tin's Kxpi'iliiion to .Vnii'iii-a. .\.l). li:in. 2. (iitnuplain's liatll.i Willi till' lroi|ilois. Hill. it. Clianiplniil i'lipaivs tin' Situ foi- Monlivil. .\.l). li'.lii. 4. rliainplaiii Soi'iins a Si issor to Dn MoiiN. ."i. His Fiitiiii Kspwliliiin to tin' Noitii. i;. ( liani- plaiii in C.Tiiaila, niLI-lii-K '0 (H.VriKlt X. I'll AMO-.VMIMl KAN CoroXlZATIOX— Ili27. 1. Dlsi'onrnspnii'iilsaiiil Zi-al of Cliatiiplain. 2. Ki'iii'^iastiral Opera- tions at Vlli'lii'i'. il. lii'lii-'ions Zeal (Ivi'lvoiiii'S I'oiniiiiTi'iai KlitiT- prisi'. 4. Clianiplain anil ilii.' lii'lians. .1. Disi'oiii'amMiiiiit lo llio (.■oloiiy. II. rliainplaiii nviTroniin.,' DiltiiMiltii'S. 7. Voiilailour's Colonial roliry. s. cliainplaiii's I'ntili' .Mloiiipt to tn-al with tlin Iioijuois. !), iiuliaii Ilosltiiii.s. Coinliiioii of Canaila, Ii;27 74 CHAI'TKU Xt. FIlANoo-Arn:i!lrA-V rol.oNIZATPlN — ll'C'.l TO II"'.". 1. Itl.'lii'lii'ii anil Ills \'\.: ' of Coloiii/..'ition. 2. SIol'i' of (.luoi , Iil2l). :': fall mill lii'Sloratlonot I aiiinla, 4. cliaiiiplain In (^iiii'lu'i', Hi.'),', His Death 7!) CIlArilMt XII. ArAIiIAN' Col.oMZATIos — IHI,! To Ifil'iS. 1. Opi'iatlonsof Ihi' De la Tmirs. 2. Disposal of Ai'.'ulia liy Treaty of St.lierinain. .1. I ivil War ill NmaSioila. I. I.a Tom's Uostoii lirint'oi nieiit. r>. llraviTv of Maiiaine lie la Toiir. il I.a Tmir Marries till' Willow of his I'.neinv. 7. Kn^'lisii A-eemleney in .Aeaiiia. s. l-;ii;;lisii iiii-niMiney ami Hi -liiiilion of \i;iilia S2 CHAl'Tllli Mil. civil, AMI nrt.iiitiii s iiiMuiiii'N OF iMFiiir— li'..".|. 1. Civil AITairsal (.inel , |i;:;j ;;,-.. 2. liii-li.inilry. Stoek llaisiiin, ete, ;i, Deserlptioii of t,)iieliee, lii:il. 4. I.e .li'iiiie. Snpi'iiorof Hie .Mis- Bliill lit t.meliee 87 CIl.M'TKli \l\. iitiHF si;i;irii or i itr t\ in ws. 1. Inillan Trilios. 2, linllan N'atloiisainl ■|orrilories. :i. Tiie Hiirons. 4. Skill of the Hiirons. .1. The Hiiriin-liniiiiois. i;. The lioiniois Till' lio.piois, or l''i\e Nations. 1)1 CH.M-Ti;U XV. 1 hi: .IF.SIll' MIS»loNAIIIt:s AMI ITII IM'IWs, 1. M. lie Miiiiliinii/iiy. The IIiiroiilroi|iioi-. 2. .h -nil Mi .'isnres f.ir the Conversion of the Iliirons. a. .loiirin y of llielinif ami llin Conipiinlons to the Huron Country. I lleeeplion of the Kalhers ninoiiL'ihe Iliiroiis, .\.l>, |i'.:i4. llivlieiif ami tlii'lliiriiii Mission, A. D. IllMI .1 II. 11. Clirlo-illes of till MIssio ■roliil- lieiit .lesnlN, Ciu'tiiir. K. rirniieiiiot . rli.'ilinui 1. .|oi| ms. eie. . . CHAI'TKU X\ 1. MONIM All NY's AliMIMst II \ I liiN— 1)1 Fliri— MOM 111 A I.. I, Montniauny ileiiionslrales liis lioiiianlsin. 2. Kise nf Ciilholle In- slitntlons'lii Camilla, .\. H. Ii'.iii In. :i. .Mmilreal foiin.lni In \|. ilo H CONTKNTS. Pagi:. MMiM>miiiivi'. A. 1>. liil:.'. I. \ illo Miiri.'-M.mtrfal, A. 11. Ii'.i:i-I. fi. .Mciiitiii;i/n>s |u.lii'\ I'.irlhi' |iiivL'l''»* "f Mh- icilc.ny. il. Trinil.li'S Willi llii- Indian^. A. 11. Iiin. 7. Tin' I i.uii.iiiy of one liMn.ln'il il-SL.-ialrs. I.il.-.it i.'ii.l., .'. A. |i. li in. ^ .\l. ili! .Mc>iitni!i;;ii.\ '« nil- niinijlr.-iii..ii. li- .I.-.-. .\. I >. I«;ir '"I (11 \i'ii;i; .wii. fiovKHSMCNT '11' ^r. I'' \i 1.1,1 r.'H sr— I'liK iki.s \\*.\it.s. 1. Sni.iiil iiti.l I!i'llji..Ms r,,iiili,ioii ,.f Qui-li.c ill Ii;i7. J. Tin! Kmii^'.ts. .1. Il.imirs 111' ihi' lnii|ii..i« \V:ir. 1. ■riic N.'vv r.iiiliimH'nl.iiiirs. I'rc.|"'>''il 'rr'iil.v. ■''. r.'iilsiif Ihi! c.iliuiisls. i'.. I'sn ami .Mni^i' i.r l.i'iuc.l.s. 7. M. il.' I,:iii/..!i. SillVi-rilij- .'t' 11m- Cnl^liisls lIVJ rllAI'I'iai .Will. ■nil; rriMi.rt hk imuw \v.\i:i aui;- Aiii.nsxiN — i. vnai.. 1. 'I'll" fiilils of an linliail war. 1.'. Failuic of lln' nii.'^.'ii.iii anions; llni lrii.|ii(.i>. liiiliainMirlari'. :\, Vi.lori.'.- of lln- lri"|ilois. 1. ll'.\r- ;;.-nsoii. 'I'll.- Indians, li'-.'s. r<. Montr.-;il. UMx. li. Tin- lir-l Caiia- ilian l'.i.-li.i|i. . 'I'ln- Fr.-in li ill coiisi.-iiil li-rror of lln- Iro'inois. s. llninin-.' oi , - Wolf. li:i;n. ii. Daulai-'s In-roii-i-xpi'ililion, nam. 111. lianlai-'.-* linli.iii r.'-i-iif.ini-in'.\vaii-,'oiir. I'ailial I'l-ai-ii williilio lio-inois, ICill. i. I•rnl;^l■^sof raiinila. lt<_-liirio-l'oliii.-aH,iiiam-l9. ;i. Kr.-li-.-.la.- cllAl'Tl:!! \X. ciixi'I.icis iirT\vi:i:\ cinuc ii ami simi:. 1. '111.' i,iiian-i'l of iiia-lii'i-— Uai-i" fin- llislio|irii-. '.'. i.nn-vlns' Vi^-lory anil Hifral. M. |)iilli-iillii-s lli'lwwn I.aval anil llm (lovornnr, I, I.aval ami his opiionrnl aiiinal to ilic Conrt oC Kraiicii. n. I'dii- Ili.N lii-lw.-i-ii tin- loli^ioiis ami civil I'ownr-. i;. 'I'lio 'J'iiiuii|i1i of l.a\al. i;ii\.-il Cov.riiiii.-iu 1:^1 c'M.M'l'I'.U X.NI. Mi;/.v'.'< cm r.i!NMi'.NT~i III mil ash si-mt. 1. J':slalillsliiiii>iit ot n Itoval (iovi-niim-nl. 'J. I'lov Isimin of tini Itoyal iliivi'i'iiini'iit. "•. i-iri'iUoii of 111" I'oiimil. 1. DL-inraii-fiil Allair lK-t\vi'i-ii ilio roiiiii il .-iiiil linnnMiil. ."i. I'l-iMiniion of liii- im-snll. UN l')si-a|ii-. li. .Ailininislr.-iiioii of .M"/y. 7. .Mu/.y ss. I.aval i;:l < iiAi"ii;i; XXII. iiiivi:iisMi:.\"r or cni ii(i:r.i.i:H. 1. Ciinaila nml ''olIn-iL 'J. 'I'lm ronipany's snniira of rnvi'iiiio. .'), Iloyal iioinin.'iHon of lom-iilli s. 1. Arihaiof Ih Tiaryai c.hm-. 111". .1. |ii-rnn-y'.« ii""|iiiiiii ai i.iinli"". i;. Anival of ilovi'inor lii'i'oiiri'dli'K ami Talon. T. .Mi-axiii'i-K aualii^t tli" Ii'o'|IioIk. x, l>.\|ii'>liliii|i uuaiiist lliij Moliank' .mil oinlil.'iH. II. l''alliii'L> of tlii< r.vpi'illlioll, III. (liloil l-i-Mull,* of 111.- Kxpi'illlloll. II, .Si ml l-;\- Ii.illiliiii a^-alnul 111" .Moluiwlin. t lii'li-al uf llni Mi.liawka. 1:1. lii'Ti-ai-y'H o|i"fa11oiin aiiil polii y. II. Iii'i'iitiiri-Ui's ami Talon, li:i;.> II. I.'i. Iinpaiil.-il romliii't of t|i,. i Iomihoi-. HI. smali-l'ox anion:;!!! lln- ImliaiiK. IT. .saliil.iry l.aliois ol iln- .Minsloiiaiirs. I". A liailliiu-poni l-.-^Ulllll^lll-l| III I aliini'iiii- l:i. lii-roin-.-i ii.n' |'i'kI|,>iiiiiIiiii. Iii'l-'i'iiiiti'iiiii' Hill i-i'i'ils liliii l:;,~ I'llArilll! XXlll. 111. I II M v'a rivil, I'lii.irv, 1, fomlilloii of 111" Colony In liU'o. '..'. 'I'll" Wi-sl Imll.i Ciniipaiiv. ;i. I;ii"oiiiiil:i'Iii"!iI of .\'jrii-iilini*ii ainl Coiiiiin-ii i-. I. l.auH, Cii^. toMisaml Ti-iiin-" of l.an.l. n. Il"av\ l.ii>ii of llmColony. II. Tal- ons' Cliar.ii-ti'i-, ami liln Klloils I'm- iln- Ni-w Colony. 7. liiiplil (liuwili o| Ihu Colons, I la;. Ill |;ii cii \i'i'i:ii XXIV. I'Oril. U lilN \.M1 MAIIIIIAlIK, I. tliMiiaflMi (m III" «o i:il anil iii -nil i-on.llllini of tin' I'lilmiy HiHl T:i. 1!. Til" iiiMiini-i' of (-iiloiil/alioii, .'I. Wln-rii llii> "olniilula I'liimi from. I. T.'iIoii'h 11- iiii'Ki for nior'M'oloiihiH. A. Mllllaiy ^h-iiIi-i-h, (1. rrovlilliiK wIm-h for Ihu Kullli-iH. 7. (o-lliiiK wlvi-» for th" of- Taoe. (ii-oi-s. .«. Supply ot peasant fjiils. 0. LalFoulaii's nocinint of 111" m-\v \\i\i'a. 10. Uom-lier'ti ai-i-oiiiit of 111" yii-ls' i-liar.-n't M - Mm oM l;V 111- till. I.lll AT \yi:ST 1. l'him-i-1' I'rii-sls. 2, KlVorts to ohi.-iin iho North nml \Vi «t for l''raii"". :). l-'Irst Vk'Wiit the MissisMppi, I. Ch.-i k to tho KxplorliiB Party. 5. Kxpliinilloiis ill Ih" llmls-ni Hay Iti'tfioii. li. Dul-'ronte- na"'t*Cli.'ir.'i"ti-i'. 7. Iiissi-nsions Ih-liM-i-ii thi-tiovi-riinr, Hisliopaml liii"iiilani. s. |>"l."roiiti-iiai;'s I ii-spoi ism. II, 1 ii-l-'ronienai- Ccn- sinv.l. 111. Till- l.iipior Tralli". 11. linililin- of Full Cah-irmiul... 149 ch.vp']'i:k xxvu. niivnivMiiNTur iii-:i mi.NTi'.XAr— lusrovniv ih-'tiii: iiiii;at -vvi-tsT. I. I.a Sail". -J. I'll" Snlpii'iaim of .Moiiln-al, .1. Scitli iiiuiit at r.ni'hhio, 1. l.a--all-- K. liiiil.lsCalai'af|ii|. .'>. Th" First V: s-,-1 on l.akii I'.riu. r-. I.a .-s.-ili.- S""lll'"rt tho Coiiiiiii-i-i-.- of 111,. \V"Sl. 7. I.a Sallo H. a. Ins Iho .\l:iillll of ih" .Mississippi, .\,1). 111,--.', s. llialh of I.a Sal!.- 15'2 ClLM'TFl; XWlll, •liii: ,ii:si ITS nil, i.AKi:s, 1. Kailnri-s of tin- .Ti-snils. '.'. i liaii;;is in Ih" Ui-ports ot tin- .Iisiills. .'I. Th" S"at'i-li of 111" .Ii'siills for Coppi-r. -I. Siipi-i-Blilioii of ihu Imllaii. a, Piim-ipal siall.ins on Ih" I'piuT I.ak"«, 0, Hivlsioii of Ih" Mission al I.a I'oiiii". 7. \ Isif of lln- Sii|i"rlor nf lln- .Mix- nlons, s. Throw liii.' HinMi.iii Idol. '.i. I'avoiahli' Hi pi Ion of Iho iMissionarl, s hy th" .Ml.iiiais, lo, Imlian .Mornioiis, II. What th" Missioi.ar,\ Si-inioius wi-i-o I.Ik" 1,11 CllAI'llli X' IX. iiii\ 1 iiNMi '. r ol' in; I.A iiAiiiir. I. I!"iall of lii'Froiiti'iia" ami lliii'hi'siieail, 2, Ap|iolnlin"iit of M. |i" I.a Hari" ami M. |i"Mi-iil"s. ;), A ('"iimil i-alh-d lo i-oiisi.li-r till! HIalo of thrColoii\. I. .\ nioi'k .Mllamaj, fi. Pri-pariiiy for War. 0. I)" I.a llarri-'n t'lisin-i-essfiil .\tl"in|il against lliii .Sciie- "iis. 7. lii'i-alliif Do I.a llarr" l.-iij ciPM'i i;k XXX. TiiK (iiivi:iixMr,N r m- M, |ii;ii|;nii\mi i,r, I, .\ppoiiittni-iit of llm .Maninls li"l>"iioi,\lll", u'. Ills .M.n-nn's .\u,-iiiisi 111-- Indians. :i. Tin- SliPiiiilh of tin limpiois. -I. Prop si of (lovi-rnor Doniiaii, of Now York. ."i. Dohloiu's Tn-iily with Hi" Ii-oipiois. li, S"i/,nr" of Fni^lish Tradiny-l'osis, 7. Tiraih.ryof |)"|i" villi-, s. lii-mroiis c liii'l of ih" Imlians in lli-iiilla- tloti. tl, l)i-I>"miiivill" ailvam-i s ii^ainst th" Irmpiois, III. Sii ss of |i"|) ivllh-'s Kxiii-ilitlon, II. Iliiliilliillon of lln- Si- as. IL'. liovi-rmir Iionnan |{"iiioiislnili Ills lit 1 iiiii'i'iiim- Ill.'C. S. l.llH'lH'i' ill iilnal mid I'oiiils awv. iKc. IJ. 'I'luj III! i nil. c.Ki AT wrsr irth mill W'l St for ■K iM till' Kxplnllll^J liiiii. (i. Di'l'iipiitu- vi-ni'ir, Itisiiitp ami Di'l'riiiiioiiai' C'eu- : I'lirt Ciitaiaiiui... 149 iTiir. iii;i:at wkst. li iiiuiil at t.ai'liiiio, ■ !*rifl Oil l.aki! l-'.iitj. W.-it. T. I.a S.-illi) |il»'.'. s. D.alh of F.S. loris of 111!' .Iisiiils. ■;:,|>iTRlitioll of llio iki-s, r., iii\isioii ii|.i ri..ior ihi' .Mis- il,> l;> i-plloll il lllO 11. What |\|ipi'iiilini'iit of M. ll iMllr.l lOi'dlsllIlT "i. I'ri'iinriiij.' for Liaiiift tlm SoiK'- llis .M-a-iin'H ..is. 1. I'l.il.st 1.-.1 his 'I'ri.aly « illilli. 7. 'I'll II. Ii.'iy of lii.llaiis ill lli'lallii' |..liii.ls. III. Sii.'i'i'im of lllC SilO'.llS. |.| of ilii.M.iliawliS. 'I'l'iiiis ot I'l'a.'o, ..of 111.. Kr, ii.li. I'.i. .Miaii- .iiviUi. 1W uHsli wiTo slow at .lilllli.'S I, I. I'll. :.. I'll.. I'li^l Colo- II .l.'llll Slllllll. H. I ill.. I. ..11. 1. .11 I'olll- llll. II. I''l..lllll"''"""'^- 1. First Si'lll.'iiiiMit ill N.'w i;iii;lan.l. '2. raplaiii .loliii Sniilli's Sur- vey of N.'W ICnulan.l. :1. .Vrrival of ili.i I'liriiaiis. I. rriiiiiiiv.i I.i''4islali..ii. .'.. S.tll.'in -nt of llosloil. i;. Ili.r. as.'.l KiiiiKrali..ii mill n.'W S.ill. '111. 111.-. T. S..til.'iii..iil of N..W llaiii|.sl.ir>.. .s. Al- t.Miii.l l..Sl..|. liiiiiilniatioii. 1). (■oiifcil.'rali..n of tli.. l'i..vili..|.s. 111. ri.rs.-.Mili..iis l.y llii- I'liriliiiis. II. l'.Ts..i-uli..n of llii; (Jila- kors. Ii;. Kaiiy Iv-lalillsliiniiiit of I'lil.'.i.- S..lio..ls. 11. 'I'lii' tlir.'..' forms of 'iovernniL-nl in tin; Colonli'S CIIAI'-ii:U X.N.MII. r.vGii. Covprnor of Nova S.'olia. 5. Huil.liiiK nt I'oit I.onisliouri;. (i. l'.;rllli^»ion to emigrate r.-fiisud tli>; A. a.lians. 7. I'luiiliar stale ot alfaiij ^^ (■II.M'TKK M,. AIAIHA— (l.lViaiNMrST ni' (IKMIlVI. IlIrllAllli I'llll.I.irS. TIj.. .V.M.Iians r.'fiisi! lo .'illior t:ik.' llio oalli or l.'av.-. l;. A Colli- niitl.... of Ci.nf.-r.'iiii. .all.Ml. :;. Tli.' Ai'a.liaiis slill ri.fiis.' toiake th nil. 4. .Mas.-ar...ii.'s a.-i.o.inl of Uic l'ro\ in.-.', .'i. .Ma-.'ar- eno's a.'. -011111 of Miiias. ii. I ml rai'.' at lans.. l.y Hi.' In.liaiis aii.l cli. 1S9 Till'. ANCII.il .OiritllAN i|..iMi:s-i,r.a^;/o(.li i;.voliiii..ii of iii.ss. ,1. '111.' Hill. ■rill.-. • l..-l\HM-ii tliii l-'.iiKli.-'li an. I Ir.ii.li ro!oiiii;8 CII.M'I'KU .\XXIV. Sl^roM) r..lVI.IlN.Mi:NT or COINT lli;i KUNTl^N AC. 1. Si-wiiifl Arrival i.f Di-rn'iil.-iia.' at (.iin-l'.-i", 2. |)i'('alli.-ri-s' Plan lit .\lta.-kiiiL' till' I'.iiulisli r..l..iiii-s. ;|. DLsalTi'i-lioti of ili.- Iii.li.-in Allii--i.f til., l-'r.-n.-li. 1. I).l'r..iit.-iia.- I i.(.riiiiii.-s l.i ana. -kill.- Kii..;lisli. .'.. railiiil .Sin ss of tin' i:.\|..-.liii.ins. i;. Ii.|.iiii.s s.-iil I., ill.- N..Mli-\V.-sl ■|'iil..-s, 7. Sii... i-s.< .it ill.- l-:x|..-.lili.iii. s. ■111.- l-:ii-jli-li i'..l..iii.-s ri.-|iar.. t.. liiMiil.- I aiiaila. !i. Tin- I'laii ot liiMision rllAiTi;i! XXW. sr.'.iMp (lovi iiN.Mi V r .'t m:i i:..Mi:vAi'— (r..ii/i»H. .n. 171 1. l-'ailiu.- of Winllirop's r\\H .\rriviil of 111.- Ilrili>ii lli'.-t li.-l.i . (111. I„ ;i. Il.nian.l l..r ll.i- Mirr i-.-ii.l.-r ..f 111.- .-II V r.-ti -.1. A. .Mia.k "11 111.- I'iiy. r.. Il.-ir.'al ..f 111.- liriii-li. il. li.-j..i.iiiL' in ( IIAITKK XI. I. A.-AniA— in.vi:i!.\Mi:NT or .masi-aiii:m:. .\piio'iitnn'ii( of Armstrong'. His Siii. i.i.'. 'J. .\p|...iiiliii.'iit of Mas- caruin;. ;i. .Masi-anni.-'s t'oin-ilialoiy l'..li.y. I. Warlikf l>.-nioii- slralioii fr..ni l.oiiislioiir;;. a. De llaiin-zay's Siirpris.- .-t CrarMl I'r.-. li. Sir.'iiKili of l.onisliiiiir;.'. 7. Proposal lo .Mia.-k I i — li.iiirK. s. I)i-|iarliir.-i.tlli.- l-;.\pi-.lilioii. li. Capiliilalioii of l..iiii-. I... 111-;;. III. (l.-n.-ral l!.-j..i.-iiii;. II. Valilabl.' I'li/.-s lak.n. IJ. A l-'l.-..l Hi-spau-li. li to li.-rapiiin- l,.iiiisliour«. I:i. Hi-slriirlioii lo the l-'l.'i-t l.y r.-iii|n'»ts. II. The li.iiin.-int of the I-'i.-i-i, s.-oiirn. .1 by I'i-iil.-ii.-i-, r. uirns to l-'iain-.-. 1.".. Tin- IVaoi of .Vis-lii-cha- p.-ll.-. III. r.-ip.. Ilii-ton l!i|iirlii-il lo l-'iain-i' 191 flLM'TKl: XI. II. iasii.-al iif- f.-iirs in IT.'i'.. 7. 'rii.-tlov.-rii..r's inl.rti-ri-in-eiii Iho cli-rii-al ipi.-ir- i-.-l. s. Iti-.iill ..t liiipiii.<, anil ri'iisiir.' of |)i-lli-aiiliariiols. ll. 'i'lio I l.-.-iasiiral sin-i-i-ss nnili-r l-'rein-li rule. III. Iniprovcil j.-.....!- f.i-lilil> Willi 111.- In.liaiis. II. 1!.-. all of iK-li.-anliarnois lOfl rllAI'lKK XI. 111. r.i»I.MI;Ull: AM. IMIISIICV ll'.ns 1711. .Till- l-'ilst I'l.-ils of Fisliilitf \'.-s.-ls. ■:. l-;arl.\ 'Ira.li' Willi tlie Iniliaii" ; aii.l Kslalili-linii'iil of Moii..p..liis. ;i. 'riie I'liviii-Ki'S ot 111.- ■\Vi-st Inilia ri.inpany ; lis CollapM.. 1. l-'ormaiion of tlie ri.ini.any of rmia.la. ".. .M. li'.Viili-iiU's lii-inarks on the r..|i.ny- yiii'li. i.vi-r '.111- vi.lory. I'.ili.y of till' Iroipiois iliirini; III. II. 'rrailini: I.|.-i>iisi> 'I'll.- Laws of Non-inli-r.-oiirsi-. s. I-liVorlm s. Ni-w invasion l.y tli.. Iro.pt.iis. !i, r. instant rniils iliirini till- years ir.ll'J I. 111. I!i-lniil.llli|.'i.f F.irt Fr..iil.'liai-. II. Invasioi of 111.. li-..-iii..i-' .-oiiiiiry. I'i. D.'alli ..f Iiel-'ronleiia.' ril.U'TFIt XXXVI. Tin- 1, lleCalli.-r.s' liiKl ai-l. ivriiNMi.sr 1.1' .M. iii:i-.M.[,M:iir..s. Trial V of pi-ai-f wi 111 till' Iroquois sli^iieil. :i. I'.irioits eiVii-l 1 f till- r.-li-ase of prisoiieiii. -». Fort liiiilt at iJelroit. 0. llealh of n.-rallii-n- I7S (TiArri;i! xxwii. Tin; iiiivruN.Mr.sT or riii: mmuji is niiv vriniKiit,. 1. llavam'S l.y Inillans in Massa.liii-i-il». 'J. Iniroiliii-lion ot iiiaiiii- fii.liir.-s. :i. tl....il f.-i-liii._' of the Inii|iiol< iiii-iiii.-iiii;. I, I'lism-- i-.ssliil i-aiil inlo Ni-w I'.nulanil. n. .\l...ril\.-ail.-iiipls ill im.-i^i.iu hy liolli Fr.'ii.'li an. I I'ln-jllsli. il. Aiiolh.-r iinasioii of (ana. la il.i.-riiilii.-il on. 7. Sii-i'iicili of Hie inMiilers, Preparations for • li-l'ell. Freiii s. liisa>t.-r lo III.. Ill-el. 11. Fi.ii-'ilv of Ihe iilU.'Hcf lliii -il. 111. ll.'Viiiiilreiiil asks for solilii-is ami invi.ls II, A p.-rlii.l of pi I'J. .\ i-oiili-iiiporaiy view of Canaila, I7l'iI 1. Ill a'h of ll.- Vaii.lreiill ( IIAPI'FK XXXMll. A( Ann— Tin: last iiii;mti i.iim-;iiniiiim. 1. Poor romllllonof llie Coliiiiy. ii. Capliire of l'..rl Itoyal l>y 111. 180 llriilKh, liiiHi. :i Alimiiloiiiiieiit of I'ort lioyiil, till- N.'U i;iinlaii.li'rs. Ti. .Sin-i-esKfiil Iiefein SireiinllieiiiiiK Ihe Fori 1. lti-veni.e of iirl Itoyal, il, I'K.U'TFIl XXXIX. Al APIA— (lllVl:il\.MI:ST 111' NHIlill.silN. I. Flii.iliapliii-enr I'orl llo.Mil. V'. Teriiisor tlieuiplliilnlloii, ,1. 'I'lii! l-aiulisli |iei-|iiiini.nll\ o.-i-iipy I'oit Itoyal, I, Nleliolmin nppolnteil In imlm-e Sliiptiiiililinir. li. The Naliiri- ami N'aliieor i'..iiiiiieri-e liefol-e Ihe ( ollipi.-sl. Ill I 111 r. ..111. I i f llie Pi.slal Sysii-m, 17:'l. II. slavery in Canaila. I-.'. riisi..nis Iiiiii.-s: No h..iii|..| War.- lii.nsis. I.I. The .Moiiilary Sj^liin ; lai.l .Money. II. In.pi-rl'i-.t 'rra.il- If.-liirns; sinpi.iiiy ..f nili.-ia!-. 1.1. |iiili-r.-n.-e l..-iw.-.ii Kiiii>.'raii.iii iin.i.-r l-'r.-ii.-h ami laitlish Uiil.- ('ii.\i"i'i:it XI. i\- r.iivr.iiNMi NT ..r iiii: .1 s 1 i.i: i.A .■\p|ioiiiliiienl of the Coiiiit 111. l.adallssoniere, '.', Ills aili-in|il lo eonllne till- l-:iiiili>li t'ol..ni.-s lo Un- S.-al...aril, ,'). Normal u.-eii- palioii of Torriiory West of the .\lli-t'liiiiiii-s. -I, Kie.-ilon anil .SIreiiKllieiiiii);i.f Forts, ti. Il.-eall ami lieiiih of l)u l.aliaiissoii- lerc (■ii.\pri:i! XI. V. fiiivi'iiN.Mrs r ui- Tin: .maiii;iis in: la-himji ii;iit:. 1. Cliarni-ler of He La-lompii.-ie. :'. II.. Ism-.h-reil to t.ik.- 1 nfenshn ill Ihe .. l-'..rls. ■m iMellSlll.-H ill .\.' .\rr.-sl of Tra.liiix' l'ii(;li-hi Wi'st, -1. H.-iur..r.-.-iii.-iils froi l-'ran.-e. i'aili.-il I!. -pair r.. lie I.a. loll. pii. -re's l^iiiarri-l w itli the .lesiihs. His Ileal h ( llAPl'llIt XI. \ I. inn nisMi-v r ni- I in: m mi.,.i is in .,.i ism:, Iliniiiesii.. pills 111.. Mlliiia on an I'Mi-.iii.- War l-'..oiliii;. 'J, Tim (Hii.i r-.mpaiiy, :i. Wiinl ..f Inion aiii..nHM lie- Fnulisli rol..iil.-s. -I. \Va-liliiu'loii's liipl..niiiil.- Mi--l.-ii ill llie West. r.. Siirreml.r ol \\ashiii.ji..ii at Fori N.- r.iiiii II Fill. 'rill I'liioii. 'Il>. II. All .\liorlhe .Mlenij.l l.i lielnfore.-im-nls seiil lo hotli llie Fiitf- lisli ami Freiieh Coloiileii, s. lii-m-iiil jlra.liio.k's I'laii of liiia- rloii of ranailii, II, ('ii[ilare of two Fn-ii. Ii \ ess.'ls. Deilaraiioii ot War.. 1 IG CONTKNTS. cnAi-riU! xi.vii. AtAIilA— (idVIMtN.MKNT OK <;KM:I:At, roUNWM.I.IS. I'Aii 1. Ill ti-iiiiin.'iii"n toCiilnnizi' \i>v!i Si'oliii. L'. Sln'ii'jtli I'f llii' Colnii- i>l«. Arrival at Clu'l'Uctci. .1. Swi'ariiidin tlio .Ni'W( mm. il. I'Mnn ntlitiiili' luwnnl^ lliu Aiailiaiix. ). ruiiiKlini; I'l' llaliCax. l:n|iiil <'(im|.liMinii III' llii' IlouMH. .'.. 'rroillili- wi:li llu- Imliaiis. Iaut- iiii nation |.r. 'jiMhcil. (1. ( ii-rnpalion (t| i li.- At atiian l.'liiinns liy ill'! Kri'nrli. 7. 'I'ln' Abbe l.al...ijlri', ^. l'..iiiMlihf_'i.f liarl ninulli. At- taciv Itv tin- IlnlinnK. !t. l;<■^i;.'naIi'ln of lornwnllis. lirvicw of lii» Atliniiii^M'uliuii - (■|IAl'Ti:il XI. VIII. Al AKIA— flOVi:l!X.Mi:M OK MA.TIIU I.AWIiKM T. 1. Srllli'nic-nt of l.nncTilnir);. 2. Ili'p.«on i^ivcs lln' NiilnTn-r of Ac-!i- iliaii Kaniilics a." ••l:\. :l. Ki'iluiUon of Kurlt. I'.oaii Scjonr, Cas- |.i-ri .au, .iiicl KivorSf, .lolin. 1. 'I'licCoun.ilili/.i.lis llnil lliclimu has roiii'- lor flu- !Ox|tnl-ion of tlio .Vrinli.aus. .%. rrrparations for till' i:x|iiilsion. 11. Winslow's Spi'i'ih at (irnnil I'li'. T. i'lu' Km- liarUali i tin' Mxili s. ^. Somu Tliousaml Kvihs. 'I'lio .Vinount of I'lopoiiy |)i>lic.yi'(l. ;i, Mis'T.-ilili' r.nniiiion of i:\il-.l .\.a- tlians. In. Irniiv iilu'il <'as<>,sof ll.-tr>l!.lii|i. II. \V:i.s tin- lli-liio\.-il of tin: .\i',ailians .lu-l ilialili' '.' I'_'. 'I'Inir l:>'nio\ala Political N'oi'is- sity. 1;J. No.ln.'ililn-ation for tin' M;inni-r of lvt!nu'v:il. 1 1. A l.iis- .'on Taiii^lii by tin' liiimnal of tin; .^laiiiaiis 1 (■ii.\i-ii;i! XI. IX. iiovi:iinmi:n T of i jii: M\in.'i i.s i>i-.vai iiiti:iii.. Aiipirlnlinnut of linVanilionii. .\ "lonifr" in (iraiii. L'. Ilrail- ilOfK'sailv.inio on Tort Inn^nc-nn. :i. llraililock'M ti'iiiblu dofiat. I>iinbar'.'< rnfroat. I. shiili's's iisol.sa Mairh .-,. ,lolin-on'.t ad- viuiri'on Clown roiiil. I'. lifVanilniiii's pri .-iralionn fir il.foni'i'. 7. nifskiin's ili'fi'at .at I*'orl William lli'nry. s. .loititKon rnw;iiit Willi a bai tiy forhis vii-tiiry. M. llruat proparaiio'is for a p eral in\ahion of t'mnula : ( IIAI'TIM! I.. i;ovi-;UN.Mr.NT ;ii;;n of it.m;. J. .\irival nf .Montrahn. Tin.' poKilion of atVairs. ;:. 'Iln' l-'rcin-li pn-piin.' to atl:n-lv Osiwi-i^o. 4. taptnro of (.iswi't-o. ."i. .\ .Inap \i.toiy. .Mas>ai ir by lliu In- iiian)>. li. Inarlivily of tlic llritixb. (irral ri'joii ini;K in i ahaila. 7. tiri'at snllVrinji in tjhiul s. 'I'lraly of pi-ari- uiili tin' lro<|iioit!i, :i. 'Ilir Kii-ncli aiiai K Korl William lli'iny. In. (■.•ipitnlalion of l-'orl William llrnry. II. .ua^sat-rt' of pi'Mtm-rrt by lln- Iniii.ans. !_'. Hi'^lrn. lion of till! Kolt. I'.-iiiii' amongst till! l:n;.'li(.li. I:!. I'am- ini' in < anaila. It. Ui^ot ami bis s\\ iiiiltin^ Company ; CI-.M'TKU I.I. A'AllI \— liO\ lliVMItN r III-' iol.o\l;l. l.AWlli:Nri;-(' ,>a/i/IMir/). 1. l'nsifn'>sfal Ailc-mpttoCaplari' l.nMi.''boiiri.'. L'. SiTr.ml .Vtlni'k on I.oiiisliour;.', I'ri'paratiou^ lor Prffiii-e. ;i. Sitrri'inbr of I.ouia- boMr„'. 1. Hi'inaml for a lloni'i' of .\?si'inbly. nbji'i-tlinm nf tluv- I'liior Law o-ni'i'. •"». Mi't-linnof llir I'*ir«t I b'tioral .\ssrmbl>. li. ( ivil I'oli.y of I.a»ri3inu. 7. Di'strinlioii of l.oiilebniir»!. lUalli if l.awfini'. H. .Statu of tilt' Colony In I7(in. U. Si:\v House of As>.inliiy '.'.'IC Cll.\l'li:ii 1.11. (niviiiiSMi.s r of Tin; m Mii;i is pi;vm lniiMii.— (riia^diKiiO' I. .MirriMomby's ailv.'ini'e on l'iiil!loii. 'J, 'Ibc l.amlliiu. 'lealli of l.oi.l lliiiM', :i. .MiriiTomln's liifeal. I. .XbenTomby's Ki'liral. .'■■. r.i.'iclslii'il Caplnii'H I'ort I'lonli'inii'. il. Abainloiimi'iii of P'oit InK.iinsiii'. 7. 'I'lm Slliiaiioii al tin' ilosii nf 17.'». I'l-ain-n .M.anilons Canaila. f. Slat.' of .MViiirs in Iln' Coloiiv. Slaivaiioii ami li..l.bi' y 211 CIIAI'TKK I, lit. oo\i:iiNMi Ni'iif Till MAinjrirt nrvArpiiiMir.— (Clla^■|wl.'./)• I. I'ri'piiratloi,.- i.n Ibe Campiiliiii of I7.W. 2. I>eViiinlriiiiirn .Vppeal lo till' Militia. ,1. .Monli'.ilm'n Plan of liefi'in'ii. 4. I'li.lianx'n Alt.a.'k on Port Ni;i;:ara. ,".. Ii.t'.'at of h.'Anbry. (I, Capltnlali if Paok. F. It Ninjiara. 7. ni'Striiition of Fnrt Carillon. R. Deliouili'- nia.iue's Posiii.in at tlie Iale-au.\-Noix .■ 240 ClIAPTPIi LIV. (lOVKilNMfNT OP THE MAI'Jt'lS IlfVAlIiniail.— (Cnli-aliii'8pri'paratii>ii8forii..>fi>ii.'i'. I. Disposition of the I'reiirli fori'i'S. .".. .\tt. •nipt lo ili.'siroy the tb'i't by tire ships, li. I'aptiiio of till' post nt P..inl l..-viA. 7. SnlVeriiii: in (.bieltei'. s. 'I'he eonii- try i.liil was'.e. II. Wolfe piepar.'S lo .ilta.k .Mont. ■aim. III. Tlio liattle.if .Montinoien. i. II. IJ.'piilse of th.' llrilisli 250 ( IIAPTP.U I.V. liovf itNMi:.\T OF Tin: .maiujii.s ihivai iiiifrii.— ifo/i/iaHi J). , Murray's Kxpeiliiioii np the St. l.aHieiiee. 2. Wolf.: Iie.iiles to make an .Mla.'l. abovi.' (.iiieliee. :!. Montialm's Silnalion. I. Wolfe Coll. -enlniles bill .\rmy at Point l.eiis. ,'.. Wolfe S.'ab-s lb.' Il.i^'hls of .Mnahani. 11. Iles.ripli f 111.' Hall le-lb'l.l. 7. Piisilioiis..f theCnieniliiii; .Vrinies. k. IMrst Uatll.-of the I'biiiiB of Abi.'iham. !l. llefeal of ll.e Preii.li. In. Iiealli of Wolfe, ■rowiislieii.l'.^ 'rribiile lo his Memory. It. Honors I'aiil ilie I lead (l.'lieral. IL'. Ii.-atbof M.ml.alm. i:i. Skettliof Monl.alnrsCliar- a.'ler. .Moiiiimenl lo his .M.'inory. 14. The I.ossi'H on Hotli Sides. Capitulaiioii of t^ii.-be.- 255 CII.M'IPli I.VI. (loVfllNMfNT of lllf MAKIJI IS OfV A f llllf 1 l\.—{('(llllinUi ll). . Departure of the I'.n^lisli Fl.'et. (leiieral Murray lefi in Coniinaiul at (.iiiebee. 2. Murray's I'oliey Inwards the Inbaliilants. Seiirvy aiiioiiL'sl the Troops, .'l. I lespeiat.- Sit ii;iti..ii of the Fien.li after lb. I'all of (jii.'b..'. 4. (ii'eal rejoi.iiii;siii Knubiii.l. I'n'paiali.iiis f.ira ViL'or.iils Campnimi. .1. Ili.I.ev is pr.'pales to .MlaeU (.ni.'bee. (1. Murniy ilelerinilies lo .Mla.'k Del.i.vis. 7. Seeoml Haltli' of the Plains of .\braliaiii. I.asl Viilory of tlie Fren.'h. s. .Murray prepares to wilbstaiid a Slei;e. ll. Sie;ieid' (jliiebee by lb.' I-'reneli. 111. The Si. 'L'e raised. A last slaiid lo be inaile at Montr.al. II. A non-eotnba la Ill's .Vi'i'onnt of tin' I ip.-iationsin tin- .Nei^zhborbood of Qu.liee 2B cii.\pr:'.ii i.vir. (inVr.HXMKNT OF TIIK MAIIIJIIS OIAA lllllfril.— (Coll^'HIIfl/), . Murray's .A.lvaii.'e on M.mlre.al. 2. .Xmbersrs .\dvaii.o fioiu Os- wi'iio. .'I. Three .VriiiiesConeimirai.'.l around Montreal. Iiefetiee- lessstale of the lily. 4. Caiiitiilaiiim ..f the wlioleof Canada, .l. Terns of ilie Capilnlalion 275 CII.M'TPi: I. VIII. llll.llAUV lloVf llN.Mf NT Of (ll:XfIIAI, JII KUW. . Siirreii.ler of tlio Fieiieli Forts in the Went. 2. Fstal.lisbmeiit of .Mililary Itiile. :i. Deparliire of most of ihe Noble Fieii. h Fami- lies from Canada. 4. Trealyli Laws. III. .Mtorney-lii'iieral Tliiirtow's iipinioii on tin' i ild l.iiws. II, .Mar- riott's lieeomm.'ii.lations for a Consliliilb'ii forCamnla. 12. Si> liiilor-i leiieral We.liiei burn's iipinioii. Ill, The (jmbee Aet of 1771. 11^ plovlsb.ns, 11. llppositl..ii lo the A. I In bolb lli'iises of Parliament. ITi. Petliloii of the M.nor ami ciiMvullnii of l.on.loii ai;aliist the Aet. Iii, Hisiippioval of the .Vet in tliu 'ol- oiii.'S 2C7 ,:«' ^ rAor. on. 8. Delimiilc- Jlii ,al lit llio l-'leiM. a, itiniii.t till' l-"ri'Ui-li sliips. Hi'ail r Miiiiiialnr.'iiliar- si-s on lioih Siiios. I II (Ctrntinidil). I li'fi ill rnniinainl liaiiit.-iiils, Si-iirvy ■ r till' I'l- Ii alloV iiiil. I'i-i-|iai'atiiiii8 lii.Mlaik l,iiii'l>w. Sri'ciiiil Il.'iiil,. i,f "ifiirli. s, .Murray M'l' liv till. Krciirli. ■ al Mc.iihval. II. Ilir.\ii;;l,li(irll0ilil 2C u.—(l it)iti)ii(ril). 'Ivailrli tinlll 's (l|iiMiliM I'f 111 Miitiirial, 7. III. lllH KilHt l,'li>ll I.IIWH. III. vs. II. .Mar- 'MMMila. rj. Sii- II. I .\.'( lit ill I'l'ili Ih'iisi.'H Ci.riiiMatl.iii of .\.| III llio ''lll- ZHT tONTKNTS. ('ii.\i''ri:K i.x. Tin; .vMi.iiir.vx ni'.Mii.iriiix. P.\OE. lii'iiiTal Vli'w of till' Brlti.tli Ciilonies. 2. (Jiowih ami Pr.is|HTity of iliii Coloiiits. 'I'lii- Naviizalioii l.;;\vtf. I!. (;liaii^:e ut J'olii-y to- uaiiU till' Coloiii.s liv (i will. Till' .Slaniji .\i'l. 4. Imliu'lia- lioii ill thiM'oloiiii's at llii.' I'assa^'iM.t ihi. .A.M. ."i. Ki'pi'al of llii^ St.-imp .\ft. Tax oil 'I'l-a. 'J'lii^ no.-*toii ."Massarrti. tl. 'I'lu' II0.-.1011 Ti'a I'ariv. 7. 'I'liu I'ort of liosloii (Io.-imI. JjiroUiiin Miiiuii- Mi'ii. .s. I'irsi Mr.'iiiii.'of till' I'luiiini-iilal (■oni..riss al I'liilrnli'l- liliiii,.-,lli S.|ili'inl.i'r, 1771. (1. Tin- I'irsi lilooilslii'il. Tlio iiailli' of l->'\iii;:li)ii. 111. rapturi' of 'rii-oml-'io^a ami ''rowii I'oiiii. 11. Iialiii.-iif lliiiikiT Hill ■£» (II.Vl-l'KK I.M. iF .AMKIUIAN IN'VASIilN. , Sati«fai'lioii ol llio I'imiicIi ('.■iiiailialis willi Ih,: (.iiu'licc Art. 2. Ail- ilri'ssi't till' Coiuim'iual Coit^.Ti'Ss to llif l';iiia.liaiis. 3. t'arletim siiiiiiiioi's till* lirsi t'oiniril. rri'iiaraiioiis tor liofcni'i'. 4. .Apa- lliy of ihf ri'o|ilt>. .MoiiijioiuiT\ ailvaiii-fs aL'.'iiiisi SI- .lolms. ,'>. .Siirn-ml.T of I'liainlily. Dif.'.il ami .ai'lur" of |;iliaii .Mluii. Ij. ra|.|iucof Moiiinal. 'I', riii- of tli.- siirr.-ml.'r ;;(U cii.vi'Ti;!! i.xir. iiovi:ii'' Aet ;„- I'll \pi|.:it I. XV. fiiivi'.HNMi.Nt (II- i.iiini iiiiiiiin sri:ii_|,|yisi.iN- hk nir rii.i\ IS. 1:. K..appi'liilini.nl of (I. .m. nil Carl.. I. ,11. ;. li.p.irls of ('oniiniili.i's nil ilii'romli'ioiiof 111.' i'.,|,,ny. :i. .SulLiHon for lirpii'si'iilalln' iloviriiim.iil. Piissai;i' of lli,i " r,,i siiii,ii,,iial " Ai'l, liil. 4, I'rlmipal Pri,vls|,,iis of ilii' .\il. .-,, 1 Ih lsi,,ii l.iiii' llilwi ,'ii lln' I'Ain:. two Puiviiii'i's. t'l'iisns I IIAPTI:ii I.X\ I. MivA sciiTiA— iin isiiiN or tin: I'Iiumm 1:. fl.ni'riiini'iit ..pposliion I., II. .111.' Maiinfi.liiri.is. '_•. ll,,v,'rii,.;. i.'ian.klln'K opinion alioiil .Maniifa.lnri's in ITiiii. ;i. I'liloriH in Ihiluiii NoviiSiiiiialo join Hi.. lit'\,,lii'il l'i'o\iii,'L's. 4. Noii-liiitr- ll'-_.= course Willi till' Iti'volii'il Proviiii'i'S. .'.. Alli'iiipts to iinil,- tin' liiiliaiislo rrvolt. 11. (iovi'riior l.i'iiL'.-'siuvi'stiKatioii iiilo linan.ial Iiiisniaiia.L.'.'lni'iil. 7. .\rrival of I'liiU'il l-anpiri. Loyalists, s. 4'ln. Iti'v. .lai-.'Mlail.y. His a iiiil ,.f liis app.-aiain 11 Ms lamlin.- 01 llalif.'i.v. 11. |)i^sali^laL•:i f lln' I,.,- a'ist». l>i\ isi,.n of 'In' l'r,.viin"' ' I'li.vi'i 1:1: I.XVII. i.rnvMt (AS \in— ii,ivi:iis'mi:n r ..f insi i;m. ai.iiii:i> ii.vkki:. 1. Fiitiii'i' i'las>iii.aii.in of Sniij.'iis ,.f ilii- Work. 2. S.-paralioii of tin- l'ro\iiii'.'s. Uhisionof l.owor i'anaila inlo (',,iinii..'», \,.. .';. Till' l''ir.-l Pariianii-nt. I 'oiil,'>t l',,i' Hi,, .SpiakiT-liip. 4. l.',,ililal Opening' of 11,1' l.-irsi I'arliami'iii of l.owi'r I'ana.la. .1. I>,'liaii!nn tin. I.annnat'i' in wliicli I'r ...linns si l.| h,. id nlnl. li. Tim Hills I'a.-si'il. 7. J'p.roKaii f ilic ll.iu-i'. H. ioii,|iii,,ii of ih,, I'l'iivinoe I'HAI'l'KU l,X\ 111. i.nwiat 1 ANAPA— (;(>vr.i;\.Mi:\ r .n' i.nin ii.nti iikstkis. 1. tJeni-ral .Salisfiii'tion at tin' Iti'tiini of l.or.l liiinliisliir. 2. Kiiiis- sarins of I-'ri-nili liopuhlii' i;mli'avor 1., Dis.iil'.'.'t < anadians. .1. I'ulili.' .Vi'i'onnts lirsl .Sniilnilli'il to I'arli.iim'iil. 4. I.oiil llor, Ins- tor's .\pp.al lo lln- l.ojallyor tin. A.ssi'Nil.ly. .\llilml,. ,,f llio I'lir-y. ,-,. .\|. Krl'li'Ssis' |.:iilo_,y of l;ii;;lisli i.'iil,. in raii.nla. li. l'arliaiii.'ntS.'s-i.,ns, I7!i.'i. l-anliarto on 111,. I':\|.,,rl.'ili,,n of .jr.iin. 7. I.asl .-I'ssi f I'irsi I'arliaim'lil. I 'onipliimnis li,.in l.,.nl |i,,r. .'IiPsiir. s. I'iii:il li.'|,.'iriiir.. ..f l..,iil Ii,,r, lii>i,.r. i;,iiir..il K,.ni,i al his l.,.a\ ill;: , ; riTA)>Ti':K k.\ix. i..i\vi:it I'ANAiiA— inivr.iiN.MrM- ur 01 s. n. i'i:i:siori'. ;. Secoiid I'arliaini'ni opcm-.l l.y i;,.\ oriior I'risi'oit. 2. Tin' " I'li'sor- vation of liou'riiini'iit " .\..|. .1. Tir^t I':xi'i'ntloii tor lli|,li Tna- soll in ('ana. la. 4. .\. ilnl of III.' Kxci'illioii liy nil Ky.'-wilni'ss. 5. .Si'S-ionsof 17.SII-1I. lii'i'all ofUovi'rnorri'i'.si'oti. u. Siihstanlial Ti'stiiilony of I.oyall\. .AK.'lr.'si t ; I H.\P'll:l; l.XX. l..iHi:i: I' \N Mn . ii.'V iMiMii.sr i,f sni n. >. mii.m>. 1. .App.'ililnn ,11 of tliii.ial .Milm-s. .\ .Short s.. -si. .11. 2. Passa^,. ,,t a Hill Pniviiliii),' for a " iioyal liislitulion for III,' .Xih.iiiii.ni.nt of l.i.arniii^'." .'1. Sossion of 1mi2. I'ji.oiirai'.'iiii'iil for ilninlinrn of 11. nip. I. s..ssioii .,f lMi;l. .\l,oliii,.ii of .siavir.v. ,",. Si'ssioii of l-nl. .\ i,nii,'t V,..'ir. 1;. I',,iirih Parliaimni. lii-aL.'r,'.'in..|it of Ihi' lions, Ill,, .tail .\..|. 7. Tin' IJnislion of lnt,.|,.,,i,ii i. (..•ilion l.i.|wi...|i 111.. I'ii,\iiii',.8. s. P,r>,',.|iii,,ii of Ih,. I'li.ss. 11. Till. Kililor of Ih.. M.-ri-nry f..r...il lo .\ p..|..aiz... In. lliHi-r,. -s b,.iw,.ii llnM'oniiin.r..ial ami .\i;ri..|illiir..|l Inii.ri.sls. |.:si..|l,lisli. 111,. Ill of 1.1. laiiailioii. II. Knars of a War w iih iliu l'nil..il .Sial.s. Militia t alli'.l imi rll.\l"l|.:i! I.XXI, 1.. i\\ 1:1; r VN Miv— i;.i\ I i;nmi:s 1 .11- sin .1 \Mi , III m;\ I I, uii. I. .\pp..inliiii'nl of liiivi'mnr I'riii;;. His ( liai-a.-nr. 2. Ih,. Imliui- liilily of .liiilni.s, l-'.xpnlsi f Mr. Han. :i. I'lai-^'s I'irsi |ilil..r. I'll..!' Willi llii' .Ass.'inlily. Thi' llnusu IiIssoIm'.I. I. lir.iMih ..t rnrlySpiril. Tlin l''ii'-l Si.'aiiili.,ai ,111 ili,. .M Lawrnin','. .",. 'I In; Assi'inlily lii'i'larns llin lloviTiior's ( 'nnsni'i' ol th.-ii lonilmia Ilri'iirhof Privih'i;.'. (1. Till' .\ss.iiilil.\ iilli'is to .\s.iam' Hi.' whoh' Civil l.isl. .Imh.Mi lii'lloiiiii' i'\p,'ll,',|. 7. Thi'tlov .riior ai;aiii liis- Holv's till' lloiisi'. liapiil lm.r..as..of Tra,li.. oil .\|.i.| i of Kiud. p.'.'in >.ar. s. Siipprission of I.,. Cmin.li.ii. Suininary .Armsl of Mi.iiili,.|'s of 111,' Hon-'i'. ii. .\ irii.'.'liilwii II Hi,' liovi'iiior ami tin' Assi'inlily. 111. Aililri'ssis to llio (;ov,.rnor ,,11 his |)i.|iarluri. for Knulaml ; CHAl'l'l-j; I. XXII i.uw 111 1 vNAiiA— (OH i.iivvii.N I 1,1 sill (iriiinii; I'lir.vosr. I. .Vppoiiiii 1 of sir tii'ori!,' Pr,.v..si. drovvlinj ill-fn'Mn.; in Hm I nii.il .Siai..- ii..'aiiisi lirliaiii, 2 Tli.. ■' Hiiiry p|.,|." Th,' inl- l,.,| Slal,s |i,.,|ar.. War anninsi Ureal llrlialn. .1. Coni'lliai..ry l',,',i,v r sir lii'ori;.' i'r.' v. .si. 4. I.ll.i'ial li rants hy tin' .\ssi'inlilv. I.o.al Ciiilml ,.r Ih,. Ciiiiiiilians. n. 'I'lic .Miillia lii'lil In lli'inii- '..ss lo li.' Calli'il Ilnl. Issii.'iit A liny Hills, II, Caiiipalnn of l.spj. .An i:ir..n 'lowaiils I'l-rn'o. 7. ALurilvi' Ailniiipt of lii'iii'ral liiiir- Ix.rii 1.1 Inva.l.. l,owi.|'Caiiailii. H. Si'Sslmi nf ls|:i. liooil F,,, Itnv betuv'i'ti till' toiviTiiiir iiiiil tin. II. nisi'. II. Ciiptiirc of ilm >■ liniw- aio 18 CONTEXTS. Ii'v" jind " Kaiilt'.'* 10. Dt'stniriiuii of Aincriran Arsi-nals nn I.iiki' ( 'li<'iin|i|.-iiii. II. (i('ii«'i':il II.'iiiipton'H hixiision. 12. I>i-S;ila- in-rry's IJiillianl Vii-tnn a: ( 'liat ■ iii^uay. Hi. lin|i>arIiiiH-iit ..f .lii A>.-i'iiili)y ami r.>iiii< il i!' small Uciiifon-t-int-hls. ( 'miiKil ul I nilians, i:.. lTivasinn,.ni.-in*ral \VilUiiii*<.ii. li.'i.iils.- at !,af4»ll«' Mill. HI. Arrival of hu-,''' Ut'inforri-mfiiis. Sir iii'i>rst .\f.siiiiirs tlu- < Mri-ii.'ivt'. 17. \.'niiil>int-l>in;rli by l.aiitl anil Wat.r. D.'i.-at of lli*' Kh.-I, is. Kdn-at nf Un; I.mnl Immti-s. .Sir (JcorL'i' Prrvusl's .\. count cf ihi .NHair. I'.t. IJn-all >*( sir »li'«'r;:i' rrc\M.-;I to Im- Tiii il l»y ( '...trl-Marlial. 'JO. Appn'ipri.'L'iiiii fi»r ("onstrnrtin;: tin- I,;i' hiiii- t .' cii-vriiMt ..Wll i.owr.R r.wAh.v— fio\ i;iENMi:Nr i»r sue .rtin\ toAi'i; sni:u- nituoKK. 1, Ucdi'inption of tln> Army liills. Xcw Sicann'rw on tho St. I.nw- reiii't'. 2. SmlliMi Di.sstiluiion of rarliannMil. .'1. Arrival of sir flohn SlitTltrook*'. His I'ronipi Mi-asiiros lo Krlifvc Siilf. Siirfp ■n>ioii of till* ('har^^■s aLiaiiL-it .Ini|j;fs S"\vi-ll ansion ol I^l7. t>. Sohion of l.sls. (■hant;e in Kiiianrial ArriiiiL"'nu'nts of tin' I'rovhifi- ; rilAl'Ti:!; I.WIV. LOW Kit CAN \|)\-'(inVi:iENMi;N"J mF THK IUKI: i I'A. tK. rana.lian AlTairn. 10. Sfssioii of 1S.^^. No lliisini-si* Trans a.-tiil l*y iliv Hoimc. 11. Appoihlniont of n Koyal i'oniniis>ion to Visit 171 (lIAPI'KIt 1. XXVIII. r.n\vi:i{ rANAHA— <:'Vi;ii\Mi:Nr oi- i iii: i'aki. oi- (ii>s(-i lll>. 1 1. .\ni\.'il nf I.nni (losfuril. ^I'tri- ( '..ii« iliatorv Mf;isurt'M. •_ . The Ass.-riiMv lli'fii^fsi" IJ ;.'ni/.f Uh- l.i-val rotniiii>!*inii. X« Siip- plir^ V (. ;i. Sis^icii iiC l.-:;i;. ■Iln- .\.-.-.. h.^s ii.. lois.s"Ivril. T. A Hfti .spi'.- tivc (ilanci' '174 ciiArTiiu I. XXIX. I.nW 111 CAN MH— tin: IirnM.I.ION OK |.s;7. 1. Tim rliTL'v iipi'os.- 111.' l!.\c'lnlioLniry .Movcin.'iu. -J. Tlio i.'Uin- liiriiMi>M>. 1. Thr CiM-'c' of liilV.irnii- Ip.'Iv.cmi the (Iomtiioi' and the Assenil.ly. ■_'. Session of Islll. Tin) tlovernor iiiviles the .\saeniiily 1 i pass Ihe Civil Appropiiaiions. :!. Thc^ .Vssenjlily .\s-nnie the Iti^'lit lo Ks- aaiine the Items in the civil List. I, The Conneil Ueji'els the House lli;i of .Snpplie-. ."i. I'roro^Miion ot tin? Ilonse. Censiiro of the (lovernor. li. Laiec* Lmi;.'i.ilion. Heath ot the Duki' of Uielnnoml. T. .\noiher l>i>sj~. The tlovernor Dissolves Parliament. 17. \ ioL nl .Mui-e of ihe solves P;u liaun-nt. p.t. .\ppeal of the .\ssemlily to Ihe Home ( lovernnielil . '.'0. lieporl of Com- mit I et> of II oust! of Commons. Iteparlnre of l.ord iPalhonsii! ; cii.\PTi:ii i.x.x\ 1. i.owi-ii lANAiiA- iniv i;nsMi N r oi siu .rvMis iii:Mi'r. 1. Session of IsL's. Supply Hill Passed l.y I hie \'ol,. of .ludyeSe- well. '■'. Worii of Ihe Session. I'sefnl Hills Passed, a. Session of |s:iii. Appropri:ii|ons lor Internal ImproviMucnts. 1. K.xten- sive l".iiiij;r.aiion. .^ppoinlmenl of l.onl .\yhner ; ( ll.\P'I'l:l! LXXVII. loHiii iA\APA-(;uM;ii\Mr.s r or c,i;m,iiai. i.oiin a vi.miji. I. Se-sion of l.s.'ll. lnerea.se(l Itepresenl.alion. .\ (irievanee Aildresn to Iln' Kihi;. :'.. .\sseinhlymen \'n|i. to Pay themselves .:<:' a Day. :i. Imporiaid i;venls of Ihe Year. Larue Immiiiraiiim. 4. Con- ees~ions m.ide lo Ihe .\ isenddy. ,".. S.'ssi..n o| |s:d. The Xssemhly not vel Satislieil, 11. Parly Spirir. I'nforlun.'de l;lei-l i..n Iliol in M.>nlreal. 7. Session of |s:ij. The Assi'Mihly Peillion lo hnvo Ihe Conneil nuuli! Illeeiive. s. Session of Is.U. 'I'he o Niu.'ty-Two" liusoliilloim, II. Appotntnicnt oF a P.'irliaineniary CeunnllUioon ;v,9 ninu of lln-.storm. l-'irsi Collision llelween I'.airiots .andConslilu- tionalisis. ;s. l:.\eiieuient m hotl, Town .and Ctunilry I'arishes. 4. Warrant fiu- the. \rrest of Papin. an and.. thers I.ssued. .-.. lies- ent' of Two Prisvuu'rs from the ."Milii.ai-y. (I. Prep.arin;; lo .\iiaeU tile Insuru'eul t .'imps. 7. The l-'ir.-t Ln;ia;;i'ment. \'ielory for the Keliels. s. Mur.ierof l.ieul.'ii;int Weir. :t. Welherell D.leals tin' llel.els al SI. Charles. 111. \ ielory at Si. Knslai'lie. Ileslrue- lioii of Ihe Plaee. II. The Helu'ls Plead for Men y al SI. Ueiioit. The I.asI .Vllempl. 1:.'. Slispensi.fii of the Conslilnlioll of Lower Canada 376 < iiAPTi;i: i.xx.x. l.oWKll lASAIlA— lloVi:ilNMI;Nr Of Till: r.Alll. OF III HMAM. The ;\Iission of the K:irl fd' Iiurlinm. J. .\rriv,*il of Keinforee- in.'iits. Imiuiry into the Disposal of Crown Lands. .'1. Hauish- iiit'iit of l':i;;hl Paitieipanis in the late lieliellioii. 4. l.'ud Dur- liuin's Course Disapproved. Hi' Uesi^ns 3s0 clIAPTP.il LXXXI. i.ovviu I ASAiiA— Tin; iii:iii:i.i.iiiN hf Is.'!.'*. 'I'll'' iinilirealv of l«.is. c.'ipiure ot ihc Henry Hroii|;hain nt Heau- haiiioi-. ■_'. llepiilseof the lii.siir|,'ents hy tlie Laprairie 11 diaiis. :i. Nelson Advanees lo Napierville. I'roelaiin.^ himself President. 4. llepulseof Ihe l.-ehels.'it l.aCdle Mill. .1. Vl.'toiy of the Mili- tia ill llilelllown i;. The Kehellion Suppress' il. Kelali.'llillL; oil the llislir^eiil.-.. 7. Lxt.'eutioll ot the Keheis ;jsl cii.\pii;i; i.xxxil. I.OW Kit 1 \\AI1A~10>\ KltSMIIN r oF l.nim SVPF-MIAM. Arrival of Mr. 1'. Ponlelt Tli.unson. .\n lliioii 'd' the Provinees a-1'..lio. J. llie.Veiot fnioii pass'd I'V III.- Hrilisli House ot c iiioiis. :l. TheCimlilion of P'.rli.s al lli.' Tim.' of lie' I ni.ui l.or.i Svdeidiam. 4. Naines ..f tlie I iovi;riiors of the Pio\ iii.-e of l.on.'r (ana. la .ia ( IIAP'ILK I.XXXIll. 1 I'l'Dll CANAHA — CoVFIl.SMFNr OF e..|...M:i, .1. li. SIMI.iF. tpp.'r Cana.la. 17111. :;. Tli.' Indian S.lll.'is, Tin' Pirsl ( Inir.h Hell in rpper Cana.l.'i. :i. .\p|ioiiiliiieiit ..f c..|"iii'i .1. li. si .' as Lieiiteiia- '.-tioveinor. l''ii St Session of Parliaiii.'iit. 4. I's.'fiil a.'t.'.l pass.'.l. Il.'-iiamlii),' the' Dislri.ts. .1. Proro|.'alioii. Visit of llie Duke of Iv.'iil. (i. (iovernor Sini.i.e s.'.'kmi.' a Sit.' for llni Capilal, li"el.li's .>n Tor.'iilo. 7. llapi.l Iner.'as.'of Popnlalion. K. (lov.'rnor Siineoe D.'sir.'s lo .Make Lou. Ion tin' Capiial. I.onl Hor.hi'Sl.'r Hi'fiis.'s. il. Si ml s.'ssi.m ..f Parlian .iit. .Mjniili.'ii id' sl;ivery. in. 1!. ■.■all of (o.vi'riior Sim. '...'. II. .\.lniinislralioii of II. 'II. p.'l.'r Itnss.'ll. .Miii.MS in ilw Crown Liui.ls |i.-|..'irlni.'iii . ;!R4 I I'I'I n lANAIlA- ClLM'I'ld! i.xxxn'. I\ KIINMKN I IIF OIMIIAI. FIJI II IIINtFIl. dr.. Will of Ihii Proviiii^... M-Iiilillshin.'nt of P..rts of Kntry on Ihe l.ak.'s. 'J. .\ii .\.,'l prohil.iliiiK Ih.' Sal.' ..f Splril s Li.|ii..rs lo tin' In.llaim. :i. Kneouraulnk' iLi'i'iiIiiin- ..f Hemp. I. Th.' l''ouii- . lull. Ill of " the K'unlly Coiiipa.l." .".. Insaiisfa.loiy c..ii.liiloii ot the I'roviiiee Poliil.ally 087 siiH'HK Trniisai-tfil ,171 tl, op' fiiiSKnlin. It-Msiiri'f*. J. The lli>silin. \n Sup- It.'.-.. hrs ih.t i(,,|,j . 4. Tin' ('. .iiiiiiitJ- . .I, I..'1-i s. >>ii.ii isscnibly I^•l>i^l.s T. A i;.■ll.,^|i.■,•- 374 >y I.-:;;. I. -J. run li.'irin- iois aiiilt (Mihiiiii- ■(.uiiliy I'lU'L-h.-s. I'S 1;.M1I'.I. -1. lil'S- I'pai'ini; lo Aua.'k .'lit. Vi.'t..ry f[.|,.iii. IV ..f ih.' Miii- Ki'lali.'iliiii. i.ii ^\ liDMIAM. 111.' I'loviiim'S iii>h lliMi.it .^'.'l Sit.' fur 111. I 't I'.'iiiilall.iii. <'a|.ii.'il. 1,1.1.1 it. .\b..lili..ll .\.iitiiiiisii':)ii.in .!> |i. |.,'iiiiii..|ii, ;tS4 1 1 II iiiM i:ii, if i:iili'.\ .III til.) II. .IIS l.i.|ii.ii's to I. Til.' r.iuii- iiyiHiiiUllon (it 387 ■a?: CONTEXTS. lit CIIAPTKU I. XXXV. 1 iri 11 . IN \llA--.i.l\ i;ilV KNT HI' .Ml!. IltWI'lS (i.llli:. I'Aiii:. I. ?:BlaMisliiii.iit ..f 111.' Firxt Op|i.>Bili.iii Xnwspapor. 2. Tlie KirHt I ipt...siti..ii I'l.iii.ir tiirim Trail. ir. Kt'aMisliiiu'iit .if S.'ho'.ls. ;i. I'ailial .\p:itliy.>f ih.' liulk .if tli.; I' ..pi.'. 4. IIa|.py ri.ii.lili..ii .if ill.' J'.'opl... rt. Want ..f a rir r.f till' Amcri.ans at 111.' Hiv.-r I fuiar.l. .'i. Itr.i.'k's l'r..mptiiii.l.\ i'.. MiiU's lli'tr.'at t.i Ki'Iniit. Kirnrt.'f to K.'t^p Ills I'lminiiQi. -all. ins Open, 7. Surr.'ii.l.^r ..f Ji. 'troll. H. liejoiciuj,' oviM- Iliii.k'i- Hiillinm Cnnipai^'ii 380 f'llAl'TKU LXX.VVII. t rl'l I! . ANAIlA— TlIK AMFHIrAN WAIl— 1SI2. 1. Capture of the (lUerrier.'. 2. Tli.' .Vnierifans n.-.-upy t^n.-eiistnii HciKliis. 3. Doalh of Ci'ii.T.'il Iiii..k whil.' Ail.iiipiii.i; to l.'.iak.: the lli'lt;lii.s. 4. The .Viii.'Hi'aii Militia Kcfllse t.. Cr.iss Ih.' Itiv.r. ,^. I'tl.Tlt.uitaii.lSinr. iiil.'r..f th.'.Vin. ri.aiis. (i. (i.'n.Tal .M.uirii- inj; at 111.,- Il.'ath ..f lir.i.k. 7. ll.-li.'ral Sli.'all.' .Xssiiiii.'S Ciilii- iiiaii.l. s, ,\ ri.'.'iii Sii.'.-.'ss ..11 Lake nniriri... li.'iM-i'al Smyth's li.imliasli.' I'r...'laiiiali.iii. !i. K.'piils.' ..f the Tliinl .Attempt lo Iiiva.l.' rpp.T caii.'i.la. In. HisL'ra. e ..f il.'iiernl Sniytli. Kml of the Caiupai);!! 392 CIIAITKI! l.XXXVlll. ri'rnti canmia— riii; amtiihan WAn— isi.i. !. The Situa'it.n ill the West at the Opening nf the f'.'iiiipai^n. 2. Vi.'i.iry.if th." lintish at l''ren.hl..« ■. :i. I'rn.'lly of th.' Imliaiis. Ki'l.iliatory Miasurcs Thr.'ali'ii.'.l, 4. I l.'slriii'ti.ni liy th.. r,riii>h nf I l;;.l.']isliiiri:li, .".. M.'.'lint: of th,' [..'-islatiir**. r.. Prepjiiin;: for till' SpriiiL'i'aiup.'ii','ii. 7. Til.' .\m.Ti.aii!> .Mta.'k T..i-.iiii.i. .", (i. '11. Till Sli.'iilf.' It.-tr.ms iiii.l T.,r.int.i is Ciiptureil. !i. Caiiliire of I-'.'!! II l-'i' li> 111.' .Aiii.'ii.aiis, li.'Ir.'al .if (l.'ii.'l'al \iii, .'iit. 111. Sir (.'..r^'.' I'l.'V ist M.'li'rmini'S t.i.Atta.'k Sa.'ketl's llarh.ir. 11. liiptiire .>t T»i'lv.' .\iiii'ri.'»ii ilatt.'aii.\. I'.'. I!e|>iilsi' .if the llrilish at Sii.k.'lt's llarlior. I.'l. Ili'iii'ral rroi'tor Invests Fort M.'iiis. 14. H.'f.'at of Ih.' .Vin.'rlians at Fort .M.'iiis. 1.",. Sll.-.'.'ss- fiil Niiiht Atta.'k .ui the .Ain.'ri.'iiiis at Sl.niv I'r.'ek hv C.ilonel llai-vey '. ' .in.-, CH.U'Tl:!! I.XXXIX. ITI'KIl CANAIIA— Tin; AJtKHH'AN WAR— ISl.'l. 1. \iii. '..'Ill's .Vnny It. 'liif.T.'e.l liy C.miino.Iore "N'.'.i. 2. Ii.'feat of the .Am. 'ri. 'alls at I'.'av.r Hams. .'I. Ii.'stru.ti.iii of Fort s.'hloss.'r liy th.' Itritish. 4. fnsii.'.'.'ssfiil D.'iiionslriition aniiinst Fort li.'.ir;;.' liy th.' llrilish. ."). I i|i.Tati..ns on the l.ak.'. S. ii.l Itiirniii); of Toronto. I). Uperaiionsof th.. Fl.'.'lson Lake tlnlari.i Diirini,' the Siiinin.'r. 7. H.'piils.. of th.' llrilish at F.,rt Sli'pli.'iis..ii. s. (Hp- liiri' liy th.' .Viii.Ti.iins of tli.. Iliilish Fl.'.-l ..n l.ak.t Kri.'. II. I'r...t..r Fi-.-.'.'.l l.i IMr.al, in. H.'f.iil of l'r...t..r at M.iraviaii Town. 11. lietrent of th.. llrilish froiii lii'lor.' F.irt (i.Mir).'.'. 12. Till' .Aiin'rleaiis I'r.'par.-.l to iiivaih' I.ow.t (ana. la. 1,1. D.'f.'at of th.. Aiiii'ri.'aiiH al rhrvsl.'i's Farm. It. The .Viiieii.aiis u'o into Willi. 'r-l,niiirl. 'I'S, i."i. liiiriiiii^'of N..\vark liy th.' .\iiii'ri.'iiiis. 111. I).-strii.'tion of l..'»is|.in, llla.'k li.i.k ami IliilViil.i hy th.' llrilish. 17. Kn.l of the I'anipiiinii of 1K1;1 ail!) (ILM'TFU Xi;. ri'i'i;it i'ANAiiA— Tin; ami;iiii;ax war— 1814. 1. Caiitiiie of Usw.'L'.i hy th.' llrilish. 2. Uiisiu>ees>fiil Koitt .Altaek. :i. Th.' .Vin.'ri.'ttiis aijalii liiva.l.' I'pp.-r raiiaila, 4, Uef.'al ..f thu llrilish III I'liiiipewa. ri. Vi.lory of th.' Ilritlsli ill I,iiii.l>'« l.aiiu. 11. Ueiiiils.iof th., Ilritish li.'foru Fori Krle. 7. Uperalioiis in tho West. .s. l.'h.s.' ..f th.- War 40 ill.M'IFII Xrl. rl'I'l.lt I'ANAIIA— (i.lVrHN.MI:NT .if rUANCIS .l.llir. K.«t). 1 r..ii.liii..i; ..f riiiiii.lii aii.l th.' I'lili.'.l .sialeii al iho close of Ilia pA.ii; ■,var. 2. F,iH'(.iirn;;.-ni.'nt r.f FniiL'ratioii, ,'!. Fslat.Iishinent of (onim.in S.'lioolH. rr.'vions I'.IT..rts loHanls K.lii.ai i..ii. 4. I'm- tablislim.'iit of a Parliani'-nlary l.ihrary. '>. Sii.1.1. n I'i..roL'ali.'il of rarlinm.'iil l.y .Mr. Ilore, c, lii-salisfio-tl..ii ;il tie' ArMliaiy (•.imln.'t..f lh.'li..v.-ri...r. 7, Arriv ;il of Mr. 1 l..iirlay. IlisTliirlj- 011. ■ ijii.sti..ns. H. r.,iui'hti f li.l.'aat.'s h.'l.l at Toronto. !!.•- call of .Mr.liore .iii« nr.M'iFi; .xni. Uri'ER PASAllA— fiOVERNMI'XT OF SIR I'lriFfilllXE .MAITLAND. . Arr.'St of Mr. (i..iirlay. His .Ae^iiitlal, 2. railianieni passes an .\i'i I'r.iliiliiiiiiL' any inor.'roiivr'iiiions. :i. .\rrt'si ..f Mr. lionrlay 1111.1. r 111.' .Mi.ii .\.l. 4 .Mr. (i.iiirlay is Kxp.'ll.'.l fi.'iii rana.lii. Tl. S.'Ssi.iii ..f Is'jit. I'assau'i' '.f IlMjiortanl .\els. (i. Ilish.,psira- .•hiiii. 7. Session of ls:;i. s. If.-\eiin. liitti.'iilti.'S uilii l...\\er rana.la. 'J'h.- .-as.' .if llanial.ii.-. lii.lu.-ll. !i. l:.-\i.-u..f ili..|',.n- .lili..ii of Ih.' ri..\iii.'.' ill Ih'.'J. 111. FITorts to liiiil.l ilie W.-Uan.l (anal. II. I'elition to lin|ierial I'arliami'lit Ihatpart of < I.i L'y Kes.Tv.'B he K''>eii to I'resl.ytirians. 12. liefeat ..f til.' Family Compa.'t Party. I;>. Wiini of llatnioiiy li.'lv\e..|i Ih.' ronnt-ii imil th.' Ass.'lnlily. 14. William l.yoii .'\lii.keni-ii'. Short SU.l. Ii of his lan-.-r. l.'i. Iiv,-:oli h i».-.'ii ih.'ii .v.rio.r aii.l li.' .\ss..nil.ly. Th.' Ills.- ..f Forsyth. 1.;. Th.- IP ;..-.• ass.rts its I liunity. .\;;iiii- lioii on III.' i^n.'stion ..f rl.'ity ll.s.'rv.-s. 17. Iiiipii.s..i m ..r the F.lit.ir .if th.; Fr.'.'iiian for I.ili.-l m Ill.M'IFl; XI 111, ITI'KR CANAIIA— li.lVIIlNMI. ST .iF .SIR .KllIN r.il.p. iRX F. . First li.'liirii of Ma.kenzi' to I'arliament. 2. Tin' (l..v.'riior 1,'.- fiisi's to I'lir.loii Collins. 2. (ip.'iiini: of the \V..lhiii.l riiinl. I, S. '111. 'III. 'Ill of claims f.>r I.oss.'A .liirint; tin; War, .".. (li.iwih ..f I'oliti.'iil I'iirti.s in I'pp.'r I'aiia.la. li. li.'iiirn t.. I'.nv.r ..f tli.' Family I'onipii.l I'arly. I'.-rnian.iiI S.-tt l.Mi.iil of lli.' ri\il l.isl. 7. l).-t'aliiz.'.l .\i;ilali..ii tor ll. f..i m. 8. Fxpnlsi .f Ma.k.'ii/.i..' from the lloir.'. Popular Ke.liii;,' in his f'lvor. !i. (hoi.'ni. Min'k.'iizi.' a'.'iiin K\p.'ll.-.|. .IiLlne* iiia.l.' In.l.'p.'n.l.'iit ..f ilm Crown. 111. Ii, turn of th.- l!.'f..rm Party to !'..«. -r. Th.' •' S.v.nili (iri. -vail.'.'" U.'porl. II. Fn.lowin.'nt of Fifty -ix I;.-, lori. s. 11.- .■all of Sir .l.iliii Collioriii. ' 41; ( ll.M'l Fli .\C|V. rt'l'FU I'ANAIIA- O.iVFIIVMIXT l.f SIR P. n. In A II. Sir Fran. is Il.'ii.l's .\.'.-.iiinl of his I'a-t l'..|ii i. al Fxpiri.' •. 2. Sir Fran.is's IJ'.-.'iiliii' liili...lu.'ll f llims.lf 1,, parii; nt. 3. HilT.'r.'il.i' li,t«...'ii th.' (;..v. :i. Ma.'k.'iizi.' Pr.'par.'s f..r II.' , ■;..n. .Ml Tr.i..ps vv iih.PiivM, rr..ni rpp.r Cana.la. in. Th.' (lull.. 'I'i ,,r ih.' I;, 4. .11. ..11 in Fpp.'r Caiia.la. 11, The Ki'li.ls ii.h iin.'.' on Tor.inlo, 'Ih.' First 111 1- sh.'.l. f.'. li.aihof Cloni'l .Mo.„|l,'. .Ma.-k.'nzl.. .l.'inaii.ls In.l.'- p.'ii.l.n. e. 1:1. Arrival of •• Th.' .M.ii of (L.te." Pont of |h,' lieli.'ls. 1 1. Ma.'k.'iizi. ''s .Mislak.' as to th.' 1..,- ally ..f th.' P.'., pi.'. I.-.. Maek.nzi.' (i|..-aniz.s an IiiMisi,,n from lliill'al... p;. Tl,,' U.'liels oi'.iipy Navy Isliin.l. 17, 1 1. sirii. li.iii of tli.- ( .o„/,,„ |,y the Ilritlsli. is. Slllhi'rliin.l's iiiis.n-., ssfiil .l.'m..iistiiiti..ii a^'iiiiisl .Ainh.'lsil.ur..'. pi. Anoth.'r .\ll. iiipl ai l;.l,i.l in\asi..ii F.ii ..1. '211 lii'f.iil ..f Ih.' Ui'h.'ls at p.. ill, P.l,' Isliin.l ..! 422 ( ll.M'l Kl! XC\. I' II ri'I'FR . >N\|iA— li.lVFIlNMFNT OF sill .i.lV FliX.M l:ST .IF SIR lit. 111. it; AIMTII II. || 1. Th.' "('oii..tlintii'iiiil It. for rs"ask M.'i-.'V for tin' H.-Lils. 2. Di'f.'ii.'.'s.if Ihi' Piirii.'sSir.'ii.jlh.-n.'.l Mir.ifiil p.:|i,y i.,Har.ls ill.' lieli.'ls. .'I. S.'Iznr,' aii.l Itiirnlni,' of th.. .s.r /,'../„ ,1 /'../ l.y ih.' Il.'li.ls. (itli.'r iniiraues. I. I'hi' last li.'h.'l Invasion. .'.,' The li.'li.'ls atia.k Pi.'s...ii. !i,f.-al iiii.l Capnir.' at Win.linlll Pole . (i. Th.' la-t .■ll..rt .if the It li.ls. F.v.'.'iiti,.its ami llanisl m,. 7, l':n.l.4'.\la.k.'iizl.''sCar.'.'r. ». Tin' .\ss.iiil.l> ii.l..pt r.-s.ihitioim favorin;! Inloii. Tli.'y ar.' Hi'je.-t...l h> the ('.niinii. 11, Pn>sai;e of til.' I'liioii Hill liy lioth Ilotis.'s. Ill i'l.'i');y ll.s.rv.'s. Last Parliaiin'tit of Ipp.r Canaila. II. 41ii' Cnion .\. 1 Pa--,i| hv the llrilish Parlliiiinnt ' 4-',2 'i ' 20 roNTKNTS. ( ir AI'IKK X' VI. NOVA sc ill lA— 1 HriM 17>( I'l l>li;. Taim:. m Vi^il i>f rriiii-t' William lli'iiry. I in|HMiliini'iit of .?iiil'_'i?. J. Ar- rival (if ilii> liiikf uf Kent. I.cls^ "t II. M. ship /,.» Tiil'iiii,. ,1. Till' .MiiriKiiis. A S'.it.li of iliiii- IlintiMV. 1. liivii-w of Hi.- GnviTiii ii "f Sir .Iiihii W.'imvi.i'ili. r.. (invcninn'iil i.f sir Cifor;:*- I'liviisi. roriimt'iii-fiiH-iit cf Um' I'lovim-inl ItitiMin;;. (i. Cai'tiiiu Ilrt'kc i>r<-|>iirii);^ i" l-i;;lit any .Yiinrii-aii i-"ri;:alc. 7. IJripUr'f* Clijillt'iinc lit tin' Cirioin tih'. H. F'' ;a;;i'ini'iii: liciwi-cn ilu^ t'/it siijn 'il:' iknil sliinniKii. '.*. 'Mil' ( "nsiiai* ■>. Iicaili nf C'lii- taiii l.awii'ii.i'. 111. Sir .Inliii SluTliriiok.''.- I'.spoliiioii a;;aiii»l the Stall' of .Maine. Its Sin-el's (■ll\l"ll:l! X( All. MlVA Sicil lA— rllliM IMT 111 1S.'VJ. Fntiiiilaii.iii of |):illiiiii*i.'( oll.'v'i'. Ski'l. li nf tln' lii-liliilicii. 2. Tliii l.i'lliTS i.r '• .V^'iirolil." l-'iinii.'itii'll iif llic .\i;rii-iilluial So.i.'ly. .'I. rr.iiiii'ti'iii cif thr Karl of I lalhnlisii' t" llii' lii|i nt Caiiailfi- 4. "ajir llri-ti'ii as a sfpaialL' t'ol.iiiy. It^ rrmiinn with NmaSi'nlia. .5. ilnviTiiiiii'iit nf Sir .laim s Kinipt. c. Kxinilsicni of .Mr. Harry, .\tiaik on ilio l'ri'» liy ilio .VssiiiiMy. 7 Tin' (Jiie.slion of (Jiiii Ili'iits. s. liilVoii'ini; liotHi'.n tin' lloiisi' ami llii! Coinnil on ilir snliji'il of tin' ]miy on liramly. !i. Ti'iiip'T- ai Soiiilii'S- lnlroilii.'li..ii of Stcaiii. Iiipartiiro of Sir I". .Mail- laml J III (■ll.M'TKU X( A 111. Nova .si'iiriA— hiioH l.x:::i th 1s:'.7. Salaries ot .luilgi's. The Ciirreiny giiislion. ••. Tlio Civil l.isl. Atlaik on the "Kaiiiily (oiniiail '■ ill tlie ('oiiinil. :i. Kailiireof (■io|is. linsiin-ss Tlolllll,•^. The cliolera. 1. Setileini'ia ot tlio (,i;ie>tioii ot (,iiiii Keiits. .'■. Stale of Kilination in Ihe rroviiieu. Mr. Howe lirst Kleeie.l lo I'.'i; liaijieiii. li. Tin' liieaeli between the (.'oiiii.il anil AsseiiiMy. .Mr. 1 lowe's Twelve if, 'soliilioiia. 7. .Ae- tioll of the Coilneil. The I; sohuiim^ l!e>einileil 444 rll.M'Ti;!! XrlX NOVA sriiriA— I'ltiiM ls:;7 to Isiii. Trouhlo Willi re;;aril to the Fishery (Jiieti ion. .\eiioii of llio As. Bt'inlily. 1!. Klteet ot the lanailiaii lleli.'llioh in Nova .Seolia. :i. Kefornis itranteil hy the Home tiovei'miient. rnpopiilar aetion ot Sir i.'olin I ainphell. 4. ionee>>ions inaile to the l'ro\iiiee. oppi^.-iiiuii toronf.'.leiiiiion. :,. The lir-l War Steamers. First Hallway in Mova Seoiia 447 ( ll.U'lFlt (.'. NllVA SriiriA — IIIIIM 1.S41 TO l.'<4ri. Kesponsihle ii,.vermiieiii it'iioieil by SirColinfaiiipliell. '.'. .\ vote ot want of Coiiliilenee in th.- Kxeeniive Ciiiineil piL-^seil by the .\s- seinbly. ;1. Tliu .\sseniliiy ileiii:inil» Sir Colin's Keinovah 4. The Coloni.il Seeretary's Sp eeli in ibe Imperial I'arliaineiit. "i. .\r- rival of the First iiei'aii Steannr. \ i>ii of the loiveriior-lieneral to the I'rovin.'e. 1;. .V roaliiioii 1 loveriuii-nt. .Mr. Il'iwe Mleiieil Speaker. Ineoriioraiion of Halifax. 7. I lilVerelnis on Ih.'l^iies- tion of Kilination. h. Tlie (iovemor liis-olves I'arliaineiil. The Uefornieis lie-i^'ii from the lonmil. :i. Voie of wain of lonti- ilenee in the (.'oiiiieil l,>ef,-,ii,.,l. .Mr- ilo\vi.''s .Mlaiks on the (iov- eriior. In. .\!,'iiniion for a liaihvay between II,'iliia.\ ami i,mebee. Heeall of l.onl (''alklaml 4 p.) ni.vpii:i{ CI. NOVA SriilTA — I'lt.lM P^r Til Is.'il.'— Ill sl'O.NMIlI.i; IVIIINMlNT. Hespoiisilile (iovermneni. .\ 1,'eform miiiisiry forme.l. L'. Fir^l Toletjiaph. Centenniai liir.h.iay of ll.ilil.i.v. :i. .Visitation with roKard lo ilie Coal .Monopoly. Consoli,laii,,n of the iiiminal Stal- iiles, 4. «;u St Ion of an Inter-Colonial railway. •>. I be Ijiiop.an aiiil North Aiiieriian liailway. li. Failure to obtain Imperial abl tor the Iiiiereolonlal. 7. Heath of sir John Harvey ^ cil AI'TIMt ril. Ni)V\ SIOTIA— I-IIDM I,-.-,.! TO I»I17— ci IMTDKII A rti iX- The Iteeiproi'lly Treaty. Iii.isatisfaetioii in NovaSeotia. 2. First rrolilbii.iry l.i'iuor l,aw. Iiefeat of the Howe Minislry. x. Setllo- mciilot the Uilllenlly with the Uenuial .Miniiij; Assoelatioii. 4. Face. Mr. Howe reuaiiiK I'lineroii a Questionable vole. n. Visit of the I'rii f Wale.. Tiie Howe Party ;n;aiii lleat'ii at the Polls, (i. Dr. Tilpper's K.liieation liill. Want of Seliools in the Froviilee. 7. I onleil. 'rill ion. F;arly .Mlemplsat a I'nionof llrlli.h I'roviiieeH. h. First F;iloris tovvanls (.'onsoliilaiiin.' Camnbi. !i. Untlireak ot till, .'.imriean war .\llenl|it lo Fiiite tin,' Maritime I'n viiiees. In. Canaila ibsires Conf.-ileration. Meetin„' of Dele^.ites at char- lollelown. 11. The Conleleln'e al IJIlebec. .Vtonlrasl. IL'. The Term- of the I'ropose.l 1 'onf.'.l.'iali'.n. 1::. Tliel!a>isof ItepreM'ii- 1 iii'ih. II. iippo.iii f New liriin-wiek anil NinaS.-oiia. I."i. Aeii.in of I'anailian I'arlianieiit. Chande of Feeling in .Mariliine I'lovinees. III. ,\eiion of Imperial I'arliiiinein. Confeileralion Aeeompli.'-heil. 455 ( IIAI'TKU (III. m:\v niirsswiiK 1 iiom 17-1 To Is:;i. 1. .Vrrival of (iovemor Carletoii. Skei.h of the Firsi Co il. 2. lie \."1 of ihe seat of Cineriiineiil to Fleiieriel.iii. Dissensions over the lieM'ime. ;l. The .Vssemblymeii liisi-l on iu-in;; I'aiil. .\ ileail loek for Ibree Veins. 4. Carlelon's .\iimiiiisl ration, (irowlli anil I'rosperity of the I'loviiiie. ."i- Ihe War ot Ispj-l.-i. li. Ail- niinistraiion of titlieral Smith. Ilnpiovement of the Colony. 7. jne}.'real l'';:-' at .Miramiehi. s Tronble aboiit the .Maine ISmiii. ilary (Jiieslion. .!. I'ji;sli.-li I''ree Tiaile I'oliey. 'Ilirown^ open Ibe Colonial .Markels. In. I'miio-al to.\ilinii li.illii Tiiiiber Frei) into Kn^ilanil. (ileal 1 iis>alistaelion in liie l'ro\iii,e 4C:i ( ll.M'l'i;i! (TV. M:\V niit N>\VlrK IIIOM Is. '.J TO MI.MT:ii|:ltATIilN. 1. I'oliliial Ciiiiilition of the ]'ro\ii 'J. .Mnises in lie' Crown J..'iiiiis liepai imi'iit. 'Ihe Cii.nal anil 4'erriloiial llevi'iines, ;(. Ifelorms Saiii'lioni'ii b\ l.oril (ieiielL^. 4. ( ib>l rile lion. s Throw n in the way by the Conneil. Ti, The (iovernor IJefllses to Si;,'n The ( ivil l.isl I'lill. Hi- l;l'^i^;nation. l'a-sa;;e of the .\et. (J. The '• A'oo.-iiiok War." Violent Feeling on Ifoili Snles. 7. Setlle- iiieii' of the Maine FroMlier I lillieiiliy. s. Keiall of Sir .lolm Harvey. Siiiianileiili;: the I'liblie Money. It. Iiefeat of lii'sponsi- lile tiovernniilit a: lie' Polls. .\.i Fntiuorable Pietiiie of SI. .lobn. Fleelion oml' In. Tl'oiible as to Mr. Ibaile's .Vppoint- iiieiit asProviiieial Seeretary. II, Ilesponsible (;o\ernineiil !•>- tablislieil. 12. Hrief Ilex lew from 1-Ms to Isi,;. l.isi of the (lov- ernors of the Provinee 465 cllAPrF.l; cv. IMtiM 1: f.llWAllll 1-1. \M1 -lioVrliSMlN r of I'M'TAIN' I'ATTKII.SOV. I. First IM.s.overy .lIlil Sllb.-ei|Uellt Sillblnenl of thr Islaiiil. 2 Ces- sion of llie Islaiiil lo liiiiain. l.onl l':;;ini'nfs S. heme. X The Islanil Parii'lleil mit by l.iittery. I. Ihe I^lanll Crealiil a Separate Provinee. I''inaiii ial Iroubles. ."i. Inelileiits IniriiiL; llio .Vmeri.'.'in War of Imb penileiiee, 1;. Sale of l.ainls to Pay Over- iliii.' (,mlt-reiiis. J»i>.atisfaeiiiiii of the Propiietors. 7. Thetiov- eriior Keflises 10 obey the (Irilers of He' Home (ioverniiieiit with Jii'naril 111 Itesiorinu the l.amls Sobl in ITsl.— >. lieiall of Paiier- soll ami .Vp[ii'iiitiii.'iit of l.ienienanl-tioM'i'iior Faniiiii;^. .\ Slrtie- (ile for power ■ ■ 472 ( ll.\Pli:l! (.Al. I'liiM r. inwAKti isi.AMi~i III: liiioiin or iiai.i' a rrsriiiv. I. The Census. Carious Siatistles with llecani to Names. 2. cliaiit;. in;^ the Name of the Islaml. .slow Projiress in Setilemeiu. .'(. 'ilie Inline f Hie Proprietory Party in the Colonial (illiee. Com- m mat ion of lliel.iiiit-reiits. 4. I. arise lninii).'ratloii of Iliisblaiiilers. (iovernment of Colonel lies Itarres. a. 'i'y rannieal ( ollilllel of (ioM'riior Smiili. Three liissolnllons of Parliaiiietit. (i- Chtu'ises .M.iile Ai;aiiist Ibe (lovenior. Hi> .Mleinpl to .\irefi Mr. Stewart. 7. Heeall of Siiiilb. .KppoiiilmeMl of Colon 1 Peaily. s, sati>f.ie- loiy c liiioiiof Ibe Isbinil In ls2.'i. II. Pas-ace of the calholie l';manei|iall.iii .\.i. lleeall of ( olonel Heinly. Id. Steam Coiii- innnieaiion w lib i'iiioii. Iiealli of t iovernor Voiinis. II. .Ailempt to S'tile ihe I. a nil (jnesiion on an F'luilalile Itasis 476 CH.M'TI'.H (All. I'lllMi: i;|lWAlill ISHMl— ITIoM l-H ni roMrniMIA 1 tux. I. Ailminisiralion ot Sir H. V. Huntley, pelition for Hesponsible (iuveriiineiil. 2. Ailmlnistrallon ot Sir J)onalJ Canipbell, Tbu I'Ai^i:. ■lo- n. Visit oi' 111.- ■11 ;ii 111.' I'.ills. I,. >lf in 111.' rr.i\iiic... t'liiiii-li I'niviii.-.K. Im. !I. Uiuiir.'iik of nriliiii.. I'r. vim-.'a. Il.l.';;:llis 111 rli:ir- < .'iilnisl. IJ. Th.) '• ll;i>isi.|' l!.-|ii.>i.n- 1 Nin:i S.-i.liii. ir.. c'l-lin;,' ill .Miiiiiiiii.. •111. CoiifriliT.iticii ■I.-.5 1 I.-.il. Firel r.iiiliril. 2. i.'l.ili. lliss.Misii.iis -I I'll Ill-ill^ I'aiil. A iiiislnui.iii. (;i-,,«Mi ill' L-IJ-l.-i. li. Ail- I ..rilH' Coliiiij-. 7. II llif .Miiiiiu ii.iiiii- y. 'IIii-..\\ II},' ..ji.'ii li;ilii.' 'liiiibut Krct) ■l'\ilK'U . r.lllllATI.lN. is.'s ill ih.' ('ri.wn liiil iii'vt'iiiics, ;t. i-iicii..ii.i 'Jlin.uii ill il'lllS.S t.i si;;li ■rill! i: liii' Alt. i;. TllL. ll .Si.l.'S. 7. S.-ltl.-. ii'.all i.f Sir ,l..|iii i.r.Nii ..I' i:..s|ii.ii»i- i.i.' ri.iiii.. iif SI. li.ll.li.'s A|.|i..ilil- IlLMTIIIIII'Ilt J>- I.isl of llie (li.v- IIIMV rATIKIiSON. Islaii.l. i;. Crs- S. liiiii... ;i. ■111,! •laii.l Cri.ll.il a .l.iil- Hiiriii'.; III,! 'Is I'l I'ay ilv.'i-- is. 7. ■Ill,- i:,.v- "\. -nun, 'III uitli l;,-.all ..f rall,-r- linn- ASInii,'- Al.l- A cl:\l I liv. iM'-s, J. I liaiiu'- 1' 111, 111. .'1. ■|li,. ial iilli'-,-. ( <>iii. II ot lli};lilaii.l,-i'M. ■al ( .iihliii-l of ll. li. I har-^i'S ■I .Ml-. SI, -Hart, ai|>. ,s, Salisl'a,-- ■1' 111,- riiili,.|i,- In. Sli-ain ( ,.iii- iiK- II- .Ml, -1111,1 47U Ml |i|;llATI(lN. for lii'spoiiNllilu laiiijihi-ll. ■i'liu Taoe. StniL'^I'! for I!,'sp,,iisili',c fj.iveriimi'iit. ."!. .\'liiiinistriilion of Sir A. Ii.-iiiii,'rii).'iii. K,-s]ionsil.| ( IIAI'TKU (VIII. PIIOVINXE OF C.VN.VDA— OOVKItN.MKXT (IF LOUD SVDENIIAM. 1. Principal Fi!atur(!g of tlii! N'l'W Consfitulinn. 2. The Cnac of .Mc- I,(!od, Lord Syilcnhanrs Sj'.-i-th from the Tlinnin. I*. Important Acta I'assi!,l at 111.' Kii-st S.-ssion of the rarliainciit of Canada. 4. Death of Lord .Sydenham 493 ClIAI'TEU CIX. ruoviscr: of ca>'.*pa — rj,ivi:itNMic.\T.i of siit ciiAiti.K.s haoot and i.oiin.s .Mi;r( alfe ami < atiicaut. 1. Aduiini.stration of Sir Charles Rasot. His Doalli. 2. Administra- tion of Sir Charl'-s ^li't.alf,'. His |iisr,'(;ai-,l of his Ministers. 3. l!o.si;;iialion of th,- l!al,l\viii-l.afoiilaiiii! .Minisiiy ai',-,-pt(-,l. 4. ACoiH-ral l-:ii!,-iioii Iti-siilis in Small Cons, 'r\ativ(' Maj'irity. Death of l.or,l .Mel, alfe. Lar^',' Fires at Qiieliee. n. Adiniiiisiration of Lord Caih, art. Claim for Losses IJiiiir„' the Itcliellion 493 ciiAriEU ex. rnoVIDF.M-E OF CANAHA — C.OVKnNMF.M- OF I.Olin FI.C.IK. 1. T,'rril,l<' SiilTeriiif,'s from Ship-Fei.-. ,t tlio Iiiiniii;iaiils of IS47. 2. S..','oii,l Fonnalion of the Hald\\iii-Laf,>iituinti Ministry. 3. Intro,liii-iion of the Ii,-li,-llion I.o.sji(!s Dill. 4. Strong feeling ajaiiist the IJill. Annexation Advoealed. The Bill Passed. 5. The (I'lveriior .\ss'-iits to Ihe I!el.elli..li Losses liill. (i. The (jov- ornor-d.'iieial Il.mt.'d ami 1', II, ,1 l,y the .M.-li. 7. liurniiiK of tlio Parliaiiii'iit ItiiililiiiL's hy 111,- M,'li. >.. H,.ns,-s of ( ilnio.sioiis Mem- l),'i-s Aiia,-ke'l hy the M"h. Loi,l Ll;;iii's n-i-all demaiided. 9. Fnrihi'r Uioiiii;; by the Mob. The (lov.rn.'r a;;ain .Vlla.k,-,!. 10. Uemoval of the C.ipital from Monlieal. 1 1 LIfjiii's Condiiet Approved by ili,- Ibniie (iov,-ininent. 11. Cnnaila entei-s on her Poliiieal ami c, ,111111, nial .Maiiliood, 12. Acitulion on the Clerjiy Itcsi-rves Qiiesiion by Ihe "Ch'ar dril" Parly. 13. Larjie Fires in Montreal. A Iiis.-oiira-iii}; I'ii-ture of the city. 11. Itailway Pro- jeets. (lood l.\-eUii;j helweeii the United Stales and Canada, l.",. Kemcslii' l'ro-.;ress of the Proviii,-,'. lii. Ten ■I'lioiisand Per- sons reii,ler.-.l ll,,iii,-li'ss |,y Fire in Montreal. 17. ln,-orporation of the (irainl Trunk llailway. The Miini,-ipal Loan Fund. 18. .Salisfai'ioi-y Finaii, i.il i 'oniliiion of ihe I'roviiii-e. lit. The (lavazzi Riots. Their Klfeets on Ihe liineks Goveiiiinent. 20. Charges of Paoe. Cornipt Prai-tiees a-.-ainst Mr. Iliii'-ks. 21. SiKnlnj; of Ihe Ueei- jiroilty Treaty. Iiissoliition. of Parliament. '.'•-'. I )el'(!at of Ihe liineks Adiniiiisiration. 2:i. Formation .if the First < oalilioii (lOverniiicnt. 21. Secularization of the clergy Kcservcs. 2.",. Passage of the S,-i::iiorial Tt-iiiire Pill. Kes!'.;iiation of Lord FlKin 495 CII.M'TKU CXI. I'llOVINCK OF CANAIIA — OiiM liN.Mi;NT (IF SIH F. W. IIFAD. I, Iinprovenieiit of lnin,i;;ratioii Ijiws. Financial. 2. A French Man-of-War visits Qin-1 f.irllie lirst lime in in-arly a Ci-ntiiry. 3. The Le^-islalive CoiiiK-il iii.ide Fli'ctiv,'. 4. Canad.-i's First itail- way .\c,-idellt. S'.'Vcnty Lives Lost. .",. ■i"\\o Terlib!,, St»-anil„'at .\,-,-ideiits. Nearly Tlir,',- lliindied Liv,-s Lost. i:. I'inain-ial Crisia ol l.'-."i7. Uepn'.-cniali'iii by I'opiilaiioii. 7. 'ili,' First Vote on l!,'pr,-seiitaii,inby l','piilaiioii. Iiefi'al of Hi,- M,-asiire. M. i.ttawa clioscii as the l-'iiliire Si-at of i;,iv,-rniiii'iit. ;i. An .\,liiiiiiislr.a- tion of Forty-Li;;ht JI.-iii-.h' Diiiation. I". Th,- Carlier-Macdonal.l Miiiistrv. 11. Invitation to the t^iu-en to op>'ii the \'ietoria llridm'. 12. Pnitcction r.-t. IY,-e Trade. 13. The i;riis .\;;itate for I-',-,ieral Covi-rnment. The i;,-vi-niie and the Pul.lie Debt. 14. Defeat of Mr. IJrowirs ".J'liiit Authority" S'-heme. l.->. The Visit of tlio Prince of Wales. His enthusiastic rce,-plion at tjiiebec and Mon- treal, li;. 'I'lie Visit of the Prini-e of Wales. InaiiKiirntion of the Vh-toria Uridine. I". The Visit of the Prince of Wales. Dis,-oiir- teoiis Coinliiet of ll, -'Jran;;,-ini-ii. IK. The Census of L-^Dl. Ilreat Increase in Tnciily V >.■'■». 19. It, liremeiit of Sir Ldniiind Head. Outbreak of tli>; Southern i-ebellioii 005 CnAPTF.R CXII. ritliVI.NCK OF CANADA— fil)Vi:ilNMi:NT OF LOIID MOXCK. . The Trent Affair. Chance of I-Veliii-,- In Canada. 2. Defi'iit of the earlier- JIacdonald .Minislry on the Militia I'.ill. 3. Forni.a- tlon of the :\l.ae,l"naI,l-Sicotle Jlinistry. 4. I'.nj;lisli Fceliiin on the Defeat of Ihe Canii'lian Militia Hill. .'',. I!,ii,li,-ial F.lTect on C'aiuada of ih,! Ameii,aii AVar. (1. Defi-at of the Ma,-donald- .Si<'olt,'.\,liiiiiiistraiion. An .\pp,'al to the Country. 7. I'ns.-iiisfai'- tory Finam-ial Ci-iidilion of llic Province, k. An,itli,-r .Miiiisii-rial Crisis. Iti-turn of .Mr. .1. A. .M.-i,-,ionaM to P,.«,-r. 9. Def,'.-il of the Tacli(-M.-icd, maid Covcrnnient. A P,'Iiii,-al Dead-Lock. 10. A Coalition (lov.-rnment l-'onni'd I., cairy out Confeih-ralioii. 11. Itailway A(-cidciit at P»t-I,iil Ihi,lc,'. Ninety pers(,ns KilIt-,1. 12. Trouhlesomo Visitors. I;ai,l on the St. Mbans' Hanks. i:i. Con- federation Itesoliitifii ail'ipied by b,.>th lioiises. 14. 'J"lie Assassi- nation of Piesi,l,-iit I.inco'n. I.'). Largo Fire in Quebec. Death of Sir K. P. Tachi'. li;. A Quiet Session 513 ClIAP'l'EU CXIIL niOVIXCK OF CANADA — OOVFnXMFNT OF LOUD MONCK (('onlilllieif). . Formation of the Council on Comniercial Treaties. 2. .Miempt to Ret the Itecipioi-ity Tiealy Itcnened. 3. How the Abrogation of the Itei-iprociiy Treaty li,-lped Coiif,-,leratioii. 4. I'"iisi Threat, 'ii- iiigs of the I-"enian Inva.- ion. 5. The Fenians. One 'Thonsainl Two Ilumlred Stiong. Cross al Fort Frie. ti. Victory of tin- Fenians at Itidgeway. 7. lii-treatof Ihel-'enians. H. I-:n,l of the Fenian liiva- pion. 9. Last Scssiiin of the Pailiament ('■! the Province of Can- ada. 10. Twenty Thousaml Persons L'linicd out at Cjuebee. Trial of the Fenians. Confederation 519 i !ili I i ^^~1 INTRODUCTION. 1. — Bi'fiiie filtering; upon an acrniiiit of the (-'\ ciit^ in lln' lii>l(jry ol tilt: |iroviMoi's finl)raii>l within tlic lionndarii-^ I ol' till' pi'i'scnt Doniiiiion of Ciuacla. Nwils i)t ilHs \\liirli will fari'v lis liark to llir liist iniiir- I IntrtHlurnuu. -^ • I li r of till' sixti'ciitli ci'iitiiry. I''t us take a ' si.iniwhal '.'I'liri'al view of llic instilntions and imln-ti it's of tlic- coniitrv ; — a cour-i' wliifli it sfcnis to tli<' writer js rcnilci-iMl iiri'cs^ary from the I'act that tlii-- lil-toiy will fall into till' liamU of many rradri's in lioili tin' I'liitril Stairs anil (in at IJiitain. wlio know i'oni|iarati\ i-ly notliiiiirof I (-'aiiaila. ami wlio will lint faintly a|i|irii-ial(' a rccoril of luililarv and |iolitiial i'\ iiils. liowcvir int(ri'>tiinr. iiiilfs.s in soliiu in"a-iiri' ai'i|iiaintrd with its tiaie siifiiilioanci'. 2. — I'ntil 1SI17 lirili>h Anu'iii'a (•on>i'-tiiI of a nuinlur of Jirovini-'c^. I'ai'li ilr|)i.'ndrnt ii|ii)n tlii' Urili^h I'lnwn. Inil roni|iaraii\rly indi'jirnilint of rarli otliir. Til*' lirilish \iii.T- . , I .' ,■ ,-1 / . 1 iraii rc.i,.,iios a At that date, loiir ol Ihrsr. (^iiiIjit, ( )ri lari.i. .Noxa rM'olia ami Aiw liinii~w irk. wci'ij I'onstitiitL'd ii F.drral riiion. imili'r the nann; of tlu' Doininion of Canada, 'riiruc other iiiovinci's, viz. I'riiii.'i' IM\\ aid I-land. lirilish Coluinhiu. ami llir receutly eri'cti'd I'loviiiri' of .Maliitoha. have sini'i' heeii added to the Coii- fidiialion. In this Canadian Confeilerai'V. whiih lov.illv mainlained a e|o~e piilitleal eoniiei'tioii with(ireat IJritain, — as to some extent in the in-i^hlioriiiL; Hepiililii' — while eai'h provini'e preserves a eertain poriion of its aiitonoinv. whatever is of I'oininon iatere-i to all i^ eiilriiNled to the I ai'lioii of the Central ( iovernineiil. During the ten vcar- j « liieh have elapsed sliu'i' Confederation, the voiinir nation I ha- had a pro-peroiis evperiem-e in maliv re>pei't>. The ' ininiediate elVeet in the two Canadas. for instaiiee. has heeii to fai'ilitate the settlement id' iiue-tions which were hefore sources of aii'^ry recrimination. lu the I'lovince of (Jiieht'c, a Lei;islatiire reprcM'titinj.' an eiiormoiislv t'.via's- sive constituency of Hoinaii Catlu'lic--. conceded to the I'rotestant minority, on a ipii'siioii of edncalioii, what proliahly they weiild never have yielded to the iiioie ei|iially proportioned forces, when Ontario and (^neliei' were luider one i,nivernmeiit. I'^acli I'roviiicial I^ei^dslatun'. relieved of the iiiore iieneral .suhjects of lenislaliou and ilihatc. is now vigorously [nir.suing the policy of duvolop- iiieiit. cxlendinj.' education, iiroinoting colonization-road.s iind railways, and encourauinj,' iinini!,'ratioii. .'i.^The ininii diali' causes leadinj: to th mt'edeiatiou of the lirilish American rrovinces, were threefold, — emanating, lir-t from the Mother Country, II .• .1 I' •. 1 c.'. . I .1 ■ II.. fiiusi'ii ic.iilliij; to secondly Irom the I nileil Siates.and tliinlly (jonfc'iU-miUiii. fniiii within. Of tlioe, that growing; out of the peculiar attitude of the I'nited States, at the time, was piohalily as stronif. or striinger, than any. For sev- eral years liefore the Confederation, I'jigland's |inlicy to- wards Canada w.i , in elYect, a friendly warnini; to pre- pare for a inon; independent existence. At length the provinces were told, in vi'i-y exiilicit terms, that tliey could no longer consider them-elves, in the matter of defence, in the same position tiny formerly occupied towards Great liiilain. lint not mdy did the policy of the Home governmeiil demand confiileratioii. hut the attitude of the I'nited Slates demanded it. 'I'he ahrogation of tilt; Ueciprocily Treaty, the military opeialioiis on the great hikes contrary to the provisions of the addenda to tile treaty of is IS; the passport system, the lirojected ship canal round the falls of Niai^ara: the wonderful exiiansion of the American army and navy, and the Civil war, wiri^ t'eatiii'es in the policy of the ( iovernnieiit of the I'liited ■ Stales, demandiiig a union of the lirilish I'rovinces for ' pnrpoM's of mutual defence. lint a>ide from these actua- ting causes there were internal iiilliiences tending towards I confederation, a voice from the exiierience in tin; irovem- j . . . . I inent of the provinces. In the then province of Canada, ; Constitutional (iovernnieiit had touched a low ehli, when the premier was ohiiged to confess that he had had live adiuinistrations in two year.s. Under this condition the House was fast losing its hold on the country. The ad- niinistralive departments were hecoming disorgaiii/.ed under such frei|iii'iit ehanges of chiefs and policies. These, with many oilier causes which are more fully men- tioned in the proper place, coiuliined with sin'h force, thai in isi'iil. piililic opinion in the provinces was ripe for Union. Indeed withsomecoiisideralile exceptions, in favor of Nova Scotia and New lirunswick, there was hardly 'i lUiiu of proininei in the whole of liriti.sli America who, 20 2t; IXTRODI'CTIOX. ill lM('i7. would not li:ivf liccii in f.ivor of sf)nip kind of I'liioii. 'riirrc wiiv tliosc wlio dill iml liki' llir ]il;in ]iro- |iii-.cii. Miid holli Nova Sriiliii and Ni'W ISninswick wtif, in u I'onsidi'ralilc d< iii'cc. Mttcrlv opjioscd to tile sidlcinc wliicli lin:,lly lrinni|>li('i|. ■I. — W'l' cm icfor to the qn:dity of tlir v.xcf of people I that iidriliit the l)oniii:ioM with ]ieenliai' pride : and who <,in:iliiy i.f inli:ii.i- t;tlils. flfintiiii* (if iiiiliniial yn-utiu'.-H. will not admit, wiih WiJllani Xovia-^, Ivi in his iiaiiiphlet. that one ot the inn>l natnral elemenl-- til the trri'aliic'^s of a eoillill-y is the ipiality ot' thr raei' nt' pcciple who make up its popnlation. Indeii .ts pfojriv.^, and well- l)eni:; at e wholly depi'lident ii;ion their eh; That I'liaraeter. wiieii tiie peo|ile are native boni. is formed liy llu! institnlions, the soil and the eliiiiati'. Strangers are in)t so nnieh alTeeted hy tliese ean>rs, ina~iiiueh as their charaeler Was formed l)el'ore eoinin;; to the jilaee of their residence. Inslitulinns of a eivi! kind, however, alfi'et the foreigner ami the native alike; l.ait l.he latter niurli more than the former; lint reliLrions in^titntion- taking; holil of man as soon as reason etiniinene< , and .-it that time erealiiiir impressions which never can be iitally elVaeed. alVect all men. no matter where they may ri.->ide, tances they may lie p! i,im|. These in>tilntions, then alfect the pi.'ople of Canada; and. as the dill'erent sects in the cuiintry are niimeroi,- and variniis. .1 >liort attempt to de- scrilie the character formed liy the most prominent lieeomcs neces;.ary, and in lhi> attempt the temporal clfrct- onlvof (he teachinir of the diU'erent denominalion> will lie spoken of. As to lh(( truth or falsity of sii'-li teachin;; a secular writer has noiliin;: to do. as iliat pari ".\clii>ively lulimjj's to the province of the I'Ccle.-lasli,'. .'1. — -'I'lie promiiwnt denuinina i.n ^'f ('lir'-tiaiis in C'an- iida are the lioman Calholic. the Pre- hy ti r oi, the I'im- lestalil episcopal am' Ai'- ,Melhiiili.>t. 'I uc KlIiM't 111' l;..lii;in- 111. / . , ,. iHin iMiraiiailiaii character loriiied |)y Komaii ( alholie i-haiai'tiT. , . , , " , ., , , leachmL,' lia> l!nis lieeii ilrsinlied liv all ililelliiicnt (.'anadian writer: " The ijri'at fault seems to he th(! jiliselice of self-reliance. It cultivates the heart at the expense of the hrain, ami lirini;^ at la^t to eoiisiilt it on their sei'ilar iilVairs, and hence tin y lack that s])irit of enter- prise which is the product of personal independence. This Church foinis amialile characteri^lics. Init few forcible traits. Anion;; its iiiembers are to be found, however, liii'ii of power and force, but such are not strict coiiiiiiiinl- eants. The tcni'ls ,,\' the Church, al lea~l tho-e \\ hiidi are lauisht to the laity, are much more adaptc'd to form feiiiale character in perfection than strong iiieii. It edu- I'alcs the siuises by il^ majeslic music, its ;{or^eolls I'el'c- iiioiiies, iiiiil its mysterious ritim ; ittid it ivims ut Kubiliiint; moil through every avenue save the reason. The true votaries of this Chnrch iire apt tn be ^nft. amiable, ^'ood .and contemiilativi'. It is not. coii-eniientlv. siiriirisinir. lh.it so manv of its tiiembers sin •iVr total solitude as many diil in the earlier ai."'S. It i-- nut a svstiin th.it makes ti'inporal heroes: if ever one of that faith .appears, it is more than likely that he is aiiiinafed by I'anaticism. Iml, ■1(1 It li.is never formed aiiv irrcat iroyeriiiii'' >tali It may be said that Trance, mii Catholic, but it was only in ler the first Knipire, was .\ centni-v of jihilos- IV. ami the lir.st revolution, had left little Catholi the V rencn armies that coiiipiered Kiimpi also, at oiu^ time, may seem an objection : but the cmi- (piests of tlnit ]iower were chietly over nations of the same faith, or the half-civili/ed people of America. 'I'lie Catholic, tlcn, is amiable, l'ooiI. ordinaiily active and truthful. These ipialities are ])ri(licateil of the iremral educ.ited h.itv only. As to the pric>ts. and those stron;; exceptional characters which no sy>teiii can keep dnwii. they may be iiicliidi'd aiiionij lliis pi'ople. but, ihroii^h force of character and position lliey stand apart. The u'eii- eral bodv of the people may be. and to a certain extent are. iiiliucnce(| by the latter cl.iss ; but the infusions fnim which the Catholic laity derive the most beiielit are re- | reived frmn the siirroundintr I'rotcsiaiils. ThiMr pn-li, i force and assiduity tell, and make tin- Catholic of the l'roviiic(! of Ontario (piite a dill'erent man from his co- reli;;ionist of (Quebec. If. however, llii' po-session of the moral virtues be any set-olT to the lack of those temporal Ipialities which seciiri! justice iiml power in this world, the Catholic imleed has the advant;iL;e." There are in the Doiiiiiiioii 1. 1'.':i,lij'.l jii'i'sons who lielon;.' to this d(iii. Tlic trill' t, :iiiiial)li', ::iiim1 iitly, .-.ur|iri>iiii.'. ■r ti)t:il scilitlldi'. it a systi-iii tli:it It I'aitli a]i|ii-ars, il liy faiiatii-i-.m. iviTiiiiii; -latcs. int Kiiipiri'. was iiliiry ivf [iliilcis- itilc C'ailiulicisin I'.uidiii'. Spain, n ; liut tlic I'ou- ioiis of till- ^amti Aiiu'iica. Tlio iiily active ami I 111' lljr iii'iiiral ml tliii>r ^li'ipiiir laii i\i'i'ji (Iciuii. lie. lull. lliriiiii;li ajialt. 'I'lii' ;;cli- a rii-Iaili I'Mi'llt i- iiil'ii-;ii)ii-i iVoin : iii'iiclit arc rc- is. Tlii'ir |iii^li, I C'allmlic 111' llic llMlll iii-. CO- I )SSCssiilll cil' |1|(! Iio^f ti'iii|iiiral 1 ill tlii^ World, icrc arc in llio II lliis ilciioiiiU iiio-t salutary, niiii^ jiiiwcrs ;n' ■■ii'..r I'l. shy- yr' iiiiMin imi i :i- luiiliMii I'liuiiti h>r. sy-tclll ilH |n|_r,.,|. rc-lllllll>, 1 ciiiii|iicr all " It is .lilll- iiiy rclliiciiiciit l-C the M'llM'S iiiii;; religious ity, liiiwcvcf, liaiii^in, iiiaki- -urcs c|cri\alili' I .; liciii kiHiWIl, i liy this >ys- iirlilly luiiiili'iU lviiiitiij;c over INTROnUCTIOX. ('atli(ilici>, lint iioiwi'li- I! rleiil lor salvalion. relieves tli.' I'rotcsta lit from those j slamiin,:,' these defects, the Mcthoilist cliaracter, liy its iii.i- foriiiitv uiid rcspectaliility. its enterprise wilhout reckless- ness, its piety without laiiaticisiii. its wei;;ht withoiit olisii- iiacv. and its d lit hilarity without dcsceiidiiiLr t" vul^^ar dcliaiichery and levity, on the one liand. or puritanic as- Tticisiii on the other, is iiio>t likelv to he the national expiatoiv works which an; iacunihciit upon Catholics ; and | leave- his hand and his mind at lilicrty to secure those worldlv u'lvantajies which are to 1 Iilaincd liy men who j lieiid all iheir enerL'ies to the ta-k." The I'resliyterian eharacier i- no dmilit one of the licst for new coiiiitric-.. i i I The rcsiiliiie courage ^^hicll Usually accompany il. soon ! clianires I'ore-ts into lields. Some of the m i-t wonderful one in Canada : and to eventually hecomc in this eoiiiitry, what it is in the I'niled States, the noverniiii; 0.()()l). There are also about 2.J2.l)I.'i Germans. The most eneoura;.'ini; fact iironnht out by the last census is that .s.'i in every 100 of the pop- ulaliini are native-born Canadians, and probably ton more in every 100 were brouLiht to Canada so youii;; as to re- gard it as their native land. 11. — The political institution^ of evi'ry country follow, to a eertain extent, the pre\ailiTig religion. In this way, and in no other, can it be said that the Inluinii'uiJ^'nn'''"' !^tate derives any power from the Church, cuna.lian.l.aiiic- ] f ,i„. (Inni'li and State are unite(l. tur. politii's and reliniiui are more akin. These were separatecl, liowcvcr, in Ippcr Canada at an early day, and the political insiiluti(uis of Ontario are, in eonse- (pleni'e, inoi-e liberal, and approximate iiuu'i' to tlio.-e of the I'nitcd States than those of any other part of llie conn try. Nova Scotia and New lirunssvick are also advanced in this respect. 'I"he elTect of those insiitntiims is evi- denced every day in the case of the inimigranls who come to Camilla. They come from the monardiical countries of F.urope, ignorant, rude, and umnanin'rly, depiuiding on tlu'ir priests and mini^tel•s lor religions instruction, and on their landloids and the manufacturers for the means of a precarious livelihood ; they are servih', dependent, weak and irresulule. A few years' n-^e to the strengthen- ing inllneiice of Canadian institutions, and they become completely changed. On their lirst arrival, with hat in hand iind s\iiinnicriii:.' spccidi, they ask lor leave to toil ns was thi'ir wont ; but having learned what it is to own n farn\ of their own, subject to the will and ea|iriee of no one; having liarned lln'ir importai lis nieinliei'sof ii fl'eu community, they hold a high head, and call nn man master. Where there was nothing but humility and servility, we Iind a legitimate pride, and a simple, inaidy inile|)enilence. Where there was almost childish helpless- ness, wo Iind a vigorous, self-reliant spirit, and the mind that formerly bent the knee to the meretricious advantages of rank, sees nothing worthy of its i-es[)eci but the maji"i' s..il .'inSiirii'S, iho hniiiaii wliilo iialiii'i', II wild pldfll- II of ciiliiva- i-liiH of ihi- li'c. ( )|| till' riy I he Miinc 'iii'ialc lliox' lalitiidiw, and lioilv. INTRODUCTION. 29 Pnpiilatirin. l.'V — Tlio population of the Dominion is alioiit four spoken of in hiiili praise and affcctionato rcirard. whilst in millions. \\'e have seen of what this popiilatimi is i oik of iier Universities at C'aleiitta we meet I'rof. Stevcii- eoniposed. what races niiiki' il up. and llie i| sou of Canada. " If fortune should lake iis as far as I'ekin." said Ileiiiy .1. .Moiiran in ISCili. •• we will see an ' Upper Canada cojleiie hoy ' who I'arried olV the |irizefor the host Knulish poem at Oxford, Owen .Mexaiider Vidal, son of the late Admiral \'idal of Sarnia. appointed liy Lord ralmerstoii. a few years .since, the attache to the Miiihiissv to I'ekiii. At Florence. Chexalic'r Falardeau. a Canailian artist, will meet us hru.-h in hand. At '.iili- rallar w in claim a chief-justice. Sir flames C'ockraiie, liorii at Halifax. The recolleetioii of the loftv ami elTects which instituticnis, soil and climate have on its character. It only remains to he said, that this popiil.ition occiipj* a territory as larije as ' all Europe, with iiiexhaustihli^ resources; that it carries on a trade, in proportion to its inimhers, larLter than Enuland or the United .Stales, and that it is the fourth maritime power in tin; world. However, sinci' we have claimecl so much for the Canadian peoph;, we w ill pause here to ■.dve a few i^hiiicfs at the di>tiiit;iiislied record which they have won in history. In truth r>riii>li I moviiii; c loipieiice of Dii l'les>is, in the Urench pulpit. American-' have irreat reason to he proud of the men they ^ have sent forth into the world, as well as of those who i have disliiiL'iii-hed theiii-ilve> at lionn-. .\iiil il is not who was liorn at (^iiehec in 1 ()',•.'), is still fresh in the relijiiciiis circles of Paris ; anil in the prayers of the .Milu' lie lieanjeii. a Canadian, the unfortunate Louis X\T. straiiL'e that haviiiL'.uMiued -o much disiinction for C.inada. | fiinnd that relijiiims and spiritual coiiMilation which he so which its people have raised fi-oin h.irliarisiii to ci\ili/ati 'much i ded. Oranatt de St. Sanveiir. a Canadian. they shniild al-o have made an eiivialiie n- mI aliroad. | I ,„.,.iipic,l the hoimralile [loMiion of French cniiMil in The man who is not proud and jednns of the fame | IIiiiiL'ai'y. In .Mexico we ha\e at the present time ( Isi'ili) and iireatness of his (listin;:uislieil eoiintrymeii is an jl nKire than lilt, vedhy no patriotic love, 1 1 positions in the imperial service. In I'Minhiii-Ldi. ,i few and is an ohjeet unlit to live. It was truthfully s.iid hy .Mr. .Mc(iee that Canada oujilit to hi' as jealous of the reputation of her i;re,it men as either Seotlaml. Scandinavia. Switzerland lU' .New ICn^land : and he nienliiiiied as a reason why the n.ame of Can,-ida stands for iidihini;, represents no definite idea, typilies no interest, .awakens years au;o. there died a prelate of the Church of Uoiiie, the I{ii;ht Hev. .lames Oillies, D.I)., Iii>hop of Liinyra, horn in Canada in ISOi', who w.is alu.'iys prniid to ackiiow le(li:e the Land of his Iririh. In Lmidon wc will liiid a peer (if ihe re.ilni. the Earl nf Eli;in and Kincar- dine, horn at .Montreal in ISl'l, the head of one nf the no associations in the Spanish. Italian. (Jermaii or I''reiich jj proudest and mo^t lionnraMe lion-es of the imhility nf thi> mind, is liecause hatieil to Canada has m.ide no etl'mt to '.] Uiiiled KiiiKilom ; a learned ipiei'ii's ci'Iium i, lliiii\ I'di", preserve frtun ohlivion the memories of men who have , .if .N'nva .Scotia, ai live medical practitinner and sciin- wrniijiht for the commnn need of the province, or of 'I lilie writer. Sir < ienri;,' Duncan ( iihli, .M.I)., and a \nuiii:, others who have acipiireil replllalinll for llietii'r. I i.C. I... all nf whniii lake either in the naval or military service, or in llie w.ilks of literature, science i r .irt. 1 I. — Indoniilahle eiierjfy and pcr-i'vcrance are eharae- ristics of the C.iiiiidian people, and hislory contains the reinfd of many deeds which disiiii;.;iiisli I'mi'luliii''''' ''"■'■' "■iii"'^' ^''•"' "I'leaiis was toitnili d hy llie Siiiir lie IJirin ille ; .Milwaukee hy Soloiiinii .Iiineau ; lnii hy .Michel .Meiiard : .1, 11. Farihaiilt founded the settlement in Miiiiie>oia which hears his name; (iahriel Fraiieliere was one of the I'ounders of Astoria, ami crossed the Kocky Moiiiilailis loiij; hefore I''re- mont or I'alliser; whilst Colonel Head, of .Nova Scotia, de- mon>lraled the pr.iciiealiiliiy at an overland rmiir to India, ( ill where \M' will llirnll^hnUl llie Uol 111, we will lind a lep- reseiilalivenf these provinces lioldinj; seme lllpnrialll pod- tion or pel'fol'Ulini; some useful pi'ofe-.^:oli or funelion. Towal'iU I he end n I' the I a^ I eriiliiry a h'teinh ( 'aliailian artist was III iiii'i -hint; ill Hn^'-i.i. In India we still hear the name pleasure in pnintinu to Canada as their nalive l.ind. The liniior rolls of Enuli-h iiniversilies t,.]| nf prizes and i|ej:rees carried nf hy Caiiadi.an- a^'aiu-l ihe VMald." l"i. — Tiirnim;' hack tnr a lunini'iit to the period of h'teiich supremacy, we lind that New I''iaiice yaM' hirth to two relnarkahle men. wlinsi' eareers de- lil-iliiunisli,.,! servi; more than iias-in;: iioiicr The lir-t. i'mI> I'lrinii I t^ ' ( aiiaillaiis, Lemoitle DTheI'ville, reputed In lie the iiio-t skilful iia\al ollieei in iheservi if h'lai , was horn at .Montreal in llliil. He was one of simh lirnthers, who all played important parts in the .ilfair^ of Canada, in the seveiileeiilh ceiiluiy. At all early aije he weni to sea as a inaiine Hn.ud in the im|ierial ser\icr, ,'iiii| n, a \nlnnli ii' in the inidniuht a I lack on .Sehriii'eiad\ , hi . hra- very iiiid skill were SI nsp'cuous thai he wa- iiniiiediaiely iifterwai'd- appointed :iii eii-ien. (iradiially ri-iii;; in his prolV--iou. \M' Ihid him. in I I'lMl',, ih minaiidiinl llie ix- peditinn which rei.Hifed l''nll N'el-oll flolil the ilriti-ll. of a proiiriii'iit journali-i. .1. I{, \\ ilhy, Esip, now no more. M ami with il the control of thi' Indian comiiu'i'ce on tin !i:i so INTRO' )r(TI()X. I Ni'Isiin River. lie iiivudcil NcwfdiiMdl.iiMl. nvfrniTiiiiiiir I I ihc \vli)li' isliiiiil. I:iUiiiLr Inrl-. Mini I'Vi ii alliirUiiiir Si. .Inlin's ] il>^i'll' ; aiiil siili-i'(|iiciillv Mi'liicvcil s!i in IIiiii--()n's I'.iy. wln'i-c lie Wiis I ■ iil'liTwiircls .-.liipuriTki'il. In 1 iI'.t.H |ii. \\:i> (•(iiiiiMi»iiiiii'il liv llic l'"ri'iicli ^iivcrimu'iit to i'\|iiiiro liii' irnmli- of liic ^ ' Mis>issip|ii. which h.ul nrvc r yrl hcoii ciiIitimI fi'Din llic ! scM. ami to crci't :\ Idi't mi il> liaiil\~. AViiii two lVi;;a!cs, : two siiiallfi- vosi'ls. a ''oiniiaiiy of iii.iriiirs iiiMJ alniiil two liiiTidrccl st'IliiTs. Ill' s.iilcil from Rochcforl. 'roiichiii^ at I Sr. l)oillim:o. lit' pa-^cil ovrr to I'cii-ai'ol;i. whidi ln' found ' oc'cii|)ifd liy Spaiiiinis. and reached Moiiaea I~!.iiid iie.ar Mnhih'in I'eliriiary, 1 (iO'.l. .Vccompanied li\ lii> lirotiier l)e iSieiivilie. wlio liad heeii .'i eonipaiiioii of l.ii S'lh'. and l'orty-eii,'lit men. lie enlei.il the .Mi^-is>ippi ini .iii- 2d of Mai'ch and a>eended il to Mime eonsideralile distaliee. Mrectiiii; a foit a^ a proof of l''reneh jnri-dielion, the command of which he entrusted to his liiothcM'. : D'lliefville sailed for I'"ivince, hnt reliiniiMl when the aii- I ihority of his coniitry on the river \.as endanui-red hy ; British ai.'jjressi(iii. In the followinu yi^ar he a;fain as- 1 ceiided tlm .Mississippi as f.ir as the conn try of the N.atcliez, ] I while his lirother explored western Louisiana, crossed the I lied Hiver and appro.iehed \e\< Mexico. Ahainloniiii; the settlements which iie had founded. tliriiii;.di the h.avm' I which diseas(! had made imol,;^ ihe people, hi' planted ' inie Oil the western hank cd' the Moliilc Kiver, if hein^ ' the lir>t Knropean -etilement in Alahania. IleaKocon- ! striicte ui'iiins and talent iiianifestet Consul named him iiisiieetor of fortilicatioiis and commandant of ';fiiieers in Holland. I'lider the di>tini;iii-lied oMicers Jn-t liaiiii'd. In' planned the wurks and au. ced to ;i!l the measnre- of altai'k ami defence w liicli | facilil.ilcd the dilVereiit ]ia~saL:fs of the lihiiie at I)ii>m1- : dorfand Vanclanu'eii, and Mcnicd tin' retreat oi the army. , (ieiieral DeLcrv was on the Daniilic. and ai'companied Miir.-hal .McDonald tlironj:h the dillii nil c," ;iaiL:n~ of the | (irison. and was ]ire>ent with the ci'and ai..iy at rim and | Aiisterlilz. lie conimaiided at the .s'ejies of llilierach and I'hillipslinr^f. <'ondiicted tin' blockades of Cassel and C.idi/,. and fortilied Mayetice. Kecalled from the penin- sula, he w.is entncited with the command of the engineers ill the creat Iviis^iaii campai'^n. and was one of the fi'W who cscajicd the fearful disasters which overtook the French armv on that meinor.'ihle occasion. I'"or his i.'reat" services he had 1 II created a I'laron id' the Lmpire in ISII. with a domain in We-tphalia. Shortly het'ore N'apol oil's dowiilall. \'iscoiint DcLery was intnisteil with the coiistrnetioii id' the works for the dd'eliee of Lvoiis. Louis Win. promoted him to the rank of lieiiteiianl-ueiieral. This eminent man attained the yrcat WiS'' sukI'i'iI the con- nection hetweeii fot'tilication and the art of war : he had the rare power of making cominand au'i'cealile ; he ki ddciih cut hliori hv his death. wliic)i occnrii'd on lioard i how to cM'ite ami dii I the zeal of I lis ollicer- i:a\i his llau-ship on the open '.a. The other iiidivnlii.'il to ' etVecl to their exertions, foresaw their wants and could whom we haxe refericd was Lienti'iiaiit-( ii'iieral \'iscoiiiil ' minister to them so as to add the hoiids of i;ralitnde to f the |ii-t I''rencli militarv ou\ih rs of hi^ tl f diilv. lie to(di a li\e|y interest in the welfare erv. one o Del time. Iioin at (^iiclicc in ITo I, he \vas the son of a i of those siil I''ri'iicli ollicer who had lieeii a pupil of the ;;reat N'aiiliaii, ' to so trreat all extent that he went out of the wmld lcaviii_f ii'dinale to him, and manifested his ircncrositv ami w 111), II ,i\in^' I pa-siiimite arms, naliirallv le for the profession of \ literall\ nothiiiL,' hehiiid him, except the record of ired to si'i'liis-on also follow it. When , spent and useful life, ulowlii^r with iiohle I'xainp ihich only eijilit yc;.rs of ay;e. yontis; DcLery coinmeiiceil hi: stiidie. in I'ar's, and at liflceii was adtnitteirinlo the Schoo ,( I ol rini.niii'< IS. In 177.'! lie n l\el iciiieiianc\- ami sei'veil III -cNcral naval espediiion^ ili Kevoltiliiiiiary war, iiinl siihsei|iietitly took | 1 his 1 iiinu ilie .\nieri holilil never he i-t on the coiinll'V lie scr\eil so well, or iitrt 111 the land of his liirili, which he loved so di'arly. In addition to these two, New l'"r,'iiice also produced iiiaiiy other ini'ii u ho aflei'uard^ i.'i'caily distiiiMiiished iheinsi'Kcs in the mil- tliii Imt- ll il'ti'V iiMcl- t (if tiif army. :icc()iiipaiiiiil laiiriis of till' ly at riiM ami i of liilicrai'li of ('a>scl ami Mil till' |iiiiiii- tlic ciiiiimii's (• of the feu overtook the I'"or Ills i:reaf l''.iii|>ire ill tly liefore ■- iiilrusiiMl ilL'feiice of le rank of aillril till' of the cu- ll tlie coM- II- : lie Iiail : 111' knew ■el's ; 'fl-iM' anil eoiiM ralitiiile to le welfare l^eliel'osily irlil leav inj of a well- |i|es wllic'll tl itl: II. ll so well, or In aiMitioii oilier nieli s in ilie inil- Keiiillilie. IN TKODrCiloX. 31 Admirals Hedniit iiml Martin, and Captains DeF/KcIielle || navi^rator of the ijlidie. ami eoniinanded an oxpeditioii in {'elniiiiin. in the toriner liram'li.am the I lelielltlL'llV - h of Sir .Foliii Kranklin : Sir Chanes D.-irliiitr. (iov- DeN'aiidi-eiiils, llerlels and Laeoiiies, in the hiiier. till no j ernor of N'ietoria. Australia, and the late Sir William Wit iim.iipoi taut place ill the historical annals of the Old I nictt, (iovernor of the ( Jold Coast, are aNo Kritish .Vmer- alirl New World. Ii;. — III the lJ;'itish sc.-vice there has not lieeii a liattle or cn"ai;cmciit of any coiiseipieiice for the last hnmlrt'il ' Years ill which siinie ISiiti-h .\merican I.i-iiiiu'uisli.a j , , t;ikeli part. We have Diiiin in the C:i!)a.li.'in». ... I| rampaiiiii in lt;ily in isii.'i. in the expedi- I: tiiin to I'",;.'Vpt in ISOli, in the whole I'l/iiinsiilar campaii!!! i[ ill islu-l 1. ;iiid ill the ,\mei'ii-an war of l.Sll'. We have '' I'lrckw'lii at the Neville, at the Nile, and at Waterloo. jl \V(; have.'vlmiral ^\■alt, the he|-o of a hiliidi'i'd li-lits ; we I I have (; 'ire >\'estphal at Tralal^xar, wounded in that iminoralile liu'ht, his !d I niini:led will' 'I- immortal Nel- snii. in the cockpit of the I'irfon/. Wt; have Wilshire in the West Indies, at N'imiera. at Coriiiina, at Walcheraii. at Salamanca, at \'icloria, at St. Sehastian. at the Nive. in Ivilfraria, in tlii' I'Last Indies, and in AlT;rliaiiist.iii. We lia\e l'',iiL:'land at Fliishin;.'. in Sicily, .'iiid as iinamler of the third divisional .Mini and Inkermaii. We have DeSalaherry as the hero of Chateaii::iiay. we have Wallis as the c.'iptor of the ('litKdjwiiLi'. 'I'lie history of the nolil.' i|efi-i ma'.e hy Williams at Kai-s, and the hi'roic I'ortitiidc and sli'eii'.'i li willi which he hore lip under the tryiiiL'and almost iverw helmiin;- dilHeiil- ties which hcset him ; as well as that which recu'iU ,,ie j^reut Iiij.dis"s j.'lorious ai'liieveineiit at laickiiow. >vill live as lom; as the laiiu'lia;;!' in which it is w ritteii. in the N'ictoria cross ;;allery the portraits of t wo ( 'anadians — Dunn and Ue.'nl — will he shown as evidence of oaiiiitl -ss hrav cry and manly devotion. l,ieiil.-('ol. \. \{. I )uiiii, a native of Toi-iuito, liiiik pill in the celelir.iled cliarL;e of the Six Hundred .It llalakl.iva, and w.is ohe of tlio-e who "Sinriii ■ I ll Willi .sli.il aii.l slnU, WIlill'iM.r.si' IIIkI iM'li'f.'ll, 'I'Ik'V lll.'ll lllhl l'<>Ul.'lll SM w.ll I'liiiii' llini' llii' ja«s i.f ilriiili lliK'k from I III' nioiuli nl' ImII." Ill India and the Crimea the toiiihs of ;i niimhci' of Cami- diatis who saci'illceil ihi'ir lives for IJiuland's i,dory s|ieak eloiiucntly for Canadian liruvery. In tin' Crimea, I'aiker, of Nova Scotia, fell in (he midst of the li^rlit, and Welsford. of leans. If we turn to the Fine Arts, we have the late (iilhert Stewart Ni'Wioii. I{. A., the I'amoiis paiiitei : the friend of Leslie and of Washiiij.'ton Irvini; ; whose works the latter said had •• a coloiin^' alninst unrivalled, and :i liveliness of fancy and a ipiickiir>s of conception, and a fariliiv and iirar'c of execution, that spread a niaj^iccharm i over them." The same iiidomitahle spirit of eiieriry ami pei-sevei'.ince w liii'li has char.ii'teri/i'(l all oiir ciuiniryineii is traced in the lil'e of the Chevaiier l'"alai(le;iii. ( )rii,riii. alh a poor Imv in (^iiehec, without iiieans and vevv little edue.itioii, he conceived a ;;reat p.'ission for painting; ; and at the Iriiniiiation of his day's l.alior he wmiM desoie him- ; j self constantly and assiduously to the eiiliivatioii of thcjl art. and smui evincidd cided marks of aliilily. Ilischer- !; i~lied desire u.'is to ^ii'oeeed to hairope. to study In the |; ureal sehools on lliC Conliiieiil. His poverty f(U' a lout;' time prevented the coii-nminaliou of his desi^;!! : hnl at 1 leli:;tli. tlirou:.;li hard serapin:.' and with the assisunce of i some frii'lids W ho perceived his i.0'owin'.; talents, he succeed- I ed in LTi itimi toiTether sullicieiit to |iay his passiic^e across ii the .\tlaiitic. lie took lip his I'l'sjilei in Italy, and hy 1; dint of severe study and practice, in coiir-e of lime attained i a hiirli position in his prol'cs^ion. and has since hail con- | ferreilupiiii him. hy ihetiraiid Diik.' of Tu-caiiy. the title j I which he hore. In addition to these. We posse-s live othi'r ! painters, of coiisiileralili' ahility, in Kane, Hoiirassa, I'laiii- omlon, I l.im. 1 and Levari'. In science we arc i's| iaily pi'oiid of our I,o;,'aii. Daw- son, (ieiiscr, Iiillinu:-; and liell, who iipy a place with the lii-st men of the day, and who have reiidii'ed import- tant services, which c.iii ic ver adeipiately he rep.aid hy their fellow'-coiinlryiui 11 of liriiish .\nii lici. In Litera- ture Canada has pi'odii 1 a (irasset ile Saint Sanvelir, II 'riioin.i . V '.lamll. ■■ lialihiiiton, a John l''o.-ter. Kirk, ii .loliii Uichardson, a ••Coiisiu .May Carh'ton," a rierrc Chaiiveaii, t liarhs .San;:sier. the popular Canadian jHiel, 11 Francois > i irni'au. a Ivo-aiina Leprohon, an < )ctave Creiiiazie, an. I a Louisa Murray. \\'e have poets ic Slime 11 ro\inci', hatlied the r.impart of the Kcdiii with lis devoted hlood. In the more |ii.'ai'('fui pili'siiits of life, \ Ill claim |)oiiald McKay, tin! einineiit shiplmilder and ■nior, and Sir Sainiiel Ciiiiar 1, w ho iiiiyhl properly lie d the father of Kteitni navii:alioli on the Atlanlic in Howe, !■' Irechette, V'adelioncieur, Leiiiav, (iray, ItccMs, \ / 'i;;, Kat/mann and .lei. Ihlts ; novelis's in lionrassa. l)el!oui'lier\ille, and L.'ijoie ; histin'iaiis in Christie, l''iiilaiid. M'lrdoch and liih.iud. and ii loiiLf list of iiiiscellai s wiilei's. such as IJoyal. Sewell, 'rachi', Cil.sjrrain, Scaddini:. I>e(iasp.', Lemoinr. Hmliiins. M.ir shall. Dessaulles, Harrison. Deliellrf iiille, I'erlev. ( irilliii. -:_J l{car-.\dminil Sir Edward Belcher, whom Capta'n Mar- Hart, Kaymond, Sonlard .and many others, Tln-e, with ryati declared to bo tiie "first siirveyinj; oliiccr in the li Neilson, Howe, .Morlii. Vonni;. Parent, .Me I),iU'.:all, Can- wni'ld," and who him distiiiguisli.id himself im ii cireiini- || clioii. Tope ami McCully, as joiirnalists. present ii j^jala.vy ''\ IN ri!(!i)i"(ii<)\. ol' ii.itivc t;iloiit siillicieiit to spuiik for itsdf. Can;iil;i l):is Ih'cm I'drtiiiiiili' ill llir ^.'ciii'r.il i-!;i.~s of [piililir men (ualivf Mini iitlu-i'.-) will) from liiiii'io time iiiiiilcil tlic dr^tiiiit's of our iiWAl I'oiiiilrv. M.iiiv of tlicm have cviiiifil tin; ti'fl Statis tliiiii those of any oilur llrilisli Aincricrm prov- iiK'f. IIowi'MMMJic I,c:;;is]atur(M'arly took mcaii> torvcjiidi till' American M'liodlmas'.^r. A wrili'r wlio vi^itci) lviiij.'stoii ' ill IT'.l'i savs : ■• In tlii.- ters. superior to llie rest in |ioiiit of leji-nintj, Iiideecl there are several of tliiiii who. if llieir lot had taii;.dit Latin, lint h(^ has left wilhoiit heiiii: ^ni-ceedid hy heen cast ill the I'Ji^li^li arena, wonld do credit to thi- another iii-.triic|or in the same laii;;iiai;c. In IT'.lo the ^ House of Commons. In piililic spirit and ciiteriirise, and jrovcriinieiit t.'iok some initiative steps in an educational di- iii heiiiiT ecpial to :;"rapple u illi liillii ail lies in limes of j^reat rection, ;.'rouini.' out of a cor res pot nlei ice lietwceii (lover- ; eiiier:;i'iicv, there are oiie or two of 4)iir statesmen who nor Siiiicoc and iiishop Moiinlaiii of (^liiehec. The mutter I could stand in the same place with the leading men in the was referred to the I,ei;i^l..iiiire, which in I7'.i7 iiiemoriMl- j iuljoiiiing Uepiililic or in Ivirope. j i/ed Kinir ( Jeorge JII.. -idiciiing a ^rant of l.ind for the j We have had in many of our politii'ians a race of endowment of a i;iaiiiiiiar scliocd in each di>trict, and a ; ''j;iaiits." If we recall th" names of tin' Sewells, I)eI.,ot- university for the whole province. To this reipie^f tlii' | liiiiiere^. Siiiarl-. I'apiiicaiis. NcImhis, Uolpinsons, Youngs, king gave his consent, ami, in 17118. the chii'f civil ait/.clis, rniaclics. Siillivaiis, Vallieis. I'lalilwins, of I'p|'''i' ('"lada reci.inmendccl thai .')()().000 acres of land j Dovles, Lafoiitaines, .VrcliilialiN. Il'ncks, Moiins. und he set apart for the f-tahlislimeiil of a grammar school in i John-oiis of the pist. what a gr.aiid and powerful clas> of each district and a Central Uliiver-ily for the whole prov- I irieli do we not liriiig Iicfore us y Of the present we can ince. They also recoinmended a grant for a jilain hut 1 name a ^IcDonald. a lilakeand a Tup|ier. atiail. a Mc- xdid and snh.--taiitial liiiilcling for a grammar school in j Keiizie and maiiv more whi<'h liavi' contiiliuted to our!; each district containing a school-room capahle of holding! country's greatness ;iiid splendor — these are the men who |(l(( hoys, withoni danger to their health from too many ' liavc' helped to haild lip what in fnliire yi ars will he a heing crowdeil logeiher, and aNo a set of apartments for I great monarchiul nation, vicing in power and rcpiire with the imi'-ter. large enough for his faniilv and from ten to the va^t and growing rcpiililic across eiir hoii|er>. twenty hoanlers." The salaries propo-.ed to he i.riveii were : 17 — Having dwelt at coii-lderalile li'iigih upon the char- I'lOll I'nr the head ina-ler. .l'"iU flaiit ina^li'r. ' iicti'i' of the inhahilaiils of the Dominion, we may now turn and t'^'iH for repairs, eli-. Kin^'ston and Niagara were rec- to ohserve senile of their accolnplishmellt^. oiiimeiided as eligilili' sites for schools : .after which, when ' iiai''h»'i'.'f'i'iiiiar:.'! achieved I'or ihi-ir own country. .\iid llr-t the funds were siilli.'ient, schools were to he esialili-lie(l at 1 of all, let us loidv at the eiliicaiional -yslein Cornwall and Sandwicli. Toronto was n iiiinemled as ailii -chola-iic advantages id' the provinces. W'f uijl lie laitillcd to the university, and for the e.-.tahli>linieiil and gill wilh Ontario. Here eiliication was liist cnccniraged suppiu'l of which a sum id' at least eipial to that ui'aiii<'d liy private enterprise. In pioneer days nearly every gar- to the four schools was iiameil. The cclehraled Uev. Dr. I'ison cdtlier hy its chaplain or military schoolmaster aNo Chaliners was asked to taki^ charge of the .schools, hut coiilriliiiled towards till' giaieral fund of knowledge'. Dr. deidiiiing. the place was olVered to the Ivighl |{ev. Dr. Ilod^ins. a relialili' aiiihorily. informs lis tli.it the i'w-\ Sirachan. Itisliop of Toronto, then a schoolmasti'i- at Kittle, sclioid opened in ( )iitario was hy the ijev. Dr. .loliii Siii.iit, .Scotland, who occupied it. liiit on his arrival at KiiiL'ston. a I'loli staiil Episcopal cleigyman anil a riiiled Kinpire in 17',l'.i.he found that ( iovernor Simcoi' had gone to I-aii;- Loya'i-l.who had heen chaplain lo I he prov iiici.al voliinieei'? laml. and that the project of the colli'ge had lieeli in lln coining with I hem as a refugee. In 17S."i. this gentleman mcanliine ahaiidoiied. In the same year an orphan sidiool opeiied a s<'lei'l classical school al Cataraipii- Kingston, had heen opened near .St. Catlierines. It Was now dis- Soon aflcr .Mr. Doiiov in taught a garrison s. : -d there ; coverecl that as land sidd for a shilliiii; a hut V lall not occupy our space with any list of lirst chool leacl 11 acre, the grant which had heen reconimended would do hut litlle towards hi clo. Most of the few rural ' emlovviii'' ''ran Hilar scliooi and the whole project schools ill the country in lliose e.arly d.iys were laiighl either ' ahandoned. and w lial little ediicalional cdVort was put forth hy disci largi'd Hddii'ivs or iliiicraiit teachers from the l' idled was due lo orivale enleri Mr. Sir iclian oiieneil Stales. Il is said thai the l.iller iisccl their own sclio(d hooks, i! il private scdiool in Cornwall in IHOI. which w.as the only si'liool of note in Cpper Canaila h.-r many years, therehv liiicliiriiiif llnar inii Ills Willi ilieir own political views, '["his m.'iy account for the fail ili.il the iiiiiiiicipal in- and in this, as also Mr, Straclian's school at Toronto, Hti tut ions ofOnUirioin'e iiiiii'e nearly like those of the I'lii- || were eiliiciitod iiiiiiiy of those geiitieiiieii who siilise(|ueiilly •ft •I I ■1 ,t-{ . iiccnpii 1 promot ■;; 1 of lir.s ■■i 1 withou 1 clemeii ' i ''or se\ 1 comiiio , then th liiit hi Ihid th milieu S2 t.oor 1' 1.S20 1 1 II VtniTic;iii |ir(iv- C'MIIS til I'XC'hllll' i~itril Kili;:^lnii lie si'liiKiIs. Iiiit , It iii>tnn'tiMl in I nioiitli. ()\H} it of !'';iriiiiiij. ! .' "iii'i'i'iilcd l)v In 17;i.") tlic 0(llU'atii>li;il di- et wci'ti Oovcr- I •• 'I'ln' riiultor I 7117 iiii'iii(iri:il- f land loi- tlic district, and ;i ' is r('i|iii'>.t till' I I'f civil iiliicci's acfc-i of land iinai' scliiiol ill lie wliiilc jiniv- "V a jilaiii liiit mar sclinoi in Ml' (if llnldillij iiMi loo many |iartiiii'iils for 1 fl-llln (rll til ' ic Llixiii were : i>tant master. i:ara uere vvc- V wllii'll. u lien -lalili-iinl at ! ininieinled as ' i>lniii'iil and llial ::ranted lid Uv\. Dr. seliools, Iml ulil l{ev. Dr. terat Kittle, at KiiiLrston, i.'one to I'ai;.'- 1 111 ell in the r|iliaii scliool ivas now dis- re. llie uraiit illle towards project was iVas put forth liail opened wliicli was iiiaiiv yeiii'M, at 'ronmlo, s.il)sei|iiciilly i I i i in'hioduction. 33 occupied important posiiioiis in tjie pruvincc. The i ailv promoters of education in Ontario cominitted the mistake of first estalilishiiii,' i^raniniar schools and a university ; without making 11113- provision whatever for piihlic and elementary schools. This error was dillicult to overcome 'or several years af'er. .\t leiii;tli. iiow ver. in 181(). commoii schools were esfalili^hed in Ontario, liut even llieii the attempt was made only as a douht'ul experiment, liut ill tlie face of whatever doiilits may liave existed, we liiid tliat the j^overnment was in real earnest, and deter- mined to L'ive tlie sclieiiie a fair trial, as it granteil §•_> 1.00(1 for its support. Uiifortimately, however, in l*^-.>() the trrant was reduced to SIO.OOO. In 1.S2l'-;! Sir Peregrine M.iitlaiid, the lieutenanl-iiovernop. siiliinitti'd to the imperial government a plan for organizing a gen- eral system of education for the province, ineliiiiiiig ele- nielitary .seliools. One year later lie received permission to estahlisli a Hoard of Ediicatinn for the supervision of this system and for the management of t!:e I'niveisity and school lands throii^iliout the ])rovince. Consideralile effectixe work was accomplished by this lioard. In 1821 we tiiid tlie government encouraging eilucation liy provid- iii;; reading hooks for the common and Suiidav schools, as jiromoiiiig moral and religion-; instruction. .Miout the same time an eH'orl wa- made to extend the advantages of ed- iieaiion to the Indians, to establish a rnivi'r--ily for the piMxinc'' and an academy for the We~leyaiis. 'i'li" latter, under the name of the •• Upper Canada Academy." was pi-ojicted in 18,'iO. and foiiiided at C'liliurg two vears after. It was opened in IcS.'i.'), and a royal charter olitained for it in the same year by Uev. Dr. Ryerson. In IMl this academy liecame the University of \'ictoria Cidlegi'. In 1.'sL'7 the Legislature took more active steps to pinniole ed- ucation, and grants were made to sustain both the giaiii- iiiar and comnion schools. In lS,'i2 the prii\incial Hoard of I'Mucaliiiii was abolislii'd, and ilie iiianagenii-nt of the schools transferred to the crown and the Legislatiin' joint- ly. About this period, iiowever, the schools of Upper ("aiiada did not bear a very eii\iable repiilalion. Dr. Thos, Kalpli. who travelled in the province in IM,'j-2-.'i, thus describes llicm : " It is really melancholy to traverse the province and go into many of the cominon schools. You lind a herd of children instructed liy some .■inti-Hrit- isll adventnier. instilling into the yoiiiii:. lender mind seii- limeiiis hostile to the p.'i'-'iit state." In is.iila female academy was estalilished by Mrs. Croiiib and her si. ler, Mrs. I'.radshaw. Afterwards h'ev. I). McMiillaii aihU'd II male department to it. In IS.Kl considerable elVort was made to improve the coininon schools, but dining the relii'llion » hiuh deviislaled the iirovince soon al'ler, Inn liiile attention was given to the subject of edii- catiiiii. However, in l«;t',l, the sky brightened, and ■JoO.OOO acres of land were set apart as a permanent en- dowment of the grammar schools, and the government were authorized to appoint live trustees to manage each of them. The sum of S'SOO was granted as a bonus to those counties which .should apply a like sum to erect a grammar school building and ]ierinaneiitly insure it. " In IS 10-1," writes Dr. Ilodgins, " Victoria College and Queen's {"(diege were incorporated as universities, r.iid Congrega- tional and United Presliyterian Theological colleges were established. In 1811-2 the Friends ((Jiiakei-s). at the instance of John Joseph (iiirney. of I'".iiglaiid ! (who contributed £.jOO -sterling to it), establislud .'i Semi ' nary at liinumfield, near I'icton ; and a Church of I^ng- , l.ind Theological College was established at Coboiiri.'. I Two years later, Knox ('oUege, Toronto, went iiitoii|M'ra- j tion. In 18|i;, Hegiopolis (,'ollege (Kingston) was es- I tablished ; and in l8bS, St. Joseph's Collegu (Ottawa). In 1810 the union of the two provinces took place ; and i in isll. the first parliameiit of United Canada p.issid an ! act dellnitely establishing a .system of educalion for the whole I'ro\iiice of Canada, and fix. ug the annual uniiit I for its support at tin' iiiiiniliceiit sum of SL'tHI.OUU. This ' act first enibodied the principle of separate schools. Jii ISj;! the act was, however, re|ie.'iled. so far as I'pper Canada was concerned, and another act applicable to i Upper Canada (still recognizing the principle of separate sell lols) was substituted in its place. In 1812 the loni: projected University for Upper Canada was established at Toronto under the name of King's College, and liishop Strai'han was .appointed its liist rresideiit. In 18 I I Rev. Dr. Kyerson, having made, un extensive tour in i'",uro|)e and ill the Uniled .States, bubinitted the result of his iiiipliries in an elaborate ' Report on a system of I'liblie Ulenieiitary I'",ilucatiLin ' and accompanied it with a draft of a bill which became law in 18 1(!. In 1.^17 a system adapted to cities and towns was established. In the same vear the I'roviiicial Normal Sidiool was opened at To- ronto. For It few years the school law i.nderweiit a good deal of unfriendly local criticiiiiii, which, in 1811), ciiluiina- ted ill the hasty passage of a bill by the Legislature en- tirely repealing all former acts. This led to an education- al crisis; and in I80O the wdiole system of popular cdu- tion nnderweiit ii thorough revision. A comprehensive dialt of a bill on the subjiu^t was submitted to the Baldwin Lro\ernnieiit by the chief superintendent and approved, This bill was concurred in by the Legislature. :..iil b inie law in .luiie of that year. It still forins the basis of the present comiMon school system of Ontario. The chair of Divinity having, in 18111, been abolished, and other ehiinges made in King's C'ollegi — the nainit of which was changed to that of the University of 'i'uidiito — which were unacci'ptable to liishop .Strach n and other ineinbers lilil I HI' ?A INTIJODIXTION. of tlu; Churcli of KnjfLuul, the veiu-rahlo proliitc (!ilthi)nt;li ill liis 72(1 year) viitoronsly set alioiit tlic cstablisliinciit ol' an fxcliisivo Cliiiivli of Kiii;laiiii University. In this he was einiiuMilly successful ; ami liaviii;; in l.S.')0 secured an act of iiicnriionitioii for it from the C'anadiiin Lej;isla- tiire, he olitained in l.S")l a Ivoyal Charter fi.-in the {JuciMi for the University of Trinity ('ollejie, at Toronto. This inslitiition was formally opeiu'd in IH.ri, and the Diocesan Tlieolo^ical school at Colxiuru; inerj,'e(i in it. In the same year (1H.V2) St. Micuael'.s colleitc' was eslah- lislied at Toronto, by some cleiixyinaii of the order of St. liasil, under the j)atrona;;o of the lvi;;ht Keveieiid Doctor do Ch.irlmiiell, second Uoman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese. In IS.),'), some vahialile improvements were made in tli(^ details of the common-school system. After h.aving been di>cii>.-ed at various county school conventions (which were held by the Chief Sii|ierint(iident of Education), these iniproveineiits were embodied in a supplementary school bill, and in that form receiveil ibr sanction of the Lejiislature." The j^raniniar (^now lii!.di) schools were much iiu]iidved in IS,").'!, and in 1S.")7 the Methodist Kpisi'op.il Chiireh established the Helbvilli^ .Seminary, since called Albert University, and in the same year the liaplisls estalilished the Literary Inslitille at Woodstock. The school for tbi^ deaf and dumb was not in motion in ]S.')S, and was snbseipii ully merged into the pre>ent line inslitiition at I'xl.eviile. In ISIil the Wi'sleyan Female, Colh'He was estabi'sli; d at Hamilton; in ISIi.") Ibllmutli Collcii; ''or boys, and, in ISCiK, a collej;i? fi>hop Slrai'b:in) .school lias been eslablislied at Toronto. There are .also | a larye number of superior privali' schools, eliielly for ! yirl>, in vaiioiis p;irts of the province. In I S(1(J several im|irovements were made in the public-school act. In ISO,") the nrainmar-school act was furtlier revised and improved; and, in lS71,;i still more important revision and improvement of the yrainmar and commoii schools laws were made. i'lie designation of these schools w.as in the Act of 1S71 changed lo •• High " and " I'nblic " •schools. Ontario now has one of the (inest and most complete school systems in America, and in many respects the most complete and eil'ectivc in the Dominion. lioth in the elementary and biy;her braiu'hes of education there is constantly manifesti'd a spirit of pro;,'ress and improve- ment iti full harmony with the spirit of tlu; iij,'e. IS. — In the rural districts of the I'rovince of (Quebec education has made less progress than in fii. iiiiiia ut iiii- liny other part of the Dominion, yet within boo, thu piist lew years this condition litis lie(>ii coiisidendily improved. Rev. Fatlier De.Ienne, of wdioin we speak jiarticiilarly further on, was the (irst to i)ei;in the work of ediicatioi; in this province. In l().'f2, he commenced with two pupils — a nej;ro and an Indian boy. This first missionary work soini s|iread itself over a wide ran!,'e of territory, but was devoted chietly on behalf of the Indiiins. who wert; at that time about thy Old V inhabitants of the province outside of (Quebec. In 1 (1 17, the Theulojfical Seminary of St. .Sulpice «as established in Montreal; and, in 100.'?, Mirr. Laval, the hist Ivoin.in Catholic IJishop of Quebec, set on foot the '(iiand Seiiiiiiairi! de C^uebec," (lesij^ned for the edn<-ation of candidates for the priestliood. In Kii'iS, at tlie sui:j,'estioii of the ceh'brated Colbert, Iiishop Laval founded the '• Petit Si'iniuarie," which was chielly desi;;ned to " fraii- cizise " the Huron lails. Tlu' project biiled, so far as tlu; Indians were concerned ; but, in 1 (iSS, the number of French bovs at the seminary had inci eased to si My. The bishop also eslablislied an industrial school near (Quebec for the lidliitiiiifs. From it they were drafted either to the (Jrand or .Minor Semiii.iiy. The only eli'ineiitary scluiols which existed at this time were tliosi; I'oiinded liy .Sister Hoursieois, of the Coii;.'r(;;ation of Notre Dame, and by the Uecollet . The Jesuit ('ollei.'<' and several primary schools Were also maintained. In 172S, the .lestiits pro- jecteil a collei;e at Montreal; and the l''rcies Ch.irroii. of the saim; city, proposeil to establish idementary schools in the various parishes, as in France. In I 7.'i7, the Christian lirothers banded thenisehes to^'etller as teachers of these church schools, and adopted a distinctive <,''irb as such. Tliinus remained in nearly the same state until after tlie coiii|Uest — 17.V,I. In 177.'!, the .Sulpiciaiis established tin; •• I'etit .Si'ininaire," or " Colh'ire di; .Montreal." In the followinj; year tin; Jesuit order was suppressed in Canada (as they had, iii 1702, been sii|)pressed in France), and their revenues wen; afterwards diverte(l to educational purposes. The Jesuit estates were taken possession of by the Covernmeiit in ISdO; and, in IS.'JL they were devoted to educ;itioii. In 17S7, the Lei;islatiire lirst for- mally turned its attention to educ;itioii, and a committee of the Legislative Council was appoiiiled " to iii(|iiire into the best means of jiromoting education." Two years afterwards the Committee reported, recommcndiiii,' that an elementary school be eslidilislied in each parish, a model school in each county, and a jirovincial colleire at (iuebee, and that they bo endowed out of thu Jesuit es- tates. The schools, tJcc., were to be open to Protestants and lioinan Catholics alike, and wert' to be under the management of ii tiiiited Hoard id' both — each Church to provide for ridigimis instruction, and the visitation of the college to be in the Crown, The Itishoji (Hubert) of Quebec, and Peru Do (Jhipioii, llic e.\-Siiperior of the Jl — l)\ during I stale (^ilebil an faiil ediieatl tioii ii| ! Trois otliir iiiiniliep ; the nil can n : lllelll il Canad; prodlle would 1' in re;^:i j: I" 1 forfeile I and in (u'easji ; III. h: tiler Df.Iriiiic, oi), w;i.s the this |ir(iviiici\ — :i l]t;;n> .lUil ik Sddii s|ii(:i(l (IcVDtcil t K'oiii.iii I lllc •(Jl'Mllll 1' CllllCMlidll of the .-iii;i;(>tii)ri 1 I'diiimIimI tin; ^iidl to '• I'lllll- (I, M> fill' a.s iht; he iiiiiiilu'f of I ti) .--ixly. The )1 IR'MI' (^uclicc I'd I'iihcr ti) till) ll'lltMI'V scli'jols lllllril liy SisflT Diiiiic. mid liy ■vrral priiiian- u .(('suits pro- CS ('llMll'cill, of t.'iry schools ill . till' C'liristiiiu iclu'l's of lllCSIl rai'l) as siii'h. mil afli'i' tlic I'stalplishi'd real." In tin' d ill Canada France), and ciliicalioiial |iossi'ssion of il, llicy Were lire first, for- a coiiiinillcc iiii|iiii't' iiilii Two ycais H iiiliiii; that Il parish, a lal coilri^c at ■ .Ii'siiit es- I'rolcslaiits ic iiiidcr the ach Church 111' visilalion lop (Iluhort) Su|)oi'ior of iXTi{()Dr'r'i'i()N. '.\i tlio Jesuits, objected to the pl.iii and tlio project failed. — /Jr. Hii.:iieliec. thus wrote concerniiii,' the state of education at that time: •• This Seininary of (^iiehec * * * fdrnis the only resource fdr Canadi- an lainilies whii wish to {;ivo their children any ilegree of ediiratioli * * * I'pon the whole, the work of educa- tidii in Ldwer Caiiaila is trreatly neglected. \\ Sdi'el and Trdi> Iviviires are a few schiidls kept liy nuns ; ;ind ill other places iiieii and Wdiiieii instruct children ; hut the niinilier of schools is, (ipon the whole, so very small, and the niode of iiisir'icti m so di'feetive. that a Canadian who can read is a hit of a plieiionieiioli. The Knulish ( loveiii- iiniil i^ cliari;ed «illi de>ii;iiedly kiepiiij^ the | pie of Canada in ii.'iiorani'e ; lint if il were sini'erely desirous of prodiiciiij; an a''\anlanioiis change in this n spect, it one school in each Uoniaii Catliolic parish for every liiiii- died families. In 1H21» an act was passed sulislilutiiijx trustees for the Faliriipies, wliieli may l»o regarded as the tirst general elementary school act of Lower Canada, and the germ of the present system. It was amended soon after so as to admit of tin; election of ministers, ecpially with laymen, as trustees, for half yearly examination. An appropriatidii w:is also made in IS-'tl for a deaf and duinh iiistitiitidii. In the same year girls' schools were ]irovided for and juizes instituted. In iM.'Jti, a report to the Legis- lature revealeil the iiicompi'teiicy of teachers, and a normal school was authorized for live years in Montreal and Quehec, and certain convents were aiithori/ed to tiain young ladies for teachers for a like p(;riod. "The school act of l.So'i. as timiii'led, having expired, tin; As^emlily ji.'issed a iiion; coniprehensivi' liill, which was rejected l>y would have as great olistacles tosnrnidiint on this head as | the Legi-lativu Council. This hill I'oiitained two iinpor- in regard id agriciihural imprciv eiiieiils." Ill IT'.l'i I he Legi-laliire i.iade an eirort to have the fdl'leilcd .loiiit estates devoted to educational purposes, and in I>*n0 the malter was still furiiier pressnl. mi which dci'M^idii the governor replied, that '• llis Maje>ly (leorge III. has heeii j;racionsly jilea^id to give directions (as he had done four years previously in I'pper Canada) for the e>lali|i-llili^' df a conipeleiit liumher df free sehdiils. for the in-iruciidii nf children in the rudiments of ii-eful learning, and in the lOngli-h tongue ; and. also, as occasion may reipiire. for foiiinlalioiis of a more comprehensive nature; and his majesty has lieeii fiirlher pleased to signify his royal intention tliat a suitahle proportion of the laiid> of the crown should he set apart and the revenue thereof applied to such purposes." I'lirsiiaiit to these niches of the kiiig.a hill was passed eslalili-hing a " I{o\al In^liliilinii for the advaiicemeiit of learning.' All schools and ediiralioiial iiisiiiiiiions were coniinitted to the care of this one ; iiiil owing to the fact that no grant of land was made, and to nii>inaiiagemeiit, the project was a failure. This aci uas allerwards from time to time altered and aiiiiiidi'd. hut iie\er accoinpli.-,|ied much for general educa- lioii. and tiiially heca, e the special guardian of Mc(;ill Cnll.i;e. .Moiitieal. wlii'li Was fouiided hy the will of ihe lldii. I'eier .Mctiill in I M | | . hut owing to a lee-al dit"- liciilly uilli the will the royal chai'ter was not granted until IH-Jl. Ill IS-.' I a general report on educational matters taut I'eatures : 1st. Aiilhorily to estahli-h model schools; and 2il. perniis-.ion to raise a school rale with the consent of the inhaliilants. The olijections urged against tin; hill were : 1st, That while the agL'regale ex|iendiliire fol education diiriiiL'" the pn ceiljn^r - en years only rinioiint- ed to Sl'Oll.lMtO, yet this hill, liy its unusually large ajipro- prialion (SH'pO.OIIO per annum l. would havi; tin; etVect of superseding rather than stinnilaling local ell'oit : and "Jd, that tin; expenditure of the grant hy mi'iiihers of tin; House was demoralizing. As in I'pper, so in Lower Canada, the political trouliles of l.s:17-.'-l paralyzed all further educational elVort. On the union of the provinces, however, a comprehensive measure was ]iassed providing for a unil'orm system of puhlie education for I'pper and Lower Canada, and a|ipr.,priating ^r'-J()l),tMi(l a year for its inainteiiaiice. Dr. .Meilleiir. an activi; educationist, was appointed to superintend the Lower Caiiaila schools. In IMl.'i this law was aiiieiidecl; and in ]H|i; it was su]ier- 1 seded liv an improved measure, which lirst einhodied a I principle of compulsory taxation. This was. however, inodilied in IXI'.t. soas to make il permissive. In Im.'iI I an ahoiiive elTortWas made to establish a Noinial School. , III IH,-),-) Dr. ."yieilleiir gave place to Hon. r. .1. O. Chau- veaii. LL.D,, who infu-ed new life anil enerixy into the : school system of Lower Canada. " — l)r. //m/i/ins. Mean- while the higher eiliicatidiial institutions of tin; province increa-ed in liumher aiid ellieiency. In ISO I, the Seininary revealed the fact, that " in many parishes not more than of Xicolet was c^tahlished ; in ISin;. St. Hapliael Si live or six of the inhaliilants could write; that geiierallv not iihove one fourth of the entire populalion eould read ; and that nm aliove one tenth of them coiiM write, even iiupeifeclly." To meet the demands of the Catholics the nary (which had heen huriied in ISii;;) was reooened as the Cdlli'^o. df Montreal; in isll.ihe College of Si. Ilyacinthe ; in IS-J U-J.'i, the College of Sle. Th.'lese de niainville; in Isl'C. (he Industrial Collei;(; of Chalnhlv ; Fi(Iin'(/iii act was passed in ISJl, which provided for the j in iSi'T, ihe Cdlh;:e of Sie. Anne la I'ocalii-re; in 1sl'7 eslahlishmeiit hy the Fahrii|Ues. a corporate hody under I -"JM. .Mctiill College; in iMl'S, |,a I'rov idenee Convent the old French laws of tlie Cure lu id ehurehwardens, of at Moiitretil ; in IK.'!:.', the .McDonald Deaf and Duiiih SG INTKODL'CTIOX. Asylilin, Qni'bfd ; in 1H."1;{, L'.\s-;nmj''''in Collcirc ; ill lM-2. Ilic Cliristiaii liiollit r.^' Scliools m (^in'l)ci;; in 18 I,'! - I "», l>isli(>|('s ('()llij;c, Lriiiicix villc, :iiiil ;i (l.issii ;il lli;;li Scliool, (^iiclii'c; in IHIl'i, St. Miclicl ( 'ollc;;c, .loliflti- C'ollcjjp. Indiistrjo ; in 1H17, Masson Collc^re, Terrebonne ; ill IHtK. Schools for tlw Di'.if ami Diiiiili, at {'li.iiiibly and Lonyuc I'oiiitc ; in ISI'.t, llic ('o]l(!,'(> de Str. IMaric, IMoiitrcal : in IHoO, llic C'ollcj.'(" of Nolrc-Danic lii' Levis. and Hiiiaud Ci.llcirf ; in I**-''-'. McCill ("oIIfj;(', and tlio .irand Sfiiiinaiy of (^iirlicf. ami in l.S.'i.i, liisliojt's ('ollcjjf, were cliartored ri's|)C(tivily as McCiill. Laval ami l)islio[i's Coll('t;t? Universities ; in llie same year (IS."),'}) the College of Ste. l\Iari(! de Moniioir, and the Normal and Model Sl'IiooIs of the C'(donial and {'oiitineiital Church and School Society, at Montreal (sulisecjneiitly transferred to Mc(;ill Colli'.'e); in l.S.")t, the College of St. Gerinaiu de Kitnoiiski, St. Franci.s (Hichiiiond), Laval near Mon- treal, Sle. Marie (U; la IJe.uici! and Vercheivs ; in IH.").'), Sherhidoke and Varciiiies Colleges ; in l.s.'ii;. La Chute College, Argeliteuil; in IS.")f, th most repulsive EUnr.itiuli iliNi'Vii siirroiiiidiiigs to he seen in the neighborhood. '.'"ln! very aspect of the ))la<'e was calculated to di>giist a child of any innati^ ri'liiiement of feeling, with the very i,ame of srhiiiil. So wretchedly inadcipiatc was tlii^ remiineiation provided for teachers, that few who were really capable of ilischarging the duties of tliat most honorable and r^'- sponsi'ole profession could prevail upon tliemselves to enter the calling of tcaidiers. Thus tot> often men ami women engaged themselves in that capiicity because tlwy found themselves unlit for anything els(^ In most cases, tr)o, the teacher was under tlie necessity of making his engage- ment directly with the p.'irentsof the cliildren he proposed to teach. lb; r)ften hail to nia' e a vigonjus canvass for the position, miserable as it w." s ; and, when successful, he was subject to tlie caprice of his employers, and liable to be discharged at a moment's notice. An annual grant was made by the Provincial Legislature in aid of common schools, to be apportioned upon certain conditions, one ol" which usually was the raising of a certain proportionate sum, in each instance liy the peojile ; but this condition was often sh. -'lefully evaded. Suitable school text-books. even for the pi -v branches of tuition, scarcely existed; and the forming ol jaipils into classes for instrnclion was all but imjiossible. Yet, under these disheartening cir- cumstances, the real intidleet of the country m.anagcd to get ediii'ated so far as to appreciate the importance of ed- ncalioii, an 1 each generation of them to make more stren- uous efforts for improving the educational |)ossiliilities of their successors. The struggle upwards w;is a long and, in its earlier stages, a tedious one. Very frcipient, hut never very important or radical cli.-inges were made in the provincial school law. This law merely amounted to a ]iresin-iption of the conditions upon which teachers, or schools, might share in tin; anneal I^egislalive uraiit. Conntv and district boards of school coniniissioners were appointed l>y tin/ provincial governnient, the piincip;il du- ties of which commissioners were the e\ainiii,itlon and and licensing of teachers, and the fair disiribiitioii, among the schools under their jurisdiction, of the county or district portion of the animal gr.inl. S e of their commissioners labored manfnlly in the wav of their duty ; but, as to examining c;iniliilates for teachers' licenses, many of them were plainly incompetent to do so; whilst others gave themselves little concern alioiit tin: matter. Meanwhile the people in any "school district"' might do as they jileased about liaviiig a, school at all. .Many of them pleased to save their mi'ans and dispense with a school altogether ; and thus many thousands of childri II in the province were growing up in ignorance. The more advanced advocates of education were persist- ent in their elTorts to have the whole schools of the coun- try supported by a general property tax, and not to leave 1 M mil. 'll(^ vi'i'V ;,'ii.it u cliilil (if ! Vfl'V liHIllC (if B remunci'iUioii really caiii.lile iinililo and r.>- ispIvos to enter ion and women ise llicy foiiM'I nost eases, too, ni; liis en;;age- eii III' j)rii|)fis('d IS canvass for 1 successful, lie s, and lialile to iiiial jrraiit was Id of coinmon iditioiis, oik; (,7 Jiropdrtidiiate tills condition i)i>l text-l)o(iks, arcrly existed; iistinction was icartenini; cir- I'y manairid lo lorlaiice of cd- !iliiIirics of s a loiii;- and, I'riMnifiit, liiit I'e niade ill ihc iMiiiiiiiled to tiadirrs, or lalive yraiit. >iiilUTs Were piiiicipal (In- l>ill:lli uid li>iiiliiitioii, ioii. of the I'aiil. Siiine ill" way of for teachers' uteiit lo do rn aliinit tlu! mil district " •hoid at all, lid dis|icnse hoiisands of II iiiiiorance. vire persist- iif the cniiii- iiot to leavt^ iX'ii!(.;)rrTK)X. it optional with the peonle of iny district to liave or not to have, a -climd. 'I'lie Li'^Msl.itMre exiiiliited iiiMch liin- iditv ill the iii.atter. At lcii;;lh ihe law was so far nin.liliid as Ut pi' nil it the I pic of any '" school district" — since de-ii'iiated ■• school section " — to tax ihcniselvcs in ic corilaiicc with certain fornialilies, for school purposes. This I'eelile incasnre produced no a|iprecial)le results. Wherever there was not nnivcisal spoiitaiiiily lii the matter, even stron;.' inajoiities Wen; seldom disposed to persist ill adopting a measure which could scarcely fail. uIk n so adoptijd, to stir up liitternes.s and Miiiinosities ainoi.ij; MiMjihliC'rs. L'onse(|uently few (;oniinuiiities attempt- ed any i.i'iion in the matter ; and of those few districts '.vliicli adoKted the taxation clause, nearly all, throuj,di the active factiuiisni of non-eoiiteiits, soon lapsed hack into the old way. At leiiirth .i new and very percept ihle im- pulse was <;iven !o the cause of eomnion-school education hy tile estalilislini lit of a Xorinal School. This institu- tion was founded ly Le;rislative act of 1«.VI. The seliool itself was opitiied in Truro, in the autniiiii of Is.'i.'); and model schools in connection therewith were soon after- wards added. I'l-ohahly iiu less beneficial was the iiilliience upon that cause of the appointment of a Provincial Snper- inleiidaiit of Kducation. .1. W. Dawson. V.^i\.. n.iw more highly and widely distingiiislieil as tiie i'l'iiicip.il of .Mc( ;ill College. .Montreal, who was tin; liist to occupy that ])osI in Nova .Scotia ; and the untiring energy, indiistiv. ;ind eloiiuence with which he strove, for years, and under many disheartening circuin-tanccs, to elevate the position and increase the usefulness of the teacher, and, at the same timc>, to iinjiress upon the mass of the people a due sen-e of the Iiciielits of e(lucaiioii, amply entitle him to thai gratitude wli'ch, we helieve, is freely accordecl hv the true friends of education in Nova Scotia. The lal. Iv.v. Dr. Forrester, lirst j.rincipal of ilie Norn al Si'iiool. suc- ceeded Dr. Dawson as al-o Superinteiidant of Ivlucation. and ill that capacity \ igoroiisly proseeuted ihe work which his predecessor liad so alily coinniencecl. It now soon he- caiiu; apparent that there was no scarcity of fairly compe- tent teachers in the pro\ inci-. ]'',veiy leriii of the Normal School added largely to their mimlier. lint competent teachers insiste(l upon soiuelhiiig at least a|iproachinL; to adeipiato renuineration for their luolessioiial services. The existing system afforded, at best, only tlit' most pre- carious means of .sc^euring that end. It was, strict Iv speaking, no si/slcm at all. The more advanced advocates of education — now largely increased in numlK'rs and in- lluence — insisted that genenil assessment for the support of schools must be the basis, and could be llii> only durable basis, for an efTedive sysirin of commui school eilucation. Tii'-y maintained thai the connlry was now ripe for the iutid('urti(Hi of such a system. Tlio.se still opposed to general assessment for tlie support of scliools, consisted, for the nio-t part, of the most ignorant classes, and stiaii:.'!' lo say. of the pooi'cst in this world's goods, !il- thoin;Ii as a rule the most abundantly provided with chil- dli 11 to be educated. It was coiilcnded that, as the pro- pO'cd tax would fall most lightly upon those disposed to resent its imposition, and as its bemlicial results to the country at large woidd every day iM-come more uiiniis- takably obvious, no serious o|ip()sitii)n to a rcallv effectiv jiriivincial conimon-scliool granl has to be distributed lietweeii the several coiiiilies of lilt province according to tin- grand total number of days' alliiidanee made by the pupiU in the piiblii iiimoii scliooU ihrou ;h- out the ]irovince. Sccoinllv. — each county shall, for the sup|iort of common scliools within its own bonlers, assess u|ioii itself annually a sum which shall net tliiilv cents fur every inhabitant of the eonnty, aceording to the last preceding census, each school in the ciiunly being eiitilledto [iartici[)ate in this fund ■• aei'ording to ilie aver- age number of pupils in attendance and the' leiiglh of time in operation." Thirdly. — the rate-payers of tlie school sections themselves are reipiired, at their annual meeting, to decide npoti and to assess upon themselves the amount that shall be raised by the section to su)iplemeiit the sums [irovided by the province and couniy ; and also such further sums as may be reiiuisilc for the purchase, buililing, furnishing, or improvement of school liou-es or grounds, iind for all oihcr (lurposcs neces-ary for the due niainlenance of the seliool. The machinery provided for duly administering the law are^^llie eonncil of public iiistnictioii. which is to consist of the provincial executive S8 iNTuoDrcriox. foimcil ; till' siipcriiit|ic'rti>r of schools for (Mi'li (■(iiiiity. ami for thi- I'ity of Halifax, county boanls of school comiiiissioi]- I'rs a|i|ioiiitcil liy iiov^Timn'iit to ro^riilatc the IioiiimI- arics of Sections. ilisiiilMitc the provincial and coun- ty inoncvs. receive returns, ami jieiiirally to supervise the school alTairs of their lii-Irict. with the advice of the iiispecior. who is a]>o si>i'retary of llu' county hoard or hoards, ui cduinii-sidin'r^ ; la-tly. the li'ii>tees, who are electid annndly liy the rale-payers in eaidi -chool section. wlio>e duties are to a.-sess lor andreceiNc iIk' school nion- evs. cMiiaLTc and pay teachers and inana;;e school property, ami i^eiierallv to lake care of the ijiter-<~l-. of the schcMil within their section. 'liMihei-.-, are rcipiind to pass an exainiiriiiLT hoard hel'ore they can ohtain a licen-^i'. and are "^railed accordinu lo ihcir aciiuireuii'nt>. It i> ^ca''eely n •>- sary to enter into aiiy further detail of the provisions of this law. which is nimilar iti its jfcneral character to those ill ojieration in the other ohler provinces of the Douiinioii. It liiav here he oh-.erved. however. — and all houi^li (Uily a passiiii; remark, it is one which redounds much to tin.' credit of Nova Scotia. — that, owinj: to the mass of the people, hoth I{onian Catholic and I'rolestant. having hcuii allowed to cherish their natural, tolerant feeliuLis towards each other, an eilucalion act has then' Ih'cii [lut iii op- eration which makes no piovision f(n' " separate schools" of a ili'iioininational cli iracter ; and yet all Christian di- : Illations there work harmoniously togelher in proniot- iiii.' popular education. As was ;inticipated hy tliost' most capalile of jud;;iii;:: corrtcily. the sclio(d act of ISI'p.') pro\ci| to he highly acceplalih^ to the people as a wlioh'. The ils at- tending school was. to the whole popiilalioii of the province, as 1 in 7. In ls>7ii. tin; pro|)ortiou was as 1 in 4.1. This evidence of progress assumes much greater siiiiiilicaiice when we reini'iulier the improved character of the schocds to wliieh the laler alteinlaiice refers. We find a corre- s])on(liiiLr growth and expansion in all whiidi relates to common school education, iluring the decade in which the new law has lii-en in force. During that jx'riod over one ihinisalid school-houses have heen erected — edifices suited to ihe demands of llniage. In ls7('i. the total expenditures for common, sectional schools, was S- of till' cliililrni ,!,'noniin'i'. 'I'lic i ill opi'iatioii. '(lufi:itii)ii:il stu- to, i,sr,.-._tii,. [ ill iscc, — ill,, !■ oi )ni|pils n-y- I. |Hil(lif, Irif lis was ii liifiic iittt'iitlaiicc at but just how ililo. Wi> liiiil pupils hail lu- ll of pupils at- (f the iiroviucc, : ill 4.1. This •f si;.'iiilii'aiii'i' ■ of llir srliooK liiJil a coiri.'- rli rclatos to ill uhi(;li till' ioil over oiii' liliccs suited 'xpendifuros Ii2. Of this ial I.ci;i>la- tlif coiiiily is raisLiI li_v lot, however, U'lMii-ate, that oiii any mhIi li effected in '). It woulil to unrjertaki' leiietils iim>t a thoiHami II' — forever ; har^e of the piiiviiii'e, ill) mil fully ree- j I'"or hii.'lii'r nilllplete fa- t too ample. IXTKODICTION. r.n In all eoiiiilies which do not contain within their lifirders some coile^iipte in^titi'lion. or '■ >| ial academy," re- ceiving provincial aid, llnie are county acadeiiiies, in the lialure of liij;li schools, in which tie' riidinieiits of classics, the liij;lier liraiiches of iiialheiiialics, and usually some foreij.'n modern lalij.'ilai;e, are taii^dit ; and these county academies are larj;ely supported hy Le^isliitive aid. Iiv rei'eut act provision is made for the estalili«li- uieiit of ii high school in the city ot llalil'ax. Amon;.' the •■ special academies " uhove referred to, is iiii'luded tin; Halifax Dv.ii and Diiinli School, a very elllciiut lie hliliition. Nova Scoiia has no less than .six collc;;es le- gally "iniiowiied to impart iiistrnition and confer degrees. — incliisiie, that is, of .Mount Allison, .'^ackville, ju-t over the New IJriinswick .lioundary,— a joint iristiiiition of iln- two proviiu'i s. As long ago a.s 17'SS, King'n Coljc^'e was lounded. at Windsor, in connectioii with the t liiirch of Kiigland ; and in this lir.st horn of all iIh' I'ldti'staiit colleges of t'.iiiada many of the most eminent sons of the .Maritime I'rovinces reciived their ediu'ation. Kaily in the present ceiitiuy, and in coiiseipnnci' of lieiiig ii> tliat limr piechided from the honors of King's College, the Dissenters, and notalily the I'resliyteiiaiis, alilv cham- pioned liy the late lliw Thomas .AlcCiiUock. I). I)., 1«- gaii to agitate for another college. The war which en- sued, upon this ground, was protracted and not very deci- sive ill its rcsiills. I'ictou Academy grew out of the struggle, and was the ineaiis of coiil'i'iring a siibsti'iitial education upon many youths, especially of the Eastern part of the province. Soon, however, the I'resbyteriali inlerrsts rather couvergeil upon Dallifiiisie College. The last named institution was fomideil in IH-_>(.>. at llalilax. liy the advice and under the immediate direction of the Karl of Dalhousie, I hen governor of the pi'ovince, in whoso honor it was named. The aiijiroprialioiis for this pur|)o.se consisteil in part of the • C'astiiie Fund."' so called — the proceeds of the sacking of l''ort Castiiie. in Maine, in "the war of 1812;" and ill part of dir2 ; lastly, in I.S.')."j, the Homaii Catholics of the eastern section of the province obtained a chailir for their College of .St. Francois Xavier, at .\iitigonis!i. I-.acli of these six colleges receives all annual money grant from the Legislature. Of Dalhoilsie college, whose lor- tiliie it Was to be till' iniliiediale cause of this inulli|ilicil V of colleuiate iiisiiintioiis, it niiist be said that, after repe.-it- ed failures, it was again reorganized, in ISIi.l. willi an eiilirely new slalf of professors; ever since which lime it has been in a highly tliurisliiiig condilion. ,\ll of the other live colleges which w c have named are avowedlv •• (leiiomiiiational " in iheir character ; Kin^f's. Anglican; St. .Mary's and St. Francois Xavier, Uoinanist ; ,\cadia. Baptist : and -Mount Alli-on, Methodist : although eaih of them is open to all denominatiins willioiit aiiv apprca- tioii of religions te-t. D.iIIiotisie ('ollr|.fe is Hot ill aiiv seiisi' a deiiiimiiKitional iiistitiilion ; alllioii^h there can scarcely be a donbl that the Presliyterians. by far the most numerous Protestant Imdy in the province, and h.iviiig no college peculiarly their own, contribute to its classes more students than any other religious denomina- tion, if not mole than all others combined. For several years past Dallmusie has takc'i the lead in the annual average number of its students; closely foljowin^r, .\ca- ilia has bci'ii next ; the remaining colleges follow it vary- ing, but more respectful, distances. During the year lt<7G. there were eng.iged in the work of tuition, in tliese six colleges, do professors and two tutors, givinginstruciion to 211 regularly matriculated students, and to 12'.» taking partial courses. At the close of the same year, tin y .ue represented as together owning ])roperty in real cstaie and invested in funds to the amount of §■«<>•'>, 7.')."). ."iT. Their income for the year, from all sources, was $.'!l,',)21.- 28, of which sum §10,8110 was derived from Provincial Legislative grant. Their tmal expemliiurc amonmed to S.'!4.;i7 l.ll'.l. We Und that in 187(!. lie total ediicMtional j ex|(eiiditiiri' of Nova Scoiia was as follous: — - For Pulilic Free Schools, including County Acaleinies, S(;ii;,ni,"i tVJ. of Wliich paid by Provincial grant S17;i,- ;i'.lfi. .").") ; Normal and .Model Schools, .S. 711. ',I7, of which J! 40 INTUODUCTION. were jinlil liy l'i:717..!7 ).."..S, of whicli were paiil l»y Provincial grant, Sl'.l l,('iH.").',l.'). Tlic nMilti|ilicatii)n ol' coUcgcs.at the rato ol' six I'liartcrel colleges to tlireu hundred tlioii-^and souls, — wliicli wasidiout the population of the provin<'(' when the last of them was fairly launched,— has Incn. from an early perioil, a I matter of regret among many sincere friends of cchiciit ion ; ! and latterly even many of those who has would lie extended and their stand- ing elevated hy making them all mendiers of a single ' Provincial Fniversity. It was doulitless with this oliject in view that an .act was y.i .-d through tin' Pi-ovinci,d Legislature in the session of l.s7(i. estahli'-hing the •• I'ni- versity of llalil'ax," liascd upon the model of the Univer- sity of r-ondoii. Tlu' new universiv is to take no part in the work of instruction, its fMiiclions lieing mainlv i those of examining for and <'onfei-ring degrees ; imt it is hoped that the other colleges will lieconie alliliatcil with it. aiLil that eventually <;// evaminations will lie made a. id degrees eonfi'rred liv this new Pro\ incial in>titiiliiin. The mcdlciil an 1 lejial jirofes.-ions ha\e already jilaccd them- selves in aiford with liie new university; ami the Senate lias appointed examiner^ in law and medicine, ,as wi II a.- iii arts. It may here lie oliservcd that almost sinmlta- ; lieoiisly with, lint a little in ad\aiice of, the f lunding of the uni\crsity. a medical s<'liool\\as estalilislied in Ilali- fa\. which is fairly eipiipped. and seiaiis entering upon a 1 Very vigorous cai'eer. The time appoinli'd lor holding ' the lirst examination liv the I'liiviu'sitv of Halifax has not y et nrri\ed, at the' lime of this writing; audit yet re- : mains to lie mmmi whether all of the six le;ichiiig colleges ' ■ will liei'oini' cordially alliliateil with it, ami whether any j of them will iilUliatc at all. I'lider the university act, I it is entirely optional with them to do so, or not. l'.\f\\ 1 theiv annual grants from the Provincial trea-iiry are ' not suspended in eonseipienee of the fonnding of the university; nor is the eoiiliiiuance of them "oiii||||,i||„l upon their alliliation with it. It may i'r:iilily he Inferred. then, that the university must — and almost immediately ' — pi'ove II \ery great success, or a signal I'allnre, ai'cord- j ing to the I'eelilig evinced at the outset lietWeili \, and ■ he Colleges, Diiulith'ss the design with which it Was I j founded was an inhniraliK one, es| ially uiiler the eir- I I (amislanccs under which it was foiindeij ; and if that '■ desijjn is judicioii0 per iinniim. |):irt of which is granted l>y the Legislature of Nova Scotia, and part hy that of New Hrunswick, in proportion to the numher of pupils attending the scli()ol from each province. In ISl 1, C.ipt. ISromhy estalilished an industrial school for the poor in llalil'ax on the Laneasterian system. The school was suhse(piently aideil hy the riCgislatiire, and ('apt. Hromliy leci'ived ,t'200 in considei-ation of his lahurs ;ind expense in est;dilishing the school. 2 legisla .''ii,';,';,,'',;;";!! \\\l ture in i.s-.';!. In i.so;^m. generid si'h.i.ii {;;.;;;;^;;:;;;'[ -'>'-'" act w.is passed, anihorizing thi' rate-jiaNers to appoint three trustees in each parish for the purpnsi! of dividing it into school sections or districts, and to ex- amine and employ teachers. Provided the inhaliitants coniiilmled £.'(1 for a male iind XlO for a female teacher, with lioai'd, and the schools were kept open for at le,i-t six nionlhs in each year, the Lcgishilure eontrilniled ;iM eipial sum to aid in supporting schools. The avera"e grant of eiu-li p.arish, whieli was not to exceed i'ltiO, w.is XI L'II. iini! the whole anioiml granled hy the Legishiture for sihools in l.s.ll'i. was i'l •J,iil»(). In iS.'iT, an act estah lishing a county hoard of exaininalion was passed hy the Legisl;itiir<-. ;iiii| liy this act, the grant l:it depressions of the finances of the province, onlv i." 1, 201 1 were granled to aid parish schools; hut the sum was sidiseipu'iiily raised to the usual amount. In I HI.") a legislative committee hroiight in a report with a hill for the improvement of parish sihools ; hut on tin! sugges- tions of the committee the hill was laid over. In 1HI7, however, 11 new act was p;issed. hy which the county hoard were supersedecj hy the provincial hiiiinl, consisting of the governor and his Kx ecu live Conneil. Under liiis regime the salaries of teachers were lixed at i!lS, X-22, and J.'.'!0. according lo grade. Hooks ami app.ar.iluses were also pro- vided, and a grant to a parish was raised |o I''J('iO. In IH.Vi u new act was passed creating a supeiintendciit of pnhlic instruction, as also county supcriiiteiidanls. In Is.Vl.Si. •lohn.N, It., had its training and model schools. and sui'h was the progress of cchicalion in .New Ilrnuswiik that in IMG.) «? 'S M'll fldlll wll;it ivitli no iVol)k' is deal ill",' with •;if and Dnnil) iin.'c ls:)M. It l>y ali(Piit iil'ly icii. Its total rt (if wliicli is I. and jiai't l>y lit! number of ii-o. In 181 1, cliodl for till' 'llic school ire. and t'apt. lis lalxjrs and I New IJruns- pioni'tT days •M.iraliiiiial in- litUtinllH ill llll' 'iinii if .Sew truiiHvvii'k, r the |inr|ios(! ts, and lo cx- i; iidialiitahls •male li'ai'hrr. II for at l.:i~t nti'ilinti'd an Ihi' avcrai^i' d XlCid, Has L!aliiri' i III act isiali |ia->(ii liv lai'li |iaii-.li was |ia>S(d 8 l(l.ouiiii;to ii\ iiici', only Imi llll' sum III IHI;') a ih H hill for ihti RU;;i;os- . In 1HI7, oiiijly hoard onsistiiijr of i liils rr^lllli' ! >'J, and X;!(», li' aNo |ilo- t'.d. In |.s;ii> Ml of jinlilii' III l.s;i;isi. lid such was hat in I Mil,') I I\TI{(ini'CTION. 41 I! there were 900 coniinoii schools in siiivi'ssful operation, besides twenty-live superior schools, and twenty denomi- national and Madras schools. In 1.S7I New Brunswick adopted an entirely new puhlic-sehool system, similar to that of Ontario. This act gave rise lo a serious dii;res- sioii ill the province in rerjard to the power of the New Brunswick J.eijislatiire " to make such changes in the school law as deprivi'd Koniaii Catholics of the privileges they enjoyed at the lime of confederation (in ISIJT). in respect of religious education in tiie eomnioii scliooK." This m liter was referred to the general government of the Diiiuinion, when the competence of the local Legisla- ture to deal with till! (|Uention was conliriiieil. In 1S71 the matter was referred to the Privy Council, hut the a|)|K'al was disiiii»ed with eo>ts. Gianimar m'IiooI^ have h. fii ctahii^lied ill nearly all tilt; counties of the |irov- ince, each of which receives XlOO per aiiniim from the Legi>lature, each lieing supported Iiy lees and siiliscrip- tions in addition. The grainiiiar >clion|, of New liruiis- wick dale back to l.SO.J, and along with the history of their development we meet with the rise and growth of King's College. In l.sT.i llnre were H'.i I com- mon schools ill operation in the province, aileiided liy 10, IO."p pupils, — -J^,;!!!? boys, and |S.o;iS girls. The pro- \iiicial grant in aid of these sclmols is aliniit S'.'I'.'IOO per annum. The nunilier of superior schools was 1 1. atten- ded by 2,'.l.'!0 pupils, and the number of grammar schools, I 1. alli'iidcd by .SSI pupils. The iioniial school has an atlendai of about 7.') students each term. Kiiii,''> Col- Iege,at Frederickton, formerly known as the College of New Brunswick, has an annual income of about Si;i,500, and an atleiidaiice of alioiit seventy students annuallv. In IHt'llJ 'lie Baptists of the province establi>lied a seminary for higher eihication. in I'"redi'rickloii.which receives an annual grant from the Lei:i-lalure of IJl.OOO. In ISI-I, the Wes- l.yan Methodists, largely by the eomuieiidabh' liberality of C. !•". Allison. l'",Mi., erected the .Mlisoi' Academy for hiiitier eihication, at Sackville, and in IH.'I the same il''iionii|iMtioii established a female acaileiny at the same place. The institution i eives an annual gra i. from the Legislature of .New Brunswick of §•_'. lOO, and from liio Li ;.'i-latilie of Nova Scotia 1?1,(100, The I're-byteriaiiR have established a college at Woodstock, and a lloinishing academy at Chatham. 'I'lie Ivoman Caiholics ha\ 'also an acailcm,v at Challiam as well as St. Basil's .\caileniv, which ri ivi's grants from the Legislaliire. There are aNo other educational iiisiitiitioiis in the province of hiiih merit, and in this particular, Ni w Biiiiiswi/k is keep- ing pace with the foremost of llie provinces. The total aiinu il grant of the Legislature for (he support of eibicalioii in ihe province amiiiiiits to $L>00,000, "21. — 'I'he lirst steps towards eiicoiifiigiiijf rdiieation in the province of Prince Kdward Island was niaile in InOl. "In that year the I'rimi' i;awai-.l Knglish SeiM-etary of State, in a dispati'h, '"'"'"'• gave directions to appropriate the ri'iil of the Warren Farm (government property) towards the support of a j school in Charlotletown. But it was not ntil the year i ISIO that a direct appropriation of these nuts was made ill the erection of a National .School, which was opened ] in ISlM. In ISlKS, the Legislativi' grant fur education in the island was i'.'Ji'.S ; in IM-J'.I it was only t'.'.(|-_> ; in l,s:i-_>. ; i'.">ri.'!; in IH.W. XCiO.') ; in IH 1 1, including a grant to the I .\cademy, it was .£l.-.»72;iii IS |."), f 1 ,72.') ; in IH.IO, I'l.S-J.'i; ill IH.'il. .-iftcr the passing of ih,. Free I'Mucalioii .\i't. the gi'ant was raised to the miiiiiticeiit sum of f'.t.d.lS; in IS.")."), to £1 l,'.IO'.l, and in 1 S.h',. to I'l-J.IIDO. On the lirst distribution of tin; lands in the island, thirty acres were reserved in each township for a schoolmaster. I No public school was. however, opened until IS-JI. when : the National School referriMl lo was opened in Charlotte- town. Some years afterwards a board of educHlion was appointed for the island ; and. in IS.'it'i, a central academv was also opened in Cliarlottetown. In the follnwiiig year (lH,'i7), a visitor or siipeiinleiidi'iil of si'hools was appoint- ed for the island. In ISIS a visitor was appointed for ; each county; and in lS,"i2 the lirst act establishing free I scl Is in a British Colony was passed by the Legisla- j lure. It gave ii great stimulus to education in the island. i In IS,"),'! a visitor for the whole island was a^aiii appointed. ' III LS.'iti a normal school was cstalili-lii'd al Charlottetown. and ill 1S,")7 an agitation arose as to the usi^ of the Bible ill the ]mbli(' schools. In IsHj ih,, Legishiinre passed an act to consolidate the laws relating to education in the island, and to improve the condition of public scliools, as Well as to authorize the use of the Bilile in tin ni. It also passed an act to establish the Prince of Wales' College ill honor of Ilis Ko\al IIi',;liiiess' visit to Prince Kdward ill that year." In IH.'Ui the Legislature made fiir- llier iiiiprovemeiils in the school syslem. and provided tor grammar schools instead of districts schools. It pre- scribed that grammar schoolmasters should hold a certill- i-ate of the highest class, and also " be ipialilied lo (each the Latin, Oreek and French languages in siieh proll- cieiicy as the I'rovincial Board of Kducadoii shall deem requisite," In Isdj ihe school act was airaiii amended, and also the act relaling to the Prim f Wales' College. In ISl'iS Ihe whole of the acts relating to educatioii in the island were CDiisolidatiMl. 'I'lie progress of education has been as follows : Year. s.'l Is. Ill 1S.'t7 there were in the island ."il all III IS 11 III 1848 l-'l l.'ll I'llIliJH. ended by l,i;,'iO " " Ic'LV) 4,.') 1 2 42 INIItoDlClloX. Yi'iir. ScliiMils. I'lipilst. Ill IS.'i'i iticrc were ill till' island I.'l.'! rtthiicli il liy (."(id 111 IM.").". Ill IStU III is(;;{ In iscs In ISC!) Ill 1.S71 III 1K71 In 1872 (i •^70 302 305 339 360 381 384 3!>2* II. ."(till 1 2.-2(l."> I ;i,:ir.o 14.S(i7 li'iJOo 1 •.'.•.'.!."> 1 1;,-'.")7 22. — liiitisii ('<)liinil)i;i is the yiiiiiii:c>t |)|-()vincc' in llir Ddininiiiii t'diicatioiiiilly, and yit .--lie' liiils fair to ixci 11 in this iraiticiilar. " Tlic art oi'u'aiiizin^ Kiln.Mlion in Itrit- ' , . ■ n isli Ci.lunil.i.i .-uiil her svstc'lll ol' cdliratioii Was olilv passed Viini'ouvtT iMliiml. * ... on tlio lltli (it April. l.Si2. and the (irst report on llic condition of the sclurols was issiicil in Srp- j tfllilicr. .lolili Jrssop, K>i|.. till' first SMpcrijilclidclit ol' Ediicrilioii for tlic I'rovinci; of IJritisli Coliiinliia, appoint- ed under till! new act. was fonnerly a siici'cssfiil student in llie normal sidiool in ()ntario He li.is, as we sei' from liis report, not faili'il to iiilroiliice into die Itritisli Coliiin- liia schools many fealnics of the (Jntario school system, anil the law and most of the ollicial rcu'iilatioiis .are almost vcrliatim transcripts (as far as ihey jfo* of tlioM' in force ill that iM'oviiicc. The te.M hooks used, aUo. are 10.(1(1(1 iiiaiit. There were in r>riti>li Coliiinlii.i (and X'aiicouver I-land) 2(1 silioid disliicis in I.S7'i; in one- half of ihcin only schools were reported, ami lln se were atleiidid liy .■)7.'l hoys and I.').') uirl lolal I.(I2.S. The school |iopiilation reported is from I..S(lll to 2.(i(>(l. In Islo \ a icoiiver Island was lirst occupied liy (lie llud- son Kay Compaiiy, and N'ictoria. the capital, I'oiindcil. 'i'lie capital was selected hy .lames I)oiii;las. Ks(|., (lie j:o\crnor, on hdialf of the Ilud-oii I>ay ConipaiiN . In IH|| |li(> hoiindarydini' hi'tweeii tin' I'liiled Sl.iles ami what is now known a-> l>riti',li Cnliiinliia, was deleriniiied. Ill l.sl'.l N'.incoiiver NIaiid was comliiionally i;r,iiilcd hy llic (jiieeli to the company, for the purpose of Netllemelil. Ill the year tS.V.I c,di| was liist pnhlicly known to exi>t ill llie valley of the l''ra^er Iiivi'r (Ilrilisli Cohinilpia prop- er) and ill llial. \cai' the occiljiation of Vancouver I-laiid ■ liirl>Lilliij{ IIu'hi) iiri' lidiM II KiMiiiiiiiii' ni'hiniln nilli '.hi.'. |mi|'II.4, iiml <'iii' imi'iiwil hi Ih III Willi I.' |iu|>ilii. was resumed hy the queen. The island, with Hritish Co- liimliia. was then erecti-d into two IJritisli crown colonies with separate houiidaiies, hut under one government. riioni;li private elForts were made to estahlish schools as early as possihie. iiotliint; was doiio in that direction hy the i;overnment until 1801), when a " Coinmon-.Scliool Ordinance " was passed hy the i;ovenior in t'oniicil. 'I'liis ordinance wa.s ameiid(;d and its provi ions were exteinlod in 1870. In 1872 a uomprehensivc act was passed hy the Leiji.slatiiro (to which we have referred i hased upon the piililic-sohool act of Ontario. This act was sliijlitly 1 amci.ded in 187.^." — Dr. /Io(l(/iiis. Since that date ediiea- , tion in the Pacific provinces has been moving steadily forward with rapid pace. | 2.'i. — Till! act upon whii'li the present system of com- ] nion-school education in ^lanilolia is hased was passed \ dnriii;; the lirst session nf the first I'ailia- I .. .1 . . . ,^-., ,, IMiifiition ill "Miin- I iiieiit ot that province in 18(1. j'le- i,,,!,,, i villus to the p.asviiii; of this act there were I one or iiiore schools in each the Miuli^h— pi akiiiLT parishes. I These svliools were under the direct eonlnil of the iiiciiiii- heiil of the parish, and. with the exception of two. were ail Chiirch of Einjland schools. Some of them were entirely supported hy the Chnrcli Mi>sinnary Society. As to the rest, the teachers' .sal.irics. as well as all expenses incurred ill the erection, fnriiishiiiir of and repairiiiir of the scliool- lioiises. were defrayed hy local collections and siihscrip- tioiis, aided diirinij the p;i.>t lew years hy a uraiit from the Diocesan Fund. In several of the parishes, which alt! not coiinecled with (he (huicli .Missionary Society, the schools have heeii carried on lor the p;ist few years under i.'reat dilliciillies. In tlnv-e localities the sii|iport of the school devoh I'd almost entirely upon the people resid- iiiif ill them ; and when it is liDiiiein mind th.it these par- j ishes, always small and hy no means weallhy. siifTeied heav- ily from till! ravaire of the ;;r,'issliop|ii'rs. the diflicnllies ot prii\idiim a reasoniihlc salary for ihe icaclier^ and keepiiiif ] up the scliiinl-houscs will he easily iinder?.l 1 and apjire- ciated. Indeed some of our scllooK lia\e liceli fleipielilly closeil, for llie simple reason that ihe teacher's s.ilary could not he raised ; and in iiiore than one ease the eleieynian of the parish has nndei'takeii the school duties himself, and dcMitcd. free of cliar;;e, a few hours each day to llie iiiipoi- l.inl duty of iiistriicliii',r the youthful iiieinhei's of his llock in the diiVerenl liraiiches of a coiiiiiiiiii-~cliool ediicalion. ,\s already iiitiinaleil. llie I,ei;islaliin' e-lahli>liiil a sys- lein of cducatioii for the pro\ince in I '^7 I. and pi: Ml iiiidcr the eoiitrol of a I'lovincial rioard of I'ldiicaliini and iwo Siiperiiiteiidi'iils.--oiie a I'l'iili'staiil and llie olhcr a Kiiinaii Catholic. It also ;rave to the Hoard ^C.iKill lo assist it in mainlainiiii; the sclinols. There arc almiil 2(1 I'l'olestanl schools, allendcil hy iiciI'In S.'iII pnpiU, and the SI nearl 21. al ins Till- 111- |irr>Bll liillilyli tries.* cMcll- .lav. Ii Hritinli t'o- •own colonics jjDVcniinciit. ish .schools ;is ; tlirectioti liy miiioii-Siliool 'oiiiii'il. This I'lV ('XtlMlllcd :i~ pas^'d l>y 1 1 li;t>fil ii|ioil ; wns sliijhtly It ihito ('(hica- \iiig steadily stem of rotii- 1 was passed Inc.-itioii ill Vtin- • ■\ llle illlpnl- if his llock rillK'aliilll. plaei'd ii ■ nalion ami |iIh' iilln r a ir^li.llllll III |e alioiil 'Jll liN, and 'i^ IXTUODUCriOX. I the same numher of Konian Catholic schools attended hy I nearly 7.")() jnipils. I 21. — In connection with onr reinai-k on the ediic.ition- ' !il institutions of the Doniinion we may apjii'opriately add ' Til.' nowsp.'iii.r -•' ''■*^' "''"'■l'* coMccrniiii; the newspaper [ pii.-s in llii' till- iiii. |>re>s, which ni.ay iie rc;;,iiilcd as one of the most jiouerl'lil ediiratiu> in all cniiii- tiies.* The elaliorate inacliinei'y. wide circulation, and ixleii^ivc inlliieiice of the newspaper jiress in the present li dav. arc lil'oiiiilv felt and sfenerally acknowled'fL'd, that rellei'lion appears at once siiperllinnis. On hotli Con- tinents h.is its presonce lieconic a power alike I'or the i;ov- I'l'iiiii.'iil and discipline, as well as a faultless index of the ad\ anceiijiiil and eulii^htenmelit of (he respi'clive peoples. Ill ihi' I'liili'd Slates it is found in its perl'cct and coniple- lest vi;;iii-. lioldiii;: eonspicaioiis place ainoiii;' the eliief and iiiiiltilai'ioiis mediums of popular eihicalion, I'or which that coiiiiliy maintains so di.--tin;;iii>lied a |irrcedeiii-e. .Nor ilo wr lind Kurope in scarcely any ni.itcrial partiiai- lai' lieliinil. l'Jii;laiid. with llic rest of (ircil Hritaiii. not III spe.'iV of (iermapy. France, anil the iiei;.dilioriiiir free cijiiulrio, has ar'.iKcd herself within the criiiiiry to ilii> iieiielii of ,, .■-oiind and complete iiew.paper-liler,iliire, and implied forward in the several de|)arlnieiiis with a marvel lolls — we had almost said mai;ic — potency and speed. refer more especially to the metropolitan pi ess. Ry an ap]ilication of enormous ea|)i*al and eipiivalent talent, thev have succeeded in clcvatiiij; that section of jouniali.sin within their raiiije, to a very lirst place, not only as a fur- nisher of news and disseminator of opinion, hut in ,1 far more important arena, viz., the education of the masses. .\ no insiLjiiilicaiit ipiotaof the American people make the newspaper their chief means of itiniis whence they ai'c gleaiinl. And this is well. Life, ill this age of rapid moveineiit and licrce ' commercial eoinhat generally, is toe; short for phv-ical i working humanity to -ound all depths of learning, .vhether • it lie of art, politics, or aught el-e. The daily paper fiir- Closelv fnllowiiiLT in the van, is the new Doniinion of ('ana- nislies the siihstance and the ken lel, wliicli i> all I hat is I il I. ISnIli.'inl I II native inlelleeiiial material fortlie purpose ; I vcniired. AVe have touched thus long on a point t lat tel'llli III >llli{ iliiecl-iiialler for whalexcr nia\ lei;irnii;itel v oc- iiay seem irrelevant, not Irom any peculiar predilceiioiis I caipy the pen of joiiniali>m : -irong in sense ol right and ; for Ainericaii jonrnali-in over our own, hut that our own I justice in all that pertains to her true liliertics ; rich in re- '| mav imitale it in all such as may he esteemed essential iirces. and hroad in aire>, she has alreadv won for her- mnl d If a name in tlu' Held of ihi'iiirral rnei'.'iliir.'. to he em newspaper, ami cmii Icsm lllated if not eli\ ied. These are fads needing only to he inve>tig.itcd to he apparent. ' )iitario. (^iiehec, NovaScoii.t and New I!rniis\\iik, coin- ill rserviliL;, inform, should To i'i!iii'iiii\ as Well as aiiMi>e ,aml merelv tl le aim of our inetr ii.iiilitan iiewsjia- lers especi edge anions: the nia-ses, s ahsolnlelv demaiidi'd. .Ion I- tl d with the growing thir-t for knowl- iii'li. if not alreai'v, will ■-oon he riialism was ni ver in a comli- pii-iiig III agurri:ale a population ol lour iiiilldiis, unh a ; tioii more prosperous throughout Canada and the D- total area of ■.|ii;litlv over three hundred ami seven llioii- ^aiid sipiare miles, lead the way. I'rinci! I'Mward l>land, .Maiiiliilia and llriti-h ( oliimhia — infant pro\ iiici ~. the two latter, hut no li'ss containing the nucleus of a powerful pic-s, follow iiiion in the wake. Ncwt'oundl.iml. nx ifii not :i part ol ll Do has f I'om e.'irlv tiini' in her history hail her press, and we shall, for the purposes now in hand, speak of her as one of tli'' Doiniiiion. In no part of the world has journalism attained to a tilln' of the grovMh and iiillueiicc that it has in the riiited States. ( >iir npnlilicaii frieiiiN have imlecil acipiaiiiled themseUcs 111 ihe fullest extent with its < apahililies for i; lore\il. at large than at present, rroportional to our population and extent of settled territory, it has lew or no cotnpeers. The n and ipialily ol the p.apris piililished, i| I'l oi'ds are an milliorilv, are xasilv in aihance ol tliose in if till the I'liited States, ,at when the two populations were eoll.i so lieoiili' more eoiiip letel appreciate a \ 'liaii do till lee press nroiile of Caiiad Ilia ; yet that appircialion, it may ith triilli, h ever lieeli jriiii led hv an ear am e\e to tlie III ell nroverliial inoralilv of that that I' slam leliee il has long hiijlier when strani.'ers ahroad as an unilioritv for farts. ind, with an eiieigelic iippreciatioti 111 Its hi iiiliis at om e "J.-i. - (aiiadian ioiinialisin found its llrsi I'ooihold in characteristic, havi' in a inaiiner made il their idol. We (^tiiehee province, lo wliieh >eeiion. inasiiiiicli .as il was the lir.sl lo feel the eelii:i| ha lid of ci vi li/al ion, Ill-l'ifV nrilii. ,,,,'. , , ,, , I iii'UK|tmt.'r itr-fK-. iivnl, we are ilnhdiled liir the loiiiiding ol nearly In tlm liniiilnlnn. ' l'iiiii|i||i'il Irniii iinki'Irli nrliU'ii by .Iuiiu'h \'. Wilulit, Ksq., i>f Mmi. 44 IXTRODUCTIOX. :ill oiir most viiliialile iiistittitioii'i. The condition of tilt' |iic.ss licic, iiowcvcr. li.is iiKv.ivs ln'cii iiccniiar. DilTriini; wiilcly in ta>t(' and scntiincnt from tlii'ir Tiutiiiiic bii'tliii'ii, till- Frfncli piipulalioM have stanipcd that (lilTcrchco in noIJiiiiLT nioic imlclilily than in that of their ncwspaiicr.-;. I'\\v cavf to liisciiss tin- politics of the ilay, sav(! sncii Icailiiii; I''riiich ilailics as arc, fouml in Montreal. IJnchcc. ami a ffw IcailiiiL,' (owns. I'olitc in idea and manner, and enlhu>iastie in leliifion. the French Canadian vindicates ttiese, his iialional characteristics, in the tone of his journal. I'oitry, polite I'ssays, and relii,'- ious to|(ics, form tliu "i^encral make up " of its C(dnmns. Among llie Enirlish iiapcrs, broader principles ohiain. Politics are frcipicntly handled uiih vii,'(ir and actmien hy even tln^ most lia<'k\voods weeUly ; while the Montreal ami (.^neliec liiy dailies ■uw written in a style, and ilisciiss every topic of the day with an aliility niisnrpassed any- where ill the world. The same may apply to the French papers elves. as the increased inlliieiice and cinailatioii of tlii^ English press of Montreal, since coiifecleration. sulliiaeiilly proves. Next to (^ludiec, the iMaritime l'ro\im.^ may claim credit fur building up ami perpetuating jniirnaliNin. Nova Scotia had a paper in l"i;'.l, ac' New I>nin>uick ,ind Newfound- land each pos^e^sed new^paper^ as far back as ISIIO. None of these, however. lia\c survived to the present. 'J'lie newspapers of St. John, Halifax, ami Fredericktou. have always been well eiliied, are at present niinierou>. and havi^ substantial circnlalioii. 'I'heir pii-^, anterior to coiMederation, was conducted on im specially broad prin- ciples, iraile. shippiiii: anil agriculluri\ entirely occupying its ccdumns. Cimt'edcration. however, ha^ given the jircss of these proviiii'cs. in ciiinmoii with all oilier ami kiiidreil instiliilioiis, an impetus whollv iinlndked-lnr : important social and pulilical discussions, and selienies cd' linaiicial ecmioniy that mav liasli'ii our national perfecting ami <'oii- solidation. now uniforinly epMce its pages; while tlic> general mike-up and htyle is cpiit pud to that id' its confreres anywhere in the nominiou Ontario is the journalist's liarvest-lield. 'I'liere, the newsp,ipc>r is racy of the soil, and there the intelli;;rnt editor linds his snn s| reward. .\ fr loin of sneial ami pidilical disiMissinn. an ehistieily ill geiiei'al scntiineiii, and a lieiiehaiicy of debate generally, ipiite unknown in the sister pro\inci>s, renders his task at least brilliant if not directly ngreeable ; while the stronger leiideiieies of the peiipli' liir iiewspiipi'r liter- ature, stimulates liis circulation and augments his coffers. The progress of the. picss in Ontario has been sonu'thing unprecedented. .Statistics have been publisli(>d which show that the daily ami weekly cinailatioii of the papers in Toronto alone, in 1870. exceeded that of the entire United Kingdom of Great liritain in 1820, if we except the London Times in the enumeratiou. The rise of journalism in the "garden of Canada,"' as Ontario has been aptly termed, would lill a i liapter beyond our limits. Thrift and industry arc the watchwords of its people ; and piiblii! schoids being established on a ba.sis of liberalitj' known only in the United .States and Prussia, education i.s everywhere spread broadcast, and tlu' daily and weekly paper finds a welcome in every home ; the |)eople think ' for themselves, read for iliemselves, and, in all things essential, act for tlieiiisi l\es. and a knowledge of the local and geiic'ral politics of llic^ country is known to every tdiild from the cradle. The first newspaper in Canada, the (Quebec Gmi'fli'. was t'oiinded in 171)1. It was in exist- ence to williiii a short liiiK,' — the aged parent and acknowl- edged patriarch of the press of liritisli America. The second wis the Halifax AVeekly Rccon/cr, started in I7t'i'.l by one Anthony I lenry. and edited by ('apt. Iiinkhv. It has Idiigceased to exist. Xext in older is the Mmitiriil (liizcllc, established by one Mesplets, from Philadelphia, ill 177.S, iiml originally |)rinted in French and Fiiglish. It may be curious liei-e to no' ■. as illustrative of the mu- tations incident to time and circumslance. that this piiper, I'liiefly known through the greater portion of its career I'lU- an iinbi'iidiiig advocacy of (.'oiiservatisin and Monardiv in their most proiioiiiiceil phases, is iiidebied fur its cninin ami birth to an .Vmerican revolulioiiist. an .\merican aiinexatinii inovemi'iit. and an American invasinii of Canada. .Mesplets, m piMciical priiiti'r. came into .Moi ureal as an allaclie of a deput.itioli sent hilher from the Pliiladelpliia Congress directed to follow in the wake of .Monigomery's army, which oceiipii'il ihr city in 177.'). The object (d' the deputation was to ende:i\or to eslrani;e the (anailians from llii'ii alli'giame. and bv specious oMTtiires lure llii'in to a peacel'iil dc'ciaralioli I'or llie eo\- crnment id' the I'liiteil Slates. Dr. l!enj;imiii |''rankliii, one of tli(Mlepiitatioii. and than whom none kni'w belter the uses of the press ill slicli all emergency, suui;csted I the bringing with them the eiuiiplele plant id a piinliiig- , ofliee. ami. by mani<'es|iies. circulars, and s.i.'li like, to spread bi'oadcasl among the inlialiilalits the obji'cls of their mission and the beauiies of aniiexalioii in p.arlicular. The experiinenl Mesplets doing llie n hallieal Work — I was tried, and it is needless to say, failed si'.niiilly ; ihe . depiitalioii reluriH'd lioiiie ; the printer alluded to, how- I e\er. reiiiainiiie in Montreal, w lure h iitiiiuid tin j iilliee, liiiMii-d ill wlial is iinw known as " ( 'us|om-| loiisi iits liis rofrcrs. K'CIl Sdlllrtllillir lilisliod wliicli of tlie ])api'i'.s of tliu ciitiri! , if we except The rise of s Oiif.irio lias 111(1 mil' limits. ts people ; and s of lil)erality >sia. eijiicatioii iy and weekly peopl(! think ill all tliiiiiis '^e of the local to every child Canada, the was in exist- : and ackiiowl- liierica. The '»•, started in "apt. I'liickley. i the Mmitnul riiihuleljdiia. .'111(1 lOnirlivli. ve (if the inu- at this paper, of its career lid .Monarchv for its (iiiiiiii III Aiiierican invaM( f iito .■Montreal I fr the lie Wake of ity in I77."i. I' to estrange hy vpecidiis for the i^nv- in l''raiikliii, knew llcller y, slliijicslrd :i priiiiiiij^'- nli like, to olijeets of II pMrliciiliir. iial Work — ','iially : the li'd Id, hinv- iitiniied tlio stoill-IIiilMl! 4 -k t INTRODUCTION. \h Sipiare." and a short time subsequently put forth an ei;,dit- cdliiniii weekly she<>t calle(l the Guzdic It was Idni; the only ]iap(U' in the province, next to its namesake of (^nilicc. The history of these two papers, as niav he easily inferred, is replete with interest, they having; been pioneers in the field of provincial jdiirnalisin. a id surviving every vicissitude of fdrtiine that falls ineviiiibly to the lot of all who would mould and lead public o|iinioii. Itoth journals liavt! passed through many ownerships since i^stahlishment, uiul rupreseiited from time to time, espe- cially the (Quebec Gazette, nearly every shade of political and social opinion. The Oimite of .Montreal, under the late Rijbert Abraham, an accomplished writer, first came prominently into puhlic favor. James Moir Ferrus and others succeeded, but with varied success, uiilil it passed into the niana^eiiiint of the late firm of Lowe & (haiii- beiTin. Undt^r their cuntrid it became at once the ac- knowled_t;ed and eiieri;etic orir.iii of the t'diiservative party in (Quebec province, and continues such, but with lari^ely increaseil favcu', to the |ireseut time In 1.^70 the .Messrs. T. i*c H. White, formerly of the Itamillon Sjwrta- tiii; assumeil possession, chanudii^ ihe shape, and iinprov- iiijj the general make iiii of the paper. .Mr. Thomas W'liitt!, ,Jr., is the e(litor-iii-chicf. and under liiin llie Gaz- ette has u'reatly advanced in circulation and inlliience ; the vigor, brilliancy, and liiudi lone of its eiliidiiaK cdiu- memling it to the res|)eclalile cla^^es everywhere, wliih its pi'diiipt and .iccurale news rejiiuts retidiM' it of more than ordinary value in that connection generally. Thi^ (uizi'lte is the oldest living paper in the l)(uuiiii(ui. Following ill the onhr of dales we turn for the moment to Ontario. In cDiisiilliiig that inlcrcsting Mpliiine by the Hev. II. Scadding, D.I)., enlilled " TdiiHilo of Old," we find the Xlmjtira (.''/iislil/dlinii existed in 1 7'.l',i, and was und()iilile(||y the next paper |inlili>lied In liritish .Vinerie.i afler the .Montreal Gazcltc The )'.///,- Gmitle fellow ed three years later. I'he ('unstvlliititiit continued several years, and was the only paper of general liiforinati(Ui in t'-e then wilderness of the wcsl,kiioun ,is I'pper ( 'aiiada : it has liHig ceased to exist. The llalili\ IJujinl Giizetle Ciiiuo ne.vt in IHOl. It was il Hiejal organ of the jiovernmeiit, and .as such conliimes. 'I'lic (^)iir/icr Miitiiti/ follov»s next ill cMiler, and w.is iv-iied fiisi In |,s(i,"i, |,v the lale Thomas C'ary, father of the present proprietor. The Mrri'iin/ hud long extensive inlliieiiee in the couniiv previously ti lli<> union of I'pper and Lower ( iieada in |H|(): it is still vig(U'oiis. In llie early dav mentioned it was a coiupeiidiiim of all (hat pertainc'l lo news, polities and ilebale. Copies of the Miiruri/. from the first niimbei hound ill volume, are to be found in not ii lew of our public, lilira''ies J and so curious ami valuable were the early iiiimbei'M eoiiHidered, thai (hev have heeii ileeined worthy a jilace in the Hritish 'Museum, l.onibui, where I hey may now be seen. The Quebec /.e (\in'i(l!ni, founded in I><0(). succeeiled,and still ciriailates among the French p(U-tion of the ancient capital. Tin St. John's Roi/al Giizelle (Did yiu-fniiiiillduil Ailrirli.ti'r w.is establish- ed ill 1.s!()7 ; and, similar to its namesake of Y(U-k l Tor(Mito) ,ind Halifax, w.is the government od'icial organ. It still exists. I'sherecl into being in l.'^OH and next ill order of establishment, we find the Mi'iitinil I/irii/i/. This journal, foumled by a wholesale merchant nameil Kay,subse(|uently, in IHi't, Lapsing int.T the hands of .Mr. Archibald Fergus- son, as the organ of the Presbyterian body, and the property still later of a well known cili/i'U named Wier, has, in common with the M(Mitreal Gazette, long wielded \\ an important and wide influence, and nay be said to have jjdisputecl, through a protracted e;irei'r, the palm with ■\ the latter p.aper for public f'avor. The llerahl was long (•lilted liy a geiitleinan of distiiigiiislnd ability named ICinnear; and to his ready and trenchant but polished pen, may be atlrilmti'd the high position it attained 1 1 to in his day, and which, with kindreil ipialitles in his siic- ileessors, it has never since lost. Mr. Adam Tlioin held I the management some time previously to .Mr. Kinnear, and his ability did con-piciious service to its columns. The paper has long been the org;iii-iii-chief in (Jiiebec provin if the I'".nglish-speakiiiir section of the extreme Lilier.il party, the battles ,if whom it has fongiit tliroiigli good and evil report, with a coiisi'-tency and liriiiiiess I that my be said to h.ave won the res] t evi n of ' opponi Ills. The lleniiil is owned by a pulili-hiie.' coiu- p.tny. 'I'he Hon, F. (JotT I'eiiny, novv of the I )oiiiiiiioii Senate, and loii^' a partner in the concern, is the chief editor. The llrnilil editorials are eon-picuous for .•m easy ainunieiitalive style in which all sIhmIovv of ihe -en- salional or fine writing, is rigorously eschewed. Coiii- 1 mercial topics in paitii nlar. leeeive from it a diliiiiiit ovei- : sight which h.is rendered its coliiiniis in relation thereto ! a valuable doideralniii .■iiuoiij: nieiehatits. Its di-eus-ioiis ;,'eiierally are iiiaiked by I'aiition and a e.-ireful rei;aril lo the truth of statements berme Using them ; an element in ' the paper, we need hardly -ay, which has had its due I levv.ird in an iiieieaM'd coiiliilriiee ainoiiL' readers of all I classes, and with it, ii proporlionably increased circula- tion. Next in order of e>tablMlluellt we have the | IviiiL'-ton, Out . t '/irmiir/r — to which has been aildid 1 ihe title of ,\'(/c,v^Hlatilig I.SIO. This paper is the oldest that lias riintliiiteil to live in Ontario. Il is aUo the [ M'Telith olde-l ill the I )oiniliio|i. While j|, eoiiti ii|. porai'ies one by one have dropped aw ay , the < lirmiirle and Xeu's has stood its ground ihioii^^h all \ icis-itiide. and I is still flesh and vigorous. .Mr. .l.-mie- Sliannoii i. ilu' il present piopiiitor. :iiii| his paper has a suli>laiitial eimi- 40 INTUODrCTION. itiiili. Till' lliillf'dx Ai'iiitiiiii' Hi riiniir. iin\\\y\i-i\ in ISl.'l, ; till' ni'\t (illicit liviii;; jniini:il. \\ <• iiiiu'lit >|M':ik in ;il- (■VI -t I'liilli'-s jciiiilli lit' |)M|ii'r>i rimmlri] Mt nil ciii'ly |ii'rii"l. rvu lii'i'i' Irniii Oiiliiriii to Nrw riminll.iiiil, luit wliii'li o'lisi'il uliiinst with tlii'ir liirtl Siii'li illll:lll iimi('ct' ;i .■.tirniii; M'|ili \\ iji'iix. \v:is ]iiilili- Niaiarii S/ii-fln/ur t'ollov |);i|ii'r ami livrii siiini' vi-ars. It was I'llitiij liy niic Rnlici'l (iiiurjay, a stall' |iriMiiirr iiiraniiatiii in .\ia;;ar:i jail. (iimrlay ainil with vrjiriiiiiii'i' his pnlitii-al \viiiiiu;s in llie usrfiiliii'ss. Till' A\'i)(iil~tiM'k iN'.I'.'t ('iirlr/n/i Si)ih'iic/ ■aui] I'iitiiii (Out.) .) Stinnldnl. i'ullowod in l.H;!.i ; till' Slii'rliiYinki' ((^>iii'.) (inzcftf \\\\^ also I'slul). lislii'il ir this rural jounials ciu'o in what is kimwii as ili< 'I'lir i'othi rs ari' llu' in ilili>lii'is. Till' KiiiL:stori lifitish Whiij. cstalilislii'il in IS.'! I, I'ollows tlif d'uzitte, anil with it \vi' niiipli' tlir Ili'lli'villi' /iifil/ii/ciiO'i; iitninU'il in till' sanii' yiar. Tin' II'/'/'/ rlaiins notioti as hciiij; Me iirst ilinh) iinper inliihU.fliiil ill (hilm-in ; \[\\i\ w^. such lias S/iirfiifdi; ami was siilisi'i|iii'iitly liani^hril. Tlir ni'Xt |ia- tin' lii.'li lionor of hriin,' tlir I'atlirr ol' that orilei' of jour- |ii'i' was till' Cihiiiliil ,l(/cr/('r//('. I'slalili^lii'il in T iroiilo. Ill iiali.^111 ni tin' wi I'slM. liy till' iiiiliiiral a;;ilalor William Lyon .Markm/ii'. .Marki'ii/ir as-aili'il lln' Tory jxi'^t'i'mni'Ml of tin' ilay with niisiir|ia~si'il vii'iili'iiiT. aihl for it, his pri'^si's ami ty|Tis wt'R- thiowii into Toronlo Uay, in IsJCi. Hi; >iili-i i|iiiiii- Iv fonmlril llu' Mi'ssiii/i\ wliii'h ilio|i|(iiI, whrii slioi'lly afliT 111' wi'ii' iiilo liani.-hniiiil. hut risiuiu'il on his it- tiii'ii. .Vinonuolhi'i'jiiurnals i'>iMlili-hril Init now fon.'ottoii.\vrri' till' Krtiniiiicr, llrili.ili Cijiniist. Caiiailian I'iriiic, Lni/nl- isK vVi'.. Toi'ont.;. J'i/iil. Ailri'rtlscr. 'J'clfi/r'i/i/i. '/'riim^'ii/if. ami othi'i's of ovi'u niori' oarly ilati', Mmilrral. Tliri'i' Wivi'i's. t^ui'lii'i' ami t.lii' Marilinii' I'rovinri's lia\r all lia'l. I siniilarlv. |ia|iris, from tiiiii' to liiiii' of noli', lint siirli livi' onlv ill till' past. Aftrr tho llalil'av Arni/inii Kimnlir. i ih.' o|ilr-l li\iiii; papi'f is llir llalil'a:^ < 'lii-'iiiii-h'. ami wiili it till' III kvilli' ((liil.i /i'l-iii-i/cr. fonmli'il carli in IMl'O. Till' c/irt'iiicl'' \^ I'lliii'il liy a ^.'riiili'man woll known iii ii.ililii'al I'ii-rli'^ ami a ili- liii'^ni-ln'il parliimi'iilarian — ihr Hon. Chaili's .^niiainl. Tin' Hrnrkrilh' /ii'mn/rr is tin' I si'i'oinl olili'-l ircf/./i/ papii' in ()iitai'io. It is I'lliinl now t liv I.ravri' ami Soulln\o!ili. (An rvriiiiii; rililion of ilir /i'lriiri/ri- \* now in ii^ lliinl yoai'.') 'i'lio Si. ('uZ/ifrinis ,/i(/n'«((/ stamU ih'M. liaviii'^- lii-i'ii isiahli^hril in I.Sl'I ; it lia~ now a ilaily. /." Miin'rvv, .Mon'l'cal. follows in oi'iliT, having' hi'i'ii foiiiiili'il. in l.-^L'fi. hy llii' lali' Hon. Louis .M, Mol'ili. ll -taliils lii:.'h a'- llli' liailiii;r oriraii of I'"l'i'nrh i^i'i'vali^in in (^iirln'i' I'mviin'i'. Its cililorials aro coii- spiriioiiN foi- vi',;or ail 1 poinl. Mr. Dnvrrnay. tin' cililor, ha-- loin: lirrii known :ii ihrpoliiiral wai'fai'i' of parlir^ in till' pi'ovinri'. Mr. Daiisifraii is also assoi'ialri! in llir coniliirt of it- I'oliimii^. I'll roi'iinto f'//m'/('(i/i (I'linriliiin wa- i'~lalili^ht'il ill 1 .'sl",l, aii'l i- l lir lii'.M ; it is a wnkly ioiiriial in tin- inti'i'rst of llir \N'i'sli'\aii .Mrllioilist hmly, ami wa- loiiif I'omhii'ti'il li> I'l'' foiimlri' of llm ()iilari'i roniiiion-srhool sy-.ii'in. llii' \\i\ . Dr. I'lil^ii'ilon liyi r-oii ; till' I!i'\. ]•'.. II. Drwarl i< pn'M'iil iilnoi'; llir (,'iiiiri/ifiii. iifiiT l'iirly--i'Mii yciii's, -till pri'Hi'i'vrs il< iiiirii'iil v';j;i)r anil ~t I Dr. IJarki'r. oui' .if till' oiliest si!ttlt'rs of Kin;;>lon, ami wi'U kiiowii in Camnla political circles, was tl liior ami proprietor ilown to 1S71 ; il is now comliiclid liy his iicplnw. Mr. K. .1. llarkir I'rii-c ami is the Kin^islon orijaii of ihc licform parlv. The WliiiX eil- iloiials are I'orcilile. ami the v|;itus of the journal lir.st I'lass. Tlic lirllcxille /;/^7//(/i';/('('('. al-o IS.'ll, was Imnj owneil liy Mr. McKiii/ie liowell. soinilime uraml master of the ( )|itario ( )i'anui' .Association : it !ia> lallerlv heconie I a ilaily. ami is piilili^lieil hy a joint-stock coinpany ; IS.'ll I appears to have lieeii a periol of newspapci' fouinli'm, as ! the I'rescott Ti'/ii/ra/ili ami I'erlh ( 'miri'd' Wfw also siart- eil in thai year. I'roci'iiliiiL; in orilrr, we have llie St. ; .loliii (.\.r>.) yiif.i. i'-lal)li-lii'il ill I.s.'Jl'i, ami llie Ilalifax ' Clirislian Missiinjir in the same year. In lirinu:in,i; our review of journalism ilowii tliii- far. we lia\i' prescrveil the ilales of e^lalili'-hment in coiiseciilive iinler as near as ' piis-ilile, link liy link, from the lirst in ITiil to the two la.^t paper-- naineil. We w ill notice now, liiil perhaps in less on lei-, the papers that remain. In which a^e, iVcwonlil seem to allacli aiiv inlciesl. The (Uliiirn < VZ/rcH was i'>ialilish- iil in IS 11, ami was loim' know n a-- " I'lell's paper." having heel mlui'leil many years liy the lale Uolierl liell. ^I.l*. ; I', for Carleloii ('oiiiily (Out.) pri'\ ions to conl'i'ileration. 'I'lie Toionio (iliilif appeals next, ami slanils lirst, anil pre- I'lnineiilly the prince of newspapers in the Dominion. Kstahlishcil in IS 1 1 hy the late I'eler IJrowii in conjunc- tioii with his sou. the pri'~i'iit Hon. (ieorfie ISrowii, as a Iri-weekly aiiil shortly after as a ilaily, il has yoiie on in- crea-inu in ciicnlalioii ami political power, iiiilil ils name I has hecome a synonym of whatever is sli'iiin.'in Canailiaii ! journalism. The <>'/"/'<' from its inception, has liecn iit the iiiieresi of the lieform parly of the conniry : .'iinl has j heeii the means of ailvaiieiiii.' iiol a few of that shaile of !| politics to posiiion ami prefermcnl. mil llie lea^t eonspii'. ' nous of ulioni may he naiiieil the proprietor him-elf. Th(> I liaim' of the Hon. (Jeor^e Itrown is so eomplelely one II witll that of the <>/iil)i; that to ilisassociate them, Woillil he to i;l\ J IV tlnl veals ■ Doii,i;a lime u| w ritte .lior I N. IXTI{(»l)r("II()N. 47 I Si'ii/im/ ntti] iiiiiitli (X.S.) (in/, t'olliiwt'd IS ills.) f>tal)- jur Vfiy liest :l wide iiillu- ri)\vii-.|ii|is ; " 111' Kiii;.'>ton till' (;ii:rtti\ Hi'cr, |'imiiclc(l IS l)ciMir till' MS such lius rdcr (if jour- , Idest settlers iticil L'ircK's, ; it is now 'iii^c. Mild is 'iif Wlii,ir<.il Joiii'iimI (ii'st I. ua> ioiijj ri'aiid mailer h'llv lllM-dllH^ ipMiiv ; l.s;i-i I'oiiiiili'i;;, as re m1-(i slart- lavc the Si. till" Ilalilax iiiiiifiiiif dur r |ir('>iTVi'(l I' MS iirar MS to the two 'iMIi-. ill less Uollld Sfclll ' I'slaliiish- I'. ' lia\ iiii; !.ll. S\.\\ rdrralillll, I. ami |iro- I )ll|llillioll. I I'OlljllllC- OWII, MS 11 III' on ill- I ils iiaim; ('Miiadi:in s liccn in : Mild I1M8 1 -liaili' of riills|li('. l-i'll. Til,, ili'ly Olio wiiiiM Ii)> III rnid ilir ialiiic. It would lie iinpfissililc in our space to ;;;ivc ivi-n mii niiiliiM' III tile cafirr and iiiMliaiieineiit of lllis Iiew>|ia|i( r, -lllliee il. lliat it is iliiliiedialely eoiitrnlled I liy llie^Vi/Ac I'uhlisliiini < 'uiiiji'iii'/, oi wliicli Mr. liinun i> manairiiij; director and iiriiicipal sliMi'eliolder. Mr. (ior- doii IJrowii, lirolher of the former, lias liieii for many years • of its chief writers. The I fun. William Mc- Doiiuall, lon^' coiispicMiiiis in ('MiiMiliMii |iolitiis, ;iiid Mune- liine LTovcriior of MMiiitolia. was alxi for years a iiriiici|ial writer. The (,'/ii'ii' is di-ti'ii^iiislinl I'or keen and lirciliiy I written editi.'ials ; and wIimI. iierhaps, has more than any- ! thiim else eisi'ii iis preM'iii position — the proiiiplnos, ful- ness, and accuracy of ils telrL;rapliic news rcjiorts. No L.lior nor expcii>e i> spaiid when a piece of fre>li news is , to he iilitaiiied. It lia> it» lirancli ollici's in all the princi- depeiident stand it has taken .■since its L'stahlisliinent. On all iiialters. social or political, the .SVi/c has exhiiiited an III! ri.'y of discir-sion and a freedoin of opinion at once coniineiidalile. The paper was e>talili>hcd liy Messrs, Marshall & Co., hut almost iiumedialely after was pur- chased liy Mr. I Iui;li (ir.iham, a youiij; man nearly eoii- lit.'i'ted with the late I'".. H. Parsons of ihi- oM Kmiiiii/ Tili\i/rii/i/i. a writer siinicieiitly known in his day. After lon^ connection with the linaiicial deparlnnnt of the Tif- r(//v/yts of the woikiiiL'-niaii. In a Word, the S/nr is one of a class of journals |o lie loiind ill every larjfe metropolis, and to ihe well-heinj; of which its presence is sullicieiilly essenlial. The Toronto Mm'/. \ estali'i>hed in l.s7l), is the secoed most extensive journal in point of si/.e, lirciilation and inllueiice'iii Ontario. Like its rival the G/n/ie, it expends lariji! Minis in oliiaiiiin^ j latest news. Ii lias ai;eiii'ies in Montreal, and some nilnr principal cities ; ami the tele;;rams and i;eiieral reports found in its columns, are iiiMiked liy proinp'itiide and ac j curacy. The Mul/ is the orj;aii of the ('oii>er\ alive , parly in Ontario ; and perliMps on no jmirnal can ;i '.'icat- er Miiioiint of cditoriMl talent he found. Il Iims a siili^laii- tial eircnlatioii lliroiiLihoiit the Dominion, and ils inlliniice is daily and deservedly on the iiicr. ase. Il i> printed hy a company, of which T. C. Patterson is manauu'; this 1,'eiilleman is also editor-in-chief. We close this sk< tch liy hrietly reiiiMrkin:,' on the strides Ms-uined hy joiiriiali-.m ill Canada wiiliin the last ten years. .Stali>lical lii;iiri's ^ iiiii;ht he adduced |o exliiliit what those stiide>, at once so siihstantial in themselves, have actUMlly hecn ; such however, Wc lielie\e linnei'e>s.-irv ; fai'ts are |iatelll elloll" li to every oliser\er. The increase in iinini^ralion, the ; opeiiini: lip of railway commiinicalioii, the extension and perl'ectiii;,' of lele;.q-apliy , and, more lliali all, the coinpleie- iiess and etlicieiicy of the scliool-sy>irins ihroimhoiit the Dominion, have wurked challi;e^ nol to he mislakeii, l-/,rry city has ils roiinil of dailies — every villa,i;e and hanil.'t, its one lo three weeklies. These are the sure indices of 1 iiaiioiial |ll'o^'l•ess Mild enliu:liteninciil — ihe unerring' rciiis- ters ihat mark our Mdvaiicemeiit as a people now, and shall coiitiiiui! ti) do .so ill llie fill lire. I it is needless to sav it has ever hecn the pronounced j moiilh-piece and oracle; audio lliciii it is indeliird ill ! Iar:;i'st measure for its siici'css. The .Montreal Weekly I(7/H(',vs commenced in li^llI, passin<; successfully into tri- weekly in is.-ii'i and daily in isi'ai. and we .-carcely need . sav. has attained a hiijh place aiiioii^ our Dominion news- I papers. 'I'he H7//<('.«.s' is essentially a reli;;ioiis-temper- i aiice dailv. and the I'onspiciiously moral lone of its col- umns, coupled with its \ ii;or from ils inci'piinn in the cause of li'iiiperMiici , . in larue de^r^'e secured for it ils iirescnt [lositioii. The Ilaiiiillon S/iirta/ni; cstahlished ill ISl^i hy the lat'.' Koln rt K. Smiley, was Imiir ihe hading' conservative paper in Ontario : it is still \ii.'orous, and has a larjic circidation : it is owned hy Lmusmu, .AIc- Ciilloch ^; Co. The ilamilton '/'inns. London .li/ri'riisi r, London III mill and London /'Vcc pi'iss. Toronto l.nn/, r, Iiraiit'ord Cuiniii; and a loiij; list of minor papers, daily and Weekly, weri' estahlishcd hetween IS IS and the ^llc- ceediiiiX ilccadc. The papers named are lii'st-class in their kind, and I'omprise some of the he.it enterprise and talent to he hiiiiid in the Dominion. We append M few words u|ion one or two daily papers of ipiite rei'eiit ilate, that have taken, liolh in inlhieiiee and circulation, a lead- iiii.' stand in their respeciive localities, in common with their contcinporaries already nientioiied. The St. .lohn, N". B. J)i/., llif ciiiiiiiiciits of America ^ " ■" ■■'• I'li^c aliovi! till! ualcrv wastes llialcii- eireled ilie \\ IiiK' '^Icilx'. Ili'Uee, l)y a siii'^le stroke. I le"_;'i'eai >i'li.ilar cliJii'.;!'-;. in llie iiiiuil-.or lii-; I'eailers, liie ( >iil W'dilil lo tlie New, ami llie New lu the < )1(U csiaMisliiie^- ihe I raiisruniinioii hy iu(lis|iiitalile evidi'liei'. Iiill. ala-i. es'ell A'^llssiz lias lieeii iina- lile. wiih any eerlaiiily. Id eniijeeiiire at whit |ie- riiiil America heeame llic alMide nl' map. Ilehiiid I he clll'laill which (alls 1)11 llie chi^e (if the telllh eciiiiii'\-. its w riiicii history is scarce and iiuielia- :i|r. Tiai'cs (iT a I'ivili/aiiou iiidicativi! of a lii.;]i aiiii'iuiiy arc \isihh' in iis munnds. munMiiienis and iiiseri|ilioiis ; hut these refuse lo nller the ^Tcat Iruihs which ihey ri']iieseni. and del'v' ihe ^■cniu■^ of even ('liiMiia- liiins-ll'. 'I'liey sland as lheL;l'eat unsolved |iii(l)lem of the a:;-e. Nor can all the leaniiii'^' of ihe schools di\inc their uriuiii. 1 111' ;_;real scarcity of iradilions has reinhicil llie hc,i re, nils (if aMc research iiolhiii'4' more 'haii , limi 1 infcieni'L's lIuiL U'lu aflur a^e, nations and |l tribes Iiave eniitimied to rise into fjicatn ess, and then fall and decline, and that liarhaiisni and a riidc ciilliiie iiave held alleinalt' sway. iJiU in another jilaee we shall speak at i^reater leiinlli on the suhji.'ul of j)reiiistoiii: civilization. •J.— lie s!ilije(,-t to wliii li the reader's attention is no in ed. tlie discovery of .\meii<'a. is of siirnassii]''' nterest, iioi onlv to ' . , , IN"|»!rH instrluiM'lit- Ami.ii.llls, i>nt to eveiv nation of alin tin' ,li-,(,viTy • ..I Ain. li.a. I'.iuope. It introduces ns at once to ihe 111'! Noi-eineii. who dwell aiiioiii^ tin; siiow- ca|i)ieii hills of
alreadv late in the slimmer, and the navi;^alor. »: 50 'JlTTI.r/S IllsroltV OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. witli his L'ominiiiy. otTiMcd iiiaiiv (Mriicst inayi-is Nuisfiucii, w lio liail st ttlcuKui., aiiuuig llii.' .M)()ii lliat lln'V mi''lit 1)L' iLiivcntl iVuiu iIk- dccau. FiiniUv tlii;v l-imli'd ii'. a <'(il. Ill |H'Cllliar ]);■(>[) th, ;i •"/' iii'l it .ic ir.xhr ri (ih riiiiii r (ii'ih I iin il t'l lliiin llidt :iii ai'nmntiil it in ITU'i. Siilini, Silin'iiiii;;, l^i;;iTliiin;;, \Variii,~l>jiiiil S.'iii(i'(li-i' anil iitlii'r> have all inrscnUil Ihr n.aiii larls in tlirir lii^ln US |)()i linn III Ami'lii-a, Sllli- riial wnrks. lint tlir.-i- innilui timis irciiMil im atliiili.pii 1 i i.ii.i r iifiticins, ai III not until l.sii \Ih-ii llir irli-liiait (I I'litirhMir K,i;n lil'ciiixht out liis i'..t<'i('stin;4 worlv, Aiiloii'il'il' ' A Alll' nrililtl , collit I II. I n I.,- s :.i pDsfil to 1)1' situated south of the Chi'sainaiu' \\d\ iucludinj^ lin- ('ai-oliuas, (^l■(l^^■ia. ami a Jiait of ..f Mlui-sontsiili'ol SiandinaNia !"■ indiiciil to ixaminc tin' il Florida, is in lilC Sa^a of 'i'iinllitl Karlscflic, cliaii- H"' NoiMMnm. l-mfiwor Kaln lias siMririU.l. and it niav ^., 111 rii IF ir/f-».i • /• ^ thai lir has doiii' niiiili towards I'Xiitiii'.; oiii' ilitiri^t ill Noim lit' la t.T 1.., called - /,7,„/,/ ,;lh Mukht, that is. ( .real ,,„.,, tIhis il is tliatsHiolars of otl,.,- nations liav imntK 1...,;m i: ■ llelaml. Il is elaiiueil tlial this eouillrv waseolo- study of Noitlinn .\iiti.|uitii's, Nuitlnni I.aiijna.tusand luston. (i\ Ilized loll- hufore (iudlauu^soirs visit. In ,h' Irisll, f'"'' ■""I •■'"d.ndj.M-. in i:n;:land, Lav., laili an lr,.|a.idi,i.iol.>^n,- iiid tliri'f Aiiii'iiian I niM-rsitiiv, ( chiicII. in Niw Joik. and llii uiid that they, " coniiiii; i'roiu their own j^'reeii xii.lii;;aii and Wi; islu to a vast coutiueiit ]iossessiii;4 many of the fei- iaii^iia),'cs. iisin LiiiM-'isilii asliiii tloii in Noill;c:li tile (iiialilies of their own native Miil. the apiiella- liou was natural ami a|iiiro|iiiali'."' Ami there is iiotliiiin' iiii|inilial)le in I his eonelusion, for the Irish who inhahited leelaml towards the close oi' the ci!.,dilh century, havini,' crossed the sloriny ocean to the extent of ei^lit iiundred miles, and who, as early a> A.j). T-"), were found u[ion the l-'arne Isles, and whose voya.;('s lietweeii lielaml and Ice- land, ill the tenth century were of fre'iiient occur- rence, were certainly capulile of iiiakiii;^ a voyaoe across the Atlantic Ocean. •!. — I'litil very recently it has lieeii su]i])oscd that Aiueiica was altonethcr unknown to Imuo- X..ISO iiorahir.. 1'^''^"^ idcvioiis to tlic voya-cs of aMdaMiiquiii.soi, (^i,,isti)|)h(,'r Coliimliiis, hut learned nil' i|is.-i>\.-iy ol I ■^""''"■•'- invest iu'ai ions ha\c cxiiiodcd this er- ror. It is further claimed, tlion^^h not so well es- lahli^hed, that some of the nations inliahit ino- ^Vmerica at the time nj' Colmnluis" visit were de- suendauls of iMirojieans. Within the jiasl lew years investioation as in the disenvcry of Anierica lias iieeii turned towards the Nnrih of Kiirope, and in coiise(|Uence the linlil which this olisciiie inirtiou of l^iirope contains is just hreakin^' iijion ■American history. It is now clearly shown that the aiitiiiulties of this sectiiiu furnish inenntesti- lile e\ideiice that the easlein shores of .North .\iiierica were discovered and explored in the lat- ter |iail of the tenili ccniiiry. nr cliisel\- fnlhiw- iii'^- the discoMiy of (li-eenland liy the .Nnisemeu. This source of ill forma I inn further reveals that the saiiii' cnasi was visited re|ieatedly liN'the Nnrse- iii'ii ill the elevcnlii ceiiliirv. iiml a'^aiii in the twelfth cenlury. and auain in the thir- tiriilh and I'liiiileeiilh I'eiiluries, and also, that Wl... "r ,. 1|„; N"i>' nan '.' I. — We must naturally emiuire as tn the oiiuiii and hi.stoiy of those Xoiseuicn, who weii' the liist to discover the western wnild. The i|Uestinii is easily answered. The Nnrseiiieii Wire the descemlaiils of a liram h of tin; (ioiliic race that in caily limes emi- grated from ,\sia and tiavellid mut liw est. and ■ M'ttli'd in what is now the ceiiiial iiortion nl' ilic I kiiiL;dom of Norway. They simki' the old Nnise ' ]a!i;-;'uao'e, the same as is ^l ill prescrv eil and spukrii in Iceland, upon which are founded tlu' modern Nor.--e. Danish and Swedish laiiL;uaoes. 'i'he early Nor-ciucn Were an eXeeediiiL;ly Imld and inde- pendent jicople, and were indeed a free iicnplc. They elecled their rulers hy the pnimlar Miiee. in a Liciiera! asscmhlane nf the masses, where all jiuh- lic matters of importaiiee weir deeidid. I'lcc and tintrammclled at home, they lircame the mn^t dar- iiii;' adventurers ahroad. as sunn Iinanie knnwn I ill almost every poitinn of the civili/ed wmld hy I their dariu!,' feats of soldiery and iia\ i;jai inn. i Spreadiiii;' themselves alont;' the .slmris nf Murnpi'. ihev made many cnmpiesis, and csiahlished nii- ! nieroiis colonics. In these expediiinns liny suh- dued a laroe porticn of Filmland. ca|ituri(l Nnimaii- II d\ frnlil the l'"reneh, cnlnpieled a laiue pnilinli nf I liel'^iiim. and sorely hariassed the ("pan ia ids. 'I ley ' made themselves possessors of Siiily and lowir llal\' under iJohert (iniscaid. in the ele\euih eiii- \\ liirv, where they maintaim'd siiio-einacy for many ' years. l,eadiii!4' the van of the chi\aliy nf I'.iiinpe diiriii'^ the ( 'riisades. and iiiled n\rr Ant inih ^md Tiherias und -r llarnld. i'assino' the Pillars nf iier- cllles. the\' desnlated I lie classic lields nf( i recce, and lied I le wa lis of ( 'nllslail! ilioplc. i'llsliili'.'' into '"t laviir. •• Swinl si reels I tic le; and tl Uhii in,' < di--i N ne rill nrsi .111 ( liii.sli.inily was inirodiiceil into .\iiiciica hv tic the far I'last, from w lienci'. ihe\ came, we Iiml tluu history. plISSl'S-.! tic iif I '4'rand- wliii-h I Il is a! which c iVolll cni Nnrt hiiii :..— r., Nniselll' Iiiscov'TV a ii.'iiiciii of r estahlidii i>!icd ah( of the N( cause wd llarald I hilll-i'lf t had its 111 l!a-na A llclcm.i she m.iri '\\{^' colli he wnllh suhjic^al lor I Wei' of Hafi- N'orway coni|ueii caused a leiiiireo ri-'iit w;i ihc (in. tyiann\' ' Kefusin. they rcsi liceii, ill IIISTOKV OK TIIK DISCOVKUV OT AMKlilCA. id ' ilu' Aliiiii- rl;in.l;j,,;,|, s ill t!ll-if lii-In- lioii iKiiii ..i;.ir I'liifoMir K.i.ii 'nnt\ fniiM tl.i II II' the I'liiiii;.- 1 f it iiNiy lie !■: Ul ill N'liM' KiiKi- Mltl.\ lii'UIJI 1 •■ III lii>li.r>. (i\- iiiilii- iiiiifoM.r, V..ili. i.ii.l t!ic III ill Xiiilhi.:ii ) tllU (ill'^lll TO till' lir.st \V1h> \\o\-p ;Iio N"i>tiiiiii V 11 lil'lllli ll liiiics ( iiii- liwcsl. and liiiii 111' ilic (i!(l .\iiis(! Itllil .s|>(il;('ii ic lllixli'MI ln' cailv niul iijilr- fi' Jiriiplr. r Aiiii'i'. ill (■ all ],iili- 1' ire ami iiiii^I (lai- II' lliiil 1111- lIliV Mlil- Niii iiiaii- U'llnli III' s. 'IlirV 111 lower 111 ll Cfll- i 11- many j l'!llln|ilj I iiH'li ami III' llcf- rci'. ami liii'.'' iiilii ml llu'iii i laviir^f till' l'omi(l;itloii of tlic Iliissiau Kiiiiiiro, i tlii'ir fainilifs for n new dwi'lliiiy; ]il;u;e. !^« mo •• SuiiiLiiii^' tiicii' t\vo-iMlif(j(l liiuili'-iixcs ill llio i wciil lo llic Ilclniilo, uiIrts to tin; ( )rl;iR'y J>]t's, slii'cls 111' ('i)ii>taiitiiiii[)Ii', wlici'o llicy si'i'vcil as Miiiif to llir >lu'tliUi(l and l-'aiiu' J>l('s ; iiiaiiv w t iit th ' I'a'lii-i i<( the (irci'k I-^iiiperor".s l)ody-'j,iiar(l, as vikings to Kiiglaiul, Scullaiid and Fiaiu'c. Imt i and ill.' iiiiiii sii]i[ii)it of liis totteiiiig iliconi'.'' j llie grcaliT niinilicr went to tlic more distant : It \va-> ill.' old N'orso Vikings wlio sa'led 11)1 tin.' : .--iiores of Iceland, wliere a giealer i-liaic ol' seciuiM- j Itliiii.'. the Selieldt. tlio Seine and Loire, eo'iiiuer- j from opjiression seemed to offer itself. Id land iii'4 ('oio'j;iie and Aaelien, where limy turned tlie I had l.i^.,,,, discovered hy tlie cclilnatcd iN'oise Kiii|M'ior'> [lalai'e inio a staMe, sem iieg lerior and | viking, Naddodd, in SiiO. and liv hiin iiaiiHii .'^now- disiiiay iiiio til" lieart of the great Cliarleiiia'giie. 'land; four years Liter it was le-discoverc dliy (iar- The rulers of Kiiglaiid are deseeii(Uiiits of ilie ihir, of Sweili>ii extiaeti aficr ■i\imm i"^! was N'orsi.ii, ;i. Cmgir i;„lf, tl,,; Rollo of i:,';disli ; called ••( iaidar's II(dm."' Ii \\ as again vi.-iu d liv history, invadrd France in the year Oil', and two Norsemen, Jngoifr and Leif. in hTO, Ly v\ h. m l.o.s,',.;,'d Xorinan.iv. and mi lOCtl, at the hat- it was called Icelaml. This iniigi at ion fn m Nor- th' of ill. lings Willi nil tiie, ('omim'ior. a greal- i way to Iceland Ingan in hT-I, mine than a ihou- i •^•r.iieKon of (ianger Uolf. .•omiurnd Kiigland. in sand years ago. and it was noi long hefoie the | whii'li ev. II ih,' glory of Knglaml look its origin. ' island rontained a iioimlalion of i'd.MJd. ami lliis | ll i> also irih' thai the nio.l si iihlioni oppoMi ion |it,l,., ,.,,1,1. (,iu-,,f-ih(-way ishiiid is, as Me ^llall i "■''''■'' 'tVonicd William tin ('oni|neror, was .see, the Iiingo niion which' the di.or s\\ ings m hi< 1 fioiii cohinisis of his own race who had settled in Noli hiiinliiia. ■ >. — lliii ihi' onier])ri>ing voyages fif the liojd Norse I ■Semen ;\i'ri' li\' no means ei opened America to Kniojie This iritiii'l li.i.l lifiii \i.ii..,l l.\ i'Uliiiis. :',|(l Mills 1 ifi'if. (In |v( ; .lllil .■icciildill;,' to till' hi^li liMiilli Hi. mill.-, wlii) wn tr il ;;(c ;;lii| by ill mlini'd to r'urooc i """ ^ ''■"■ **-•''• '' !'•"' l"'!' \i-it''l l.v m mc liL-li jiii.-t.- iiill.i. miii't;.'-.. , . , ,. ' 1 i' '; «:i.l.',ii,l i.ii.l Xc.noiy. tl,.'it I.il l<, the ' "f '■1''im1:iii.1;iii.| llini ,.f Ainni.-ii. estalili-lii'd Oil this island a Ui'imlilie which Hour- ■\ ''• — ''"' '1"' Norsemen did not (iiiline ihim- i-!ii'l aliiiiii I'.iiir hiiiidrrd years. Large nnniiieis ^i-'lves to leelaml. hut. ad iiated l.y an i;(i\ i ntinoiis of the Nor^ciii'.'n ciiiigiali'd lo this i-laiid from a i^pi'it, tin v mmhi ]Minred west ward to cause wliiili ri']ire>i'iiis their iiidi'iiendent spiiii. ^'rcenland. which they peo]iled in ii. nM.nmVijiii.ii-' Il.iiald llaarfa'^cr had sworn th.il he would make ■■^I'itc of its wntched climate, it has him-i'lf ihc inlcr ofail Norway. This hold aUem]il heeii well said that the discovery of (Imidand had itxnijii in the (hinanils of the fair and proud was a h'gitiniate cnnse(|uence of the set 1 1, mini of li.iuna .\ilil-.|,iiti'r. whom he loved and courted. Iceland, just as the di.-co\ eiy of Aimiica was a 11.' d.'iii.iiidi'd her hand, hut she declared the man lcv;itimale result of the scttlenieiit nf ( iiccnland. she m.iirii'd would he the King id" all Nor\va\'. Heiwccn the western limits ol' leeland and the I lie conditions were accept cd. with a ple<~'2. at the hat lie Norway to leeland. could, in ease o|' a \ iolent east of Ilafrsfjor.l. the tliirty-one small licpuhlies of \\iml. scarcely avoid aji|iroaeliiiig the coa.^ls of ' .Norway Were inciged into one kingdom. Thehold .('icenland Miflieieiiily to ealeh a '_;linipse of its coiiiinei'or had ^iilidiied or slain hisopponents, and i iigged shores. Ii is said that < ■ iiiiiil.juni saw- caused a law t.i he passed aliolishing a'l freehold l.md lyiiiL'' in the oeeaii west of Iceland u Inn, m ill line of property iisiirping it for the crown. This the \ ear ^~>>. he w as drixcii in that dii ect ion li\- a li^lit wa~ ret iiriied to the people hy Kingllakon, sloriii. Similar reports were sounded IVoni I iiiie to 'he (iuiid. le>s than a ci'iitiiiy aficr. To this time, iii.iil alHiui a cent ui\- afterwards a leiiain t\iauiiv the pnuid .Norsemen would not suluiiil. man. named I'.iik the Ued. h. id lied from .Noiwav» Kcliisin^' to yield thciiiselvcs lip as mere snlijccls. on account id' man-IaU'^hler. and had seltled i they r.'soUed to lea\e the 1 liecii. in part, wroled f oliles w lllell had tliiis ll le Western piirt of leel.ind. Ilele 1 le was also roll! iheiii. and set out w iih oiillawid hy the puhlie a>.-enililv for ll anie o2 rnri.Ks iiisioky ok tiiI': dominion of canada. Ships. .r III.- Nur.-. fiiiiir iiinl coiidcmiicil t ) biiiiisluiii'iit. His llioro- fdii' tillculiji'ct to the cidwn of Xoi'- \ \\a\. w iili which il iiiainlaiiicd a illation of dc- I jicndciici' for four hiindrcd years. 7. — We may ilivcrt, for a iiioiiuiit. w itii judlit, to iioiice the early t'arilities for Norse iia\ i^al ion. '1 liesi! hold voya'^crs iiiiisl have heeii aiileto'iuildsiilistanlial crafts, as well as known how to iii.\ inaU- them, in onler to over- come the d.iiiLjers ol the Atlantic. Bill we tind thai ihev had ;4ood sea-i;'oiiii;' vessels, some of whiih were of laru'i' si/e. In <)laf 'rrye;^va>oii's Sa'^a, we have an iiccoiiiil of one that was, in many respects, remarlcahle. That part of tliekcl wliich reeled on the uround w.is 1 Id I'eet loic^'. anlerii were overlaid with e-old. •• Their vessels,"' says a relialdo authority, "would compare favorably with those of other nations, whi( h have hecii used in later tinn'S in L'Xiicditions round tlii! world, and wore in every way adapted fiir iiii uceaii voyage." It is ([itite ceiiain that these siiips were as well fitted to eross the Alliiiilii^ as those which ('oliiiiihits used, four eeiitiiries after. From the Sa^as we learn also, that the Norsemen were fully alive to the study of navigation. They knew how to calcithile the eoiirse of the sun and mooK and how to measure time liy tiie stars: in short, they must havi? had a high degree of naiilical knowledge, to have exe- cuted their voyages to I'.n^land, I-'raiice, Spain, Sicily, (ireeee, Iceland and (ireeiiland. .'^. — Let lis now glance at the chain, link after link, in the discovery of America liy the Norsemen. In the vear OSti, the same vear that lijitni • li.-li..M^ 111.. • . sii.ir."..r Ain..ii.;i. he returned iVidcralile foiiiine. He was on a Voyage to .Norway when his father mo\cd to (iret'iilaml, and oil his return heroolvcd to follow him without unloading his ship. His men were eager to accompany him, so away they sailed ami soon lost sigiit of Iceland. IJiil the wind faih d. Siihseiiiiently a noil h wind and a liea\\ fog set in. and they knew not whither they were drifting This coiiditimi of the weather continued many days, during which the alarmed crew diil'tcd far out into the sea. to the solllh-west. At hle^lh the sun appeared, the stcuiii siihsiihd, and lo I in tin- horizon, not many leagues distant, the\ licheld the Well delined oiilliiies of an Unknown laml, lie? eoiiiinent of North America. .\[i]Udaching nearer they saw that il was w iihoiit mountains, and cov- ered with wood, r.jarne was sati>lied that this was not (ireeiiland : he knew that he was too far to the south, so Ik! left the land on the larlioard side, and sailed northward for two days, when again he discovered land. I>ul still this was not (ireeiiland: lurning tln! shiii from the land, they conliniied their course northward for ihrei' da\s. Then land was seen for llie third time, liiit Hjarne refused lo go ashore, knowing that it did not an- swer to the deseription of (ireeiiland. So they sailed on. and after four days they reached (irecn- land, landing not far from wlu'ie the father id' the unfortunate navigator had settled. It issuiipo>ed that the land Hjarne saw on tiiis involiinlarv voy- age in lisi; was. tirst. tlie presenl Naniiickct, mie degree south of IJo.ston, second, Nova Scotia, and third, Newl'oundland. !•. — lljarno was eeiisiired hy his countrymen id' ! Norway, for not going ashore and exploring the land, to which tlic tempest had diiv- _ en him. Nevertheless the imiierlcct i. m i.v 1 1. 1 iiik- ' , ►..", A, I), limii. dcscrijition which he was enalilcil to give seemed to arouse the' mind of Fief V.\]k- son. who determined to make fiirtlier investiga- tion. He hoiiglu IJjariie's ship, set sail with tliirt v-five iiKMi. and found the lands just as tlu-y hail lieeii deserilied to him, \. D. 1<>'">. I'likson hiiided his crew in Ilellerland ( New fmindland i. and in .Markland (Nova Scotia), explored these countries somewhat, named them, and then pro- ceeded to discovei' the land which had iirst heen seen liy lijanie. .\fler two days (hey came to liind ■^ N and chh did into ti'.iii lake I'.IV th' a.!i W.I.; th' a.i . in I! pre i[Uai leu; Lief thu lijaine. a i\\ iHT dl' a lit'. I If w as lllll\Cll ttP (1 111 I'dUow iiini well! sailt'il aiiiariie id not aii- So they d (ileeil- ler dl' till' sn|ijiiise(l iitary Miy- lleket. line ■euiia. and Iryiiieii (if KiiiiiL;' the 'vi-r\ *'f A iiH'i- '\ l.i.l 1,1 ik- A. n. liiiMi. ,ief F.iik- iiivestiua- sail with si as they jj iksiiii iidland i. lied tht'M' hell |il(l- lirsl lieeii lie to hiinl IIISTOIIV OF lllH DISCOVKUV OF AMFItlCA. h ami sailed into a sound, whieli was so shallow at 1 ehl) tide lll.lt their ship ^nilllldeil. FniL so llllleli did ih 'V de-ire III reach the land that they sjiraiiu into lli.i water and waded a-lioro al a place, as the traii^arioii has il. •• when! a river lluws init of a lake." Thi-- lake is iiii(h)iil)tedly iMmiiil Ilojie lliv. Al ll.io I tide they hroii-lit their ship into ih • liav. and ea-t anchor. Takiii.^ their skin cots iV'h ire tiieysooii raiseil tents, after which aenuni'il w.i-i hi'ld.it whii'li they resolved I ) remain ihroii-h tliL' wiiitc'. and liuild a lar^o house: they ohtaiiied iiii .iliiiiidaiiee 111' hue Salmon lioili in the river and ill the liay. From ilie aeeoiiiiL of this cNpedition. pres.'ived hy till' Norsemen, wi; learn that they ([iiaiteieil ill laliliide 41 ' 1^4'. ^\ liieli )ilaees their iciiis a! the month of |-'all Uiver. Ma>saehiisclts. liief |-hiI;son called the country N'inland. All ill iaciit I) I'liri'i'il wjiii'li rati-ioil l.icf F.iil;s rlier was missiim ami tin' Nmimuhii l)i":laie verv aii\i 1 1. |e.| lei inii^lil lie Uiilea li\ llie lnilian~ or wilil lica-t-i. l-a'i ;-ii'i ^et nat in iiersmi. witii a lew men tn seareli ii.riiim. To.v mis eveniii,' 111) WM* ni't nil liis wav I') i'aiii|i in a \ery e\'iteil stito .ii luin I. II ' iMin " rannin,'. Iiuliliii'^' ii|i in caili liaiiil a lae^e i|ii met ■ 111 I'rait. an I slniiiiiii,; at tile tn|i nl liis Miiee, " Wi iii'ian- li"a I Weaitraalieii I !" Tiie si-ht ainl taste of tliis fruit to vvjii.li lie III I 11 'e 1 a • Mstiaieil ill liis ,nvii native (ieniianv. Iiail eM iteil liim to »a 'il aa eMent tlial lie seemeil to lol-^et lo|- llie time liis liosilioll. l'o|- a Ion,; wliile lie Will I it I iioiliin,; lint laii.;li. ile\oiii- mape~ aihl tall; (i Til 111. w r.eli l.in; ia,'e the N'orseine'i niahl Hot iini|er>taiiil. at l,i,-l 111' < llie N' 1,'se tilt he. to his ^ real joy lia:;tKS(i\._:l. IOximODITIoN' (JiDIMI). 1. l)i;sri!lI'TH)N' Ol'" Till-: Fxi'KDi riov. — "). Otiii:ii I'.xim:i)1 rniNs nv Tii:: Ni>i;skmi:n- — i!. CoNNKcriM; i.ink.s hk- TU'i:i:\ TIII-; Di.scoviMiv iH'' AMr.i;i<'.v r.v Till': Ni)i:si:mi;n- and iiy C'ui.imius. I.— Farly in the Sprint- of lOUl. Fii f Friksnu rel iriieil to (ireeiilainl. where tlu' news of his dis- covery created j^reat coinniotioii. 'riiorwald. Lief's Tlmnvni 1 Krik- hiotlicf, (lesiii'd to explore the land lii'v'inTi.'ir.v.' n. """'' cxti'iisively, and solicited his '"''-'■ lirother's ship for that purpose, which the ^^ciieroiis Lief readily L;raiitcd. .Viiother ex[i(.'di- lioii was aecordiimly titled out in 'he year iDllii. liv riiorw.ild 1-iiksiiii, whiisalle'l to \ inland, w hi rt' he remained t hi ■ e year.->. and w here he fell in a hat lie with the Indians, pierced liy an arrow, lie was liiiricd ill \ inland, and two erossi'> were /aiscd aliovf his grave. The exaei ImMtion of this i;rave could not now lie asccriaiiicd. Imt it is indeed hal- lowed ;4rouiid thai conlains the diisl oi' the lir.-'t l>iiiopean who died and was liuiied in America. In F'^-'il there was iliscoMied. in tin •>i«li;ily ol Fall Iliver. Massaclmsetts. a s-ki leioii in armor, and man V dl' the cireuiiisiaiiee< ciiuiieci ed with it are such as to leave room for. at least, the ednjectiiri: that il was the skelet in iif this very 'I'liorwald Frik- siiii. This skelcliui was the ^ulijeit of iiiiich learned discission at the time, and the American poet. I.oimfell iw, wrote a poem oil il, years alter. l)CL;iiiiiiii;,4' will: these words: I •• Speak ! Sjicak ! I tlinil fearful eurst." The poem niak 's the skelelon tell the story of his adventures as \ viking, sini;' oi' the pine {'uresis of Norway, of '.lie voyaL;e across the Atlantic, and of the discycry of America. The followiie^ is one ol the • laii/.as : '• 'J'lirce weik- we wi-^lwaiil Imre, Ami when ilie ■.tmiii u a^ nir C'liiinilike We sau llie sliiire Slj-eleliili;;' In leeward ; There for my knly's Imwcr IJiiih I llie liifty tdwer, AVhii'li III this very liuiir Staiiils juiikiiio' seawaiil." The tower referred to in the almve is the famous Newport tower, in IMmile Island, which was iin- ildiilitedly hiiilt hy the Norsemen. This cclclnati d poem closes with these two stanzas : •■ Still '^\-f\\ my I m llieli Slill as a slau'iiMiil fen, Ilatifiil 111 me were men Till' siiiiliejii lialefiil ! Ill the vast liircsi jnic, (lad III my warlike eeai-, Fell I iiniiii my spear. Oh, .1: ilh wa- orateftil ! "Tims ^( aiiieil wiili mai'v scars, Iiiir^liiiif llii'-e |irisiiii liars, l"|i 111 il- unlive stars M\ -mil a-i eiiileil. Tllele fr nil llie lluw ill;: l"i"l I)i'e|i ihiiiks llie Wi.rriiir's mhiI : Skdil lo llu' Niiitlilainl. Skoal ! 'I'lill- the t. ■ einleil." TUTTM'/S IllS'lOIfV OV IlIK DOMINION OK CANADA. W'llrll lllO Niiiscllirll iiiiil 1 iiirifd llicir cliicr Mini nlc N. ili^liii.l (if llicso niL;;4r(l '-liri's. Icilit,'!-, I'll >iw, lid. liii\ rcliinird to I lirir iciils iii iiinl MKiw-clad liilU. I'"iflils uf \\;i\iii the liay. loailcil ilicir >lii|i, uiih liic jU'idui.ts uf and i\ c iiistrad nf iii(iss-io\ end nicks and saiulv till- laiul, ami icliiiiicd in ( ii'cciilaiMl III Inn," il. 'i'lccs iar;^- (' riioii'^h to Kiiild JKiiixs am d -Ni^M wi' ail' tiilcl liv till' >a''a>. lliai I linr- |'rf»n<'fi'S!»flll I'xpf- iliiiMti ..nii..rsi.' llrikSMii, A. I). Ill|i I'lrik ilic mill iii>ii'ad i)\' MlllllW lhl>lll ■s, thill iiT I'll for •itciii, till? \ ()iiiiv;t'st sun lied, ri'sulvi'd to \i--ii \'iiilaml. iiml w iii'4' cMi'iit to savi' oiir lattlc fioiii starvation irii t lie hay (Toll runs out licsnlcs loii''('r siin- lilC llO( Iv ol his ludiliiT sliiiic 111 w iiiicr. ami more L;ciiial wanulli all tin Tliofwiild. "lie was niaiiicd. till' Sa;_;iis, vcar loiiiid. instead of liowliii'^' winds ami 111' ami inil \\i)i- "tD (Jiidriil. 11 wiiinan icniarkalih' for her hi-aiity, snow. Truly I think this coiintiy has liiT din'iiily. her iinidcnci; and her '^ood discoiirsc. fully iiii>nanird when liny callrd il (iirriiland. Tliorsirii, liili'd out a vessel, nianii'il il with -I. — 'I his e\[ieiliiion \\a-.oiia iiiiieh laru'er seal twoniy-livc iii'ii, selected for their sireiiuil statltfc, hesidi's liiiiisi I ami tliai I any that ineeeded il. !i is ]ilaiii that l.ief jiill to sea, and w en If aiiiHiiidiid." This |iarly and Tliorwald and 'i'lioisiiin had i"'"''"!''.!: •' -non far froni < il eeiiland. iiiit not intended to make ihi litiii ;n' ■I'- PXpi'ilil .fll...r- 1 oiiiiiias lieiii'r Dverlaki'ii li\' a storm. Ilie\' were io>s('(t ami maiieiii alu driven. Ilie\' UlleW iml wlilllier. ;iia'lv llie\- leached laml, w for many a da lliell |iro\i(l III he I de ill N'inlaml. Ihey liidiiL;hl neither k v. Women nor Ijoci^s imr lieiils w le lie .,ml illl tliclll. Karsef- (imlrid, on the oihci' liand. came I'mth wi'steiii i'()a.>l of their own (iiei'iilaml. Mere I hoi stein ami sevci'iil of his turn dietl, and (iiidiid i( Iniliei Willi all the ei|iiiiia.;i or coloiii/ation. 1 paiU eoli>i>lei| III one hundred and III 1 \ -one men il I lliiks fjord. lortinn Kaiisifne was ami seven w oineii. A niimlier of eai i le and --hi 11 ic nio>t di--iiM- Wen liroiiiiht to America with this eNiiedii loll. i:\|..'.ii!i„n„r nii.-liei 1 e\|ilorer of \ inland. Ihiii'4 They all iirriscd safe, and remained in \ inland A. II. hi 111 Kiiiis, fii.' a u call li\- ami iiilliieiilial i nan. and three \ear.--. when the lio>iiliiics ol' ihe Imli; devcemled II oiii the nio>i l'anion> i'.ini- coniiielled them to uivc iiii tl •^ of the Xorili. Il e was a lile t- ) comniaml tlic Ins iliree \c,m> siav in \ iiiiaml. Ilioijinn was not p tlie colonv. 1 Dnriii'j: means ncee^s 'a Io a .viicee^-fiil eA|iedii imi. Ill the iiiaciu ('. ( Ml I he Clint rary. he com 1 net id an e\i en- fall of Himi, he eiiiii;iiil(d from Norway to (iiccii- si\ c ami inolitaliletradc w iili the liidiiiii>.aml liceau land, wiih iwo>hijis. whereat l!iik>lionl he nni to dc\ cloiie the resoiirees of the (■oiinlry. Ihe year i.i"f Ml ik>iin, w!h' offered i he Norse iia\ iuaior i he al'icr I heir arri\ al a son w as liiirii to 'Ihoi tiim and lio-.|iiiaIiiie. of lii.iiahlid diiriii'^' winter. Thoi- ( iiidrid. w ho was iiaiiied Siiorre Thoi liiin^on. ilf linn soul M .;aii lo ireal wiili l,ii f for the hand of was horn within the limits of the pieM'iil State of (iiidrid. Lief liciii^- ihe per-oii to whom the ri-hi Massaclinscti.-. al r>ii//,ard"s Ihiy. i'l the \ear ll man of I'',iiro|ieaii lilood. of w Iiom! w iiiier llie\- were iiiariieil wil h due ecrciiiony. (in- liirili in .\nierica we have any iccoid. ill id. full of I II ill I resohe, iirLCcd her second liii>liaiiil ."i. — The Saigas ei\ e elalioiale iiceonnl> of ol her 111 nndeiiake an expedition lo X'inland. in which e\|iediiion'> hy the Norsi men to \'iiiland. There her li;>i hiisliaml iiad peri>hciL .\ceoiiliiio|\ in ihe is one liy l''re\di>. in lull, and in ,„|„.|. ,.,|„,|,n.i» spring' of ImiT, I'lioilinn aecompanied hv his wife, ilic year lliil the Bishop. l'",rik I'lisi, '> I'l' >>"■»" '• sailed 111 N'inlaml, w liei e he leiiiaineii ihice years. came a> a missionary to the colony. There aro The I ;as eniphasi/.e the I'ai i thai (indiid wa--ilie al>o aci (iiiiils of e.\|iedilions. Ii\ tiie Norsemen, to lieart and Miiil of this eN|iediiioii. and reproeiit (ireal Irland i .Noiih and South Carolina. (icoi;^iii, her as addressiiin' Jiei' hn-Jiaiid in the followin'^' :ind l'"lorida >. 'ihe la-l nicnlioncd wa> in I". IT, hiii^iia^i' ; •• I wonder that \oii. Thorlinn. wiili Iml litis was in the time of the I'lhick rhi;.;nc, jjood slii|is and many stoiil men, and pleiiiv of which ra'^ed ihrmiehoiil Mnrope w illi iinielentinii^' 111 Mil-., ^.holllli cliiMi-e to ii'inain in ihi- hairen spot fury from I'll" lo l:l."il, ami al-o reached ieclaiid. instead ol' searciiiii'^oni lh"l',iiiioiis X'inhiml and (irecnland. and \"iiilaml. ami eiil olV (•oiiiniiiniea- liliikiii'^' a setlleiiieni there; jiisi think what a 1 ion liel ween these coiintries. This phmne icdiiecd s|ili'iidid eoiinlrv ii iiin-i lie, and what ade--iralile the popiilal ion of Norway alone from two iiiillioiis cli.im^i' for lis. thick and lc.if\ w U lils 1 Minily I-; ;inil 111 I'nr rvaiidii 'vr siin- 'ill ill.' ice mill (11 VMM- 1 ami. ' ■ el- scale lat I-i. r i.Ti-.f-riinr- CiiilriM .1 ■ ■11. luiilicr Kalsrl- HIsroRV OF TIIK I)IS('()Vi:i{Y OF AMFIUCA. s'lni' i'ir.i iif til.' irirililc ravages ni' this IV'arl'iil , i'|pic|iic|i with ihal livClllis- h !t.v.; '.I til' a(>- ' ^ .•i.v -ry In III ■ l()|llli.T ColllmlllW, wllicIl is lllnrc N'.r-.H -III Ml a. Ill by ^ (j.ii.iiii.as. rcuciiL ;iii(l liciicr kiniwii. In W'a-^li- in^iiiii Irviii'.fVs !ii)4'iM[iliy of ( 'uliiiiiliiis, wc jraiii fnt.ii a li'iliT, wriiii'U liy tin' cxiilorcr liiin>cll', tiiat w'lili' ill! (IcM^ii dl' al!( iniiiiii.;' tin' iliscovcfy in j til • W'o^l was matiuin^' in iiis miinl. lie made a V i/a; ■ Id Il-'Iiiii'I. 'i'liis \\M^ in llic siuin.;' nf 1 ITT. \V,; li ivo th; li^h'^ tn a-.snni.! iliai in his cmivcrsa- tiiin-i wiiii ill ! liisho;) and dtiici' learned men (if I lo.d.ii I. h ' iiii-l lia\(; In'cu iiifnriiied df the dis- e ivei'v- (if \'i.il in 1. It will lio reinemliered that this visit df ('dliiin'iiis tn Iceland was duly lifieeii yi- i;'s h •:' );-,• h ' di -e i\e;-e I .Vllli'liiM, and only (ilie h I I !;■ ' I ,in 1 l!iirl \- \e II' .il'ier the la>t Norse ex- ji'ltiii t) \'in!,in I. .\iidther link' is fiirnislied in 111 • fa •[ ihr. (i i hi 1. th ; wife nf 'I'Ihu linn, after lii • d ' itli df th • l.i' I '!•, Ill ide a iiil'^riiiiam' Id lldiiie, wii -ri! sli ; wa-i Wi'Il received, and where she eer- t linly rela'.e I th > >i iry of h n' trans-. \tlatiiie voy- a;-' to \'inl.inl, iitid her thiee years' residence ill ■:•.'. li 1 II ! [i.ii 1 iiia.'h atleiiiidii to L;cii:;ra|ihical di-c iverie-;, an I In il; [la.in to eolh'el all new ehaits ilii" w ■!(! Iii'iin^dii there. They miisl have iieaid df \'iii!.i'i I hifire, 1)1! (Iiidiid liKiii'^hl lliem ]ier- so:i il evi 1 'ii;!!'. .V'^.iin, that N'iiielaiid w a^ ael iially kii r.vi I I ill' V.iiiein is iiianifesi hy liie fuel that I'lji' I'.i'il li.. in th; ye.ir 111:2. ii|iiidiiiled I'hik [J|>-i. UI>li I I III' I.' '1 I'l 1, (ireeiilaiid, and N'iiihiiid, • III ihi-; -Ml' UNIi i[i vi--iied the latter |ilace in I 1-1. Il sli ) i!d, df (.'iiiirse. III! hdriie in iiiiiid that ' ' ''a 111 n li^-e I ill sill ii,'t' df discdveiy ; Fnuland. l''iM 1 •■', I'lirln^Ml. an I Spain were \yin;4 w ith e.ich dh'r in thiir discoveries. jlinee it wniild he a«Mnisliin,' to lielieve that Cdlinnlnis. in the mid-i of ih'.e cviil'liee-;. wilh his nailliiMl kllduled-v. did not 11 'ir of \meriiM years lii.fdre liis N]|i|i left I'.il IS. We have also II remirkahle reeord of the I Uiirly ilisi;overv of .\mei'iea hv ihe Xor-eiin'ii. in the ■ wi'itiiirsof .\damdf nremeii. He ^ isited Denmark I iin I i)'.\ his return lioine lie wrote a hook- "On the I I'l'iiju ration of the ("liristiati I'eliuidii in the N'orlli of Kni'iilie." illiil, Ml till' end of this hook, lie added II Ki.'iK^miiliiciil ski'teh nf llii! t'oiiiitiy of the N'ni'se- iiieii. In his treatise he speaks of Ninland at i L'dtisideralile length, elosiiio' with tlu' remark, "'riiis wo know, not l>y f.iluilons cdiijectnro, Inii iroiii i ]idsitive statements dl' the Danes." .\daiii of : llrcnieii's W(irk was first inilili^hed in the \car I InT;!. and was reail liy intelli;^ciit men in iiiaii\ ■ p.irts of |-jirope. ('oliiiiil)iis lieiii'^- all cdiieatcd ' man. and so deeply interested in ;^i'on'raplii( al si lldies. es|ieeially when llieV treated of the .\ll, Ill- lie Oi-caii. must lia\i' read and studied lliis work. '| I lie>e are faels. and the liionraphy of ( 'oliimlnis will show that he always iiiaintaiiieil a linn eon- vieiion that there was land in iIk! W'e-t. and he j hoiioily adds, that he liased this eon\ietion on ! the ailthdiity df the learned writers. lie staled. ! liefdfe he left Spain, thai he expected Id liiid land | soon alter sailiii;^' iilioiil se\eii liiindred haunes: : hence he was aci|iiailileii wiih the lireadlh of the ocean. A day or two hifore eoiiiiii'4' in siuhi of the New World, hi' auiced wilh his iiiiil iiion> crew that ii' he did not discover land within ihice (liiys he woiiM return. In fact the whole lii-ioi\ of his (liscdNcry is fraii'^ht wilh t'sideiice of lii> [ire\ idlls knowledge' of .Vnieliea. ClIAPTKK III. IIlsniRVOF TlIK DiStOVKIiV Ol' .\MKKI( .\. I. CiiiMsriii'iii;!; ( '(ii,i miu s .\mi ms I'i..\n nf DiscdVf.iiv. — -2. I''ii;sr \'«iv.\(;i; ni' I)i>- <'ii\i;i;v liV ('(ii.i'Miii s. — :l. ('(ii.iMiiis Dis- ('iiVK!;s S.\N S.\I.V.\|Ki|;. — 1. riif. I, .whim; (IN S.W S.M.V AlKil;. "). ((il.lMlll.s Dl.s- (iiVKCs ('rii.\, ll.wii. i:i('. 1, — ('hiistoplier ( 'oliinihiis, whose dixov ct ics were the iminediale ciin-e of dircctili'4 theallili- tioiiol' the '.^rcal powers of Fitroiic ei, isi,.| ii,.| i ninin. , ,,. ■ ' , , '. I'"' Mii.i III. |, hill 1. 1 Id the \\ esleril Wnlld, was Iidfli m .IIm "m i,\. fieiKia, a seapdrt town in Ndrtheiii llaly. iifdiii .\.D. I 111. lie earlv 111! a led ill l.l>lidn. W hele lie desiilcd liinixlf to ma kill',;' map-, '.ildlies, iiiid thr stiiil\' of the lii'jliei' liraiiihes of g('de'ni|ih\' and na\ i'jalioll. He is said to ha\e heeli lllelil>t to adopt rules for the ealcnlation of hii il nde and lon- 'iiliideal sea. ill atli'stiii'4 the iicetiraey of w liii h. he made several voyn'^es aloiiu' llie coast of .M'liea. tlu'i'i'liy lieeoming aci|iiainle(I wiih the .Vtlantic TtriJ :ii 5 od 'irilLKS TIIS|'()i;v OK rilK Do.MIMnX oK CANADA. Oci'illl. 'I'llf ]ir(i;,Mcss of ni' now rxriiiii'^- i^riMi L'mii(>ily in ilic niinils of tlu! li'iirni'd iiirn nl' ICm(i]i('. Alrciidy it li.nl Keen Wfll iiscL'itiiincd llnit a vast ma'an lay m tlic cast of Asia. A kni)\vleiln(! i noied INntii- jjfiicsc navi^atofs. anion'.x w lioui ( 'iilnnilnis was piir- sniii'j; liis sindii's. Suipii-ed and deliulilcd willi tlic news, tlic hold man. in \ i' ' . made a xoya^^i; to Iceland, wlicic lie i^ainccj valnalilc inroinialion t'oneernin;^' N'inland. Sonn al'ier lie was |iossessed willi a |pro)cct id' diseovcry. the c\aei cliaracter iil' wliicli is LTi'iicrally nii>iinderstood, and will |iroli- iilily lu'vcr lie I'uilv l '^•eiicralK" held that he conceived the idea of feachin'.;' India 1)\- a direct course to the \Ve>t, liasin'^ his conclnsions on a rel'.iiai i'.;: "I' ilie I'loleinean s\stcni. then in univci.sil crcdi', regard;:;',' the shape of the carih. and h ildiiiu' the ( 'o>iiio'^'ia|ihic themy. lint as ihc li'^lil if hi^ioiiiMl know li'il.;!' ^he(|s its lays n|iini t hi- , lieinx'. it lades as do the stafs lie lore the colli iiiip of 1 he 111 nil i 114' s nil. Ii is pretty clearly aseeitaincd that ( 'olniiiliiis c\| I I'll to lind land ili.il \\;is hy no tiieaiis idi'iilieal wiili India. I'nll\ as >oon as he did. I)e this as ii may, ii is ndi oiir pro\inei' |o speeii- laie oil a theory tli.it seems lo h,i\e had a full deliiiiiion only in the -oiil of the tinlv L;ieat iia\i- e;ator. :2.— Colnnilnis inip;!ried mi miii h of hi^ plan as seemed ni'cc>-.ary nndei' the ciienin-ianees, |o Flint v..va^,., ,1,11- ,I,i|iii II.. Kill-' of I'oihi'al. piavine-. iiii.-, .V ii ii.ij. I, lit ill vain, for u few \. ,.e|s to jno- Sl'ciile his colli empiii led elil er|ili/e. Ila\ ill'.;' failed ill thisalleinpl he inriicil louanls Spain, makiiie' a ioiinies- lo Madrid, willi his son. Dii'eo. in IHI. wlere he laid liefoie I''erdiiiand and IsalicUa propo-als similar to tliosi^ which .lolin had lilnntly fcjceled. They Were disposed al>o lo treat Ills plans w ii h lint liiiii' i'on>idei.ilioii, Inil the ereal man wonhl not lie overcome, and for ci^hi \cai's he pressed his ea-e llpoll the allelllion of I he I'OII- joinl niiim'.rchs. wiih coii>iaiill\ iiici'easine' ciiihn- siii>m Who -hall lell n- tin' slorv oj' ihcsi- iiidcfalieahle cffoiN ' When llii> nndiinnicd ("oliiinhiis 111 ■! the Spaiii-li tl hr^ians in solemn (lelilieratioii. w h 're. in \ain. it was alleinpteil to rel'nie or e-iaMi-h lii> hold lie mies hy Holy Writ. r>.il while ( 'olnmhiis w;is jipe-sine' his cause ill S|iaiii. his hiolher Wii> la\ in.; the -,,nie pi, in hefore the contemporary riders of Iln'^laiid ami l'"riiiice. with rcmaikahlc siieccss. Ihil .'s|i,iin xiehlcd in his ur^iimeiits. and placed at liis disposal a lloiilla iif three small vessels, called eara\(ls. onl\ one of which, the ••Sania Maria." was decked. 'I'hi' s( a- porl of i'alos, siinaled on the sonih-we-l coasi of Spain was selecteil a^ the place of cinharkal ion. Here iwii hrothcrs. n.inied Pin/nn. evpendi'd llicii- forinnes in siipiilyine' the vcs>eU for 1 he \ nyaui'. Stores were piocnrcd snlliineiii to la-t thcei-cw. which coii>i>led of one hundred and tweiiiy men. foi' one yi'ar. .M'icr many sore di>appoiiiimeni- and vexatious delays, the liiile licet was ready for sea. and on the :lrd of .\iiL;ii.>t. N'.':^. ('oliiinhii> set sail on his liisl voya'^e to tin' Woieiii World. He reached one of the ( 'aiiary Islands on I he '.M h of the same month, where he remained, makine re- pairs until I he till I of Sept em her. w hen he scl sail. dircctine' his course |s were lillcd with anxieiy and alarm. The nn\ar\in'4' course ion h\ the alarmed voyagers. The di ni.iniU upon ('nlum- Inis hy his crew to iciiirii hecauie mole iinperalivc daily. .\l last ihey openly threalciied toihiow him inio the sea. and lake the mana'^emenl of the ships iiiio their own liamis, i'liii in ilie midst of 'all these da 11 '^e is ('oliinihiis was jniu in hispm- I pose to eo I'orw ;;rd. How ca'_;eil\ the cvcsofihe ercat na\ i'^alor si'aniied ilie Wcsiein Imii/on. Inii only the dcccplive cloiid-hank appeared to mock till' weary waieher. The empty days and ni'^hls w ore on. and ( 'olumhus w ,!s fdiccd lo ciiiieliiilea 1 treaty with his rehcllious crew, siipiihiliiie- that if 1 land was not discovered within three da\s. he i Would ahandoii the voya'.^e. \\ leiiuih the dav ! arrived, and the ureal heart of ('olnmhiis heal with deep caioi ion. •\. — .\sihc (|o\i' aniiouiieed the appearanei' of land to the eicai iia\ ieator of .Mosaic hisiorv. so was it the sielit of land-hirds thai r..iiiiMi.ii..ii>i- , , ,, , i-(i\rij. SUM lll'sl sent the w,ives ol emollon s:il\ii.l..r, coiirsiiie' tliroU'.;li the >^vv\\{ siuil of ( dliimhiis, 'i'hesc fealliered inessemi'ers proclaimed his mar iippriiaeh III land hy the silent c!oi|nenee of I their illspilin'4 presellec. Then came the si-hl of i.L 1 mill l''iiiiii('. lill \ ifl(|c(l III |Ml>;tl il, lltllilhl Is. nlllv (ilic 111' \t'(l. 'I'lic scM- i-W c^l rii;i>t 111' i'iiiliai'lt till' rlrW. 1 I w ciil y iiiiii. -a|i|iiiii!liiiri]iN was icaily fur !•:.'. ( 'iiliiiiiliii> rslrril W'lillil. S (III till' '.till (if • 1. iiiakiiiL; ir- lil lir srl sail. \a-l Ailaiiiir. ■ si'M'ial ila\s. 1 llir aii\iuiis il. Ami iiiiw y ami alarm. Ill, llir uiial iiilii r iici'iir- lliM'IIS>iil!l ll\' ■ ll|"IM Cllllllll- ni' iiiijirial i\i' 'lliil In llilnw U'l'llU'llI III' llir I I III' miiUl III' III ill 1 1 i-^ I III I'- ll' i'\ I's 111' I lie I Imi i/iili. lull lllril 111 murk ys ami lui^liis III I'lillrl lull' a ilalini;' that if iii'i' (la\s, |ii> ii'^ili lilt' ilay nllimlills llrat a]i|ii'araiii'i' nl lii' liisiiiry. so I I'liinilMiMillii. I'llM In Mill S:ilMl.|.ir. if ( 'iiliiml-iis, iiii'il Ills mar ('Iiii|lU'llrr 111' ir llli' si''lil III' Mi IIISTOHV OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. .07 •^ea-wecd as 11 coniirination of tliat wliicli the hirds foresliadowed, at wliicli the heart oi' ('((luinbus beat still faster. As iiijj;ht came on the keen eyes of the great couuiiaiKhT were t^reeted hy the faint n;liniiner of distant iijjjhts. In these last and dii'ad- fiil hours of suspense, he was not left without a siijn by da\' and by luifiit. The birds, sea-weed, and faintly hnid : ami. in a spirit of thankfulness for \\ hat had been achievid. the congregaieil (.'rews chanted (he Ti ftfiiiii. 'l\n; aborigines of the ccuintry were not less moved by the appearance (rf the Spaniards than the voyagers themselves, thougii in a dilVerent way. .Almost iniked, they llocki d around the explorers, being struck with awe and curiosity at the odd ceiemony emicled before them. It is no great wonder that these simple nalives regarded tin" strangers as children of the Sim. on a visit to the earth. Hut wiiile the Indians were astoni>hed. the Spaniards were overjnyed ; they belicbl the animals, the trees, the ]ihniis, which were so dilVcrent from any they had seen in l'!lurope. 'I'he toil was plainly fertile, bul nowhere was there a single trace of etiltivatioii. .M'icr making (Hiile an exteinled stir- vey of the Island. ( 'nlinnbus w iilidn \v to his ships to continue hi'- discoveries. ;"). After visiting sev I'l.l Islaiiils. iu' rcai'hcd Cuba, where hi' also took possession in the name c..iMii.i)MH,ii«,.,.v.-ri."'' '''t''i' Spanish Majesiics. After '•"""•"">■"•""■• exploring tir. Islaml for some time. and obtaining all information ])ossible from the natives', Columbus weighed anchor ami saih^il eastward, d'scovering Ilayti, where he was kindly received by an Indian chieftain. While on this coast om; of his shi|)s was wrecked, and out of tiie pieces of the wreck he construeteil a rinle fort, to protect his crew ami iiis new native allies against the lieice Caribs. He nn)unted tin' little fort with the guns of the shijt, and Jeft a considerable [lortion of his crew to garrison it. Siiortly after he sailed for Spain, and reached I'alos on the loth of .March, \VX). There was great commotion and rejoicing ill Spain ou the arrival of Columbus. IK- was en- nobled by the momirehs, and treated with great respect by all the peo[)Ic. lie made three other voyages to America, but we have already followed his discoveries ([uite far enough for the purposes of this work. CITAPrER IV. niSTOUY OF TIIK DISCOVKUY OF AMERICA. 1. l)is(;uvi:i!ii:s iiv Amicuki's Vksi'I'cii'.s. — 2. \()V.\(ii;s nv Tilt: ('.Mil Its. — :{. C.vitTi:i;i:Ai/s V(>VA(;i:s. — l. Vauku s oriiini VovA(ii:.s. — "). \'i:tt.\ZZAM".S VoVAOK.S. — ti. FlK.ST VoVAGK (IK .1 A«i^ri:s( '.MiMDii. — 7. ( ".\i; i ii'.u's Si'.conm VoVAdi: .AMI l)is(iivi:i;v ()!•• riii-: Sr. I.AW- 1!i:n('i;. — s. ('aimiku ai- Stadaco.va. — !i. Caktikiis VtiVA(ii': kuom (^t i:i;kc to llo (UIKI.ACA.— 1tt. CaUTIKH AT lluCHKLAGA.- 11. IIl.S JtKTfliN TO FwA.NCK. 1. Anu'ricus N'espin'ius. a distinguished I'loren- tine navigator, followed ('ohMuinis in the work of Western dist'overies, imiking four voyages to .America, lli' claimed, .\inr.i.uH\.K|,u- in an elaborate wiuk on his discov- eries, to have been the (irst lMiid|iean who set fool U]ion tli(^ mainland in the western winld. 'Ibis was stealing Columbus's hoinus : but thinuj^li his inllneiu'e the Western world took his name, and began '<> be called America. -. The news of the great discoveries in llie West no^v reai'hed I'.ngland, which was then (Uily an inferior power. However, in v,.vntf,.„ m u,.. lint;, .b,hn Cabot, a Vein'lian „„.,- <"''""'• ^'"t"'-"- chant residing at Fristid, being filled with a desire to virtit America, obtained a coiumissimi ri rrurs iiisroirv of riii: dominion ok caxada. from Ilciiiy ^'II. I'or timf j>!:rii()sc'. Ai-conliiv^ly, in .Iuiu>, WM, Ciilxit, witliliis son Seiuwliaii, sailed fniin liristdl on ii VDvan'c dt' discovcrv. After a snecessfiil V(ivaL,'c he icaclied tlle coiisls of New- fi)nii(llaii«i anil Nova Seotia. He i> said to liave named tlie latter I'linia N'ista. Or. St. .InluiV day lit; diseoveied I'linee Hdwaid l.-land, w liicii he called St. .loliii. In 1 I'.tS, Sehastia!! ('al)ot made a second vo\ aLje to Amci-ica, rcaeliiii'4 Hudson's I>a\, in an attempt to lind a [lassai;!' to China. lU.'in;.^ Irustialed in this (lesi;4n, he Inrned his eouisc! southward, and sailed as far as Florida, touchiuL,' Newfoundland in his voya'.;i'. y. — (iasjiard CarU'real was sent out IVom Lishon, in 1500, hy tiie Kinj^ of I'ortujrid. He discovered (.'ikTtorearnv.yii'iw I'Uhrador and (ireenland. He made iu A.D. !.>■ :: •• ,^ ,s,,,.,„„l voya.^re in l.')Ol, hut per- ished at sea. ( )n his reliun honi the lirst voyaijjo he carried with him fifty Indians, w iiieh he sold as slaves. It is said that his hrother Michael pei- ished in l.")02, in a voya-^o tc rescue his lirother. '!. Tlu! valuo of the cod fisheries was already attracting; considerahle attiMition in lOnropc. espe- ciallv in I''r.inee, and in l.")(Mi I)envs, Viirioinvoya','i'« .• I'l ,1 , 1 .1 <> 1,' c fr.iMi .\.1>. i.-jpii to ot llonlh'ur, cxplorcil llie (luit ot St. Lawreiiee. In tiie followini^ year /.nliert of I)ie|>pe, made a similar voya'_je, and it is well authenticated ihat, in these years, a numlier of I'lcneh lishcrmen vi.>ite(l the coast of Newt'ouudlaiid. In l')i>!, the liarou de Lery made a vovai^e to .\meiica, tour!iin_f at Salile Island. o. — In IVJK John Vcra/zani. a l''li riMiline iiavi- fjator, made a voya^^c 'u .\merica with four l-'rcneh Vo.az:',niir«viiy- Vessels, , .kI in the lollo\vin_f year he aii.M.A.i). i.',;;i-.-,. ,„^^,i,, .^, „,,)„,,. v,,ya;4e, under thi! patroiia.'.f(! of I In; ivini,' of France, and explored alioat two thousand miles of the eastmn coast of America. He returne, «1\.mi nii,i I or lliii »!il|i«, til.) SiiiiipHon, W119 li.Bt ttliliiill ,,ii liii^iil. 'rt,,' ,,lli,'i I'll \. I'll int,T„.l linii'ii'lrabli, 11,'IiIh nf 1.,, iiii,l «h» "oiniKillKil t,) turn licr i I'OlirW' NllltllWIIl'lt. I <>• — Nine yt>ars elapsed after thi> last cxp(>dilioii i by Vtrazzani lieforu the French took further ! active steps to prospciito discov- . . , , , , I-'i:yi \,n!l«;,* of cries in America, nueh was the .in, iu. "i aniir, sad effects of his siijiijosed fate. However, in l.VU, I'hilip ('hahot. Admiral of France, ur;j;ed the laie des Chaleuis.'' On the "-Mth of .Inly he passed to the North out (d" the l)ay, and romidiiii^ he In adiaiid of (iaspe, he landed and took jiossession cs, and named it IhiechiiH. Here he sent his two (i.ispe Indians ashore to iie- !.',! Ii, I'S !,'• I'lllt \, M'L*- III ,1 'li^- ,,■;,!> ,1 ll„' M. l.alM, iMt'. HISTORY OF THE DISCOVKIIY OF AMKlilCA. ,VJ goliate a fiivoralilo ii'ci'ptioii amou;,' the savages of llial ii'^iiMi. Mil tin; lullowiir^f tlay lit- was kindly recuivL'd by Dniiacona, an Alj^oiKiiiiu cluil". 8. — He imieofikMl a sljoiL di.-stancu up tlio St. LawivMcc, uid fstal)lisli(.'d his vessels for tln! uiii- ,. , .^. , ter ill a liasiii funned hv ll»o jiiiiclii)ii r.ir'.iiT at sta la- .J ciiii, .v.i). 1."-.. of the St. Charles witii the St. I..a\v- renco. Hi're stood the Indian viila.;c of Stada- cona, to whieh ('artier had lueu made wcleome 1)V the ehief already luentioneil. C'artier admired the sriiiinv of the country, and was greatly struck wiih till' m iji'>ti(j a[)[>earaii(;o of the hold capi; or headl.nd which rose (piite pcr[)i;nilicularly along the Morihi'rn hank of the grand river, to which, at its narrowest [joint, the Indians liad given the nanii- of Kc[)cc, or (^nehcc. !•. — Al'icr thoroughly refreshing and resting his men. ( 'artier, having heard of a laigi; Indian vil- rarii.r- vcva-.- ''''-T''' '*'' I'^aunata. located some seven ii'/i!V'K s.'l'ii., days" journey iij) the river, lie re- '^•"•'■""^' solved to visit it. With a view of iin[ir(rssing tiio Indians with the power of the Ivtrop .ans, he caused, liefori^ starting, several of his cauiion to he discharged, 'i'liis [icrformance filled till' savages with awe and astoiiishmeiil. As the thunders of the arlillery rang luit over the water, the wouilering natives shrank with alaim. Taking one of his siii[)s, and two hoats, C'aitier set oiii on the lUth of Septcmher. He freiiucutly ui't small parlies of the natives, who greeted him kindly. " l?old. and loving advi'iiliire I'or its own sake, and at tic saui" time strongly imhtied Mutli religion-; enihusia-iui, ('artier wateheil tin' shifting laiKUiMp) hour after hour, iis he ascended tiie river. wi:h feelings of liio deepest gratificalioii, whiili w.re h i^hteutMl liy the relleetion tiiat lie was the pioni\'r of civilization and Cliristiaiiity in that unknown cliiii". Xiiliiro presented itself in all its priiiiiliv(! giamleur to his view. The nohle river, ou whose broad bosom he lloaleil (uiwanl d,iy al'iei d IV. disturliiiig vast llocksof walci-fowl ; the [iriui'val forests of the North, wliicli here and there presented, amid tiii! liixiiiianee of their foliage. Ihi^ parasitical vine, loaded with ripe clus- ters of lii-.iious grapes, and from wlienee tlie strange iioirs of the wliippoorwill, and other birds of varied liuie and plumage, such as he had never before si'cn. were iicanl at inler\als: the briLilil sunshine id' a Canadiiii autumn, tin; iinclinidcd mooidigiit of ils calm and peaceful nights, wilii I the other accessories of I lie occasion, made a sub- lime ami pri)fiiiiid iinpies.sion ii|ion the mind of ; the ailvenlnrcr."" — MiiMulh n. On the second of 1 October he reached Hoclielaga, an Indian village sitiiateil on a huge and ferlile Island near the site of the present ick of the village. Indeed, many coM'rer. over whom he approprialcl\ riad portions of St.. b>hn"s gosptd, anil pra\ cd iiiakiiig at the same lime the sign of the cross. 'Ihis village, ('artier iiil'omis us, was \\i>cly laid out and slioiigh I'ortiticd. I'atchcs of corn Were located near the town. The town itself con- sisted of some fil'iy wooden duellings, each lifly paces long, and from twelve to fillcen broad. I he houses Were roob'd with strips of bark sewn to- geilicr, and the whole village was surrounded by a stout palisade. "Tiiere existed in several jilaces, , toward the upper end of this enclosure, raised |ias- '! .sageways. with ladders placed for ascending : and heaps of stones lay near by. to serve for de- fensive missiles, in the cent re of the village was ' a large area, or public sipiare. Thither were Car- tier and his followers conducted at first. The accustomed salnlatioiis. native and French, being conclndeii. the Indian woiiii n laid mats upon liie grass for the strangers to sit u|ion. I''orlliwiih there appeared the (ii/nii/niiinit, borne by twelve men, wlio scaled him in a bearskin they sjircad for him upon the gionnd. This personage was about fifty years of age. and decrepit in every limb. A cap of red fur eiiiircled his temples. .\!'ler salut- ing hi> \i>iiois. he made signs lu express his pleas- ure on seeing iheiii all : and. as an ailing man, held up his leg- and leached out his arms toward Caitier. as if lie disind biiii to loiich lln in. This the latter .it once did. rubbing tlie shrunken incm- , beis with both liaiids, I liciiiipon tlie grali lid Ml,: 00 TLTTLKS HISTORY OF THE 1)()^H^'I()^• OF CANADA. patient took his hcutl-tirc iiiid [>n'si'iitt(l it to Car- ji(>>si's.sinii of tlio coimtry in briuilt' of liis kin,^ (Ilt; 111 tin; saiiii.' lime a iiuiiiiifi- of pfi-soiis iaiiie ' ami on tiir lilii of tiic same luontli. iiaviiiL;' ra|)- or inliiiM [Hfssi'd aimind llu' iattiT, sffkini; to l>e liircil Donacona, two oilier cliicfs, and eii^iil wiir- toiieiiecl; liciieviiiL;', (lonl)tless, tiial lie was a l)eing ;, liors, lie sailed for France, reacliinix St. Malo on 8th of July, l.");;(i. The Iin'ians thus taken to ICnrope a^jainst their inclinations all died soon )f «)i rare endownien lis." — G larnvivi. n. After the ceremonies of Carlier's recei)- tion were over. Ik; repaired to the lofty hill, near ifl. itler reachmif l-ranci F Cartif^r wintnrHiii I ein.'iJ.'i, .V.I>. the vil native- aL;t ill wiui a III d f imlal Ion o f th roll! Its eiuiini iiid 111'' lunMu.rnin,-,,. ^,|,,,,„ii J,,. t,,()k a view of the j;ran(l prospect around him. From tlie Indians he learned that tlu; St. Laurent e was a tnrec; inontlis journey ntii: loiiLC. and that its course lav throiiL;h several vast in- land d ih.il hevoiid these tiiere was s till another miL,diiy ri\i'i' Jiowini^' toiliesonlh. ('artier called the place .Mount IJoya!. and early in Octo- iier, retnnied to (Jiiehee, or to the siie where (^ne- liec was afterward-; founded. The Indians ex- pressed liicir reL;iet at the shortness ol' his visit, accompaiiii'd him to his lioats. and followeil tlieiii some dislaiice on the Iiank of the river, iiiakin'j tl ii'ir curious siuns of farewell. Hut the natives were not all so fiieiidlv. ( )ne ni'jlit while ( 'arlier d I mil nis (tompanv were in their tents on the hank CIIAITEK V. EXrLOKATIO.N A.M) SKTTLKMKNT OF THE DO.MI.MO.N. 1. E.\IM-.[HTli>N' (U-- (AltriKU AND UOUEUVAL. — 2. Ti;.Mi'oiiAi:v ,\nAN!>i>NMi;NT oi' Canad.v. — .'5. La I!(hiii;"s I'nKi'AitATii'X iok an Kxi'KKiTioN. — 1. La IIociiio's RovAi. Com- mission. — ■». Faimui-; ok La IJociik's K.M'KDiriON. — ti. Fur.NCH CoNVUT.S ON Saiii-k Island. L — ('artier on his retnrii to France found his counlrv eiiLra'j:cd in war. hence hut little attention >f th tl ot 111;! river, tliey narrowly escape d iill lieinn' nias- \\\ pail I to his projecls for tin; col- lacred. Till! commander liimself only escap>cd hy oni/ation of Can; da until ir)40. In llXlirdilll'im of I ail iff (iiiil liol>- irviil. A.I). I lririi(!d retreat to his hoats. Fearinu' ho^tilitie.-^ the latter vear lui exindition was or- h,' m idi! astroic; enclosiiro near his ships at Stada- j^anized under the direction (d' the Sieur de Ifohcr- C'.ma, and placed <'auiion in iiosiiimi to defend it. , val, a rich nohleman of I'icardy. As a leinuneiatioii H 're the Frenchmen spent the winter of liVJo-ti, {! for heariiiL; the c.\iicnscs of the expedition, aid whoro thi^y were treated with ureal kindness hy | clVeclinu^a permanent settlciiien! in the new coiui- tlio 3 natives. Th winter was inU'iiscIv co Id, and • tr\', IJohcrval was created a lientciiiint-ecncial, and the crews siilTored indeserihahh . Deccmher had appointed viceroy (d" all the territories claimed hy not pa-; 'd whcui the scurvy, in a violent dejj;roo, li the French in .America. ('artier Mas miinid l)eLj;vn iis ravaifes auioiijf the sailors. Very soon \\ second in command. Hoherval lia\iii^ hccii de- ls at tacked with !| taincd, he phued Cartier in comm;uid of the expo- f live sliiiis, -who .'-ailed in Mav, everv in in in th') th snijK w till e (lise,i>e, wliK in conii iiiction with a disorder \\ dition, consistiii!' o coiiinu ted I >v iialives, (sarriei 1 oil' twelil V-llVe hef. ore spriiiLT ariivci survivors, oniv for their comr;ulcs, th crawl, deposited the dead liodics under It is prol»;iiile tlnit ne;iilyall the men vvoi utioii-i intercourse with the | l')4L Keac.hiiiif the St. Lawreme. he cast anchor their niimhcr in the ncii;hliorliood of Stad;icoiia. Here simie (d' the colonists landed and hegan clearinjr spots (dTaiid for a set I lenient. They were kindly received hy the liidians, who ex|iected that lie had hronejit 1. W ik t o open ''r;ivcs to snow. dh il- luck tl ans i)rep;ircd iIh; mcdieim spriico-lir wdiitrh restored tliein. When the lo I)onacon;i, and the other cliiefs liom the French had taken away. from the hark of (he On heariie.^- of the dciilh of these, they refused to leii violims to this lerrihle dise;ise h;id not the Indi- and wa icir cliH rrioi's w hold iirtlier intercourse wil h III le colonists. winter h;id ended, and tlie ice had disappeared and stroiii^ly reni(mstialeil a;.,'ainst Iheir inakinj,' i from the river. Carlier prepared lo return home, any setllemciit in the coniilry. Carlicr. fearinjf ( ►u the third of May he creeled a cross with the | the hostilities of the Indi;ins, on account of Ins ;irms of l''r;iiice upon il. in token of Iia\ini^ lakeii . Ireachery lo Iheir chief, reiuovi d up the river lo EXl'LOKATION AXU JSETTLEMKNT OF Till!: DOMINION. Ul i ('ai)i' lioii^'i'. Hill' ;i lnilt! t-lllcliiiiil \Mis flVfct- ! <•t(n l,.icl(S. uliieh was iimiiumI ('Ii.hIoIhmiil; Uuval. riiitiii;^ IJciimn (/ in eomiii.iinl, lilt' fXiil'Mcr sailcil up tliu livur lu il lia>s tlic Sai.ll St. Louis— l.acliiiir Ua|ii. Is— 1)111 liciii:,' tliwiulud in his I'lnli-aviii- In- rclminil to Cain- IIimi:,^' wIl to he spent lie- wiiiier. In llie i'ulli.win,^- year, l.Vtii, llie Indians wiMe still iiiiii'- liDsiile and (ailier re- tniiifd to FiMuee. At Xewffnindland, lie \\.i> in.'l \>y Hiilierviil, whi) ori.Ljinaily de>i.;ii(d aei(Mii- panyiii.,' llie expeilitimi. The vieeiny ordered Carlier i(j return lu Canada, wliieh the iaiier aviiicjiMJ \>y \vi i.;liini;' anilior in iIh- nielli, and emi- liiiuin^ his voya;,'e. So(Mi at'ier iirii\ iif^' in Fiance III' iliiil. RolnTval eonliniieil ids voyai^i' tu ilie plarc wiu'i-e ('artier iiad spent tin- winter ol' l.")4:i~!. anil ill liie ri)lhn\in;4- SI 1 miller he explored the CI HI 11- tiy of tilt; Sa;^'ueiiav, and is said to iiave failed in at teiiip;in.,r (,, (MunliK-t an expedilioii to the wi >t. .\l'ier siill'i-rin:.,' many h.ird-iiips he leiuriied lu France in tJie auiiiinn ut' ilii> year. | We nri> "oinowli.-it nnalilo to |iri)|ifrly niithciitii;iti' :ill Hip st.ito- MiiMit* ill t;i.- .iIbim' |«iim,t;i|i1i. \ct lli.'v foiiic'i.jc witlillii' lH>t :(iillii>i- itiiM. M iiM illiMi. \vlinM'iiiiii|iil:ill..ii iii;iirliil in il.isilciiinn of fiirts. ;;iu-< a >iinii'i\h:it (liiTi'iriil arniiint.if llirsr vii\iii;(>s. l\r >,i\s 'hat t:ii' lihli.iiH, on Icaniiii,' tliat thi'lr i.iclliicii wiTr imt rftiiiiinl, «c'i>- vrry li >-tili'. aii'l t'.iat I'lrtiir. limliii,' lii^.i iK>sitinii at Stailaiona liv- . oiiiiiiii iiiMii' ami inori' iiniilra>aiit. imni-.l lii;,'lirr ii|illii' iImt In Capo ! K 111,'r, wlieie lie laul 11]) tlirci' of liin vessels, aiiil M'lit llio ot!nT livo [ bark 1 1 KiaiifL', witli letters to t!ie Kin,' ami It ilnTval. statin^'tjie :-ne- I't'ss ol Ins vo\;i4e anl asking' lor sMiiplies. His 'lext |iroi lin.; was to ere t a fort, will ii lie lalleil Cliarie-lionrx. II re, alter an nnsm- rewfiil atteaiit to na\i,'ate tlie neiiils alioie II uliehe^'a, lie passed a imi't nnroiiitort ilile winter. |i nin.' tlieensililii.' sun r li 'ii|>ieml. II II nil ' wliieh it still retains, the |iidinise.| sii|i|ilies ii.it hav- ing' arrive.l. an it'.ier severe winter ioni|ili.ie!y clislie.irtene.l (Vrtier. :iii I lie;ieiiinlMi.;l> resolu'i] to retarn h. I'littin,- into the li.irlior ' of St. .loliii. Ni..vroiiil iii'l. he eii-oantereil U ilieri.il. V ho w.is now 1.11 Ills way t'l I 'ill nil. Hit:i a new eonioany of ailveiitiiiei . amlaii almml- j I nil ■eiif st lie, ami iirovisioiM. Tlii! viei.roy cnileavoi. .| to |,ersiia>le ! Cirtier I • ret irii witli lii'ii Irit willeeit eTiit Mean. I hiseoiiipanions | were alilie (lishi-arteiieil « jih the extreim .,1,| anil |iroloii.,;c.il iliinitioii of a t'.iiiiili.iii winter, ami tliU eireiinisl ime in eoniieition with the I other liaiil"* "H'"'"- wiihout suceos. The jiarlial failure of Itolierval and the fury of a lelieious war in I-'raiice. causetl (anada to he in a lueastiri' forj^utli u. in llie minds uf I he French rulers and iiuliiemen : hul lliisiiiil not I'Xlcml to the French iKiiple, •■Tlie Normans, the Iiastpies. ami the Hreions eontiniietl to lish for the cud. and juiii in piiisuil of the whales which fre([lienled the elllii(nichlll c uf the St. i.aw Icllce and it^ iiei'^dilioriie.^ waters: evi'r inditsiiiuu.sjy pl\ inn' ihcse calliipjis a.> if their native hind eniu\ ed iiniiroUeii peace. Year liy \ear. these hardy iiiari- I Hers widened the circle uf their navitralion. In l.")T.^. a liiimlreil and tifiy l^'icnch \ es.-,cl> re|iaircd to Newfuiimllaml alune. Anoilier specie-, uf in- dustry, iilmo.sl as piuliiaiile as the dee|i-sea lisliiiiL;s, namely, a leoiilar liiitlie in pelfiy with ihe ii.ili\es of the sni luiindin;.,' ur eunlieuuiis Ma iiuaid, was estalili>heil diiiine the same space of time, h'rcneh tr.itlickcrs in furs. vVc.. in liieir searches fur selhrs of these euiiiiiiudities. nii:.;hl he fuuiid w iilcly spreail over jia rl s uf the iiiarit iuie rcyiuiis of the eun lint nl, and a]unt,r ili,. haiiKs uf such id' its ri\ ers ;i> fill into the ocean. They even ascended ihe St. Law- rence to places lijoher np than (^)ueliec. and i uasied the inlands uf the l; I ilf and its eiiviidiui^^f. Null and Chatoti. nephews and heirs of ('ailier, wcru en- fja'.;i'il in the |ielfry tiallic. and were so successful in their dealinj^'s as to excile the jealousy uf ii\al traders." — Gnrii- iiii. ■\. — 'I'hiis i' liecame kidwii that a ]irulilalih; conneciiuit Willi Canada could he maiiilaineil, Ileiirv ihe I\',. had ascended to the • . I«l llnelie « prepn- tlirone. and !•" ranee was unce mure ' '' ' "'ei "iiexi"- .1 . .\.i)., i.>'.i. tramptil. The wav was iiuw u[ ti- ed fur new ex| ediliuiis to .\meri(a, and llie aitcii- tiun uf the French (iuvernmcnt was liiriieil lu the task nf funmlim^r a culutiy in llie Weslein \\'uild. Sir linniphrcy (iilliert had, in }.'>><'■'<. \isiiid Xew- foiimllaml. and i.iken possession ul' the luiilior and IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // // /. .V ..V A v.. 1.0 I.I l^|28 12.5 ■50 ■^" M^H ■^ 1^ 1 2.2 2.0 m Mm us I 40 1.8 IL25 111114 IIIIII.6 i^/ v. # 7: >> ^^ ■' <%:*'.^'^" %^%' '%j> 7 y^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTIR.N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 ■^ r OJ TUTTLES IIISIXJIIV OF TIIK DOJIINION OF CANADA. jiiirt of St. JoliMs, by iui imposiuy; cficiuony, on beliiilf of lliu Englisli. U was iiuluotl liuit' lliat Fiaiico reiuiwuil lior cuunuciioii witli Aiiieriea, iiiiil ill l.VJH tlio Marciiiis do hi Ilcolif, a iiobliMiiaii of Brittany, having obtained a coianiission fioni the French King, equipped a hirgo expedition, '.vliicli convicts were pennitted to join, since it was ([nite impossible to oi)taiu a sutficient number of volun- teers, owing to the influence of previous disasters to expeditions. 4. — La Roche ol)taiiied a royal commission creat- ing him Lieutenant-Gcneral of Canada, Acadia, i.a i{.),iii-'s kovmi fi'iid lands adjoining. He was also ™„>,ni«.si»„. ■■ enipoweri'd to prevent the iishing and fur trade the. carried on by the merchants of St. ^lalo, with the.'c ])arts of .America. lie was author- ized to impriss. in every port of France, all ships, with all hands on board, needful for his ex]ic(lition, and not onl\- that, but having reached America, he was authorized to bring troops, to declare war or peace, to build towns, establish colonies, within the limits of his viceroyalty, to frame laws and execute them, tograntlandsaiiil to regulatecommeree. 'I'hus was he prepared to control tor his own j)ersonal ends, and for the glory of his king, all the interests of tliis new country, but, alas! he was destined to exercise but a feeble play of these powers. 5. — The .Manpiis sailed for .America in InSO, liaving on board about fifty French convicts. Faiiiirflofi.ii 'J hcse he landed on Sable Island, to found a colony. Immediately after La h'oche encountered a violent storm, peculiar to that dangerous region, and was driven far to the east- ward. Discouraged and dispirited he returned to France, leaving the unhappy convicts on the island. Owing to the failure of tliis exi)edition, anil his efforts to furnish a second being overthrown at Court, La Hochc became despondent, took sick, and died soon after his return to France. t). — The miserable convicts left on Sable Island were completely forgotten for several years. Col- „ , ,. lecliiig some drift wood thev erected 1"i') ' ivll'"'' " ''" ^'"'l''"'' hefore the severity of winter overlo(d\ them; but their clothes were soon worn out, and their provisions exiuuisti'd. They covered their nakedness as best tiu\v could with the skins of the sea wolf, and subsisted ujion the scanty supplies of Hsli which thev were eiuiblfd to obtniii. Famine and cold gradually reduced their number to twelve. After a residence on the island for twelve yeais the sur- vivors were found in a most wretched condition, by a vessel sent out by the I'arliamcnt of Kouen, to rescue them. On their return to France the King pardoned their crimes in consideration of the hardships which they iiad endured. .Mr, Duncan Ouniilicll, in liis wmk, ^ivosus tliis liritt sliPtcli of UnhW Islanil : It is sliaiioil lilic a l)i)\v, isaliont twenty-six Miilcs lun^;, ami MO wiicri> nindi civcr a mile wide, liavin,;; in its ccntrp a sliallow lakr alioiit thirteen miles in Icnutli. Us siirlacr ciinsists entirely nf sand, wliiili lias been liirnieil inti) liillsand ridges l>y foiee nf wind and wave, and wliieli in snnnner are jiaitiidly I'overed witli venliire Alon;,' tlie lieaeli may lie seen fragments of vessels, lialf biirieil in the saml, wliieli tell of de.illi to many a liar.ly n^iriner. There are no trees on the islaml, the venetation "(insisting; mainly of limy rank Krass. The lieaeli, lieinu exposed on all sides to the liillows of tlie Atlantic, |iieseiilsa scene of almost nninlervii|iteil eonnnotion. Wla'ii a stin'ni is a|>|>roa>'liini;, the liillow.-, even in the alisence of wind, iis(! lii^di and lireak witli a [lecnliar moan on tin' lieach. .\t ni;;lit, when tlieeleinenlsare fiisl iniisterinL,' I'or strife the ocean .seems in a blaze of phosjiliorelic Hulil, ;iiiil when the wind blows mine violently, in- ereasiin; everv inoiiieiit, the waves take a wider sweep, and eiested witli foam, partially driven in spray before tlio liliLst, erasli on the beach with terrilie force. CHAPTER VI. EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION. 1. Eauia- Fi!i;nc[i Tr.ADKUs ix Amehica. — 2. VOVAGE.S AND OiJ.SKUVATION.S OF DlPONT CiHAVK, A.D. 1(10:5. — o. Eaiu.y PiuuiitKss of Entoi'EAX Colonies in Amekica. — 4. De IVIoNTs Keceivics Kovae Commission to Visit and Tuade in ,\mei!u a. — o. Noisle- MEN AcOOMPANlEn EaIM.V FitENCIl EXPE- DITIONS. — (). De AIonts' E.xpedition to Nova Scotia. A.r. 1(104. — 7. The E.xpe- piTioN IN Annapolis Hasin. — S. De MoNTS AT St. CUOIX.— 0. DfPONT (illAVl . AT Pout Royal. — 10. Pot TUiNcoiirr an:) Lescarhot at Pout Royal. 1. — Hii t while the Ciovcrnment of France was pi o- secuting discoveries and endeavoring to jjlant colonies in America, the French ,,.,„,,,.,..,,,,,„,, „.,„). merchants wer.! also full of /cal i„ -■•"' ■^""•"•». conducting the fishing and fur trailc in Canada, which afl'ordrd them large profits. Not only diil FreiH'h lishcrmcn coast along the shores of Ncw- fonnilland, but, su|)i)ortc(l by his King. Du]iont (•rave's a wcallhv merchant of St. Alalo. and CI EXPLORATTOX AND SETTLE^IENT OF THE DOMINION. G3 Cliiiuvin, a distingiiislifd navij^iitor of Hoiieu. made seveial voyii^L^es to 'I'lidoiisae, pinciuiiitr val li- able cargoes of furs. It is authoritatively stated that a stone storehouse was erected tliere, which was the first ever erected iu Canada. The fur trade at this point was very ])rofital)le for some time. At len;:jth De Chaste, Governor of Dieppe, formed an extensive coni[)any of merchants of Houen and olher places, by whom the fur trade was enlaru'ed and conducted withstdl se of eonductinj^aii exjiedition to Canada DeChaste, in ItiK^!, secured tlie services Vi'v.TTcaiiii iiiiscM-- of Samuel Ciiamplain, who had just pi!uiranVn\n'i!"nt retumcd to France, from a vovaye to uravo, A. 1). iou:j. the West Indies, and to whom the founding of the first permanent settlement in Can- ada was entrusted. Tins adventurer already held a captaincy in the French navy, and had distin- guisiied himself in the service. Aecom[)anied by Dupmit (Jravi^ who had been associated with Cliauvin, Ciiamplain set sail, with three small bark's, in the same year. llcaching the St. Law- rence, he stopped for a short time at 'lliree Rivers, to examin(! its fitness for a tradinn' port, and then pushed forward to Ilochelaga, which he found de- serted, except by a few scattering Algon(|i!ins. With some of these Indians as guides, heattempi- ed to pass the I^achiue Ra!)ids in boats, but found the current much too strong. From the Indians lie obtained considerable information, regarding the country to the West, and by their aid made rude maps on pieces of bark, descriptive of the St. Law- rence valley above the rapids, .\fter taking obser- vations of the country from the top of Mount l^oyal, Ciiam[ilain and Duiiont (have returned to France. o. — More than one hundred years had now elapsed, since Columbus discovered America, yet in no part of the present Dominion Kiiilv prniross "f ,.,,,, , Kiiroiuiui .■.iiuiii.s ol C anada bail anv iiermanent settle- in AliLurii.u. , ^, 11, 1 . nient licen enccted. IJiit this cannot be said of other portions of .Vmerica. Ciutez in lolit landed in Mexico, and before two years had passi'd away, that vast country was brought under the King of Spain. In short. Spain and Portugnl hailnlreaily divided much of the Soutln'in portion of Norlii .\iiierica between lliein. under Papal ap- proval ; l''.iiglanpecls run through the whole history of New France, with- out ever becfuniiig fully reconcilcil to each olher, or to the common weal. 4. — The Sieur de Monts, Govi'inor of Paris. i.s the next French explorer who conducted an ex[)e- dition to America, to \^ hom Kiii;ii ;""i"ii»i"ii 1 • 1" visii mill uadu fur tiade,in all parts of North Amer- '"■^""^^''^■''• ica, lying between Cape de Raze, in Newfound- land, and the SOth degree of North latitude. Ho further decreed that all French Piotcstaiits were to enjoy in America, as they then did in France, full freedom for tlii'ir public worship, while the charge of converting the 'iidiaiis was reserved ex- clusively for Catholics. De .Monts was a man of more than ordinary ability, distinguished for his intense loyalty. As the successor of DeChaste at the head of the fur trallie, he seemed e NcMi'llli'll !l Ill- in all the voyages or ( artier and Ro-imniiiiiinh I'r.i.di I . r|.'| , 1 , l'\|>l'llLill|lH. Iierval. " Mie restless and adven- turous spirit whieli hiid largely nianifestrd ilsrlf among Freiieii scions of nobility in the niiddb' age.s, during which time it originated warlike ex- il 64 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DO.AHNION OF CANADA. ploits in hiittle fields extending fi'Dni the fogs^y coasts of England to the aiid locUs ul)uut llie river Jordan, — the adventurous spirit, we say, of the young nobles of olden Franet in the time of the erusailes seemed to revive insuehof tlieirsueees- sors as songlit, in America, a new and wiiler lield for its exercise. lUit there were otlier iulluences afc work, in some cases, which impelled men of the gentle lilood to self-expatriation at this time. Nunihers of noliies and gentry had been ruined during recent civil wars iu France or by the vicis- situdes of the time: while other nobles again, whose fortunes remained to them, desired toprolit bv the chance now pi'esenlcd,of escaping from the heavy pressure now laid ui)on their exorbitant caste, through a constant inci'case of the royal l)ower, for tin; abridgment of its i)rivileges and sup- pression of its disorders. I'o the latter class we may assign baron Jean de I'outrincourt, who cm- barked with ("hami)lain, intending to settle in America with his family." — iT((nivau. G. — The siiips which were now read}', sailed from Havre-de-Onice in March, H)04. De Monts ijrcfcrring Acadia to Canada, .sailed no Monts' oxp ai- ' . , ^ , . . , ,. auioiiio Ni.vii- with two ships, in tluit tlirection. Scoiiii, v. U. li; 14. „. ,. ^ , , , Ills preiercnce was liascd on the supposition that the climate was milder in that region. Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was the chief centre of Freni;ii .Vin;'ricau trallii', at (iiat lime. Ill these ships were lioinau Catholic priests, Pro- testant ministers, artisans, agriculturalists, and soldiers. Siimiiel Champlain, a distinguished French navigator, and M. De Foutrincourt, a gentleman of wealth, who intended to settle in .\incrica, also accomiianied De Monls on this im- jiorlant exprdition. After crossing the Atlantic De Monts entered the harbor of Liverpool, Nova Scotia, where ho found one Rossignol engaged in the fur tralFi !. In virtue of iiis royal authority De Monts confiscated the vessel, calling the port by the name of ids unhappy victim. Proceeding soul hward, the explorers entered the bay of St. Mary. At this point a large number of the colonists landed and began to niak(! obsiu'vations nf the country. Among them was n priest named Aiihry, wlio. having separated from his friends, was lost, but alter wandering fov sevi'iiteen davs and suh- «i-*liiig on wild fruit, he was rescued. T?e-emharl?- ing, De ^^()||ts sailed up the Bay of Fnndy, and entered the Strait of Digbv. 7.— Passing through this Strait into Annapolis r>asin, the voyagers were charmed with the mag- niliceiit scenery on either hand. •• We .,.„^, „,,,,,„„„„ ,„ can imagine the day one of uncloud- Ani.ai«,ii» uasin. ed splendor, the heat of summer being tein2)ered by the cooling sea breeze. Fleecy clouds may have occasionally lloated across the sun's disc, causing a tem[)orary shadow on wind and water. Alternate glimpses of .-ihade and sunshine producing by contrast a i)leasing Aariety in the variegated colors of the primeval forest. Or we can fancy the ves.sel wafted in the evening thnuigh the Strait by a gentle breeze, and when fairly within the basin, the wind to have died away, leaving the sails hanging loosely and the surface of the Mater resplendent in the distance, with the reflected rays of the declining sun. Towards the cast, islands repose on the bosom of the deep, their forms being vividly mirrored on its placid surface, and from which canoes may have been seen darting towards the mainland, with their paddles lit fully Hashing in the sunlight. * * Jn silent admiration the voyagers gaze on the enchanting picture, and par- ticularly Poutiincourt, on whom the impression is such that he resolves to make the jilace his home." — Ciitiijihill. I'oiitrincourt made an exten- sive examination of the land in the neighboihood, and being conviiiced of its good quality he ri'- solvcd to make a settlement, and obtained a giant from De Monts for that i)nrposc. 'I'his grant afterwards received royal eonlirmation. 8. — De Monts, turning from Annapolis IJasin, sailed in the direction of Hoiton, thence crossing the bay, he entered the river St. n,. M,„i'snt .si. John. "lie ascended this river a con- < '"i". '^i'' '««• siderahle distance, being charmed with the scenery and delighted with the abundance of lisli which swarmed its Avators. Sailing to the southwest some twenty leagues, De Monts entered the Pay of Passainaquoddy, wlierc he came upon an island which he called St. Croix, upon which lie landed, and commenced the erection of a fort, preparatory to s])ending the winter, which he acconiiilished through great suffering from the intense cold, from the Indians, from the proat scarcity of wood and water, and from the scurvy which carried olT thirty- six of his men. The return of spring was hailed with joy bv these sufferers, ami De Monls. as soon as the ice had broken ii)). started in seareli of a more favorable location for u settlement, iuing ~ll Ainiapulis til ilie niati- rile exptflitioii ill iiiiiapuiiii liaeiii. g tempered clouds may sun's disc, and water. ej)rodiieino' ! variegated e can I'ancv li tlie.'^lrait witliin the leaving the f the water ilected rays iist, islands 'ornis being '. and from ng towards lly flashing iration the e, and par- impression J jilace his i> ill) exten- ^hliorhood, ity he re- led a grant rhis grant olis ISasin, ;e crossinu' Jlmi'.s nt -SI. »x, A.it. mn. be scenery lisli which southwest d the IJay 1 an island he landed, reparatory '(implished cold, fiom wood and olTthirty- raa hailed ts, OS soon 'arch of a t. beincf X > i , HbK'Avt(( ! VDR H^'^t' ■ 'KG .iiv;- EXI'LOIIATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION. 60 unsuccessful be returned to St. Croix, where his heart was gladdened by meeting Dupont Grav<5, who had arrived in a ship from Franco, with fort}' men and extensive supplies. The whole i)arty at once returned to Annapolis, which tliey called Port Royal, where Dupont Grave was left in eliargc of the colony, and Ciuimplain instructed to nialvc further exploration, while De Monts himself sailed for France. 9. — The coloii'sts spent the winter of IGO.VO at Port Koyal rather pleasanth', suffering hut little from the cold or tlie want of tlie neces- Pupoiil Cirav(! lit . p tp nii 1 PortKoyai, A.i). sarics ot lit( . 1 licy Opened a suc- cessful traflic with the natives, and began to be quite attached to tlicir new home, and its surrouiulings. Nevertlieless, spring had no sooner ojiened tiiau Dupont (jrave set out to look for a more pleasant location. Encountering severe storms, being twice driven bach, lie, however, soon al)ando'ied this enterprise. Meanwhile De Jlonts and Poutrincourt, Avith Marc Lescarbot, sailed from Kochelle, May likh, IGOfi, reaching Port lioyal on tiie 2Gth of July, during the absence of Dupont Grave, and finding l)ut two men, who had been l"ft in charge of ihe settlement by the latter. At Caso, Dupont Giave heard of the reiurn of De Monts, and hurriedly retraced his course to Port I'oyal, when tiiese adventurers held a sort of re-union. Lescarbot informs us tliat Po itrincourt opened a hogshead of wine, and tliat the3-all made merry for several weeks. The two latter at once set th(!mselves at work cultivating tiie soil, and were, ere long, gratified by seeing the seed spring- ing >;p vigorously. 10. — In August, De Monts and Dupont Grave sailed for France, leaving Poutrincourt and Les- carbot to promote the Miterests of Po'ltrinooiirt nnd , , , . , , , , r,,, , i.tBi'iirbot ut I'uit tfie little colouy. llie latter was entrusted with the inr)()rtant work of Christianizing the natives. Soon after Pout- rincourt made a short exploring voyage along tlie coast, touching Cape Cod and otlicr points. He was several times attacked by th, natives, at one time losing tlirc; or four of his men. The colon- ists found the second winter comparatively mild, and as soon as the spring was sufhciently advanced tlicy busied tlieniselves sowing the seed. Having put in a small cro]), Ihey next erected a rude water- mill, to the great delight of the Indians, who de- test ed the old-fashioned iiand mills. Wliile the colonists were .lotively pnrsiiiiiK every industry r.il('ii- I.itC(i to promote tlic interests ot tlie colony, news rejulii'd tlieni tliiit tlie ili.irter of De MoiiLs' had Iweii revolved, mid tliat the aswiciatiou, under wliicli tlie colony had iM'eii sent 01. t, refiued to 1h^ at any further expense. liiit one tliini,' now reinaiiied to Imi done ; that was to aban- don the ooloiiy. Noni? were more grieved at this sad alTair than tlie Miiniai's ot Nova .Scotia. One ot their prinii|)al chiefs, Meinlieiton, iss;iid to have wept when he received infornuuion that his I'.uioiiean friends were fioin^' to leave. DistriliutiiiH a quantity of provisions anions these Indians, the colonists left the lountiy, siiilin^ for I'lance in IIKI". We shall return to eveiiLs in Nova Scotia a^aiii. alter carry- ing forward f>nr rc>:oi'd ot what was tr.uispiring in the valley ol the St. Lawreucu to a eorrespoudiug date. CHAPTER VII. EXPLORATION AND SI<:TTLEMENT OF TIIE DO.MINION. 1. ChAMPLAIN'S VoYACiETO CANADA, A. D.IOOS. — 2. Chami'I.ain Founuino Queiikc, A.D. 1008. 3. conoitiox ov tiik auouicinesof the LowEii St. Lawuence, A.D. 1008. — 4. The WiNTEU at Queue(% A.D. 1608. — f). Cham- I'i.ain'.s First Exi'eoitiox against the luoQiiois, A.D. 1009. — 0. Ciiami'lain's First Uattle with the Indians, A.D. 1009. — 7. Champlain's Despotic Power as Governou. 1. — Leaving Nova Scotia for a short time, let us again turn our attention to the St. Lawrence Val- ley, to which De Monts, Iiaving in ^ ,>rt- , , , -vT L. • Chninplnin's 1007 al)andoned Nova Scotia, now voyuKc to caimiia, directed liis etiorts. Ol)taining a re- newal of his charter for one year from the king, he was influenced, by Cliainplain's representations of Canada, to undertake a settlement on the St. Law- rence. Fitting out two vessels he placed tliem under the command of tlie latter, associating with this experienced navigator Dupont Grav<; as lieu- tenant. One of the vessels was designed for the traffic at Tadousac, tlie other vo carry the colon- ists to their destination. This expedition sailed from Ilarfleur on the 13t i of April, 1008, and ar- rived at Tadousac on the 3d of June. Here Dupont Grave remained to trade with the natives, while riiamplain proceeded up the St. Lawrence, carefully observing its banks, and looking for a suitable place fo plant tlus colony whicii lie had been sent out to eslablisli. He arrived at tiie site of the Indian village of Sfadacona on the 3(1 of July. II /e, after a careful scrutiny, his choice OG TUTTKES insroilV OF THH HOMIMON OF CANADA. full upon a bold piomoiitoiv, (u)veii'il by ii hixuii- iuit giowth of vines, ami ^liailfd li}- lurgu wiiliiiit trees, I'lilled ')}' the natives, must of wlnuii had now deserted tliu place, Kehee or (^iielx'e. Neai' the place Cartior had erected a fort, and passed a win- ter sixly-threi) years hi-fore. 2.— At this place, on the Md of Jnly, ItiOS, Cliaui- i)laiii laid the fonndation of the iiresent Citv of ..'II (>nel)e(!. First of all,rnde l)nildin'4s ('liaiii)>];ihi fn 111(1- , 11'" iiiKt^iubo.:, .v.i>. were crcctctl on the elevation to lUtM. serve as a temporary protection to tiie colonists ; " Nature herself would seem to have formed the table land, whose bases are bathed by the Rivers St. Lawrence, Cape lloii^e and St. Charh.'s, as the cradle, first of a colony ; next, the central point of an after empire. It was not to be wondered at therefore that the tact of ("ham- plain led him at once to i)iteh upon this locality as the i)ro|)er licadcpiarters of the projected establish- ment. Ilavinj^ fairly set his liands at work, Chaiii- j)lain soon saw rise before him a fort, of some ex- tent and icspectablo slreni;tii, while several laborers were busied iu ch'arinj^ conti;^uons land for tillai^c!, or in other nsi^fnl and urgent works. The foundations of a town, yet to become one of the most famous cities of the New World, were now beingf laid in tiie jiresence of wonderin;^ red men of the woods." — Ganicaii. When the tem- porary buildings were erected, an extensive em- bankment was formed securely above the reach of the hi. tiiere were siinicient reasons tor this difl'ercnce. They had much belter dwellings, warmer clothing, an abundance of good provisions, and perhajis a more enthusiastic commander. But little of importance occurred during the winter. Friendly relations were maintained between the whites and the natives, not only among the .Algon- quins, but even the distant Iroipiois sent a di'iuita- tion to the fort soliciting the friendshij) of Cham- plain. and offering him in return, all the aid ilivc poim- [Hlitioii of the ni'tj-iiM'S of llio rtiT Si. I.iiw- l('(^ A.l>. liiiis. Stadiicdiia riie l)iiive, h iicrsoiis ^ the great iikoii, siif- II desultory ibsencc of arfare had ile valley. ;d by their I to find in grievances, itry to the ides to an ley shrank ihieh tlii'V s weapons ing in dis- living in inhabited e Ontario, lese fierce leh coloii- e of the uid uiiac- dian war- Indians ^awrenee ily since a last ill!;' colon} . a j^ravc d. Quebec, 'he winttT at iii'ljoi', A.l). JUB-'J. \vcllinj4's, •ovisions, er. liut i; winter, reen the Al-on- i depiita- 1" Ciiani- tiie uid EXl'LOUATION AND Sin'TLKMKNT OV TlIK DOMINION. G7 wiiiiin tlieir [hj r in exploring the country of tlie west. M;i. Million tolN r)f the farninpaniDiifr tlip liiiliansdnrins tlio win- ter. si,\ in;.', tliatalii.iil iIk' iiiiclclle oI I-i'liniary. .-i.-iaiiilv i>f f I In- dian t'< piinall aiiiniiL; tliciii. Smiic ultlirM' pi'.i|il( tl |i]i.\|nTUiti(iinif ifci'ivin- a,>>i>taiiii' at tlii' fmt. I>i'atii ^tal•l•ll llii'Mi ill till' faipim I'itlirr liaiul, ami tlicv hail mily tu iliiiiisc till' iiiilili'sl alli'i-nativc. The hiii,'r llm's of ii'c tliat i rashcil a;;aiii.-t raili ntliiT, a.H tlioy iliiiM' hithi'i' ami thither with the tiile, t'lreateiieil instant ilestiiieticiu til tlieii frail eainpi's, wliieli, neverthe- less, Mere Imlilly laiiiii-heil in siiecessiiiii, death hy ilniwiiiin; heiiii; lircfeiahlc til that .if liii,;;eriin; starvatiim. I'reseiitly inid-ehannel is ;;aim'ii. Vasts tielils iif iie eiieircle tho laimes wliiili arc sjieeilily enisiieil tii pii'ies. The Inilians seeli to save themselves liy jiMn|iiii'; (111 tiio iee, whiili fiir'iinately lliiats to the slinro. Hut Chainiilain I'liiilil iilily spare tliPiii i: xery seaiity supply i>f fniiil. anil the nnfiirtii- nate peuiile were iililii;eil tii sulisist for a time on the putrid cariasses fimnil ill tile nolghliorhoiid, ."). — As soon as tiie spring, wliich was unusually early, liad lieen snniciently advanced, C'liamplain ciiaiiipiaiirs Hint ^^^ '>nt ou au exploriiig expeditiiui ue^'lni.iuolsJ'Aia' to tile wcst, inteinliiig t.^jiass beyond "■"''• tlie LachiiH^ IJaiiids. ami examine tlie nature of tlie country in that region. lie. had jtroceeileil not more tliau twenty-live miles west- waril when he came in contact with a large body of AlgoiKjuins, wiio were resolv' 1 upon marching against the Iroquois, in wliieli tlioy urgently solic- ited the Frenchmen to join them. Yielding to their tirgent demands, (^haniplain returned to Quebec, and even to Tadousac, where he met Dupont Grave, who had just arrived from France with two ships, and a large numbcof men for tli colony. Here he received reinft)rcemeuts, aiii maile the necessary arrangements for the expedi (ion. On the 2. The fight is said not to have taken iilace riiamniain'n tirst ... , ,• ,1 • 1 T liallle with ihe Iii- nntil the day loilowmg tlie diseov- .n.-ms. .\.i>. i >■ erv of the enemy by the I"'reneli. Meanw bile both sides [iiepared for action. During the night the Indians, in tlit; opposite camps, indulged in the perfoiiuance of the war ilaiici! in all its excesses, making the night hideous with their wild howling. At the dawn of day the bold Irotpiois were the first to advance for action. They came in force about two hundred stnuig, headed by three chiefs, wlio showed their eonliileiice of success by a steady step. Champlain formed Ids allies, iilacing himself at their head, and waited to receive liis foes. When williin thirty paces of this force the Ii-oi|uois halted in astonishment at behohiiiig the jmle-faces among their enemies. Hut, nothing daunted, they discharged a llightof arrows and received a deadly volley from the French iirearins in return. Two of the chiefs fell dead, another was mortally wounded, and the entire force tied in wild confu- sion. Many other.* were killed ami taken prison- ers in the retreat, while only fifteen or sixteen of r'''am[)lain's allies were wounded, none of them illy. After destroying the camp of the Iro(|uois, ■ French and their allies returned to (Quebec. 1. ,e Champlain received unfavorable news from France. De Monts' charter had been once more revoked, ami the founder of (Quebec was forced to return to his king in the autumn of the same year. 7. — The powers with which Champlain liad been invested as CJovernor of the colony embraced un- limiteil executive, legislative and nnunpiaiirs .le- . . ' , . Bpniie power as judicial sway, constituting a real (iovenmr. despotism. Hut few restraints were appended lo his instructions, and these soon became inoperative from the force of custom. All these powers were transferred to his successors. The curb or restraint sought to be exercised over the governors by the council was of little value. Its members were nominated by the governor; and still more, when these nominations were coufirnied, the governors Ill i,1 ' 1' r i ■ : ;ii 1 ' , 1 68 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. were by ao means expected to obey or even respect the oj)iuions of this council. At these early stages in French American colonization it »vas necessary thus to invest the chief ruler with despotic powers, but as the settlements progressed, the colonists, who were, for the most part, lovers of freedom, threw off this yoke by degrees, until the govern- ing power was nearly equally divided between themselves and their king. CHAPTER VIIL EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION. 1. — Difficulties between De Monts and his King ; Ovektmuowing Acadian Coloniza- tion. — 2. Poutiuncoukt obtains a koyal Confiu.mation of iiis Guant to Pout liox- AL.— <}. POUTUINCOUUT KE-ESTABLISHES PoRT Royal, A.D. IGIO. — 4. Poutrincourx en- deavors, BUT in vain, to avoid THE Jesuits. — 5. Hurtful Influences of Jesuits at Port Royal. — 6. Capt. Argall Invades Nova Scotia, A.D. 1613. — 7. Port Royal Burned by Argall, A. D. 1613. 1. — We will now return to Nova Scotia, and trace the events that transpired in that quarter nifflcniiiea be- fi'om its abandonment by the French imUhJianTover- ^" 1^^^' ^o its first couquest by the cVCi^aVio"!!"" English in 1613. It was on ihe 3d of September, 1607, that Poutrin- court, Lescarbot, and the colonists under them, sailed for France. This, as we have already ob- served, was in consequence of difficulties existing between De Monts and the King of France, which resulted in the withdrawal of the former's commis- sion. The seat of this difficulty was with the merchants of St. Malo, who, jealous of the asso- ciation having a monopoly of the peltry trade, un- der the superintendency of De Monts, iind by vir- tue of his charter, sought occasion against the valuable interests thus vested in a few, to the ex- clusion of others, and succeeded in having them withdrawn. Besides this, the little colony at Port Royal suffered another embarrassment. While the colonists, in the spiing and summer of 1607, were busily engaged putting in their crops and imjjroving their condition, thereby laying, as they hoped, the foundations of a permaiu'iit sttth;- ment, a sad misfortune occurred to them on their own side of the Atlantic. A party of Dutchmen, said to have been conducted to the storilinuscs of the C(jlony by a vagabond emigrant, seized the ac- cumulated furs of a wliole year, and carried them off in mean triunqih. 2. — Reaching Paris, Poutriiicourt, who may be regarded as the one most interested in the settle- ment at Port Roval, hastened to „ . . present liimself to the Kinii-, at whose l"'"" ■( r..>iii ..m command he exhibited in the royal J/J"!,','" ^'"'^ presence samples of his transatlantic crop of wheat, rye, barlej' and oats, which he lu.d carefully carried with him. The King was much pleased with tliose evidences of the fertility of the soil in liis American jiossessions, and was easily induced to renew the eliarter of De Jlonts for one year. De flouts was instructed to estab- lish colonies in New France, which comprehended both Canada and Acadia. As we liave already seen, the royal command Mas faithfully carried out in the founding of Quebec. The reason for De Monts now changing his i)reference from Aca- dia to Canada no doubt has its origin in the repre- sentations and arguments of Chanqilain. But if De Monts had lost sight of Nova Sciotia, Poutrin- court was becoming more and more filled with a desire to renew the colony so unfortunately with- drawn from that peninsula. For the accomjjlish- ment of this, he resolved to be himself the chief instrument. He petitioned the King for a con- firmation of the grant of land made to liim by De Monts, wliich was promptly ajjproved by His i\Ia- jesty, with the appended stipulation that he was to be accompanied by Jesuit missionaiics. 1'his qualification did not please De Monts, for altliough he was a staunch Roman Catholic, he was also a bitter enemy to this particular order. 3. — Early in 1610, Poutrincourt, through the patronage of two wealthy merchants of Dieppe, named Dujardin and Duquene, was , , , , . ,11 I'oiitiiiicoiirt re- enabled to equip a respectable expe- esiawisinsi-ort ,.,. All 1 • 1 I. -1 1 Kojal, A.]). 1010. dition. All being ready, he sailed for Acadia, taking with him a goodly number of colonists, including competent artizans. lie also took with him a Catholic priest named Fleche, avoiding the Jesuits, with a determination of EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF TlIK DOMINION. 61> proving to his King tliat they were not needed. To thi.s end he toolc aggressive nieasnres to Christianize the natives. Arriving at Port lloyal he not only found the Indians, with the aged eliief Meniberton at tiieir head, waiting to greet iiini with a hearty welcome, hut was rejoiced to find tlie fort and every otiier building, with all that they had contained, just as lie had lid't them three j'oars before. This old chief and hi^ family 'vere the first who were baptized, the ceremony being performed in the presence of all the coloiusts, and many of the natives. This served as a favor- able inauguration of the Christian religion among the Indians, for there was little difiiculty lii per- suading the Micmacs to follow the example so timely set bj- their worthy chief. But nnlmppilv Ilfiirv tlio Fimrth was assassinated soon after Poii- trilK'Diiit saileil fur I'mt Unval, in (■<>nsO(|UCMie of wliirli, j; l)li:;lit spreail over till! wliiili' iif Kranio I)cs|](ptisni ami intr.cno were tlic chief cliaracteristii's uf tlie ailiiiinistralidn ni tliu Qiicen-duwaf^er and lier iniiiister Ciinciiii. As sx|il(Mvil tlm yoar lii.'foro. His i.'imrsc lii'iii;, iin|iiMlivl liv ;iii.>ty ucatlicr lie wascii'niM'lli'il 1 1 iliscinliai'k his |>oci|ih' attliiMslaiiil (il .Miiiits-Dcsi'its, wlicii' hi; (■iiiiiinciiinl a srtlii'iiii'iit wliii'h 111.' tiaiiu'cl M. l-aiuoiir. Auiist lliis sclilciiicnt thiiMMl licvuiiil liis cxiKiiUitioiis, hal it was uM;illii()ttii In tlif i;ii.^lish witli I'lirt K.nal. i). — Mcimwliilo t'lio Eii;^dis1i s( ■ tloinciit in Vir- ginia was i^rowinij; in sticnu'lli and iniiioitanci', and from it tlm Fit'iu;ii coionists in Nova I'lipt. Art-all in- . , , . , ■ i\ a ,- vaii.'s Nciva s,(>- Scotia wiM'i' sooii to ri'ci'ivo the iirst tia, A.n. liiW. , , „ , . ,. • ^ • • blow ot a loiiijj series ol intermit ting contests between the English and llie Freiicli colo- nists, wliicii may be said to have cihIimI with the fall of (Quebec, a century and a half afterwanls. In 10 1-'), the settlement referred to contained over sesen hundred inhabilants. In tin; snmmer of the latter year, ('ai)t. Ar^idl sailed North i'roin Vir- ; ginia, with an armed vessel of fourteen sriiii: . and i a lleec of lishing vessels. It should be observed at this point, that ICngland claimed the whole | of the territory of Nortii-I^astern America, from ! its Sonthein Sea-board Nor.h to the 4")'' of lati- i tilde, includiiig, of course, a portion of Acadia. ; France, on the other hand, claimed that her i American ])osscssions were limited on the southerly by the 40th parallel of north latitude. In accord- ance with the claims of iMigland, Captain Argall, having reached tlu; settlements in Nova Scotia, pro- ceeded to cx[)t'\ the French from their possessions. lie first attaekei' La Saiissaye"s settlement. After capturing a French vessel off the coast he landed in the settlement, where a slight show of resistance was made, whereupon he assaulted and sacked the place without mercy. Father Gilberl-dii-'l"het was killed in this attack. lie made tlie members of the colony prisoners, some of whom were taken to .famesiown, and others allowed to retire in a sloop, to search for a vessel in whiidi they might take passage to France. The latter fotind a vessel of St. Malo, at La lleve. uml were thus rescued. Those who a(u;o)iip;Miied ,\rgall to Jamestown, however, did not iar(! so well. 'I'liey were east into prison and treated as jiirales, and finally con- demned to die. 7. — 'I"he (iovernor of Virginia now rcsf)lved to drive all tlu; French cohniists, in Nova Scotia, be- I'liri liinai iiiinii'.i voiiil the 4"ith parallel of north lati- liy Arnall, A.li. ' , i !• i .1 1 iiii:i. tnde. .\ccor(Miigly three armed vessel; were fitted out. and set s;iil lor Acadia for that purpose; the ]irisoners, whose i.entenee of death had been anniilled thnnigh tiic influence of CHAPTER IX. EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION. L Cfi.\mpt,atn's Exi>i;i)iTinx to Ajitrica, a.p., ItilO. — 2. Ciiamim.ain'.s Datti.k with the iHOQrois, Kilt. — :'.. Ciia.mi'Laix Pi!i:i'AI!i:.s t;ik Site I'ou Monthioal, a.d., 1(111. — 4. Chamim.ain Si:cii!!:s a SrccKKsoii to Dr. MoXT.s. — '}. lli.s FiTiLE Kxi>i;i)rnr)N to thio North. — G. Champlain in Canada, llJlo- 1. — Althongli, on liis return to France, Cham- plain was received with great favor by the reigning sovereign, yet De Monis was unable , ' ' 1 !• 1 I Clinin|ilMli''i< I'xiiu- lo procnrea reiiewiil ot tiie nionopoly (II11..1, icinianiii, 1)1 the peltry traliie. 1 he interests of coinnieree and religion were largely against him at Court. Hoyal |)alroiiage being thus cut off. Ik^ could now only rely upon the pecuniary resourees of the fur trade, which were bound to suffer a .\rgall, being sent back in one of the vessi-ls. Argall first landeil at St. Croix, when he demol- ished every vestige of ei\ilizatioii. Then |)i()eecd- iiig to I'ort Royal, there a similar sceni! wa.s enacted. He refused all conditions to Uienconrt, who, rather than yield himself into tin; merciless hands of his adversary, fled to the forest and lived with the Indians, wln'ie. it is said, he died in 1(1:24. Wln-n Argall arrived at Pcn-t lioyid, the inhabi- tants were mostly engaged laboring in their grounds, souk; five miles distant. He set fire to the town anvilh the Indians, others Ibiuiil their way to tjnebec. In the following year I'oiitrin- court arrived at Port Hoyal, which he found a scene of desolation, whereupon he resolved to leave Acadia for ever, which he did. He fell, fighting bravely in the service of his country at the siege of Mery-sur-Seiiie, in the inonili of Decem- ber, 1015. lie vessels. lie (leiiiol- eii ]iroeee(l- sceiie was Hieiieonrt, ; ineiciless 1 iiud lived ed in ItiiM. lie inlialii- iii tlieir : (ire to iJie > hours the i'l'villtf till! liefore the 'I'll IIS was inie it was idiiihitaiits Mind their • I'oiitiiii- he foiiiid isolved to He leil, (it at the d' Deeein- OF THE i<;a, A.n.. Till THK KKI'Alircs Itlll.— ^. U TO l)K S' TO TlllO )A, iGir,. e, Cliatii- n'i,Uiiiiiu- I'lllif'scxp,,. I" eiiniiila, iiisl liiin It of!', he esoiirei's sid'l'er a Drawn aud engraved l'Xl)^OB^ly lur Tuttk-'ii IliAtiiry of tlic Uutniitioii. TllOinVALD KIUKSONS BATTLE WITH THE INDIANS, ABOUT A.D 100.'!. (I'lific Ki.J 11 Diiiwit tind cntfrBn'il i>xpri>tiity fur Tultlu'« IlUtory of t)u> l)tiitiiiil>M). i.A.NDiNi; t»r COM ..lur.' a.d. una. (I'iiro ot.) EXPLORATION AND SI-yrTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION. reduction under tlu; competition wliicii was sure to follow tiie aljroj-iition of liis connnission. De Mouts seems to Iiave been more enthusiastic for the welfare of tin; colony than for the profits which might accrue from a prosecution of the fur tiade ; hence he was enahled to complete arrangements with certain merchants of Kochelle, who were by no means actuated by the same motives, by which they were to have the use of his store-houses at Tad(jusac, for purposes of trade, in return for which he received pecuniary aid for the infant colony of Que])ec. ile was thus enabled, in KjIO, to equij) two vcssels,which hedcspatched to Canada, under the connnand of Champlain. The latter ^^■as accinupanicil by Diipont Grave. After a de- lightful voyage of eighteen days, this expedition reached Tadousao, where they came in contact with rival fur traders. This was not counter to tiieir expectatimis, as the monojioly had been over- thrown, and the right of trailie was free to all. 15ut Champlain did not long remain here. Caring more for tiie exi)loration of the upper St. Lawrence, he pushed on to Quebec, ^'eanwhile the natives were becoming exceedingly anxious for his return. Once living in mortal (head of the Iroijuois, they had followed Champlain in a victorious attack upon t.lii'se enemies, and were now longing to repeat this invasion of the country of the Five Nations. And now, upon the arrival of their great chief, as they fully recognized him, they at once urged the necessity of the exi)eilition. Champlain too readily complied with their retpiest, and set out at the head of a body of Algoniiuius to attack a hirge j band of lro(piois who were known to be encam[)ed lu'ar the embouchure of the Richelieu river. -. — rpon his arrival near the camj) of the enemy Champlain learned that his foes were strongly in- ,,.,., trenclied and well prepared for a Vi)' ',|V, .''■"''""'''■ better contest. Having experienced ihedeadly effects of fire-arms the year Itefore, they were now in a measure sheltered from their deadly action. "An Indian brought the in- telligence tiiat one hundred of the enemy were so strongly intrenched in the neighborhood, that with- I out the aid of tiio French it would be iinpossil)le to dislodge them. The Algoiuiuins imprudently advancing to the attack unsupiiorted had been repulsed with h)ss, and compelled to fall back and await the assistance of their less ini[ietuous allies. .Vs soon as Cham|ilaiu came ujt he proceeded to 10 reconnoitre the Iroquois' position. lie found it very strong, and formed of large trees placed clo.se together in a circle. Thus piotected, the enemy continued to pour forth showers of arrows, one of which wounded liim in tlie neck. His annnnnition soon l)egan to fail, and lie urged the Algoncpiins to greater exertions in forcing a wjiy into the bar- ricade. He made them fasten ropes roinid the trunks of single trees, and apply all their strength to drag them out, wliile he undertook to protect them with his fire. Fortunately at this crisis a party of French traders, instigated I)}' martial aidor, made their a]ii)earance. Under cover of their fire tiic Algonijuins jjulled so stoutly, that a sullicient oi)ening was soon effected, when they leaped in and completely routed the enemy, most of whom were either killed, drowned, or taken prisoners. Of the assailants three vere killed and fifty wounded. Champlain, before taking leave of his allies, Avho were too well jjleased to refuse his rcfjuest, readily i)revailed on tliem to allow one of his people to remain among their tribe to learn their language; while lie, at their reijuest, took a native youth with him to France, whither he went soon after." — MucMullen. 5). — Champlain returned to New Franco in the spring of 1011, bringing the young AJgoiujuin with him, and on the tiHth of May he proceeded to search for liis allies. pj;;i"'','!!l!"il'.''i"„r Not finding them according to their »;;','|'f^"i. '^•"• agreement, he began looking for a site for a new settlement further up the river than Quebec, with a view of having a more easy access to the Ottawa and neighboring trilies. After a careful survey he fixed upon an eligible spot at the base of Mount Ro3al. Having chared away a con- siderable space of ground he fenced it in by a kind of earthen ditch, planting grain in the end "re. He called the new settlement iVf/cf /An/rt/r. At length on the 18th of June, long after the time agreed on, the Indians made their appearance. They were much pleased at meeting their country- man safely ri'turned from France, who gave them a favorable ri;|)ort of his reception in Europe, and after making Champlain a liberal present, they explained the reason of their delay. " 'I'liey slated that it was altogether owing to a prisoner, who had escaped the previous year, spreading u report that the French, having I'csolved to esimiise the cause of the Iro([iU)is, were coming in great ;i i 72 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. force to destroy their nation. Chainplain coin- pliiined of tlieir having paid attetition to such an idle rumor, the truth of wliich all his actions he- lied, 'rhey protested that it had nevor hcen credited hy themselves, and was believed only by those only of their tribe who never had an o])por- tunity of beeominj^ personally aeciiiainted with the French. Ilaviny; now received solenni i)ro- testations of friendship, and beinj^ satislii-d with ('liamplain's sincerity, they declared tlieir firm determination of adiieiing io his alliance; and of proniotinf;^, to the best of their ability, his projcicts of penetratinjT into the interior. As an evi aecejjt the function which had fallen froui ihe dy- ing De Soissons. These privileges he conferred upon Champlain. They included amono|ily of the fur trade, but this gave great dissatisfaction to the merchants. Tlieir objections, however, were effectually removed by Champlain, by ])cr!niltii-g as many of them as chose to accompany him to the New World, and engage; in the peltrv tradi'. This liberal offer not only had a salutary elVce' upon the discontented, but resulted in inducing a number of merchants to accompany him. Three from Normandy, one from HochcUe, and one from St. Malo came out with Champlain, on I lie condi- tion that for the jirivileges of the fur trade they were to contribute six men each for purposes of discovery and exploration, to give one-t wentielh of their profits towards defraying the expenses of the colony. f). — In the beginning of March, 1613, the exjjc- dition sailed from Haideur, and on the Tlhof May arrived at Quebec. Champlain now chaniiiiiiiirB r». entered upon an expedition to the i^'u" n,',','('i'i',''' North on a rather w'ld project of a.d. kih. discovery. A person named Vignau, who had sjient a winter among the Indians, n jiorted that the river of the Algoncpiins — the Ottawa — took its rise in a lake connected with the Arctic Ocean ; that he had visited the shores of this ocean, and there seen the wreck of an English vessel. The crew, he said, eighty in number, had reached the shore, where they had all been slain by the na- tives, except a boy, whom they wck; now willing to give uj). D(!siring to have this wonderful re- port as Well authenticated as possible, Chiinipiain caused Vignau to ccmnni' his statement to writing, and to attest it with an oath, warning him. at I lie same time, that in case his statement were false he would be exposed to capital punishment. IWit Vignau was to all appearances unmoved in his persistent declarations, and finding that s(une English vesstds had r(;ally bccui wrecked on tin- (U)ast of liabrador, Champlain began to think the report worthy of i;redence, and resolved tosiiend the season in ex|iloring the northern regions. Selling out at oii'HS he arrived at the La Chine rapids < n r i! ii' l:h }% EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION. the 21st of May. From this point, with two canoes coiitaiiiiiii,' four of liis coiintryniun and one Indian, he proceeded on liis voyaj^e up the Ottawa. In this journey he ex[»erienced numberless hardships and encountered many difficulties. They met, of course, with a series of cataracts and rapids, which {^ould he overcome only by carryinjj their canoes and stores overland. In some instances, however, this coulil not he done owing to the great density of the woods, in which cases the party were com- pelled to drag their canoes through the agitated current, exijosing themselves to the danger of be- ing carried down in the dashing foam. IJut this was not their only danger. Scattering bands of hostile Iro(|uois were wandering in the region. These fnMce natives were now settled enemies to the French, and longed to make them caj)- tives and subjects of such tortures as were measured to their Algonijuin jjiisoners. As Ihey ascended the river the ilifficidties of navi- gation were increased, and they resolved to leave their provisions behind, and trust only to their guns and nets for the necessaries of life. Reaching the abode of a friendly Indian chief nanu'd Tessonant, whose village was eight days journey from tliat of the Nipissings, where the siiipwreck was said to have occurred, Cham{)lain was well received, and favored with a solemn council on the subject of his projected explora- tions. He re([uested the chief to grant him four canoes as an escort into the country of the Nipis- sings. The Indians were unwilling to grant this re([uest, but the chief complied after the most earn- est entreat}-. When the council had broken up Chainplain discovered that liis plans were still re- garded unfavorably by the Indians, and upon in- vestigating the matter he found it quite impossible to g(!t any of them to accompany him. Demand- ing another council he reproached his supposed deceivers with a breach of faith. A circumstance now occurred which induced Champlain to call in his informer, Vignau, who after being examined and confronted by the Indians, was compelled to confess his deception. Champlain had not only suffered much to no purpose, but had sjjent the season in vain. Leaving Vignau with the Indians as a ijunishment, Champlain returned to Quebec, and thence to St. Male, in August. 0. — In France Chanii lain found the affairs of the colony in a favorable condition. The Prince de Conde was still powerful at ('ourt, ci.n.npiai,,-, ..,. and the founder of New France had ir;.!;;.';;;;,;;-- ■',';'l,,, little diniculty in preparing for an- «'!», a.i>. u;ir. i«. other expedition. A small fleet was e(iuipped in IGl-t-L") to carry out settlers and sui)plies from Rouen and St. Malo. On board tlie ships of this fleet three priests of the Recollet order came to New France, in Itilo, as missionaries to the Indians. These were the first Catliolic priests who came to Canada. Their names were Fathers d'Ollteau, le Caron and dn Plessis. The first mass ever cele- brated in Canada was performed l)y d'Olbean and le Caron at the river du Prairies, in June, 1 canffiil only to secure tlit- profits arising from the pcllrv triillic. In- was lilind to tliis interest, carin;^- only I'or tlic ij^rcatfr interests of eoioni/atioii. Hence we in;iy easily understantl liow it came that while ('hain|)lain was preparing; to re'nirn to Canada, the leadinLj nienil)ers of the association nniler whose patrona.^'e he was aclincr, were ar- rani^'incr to deprive him of the (lovernorshipof Xew France, in ordi-r that they might entrnst it to a man who WDiild enter more eomph'tely into their selfish interests. It was proposed to Champlain that he should be engajjed to proseuute a grand scheme of ex[)loration and discovery in the Xew World, in which case lie could hardly afford to tax himself with tiie perjilexing details of the colony; and Dupout CJi-ave was nienlioued as his successor — a iniui who eared nothing for coloniza- tion, and whose ambition touciiing enterprises in America arose only to the peltry traffic. 'I'liis [)roposed ciiange soon became the subject of a heated discussion, and for awhile the ciiaiices of the fiovernor seemed to decline, but the affair h.iving come to the notice of the King's Council, a royal decree was confirmed, continuing Champlain as acting (Jovernor of Xew France. Hut even this confirmation did not enable Champlain lo I'ctnrn to Canada at once. The Prince de Conde was yet in pri>on. and to the clear min opponents, Champlain was eonfiinied in all his former func- tions, and .M. Dalu, a ciiief oficcr in theChancery of France, was ap[)()inted home agent tor the colo- ny. .M. d(! Montmorency now took ■>. lively in- terest in the atlaiis of the colony. 2. — After a difficult voyage Champlain reached Quebec in Jidy, lt>20, where he found the colonists suffering woefuUv from his long ab- ..,,.,, sence. 'J'lie coionv now numbered •■'•|"'|""". V'"^"-"'^' A.O. '-t»LM-Ji, but sixty souls. He at once laiil the fonndationsof a (iovernment house, afterwards known as the Castle of St. Louis, locati'd on the snnunit of the bold promontory. This building became celebrated as the residence of the succes- I sive (Joverno'.s of Canada, standing for over two centuries, being (U-stroyed by fire in ls:!4. Xot- | withstanding thesmallness of the colcny. the Iie- collet Friars, who had come as niissionaiies to the natives, as we have already seen, were now en- i gageil. by loyal permission, erecting a convent on the banks of the rivei- St. Charles. " Hut -uch was the devotional spirit of the time that different I monastic orders were enabled, thiough the liber- \ ality of the pious in France, to found, amid the Canadian wilds, vast establishments of education and beneficence, which are still the boast of French Canadians.'" The foundations of a Hecol- let convent chapel was laid in ItiiiO. (iarneau, whose compilation we are disposed to trust in matters pertaining to Frencii records in ( anada. except where his native enthusiasm leads him into unfair criticisms, informs us that six years before. as we have already noted, Hecolletsof the Provini'e of Paris had been invited to Canada. 'I he four who came in 161"), as noted in a previous chapter, lie says, visited the Ilurons in company with C!hami)lain; ami one of them went, in Itiltl, among the neutral Indians. In lOlH Poi)e Paul IV. ac- corded, at the earnest solicitation of the French Ambassador, the charge of missions in Xew France to the IlecoUets of Paris. Several of those zeal- ous Catholics lived, labored, and died among the natives. Father Xicholas Viel was drowned b}- the Ilurons. "These Friars," says tin; autluuity last mentioned, " were only missionai'ies in the col- ony till l(i-J4. In that year Father Tremens Le Plat IfHH 70 TUTTLKS UlSTOUV OK TIIK IMjMINIUN OF CANADA. fTivvi! an invitiilion thilluT to ii few Jfsuits. Al first tile associatcil miTcliaiils opposed the jikkhhmI- iiii,': hilt, iio'wilisstaiiiliiii;;, ill si; t'allu'is set out, I'or Caiiaila, Init wIk-m tiny arrived at (^diehec llii! R(!uollnts would not jiciirit, (lam to land nntii \]u'.y had iheniselvcs foniid an asylnni in the in- fant city. In tlu! seijuel tin; KeeoUels sold tlu'r oonvont, to wliidi tlioy had j^iveii the ([iialificatioii of Notre Dar.u; (h's An,!j;('s. Jt heeanie an hospital. Louis XlV.ijfavo them, in 1(>Sl, tlu; locality when; was previonsly liic Seneelialsea of t^nehcc, facinjf the Castle of St I.ouis, for the site of a hnildin^r. .\s the Reeollets weie the earliest missionaiies known to ('anada, so were they the first to disa|>- pear from it." 'I'hiis we see tlu; intant t^nv^'hec al- reaily an e(;elesiastical town, 'i'he first linildinjf of iiiiporlanee in the colony was the home of a con- ventual institution. How dil1'eri;nt from the Anj^lo- Ameriean (lolonies. Here '.he first ifreat nndertalv- iiii;s were not ecclesiastical, Init indnstrial.a eliarai!- , teristii; dilVi'renee not as much of the two races, as the two,^neat liramlies of ( liristiaiis. Protes(ant- i^iii ist'vereharacteri/ed ljy an advance movement in coiiiiiierce and po|iiilar (Mliu'ation ; Catholicism hy coinentiial entt;rprisi; and t;ommercial inactivity. While (he early settlers of Canada were I'ariiestly at work creel inL; nionast(;ries, and securely chain- inLj the future eommercial ami political interests of the (;oiintry to tlu; papal power, tlu; provinces of New I'±2, to ii sohMim ticiity of \h',\vv.. •,. I'.iii whili' Cliamphiin was si'ciiriii;^ peace amniii; lh(^ iiativi'sof Caiiaihi, a war was raging among tlic dirt'ctors and sliari'lioliUMS [.MrnC:'!" of tins assodation of nu-rchauts, '""■ •■^■"■"'-'- ,„„lcr whosf patronage the cohniy was supported, and 1)V wliosc; direelion the peltry tialhi; was carried on. Ivival eoniiianies were pressing their claims to the American trade. Karly in Itii'O. a conip;niy controlled hy Thomas I'oree, composed eiiieily of citizens of Uoni'n and S(. .Malo, invi!sted with chartered [irivileges, which expired in It!- J. were pleailing in the courts against, the (;xclnsiv(! rights of the .Manjuis dt; MonlmoreniTi and several promini'ut niemhers of llie association. A dillicully preventing an inune- (liate ileeision, the King i>ermitted tlu^ niemhers of the contesting comiiany to carry on iIk; fur tni(h( conjointly with I hi^ .Vdmiral's association. Hut in 1li22, a royal edict ruled that.Montinorency's com- pany should have an uninterrupted monopoly of the fur trallic, on (he conditions that all the King's trading snlijects who chose could join it within u year. This decree also provided that an inilcnuiity of lO.iMXIlivres should l)e[)aid to I'oree's company for tills aliridgemeiit of its (diartereil time and also to (nmipensate for expeiis(! ineiirrcd. I'pon this adjustment I'oree and his principal associate's took " teii-t well'tlis " of the Mont moreniry company. 'I'his very reasonahle adjustment of the dillieiilties and the timely union of the rival eonipani(!s prom- ised to disjiel till? clouds that darkened I he sky of Cainida. Previous to this, howev(!r, in 1(121, ow- ing to ('hamiilain's rc|>rest!iitiitions that the com- pany, in their eagerness after the gains of the fur trade, was negl(>cting (he wants of (lie colony, the associated merchants were, for the time lieing, de- prived of all their privileges, and the superintend- ence of the colony was eiitrnsted to William and I'aiieric Dc; ('aeii, niicle and nephew, lioth llngue- iiots. William l)e ( 'aen proceeded (o Canada in ItrJl. where his |iroceedings were of a most arlii- Irary nature, lie seizi d the vessels of (lie asso- (Ma(cd merchants, Ihen in the Si. Lawrence lliver, wiiii'li had a very injurious iiil1iienc(> upon the colony. Several left it in disgust, and at tlie eIos(( of 1(121 there were not more than forty-eight iMiropeaiiH in all Canada. tJ. — It would seem that all these difficulties must have shaken the courage and iiersistence of even Champlain ; but not .so. Providence .immpiMin ,.,.■.- had called the right man to ^ ,lif- '""""« '""'''""''■"• fieult task. In much patience, hravery and endur- ance hi! stood liinily hy the colony. " I'atient, self-denying, ho[)el'ul and courageous ; desirous of founding a colony, and coiisi'ions that he jiossi's- sed the (pialities necessary (o accomplish the ar- duous task, he did not permit himsi'lf to he turned aside from liis ohject for a iii part of tlieir ritual. 8. — Tlie conversion of tlu! natives was the heart and soul of the duke's policy. It had already ongiiijed his pious mind for rimni|.1ftin'M futile! " i i i i iiiii'iMii' In iniii years, and now tliat lie was armed Willi ill ! lliHllllllK. • • 1 1 witli ampU' powers, and proviileil with necessary facilities, it reinaiiied only to put into practice, thr ideas which had liecii fostered so long in his bosom. Like many others of the French nobility at this era, the Jesuits had ac- quired undisiiuted control of him. Having pro- vided him with a confessor, the\- were, in conse- quence, fully acquainted witli his plans, witli which they were in heart}' co-operation. Having confidence in Cliamiilain's loyalty to the Komish faith, as well as in his ability to look after the temporal interests of the colony, the duke con- tinued liiin in all his functions as governor of New France. AMieii Cliamplain returned to Quebec, in 1020, he found the fort at Quebec still unfinished, and the population of the colony dwindled down to about fifty-five souls, of whom not more than twenty-four were fit for labor. 'J"he Lidiaiis were also becoming hostile, and a war was preparing between the Iroquois and the Algonqnins. Cliamplain did all he could to pre- serve peace. Tiie Algonqnins held several Iroquois captives, wiiom he advised should be returned lo their nation, with presents to compensate them for the losses they had already suffered. Accordingly one of the captives was sent back, accompanied by a chief and a Frenchman named Mogiian. However, this course ended disastrously for liie colony. "An Algonquin who souglit to jnodiiiea war, in which he expected that his nalion. aided by tlie French, would be compU'teiy vicloiioiis, persuaded the Irocpiois that tliis mission, tlioiigh professedly friendl}', was devised wilii the most treacherous intent. Regarding tiie stianiicrs accordingl}' as spies, the latter prepared to take the most horrible revenge. The unfortunate men found a cauldron boiling, as if to prepare a repast for them, and were coiirteously invited to seat themselves. The chief was asked, if after so long a journey he did not feel hungry? He replied in tlie affirmative, wlien iiis assassins rushed on liim, and cut slices from his limbs, whicli they Hung into the pot and soon after presented to liini lialf cooked. They aft(>rwards cut pieces from other parts of his body, and continued their torture until he expired in tiie greatest agony. The Frenchman was also tortured to death in the usual manner. Another Indian, more I'ortunate, while atteni|itiiig to escape was shot dead on the spot; a third was made jirisoiier." — MivMiiUi'ii. !t. — When the news of tliis outrage reaeiied the allies, they rose with one accord fully bent on osterecl so I's of the s had ac- iving pro- ill eoiise- uiis, willi Having ic lioniish ; aftt'i' the duke coii- )vciiu)r of turned to uebec still le colony , of whom iihov. 'I he md a war ; and the iild to pre- [il Iioijuois etiinu'd to :e them for ecordiii<;ly comiianicd Moguan. sly for the jiroilucc a on. aided ielorious, 1. though the most si I angers d to take nate men e a repast 1 to seat er so long replied in d on him, Hung into him half rom other ture until renchmaii manner, ttempting third was (• reaehed y bent on 'if-:, M FRANCO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION, 16-29 TO 1G35. 79 war. The Iroquois captives held Indian hostilities— , i » i ii •.! imiiiiii..n oi ( an- auioiig tlicm wei'c put to death with ada, A. . 0.',. _^jj possible cruelty. Champlain thought himself also forced to resent this tragedy. Since a Frenchman had been deprived of his life, the French colony could no longer hold a place iu the respect of the natives unless his death were properly avenged. But his hands were, iu a great measuie, tied and helpless. The colony was too weak for any attempt at war, with a poi)ulatlon of less than sixty souls, housed in miserable dwel- lings, wuliout supplies, dispirited, and unaccus- tomed to the hardships to which they were eveiy day exposed, they were in no condition to uiidtMtake an enteri)rise in which their circum- stances would be certain to become more aggra- vated. The little settlements at Montreal, Ta- doiisac, the Three Rivers, and two or three other points along the St. Lawrence were in a still more wretched condition. And now, besiUes the war into which this act of their enemies had forced them, they were themselves suffering from inter- nal dissensions between the Catholic and Hugue- nots, liut another foe was soon to advance from another tpiarter and of anotiier character. Cliam- phiiii was soon to receive a suminons to surrender his colony to the British. CHAPTER XI. FRANCO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION, 1629 TO 1G3.J. 1. Richelieu and his Plan of Colonization. — 2. Siege of Ql'ehec, lt.29. — 3. Fall and REsroii.vrioN ok Canada. — 4. Champlain in Queuec, lG;io — His Death. 1. — Cardinal Richelieu, now Minister of France, was quite ready to heed the i)atriotic representa- tions of Champlain. He had by this Ulflii'll.'ii anil lil< , I ,. I , 1 , iiiiinotooiiHiizu- tiuie (irmly established Ins indiienco with his king. The Duke urged upon hiinthe religious interests of tlie colony more than its temporal wants, and as the appeals of Ciiamiilain found the eaiof Richelieu only through the lips of the Duke, we may suppose these to have largely lost tiieir oiiginal force in transit, since Ciiainpliiin was, though a staunch Catiiolic, tl by no means blinded to tlie fact tliat his efforts were already becoming a boon of religious conten- tion. But even aside from tlie persuasions of tlie Duke, Richelieu had a burning desire to crush the Huguenots who were now, under tin; k^adersiiip of the De Caens, exercising considerable inllueiii:e in the colony. The Cardinal, revoking all existing charters, set at work upon a new organization l)y which both the colony and the peltiy traflic were to be governed. His plan aimed at the organiza- tion of a new company composed of men of inllu- ence and wealth, and in tliis he was successful. To this company a charter was granted by wiiich it was given the title of " The Company of One Hundred Associates." To this company the King, Louis XIIL, eonve3ed the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all the territory of New France, in- cluding Florida. Thus in 1027-8 a company was organized for the government and colonization of New France, " witli power to appoint judges, build fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and take what ste[)s they might think proper for the juotectionof the colony and the fostering of commerce." One of the most important features of the organization was a monopoly of tlie fur trade. This the King granU'd to liiis powerful company, together with all other exclusive privileges connected with the country, reserving to himself and his heirs supre- macy in matters of faith, fealty, and homage as sovereign of the colony, andstipulating thatacrown of gold was to be presented at ever}' new accession to the throne by the colony. The Kiir'^ also re- served the cod an lllllllIT iinl i.i liissiii'- WMS lifMlllCll. llTof lilitisll if Ills lil'i', t<) it ami t'oi'in vtill'il of till) I Cliaili's as- 1 Alr\aiiiliT 11 Inu'ts of laml Snhh-K^r,- to |iii'-i'xistin;{ liiivc ylvcii FRANCO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION, IGiiO TO lO;. M lioU's translation of riamoaii, in wliiili are several valualile corree- tioiiH of the oriitinal, for wliii'li tlie translator is cntitleil to duerreilit. Hell's Carneau fiirtlier st;ites that at this time, " intestine war be- tween Catholii's anil Iliinnenots w.. va^iii^ in France. La Uoelielle, the last liiihvark of the latter, beiiii? closely besieged, an Knu'lish lleet. coinniaiiileil by the iircsiini|itiioiis yet incapable Villiers, Diike of lliickinirliani. was sent for their iiitemleil relief. The ill-iiianai;eil attempt utterly faileil: Carilinal Uichelieii took l,a IJochelle, ami the jiosition of l'rotest.'intisni ill France became one of abjec'tion. .Stiinir by his ilefeat, ratlier tli.in nioveil by patriotic feelings or by rei;aiil for the cause of reli;;io,is freeiloni, l!iickin>;ham persiiaileil his master to declare war a;,'ainst Louis XIII. Hostilities between their siibject.s, forthwith be^jiin in Kiinipe, soon extended to those of America. A fleet of war vessels was ecpiipped in F.n,;;land to invade the settlements of New F"aiice, and in parti'Milar to attjick Quebec. One of tlicships was coinmaniled by David Kirk, .1 master mariner of Dieppe, and an- other by Captain Mitchell, both boiiifr French I'rotcstants. In inid- Riimnier, KiiS, the Kn;;lisli ships reached the gulf of St. Lawrence, where they captured several Frendi vessels, engaged in the fisheries and peitry tralllo. Kirk, arriving at Tadonsac, wrote a very civil letter, dated ,Iiily H, to (.'haiii]>lain. ailmonishlng him, that as a famine reigned in Qiicliee, and no supplies could reach it by sea, the entry of the St. )-awience being blockaded by the F.nglish fleet, it were best for all parties that the pliicc should be yielded on favorable terms being accorded. "(niamplain. judging from the disfcineo between him and Kirk that the latter was not so ready to put his threats in execution as he aimoiinced, sent a deliant reply to the summons ; althongli, had Kirk lilted at once, rather than lost time in parley, he might have at- tained bis object easily, for the garrison of Quebec was •hen in help- less extremity. In order to disguise the nakedness of the land, the wily governor osteiitationsly feasted the impressed llasqnea whom Kirk sent to deliver his minatory missive ; although the inbabitants then had no resources whatever, and lived upon seven onnces of bread per he;id daily, served from the governincnt stores, the latter eont.iiiiing, at ihis time, not more than 51) lbs. oi gunpowder. When the messengers returned to Kirk with Champlain's letter, and an- swered the ipiestioiis tliat were probably luitto them, that olflce.-, dis- trusting the reports he had previously received of thestjiteot Quebce, dfc«lioyed all the vessels he had at Tadon.sac, mid returned to the lower Laiireiitian waters. " Shortly iifterwards, Uoqnemoiit arrived in the gulf, and was er- roneously informed, as he entered it, by natives whom he met, that Quebec had been taken by the Fnglish. Doubting the evil news, however, peace having been re-established when he left, he des- patched eleven of bis men, in a light vessel, to (Juebec for more reli- able inform.ition. Scarcely had this bark set out, than the people in her sighted six ves.sels bearing Fnglish colors ; and next day they heard a brisk cannonade. It |iroeeeded from the guns of Kirk's and Koiineniont's ships, then in close action. The latter had been chased, and were easily captured after a short opposition ; they were, in fact, iilnioi-t nnmanagealilc in tight, being loaded to the gunwale with sup- plies, iind neces.sarily crowded with nnwarliko iiassengers. It ap- peared that Koipiemont rather sought than avoided this irreparable calamity, for such it proved, us being the real mediate ean.M' of the surrender of (Quebec, allhoiigh that untoward event did not Uikeiilace till next year. " The governor having had his in ind prepared (ortlio intelligence brought him of the capture of Uocpiemont's ships by what he already knew, bore the shoik witli his accustomed eipianiniity, and set about ni.'iking the means of subsistence still lelt go as far as possible. I'n- fortunately, the year's return from the small patches of l;ind under cultivation proved unwontedly scanty, lie desputcbed ag.'iits to buy as much provisions from the natives astliey were willing to part with; and sent a number of others to winter with the Indians, so that there would be fewer mouths lo ,onsiime the almost exhausted gov eminent stoles. After every precaution taken, however, the sulTering from privation by the inhabitants of Quebec, during the following live or six months, must have been very great ; tor it is recorded that no piviner had the snow disappeared from the yroiind, than luimbcrsof those whom want had not ([uite prostrated, went forth to the contlj;- nons wildenicss. to searcli for roots, &c., to keep life iu their own bodies or in tho^e of their families. " In the midst of this di.stress, Clianiplain seemed to rise superior to evil fate. I'ersonally, lie set the exanijile of patience under extreme luivation, while ho gave eiiconraging assurances, which ho could hardly have put trust in hiin-elf, that plenty would soon return ; as doubtless vesselSifreighted with abundant supplies would soon arrive fioin France. But days, weeks, months glided on, and they came not The .season of starvation contiiined through |iart of the spring, with nearly as much sulTering as in the previous winter, and was now being prolonged during the first months of summer. Fvery wood, for many le.'igues round the eity, having been thoroughly ransacked for petty edibles the sufferers hud become utterly despondent, when all were roused into glad expectation on hearing that three inward bound vessels were near and liad been signalled behind I'oiiito Le'vi. The joy of their presence was short-lived. They were Fnglish shi) s of war, eommanded by Louis and Thomas Kirk, sent on by the Ad- miral, their brother, who sailed from Fjigland with a second expedi- tion, but had tarried at Tadonsac with a larger number of vessels. No thought was entertained now in the mind of any one, but to give np the city, on the most favorable conditions tliatits foes would be per- suaded to make. They entered its gates and took possession on the 'J'.itli of .Inly, KiL'll. Louis Kirk, who installed himself as the Fng- lish governor, treated the citizens with kindness, and it may be pre- snuied supplied the more pressing bodily wants of the people whoso ruler he had become. However this may be,it is certain thatii major- ity of the colonists concluded to remain intheeonntry." 3. — Thus was the fust fall of Quehec effected in 1020. Fi-aiice had been atrivinof for a century to establish a colony in America .ind now in a single year the resu^s of {iS!,'„?'^^J,';,:;'.°'''^ all their efforts had passed into the hands of their enemies. IJut the fort and settle- ment captured by Kirk was soon to bo restored to the F'rench, that it might be retaken -with greater glory to the British Crown in a cciitnrv and a quarter afterwards, when, on the Plains of Abraham, the great Wolfe, was to consecrate with his blood a victory for liis conntr}- and Protestant- ism. Kirk, acooinpanied by Champlaiii, pro- ceeded to Tadonsac, there intending to take pas- sage to Europe, which lie did. In dt-scending the St. Lawrence they met De Caen, sailing toward Quebec with a ship well loaded with provisions. After an obstinate rcsistcnce Thomas Kirk cap- tured this ship also. Chamiilain was condticteil to England, wiiere he at once held a conference with the French ambassador at London on the affairs of New France, lie urged upon tlie am- bassador thenecessity of demanding the re.it it iition of tiuebec, since it had been captured more than two montiis after the close of tlii^ brief \\\w be- tween tiie two nations. " The ambassador, like a niinieioiis parly in France, had no very exalted ojiinion of Caiiiida ; and seemed to regard its res- toration, as one of tiie eoiH'itions of the proposed pence, as a very uuimixirtan, matter. Champiain's representations, however, iirevaiied at the French 'M i ■I I J. 82 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Court. He clearly proved llie vast national im- portance of the fur trade and the fisheries ; and that the latter formed an admirable nursery for seamen. These facts, backed by his strong solici- tations, induced Richelieu to negotiate for the res- toration of Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton, which, by the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, again became appendages of the Froneli crown. The establishment of peace i)laced the company of One Hundred Associates in possession of all their for- mer privileges. They promptly reinstated Cham- plain as governor of Canuda, and commenced ex- tensive preparations for a fresh expedition." — 3Iac- Mullen. These were completed, and in the spring of 1633, Champlain once more landed in Quebec with supplies and new settlers. 4. — In 1G33, wlien Chami)lain arrived at Que- bec he found the little colony in the same de- lected condition in which he had Champlain nt Que- ', ^ . . , . bee, i«M.-ias leit it, unimproved in numl)ers and comforts. He busied himself im- |,roving its afl'airs, and negotiating friendly rela- tions with the savages witli consideralde success. He afterwards turned iiis attention to the estab- lishment of a college, or seminary for the educa- tion of the youtii of the colony. Tiiis project found its origin in a scheme of the Jesuits, and one of them gave six thousand crowns to aid in carry- ing it out. The erection of this institution w.as commenced in the autumn of 1035, and was the means of inspiring the inhabitants witli new hopes and new energies. C haini)lain, however, was not to see its completion. He died in the following December, his loss being deeply mourned by the colonists and by his many friends in France. VVe refer llie reader to the biographical department at the close of this work for a sketch of this truly great man. CHAPTER XII. ACADIAN COLONIZATION.— 1G13 TO 16G8. i. Operations of thk De la Tour.s. — 2. Dis- posal OF Acadia hy Treaty of St. Ceu- MAiN. — 3. Civil War in Nova Scotia. — 4. La T(njR"8 Boston Reinforcement. — T). Bravery of Madame De la Tour. — 6. La Tour Marries the Widow of his Enemy. — 7. English Ascendency in Aca- dia. — 8. English Occupancy and Restitu- tion OF Acadia. 1. — Turning our attention once more to the shores of Acadia, let us observe the events that were transpiring in that quarter, operation, of the After the English had defeated the i>" i^' i""™- French, and destroyed Port Royal, in 1613, they retired from the country, taking no steps to colo- nize it until 1621, when King James the First, of England, made a grant, which included Acadia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and i)art of Lower Canada, to Sir William Alexander, a native of Scotland, a poet and dram- atist of considerable reputation. In 1622 Sir Willi.am chartered a vessel, in Mhich a number of emigrants embarked, for the purpose of settling in Nova Scotia. Tlie vessel sailed in August, and approached the Island of Cape Breton about the middle of Scptcniber. Here he encountered a violent storm, and was driven to Newfoundland, where he landed, and decided to spend the winter, sending the ship back to England for supplies. The vessel set out on her return trip in the fol- lowing spring, but did not reach Newfoundland until the middle of June, before which time most r>f the emigrants left on the Island, despairing of her return, engaged themselves to the fishermen. While these things were taking place, Charles tlie First ascended the throne, from whom Sir William Alexander not only received a confirmation of iiis grant obtained from King James, but an addi- tional extent of territory, wliich led to the forma- tion of a company called "The Merchant Adven- turers of Canada." Tiic celebrated Sir David Kirk, of whose operations at Quebec we liave al- ready spoken, was one of this company, and in those transactions was supported by tiiis com- pany. It seems that in one of the vessels cap- tured by Kirk, in the convoy previously spoken of, was Claude de la Tour, a French Protestant, who had previously obtained a grant of land on the river St. John. This man was taken to England witli (jjiamiilitin. Meanwhile, Charles, a son of tliis De la Tour, commanded a French fort at Cape Sable. Wliile in England tiie father had married a lady of rank, and having been created, in 1620, a Baronet of Nova Scotia, entered into an arrangement by which ho hoped to seduce his son ACADIAX COLOXIZATIOX.— 1G13 TO 1C68. from liis loyalty to the king of France. In ac- cordan'^'^ with his plans two men-of-war were fitted out, and .vith La Tour on board, sailed for Cape Sable. When he arrived he had an interview wiih his son, to whom he set fortli in bright colors the advantages he would derive from surrendering the fort to the English, and identifying himself with interests loyal to the British. His son's reply did credit to his loyalty. lie said that to conifjl}- with his father's wishes would be treason to his king, \ rather than which he proposed to defend the fort to the utmost, and even to sacrifice his life. " Finding his son resolute De la Tour ordered an attack on the fort, which was continued for two days, and which resulted in the defeat of the at- tacking force. I)e la Tour now found himself in an r.wkward position. To return to France was deatli, and to England disgrace. He therefore requested his sou to permit him to settle quietly with liis wife in the neighborhood, to which the young man consented, on the condition that his father was never to enter the fort. Dc la Tour and his wife with two valets and two female servants, accordingly landed, and the two men-of-war re- turned to Engliiiid. Haliburton says that in the following year De la Tour joined a party of emi- grants who landed at Port IJoyal, and built ii, fort at Granville, tiie remains of which were visible when he wrote, being known by the traditioiuiry name of the Scotch fort. yVccording to Deuys, as related by Murdoch, he was found at Cai)C Salile in 1635 ; but Ferland's account seems to exidain the matter satisfactorily by representing De la Tour us having gone to Port Royal with the Scotch colonists, and returning by invitation, on his son Charles being appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Acadia, in 1G31. A number of the emigrants having died during the first winter at Granville, and the extensive colonial speculations, in which Sir William Alexander was engaged, not proving profitable, induced him in the year 1(330 to transfer all Nova Scotia, except Port Royal, to his friend Claude De l.t Tour." — CampbvlL 2. — In 1032, however, peace was concluded be- tween England and France, which was the first „, , , , „ piihlic treaty which settled the title Plapnsnl of Acmllft ,-, , , «fiur iiie Tiunty of to Canada aud Acadia, notwithstand- St. Uuniuilna' • i c ing that Sir Daviil Kirk, in conjunc- tion with Sir William Alexander and others, iiad forced the French from the Valley of the St. Law- rence, and taken Quebec, Port Royal, St. Croix, and Peiitagoet, — all the possessions France then had in America. Yet, liy an article of the Treaty of St. Germaius, all these places were restored to the Crown of France. Thus the English returned to the French what they had, at much expense, t.akcn from them; and this wholesale transfer of American possessions gives us a very good idea of their value as then estimated by the advisers of the English Crown. When the Prime Minister of France stipulated in the Treaty of St. Germains that Acadia was to be restored to the French, it is not likely that he had any serious thoughts of colonizing it. It was, says Garneau, tacitly under- stood that it should remain at the disposal of the individuals who already held it by grant. 'J'hese persons left to their own discretion in its wilder- ness, where they swayed a despotic power over traders aud natives, took up aims against each other, mucii in the same style of the battling feud- ally of the middle ages. 3. — Acadia was apportioned into three prov- inces, and put into the possession of as many pro- prietary governors. These were , i,„ „nrin Nova Knight-Commander Isaac de Uazilli, '*™"''' """^ '• Cavalier De la Tour, and M. Denis. Razilli was given the comiuaud of Port Royal, with all the ter- ritory to the south west, as far as N(;w England, which of course included New Brunswick. La Tour had the whole country from Port Royal tt) Canso, and Denis had the rest of Acadia from Canso to Gaspc. Razilli was appointed Governor- in-Ciiief of all these colonies. " La Tour applied for and obtained roval letters patent in Fiance, recognizing the val lity of a concession of lands on the river St. John, granted to his father in 1027, by King Charles L King of England; aud in 1034 he obtained, besides the Isle de Sable, ten square leagues of seaboard territory at La Heve, and ten other square leagues at Port Royal, along with islands adjacent. But Commander Razilli was so taken with the natural beauties of La Heve, so struck with its fitness for a harbor, with its capacity for admitting a thousand sail of vessels, that he engaged La Tour to cede it to himself. He there fixed his residence, after taking posses- sion, by royal (uder, of the country beyond, as far as the Kennebec river. A frigate which he had sent on took possession of a i)etty fort at Penob- scot, which the New England colonists of I'lymouth 1 84 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. II ■f:i hiid erected, ami therein deposited their peltries as a i)iace of safety. The French phieed a garrison in it." — Garneau. In IGoo Hazilli died, wiiere- iiI>on liis brothers succeeded liini, one of whom. Charles de ^Menon, Chevalier de Charnizay, was named chief governor of all Acadia, in 1047. 'Ihe first act of the latter worthy of notice was the abandonment of La Ileve, where Razilli had formed a prosperous settlement. Charnizay moved its inhabitants to Port Royal. Soon a difficulty grew up between him and La Tour, probably from their rivalry in the peltry traffic, or the uncertain limits of their several territories. These haught\' spirits could settle their dispute short of nothing but a resort to arms. 4. — Louis XIII., King of France, undertook to reconcile these, his American subjects, but in vain. La Tour's no«ton ^^^ defined the boundaries of their reiiiforwment. sevcr.il govcmmcnts, fixiug the limits of Charnizay's at the New England frontiers on the one side, and at r. line drawn from the Bay of Fundy to Canso on the other; the country west of said line being assigned to La Tour, excepting La Ileve and Port Royal, which the former was to possess in exchange for tlie fort at St. John's river, held by the latter. But these efforts of the King did not pacify the rival commandants. Charnizay succeeded in conquering his enemy at Court, M'here he received orders to arrest La Tour and send him to France a prisoner. But this was not so easy to accomplish. First of all Fort St. John was to be taken, which Charnizay proceeded to invest. In this extremity La Tour appealed to his Boston neighbors for aid. At that time England and France were at peace, and Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts could not openly aid the api)licaut; nevertheless the Massachusetts colonists were eager to protract a war that would be sure to weaken Acadia, and the Governor was induced to permit La Tour to raise and equip a small force in his province. With eighty men thus raised in Massachiiselts, together with one hundred and forty French Protestants, La Tour not onl}' raised the siege of Fort St. Johns, but ch)sely [jursued the retreating Cliarnizay to his fortifications. Charnizay i)rotested against the aggression com- milted by the English in time of peace, in which he was heartily joined by a numerous body of tin; peojjle of Massachusetts, but Governor AN'inlhrop observed, in justification of his action, "that the doubt with us in the matter was this, wliether it were more safe, just and honorable to neglect a Providence which put it in our power to succor an unfortunate neighbor, at the same time weakening a dangerous enemv, than to allow that enemy to work out his purpose. We have preferred the former alternative." The English Governor followed this justification by proposing to Charnizay a treaty of amity and trade between Acadia and New England, an offer wliicli was promptly accepted, as Char- nizay lioped thereby to obtain advantage over La Tour. The treaty was signed, October 8, 1646, at Boston, and was subsequently ratified by com- missioners of the confederated colonies of Massa- chusetts, Connecticut, Ne^v Haven, and Plymouth. 5. — La Tour's Massachusetts forces had now been sent home and Charniza}', learning that he was absent from his fort, enjo3ed the belief tluit he could take it by sur-BruW.^"""'""" prise ; " but Madame de la Tour, an heroic woman, took charge of its defence and played her husband's part so well, that the be- siegers were fain to retire, after having lost 3o of their number. The garrison was also stronger than Charnizay expected, for the Bostonians still ex- tended succor, underhand, to his antagonist. The former, chagrined at the repulse he had received, imputed it entirely to the above-noted practical violation of the treaty lately entered into. Dis- daining to remonstrate, he threatened severe re- prisals, and began l)y seizing a New England vessel. This act had the desired effect. All further aid to La Tour was witnheld by the Bos- tonians. Charnizay re-invested Fovt St. John, and plied the siege briskly ; but Madame de La Tour, with a mere handful of men, repelled his assaults three several times. He began to despair of suc- cess, when a traitor in the garrison let him into the body of the place at an unguardtd entrance on Easter-day. Madame de la Tour had time to take refuge in one isolated part of the works, and stood so stoutly oil her defence, that Charnizay was fain to subscribe to the terms of surrender which she demanded. When Charnizay saw the smallness of the number to whom he had capitulated, he re- gretted the concession he had made; and pretend- ing that he had been deceived or misunderstood, he had the ineffable baseness to hang every man of the faithful band; obliging the heroine who had been their leader to be present at the execution. 1 ■ ^ ACADIAN COLONIZATION.— 1613 TO 1G68. r of Maiiame | our. witli a halter round her neck." — Garncau. This iiiifortunate lady was so mucli affected by the ex- I'iteiuent of the contest and the suhsequcnt execu- tions that she fell into a decline from wliich she never recovered. (J. — Shortly after La Tour became an exile, being escorted to Quebec in 1G4G, wliere lie was received with military honors, and i^^l^oml^no!^ entertained at the Castle of St. Louis, lie remained some time in Canada, entering extensively into the fur traflie in the Hudson's Bay territory, lint in 1031, he learned of the death of his old enemy Charnizay, whereupon he at once set out for Acadia, and where, strange though it may seem, he married the widow of his own wife's persecutor, entering upon full possession of all the estates of the latter, with the consent of the heirs. This gave a new lease to the troubles in Acadia. France had now learned to doubt La Tour's loyalty, probably from his connection with the New Englanders. One Le Borgne, a creditor of Charnizay, was empowered to attach certain property left by his deceased debtor in Acadia, and to use, if necessary, force to obtain possession of it. Le Borgne, putting a new and wider meaning to his commission, at once determined to possess himself of the wiiolt pro- vince. He began his operations by attacking M. Denis unawares, mastered his establishment at Cape Breton, and sent him a prisoner, manacled, to Fort Royal. He then burnt the settlement at La Hevj, not so much as sparing the chapel, and was preparing to attack La Tour at St. John, when a more powerful expedition, sent out by Cromwell, put a stop to his progress. Cromwell, in 1G;j4. sent out an expedition to repress Acadia. His forces expelled those of La Tour from St. John, and drove Le Borgne from Port Royal, taking the latter prisoner. At the same time the Massachu- setts colonists attacked La Ileve, then under the command of Le Borgne's son, and one Guilbault, a merchant. After a desperate conflict, in which the invading party lost their leader, the little fort was capitulated, tlie garrison receiving honorable terms. After accomplishing the ruii. of Acadia, the English retired from the country, and its pos- sessors, a loose, roving set, were pretty much left to themselves, with but little rule, sometimes re- cognizing the King of France, sometimes the King of England, and sometimes both. 7. — After the war had ended M. Denis re- turned to Chedabouctou, where he maintained friendly relations with the Englisii. This excited the envy of his neigh- KS i"'*'"'''"'^ bors, and he was attacked a second time. "A person named de La (liraudiere had obtained, under false i)retences, as was said, the concession of Canso. He proceeded to capture Denis' ships, took possession of his factory at Cape Breton, and beleagured the fort there. The damage resulting from these aggressions, the cost of law-jirocess thence arising, and the conflagra- tion of his establishment, conjoined to eiTeet his ruin. He had to leave the country soon after- wards, where his presence hud been really bene- ficial. Benig a public-spirited man, he liad established fisheries, factories for tlie peltr}' traffic ; an'te.urg now riiached the ear of the English King through the French ambassador, and so shrewdly rei>rcsi'nted his case that Sir Thomas received a de(;isive order to evacuate all the forts held by him. Being thus overthrown by his own King, the English '■ommandant surrendered Acadia to the Cavalier Orand Fontaine, who had been ap- pointed Frcnidi governor of tho province. Thus once more this maritime country passed into tho hands of a people who were but poorly qualified to establish commercial or agricultural colonies in America. li CIVIL AM) KHLKilorS ( UNDITK^N OF tilKliKC, 111;!!. M CIIAlTKli XI 11. CIVIL AND KKLK.IOUS CONDITION OF (^I'F.llKC, ic.;m. 1. Civil Aikamis at Qikhkc, lti:>--;V). — -. IIisi!AM>i:v. Snuiv Kaisinc, inc. — :>. Di:- SCKiriKlN OI' (ilKIIKC. lti;M. J. I.i; .1 KT N K, Sui'KUiou OK TiiK Mission ap C^LKMKt'. 1. — IJi'liinrmt: to (iufl)t'C. let us ;j:lanc(' at its ilfi'iicral cDiKliium. to'^cllicr witli tlial nf Canada, al llic (Icalli of Cliamiilaiii. Kiom ''b'!:'!!:!^^!""" takini;tliissurv('v..i..-\villlH'tli.'l.ot- tcr jircpari'd to ciitfr upon tlic ail- niinislraliou of liis siu'i'cssor. Clianiplaiu's wilV ivsidcil at (^>iicl)i'c, l)Mt slio was tlii^ iirst, and, at tilt! time, tilt' only latly ri'sidt'iit of tiii- foloiiy. At. this tiiiif tilt' I'olony coulil lianlly liavf lii'i-ii ivirariifd as tstalijislifd witli siinififiit stiTiiu;tli iiiitl ifrowlii to I'lisiirt! its pi'i'inaiu'iit siii'iM'ss. In lli:!;! tlii'i'ii wi'if prolialily from out; liiiiuliftl and fifty to oiif iinntiri'd anil fii^lity ai'tiial rfsidi'nls iit (^ui'lioi', or in its viiinily. Most of tlipso wpro workiiit'ii tMiiployi'il in tlit- fort, or at. thf fai:torifs of till' fur Iraiicis. lU'siilt's llicrc wito liii- t'oiu- jiany's an't'iits at 'I'ailoiisati and Tiirt't' Kivt'rs. At till' lallfr placf llit-rt' liail lui'ii cri't'lftl soiiii' riiiit' Imiitlini^s, dfffinli'd liy two small pit't't's of artil- Ifiy. In tlio suiiuiu'r season tliis nuiiilKT was coii- sitieialily iiicreasfd by traders helomring to tlie vessels of Kreiieli mereliaiits, hut tliest^ i^enerally retin-tl from tlit> eouiitry in llieautmnn, anil eoulil not llierefore lie ealled residents. 'I'liere were also ii numher of raiiLjers and liaii-lireeils amon;^ the natives, wlio are not eoiinted in tliis eiiiiiiieratioii. In It!:!!', four years after Clianiplaiu's death, the population of {.ijiii'hi'i; was only two liundreil anil fifty. Ill tilt! suriduniliiiL!; eountry thert) wantlor- eil somt! hundreds of savay;es, Ali^oiuiuins, oslah- lished at Sillerv liy Laleiiiant, anil f;overnoil hy the .lesuils. I'isli was very ahunilant, hut the |)roiluels of the soil were searee, and there were not, ill fael, eolonists of siiHieieiil numliers, or sunieieiitly settled on the land to raise the footl rei|uire(l even for their own support. l''rom l(!l!"J to l(i;>."), while Cliamplain lived, tin! eompany of ( (lie 1 luiiilreil Assoeiates w ereqiiile aetive in pro- motiiiLC the interests of tlie eoloiiy, tlioui;li, how- ever, more from the undent appeals of the Miivern- 01" than from their own ineliiiatioiis. They e.s- 12 talilished and maintained, under the style of llixi- JiiitrK, four or five esial)li>limeiits in New Kraiiee. 'I'liest! were at Cajie Hretoii, .Miset>u, l^iiehee, 'I'lirei! IJivers and Shonatira, anioiii,' tlie llurons. MesiiK th tl le eompany lainlained fort^ Iniilinj; marls, and ilwelliiii;s for the aeeommoila- tioii of the eolonists in various plaees. l.e.leiine, of whom we shall speak at leiin'tii preseiilly, i^ives 11 verv tlear aeeoiint of the eoluiiy at this time, and expresses miieh joy at the eonliiiiied iuerease of numliers, speeifyiiiij two families in parlieiilar, which alone eompreheiiiled forty-live jiersons. lie piously remarks, "what ii snhjeet for ihankfulness it is to see, in these eoiiutries, delieale liodies of ehildren of teiiiler i\\j;v, lantlini^ from their wooileii prisons liki! the lirii^ht day issiiinj,' from the daik- iiess of iiij;ht, and after all eiijoyiiii^ siieli exeel- leiit lieailli, not willistandiiiL; all the iiieoiiveii- ienees of these lloatin;^ lialiitatious, just as if they had imrsued their route eomforlalily in a ehariot." Le .leiiiie prolialily overdraws this matter of tho eoiufort. of emii,Mation, luit he was too mueh iiiter- osteil in tile jiron'ross of the eohuiy not to oiicour- aLje his eoiintrymeii to nnilertake the voya;j;e. Le •lenne had many quest ions to answer eonferiiin;j; the eondition and resourees of the eoloiiy from his sui>eriors in l'"raiiee, in all of wliieli lit! took i^ootl eare to make tlii! most eiieouiai;iiij^ state- ments consistent with llii! truth. .Miout the timi! of Cliamplaiii's death this zealous eccl'';.iastie sums up till! reconinienilalions of tlit! colony in four divisions, viz.: the e.\eellence of its soil, its foiti- lied posts, the niinilier of its inlialiilants, anil what, he not iiiaiipropriately terms " //.x ririi itiiif frrlixi- (tstlral f>olio\"' III Iti;!!, Le .leiiiie thus writes of tilt! i!olony in the iliree aspects first nientioiied: ".As to the iiihaliitants of New I'' ranee, they ha vt> inereaseil lieyond exiiectation. NN'lienl came first then! was only one family ; now, every season wt; witness the arrival of a j^oodly iiumlier of highly lionoralilc persons, who "oiiie to throw llieniselves into our vast forests as into a iicaeefiil retreat for piety and lilierty. The sounds of ]ialaces, and the thunders of seiD^eants-at-law, pleaders, mil solicitors, eoiilil only reach lis liert! from the dis- tance of a thoiisaiid leai^ues ; and it is oiilv once a year that the pa|ieisaiiil gazettes, which some liriiit;- from Old Kraiiee, ajiprisc usof the existence in the world of i\v' i li telle; of a of a snial only ccssi and (k'sc( ratlu migli distil were plain or CO lattei of cc liim so, si colon the a incipi way. toj) o river fort 1 groui Place and V as a purpc newl^ ed ai liiiij-l substi wido\ dauyi drcn, when for j( Jesuit lltMICIl I he M at liai betdki " T (he ni the lii riyht. and. 1 swept CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS CONDITIOX OF QUEBEC, 1034. 89 tenements. Immediately a1)ove, along the verge of a preeipice, he coulil have traced the outlines of a fortified work, witli a flag-staff, and a few small eannon to command the river, while at the onl\- point where Nature had made the heights ae- cossihle, a zigzag path connected the warehouses and the fort." — Parkman. Here, ascending and descending this height, might liave been .seen the rather odd looking inhabitants of tlie town. These niiglit have been divided into four classes, each distinguished by a peculiar kind of dress. Tiiere were the officers and soldiers of the fort ; the plain I'rench inhabitants of the town, the rangers or courenrs de bois, and the priests. Among the latter Father Le Jeune, Superior of Quebec, was of course the most prominent figure. Around him centres considerable interest, and the more so, since he largely controlled the destinies of the colony. " And now that we may the better know the aspect and condition of the infant colony and incipient mission, we will follow the priest on his way. Mounting the sleep path, he reached the toj) of tlie cliff, some two hundred feet above the river and tlie warehouses. On the left lay the fort built by Chamjilain, covering a i)art of the ground now forming Durham Terrace and the Place d'Armes. Its ramparts were logs and earth, and within was a turreted building of stone, used as a l)arra(:k, as oflicers' quarters, and for other purposes. Near the fort stood a small ehajiel, newly built. The surrounding country was clear- ed anil iiiirlially cultivated ; yet only one dwel- ling-hone wortiiy the name appeared. It was a substantial cottage, where lived Madame H6bert, widow of the first settler of Canaila, with her daughter, iier son-in-law Couillard, and their chil- dren, good Catholics all, wlio, two years before, when (Juebec was evacuated by the English, wept for joy at belioldiiig Le Jeune, and iiis brother Jesuit, De Nou6, crossing their threshold to oifer beneatli their roof tlie long-forbidden sacrifice of the Mass. There were enclosures with cattle near at hand; and the house, with its surroundings, bet(d\('ned industry and thrift. " Tluuice \jQ Jeune walked on, across the site of the modern markel-i)lace, and still onward, near tlie line of the cliffs which sank abruptly on his right. lU'iieath lay tlie mouth of the St. Cliarles ; and. beyond, the wilderness shore of IJeauport swept ill a wide curve eastward, to where, far in the distance, the Gulf of Montmorenci yawned on the great river. The priest soon passed tlu; clear- ings, and entered the woods which covei-ed tlie site of the present suburb of St. John. 'I'hence he descended to a lower plateau, where now lies tlie suburb of St. Roch, and, still advancing, reach- ed a pleasant sj^iot at the extremity of the I'ointe- aux-Lievres, a tract of meadow land nearly in- closed by a sudden bend of the St. Charles. Here lay a canoe or skiff; and, jiaddling across the nar- row stream, Le Jeune saw on the meadow, two hundred yards from the bank, a scpiare inclosure formed of palisades, like a modern picket fort of the Indian frontier. AN'ithin this enclosure were two buildings, one of which liad been half burn- ed by the English, and was not yet repaired. It served as storehouse, stable, workshop, and bakery. OpI)osite stood the principal building, a structure of planks, plastered with mud, and thatched with long grass from the meadows. It consisted of one stor}', a garret, and a cellar, and contained four princijial rooms, of which one served as chapel, another as refectory, another as kitchen, and the fourtli as a lodging for workmen. The furniture of all was plain in the extreme. Until the preceding year, the chapel had had no other ornament than a sheet on which were glued two coarse engravings ; but the priests had now decor- ated tiieir altar with an image of a dove repre- senting tlie Holy CI: ~"*^, an image of Loyola, an- other of Xavier, and three images of the Virgin. Four cells opened from the refectory-, the largest of w liieh was eight fet.'t square. In these lodged six juiests, while two lay brothers found shelter in the garret. The house had been iiastily built, eight years before, and now leaked in all parts. Such was the Residence of Notre-Damo des Anges. Here was nourished the germ of avast enterprise, and this was tlie cradle of the great mission of New France. "Of the six Jesuits gathered in the refectory for the evening meal, one \\as cfuispieuous among tlie rest, — a tall, strong man, with features that seemed carved by Nature for a soldier, but wliieh the mental habits of years had staiiqied with tlie visilile impress of the priesthood. This was Jean de lirelieuf, descendant of a noi)le family of Nor- mandy, and one of the ablest and most devoted zealots whose names stand on the missionary rolls of his Older. His comiianioiis were Masse, Daniel, I 90 TUTTLK'S inSTOltY OF THE DOMINION CF CANADA. i' ,!!.; ii I: Davonst, De Nout' and tlio Fatlior Siipoiior, Le Jeiine. Masse was llie saino piii'st wlio liad been the coiiijianion f)f Fatlicr Hinid in tlie abortive; mission of Acadia. V>y reason of liis useful ([ual- ities, Le Joune nicknamed ]iim "hi Pere Utile." At prcseiit, his special function was llio care of the pis^s aiul cows, wliicli lie kept in the enclosure around the buildinujs, lest they should ravage the neisThboring fields of rye, barley, wheat, aiul maize ! De Nouc had chari,a' of the eij^hi or ten workmen employed by the mission, who gave him at times no little trou'ole by their re[)iniiigs and complaiuts. They were forced to hear mass every morning and prayers every evening, bc-'des an exiiortation on Sunday. Some of tlieu; wee for returning home, while two or three, of a ditferent complexion, wished to be Jesuits themselves. The Fathers, in their intervals of leisure, worked with their men, spade in haiul. For the rest, they were busied in preaching, singing ves|)ers, saying mass and hearing confessions at the fort of Quebec, catechizing a few Indians, and striving to master tiie enormous difli- culties of the Huron and Algoncpiin languages. " Well migiit Father Le Jeune write to his Su- perior, ' 'I'he harvi'st is jjlentiful, and the laborers few.' These men ainunl at the conversion of a continent. From their hovel on the St. C'liarles, they surveyed a ticM of labor whose vastness might tire the wings of tliougiit itself; a scene repellent and appalling, darkened wilii omens of peril aiul woe. 'IMiey wi'i'c an a side and a small negro on the other, the latter of whom had been left by the lOnglisli as a gift to Madame Hebert. ,\s neither of the three understood the language of the other, tlie piijiils made little pro- gress in siiiritual knowledge. The missionaries, it was clear, must learn AlgoiKiiiiii at any cost; and, to this end, Le Jeune resolvtsd to visit the Indian eneamiimeiits. Hearing tiiat a band of ]\Iontag- nais were fish'ug for eels on the St. Lawrence, be- tween Cape Diamond and the cove wliieli now bears the name of Wolfe, ho set forth for the 'ipot on a morning in October. As witii toil and trepi- dation he scrambled around tlie foot of the cape, — whose precipices, with a ciiaos of loose rocks, thrust themselves at that day into tiie deep tide- water, — lie dragged down upon himself the trunk of a fallen tree, which, in its descent, well nigh swept him into tiic river. Tiie peril [uisl, he pr(>s- ently readied his dcslinalioii. Here, among the lodges of bark, were stretclied innumerable strings of iiide, from which hung (o dry an incrediliie mul- titude of eels. A bov iiiviled him into the lodge BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS. 01 of a withered squaw, liis ^''-t"!'""' ''*''"' ^^'"^ 1'"^" teiu'd 1(1 olTcr liim fi)ur smoked eels on a pieee f)f liiieli liailc. wliile otlier squaws i)f tlic liouseliold instructed liini how to roast tliemon a forked stick over llie eiiihers. All shnred the feast tnj^ether, his entertainers usini,' as na])lvins their own hair or that of their doi^s: while F.e Jeune, intent on in- creasing^ his kiiowled;;(! f)f AlLjonqnin, maintained an active diseouisc of liroki'U words and jninto- inime." — Parkman. Hut this mode of aeijuiriuf:; a knowJedLje of the Indian lanL;naiie was aJtoj^elher too lain rioi.s. '1 here were a nundiev of French al- ready in the country, who spoke the Ali^onquin tongue fluently, liiit these were mostly I'rotistants, and haters of the Jesuits, and w settlers siilTereil much. The niilc iiils.sicm Ikuisc, alreaily (h'sriilieil, \v:ih well lii^li hiirieil in the xii^t diifts of sin^w. The inie^ls ,i;:\lheii'(| elnsely iiniiiliil llie cil(l-f;ishlniii>cl ■■hijiiiiev lin'|l:ii'e, iiiiil lni>Ueil eiij;erly hlti) the liiiniiii,:,' lu;; tire, while thi' I'lo-t hms eraeUiii;,' liiiiniisly ji, the trees wilhinit. lint In the midst nf tliese |iinrl;inL; eiivnmst.itiees, witli tnizen inlv, I.e .IcMine sui'eeeclecl in tninsl.-itiiin the I'aler Niister, ete., Iiiti) piKir Al«iiiii|iiin. Ity ilav the priests ollen prii(ti>eil nn Hlliiw-shoes, which, MS with nil he;;innerH, resiiltiil in luiuise nl fur tlin liatlveH. All Inilian inaile I.e .leune a present nf two small chil- dren He w;is much i|elii;litiMl at this, and at mice set hi wnrk leachlli« his adopted chililren tn pray in Latin. When ii lar-e party of natives, fur piirpn.ses (if trade, iir fnim iither causes, encamped near the inisshm Imuse, which freipi(iiitly (leeinii'il, I.e .leiine wnuld rini; ii laiK" hell, at ii cert.ain hmir every day. This iIitw the children aruuiid him, tn whnm hu e.vpouiideil the declrincs nf the (hispel in his rude schoolrooin, teacliiiif: tlioin tlie si.un of the rrnss, and ( aiisin;; lliem til repeat a prayer, in their (iwn lan,£;na^;e.\\liich had lieen tran>- lated iiiti) Al;;iiliipiili hy the jnilit schnlaiship of I.e .leiine and I'ierie. Then followed the catechism, the exercises closim; «itli siii^in^; *hp I'ater Xoster, which this jiriest li.ad translated into a hind of Indian rhyme. At the close of these daily sessions, I.e .leune, hy way of seciiriiii; the reappearance of his amllcnee on the follow in;; day, distriliiited to each a ]iorriii;;er of peas. Thus the winter passed away, and when the end ,t of masterin,;; their l.an';n,a;;e. I'ierre had rejoined his hrotliers: and.asthe huiitiie; sea.son drew near, they all heu^ed the ml>sionarv to maUe one of their party.— not, as he tliou'.;lit. oiii of ;inv lo\ e hir him, hut solely with a view to the pnnisions with which they doiihled not he j would he well snpplic'd. Le .leune. distmstfnl of the soiriaer, de- murred, lint .,: length resolveil to yo. "_/',(;■/ iiKoi I.e .leune spent the winter with the Indians, sulTcriii'; much, enjoy he; little, and ^'ainin.;; only a small de;;reeof hiiowleih;e for his pains and en lur- nnce. While Le, leune was toilin.i; amom; the .\l,;;onipihis, attention was hein;; turned tow.ards the more di-t,'iiit llurons, who dwi'l' in im- ineroiis and tixed popnlations alon;;the shoies of the l.-ihe .hat still hears their name. It was helie\ed, li.\ the Fathers, that if ilie llurons eoiild heeonvened to the faith, their nation wnuld lii'come a liieat rallying; point from which the (iospel could he carried to ,all the neiyhboiiiig trihes in lliu We.st. CHAPTER XIV. HRIKF SKKrC'Il OF TIIK INDI.WS. 1. — INDIAX T!!ini;.s. — '1. Indian X.niions and Tkkimtoimks. — :h Tin, lirudNs. — \. Skill (IKTIIK IltltONS. — .'). 'I'll!', Hll!(lN-Il:(H.)r()LS. (1. — TlIK IkmcJIOIS, — 7. TllIO llilKJl'dLS, OH Fivi; N Am INS. 1.— We have now hroiiijlit forward our narrii- i 3t| i I' If 92 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. tive to a point where we may enter upon some- thiii2r l)esides mere exi)e(Utions across Indinn tribes. " . . ' tlie Atlantic, or into the wiUlerncss. The colony lias taken a permanent aspect ; and. wit li its growing industries, its enlarged political existence, its expanding ecclesiasti(,'al interests, and its rising destinies, we are introduced to the more legitimate subjects of the history of Canada. But before we introduce the reader to Chauiiilain's successor, or follow the Jesuits in their zealous adventures among the natives, we must pause to take a brief glance at the Indian tril)es of Canada and Acadia, — to notice their national and tribal divisions, and to look in upon some of their odd customs and curious traditions. This done, we shall revert to the labors of the missionaries, and, interweaving these with events of exploration, politics, and social life, cany forward tlie general history of the eountrv. Our notice of the Indians must be brief. Francis Parknian, one of the best aullioiities concerning matters of Indian history, tells us liiat, when America first became known to Europeans, it was, and had long previously Ix'en, the stage of a raging and wide-spread ri.'voliition. North a'. I South; tribe was giving place to tril)e, language to language. In the northern section of the continent, this war of tribes was especially effective. The Indian population which Cartier found at Quebec, in loof), was wiped out soon after by hostile invasions ; and in less than a cen- tury its place was occuiiied by a race entirely dif- ferent, in both language and customs. At this time an Indian combination was rising in the ter- ritory now included within the li. nits of the State if New York, which, had it not been eiiecked by the Eui'0[)eans, must have brouglit under its merci- less subjection eveiy otiier tribe east of the Mis- sissii)pi river. 2. — The vast country extending between the Mississipj)! and the Atlantic, and from t lie Caiolinas 111(11,111 Xntimis to Hudson I5ay, was divided between "'"' '«"•"'"'>''• two great nations. That portion of the United Stales, included within these bound- aries, together witli Nova Scf)tia, New Brunswick, and Lower Canada, was occupied by various tribes of the Algomiuin nation, sjicaking various lan- guages and dialects, yet all of tlu; one great family. Tiiese Indians also extended along the upi)er lakes, and into the vast country around them. In the midst of this great nation, liki^ an island in the sea, lay the Iroquois, or Five Nations, occupying the central portion of the State of New York. To the south roamed the Andastes, along the Sus- (|uelianna ; westward the Eries, along the southern shore of Lake Erie, and the Neutral Nation, along its northern shore from Niagara to Detroit; while the towns of the Hurons lay near to the lake, to which they have left their name. The Algonquins had their densest settlements in New England; were the Mohicans, Peqiioiis, Narragansetts,Wani- panoags. Massachusetts, Pennacooks, etc., dwelt in prosperous villages. Thev were the best speci- mens of the Algonquin nation. Having cultivated habits of industry, and especially that of agricul- ture, the}' were saved from the oppression and pinching want, which were the sure wages of the chase. They also derived great advantage from their nearness to the sea. Fish were plenty, their crops prosperous, and hajiiiiness abounded. But these Indians, with all their [)rosperity, were under the Iroquois yoke. They had beiii subdued, and were paying tribute to their conquerors, A single Mo- hawk war-cry was sufficient to send terror into a whole Ihige. But it is needless to speak further of the; _ Indians. Thej- do not figure in the an- nals of Canada. Leaving these tribes, passing to the north-east, and crossing the Penobscot, a gradual descent in the scale of liumanity was visible. Eastern Elaine and the whole of New Brunswok were occupied by an Algonquin race, called Etchemins. These savages knew nothing of agriculture, but their maritime position lighten- ed the sufferings usually endured by such, since they enjoyed an abundance of fish. The Miemacs of No'.a Scotia were much the same in habits and condition as the Etclu'iui! ,. From Nova Scotia to the St. Lawrence, there was no fixed [lopulation, the territory for the most jtart being the scene of wandering bands of depressed Algonquins. The same was true of all the territory, on the sinith of the river St. Lawrence from the Gulf of that name to Lake Ontar'.i, To the north, from the Gulf to Hudson's Bay, were settled the Algon- (jnin trilies of Pajiinnchois, Bei'siainites, and others included into the general appellation of Moiitag- nais. "When in the sining tiie French trading ships arrived and anchored in the port of Tadou- sac, they gathered from far and near, toili'g pain- fully (hiongh the di.'solalion of forests, musteiing liy hundreds at the point of traffic, and setting up i BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS. 00 their bark wigw ams along the strand of that wihl liarhor. Tliey were of tlie lowest Alujoiiqiun t\'pe. 'I'lu'lr oidinary sustcnanee was derived from the chase, though, often odaded In" deadly famine, ihey would subsist on roots, the bark and buds of trees, or the foulest offal, and, in extremity, even eanabal- ism was not rare amon^' them." From Tadousac to Quebec the traveller would meet only now and then a desuitDry band of these scattered Aly^on- (juins, while at the latter point they were j^ener- all}' lioverinn^ onnd the fort and settlement in large numbers. .'Vt Three Kivers, a noted place of trade above Quebec, one would also meet consider- able numbers of a tribe called Atticamegues. .■\t Montreal, during the early summer, the savages of this scattered and broken nation were in the habit of congregating from the interior populations, where, for purjjoses of trade, they pitched their tents. " To-day there were dances, songs and feastings; to-morrow all again was solitude, and the Ottawa was covered with the canoes of the returning warriors." Everywhere among these natives there was the appearance of decline. "Along the Ottawa, a main route of traffic, the silence of the wilderness was broken by the sjilash of the j)assing paddle. To the north of the river there was indeed a small Algonquin band, culled La Petite Xatlon, together with one or two other feeble communities; but they dwelt far from the banks, through fear of the ubicpiitous Iroquois. It was nearly three hundred miles, by the wind- ings of the stream, before one reached that Algon- quin tribe. La Nation de I'lsle, who occupied the great island of the Allumettes. Then, after many a day of lonely travel, the voyager found a savage welcome among the Nipissings, on the lake which bears their name; and then circling west and south for a hundred and fifty miles of solitude, he reached for the first time a people speaking a dialect of the Iroquois tongue. Here all was changed. Populous towns, rude fortifications, and an extensive, though barbarous tillage, indicated a people far in advance of the famished wanderers of the Saguena\,or their bss abject kindred of New England. These were tiie Ilunuis, of whom the modern Wyandots are a renniant. IJolh in themselves and as a type of tiieir gene;ic stock they demand more than a passing notice." — Park- man. 3. — The Ilurons, once a prosperous and warlike people, inliabited the small district embraced with- in the peninsula formed by the Nottawassaga and Matchedash Rays of Lake Huron, the River Severn and LakeSimcoe, in Ontario. They were a populous tribe, and, in IG^O, when they were enumerated b}' the Jesuits, they had thirty-two villages and hamlets, with seven hundred dwellings, about four thousand families, and a total population of over twenty thousand. Their country consisted of meadows and dense forests; dotted here and there, at frequent intervals, with their curious villages, a few oidy of which were fortified. These villages were of curious construction, covering a space of from two to ten acres. The buildings were hud- dled together without an}' orderly arrangement, being about thirty feet in length, breadth and height each. Some were much larger, and a few were of surprising length, being from two to three hundred feet long. Tlie fiillowiiif; lUwcriiiUoii of the Ilurnn vill:ij;('« is from tho pen (it Friiiuis I'aiUiiiiiii: " hi ^liape llii'ii' dwellings witc niiu'li like an arlior over-ai'i'liiiiu' a f,'aiilen-«all(. Tlioir frame «as nf t.-ill and ^tr(pn}; sap- linf.'s, planted in a doulile nnv to form tlie two sides of the Imnse, Ijent till tliey met. anp. To these other poles were lioinid transversely, and the whole was eoverr 1 with laii;e sheets of liarli of the oak. elm, sprnce, or whiti cedar, overlapping; like till! shinyle.s of a roof, upon wliieh, for their better semritv, split poles were iiiadi' fast with eords of linden hark. At the erown of the areli, aloii^' tlie entire !en;;tli of the lioi.se. an openini; a foot wide was left for the a''.inissiim of li-lit and the escape of smoke. At each end was a close porch of similar construction; and licro were stowed casks of hark, filled with smoked fish. Indian corn, and other stores not liahle to injury from frost. Within, on liotli sides, were wide scallolds. four feet from the Moor, and e.xtendiny the entire Ieuj;tli id' the house, like tlie .leats of a colossal omniliiis. These were formed of thick sheets of hark, sniiportcd liy posts and transverse |«'les. and covered with mats and skins. Here, in sunimer, was the 8leepin.i;-place of the inmates, and the space beneath served lor stor- axeof their tirew 1, The tires were on the t;roiiiid, in a line down the middle of the lioiisc. Kach snillced for two families, who in winter slejit ehisely packed around them. Above, just under the vaulted roof, were a K'reat nunilicr of poles, liki! the perches of a hen-roost, and here were suspended wea|ions, elothinj;, skins and ornaments. Here, too, in harvest time, the .sipiaws liiii;e the ears of nnshelled corn, till the rude aliode, tliroimh all its len-tli. .seemed decked with a fjiilden t:ipestry. In general, however, its only linini; was a thick coating; (it .soot from the smoke ol tires with neitli r draiiKht, chimney, nor wi-dow. So pnnuent was the smoke, that it produced inllamni.a- tionot tne eyes, attended in old aye wilh freijiient Ijlindness, An- other aiinojance was tho lleas; and a third, the nnliridled and nn- riily children. I'rivacy there was none. The hoii.se was one cham- ber, sonietini(\s lod^in^' more than twenty families. He who entered on a winter lii^lit beheld a stran.ue s|iect;icle: the vista of tires lii;lit- iii',' tlie smoky concave, the bronzed uronp enciivlin;.; e.tcli,— cookini;, i^atinn. KamblinK, or ainnsmj; themselves with idle badinage; slin.elled s(iiiaws, hideous with threescore years of hardship ; ;;rlsly old warriors, scarred with Iroipiois war-cliibs; joiiny aspirants,wh(iso honors >' . re yet to be Wdu; damsels ki>.v «illi ochre and wampiiin; resth .7KS7^', BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS. 0.3 Neutral cabin, were forced to keep tlie pence, though, once in the open air, the truce was at an end. Yet this people were abunihiutly ferocrous, and, while holding a pacific attitude betwixt their warring kindred, waged deudly strife witli the Mascoutius, an Algonquin liorde beyond Lake Michigan. Indeed, it was but recently that they had been at blows with seventeen Algonquin tribes. They burned female prisoners, — a 2)ractiee unknown to the Ilurous. Their country was full of game, and they were bold and active liunteis. In form and statui'e they surpassed even the Ilurous, whom they resembled in their mode of life, and from whose language their own, though radically similar, was dialectically distinct. Their licentiousness was even more open and shameless; and they stood alone in the extravagance of some of their usages. They kept their dead in their liouses till they became insupportable ; then scraped the flesh from the bones, and disjilayed them in rows along the walls, there to remain till the periodical Feast of tlie Dead, or general burial. In summer the men wore no clothing whatever, Lut wei'c usually tattooed from head to foot with powdered charcoal. The sagacious Ilurons refused them a passage through their country to the " French ; and the Neutrals had not sense or reflec- tion enough to take the easy and direct route of Lake Ontario, which was probably open to them, though closed against the Ilurons by Iroquois en- mity. Thus the former made excellent profit by exchanging French goods at high rates for the valuable furs uf the Neutrals. (.!. — In Central New York, stretching from the Hudson to the Genesee, dwelt those natives who have lent their name to the tribal family of the Iroquois, and stamped it indelibly on the early pages of American liis- toiy. Among all the barbarous nations of the continent, the Iroquois of New York stand para- mount. Elements which among other tribes were crude, confused, and embryotic, were among them systematized and concreted into an established polity. The Iroiiuois was the Indian of Indians. A thorougli savage, yet a finished and developed savage, he is perhaps an exanijjle of the highest elevation wliieli a man can reach without emerg- ing from tli(! piiniilive condition of (he hunter. A geograpiiical posiiion, conunanding on the one hand tlie portal of the (ireat Lakes, and on the 1^ The Iroquois. other the sources of the streams flowing both to the Atlantic and the Mississippi, gave the ambi- tious and aggressive confederates advantages wiiieli they perfectly understood, and by which they profited to the utmost. Patitiiitand politic as they were ferocious, tliej' were not only coiHiuerors of their own race, but the powerful allies and the dreaded foes of the French and English colonies, — flattered and caressed b}' both, yet too sagacious to give themselves witlioufc reserve to either. Their organization and their history evince their intrinsic superiority. Even their traditionary lore, amid its wild puerilities, shows at times the stamp of an energy and force in striking contrast witii the flimsy creations of Algonquin fancy. That the Iroquois, left under their institutir ns to work out their destiny undisturbed, would ever have developed a civilization of their own, cannot be believed. These institutions, however, are suffi- ciently characteristic and curious to merit notice liere. Our Bkulch of the Iroquois, as alsoUiatof the Indians in uciieral, is oonipilfd friini tlie reliiilde ':Vorl\ri of Kram-is rar) eiijlit elans. Wiieii the league was foiniecl eaeii portion readily re- sumed tlieir ancient tie of fraternity. Tlnis, of the Turtle elan, all tlie members became l)iotliers again, nominal meml)ers of one family, wlietlier Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, or Sene- cas ; and so, too, of the remaining elans. All the Iroipiois, irrespective of nationality, were tlierefore divided into eiglit families, eaeii tracing its descent to a common mother, and each desig- nated by its distinctive emblem, or tutcm. Tiiis lonnection of clan or family vv'as exceedingly strong, and by it tlie five nations of tlie league \»'ere linked togetlier as by an eightfold chain. The clans were by no means equal in numl)ers, influence, or lionor. So marked were tlie distinc- tions among tliem, that some of tlie early writers recognize only the three most conspicuous, — those of the Tortoise, the Bear, and tlie Wolf. To some of the clans, in each nation, lieloiiged the right of giving a chief to the nation and to the league. Otliers liad the riglit of giving three, or, in one case, four chiefs; wliile others could give none. As Indian clanship was but an extension of the family relation, these chiefs were, in a certain sense, liereditaiy; but tlie law of inheritance, thougli liindiug, was extremely elastic, and capa- ble of stretcliing to the farthest limits of the elan. Tiie chief was almost invarial)ly succeeded by a near relative, always through the female, as a brotlier by the same motlier, or a nephew by tiie sister's side. But if these were manifestly unfit, tliey were passed over, and a chief was chosen at a council of the clan from among remoter kindred, ill these cases, tiie suceessov is said to liave been nominated liy the matron of tlie late cliief's iiouso- liold. Be this as it. may, the choice was never ad- verse to the popular iueliiiatioii." Tiie new cliief was solemnly installed, or inaugurated liya formal council of tiie sacliems of the league. On entering upon his office lie dropjied Iiis own name, and was kiowii by that whicli, since the formation of tlie league, liad belonged to the chieftainship. We might carry our remarks on the Irocinois to almost any lengtli, as tliis people affords us a rieli tlieme. 'ihcir government was founded in no small degree of intelligence, and their observance of fixed rule was Iiighly commendable to tlieir character. Wo her k'^" t''f I'Piidcr iiii account of tlifso iipoplo, coinpilfd from the «.itin;,'.s of Francis I'arUnian, wliii'h arc not hssreniarlcalile for their Interest in jiortraits of tliis cnrioiis sava;;e nation than for tiie aliillty ami spleniior witli wliidi janiiuai^e is nta'le to jioitray tlieni. Tlie nuniher of tlicse sachems, or |irinci|>al chiefs, varied in the sevenil nations from eli;Iit to fonrteen. The saclienis of tlie I'"ive X.'itions, tiftv in all, asscnililcd in council, formed tl.e ;;overn- ment of the (jmfederacy. All met as eiinals; hat .a iiecnliar (li^;nity was evi'r attached to the Atot:irho of the (liinndau'as. Tlierc wa.s u class of sniiordinate chi(\fs, in no sense hereditary, lint rising; to olHce hy address, ability, or valor. Yet the rank was clearly delineii, and the new chief in.stilled at a formal cmmcil. This class emhodied, as miijht lie snppo.sed, the liest talent of the nation, and the most |>rominentof the warriors ami orators of the lro(|nois have lielonned to it. In its charaiter and f mictions, however, it was [inrely civil. Like the sachems, these cliiefs held their councils, and exercised an inllnence proportionate to tliiir niMiihcr and .•iliilities. There was another council, hetwecn which ami that of the sniior- dinate chiefs the line of demarcation seems not to have lieen very definite. The .lesnit Lalitiiii calls il ''the senate." I'amiliar with the Iroqnois at the heii;lit of their prospeiity, he de.scrihes it as the central and controlling' power, .so far, at least, as th(! se|iaiate nation.s were concerned. In its character it was essentially poi.nlar, lint jiopnlar in the liest sense, and one which can lind its ap[ilicatioii only in a small coinmnnity. .Vny ni.m took part in it whose ai;e and ex- perience ipialilied liiin to do so. It w.as merely the gathered wisdom of the nation. I.alit;ui c.mipares it to the Uoman Senate, in the early and rnde ai;e of the Kejiiihlic, and .■illirms that it loses nothing; liy tlii! com- parison, lie thus di'scrilies it- " ';, i.- a .greasy assenilila;;e, sittin;; ttiir h iir il' I iv'c'/v, crouched like a|ies, their knees as hi,L;li as their ears, or lyin^^ some on their hellies, some on their hacks, each with a pipe' in his month, discnssin:; alTairs of State with as much coolness and f;ravityas the Spanisli .liiiiti or the (irand Council of Venice." The youm^ w.arriors had also their councils; so. Uio, had the women; and the opinions and nishes of each were represented hy means of depu- ties hefore " the ..senate," or council of the old men, as well as he- forc t,.'. ^'rand Confederate Council of the sacheins. The government of this nniiine repnlilic resided wholly in councils. Ily councils all qnesiions were settled, all re;,'nhitions estahlislicd, — jocial, political, milit.iry, and religious. The war-path, the clia.rti-:iy ; rliiff.^, viiHc'd snilicms (if the I'll tl'.(^ ;;<>v«'rii- iwuliar (lif;iijty There was ii , lint risiii;; to ili'arly di'lnu'd, •lass I'lubodiecl, I. and tlie most ; have lit'lon;;«l as piiroly civil, lid exercised ail it of tlie siibor- lave hfcii very I'aiiiiliar vvitli scrilies it as tlie cjiarale nations V iMiimlar, l.iit iliplication (jMly se ane and ex- Licd wisdom of II the early and 11^' liy th(^ coni- inljla;;c, sittini; li as their ears, li w illi a pipe 1 coolness and eiiice." 'I'he wo:iieii; Mud leans of depii- 8 well as be- in councils, olalilishcd,— h, the chase, lid it is hard (ireat (.'ouilcil ninent of the itions, of ini- f that nation rinu nicssaues tli(! valley of heConledera- tcicst, not the athiK'd from the town, or iire>ts. While iel's anil old eir respective es betore the decisions. nncil. with iry propriety, the chief ot ■r interrupted it with vvluit he had stated il iim i ill -) ' llii ! i =3 -St.r«V'U FX^R'SilVHR 'l:'"ir' "l'.-M«' i" ■H '/JMINIl'N - TOriNi' lnOtKAPIICIb ;.tt lUlllX nil iiumAHii ■:■ ■jHUI'*!". iiTHO 'jiMi' till m BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS. thr finlijopt of ilispiission in full, to prove tliiit he umlerstood it. re- |ii'atin^' ;i1m) the art;iiiiieiit,<, pronivl run, of provioiw speakers. 'I'liiis tliiMr debate.^ were excessively prolix; ami the eonsiiniptiou of to- liaeco was iiiiiiioilcrate. The result, liowevcr. was a thoroiijili silting; of the matter in liaml; while tlin iira nmon: the |ieople. To a linue stock of conventional nn'tiphors. the use of which requireil nothini; but practice, they often added an as- tute intellect, an a.stonisliin;; memory, and an eliu|uence which de- serveil the n.ime. In one partii'idar, the trainiu;; of these sava^-e politicians was ne rr surpassed. 'I'liey hail no art of writing; to record events, or presiu" e thi,' stipul;itious of treaties. Jlemory, therefore, w.as tasked to the ntmost, and developed to an extraordinary i|e;;ree. Tliey had various devices for aidini,' it, suidi as bunilles of sticks, and that system of siuns, endilems, and rn^le |)ictures, which they shared with other tribes. Their famous wanipum-belts were so many mnemonic sinTis, each standinu' for ■■ionn^ act, speech, treaty, nncils. In conferences with them. nothiUL,' more astonished the I'reni'h, IJutch, and K.nj;lish otllcials than the precision wilh whii'h, before replying to their addresses, the Indian orators repeated them point by point. It was only in rare casi's th.it crime anion;; the Iroiiuois or Ilurons was punished by pnblii: authority. Murder, the mokt heinous nation, If of II lorei^ii tribe, liiri death demanded ii hifjhur cumpeiisatlon, uhiee it involved the danger of war. These presents were olTered in solemn I oniicil. with prescribed formalities. The relatives of the slain nii^ht refuse tlu'm. if they choose, iind in this case the mni'derer was ^iven them as a slave; but they miu'ht by no means kill him. since, in so doim;. they would incur public censure, and be compelled in their tuiii to make atonement. Hesides the principal ^ilts. there was a ;;reat numlierof less value, all symbolical, and each delivered wilh a set form of words: as, " liy this we wash out the blood of the slain: liy this we ele.-inse his wound: liy this we clothe his corpse with a new shirt: Ily this we place food on hisyrave;" and so, in endless prolixity, throu^-h particulars without nninber. The Ilurons were notorious thieves; and perhaps the Irorinois were not much betier. thou^di the contniry has been as.-ierted. Amon^ both, the robbed was permitted iiz-t only to retake his jiroperty by force, it he could, but to strip the roliber of all he Inul. This apparently acted as a restraint in favor only of the .stron;;, Icavin;.; the weak a prey to the iilunderer; Imt here the tic of family and ehiii intervened to aid him. Relatives and elansinen espoused the quarrel of him who could not rieht himself. Witclies. with whom the Unrolls and Iroquois were grievously in- fested, wereobjects of utter alioinin.ation to both, and any one ini:;ht kill them at any time. If any person was Knilty of treason, or by lii.s diameter and conduct made himself dane;eroiis or obnoxious to the imlilic, the council of chiefs and old men held a .secret session on his case, condemned him to deatli, .and :iiipoiiited some youiii; m.an to kill him, The executioner, wiitcbim; his opportunity, bniined or stabbed him unaw,'ires, usually in the dark ivireh of one of the houses. Actins by authority, he could not be held answerable; and the rel.a- tives of the sliiin had no redress, even if they desired it. The council, however, commonly obviated all ililllcnlly in advance, by char^jiii;.; the culprit w ith witchcraft, thus alienatin.i; his best friends. Tlie milibiry orLranization of the Iimpiois w:is (!xceedine|y imperfect, and derived all its elllciency from their civil union and their per- sonal prowess. There were two heredit:iry war-chiefs, both beloii;;- iin; to the Senecas; but, except on occasions of nnnsnal importance, it does not appear tinit they took a very active part in the conduct of wars. The Iimpiois lived in a state of chronic warfare witli mvirly all the surrounding' tribes, except ii few from whom they exacted tribute. Any man of sulllcient person.il credit miiiht iiii.se a war- p;irty when he choose. lie proclaiineil his purpose thriaiu'li tlio village, san^' his war-souijs, struck his hatchet into the war-post, and (lanced the \var-d:ince. Any who chose joined him; and the party usually took up llu^ir march at once, w ith a little piirclied corn-me.il and maple suuar as their sole provision. (In i;reat occa- sions, there was a concert of action, — the various parties meetim,' at a rendezvous, and imrsuiie,' the ni.arch to:;etlier. The leaders of war- parties, like the orators, beloneed, in ne;irly all eases, to the class of snborilinate chiefs. The lroi|Uois had a discipline suited to the d.'irk and t.'iiejied forests where they foiiu'hr. Here they were a terrible foe; in an open country, a^'ainst a trained I'.uropean birce, they were, despite their feroi'ious valor, far less formiilible. In obscrvin;,' this sini;ular or^'ani/.atiou, one is struck by tlie Incon- i;ruity of its spirit and its form. A body of hereditary oliyailhs was the lie:iil of the nation, yet the nation was essentially democratic. Not that the Innpiois were levellers. None were more prompt to iicknowled;;e superiority and ilefer to it, whether established by nsa^e and prescription, or the result of per,«onal endow ineiit. Yet each m;in, whether of liii;h or low dei.'rce, had a voice in the conduct of alTairs, and was never bir a moment divorced from his wild spirit of indepeiiileiii'e. Where there w;is no propertv worlliyihe n.ame, aulhoritv had no fulcrum and no hold. Th aislaiit aim of sachems and chiefs was to exercise it without seeminu' to do so. They had no iiisimiia of olUce. They were not richer th.an others; indeed, they were often poorer, speiuliu;; llieir snbsliince in lari;e«ses and bribes to strengthen llicir inllueiice. They liiinled ami llshed bir subsistence; they were as foul, j;reasy, and iiiisa\orv as the rest; ,\et in them, withal, was often seen II native diynitv of be;irin'_'. which ochre and bear's Ki'casc could not hide, and which coinpoitcd well with their Htroni;. Hymmetrical, and sometimes niiijestk; proportions. To the Insliliilions, traditions, riles, usages, and festivals of the leagno the Iroquois wero Inseparably wedded. He clnnt,' to thein si:i| 4' i 98 TUTTLKS IIISTOUV OF Till-: DOMINION' OF CA^■ADA. witli Iniliaii ti'iKU'ity. and lie cliiiiis tn tliciii still. Mis iiolitical fabric was Diiu (if aiK'iciit ideas and praitirps, cnstiilizcd into iT;;iilar and enduring' forms. In its roniponpnt parts it liaii nothing' (iwaliar to itself. All its oleni 'nts are fonnd in other trilies: most of tliem be- long; ti) the whole Indian race. Ijndoiilitedlv tliere was a di.stin<-t and deliniteelTortof legislation; l>nt Iroipiois le;;islati(in inventry of the past. Would th(! lroi|nols, left nnilistMrbed to work out their own destiny, ever liave emended from the savai;e sfciUt ? Advani'cd as they were beyond most other American tribes, there is no indication whatever of a l< iidcncy to overpa.ss the conlines of a wild hunter and warrior lil'e. They were invi'ti'ratcly atUiclied to it, im|>racticabl(^ conserva- tistsof barbarism, .ami in ferocity and ernelty tliey matelied the worst of their race. N'or did the |iower of expansion a|>parontly belon^int; to their system ever produce much result. Itctween the years 1712 and ITl.'i. the Tnscaroras, a kimlreil people, were admitti'd into the I.eaijne .'is a si.vth nation; bat they were never admitted on equal terms, l.onn after, in tin' period of their decline, several other tribes were announced as new members of the l,eaj,'ne; but these admissions never took elVect. The Inupiois were always reluct;int to receive other tribes, or |)arts of tribes, collectively, into the precincts of the " fjoii^' lliaise " Yet they constantly practiced a system of adoptions, from which, thoui;li cruel and savage, they drew fjreat advantiiyes. Their pri.soners of war, when they had burned and butchered as many of them as would serve to sate their own ire iind that of tlicir women, w; ve divided, man by man. woman by woman. and child by child, adopt- ed into dilTerent families arid clans, and thus incorporated into the na- tion. It was bv this means, and thi.s alone, that they eoald olTset the losses of their incessant wars. Karly in the ei.i;hteenth century, and even lon^ before, a vast proportion of their population consisted of adoiittd prisoners. CHAPTER XV. THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES AND THE INDIANS. 1. M. nR ]\IontjMagny. — The ITunox-TROQuois. — 2. Jesuit Mkasuuics for the Conver- sion OF THE IIiuoN's. — -J. Journey OF Bre- HEUF AND Ills Companions TO THE Huron Country. — 4. Recei'tion of the Fathers AMONG THE IIURONS, A.I). l(i;14. — 5. BrE- ueuf and the iiuron mission, a.d. ictoi- 5-0. — 0. Curiosities of the Huron Mls- SION. — 7. I'UOMINENT JkSUITS. — (jrARNIER. 8. CllAUMONOT, CllAllANEI>-Jo«UEH, EI'U. 1. — We hiivi! scull how, (in Christinas Day, 103"), aftor a horoio caroor in tlio sorvioe of his country, , .. Siiiiuicl Chimiiiliiiii, who linil "■ov- :M. dn Menlmauny. ' , ,. , --The llurimlro. (>1'1UmI ( illuidil Irolll t MC Cstlll liisilincil t quills war. ,. r, 1 ... 1 , ol (^lU'ln'c 111 i()08 to that (lalt;, a period of twonty-sovcn years, came to liis dealii. lie was succeeded in the gubernatorial chair liy M. de Montniagny, but during tlie interim between Cliamphun's death and Montmagny's arrival the affiiirs of the colony were controlled by M. Ciia- teanfort. Le Chevalier Charles Huaiilt de "Moiit- niagny was a Knight of Malta, lie arrived in Canada in May, 1030, when De Chateaufort was placed at the liead of local affairs at Three Rivers, which had now become a permanent settlement. The new governor found (he colony in a very un- satisfactory condition. Tlie com[iaiiy uf One Hundred Associates had become careless of the true interests of colonization. In their selfish efforts to monopolize the gains of the peltiy trailic, they had become indifferent towards tlic higher interests of the Government whence they derived their charter. The necessary troops and stores for the defence and sustenance of the colon}'' were no longer brought out, in eonse(iuence of which the temporal interests of Canada suffered consider- able decline. But trouble was also springing up in another dejiartmeiit. The Iiuliaus, in the early days of Canada, were over a fruitful source of an- noyance to tlio colony. The Algonquins and Iliirons, no longer led by Chaniplain and sup- ported by their French allies, were fast .sinking beneath Iroquois oppression. The latter, from their intercourse with the Dutch and Fnglish, were fast ac(|uiring proficiency in the use of lire-arms, and ill coiise(pience were making the nortiiern tribes feel their power in measures of fearful ex- termination. They had already comi)letely over- come the Algonquins, wlio had now lost what little prestige they had gained through the wise or un- wise generalship of their French Fatiier, and were quite stittled down into tlio wreteiied depemU'iice which charaelerized them when Chami)lain hist as- cended the St. Lawrence. Nor did the Five Nations stop here, but ever seeking for ik^w helds in wliich to display their power, they were sorely pressing the Iluroiis, rendering the voyages of the latter iq) ami down the St. LawriMiee dangerous and iiiquofitable, frecjuently capturing their canoes laden with furs. Nor, indeed, were their acts of war confined to the Ujiiier St. liawrence. 'I'hey hovered around Three Rivers in hostile clouds and even appriiaciied, in an attilude calculated to ex- cite susi)icion, under tin! very guns of the fort. The colony was weak from the causes already mentioned. Hence the Governor was not only ^^ THE JESUIT :\IISSIOXARIES AND THE INDIANS. Pit unal)le to quell tl.e clisturliancc!-; amon.fj the natives, but lie feared lest tlie forces at liis coniiiiaiid would not lie sufficient to overennie an IriKjuois invasion whicli was now quite imminent. Mean- while a savai^e warfare continued with all its fear- ful coiise(|ueuces, which were felt in unstinted measure by tlie colonists. The Iro(juois, ever more subtile than their native enemies, employed a series of stratacfcms by whicli they sou2;ht 1o annihilate the Ilurons, or break up their ])ower as a:! iudeiiendent nafion. One of the steps in this tieaclierous policiy was a hollow ])eacc which they concluded with tlu-ir enemies only (hat they mi^ht invade their settlements the more unex[)ectedly. Tills treachery becauu,' apparent only \\hen the ouslauc;ht of a terrible war burst like a thuudcr- storm upon the astounded sense of the Huron nation. The scattered tribes of the latter were wholly uui)reparcd to meet this terrible invasion. Their leaders were disconcerted, and a fearful slaughter prevailed iu the nu'rciless course of the Inxpiois through tiic Huron country. It was now jilaiu to the colonists that the company of One Hundred Associates, which had promised to do so much to maiulain tlie peace and promote the prosjicrity of New France, was both incompetent and indisposed to do either, aiul everywhere, both in Canada and in France, wlicre the peopb^ inter- ested themselves iu colonial affairs, diMinnciatious of the policy or failures of the Association were s[ioken wiliiout hesitation. It was in ItJoO when the Iro(iuois first invaded the country of tlu> Hurons with tli'> destructive conse(piences briefly mcnlioued. Fcur years after tlie Five Nations renewed tlie war with even greater vi.n'or, but the Furoiis, who liad beeomo ex|)crienccd throuLjh llicir defeats, were found to be liettcr [irepared for the contest than the invaders sup[ioscd. They fou,i;hl with a eouraj^e and presumption true to the Huron charai'ter, and although th(>y were s(U'cly [iresscd, they [rained solium signal vietiuies. "Soiuewhat disconcerted by the spirited resistance of the Ilurons, which they had not anticipated, the wily InKpiois set about separating,' the former from tiieir French auxiliaries, so as to have only one iiody of enemies to cneounter at a time, 'i'lic'v detached ;!(M) warriors, divided into several bands, who were directed to take prisoner as many of the Hurons as they could lay hands on. T]w\ were. 'At the same time, to capture a number of tlie French ; the latter to be kindly treated, the for- mer to be cruell}' used; tlu; design of this marked contrast in treatment lieint;' to make the Hurons liccome jealous of their French allies! This ])o(n' invention, born of savage subtlety, liaving failed, its devisers fcicj^iicd an intention of attaekiiii^ the post of Tiir(;e ]{ivers, commanded by M. de Cliaini)- fleurs ; then suddenly sceniiuf,' to relent they sued f(n- peace and iiave up tiie French prisoners tlu'V had taken. ]\I. de Montmai^ny iu persmi came to Three Rivers to meet the Inxpiois envoys : l)ut the Governor penetrat.e.lense forest, incumbered with rocks and logs, tangled with roots ..nd underbrush, damp with perpetual shade." The Iiulians were often exhaustt'd from the iiardships of the jouruev. All of the Jesuits, as also the Frenchmen who accompanied them, suffered from the insolence of their Indian companions. Davost's Indian robbed him of the most valuable part of his baggage, threw another i)art into the river, ineluding most of the books and writing matciials of the three priests ; and, as if this were not enough, left hira behind, among the Algonquins of AUumette Island. But he found it po,ssible to pi ,ue his journey, and, after many bitter ojipressions, reached tiie Huron towns, c(»mplet(;ly cchausted. Daniel was also deserted, but falling iii with another |)arty he was assisted :;i the completion of his journey. Several of the Frenchmen who went with the missionaries were either robiied or left behind in some way-side Indian town. 4. — Although we do not intend to c.irry tlie Ho«.„uo„ofF„,i,. '■'^"'^'^'•^o any groat extent into the i'Jl^ImlOimmi'''"" ^'^1'^''''^"'^'-'*^ "^ ^'"-'•'^'^ JoSllits aiUOUg »"V;;7,J,',';^ '""•""»■ the Ilmons, yet we must glance at the manner in which they were received, and note some of the dilHeullies of their labor of love. When I'.reboiif's comi)an- ions landed him in tluMr eonulry they tiirew big baggage on the ground and left iiini to iiis own resources, and dciiartcd to their rcspoclive ^•illagos. The good father did imt tVol ovoiconie even bv this base In iin.ent, but kiiroling in prayer, inslcml (if imploring help he devoutly lliauked the Vio\[- ileiici! which had thus far s[)ared liis life. lit I hell rose to his feet and jioiidered as to what he shonid do to establish himself among the Indians. He was well acipiainted with the sjiot. It was (in the borders of Thunder Bay. In the neighboring Huron town he had lived three years, preaching and baptizing. He hid his baggage in the woods, including the vessels for the mass, and started out in search of the town. He passed the scene of his former labors, the ruins of a town called Toanche, where he saw the charred poles that had consti- tuted the frame of his little chapel. Evening was fast ap[)roachiiig when he came in sight of the town of Thonatiria. A crowd ran out to meet him exclaiming, " I'^chom has come again ! Ecliom has come again!" They of course readily recog- nized the stately figure robed in black. ^le was enthusiastically led to the town, where the whole IKipulation swarmed about him. Procuring his baggage ISieiieiif was received into the house of a native calleil A^ andoay, a rich and hospitable Huron, where ' j anxiously await(id the arrival of his coiii[ianioiis. One by one they came in, iMch with about the same tale of hardship and I'ainine andsulfering to unfold. But now that the jdunicy was over they soon forgot its siilfcrings and busied themselves in preparing for the work which had called them hither. o. — We must tarr\- in these wilds of the West a little longer, to notice the Huron mission-honse, its inmates, its furniture, its guests ; iir.ii.'ut .m tim to look at the Jtisuit as a teaoher, as am. kw-,-.. an engineer; to note the baptisin.s. and to wonder at Huron village life, all of which, though it be partially a digression, since we have decided to content ourselves with a mere referenci! to the natives in this work, rather than to give any lengthy treatment of their curious customs, cannot fail to be entertaining. The first (piestion for tl'e fathers to settle was wir.'re the}- should make their abode. For some time it seemed to he that the choice was to fall on a place called by the French Ror/irlli; llu; largest and most important town of the Huron Confederacy, but Brelieuf thought otlu'rwisis and resolved to .'cmain at Thonatiria, where he was him- s(;lfwell kno'. ,. and where he trusted some seels of the faith had already been iilanled whieli only needed inojier care to bring forth glorious fruit. The next thirg to be aeeomiilished was the tu'ec- tion of a mission-house. This was not so dinienlfc a thing among the llurons, wl 're the whole popu- lation of the village joined in building one, when such was found to be an imperativo necessity to ! 10:: TUTTLKS IlLsroUV OF THE DOMINION' OF CANADA. aiiv one anidiiL^ tliiMr ihiiiiIkt. And now tliiit tliis want liail falliMi to tlic lot of lu, less a ])oi'.sonaj^i^ Uiaii Father Brcbouf, ,iot only all the inhabitants of 'Phonafiiia, hut thoso oi" (lit! nciuhhoiiiiif town ol" WcTiit also took an ai^livo i)ai't in tiui woiU. 'I'ho only coiiijuMisation they oxpocteii was such prosiMils as the priests wen; ahii; to hcstow, l>o- foro tho 011(1 of S('[)l('nil((!r tho task was fully nceoinplisluHl. Tin; followinijf diistuiiition of this (Mirioua structure is taki'ii from Parknuui : 'Vho house was const rui;teil after tin; Huron model. It was thirty-six feet loui^ and aliout twenty feet wide, fiMuied wilh strong;" sapliuif ])oles [)lanted in lli(! earth to foiui the sides, with the ends hent into an arch for (lie roof, — the whole lasiied lirniiy loi.|'ther, braced wilh cross-poles, and c^losely cov- ered with ()verhipi)ii)!jr sheets of bark. Wiliiout tlu^ strnclun! was slriclly Indian ; but within, the ]iriests. wilh tlu^ aid of tlieir tools, made innova- Ijous wiiich wci'c the aslonishmeiil of all the coun- try. They (livide„„,,^,^, 'p|„, |',,„„, ,,(• ,1,,. ]»hiee iicciinie soimdi'd IhronnlKuil the Icnulli and brc;idlh of (he Huron ii;il i(Ui, and the curious — iind wliiil Iiidiiiii is not — Hocked fiiuii every vil- laH'c 'o bcliold I he lliiiii;s woiidcrfMl. None auioULj the lalicr asloiiished (lie liidiaiis so iinich as tin' clock. They would often sit for hours in jtro- foiind silence to hear it strike. 'J'hev really be- lieved it to be alive, and inqiiirt-d what it ate, and tlu! priests by no means disabused their su[icr- stitioiis minds by eiMiiiuaiidinjjf it to stoj) when the last stroke of the bell somidiHl, thereby nsiiij^, in this case, their intellii^eiice to make tin; ij;:iKuaiiee of the natives more profound. The mill was another woiidtu-, so also was tho ma,i;nifyiiitr- L^lass, wherein a Ilea was mad(! to ajipcar a monster, and a mulliplyinj;; lens, which preseuled the same object eleven times reiieated. Hrcbcuf tells us that, " all this serves to gain their allection, and make them more docile in respect to tlii^ ad- mirable! and incoin])reliensible mysteries of our failh ; for the opinion they have of onr genius and capacity makes them believe wdiatevcr wt! tell them."' Mrcbi uf betrays, all inscusibly, a sad tiulli ill this brief jiassago above (]Uoted. How true it is, not only with rcfcrcnci! t their opera- tions amoiiLj the natives, but amoniir all naliiui- alilies and in all countries, thatr tlii; success of priest-craft is made most ihe(l and in Irntli, a pious priest.. He was one of those peculiar characters, seen only in (he mysterious arena of l{(unaiiism, who, \\hVn\ liis life was a writhini^ martyrdom, could vaiidv boast, that, he baptized and sent mori- souls to lieaven than the other .lesnits. S. — .Iose])li Marie Chaiimonot is also a [iromiinuit. name in the list, of (\iMadian Jesuits eolemporary (imum.miii.cimi^ ^^''"' Hrebcuf. He was of hnnible """'• ■'"'='"'''• '■''• ori.nin, and ufteran eventful boyhood he was admit ti'd to the Jesuit. iio\ itiate. At ilsidose he came into jiossession of a small volume of nrebenf's /{ilntionn of the Canadian mission, which determined inunediately iiis course of action. Ask- inij to b(> sent, to Canaila, his r<'(inest, was granted. " Uefore einbarkiuLj," says a reliable author, " he set. out with the Jesuit. I'enect, who was also des- tined for Canada, (ui a pili^rimatxe from Home to the shrine of our Lady of Lorclto. They journeyed (Ui fool, bcLiirinii' alms by the way. Chaumonot, was soon seized with a |iain in the knee so violent, that, it. seemed impossible to proceed. At San Severino, where they loih^^ed with Ihi- |{arnabites, he be- lhon!;lil liini of a.skini( (he intercessions ofa certain pi or woman id' that |)lace, who bad diei! soim' time before with the reputation of saiiclily. Acconb ini;ly he addressed In lu'r his pra\er, promisini;' to publish her fame on every possible occasion if she would obtain his cure from ( Joii. I'hc intercession w.as accei)fed, the ofl'endin;^ limb became sound iij^ain, and the two pilijrims pursued their journey ; they reached Lori'tto, anil knccliuLj before thi' Queen of Heaven implored her favor and aid ; while ('lianmom.t, overllowinLj with devotion to this celestial mistress of his heart, conceived the purpose of buildinij in C^aiiada a chapel to her honor after the exact model of the Holy l!iuisi> of Loretto. These two Jesuits arrived amou!^ the Hurons early in the autumn of Itl.'i'.t. Noel Chab- auel did not. ri>ach the mission till llilo. He did not reconcile himself to the Indian life, and was sorely ti-miitcd to return to I'"ranee, lint bound himself by a solemn vow to remain in Canada to (he day of his dealli. He spen(. liveycjirs in faith- fully endeavoriiij; to learn the Huron languai^e but. without, any success, and was in no particular u suiu'cssfnl missionary. Isaac .IoL;fnes was not very unlike (Jainier. The v)ther priests of (he missions were (d' ordinary tyjii;. Tliori' art' siiiiu' lliinits ill tlio lives of llii'!>(> Ji'Miiit:), |inifi'ssoil, but iviil 111- iiiiauiiii'il, us tii -.vliicli tin- iv.iiliT will ri-uilily ili'iiilc fur liiiiisi'lf, wliiili »M' jtivi' Its worlliv Id lii- |iii'si'rvoil in lii.s|iir\ . 'I lu'irs Wii.s no failli of alixIractiniiM ami niMU'ralilirs. Kur llicin licavi'ii was vi'iy iioar to rarlli, loiicliiiii; iiml iiiinHlinc with it at iiiiiny poinl.s. On liii^li, (ioil llit Kallicr >^al riilliniiM'il ; ami iii'jinr lo liiiiiian »\ iiipalliics, Divinily iiii'aniati' in Ilii< Snii, willi llic iM'Tiifjii fonii (it Ills iiiiinai'iilali- nioilu'i', ami lirr .•.pon^ii'. Si. .tii'-i'ltli, (lie cliosrn patron of now Kraiifi'. InlrrriMlitif; HainlsaiKi ilrpai'li'il frii'mls lion- lo llio lliroiu" of ^nici' llic pi'lilinns of llici«i> vi'l linni'iinjr in moiijil lioiiilii;^!', aiul fmiiiril nil a.ii'iMuliii); cluiiii fioiM carili lo licavrii. Tlu'w pricsis livi'il ill an aliiiosplii'ro of siipi'inalni-.ilisni. Kvciy ilay liail il.» miiarlc. Dlviiio powiM- dc. clarcd ilsrlf ill arlion ininii'iliali' ami ilin'i'l, conlrollinj;, j.'uiilinn, or nvi'isinn llir laws of Naliin-. 'Plir inissionaiii's iliil nol njeil tlio onlmary ciiri's fm- disra-xo or wiiiiiuls ; Init llicy rclinl far iiiori' on a pia\ cr lo the Viririii. a vow lo Si. JuM'pli, or lln- prom- i>.i' of a mioci/in', or iiiiit' (layx' di'votioii. lo Koiiir olln'r I'i'li'.slial pc'rson..inc" ; wliili' tlio loin. Ii of a rr.'i);iiii'iit of a loolli or lionc of senile dcparli'il sainl »asof suverei);ii ellleaey lo eiire siekiie^s, .scijai'e pain, or relieve a HiilT^riiif; sipiaw in llie lliroes of idiild liirtli. Oiiee, Cliaanicaiol, having a lieadaelii', re'iienilieriMl lolnive heanl of a siek man wlio regained Iiis lie:illli li\ enininrndiii^' liM ease lo Si. I|;iialliis, ami al llie naiiie liiiie |ii|iiiii^ aniedal slaiiip ed with liis iiiiaj;e iiilo his imiiilh. Ai'eordiii(;ly he tried a similar uxperiinent, pnlliiin into his iiimiiiIi a iiieiliil hearinn; a repii'seii- lalioii of Ihe Moly l'",.iiiiily, which was the ehjeet of his especial devolion. The iiex morning fmiiid liliii I'lired. 'I'lie relalioii helweeii lliis world and the next wan Koiiieliiiics of 11 nature curiously intiinale. 'I'liiis, when Cliaiiiiiomil I rd of (t.irnier'H dealli he iinniedialely inhln'ssed his deparleil eollea);ue and pnnni'.ed lilni Ihe henelll of all llie nooil works which he, I'liaiinionoi, init!ht perforin dnriii); Ihe next week, provided llie dcfuiicl missionary would make him heir lo his kiiowledi;e of the Mine. 11 |on){iie. And he iisimiImmI lo ihe deci'ased (i.ii hut's in lliiciiic llii> nnislery of lliat laiiKiiane which he aflerwar.ls iicipiired. 'I'lie efforts of lie ini^-Moiiaries for Ihe eoiiversion of Ihe rniv iiiii II 104 TUTTI.KS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ages were powerfully seconded from the other world, and the re- fractory auhjeot who wai deaf to Iminan persuasions softened he- fore the superhuiuaii agencies which tlie priest invoked to his aid. It is scarcely necessary to add, that si^ns and voices from another world, visitations from Uoll and visions from Heaven, were incidents of no rare occurrence in tlic lives of these ardent apostles. To Brebeuf, whose deep nature, like a furnace wliile hot, glowed with the still intensity of his enthusiasm, they were especially frequent. Demons in troops appeared before him, sometimes in the guise of men, sometimes as hejirs, wolves, or wild eats. lie ualled on God, and the apparatioJis vanished. Death, like a skeleton, sometimes menaced him, and once, .as he faced it with an iinquailing eye, it fell powerless at his feet. A demon, in the form of n woman, assailed him with the temptation wiiicli beset St. Benedict among the rocks of Suhiaco ; but lire- beuf signed the cross, and the infernal siren melted ii:to air. lie saw the vision of a vast and gorgeous palace; and a miraculous voice assured him that such was to be the reward of those who dwelt in savage hovels for the cause of God. Angels appeared to him, and more than once, St. Joseph and the Virgin were visibly present before his sight. In these enthusiasts we shall timl strik- ing examples of one of the morbid forces of hmnan nature; yet in candor let us do honor to what was genuine in them,— that principle of self-ahnegatiou which is thelif- of true religion, and which is vital no less to the highest forms of heroism. — l\iikm...nistration — rrs close, A. D. 1G47. 1. — After Chainplaiii's deivtli, and before the ar- MontnmKny de- I'V^l "f Moiltinajriiy, Le Jeillie, ilh'umnun- Siiperioi of the mission at (Jiiel)ee, '"'"• was imicli exereiseil fioiii a fear tiiat tlie man who was to l)e sent out to rule Caiiachv miirht in some way eiirh or interfere with his relij^ioiis plans. liut these fears were hapi)ily destined to be overthrown. It was in June, ItiJiO, when the ship conveying the new governor to Canada anchored in tlie basin below Quebec. Le Jeiine hastened to the landino-place with liis companions, and was there met by the governor with a train of officers and gentlemen. As they : 11 climbed the steep path together, Montmugny chanced to see a crucifix near the way and in- stantly fell on his knees before it ; the nobles, soldiers, sailors and priests imitated his extimple. Thus it is seen that no sooner had the new gov- ernor placed his foot upon tlie soil of Canada than he gave evidence of his devotion to the Roman Catliolic Churcli. The Jesuits pleased with this demonstration, sang Te Deum at the church, while the cannon roared from the adjacent fort. Rut they were not likely to rest contented with this mere reverence for the cross. Montmagny had scarcely been installed as governor when an en- thusiastic Jesuit rushed in and requested him to be god-father to an Indian about to be baptized. He willingly consented, and at once repaired to the hut of the convert, with a company of gentlemen in full court dress, where he bestowed ui)on the dying savage the name of Joseph, the patron of New France. But the Jesuits were to try him still further with, if possible, still greater success. Three days after he wiis informed that a dead Christian Indian was to be buried, whereupon he left the lines of the new fortification which he was tracing, lighted a torch, his cxiimple being follow- ed by De Lisle, his lieutenant, Repentigny and St. Jean, gentlemen of his suite, and with a band of soldiers, followed the corpse, borne by two priests, to the place of burial. The Jesuits were now at rest, they had already seen him bow before their timely erected cross, ma the promo- tion of the fur traffic ; and, indeea, whatever piogress Canada was making generally, at this time, we must place to the credit of its private members, or individuals not in office. Thus by one of the latter, the commander de Sillery, at the reijuest of the Jesuits, — for nothing was originated and carried forward without their sanction or so- licitation, the "habitation" which took his name was founded on the banks of the St. Lawrence four miles from Quebec, in the year 1637. The Jesuit ('ill lege, endowed by Rend Rohault, was establish- "A at (Quebec in the previous year. This place, Sil- lery, still bears the commander's name. De Sillery was one of the "Associates," but he had been induced to become a member of this body from religious motives rather than mercenary ambition. Hence his activity could not be accredited to the Company. In the Sillery institution only savage converts, or those asking to become such, were received. They were placed under the chargt; of father Le Jeune, who represented M. de Sillery in Anuuiea. 'J'he latter transmitted considerable sums of money with which the buildings of tlie institution were constructed. The Hotel Dieu for the sick, and the Ursulines" Convent for training young girls, were also standing proofs, says Car- neau, of that inexhaustible generosity to which Canada owes almost all the great establishments of edui.'ation that she possesses. The former institu- tion was founded at (Quebec in IG-jOby the Duchess d'Aiguillon. It was in the same year that the young widow of high rank, Madame de Lapelliie, commenced the erection of the convent of Ursu- lines, into which when finished she retired for the rest of her life. " The reli'ffieunes who were to iiduibit the new foundations, arrived at Quebec from France in one vessel and landed on the; same day. Tl.e occasion was observed as a holiday by all the people of the city ; labor was suspended and the shops were chised. The governor with an armed escort received the heroines: of the day on ''he quay ; they left the ship while the cannoneers of the fort were firing a salute. The first conijdi- ments paid, M. de Montmagny led them to the High Church, amidst the acclamations of the people, and Te Dcmn was chanted in thanksgiving for the two-fold benefit wliich heaven had now conferred upon Canada." Garneau informs us that the Hospital was at first nl'iced at Sillery ; but from fear of the Iroquois it w^as refounded at Quebec, in 1644. 3. — In 1640, a society under the name of La Compagnie de Montreal was formed in Paris having for its object the promotion of re- . • /~, 1 ri.i Montreal founded ligion in Canada. Ihe company by M.do Maison- consisted ot over thirty persons of wealth and influence. They at once entered into a plan for establishing a permane.it settle- ment on the Island of Montreal. The Company of "One Hundred Associates" had ceded the Island, several years before, to Jac(iues Girard, seigneur of La Chaussde, wlio ceded it to Jean de Lauzon, intendant in Dauphin}', soon after. The Missionaries had repeatedly urged the Associated pai tuers to occupy the Island, for protection (:• ' t I 106 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ■■: ■I ' against tlie hostile Iroquois, and for a central point from whence to extend missionary operations. However, the island was deeded to the new Com- pany in 1640, and one of its members in the siime year arrived at Qnehec fnjin Fiance with several immigrating families, some soldiers, and an arma- ment valued at 2.">,000 piastres which had been equipped at La Roclielle and Dieppe. The im- porlant work of [)lantiiig a brunch of New France on this island was intrusted to a gentleman well qualified for the task, M. de Maisonneuve. Not- withstanding the ''let that Governor Montmagny had encouraged the project of the settlement of the Island of Montreal, when Maisonneuve arrived in (Quebec with his colonists and soldiers he tried to persuade him to make the settlement on the Isle d'Orleans, a locality then quite out of the reach of the hostile Iroijuois, but the com- mander, nothing daunted, pushed forward to the fulfilment of his mission; and in 1642 he laid the foundation for the settlement of Montreal. Erecting such buildings as were necessary to the immediate wants of the settlement, he named the infant city Villa Marie, which was solemnly conse- crated by the Jesuits on the seventeenth of May of that year. The site of this little settlement w.as near the slope of Mnunt Royal which had been named by Jac(pies Cartier one hundred and seven years before. Such were the beginnings of the present metropolis of the Dominion, tiie Cit}'^ of .Montreal. The founder of the settle- ment, M. de Maisonneuve, demands a place in history. " He was a man of unquestioned cour- age, experience, and piety, besides liuing [)()ssessed of considerable wealth. When ai)i)lied to, he oflfered his services without any regard to self- interest, declaring his d(!sire to devote his sword, his jiurse, and his life, to the work for llie glory of (lod." — Mill's. At the same time that he was select- ed, the Moiilreal Conq)i'ny sought the services of a woman of character who would resign iierself to the fortunes of Canada and take charge of the hospital arrangements of the new settlement. Several noble ladies of France interested themselves in the affairs of the New Cunqtiiny, and finally Mademoiselle Mance was selin;ted, who came to Canada under l\w\r auspices, and wlio liecamo the foundress of the Hotel Dieu of Mdutreal. Shortly after the first colonists arrived, a reinforcement came out, led by M. d'Ailleboust, who was accom- pjinied by his wife and sister. He was also a man of rank and wealth, and soon after became the governor of New France. 4. — We may as well linger at this point for a few moments to notice the early struggles for existence of the new settlement of vine Mario-Mon- milc Marie, ^yhlch from this time tf«»i ^- "• '•^■'-'• will afford us another central point for watching the events as they occur in the early history of Canada. For the first two or three years the little settlement barely contrived to maintain an existence. M. d'Ailleboust, who was acquainted with the arts of war by reason of his pievious military exi)ericnce, was charged with the duty of preparing the necessar} defenses against the in- vasions that the settlement would be sure to meet with from the Iro([Uois, who were prowling the country, in hostile bands, for many miles round in almost every direction. It was a fortunate circumstance for the French that their presence was not discovered on the island until the si)ring of 1643, by which time the colonists had forsaken their temporary bark cabins, and taken possession of buildings of a somewhat permanent character. No sooner, however, did the Iroquois ixjcome aware of their presence tiian they besieged them. Foiiuing in small bands, they lurked in every Sliding [)lace about the little settlement, picking otf stragglers and making occasional ca[)tives. In short the colon.ists vvere in a state of siege during 1643-4. Maisonneuve remained on the defensive, until at length, when charged with downright cowaiilice, he marchi'd out at the head of thirty men, but was quickly repulsed by over two hundred savages. The comniander was the last to retire from the field; witli a jiistol in each hand he covc^rcil the retreat of his frigiitened baud until safely within the palisades of tiie settlement. "A number of the French were killed and wounded in this encounter. During the years 1643-4 the losses of the French, through the vigilant hostility of their enemies and tluMr crafty modes of attack, were such that, notwithstanding considia-altle reinforcements from France, the total number of colonists on the island de(!reased, while it was found iinpossii)le to pro- vide adequ'.ae accommodalions fiu' llu; sick and wounded." — Mlli'n. Thus was Montreal founded ; thus it cMtercd upon its t'areer nf trouble, fightings without and fears williin. Its sDJenin consecration could not prevent this. However, on the 17th of MONTMAGNY'S ADMINISTRATION— QUEBEC— MONTREAL. 107 May, 1642, when the Superior Vimond commended the colony to the protection of Heaven, likenin<^ it to a grain of muatard-seed whence would spring a tree which would grow until its branches over- spread the earth, his thoughts were not astray, although it does not appear that these grand re- sults were hastened by the performance in the evening of that day, wlieu numbers of fireflies were caught and strung into a glistening festoon which was hu'ig upon the altar. As we have noticed, Mdlle. Manee came out with the colony. Siie was accompanied from Quebec by Madame Peltrie. Tiie latter eventually returned to Quebec. 5. — But we must see what M. de Montmagny MnntmaRuy. pol- ^^^^^ ^'^"'5? ^OT the gOod of NcW lyihe'colo.lyT"'" France at his headpor- tunities for sowing (m' planting. "Tlie Inxpiois Iial)ilnally made intrusions even to liie environs of Queitcc, and spread alarm among (he French resi- dents on tiio banks of tiio St. Lawrence. The audacity of these savages over increasing, it be- ii ' 1 I I' ii 108 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. I'liino necessary at last to resort to eiierj^etie nieasures for i)iittiuff astoj) to tlieir eiicroaeluneiits : and as a preliminary' measure, the foundations of a fort were laid at the month of tin; river Iliehe- lieu, in view of dt'barring tlicir descents to the lower waters. Discernini;' the intent of this, an armed band of them, 700 stroni,'. suddenly attacked the builders unawares, by wiioni the treacherous assailants, however, were rc^pnlsed." — Gdnicuii. Defeated in this effort, the Irocjuois turned upon the Hurons with increased fury. I5y this time the hitter were reduced to great extremity. They saw the extent of their territory inirrowing each day, and tlunr frontiers mercilessly pillaged. Having thus hnmbleil their native enemies, the Iroquois in 1044 laid a plan, on a greater scale than ever before, to overwhelm the Frencli colony by means of strategy. They divided tlieir forces into ten armies, and subdividt.'d these into small bands wiiich were posted at certain distances from each other, extending in a wiile circuit entirely around the coloin-. At a certain time in the fol- lowing spring they made an assault at all points simultaneously. Two bands were located at the portage of Les Chaudieres, a third at the foot of the L(nig-.Sault, and a fourth took post above .Montreal. Five other bauds were distributed on the Island of Montreal, tin; region aiiout Iliviere- des-i'rairies anart of .New France the Iro([iiois wiire felt either in terror or bl((od>l!ed. The Uiehelieii Fort was altaekeil but the garrison was able to repuls(! the assailants, though it was fur a long lime siu'cly besiegecl. At length, tlirdiigli the gMod oHiees of the (ioVi'riiiM' of I'olt iiieiielien, a treaty of peace waseoneluded nt Tlireo Rivers between the French ami the Iro- (jiiois, but it was so(Hi i)rokeii. 7. — Wiiile battling as best he (tonld with these affairs, M. de Montmagny, the Governor of Can- ada, found some time to give his Th« ..ompanv of o„e attention to other matters. He " 'uf,™l, q.X-c""' caused an accurate account of the *•"• ''''»• condition of the colony to be drawn up and sent to France. Of course this could not fail to show how sadly these Inxpiois Incursions were inter- fering with the affairs of the One Hundred As- sociates. The company had suffered immense losses, having ex[)ended over 1,200,000 livres, be- sides spending the revenue of the colony. They now seized upon the fust ojiportunity which this teini)oraiy peace with the Indians presented, to divide their chartered rights with the inhabitants of New France. The company conceded their privileges, which was confirmed by royal sanc- tion for a yearly rtmt of one million beaver akiiis. The company was not only dissatisfied witli their invest nieiit but the colonists were sorely discoii- lented with their lack of energy on behalf of the colony. The company was bound by its (iharter to bring to Canada four thousand colonists before the year l(i4;3. At the same time it lacked both the means and the inclination t(j perform this task. Mauv of the members were willing, and did make great sacrifices on behalf of the religions welfare of tin; settlements, while others thought only of the fur trade and lost all their interests in Canada when the profits from this traffic were no longer forthcoming. The latter class ruled the affairs of tlu; .Associates, and diligiiiitly sought to evade the fulfilment of every obligation that was calculated to ruin their fiiianeial sm:cess. " In- st eail of sending out colonists, they granleil lands with the coiidilion that the grantees should fur- nish a certain number of settlers to clear and till them, and these were to be ercilited to flic com- pany."' The granlces took the land, but rarely I'nililled the conditions. Senile of these grants were i eorriipl and iiiiipiitous. Thus, a son of Lauzon, I president of the company, ri'ci'ived, in the name I of a third [lerson, a tract of land on tli(> south side I I of the St. Lawrence of sixty leagues front. To ! this were added all the islands in that river, ex ' eepling those of .Mmitreal and Orleans, togttthor with the exelnsiv(^ rigid of fishing in it through its whole extent. Lauzoii sent out not a single cobniisl lo these vast concessions. There was no real motive for emigration. No persecution ex- pelled the cohuiist from his home ; for lunie but i: Drawn iiii.l L-li)fruti'il vtl'liMly r.'i 1 >illl< » M>.t.! Iliti Ii.mihui.mi CIIA.MIM.AIN'S KlUsr llAI'Tl.!'. Willi rUll IMHA.NS, A.D. lOO-.i. (Pngi' 67.) mI fii|!r«»i ,1 . >| Ii f, I I iillli'i IIi.Imiv ..| II' ■ II Ii.ll. II IUUMM; UK I'lIlM' lidVAI. iNS). AD. llll;i (I'liKr 7(i ' I. ,ii iii i GOVERNMENT OF M. DAILLEBOUST— THE IROQUOIS WARS. 100 good Catholics were tolerated in New France. The settler could not trade with the Indians, ex- cept on condition of selling again to the company at a fixed price. He might hunt, hut he could not fisli ; and he was forced to l)eg or l)ny food for years l)t'f()re he could obtain it from that rude soil in sufficient quantity for the wants of his family. Tiie company ini[)ortcd [jruvisions every year for those in its employ ; and of these supplies a por- tion was needed for the relief of starving settlers. Oiffard aiid his seven men on his seigniory of r>eaiip(n-t were for some time the only settlers — (■xc':i)ling, perhaps, the Herbert family — who could siiDport themselves tin'oughont the year. The rigor of the climate repelled the emigrant; nor were the attractions which Father Le Jenne held forth — •' piety, freedom, and independence " — of a nature to entice him across the sea, when it is re- menil)er.d i\vit this freedom consisted in subjec- tion to the arbitrary will of a priest and a soldier, and in the liability, should he forget to go to mass, of being made fast to a post with a collar and chain, like a dog. Aside from the fur trade of (he Company, the wliole life of the colony was in mis- sions, convents, religious schools, and hospitals. Here on the rock of Quebec were the appendages, useful and otlicrwise, of an old-established civiliz i- tion. AViiile as yet there were no iuhaltitants, and no immediate hone of any, there were institu- tions for the care u. .:;idren, the sick, and the decreiiit. All these were sui)ported by a charity in most cases precarious. The Jesuits relied chiefly on the company, who, by the terms of their piitent, were obliged to nnxintaiu religious wor- sliip. Qiu'bec wore an aspecr, half military, half monastic. At sunrise and sunset, a squad of soldiers in the pay of the company paraded in the fort; and, as in Ciiamplain's time, the bells of the church rang morning, noon and night. Confes- sions, masses, and penances were punctiliously ol)served; and, from the governor to the meanest lai)orcr, the Jesuit watched and guided all. Tiie social atmosphere of New England itself was not more sulVocatiug. liy day and night, at home, pt eliun^h, or at his daily wo''k, tlie colonist lived under tin; eyes of l)usy and over-zealous priests. Ai times tluMlenizens of Quei)ecgrew restless. In IH.'jO, I'opulies were covertly sent to iieg relief in France, and "to represent the hell in whicii the consciences of the colony were k.'pt iiy the union 1 j of the temporal and spiritual authority in the same haiuls." — Parkmnn. 8. — M. de ?>Iontmagn3' administered the affairs of the colony with singular ability, winning the respect of both the Indians and the colonists, and the praise ot the A.iiiiinistriiii.ni-iiii trench court. His administratn)n was signalized by many important events. A settlement had been founded at ^lontrcal. The great Huron nation had been partly broken ; had fairly entered upon its decline ; the Jesuits hail extended their explorations far into the north and west, and made calculations on much more. One Father Kaimbault formetl the design of jienetra- ting as far as China, Christianizing all nations l)y the way, and thus completing a circle of Romish mission stations around the globe. In 1047 Mont- magny was succeeded by M. d'Ailleboust. The cause for the change lay not in the former's unfit- ness but in the orders of the French King, limit- ing tiie adniinistratioii of all colonial governors to a certain period, which in Montniagny's ease had expired. CHAPTER XVII. GOVERN.AIEXT OF ]M. D'AILLEBOUST- lUOQUOIS WAK.S. -TIIE 1. Social and Rkligious Condition of Qukbec IN Kill. — 1. TiiK R.VNGiui.s— y. Houujus or THE luoQuois Wau. — 4. The New England Colonies — I'ljorosEH The.aty — 5. I'EIilLS OP THE COLOXISIS.— (j. UsEAXI) AiiusE OK LiQious.— 7. M. De Lauzon. SUEEEKLNGS OE THE CoLONIST.S. 1. — As we hav(! already observed, M. d'Aille- boust succeeded -M. de Mtuitmagny as(iovernor of Canada in 1047. He was a man of s.i.iai nmi ri'iiuiomi consulerableabihty. well acquainted a. n. ii;i7. with the wants of the colony, having already re- sided in Canada for several years, during which time he commanded the fort at'l'iiree Rivers. He found the settlements in a condition of compara- tive peace, and enjoying a small measure of pros- lH!rity. If, however, the jn'osperily of the colony was to be measured by its religious devoteuient, then it was iniis t'iitlioi's would ii()t(! (lt>\vii in tlicir loiiif, tedious journals, tl.at, "in tlic i-liniati' of new KraiKte one learns pi.'rreelly lo seek only (iod, to have no desire hut (tod, no purpost^ hut I'oi- (iod." Wo helieve lliis to have heen tine of one elass, hut of anotiier we must nt'cds elianijt^ the word "(Jod" to " Kiir." I'arknian tells us that the very ainuse- ineiils of this pious eomnuinity were acts ot" re- li,i;ion. Here is a deinonstralion of the trtithful- noss of this statement. On May-Day, in 1(J;57, M. do Montmai^ny, who was tlu^n governor of the colony, planted a May-polo heforo the church, sur- mounted hy a tri{)le crown, hone; '• which vere three symholieal circles, docoratct' " wreaths, and heariii!,' respectively the names • u.<, .' •ia, Jo»ei>h ; the soldiers marched up in tin eforj i , ir full dross, and saluted it hy a volley of muskoti;, We mii;ht lill volumes with descriptions of these !-omi-relit;ious [)erformaiices hy whieii it wassoiiijht to in<;ratiato tho Catholic system with the savaijes. It is the wonderful |>eii of I'raneis I'arknian wliieli };ives us this n'iinipse of the scene; in the chiirch of Notre Dame do la Uet'onnaissanee al'ter vi's|)ers : "It is full to till! very porch ; ollii crs i.i slouched hats and [ilunies, musketeers, jiikeiiien, mechanics and lahorers. Here is Moidmu.;;.y hinisclf ; Ue- ]i<'iili;4iiy and I'oterie, n'entlcmen of i^ood iiirth; damsels of niirtun^ ill fitted ti the Canadian woods; and, mingled with tle'sc, the nioiinn less Indians, wrapped to the throat in cndiroid- ored moose-hides. Lc .leunc, not in |iriestiy vest- ments, hut, in the common hlack r I iiiviiii'ililo il lovi' of il . tlii'V ("Il- ly li'ss t lull I iiisi'lt' tVciu iL;i()iis zeal, icy siiniily •sti families ;()r()iis and oust round r an Indian trrors of tliti h*o- nirt wars. (' lor their , Kits, wit- elia[)(er of fell like an iieni of Si. Ill, niiiulier- leil. 'i'liey mark of irol eel iiii;' lid hleed- rv of lliat. ■Jliey rroiiny ilie liiisjiai inij Iro(iiiois. rileriy ronte(l, the linh i|>|iy liiirons, aeeompaiiied liy some of tlicir missiojiai ii's, lied to the ii]i|ier lakes, and at lenL;lh found a iestini;-]ilace on the island of St. .Iose](li. Here, during' the winter, disease anil want of food riijiidly rciliiecd their alreaily thinned ranks. Some oflheiiilied to the shores id" Lake Superior, and sounlit the powerful protci'lion of the ()jil)was. Mere a decisive iiallle took place on a spot which, from this circumstance, was named Point Iroi|iiois, or I'iaee of tiie iroijnois hones; ami for a short limi' till' Muroiis were sheltered. Others also isonnht the proieclioii of the Ottawa Indians, lint were, even with them, a^^ain pursued and dis- persed. .Many of the survivors were, after the old Roman custom, incorporated into tlu> Iroijuois trilies, « liiie ollicrs llcil to Montreal and (^>iic1m>«' liy the circuitous route of I,aki' Nipissiiiij and the Ottawa, and for years remained encamped within the walls of C^uclx'c, or were elsewhere jilaced under l''rcnch |U'oteetiiui." — Hik/i/Iiik. 'I'lins wei'e the Iliirons, once a prospi'i'ous and ]iowerfiil nation, lirokcn and dis|)crse(l hy the invincihle lroi|Uois. ■1.— .Mioiit tliis lime, IC.IS, the New Kiii,'land ('olonies scut |.^reelinL!:s to Canada with proposals NcH iiiiBiiimici,,- '"I'll" iilliam!!'. Oonsiderahle setlle- iii.>. i'n.|..„.,.,i „„.„|s hiid t^M'own lip in that (jiiarter. Siiii'c the landing; of Ijie eelelualed I'ilLiiim l'\illiers at I'lymoiilh in Decemlier, lll-JO, and since the second hand id' pili^riins had founded Salem in Ili'JS, several other cohmies had taken rise in their neii;hl)orhood. These e(doiiists had sutVercd much, liolli from the Indians without and from dissensions within. 'I'he Puritan KalluTshad lied from Knnlaud to .\mcrica. to enjoy civil and religious iVeedom, yd Ihey drove from their miilst with almost, unparalleled perseiuition those of liieir luethren who atteiiipt»Ml to exercise lihertv of eoiLseience. Tliu nutiiiid prodiiel. of this perse- eutiiui was the estahlishment of the colony of Pro- vidence in 111.")!!. Time passed on, the several colonies of New I',n;j;land, despite all oiiposition, in- creased in the niiinlier of their inhaliilanis and llie importance of their iniprovements until, in lti4.'>, in order that they mii;;lit ho \\\o heller |>roteeted aLTainsl the Indians and the I''re. eohuiists of .\cadia, tlic\ hunied a union eallei ■'The I'liited Colonies of New ICnuland." This 'uion emluaeed the Provinces of Massaeliiiselts May (inclndiinj .Maine and New Ilainpshire) and Plymouth, New Haven ami ("(Uiuecliciit. .\nd now in ItUS, these colonies proposed lo the ( ioveriior-( ieiicral (d ( 'ii- nada, a i,'eiu'ra] alliance whereliy there should ho free tratlc ;ind perpetual amity lictwi'cii them and Canada, even in the e\enl of l''iinland and I>'raiiee lieiiii;' at war. .M. d'.Mllelioust was much |ileased with the projiosal. and took the necessary stejis to ellV'ct treaty wi:h his l^nj^lish nci^hlMUs. Wo sent . .ieh lie to li(iston. and iicljoI iat ions liciian. They i\ er several times interrnpted and liiially liro. n olValioi^elher. This unhappy terminalion of 111" afli'ii was caused hy 'he demand of i)".\ille- lioiisl that tin I"'reneh and I'".iiL;lish sluuild join in a war lo hunihle the Iro(|nois. The Mni^lish dc- ined to helray the trust id' their allies, and ]ui'- i-ed seiiaration from the I''reneli rather than the anL;eranil revenge of the Iroipiois. When infor- mation of this alVair reached the camp of the latter, they resolved to slay the allies of the I'reneli, and we have seen, in the |treeedinL; paraur.iph, how <'om|ilelcly they carried out this resolve. T), — .MthoiiLjh the fury id' the Irtninois was not aimed directly at the French, yet, j.^,,,,^ ^^^ |,_^, they fell its deadly power in sutler- '■"i""i'ial in lops of tret>s around the houses, ready to i,dve the sii^'iial to their followers when hest to attack the settlement 1^ they were lyiiii;- in wait lo snr|iiise ; and if no i| propitious moment supervened, they would remain Il there posted for days toi^cl lu'r." Prowliii;^- hands of these ventlliesonie Indians threaded the forest paths even hclow (^ueliec. Thev killeil lhe(iov- 11. TurriJ'/s iiisroiiv ok tiih dominion ok (wnada. criiiir of Tlin^n Kivcis. M, Diiplcssis-Boiiliiinl, in nil ;ill:i<-k wllirll ili:il iilliriT llinl. II|I()M llli'llt. Illly de- ;4r(H's, lint none the less certainly. The priests may. in a few ins(ances, have opposed its use as an iirtich* of merchandise, hut this o|)posilion cannot lie reckoned very hi'/hly when we reuicmher the manner in wiiich lhi;y eonntenauced and eii- conra'.;ed its ])rivale iisi; amoiiL; (hcinsclves and the (Miloiiisls. 7. — .M. de lyan/.on siiccecded D'.Aillehoiist as (tovcrnor of New I''ranee. lie arrived and took possession of his oHice in lt!."il. He. .,,,.. . , M.ili' l,.iii/.iin. Siif- as oik; oI the I'hiej inemliers ot the f'lin::'' "i "m wl- , iinlHlH. ci)m[)iiny ol One llundrcd .Associates. had exerciseil the Lfreatest inllneiK'c in tin; niana;.xe- meiit of its .ifTairs in ^^•ance, ami was a man of integrity, with an extensive aci|uaiiitam>(! with tin; wauls of the colony; yet, with all these ipialilies he was unsuccessful. He found the situation of danaila worse than he expectiMl. Distress and famine prcvaileil in every ([uarter, and every set- tlement hail entered upon a decline which was dilliciilt to arrest. Tlu; lroi|iiois wwi) alike; (he ((;rror of Indians ami I'^cneh. " In the open field the sudden holt of death sometimes s(ruck the laliorer, and with a loud yell of triumph, th(! Iroipiois warrior lied into amliush with the trophy of his savai^i; onslaui,dil. In those days of trial, the stren'j;th of the people of < 'anada lav in I heir r(;li<;ious fervor, .\nnalists say (hat (hey displayed an in((".;ri(y that ((Uitrasted lirii,ditly with Ihcir conduct in later days. Then; wen; no (;ourts of jiisdce in (he province: then; was no need of (li(;m. I''raud and dishonesly wen; unknown, and it seemed as if all thiiii^s wen; in common. \ niimher of -lesiiit missionaries, whose licld of lahor had heen narrowed hy (he !) (Miiniit mhiT tlio ami fu- el vfs iiiiil iihoiist iis luid took • l,.'iii/.1 llm •cil- H\ iiiaiiaiX'"- ii mail ot" I! Witll tilt! 1! (jiialitiiis ituiilioii of stress ami (;vfry sct- ivliicli was alike tin; open liclil itiiK'k till! iinpli, till! I lie Iropliy s of trial, ill llicir isplayiMl III liicir coiirts of iiimmI of ()\\ 11. aii;i mull. A iirhl of iii'lioii of iiit llicn; vriV I la II- lllf Ililu'S f illldsoll 1 siMMilar. name of nice oviT ■(•(■ lpy iii- icir peltry e, 'I'liref lier slill, le tliickcst (liiiiijers of the Ironiiois country iiiul strove to i^aiii a foothold ill that [iiarler. CIIAITKK Will. TllK I'KlilLS Ol" INDIAN WAKKAKK. — AU- (il'.NSON.— I.AV AI-. 1. Till; riMMi.s or .. VicinitiKs oktiu: Iki»- (jiois. — I. D'Akcdnso:: — iii|.; Inihans. 1tt.")H. — ."i. MoNi i;i;ai„ liit!!-!. — C. 'I'm; I'liisr Cana- tiiAN iJisiioi'. — 7. Tiir. Ki:i;n. Daii.ac s iii;i;oic i:X- i-KimioN, liido. — |(i. Dai'lac's Indian i:i:- KNroUCKMKNT. — II. DaI'I.AC AND MIS CO.M- UADI'.S SKI.I. rllKII; MVKS liKAVKI.V. 1. — We have already Iiiiiled iliat the eoloiiislK under I.au/.iin's j^overnmeiit suffered many reverses. Tiic|..iiis uf nil In- ^^ ^' shall now run Ihroiiijli tlu! ''"'""'"• chain of evenis whieli const iliites this chapter of trial in the early history of ('aiiada. .As wi' must, rely chielly upon the jcniiiials of the .lesnils for the liuhi reipiircd, we are compelled (o t^ive our recunl a soniew hal relij^ions lone. No doiilil the reader will many times wish to hreak away from these records of priestly sanetily, and missionary adventure, into ihe nalilies of colonial hislorv narrated from a piireh polii ical slandpoint, Iml it is ditliciill to lind ihis i:'i, I'arkman lells lis ihalall < 'aiiada I iinied lo fasl- Iiil; and |ienance, processions, vows ami siipiilica- tion.s. I'raycr lo llie Saiiils anil the N'ir^in went up in one I on '4 and lonl innoiis strain ; Ihe I'olonisis \ver<^ sick finui slarvalion, tired of rcstiaini, and weak from cunslanl fear. .\l .Moiil nal. I hen the western oiilpost of ihe sell leiiicnis, which was held hy aho.il lifly half famished l''iencliiiieii, who were said loexisl hy Ihe inlcrveiilioii of Ihe Saints, danj^ers were ever e;allicriiii,' thick and fast. Ahoiit Iwcnlv-six Kreiielimen w ciu! allacked hv over two hiiiidred Iroipiois. There seemed to he no ehaiiee for their lives, lint, says a .Icsiiil historian, the tiuecn of Heaven came to their succor, and tln^ Iroipiois siilVcred a liloody defeat. .\t Threi^ Rivers, which was not so iiiiich exposed as .Mon- treal, the daiiL(cr was not less iminiin nl ; the hostile invaders defeated and loniahawkcd the I'om- mandaiil, and liclcaijiicrcd the fort for may nioiilhs ihereafler. i'lvcn al (^>iicliec which was less ex- posed I hail the other I wo set I li'incnls of Ihe colony, tlieie was no safety. In I he nei;4hl)oihi>od of I his ]ilaee, it is staled, individuals w ere ci I her ca pi u red or shot down liy the InikiiiL;' savai^cs. .Meanwhile tlii! Mother of (iod was acliieviii;^ new victories at .Montreal. The |iioiis chronicler idls us thai in .lime Ili.V), a parly of sixty of the < >nondai;a Iroipiois visited thai place, dcclarin;_j that ihev came on a mission of peace. ( Jnns, scalping knives, tomahawks were laid aside, and a dcpnlalioii of chiefs, with fl coiilideiicc that was heroic, walked into ihe fori. The I'^rcnch were Icmptcd lo sci/i; and punish ilieiii for jiast ollciices. Iml they re- fr.iined, lielieviii;.^ that ihis slraii;,'!! conduct was an evidence of saintly inlcrvcnlion. To Ihe prac- tical mind, however, I Ills was easily explained. The Iroi|nois had hccome involved in a war with the ICrics, anil one eiii'iny al the lime was siilVnicnl. Their policy was to make friends willi the I'lcncli for ihe time heiiiLT. A peace was ccmcliidcd and iht; chiefs deparlcil. .An ( linida dcpnlalioii soon fol- lowed with like results ; al Icnulli, after sulVerinijf many defeats, the Mohaw ks, w ho hail lieeii Icadini;' in the waraLjainst the l'"icnch. siicil l'i>r |icacc also. .A ^land council was held al (^uclicc, ihe custo- mary speeches were made and the usual wampum hells exehane;eil. " The Iroipiois Icl'l some of their chief men as ]ilcd;,'cs of siiiceril \ , and two youiitj soldiers olVc'cd llieiuselvcs as reciprocal pledges un the pail of the l'"reiicli. The war was over; al least ( 'aiiada h;id found a iiioiuciil lo lake hrealli f(U- the next slruu'i^lc. Tin fur trade was restored a'_;aiii, with promise of plcnl\ ; for the licaver, prolilini^ liy the .piairrls of then human foes, had of late ^really niiilliplied. It was a chaie^c IVoiu death to life; fur ( 'an;ida li\cd on the lic;!\cr, ami ruMied i>( this, her uiilv siistc- nance, had lueii iInIiil; sluwly since liic strife hei^'aii." SomeihiiiL',- had heen achicxed ami the .!csuits dill not fail to credit heaven with that soiiiclliine;. '* Yesterday," writes oiicof the I'alhers, I I m t* 114 IITI'M/S IIISIOItY OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA. " all was (It'jcctioii and Lclnimi ; to-day, all is smiles and j^Mvcty. On Wi'din'sday, niassacic, l)iii'nini,'. and jtilla;,'!; ; on 'I'lnirsday, i^il'ls anil visits, as atndn;^ friends. If llic IriKpinis liave tlieir liielves no Ime^er safe, took sheUer j frti' ol' (his niodier of all lilessin;^fs ; whereiipoi lh(! Inxphiis came (o ask for peai^e. I( was on Ciod for I Hs eoiiii(r\ men. 11 le peoiile o( .Mun- .M. w (hin ( he enelosiire of (,>i Here (ll(^ l-'reneh lenly confessed ( heii' iiiaiiili(y (o prole('(, (hi'm. th(^ ilay of (he .\ssninp(ion of (his (^neen of amjjeis i 'i'he I! nrons, despair! iil;- of any lon;_(cr mainlainiiiLr a and of men thai (he ilnrons (o(d< a(. Moii(rcal (hat jj separa(e nalinn. now seii( secri'l niessen;^'ers lo (he oilier fanions ii'oipniis (tliief, whose eap( nre i'ansenard and Daiihon, wi(h aj^niird of lif(y soldiers, w 1)V the .Mohawks, Iml I he enemy v as fivercome will ere scn( forward, 'i'his expi>(li( ion was a(lai'ke(| die lo.-,s only of a few (;ano(;s. Shortly after, liow- frvcr, this .Mcili.ivvk iiand were repayed fur their mi-.|'()ri MiMs i)\ fill ill'' on to a iinmi li nroii mrii, women and children, who were cn;4ai;iMl ii( work on \\\i- I.Je of Orleans; (hey killed six oiil- ri'4li( and look the rest captivi!. While passiie^ (^lielicc. uilli these, (hey cailseil (heir prisoners lo sinj' aloud and challi'iiLTecl (he ( Jovernor-' li'iicral lo di 'lied I' (hini if h .1. M. di: I, l(, asal^ in /on was pc 11 II 1 1 I lii-< uc^iiK, as also manv ol hers readily a'^reed, lni( soon af(er (he I liiions rcpenled (d' dieir liai'^'ain, wliereiipon Ihe .Mohawks look measures (o enforce <'ompliani'e. Scon I iiiL,' pari ics spreail I hcinsi'lvcs around (^iicliec in evcrv point where the sli'^hlest sliel t er conld lie foiiild, pickili;^' oil' every iinrseN mill adores die Author of all lliiii;j;s, to whom in his lislress he lia.s iceonrse for succor. 1 1, is my desire (n do (he same. I'ermi( die missionary iheicfoie who ipiilted me to rcliirn with the Iliiroiis; and a> I liaAc not a snllicienl nnmliei of canoes to cany so lai'nc a nnmlier til people, do me die I'avor lo lend nie lliine." 'I'he coinici! Iiioke np wilhonl reai liiie,,' any resnll as lo (he l.ite of I he 1 1 II Id lis. ( >nc liaiid, howcvir, Ai'- Illi: I'KIJII.S OF INDI.W WAKKAIMC 11." CK Icil to aliiilc liv lliiir CDiilrarl and ilc|i;iiti'(l will K;itluM- If Mmiic 111 the Muliawk cniiiil iv. Till (itiVfni()r-( iciuTiil was scvfrcly criliciscd tor liis want 1)1' ciiiiiaLtt'. 'I'ln- IiiMjiiois, fiii^a'^cd as llicy ■ic ill a war willi tiic Im! fs, wo liil iia\i' Im'i'H 11 Iroiiuois uiuKt the very cannon of tin- luit. w ln\«' they Ixildly nninlort'd sniiu" Ali^inijnins. Tlu' in>\v LjDVcriU'i' started in piiisiiil willi two liiiiidrcd siildicrs l>iit liis iiiDVi'iiiciils wcrt' tmt slow to over- take tlie enemy. " Sliortly al'ler this oei'uren''e ii tlerly iiiialile to \viliis(aiid llie l''reneli and tlieir stroiiL^ loree ol" tlie Moliawks apiiroaejied '{"Imci! lilies. Hence lilldiii''' ll d I. allies. Ileiiee lliiillii'^ lillilsell sorely eelisiireil llie i-i)|oiii-;|s, and lieiii^j liimsi'll' I iioroiiLjiiiy siek iveis, de>iL;ninL,' to siii|iii that post il' \h • 1. Uiveis, (ie>i Under preleiiee ot' hoidiiiL,' a eoni'ereiiee willi the of the |io>ilioii, and, no doiilil. eonseioiis of his eniniiiaiidanl, they sent eiu,^hl nun to aseertaiii tlio want ol ahililv lo mei'l the e\i;^eneies of the olliee, I'omliiioii ol" the eariison; liiit tliese, in-lead of he lel'l \i\:\ |mi>1 wit hull I wailiiejf lo lie reealli d ; re- Ixiiiu' Ireali'd as le^iliiiiale de|iiilies. w ere |iniiii|H ly liiriiini^io l''r.iiiee in disi,Misl. and leaviiiLj M. tie plai cd in |iiison. l>isa|>iioiiiled in iheii olijeet .■\illelionst in li'in|iorary ehaii,'! of the eolonv. lliey reliealed from the eoloiiy, which for a luief ;!. — Meanwhile the Iroijiiois were cMeiidinv; space eiijo\etl repose. ( tf this ihe lui^ion.irieH their eoni|uesls in every direction. 'I'hcy had prompily availed ihemselvi's lo iiroseciiic their piisiieil Ihe war against the ICries willi L;reat vii;or, liliors anions' the northern trilies, and now dis- vi.inii.K ,.f th,' '"ipti'iiiiiX •""■!' "I''''' '"" I' nntil Ihcy covered several routes lo llinlson's Hay." ''"'""""' reached iheprincipal slron'_;hold of ■>. in the >aiiie year in w hii'h I he new (iox ei nor- the eoiinlry. This Ihey stormed with a force of < ieiieral came oaM he Island of .Mon- ,|„,„,,,,,| „:,.,h , se\cii hundred of llieii warriors a;_;ainsl a force of Ircil ami scllleiiieiil of \'ille-Marie, | over lifhit'ii linndred. w ilh complele Micce^s, which to the i;reat salisl'aclion of the eolonv was trans- was the i;nindaiiiiiliilalin;;str(deriors of I he SeiiiiiiaiN of ."si. .Sul- 'I'liose who were nol killed, or lakeii with ihe I ro- 'iciiis, a society of j^real repiilcaml power. IndiT (piois liihcs, lied west waril anil norlhwanl, i'li' ir I heir auspices, I/. Milie dc l^>iicliis fiMindcd the in- nalioii was forever Inoken up; iiolhini;- reir.ain- slil iition. and under the siipci iiilendencc of .Mar- j iiiLT to remind one of their existence, excejii tluhikc i;nerita iJonri;cois, the insi ii lU ion of I he I'illcs de ' which hears llicir name and washes the shores la ( 'on^jreeaiion was opened lo L;i\ e religion- ami of llieir eoiinl ry with ils walcrs. " ihe I roi|Uois ; superior secular I r.iiniiii;' lo tin" \ oiiiii;' L;irU of I he ' idiiuil I his period likewise I iiriied I heir arms a^'aiiisl ! eolonv, in the same \car. the ( Hhiwas, a iuaihli of Ihe ;;real Al;;oiiipiin race, w hose hiinl iii;;-;;rouuils lay aloiii;- 1 he ( )| law a, from ti. — in lti.)'.i. cci lain aluiscs lia\ in'4 appearcil, it j was decnu'd prudeiil lo make cerlain eliani;es Ollawa Cilv upwards. This lril>e did nol make' in I he uoveriiiueiil of the church. M. .,., ., ' I ■ I lu' lir)*i t ;in;i the sli;;lilc-,| r.'sjslancc, and soichl shelter amid i'"iali(iiis de i,a\al. i/Alihe de .Mcui- ''''," '"-'"'i'. •>■ llie m.ii:-lii's aloiii; I heir ii\ cr, or lied lo llie isl.inds ti;;iiy, N'icar Aposlolic and til ular ol Lake lliinui. w lieiice a p(U'lion of llieiii sniise- i ilishop of I'elrca. was ap|ioinled I'.i'clcsia-liial ipienlly pc'iielialeil lo Ihe soiilh-wesl, where llii'y Superior. Se\cral persons in tuders aicoiupaiucd joined llic Sioux. A i;real part of Lower, ami all i; him lo Canaila, On tlii'ir arrival a regular parish I'l'l'"''' •'■' ki. wen- now I'oMiplclcly in Ihe posses- II prieslhood, enlilled lo one I hil Icclil h of all the sion of the l''i\e Nations." 'i'hcy had liccome the I iialiiral and arlilicial pnnlucis of ihe couiiii\ as terror of all Ihe Indian Irihes of the iiorlli, and llitlies, was csiaMi^hed. i iow ever, on acccuiiil of even in New l'',ii;;land a sin;;le Mohawk wari'iy ! the poverty of llie coiinl r\ , I he I il lies w ci e aflcr- seiil terror and alailii I hioii-hoiil all of ihe i'lmilish j wards reduced lo one Iweiin -Mx;h, on coiidilion ''"'""'•''^- that they slioiild lie paid in ijrain, and iioi iii llie I.- 'i'he X'iscoiinl d' Ar;,;ciisou,w ho had liecii ap- sheaf. The kin;;- supplemcnicd llicscl>\ an annual l>'>»^x.-Mi...i. ri„. I"'i'il lixed .il iUK iielie.' in July, i'l.-S. Ihe morniii;; al'ler hi. ,,li\;es. l'.le\ cu \ i mi ■• alici . i he . Inn , li of Kome in arrival M- was lhoiou;;lil\ inilialcd iiilo ihe d iu;;crs |l ( 'aiiad.i w as ci, cUil iiilo ,1 lM-.hopi I.-, in depeiuleiice of iiis ollice liy Ihe cry "loaiiiis:" which w as i' rii I he I'apal See. and M, de 1 .,i\ ,il Let .iiiie I he lirst >,'iv»Mi ill uuiist'iineneo of I he approach of a hand of || liishop. i ilUil M ItG TUTTI.KS IIISI()|;V OF Tin: DOMINION ( K CANADA. 7. Cimiula Imd now siifTi'ieil for iniiiiy yeius iiii- Tho Kr.Miili in ''^''' '■'"' >'l!<"ll"r!" '>f il" FrcKlllois WIIT. u^ii?;;^.;;;";;:;' i^"nn- tii.. -n.it.T iM.rti..., ..f this ln'iiixl tiu! Krciicli |ii)[iiil!itii)ii of the coh)iiy was less tliaii tlirc(( lliniisaiid. Xotliiii'^savcil the sftlltMiiciits iVoiii destruction Imt tlic fact lliat tlicv were i^roiipcil aroiiiiil (lie furtiffd j)ost of QiH'hfc, Thri'i; Rivers. smkI Montreal, wliieh in the hour of piies. They woidd tanni, harass, tortnre the colony, hut not. destroy it. A son of (ioverniir l.aiison. was snrprised and Uilleil on the Isle of ( )rleans, with seven companions. Soon after a similar hite hefel the son of ( iodefrov, one of the chief inhaliitants of (^iicliee ; in short theric was no safety beyond the reach of tin; ;^nns of the fort, 'i'iie people everywhere were seized with alarm. " A eoiiiel a|.pej red above (iueliic, and they saw in it a herald of destruction. Their excited imaif- iiiations turned natural [ihenomena into portents and prodiijies. A hla/Jn^r eau'ie sailed across the .sky; coid'used cries : ii ! lamentations were heard in tin? air ; ; ud a voic(,' of thnudcr sounded from luid-heaveu" — I'lirkinnii. In the midst of these p(M-- teiisions the Jesuits desj)aired ol' their llocUs. Their sii|)erior writes : " ICvery where we see infants to he saved for Heaven, sick and dyin^,' to he baptized, adults to be inslritet(;d, but every where we see the Jroiinois. They haunt us like perse(nitiii^f enblins; they kill our new-Miade Christians in oni- arms. If they meet usoii the river, tiiey kill ns. If they lind us in he huts of our Indians, they burn us and them t(i,i,'etlier." .And this I''ather urecntly appeals for troops to destroy these enemies as ti work needful for the iflmy of (iod. Canada was not only still a mission, but its inhabitants Irusteil quit(' as iiiueh in religious nsa,:.;es fiu' their preser- vation, as in material defeiiees. 'i'he war was re.rarded as one between the children of (iod and the hosts of Satan. The settlers' cabins alon^ the shores of tliu St. Lawrence above ami below Que- bec were, in many instances, supplied with a small iron cannon, made by the blacksmiths in the colony. Hcsid(' these they had protectors that were sup- posed to shield them when cannon eoidd not; one of these was an imaife of the V^irt^in ; the inmates were not safe without this. lOvery morning;' the pious settler knelt Ix'fore it to implore the ]U'otee- tion of a celestial hand. There are many (Mirions and int(M'estinj^ memorials of these early times still extant, amoni,' these we s>> (if ciiiifcssiii); til Villi ; ami I iln ii ymir ifiinil prayers, ami particiilarlv In llie llnly .Sairiliie of the .Mass. 1 pray ymi, my Kallicr, to say a mass fur im-. I pray ymi >rive my iliilifiil hive In my [i iiir mnlher, ami eniisiile her, if il pleasis ymi. My h'allier, 1 licjr \ niir lilessini; mi the liaii lo see ymiaU'iin hefnie winter. I pray ymi tn tell the unml lircthren nf Nnlrc Ihime tn pniy tntiinl ami the llnly Virnin fnr inc, my dear mnlher, as for ynii ami all my sisters. Vmir pnnr Kakciiov. 9 I Irft 'Pliri'e iKin, liv fiiiir Ih'i'II taken I iiDt ill II tit |iVL' till' lia|>- WDIllll ill) Willi ynn. il.l,'. Vim vA I'niMi II .r Aiiu'iisi, I I slinll I CMlll- III!' Holy 1 tua>?« Inl* itlii'i', ami ilis III villi, iaii |ii|<<', l<> II' lliiiiiib ■i.f il. fiuiii viiiir rtliilrr. I. I III i:l.. ■Iv Willi I'ollowrt : vi'ty Well I aik Villi |ilai'<"l nil' s,. .if M. ill' jjaiii liil'iiu H' DatiH' III llnT, a< fur I* THK PERILS OF IxNDIAN WAUFAIU: 111 " Fanclioii " was no doiilit tlu; iiaiiu! by wliicli Ills mother fainiliiiily aililresscil liiiu wlieu a boy. Tliis is till' same Martcl, who, Iwi'iity-iiiiiii years after, led a baml of Freiie.h and Indians in an '; attack against, Salmon Falls, in New Kni^laiid, ' and who, when the retiiiiij; vietois were sorely [ j)rossi.Ml by an overwheliiiiii;^' force, sword in hand, I held the ]inrsiiers ill cheek a( the hrid^-e uf Wuosler Ikiver, and |irotected Hie retreat of his men. 1I(^ died at the a;.,'e of eighty, the founder of a very I disliiiL,'ui>':ed ("anadiaii I'aniily. S. — ^in .May, ItitiO, a p.irty of French .\lLtoni|nins itiitiiiitf if 111.! ea]ilnri'd a Wolf Indian who had ^^'"' "''"' been n.itnrali/.'d ammiL;' the Iroquois, ' carrii'il him to (^uelcc and buriieil him there with the n>ual tnrlures. Perhaps the .lesuits could iiol have saved this Indian. .V recent Catholie writer makes this claim, but no one acijiiainted with the history iif that- jMiiod will receive thu .statciuenl as trnihful. .V protest, from the Bishop would more than likely have put a slop to this pro- eeedini^. The truth is they did not care to preveiil the tortures of |iris(Uiers of war, not because they took any pleasure in such rcven;.;e, but wholly, perhaps. IV. lui idi'^ions motives, 'rorlnre was to I hem a blessrn;;- in dis^;iiise. They belic\cil it, to be the salvati.iu of m.my a soul. One of them writes : •■ we hav(! very rarely seen thi; Ituriiinj^ of an Iidiiuois without feelin;^ sure that he was on the path to Paradise; ami we iievt^r knew one id' them to he surely on the iiatli to Paradise without seeinij him pass tJiroiij;h this licry punishment." l''r.Hu some such motive as this, after the proper iii>trueiiori and baplism. they consented to let the Wolf dii' the d.'uih of the stake. " Is il ikiI," adds the writer last iiuolcd, "a marvel to see a wolf e}ianj,'ed al one stroke into a lamb, and enter the fold of C'hriil. which he eauK' to ravu^^c." This Indian before his death disclosed a plan under- lakcii by the lidi|iiois to capture ih.' three I'"ri'iiih settlements iiiid luiissivori! the inhabilaiits, staliii;f that 11 luriTc force were already hovciiiii;' around Montreal, waitini^- an opjiort unity to e\eeule these bold desi^nis. 'I'his news threw ih.' w hoi.' settlii- iiieiit into intense exciieuient and alarm. The inhaliilan! s bclonk Iheniselvcs wilhiii I he palisades of the furl, ami day aflcr day waiid ,iii\i.iu>ly for till' eueiiiN, but the Iroiiuiiis did not present themselves. Th.'y were prevented as we shall see by a bold delachinent .sent out from .Montreal. Hi 9. — In A[)ril, IijIjO, ayoungoflicer named D.iulai;, commandant of the Lfarrison of Moii- ii.iii:.n''8ii.'r.ii.' ..i- , 1 » f • 1 I'liliiiiiii, IKiii treat reiiiiesteu Alaisoniieuve, the (ioveruor of that place, to eivo him iiermissioii to lead a iiarty of volunteers a,i,faiust the hostile i Iroiiuois, suspected as beim,^ ambuM-aded at no distant jioinl. " His plan was bold to .Icspciation. I It was known that Iroqiuiis warriors in i^reat I numbers had wiulcrcd amoiiv;' the forests ol the Ottawa. Daiilae proposed to waylay them on ' Iheir descent of the river, and lluhl ihciu wilhout { regard to ili>parity of fiuce. The settlers ol .Mon- ! Ire.il had hithcrlo acted solely on the defensive, for their numbers had been too small for au^ressi\ e war. ( »f late their streie^th had been somewhat increased, and .Maisoniieuve, judj;;injf that a display of enterprise and boldness mi,t;ht act as a check on the aud.icity of the enemy, at leiijjjlh pivc his eon>cnt." Si.Mcen of the young men of Montreal had siruek hands with Daulac, and bound them- .selves by oath to aecouipany him on the bold Venture and to ask no ([uarter. Being now in readiness to leave the fort, they made their wills, eoufcsseil, and received the sacrament. As they knelt bi'fore the altar in the little chapel of the Hotel I)ieu, they Were regarded wilh a kind of envy. Some of llic chief men of .Montreal, among whom was Charles Le.Mnyne, urged I hem to wait till the following spring, that they might join this band, but. Daulac, knowing that if I.eMoyne accompanied them he would not have the com- mand, stoutly refused. He was alike jealous of the glory and the danger. " The names, ages, and occupations of the seventeen young men may still be read oil the aiH'ieul register nf the p,ili>li of .Montreal; and the notarial acts of that- year, pieservcd in the records of the cily, I'oiiiaiii minute accounts of such properly as I'aeh of iliciu pos- sessed. The three eldest were of t w ciily-eiglil, thirty, and tliiil\-one years respectively. The age of the rest vaiicd from I w eiil \ -one to t w cut \ -seven. They w ere of various callings, — •soldiers, armorers, locksmiths, limc-buriicis, ur set tiers w itiiout trade. The gi'calcr number had com.' to the eiilnny as parlof ihc reinforceiuciil luiiughl by MaiMUincUNe in l(i."i;'.. .M'icr a Milciiiii farewell they embarked ill .M'Vcral can. MS well Mipplied willi arms and aiiimiinilion. They wci.' \.iy in.lill'crciit canoe- men ; and il is said that llu lo.^l a week in vain atteiiij)ts to pass the swift eurrcnt of St. Anne, at i ^iii lis TUTTM'/S IIISTOIIV OF TIIH DOMINION OF CANADA. tlm head of the ishuul of Montrciil. At loiii;tIi tli(!y wcri! more successful, iiud eiiterin;^ the mouth of tlie Ottawa. (MOssed the Lake of Two Moun- tains, and slowiy advanced aL,Minst tlie current." — I'i. — Fiv(^ warriors of tlie llui'on natinti who '. still lini^ered at. v^ueltec set out mi a war ex|iedi- ■ l.anW.,.', h.,lw.ur.,- «'""' ''''' ' 'X ""' '"■■'^■" <''''*'f| •.i.r..r.MHn,i. Aunahataka. At Three IJiveis they I were joined liy chief MitunemcLT with a small hand. I{eachin;4 Montreal tliey were informed cif Daulac's ileparlure, and at once solicileil M.iisDimeuve's i permission to follow and oscrtaki! them. The ' chief desireil a letter of iut roduet inn to Daulac. The governor, not jilaeiiiLj a very liiLjh esliniate on Huron valor.al first declined, hut afterwards con- seiited. lie t,Mve the chief a letter intro(lusilily, in the exaltation of theirii iiids, tlu'v scoiiicil such ineciiution. They made their liics, ami slniii,' t heir kettles on the neiii;hh(Mine shore ; and here they Were soon joined hy the Iliironsand Ah^on- (luins, Daiihic, it seems, made no ohjecli(m to tiieir I iim|iany, and they all hi\()uaeked |oL;elher. Morniii;^' ami noon and nielli Ihey prayed in thre(! dilVercnl loni^'iics ; and when at sun.set the lon;^ reach of forests on the farlher sIkmi; hasked peace- fully in the level rays, the nipids joined their hoiu'se music to the notes of their evi'inn^ hymn. 11. — Not many days passed liclore the scouts eamc in with the inlelliecnce ihal two Iroipiois canoes were eoinine; down the Saiilt. I iinilju- nui\ iti. t'om- 1111 1 n<'i'><'-' II iiMir Daiihn^ planted ii sinali dclaclimenl llMn Liaviiy. liHio , ' , , , , at U piuiit where he expected they wotdd land. The Iro(iuois made the short; at the calculatetl place and met a volley which cut them all off except one, who made his escape; and rcjiorted the ilisaster to their main hody, over two hundred strouLT, on the river ahove. Not lon^f after a licet of canoes were seen approaching;' down the rapids, tilled with warriors ea'^er for reveie^i;. Daulac hastened to tin; lort. Tlu; Iroi|iiois landed and mad(! an attack, hut were (iiiiekly repulsed. I'^ailiuLj to accomplish anylhini^ hy a parley, they set themselves to hiiildin;4 a rude foit not far ilistani . Thisijave tin; Frenchaii oppcutiieity lor streiiL^lheii- iii;_; their fort which they improved. Ihey planted a row of stakes to form a doiilile del'en>e and tilled the iiileiveuin<^s[)aee with earl h ami stones tot he hi'it,dit ol'>ix i'l'ct, Icavinv,^ some t weiily loopholes, at each of which three mal■k^>lllen were slal ioiieil. They had this work scarcely (iui^-hed when ihe Iioipiois were a^ain upon them. TIicn had hrokeu up the canoesof the French and their allies, and. kiiidlini; the hark, rushed olT to sci (ire to the fort, hut they were met hy a lire hoth steady ami hrisk, and were compelled to ri'coil. They maile asecoud attempt with a w orse result to themselves, for tin; principid chief of the Senecas fell dead. Some of tin; Frenc'h went (Uit under cover of the j^iins of the fori, and (uit oil" hi.s head and si lick it on the palisade, whiidi caused the Irixpiois to howl with raL;e. They madcanolher allack.and wen' a third time repulsed. They now sciil a canoe to call to their aid live hundred of their w.iiriors who were miisieiid near the Iviehe- lieii. These Were the Indians whom ihey weii" on their way to join when iulcrrii]ited hy the I''reiieh. and with v.hoiii they were to have mad" a eiaiid oiislaiiLjht ii'^aiusl (^uehec, Moiil real, and Three |{i\ ers. I'"or live days tliey conliiiued to hesien'c I ho little fori, while they were waiiini,' lor reinfiuce- meiiis. Hunger, thirst, and want of sleep w iiMiiiht fatally lUi the slrciii^lh of the I''ri iii'li ami •heir allies, who, pent up to'^clher ill llieir Marrow pl■i^on, loiieht ami prayed h\ turns. Deprived as they were of water, tliey could mil swallow ihe crushed Ii.dian corn, or "iHuniny," which was their (Uily food. Some of them, under cover of ii hrisk tire, ran down to the river :ind (illcd such small vessels as they had; hiil this pilli.iire only lanlali/eil thi'ir Ihiisl. They {\\\ir ,i ||,i|,. ji, ||||. lort, weie rewarded at last hy a little mudd\ water oozing thrcui^di Ihe chiy. There were a niimher of iliirons iimoii;^ the Iroipiois who had heen shore at tlie li cut tluMU esciijx! iiiid V, ovtT two Not loiiir ijIuMLf down or rt'vciitijt!. iiois laii(li'(l y r('i)iilsi'(l. >arl('V, tlicy far (lislaiil. slri'iii^tlicii- 'V jilaiitcilii III tilled llu' otlic licinliL s, a( cat'li of llicy had H|uois Were! lie canoes of II,' llif liark, V WflC Illl't (' <'oiii]iclU'd il li a worse •liiff of llic Il wciit out : lilt otr Ills il 11 causi'd idi' aiioihcr 'I'iley !loW illidlrd of liic Itlrlw- y wrii' on 11' i'Vi'lirli, I" a uiaiid j lid 'riii'cc csH'^c 1 lie reillfnice- o t s ! e I ' 1 1 'I'l lu'li and •ir 'lanow r|p|i\ed as allow the Ahiell was ■over of II I iiled sllih i.liie only lie i>| the dd\ water iiilliilier had liecii r 'Vi TIIK TKRILS OF INDIAN WAHFAliK nil (lopted liy iliein. and wi're now ti^htiiiLT on llieii side. 'I'liese shouted to their (ioiiiil ly iiii'ii within tile fort that a lai'Lje force was a|i{proacliiiiL;' and their only jiossihlc chance of escape lay in their joining,' the Iio<|iiois, \\lio would even now accept iheiii. Aii'ialiatakas followers, half dead witii thiist and fa mi lie, answered to these calls, seal iic'' the in. Daiilac had craiiiined a lari,'e miisketooii witli |iowder, ami plii;,"^'ed up the iiiii//le. l,ii;hlinLr the fuse inserted in it, he tried to throw it ovi the liarrier. to InirsI like a ijienade aiiioii;^ the crowd of sava;,fes without : hill il struck tlierai,"4ed top of one of the palisades, fell hack aiiion;^ the l"'ren(di men ami exploded. killioLf and woiindin^j several jiali-adc ill I WHS and threes until nearly all had i of I hem. and neaii v lilimliiiL; oi lieis. In thecoiifii- (icsi'rted. Ipiit their chief stood liiiii, and even (lis- ■ sion tli.J followed, the Iroipiois t,'ot possession of chai'^cd his pi>tol at his in phew. I, a ^louche, while the loopholes, ami, thriistiiii,' in t heir i:;iins, died 111! w;i'^ ciiniliinL,'' oiil of till' fort. Tin' Mi^ompiiiis on those within. In a moment more tliev hail lorn who coiihl hope for iiotliini^'fiom the IicKpiois stood a lireach in the palisade; hiil nerveil with the ! fa.sl. I he\ lould do iioihini;- else. On the lifth eneri,'y of desperation, Daiilae and Iiis followers day se\eii hiiiidreil aiiditional Inxpiois a|ipearcd. spran'.,Mo defend il. .Another hieaili was made, Hcini; lold of the \/eakiiiss of the French liy ij and then another. Daulac was struck dead, Ini, 'lie Huron deserters, they expected an easy i the survivors kcjit up the tielit. With a sword vi(ioi\ and marched lioldly to the attack. The or a halchci in i hand and a knife in the other French were at their posts, and every loopdiole they threw themselves ay:aiiist the I hroiit^ of ems 8eni lorlh its mcssaj,'e of sudden death thick mies, sti ikine and stahliiiiif with the I'nrv of niad- iind last. licsidcs iniiskeis they had heavy mus- men; till tin' lroi|Uois, despairing,' of takim,' them k, 'loons, which, si'aiteriiii,' scraps of lead and 1 1 alive tired volley after volley and shot them down, iron amoiii;' the enemy, did fearful execution. 'I'he .Ml was over, and a Imist of triumphant vell.s IriMpioks III Icie^lh t'ell hack tilled with wonder at proclaimed I he deaidnne^hl viclorv. Searcliiii'4 liie tile persistence of the l''reneh. 'i'hree days more pile of corpses, the victors found four Freiieliineii woreawav, dnriiii,' which time the Iimpiois were ' still lireathiii'^'. 'riiree had scarci'lv a spark of life, ipiairi lliiiM' ;,i u ihemselves as to what- course and. as no time wiis to he lost, "hcv liiiriied i hem lliey should puisne; some were for i,riviii,:,' Up the j on the spot. 'I'he foiirtii, less fort iinate. seeineil siee-e, oiheis would not (hinkof a rse so ine;lori- |' likely to survive, and they reserved liiin for future oils. They were too proud of I he name t hcv liini already won in many a well contested liatlle. Diiriii;;' all this lime Daulac and his men. leelint,' I tornicnts. As for the Huron deserters, their j cowardice prolited them little. The lroi|iiois. re- I ^'ardless of their promises, fell upon llieiii, huriieil wiih exhausiion, foiiMln :iiid |uayed hy turns as ! some at once, and carried the rest to their villages hefoie, feeliie.,' sure of death as their reward. At j for a similar fate. Imvc of the niimher had tlie ienirth the iiiKpiois a'.,'reed to make a i,'eneral as- pioil fortune to esiape, and it was lioni them, '*'^"''- "I"' Noliiiileers were c. died for the lead. aided hy admissions made huii,' afterwards li\ i he " .\liei I he custom on swell occasions, hiindles of ; lroi|iiois themselves, that the French of ( anada de- sniall slicks were thrown upon the j,'rounil, and | rived all their knowleilire of this trhuioiis disastei." those lacked ihein up wiio dar 'd, thus aeeeptiiii,' the ua'^c of lialtle, ami eiiiolliin,' themsehes in the foiiiun hope. No precaution was iie^'lected. laiiee iiiid heavy shields four or live feet )ii''li were mad J'nr/ciiiiiii. The sacrilii f this hiave hand proved the sal vat ion of the colony. The lio(|uois weieipiiie conlellt with their war experience for the present. If this hamlfiil of T'leirh ami Indians ididd keep h.y lashini,' (o-elher three split lo-s with the aid them in el k so Ion- in siidi a weak fortilication ol cross-hars. Coverin- themselves with these what mieht tliev expect Ironi the i e siihslan- innnteleis. the chosen hand advanced, followed hy ;ial forts' With feeling's of hnmiliation Ihev the motley throne of warriors. In spite of ii hrisk lire, they reached the pidisade. and, croiiehiiifj he- low the ran'4:e of shot, hewed furiously with their lialchets to cut their way tliiou^^h. The rest foi- lowed close, and swarmed like aiiLtiy lioniets around the liiihj <')ri, iiuekiiii; anil tearing to get returned to their homes to plan new evils for tliu French. 120 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. CHAPTER XIX. GOVERNMKN'r OF I)/i >/AUGOITR.— CON- Dmi/.N OF 'WW. ( <)r\TRV. 1. d vi.itvoB D'AvAUOorit. — PAKTiAii Trace WITH TliK IliogiOIS. ItiOl. ± Puor.KESS OK Oanapx — HEi,i(ii(»-PC>->. — IUkmm; oi' nil-: HotsK ok th'o Urjsi- MXKS AT QUEHKC, l witii i.Ln ij'oot.ois' demand was simply exposure lo er>rtain fl;.'iger. Rut in the face of all th' 'he dei)utl s ;uv.' liiem clearly to understand, that nii].-s.s ti.elr proposals shoidd he acce[)ted there woidd be no jieace, and the lives of the French eajitives already in their villages would l)e taken, with the usual tortiu'es, shoidd they return with an unfavorable answer, h'ere was truly a difficult (piestion; hut one .hat the French were compelled to dccid(>. I hey were reluctant in placing any of their coni.;.yinen among these savages, \\ ho had alrcaily moi ; than a hundred times broken their engagements in bold treachei'}' ; yet such \\as the extremely critical state of their condition, that the. decided Ujion releasing the eight captives held at the fort, anil sending a missionary to the settlements of the Iroiiuois. "Simon le .Moyiie had the honor to be called upon to t'xpose his life" in ihe Irocpiois country, to which he eagerly responded. This brave Jesuit had visited their settlements on four former occasions, each tiiiu; at the risk of his life. He was well known to several of thi'i" chiefs, who wci'c his peri-onal friends. After the I'leliminarics were com bided, chief Karakonthie, 'J-i; leader of the dcpulalion, with Le ^. >\ne, and his band started out for the Inilian scttle;iients. Le Moyne, after a peiiloiis journey among these savages, re- turned to (Quebec in Itjdii with several leleased captives. '2. — During LcMoyne's al) ece among the Indians the cohuiy enjoyed a partial respite from savage incursions, during ,.,„^,,^„, .-.nn.ia which they considerably improved ^//;r'^!fj;';'iwll':''''' the. ; >iiiiilion. Other events also ocoUM-cd 1 1 l(j(l2 which greatly nnived the iiopcs of (lit! colonists. "On the arrival, in lt)()2, of a company of regular soldiers from France, wiio weri! des])atchcd by the King as an earnest of his good intentions, the inhaiiilants had de])uted M. Roiieher, commandant of Three Rivers, to follow up the ajipea' through Le Jeiinc. aiid afterwards by D'Argeiison. on his return to Frimce. and to implore llia> Majesty to fiuni.'-h immediate assist- ance. The King promised, al the same time, to Hi'iid out a whole I'egiment tln^ following year, tor the purpose of attacking the Iroipiois in their own t|narters. The troops, dcsiniteiied in advaiici!, were embarked in two vessels of wa.', and were placed t ;utioi). and in t.Ln iroqi.ois' •ftain fli'iger. ■i ^avo liit'in .air prnj.osals no jii'iice, and ready in tlieir siial IdrtiU'es, ral)le answer, but one .liat '. 'I liey Were • com,; .ynii'ii (iy )noi : tiian nieuts in hold iMneiy eritieal decided upon tlu! fort, and nicnts of tlio e lionor to lio I'le Inxinois londed. 'I'liis nients on four sii of his life, I'v: chiefs, who [ueliniinaiies tliB leader of iiid Ills hand <. J,e Moyne, e siiva'U| [uarrrli,, ItltiJ. I'd llie iidpes llKi >( i\ l''iaiiee, who artiest of hi.s ilcpnted iM. ers, to follow d afterwards larice, and tu eiliale assist* same time, to !ii;_j year, I'or in I heir own idvanee, weris 1 Wire placed t s n : 'i M I 1 1 li 1 1 J GOVERNMENT OF D'AVAUGOUR—CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 1:21 under the command of M. Hiimont, who received directions to investicjate and report on the state of the colony. On hoard tiic siime siiips npwards of two hinuh'ed colonists sailed for Canada, in charge of M. Bonchci'. The arrival of the troops and of this considcrahle hody of emigrants inspired tlie inhahilants with great joy. Another source of encouragement was the diminished activity of the warfare within the territory of the colony. The Mohawks anil Oneidas continued, on a smaller scale, to harass thrm with hostilities; for the negotiations which had hccn carried on with the Onondagas and Cayugas had not hound the other cantons to a state of peace. At this time, however, the majority of the Iroquois warriors were engaged in making war upon other trihes situated in the south and west."' This draft upon Iroquois forces prevented them from waging a successful war against the French, and, not only so, hut they liad been, in not a few instances, hunihlcd by defeats in these wars. It would have been a good event for the colony could the governor have crowned this favorable circumstance with a signal defeat of the enemies of his country, l)ut he lacked the resources to accomplish this. He was a man of great energ3', with an obstinate will ; and when the promised reinforcements and supplies failed to arrive from ''"rauce, his disappoimment, together with other diflicnities within tiie colony, so far af- fected his temper as to render him quite unfit to discharge the duties of his now diiricult position. Dissensions of a grave nature now sj>rung up between the governor and the ecclesiastical authorities. This was the beginning of a conflict l)etween civil and religidus autluuity in Canada which is still unsettled, and whi( h will be wiped out only when the civil goveninient of Quebt c is delivered from the papal grasp. One of the dif- ficulties of the time in question >vas regarding the sale of intoxicating licjuors. The disagreement between the governor and M. Laval on this and many other i', when the country Avas restored to France after the first English concpiest, the Hecollets were excluded from the country, and the Jesuit Order alone was given the charge of the religious affairs of tlieeolouv; many years elapsed before the former society obtain- ed a footing in the country. Laval, as chief ecclesias- tic, promulgated a system in virtue of whicliall the offices of religion were ]ierfornied by the secular l)riesthood under his own supervision. When he visited France in l()(i2 he secured authoritv to found at Quebec an institution called the "Seminary," destined for the preparation of young men for holy orders, and to fuini^h II supply of cures or priests to the pari>lies. For the maintenance of the seminary, as well as for the suiijiort of the priests the inhabit- ants were laxe((. The amount of tax, wliicn was imposed under the name of til/irs, was at first mii'- Ihirtceiith of all the revenue derived from labor and from tlie natural products of the soil, forest, and waters. There was subseiiuently a rcdu(ii(Mi in the amount to one-twenty-Hixth. as alrcaily nolic|L'//. Another matter necessarv to be nicniioiie.l here M! lii: Tirni.HS IIISI'OIIV OF I'llK DOMINION oF CANADA. Wiis the ('Dimncrfc in iiitdXiiiiliiiLj lii|nnrs, or, as il has li('<'ii St vied, llu' liijihir triiljh'. I'liis was, pcr- li:i|is, I lie iiiusl I'l nil I'll! (pf;!!! soini'i's of dissi'iisioii luMwccii llic(i\il iiiiil i'ccli'^i;isl ic.il :nil liorilics ol' till' |)ni\ iiic'c. ( 'liaiii|>l;iiii liiniM'H' IiikI wiliicsscil Sdiiii' III' I 111' cs il ioiis('i|iiiiii'('s w liicli I lie iiil rmliic- liiiii III' liiaiiily ami iillirr anlriil spiiils aiiiiiiiL^'sl llir sava^rs was I'alciiJali'il In |iiih1iici' ; ami, witli liis ciiaiai'li'iislii' Ihiu'v mIiiicc, ami ili'('|i m'Msc of virliii' ami icIiijiiMi, aclii|'liil mcasincs iij' [iii'vcn- linii. Mill, ill cciiirsr ul' tiiiir, t>|icriall v liiiriiiL;' r (,)iii4irc li\ I he I'lirjivji iimli'i- iiiciirsidiis li\ lliat tii rci' |irii|i|c ul' wlilili we liavi' iv a lii'irrai'i'iiiiiil. < 'liaiii|ilaiii was sue- \i\\v\\ oiilv I'lfdi'il liv .M(iiiliiia;4ii\ , wliiisr cliaracliT is sillll- iikmI ii|i rii^iiU'iiily as a man wlm " Irt'l licliiiiil iiiiii ail clcnial inriiinrv «'!' Iiis |H'mli'iici' ami sa'^acily." II f w as II iiiiiii>alilc' Jul his ri'li''iiiiis (ii'MPlciiiciil, as 'II as I'lir Ins I'liiii'.i'.'i' anil ili'Miilii'il ili'imam I III' iii'i'll|ial inn n _ Kii'k, ihc imlians lirciiiii' raniiliar wilh llii' iim' ul' " i'ail-ili'-\ ir." Ill (III' lill.rs ttt I )' A I ;_;i'li-.nli ami D' A \ aM^iMir, I lir i\ il allaiiiril Id a i,'li'al lii'i;;iil, sii ilial i'\iis,i\ I' ilniiiKriiiii'ss was |irriiiam'iil ly aihlrii III liii' nlhi'i' iiilrni|ii'i'al(' haliils ol' tin' sava;_;i's I hriMiLjIiiiiil (';iiiMila anil Nrw Fnijjaml. Laws w.ii' niaili' |irniiil>il inij tin' sali' ul lii|Mip|'.--, wliii'h I liiisi' ( iiiVi'l'lliil's I'lilinil ilillirilll III rlllniri'. L;i\j1 ami his I'lclLjy cXi'llril I lirlllsi'h rs sllrlill- iiiisiv ill ravipiiirilm laws, iiulji as ri's|ii'i'li'i| lln^ I''iriii'h (:ii|iiiii.'';ls ami I he Imlians, Iml wrii' nut. al w ays ('(tniiall y sii|i|ii)i hil li\ llir i'i\ il anllnnil ics. Disscnsidiis iin llir miIijitI :;ri'w ii|i, ami D'Aij^rii- siiiTs |iriiii'i|ial iiniiivi- fur irliiini; liipiii Ilir i;i>vrr mirsiiiji w a ., ilmilil ii>s, fiiiiinlrii lui liiis laiisr. D" A * auL;'iHii raiiir III an ii|pin iii|iliiri' wilh I, aval ii'>Mi'< liii;^' I hi! Iii|iiiii- liallir. I. —My way nf iria|iil iihil inn wr mav lakr a Till' iiiiv.rii"i li.ii ^laniT al ihr (iuNi'iiiiir (iinrrals of ^•llll^ nf lltllllilH, 1 ■ , .11 iiiiiH i.iii.i. iNt'w I'lancrlroni lliUSiu jdi).,. | hry wrir nun of i^rial i'iiiiiai;i: ami aliilily, pi rsiiliii'^ iiM'i' I III' a flail's of I III! i'oloii\ . iliii ini; a jiii loil w liirh has Im'cm . ipio|iiial»'ly sInIiiI liic licruic iiL;r of I Canaila. I'liljiuviiii; an^ llir iiaiiii'S of ihr (iovri'- iiois anil ihi' ilali's of lliiir ailniinisi i al ions : — I'hniliplillli ll^ii" HI.'." rlilili liiifi.ll /.ni/imill» UM, lli.:il UmiliiiilKny .. Ill.'lll HUH li'Aill.l »l HUH |iir,l ll.'Ulil/i.ll lli.M IIIMI Ili'l jni/.iiii (KMii) I' mfunniii Iiyili llifi? li'Alll.'l I I, III iHiiiuii Ili.v; li;,'.H |i' Aiui'MKcm llhiR li:iil irAi.tiinciiii niia iiiii.i ( )f ( 'liaiiiplain loo III mil praise caniiol In' spnKrii. Mr was thi' f Ii'l' of Ihr loloiiy, ilMil ils fllilllflll ( Jii\ I'l nof 'or I w inl \ si'mh yi ars. 1 1 is only im-.laKi' |iro\ ('(I as i,Mi'al as his want of I lir nrrrssary inloinia- liiiii III pi'i'Vi'iil il was p.ii'ilonalilr, \ 1/ : his assault upon Ihr Iioijiiois. I his Iril lo all tin' \r\alions III' liiiill i'orl Ikirhrlii'ii in liil'J. in oi'ili'i- loihi'i'k ihr inl'nl'-^ions of ihi' Iioipmis. Mr ailniinisi I'lcil t ho affairs of Ni'W l''ranii' for Iwilsi- \iars, in spi'akiii'^' of whiih ihr .Icsiiit Lc Mi'irirr wrote: "All the prill, iiial pi'isoiis 111 onr eolony honor I sirllle lull' liolils her head ili'.dl. Is religion, am il not a hi'_;hlv eommelidalile si;;lil lo liehold sol- diers and artisans, I'"i eiiehliieii ami sa\aL;es, dwell- illi; toLjelher peaeealilv , and elijoviiiL; llie L;oiid-w ill of eaeli oilier'.' This .sort of ini'.aele has lieeli ln'oii'ihl alioiil li\ the prmh lire and sa'^aeily ol M. Mmil inaiL^nx , onr < ii>\ ei nor : and. in sa\ ini; I his, 1 lielie\e I e\ple>s the senlilllellls of all under his ;4o\ ei nnielil . We owe \eiy ;;ieal olil i^at ions In our ereal Kin.LC- '" 'I"' Cardinal, and lo ihe ineiii- liers of the ( 'onipaii\ , lor lia\ iie^ L;i\ en ns a man so valiant and so eoiiversanl with all kinds ol kiiowl- eilLje, so tilled for loiiiniaml, and almM' all, so eieallv inleresiid I'll- ihe ejoiy of (iud. Ills ex- ample draws all afli'l him. .Iiisliee reii^lis here, insoleiiee is I la lii^liei !. and impmleme daie no|. raise her head. Mil I \\ Inn I his oni ( iowi nor leaves us, we know .'ol who iiia\ smeeed him; so, may (iod preserve lillli for lis a loll',' lime, as il is e\- IrenieU impoilaiil to inliodiiee t;oiiil laws and virlnoiis eiisliiiiis in these early lie^iiiiiiiiijs, and those who are to eoiiie allel' lis will easily follow in our fooisteps the examples we afford them, w hei her of e^ood or evil." .Mont ma'.'jiy was siie- (leedi d li\ D" A 1 1 lihousl . He was liisl eonneeled with ('aiiada as a intnilier of lln- ('onipany of Monlreal. He lironvdil out a small Imdy ol eolo- nisls in 111 t."i and set I led on tin- island. Me was (Jovi'inor (ieneial from liils to |ri..I.lnit after- wards, liel ween 111.")? and Ili.iS he drehareed the fiinelions of l.ieiil ( iovei nor until the ani\al of I )■ Aioeiison, Me w as an e seel lent military olliier. lie made an iin-^meessfiil ell'oil to eslahli^h a lieal\ lielwieii ( 'aiiadii and tin- New I'lie'laml eiiliilili'S. In l^.'il he W as slleeeediil li\ M.del.ail- ■/oii, when he relired to the Island of Monlreal, where, diiriii'; llie nliseme 111 the eoniinamlant, he I aeled ill thai eaiiaeilN. Some \ears later he \\\v\ IV (' llllVC \ as SlU'- 1 is III siim- j tiini 1 ! « (ioVKHNMl'.N r OF I»' W MMIOl'IJ ('ONMU'I'ION' OI" llli; Col N rUV. \1 a;^.nii calUil Caiiaila. al ll t lull. i>r a I'IMIIlt l'\ . n' 1 iu>r 1 III acl a I .irni ( tr M. ill l.an/iin's ailniiiiislrii- II I'liM- l.aii/iHi ■^ Mill liail ii'tinil rnmi llic M. 'Ir l.air/iHi was an inlliiriilial nii'iii- iil I lir iiilii|iaii\ 111 ( hir IIiiikIiiiI .\>-- n'lal i'S. IS a|i|iiiiiil iiiriil as (i.iM'iiiiir was iiiailr al liisiiwii iri|iii--l, lor 111' sii|)|iiiM'ii llial li\ |uo(iii| ill'.; Ill ( all Ilia Ml jirlMM III' I oillil irslmc llii' li'l (iiiiis 111' liii' inliiiiN. Oil Ins aiii\al in <)('liilirr |)i.ii. III' I'll II III I il> alV.ii|s ill a mill 1 1 w ihm' iniiilit lull till. II III' li.iil Mi|>|>iisi ll. rill' anilariU i>l llir liiiiliiiiis, ainl lliiir ai'lixi' liiisii!ii\ a'.;aiiisi llir l''iri'i'ii, liail I'i'ai'liril llicir liiL'lir-^l jilili. ami al all llir luiinipal |mi-.Is llir ilisi i rssnl ruluiiisls I'liiilil >A\f llii II li\rs Hilly li\ iriiiaiiiiii" ni a siati- iif sir'.;i'. ' W'r liavr aliriiK '^iMii an .iiruiinl ul' I III' I' ililliiiill ii"-. I >"A i'.;i iixiii siii'iTiili-il In till' i;ii\ ri iiiiiriil ill lii.'iT, ami aniviil in (aii.iila in lii.iS. ■• rill' alViiiis III' till' i.'li.nx. .Is lias luiii aliiailv sl.ilnl. Will', iliiiiii'; iIm' nili i \al. adiiiiiiiv liiril li\ I )' A ilii'linii-l. lie w as a \ iiiiiii; m.iii uf I llii I \ I w (1 III- I Ini I \ I liii'.' \ rars 111' .i",i' al I lu' I iiiii' ul' liis aiiival III' 1 1 |iiil.il mil lur rum j'r. ailili rss, anil saL;aiil\, was lii",li. Siisiaiinil li\ an ailii| n.iii' nillilaiy I'lHi r. Ik iiii'lil lia\i' si'iiiiril In llii' |.|ii\ nil' |ir.iri' aiiii |M I iii.inrtii |'iu>|:inl\. I>iil I'lanri' 11'"', li'i'li'il III liii ni'^li SI ill lit' I s, (III' 1 11 II I III lis IIM'. ran I III' I'liiiiii I \ . aiiil I III' iii'w ( iii\ rniur siiuii ilisiuvn- I'li llial 111' wa. |iii\\rl|iss In |i|nlrrl llir Inis ami |i|n|irll\ nl I lii' I'nliin |s|.s. Alllnli'.; lIli' CVi'llls nl immii i.i w llii ll iiii'ii II I'll ilni III", llii' ail mi nisi ml mn 111 l> Al'iii-ni, will' liii' (iiiinii'; mil nj I/. /,.)/',(/, a I lliraiiis.il III' vrr\ > niisiili'i;ili|i' mi|i|i| us ami llilialill.iiils Inr llli' islaliilnr Mnl.llr.ll, III llir \ rar I'i''' Ainiil lllls I mil', .11 .11, llir llni||inls Will' III. ll, III'.; llli II |ii I'l'aial iniis Inr a liiiai .mil ilriisiNc a .Mill ll|inn llir i n liil ijiij riilii|i\, w liicli, :i . lias 111 I'l alirjilv ii.in.iliil. w a ■ iinlililnl Inr ils s.ijva lion liniii iniii III llli' lii'ioi'.iii .mil iIi-n oliun ol I'oll.iiii, ,11. 1 ill,. iimII riir,'(. iiiiilri Ins 1 niiiiiiaml." Mil' ■■< III . siicci'siir n'Avnii'.'i in, an im il in 1 1 ill I ; 111' Ills .iiliiiinislialioii we liiivi- ilirailv s|niki'ii. ■'• "n I )rii'niln'r .'iH, Min, llic Imnsf nl' iln' Ihsiiiiiii's al ii Ikt was ili'siioMil li\ liii' llir „ , ,., , I M III I III r\\ ,\ ir I 111' liiiiiiiiiK«>f III', ii.ii ... ..I lli.'l i.iillii. . nl «|,n|,, ,.nlnll\. 11 li' ll t i • 1 n nio ■ o 11 1 1^111. 1 , tlhUl. al'ii'i' all liail i< i iinl lo ir i, ami " li\ ils siiilili'iiiifs.i anil \ loli'iii 1 . IN s I >i . Mill",, " lom prlli'il llli' inin.ili". lo i'si.i| ,i . ili,.\ lic.i ronM ill llit'ir iiii^liI iliilli. .. Vi'l no Iims wi rr losl. I he ilil 1 1 w iili wi-al Inr w as \ «'r\ lolil ami I lir .m oiiml ro\ I'ln Show. It\ lliis liri' till' rrsiiliins lo>i all tlir.s liail. lull llii'N wiTcirirrwaiiis t'lialiU'il lo ri'lniilil. llir ollii'i' rt'li^imis limlit's, us ulsn llir i,'o\ ri nor. assisl I'll ilinn In iln ihis willi In. ills ol' moiii'\ ami lliiir riir (ioMrnoi liiiiisiir .III M, ilWilliliniil I'liinisliiil (ill- ilis|..;nsnr |il,iiis: ami tin' i I'nniiri. as li'ni|inial I'.il Inr ol' I In- roinnumii \ . ilni all 111' I oiilil low. mis tlir irsioralioii ol'iliiii iisi'ln| [', I'sl.ililisliiinnl. ( )iir ol' till' most loinliiii<4 ini'iilrlits I'omi.rliil Willi llli' ili-.isiii of llir 1 i sul iiiis oc- iililiil a slmil Imii- allrr llli- till'. ^^ Inn llii'X \>rii' liiii|ioraiil\ lnil'.,'iil in llic iinli'l hiiii. wlnii' iln ; ll'ispiliilii' fi » ii'itiMil llnni Willi ill'' nliiinsl mimI nrss ami I'li.ii il \ . I'lool's of s\ m|Mi |i\ li.nl ii'.n In il llii'lil riolllrvriv iinaiii'l .il I i lassis ol' I lii' l'"l iln li .iml llli' linli.ins roniliiniii'-. lo m.inili s| ilir roii { I'l'l 11 .so imi\rrs.lll\ mill l.liliril. I>lll iln' I'linr iilirolis, who llii'll orrn|iiri| al Ir.lsl lUll r.ilims III llli' III i'lilioni liooil ol llli' liosjiil'il. lAii'llril nllirls III lliis ii's|ii'rl. Tlii'N lirlil a rniiln ll. ami liinlmi;; llial llii'ir iilmosi wr.illli cniisisiiil in I lir |iiis-.i's- sion 111 I W o ji I I'l'l I -I I II i-:il!,i .v, r.nli rolil|ins(.|| nl I _'l ll • !;i.lllis or lin'_;s, llir\ n snUril In "11 III a Imih In llli' ilolil l>ii'ii, anil oH'ir lliisr ;is .i |i|i'm'|iI. .iloii'; willl lliill inlnlnlilii IS. I Inn .lllil. '{'ilirnii/,-, III. nil' .III ni.iiinii. inmnii'm ill'.;: ' \ mi IhIioIiI m ns |iiinl I'll. linns llli' Irlli'snl .1 lli ill I isluil'; n.lllnli nnw lin ninlr. Ill mil' lllllnn lonnlM, wr li.l\i' liirli ilrMiiinil ami ;'.n.iwt'il lo iln- mix Imm . nl' wai anil Linnin' ; imr rmilil llnsr i.iiiasrsnl mils slami ii|iri';lil Inil lor I hr ■ii|i|ini | w r li.i\ c ilii i\ iil lioiii \mi. \ on li.i\ r li.ii iiril 1 1 mil ol lirl s. .i ml now \on si'i- Willi \mi| nwii r\i's, llir r\liiiinl\ nl llllsi'r\ In wlinll wr li.i\r lirrli liililiiil. I nnK wi'M al lis. ami jml'.M' il in mir own r.isr w r liavr mil miii'li In l.imnil. ami In raiisr n-., wiilmni ri'asim.;. In slnil Imii nls nl' Ir.us. Uiil, .mis' ilns i|i'|ilm.ililr ai'i'iili'iil wlinli li.is lirLilIrn vmi is a ii'iiiw .nl 111' mir allliri imis. lo srrili.il ln.ini i Inl lialiilal ion Iniinl. lo sm ili.ii lioii.r nl ili.niu ii'iliiiiil loi'i 'is. In SI r I hr ll.iinrs iai',ini; I lirrc Wlllimil ir-l'i'i'l In \ nlir r..lrri'il |ii|sii||s ihls li'- , iiiimls ii<. Ill' ih.ii iini\< is.il I'unll.i"! .11 inn wlmli ilrsiio\ri| oiir ll w rllin|;s, mir \ill.i",i .mil mn w hull' rminliN ' .Mil. I lirr, llirli, Inllnw iis ilms r\ rr\ w lii'lr ' . . . Itiil rnni.l"!', sariril luilr's! mil lir. I |i|i "III nl' I 'llli ';i.imsnr |in|rrl,im 1-. In "nliliini \nill I rsniiil inn In innlinilr \ oil r a II ril nin , ami lii'n\i'iil\ ili,iiil\ low aids iis |iiioi sava^Ms, ami It 1 1 %. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // A^<^ 5ft Z ^ 1.0 If"- IS^ I.I 2.2 20 1.8 11-25 11111.4 IIIIII.6 I I V] VI ^;; > > '/ M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRIET WIBSTER.N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I I VIA TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DO.MIXION OF CANADA. to attacli 3'our feet to tlie soil of this countiy, so that no rej^ard for your own friends and native land will be strong enough to tear you away. Our second present is to desi.n'nate the laying' anew of the foundations of an edifice which siiall again be a house of God and of prayers, and in which you can again hold your classes for the instruclion of our little Huron girls.' The fire is known as the first fire of the house of the Ursulines of (Quebec, for the seconil eilitice, erected on the same founda- tions as the former one, was subsetpiently burnt down in the year 1072.'* — Miles. (J. — 'J"he Jesuits give us accounts of singular occurences in 1(JU;5. They inform us that heaven wonaortui Ph. no- iipl't^ared visibly to display its anger ""■'"■• against the sins of the times. "At Montreal a globe of fire was seen to detach itself from the moon, burst in mid-air with a report like that of a cannon, and disappear in blazing frag- ments behind the mountain. In llie month of January, a strange mist rose from the river, and three suns stood parallel with the horizon, eadi encircled by an iris which momentarily clianged its varied hues. Twice was this strange appear- ance seen. These portents were the precursors of a fearful earthquake. On the Itth of FebruaiT, a mighty rushing noise was heard throughout Canada, and the jit^ople rushed in terror fromtlieii' houses to see the walls cracking, the chimneys swaying to and fro, the roofs falling in, and to hear the bells of the churches ring ou(. 'I'hcy were attacked by a strange giddiness and qualmish- ness: when they essayed to walk, the earth seemed to rise and strike the soles of their feet. The Accounts given (mainly on the authority of the •' habitans " and Indians) of tiie convulsion of the land are very extraordinary. A huge mountain, llu^y said, was torn from its place and cast into the river, where it took root and became an island ; a forest slid from the banks into tlie St. Lawrence ; fearful chasms of unknown depth disclosed them- selves; several rivers disappeared, others changed their beds; gentle streams were changed into falls and rapids, uiul falls and rapids in to genth! streams. The Jesuit Fathers, who give anaeoiuit of these too Strang" incidents in their letters, state tiuit not a single soul perisheower. It held also that tiie laws and customs of the church of France could not be broken at the bid- ding of the Pope. 'I'he papal party, on tlie contrary, maintained that the Pope, (.'hrist's Vicegerent on earth was supremo over earthly rulers, and shoidd of right exercise jurisdiction t)ver the clergy of all the world, with full powers of ai)pointinent and removal." Hence tiiey claimed for him the light of nominating bishops in Fraiu'o. This had anciently been exercised by assemblies of the French clergy, but in the reign of Francis I. the King and the Pope had e(uuiiined lo wrest it from them by the Coiu:ordat of Pologna. L'nder this compact, which was still in force, the Pope up- m m \\ ;!! ..II' 126 TI;TTI,KS IIISIOItY CF Tin: DOMINION OF CANADA. I pointed Frciicli bishops on tlie noniinivtion of tlie king, 11 plan whicii (lispleused tlie Giilliciins, iind did not satisfy the ultnimontanes. 'J"he Jesuits, then as now, were tlie most forcible ex[)onents of ultramontane principles. The chnreh to rule the world; the Pope to rule the clnireh ; the Jesuits to rule the I'ope : sneh was and is the simple pro- gramme of the Order of Jesus, and to it th(!y have iield fast, exee])t on a few rare oeeasions of mis- understandiniT with the Vicegerent of Ciirist. In the (lucstion of pa[)al suprciiiacv, as in must things elsi!, Laval was of one mind with I hem. Those versed in siieli histories will not be surprisi'd to learn that, when he received the royal niiiiiinatiou, humility would not permit him to aeceiit it ; nor that, l.ieiiig urged, he at leiigtli bowed in rcsigua- tioii, still jirutesting his un worthiness. Nevertheless the royal nomination did not take efl't'ct. The I'lt.ra- moulaiies oiitlhinked both the King and the (Jal- licaus, and by adroit strategy made the new [H'elate completely a creature of the papain'. Instead of appointing him Hishop of tiuebiic, in aeein-dance with the royal initiative, the I'ope made him his Vicar Apostolic for Canada, thus evading the king's nomination, and afliiining that Canada, a count ry of inlidiil savagi;s, was excluded from the concordat, and un(h:r his, the Pope's jurisdiction, pure and simple. The (iallicans were enraged. The Arch- bishop of Rouen vainly opposed, and tin; parlia- ments of Kouen and of Paris vainly protested. The pajial Jiarty prevailed. Tlu; king, or rather Maxarin, gave his eonsiriit, subject to certain con- ditions, iIh! chief of whicli wasan oath of allegian(;e; and Laval, grand Vicar Apostoiii:, decorated with the titb) of IJishop of Petraia, sailed lor his wibler- ness diocese in the spring of lii.V.l. lie was l)ut thirty-six years of ag(!, but even when a boy he could scarcely have scemeil yoinig. <,)ucylus, for u time, seemed to accept the situation, and tacitly admit tlie claim of Laval as his ecch^siaslical sui)cr- ioi' ; but, stiniulat(!il by a lettisr from the Arch- liishop of Rouen, he soon threw himself into an attitude of opposition, in which the popularity wlii(th his generosity to the poor had won lor liim ga\c him an ail vantage! ('ver annoying to his adver- sary. The (puiirel, it will Ixtsccn, was three-sided, — ( iallii:an against I llraiMontane, Siiipit Ian against, .Fesuit, Montreal against (Quebec. To Montreal tiie recalcitrant Abb(^, after a brief visit tn (Quebec, had again retired ; but evi'u here, girt, with his Sulpitian brethren and compassed with partisans, the arm of the vicar apostolic was long enough to reach him. l?y temperament and conviction Laval hated a divided authority, and the very shadow of a schism was an abomination in his sight. The young king, who, though abundantly jealous of his i(jyal power, was forced to conciliate the papal l)arly, had sent instructions to D'Argenson, thegov- ernor, to support Laval, and prevent divisions in tin; ('anadian eliureh. These instructiiuis served as the jiretext of a procedure sullicienl ly suinuiary. A S([uad of soldiers, commanded, it is said, by the CioviMiior himself, went up to Montreal, brought the indignant t^ueyliis to tjucbcc, ami shipped him thence for France. \iy these means, \\ rites Father Lalcuiant, order reigned l'(U- a season in the church. It was but for a seasoii. (^ueylus was not a man to bide his dci'cat in lran([uil]ily, nor wcrc^ his brother Sul|iitians disposed to silent ai'c|uie.>^cenee. Laval, on his part, was not a man of half mcasuri'S. He had an agent in (''ranee, and partisans strong at court. Fearing, to biu'row the words of a Catholic writer, that the return of (^ucylus to Canada would [irove " injurious to the glory of (io(l,"" he bestirred himself to pri^vcnt i*. The young king, then at Aix, on his fanions journey to the frontii'rs of Spain to marry the Infanta, was induced to write to (iucylns, ordeiing him to remain in I'lance. (^ueylus, however, repaired to Rome; but even against this movement jirovision had been made : accusations of Jansenism had gonebclore him, and he met a cold W(dcome. Ntiverthelcss. as hi- had powerful friends near the Po[ic, he succeeded in removing these adv(U'se impressions, and even in obtaining certain bulls relating to the establish- ment of tin; parish of .Montreal, and ra\or;ili!e to the Sulpilians. Provided with these, he set at nought the king's letter, embarked under an as- sumed name ami sailcil t(i (Quebec, w here he made his apiii'arant'c on ihe Ihtl of August, ItKil, to the extreme wrath of Laval. A ferment ensued. Laval's partisans charged the Sulpilians with Jan- senism and o|ipositicMi to the w ill of the P '\>r, \ preacher miu'c /ealous than the rest denouiu'cd them as ])riests of Anliehrist ; and as (o the bulls in their favor, it was alliriucd that (^)ueylns had obtained them by fraud from the Holy l'"ather. Laval nt luiec i.ssued a mMidate I'orliidding him to proceed lo Mcmtrcal till ships >lioMld arrive with instructions from the King. At the wn.ie lime he 1> imitisiins, J i'iii)\ii;h to ii'tioii Liival y sliiuldw of siglit. Tlif y jealous ot" tc tlie pa pill soil, tlu'gov- (livisions in tioiis st'i'vcd ly siiiiunarv. said, 1)V tilt! I'al, liroiiLjlit shipjicil liiiii iiili's I'^atlitT 1 tli(^ clmicli. ^ iiol a man ir wt'ii! Ills (•(|lli('Sl'l'lH'l'. lit' measures. ins slt'oni;' at pf a Catliolii; aiiada would lie liesi iireil iiii,% then at IVontiei's of ;'d to write in l''raiiee. lull even •en made : lie liiiii, and as lie had ■eeeded in lid even in estalilisli- avDiidile to lie set at, der an as- 'I'e he made IlKII, to the lit ensued. with .lan- I'lpe. A denounced the hulls ueyliis hail liv l'"atlier. iii'.f him to anive willi iiuj time ho {^ONFI.K^rS BlVrWEKN CIUTRCH .VND STATK demanded of the LTovonior tliat he should iiiteipos the civil power to prevent CJueylus from leaviu (.) .\s DA rirensiui, w ho wished to aet as peaeemaUer lietw<'en the bellitjereiit fathers, dii not at (uiee take the sharp measures retiuired of him, I. aval renewed his demand on the next day, eallinn' on him, in the name of (Jod ami the Uiiijj, to eoiii|)el tjiieyliis to yield the ohedieiiee due to him, the viear apostidie. .\t the same time he sent I another to the olleiiding .Milii', tlireateiiiuq; to ^ suspend iiim from priestly fiinetioiis if he persisted in his reliellioii. The iiieoriiLrihle t^iieylus, who j si-ems til have lived (or some mouths in a siiiiiiier , of iM)ntiniial indignation, set at noiij^ht the viear j apostolie as he had set at noiit;ht the Uiuij;, took a hoa. that very nij;ht and set out for .Montreal undercover of darkness. (!reat was tin- ire of Laval wlu'ii he heanl the news in tlie moriiiui;'. ij lie despatched a letter al'icr him, declariiiy; him | suspended i/itid/iiftii, if he did not instantly return and make his suhmission. This leilcr, like the rest, failed of t lie dcsireil elVect ; lint the !j;overnor, who liad rcecivcil a second iiiandale from the kiui; to siippiut I, aval and prevent a sehisni. now relnc- taully interposed the secular arm. and t^neyliis was a^ain eompellcd to relnru to l''rance. tjuev- liis' removal was, in t'aci, a defeat of tln^ Sulpitians. Laval hail a slioil time previous, taken steps to (Uiish what he re<;arileiear aposlolie and he wrote to the I'ope in regard thereto as follows: "1 pray your holiness to let me know your will coneerniiij; the jurisdictiiui of the Archliishop of Uoiicn. ^\. I'.Milie de (Jiieyliis, w ho has come out this year as vicar of this archliishop, has tried to deceive lis liy surreptitious letters, iliid has olieyeil neither our prayers nor our re- pealed coininands to desist. i?ut he has recei\eil orders from the kiiii;- to return iniiiiediatel\ to I'laiice, to rendi'i' an aeeiuint of his disoliedieiiee. and he has lieeii conipi'llcd hy the governor to conlorin to the will of his Majesty. What 1 now fear is I hat, on his return to i'Vance, liy iisiiu;- e\ ei\ kind of means, cmployiii);- new arliliccs, and falsely leproeiitiiiLC tuir alVairs, lie may ohtain from the coiiil of Kome powers which may distiiili the peace of our church ; for the priests wh;MU lit hrouiiht with him from France, and who live in Montreal, are animated with tin same spirit of disohediencc and division ; and I fear, with Ljood reason, that all l)elou<:;iiii;- to the seminary of St. Stilpice, who may come hereafter to join them, will he v)( the same disposition. If what -s said is true, that hy means of fraudulent letters t!;e ri;4ht of liatronayc of the pretended parish of Montreal has heen t^ranted (o the superior of this seminary, and the rii;lit of appointnu'iit to the .Vrelihishop of Iktuien, then is altar reared aijainst altar in our Church of Canada; fr from him, sent a subordinate; to offer it to the governor, instead of offering it himself. Laval fui'ther insisted that the priests of the elioir should receive incense before the governor received it." D'Argensou resisted, and, of course, fresh grounds for quarrel were afforded. I'p to this time it was customary for the (lovernor to hold the oflice of church warden I'x-nffinin, which was considered an ailditiou to his honors. Now, Laval deelaretl that D'Argenson should hold the position no longer. Soon after, the (lovcimu' attended a meeting of the wardens, anil being informed that he had been dismissed, he resisted the j)ower of the bishop, and another ipnirrel followed, in which the vicar apostolic is represented as having lost his temper. On the occasion of "solemn catechism," the bishop insisted that he should be saluted before the (Jov- ernor. D'Argenson, being informed of this ecclesi- astical order, rcjfused to attend, wheretipon a com- promise was hail in the contrivance that, when the rival dignitaries entered, tiie children should be 80 deeply engaged in some exercise as not to notice either. However, a cou]ile of boys, probably set on by their parents, saluted the Covernoi' first. On the following day they were whipped for this breach of orders. Hut there were other troubles still. Laval jironounced a sentence against a heretic to which the Governor took exception, and a dead lock was the consequence; therefore, when Palm Sunday came, there could be no j)roeessii)n and lu) distribution of branches, because 'he governor and the bishop were disagreed concerning their relative positions. "On the day of the Fete Dieu, however, there was a grand jjrocession, which sto])ped from time to timi; at temporary altars, or ri'pondirx, placed at intervals along its course. One of these was in the fort, where tiie soldiers were drawn up, waiting the arrival of tiie jjrocession. Laval demanded that they should take olT their hats. D'Argenson assented, and the soldiers stood uncovered. Laval now insisted that they should kneel. The (rovernor rei)lie(l that it was their duty as soldiers to stand ; whereupon the bishop refused to stop at the altar, and ordered the pro- cession to move on." — I'urkman. Such disputes as these continued, and although they may appear to some as trivial, they were by no means so; for the question as to whether the bishop or tho gov- (U'lior should take the highest seat on any occa- sion was simply a jiolitical quarrel, for it ])resenteil the position of church and state in their reJatious to government. 4. — In the midst of these difTiciiltios, l)othof the aggrieved parties had recourse to the sovereign pow- er in France for redress. D'Argcn- ,„,..,, „,„, j,,, son drew up a memorial, addressing ',',',''','i'".''','-(,u't'ot' the Council of State, asking for in- ''''■'""■''• struct ions when and how a governor. — the repre- sentative of a king, — ought to receive hol\' incense, lioly water and eonseerated bread ; whether the said bread sliould be offered him accomjianied by the sound of drum and fife ; what should be the position of his seat at church, and what place he should occuiiy in various religious ceremonies; whether in feasts, assemblies, ceremonies, and coun- cils, of a piirrh/ civil character, he or the bishop was to hold the first place ; and, finall3% if the bishop could cxeonnuunicate the inhabitants or others for acts of a ci\il and political character, when the said acts weri; jironounced lawful by the governoi". A reply to this memorial denied the bisho[) the power of exconun'inication in civil nuitters; as- signed to him the second place in meetings ami ceremonies of a civil character, but is silent on all "or liiis lii'pacl) troubles still. ist a lieix'tic lo in, and a (load re, when Palm )r()cession and e Mu! governor ncerninjT tlieir the F'cte Dieu, 'cssinn. which )iii!y altai's, or ts course. One soldiers were he jirocession. take off their ! soldiers stood it they should b it was their on the bishop dered the pro- Snch disputes ey may ajipear means so ; for ^[> or the gov- on any occa- "or it presented their relations es, Imthof the ■iovereign pow- I.nv.'il nml lils f 0|i|ioiitMif. uppcnl ■ ti) the Court of France. )r, — the repre- 2 holy incense, whether the conipaiiied by should he tiio kvhat ])laee he ceremonies ; ues, and eoun- lie bishop was if the bisliop its or others !ter, when the the governor, le bishop the I matters ; ns- meetings and s silent on all i lb! i ^ 'Si '■ ^i 1 Nt.lMVi II t <('«:--■ iV 1,1k' HjIIiJ '.HiMiiWV III lilt lillMiNHIN liMiNU Hull HAI'Mif, ■ I I '-Hi' IMI i MJAiMI'. 1 i'''t' LJMt " n i i ■ ;l 11 ^1 t!'- m w CONFLICTS BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE. 129 other pdiiits. >r.'iin\vliilo. tlio liislinp .ippealed to tlic aiitlioiitics iilso. I In wrote to tlio ;Lroveriior's bnithcr. ii counsellor of state and a firm friend of the Jesuits— •> Your lirotlier," he says, "received me on my arriviil with extraordinary kindness;" but he proceeded to state that the t;overnor had entertained a groundless distrust of the Jesuits, and that he had given him, in private, a candid warning, which ought to have done good, but which the governor had taken amiss." The gov- ernor himself wrote to the same brother at the same time in this manner : " The Bisliop of Petraia is so stiff in opinion, and so o*'ten transjiorted by liis zeal beyond the rights of his position, that he makes no ditlieulty in encroaching on the func- tions of others; and this with so much heat tiiat he will listen to nobody. A few days ago he car- ried off a servant girl of one of the inhatntants here, and jdaced her, by his own authority, in the Ursuliue convent, on the sole pi'etext that he wanted to have her instructed; tluis depriving her master of her services, tliough ho had been at great expense in bringin;- her from France. This inhabitant is M. Denis, who, not knowing wlio liad carried her off, came to me with a petition to get her out of the convent. I kept the petition three days without answering it, to prevent the affair from being noised abroad. The levcrend Father Lalemant, with whom I communi ted on the subject, and who greatly blamed thi Bishop of Petrtca, did all in his power to have''' rl given up quietly, but without the least si so that I was forced to answer the petition, .m niit M. Denis to take his servant wherever he should find her ; and, if I had not used means to bring about an accommodation, and if JF. Denis, on the refusiU which was made him to give her up, had brought the matter into court, I shoidd have been compelled to take measures which would have caused great scandal ; and all from the self-will of the Bishop of Pctrtca, who says that a hisJiop can do what he likes, and threatens nothing but excommunication." We might con- tinue our narrative of special differences between Laval and D'Argenson to almost any length, but it will be necessarj- to draw this matter to a close. 5. — This life of conflict between tlie religious and civil authority, so characteristic Coufllrti between « , . i ■ • , ', • the reiigiouB and 01 lus admuiistration, was in sorry I'lvll powers. ii.ii' i- t ii contrast to his reception by the pious fathers on his arrival to take charge of the affairs of the government. On that occasion the Jesuits asked him to dine; then followed vespers, after which they conducted him into a liall, where the boys of their school, dressed uj), one as tlie Genius of New France, one as the (lenius of the forest, and others as Indians, made him s[)eeehes by turn in prose or verse. These performances were not without interest. " First. Pierre dii Quet, who played the Genius of New France, pre- senting his Indian retinue to the (Jovernor, in a complimentary harangue. Then four other boys, personating French colonists, made him four flat- tering addresses, in French verse. Charles Denis, dressed as a Huron, followed, bewailing the ruin of his people, and appealing to D'Argenson for aid. Joan Francois Bour(h)ii, in the character of an Algonquin, next advanced on the platform, boasted his courage, and declared that he was ashamed to cry like the Huron. The Genius of the Forest now appeared, with a retinue of wild Indians from the interior, who, being unable to speak French, addressed the Governor in their native tongues, which the Genius proceeded to interpret. Two other boys, in the character of prisoners just escaped from the Irotjuois, then came forward, imploring aid in piteous accents; and, in conclu- sion, the whole troop of Indians, from far and near, laid their bows and arrows at tiu' feet of D'Argenson, and hailed him as their chief." But this ovation was not an ap[>ropriate introduction to the discoril that followed. Aside from his troubles with Laval, the independent spirit of Montreal gave him groat uneasiness. In speaking of this difficulty he said: "Besides wanting to be independent, the Montrealists want to monopolize the fur trade, which he said, if the King did not interfere, would cause civil war." Surrounded with so many troubles it is no wonder that he wrote, "I am resolved to stay here no longer, but to go home next year. My horror of di.ssension, and the manifest certainty of becoming involved in disputes with certain persons with whom I am unwilling to quarrel, oblige me to anticipate these troubles, and seek some way of living in peace. These excessive fatigues are far too much for my strength. I am writing to Monsieur the President, and to the gentlemen of the Company of New France, to choose some other man for this govern- ment." And again, " If you take any interest in !!; M i 1 i' :,; I'll h. l:?0 TUTTLE'S HISTOIIY OK THE DOMINION OF CANADV. Iliis ciiinitiv, sec tliiit tlio ])ors(in eliDsni to (•oni- iii;iii(l lit'ic li;is, hi'sidcs tlu? triic iiicly iicci'SSiiiT to a ("liristiiiii in cvciy coiKlitiiiii nt" life, grciit firiu- iiess (if ciiiiracttT atnl stroiiL; liddily lifallli." Wlieii tlio (Invfiiior was n'licvcil, Imth Ik^ and Laval fi'lt easier. !?iil (lie lattt r was U> liave new battles to fiLjliI with llie new ( Jovei'nor. D'Avan- gour had a dislii]iointe(l a new one. The trouhle was fairly inaui^urated. C'liur(di and State were once more clamorinij; for siiproniaey one ovit tile other in ("annda. 'I'lie ijuestion at issue on this occasion was one amoii!^ {[\(\ many dinienlties hetween AiLjcnson and tile N'ieai', and it continued for many years after, as we shall see, to distnrli tile peace of tlie colony. It was tilt! teminiranee (inestion, and |)arliciilarly witii reference to tiio Indians. 'Iheir appetite for l)iaiidy iiad already caused many disorders. " Tiiey dranlc expressly to fj;et dniniv, and wiien drunk (iiey wiue like wild heasts. CriiiK! and violence of ail s(U'ls ensued ; tiie priests saw tiieir tcaeiiintfs (U'spised and their flocks ruined. On tiie otiier iiand, tiie sale of liraiidy was a chief source of profit, , in- cludinu; tiie ])riiieipai persons of tim colony. In DWrifcnson's time, Laval launciied an excominuni- catiiMi aijainst tiiose enyan'cd in tiie aliiiorred trallic ; for nolhin^i; less tiian total proiiiiiition would (iontent tiie clerical parly, and liesides tiie spirit ual penalty, they demanded tiie piinisiunent of dealii a.t;ainst the contumaeioiis olVender. Deatii, in fact, was decreecl. Such was tiie pos- ture of aH'iirswlien D'Avaiii^oiir arrived ; and, wiii- int^ as lie was to conciliate tiic Jesuits, lie permit- ted the di creo tii take el1'e(!t, altiiougii, it seems, witii u^nan(!e. \ few weeks after his arrival, two men were siiot and one wiiipped for seiiiiiL; liiaiidy to Indians. An extreme tlioiii>'li partially su]ipi'cssed exiateiiieiit sinxdv tlie entire settlement, for most of tiie colonists were, in luic (|,iu|(.(. Of anotlier, implicated in tiu; olVence tiiiis punished. An ex|)iosioii soon followed; and tiie occasion of it was tiie iiiimanity or good nature of tiie Jesuit Laiemaiit." — l'arkm"it!"v«rn- receive tlie annual stipulated num- ber of bear skins from tiu; iniialiitants wiiicli had been jiroiiiised wiien tiie peltry traffic was yielded to them, sent out to the colony an agent — IN'-ronnc Dumesnil — invested with powers of Coiitroller- (icnerai, Intendant, anil Supreme Jiidgi?, to enqiiire into tiie state of afTairs, and to ent'orce compiiamie witii the contract biitween the colony and the Associates. His o[)erations created griiat distnrh- iiinei!, wiiicii gave tiie Vicar anotlier cause for grief, and it was a jiartof Laval's mission at court to restore tin' tnuKpiiility wdiicii niimesnirs actions iiad distiirlied. His success was comjilett!. Not only did he procure tiie removal of D'Avaugour, but lie was askt'd to name ids siicc'cssor. Nor was this all, for lie succeeded in working a complete ciiange in the goviM'iiment of the colony. The AssiKiiatcs were called upon to resign tiu^ir claims; and by a r' kisitcd the ' (iovtniinr " You anil isjiiiiist the ulers from )it of your n for tliis aiiyl)o(ly." iitioii, and se to sell I condition spite tlie some evi- ls to their distracted 111 Ills fiery ed exeom- sncli was 1 to revoke ) lister, and f the Gov- 3 tliat the nonu'iia is manifesta- ];iiilly peo- issioii, not made it a d lionx! — )artiire for riuniph of I,ft- tuyiii gnv«rn- iii( h had is yiehU'd — IN'ronne ontroUer- eiKjuire jinplianiie and tiie it disturh- cause for 1 at court s actions ete. Not ii;our, hut r was tiiis te change Vssotiialcs and liy a MKZYS GOVKllNMKNT— cmUCH AND STATE. l;'.i royal edict, (hitci! April, I(!t!l5, all jiowcr, Ici^islativi ndicial anil executive, was vested in a con neil. composed of tiie (iovcinor, whom I. aval had )f L iiiseif, and of live Conncillor.- cliosen, an .\tturiiey-( Jeiicial, and a secretary, to lie .'hoscn hy Laval and liu^ (iovcrnor jointly. l5rin;^inLj with them Itlank eoiiiniissions to he lillcil with tiic names of the new fiinclionarii's, Laval and his (Joveriior sailed for Canada, where tiiey landed at Qiiohec on the l.'>tii of Sc[iti'ml»cr, 1(1(1;!. ciiAPTKu xxr. .Mi:ZYS (iOVKUXMKNT.-ClIinU'lI AM) srATK. 1. — KST.\I!I,1S1IMKNT Ol' .V l{()V.\L ( JoVKHNMKN P. — 2. I'ltovisioNs 111' riiK 1{()V.\(, (i()vi:i;N- MKNT. — ;5. I'ltKcrioN (IK TIIK Col NCII,. J. l)i.s(ii:.\('Ki.-ii. Ai'i'.Mit iii;r\VEi;\ rm: Coin- (•II, AM) DrMKSNII,. i"). PkIISKC.- riliN OK DlMKSNII,. Mis KSCAI'K. (1. VOMINISTKA- TioN OK Mi:zv. — 7. Mi.zv vs. Lavai,. t. — The killer of l''iance havim;' licen liesieged from all (iiiarleis with in'titions, memorials, remon- strances, etc., coiieeriiiiii;' the iiii- l'XiiMif*lini»'n' »if H ){u,\:il lliiVlM-l' nu'iit", A. i», i)ii;;t. .1 ii...M.i (i,.viin. h:ip|)y condition of Canada, and lieiiii; ]Monipted thereto liy the iir- ,H-ent policy of the N'icar .Apostolic, resolved to re- voke the charier of the One Hundred Associates entirely, and take the colony into immediate con- nexion with lh(\ crown. Tiiis meant nothiiiL,' less than the eslahlishinent in Canaion of the colony, and to icport on its general condition. Tlu' (io\i'iiior also liioiight with him four hundred troops and one hundred families of eiiiigianls, with cat lie. horsi's and every descii|ition of agiiculi iiral ini|ilcnicnts. As the (Joveriior was indclileil to the liishop for his jiost, the .lesnils supposed that he would he pretty fully iindii' their control, and that they would virtually govi'in the colony ; hut. as we shall sec, they soon discovered their mistake. •J. — No sooner had the N'icar Apostolic and his host arrived at t^nelicc in Septeiiilier. liiii:'i, than I he coninieiice(I. ioiiith with the (i'i"»■' of crnor, the wurU ot oigani/iiig ilie tiu- i.nni goMTn- i I ' I ' I 1 1 I ,' I i"''"i. I government, which included the lol- lowiiig provisions: (^1) a sovereign (supreme) eouiii'il, eonsisliug, in the lirst place, of tlie gov- ernor, liishop and royal iutendant, with live c recognized organ of I'oinmiinication he- tweeii the colony anil the iiareiit state. (:'>) The liishop, as head of thi' Chnrcli, to govern in all mat lets spiritual and t'cclcsiastical. (I) The royal inteudant to he charged with the regulation and conduct of afl'airs aiipcrtaining to tiiiaucc. police and justice, (."i) The five councillors, to he chosen annually, or \o he conlinued in olliei' as might seem liest to I lie governor and liishop, to sec that the oriiinances of tin; snprenie council were dulv execu led. am I t. act ud.. in jietly cau> ((!) The supreme eoniicil. in ils collecli\t' capa- city, to have control ovir all alVairs and piusons m p 1 1 1 f f ! i 1 ^ i 1 1 '> 1 ' t ■ 1 ) .< il 132 TUTTLES IIIS'J'OliY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. in the colony, and especially to be the highest law tribunal and a court of a[)peal ; but the execution of its decisions and measures to rest with the offi- cers to whose departments they might refer. The supreme council had the disposal of the revenue of the colony. " It is remarkable that while the council was invested with sovereign authority in many respects, yet, in regard to the important matter of taxation, it liad no power to levy imposts except by the express permission of the king, who reserved this privilege in his own luuids. Nor did the new arrangements comprise any provision en- abling the i)eople lo exercise a direct influence over the proceedings of the council or of its three chief officials. In all its enactments relative to the administration of justice, the council was bound to keep in view the laws, custom^ and pro- cedure established in the kingdom of France, and, as heretoftu'c, no perscnis professing oi)iMion8 hos- tile to tlie established religion of the kingdom were to be tolerated in the colon}". The supreme coun- cil, constituted as has been described, was vir- tually a triumvirate of the chief funotioiuiiioj — for all real power was lodged i'l the hands of the governin-, bishop and intendant. It will be seen that these three officials figured conspicuously in tlie annals of Canada during a century up to the period when it ceased to be a French colony. M. de M6zy and M. Laval, when the council was first established, filled two of those high offices, but the first Royal Intendant never made his appear- ance at Quebec." — Miles. We shall see that the relations of tiie Governor, IJishop and Intendant w<:ie not so clearly defined as to prevent misun- derstandings of a grave nature. •\. — Tlie new government was initiated with due {(!,y„V;'".v;., ,',',',;;.,,.. i^'ilt^nmily. ^l- (iamlais, the Royal -itiii.V'' "'"""""' Commissioner, took formal posses- sion of the country in the king's inune, administered the oath o! allegiance to the inhabitants, and established the procedure of courts of judicature; aft( r which he returned to France to report the condition of the colony. In the construction of th(! government, the liishoi) hail every advantage over the (loveriior. The latter knew no one in tlu' colony, and was l)y this completely under Laval's influence. Tlii! nominations were therefori; viitii- i;!ly the wiu'k of Laval, in whose hands, rather than ill those of the (Jlovernor, the blank com- missions had been placed, 'i'hus the vicar had reached, for the time being, the point he liad worked so ha"d to gain : the complete control of the government, — and now the Church was mis- tress of the State in Canada. But this was not to continue without conflicts. Laval formed the new Council as follows : — Jean Hourdon, for attor- ney-general ; Juchereau de la Ferte, Ruette d'Au- teuil, Le Gardeur de Tilly, and Matthieu Dainours, for councillors; and Feuvret de Mesnu, for secre- tary. Meanwhile, Dumesnil, the agent of the now defunct Company of Associates, already referred to as creating disturbances in the colony before Laval's visit to Fiance, was no idle spectator to these movements. He laid his statements before the Royal Commissioner, but that functionary promptly rejected them. 4. — The councillors appointed by Laval were unlearned men. Tlie Royal Commissioner before referred to, in defending them from nisKracefuiaiTair , , , liotweeii Uio ('i)uncil grave charges, tleclaros tinit they ami i>umu8iiii. were "unlettered, of little experience, and nearly all unable to deal with affairs of importance." This condition of the council could scarcely have been avoided under the circunii Lances, as, aside from the priests, educat'.tn was unknown in the colony. Rut jraver charges than mere incomi)eteiicy were justly laid at the doors of these oflicials, who were the tools of the Vicar, who, although excusal)le for calling unU'arned men into the government, must be censured for making men charged with crime prosecutors and judges of their own oft'euces. Dumesnil charges the Vicar, and not without some foundation, with making the council expressly to shield the accused. 'I'ho two j)ersons under the heaviest charges preferred by Dumesnil, received the two most important aiipointmcnts: Rourdon, attorney-general, and Villera}", keeper of the sealt*. Parkman writes of Laval's council and their dis- graceful difficulties with Dumesnil, as follows: — " ].,a Ferte was also one of the accused. Of Ville- ray, the Governor, D'Argenson, had written in lOiV.t : ' Some of his qualities are good enougli, but confidence cannot be placed in him, on account ot his instal)ility.' In (Ik- same year lit; had been or- dered to France, ' to purge himself of sundry crimes wherewith he stands charged." Ho was not yet free of suspicion, having returned to Canada under an order to make up and render his accounts, which he had not yet done. Dumesnil says that he flrst came to the colony in lOol, as valet of the gover- I ii MHZVS (iOVl RN.MHNT— CIIUUCII AND STATE. 133 IK)]-, Laiizon, who had taken liiin from tlic! j.iil at liouliiilk", wliere lu- was imprisoned lor a debt of seventy-one fraics, 'as appears by the record of the jail, of date July eleventh in that year.' From this modest beginninij^ he became in time the rich- est man in Canada. He was stronij in orthoiloxy, and an ardent supporter of .e IJishop and the Jesuits. He is aUernatel_\ jiraised and blamed, according to the partisan leanings of the writer. Hourdon, tlKUigh of humble origin, was ix'rhups the most i'ltelligenf man in Ihc council. He was ehiclly known as an engineer, but he had also been a baker, a painter, a syndic of the iidiabilants, chief gunner at the fort, and collector of customs for the company. \\'hcllu;r guilty of embezzle- ment or nol, he was a zealous devotee, and W(Mdd probably have died for his creed. J^ikc Villciay, he was one of Laval's slaunchest suppoiter.s, while the rest of the conncii were also sound in doctiine and sure in allegiance. In virtue of their new dignity, the accused now claimed exemption from accountability ; but this was not all. 'i'he aban- donment of Canada by the company, in leaving Dumesnil without siijii)ort, and dejjriving him of official character, had made his cliargcs far less dangerous. Nevertiielcss it was tlu)nglit best to sup[ircss them altogether, and the first act of the n(!\v government was to this end. On the twen- tieth of September, the secoiul day after the estab- lishment of the conncii, IJourdon. in his character of attorney -general, rose and dcinanded that the papers of Jean Toronne Dumesnil sliould be seized and seijuestered. 'J"hc council consented, and, to complete tiie .scandal. Villeray was eoinmissioiu'd to mak(! the seizure in tiie [jresence of Hourdon. 'J'o color the proceeding, it was alleged that Dumesnil had obtained certain papers uidawfuUy from the ///•«;//'-■ or record office. '.\s he was thought,' si.ys Ciaudais, Mo b(i a violent man,' Hourdon and Villeray touk with them ten soldiers, well armed, together with a locksmith and the secretary of the council, 'rims jncpared for every conliiigeiH-y, tlieyset out on their eiraiid, and appeared sudden- ly at Duinesnil's li()Us(! between seven and eight o'clock in the evening. 'The ahncsaid Sieiir Dumesnil,' further says Oaudais, 'did ii()t ri'futc (he opinion entertaiiu'd of his \iolenec; for he made a great noise, shouted /•')///-('/',s.' ami tried to rous(! the in'igliborhood, oulrageoiisly abusing (he aforesaid Sieur de Villeray and the attoriiev-<>'on- 18 '' " eral, in great contempt of the authority of (he council, which lie even refused to recognize.' 'I'hcy tried to silence him by tlireats, but without effect ; upon wliich tliey seized him and held liim fast in a chair; 'me,' writes tlie wrathful Dumesnil, 'who had lately been their judge.' The soldiers stood over him and stopped his mouth, while the others broko open aii'l ransacked his cabinet, drawers, and chest, frr.m which they took all liis i)ai)ers, refusing to give him an inventoiy, or pi'rmit any witness to enter the house. Soiik; of these i)ai)ers were private; among the rest were, he says, the charges and specifications, nearly finished, for the tiial of r.ourdon and N'iileray, togetbei' with the [jioofs of their ' peculations, extortions, and mal- versations' The pajjcrs were enclosed under seal and deposited in a neighboring house, whence they were afterwards removed to the council chamber, and Dumesnil never saw them again. It may well be belii'vcd that this, the inaugural act; of tlic new conncii, was not allowed to appear on its records.'' T). — Immediately after Villeray made a full re- port of the seizure to his colleagues, „ ni)on which, owing to the resistance ""'»"" - "m c»- ot Dumesnil, he was ordered to be put under arrest. This operalion was prevented by the Koyal CommissiiMier (laudais. However, I the i)crsecnted Dumesnil continued the war. [ Though unsupported ami alone, he demanded his pain'i's, and opiMily (hrcatened to arraign (he guilty Councillors before the King. At this (hey again decreed his arrest and imprisonment, but resolved to keep the decrei; secret until (he last of the returning ships, in which it was known that Dumesnil was to embark, was ready to sail. Then they proposed to arrest him unexpectedly at the hour of embarkation, that lie might have no op- portunity to prepare and dispa(ch a memorial to the French C^iurt. Thus a whole year would elapse before his complaint could reach France. Hut as fortune would have it, Dumesnil received a (imely warning of (his foul design, and went on board another ship which was then to sail iiiinie- lied with a bold remonstrance, whereupon the governor declared him suspended from all public duties until the king's pleasure should be known. Thus the conflict between church and state continued. 7. — Another source of trouble came in the elec- tion of a Mayor for Quebec, which at the first session of the council was erected Mezy vs. Lavni. into a city, although its inhabitants at the time did not exceed one thousand. Repentigny was chosen mayor, and Madny and Charion aldermen. This choice was not agreeable to the vicar, and they, influenced by the priests, refused to serve. A resolution now passed the council that a mayor was needless and the people weredirected to choose a syndic in his stead. After some delay an election took place with the choice of Charion, and now the question arose as to whether the new syndic belonged to the vicar or to the governor. It soon appeared that he was on the governor's side, and the bishop insisted that the jieople were dissatis- fied, and a new election was ordered, but the voters did not attend. The governor now sent messengers to such as he knew to be in his interests and succeeded in electing a syndic to his liking. Laval protested but in vain. The councillors held office for a year, and the year had now expired. The governor and the bishop, it will be reineniber- ed, had a joint power of «p[)ointment ; but agree- ment between them was inijiossible. Laval was for replacing his jiartisans, Bourdon, Villeni}', Auteuil, and La Fertti. M^zy refused; and on the eighteenth of September ho reconstructed the /I J . i' ealiiig with 3 tlian liiin- iinor's ears id refusing into great y. Yet lie councillors, rruption of vliom a re- unpojiular. , in wliich, nost subtle res that, in )in (i>iiebec 1 called the .heir advice ,s attorney- Ion replied lie governor blic duties \vn. Thus continued, n the elec- it the first Mtey Vfl. I.avil. t the time tigiiy was idderinen. icar, and serve. A a mayor to choose I election and now i\v syndic It soon side, and dissatis- but the now sent interests is liking. Ilorshcid expired, 'incmlicr- ut agiee- iHval was Villt'iay, ; and on icted the I CHURCH AND STATE— GOVERNMENT OF COURCELLES. 135 council by his sole authority, retaining of the old councillors only Amours and Tilly, and replac- ing the rest by Denis, La Tesserie, and Pcionne de Jk'zy, the surviving son of Duinesnil. Again Laval i)rotested ; but Mdzy proclaimed his choice by sound of drum, and caused placards to be posted, full, according to Father Lalemant, of abuse against the bishop. On this he was exclud- ed from confession and absolution. — I'arkman. On the following Sunday the puljiits resounded with dcn.iiiciations. But the governor became bolder still, aud still more indiscreet. He banish- ed Houidon and Villeray and ordered them home to Fiance, 'i'liese persons took with them letters from the Vicar to the French Court, praying for Mi^zy's recall. Again Laval triumi)lied. The gov- ernor was peiiniiptorily superseded. The Vicar Apostolic had now made one governor and dis- missed two, and was of course tlie foremost power in ( ';iiia6K-9. and they were suing for peace; wnile in civil afl'airs he was ably supported by the In- tendant Talon, who never lost an opportunity to further the interests of the colony. Everything now apj)eared so prosperous in the colony that nearly all the officers and men of the Carignan regiment determined to settle, and the Govern- ment sent out several hundred women from France, to supply them with wives. These women were, many of them, of obscure families ; but women were so scarce in the colony, and the demand for wives so great, that all of them were married within two weeks after tlieir arrival. 15. — The peace with the Indian tribes, now well established, was very nearly ruptured in 1670 by three soldiers robbing and murder- ." Impartial con- ing an Indian chiei wliile on his way duct of theooT- , . ' ernor. to market with his furs ; but De- Courcelles acted with great promptness and just- ness, and so prevented the impending war. He went to Montreal, had the men tried, and they being found guilty, were hung in the presence of the assembled Indians. By thus showing his im- partiality he gained the good opinion of the In- dians, and the Ottawas and Senecas, who had had some differences with the Government, sent depu- tations to Quebec, where they were kindly re- ceived and all differences settled. 16. — The year 1670 witnessed the appearance amongst the Indians of the most deadly foe which had ever visited them — the fearful 11 m, . Small-pox scourge or small-pox. Ihe great amongst the in- , ,. . t'v \ V. t aia»».A.n. 1U70. trading-post of \ adoussac, where trom twelve to fifteen hundred Indians usually assem- bled every year, was entirely deserted ; Three Kivers, which used to be crowded with Algon- quins, was not visited at all ; and many of the small tribes north of Quebec were almost totally swept away by the fatal disease. This was not the only year that this scourge visited the Fiidians ; detracy'S civil policy. l:VJ learance \>e which assem- Three Algoii- of the totally Kvas; not [ndiaiis ; it remaiiieil with them for some time, and a few years later nearly all the Indians of Tillery, some fifteen hundred in nuniher, were carried off with it. Tliere is, prohalily, no race of men amongst whom small-pox is so fatal as the Indians, one reason being that their skins being toughened by exposure, the pustules seldom break through, until after death, when the body quickly mortifies, but strikes into the system and almost always causes death. The Indians had an idea that the small- pox was caused by the white men, who wished to • lestroy tliem, and many depredations were at times committed in reprisal for this supposed in- fiiction. This idea that small-pox is caused by the white man has not quite died out even in the present day, and still exists amongst some of the Indians in the neighborhood of Quebec, where small -pox sometimes breaks out amongst them with great violence. 17. — The effect which the success of the expedi- tion against the Mohawks had on the Indians, was not only to keep them in check. Salutary labors , i i i t-» n ii • ii of the Mi.-Bioii- hut ciialjlcd DeCourcclles, ui the year lt>(l, to eirect a peace lietween tlie Senecas and a western tribe called the IJuteon- atamis. In the meanwhile the untiring zeal and energy of the .Jesuits had been causing the rapid spread of Christianity, and thousands of the In- dians, of all tril)es, were becoming converted, and an influential French party was being built up among the Onondagas and Ca3ugas, as well as in the more distant tribes. One of the most zealous and untiring of these Missionaries was Nicholas Perrol, who penetrated to the region of the upper lakes and took possession of them in the name of his sovereign. Understanding their language per- fectly, he not only converted many of the tribes, but persuaded them to recognize the King and send delegates to meet his representatives at the Falls of St. Marj'. Here they were met by repre- sentatives of DeCourcclles, and witnessed the erection of a large cross with the arms of the King of France on it, in acknowledgment that he had taken possession of the country. 18. — DeCourcclles, although at peace with the Iroquois, knew well that he could not trust his wil}' foes, and the safest barrier he eVabiii'iiwFat' couUl crcct agaiust tlieir future inroads cataraqui. j,j^^ Canada was to build a fort at the head of the St. Lawrence and the foot of Lake Ontario; he, therefore, selected the site of Cata- raqui (now Kingston)i and had a personal inter- view with a deputation from the Iroquois, whose consent he gained to his establishing a trading- post at that point, 19. — De'CoLircelles, liowever, could not carry on Ins plans himself. Failing health for some time past had compelled him to send in „g (•o,ir'-.ii,'s' his resignation, and, on his return i:.™';;;:;!^^':.- -.!'"■ from Calaraqui to Quebec, he found ™"""''"'- his successor there in the person of Louis De linade. Count DeFrontenac. He strongly im- pressed on DeFrontenac the importance of estab- lishing a trading jiost and fort at Cataraqui, and shortly after sailed for France, deeply regretted by the people to whom his good (jualities, and his wise and moderate government, iiad greatly en- deared him, although he was not in very good odor with the clergy, and esi)ecially the Jesuits, to whose views he was generally ojjposed. CHAPTER XXIII. DeTRACY'S CIVIL POLICY. 1. Condition OF THE Colony in 10(57. — 2. The West India Company. — 3. Encoukauemknt OP Agiucultuue and Commerce. — 1. Laws, Customs and Tenuue of Land. — a. Heavy Loss OF THE Colony. — 0. Talons' Chakac- teu, and his Effouts for the New Colony. — 7. Rapid Growth of the Colony, lGGrj-70. 1. — After his successful campaign against the Iroquois (1G07), DeTracy turned his attention to the objects of his \isit, other than .1 • r 1.1 f • CoiuUtlon of the the suppression ot the Iroquois, toiony in iw,7. These I'elated to agriculture, com- merce, the re-organization of the Supreme Coun- cil, and the general arrangement of all affairs re- lating to the general welfare of the Colony. The Council was speedily re-organized, and re-enacted its former prohibitions of the sale of litjuor to the Indians, making it a criminal offence. In com- merce and agriculture he found that the Colony was still suffering greatly from the effects of a trading monopoly, and he endeavored to encour- age both as much as possible amongst the colo- nists. : II 1 140 TUTTLE'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 2. — The Colony liad been relieved by being taken out of the hands of the " Company of One Hun- dred Associates," but only to be company."""'' placed Under the control of the " West India Company," which had even larger powers (i;rantcd it than its predecessor. The affairs of this company were rej^ulated bv ten directors in Pa-is ; but, in spite of its vast privi- leges it was not successful ; and its charter was revoked in 1G74, on the ground that it was not able to afford sufficient protection to the King's American sulijects. The company sank over three and a half million livres in the attempt to monopolize the trade of the French American Colonics, and exercised no permanent beneficial effect on them. 3. — DeTracy paid great attention to developing the agricultural and mining wealth of the Colony; and his efforts in these directions KiicoiiraffoiniMit of , , i i , ^ r n, i Auri.iiitiireaiia Were ably seconded by M. lalon. llie Colony enteretl into a new ex- istence and began to be really prosperous. No longer in dread of the Iroquois, the settlers soon found tiiat they could raise an abundance of grain far exceeding the wants of the Colony, and more attention was paid to commerce. Some of the re- strictions on trade had been removed, and a con- siderable export trade sprang up between Canada and the West Indies, the principal exports being salted fish, salmon, eels, lic. ; an porpoise antl seal oils. About this time the first effort was made in what has since proved the mainstay of Canada, — the lumber trade, — and samples of oak and other woods were sent to France to show tiiat New France could supply the royal dockj-ards of Old France. This improved state of things of course materially affected emigration, and the poi)ulation speedily doubled, while wives for those officers and men of the Carignan regiment who wished to settle, were sent out from France, as mentioned in the last chapter. A register of births and marriages, which had been commenced in Qu(l)ec as early as the year 1G21, was continued ; and in the year 1670, it showed 700 births in Quebec. The mission of M. DeTracy was emi- nently successful ; and when he left the Colony' in tile fall of 1GG7, he left it firmly established on a good and solid foundation. 4. — The parts of the feudal system then in exist- ence in the mother country, were introduced into New France. The administration of in»». i''"" loads of colonists, at his own expense, to New France, and the population rapidly increased. The Sidpicians, at Montreal, and one or two other seigneurs also attempted colonization on a small scale; but the bulk of it was due to tlie govern- ment. 2. The king bore the expense of tiiis coloniza- tion ; and in a letter to the cardinals of the Pro- The innnner of «oi. I'-igauda, dated 21st Octobci', 1001, spent over two hundred tiiousand livics, in tiie past two years, in promoting colonization ; tliat he had sent out three hundred men a year, and i)rom- ised to send the same number eacii year for ten years. Eacli merchant ship was required to bring a certain number; and they were divided into two classes, tiiose wlio came out as colonists, and those who came out as assistants to colonists already established. These latter were known as c)tga"»•« ^lomBU. could not afford to depopulate France to people Canada ; that men were needed for the army, and that tlie colonists must take care to increase their bwn population. The sliipments did not, however, cease ; and it would appear that the king liad sent out more men than he had promised, as the popu- lation rose from 3,418 in 1000, to 5,870 in 1080, a very large portion of which was the result of emi- gration, although a heavy percentage was also at- tributable to natural increase, which had been very great in those years owing to causes which will be hereafter explained. i"). Although the king was alarmed at tlie con- stant demands of Talon for colonists, ho not only continued to send a few, but took . . , .1 » Military Scttlori. Wise measures to induce tliose of liis soldiers who were already in Canada to remain there. A portion of the regiment of Carignan- Saliores was ordered home, only four companies being retained in garrison, but great inducements wore offered to both men and officers to remain as colonists. Tliey were not absolutely ordered to do so ; but they were informed tliat the king would be pleased with all who did, and rewards in money, land and provisions were given to tliiiso who ado[)ted Canada as their future home. La POPULATION AND MARRIAGE. J-l;: Motte, who liad nianied in Canada and signified his intention of remaining there, was presented with fifteen hnndred livres bj' the king; and six thousand livres were set apart for officers and twelve thousand for privates who wished to re- main. Every soldier who remained was given a grant of land and one hundred livres in money, or lie could have fifty livres in money and one year's provisions if he preferred it. This lii)erality on tlie part of the king caused the settlement in Canada of a strong military body which had much to do with the future of the colony, and of which we slmll have more to say further on. G. — So far the emigration, except that of the nuns, had been almost entirely confined to men ; ProviaiuK wives tor but uow, with the large accession thesettiu™. of settlers from the Carignan-Sa- li^res regiment, the demand for wives began to be very gieat, and means were taken to supply the want in a manner which had previously been tried with success by the Sulpicians of Montreal. The king determined to export girls on a large scale, and Mother Mary tells us that one hundred were so sent out in the year 106."), and two hundred nnne [iroiuised for the next year. 'J'liese girls were sent from the hosi)itals of Paris and Lyons — which were not so much hospitals in those daj's as almshouses, or houses foi- the poor — and were all married immediately on their arrival. They, liowever, did not suit the colonists ; they were not accustomed to the sort of work they were required to perform, and complaints were soon made that they did not make useful housekeepers. The export of hospital girls was, thereupon, par- tially stopped, and peasant girls, who hiid been accustomed to hard work and farm life sub- stituted. 7. — Another difficulty, however, had to be over- come ; the officers required wives as well as the men ; and to meet this requirement Of'tdtiff wivoB for 'i^„i „ i. 1 i 1 1 ■ !_ i? uiHoiucers. 1 alou rcquestcU the sinpment ot a lot of young ladies, suitable as wives for the officers. He was soon accommodated, and in 1G67, he writes : " They send us eighty-four girls from Dieppe and twenty-five from Rochelle ; among them arc fifteen or twenty of pretty good birth ; several of them are really demoigelleg, and toler- ably well brought up. The young ladies ajipear to have been nither displeased with their treat- ment on the voyage, and complained to Talon of neglect and liardship." He .says: "1 shall do what I can to soothe their discontent ; for if they write to their correspondents at home how ill they have been treated, it would be an obstacle to j'onr plan of sending us next year a number of select young ladies." The supply of young ladies a^)- pears to have very nearly met the demand, for it is three years before we find Talon again asking for a supply, and then he only asks for three or four, and complains that fifteen wei'e sent liim. 8. — The supply of peasant girls, however, rarely seems to have exceeded the demand; and, in 1672, we find DeCourcelles' successor, Dt.i , 1 • • ^ i? „ The supply of el' rontenac, comphiining or a peasant Ijiria. short supply. Only thirteen girls were sent out that year, and DeFrontenac writes : " If a hundred and fift}' girls and as many servants had been sent out this year, tiiey would all have found husbands and masters within a month." The scarcity this year was due to some extent to Talon, who desired to build uj) a native populiv- tion, and who advised Colbert not to send many more girls at present, as a number of the old set- tlers had daughters who were marriageable, and it would be better for them to get husbands before any more girls were sent. The king, however, sent sixty the following year, 1673. 9. — Among the large lot of women thus col- lected, it is, of course, only natural that some should not be of irreproachable char- , . ^ . , I'" nontnn's .\c- acter; and writers have not been «i"iiiottiie«Bw wlvei. wanting to point the finger of slan- der at them. One writer, Lallontan, who v.rote about twenty years later, ga\re the following sarcastic, but not over-true account : " After the regiment of Carignan was disbanded, ships were sent out freighted with girls of indifferent virtue, under the direction of a few pious old ducnna.s, who divided them into three classes. These ves- tals were, so to speak, piled one on the other in three different halls, where the bridegrooms chose the brides as a l>utcher chooses his sheep out of the midst of the flock. There was wherewith to content the most fantastical in these three harems ; for here were to be seen the tall and the short, the blonde and the brown, tiio plump and the lean, everybody, in short, i'ound a shoe to fit him. At the end of a fortnight not one was left. I am told that the plumpest were taken first, because it was tiiought lliiii l)eing less active, ihey were more 11 i| I- 144 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. likely to keep at home, and tliat they could resist the winter cold better. Those who wanted a wife applied to the directresses, to whom they were obliged to make known their possessions and means of livelihood before taking from one of the three classes the girl whom they found most to their liking. The marriage was concluded forth- with, with the help of a priest and a notary, and the n"xt day the Governor-General caused the couple to be presented with an ox, a cow, a pair of swine, a pair of fowls, two barrels of salted meat, and eleven crow s in money." 10. — Boucher, on the other hand, who may be considered a good authority, says that great pains Boucher'8 accent ^ere taken to secure only good girls of^hegiru'charac- to suud out; and that any of loose character were returned to I* ranee as soon as they were found out. One case of a girl being sent back is mentioned by Rigensen as having occurred in 1658 ; and Boucher states in his book, 166-3, that a certificate of good character was required from the friends or relations of the girls who wished to go to Canada. That some of them, at least, were carefully selected may be seen by the following extract from a letter of Colbert's to the Archbishop of Rouen : " As, in the parishes about Rouen, fifty or sixty girls might be found who would be very glad to go to Canada to be married, I beg you to employ your credit and authority with the curds in thirty or forty of these parishes, to try to find in each of them one or two girls disposed to go voluntarily for the sake of a settlement in life." This referred to farmers and others who had large numbers of children whom they wished to provide for ; and that they were not always poor, is shown by a letter of Talon's, in which he says : " Among the girls who have been brought here have been some who have large anu legal pretensions to property fi'om tlieir par- ents. 11. — Although considerable pains were taken to secure desirable females, still it was found that nuxrricd women who desired a bmtfre^lriirod"'''''' cluvuge of sceuc, or husband, would sometimes come over ; and the priests began to be doubtful about marrying all the now arrivals, of some of whom Mother Mary says: "Along with this honest poo[ile, comes a great deal of caniulli\ of both sexes, who cause a great deal of scandal." To prevent attempts at bigamy, Colbert ordei'd that every girl who desired to seek a husband in Canada should be provided by the cure or magistrate of her parish, with a certifi- cate that she wivs free to marry ; and further than this he paid considerable attention to their phys- ique and ability to increase the population of the colony as well .is to their personal appearance ; and in one of his letters he writes : " The girls destined for this countr}', besides being strong and healthy, ought to be entirely free from any natural blemish or anything personally repulsive." 12. — The young women sent out were placed under the charge of a matron, who was employed and paid by the king, and thej' sometimes had trouble with their ."enTouf.^'''"'" " Medley of merchandise " («we marchandise melee), as Mother Mary in one of her letters calls them. Madame Bourdon brought out one lot of one hundrevl and fifty ; and Motlier Mary sivys of them; "They gave her no little trouble on the voyage ; for they are of all sorts, and some of them are very rude and hard to manage." Madame Bourdon, however, was not disheartened by the conduct of her first charge, but saw them all married ; and afterwards super- intended the distribution of the arrivals each summer for years, and was chief of the '' pious duennas " to whom Lallontan refers. 13. — The mode of allotting the girls was very simple. In Montreal the " King's girls," as they were called, all lodged together in one house, of which Marguerite XToscu S'" ""''*' Bourgeoys was matron, and she says : " I was obliged to live there myself, because families were to be formed." Which means that she superintended the selection aiul hasty nuptials. Marguerite Bourgeoys taught the girls their cate- chism during the time they were with her, and in many ways endeared herself to them in a way (hey remembered long afterwards. In Quebec, where the demand was much larger, the girls were divid- ed into three classes and were submitted to the inspection of the suitors who readily found a nuite amongst the anxious candidates for matiimony. The girls, on their part, had the right of rejoo- tion; but they seem to have rarely excreiseil this when tlie candidate could satisfactorily answer the question whether he had a house and farm, v'hich was usually tlie one first put. 14. — The desire of the king for the increase of 4«s lesired to ivided by h acertifi- rther than heir phys- ion of the ipeaiance ; •The girls strong and ,ny natural e." ere placed employed the glrlB were out. in one of an brought nd Mother r no little F all sorts, id hiud to r, was not rst charge, vrds super- ivals each tie pious was veiy ," as thej the j?lrl8 were >8ud of. f, because noans tliat y nui)tials. lu'ir cate- tr, and in I way they )ec, where were divid- ted to the nd a mate fiatrimony. of rojcc- ciscd this ly answer aiid farm, n crease of POPULATION AND MARRIAGE. 145 the population of his domains was not confined to providing wives for new set- manialse'.'''''''"'^ tlcrs ; but bouuties were offered for early marriages. All youths who married before the age of twenty, and all girls who married before the age of sixteen were given twenty livres, besides the dowry which was given by him to every girl brought over his borders. According to Mother Mary this dowry varied, being sometimes a house and provisions for eight months ; and sometimes fifty livres in household sui)plies, besides a barrel or two of salt meat. Colbert was very anxious that the children of colonists should marry young. On one occasion lie writes to Talon : " T pray you to commend to the consideration of the whole people, that their prosperity, their subsistence, and all that is dear to them, depend on a general res .lution, never to be departed from, to marry youths at eighteen or nineteen years, and girls at fourteen or fifteen; since abundance can never come to them except through the abundance of men." Talon was not slow to follow this advice ; and an order was issued that every father having unmarried boys and girls of twenty and sixteen, should be fined unless he could show good cause why they were not married, and he was obliged to present himself to the nearest magistrate every six months to account for the delay. 15. — Bachelors fared hard in those days, espe- cially old and obdurate ones. Orders were issued B,.ohoior,for,.i.mo„ ^^'^''^^y ^'^f^''^ ^hc arrival of each to iiBii. imnt, trade lot of girls from France that every or go In the woods. o '' bachelor should marry within a fortnight of their arrival ; and Mother Mary says : " No sooner have the vessel s arrived than the young men go to get wives ; and by reason of the great number they are married by thirties at a time." Talon issued very severe orders against bachelors, decreeing that they should not be allowed to fish, hunt, trade with the Indians or go into the woods on any pretence whatever, this latter clause being, probably, intended to prevent them intermarrying witii the squaws instead of taking French wive;. Colbert goes even further, and says : " Those who may seem to have absolutely renounced marriage should be made to bear additioiuil burdens, and be excluded from all honors ; it would be well even to add some marks of infamy." Still the tribe of old bachelors was not quite extinguished, although nearly so, and there were some cases of fines being inflicted on those who were obdurate. Still the prevailing desire was towards matrimony, and so great was this that one instance is given of a widow marrying before her husband was buried. 16. — The desire of the king to promote, and even force, early marriages amongst his Canadian sub- jects was not confined to the lower dc 1 • i. TT „ „. „ ProviBlonB for a er Ot colonists. lie was anX- Canadian noWlity. ions to create a Canadian nobilit}', and promoted, as much as possible, early marriages amongst the officers and other settlers of good birth. The Intendant carefully watched and re- ported these marriages; and in October, 1667, he reports that two captains are already married to two damsels of the country; one lieutenant has espoused a daughter of the governor of Tliree Rivers ; and four ensigns are in treaty with their mistresses, and already half engaged. The lieu- tenant here referred to was Rene Gaultier de Varennes, who married Marie Boucher, daughter of the Governor of Three Rivers, when she was only twelve years old. One of the offspring of this marriage was Varennes de la V"d given CarigiKin i, for the heir land hod lo re- I't of IJie a certain -a sort (if extent a « • m m I I Uruwu aud vugrovi'ii exprvaoty for Tutlle'i Uiatury ol tiie Uomiuiuu. QUEBEC IN 1640. Uniwn niu! I'lisnivtil fxprefHly fur Tiittlu'B Iltntory of the Domlntoa. MONTREAL IN 1720. ■ EARLY HOMES IN CANADA. 147 vassal, but which formed a very effective cordon of men wlio could be either soldiers or farmers, as occasion required, to protect the other portions of the colony from tlie savaj^es. 2.— This phin of semi-military seigneuries was rec- ommended by Tiilon in imitation of tiie Itomans, Taimrx plan ..f ,^,7;- as he acknowledges in a letter to thuKoiiians. Colbcrt, lu which lie says " ine practice of that politic and martial people may, in my opinion, be wisely adopted in a country one thousand leagues from its monarch. And, as the peace and harmony of peoples depend above all things on their fidelity to their sovereign, our first kings, better statesmen than is commonly sup- posed, introduced into newly conquered countries men of war, of a])proved trust, in order at once to hold the inhabitants to their duty within, and re- pel the eneni}' without." In pursuance of this policy the discharged officers and soldiers of tlie regiment of Carignan settled in seioneuries, princi- pally along the Richelieu and St. Lawrence, be- tween Lake St. Peter and Montreal ; and the Sulpicians, who were seigneurs of Montreal, fol- lowed the same plan and surrounded, as far as they could, their island with semi-military settle- ments, so that a line of outposts, so to speak, was drawn around the colony to give warning of im- pending danger. In the neighborhood of Quebec the settlements did not so much partake of this semi-military character, as they were protected by those above. 3. — The allotment of these seigneuries has given the n.imes to most of the flourishing towns on the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers below Montreal ; Sorel, Cliambl}', Saint Ours, Contrecoeur, Varennes, Vercheres, and other important places take their names from the ancient lords of the soil ; but it must not be sup- posed that these towns or villages sjirang up at once, or that the " lord of the soil " was a very princely personage in point of wealth. In most instances he had nothing but his sword, his land, and what money tiie king gave him for taking a wife. Chambly and Sorel were two exceptions to this ride; but the others, foi' the most part, could scarcely manage to build their seigniorial mansion, and but few could afford to build a fort, a chapel, or a mill, three tilings which were considered al- most indispensably necessary. In many instances the lords of the soil and tlieir vassals were obliged to build their houses together, for protection, and surrounded them with a palisade, thus forming a little fort, or fortified village. The king assisted these seigneurs, for he continued the pay of tlie soldiers while they were clearing the land and building their homes ; and it was only after tiiis was accomplished that they were allowed to take wives. 4. — The seigniorial grants had a river frontage varying from half a league to six leagues, and a depth of from one half a league to two leagues. These seigneuries Formation of cdtcs. were subdivided, as has been al- ready stated ; and as, in the districts least liable to attack from the Indians, the settlers naturally preferred to build their houses near the river, which served as a highway, the settlements as- sumed the shape of a long fringe of houses near the banks of the rivers, and were called, in local phraseology, cotes, a word peculiar to Canada, and still greatly in use here, particularly in the neigh- borhood of Montreal and Quebec. The seigneurs were in but few cases able to build a chapel ; and most of these edifices were erected by the semi- naries of Quebec and Montreal, mass being said, in the mean time, by a missionary priest, who was taken from cote to cote in a canoe. 5. — One of the most important objects to be attained in a new seigneurie was the building of a mill, as it was intended to serve not b, I i? • 1 • „ Tlin building of ' the purpose ot g .nding corn, miiis. but as a sort of fort, or place of defence. It was built of stone and pierced with loop-holes for muskets for defence. The great mill at Montreal was for a long while its chief means of defence against the attacks of the Indians. It was one of the duties of the seigneurs to build a mill for the convenience of their tenants grind- ing their corn, and they were entitled to one-four- teenth for the service ; but there were very few of the seig7ieurs, except the ecclesiastical bodies, who could afford to build a mill ; and even amongst those who could build them it was many years before the one-fourteenth left would pay the ex- pense of emi)loying a miller ; and a large number of the settlei-s were therefore compelled to prac- tice the Indian method of grinding their grain by hand. C. — Talon endeavored to concentrate the popu- lation to a great extent ai'ound Quebec, so that a 1 i I I I 1 i t 148 TUTTLtS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. cannon shot from the Chateau St. EffnrtR of concen- i i i tratiiig ibe popuitt- Loui3 misjht sumiuoM a hiise body lion. ^ , of men to the defence of tlie capital. For this purpose he bought a track of hind near Quebec, and haid it out as wliat he considered a model seifjnevrie, thus hoping to have other seiff- neurs follow his example. He also established three inland villages near Quebec, which he called Bourg Royal, Bourg La Reine and Bonrg Talon, which he provided with a blacksmith, mason, car- penter and shoemaker each ; but somehow the inland villages did not flourish, and the settlers preferred to stretch themselves out in long thin lines along the rivers ; so that by sailing up the St. Lawrence and Richelieu one could have seen almost every house in Canada, excejjt Talon's three villages. This was felt to be a very unfavor- able arrangement for either a strong governraer t, for ecclesiastical control, or for a good defence ; and the king several times ordered the concentra- tion of the inhabitants into the villages instead of cotes ; but it was found that this would involve so general a cancellation of grants, and cause the abandonment of so many clearings, that the idea had to be abandoned. 7. — Before closing this chapter we will take a hurried glance at the colony of Canada as it ap- peared in 1672. Coming up the St. Lawrence the first settlement was at Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, where the West India Conv any had a trading-post, and v' jre a great portion of the fur trade with the Indians was done. From this point until past the huge mountain of Cape Tour- niente no sign of civilization broke the vast mag- nificence of the solemnly silent grandeur of the primeval forest, except the occasional bark hut of some wandering Indian. Above Cape Tourmente began Laval's vast seigneurie of Beaupre, which in 1607 contained a population of 656, or 208 more than Quebec, which had then only 448. The land here was mellow with wheat, and the solid little \o'i';;Z1m^^^^^^^^^ the Mis>issipi)i. He proceeded ilow:i- ""-• wards past the mouths of tiie Mi.ssouri, Ohio and Arkansas, wliei(! I'^atlier Miii(iuett(! hail been checked, and nas soinclimcs received in a friendly manner by the Indians, but as often greeted by a m^ V riii:; i:)4 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMLNION OF CANADA. volley of arrows. Passing through the country of tiie (Miickasaw, Taenca, Natchez and Quinii)isa Indiaiis. the country was flat, ilreary and disheart- ening; hut he pushed on, and on the 19th of March, 1(382, thirty-six days after entering it, he reached the month of the Mississipjii. La Salle fully recognized the importance of his discovery, and celebrated the event with great rejoicings. lie erected a cross with the king's arms on it, and formally took possessioji of all the country drained by the Mississipj)! in the name of his king, calling it, in honor of him, Louisiana. lie then commenced his return journey to Quebec, but it was long and arduous, and he did not reach the capital until the spring of 1G83. 9. — The news of La Salle's great discovery caused a profound sensation in France, and lie was re- ceived with great consideration at Death of La Salle. Court, and entrusted with the task of founding a settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi, lie was given command of an ex|ie(iition of two hundred and jighty men, and left Rochelle in 1G84 to find the mouth of the Mississippi by sea and found a colony ; he was alsc accompanied b}- his nephew, .Moranger. La Salle, however, had miscalculated his hnigitude, and sailed two hundred miles jiast the mouth of the river. When he discovered his mistake he en- deavored to retrace his steps ; but provisions ran short, as tlie vessel bearing his chief sui)i)lies had been wrecked in the (Jul*' of Mexico, and his men grew mutinous. He landed to explore the in- terior, but the men, wlio were sutrering from hunger and exposure, rebelled against the haughty and arrogant tcmi)er of Moranger, and, in a fit of exasiicration at his conduct, murdered both uncle and nephew. The (,'hevalier Tonti desceniled the river to meet La Salle, but it was not until long afterwards that he learned his sad fate.* CIIAl'TER XXVIIL THE -lESUns ON THE LAKES. 1. Failures ok tiik Jesuits.— 2. CriANGEs ix TltE ReI'OKTS of tiie JeSUIT-S. — n. 'J'lIE Seaucii or THE Jesi'tts fou Coi-pkr. — 4. • Tills is ill iiccoriliiiicu Willi I'aikiiiaii, Superstitiox of the Indians. — ">. Princi- pal Stations on the Upper Lakes. — 0. Division of the Mission at La Pointe. — 7. Visit of the Superiob of the Missions. — 8. Throwing Down an Idol. — 0. Fa- vorable llECEPrlON OF the MISSIONARIES BY the Micmacs. — 10. Indian Mormons. — 11. What the Missionary Sermons were Like. 1. — We may here stop to briefly notice, distinct- ively, the operations of the Jesuits, from the stand- point of their own order, during the 1 /• 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■.■ Fjiilurea of the period 01 wliicli weiiave been writing, de»,,its. more especially the years 1670-1-2. Since the ruin of the great mission of the Ilurons, a perceptible change had taken [ilace in the Jesuits. They had put forth exertions of an almost super- human nature; had defied famine, disease, suffer- ing and death to build u^) a Christian and Jesuit Empire by the conversion of the stationary tribes of the lakes, but they had failed disastrously. Through no fault of theirs; they had lived with the self-abnegation of Saints, and died with tiie confidence and devotion of martyrs ; but a very demon of havoc seemed to have been let h)ose on them; they had seen their incipient cliurchcs crushed, their convents slaughtered, the po[)ulous communities, on which they had rested their hopes, uprooted and scattered, and the only tribe left in- tact was the Irocpiois. which, like Aaron's serpent, had "swallowed all the rest." Tliey might have attem[)ted the conversion of this powerful race ; but they eonsi(h;red them too niiieli under Dutch aiul English inllueiice to afford a fruitful field for their labors, and I'. cy turned their attention to the north and west. 2. — We find them on Lakes Huron, Superior and Michigan, laboring as assiduously as ever, actuated by the same motives, the greater glory of (lod, and the bene- pmT«uVtiii'liUuiu. fit of the order ; but we find a slight change in them, inasmuch as they pay more atten- tion to the increasing of the wealth, power and influeiiee of their order, and the imjirovement of the colony in a pecuniary way. They work as zealously as ever in the service of God, ami are fre()iieiitly fanatical for their own order as well as their own faith, and claiming a monopoly of the conversion of souls, (piile content to endure the accom})anyiiig hardships; but we al.so find them I •If :# •"). Pi:i\ci- Lakks. — (). POINTK. — : Missions. .. — 9. Fa- SSIONAHIKS lOUMONS. — IONS WEltE ce, distinct- il the staud- Failurt;9 of the Ii'.' Unions, tlie Jesuits, most siij)er- ,'ase, sufl'er- and Jesuit luiry tribes isasti'ously. lived Willi 1 witli tlie i)ut a very ct loose (111 . cliuiuiies i IiOlHlloUS leir hopes, )e left iii- s serpent, niL;lit iiave •it'ul laeu ; ler Diiieh field for Leiitiou to , Sufierior as ever, i,v. in tlifl ro- uf the tlL'HultH, ore atteii- ower and .einent of ■ woik as mil are r as well oly of the dure the lid thi'iii THE JESUITS ON THE LAKES. loo looking more sharply after niuudane affairs, and thus their reports instead of heing mere reeords of conversions, baptisms, and matters relating only to the church divine, begin to contain matters of int( rest to the church militant, and to contain much valuable information on the winds, cur- rents, and tides of the Great Lakes ; speculations on the subterranean outlet of Lake Su[)erior ; ac- counts of its copper mines ; surmises touching the Nortli Sea; reports of the great river men- tioned by e Lidians as flowing South, and other matters. 3. — 'i hey paid great attention to the search for copper in Lake Su[)eiior, and at wonderful pains, and with great hardihood and enter- ji'lius' fo"! o wor. l>i'i^«' preiiared the map of the Lake which api)ears in tiie Relation of 1071, the correctness of which is truly wonderful. The surveys were made with great care and exact- ness, but while working at them the Jesuits also keiit a sharp look out for copper, and Father Dab- hui rep(U'ts that it was found in greatest abun- dance on I>le .Minong, now Isle Hoyale. He says : " A day's journev from the head of the lake, oij the south side, there is a rock of copper weighing from six hundred to eight hundred pounds, lying on the shore where aii}' who pass may see it. ' He also speaks of great copper boulders in the bed of tlie Ontonagan. 4. — Father Dalilon comjilains of the averseness of the Indians to give any information about the locality where cojiper can be found Suiiprstition f»f the • ' .•.• i i ■ ^ i /■ i in.Uiiiw. Ill quantities; anil lie gives the lol- lowiiig Indian tradition as the rea- son for their superstitions fears with regard to it. They said that eo[)|)er had first been found on an island near the north shore, but the island did not stay there, it floated about, and no Indian darcid to land on it fiu' fear of the Manito who kept watch over it. The story was that four hunters onee landed there, and wishing to cook their food heated four stones to throw into the water, when they discovered that what they sujiposed were stones were lumps of cop^ier. On leaving the island they took these stones with them ; but the moment they left the island a voice like tluinder sounded in their ears " who are the thieves who steal the toys of niy ehildreii." I, vas the (iod of the waters, or siuiie [lowerfiil iManito. Of tho four hunters onlv one lived to reach his vilhme, and ho died immediately after telling his people, and warning them not to land on the wonderful island. '). — There were two principal missions on the ujiiier lakes, one at Sault Ste. Marie, at the outlet of Lake Superior ; and the other at Th.,' iTiii.ipai sia- ... , tioiia .,]i ilio l'ii|M!r l.,a 1 oiiite, near the western ex- Lakts. tremit}' of the lake. The permanent residents at Sault Ste. Marie were a band of the Ojibways ; but hosts of the Algonqnins and other tribes resorted there in the spring and summer, on aeeount of the excellent fishing, the rajiids being almost alive with white-fi.-'h. These parties usually scattered into the forest in winter in hunting parties. La Pointe was inhabited by remnants of the lliiions, and the Ottawas who had fled from the Iroijuois, and was besides frequented by the Illinois, Potta- wattamies, Foxes, Menomonies, Sioux, Assiiii- boins, and other tribes who came to trade, and it was from the Illinois and Sioux that Marquette got his first information of the Mississippi River, of which, and his visit to it, we have already written. G. — Marquette determined to visit this river, but before he could put his plan into execution the Mission at La Pointe was broken up Divisi,,,, „f ti„. xna- by the Siou.\-— whom the Jesuits ""■> "i '-» i'"i»iL'- called " the Iroquois of the west '" — making war on the tribes at La Pointe. This frightened the Iliirons and Ottawas, and they left the place and descended to Lake Huron, the Ilurons slopping at Miehillimaekinac, and the Ottawas at (Jreal Maiia- toulin Island. This divided the mission, Father Marquette remaining with the Hurons, with his headquarters at St. Ignace ; and Father Aiidrd beginning a mission for the Ottawas at St. Simon. In the winter Father Andre made a missionary visit to the Nijiissings and oilier fiihes who had ventured back to Lake Huron after their fear of the Iroquois had been removed by their treatment au the hands of the Fremh. Andre had a rather hard experience, having to live on acorns and a sjieeies of lichen for most of the time, and was even so far reduced as to have to eat moss, the bark of trees, and boil his moccasins to furnish him food. 7. — Another mission was founded at (ireeii Pay, in the neighborhood of which several tribes were located. The first attempt to found vi.it„f .hosupmtor a mission was made in ItJU'J by "*■ ^''" '"^''-'i"""' II \i I lo6 TUTTLFS HISTORY OF THE D )MINI()N OF CANADA. Father Allouez, but was unsuccessful. In 1670 Father Dablon, superior of the missions on tlie upper lakes, joined him and they held a council with tlie tribes at St. Fran^'ois Xavier, as they had called the mission at Green Bay. The Indians received them well, and, wishing to do them honor, a band of naked warriors walked up and down while the discourse was going on, in imitation of the manner in which they had seen the troops on giiard in Montreal, which rather excited the risi- bilities of the priests, and Father Dablon quaintly says : " We could hardly keep from laughing, though we were discoursing on very important subjects ; namely, the mysteries of our religion, and the things necessary to escaping from eternal fire." 8. — Dablon was delighted with the country ; but quaintly adds : " The way to it is as hard as the path to heaven." On the banks of iTiirowing down j^^^^ Rivcr the missionaries found an idol, which was a hideously painted rock somewhat resembling a man, and similar to the one found by Dolhir and Galinee at Detroit; this thoy threw into the river, and continued their way across Lake Winnebago to the cown of the Mascontius and Miamis, which they reached on loth September, 1070. 9. — The two tribes lived together in one palis- aded village, and numbered about llnee thousand. Favonbierccp- fhey received the priests kindly, and BioImrU''by'^iue Were greatly attracted by a picture of . laniis. ^jjg Last Judgment whici\ they liad with them. Dablon praises the conduct of the chief of the Miamis greatly, and says he was '.•onored by his subjects like a king, and his demeanor towards them had no savor of the s.avage in it. He told them of the wonderful river Mississippi ; and when they left they left behind them the reputation of being wonderful medicine men. 10. — Allouez visited the Foxes next winter, and was greatly shocked at what he saw. Their lodges contained from five to ten nuiiaii MormoiiB. families, and some of the chiel's had as many as eight wives. lie gained a hearing, however, and on a succeeding visit niiide a great impression on them. It happened that a war party was going out, and it occurred to him that he would tell them the story of the Emperor Constantine and the cross. It had a great effect on them, and they daubed their shields with a rude sign of ihe cross. The party was successful, and highly extolled the virtues of the cross as a great war medicine. Dablon re- marks with regard to this circumstance: " Thus it is that our holy faith is established among these people ; and we h.ive good hope that we shall soon carry it to the famous river called the Mississippi, and perhaps even to the South Sea. 11. — The missionary stations were almost all alike, and of course simjile and primitive in ai>pear- ance and construction. Tliere was a , , ,, ... • , , What theMis- CluilJCl, USUalh' OllogS, wit ll one or two Biun.iry stations , ^ . ^ . were like. Iiouses, and in some nistaiices a store- house and workslioi>. Tlicse were surrf)unded by palisades, and, in fact, fdiined a stockade, outside of which were the clearings and cultivated fields. Of course the priests could not accomplish all this work by themselves, as llic}- re([iiirud men accus- tomed to forest life, hard work, and able to paddle the canoes, fell trees, build huts and cultivate the ground. In the earlier days of the missions there were a number who joined them voluntarily, either from enthusiasm or as penance, and the.se were known as donnes; or "given men;" but these soon grew scarce, and their j)laces were filled by hired men, or ev nrimiiville, a well- .Mni.|uis i>.'i)«uo:i- (lied olHi'er of distinction; and at the same time the veteran soldier DeCalliers, Cajitain of tiio retjinu'iit of Xavanc, was appointiMl to the tjdverninent of Monireal. The (•oMiinand of the latter was descrihed as ex- tending^ to Lid\f Si. I'eicr, and he soon cndeart'd liiiiisflf to the (Mdonists iiy his ahle and jinlieioiis adiiiinistratidii of 1 he affairs entrirsted to him. De- Deiioinille was a(.'coiii]iaiiiod hy a reinforceiiu'iit of troops ; and although his voyage hud hecn hoth long and lioisteroiis, on his arrival in (iiiehee, in 1(18.'), he allowed neithcrhinisclf ikm' his men niiieh time for ri'iiose, hnt juished forward at oiiee for Fort Fronteiiae to ascertain llie true stale of af- || fairs. He applieil himself very zealously to gain- ■ iiig a tine iinderslanding of the diilindties he- '' Iwecn the Frtiich and Inxjiiois, ami sent a very full and Ituiil report of llu' condition of atVairs to France. - 2. — He held that it would he most condiuive to I' I the prosperity of the Colony to maintain peace- able relations with the Ir(i([iiois; Uie luiliaiia. ''lit tllOIIgllt that tlicir COlKUlc't had of laic grown so insolent that an immediate war was iiiiavoidaMe. lie jt;itcd that it would ))c iiet'cssaiy f(U' the suc- cessful proseeiilion of ilie w ar lliat Fort {"'rontciiiic should hi! greaily .-M.euglheiied ; also that a new and large fort should lie hnilt at Niagara, and gar- ■ risoned hy oOO men. 'I'his would give the French |j (•onii)lete command of Lake ()ntaiio, ki'e[) the | Seiiecas in cheek, and prevent llie French ami - Indian trap^iers of the Xorth-W'esi from trading M'iili the Indians. The gre.it olijeciion to the Kclieme would lie the expense of niaintaiiiing the posl. lie ]iroposed lo rent it. ii plan which at (Uice met with the licariy co-opeialion of llie merchants of Quelicc, who oll'ered to pay a rental of ;)(J,OUO livres a year and siipjily the fort with provisions ;| for nine years. | ;5. — To carry (uit his plans Denonville rcijiiircd ,^ large reinforcements from France. lie made such ; extensive reparations that cme The Btreni;th of tht» i 1 . 11 i iroquoiB. W(Hil(l naturally suppose he was aliout to attack a very numerous tribe of savages. I?ut Ih," was not about to .:ltack a numerous people, for the Iroijiiois nations scarcely contained 7,000 souls ; but the Iroijnois can scarcely bo fairly classed as savages. Ihey were men of finer ]iliy.'-i(iue, greater intclligeiiee, and more indomilable pluck llian ihe jieasantrv oi Europe, and they had a far greater natural love of eonntiy, for the I'-uropeau pal riot ism of those days mainly consisted of the love of coniiuering oilier nations, while the Iroijiiois' love of country was the patriotic devotion of dcfeinling tlnir own soil from the polluting ste|) of the invader. The wh(»le fighting force of the Iro([Uois scarcely ex- cee, ,M(,liawk 200, Cayuga 200, Oneida 150; but they were infinitely superior to th" French in thi'ir thorough knowledge of the conn- try, and far more practised in dcsultcuv warfare ; besides which, although they eonld not move with the niililarv precision of regular troops, nor per- form the evolutions which, by making union strength, reixlered them formidable, the Inxpiois were fai bcKer marksmen, having greatly im- proved I lieu ''lief aciinaintaiKX' with the rille, and could endure much more cold and faiigue than their enemii's. -1. — liOiiis ajiproved of the projiosed plans of Oe- Dcnoiivilb', and tht; year 1(I8() saw him bu.sy with his lireparations. Troops were re- . , \. ,, . . . I'n.l 'St i.f (Icivi'inor ci'ivcti iroui r ranee, i)rovi.->ions in ii..ni;;iii ..i .Niw , • • ,• 11 ,, ^"Ik- large (inantilies torwardeil to r ort Fronti'uac, and preparaliuns made ftu- bnildiug the fort at Niagara. All this did not take jilace with- out tlie cognizance of (iovernor Doiigan, the English (iovMiKU' at New ^dl•k, and he >aw tli.iL if the l''rench were sueces>ful against the Irixinois it would wri'sl from New York and .Albany the great advantage in the fur liade which freedom from monopoly hail already given llicm. and seri- ously alTect the trade of the I'higlish colony generally. 1 le therefiue protested to (lnveriKU' De la Uaire against any attack on the Irii(|iiois, whom he claiiiH'd asl>riti>h snbjetts; and stated that the large collec'tion of stores at I'ort l''roiile- nac, and other prepaiations, led him to fear that a war (ui tlu^ Five Nations was inleiHled. De la Ihirre I'eplieil by refu.>-iiig to aiknow ledge the claim of England to the sovereignly id" the Iro- (piois, claiming that tin: French hail taken |iosses- sion of the soil long befoi'e the I'jigli>li : but, at the same time, ilisclaiming any inlenlion of mak- ing war on the Iroquois, and staling that llie eciicction of supplies at Fort Frontenac was only intended as a supply for the garrison. Ill' i' ir- W'' ■ m I 160 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. o. — So flimsy an explanation was not iit all likely to mislead the English f^oveinor, and lie very cltarly saw tlirouj^h the anihitioiis wUh^t1!«'iroqu^.. designs of the Fi-cneh to monopolize the fur trade; and he proceeded to frustrate that design, although he had to he very cautious on account of the instructions he had lately received from his government to preserve a good understanding with the French. Dongan held a council of tiie principal chiefs of the Five Nations at New York, and proposed a closer alli- ance with them. The terms that he ])roposed were, that the Iroquois were to cease all inter- course with the French ; to make a peace with the Ilurons and other North-\Vest tribes with whom they were at variance, and to induce them to give all their trade to the Hritish ; to coinjiel the Jesuits to withdi'aw, and to receive the mission- aries he would send; to recall the Ciiristian Indians of their tribe who had settled at Caughna- waga, and to assist him in establishing a post at ^lackinaw. In consideration of these concessions Dongan offered that should the French attack the Iroquois he would assist them. The chiefs were too politic to agree to all of Dongan's demands, for they did not desire to break entirely with the French, but they thoioiighly satisfied him that they would comply with the greater numbc r of his demands, and so a nnitual understanding was ar- rived at l)etween them. 0. — DeDenonville promptly received information of this coui[)act between tiie British and the Iro- quois, through the Jesuit mission- S"-S''''' ary to the Onondagas, Father Lam- berville, who learned of it on the re- turn of the chiefs from the council at New York, and who immediately informed DeDenonville, an act wiiich very nearly cost him his life afterwards. DeDenonville was greatly incensed at tiie action of Dongan, and determined to continue his prep- arations more actively than ever, so as to sliow that the threat of Ibilish support could not deter him. As a sort of act of rejirisal he caused the seizure, in the spring of 108:i, of all the English trading-posts at Hudson's Bay, exceiit Port Nel- son, which was in direct violation of the treaty shortly before entered into between England and France, one clause of which read to the effect that whatever might occur between the mother coun- tries, the American Colonies should always re- main at peace. These factories were recovered by the British some seven years afterwards, and changed hands several times before the final ces- sion of Canada to England by the French. 7. — DeDenonville having received large rein- forcements from France, and completed his ar- rangements for the campaign, pro- ceeded to Fort Frontenac, where he 'uencmiilio"^''" met a deputation of about fifty cliiels from the Oneidas and Onondagas, who had been persuaded by the Jesuit missionaries of their tribe to meet him. Here DeDenonville was guilty of a most cowardly and treacherous act, which throws a more unpleasant light on hihciiaracter than any- thing else he did during his adininistiation. When tin, ciiiefs arrived he kept tlicin for some days in suspense as to the nature of his proposed negotia- tions, then suddenly had them seized, handcuffed and sent to Quebec to be forwardeu to France to work in the galleys. This was a novel way of obeying the king's orders, which were to capture all the prisoners he could, in war, and send them to France to work in the galleys. But DeDenon- ville had not been alile to capture anj- piisoners in war, and so he preferred to meanly and treach- erously entice the chiefs into his jiower under a pretence f)f peace, and then capture them. This action of DeDenonville was strongly o[)j)osed by yi. DeCalliers and the Marquis DeVaudreuil, who had arrived with the last reinforcement from France ; but DeDenonville was obstinate and had his own way. 8. — The conduct of the Indians to the mission- aries through whom DeDenonville had received the information wiiich had excited ,, , . him to this act of treacherv, and of ih,. imimiisinre- through whom the conference had been arranged, was in marked contrast with that of the so-called " civilized " governor. Their rage was very great on learning the treachery of Delienou- ville, and the Oneidas seized the missionary and ordered him to be tortured and burnt, thinking that he had [lurposely lietrayed the chiefs into the power of the French governor. He was, however, saved by one of the Christian women of the tribe adopt- ing him as her son. Lamberville, the missionary of the Onondagas, also very narrowly escaped death, but was saved by the generous conduct of the chiefs, who had a far finer sense of honor and jus- tice than DeDenonville, as shown by the sjieech i ere lecoven-d terwards, unci the final ces- •encli. (1 huge rein- leted his ar- TreRcheiT of De- Ueiioiiville. ho had been )f their tiihe va.s guilty of ivhicli tiirows ter than any- ation. Wiien lome days in ised negotia- , handenfTed to France to level way of e to capture y Klreuil, wlio nient from ite and had he mission- td received lorouH cundiict li«' nuli!iii8 ill re- atiuii. villi that of ir rage was DeDenon- ionarf and inking that the power !ver, t;aved ibe adopt- ■isioiuiry of ped deatli, let of the r and jus- he speech ' 1,1: I 5 I! m!. ^■Ssl 1 tNSBiVlO tXWSS'jlVfOH' lunil SHISIIIHY Ul l"l i;OMINIl)N ID HNI1 fUlli.RJI'Mlf ■; -iu mou nil BURiAHO uLSIiABA;'. LiIHOCOMP' i I H ■'•■' THE GOVERNMENT OF M. DeDENONVILLE. IGl of one of their oriitors. When the news that Di- Duiionville hud treacherously seized tiieir deputies and sent them in chains to France readied the Onondagas they called a council of war, and Lam- berville was summoned before them. lie had heard what liad occurred, and expected nothing but torture and death, although he felt innocent of any int<;nt to entrap the delegates DeDenon- ville had seized. He was mistaken, however, for the red man had more true nobility, and a greater sense of justice caliout him, than his white brother. One of the chiefs addressing Lamberville said: "There can be no question that we are now in every respect authorized to treat thee as an cnemj' ; but we cannot resolve to do so. We know thee too well not to be persuaded that thy heart had no share in this treason, of which thou hast, in some degree, been the cause ; and are not so unjust as to punish thee for a crime of which we believe thee innocent." They then ordered him to depart immediately ; and, fearful that some of their band might do him injuiy when they could not protect iiim, gave him an escort of tried men to guide him by unfrequented paths to a place of safet}'. 9. — DeDenonville having now collected a force of 2,000 regulars and militia, and 000 Indian allies, nonenonvuie n,i. tl^itt-rmiued to advance against the rro'luoii*''"''' "'" Ii''>roselytes at Caughnawaga returned to their tribe. l:!. — DeDencMiville had iiiten'■ o remain inactive. compelled t so, however. liawks. the Ii l(i(plols. Not In November the Mohawks up il red 111 the iieighbdibood of Fort CliamM \'. tllH althougli they tlid not capture the fort they l)iiiiied all the farm houses, and either killed ov eaiiied to captivity all the inmates. This inroad \\i charged by the French to have been instigaleil by III I I li i :i ;':! 162 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Doiigan, and he hastily fortified Albany, and con- centrated a body of Indians tiiere, fearing reprisal. 14. — The ill-feeling of the Five Nations against the French rather increased towards the spring of 1088, but still they deteriiiined on Efforts at peace, pcacc, if the French would agree to the terms proposed by Governor Dongan. They backed up tliis pacific offer by most hostile demonstrations, and over 1,000 war- riors established themselves at Lake St. Francis, within two days' march of Jlontreal, while tiieir delegates confeired with DeDenonville at that place. 15. — Nor wert! the Iroquois content with th'^ hos- tile demonstration at Lake St. Francis ; about 500 warriors appeared in the neigli- ?oTma»'oi'',"'ice? l^o'liuod of Fort Frontcuac, sacked and burned the farm-houses, killed or made captive the inmates, and blockaded tlie gar- rison in tiieir fort. DeDenonville finding he could not withstand tlie storm wliicli his own treachery in seizing the delegates and sending them to France had raised, was forced to agree to the humili..l;ug terms of peace proposed b}" the Iroquois, which in- cluded the reUi.n of the deputies. i'lie peace was to be ratified by delegates from all the Iroquois tribes, and was to include all the Indian allies of the French. A cessation of hostilities at once took[)Iace; and the Iro([Uois left five liostages in Montreal as a pledge of their good faith; it being also agreed that any hostile skinnishes that might occur while negotiations were pending, should make no difference in the ultimate ccunpletion of the treaty. 10. — I)iit DeDenonville had new and powerful eneni'es to contend with before a peace could be (i|.i.oMii(iiit<. iiie cDiicluded, and these were his own ^n^iul^il'i'rVS lixli^in allies, ehiefly tlu' Abenaqnis, who inhabited wiiat is now the State of Maine, and the Ilurons, who had en- tered 111)011 the war on the express understanding tliat the Iroquois were to be exterminated. The AliciuKpiis made an inroad along the river Uielu;- lieii, surjirised a body of Iiixjuois and their allies, the Mohicans, and committed some outrages on tlie settlers. 17. — Ihit the most determined foe to a peace was Kondiarak, the chief of the Ilurons, known as "The Itat," or "The Maeliiavel of The I'cBoc-Klllcr. , iiri , y fire nnd reeked w itli blood. Everytliing that could yioUl to the tomahr'vk or to the flames was swooped within the red radius of destruction. Two hundred human beings were burned alive; numbers were put to death, after having been sub- jected to every t(U'ture which diabolical ingcnuit}' coalil d(!visc ; and many were reser' .'d for the tor- ments of the fagot and the stake, in the laud of the Loijuois. 'I'iii; enemy fiUivUy retreated laden with spoils and having only lost three men. lit. — This terrible swoop of the hoquois, the most disastrous the colony had ever expiMieiiced, filled the colonists with terror and i?in F™m:"i:' alarm, and so frightcnea the garri- son at Fort Frontenac that they deserted the post without wailing for the approach of the )!ro(iuois. and lied in such haste that many of tiiem were drowned in attempting to shoot the rapi(l> wiiliout taking proper jirccaulion.s. :20. — i'liis virtually closed the government of DeDeiiouville, for the king, who had looked for the coiuplele subjugation of the ho- viiio. qiiois, and the manning oi liis gal- leys with their captive chiefs, was so aniioyi'd at DeDeiionville's want of success that he leealled him, and the Count DeFrontenac was ap[ioinle(l in his place. Commencing with an act of peilidy, DeDcmjiiville's govcrnineut closed in disgrace and most overwhelming misfortune, with- out any bright or brilliant achievement to ligiiliii its ''loom. 22 CHAPTER XXXL THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONn:S. 1. The Eauly English Sktti.k.mi:nts. — 2. Why THK English werk slow at Colonization. — 3. GuANT TO Siu Thomas Gates hy James L — 4 The Poweu of the Companies under THEIR Patents. — 5. The First Colonlsts. — G. Settlement of Jamestown. — 7. Cattain John S.mith — 8. Slow Progress of thk Colony. — 'J. New Charteij to the London Company. — 10. Five Hundred more Emi- grants sent out. — 11. Flouuishing Condi- tion of the Col-ONY UNDER S.MITH. — 12. Rapid decline of the Colony on Smith's de- parture.— 13. Government of Lord Dela- ware. — 14. Government of Sir Thos. Dalu, li'). Import .nt Change in the Tenure of Land. — 1',. Raid into Acadia and New York ry the (Jolo.msts. — 17. Tyra.nny of Argall and its Good Results. — 18. Female E.migrants. — 1!). First Convicts sent out to v'lRGINlA. — 20. SeTTLE.MENT OF MARYLAND. 1. — As our narrative now approaches a recital of the life-or-death struggle between the English and French colonies for supremacy on this continent, it will be well for us LmcmiJlu."*'"" to pause and glance at the rise and progress of the small seaboard settlements of the English which were now coming into more promi- nent notice. After the abortive attempt at colo- nization in the regions of the continent near New France, the English, as a nation, ceased to attempt to increase their empire in America. Their fish- ing and whaling fleets frequented the seas, along wiiii those of other nations, but they made little or 11'. efl'ort to establish colonies. 2. — Tiie chief rca.seii why Fiance was left almost alone ;i\ her efforts to establish a great empire on tliis continent, and why so little ..,, „ „ „, , , / Wiy tlm Kngllsli etlort WIS made by the Eii"'ish "'.■iv »iuw at coioni- •^ ' zaltun. was, tha! ..le early [lart of the seven- teenth century was loo much occupied with civil and religious dissensions, ending in civil war, to allow the r^nglish niueii time to think of extend- ing their empire in foreign climes. 'J'hey needed all ilieir nieu and money iu home. And yet these very civil and religious diflicultics were eventu- ■ r. li I m JH } 164 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ally the means of causing a large emi<,natioii fioiu Eiigluiid, which rapidly built up the English colo- nies in America and made them formidable rivals to the French settlement. The royalists left Eng- land under the Commonwealth to find that civil and religious liberty Ihey could not find at home, and built up the colonies of Virginia and Mary- land. The Puritans, on the other liand, emigrated after the restoration of Ciiarles II., and founded what are known as the New England States. 3. — On the 10th April, ItiUO, King James I., of Great Britain and Ireland, granted letteis-patent to Sir Thomas Gates and otheis, oli^i^iy jJm^r granting them all the territory on on the North American continent between the 34th and 4oth degrees of north lati- tude, with all islands within 100 miles of the shore. At tlie reoanl of Management resident in London. This Board was, in (sffcct, almost a department of the general gov- ernment, as its members wl'vo. oiigiiuiUy nominated by the Crown, and they suggested to the govern- ment the names of colonists to appoint to the Local Councils. This did not leave any of the representative liberty of which both England and what were tiien her inci[)ient colonies, are so proud to-day. In religion there was no more freedom, for the Anglican Church was alone recognized, and was alone entitled to endowments. The laws, civil and criminal, were generally those of England. ■"). — 'l"he first shipment of colonists made l»y the com[)any left England on lOth Dec., ICOt), in three small vessels, the largest of which was not 100 tons. The colo- The iirst coioniHts. nists only nund)ered lOo, and were about as bad a lot as could well have been got to- gether for the purpose of hjunding a new colony, as they were nearly all adventurers, and not at all suited f )!• the hardships and privations incident on building up a new colony. (!. — 'I'he expedition was unsuccessful from the start, being 145 days on the voj'age. And it was not until the 13lh May, 1007, that they landed on the banks of the ^jf.il.tTowL.'" river Powhattan, which they re- chrisvened James IJiver, in honoi' of the English monarch. Iliey selected a site for a settlement about fifty miles from the seaboard, and erected a few huts and a stockade to serve as a fort, and named the place Jamestown. 'I'his fort was in- tended as a i)rotection against the natives; but they .were inclined to be friendly and would have remained so, had they been well treated by the colonists. 7. — 'I'he expedition soon beganto fare l)adly, and would have been utterly lost had it not been for one of the patentees, a man of hum- ble birth named John Smith, who s,",'!!".'." •'°'''' was at first excluded from the council, but who was afterwards forced by circum- stances to take command. Tin; provisions iirought out from EnglanlMin Joliii III. by circum- ins lironght , or spoiled s were too selves with liu! j)arty set in more plain John nly cajiable the head of a party wever, ill- t stay, and 1 killed all iitcrccssion ill twclvi! \\asiilloweil nd that the ed to id)oiit THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES. 1(3.-) forty, and they were then preparing to set out in the piiniace. Smith dissuaded them from this, although at the risk of his life. 8. — Shortly afterward.s the company sent out another lot of 100 colonists, but they were of (juite as poor material as the first lot, ^im.r^""'"'' '"" l)i-ing nearly all gentlemen adven- turers and goldsmiths, tiie cause of the coming of the latter being the discovery of some shining earth in the James River, which the ignorant colonists mistook for gold. During the sca^oi; of 1008-9 about seventy more colonists arrived, including two females, the first in the colony, and wiio nia}', therefore, be called the very fust of the " First Families" of Virginia. At this time there was not a child in the colony. Smith was greatly annoyed at the want of judgment in tiie company in the quality of the innnigrants sent out, and said he would rather have " thir- ty carpenters, husiiaiidmen, gardt'ners, fishermen, lilacksmiths, masons and diggers of roots," than a thousand men such as had Ijcen sent liim. He did not despair, however, but made the best use lie could of his bad material, setting them to cultivate the soil ; but although a good stock of imjilements had b(>en sent out, the men did not know how to use them, and the}' had to rely almost entirely on the natives fov supiilies, Smith taking good care to keep on good terms with them. The colony now numbered 'IQO and the people were strong and in good health. 'J. — 'J'he London Company was greatly disap- pointed at not finding tlie gold which the first settlers had reported to be in the New olifirtfT tt> tlif j -,1* i , ii ..ii i , London comimnj. Jauies l\iver; l)Ut tlicy still deter- mined to ijcrsevere, and on 2:3d May, 100!), obtained a new charter, which gave tiiein increased jiower, enlarged their territory, and added a number of nobles, merchants, tradesmen, &c., to the proprietary, thus strengthening the company. The liberties of the colonists were, however, still furtherinfringed, for tlie Local Coun- cil was abolished, and the ab.soliite control vested in a Hoard of Directors, resinii New y„ik by them under their charter of the whole American coasts, by causing a raid to be made by tlie Virginia colonists, under command of Captain Argall, Into the French settlement of Acadia, and also on the Dutch settlemont at New Amsterdam (now New York), where tlie (iovernor was compelled to acknowledge the English king and promise to pay tribute. But as soon as he got over his scare he refused to pay, and no furtiier attempt was made to sustain the claim of the company to the whole seaboard. The cultivation of tobacco was first commenced in Virginia under tlif. government of Sir Thomas Gates in 1613. 17. — Sir Thomas Dale was appointed to succeed Sir Thomas Gates in 1614, and he was succeeded by Mr. George Yeardley in 1616, who only served one year, when 21\,u""^,,o'ue»uiu>. Argall was appointed Governor. Argall was extremely despotic, and rode rough- shod over the rights of the colonists. He was, liowever, a brave soldier and a firm, if tyrannical administrator. Among his despotic orders was one that every person should go to cliurcli — the Established Church of England — every Sunday, under a peiualty of imprisonment for one week for the first offence, one month for the second, and one year for the third. ArgaU's tyninny drew forth strong complaints from the colonists to the company, and Argall was recalled, and Mr. George Yeardley was re-appointed governor, with instruc- tions to look into the alleged grievances. This inquiry resulted in the first establishment of any- thing like representative government in the Brit- ish colonies, the power of the Governor being restricted by the appointment of a council to re- strain him ; and the people being autiiorized to send deputies to a tree Legislative Assembly, which met Jit Jamestown on liHh June, 1619. 18. — U}) to this period the emigrants liad been almost entirely males; but now the company began to send out women for wives to , , . 1 • 1 Fcmilo emlgrniits. tlie colonists, somcwliat in the ■'#'" e of greiit 0011 Iji'jfiin to depend liny of Ad- lirst colony into Ara (ioveinor isilisli kinij won as he no furtiier lim of the cultivation ;inia under I 1G13. to succeed succeeded miy of ArRftll its good ri;HUltB. ode rouffh- II tyr )rde urc Y ;h- \V( icon nn) sts r. c was, iinnical s was ■the unday, eek fur lid, and ly drew to the George instiuc- ics. This it of any- the Brit- lior being cil to re- lorized to \ssembly, 1019. had been my began e (jmlgraiits. THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIKS. it;i I'Mshion that the French king afterwards sent wives to his colonists in New France. In ItjiiO tiie iirst lot of ninety women and girls were sent out to Virginia and sixty more were sent the following year. Some chroniclers say that many of these women were sold for their weight in tf>baeco, varying from one hundred to one hundred and fifty pounds ; but this is apocryphal, and as tuiiaeeo was not yet grown in sufficient quantities to be used as an article of 1-irter, — altliough it was so used later on in the colony, — there is not much ground fur believing that "the mothers of Virginia " were originally valued at no mure than their own weight in tobacco. 19. — .\bout this time England began to impose lier convict classes on her American cohmies; ami the first lot of 100 were landed in mlr^vi;;iimr" Virginia ill l(5::i. These men were l)ut the forerunners of many thou- sands who were afterwards sent to the American plantations. The first lot pros[)cred well; re- moved from temptation, and obliged to either work honestly or starve, they, for the most part, preferred the former, and after the expiration of their terms man}- of them settled as respectable free colonists. 20. — We shall now leave the " Old Dominion," as Virginia is called out of respect to its antiijuity, and glance for a moment at the Settlement of JI.iry- ..i t. „c -\r i i i*i i;,n,i. settlement 01 Maryland, which was, in fact, but an outgnjwth of Vir- ginia, as the second charter of the London Com- pany included all the territory now known fvs Maryland. This territory was founded by Sir (leorge Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Hoinaii Catholic nobleman, who left England with a number of his co-religionists to escajie the persecution which was then going on against the Roman Catholics, and was called ^i.'ryland out of honor to Ileiirietta- Maria, Queen Consort of Charles I. The charter, granted in 1033, vested the seigniory of the country in Lord Baltimore, holding of the British Crown, on feudal payment of a nominal rental, and a royai'y of one-fifth of all the precious metals found; and Leonard Calvert, a brother of Lord Baltimore, with about 200 Roman Catholics, sailed for the new country in November, 1033. Sjieak- ing of Lord Baltimore, Bancroft, the great Ameri- can historian, says : " Calvert deserves to be ranked amongst the most wise and benevolent lawgivers of all ages. Ho was the first ;n the history of the Christian world to seek for religious security and peace by the practice of justice and not b}' the exercise of power ; to plan the establishment ot popular institution!!, with the enjoyment of liberty of conscience ; to advance the career of civilization, by recognizing the rightful equality of all Christian sects. The asylum of papists was the spot, where, in a remote corner of the world, on the banks ot rivers which as yet had hardly been explored, the mild forbearance of a proprietary adopted religious freedom as the basis of state policy." CHAPTER XXXIL THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES. (Continued.) 1. First SETTi.EMKy in Nkw Exgland. — 2. Captain John S.mith's Survky of Nkw England. — 3. Ariuval of the Puritans. — 1. Primitive Legislation. — o. Settlement of Boston. — 0. Increased Emigration and new Settlements. — 7. Settlejiknt of New Hamp- shire. — 8. Atte.mpt to Stop Lmmigration. — 9. Confederation of the Provinces. — 10. Persecutions ijy the Puritans. — 11. Perse- cution OF THE Quakers. — 12. Early Estab- lishment OF PuiiLic Schools. — 13. The three FORMS OF GOVERNMENT IN TDK COLO- NIES. 1. — The first steps towards effecting a settle- ment in the States known as " New England " were taken about the same time as the settlements in Virginia. The first Sl^'K-'illnr""' body of emigrants landed at the mouth of the Kennebec River, and founded a set- tlement which was called St. George, in honor of the leader of the expedition. Sir George Poi)hain. The two ships which brought out the emigrants returned to England in Decemlier, leaving forty- five persons ; but tlun' suffered so ni.icli from cold and want of provisions during the winter that they al)aiidoned the place in the spring, the leader of the expedition. Sir George Popham, having died in the meanwhile. 2, — In the year 1014, Captain John Smith, who .1 • ' liiii 108 TUTTLES IIISroHY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. had made himself famous hy his conduct in set- r,.pi.,in.roi,ns,nin,-B'"^'"-"«- idoved tlie ivjjion from Pcnohscot to Cajjo ("od, and j;ave the new ter- ritoiy the name of " New Eiinhuid." A cliarter was obtained for settiin<; the country Smith had surveyed ; but as tlic <^i\u\t covered an area which Deluded more than half of what is now tlie United States, and the whole of Canada, its v«'rv extent made it too unwield\- to be used to any advantasre, and it became a dead letter in the hands of tiie patentees. !5. — The two first altemi)ts at settlements in New England were failures; and the settling of tliat colony was due to a class of dis- "rurimVi"''" seuters from the Englisii Protestant Ciinrch. This sect had arisen during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I.; and to tliem was due mainly tlie establishment of the Commonwealtli in England, and the beheading of Cliarles I. Tiie iiraiich of the Puritans which euiigrated to New Englaiul were called " Brownists," from their pastor in Leyden, Holland, where they had gone to escape the persecution of the Church of England. After some difficulty these exiles obtained from the Lon- don \'irginiau Company an assignment ot land within the limits of that com[)any ; and two ves- sels, the Jfti/floiciT and Speedwell, were chartered to convey thi." colonists to their new home. Both vessels were .small, tlu; former being only one hundi'cd and eighty tons, and tlie latter but sixty. Tiie aecoiumodation was so scanty tiat all the "Pilgrims," as they called themselves, could not emi)ark, ami the pastor of the congrega- tion, John Robinson, remained at Leyden with a poitioii of iiis flock, wliile the remainder embarked from Deifiiaven, on '2'M July, 1()20, undercharge of au elder named Brewster. Tlio sliips were k(;pt by stress of weather in the British Channel until till' Oth September, when tlie wiiole party em- l)arked on tlie Mor which they had named "New Plymouth," after ilie iMiglish town of Plymouth, from which they had last sailed. 4. — The colonists arranged a form of government for themselves before landing. It was a Republic of the most [irimitive stvle, all the male members of the party (101 Jiol;"""" '■''^"''" souls in all) acting as legislators ; and the execu- tive was comjiosed of a governor and five assist- ants to be elected aunnally. Mr. John Carver was the first governor. This st' le of government was not found inconvenient at lirst, as the colony pro- gressed slowlv, and only iiUHibered three hundred ten 3'ears after its foundation; but as the popula- tion iu:;reased it was found necessary to resort to representation. a. — In 1(522, Georges and Mason took a patent for colonizing a territory they called Laconia, and which was bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the St. Lawrence, IMerrimac ^^^"''""''""'f "<«- and Kennebec rivers. Under this patent Portsmouth and Dover were settled in 162^3. Ill 1G28, White and Endicott, with a num- ber of other Puritans, settled Salem, which is tiie earliest permanent settlement in Massachusetts. In the same year Thomas Graves, and about one hundred emigrants, founded a settlement on the Charles river which tlie\' called C-'harlestown, (this is now incorporated as part of the city of Boston.) Two j'ears later (1G30) a portion of the settlers, who had been reinforced by immigration, crossed to a place called Sliawmut by the Indians, and there founded the i)rescnt city of Boston. This colony was governed for three years in the same manner as the settlement at New Plymoutii ; but in 1034 the representative style was adopted, this being the second instance of the introduction of representative government on this continent, the first having been at Jamestown, Va.,on llUh June, i011». 0. — The emigration from England of the Puri- tans continued for some years, on account of tlK-ir iieiseeution, and many new colonies were settled. In !();!;>, over 3,000 tionnnumm mih.- emigrants arrived in New England, amongst them HeniT Vane and the Rev. Iliigii Peters ; both of these gentlemen figured consiiicu- ously under the Commonwealth, and were exe- cuted as traitors during the reign of Charles the r whicli tlu'v llu' Kiii;li!-li liey had Last if government •IS a Republic Primitive I.egisla- :lon. 1(1 tlie execu- iid five assist- in Carver was /ernnient was e colony pro- liree hundred IS the popula- •y to resort to took a patent Laconia, and Spttlement of Bt»8- Lun. re settled in :, with a uum- which is the lassacliusetts. lul about one ement on the lestown, (this ;y of Boston.) f the settlers, ation, crossed Indians, and Boston. This in the same lymouth ; l)ut adojjted, this itroduction of continent, tlic on null June, I of the J'liii- icount of tlicir nicronscd I'mi^in- tioii aiiU iiuw M.-ii1c- e Rev. 1Im,i;Ii ired cons|iicii- md were vw- f Charles liic n|"l it li &v ; ■ S: I i Vt 11'; 'I 1 ; ! i i I THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES. 169 i SccoikL In 1G38 a small settlement was made by the Diituli at what is now the city of Hartford; and in l'!:'.') John Winthmp fonnded Saybrook, Conn. Thice years later New Havt-n was founded by Eaton and Davenjiort. 7. — Wiiile some of the New England colonies were flonrisiiing, other attempts were not, at fust, so snccessfnl ; and the altcniiit to iilmX'.'e.''^ ^''■"' ^e^llt-' tl'^' tnict of eonnlry now known as New Ilamiishire, whicli was commenced nnder a charter granted in Iti'ii), proved so slow that three years after the founda- tion of Portsmouth it oidy contained sixty families. 8. — The continued persecutions of the Puritans tended to increase emigration from England to such an extent that in 10o7 a Hoyal ^miKni'ilo'n/'"'' prochunation was issued restraining tiie Puritans from emigrating to America. At the same time an order in council was pul>lished prohibiting all non-conformist ministers to emigrate without the leave of the Archbishop of Canterbury, or the lUshop of Lou- don. It was also reported that a governor, with very arbitrary powers, would be sent out; and the " Company of iMassachusetts Hay," was declared by English judges to be an illegal association, and the New Plymouth patentees, nnder whom ihe company held their rights, were outlawed. A s(piadroii of eight ships bound for New England were stopped in IG^jH by order of the Privy CA)un- cil, although allowed to go on in a few days ; it is slated by some historians that Oliver Cromwell ami IIaui[)den were to have end)arked in this licet — which woidd have changed English history considerably ; but there does not seem to be any fouiidatiiui for the statement. i). — New Hanii)shire was annexcl to Massachu- ietts in 1G41 ; and in 1G4:] iigenenvl confederation was eft'ectt.'d under tl.j title of " the liullwl,™"''' United Colonies of New England." T'hese coloiues consisted of Massa- cliUM'tts, New Plymouth, Connecticut, anil New Haven, ilhode Island, which was loundeil in lil;!S, refused to join, and Maine and Providein;e were refused admission because the religious views id' llie people did not agree with those of the other slates. The colonization of .Maine i)rogresseil very slowly ; and in IG.Vi it was iiniu'.xed to Massaehu- M'llS. 1". — After till eoMiiuesI of .laniaiea by Cnuu- well in 165"), he offered the Puritans a settlement | there ; but they declined, according | . • 1 • i. • * 1 rersfciiliona by U>.e to an American lustoiian, on tlie i-iirUinw. ground that " they wotdd have considered it a sijccies of sacrilege to abandon to j the savages the consecrated as\ am of their pecu- liar belief; for religion was with them an affair of state, and to preserve its jiurity was considered the paramount authority of the civil magistrate." But, although tenacious of their own rights to religious liberty, no jieoiile were ever more intol- erant than they; and nuMubers of other sects were sternly persecuted. Thus when the " Antim)mian controversy " arose, Anne Hutchinson and her disciples, who held dissentient views on the sul)- jci't of free grace, were expelleil from the colony ; Mr. ("lark, a I5a[)tist, was fined for preaching at Lynn; a -Mr. Holmes was publicly whipped for preaching what was not considered sound doctrine by the Puritans; and any difference from their own faith was visited by fine or imprisonment, while all persons were obliged to attend church or be fined. The writer above i|uoted says "The very men who had fled Irom England to gain an asylum for religious freedom, were refusing the slightest toleration to an\' religious denomination but their own." IE — The worst persecuted sect was, strange to say, the Qmvkers, and the bluest of the " Blue Laws" were passed, and enforced against them. Two (Quaker ladies ,7;jr,';.'.''''' ''^ '''" who arrived in Boston in l(5.")d, were imprisoned for five weeks, am! afterwards banished; and a law was passed prohibiting ai.iy more Quakers from entering the colony on pain of liiu^s. imprisonment and even death ; and some who dared to enter the olony were hanged. Citi- zens were also fined for harlioring Quakers. \2. — Although tin: people of N(;w iMiglaiid were terribly bigoted, and |)crsecuted all believers in eri'cds other than their own, tliey soon saw the importance of estab- S'^libirSi"!'" lisliitig place's of j)ublic instruction, and a law rei|uiring one public school fur exciy township of fifty houseliolilers was passed in IG IT ; and in towns of one huiHlred families, or niurr. grammar schools where boys were to lie eduiated for college. The first collegia in New iMigland was that of Harvard, eslablished in lG:i(i by the vole (if the Li'gislature, granting a sum eipial to a I' ' , 170 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. whole year's income of the State ; hut tlic college would scarcely have attained its great growth hut for the niiinifieence of Mr. .lolin Harvard, an English gentleman who arrived in tlie colony in 10t58, and who, dying shortly after his arrival, gave half his property (and a valuable lil)rary) to the new college, which then assumed his name. The establishment of a college in Massacluisetts created emulation in the other portions of New England, and public schools were very rapidly establisiied. Iti. — There were three distinct forms of govern- ment in the English colonies; tlie Royal govern- ment, such as Virginia, where all Till' Ihroe forms (if , , ., . . ,. , KovcriiiiiMitiii Die tiic lunctionancs were, ilirectly or mtlirectly, named by the king ; secondly, a constitution founded on charters granted to companies id' adventurers, such as in New England; and, lastly, the proprietary govern- ments. In the chartered governments, the i)eoi)le really had full control of the government through their rejii-eseulatives. "'J'lie general court of the colony of Massachusetts Bay" was composed of the governor, sid)-governor, ten magistrates and two deputies from each town, all elected annually. 'I'he governors and the magistrates sat in one chamber, the de[)uties in another. This court was absolute, and there was no appeal from it. The court only met once a year, and the public business was in tiie mean w liile administered by the gover- nor in council, who gave audiences twice a week. The proprietary governments hail soinewiiat of a feudal comjilexion ; Ijeing so many seigniories, or lord.^hijis, granted for particular considerations, or from pure; favcu', to certain individuals. Tims the pioprietorship of Pennsylvania was vested in William I'enn and his family. Maryland was held on a proprietary patent by liord Raltimore; and North and South Carolina, New Jersey. Delaware and (Jeorgia were also proprietary governments. ( IIAPTKK XXXIII. -{Con- THE AN(H.0-A.MEI!K;AN COLONIES (iiiiii il. 1. NaT11;A1. ADVANTAdKS (iK Till'; I5l!iriSlI ('()!,( )- NIKS. — -J. Ri;i.in(,ji'isii.mi;nt • Virginia reported in 1071, that the colonists liad resolved to conform to the Navigation Act, although it would destroy tlii'ir shi[)-buildiiig, then (Uie of the chief industries of the colony. This was followed by other cohuiies; and, in KiSI, the jieople of Massachusetts Bay wert! eomiielled to relin(lui.■^ll their charter. Charles the Sticond had intended to abolish the franciiises, political and commercial, of New lOngland ; but he died before Ids intent was carried into elVeet. ;l, — I'he next governor appointed after the death of Charles was Sir William Aiidro.s, with full Colon IKS THK EnG- DlFFKU- EllKNCH navigable illier Willi al atlvftiitaiies Urhish CoTo- licli speetl- lliuir pros- [ the mer- esliietions 1 the Euvo- <4ly, esiieci- lui atteinjit ccessioii of passed an )e imported s fiom the that threc- l that sliips iierehaiidise as III' e was t i'riiin one not, how- iipts to do le eoloiiists, CDiiid fie- aiid othir lay was the cd the [lay- iniiniHlinii'iit cif rlilliliT nf Hit' iinv cil' !Mu»»a- im-ilB lliiy. liinists had ation Ael, Idiiig, then my. This I, ICSl, the impelled to Second had )liti(al and died helbl'O (T the death s with fnll 53 SECOND GOVERNMENT OF COUNT DeFRONTENAC. 171 . . , , , i)o\vcrs to make laws and levy taxes AndroB' attempt to ' i • , i f.t..f 111.' Kii"- especially those of Massachusetts lis., .x.v,.la.io„oT jj.^^,_ .|'|,^ j,^.^^j,j^ ,,j. i}„^io„ ^^i.j.^^1 and imprisoned Andros, with fifty of las adherents ; and magistrates who had been displaced b^- him were re-inst^Ued. This example was followed by Rhode Fsland and Connecticut, and a restoration of the old eliarters was applied for. This was not attained until ItJiU, when Massachusetts obtained a new charter, containing not quite so great priv- ileges as the old one, but granting the same sj)e :ies of governuKMit as existed in England. On tiie arrival of Sir William IMiipjis as Lo^al (Jover- nor, in l(Jl)2, the eliarter was accepted. By it New Plymoutii, and Acadia, which had passed under British rule after the capture of Port l{oyal in 1000, were annexed to Massachusetts. 5. — Tins brings us down to the last decade of tlie seventeiMith century ; and, although t)ur sketch of „., „_ , the Anglo-American Colonies has rill' iiiiTiTi'iiic lie- '^ t«.'.'ii Hi., iinuiisii been, of necessitv, l)rief, it will, we and 1' rLMiidi ( oltiiiirit. ^ ^ _ • ' ' think, be suflicieiit to give an out- line of the diil'ereiiee between tlie two colonies before we enter more fidly into the history' of the struggle between tliein f(U' supremacy on this con- linent. The ICnglish colonists were, for the most part, self-exiialriated, either to escape political or religiiuis persecution ; and, having lied IVom tiieir own ediintiy to seek liiierty, liiey naturally be- iMine jealous (if the sudden and stiiuig development of a rival colony antagonistic in faiiii, in nalional- ily aiid in loyally; bu' while the ICnglisii c(donists iiescr loved llieir king any uku'c than tlie law re- Huired. tlie {''ri'iicli loved liieirs with a deep-seated luvallv eonstantlv strengthened by the priests. At first tlie English colonies paid but little atten- tion to their French neighbors ; for under " The Company of One Hundred Associates," and the '• West India Compau}'," — as we liave already shown, — emigration languished, trade and coni- meree made comparatively little progress, and there seemed nothing for the Englisii to fear from their neigldxn's. But theco Mpiests and ambition of l^oiiis XIV., and tlie cobuiial policy of Colbert, which was peopling Canada with a military and laboring population, roused the jealousy of the English colonies. They found that the cordon of military seigniories and forts which was being drawn in New France might be used with eipial ef- fect against them as against the Iroquois on whose account they were, osten.sibly, erected. 'I'lie Englisii colonii.'s, at last, determined to attempt the subjugation of Canada ; and, in IGOO, offere I men and money to England for tluvt purpose. This brings us down to the ciu.se of DeDenon- ville's government in Canada. CHAPTER XXXIV. SECOND GOVERNMENT OF COUNT DicFRONTENAC. 1. SiX'OND AltlUVAL OF DkFroI.TKNAC AT QUK- nicc. — '2. Di:Calmi:i!i:'.s Plan of Attacking Tiiio En(;i.isii Colonies. — :>. Disaffkction of TiiK Indian Alliks of tiik T kkncii. — 4. Dk- FuoNTKNAC I)i:ti:umini;.s to Attack tiik Enc- Lisii. — ."). Partial SrccKs.s of tiik Expfdi- TioN.s. — 0. Dfittihs sknt to tiif Noktii- Wkst TiiinFs.— 7. SrccEss of the Exi-edi- TioN. — 8. The English Colonies PitEi'AUE to Invade Canada. — U. The Plan of In- vasion. 1. — To return to the events in Canada we find tluit tiie Count DeFronteiiae. who was re-appointed to sueeeed the Maripiis D(d)enoii- ville, arrived at t^iiebreon the l.'itii s,'"'""iti'rriv.iii.f i>,. *• iTniili'iiac at tju.lii'i', October, lti,S7. 'I'lir Ciniadian an- tlKuities had noticed wiihsiune alarm thcgrowing inlluenee of the English traders with the Iroipiois; and, after the unsuccessful campaign of DeDeiion- I i ? ! ! L. 1 It 1 ,11 J hi ;. ' 172 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ville, M. DeCullieres, comnmncliuit at Montreal, l)ecainc convinced that as tlie lMij;;lisli at New York openly avowed an alliance witii flu? Five Nations, the most effectual way to crush the Iro- quois would he to attack the settlement of theif friends, the EnfjHsh, first, and for this iniri)ose he visited France to ur^re his views. 2. — The Chevalier proceeded to France in the fall of 1688, and his views were accepted by the T^ f. 11. . 1 . Government, and the Count De- DeCalliero's plan of atta.-kii.« the Ei.n- Froiitcnac ordered to carry them out. His plans were substantially as follows : — He proposed to take an army of 2,000 regular troops, by way of the Richelieu River and Lake Champlain, into the country of tlie Ii'oquois with the avowed purpose of attacking them ; and, when lie should reach the neighborhood of Alban}', he would suddenly attack and capture that scttlcuient, which he stated had only a popula- tion of al)out three hundred al)le-bodied men, and a garrison of one hundred and fifty. The place consisted of about one hundred and fifty houses, and had only one earthen fort, mounted with a few cannon, and a wooden palisade. He then pro- posed to march along the Hudson to New York, which he represented as an open town, containing two hundred houses, and having about four Iiun- dred men cai)able of bearing arms. He urged in sui)port of his plan, that it would put the French in possession of the finest harbor in America; that it would cripple tiie Iroquois by cutting off tiie supplies of arms and ammunition which they were olitaining from the English; and that, unless some decisive steps were taken, the Iro([Uois would de- stroy Canada, whieii would entail lite loss of the jiostsat Huilsou's Ma}', the fur trade;, Acadia and tlie fisheries of the (iulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, which would cause the loss of scvtiial millions of livres annually to Fiance. Authority was given DeCallieres to carry out his plan ; but DeFrontenac found on his arrival that till! blow to the I'rench iiad been too si!vcre i'or iiim toattcini)t anything more than a defensive |iolicy for the present. Although DeFrontenac had a large supply of trooi)s and stores, lie was too |)olitic not to lake advantage of the fact of his having the Irocpiois chiefs, who iiad been i)etrayed liy DeDeiionville ami sent to France, and who were being returned in the same siiii> with liim ; and, he tlierefore tried to conciliate tiiem. He gained the confidence and good will of several, especially Oureouhare, who was of great use to him afterwards. •!. — DeFrontenac concluded that the season was too late, and, besides found it necessary to proceed to Montreal to encourage , 1 . , ■ . . . , ', DisaffeoUon of the tlie inlial)itants, who were greatly iiKiianaiueaof uw discouraged from the cruel massacre ™"'" '' at Lachine, and to revive the confidence of the Indian allies of the French, many of whom were now disposed to join the English and Iroquois. The Ottawas sent deputies to tiie Seneeas offering to return the Seneca prisoners they had captured, and to make terms of peace. They laughed, and taunted the French missionaries when remon- strated with for this act, saying that they had lost confidence in " Ononthio ; " that they had borne their late disasters very tamely, and instead of avenging their defeats, tried to get by treaties what they could not obtain by war. They also claimed that tiie French had made a dishonorable peace, and were willing to sacrifice their Indian allies ; an(' that they could trade more profitably with the English than with the French. 4. — On DeFrontenac becoming aware of this serious disaffection he determined to strike a blow at once, at all hazards, ai tlie Eiig- „ „ . lish colonies, or he saw that Fiencii niin^ t.> auaok u.o influence amongst the North West tribes would be lost. He, accordingly in .fanu- aiy, 1690, organized exiicditions at Montreal, Three Rivers and (iuebeo to invade the English colonies, and sent to assure the Ottawas and llurons tiiat the French would soon reassert their supremacy. The Montreal party consisted of about one hundred militia and one hundred Indians, under command of De St. Ileleiie, and were des- tined to attack Aliiaii}'. ;"). — When tin! expedition had been five days on its way a council was held ; and the Indians so ridiculed tiio idea of so small a body attacking so hlrong a place as {h"'«xp""iui','mH'.'' Alliany, that it was determined to abandon the idea and attack tiio smaller ])ost of Schenectady. They attacked this place on the night of the 8th Feiiruary, and took tiie phiee entirely by sui'prise, most of tiie inhabitants wrw in IkmI, and little or no resistance was made. Aliout sixty nuui, women and ciiildien were butchered in cold blood, and twenty eight cariieil of several, ;reiit use to the season lecessaiy to afTei-tion of tlie 11.111 allies of t)iu nicli. ence of tlie whom were d Iroquois, icas offerins^ d captured, luglied, and len remoii- .t they liad t tliey had and instead by treaties They also ishoiiorahle lieir Indian J profitahly I. are of this rike a blow 'rontoiiac tlotor- to uMaek Ihu h. in Janu- Montreal, Eiiglisli iwas and issert tlicir I of about Indians, were (h-s- .'e days on ndians so al KUf'l*l>88 of itlitiollti. cr ])ost (il ,('t; on tlic tllC pllllM' mils Wric .us ni:lsents for the Hurons and Ottawas; the great point he was endeavoring to gain being to break the commerce of these tribes with tin; English, and divert tlie fur traile once more to the St. Lawrence. Lonvigny was also iiistrticted to supersede Dnraiitaze, the com- mandant at Mackinaw, the principal reason for whose recall was tliat he was consiilered too favor- able to the Jesuit missionaries, against whose iiifiii- eiicc DeFrontenac was as bitterly opposed as during his first term as governor. 7. — The ex])eilition very nearly failed, for, on the second day out from IMontreal tliev were attacked by a hotly of Irotiuois and SiicrrnH of the expo- . . , i i» ' . i , , /» , , .utioii. very neai'ly tlefeated, but hiialiy siict;eeiletl in reacliiiig .Mai;kiiiaw in safety. Their arrival was most ojiportiine, .(,r the Ottawas were on lh(> eve of semliiig deputies to (he Iidtinois to tionelutle a peace ; wlien, however, they heartl of tlie late sueee.sses of the Freneli and saw the value of the goods sent, and the niiiiibrr of the presents for tliemselves, they immediately deelaretl their renewed allegiamie to " Ononthio," anil the next day one hnndreil and ten canoes, manned by tliree hundretl Intlians, and bearing furs to the value of over one hundred thousand crown.s. left for Montreal. DeFrontenac, who chanced to be there, received them very graciously, matle them many presents, and tliey departed highly pleased, renewing their pledge of friend- ship towards the French. Still the settlers were constantly aiiii03eil b}* the inroads of the Iroquois, anil their war-whoop was iieard in many isolated posts and small villages. 8 — The greatest danger to the French was yet to come, however, ami it very nearly succeded in sweeping them from the St. Law- ,,,, ,, ,. , , . The English oolo- rence. llie J'^nglisii colonies were nies pivpnre to in- i , ' '-I . , , vude Canada. now determinetl on avenging the injuries done b}' the Freneli during the previous winter; and the authorities of Jhissachusetts issued an invitation to the nearest governments asking them to meet at New York to devise means for tlie general safety. This first American Congress met on May 1, 1()9(). when the invasion of Canada was detei'iiiined. The contingents of the ilifl'er- ent states were arranged, levies oitlered and general preparations for an invasion made. A deputation was also sent to England to ask for help in the way of arms and ammni.ition, and • lie co-operation of a fleet of English frigates. But the English government was too bii.sy with tiie war then waging for the restoration of Jamt'.s, and the colonists were left to their own re.sonrces. 0. — The English were not, however, tlet erred, but deierniiiied to prosecute their enterprise alone; the scheme being carefully concealed from the Canatlians. The ™,";.'''"" "' '"'"- plan was that (leiieral Winthroii, with eight huinlred men and five hnndivil Indians, was to advance on Montreal, while an attiiek was matle at the same time on Qiieliec by thirty fciir vessels mannetl by fifleeii huinlred sailors, anil carrying thirteen hiintlretl militia. Sir William l'lii[)ps was ill chief commantl, ami so well were the preparations concealetl, lliat DeFnuitciiac knew nothing of tlm threatenetl invasion until August, at whicli time he was in Montreal. m I !ff n 'is 174 TUTTLKS IIISTOHY OF 'IFII-. DOMINION OK CANADA. CIIAPTEIl XXXV. SECOND (JOVKUNMHNT OK Did'UONTK- 1. FAILUUEOF WlNTHUOP's KXl'KIMTION. — ± Au- ItlVAIi OF THK IJUITISH FIJOKT IIKFOIIK QUKIIKO. — >]. DkMAND I"(»U TIIK SllilUONDKIt OK TIIK CITY KKl'lSKU. 1. AlTACK ON THK CITY. — 5. RkTKEAT of the BlUTISII. — (3. UlCIOICING IN QlIEItEO OVKIl TIIH VICroliY. — 7. I'oLlCY OF THE IllOCjUOlS DLUINU THE WAU. — 8. XeW IN- VASION IIYTHE lUOQlOlS. — !). CONSTANT RAIDS DUKINO THE YEAKS 10'J:i-4. — 10. l{EIU;iM)lN(i OF Fort Frontenao. — 11. Invasion of the Iro- QUoiscouNTRv. — 1± Deathof DeFrontenac. 1. — ^\'llen DeFionteiiac ifceived iiifi)nuiition from ill! AlyoiKjiiiu that tlio Eni^liish luid Indians wore construct injj; a large fleet of Failure nl Win- . i 1 / ' • 1 1 < i throps .•.xp.-.iiiioii. canoes on l^ake Cieoige, with the evith, bir nn.i.r > illiani 1 liipps sent an otlieer on shore;, under a flag of truce, and deiiianilcil tin; surrender of the i)lai;e in tlu; name of King Wil- liam. DeFrontenac had tin; messenger bliiul- fohlcd, to prevent his getting any iawrencc, tlio (lulf, i Dt'Fion- attack on litioM. and DcFrontf- it Quebec, d it gani- Tlnis ont- cliance »)f ii jilaco as ly siege at liave been le eitizcnis, ! can look watciiing, s galluTi'd noiiiing of iu! liiitish orcd ill tlic lee at tlie ■If [irond- I'lirlress- j tiiat day i;ssels and itiiil I'.irl 111" Kur- il llio illy .1. ;nuk'il till' King Wil- gcr lilind- It a ol' tiie ii'i' ul" its iieil ( 'liani- iidanl, and smicndcr ; and, alter •li (in till' t'd to wail lli(! liery- ang to Ids 111 not ae- i\v llial tlie SECOND vSOVEIlNMKNT OK COINT DicKUONTENAC. 175 Prince of Orange is an impostor, wiio lias violaled tli(! most sacred riglits of iilood and religiun. I will answer your m;ister at the month of my can- non I " Tills siiiiiied answer greatly pleased tlie Council, and the messenger was innnedialcly con- ducted from liie room and returned to ids eliicf. 4. — Sir William Pliipps at once determined on a joint attack liv land and water, and during tln^ day lie landed his forces and advanced Atia.k.iiiiiiKdiy. to t he St. Cliarlcs Kiver. 'I'hey met witii very little opposition except from aliont tiiree hundred milili.i who were anihush- eil amongst the rocks and hushes, ami whose sudden and uiu'Xpecle(l attatdv tin'ew liui iiritisji advance! into monuMitary confusion ; lint il< soon I'eformed and sne^ceeded in dislodging tlie militia. This was all the lighting done on shore that day; lint in the afternoon tlu' four largest ships advanced boldly nplheriwr and opened a brisk lire at the fort. This was returned as warndy as it was given, and a general cannonade kejit up ; it soon became apparent, however, that the guns of the ships were useless against Ihe fort perched on its liigh emi- nence, the siiot scarcely reaching it, ami then ! having little or no cll'cct. On the other hand the lire IViim the city was tciiibly elVcctive, and the four ships sulVcred severely. I'luiijis ordci-cd the action to rccommcnee next morning, and with more valor I'laii piinlrnce kejit up a vigorous, but inelVectual c. ;iiade, and at noon he saw it was useless to coiHinue (lit- light and ordered the vessels to droii down sti'eam out, of lire which they did in a very cri|i]iled condition. .1. — Ma,or W'alley, who was iu command of the land forces, was iiistrnclcd to commence an attack at the sanw time as the Ki'tn-nt of tlio 11 . 1 ...- I.I II 1 11* iiiitiHii. licet ; out, altliougli lie had his men underarms at daybreak, he did not advance uiilil noon, for some unknown reason which lie failed to explain in the account heaftcr- wanls wrote (if the exp''diliiiii. There were several skirmishes during the d,iy which geiieialU' resulted niifaviiralily lo the Ibit isli, and with Ihe retire- men! of the ships, the alteiiipt on (^)uebec was virtually aliaiidoncil. A comieil was held on board I he .Vdiiiiiars ship, at which i(, was deler- miiied to abandon the enterprise; and on tlienii;lii of till' II III, (he Iroops were re-embarked, and the vessels stood down \\u' river. In so much haste and eoiifiision was the embarkatinn made, thai a iarge (iiiantily of ammunition and stores, and live gnus weri' abandoned, and fell into the hands of the French. .And so ended in defeat and disgrace the invasion of Canada by the Ibitish. The (lag which was in after years destined to wave over the batllements of (Quebec, ri'iiri'd now from before (he city in humiliation. There is an inci- dent rclati'd with regard to one of the Hags worth reiiealiiig. The Hag of one of the ibilish ships was shot away during the engagement, and as it (loatcd down stream a Canadian soldier bravely swam out to it and carrii'd it in triumph to the shore, where he w s n-ceived with great acelania- tioii. This (lag was hung up in the parish church and remained llu're for many years as a trophy of the successful repulsi! of tlu! Ibilish. Nor did the disasters (o the invaders end with (heir repulse, for nine of their ships were wrecked in the .St. I..awrenee, and it was not until the llhh of Novi'in- ber that I'hipps reached IJoston with the remain- der, by which time the men were almost in a stale of mnliny on account of not having been ]iaid. The 'I'reasury, however, was em|>ly, and it was at this time that the lirst issue of continental paper money look phu\'. {'). — (J real was the rejoicing in Quebec over Ihe completi; overthrow of the invaders. .\ memorial eliurch was built in !.iOWt'r Town and an annual b'slival established lly^;^^l;;!\X^u^i^'!""' lo eommemorate the event. 'Ihe gallant old ( biveriior wrote with his own hand the despaUdi which inlbrmed his king of tliedi>aster lo the Mrilisli: and so highly did I)id''roiileiiae speak of the courage and loyally of llu' militia, (hat Louis ordered a medal to be struck lo coni- niemorate the victory of hissiibjecis in the valley of (he St. Lawrence. .Vl the lime l)el''ronlenac heard in .Montreal of the intended alt.udvon (^iits bee, he had despalehed a niiiubcr of (leet canoes down Ihe river to warn any (•'rciicli ships which luiglil be coming up to gel out of the wav: and the arrival of these ships, all safe, added greatly lo the general rejoicing. They had been informed ill lime, and made good their escape ii\ running lip the Sagiienay. 'I'liere was one drawback to (he rejoicings, however, and that was the scarcity of provisions, for the newly arrived vessels brouglil bill scanty stores, and the IiiMiiiois had so devas- tated the crops that there was great siill'eriiig in tinebce that winter for want of food; Imt the ■t 'I r^ 1 ' 1 M 1 176 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. people bore it with cheerfulness and patieiir';, beiiit,' amply repaid for tlieir sufferings by the . e- feat of the enemy. 7. — The Iro(piois did not enter very heartily into the expedition ai;;ainst the French ; not that they liated the French less duri.?gtte waV."^'""' than tiiey had done, but their in- stinct of self-preservation became more developed. Tlie confederation of the Five Nations was not only a brave and warlike race, but they were a politic people also. It was all well enough for them to ravage the French set- tlements, burn or carry off the crops and kill the settlers; but tliey were not anxious that the Eng- lish should coiupier Canada, '''hey Lad loticed for some time, witli alarm, the ra ''• increasing immi- gration to tiie English colon. . ^rd 1. y trusted the English no more than the rent li , fcv tiiey argued, with a prophetic foresigiit wIul i ; . hse- quentevents have shown tohavebeen only too true, that if the English conquered the French they would then turn their undivided attention to the destruction of the red men ; and they, therefore, gave but a lukewarm support to the English during the war, sending only one Ir.indred men, instead of five hundred as tiiey had pro.iiised, to support Wintlirop ; and it was to th's devection on their part that his sudden and 'lisgrac^'ful retreat was due. Hul on the termination of the war their experi- ence sjiowed llieni that the raw undisciplined New Enghiiiders, led by inefficient and inexperienced leaders, were no niatcii for the well-trained semi- military French colonists, led by some of tlie best and most ex|)erieii<'ed soldiers of France; they, therefore, conchuled that the French need fear nothing from the N(!W England colonies, and at once re-conimenced their marauding expeditions against tlie former. 8. — No sooner were they satisfiear; but DeFronteiiac placed no confi- dence in the sincerity of the offer, and the negotia- tions soon fe'l i!irough. Tiie Iroquois soon re- covered from their defeat by DeV^airenes, and knowing the injury they iiad infiicted on tlie French, and under tlieir ciiief. Black Caldron, made several successful raids, while at times they re- ceived severe chastisement. This stati; of affairs was kept up throughout the years lt!y2-5i-4 ; and the Canadian settler may be said to have been almost ciiiiipelled to go into his fields with one hand to his plough and tin; other on his rific ; or tliat the Iroquois iiad almost carried out their threat, that their enemies sliould have no peace save in the grave, 'liiere was no security from tiie Irotpiois except beiiind stone walls and forti- fications, and even tiiese did not always prove sufficient to keep out the marauders. Nor was tiie :'. It tlioir jicace ity from 1(1 foi'ti- s prove r WHS tlie SECOND GOVEllxNMENT OF COUNT DeFRONTENAC. 177 war all on one side, for while the Iroquois wore hiviuLj; waste liie Western portion of tiie eolony, Massiieliusetts was suffering as hatlly from tiie frtM[Uent inruails of the Freneh, aided l)y tlie Ai)e- naipiis, the natural enemy of the Iroquois; and DeM.mtel, in liJ!*-!, invaded the .Mohawk eountry and indieted considerable damage on them, while parties of Canadians swept the beautiful hunting- grounds of the Iro(iuois on the Bay of (^ninte and greatly annoyed tliem. At last the Iro(juois seemed to get tired of the war, and sent messen- gei-s to Montreal to know whether deputies would be reeeivfid to consider terms of peace. They received a favorable answer ; but when the deputies arrived they were met evasiveh', owing mostly to the intrigues of the Abenaquis, and they departed dissatisfied, and hostilities were re- sumed. The Irocpiois again ravaged the unpro- tected jioints, and when asked if they would send deputies to treat for peace, iiaughtily answered that it was now llie turn of the French to send deputies to tiiem to treat for peace, not oidy wii. them, but with their allies the English. 10. — DeFronleuac was not the man to quietly brooU tlie cool insolence of this reply, and he di3- termined on taking more r, ive Reli'iiMing (if Fort . • i. i • • *" i i i Frojitoiiac! steps agaiust Ins im[)iacable .cs. He determined on the rebuilding of Fort Frontenac. as the most effective means of checking the Iroijuois, and, although the home government ordered him not to tlo so, and he was advised against it by the council on account of ; the great expense the fiuMuer fort hail incurred, he was too obstinate to jield his views, and in July, lG9o, sent the Chevalier Crisasy from .Montreal, with four hundred troojjs and two hundred In- dians, to rebuild the fort. Tiiis yci>r was an un- forluiuite one for tlie Irtxiuois, as far as their ex- peditions were concijrned, but what they lost in war they parti}" made u[) for in diplomac}'. They concluded a peace with tlie Iluroiis and Ut- tawas, the two powerful wcslern allies of the Frencli. In revenge for the rebuilding of Fort Frontenac tiiey inaile anotiier swoop on tiie island of Montreal, but the iiihal)itants had had timely warning, and were so well prepared to give them a warm reception that they were terril)ly defeated. In the west and north-west they also suffered de- feat from the Freiicli and Miamis ; and tiie Ot- tawa and Ilurons made an incursion, at the instigation of Cadillac, commandant at ^lackinaw, into their country, intlicted much damage and carried away many prisoners. 11. — DeKrontenac now determined to carry the war into the country of the Five Nations. The treaty of peace between the Iro- 1 .1 r\i i. • IT InvaHtun of the Iro- quois and the Ottawas i llii- ,,uuis country, rons annoyed him greatlv, Mid lie endeavored to regain liu "r entire confidence, but did not meet with much encouragement. They had become veiy much dissatisfied witli the high prices charged b}' tiie French in comparison with the English, and had grown weary of war with their powerful neighbors. DeFrontenac, therefore, thought the best way to gain them back to French interests was to strike a decisive blow at the Iroquois. In July, 1(51)0, he started from Montreal with about fifteen hundred regular a-oo])s, militia and Indians, and reached Fort F; tenac on the 18th. Here he remained a week i to "cruit liis men, and reached Oswego on tl.e I 2f the lake, where the army landed, and a guard of one hundred and forty men remained to protect the stores and provisions left there, while the remainder of the force proceeded towaids the fortified villages of the Oneidas and Onon- dagas. DeFrontenac commanded the centre in person, although lie was now so old, being over seventy-six, that he could not bear the fatigues of the march, and had to be carried in a chair. De Vaudreuil commanded the rigiit wing, and De Callieres the left. The Oiiondagas, satisfied that tlie\' could not successfully withstand so strong a force, adopted their old plan of inirning their vil- lages and retreating to the forest ; and tlie only prisoners taken were an old man and a lame girl. To DeFronteiiac's shame be it said, that although he himself stood on the verge of the grave, he had no mercy for this aged chief, but gave him over to his Indian allies to torture. The Oneidas fared somewhat worse, losing thirty five men, together with their crops and ilwellings ; but the Cayugas ..'111 •'■'n s in m 1 178 TUTTLE'S UISTOUY OF TIIL: DOMINION OF CANADA. iuid Seiieciis remaiiieil untouchetl ; iiiiil as the Iro- quois knew the Fieiicli '.voiikl not permanently occupy tlie country, tlioy may be considered to liave received hut lis^lit punislunent. 12. — The Irofjuois followed the French in their retreat, and cut off many slrajjfi;;lers ; tior did the ♦lie ex[iedition have any serious ef- Snuc!"""^™"" feet on them, for they continued to harass the Freneli frontier; but they found these raids i,'rowin<; more and more unprofitable as the frontier became stronger and stronger. They could no longer swoop down and carry off rich booty ; tiuiy more frequently got haril blows than plunder; they therefore, in 1097, made overtures of peace. The war between Eng- land and France had just been terminated by the treaty of Kyswick, and the (iovernor of New York, getting the first intimation of it, sent a deputation to (Quebec to propose an exchange of j)iisoners, both English and Ii'ixpiois; but DeFrontenae was too wary to admit the sovereignty of the Eng- lish over till' Iro(iuois, and preferred to treat separately with the latter, knowing that they were very jealous of their independence. In the follow- ing year, while sliil engaged in this and other af- fairs for the benefit of the colony, DeFrontenae died at the ripe old age of seventy-eiglit, retaining to the last the great energv of character which had successfully carried him through his long and eventful career. He died, as he had lived, loved bj' some for his courage and military virtiu's, hated by othei's for his cruel temper and proud but over- bearing manners, but respected and feared alike by friend and foe. and with the credit of having, with very little aid from France, supported and in- creased the strength of a colony which he had found, on his re-appointment, at the brink of ruin. CHAPTER XXXVI. THE GOVERNMENT OF M. DkCALLIERES. 1. DkCai.likhks' fikst act. — 2. Tiikatv of I'KACK WITH TIIK lUOQlOIS SIGNKD. — .'5. Cuiil- ()i:S KKKKCT OF THK IlIOLKASK OF I'KISONKKS. — 4. Four nuii.T at Dhtuoit. — 5. Dkath of DkCafj.ikkes. 1. — The successor of the Count DeFrontei:ac was the Chevalier DeCallieres, who had been appointed Commandant at Montreal at t lie same time that DeFrontenae ilSur"' ""' had been re-appointed Governor, and had filled tiiat office during the whole of the Count's administration, with great credit to him- self and benefit to the colony, as well as the town he immediately ruled over. He received his com- mission as Governor by the first ship from France after the opening of navigation in the spring of 1600, and the aj)poiiitment was one which gave the greatest satisfaction to the colony, he having proved liimself " brave in war and prudent in council" on many trying occasions during tlie long period he had commanded at Montreal, and en- deared himself to the hearts of the peojile by his courtesy, mildness and justice. The first task which presented itself to him on his appointment was one of diplomacy, and he showed himself quite equal to the occasion. DeFrontenae had not completed the treaty of peace with the Iro- quois at the time of his death, the trouble being that the English Governor at New York, the Earl of Bellamont, claimed that they were English subjects, stating, " that the Five Nations were alwaj's considered subjects of England, can be manifested to all the world ; " DeFrontenae, on the otlier hand, claimed that the French had first occu- pied the land, and sought to induce the Inxpiois to acknowledge the sovereignty of the French king ; while the Iroquois, on their side, were not disposed to acknowledge the sovereignty of eitlu'r. This was the state of affairs when DeCallieres became Governor. 2. — DeCidlieres commenced his task of diplo- macy by (lattering the Iroquois. He sent agents to them inviting them to send deputies to Montreal to conclude a ^uriVoquKilmeu! peace ; and when the deputies from the Senecas and Onoiidagas arrived in Montreal in the summer of 1700, he received them with great distinction. Cannon boomed in friendly welcome. Hags fluttered gayly in the breeze. DeCallieres greeted them with marked warmth of affection, anil tlie whole town put on a festive appearance, as on the occasion of some great and happy event, a nioilc of reci']ition which drew from tiie jealous Huron Chief, Kondiarak, the sworn foe of the Iroquois, the caustic remark : " The French showed more respect to their enemies, through p ' aixentrf TIIK r.OVEUNMENT OF M. DeCALLIERES. 179 fear, than to their friends, through U)ve." The nes^o- tiations were rapidly completed, and DeCallieres, takiiijf advaiitiiifu of the rtowerv style of the Iiidiiiii oiiilors. saitl to them in their own lanfjna(^((, " I hold fast the tree of peaee yon Inive planted, and will lose no time in despatehinij .'.n armorer to Fort Frontenac to I'epair 3'o;ir arm.-., and will send merchandise tlieve also snited to yonr wants." The Indian allies of the French, the Hnrons, Ahcnaiinis and (.'hr.stian Irotjuois also expressed thi;ir assent to the pe-iee and promised to lim-y the hatehet. A written treaiy was then made and the deputies attached to it the symbols of the tribes then represfMited. The Senecas and Onondai;as drew a spider; the Cayngas, a calu- met; the (Jneidas, a forked stick; the Mohawks, a bear ; the Hnrons. a beaver ; the Abenaquis, a deer; and the Oitawas, a hare. 3. — The general exchange of prisoners next took place, all on both sides being given permis- sion to return to their homes ; and Curious efftM't of tlio i • mi i. *.• f ii release of prisohure. '"'rc a curious illustration 01 the effects of a free forest life was shown. The freed Indians, almost to a man, at once returned to their different tribes ; not so with the Freneii prisoners held by the Indians; very few of them to(dv advantage of their liberty to return to their homes. .Many of them had mar- ried amongst their captors, and nearly all preferred to adopt the free, semi-savage life of "the children of the foicst," with whicii they had become im- bued. Efforts wei'e niaile to induce them to re- turn, and the king even issued an order tliat they should do so ; but neither orders of kings, nor entreaties of friend j could induce them to forego the wild pleasure of the forest life, once they had tasted of it. It was far easier to turn the civilized man into a savage, than to turn the savage ijito a civilized man. DiCallieres was not slow to com- municate to his government tiie conclusion of this advantageous peace ; and to urge that advantage be taken of it to strengthen Freneli inHuenec! with the Iro(|iiois. lie recominended as a solution of the vexed questions of territorial boundaries and of the sovereignty of the Iroquois, that their coun- try should be declaretl neutral ground, and that while both nations should have the right of trading with them, neither the French nor the English shouhl make any settlements in their territor\-. In the matter of religion he suggested that they should be left entirely free to choose for themselves, feeling confident that the influence of the Jesuit missionaries was so strong, it was in no danger of being seriously hurt b\' the English. 4. — The news of tiie successful conclusion of a peace between the French and Iroquois gave rise to great indignation in the English colonies, and esjjecially in New {^It'^J"'" "' Vork, which would be most seriously injured if the fur trade were diverted to the St. Lawrence. The indignation was mainly directed against the Jesuit missionaries who were accused, with considerable justice, of having been the prin- cipal instruments in bringing aljout the peaee, and their wrath was so great that the legislature actu- ally passed an act. making it a crime punishable by hanging, for any " Popish, priest" to come vol- untarily irit(j the province. This sounds badly from a Christian people, who, only a few 3'ears pre- viously hac voluntarily expatriated themselves in the cause of '•eligious liberty, and calls to mind the well know, aphorism, '• There is nothing so il- liberal as liberalism." UeC'allieres wasdetermined to lose no opportunity of strengthening French in- fluence in the West, and resolved on building a fort and trading post at the Detroit river; and in June, 1701, ore lur.iiJ'ed men, under the command of De Cadillac, and ac;eompanied by a Jesuit missionary, were despatched for that purpose. The Iroquois protested against this, but DeCallieres replied, "That as Detroit belongetl to Canada. itssettlement could, in justica, be (q)posed by neither the Five Nations nor tin English; tliat his object in build- ing the fort there was to j)reserve peace and tran- quillity among all the western tribes." He also added, that aUhough he was master of his own government he was only so with a view to the happiness of his children. With this reply the Iro(iuois we;' lorced to be content, and so the fort was built at Detroit, thus making Michigan rank second in age amongst the Western States of America, Il.inois being the oldest. 5. — The two following 3-ears were, with one exception, comparatively uneventful to Canada, directly • but indirectlv they were of grc.u importance to her, for Eng- "^Xrl"' land and France were about again to engage in a desperate war, which was destined to shake the crown of Louis XIV. almost from his head, and materially alter the future of both Eu- ; r^i P|:. Mi i 180 TUTTLE'S IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. rope and Amoriciv. Tlic dciitli nt" Jiiiiics II. of Kiiy;laiul, at St. (lennaiiis, in 1702, liail laiscd liopes tliat his picteiitiniis to (lie tliniMC of EiiL^laiid ; Imt tlio I'L'L'dLiiiitioM of liis son liy Louis XI\'.. as •• King of the Tlirce KinLjdoins," so exasperatfd William III. that, altlioii<.''h ho was on his (u'ath IumI, hi> (h'- tfiniim-d on anothuv war with Francu, which should liiiniMi' tiif power of Ztf Grand Moiianjiii', and his di-aili in .Maich, ITDJ, did not affci't his jilans, uiiiih well' ahly caiiit'il out, uttcily hrcakin^; the power of France in Ivirope and (greatly lossonin;^ it in Anieiica; but with the wars durini^ tin; rcij^ni of (^ueen Anne, wu will deal in tlii' next i-liajiter. the l)rt!Sfnt one concluding with the one exception mentioned aliove, as directly affecting Canada, and tiiat was the death, on May liO, 170:3, of the (,'liev- alier DeCallieres, who was deeply and trul^- re- gretteil and mourned for by the people of the colony. M. DeCal ieres had only been governor for four years; but he had been so long com- mandant at Montr.'al, and was so identified witli the administration of De Frontenac, that he had liad great oj)portunities of displaying his many good (inalities, and he was deeply loved and re- spected for them. His great courage, honorable conduct, calmness and sound common sense had not oidy gained the love of the people, but the respect and confidence of the Indians, who felt that they had lost a friend in his death. With the re- ligious bodies he had been on terms of cordiality, and had a perfectly good understanding; but De C'allieres was too politic a man not to see tlie evil which was threatening the future of Canada through the growing power of the chnrcli, and to endeavor to put a mild restraint on it. The re- litrious bodies were becoming formidable on account of their wealth and numbers, and were fast absorb- ing all the land they could possibly accjnire, either by grants or by jjurchase ; and DeCallieres was far seeing enough to view with alarm tiie prepon- derating inliuence which the church woidd gain if some limit were not put to its voracity ; and he obtained an edict from the Crown limiting tlie acciuisition of real estate by leligious bodies to a certain amount. The wisdom of this measure we can more fully appreciate when we look at the iiiiniense amount of untaxed property stdl helil iiy the religions eommnnities in the province of Que- bec, ami especially in the cities of Montreal and t^nebec. CHAPTER XXXVII. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DkVAUDUECIL 1. Ravages iiy Indians in Massachusetts. — •2. iNTliODUCTION OF MANITFAC TUUES. — 3. GoOD FEELING OF THE lUOQlOlS INCUEASING. — 4. Un- SUCCESSFUI. KAID INTO NeW ENGLAND. — .'). AnouriVE ATtEMI'TS AT INVASION liY BOTH Fkkncii AND English. — (!. Anotheu invasion OF Canada di:teii.mined on. — 7. Stuength of THE invaders. I'liEPARATIONS FOU DEFENCE. — 8. DlS.VSTEU TO THE FLEET. — 9. FIDELITY OF THE ALLIES OF THE FUENCH. — 10. DeVaU- DRIJEIL ASKS FOR SOLDIEIiS AND CONVICTS. — 11. A PERIOD OF PEACE. — 12. A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF Canada, 1720-1.— 13. Death of De Vaudreuil. 1. — The Alarquis DeVaudrenil was appointed the succes.rKnLM'ami. greatly aided by the aid of rum, the sale of liquor amongst them having again as- sumed large proportions. To check this influence DeVandreuil determined on attacking the English colonies; and at a council held in -Montreal in the spring of 1G08, it was determined to send an expe- dition, consisting of one hundred picked men of the militia and a party of Indians into New England. The command was given to DeChaillons and Hertel DeRouville, and the expedition started with the intention of making a descent on Ports- mouth. The Hurons and Iroquois, however, soon deserted and the Abenaquis failed to join the expe- dition as they had promised. Finding their forces so much reduced DeChaillons and DeHouville de- scended the Merrimac river to Haverhill, which was a small and unprotected post, which they could easily sack before returning to Canada. They reached the jilace early on the morning of the 2l>th August, and easily overpowered the small garrison ; ai'd then the Indians began to murder and burn. Tile smoke of the burning village, however, raised the surrounding country and the French had to beat a hasty retreat ; thev fell into an ambuscade li ' 182 TUTTLE'S IIISroIlY OF THE DOMINION OK CANADA. Ix'fore tliey had proceeded a mile and lost tliiity llirli. ."). — This is only one instance of the sudden iind cruel destruction which tVeciuently fell upon tiie New England settlers of tliose davs, nu^st,?."'''!"!;!,''' and it called fortli the following Fr.n,iu>mii.:.,«iish. ^^^,jj ,„^.,.itj.,i ,.^>i,„i.^ f^.^^^ Coloucl Scliuyler, of Albany, to DeVaudreuil : " My heart swells with indignation when I think that a war between Christian princes is degenerating into a savage and i)oundless butchery." But the people of New England could not remain passive while these savage acts of butcherv were l)eing con- stantly enacted on thcni. For some time a desire for tlie eon(jucst of Canadii had been gaining ground, and it h;;unter invasion; aud in -Inly sent (ioveruor DeHamsay, of Montreal, to attack the r»ritish en- campment near Lake Chaniplain ; but, hearing that the enemy was live thousand strong, and his Indian allies destiMig him. iu; was obliged to return to .M'.)nlreid. The English invasion was eciuaily abortive, for the lleet from Enghiud did not come, and the force cami)ed on Lake Cininiplain retired in Sepl-'Uilier, being decimated bv disease. 'I"he cause of this illness was for some time a mystery; but it was found to have been pnriioseiy eausiid by the Iro(|Uois allies of tiie lMe^li>h, who had no wish to have the English comiuer Canada; and, seeing that they had strength enough to take Montreal, they used a littb; Lidian stralegy to cause them to abanilon the enterprise. A stream, from which the men drank, ran through the camp, ami into this the Indians threw the skin of the animals they killeil; the hoi sumnu'r sun soon i.'aused tliem to pulefry ami poison tlie water, and many men were killed and mi.V AUDKEUIL. 18o addition to this General Mcliolson was to iidviuieo on Mdiitmd from Allmny witii fo-ir tl->i'.. ;.a(l militi;iand siK lr!;idifd Indians, wliile a diversion was caiiSMl in tlio Went i*y the Fox Indians de- clarin;^ thfjuselvcs ailief- of Er "ind ; so ihi t De- Vaudrenil liad enoiij^ii to do to jjrepare nie;ins for detense. He liad been well informed of tlie in- j tended movement, and his first care was to keep on good terms with the Iroqnois. In tliis he \ partially- sneeeeded. The Onondat,'a"s remained I true to their promised allegiance, and th(! Scneeas, tiiroujjh the influence of Joneaire, at^reed to main- tain a strict neutrality, the other trii)es sided with ' the Enjjflisii. DcIJoncourt was placed in command at (Jueliee, and pioceedcd to strengthen t'le forti- fications, while DeVandreuil proceeded to Mon- 1 treal to make arrangements for its defence. He col ; Jted three thousand soldiers, militia, and In- dians, and hail them encamped at Chamhly, under command of DeLongueuil, to await the coming of Niciiolson ; he then returned to (.^'•'-''•'-''^ to awiit the English lleet. H. — Hut all i)reparati()ns were uiiiiecessary. The Hritish flag was not destined to float for the second lime helow the walls of iiUaaterof the licit. Quelicc, uor a single IJriti>ii red- coat to he seen across the horder.Mif Canada. Inconii)eteney and mismanagement again did their work, and the wiiole expedition retreated without ever seeing an enemy or fning a shot. The Mritish fleet reached the St. Law I'cnce on tiie lllh August, an. sen*' 0/1' li" the jjilot to e^inie on dcjk but ret i.--ed, until at length an army officer, iiaiM i! iii«hlard rushed in and said they v,«.e siuounded by breakers. The Admiral a'hn ■•eu ili> bifikers, but, still obstinate, said •' I ■ • ic h.i'd t ) ilic lee- ward." I'res(Mitly the mn' i' .-howe .lirougli the I mist and he discovered his er:' r ar.;l at last allow- ed I'aradis, the pilot to do what he had all the ! time been trying to be allowed to do, head to I the southward and make for mid-channel. Hut ' th(» obstinacy of the .\tlmiral had its fatal results, ami eight ships and eight hundred and eighty-four I men were lo.A on the reefs of tlit; Egg Islands. ; A council of war was held as soon as the ships could be got together, and the leaders, evidently thinking they had had enough of Canada, unani- mously agreed, *' that it is impossible to proceed, and that it is for the interests of Her .Mi'jesty's service that the British .)ops do forthwith return to England and the Colonial troops to lioston," and so Her Majesty's ships turned sail and went ■ hiune. 'I'lie failure of the licet, of course, compel- led Nicholson to retreat, and so the second attempt to conquer Canada einled in an ingloii'iiis failure. '.•. — The Fri'iich could scarci'ly believe ihenew.s, and it was not until a scouting parly sei'l out to ascertain the truth of Nie'ioNon's retreat, return.'d with thiee ;;„!( :,.is linlul'f-r.',,!';;: ''''"'' who had bet'ii released by Niciiol- son when he retired, that they MlKiwed themselves to bvlieve that the_\ ic>. a.'jeri.iii. whether liie report of the disaster 'o ■ ,e iieet was eoireet, and IouikI lilt! hulls of eight liuge vi sels, from which the guns (Sec, had been luken on shore at the Egg islanils, and th ue v' .c. sirewtid with dead liotlies. Til n: .ous loss that thieatenetl the French was in tiit; \N t>i, wliere the Fox Indians besiegctl Detroit, and niiiible to takt^ it by storm, pitched their wigwams near the fort, and deler- miiied to burn it. 'l'hi.s was a most important post, as it opened tti the French the highway ot' till! .Mis.iissippi and hud they lost it, with it wtmhl have gtme the grtater p' rlioii of the fur trade; but their Iinlian allies lemaineu fuithfnl to them, anil the l'"oXes were in turn besiegctl antl loreed li tti hUireinlcr. Tiiose taken in aiin.-^weiu iimssa* 11 ! ii MIJ II' il{ \h i h 184 TUT'JI.KS lllSIOIJY OK 'I'll; DOMINION r.V CANADA. iTcd in the usmil lii'uUil nianncr, and tlic rc.-v iln II liilter losun at D. tmii in ITl-tiu-y eontinned to ■innoy tin' Fieiieli lrajp|iers, and Du\'andrcuil dctei-. mined to pnnisli tliem. ami sent a stmnLT lorcu aL;ain-t tlimi. Siuit np in their t'ort, and tiirealened l".n;4li>li. and [uaee was eoiiclndeil tin- ■ with t wo lieiil pieces, iliey >nliinitled ; Init as .soon t'oliowiie^' \ear. I>v tlie treatv of a.i tliev were sale, hroke t lie ucai v ami a! wa\s con- i..ri<>i.ii.iiiiin.i.iin- Cncijii Louis Was dohoiled ol'a tinne(l to anno\- tlie I'"iencli on their wav down the porti(Mi of liis ( 'anadian [lossessions; Mis>i>>iii|ii to l-oni>iana. In 1717 very si rini;i'nt in' strove hard to retain tlnin intaet : l)nl lieateii reL,Milai ions were maile w iih regard to notaries \\ ho at every jioint, old, I'eehie. wiiii a iiiiirnjit trea>- lad liien ver\ remiss in tiiiiidnties. ami canx'd urv, he was i;lad to have [leaee on anv terms, e\ en mmh I roniile wit h re^anl to titles. Aside I'rom this if they were hniiiilia'in|4', and so he was I'oreed to the eouniiy enjoyed that ea.-y. even sort of gi\euipNo\a Scotia, the Newfoiindland li>heries existence widrh aH'oKl-- the hisloiian no >alient ami liic llndsoii Hay territory. Although the war jioinis to lay Imhl on. ami which is. |ierha|is, al'ier had not serimisly alTcctcd Canada, the retniii of all tin- most hapiiy condition in which a conntry jieace caused iVA'aiidri'nil to turn his at tcniion tn can c\ist. emi;4ration. ami a steady cl'i'ort to Iniild iiji and 1 -. < 'liaiievoix. one of the early historians of stii le^then the colon\. Tin' fnr trade had noi Canail.i. spent aliont a yi.ir in ( 'ainida visitini^ the iiniiroNcd. for allhon-h the Indians liked tin' dilVerent points of interesc. and a re\\- Krciich verv well as '•omoanions tlie\ did not like cxt riO'ts iVinn his ionriial will ui\e our >i'" "i < "na.i.i. ' . " . . IT '" I to trade with them, for they char^dl too lii;4h lor readers a fair idea of the country their floods, and gave jxior ([iiality, while the at that time, as seen hy a conteinporary writer. I^nu'lisli sold liettcr i;oods and cliar'j:iil less for thriii. lie L;i\ cs the populai ion of (^Mic'liec at sc\ en t hon- so till I'lr trade was still mostly directed to New sand, and it vvas then, as now. divided into I |iper Yoik. DiA'andreiiii now made an iffort to i.idiice and l,ow er town, lie found the liest society, coni- ihe Home ( iovi'iiinicnt to act on the tlieoi\ "in jioscd of military olhcers and noMcs, id \\^■ ex- times of peace prepare for ivar." lie represented tieinely ii;.;reeal)le. and says that iiowhcic had he that at the tirst rupture lie ween France and I'jil;- heard the l-'rcindi laie^iia'^c more jnircly spoken.* land there was no doiilit 1m!I that aneffipil would I Ic sa\ s. •• The < anaili.iiis say. ' I he Fn^lish know li.' made to capture the ■..■mainder of the I'leiich |hetler low to acciimiilaie wealth, Inil we alone jiossi ssions in Canada; ami drew a eomparistui r are aei|iiaiiiled with the most ai,neealile way of iielweell the two cohinics to show lioW lllialile s|„.i|dint; it.""" The oiliy employment Sliiteil io New l'"raiice was to [irolect itself from tin- Mn,i,'- i their tastes was the fur trade, ihe loviing and ad- lish. lie e-ave the total numlicr of jieisoiis in ' \entiiroiis character of which ihey liked. 'I hey Canada hclwecn the a'^cs of I'onrleeii ami -' ly. ', m.ide money liy ii occasionally, which was usually capahle of hearinj,' arii.s, as four thousand four I soon siinamUiid a;.:aiii in |ileasiire ami display, liiindred and eii^hty, of whom only ;.iiout .six inin- ' .Many who made a hamlsoiiie liu'iire in society were died were soldiers; while the Fnulish colonies iiow siilVei in;,' pecuniary distress ; still, while ihey could iiinster sixty tlionsand men eapalile of hear- eii/tailcd lln^ luxuries of their tallies they coii- i III.;' arms. Ileadvoiated the i^eiidim,' out of more .imicii as lon, «xh.i «HMn.vHlin>; , ■ I'l ( iiiiinla l:l^l HiiiiMiirr ( IHih). iihil «riilr MMiii' M'r\ ;iiiiii?.||iji Klii'trlii'S and Canada has never In • n a ee.'ivic: selll'iie'iit. j , (iiMiavi'iK i.i his j.iiinia; In ..m' nf tin-.. ii«. iii.„ nii.'s ili.' .lim- 11. The six vears, riM-2"l. Ijo.sscs- 'd few stiik- ''""> '"' ''''l"'ii''ii>ol in iiMlfrp.1 Iim; III!' KiiMi.h u\uw^:iv„mvr,.Mum pered (lllietU'. ^\ 'ill the eXCeplidll I ln' lii"l "• lii" lu'li'l. I"' ihMiIiiiIim, "l am tiilil that llii.-i> t'anailmim , , , , f , ' • '.,11' I i- I..hh Latin «..,! .;..>.. Indians, ill ITIo, iio tioiihle w.is ex- I'rainli. ' "— i;ii. 'ft J '•>]\ w m Im if- \yi/ SfA--- .-=•'• -/vd Drawn anil iii«nivt-(i « .\i I ttl. 'o 1!; l-r> .1 til. h , .n (.i;.\. .KillNSdNS XKKilJV. M;.\l; ( IKiWN I'l UNT, IT-V. {ll'Utll './ Ilh.'l..f,i.) Drawn tiiiil 1 11^ il . M I.v I." I ulll. 11:1. qi ..1 llu li, ..u:ii,.ii (ii:M;i!.\i. iii!,\iii)((K s i)i;ri..\i', i;.%.-) {1,1111,1 .■/■/.<' Uilh II" ) ! i I II (.1' ill fa 4 tl tl I'" I " tilt' ACAOIA— TIIK LAST FRENCH GOVEUXORS. l»u Au'iiriiltuic riMiivfd very little atteiitiini, mid the tinilitr triide was as yet in its infancy, i'lie banks (if the St. I.;i\vi(Mi(i\ below (iiiei)ee, were laid out ill seiniiioiifs, and liartly cultivated. Some of the fanners were in easy circiiinstanees, and lielier than their hmdlonls. whose necessities uoiiipelled them to let their land at low iiuit-rates. At one point he found a baron, holdiiiy; the oili: o of in- spector of lui,diways, who lived in the forest, antl derived his support from a tialfie witli the neii'li- boriii;,' Imliaiis. Tliree Rivers was an agreeable place, cdntiiiiiii.'^ eighl huiidreil inhabitants and surrounded l)y cultivattHl fields; its fur trade had been in :\ L,'ieat measure removed to .Montreal, ami the iron mines had not been worked. He found the eountrv tliinly peopled as he a>eeu rolled on quietly and peaceably mid trade and populalion steadily increased, so nun li tliai.in ITJ-!, nineteen vessels l><>iitlM>r n<-\'ati- I 1 i" . 1 r 1-1.* j^^iij, cleaiiil lor the ocean. In lild, some attempt was made to have Quiliec and Moutrra! put in a thorough sliic of defence, iini nothing was done to any extent until 1721, « lien Work was regularly coiimirnccd. Montreal, uhiili iiad iiitherto lieell defelnlrd oiih' by paiiades. was proti led by stone walls, l)ul they wcie not anil ly the Seminary of .St. Snlpiee. 'I'he .Maii|uis l)c\'audreuii .^ed on Oclobei 10, \~-'), to the '."'iit sorrow of the population, wlio deeply and .-NiiM erely mourned him. l-'or the long jieriod of iweiity-one years had lie di-iliarged his important duties with great loyalty, ability, and coinage. His vigilance, tiiuiness. and good eou- ducl had preserved ( 'anad.i to Kiaiice through a disa.sirou^ war, aiel he went to rest from his laliors with the iilessiugs and regrets of a grateful people, who had enjoyed all the peace and pro.sperity pro- vitled under his rule. CH.VPTER XXXVHI. AC.VDl.V — TIM-: I..\.Sr FKKNCII GUVr.UNOR.S. 1. Poor Condition' of tiik Colony. — 2. Cai'- •rviiK i)V \'^)li\• Royal iiy tiiio Hkiti.sii, lli'JO. — o. .\ii \ni)on.mi:nt of I'oicr IJoval. — 4. Ri;vi;Ntii; m' riii'; Ni.w Esolasdkks. — A. Si(xi:s.sFt;i. Dicfkm i; of I'ukt Royal. — (J. Stkengtiilnixu Tin; Foitr. 1. — Tlie reader must have been some time anx- iously expecting us U) return to Acadii.n affairs. We have not done so until now, except by way of casual reference Jii: cZny!'™ "^ where siieii was indispensiipje to the completeness of our i econl, partly because the jiresciil course cuid'orms to our jilan, and mainly because during the jieriod since wc last treated of .\eadiau allaiis, there has been little or nothing to record in tiiat department. We have already seen how, in the year ItJT-l, the (iovernment of Cape Breton was made siiiioidinate to that of (Quebec, wliieh was the lead (piarlers of tiiij Commaiider- iii-Cliief ofall New France. During tiie seventeen years following the signing of the treaty of Hreda, France appointed allogeilicr live governors, all of whom devoted themselves more to amassing pri- vate fortunes, by trading with the Indians, than to any elloits to impri>\e ilie colony ; so that it is not surprising to lind, that in I'istl, the Province only contained nine hundied and twelve souls, in- eliuling thirty soldiers, and that this number was afterwards reduced to eigiit humlred and six. The only [lart of I lit! I'rovinee whore any attention was paid to deve'n: ing its resources was in Cape Hre- ton, where Nieiiolas Deiiys, who had obtained large grants of land liy royal letters patent, was making some attempts at agrieuliure and mini 4-. About this time the coal-mines iiegan to .ittract alleiitioii, as an order was issued in lUTT, by which Deiiys was authorized to collect a tax id' twenty sous per ton on all coal exported. 2. — I'hus afl'airs remained in an unsatisfactory I .'■' ,J::-;i' '1 i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) A ^/ ;/^^ V.x 1.0 I.I 1.25 |50 "^^ IM^Bi t 1^ lllllio 1.4 1.6

''<»'>f magazine capable of holding '''"''^- sixty thousand pounds of powder, added new outworks and ollu'rwise grc.'atly addc;' to the strength of the fort ; but the third attack was not made ; the New ICnglamlers had had enough of Port Royal for the present, and it was left to enjoy iiiMice for a brief [jcriod. Suhercase was the only one of the French governors who made any real effort to induce the Home Govern- ment to colonize the country on a largo scale. He was delighted with the soil, climate and resources of the Province, and made frequent appeals for cohinizatiou, blithe met with little encouragement und less suiiport than any of his predecessors; the fact being that Louis XIV. was too busy just then with his unfortunate war against England under Anne, to give any attention to his colonies; he needed all the men and money he could raise at home, and the colonies had to look out for them- selves. CHAPTER XXXIX. ACADIA.— GOVERNMENT OF NICHOLSON. 1. Final CAPTURE OF Port Royal. — 2. Tkrmsof THK CAPITULATIOX. — 3. THE ENGLISH PERMA- NENTLY OCCUPY Pout Royal. — 4. Nicholson APPOINTED Governor of Nova Scotia. — 5. BuiLuiNG OF Fort Louisbourg. — 0. Permis- sion TO EMIGRATE REFUSED THE ACADIANS. — 7. Peculiar state of affairs. 1. — No further attempt was made on Nova Scotia until 1710, when preparations on a large scale were made for the reduction of the Province to British rule. [^I;;?' Koj';lr" "' Colonel Nicholson commanded an expedition which sailed from Boston for Port. Roj^al on 18*:h September, 1710. This was the largest ex[)edition ever sent .against it, and con- sisted of thirty-six vessels, including five transports from England, bearing over three thousand men of the New England militia. A di'iiiand for the surrender of the fort was made, and no reply being received, Nicholson landed his forces. The fort was ill a very poor condition for defence; Suher- case, who commanded, liad only three hundred men, and on these he could not fully deiiend, as they were without pay, and short of jirovisions. Suhercase had been greatly neglected by the French government, and he complains in a letter to the French Minister, asking for assistance, as follows: "I have had means, by my industry, to borrow wherewith to subsist the garrison for theso two years. I have paid what I could by selling my movables. I will give even to my last shirt, but I fear all my pains will prove useless if we arc not succored during the month of March or early in April, supiiosing the enemy sliould let us rest all winter." Nicholson, however, had no such intention, and made a peremptory demand for the surrender of the lorl, or he would assault it. Superease, finding his garrison disorganized, opened communications for a capitulation. 2. — The terms of the cajiitulation were soon agreed to, and were much more; favorable than Suhercase liad expected to bo grant- ed, considering the slate of his cui'.It'uiuiion! garrison. They provided thai the garrison should march out with their arms and I'i I 'X : I :i 188 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. l>agg.agc, (hums hciitiiig and colors fl)'ing, iuul tli;il they should be coiive3ed to Roehelle; and that the inhabitants wilhin two miles of Port Iloval shonlil be allowed to remain on their lands for two years, with tiieir coin, cattle and furniture, if so disposed, on t/o'ir tdkiii;/ tin; oitth vf alU'ijiann' to tfii' Qiifi'ii of Ginil lin'tdiii. * Tiie appearance of the soldiers iis they marched out, tattered, hun- gry, and half mutinous, was iin ample excuse for the quiet submission of Subercase, and Nicholson must have regretted that he granted such easy terms to such a disreputable looking lot. They brought out their colors with tluMu, and with them the French flag passed away from Port Royal for ever, for it was never again taken from the Eng- lish. Four hundred and eighty men in all were conveyed to Kochelle. •5. — The ICnglish had now become fully con- vinced of the badijolicy of their previous conduct in abandoning Port Royal iis soon as The ?;ii(»lish porina- . , i i , • i , iioiiUy uocupy i'erin.inent occupation, and acted with such hos- tility that \'etch had to take severe measures to convince them that as long as they remained they must act as faithful subjects of the British Queen. Ardently loyal, these restraints were veiy galling to the Acadians, and they wrote to DeVau. particulars of which we gave in chapter xxxvii., pre- vented him from doing so; and the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, ceded the whole of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Great Mritain, leaving France, however, the island of Ca[ie Hreton. 4. — In accordance with this cession General Nicholson was a[)[)ointed the first Governor of Nova Scotia, in 1714, and received , . . , , p 1 1 Nioliolson appoint- on ins appinntment a graeetul letter .■■nirstdi.v.iin.r of ,, ,, , .' 1 • 1 1 NovaSi-uUa. Irom (iueen Anne, m whicii she said that, in consideration of the King of France having released a number of his subjects, who had been confined to tiie galleys for jirofessing the Protestant faith, at her request, she wished to show her ap[)recialion of the kindness, b}' ordering that all Frenchmen who desired to remain in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, should be allowed to retain their pro[)ertyand enjoy all the privileges of British subjects; and if they preferred to move elsewhere, they were permitted to sell their prop- erty. On the ariival of Governor Nicholson, he at once required the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance to the (Jucen of Great Britain ; but this the\' positively refused to do, owning no sov- ereignty but that of France, and saying they would rather leave the country than take the oath. Now, although it was not positively stated in the treaty of [Jtrecht that they should take the oath, it was fully implied by the conditions on which they were required to leave the country within a year, unless they desired to do so. ;"). — Cape Breton being secured to France, Ihi! government saw the necessity of having a strong fort to rei)lace Fort Ro\al, and protect the North American fish- l!;;,','i:![,";;;f/''"''' cries; and, after some delilieralion on the matter, the site oi Bonisbourg was select- ed, and a fort built. Tiic (iovcrnor of Ca\)o Breton was ve:y anxious to have the .\cadians and the French settlers in Newfoundland come to Cajie Breton; but the former did not like to leave tiie fertile plains of the Annapolis valley to build new homes ii> Ciipe Breton, which was not so well suited for their purposes of agriculture. Many of the Newfoundlander.s, however, took ad- vantage of the offiM' and ri'inovcd to Louisbourg, ami about this time a young French oilicer who had been serving in the navy, named He la Bou- lardie, obtained the beautiful island which now bears his name. The French authorities at Boui.s- J XXVll., plf- tii'iity of Dva Seotiii iigFniMce, II Gciienil )vcrii()i' of olson appuint- rst (Inviiriiur of of Fiiince s, who liiul fi'ssiiin' the wislied to )y ordering reniiiiii in l)e iiHowi'd e privile;j;'es d to niovo tlicir prop- (•holson, hi! tlic OiUii of riliiin ; hnt ing no sov- thoy won hi nth. Now, I the tre;ity )iifh, it was ivliich tliey liii 11 yeiir, '"ranee, the a strong iliii'.'nt Fort .-bouri!. was seleet- r of Caiie adians and 1 eonu! to ot like to s vaUey to eh was not grieulture. \\ took ad- Diiishoiirg, lilicer win) Do la Hon- rthieh now L's at Louia- ) ACADIA— GOVERXMENT OF C.ENEIt.vL RICHARD PHILLIPS. \-u honrg continued to urge the .\cadians to leave their country, hut in vain, until it was too late to do so without peruiission, the year allowed hy the treaty having expired. It appears, however, that perniission was asked hy the government of Cape Breton, of the Governor of Nova Scotia, for the Aeadians to emigrate, and that this permission was refused. 'I'lie recpiest was emhodied in a letter from the Minister of Marine, at Paris, to the French Amhassador at Loudon, dated 7th Novemher, 1714, and oil fiic in the State Pajter office, LoiKhui. 0. — 'l"'iis letter was finally handed to Colonel A'eteh, who was in London at the time, and his aiis\Aer to it, dated 24th Xovemher, r*'rniission to onii- ^ _ ^ , . ,, . . , ,. i Riuii- n'fusudaio lil4, givesa very lair idea ot tlie condition ot tlie /.caicton to trade. He estimate's the number of cattle owned by the Aeadians at five thousand, with alxmt the same number of sheep and swine. He states that nearly all the families were under a written agreement to remain, and would have been quite content to do so i)ut " that they were importuned, and thiealeiu'd by the olli- cers to be treated as rebels unless they removed." 7. — The jiosition of affairs in Acadia now be- ciuue a peculiar one. The English goveiiimeni did not absolutely refuse to allow poo«iiar.utoof ^j^^ Aeadiaiis to go; but they did not enforce their taking tlie oath of allegiance, and so they remained n(mnnally the conquered subjecta of Queen Amie, but not ac- knowledging or recognizing their allegiance. This course of the British Government was eaiwed, jirobalily, by the condition the country would lie in if all its inhabitants left, which they would 11 the oath was insisted on, while on the otlu'i- liainl they were willing to stay if it was not. And again, undoubtedly the French lied as huig as the Aeadians I'elained their allegiaiu'e to France, as in the event of a war they e(.(ild (h.'pend on a strong assistance from them in an attemi)t to captun; Port Royal. .\nd thus the vae- cilatiiig policy of the two governments left the poor Aeadians neither entirely Frenchmen, nor {juite Englishmen. An insight into the condition of all'airs at this lime may hi; gained from the instruclions at the time of the proclamation of the asiiension of George the First to tin throne in 1714, on the death of (iueen Anne. The ollicers were sent to Shekiiccto, River St. John, Passannuinoddy and Penobscot, and were instructed to st e •■ how the inhabitants staiul affected to the English Crown, the nature of their occupations, and the reasons why they do not, as usual, come into these parts and vend their commodities." 'i"hc oaths of alle- giance were also to be " tendered to .such as are willing to take thciu," but nothing is said about compulsion. CIIAP'JER XL. ACADIA.— GOVKI{N^^•:^•T of GE.NERAL RICHARD PIHLLH'S. 1. Till'; AcADr.AN.s ukfiwk t.) lariiKii takk tiik OAril oil LEAVIC. — 2. A CoMMirTKK OF ('(IN- FKKKNCK CAI.l.Kl). — :!. TlllO AoADlA.N.S .SIMM; IIKFL'SH TO TAKIO TUK OATH. — 4. .M ASOaUFN K's ACCOUNT OF TIIK PjlOVINCK. — ."). M A,S( AUKN KS accofnt of MiNAS. — U. Oltuauf at Canso r.v TiiF Indians ani» Fkfnch. 1. — 'I'homas Caullield, Lieiiteiiant-Ciovcriior cd' .Annapolis under NielR)lson, in making his report of the iiroclamation, savs that the rill' Ai'iiill^nKr^'rimu ' .1 i.MiiiiiTmkuiii,) oatiiswcre rclused as was exi)ectcd, ..iillior liiivu. 1,1 , . I, and asks how ho is to act. He al>o recommends that the French be induced to leinain, or, in other words, that the oaths should not be h)rced, and says that the next generation would, proliably, grow u[) loyal to the British i'h - ifi I I i I I ! ■ i 100 TUTTLF/S IIISTOIIY OF TIIF DOMINION OF CAXADA. Crown. IIo j,nves as the reason for the Indians ht'ini; attached to tiie Freneh, tliat the hitter had stores establislied for the cxcliaiige of fnrs, anil recommends that the English do the same. In 1717, General Riehard Flnilips sneeeeded (leneral Nicholson as Governor ; and Joim Doueet was appointed Lieutciiant-Governor in place of Caul- lield. Writing from lioston, before he reached Annapolis, Phillips recommends that more troops be sent ont, as the French are gro\vin. 1)e RaMFZAY's SUKPniSE of GltAND PltK. — ti. STiiFNGTir of Louisijoiiui. — 7. PuoposAi. to Attack Louishouug. — 8. Dki'autiuk of the EXPEOITION. — y.CAPITFLATlONOFliOUlSnOfllC. — 10. CiENEnAL Re.)oicix(;. — 11. Vai.uaiu.e PiuzE.s Taken. — 1± A Fleet Despatched ro Recai'tciie LouisitoritG. — l-"!. DESTUucrioN to the Flket itY Te.mpest.s.— 14. The Remnant OF THE Fleet, scourged uy Pestilence, ke- T. i!Ns TO France. — lo. The Pkace of Aix- LA-( HAPELLE. — It). CAPE BuETON RETURNED TO France. i 1] lit, : !' il ' 1 iil-!il 1 '! I ; II ill! 192 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF TIIH DOMINION' OF CANADA. 1. — The adiniuisti'iitiou of the affairs of Anna- polis were adniinisteretl by Lieutenant -Coloi. el ^ .. Armstrong, who was apijointed in Aproliitment of Armstroins-nisani- 1722, Piiilliijs liavliiEf resided in EnLfland from that time to ITo'J. Phillips never returned to Annapolis eAce[)t for a period of about two years, 1729-31, althouj^h he nominally remaint'd Governor, and drew the paj' as sueh up to tiie time of his deatii in 1819, at the advanced age of ninety. Tlie Ijieutenant-Gover- nor administered the affairs of tlie Province with the aid of the Couni'il, and, as ]>ad Phillips, de- voted most of his attention to inducing the Acadians to take the oath. In this he was par- tially successful, as a sort of compromise was ef- fected, some of the Acadians taking the oath with a marginal note in French to the effect that they would not be required to bear arms. Armstrong was a ver}' nervous man, who let little things worry him, and he brooded so much over the difficulties of his position tliat it caused a slight mental de- rangement, and on the Ctli of December, 1739, hj was found dead in his bed with five wounds ui his chest, and liis sword by his side. 2. — During the visit of Governor Phillips in 1729-31, he wrote to the Duke of Newcastle to say that he hud induced all the peo- Appnintment of i ■ j.! • i i i i c k _ Miiacareiio. V^^ 1" the neighl)orhood ot Annapo- lis to take the oath unconditionally, Ui .' afterwards, in 1730, in a letter to the same nobleman, he announces that he had induced the people of the other settlements to do tlm same. On the d(!ath of Armstrong, Paul Mascarene suc- ceeded him. Mascarene's father was a Huguenot, residing at Castras, in the South of France, when Paul was born in 1084. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, his father had to fiy, and Paul was brought up by his grandmother, until the age of twelve, at which time he went to school at Geneva, and after having graduated, emigrated to England, where he became naturalized in 1706. At the age of twenty-four he was appointed second Lieuten- ant in Lord Montague's regiment, and in 1710, he obtained a commission as Captain and was ordered to America, when he joined one of the regiments, being raised for the attack on Port Royal, wliere lie commanded the Grenadiers of Colonel Walter's regiment, and was the officer who took formal pos- session of the fort. 3. — The policy of Mascaren ■ was the same as his predecessor's, inasmuch as it was intended to load tlie Acadians to take the oath of allegiance ; but it went furthei- Jl'ii'r^/'pXy.™"''''" tlian this and endeavored to pro- pitiate and make friends with them. He was a far more able man than either Phillips or Arm- strong, and his statesmanship stood England in goofl stead some years after, when anothei \. .ir almost lost her Annajjolis. Soon after his appoint- ment, Mascarene opened a correspondence with Fatlier Desendaves, who had been Puiish Priest at Annapolis for many years, and during his ad- ministration he kept on .as friendly terms as possi- ble with ihe clergj-, knowing the great influence they had over the Acadians. In 1743 he wrote to tl'.e Secretary of State on the prol)ability of a war witli France, stating that in that event he was afraid that much confidence could not be placed in the Acadians ; and that the two princi- pal places in the Province, Aninipolis and Canso, were not in a proper state of defense. Men were sent from New England to repair the fort, and while they were at work on it in May, 1744, assisted In' some of the Acadians, a galley arrived from ]\Iassachusetts to announce tiiat war liad again been declared between England and France, and as soon as the Acadians heard it they left tlie fort. The news soon spread, and tlie Indians, at the instigation of the French, began to make de- monstrations. 4. — Tlie hostility of the Indians vas noi very violent; tiiey ap{)roached near the fort, l> ', did not offer to attack it, contenting ^, , •,! 1 -ii' i Warlike donioi ?trii- tliemselves witii killing two men lion from i-oui»- who left the place to visit some ""'^'''' neighboring gardens, contrary to orders. Shortly after the outbreak of the war an attenii)t on Annapolis was made from Louisbourg, but the party waited for an expected squadron from France to assist them ; and as it did not come they retired, after reinaiuing a few weeks near the fort, without risking an attack alone; although it is doubtful whether or not the}' might have carried it, for it was not very strongly defended. Mascarene now reaped the benefit of his judicious policy to- wards the Acadians, and his friendly uuderstand- ing witli the priests, for although the Acadians would not fight with the English they would not fight against them, which was more than Mascarene had lioped would be the case. On the retirement iiiteiulL'(] to iflrareiiG'8 coiu'ili- 3ry polity. lie was a ips or Aiiii- Eiifi;land in inolhei \,.iv Ids appoint- ideiieo witli 'arisb Piiei^t I ling his atl- ims as possi- ■at influence '43 lie wrote liability of a at event he Duld rot be two princi- > and Canso, Men were ;he fort, and May, 1744, idle}' arrived at war liad and France, they left the e Indians, at to make de- vas noi very lort, b :••, did arlike denioi strii- )n from i^ouis- lury. ;rs. Siiortly attempt on irg, but the adron from id not come !eks near the ; although it have carried 1. Mascarene us policy to- understand- !ie Acadians '.y would not n Mascareno le retirement h :. j lili I. Ill ill I'M H i) '-•f^ I ,.tK (NSRAVIU [XORESSLYfOR'lUlTLI'S HISrjRV OF fHI OOMINIOM - 10 FIND BIOGRAPHIES b[E INOtX THFBURI4N0 DF5B4HAI5 LiIHO COMP' i i l!t*:i ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MASCARENE. 193 (if tlio (^xpt'ditioM from I^oiiishour^, M,i.-.c:uoiio set liiiii'^L'lf vii^iiroiisly to work to sti'tMi'^lIu!!! llic fuit, for lio iuiti'ji[)iite(l another expedition would eonie from Louishoiir;^ witli greater stroiii^tli. He liad also a promise of men and ammunition from New En5;land, and he thought he eould hoUl tlie plaee. Slill he did not cease his conciliatory jioliey to- wards the Acadians, and it bore good fruit; for in May, 1745, Lieutenant Marin, with three hundi'cd militia and three hundred Indians, ar- lived in the vicinity of the fort, and endeavored to get the Acadians to join in an attack on it; but tiny steailily refused to do so, in spite of Marin's entreaties and his threats. The people were strongly impressed with the friendliness f)f tlie Governor; and, besides, the}' knew the extent of Mascarene's preparations, which Marin did nut. While Marin was in doubt what to do, orders came for him to go to the relief of Lonisbourg, which was besieged by the English. This he did with four hundred of his men, but liis vessels were chased by English cruisers and he did not reach Lonisbourg until a month after it had surrendered. 0. — The next demonstration against Annapolis was made by DeRameza}', in the winter of 1741, with a force of almost seven luin- i'rise''oi'l'"ana i-rtj. drcd Canadians ; but Mascarene having received a reinforcement of two hundred and fifty soldiers, and the fort hav- ing been very greatly strengthened, DeRaniezay thought it most prudent to retire to Chignecto (Cumberland) and await assistance from France, which was expected in the spring. While there he heard that a body of New England militia was wintering at Grand Pre, and determined to attack them. This party consisted of four hundred and seventy men, under command of C.)lonel Noble, and formed jxvrt of one thousand men which Mascareno had been promised by New England, to assist him in driving the Fremh entirely out of the Province. They reached Minas on 13th December, 1740, and as they found there was ample corn and cattle to support them for the winter, without inconveniencing the iidiabi- tants, they determined to remain there until the spring, the men being quartered at Grand Pre. DeHamezay left Chignecto on the 23d Januar}-, 1747, with two hundred and forty Canadian militia, twelve officers and sixty Indians, and reached Grand Pre about 2 o'clock on the morning 26 of the 4th Ffbi iiary. The English were entirely taken by surprise, they being all in bii! but a gallant resistance was made and fighting lU the houses went on until 10 o'clock, when terms of ciqiitnlation were agreed to. The English were to leave within twenty-four hours, with the hon- ors of war and six days" rations, the prisoners taken to remain in the hands of thi! French. Colonel Noble, commander of the English, was killed while fighting in liis night diess, and Coulon, who coiumanded the French, was severely wounded. The French arrived at Heaubassin on the 8tli March, from which the whole French force was shortly after withdrawn. 0. — We will turn asiile here, for a few moments, from Nova Scotia, and take a hasty glance at how Cape Breton had been prospering • »i i... .... I* y. 1 . 'I'l Strength of Loiiia- smce tlie treaty ot Ltrecht. I he bourg. retention of Cape Breton by France under that treaty, and the permanent accession or Nova Scotia and Newl'ouiulhind by the British, proved of great advantage to the colony of Cape Breton, as also many of the French from Newfound- land. The impoitance to them of having a strong- hold to protect their North American fisheries, which were very valuable to them, had been j)ointed out to the guveriinient, bv M. Randat, In- tendant of Canada, in 1708 ; and, after Port Royal was permanently lost to thinn, a harbor was sought for in Cape Breton whieh would suit their pur- pose; and after careful consideration of the ad- vaiitiiges offered by various harbors, that of Havre a lAnglais was selected as the most suitable, and a fort erected which was calletl Lonisbourg. The intentio'i was to erect a fort which was impiegna- ble, and the work was prosecuteil on a vast scale, and with all the I'ligineering skill of those days. For a (piarler of a century Lonisbourg retained its re[)iitation of impregnability, and was reganled as the strongest fort in America, except Quebec. The ramparts of the fortress were about two miles and a quarter in circumference, and were mounted with one hundred and sixty guns. The entrance to the harbor was guarded by a strong battery at what is now Lighthouse Point, and about half way up towards Point Rochfort, on the op{)osite side of the harl>or, was another battery on a small island. The defenses were eciually good on the land side, and, if bravely defended, Lonisbourg seemed to be really impregnable. i ;i ill *fi ii !« i,l: W I 1 194 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION' OF CANADA. 7. — Several persons la}' claim to tlic honor of having first proposed an attack on I>ouisl)ourg, and urged its feasihility. Mr. Rrown, LoiiiBbourg. Ill Ins lustory ot t ape lireton, as- cribes tlielionor to Lieut.-Governor Clarke, of New York, and Dr. C;dlaghan, in his " New York Documents," gives a letter written iiy the (governor to the Duke of Newcastle, in 174o, r.dvocating an attac'c. In the Gftitlcmans Mii(j- azlnc for Jnlv, 174."), there is an iuticle by Judge Anchinnly, Jndge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Massacluisetts, on the possii)ility of taking Louis- bourg, and giving a plan of attack; but, whoever might lirstiiave suggested it, tJie honor of carrying it out uii(loid)tedly belongs to Governor William Shirbjy, of Massachusetts, who, in November, 1744, addressed the British minister on the subieet, showiig its importance and the possibility of the foi-t being taken with aid from New England. Without awaiting for a reply, Shirle\' called a meeting of the Legislature, and, in secret session, luider an oath of secrec}', proposed the )>lan to them. It was voted down; but one of the mem- bers who had great trust in the Lord, and was blessed with excellent lungs, prayed so loud for the success of the enterprise tiiat he was heard outside the council room, and the secret was soon no longer a secret. Sliirloy wa;; defeated by the Legislature, but not beaten ; he had a petition got- ten up which was signed by nearly uU tlie leading merchants, praying the Legislatiu'e to reconsider their act ion, and tlie result was that the motion in favor ! f llie exi)edition was carried by a majority of one. 8. — Tiie enthusiasm became very great in all the Provinces as soon as it wa. known what the object of the expedition was, and EXPC.UUO,,!" ""' the necessary nuniljer of four thou- sand miMi was soon raised. The expedition had sn^iewhat the air of a crusade about it, for Louisbourg was looked ujjou as t!ie stronghold of Romanism, and the Puritans hated Popery rather more than the}- did the devil ; and it is even reported of one worthy pastor tiuit ho carried a hatchet in his belt for the purpose of eutting down the images lu; found in tlie cliurchcs. Wliitlicld, the great preacher, who was in New Enghuul at the time, gave the expedition tlie motto: '■'■Nil desperandiim Christo diicL'," After the expedition had been determined upon, Shirley sent to Commodore Warren, who was in command of the West Iiulia squadr(Ui, asking him to co- operate with him ; but Warren refused to do so without orders from England. Shirley was greatly disccniraged, bu*; not disheartened, and lie wisely kei)t the refusal to himself and Generals Pepperell aiul Wolcott, the former of whom was an ex- pcM'ienced militia officer and was in command of tiie expedition ; and so the men left Boston in April under the impression tliat Walker would join them at their rendezvous at Caiiso. And so he did, very much to Pepperell's surprise and pleasure. After refusing to join Shirley without orders from London, he received instructions to go to Boston ; and, tliiidcing he knew [U'ctty well what he was wanted in Boston for, he bore up direct for Canso, the jilaceof rendezvous, reaching it just in time to join the ex})edition. U. — The lleet left Canso on the iOth April, and iirriveil at Garabus Bay, near Louisbourg, on the day following, causing great con- steriuition in the town when it was uSlsbomB" "' known that an English fleet was ciuning to attack tlicm. Tiie (ovt was in excellent condition, well supjiiicd with stores aiul aimniini- tion, and ought to have been able to stand a long s'ege; but the men were mutinous, and clamored for their pa\ , which was long overdue, and Shirley, who was aware of tliis, iiad hurriiid hispicparations on that account. Governor Dncliambcau, however, managed to infuse spirit into his men, by calling them together and essed the pluck and courage of the besiegers, Louisbourg woulil not then liave passed undcu' iMiglisii con- t;'ol. No opi)osition was offered to tiie landing of the English at Flat Point, witiiin lialf a league of the city, at which point they estalili^hed tliem- selves. On the nortii-west arm tliey found im- mense (juantities of naval stores, including bran- dy and wine, which were set fire to; but, iiii- lortunately all tiie brandy was not burned, and the victors gave themselves up to dniiikenness on it after the ciipitulaiion. Half a mile nearer the I hi ACADIA-GOVERNMENT OF MASCARENE. 19.j city, and nearly opposite to the centre of tliC open- inij of the harbor, stood the grand hattery; hut, to tiie j^reat surprise of the Englisli, it was abandoned on their ajiproaeh without a shot being fired. It was inimedia'.eiy taken jmssession of by the in- vailers. who were thus witiiin gunshot of the city. Tiic guns were spilved, but in a fe\\ i\'s tIio\' were (hilled out and. fire opened on the city. The siege was kept up for a month, when a simultaneous at- tack by land and water was determined on ; but bi'fore t!ieas.perell and Warren acted as joint (iovernors, and they ordered the French flag to lie left flying in order to decoy nierehantmeii. In this ruse they were successful, and shortlv caiitured two East-Indiaiuen, whose cargoes were worth over seven hundred and fifty thousand dol- lars : and a few days after, a grand prize was taken in the shape of the shi[» "Deliverance." wiiicli, under an ostt'iisil)le cargo of eoeoii, had gold, silver, and Peruvian dollars, to the value of four millions of dollars, one half of which was claimed by the ollirers and crews of the fleet as prize- I iiumey. Not long after this, English cruisers off the Azores captured two consorts of the "Deliver- aiiee," laden willi spec'-j which it required forty- three wagons to carry from Uristol to London, and when the prize-money was distributed each common sailor got over four thousand dollars as his share. 11. — The victors were not wise in their victory, What the French could not effect, mm did. and liundreds were carried olf by fever A llpol ,lei«imti>li«(l . ,.,.,. ton^-nipiuru causcd l)y exccssivc driiikiiig. I'ep- Loulsboii rg. " , r . 1 perell reports that twelve luindred men died of fever; and Admiral Knowles, who succeeded Warren, says it was nothing unusual to see a thousand drunken men in the streets in one day. The result of this was, that imniense stores of liquor were found in the place, and pro])er pre- cautions were not taken to secure it. Warren gave orilers that all the rum should be placed in the casements of the citadel, and one thou.sand hogsheads were so stored ; but the order must have been very caielessly executed, for veiy large quantities were left where the men had access to it ; and they drank to excess, thus sull^'ing by debauchery an otherwise splendid victory. It was with dismay and nioitifieation that the French Government received intelligciiice of the fall of Louisbourg, and the capture of so many rich prizes ; and it was at once resolved that Louisljourg must be re-taken at any cost. A large fleet, consisting of eleven ships of the line, twenty frigates, thirty transports, and two fire ships, was collected and placed under the command of the Duki; D'An- ville, while the Viceroy of Canada was instructed to co-operate. D'Anville's instructions were of the most alarming character; he was to " re-take Louisbourg, capture Annapolis, and leave a garri- son in it ; destroy Boston, ravage the sealxiard of New Englanil, and attack the British islands in the West Indies." He set sail on June 22d, 174G, escaping an English fleet under Admiral Martin, which had been sent to watch the movements of the French. When the news that the French fle(,'t had saih^d reached England, a sipiadron of eighteen shii)S was sent in pursuit, under com- mand of Admiral I^estoek, but, being baffled b}' contrary winds, was obliged to return. V2. — T!ie Bostonians were terribly alarmed at thi'ir jiromised destruction, and the ministers, in their prayers from the jnilp.it, were more pointed than polite in their ,VoKby''tl;,';;,l';;!"' references to D'Anville, All the preparations ])ossibIe were, however, made, and the place put in as good a state of defence as could be done. The preparations of the Bostonians were, howe\er, unnecessary ; for a greater jiower than they fought for thein, and the elements and the plague did what they would, probably, have failed to accomplish — a fact wiiich the wortiiy pastors of New Iviglaiid did not fail to turn to gooil account afterwards, in their discourses to their congregations. D'Anville's fleet hud an uii- 'Ill ; I^I.m!-,, m :m fm um ■MM\ X 'imiw': "M 1 1 ' 1 '1 1 I'll ' ii 196 TUTTLE'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. fleet, scoiiineil by peBtilenee, return to France. usually long passage, and contrarj' winds all the way. While off Sable Island they encountered a tremendous gale, several tianspoits were wrecked on the island, other of the s]ii[)s had to run to the West Indies, and some put back to France, while it was net till the 10th September, that D'Anville arrived at Chebucto (Halifax), the place of ren- dezvous, with only two ships and a few transports. 'J'his overwhelming disaster so preyed on his spirits that he died on the IGth, of ai)oplexy, brouglit on, it is said, by excessive drinking. Vice Admiral D'Estournelle then took command and held a council of war, at which he proposed to return to France. l!5. — In this, ho>vever, he was opposed by all his officers, who maintained that they had still force Theremmmtof the enough left to Capture Annapolis, which they insisted on doing. The Admiral, angered at the obstinacy of his officers, grew delirious, and suddenly draw- ing his sword placed it to his bi'cast and fell on it, the blade passing through his lieart. Almost im- mediately after this second ' agedy a pestilence broke out amongst the men. Accoiding to Ilali- burton it was small-pox. It spread with great rapidity, cariying off thou. Corne was the first to call attention to the importance of such a position, as it would menace both Albany and Oswego, in ease of war. and was in such close proximity to the Hudson and Connecticut River settlements as to make descents on tliein from it an easy matter. Governors Belcher, of Massa- cluisetts, and Vanilaru, of New York, became alarmed at what api)eaied to them so liostile a dei'-.onstvalion, and sent a joint deputation to Beauiiarnois to protest against the building of the fort; but the nations had Ikhmi at peace; so many years now, and tiiere seemed so little prospc-ct of war, that the protest was not very energetically pushed, and the French were allowed to continue the building of Fort Frederic without further remonstrance. o. — A long period of jit'ace now intervened, which was used by Bi'auharnois for improving the condition of the i)eoi)le and en- , * I'ronri's? nr tlio couraging agriculture, and man}- iiop of Quebec to sui>i)ress a number of holidays, whieli. ! W| il ! I ];ii ■ I 108 TUTTLK'S IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. instead of being kept as religious occasions, nmtc only used for dniukennefes and dissipation ; and also by an edict forbidding liie subdivision of land or tiie erection of dwellings on lots smaller tliau one and a lialf acres frontage, by a deptli of forty acres, under a penalty of one hundred livres. 4. — The period of peace was not, however, one of unbroken prosperity. During the twenty years cessation from the din of arms. Famine. E.irtli- ,^ i i i i i • • ,. i • quakes and Small- C aiiada luui to strivc agaiiist dis- '"*' ease, floods and famine. In 1732, there were veiy iieavy floods on the St. Lawrence, and a vast amount of property was lost, wiiile an earthquake not only damaged but terribly fright- ened the people. The year 1730 was long known as the "famine" \'ear on account of the great scarcity of bread, and it was in this year that the Di(iue du Palais, at Quebec, was constructed to give employment to the starving people. It was a sea-wall forming a winter harbor for one hundred vessels, and the site of it is now occupied by the wharves. It will seem curious to the modern reader to know that one of the greatest har(lshii)s the poor had to endure that winter, 1821)-30, was having to eat potatoes instead of bread, so little was that now necessaiy vegetable either known or ajipreciated then ; the poor in many cases prefer- ring to eat hounn'ouit, and (luite a numb.;r are saitl to have died of hunger in (Quebec. A great scar- city of food also prevailed in the two following years, although not to so great an extent, and the year 1733 was marked \)y a return of that violent scourge, small-pox, which earrieil off the inhabi- tants, and especially the Indians, in large iiuinbers. i"). — It was in this [JCiiod of peace that the first attempt was made to reach the Pacific by land ; the subject had been mooted as Atlennit to lliiil nil \-,^,, . i .. . • , iivisianii route to early as liln, but the lirst iiractical till! I'aillli'. ■ 1 • I -m 1 attt'inpt was made lu 1<31, by Pierre Oauthier de V^arennes, Sieiir de la \'i.-^ ^ li- Mf 200 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Reran of Dupuis mous, b'lt liiul .1 iiKijorit v, aiiil tliev and censure of De . ^ • ,-, i i* 'i ButtUharni.iH. SCIlt to pllSOll tliose wllO I'etusi'd to obey their orders. On the other liaiid, tlie Governor liad the military, wlio poked tlieir swords tliroiigh the oi'ders in derision ; and wiien the Council had any one arrested the Gov- ernor released him, and those so arrested were treated somewhat as martyrs, and favored by the Governor. At last DeHeauharnois had gained over several of the Council, and only needed the absence of two members to re- duce the Council roll below the number neces- sary to grant decrees. At this time he was in Montreal, and he sent a sealed order to Qiicbec to have the two leaders of ihe Opposition in the Council, Messrs. D'Artigny and Gaillard, arrested and sent into exile. Dupnis on his siin- one but M. i )V(m1 good fcrl- tli till! IiKlinns. of Di'Hcauliiir- III [1 1M fi ;| m ! i /' ]• M Ir 1 i i I , I' i li I ! I, 6 ;l 111 III to I COMMHItOH AM) INDI STItV, lt;ns.l774. 201 wliiit they wanted in rctiini ; iiiul tlicv sdoii lie- tfiiu to prefer coniiiij^ to Moiitreiil, instead of ^oiiij^ t(i .Mhany, since so many of i lie Frencli iiad intci- married witii tliein, adoi)te(l lin'ii- cnstoms and followed tiieir wild Iinntin;^ life, that they fell more at home with them than witii the exclusive and tradini;' I'vie^lishman. 'I'lie Colony vemaineil in a prosperous condilion up tolhetinn;of tlie outl)reak of war between Enj^lami and Franue, on tlie accession of Maria 'J'heresu to the Crown of Austria. 'l'li<' l-iUropean compliealions soon spread to America, and the stronghold of tiie Fr(!neli in Ca])e Hretoii, Louisljour;^, was captured hy the New l'hi;_;ianih'rs, as already related, ^f. DidJean- harnois was hlamed for iiis want of co-opera- tion iu the first attempt to retake this fortress, and recalled ; and his successor. Admiral La Jon- (piiere, a man of sixty, iiad tiie mislorlune to lie ca[ituri,'d on ids way to Canachi, hy the Imi^HsIi. The ileet, wliicli was intended to rc-ca[)ture l.ouis- bourg, was del'eated off Ca[)e Finisteure, ami the new (Jovcrnor of Cana(hi was auKJUnst the numer- ous captives. During; his cajitivity the Count De le Galissonnibro was appointed to act until liis ex- cliange could lie effected. 1. CIIArTEIl XLIir. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY, 1008-1744. Tirio First Flkets of Fishing Vessels — 2. EAIHA' TltADE WITH TIIE INDIANS; AND Es- TAMMSIIMENT OF MoNOPOMES. 3. 'J'llE PltlV'- II.KGKS OF THE WkST InDIA CoMI'ANY : ITS Collapse. — 4. Fohmation of the Company OF (Canada. — 5. M. D'Auteuil's IJemaiiks (IX THE CoLONV. I'l. TUADING LICENSES. — 7. The Laws of Non-intercouuse. — 8. Efforts TO induce Snip-ijrn.DJNG. — \). The N.vtuke and Value ( f Commeiice refop.e the Con- quest. — 10. Introduction of the Postal Sy.ste.m, 1721. — 11. Slavery in Canada. — 12. Customs Duties; No Honded W.VREiiorsEs. — 13. The Monetary System ; Card ]\I(inev. — 14. Imperfect Trade Returns ; Stupidity OF Officials. — L"i. I)iffi;i;ence retwkkn Emigration under French and English L'ULE. 1. — .As we are now approaclnng the close of French adndnisl ration in Canada, we will pause for a while to take a "general view of tiic connnerce and inis o)i [liiyiiiciil of a royally. Still tiie ( diiiiiany ilid not prosper, and after its extinction tiie trade of tlii' Colony was o|)en, for a short whili', i>ut only to lie .L;i\cn u[) to a greater monopoly known as '• Tiie West India ('onipany," whieii was started in Itllit, anil liad a yrant of monopoly for fort\- years. o. — This gigantic monopoly had control not only of the whole trade of New Francis Imt of the Tiieiirivii....»,,[ wliole Atlantic suahoai'il of Africa. r.'mHy;,';!:''''.',';' i»i"l all the French possessions in "'""■'»•• the West Indies. The ca|)ital of the company was one million livres, and they had over a hundred vessels enga';cd in th(;ir traffic, which consisted of almost everything, from im- porting negroes into the West Indies, to exporting all manufactured goods to he nsc'd in the colonies, from France. The privileges of the comjiany were very great ; according to Smith "this com- panv was to have the light to all mines and min- erals, the ])ower of levying and recruiting soldiers in Fiance, huilding forts, and the right of waging war against the Imiians or the neighlioring colonies. Distinctive armorial hearings were allowed to the association, suiiuounted by the royal arms of France; and to encourage immigration, all colon- ists, jiresent and to come, being Caluolics, jre to have the same rights in France iis his Majesty's subjects at home. In addition to the above hand- s(uue list of privileges and innnunities accorded to this favored eiuupany. its stock or shares were made transferable; and the revenues or profits of them akme could be attached lor debts owing by the holders, even to the king himself. His Ma- jesty also agreed to advance one tenth of the stock without interest for five years, subject to a pro- jiortion of all losses which might be incurred by the conii)any during that period." The effect of this monoiioly was to raise j)rices to such a height that the colonists protested and Colbert had to interfere. The company then partially opened the trade in furs to the colonists ; but claimed a royalty of one for.rth on beaver, and one tenth on all other skins. This state of things existed up to ltj74, when the affairs of the company were wound up. It spite of its great concessions it was over three millions and a half livres in debt, and, as the debt had been mostly incniicd I'm war jiurposes with the Knglish. Louis XIV. paid the dcbi ;inhcd ilie privileges of ihi' ((uupany. 4. — liut ('.inada was not ti' be allowed free trade in furs yd. The king retained the royally on skins inipo.-cd b\- the I'ompany, an.l lar.u.d this out to M. Oiuli- !;r;:'l™/;^una,i... ette, who had a monopoly, all the beaver skins being delivered at his factories, ;ind [laid for at a fixed rate of four francs, ten sous, per pound (about eight_v-rive cents), 'i'his monopoly existed until the year 1700 when the colonists again protested against the enormous exactions of tlie moinipoly, and a now company was formed in which Canadians were allowed to take shares. This company was known is I he Cnmpaiiy of Canada, and was also a moiio])oly, as none but its members had a right to trade in furs. This com- pany had only an existence of six years, and transferred its debts of nearly two millions of francs to Messrs. Aubert, Nerot and (liiyot in 1706. o. — What may be considered a fair exhibit of the commercial condition of the colony was made in 171."). by M. Kuette d'Auteuil, in two menuiriuls .in "The Present ;::;li;^«;;:'a:;,^,„„y. State of Canada." He states, in sidi- stance, that the trade with the Indians had greatly diminished ; ship-building was brisk, and a great deal of hcmi) for cordage, and llax for linen and thread, were grown. He complains of the neglect of the timber trade. France using no Canadian timber while F'.ngland got much of hers from her American colonies. He also complains of the neg- lect ol the Huron copiier mines: and charges the monoiiolist eomiianics with having failed to com- plete their contracts to colonize the country. The}- were bound to procure from two to three hundred immigianlsayear, whereas very little had ever been doiyj in the way of iniinigration, and nothing what- ever since 1008. He charges the Governors and Intendants with not intending to stay in the colony, but merely using it as a means of prefer- ment at home, meanwhile enriching themselves at the cost of the colony. With reference to the card-money (of which we will speak further on in this chapter) he alleges that two niillioiis of livres of it were in circulation in 1714, and suggested that an investigation should be held with regard to its veiilication and regulation, as the issues had 'li! COMMElttK AM) INDUSTRY, 1008— 1774. •20:5 I ul l>L'iii sc.'vi'iiiUy coinmiiinli'il liy spccilii' loyal (Iccri'es. Ho ,siiLj;.,a'st('il tlial, llit' (idViTiini's iiinl liilciidimts shiiuld bu cliiinL;'(^(l e\ci'V Uin'r nr >ix Vi'ius, iiriil tlial 11 royal ('(iiiiiiiis>ii)ii nIhuiIiI lie ap- iKiiiiteil to ii'ci'ivo coniplaiiil^ fioiii colonists, llr ustiniivteil the annual vahu' of tin; iidtry traijc at tlu! time III' wrote (I71.'i) at two millions oriVaius (.■i!o7.>,0U0) ; l)iit it is diHicnlt to I'oini any cotri'ct estimate of its I'Xacl vahn: (Im'in;^' any ptiiod of Frcncli nilc. 0. — Tilt' nioiKipoly oi' .Aiiliei't & Co. v.iis siipi'i'- seded, in 1717, liy the W'cstnii Coiiiiiaiiy, wliiidi was al'ti'iwai(is inefvii'd into Law's Trillins iKi-n.-is. Mississippi sclii'iiic ; and, al'tiT tiie L'Xiilosioii of that notorious swindle, I lii'ld a monopoly of tin; pultry tfadi; for ii fi'W yeai's, I w Ih'ii it ii^iiiu passed iindiT regal sway, and so | riiiiaiiied until the compiest, ii monopoly to the last. Till) trading-posts of Ficinteiiau, Toronto mid Niagara were taken into the hands of the government, and trading lieensi'S issued, for the avowed ])iir[)ose of enaldiiig the colonists to give better pricLS to the Indians, and so i.'oiinteraet the growing trade with the English. Some idea of tin; profits derived from the trade, at this time, may he gathered from the following [lassage from Smith: "The amount of trade allowed to eaeh license, usual cost of which heing six hmnlred crowns, was merchandise valued at one thousand crowns. To carry on the trade, and to conve}" the returns, the license-holder was hound to ein[)loy two eanoes. six men in eaeh. 'Jin; si;ller of the license had the right of furnishing the goods used in barter, at a price fifteen per cent, higher than the market rate. A successful adventure, under such a licensi,', generally gave to the UKU'chants a profit of four hundred per cent, on the nierchaii- tlise, and six hundred crowns to each of the eaiioe- luen. The latter were not only entille'd to pro- visions and clothing, but interested in the results of the adventure, by having a legal right to divide the surplus of the returns, after the cost of the license, merchandise, and four hundred per cent. profit to the merchant, had been reimbursed." 7. — Up to the time of the treat}- of Utrecht (t71o) the French had done the bulk of the peltry trade, in spite of the rivalry of the English, and the antagonism of the Iroquois; but the taking from them by that treaty, of the Hudson Bay territory, was a 'llie Inwo of non- iulL-icourHe. great blow to the volume of their trade; besides wliiili. the eom|iilitiiiii n illi the I'.nglish beeaine so keen that the French found they could not import goods from France, and ln'iter them with the In- dians on niMiiv as good terms as the Fnglish could olfcr. tliev ihcri'fore bought large (|uaiitities of the goods tliey needed from the ICnglish. and a con- sideraiile lontraband trade was kept up between ■Montreal and .Aliiany. 'I"i) stop this, (io-.-ernor liiirnet, of New York, induced tin; Assembly to pass a non-intercourse bill, in 17:i0, to last three years, preventing Canadians from bartering their furs in Albany for I'^uroiiean goods, and in 17-7 the law was made permanent. This caused an iniincdiate increase of prii'es in Canada, and cloth for barter rose from twenty-five to fifty per cent. As a sort of retaliation for tiiis act. I^ouis XIV. issiieil ail edict, in 17:i7, forbidding all intercourse with the Hritish. The system of nn.noiioly oper- ated against the general interests of the public; the licenses were iisuall}' issued for three years, and the holders, as a natural result, tried to make as much money as possible in that time, and were not veiy particular as to the nu-aus used. l{um was luought freely into operation, and played a very conspicuiMis part in tiade, the Indians being freipienlly well plied wilh liquor before beginning to trade. Some strange instances of curious bar- ters are recorded, amongt them a purchase of beaver skins, in 17o4, at a western trading-post, for four grains of pepper each ; and another of a jiound of vermilion being retailed in small quantities so that it netted nearly one hundred ami fifty dollars. 8. — In view of the immense importance of the lumber trade to Canada in later days, one is sur- prised to find that it was almost entirely neglected up to tin; time '^"ilX^^iillg''''' of the conquest. Whilst the New j Englanders were exporting lumber, fish and pro- j duco of various kinds, the French were confining themselves almost entirely to the fnv-trade. ami a little agriculture and fishing fordiune 'ie pur[)oses. The fishing interest, however, improved after the jieaeeof Uirecht, and, in 17--, there were fourteen fishing stations below Quebec, engaged in seal and porpoise catching, the gulf and river being then much frequented by them. Later on, the expor- tation of salted fish to France became quite an important item of trade. The Canadians never i- i mm m 1 II 1 1; i ll|i' 204 TUTTLE'S IIISTORV OF THE DOMLMON OF CANADA. paid nuu'.li attention to ship-bnililinjjr. except for tlieii' .)\\ii iinnuHliate use, alllioui;li eiicouianeiiiciit was olTcied li}' the lionie government, and in ll'-A M. de JMamepas, tiien Minister ol Marine, j^raiited a prennuni of five hundred fi'aius for every vessel of two luindre(l tons or more, l)ni!t in the eoh)iiy and sold ill Franee, or i. lie West Indies, and oni' hundred and lifty francs for every liarLfe of from thirty to sixty tons, lie also intimated that if the niercliant siiips were satisfactory, tiio colony would be given a contract to huild ships of war. An eiTort was made in ll'-\'2, and ten vessels were built: but tliey were not nearly so good as those made in New iMigland, and cost nnich more, and a large number of vessels used in the colonial trade were bougiit from New iMigland. •J. — Sonu! attempts at mining wvvv. made, but were not very suceessfid, liie coal mines in Cape liretou, already referred to in our Tlio n:itiirn .^n^^ i , 4 i- i • .1 t vniiuM.iimninirio chapters ou Acadia, lieuig tlu^ most niip(U'tant nulu li-)i, wlieu a com- pany was formed to work the iron mines at Three Ivivers, a iirauch of Canadian industry which lias greatly enlarged and inereas(!iting I>ake Superior, and the Jesuits were always on the look out for 11 large de[)osit of tlu! ore in the n'gion of tiiat lake— -nu'ntioned more fully in our chapter, ', 'l"he Jesuits on tlu! Lakes ; " — but tiie few attemiits that were nnule at mining the veins discovered proved too expensive to |)ay. Considerable exeilement was caused in ITlti by tlie discovery of tiie "(■iiuseng" plant, wiiieh promised, at lirst, to be of gi(!at value to the colony as ati ail icle of export to China, wiiere it was in great demand, ami worth from four to live dollars a pound, while it could l)e bought in tiuel)ec for iifty cents a pound, and less; but the eagerness to realize on it defeated its own objei.'t ; the plant was not properly pi'epared hu' mariu^t, the Ciiinese would not have it, and the trade died oul. (Quebec was not only tiu'seat of governmeut, but (ho centre of trade, aiul em- ployed about thirty vessels in lier trade with France. ^V cousiderabhi iiusiness was also (huie with Cape Hrelou and the West Indies, iheexpoils being llour, vegetables, staves, lumber, &e. ; wiiile thertiturn cargoes were coal, sugar, rum, coffee, and molasses ; aliout half a dozAMi vessels were eu- gagi'd in this trade, and about as many more went IViun Quebec annually to the .seal fisheries. A writer ou the eoiulilion of Canada at the lime of the war, which terminated in its con. M. l.afoiilaiiu', wlio publislu'd a [lainpiilet on tins snh- jt'L't in iMiV.I, says: " Tho citizens of Montreal prc- tjLMitcil re(piisiii()ns to I'ariianicnt tending' to cause tlie icLjislatiiii^ to vintlicati' llie ri^iits of masters overtlieir sla\t's. Tiie applicants invoi^i'il in favor of their demand an ordiiianei' rendiMed hy Jaeiiues Kaiidot, nintii Inlendant. dated Ajiri! |:!, 17011, wliieii etliet was, tliey nrL;-ed, in forei^ wiieii tiie definitive treaty of peace was signed, and hy eon- su(puiice I'ornieil jiart and parcel of the laws, usages and eiistoins of Canada, recoifiuzijd l»y the Act of Q',iel)ec. Three hills on the sulijec^t wm'e introduced, in 1800, ISOl, and 1S(.):!; hut none of them passed. Since that time no local leni.-lature sanctioned this matter, and if the act of Imperial I'ailianu'iit of 17!t7 had the effect of aholishini;' slavery in IIk! I'uitish plantalions, thest! would, of course, ineliid(( Canada." One fael, howevt'r, is noteworthy, that, on the passage of the Emanci|)a- tion Act of 1n:U), freeing the negroes in the West Indies, there were no slaves in ("anada to liberate. lii. — Under French LS. inpiors, w Incli paid ten per cent.; and tobacco, which \\;is eiiarged live sons per |)o;ind. In i7r!;j all im^reiiandise, with a (vw exceptions, was taxed three per cent. (Ill vdlonnu \^■llether imports or exports, and a s[ifciiic (hit y of thirty-four livres a tun was placed on rum, and twenly-four livres a \<.v>^ on brandy. 'I'here were no bonded warehouses in thos(! days, inid merchants had lo pay their duties on arrival of tin; goods. The customs receipts immediately before! the ciuniuest arc estimated at about three Imndied ihonsand livres pi'r annum. to, — The monetary systimi of Canada iiinler iM'onch rule was lu'ver very perfeiit, and what would b(! calb'd in modciii parhour *' a suspension of specie paymt'iits,'' was rather the rule than the excep- tion. A very larg(^ portion of the trallii! was al- ways done by barter — so many skins for so much rum, (H' other ccunmodities, \c. — but the amount of coin in till' I'olony was alw ays small, and various expciliciils were, I'rimi linu' to tini", resorted to. The West. India (!ompany, in lt!7(', under royal permission, coined small coin for circulation, to the amoiinl of one huiidieil ihoiisaml livres ; this Till' iniiMi'lary «.va- tum, Caril-moiiiiy. coinage was originally intended for the West In- dies, but it nearly all got into circulation in Can- ada, and soon rose to a iiremiiim id' fit'teeii to twenty per cent. After Louis XIN"". had discov- ered the ready ex[H'ilicnt of issuing paper money, " redeemable by the government, and good as gold,'' it did not lake long tor tin- colonies to follow suit ; and, in 1(1S."), the colonial government began to issue jiajier money, in the shape of eNcheiiucr bills. Thest! bills were in great favor I'lU- a while ; but the treasury at I'aris being empty, and payments growing, "'like angels \isits. lew and far between," a sort of state bankruptcy followed, and a com- position was arrived at. under the government <>( the Mar([nis de N'audrcuil. by which the holders of coloidal i>aper received three-eighths of its value in coin. I''or a time Canada had again a specie basis, and ihe issue of paper money wassiispeiided ; but the ■' cireulating medium " was siieedily ab- sorbed, and the issue of '• card-miuiey,"" which had been abolished in 1717, was again I'csoitod to. 'I'he cards bore the royal arms of !■' ranee and were signed by the (lovcrnoi-(ieneral, the Intendant and Coiitiollei'; they were in sums of seven, ten, and lifleeii sous; and one. iliree, six. twelve, and twenty-four livres ; and sinne, I'm' local ciiciilat ion, were issued as low as one centime. The total issue of this eiirrency was about one miilioii of dollars; but it was subjecl to another .-yslemid" inllatimi, which liaynal describes as follows: "When this ainouiit became insnllieicnt for the [iiiblii! wants, the Intendant was permitted to dis- charge stale obligations wilh I lansferable bills, signed by himself only, and wilhoul limit as to ([uantity. The nominal \alue of the.'-ii ri'.nged between one ami oni! hundred livres. These eir- culatcd in the colony every year until ()ciober came. Then they were converleil inio lulls of exchange, to be cashed at the Iveasury in i'aris. lint the (|nantity soacciimiilalcd that, in I7b). the French linances being embarrassed, llieir reilemp- tion had to be deferred. An unfortunate war, which bidke out two years al'lerwards, greatly addetl to the amount of undischarged bills, while it lowered the cNcliangeable value of all. Com- luoilitics rose to a ransom price for those who could pay only in eiirrency. ,\s w ar expendil ures had to be maintained in the colony, the amount (d' paper issues had liei'ome asloiiiiding by the year 17.V.t, when the I''iiiance .Minisier dccliinil to pay '] •i ■ ' 1 1 1 1 mM i; m iv. ^ 20G TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. any more of the coloiiiiil bills until tlieir origin iuid proper value could bo ascertained and tested." The discount to pui'chasers who paid in coin was usindly from ten to twenty per cent. 14. — It is difficult to tiet at any exact estimate of the value of the peltry trade up to the time of the Connuest, as the returns were all Tmperfcct trnile rp- , ,, , i !• , /■ i turns, cupiiiiiyof iiadly kei)t, aud little conticleuce can be placed in tlieni. D Auteud, who has been already (juoted in this chapter, esti- mates fliat the value of exports from Canada had lisen from half a million of francs per annum in IdTT, to two million francs in 1T1"> ; and the most reliable estimates for the }iars immediately pre- ceding the Concpiest put the export value of peltry bet ween tliree and four million livres per annum. (Jovernor Murray, after the ('on([uest, fouinl that the Customs Register tor lTiJ4, showed an export value (d' one million and a half of livres, and tiiat I'or 17.")."), one million two hundred aud sixty thousand livres: but the returns wi'r(! very incomplete, and but little reliance can be jjlaced on them. The trade of the country \\as aluays moiiiipojized in out; way or other, aud, of course, it w.is n)t to till' interest of the monf)polists to make known the large proiits they wci'e maldiig. It was, also, to the interest oi' the governuieut olllicei's to say as little as [lossible about the amount of trade, for tlu'V were nearl}' all, frf)m tlii^ (ioxcrnor and Intendaut down, engaged in traffic of some kind to enlarge the sniidl salaries they received, and maintain the amount of State show they were expected to exhibit. 'I"he salary of the (lovernor- (ieueral, I'or instance, was about twelve hundred dollars a year, and he was exi)ected to keep up a retinue of twenty-seven servants on that j)ittaiu!e; so that it is not strange that the officials sent from France, looked on (\inada only as a temiiorary restiug-|ilaee, where they could make sonui money to enjoy at more leisure when they returiu'd to France, and. iherefure. used their power to actpiire what wealth they coulil, sometimes by foul means, during their terms of olVun^. Nearly all tlu; immigration in later years was that of a horde of adventurers who nu'rely eame out for a \\hile to tiy to replenish their impoverished jioekeis, aud they were not very piirlieular whether tlu^ moiu'y eame out of the' imblic treasury or the pockets of the colonists, so long as it weid into theirs, 'i'he public service was, at first, cheaply admiin.^tt'red. not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars a year, up to 17-'J ; then it steadily increased, and, in 1T4'J, liad reached over one million seven hun- dred thousand livres, and, according to Kaynal, it "knew no bounds after that epoch." The last Intendaut, Bigot, drew two ndllions aud a half livres during the last year of French donnuation in Canada, and asked for half a million more which he did not get. 1.'). — The history of the commerce and industry of Canada, up to the time of the Conquest, may be likened to the earlv da^'s of Cali- n . 1. , T e 1111 miTerenoe between lornia and Australia, after gold had iimniKratioimnii.i- 1 1 . , , , , Freiieli anil I-'nirlish been discovered, wlien many thou- mie. sands madly rushed thither to wrest what wealth they could from the earth, aud then go somewhere else to enjoy it. So it was with Canada ; except the regiment of Carignan and the emigrants sent out by Colbert to Talon, there was very little real emigration to the colony; an(l taking into consid- eration the death-rate from war aud small-pox, it is not surprising that the i)opulation, in spite of the fecundity of the French Canadian women (a (piality they retain to the present day), did not reai'h one hundred thousand at the time of the Con(iuest. AVhen we cou^■ider that Canada had then been settled nearly two hundred years, and that not a century and a (puirter intervenes be- tween the Canada of IT.")U, undtu' French ride, and the Canada of ISIT, under English rule, with its four millions of inhiibitants, its largo industries and its immense trade, we can form some idea of the difference of the two systems. We may briefly summarize the difference to be this: Under French rule, peo])lo came to Canada to make money to spend elsewhere: under English rule, people came here to find cheap homes, aud build up the for- tunes of till! country at ihe same time that they benefited themselves. CHAPTER XLIV. (iOVEllNMENT OF THE COUNT DE LA {JAL1SS()NNIEI{E. 1. Ai'1'()intmi;nt ok tiiI': Coint kk laC.aijs- SONNIiaii:, — "J. ills ATTKMI'r TO t'ONKIN K TIIK E.Ndl.lsIl Coi.oNllOS TO TlllO SlOAtlOAUI). — ii. dollars ii ised, and. veil llllU- {iivn d, it Tho last id a lialf GOVERNMENT (JF THE COUNT DE LaGALISSONNIERE. 201 Normal Occupation of Tkuuitoky Wkst OF THE AlLEGHANIES. 4. EUECTIOX AND SrilESGTHENING OF FoUTS. — 5. RecAI.L AND Death op De laGalissonnieke. 1. — The c.aptiiic of the Maninis de laJonquicre, the appointed siieccssor to tlic Marquis de Beau- . , ., iiainois, on ids way to Canada, A|)iMiiiitnieiitnt the _ •' ' (.\>iini .le laOiiiia- caused the aiiiioiiitiiieut of tlie Couiit de laCialissonuiure, a naval officer of some distinetion, who acted as governor for ahout tuo years. He was a very small man and deformed; l)iit an alile and hrilliaiit officer, and a scientist of no iiiran ahility. Immediately on his arrival, he applied himself to a eomprehension of the climate, soil and resources of Canada; and so oreatlv was he impressed with the imiiortance of not only retaining but enlarging and streiigtheiiing New France, tliat lie very strongly urg ■ 1 on the ifovernineiit at I'aris the necessity of sending out about ten thousand emigrants to people the valley of the Oiiio, which he claimed as French territory ; and he also obtained a subsidy f(U' the removal of the Acadians from Nova Scotia (of which we shall treat more fully in ouv next chajiter on Acadia). 2. — He early turned his alteiition to the fron- tier question, and he certainly took a very broad iiis.,tt,.mi.t(o™„. view of the question, claiming all li::;:,:,l" !^'iiio'».u. the region west of the Alleghany **"""'• Mountains, and all the mainland north of New England, except the peninsula of Nova Scotia, which had been ceded to Britain. He claimed the Acadian isthmus, and set on foot a scheme for inducing the Acadians, who still refused to take the oath of allegiance to England, to emigrate there, and on the May of Ftindy, and so build iq) a living wall of delciice against the rapidly increasing province of Nova Scotia, which was being colonized at a rapid rate. His idea was to C(Hirine the English entirely to tlie sea- board, and make a conqilete chain of lerrilcny around them, t'xtending from the St. Eawii'iicc to 1-ouisiana. He was very jealous of the immense strides which the English cohuiics were making in immigration and settlements ; and hi! foresaw that if they penetrated the lake eountry and the Ohio valley, tiiere would soon be an end to I'^ri'iich iloinination in those regions. He wrote to tlu! French ministry as to the great inqiortanee of the settlements on the Illinois, and said. " Tlie coun- try once well settled, we wiuild become redoubtable (HI the Mississippi side. If in the border war we had had four hundred, or five hundred well armed men among the Illinois, not only should we have been undisipiieted, but we should have led into the heart of the enemy's settlements tho very tribes which have so often insulted us." •■?. — M. de hiGalissniiniere to(dv active measures for retaining the Ohio valley to France, and, as the English continued to trade in , .'' ^ — , ,1 AC 1 !»• Ml Formal 'KTiipjilidii it, lie. 111 l(4n, sent M. tlelJienviUe, of leriitory west ot , , , I -t ^ I the Alli'^hiinuts. With tliree Jiundred men, to take formal possession of the country, and erect limitary poles, at tlu; bases of which were buried leaden plates bearing the arms of France. This was usually done in the pre-^eiice of the aborigines, who, however, by no means freely consented to the proceedings, but claiiiuid, with much justice, that the land belonged iirither to the l''reiicli luu' the English, but to themselves. Deliiciiv ille. however, paid no liee(l to the ]>rotests, but had /jroei's-ver- • \ liiiiix drawn iin, signed and read, and aftevwards ll wrote to (iovernor Hamilton, of Fennsylvania, inforining him that he had taken formal possi'ssion of the eountry in tht; name of tln' King of France, and requesting him to [ireveiit all peisons under his jurisdiction from trading beyond the .Alle- ghanies, as he (Bienville) had orders to arrest all siu.'li, and confiscate their goods. ■1. — M. de laGalissonniere did lujt coiifino iiini- self to these preiiaralions for holding what jiortion of this continent he claimed as , . X' !•< 1 J 1 Kr'i'linii mill helonging to rsew rranco; Imt he KirnKihiuiiiauf 111 • !• I \ tolls. strengtliened the garrison ot De- troit, caused forts to be built at Green Bay and Otidensburg, and one of stone at 'I'oronto. 'I'he erection of the fort at Ogdensburg was protested against by the iKxpiois, who sent delegates to Montreal in tT4S to claim tin; land, denying tiiat they had ever gi\en the Freiieh any right to it. The fort was, however, carried forward. The Governor-General also turned his attention to the militia, and had an exact muster-roll made for each parish, by which it was found that they numbered about twelve thousand men. 'I'he whole of tlu! count's brief adniiiiist ration was marked by a restless activity for tiie defence of New France; ami showed that he fully ap[ireeiated the increasing danger to which she was constantly exposed, from the rapidly increasing I'higlish mn ■ m^. 1 ■! 11 I: I i; i: i 208 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. settk'inonts to lier south. Had tlie bold views of the count hoen ciirried out, it is possible tliiit New Friinco ininht not have been conquered by Englimd so soon as it was, possibly not at all. T). — The peace of Aix-la-Cliapelle liaviiii;' fi'eed the Mavquis de la.Tonciniire, lie arrived in Au- e;ust, 1740, to take the position of Drhl!i;:;i:lo;;Mll^e' Governor -General of Canada, to which he had been appointed in 174(5, and M. de laCalissonniere returned to Paris, where he served as one of the frontier connnission, appointed by tlie English and Fi'cnch (iovern- nients, under tlie treaty of Aix-la-Ciiai)cllc, to de- fine the boundaries of the French and English possessions in America. He continued to take a lively interest in Canadian affairs, and addressed two memorials to the jjjovernment, reconnnending a large emigration and the strengthening of the forts between Canada and Louisiana, especially at Forls Frederic, Niagara. Detroit and Illinois. The count, who was naturally of a feeble constitution died at Nemours, on ■Jtith October, 17.j(), while on his way to Fontaineblcau. He had been entrusted with the duty of conveying troops to Minorca, and on his return met the English fleet under Aduiiral Hyng, whom he defeated ; but the victory was (if a negative character, as the light was a running one, and not an English ship was cap- tured. CHAI'TER XKV. GOVERN^IENT OF THE MARQUIS DE LaJONQUIERE. 1. ClIAUACTKU OF Dk i-a.T(inqtui:ui;. — 2. Uk IS OUDIOIIKI) TO TAKK OlM'lCNSIVl': MkASIIIKS IN' ArADiA. — :]. AKi{i:sr ()i.''i'i!Ai)iN(; Excii.isii- mi;n in tiik Wkst. — 1. Rkim'ohcjkmknth FROM FlIANCK. I'AUTIAL RkI'AI liS T(» FoRTS. — O. 1)K IiA.I(tN(il'lKl!i:"s QlAHRFI. WITH THE Jesuits. His Death. 1. — Tiic government of the Marquis do la Joiiqiiieie was neither a long nor a brilliant one, and the most important events Iium'i'uifcro" '" ' connccti.'d witli it come more prop- erly under the affairs of Acadia, as thty relate more particularly to that I'rovince. The mar([uis was a naval Oificer of some distinc- tion; but he was old (over sixty) and terribly avaricious, not to say miserl}-, so that he paid more attcntiini to angnuniting his «)wn fortunes than to pronroting those of the colony. He and the Intendant Bigot — the worst of all tlie bad Intcndants — kei)t nearly all the peltr}' trade in their hanils, and, besides, almost monopolized the brandy traffic, which had now grown to be enor- mous. De laJonquiere was, morcovt'r, at heart a miser, and, although lie had approi)iiated over a million livres during his three years of oilice, denied himself almost the bare necessaries o( life, and died, miserably, at l^uelxic, on 17tli Jlay, 1702, where he was iiuried in the RecolletCliurcli. His trading and swindling was of tin; most open and barefaced kind, and, together with Bigot, he also swindled the Home Government out of large sums drawn for the strengthening of the forts, but which his avaricious nature would not allow him fully to expend for the jmrposes for which they were granted. He did little for the good of C^inada, and much for himself in the way of hcaii- iiig ii[) riches which he was not allowed to live to •J. — De laJonquiere on his arrival declined to carry out the aggressive views with regard to Acadia which had been advocated by the Count de latialissonniere, /.ll^^^!:;;^^:,!^!;" Iiolding that the boundary question '" ^^""''"• would shortly be settlcil by the Commission then sitting in Paris. His timidity, however, drew forth a rei)rimand from the French Court; and he was ordered to su[ii)ort the Abb(S leLoutre in his cihuts to induce the Acadians tolea-.c English and settle in l"'rench territory. He, therefore, in obedience to instructions sent the t'hcvalier de laC^orncs with about eleven hundred French and Indians, to take possession of the Acailian isthmus and build a fort at J\Iessagouclie. 'I'liis led to re- taliatory measures by (iovernor Cornwallis, of Nova Si'otia. and acts of ri^prisal on both si'l.'s, which will be found more fully referred to in our next chapter on Acadia. o. — The Acadian diiliculty was not the only one, however, with which De laJonquiere had to deal. He was instructed by the Honu' (iovernment to maintain the i;nJ,'iTi!'iimuM"i'ii'itio pretensions of the Count de la ^^*"''" : ; GOVKIJN.MENT OF 'IIIK MAliQUlS DuQUESNE. 20!) Giilissoniu re to tlie exclusive rij^lit iit' tlie Freiicli to all territory west of the Alk\nluiny nioiiiitaiiis, ami to prevent any British traders (jperatiii;^ in that region. These instriietior ■• he was the more willing to obey, on account ot the large trading interests he held, togetlier with Higot and otlicrs; and in 17;Jl three ICnglisli tradeis in th(> Ohio valley were seizi'- strnction of shi[)s, building and rc-sdengtlicning of forts, anil the sending out of more troops. 'J"o this the government responded as well as the crip[)led condition of the treasury would allow, an• his resig- nation. 'I'his was accepted, and the Idarqnis Du t^nesne appointed in his place ; but Dc laJon- ([uieic died before his successor arrived. De la Jonqnic-re is credited with being the only F'rench governor who ever expressed any desire to intro- dnce the art of printing into the colony ; but it was not with any iih'aof establishing a ncwsj)a]ior, but only to save the luimerous ri'petilions in the public accounts, and so enable him to niitke moiu'y ; the idea, however, was never carried out ; and it remained for the Anuuicans to bring the first [)rinting-i)rcss into Canada. CIIArTER XL VI. GOVERNMENT OF TIIE MAllQLTS DuQUESNE. 1.— DlCJUKSNlO in TS TIIK MiMTIA ON AN El'- I'KCTivK War Footinc. — -2. Tiik Ohio ;\)M- I'ANV. — ;5. Want of Tnioh amoncist tiik Enoi.isu Coi.oniks. — I. WASIllNOroN's DlIT.O- MATKJ MiSsntN IN Till', WksT. — O, Si HKKNDKU oi'' Wasiiinoi'un at FoitT Nkcks.sitv. — (>. An AUOKTIVK AtTK.MPT TO FOUM A I-'KDlCKAli \M ir I ■~ t i: ii ' i.,nglishnian in the Ohio valley, and I will do it." Washington, finding he could do nothing, returned to Vii'ginia, and made his reiiort of the i'^titude of the I'^rench. 5. — Governor Dinwiddle again a[)pealed to the British Government tor aid, and also to the Rurromiorot wnsii- otlier Provincial Governments, but H:^^' "''"' '''"" without effect ; and, in 17r.4, Washington, now a Lieutenant-Colonel, was engaged raising a I'ogiment in Alexandria, Va., to go to the fork of the Ohio River, where the Ohio Company was building a fort. (This site is now the city of Pittsburg.) Ilefore Washington could reach the partly completed fort, however, Contreconr, who was now commanding in the West, attacked the foi't, drove out the workmen engaged on it, and finished it himself, calling it Fort dn(iuesne. Shortly after, hearing that Washington was advancing against him, he sent Junionvilh' and thirty men, to remonstrat(^ against this invasion of French territory. Washington attacked liis small bodj- — although it is alleged by French historians that a trumpetcn- made a sign that he was a messenger — and killed, or captured the wholi! iiarly. Contreconr, who had meanwhile fortified and pi'ovisioned Fort duQuesiK!, on hear- ing of this attack, sent against Washington six hundred French and one hundred Indians, under eonnnand of M. deVilliers. Washington, hearing of this force advancing against him, hastily con- structi.'d a stockade at Great Meadows, on the Monongahela River, which he called Fort Neces- sity, and which was defended by nine pieces of artillery. The French had no cannon ; i)nt the fort being badly constructed in a hollow over- looked by two hills, their marksmen soon pickiid off thirty of Washington's men, and he was forced to surrender. The surrender took jjlaee on the 4lh July, 1754, and the English were allowed to retire, leaving the French in undisputed [losses- sion of the whole region west of the AUeghanies. Fort Necessity was razed to the ground and the guns destroyed, and so nded, inglorioiisly for Washington, the first Idow m the struggle which was to wrest Canada from France; and, ultimate- 1}', the English colonies from England. t]. — Tiie iMiglish colonies now became fully alive to the fact that the French intended to main- tain their possession of the Ohio val- ley ; and a meeting of Commission- ;o'f"'r!'T;«i";;;'i'''' ers from seven States was held at ^'"'""• Albany to endeavor to form a Federal Union ; and to make a treaty with the Iroquois. The idea of a union was not then carried out. A union was proposed for offensive and defensive pur- [loses ; but the members could not agree as to terms, tiie colonists being jealous of vesting too much powrr in the king, and the loyalists fear- 'iff Im m !' I la i| it |l ■ irf 212 TUTTLE'S IIISTOllV OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ■ r. r ing to trust as much power to the Federals as tliey wislieJ to have. The only detorniinaticu, tliore- fore, arrived at was tliat each State sliouhl call out a certain quantity of militia, arm, equip and train them in readiness to assist the forces sent from the mother country. A deputation from tlie the Six Nations was admitted to the Conference ; and one of the Mohawk chiefs berated them rather soundly for their want of unity and action. "Look at the French," he said, "they are fortifying everywhere. But we are ashamed to say you are like women without any fortifications. It is but one step from Canada liither, and the French may easily come and turn 3-ou out of doors." The Iro- quois were very doubtful as to the issue of the war, aiul a large portion of the Onondagas joined the French settlement at Ogdensburg; this, how- ever, was to some extent due to the large amount of presents liberally distributed by the French, Avho were very an.vious to retain the good-will of the Indian tribes. 7. — The mother country came forward at once to the relief of the colonies, on hearing of the cap- lieinforoements 8.-nt turc of Fort Ncccssity ; aud seut ;^>iFl^l!:^^&. General Braddock— an officer of more bombast than brains — to command the forces ; a squadron under Admiral i Keppel being also sent to co-operate. Still war was not formally declared, and the British Gov- ernment continued the most friendly assurances of an amicable settlement of the outstanding difficul- ties in the Colonies. After the affair of the Ohio in which Washington figured, DeQuesne receiviHl a despatch from Paris, part of which read as fol- lows : — " The disposition which the British Cabi- net continues to manifest for maintenance of peace, do not allow us to believe that it can have authorized the movement so much spoken of on the Ohio; and there is yet less appearance that it has sanctioned any hostile demonstration on the other frontiers." The indications of i)reparation for war were, however, too clear to allow the French to remain long in ignorance of the medi- tated attack on Canada; and, after General Brad- dock, with two regiments of the line, !iad sailed from England, the French Government assembled a fleet at Brest and sent six battalions of veteians, numbering about three thousand men, to reinforce Louisbourg, and strengthen the garrisons in Cana- da. Tlie fleet was under command of M. de la llotte ; and the land forces destined for Canada were connnanded l)y Major-GenerJil Baron Dies- kau, an officer who had greatly distinguished him- self under Marshal Saxe. Two of the battalions remained at Louisbourg and the other four came on to Canada. 8. — (uMieral Bi'addock left England early in January, 17oo, and reached New York about the end of February. He at once sum- „ ,„,,,, moned the irovcrnors of the differ- pimi ot invasion ot ent colonies to meet him at Alex- andria, Va., on the 14th Apiil ; and a plan of operations was there agreed on. A simultaneous attack was to be made on the French in four dif- ferent quarters. Biaddock, with his "regulars," was to capture Fort DuQuesne and drive the French from the Ohio valley; Sir William John- son, with Militia and Iiulians, was to attack Crown Point; Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, v/aa to capture Fort Niagaia, and Colonel Monckton, with a body of Massachusetts militia, was to assist Governor Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, in driving the French from the Isthmus and St. John's River, and capture Forts Beausejour and Gaspereau. Geiiei'al Biaddock was a great martinet; and had already made himself slightly unpopular in the colonies by disparaging the militia, and saying he had no confidence in any but rcgula.- troops ; he also disrated the colonial officers, causing the generals and field officers of the pi-ovincial forces to rank below the royal subal^Hirns. This caused great dissatisfaction, and Washington and a num- ber of other offi;;ers resigned ; but mattei'S, in this respect, were afterwai'ds smoothed ovei', and Washington accepted a staff appointment under Braddock, 9. — The fleet of Admiral Dubois, bearing troops and supplies for Canada, left Brest late in A^jiil, 175"); but about ten days previ- ,, , ,, ' .^ i ( .ipturo of two ously an English fleet of eleven uiMlVutmit'.^''''' sail of the line, under Admiral Boscawen, was sent to intercept it. Still the Eng- lish Goveriiment continued its pacific assurances, and the Duke of Newcastle, liarl Grenville and Sir T. Robinson assured the French ambassador that no oidcrs had been given Boscawen to as- sume the offensive, and that " certainly the British will not begin the war." Boscawen must, how- ever, have either misundei-stood his instructions, or they were different fVom what the Duke of li I ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF GENERAL CORN W ALUS. 21;? Newcastle represented tlieni to the French anihiis- siiclor to be, for he eiicouiiterecl tliree vessels of the French fleet otl' the banks of Newfoundlaiul and captnred two of tlieai, the Z^sand the Alciilc, the third escaped, and the remainder of the French vessels being liidden by a fo;^ reached their desti- nation in safety. This ca[)ture was tlie immediate cause of the declaration of war by the Freneli, although several other acts of hostility had taken place on both sides previously; but as soon as the news of this capture on the iiigh seas reached the Court at Versailles, in July, 1750, it at once re- called the French Ambassador to England, and declared war against that country. j\Feanwhile the Marquis DuQuesne, seeing that war was in- evitable, had asked for his recall and ai)pointnient in the Navy, and the fleet of Admiral Dubois brought out his successor in the person of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, third son of tiie former Governor of Canada of that name, who arrived early in the summer of 1755. CHAPTER XLVIJ. ACADIA — GOVERNMENT OF GENERAL CORNWALLIS. 1. Dktkrminatiox to Colonize Nova Scotia. — 2. STUliNGTH OF THK COLONIST. AltltlVAL AT CuKBUcro — 3. SwicAitiNG IX TiiK Ni:w Coun- cil. FlKM A TTirUDK TOWARDS TIIE ACADIANS. — 4. FoaNDiNG OF Halifax. Rapid comple- tion of the Houses. — 5. TuouiJLE with the Indians. — Exteumination proposed. — 0. Oc- cupation OF the Acadian Isthmus hy the French. — 7. The Aiibe LaLoutre.— 8. Found- ing OF Dartmouth. Attack nv the Indi- ans. — t). RESKiN.VTlON OF CoUNWALLIS. I{E- viEW OF HIS Administration. L — On the confirmation of Nova Scotia to Eng- land by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, and the res- toration of Ca|)e Bretiui to France, <"i"iiizo Nova it was urged on tiie Untish Govern- ment by Governor Shirley and oth- ers, tJiat the most effectual way to counlerbalance i'"i('ii('h influence in Nova Scotia was to build up an extensive English colony there. It must be remend)ered that at this time, although Acadia was an English possession, tiie entire ijopnialion. execiit tiie garrison at Annapolis, was French, and tiiat the Acadians still refused to take the oatii of allegiance to Great IJril.iiu, altiiougii they iiad been fifty years nominally liritish subjects. Tiie scheme met with success in England ; and an advertisement appeared in the Jjomion (riizillf signifying His Majesty's approval of it, and giving details of the scheme. A free passage was to be given to all emigrants, and provisions for one year, as well as arms, aunnnnition, fishing-tackle, &c. ; togetiier with a very lil)eral grant of laiul which was to be free from taxes or rent for ten years, after which tlie rate was not to exceed one shilling for everv fifty acres. The grants were to be, fit"ty acres to eveiy soldier and seaman, with an addi- tional ten acres for every member of his family ; to all army oflieers under the raid^ of ensign, and navy ollicers under the rank of lici;tenant, eighty acres, with fifteen acres in addition for every mem- ber of his family; to ensigns two hundred acres ; to lieutenants, three hundred acres; to captains, four hundred acres; and to all officiMs of higher rank, six hundred acres, with thirty ami's in addi- tion for every meud)er of families in all these latter classes. A civil government was to be established, and the new colony was to be allowed all the privileges of the estal)lislied plantations. 2. — The scheme was mainly addressed to the army and navy, as it was suj ^loscd that as a large nundier of discharges from both services took place at the close ot (•(iiiinism. Anivai . , p i 1 T at ClKbiu'to. the war, many oi those so ilis- charged would gladly avail themselves of the oitportunity of securing homes in a new country ; but very favorable terms were also offered to farmers, mechanics, artisans, &c. Tlie scheme rapidly became popular, esjjccially amongst the retired army and navy ofFicers, as may be judged from tlie fact that out of the twenty-fivt; hundred and seventy -six souls who enugrated, there were two majors, six captains, nineteen lieutenants of tlie army, three lieutenants of the navy, twenty- three midshii)men, and fifteen sui'geons. Tlie exjjedition consisted of thirteen transports and []\e sloop of war Spliinx, and was in counuiind of the Honorable Ivlward Coriiwallis, tliird sou of Raron Cornwallis, who was also aiipointed (iovernor of the new colony. The tlestination of the colonists r i li!i ii :!■ k 214 TUTTLK'S lIlsroiJY OK THE DOMINION OF CANADA. was Cliebucto (now Iliilirax), whoru Cornwall is airivecl on the -1st of Juin-, 174!>. For sumo years the date of the roiindalion of Halifax was l>lac.;il iis the eighth of Jiine. on the sticns^tli of the foUowlni^ nieniorandiiin found on tlu; liaek of the mess-hook of the settlers ; " Sjihinx sloop of war anived Sth of June, 1711', with (luneral Corn- wallis and his suite. 'I'hey landed on (ieori^e's Island soon after ; " hut the letter from Lord Corn- wallis in a note helow, leaves no room for dout)t as to the exact date, and also contains some inter- esting iiarticulars.* The trans[)orts arrived in Jidy, and the colonists were deli;4hted at the har- bor, and the site for the proposed settlement. Halifax was then a perfect wilderness, the trees growing down to the water's edge ; the French liad a settlement at Merligreche Bay, ten miles distant, where the fleet came to anchor, but had never made any settlement at Chebueto ; and when D'Anville's fleet rendezvoused there no rliai'ance was made, only enough wood for use ln'iiig cut, and the troops camping on the beach. 3. — Immediately on their arrival the emigrants * CiiKnucTO, 22d Jimc, 174!). My I.imiis,— I .iiiivcil liei'C ycstorcttiy. This iiiciriiiii); .a slnop .Triivod fnitn Mr. Hoiisuii, wliii'li I iiiii (ilili;;('il to sciiil to lin.-itoii. 1 write to voiir l.ord- slii|is liy tliis sloop inca.sc tliure slioiilil lie any vessel there, lioiiml for Kii,i;l:uul. We met tlio " Vairyliiml." storeslii|i, .Tt sea, the lllh. after we liacl lieeii four wi'i'U, from KiiL,'laiiil, who toM lis that the trans- ports hail •■irrived at .Spitlieail tie." day after we sailed, and had proli- alily eonie into the ehannel the .same week. We were thi'ii idV the l.sland of Sable, and. e.\eept the lirst eif;lit ilays, liail met with ci ' - trary winds all tlie passa.:;e, l!eslton. with orders (to Apthorp ami Hancock, whom Mr. llopson reconnnended to me as per.sons thathnve were landed, and two of the transports sent to louisbourg— which was then being swenrinRiniiH.ncw evacuated by the Knglisii in ac- ;;;;'i',:'i',',„„',..i"';i,e'"' eordance with the treaty of Aix-la- •^'■'"''»"■'• Chapelle — from whence the}' brought two regi- ments to reinforce the colony; and, on the arrival of Colonel Jlascarene, with a quorum of the coun- cil, a meeting was held on the 24th of July, and Governor ('(uiiwallis read his commission, and took the oath of oflice. On the following day a new council was ai>pointed, and sworn in on boaid one of the transi)orts. The members of the new council were, I'a'il IMascarene, Hugh Davidson, John (iorham, Heiijamin (ireen, and John Stilis- bury. The lirst business that engaged the atten- tion of the council was the administration of the oath of allegiance to the Aeadiaiis, which they had olislinati'ly refused to take for the past I'orty years, without the in.sertion of a clause that the}' would not be required to bear arms against the Frencli. A dei)utation of tlieso Acadiaus from difl'erent sections, waited on the council, and expressed their willingness to take tlie oath, with the .isual always .served the (lovernmcnt) to liire vessels, with all expedition, for the transportation of the troops and stores from I.oiiisboiirj; to (.'liebiicto. I send a letter by t' e sloop In case she shonld meet with .1 vessel •loiiii; tMi\.liii!;rif Hull- ,' l j i ,. i ^ i i ei\ , fax. iM|.i,i.i)iniii» thev work tliat by tiu^ entl oiOelo- liun ot* tliu huu»L'3. . ", ii.i'i i -ii bcr they iiad three huiulrcd houses roofed in ; aiul a stockade had been built round the town to protect it from the Indians. At this time the (iovernor's house was tiiiished, ami the new town was called Halifax, in lunor of Lord Halifax. There is a tradition tha: the present I'rovince building stands on the site of the (iov- ernor's house, which was defended by cannon mounted on hogsheads liJled with gravel. The selection of a site for the lu-wtown was excellent ; Point Pleasant was first thought of, but it was aftt'iwards determined to build Iiigiier up the harbor, and the selection has certainly proved to have been a wise one. The jilan of allotment was characterized by the greatest fairness, 'I'he land was divided into blocks of three hiindreil and twenty feet by om' hundred and twenty, which were again subdivided into sixtetiu lots of forty feet by sixty each, ami lots were drawn for loca- tions, so that no jealousy could lie felt on that score. The hil)or of clearing was very heartily undertaken, and in aliout a month over twenty acres were cleared. Tiie houses were, of course, of wood, timber for building ]uirposes being brought from i'oston, and some of them were very substantial; but many, owing to the inexpeiieneeof the builders, were very imperfi'etly constructed, and not at all adai)ted foi' tlu^ severity of a Cana- dian winter, which, to some; extent, aeeounts ftu- the heavy mortality the lirst winter: but intem- perance was also a vei'v fruitfid source of disease, the new colonists being too I'oud of "[louring the spirits down to keep the s]iirits u])." T). — On the first ariival of the i'iUglish tin; Indi- ans seemed disposed to l)e friendly ; but they soon beijan to evince signs of hostiiitv, ,?..,,,, , , '. ■I'l.Mil.lc with th.' llCing incited thereto l)V tut! .leSUlL Iniliana IM.-nni- . V . , ' • 11 1 iiali'in i.r.ipoaiil. nllsslonarlc^^, and especially by Joseph LaLoutre, who was exceedingly po])nlar with them, and whose oveiY-eal led him to extreme lengths, anil , they set upon six men who were cutting wood near Dartmouth, killed four and made one a prisoner, the other escaping. Other outrages were also committed, which so exasperated Cornwallis, that he resolved on the extermination of the race, and offiued a reward for every Indian scali) brought him. This jiolii'v ot extermimition was not, lioivever, very vigorously carried out, as the L(>rds of 'i'rade did not approve of the proposed wholesale destructiini advocated by Cornwallis, and in a letter to Jiim, dated Itlth October, 174i*, they say: "As to your opinion, however, of never hereafter making peace with them, and wholly extirpating tliem, we cannot but tliiidv that, as the in'osecntion of such designs must be attended with acts of great severity, it may prove of dangerous consecinenee to the safely of His Majesty's other colonies on the etuitini'uf, by filling the minds of the bordering Imlians with ■f 1 M ' 1 A 1 i ■'■It I'. > . 1 1 fii'li! ■I ■I ;i i .!■:: ! i li 216 TUTTLK'S IirSTOllY OF TIIK DOMINION oK (^WADA. ideas of our enielty, and iiistiLfivting them to a (liiiitjcroiis spirit of resciitiiu'iit." <). — The (jiu'stioii of the frontier of Nova Scotiii early eiij^ai^ed this attention of Cornwailis, for ini- niediatelv after tlic aiinointment of Occiipntion of the ' . ' . , A.aiiiiiii istimiiis by tiio i\lar(iuis I)e hi .lonciniore as the KreiuU. i f / , i {iovcriior-<«eneral ot ( anaihi, a;4- gressive measures were taken to claim the Acadian isthmus, and the Ciievalier Do laCorne was de- spatched to erect forts and hold the country as French territory, lie was aided by the Abbe La- lioutrc who induced many of the Acadians and Indians to join the Fiench, and a body of eleven liundred men occupied the isthmus, and erected forts at Ik'au Sejonr, Hay Verte and St. Johns River. On hcarini;' of this Cornwailis despatched ]\Iajor T^awrence with four hundred men to dis- lodge De lat^orne ; but on his apjiroaching Chig- necto the hitter withdrew to the North Ijank of the river, which position he declared himself pre- pared to hold. " My orders," he t>aid, "do not permit of my crossing the river, and there is plenty of room at tlie other side for 30U." Law- rence, finding himself not suflTiciently strong to dislodge so strong a force, liad to be content with erecting Fort Lawrence and sending to Cornwailis for reinforcements. Meanwhile the Acadians at Chigneeto, urged bj- DehiCorne and the Abbe T.n- Loutre, liad taken the oath of allegiance to Louis XV'., and when De hiCorne crossed the river they went with him, but some ])referred to remain in their homes ; these De laCorne woitid have permitted to do so, but LaLoutrt; with his own hand set fire to the church and the adjoining houses, and so forced them to join the French. No further acts of hostility wii" then committed, both parties a. \ ailing the action of the Frontiers (A)mmitlee then in session. About this time the British sloop Alhamj captured a French war sloop which was taking supplies from (Jnebec to St. John's Uiver, and carried her to Halifax, where the Admiralty Court condemned heron the ground that she was taking supjjlies to an unlawful mili- tary post ; and this tended to cause more ill-feeling between the two races in Nova Scotia. 7. — The most active foe to British ride in Nova Scotia, and the man who might be called the evil genius of the Acadians, was the TheAbMLaLoutro. Abb^ Joseph De hiLoutre, who was sent as a missionary to the Mic- macs in 1740. lie was a bad sample of the politi- cal priest, bold and unscrupulous, cunning and vindictive. To his evil innuenee the Acadians owed much of tlnsir future misfortunes, for it was mainly at his instigation that they so stubbornly rcf'i-ed to take tlu; oath of allegiaiiee. He also induced large numbers to emigrate to Isle St. John (Prince Edward's Island), where tliey suffered great iiardshi[)S, and finally many returned to their old homes ; and he was the instigator of the occupation of tlie isthmus and the cause of the Acadians joining in that movement. lie was lii)erally supplied with moiii'y by friends in Paris, and travelled a great deal amongst the Indians, making handsome presents to the chiefs and inciting them against the English. Cornwailis issued an order for his arrest, and in his instruc- tions to Captain Sylvanus Cobb, says : " I have certain information of his being the author and adviser of all the disturbances tlie Indian.! have made in the Province." He is also accused of having been the direct means of the murder ot Mr. Edward Howe, a member of Cornwailis' Coun- cil, by enticing him into an ambuscade Avhere ho was shot by tiie Indians. As was to be expected from a man of his character, he deserted the Aca- dians in their hour of greatest distress, and escap- ing, under a disguise, from Fort Beau Scjour, made his way to Quebec, where, however, he was very unfavorably received, the Bishop liaving disaj)- ])roved of his actions ; and on one occasion wrote him : " You have at last got into the very trouble which I foresaw, and which I predicted long ago. The refugees could not fail to get into misery, sooner or later, and to charge you with being the cause of their misfortunes. It will be the same with those of . :. Island of St. John whenever war breaks out. They will be exposed to the English, ravaged without ceasing, and will throw the blame ui)on you. The court thought it necessary to facilitate their departure from their lands, but that is not the concern of our profession. It was my opinion that we should neither say anything against the course i>ursued, nor anything to induce it. I reminded j'ou long ago that a priest ought not to meddle with temporal alTairs, and that, if he did so, he would always create enemies, and cause liis people to be discontented." LaLoutre did not long remain in Quijbec, but sailed for France ; war had, h(3wever, been declared in the i « f thu iMiliti- unniiit;' iiml Ai'iidiiin^* , for it was stubUonily . Ho iils'o [sle St. .IdIim ley suiTfi'id •etiu'iuMl ti) ^ator of tlio ause of tlio Ho was Ills ill Paris, ;ho Iiulians, oliiofs and Cornwullis his iiistnie- ,s : " I iiave aiitiior mid iidiaii.i have accusod of c inurdor ot wallis" Conn- do where he be expeetod ;ed the Aea- s, and cscap- Scjour, made le was very aviiitf disap- casion wrote very trouble L'd long ago. into misery, th being the je the same henevor war the English, 3W tiio blame necessary to nds, but that It was my ay anything ing to induce priest ought and that, if iiemies, and ' LaLontrc It sailed for hired in the 'iS; i -H r \ i i 1 i^! Hilil' i!i ■:'i iiiil II 'I , i I i: i I- U I it I iii '&. 4 >i II' M aiu tiif wiw Foiiiil muiul the 1| em II Aik anil IL ACADIA— (iOVERNMENT OK MAJOR LAWRENCE. 217 meantime, and the vessel he was iu was captured, and lie remained a prisoner for eight years until the peace of 1763, when lie was released. He re- turned to France but rapidly .sank into obscurity. 8. — The most important event of the year 17oU was the founding of the town of Dartmouth, op- posite Halifax. In the autumn of FouiKliiiKof Dart. i- ,,^ • i iiiDuiii-Aiiack by tluit year the snip Alacniei/ arnvcd the Indians. -i, , , , , i«^ with about three hundred and fifty emiLirants, who were located on the opposite bank of tlie river, and founded Dartmoulli, and Mr. Aikins says that the first feriy between Dartmouth and Halifax was established in December of that year, John Connor being apjioiiited ferryman by an Older in council. Mr. Aikins also says: "In the following year the Indians surprised the little vilhige at night, scalped a number of settlers and carried off several prisoners. The inliabitants fearing an attack, had cut down the spruce trees near their settlement, which, instead of a protec- tion as was intended, served as a cover for the enemy. Captain Cla^iham and his company of Rangers were stationed on Blackburn Hill ; and, it is said, remained within liis block house firing from tiie loop-holes (Uuiiig tiie whole affair. The liglit of the torches and tlie discharge of muskcliy alarmed the inliabitants of Halifax, some of whom put oft" to their assistance, but did not arrive in any force till after tiie Indians iiad retired. The night was calm, and tiie cries of the settlers and wiioops of the Indians were distinctly heard on the west' rn side of tiie harbor. On tiie following niorniiig several bodies were brought over — tlie Indians having carried off the scalps. Mr. Pyke, fatiier of tiie late John George Pyke, lost ids life on tliis occasion. Tlioso wlio lied to tiie woods were all taken prisoners but one." Mr. Aikins says tliat from tlie first settlement of Dartmouth lliere was a guanl-liouso and a small military sot- tleiuent there ; and that a gun was mounted on llie point near the saw-mill in tlio cove in 1750. U. — Cornwallis resigned his position in 1752 and returned to Ei gland. In the short space of Uc'BinnaiioMi.f tiiree years he hul converted a l.i'mr;:,i,i"i,,i'';;a'.'"' "liowllng wilderness," if not ex- "'""■ nctly into "a smiling plain," yet to a very near appro nil lo it. He iiad established courts of law ; organized a militia of eight liiiii- dred and forty men for the public defence ; had erected forts at U .iml I'rd, Piz6quid, Chignecto L and fortified George's Island. He also established a j)ublic school for orphans, and by his wise but firm sway proved himself a man of rare executive ability ; tliat he did not succeed in conciliating the Acadians was through no fault of his ; he tried every gentle means of persuasion possible; but they allowed themselves to be swayed by the evil counsels of LaLoutre and others, and the severe punishment which fell upon them under the ad- ministration of his successor, was brought on tlieir heads by themselves. In his last address to them he compliments them on their industry and tem- perance, and on the absence amongst tliem of any vice or debauchery. He reminds them tiiat they had not in any way been interfered with in the full and free exercise of their religion ; and that they possessed the only cultivated land in the Province, which jiroduced enough for the support of the whole colony. At the same time he firmly insists on their taking the oath, and refuses to al- low them to strengthen the French colonies b}' retiring to them in a body, even without their property. He points out that the French were illegally taking possession of territory ceded to England by treaty, and that in the event of war they would be forced to take up arms cagainst England. He concludes by promising that if they remain peaceabl}*, when the country became more settled, he would grant passports to those who re- quireil them. CHAPTER XLVIII. ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MAJOR LAWRENCE. 1. Settlement ov Lunenburo. — 2. IIorsoN GIVES THE NlMHEU OF ACADIAN FAMILIES AS 1)73. — 3. Reduction of Fouts Beau Sejouu, Gaspekeau, and RiVEii St. John. — L The Council decides that the time HAS COME FOR TIIE I-X1'II,S10N OF THE AcA- i:)ians. — 5. PiiEPA rations for the Exruii- sioN.— 0. WiNSLow's Speech at Grand Pre. — 7. 'I'UE E.MM.MIKATION OE THE ExiI.ES. — H. Skven Thocsand Exiles. — The Amount OF Property Destroyed. — !>. Miserable Condition of Exiled Acadians. — 10. In- M I I I iip 'I'- U8 TUTTLKS HISTORY OF TIii. .>0MINION OF CANADA. DiviDiAL Casks of Hardship. — 11. Was riiK Uk.moval ok thk Acadians .Iistifi- AIJI.i:? — 1-J. TlIFli: JiKMOVAL A PoMTICAL N'kckssitv. — l;!. No .Jistumcatiox roii tiik Mannkr of JiKMovAi.. — 14. A Lksson I'AIC.IIT I5Y THK Uk.MOVAL OF THK Ac.\- KIA.NS. 1. — I'mcyrine 'I'liiiiinis Hoiisoii, wlio li;iil Ixmmi in I'diniuiiiid of Louislioiiii;' diiiini; its (lecupatioii by the EiiL;lisli, was iiii()oiiitt'il to suc- i.uiuiiburi!. ceed CoiiiwiiUis 111 imz; but ill- lieiilth coinpi'llfd liiiii to lesign, iiiid, ill Noveiulicr, IT"):), liu was siiccuedcd by Majm- Charles Lawrence. The most important event diirint; his brief adininistialion was the setlleincnt ol" Lunenburjj^ "'■■ !i!'te<'ii iimidred (ier- iiiaiis. In the Spring of ITol, nine liuiidreil and fifty-eight German settlers had arrived at Halifax, and about one thousand more followed the next year. This emigration, aliiiongh veiy weleome, was greater than there \\as iUH'oinniodation for, and temporary' barraeks had to be erected. In the S])ring of 17o;5, it was thought iiest to form a new settlement at Merli'i'iesh (now l.uneiiburg), and lifleeii hundred of the new eiiiigrants were sent there, with building niaterial, provisions, &e., to form a. new town. They were aetompaiiied by ^lajor ( Jiiiham. Lieiil'-nanl Cifighton, and a eoin- ]iaiiy of the Itaiigers.* The remainder of the (u'linaii emigrants settled in the north suburbs of Halifax and formed Dutch 'l"o\\ n. '2. — During (he short adiiiiiiislration of (rdvernor llopson, no termination (if the existing diilieiilly willi the .A radians was rearhed. Ildpsnll 'jivi'S tllft ,,, . . , , iiiMiiiiir.ii A.iuiiaii Iwopelitioiis Were iiresented, but fiiinilii'8 118 lP7y. , ' ... they were merely repetitions nl those already received. 'I'he .\eadiaii- would iml take tiie oath, unless they were allow id to swear *.\ni(mu'>t tliR si'ltlrrs wild iiniM'cl wiUi Cnrnw.'illis \\:is l.ii'iitiii- iiiit .loliii CriM^ilitdii, llic Sdli of 11 ;;('iilli'iiiMn ill tlip MUitli (if l',ii'.;l:iiiil, \vlicM'iilcn-cl tlio:iriii\ rally in life, and Wiis at llic liattli' nf I'ijiiUiimv. Ill' was aniiin:,' tlic olliii'is iliMliar;.;i'il al llir |n'ai'i' of Aix-la-riia|iiili' in 17IH, ami was iilaccil mi tlic liair-|«iy of (.'oloiicl Warliinlon's iciiiiiii'iit of foot. (Jrc'iulilon was si'iit to iMi'ilii|iirsli wiUi llio (iiT- iiiaiis, ill ITo'J, and tooli a li'adlii;; jiart in tlir sillii'ini'iil of lainr'.i- bin;;. wlic'ir lii' loiitiiincrl to i'('-.|dn till Ids cli'atli in ISI17. llr was np|ioiiitrd l.ii'iili'ii;iiit-(.'(doni'l of Militia, a .liid^c of llii' Coiiit of Con.inon I'Icas, and, I'li llii'litli .M.iv, ITTii, a nii'niln'i'cd' His .\lajt>l,v's Coiini'il, wliirli olMc'C he .'iftcvwards icslniii'd. Mr. ( iiiulilon was fatliorof till' lati' Colonel .losi'idi Ciri^jliton, and KrainllatliiT of tlii! lion. Jolin ('i'i'ii;liton, id' l.nni'idnir);, now a nii'inlxM' of tin' l.i';;isla- ti\ I' Oanuil of No\a .Si'otiii.-t'(iiii;/()( //'s llmtoiy o/' A'ncii *iv7«i. that they would do just as they iileascd. and the pnsilion of things was not materially ehaiiged, except that both tiie Houu! and Cohuiial (iiivcni- mciits were getting more and more convinced thai, as tiie .Acatbans would not swear to liecoiue loval subjects, the time was fast a|)proaeliiiig when it would be necessary to send them to some jilace wliere their avowed dishivally would be less dan- gerous tiian it was in such close proximity to a powerful French settlement. In a dr>]iatch sent to tiie Lords of Tratb' by llopson, under dali> liild of July, ITo;!, he gives the number of .Acadian families at Annapolis, Minas, I'izeqiiid, and ri\cr Canard as nine iniiidred and ten, and limsi' at Tatamagouehe, Cobeqiiid, Cape Sable, and I»im- eliitpie as sixty-tliree. Tiie number of Indians lie jilaces at three hundred families, and estimates that they had not more tiian two hundred warriius amongst them. He states that the Freiicli were strengthening Fort Beau Sejour, and gives it as Ids o[)iiiioii tiiat the Engiisii colonists can never rest in jieaeo until tiie French flag is removed. In asking for reinfori'emeiits he half apologizes, saying that their lordships wdl doubtless think it strange that he sliould re([uire more force to subdue so small a niimber id' peojile, but aceoiints for it by the i'acts of a large number of soldiers being retpiired to guard the forts, and the jieeiili- arities of Indian warfare. • )• — .Major Charles Lawrence, wlio succeeded Hoiison as governor, tui November 1st, ITo!!, wcs major in Wurburtoii's regimeiit, ii,.du,.ti,.n„tf,.r,8 w liicli formed jiart of the garrison of Loiiisbourg during its oceiipa- tioii by the Eiiglisii ; and he came to Halifax in July, 1T4'J, when two regiments were transfcrrcil thilher on the evacuation of Louisbmirg. He was siioilly after ap[)oiiiled a menher of council, and pidveil an active and eiicrgetic, dllicei', being engaged in Jiolding the French in check at Beaii- bassin and Cliignecto. and also in founding tlie (lermaii colony at Lunenburg. Amongst the first siilijeets whicii engaged the attention of the new governor was ihc expulsion of the French from Fort Beau Sejour. 'i'he eiieroaehmeiits of the French on the .Xcadian isthmus had aroused the jeahuisy of (l(i\ciiior Shirley, id' iMassaeliii- sclts, and a eonfciciice was lu Id al Boston be- tween him anil Cohiiiel Mdiicklon and Captain Scott, who liad been delegated by (Jovernor Hi'au Sijiiiir, Oa.s- IMTfaii, anil rlvur SI. -lolMl. ACADIA— GOVEllN.MKNT OF MA.IOIl LAWIIHNC^E. •IV.^ Liiwveu i'. Tlie confuri'iice eiidod in a (leleniiiiia- tioii to make a strong and coiuliiiioil altauk on the Ficncli I'oils at litan l^ijour, (jasjiican, and liver St. John, and jtreparalions were s[)eedily and seeretly made. Tin; expedition eonsisted of tl)irty-si.\ vessels witii aliont two thousand \e\v England militia, and was nn(h>r command of Colonel Monekton; it sailed from lioston on llie •2-")d of .May and readied Fort Lawrenei!, oi)posite Fort l>ean Sejoiii', on llie 2d of Jane, when tlie troops were landed. The commandant at Fort Beau Sejour, Vergor, had only one hniidred and fifty men. and was taken quite by snr[)rise. lit, liowever, hastily summoned the Aeadians, and by threats, and throiigii the inilnence of LaLoiitre, iiidiieed about three hundred to join in the de- fence of tiie fort, tlieir families being sent iidand. Tiie siege lasted fonrlecn days, when, on tiie morning of the sixteenth, a shell fell on the prison, killing three Fremhmen, and an ICnglish ofliciir who was eonlined there. 'Ihe defence of the garrison had never been very sjiiriled, and Vergor now olTered to surrender. lie was allowed to do so, and the Freneli troop.s wore sent to Louisboiirg, while the Aeadians were allowed to go free, on the ground that they had Ixicn forced to take up arms by the French. 'I'liis is only another in- stance of thi! lenient manner in whicii tliese peoi)lo Avere dealt with, until leniency ceased to be any longer possii)le. On the fall of Heau Sejour, the fort on the (laspercau surreiulered, and, on the fleet arriving at river St. John, the French ollicer in connnand blew iii) the fort there and retired. 'I'he object of the expedition was thus easily accomplished with veiy small loss. i>eau Sejour was garrisoned, and was aflerwartls called Fort Cumberland. ■1. — We now come to that poilion of the history of Aciidia which some historians have not hesi- 'i'ho cmiii.ii .i.tI.Ii'h tatcd to characterize as one of iin- n,m,'!wu"'.'«imi- exauipled tyranny in modern days, »iouoni.oA,mii,m8. ,|;i„„,iv, (1,,! hu'cible expulsion \)f the Aeadians iVom their homes, the confiscation of their proiierly, and their distribution over the other English Colonies. \\'e shall I'esei've any comments until tin' end of the chajiter, contenting ourselves, at prcseiil, with a recital of the events as thev Iranspired. 'i'he c(Hilinued obstinacy of tlio Aeadians, and their open iiostility, as shown by three imndred of tiieni being fiuind in arms in Fort IJeau Sejour, addi'd to the fact that war between iMigland and 1'^ ranee coidd no longer be avoided, maile tlu; presence of these peo|ile in a, IWitish [)r(ivinc(; a constant menace, and it was ilelcrinined to take steps to remove them. On the 3d July, IT.")."), a council meeting wasiieldat Hali- fax, at which were jiresent (iovernor Lawrence, and Councillors Benjamin Ciieen, J. Belcher, William Cotterell, anil John Collins, to consider a memorial from the inhabitants of Minas and ri7.e([uid, with regaid to the order lo them to deliver up their aims. The menioiial was about the same in sid)stanee as its predecessors, com- plaints of injustice and oppression, vvithout any specilications and the usual refusal to take the oath. A portion of the memorialists were brought before the council, and, after the nu'Uiorial had been read over anil discussed with them, they wei'c asked to give a single instance where the}' had been unjustly treated by the English, or where they had suffered any hardshiii, and they were forced to confess that they could not point to a single instance, and to admit that the laws were just and fairly administered. On their refus- ing to take the oath they were given a day to consider it; and, on their again refusing the next day, were ordered into con(inenient. The gover- nor now called another meeting of council for the l."ith of Jul}', at which he invited Admirals IJoseawen and Mostyn to be j)resent, and the whole council, including the admirals, were of tiie opinion that the time had come \\hcn the Aeadians must either take the oath or leave the country. Lawrence embodied this resolution in his report of iSth of July, to the Lords of 'I'rade, and expressed his determination "to bring the iniiabilauts to a compliance, or rid the I'rovinee of such perlidious subjects. ;"). — Aiuither ap])eal was made to thi! .Aeadians to send new deputies to consider seriously the position they were taking; and, aecordinglv, amither meeting of i;i''i'nniii"ii»for couiHiil was held on the 2.")th of July, at which those of (he dep'ities who had ar- rived were present ; they declared that the iidiabit- ants well' unanimous in their deleiuiinalimi not to take Ihe oath. 'I'he council reasoiu'd with ihem; and, in ovdi'r lo give them a la.st chaiu'c, adjourned till' meeiing until the 2Jtiict to meet liiin at the church at Grand l*re (wJiere the scene of Longfellow's "Evangeline" is laid) to hear the commands of the king cdiicerning them. Ill answer to this summons four iiundied and eighteen heads of families assembled, when Colonel Winslow,* standing by the altar rail sur- rounded !)}• his officers, addressed them as follows: "Gentlemen, I have received from His Excellency Governor Lawrence, the king's conmiissioii, which 1 hold ill my hand ; and by his orders you are con- vened together, to manifest to you His Majesty's final resolution to tlie French inhabitants of this his Province of Nova Scotia, who, for almost half a century, have iiad more indulgence granted to them than any of His Majesty's siil)jects, in any part of his dominions ; what use you have made of it, you yourselves best know. The path of duty I am now iijjoii, tlunigh necessaiy, is very disagree- able to my natural make and temper, as I know it must be grievous to you, who are of the same species; but it is not my business to animadvert, but to obey such orders as I receive, and, therefore, without hesitation, deliver to you His Majesty's orders and instructions, namely, that your lands and tenements, cattle of all kinds and live stock of all sorts are forfeited to the crown, with all your ether effects, saving your money and household goods (id you yourselves to be removed from this his pi .nice. Thus, it is peremptorily His Ma- jesty's orders that the whole French inhabitants of these districts be removed ; and I am, through His Majesty's goodness, directed to allow you liberty to cany off your money and liouseli,)ld goods, as many as you can, without discommoding the ves- sels you go ill. I shall do everything in my power that all these goods be secured to you, and that you are not molested in carrying them off, also, that wliole families shall go in the same vessels, and make this remove, which I am sensible must give 3'ou a great deal of . ()ul'le, as easy as His Majesty's service will admit; and ho|ie that in wliatsoever part of the world you may fall, you may be faithful subjects — a peaceal)le and liappy people. I must also inform you that it is His .Majesty's iiU'asure tliat you remain in securit\ under the ins[ii'ction a'id dii'eclions of the troops liiat I have the power to command." * WiiisIiAv, wlioso liocili iiiij JDiiiiinl, wliile ni'^iijipil in tlio rnnovnl (if tlie Ai':i(li:iii!<, lire in tli(' |i(isspssi(m of tlio Miissiiclnisctts insturiciil iSiiiit'ty, lit liiistdii, \v:is ii smi "f ls:iiu! Win^ldW. of Mai'.sliliulil, in MMSsiicluifctts, ami t;n'at-j;riin(lson (if r.ihvard Winslmv, (ine of tno lirst riynioiitli si'ttlcrs. He was a laptjiin of l'rii\ incialu in tlip nnfoi'- liinalc ('.\|i('(lition to Cuba, in 17>l(l. ami attciwanln an oHlc'r in tin? Hiilish aiin.v, and a Major-tiincral ol Militia. So uro;'' wa.'f liis liopiilaritv iliat he ralsi'd, for tli(! exiiedition nnder MoncUton, two thousand men in the space of two imintlis. lie died at iMarshlield, in I'lTl, ayed te\enl)-tliree jeai's.— f.'iii/(;i6i'(ra ///s^oij/ iij' Jfura ,'iculio. ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MAJOR LAWRENCE. 221 7. — Tliis announcement fell like a thunderbolt on the as.seml)liige; although they had long known that tliis would be the inevitable The embarkaUoii of j-csidt of their obstiiiacv, they had tha exiles. _ j i j no idea the dcnoucmciit was so near, a.ul its suddenness for awhile paralized them. Win- slow 'vas true to his promise to do all he could for tiiom, and allowed the prisoners, ten at a time, to visit their families and make wliat little prepara- tions were needed for their departure. They were kept in the church severivl days until the trans- ports were ready (r oceive them, and on the 10th of September, all preparations being completed, the embarkation of the men commenced. An old writer thus describes the scene : " The prisoners were drawn up six dee}), and the J'oung men, one hundred and sixty one in number, Avere ordered to go first on board the vessels. Tliis they instantly and peremptorily refused to do, declaring that they would not leave their parents; but expressed a willingness to obey the order, provided they were permitted to embark with Iheir families. Their request was immediately rejected, and tlie trooj)s were ordered to fix bayonets and advance towards the prisoners, a motion Avhich had the effect of producing obedience on the part of the young men, who forthwith commenced their marcii. The road from the chapel to the shore, just one mile in length, was crowded with women and children, who on their knees greeted them as they passed wilii tlieir tears and their blessings ; while the |)risoners advanced with slow and ri'luctant steps, weeping, praying and singing liymns. This de- tachment was followed by the seniors, who passed through the same scene of sorrow and distress. In tins manner was tlie whole male population of Minas put on board five transixn-ts, stationed in the river Gaspereau, each vessel being guarded by six non-commissioned officers and eight}' pri- vates. As soon as the other vessels arrived, their wives and eiiiiilren followed, and the whole were transported from Nova Scotia. 8. — The total niiinl)er of persons removed was about seven tliousau'' ; and, according to Mr. Mnr- sevBii thouBand docli tile number of cattle was seven ot'^miJir"""""' thousand eight huiulredand thirty- .lestroyod. t,^,.^,^,^ Ill t he district of MiiKu the whole numlier of i)erss of nniH'cessary liarshncss and of i^'reat individual suffering' were; not nnconinion. Whether liy accident, oi' l)ecaiis(! Int)ivineh har>h nu'asurcs lowari's these simple pcoiilc'.' I,ca\- ' ' . ' W.is Uif r.iii..v!lliit iuL!' poelrv aud scuiiuu'Ut — two u^' A.ii.iian.H jusii- thing's antaniuiistic lo |:iiiiiieal (■ciui- omv aud history — oui of the (|ncsli(u., we Ihiidc that the noverumeut was perfeeily ju^t died in re- moviuL;' the .\cadiaus, hut not iu the manner iu which it was done. The Acadiaiis ha\e hceu rcprcseiilcd as living' in a state of most primitive simplii-ily ; .\cadia as a second (Jardeu of Ivlcn, '•ori a lU'w aud cnlar^iHl plan," with thousands cd' .\dams aud ICvcs, wcarini,^ jiretty Ljdod clothes in- stead i>( the orii;inal lii;-lcaf, which would iloidil- less have provcil rather loo li;.;hl ajijiarcl for llu; climate: hut we ojiiue Ihal alter all they were verv much like oilier peo[ile. I'cuuived. to a L;i-eat cxicul, from the tcmpialiims of a more hnsy, hust- liuLj lil'e. In a far away cmncr of the world, they hatl almost, as it were, alii lie wnrld to themselves, aud were, without douht, an industrious, soher, (U'llerly, anil cmiuently moral peojilc: and I.ontf- fcllow's dcscri|ilion iu "■ I'AauL;'eliuc "" may he a prcMy c(urcct one : " Alike wrrr tlir frcr- from I'l'.'U-, (li:il ri'iuiis v\illi itir (v iMril, mill envy, (lie viee cif re{iiil)li('.'<. Neilliei- Icii'Us li:el lhe\ Ici llieir ilci.irs. mil- l);iis In llieir wiiiilnws ; Itiil llieir ilwelliii'^s were (ipeii as ilav iumI the liearls of the owners — 'I'iieie llie lieliest was poor, and llii' pooie.-l liveil in aliiiiiilance.* * I.oimlell.vw's 1m aniifnl pocMii is eviilenllv liaseil, to a yre.-it extent, if iiof inliiely, on Uic Ahlie Kiiynal's (leseri|ition of llie Aeailians, L'iven in the lUth volnnic^ of liis '• IMiilo-opliiial anil I'oliliial History." Ilesiiys: "'I'lienMVere twelve or ihiileen Inindiiil Aeailians sellleil ill till' capital; the rest weii' ilisperseil in the iiei^hlioiinj,' eoiinlry. No liiayislrate was ever apjioinleil lo nile over Ihem, ami tliey were iieuT aei|naiiileil w ith Ihe laws of Kie^laml. No reiic oi laxi's of a' y Uinil were e\er exaeteil from them. 'I'lieir new sovereii^ii seemed to have foi'uotien llieni, and Ihey were eipially slran;:ers to him. Ilnnt- inu'. wliieh had formerly liieii the deii.^hl of the colony, anil inl'.4ht still h.ave supplied it wilh sniisisleiice, had no fnrlher altr.actioii font simple and ipiiet people, and i^ave way to le^iii iilliiie. Il liad lieeil heyiiii in the marshes ill tin' low lands, hy ivpellini; the sea and Ihe riM rs which covered Ihese pl.-iins wilh d\ hes. 'I'liese ;;|-oiinds \ ieldeil lilly times as niiicli as ludorc. Wheat ami oals succeeded licsl ill them, but they liKewi.-e piodicid i.m'. harley, and maize. 'I'iieiii ('t)iint do c'ly covct- slc Hoviil, >st all tiie viT makes ily caiffiil >r an evil he I'.rilJsh 1 mcasurus In' rrinov.'tl of • mlians jdhU- \vi' lliiiik licil ill IV- laiiiK'i' ill a\L' llCL'M luiiiiilive of IvI-ii, iisaiids (if Idt Ill's ill- Ill (Idiilit- ■1 for liio I icy wcro lo a, L;rcat iisy, hiist- >iiil. tlicy ciuscl vcs, IS. solicr, 111 1.0111;- iia\- 1)1' a CI' fnim ■iiiiiilir.-i. iiiilows : 111' iiwiirrs — MJuiicr.* L;ii':it I'Vti'iil, r Ai'MiJintiM, ■.■illlisli.ry." Ii,'lll.'< SI'llll'll llf,' (■ullllllT. Ill tliry wrip l.ixc's of ir y II si'i'tni'il to lilll. lllMll- . .'iikI iiiiulit iMi'tioM for 11 It h.'iil lii'i'ii sr:i iiliii (111' Mills yii'lili'ii ili'il lirsi, III l/.o. 'I'lll'll! J '» f ' f I , t ! M I nV (■ r-ii. i' >. .il .n.-iav, .1 1 x]i,o>>ly fur TuttltV llWi.ry i.l tli.- I)..i.iiMi.in. CAI'l ILLATION' Ol' OSWEllCj. ITuli. ! I i I I- 1 1 ■ f li : f !; t i; I;, t; i : ■ ■ ■ i !' \ i . ■P jh: i -:.^ 1 ji ;; ;l-,f i : ' l^i ' H ili-U A 1 ! 'I Still CO II III tliclll Lawii Irt'iiiil one tlioni .SolIU ic'ir tl tilL'Ill] en l)( mcntJ acai)ia-(;()vhi{NMi:nt of major lawkexce. Still, tliey wei'C! iKtl iiii;4i;ls ; mid the i^Iowiii;^ ac- foiiiit of ix'iiue ami lianuuiiy existin;^ amoiij^sl tlit'iii must 1)0 tiiki'ii cii/ni/nino mliii, as tlie evidence ot' Governor Aniistroii;^ in IT^U, and of Governor Lawrence in IT-'jI!, shows them to have heen '•ex- tremely litij^ioiis amoMjj themselves," and the only one tliin;^ on which they aijpttar to have been tliorou^hly united was their hatred of the English. Homo of the other fancy pictures of them are not haseil on solid foundations, for, with reifard to tlieir dwellini;s, Ciovernor liiniuharnois says of liieni, in 174."): "Their houses are wretched wood- en hoxes, without convenience and without orna- iiicnt, and scarcely containing; the necessary furni- ture;" whili! the " eighteen thousand souls " and " sixty thousand head of cattle," mentioned by wore also pdt^Uncs in creat iilciity, tlio iisn of wliidi was liocoinn cniii- ' inon. At the same time, tlie iiuineiise mi'ailDWS were covered witli ] iiiiMUTDiis IliH'k.s. Sixty tliousaml liead of cuttle were eoiiipiited I there, ami most of the familiis had several horses, thounh the tillage was earried on by oxen. The lialiit.ntions, built entiiely of wood, were extremely convenient, and furnished as neatly as a substjinti.il farmer's house in Kuroiie. The people had a ^rcat deal of poultry of all kinds, which made a variety in their food, which was, in general, wholesomi' and plentiful. Their connnoii drinU was beer ami cider, to which ihi'y sometimes added rnm. Their usual clothinv; was, in ;;eneral, the jiroduce of their own llax and hemp, or the lleeces of their own sheep. With these they mi. le common linens and coarse ehiths. If any of them had .iny in. lation for articles of greater Inxnry, they jirocured them from Annapolis or I.onisljour;;, and ^'ave iu exclian;,'e torn, cattle, or tcrs, 'i'lic nenlnil Vreucli had few a.iti- clcs to dispose of amonj; their iiei;;hbor.s, and still fewer amoni;st themselves, because each separate family was able to provide for its want.s. Tlie> therefore knew nothiui; of paper currency, which was .so lonnnon thnni','hiiut the rest of North .America. Kven the small qnantity of specie which had stolen ipito tin' colony did not pmnnite that I'ircidation, which is the greatest advant.ijjes that can be derived from it. Their manners were, of course, extremely simple. There never was a cause, either civil lU' crimin.al, of import;uice enough to III' carried before the court uf judicature :it ATinapolis. Whatever little dilTereuccs ar.'-e innu time to time amoni; them were ;imicably iuljustcil by their elders. All their public acts were drawn by their p;istors, who had likewise the keepin;; of their wills, for whiih, and their relii;ions services, the inhabitantu voluntarily ;;ave them a twenty-seventh part of their harvests. These were plentiful enoni;li to supply more than a sulllciency to fulfil every act of liberality. Ileal misery was entirely unknown, and benevolence preventeil the demamls of jxiverty. Kvery misforSnne was relieved, as it were, be- foH' it could be felt: and foiHirt unity to endeav- our to wit'sL it a;4'inii from F.ie^land. Is it any wcinder then tlial England lo(d;i'd witli snsjiieion on liu'se olistinate Aeadians, wiio lost no op[ior- tuniiy of showin;^' tiieir hostility, and deterniine(l that if they would not lieeome L;dod IWitisl. sub- jects, ihcy. at least, should not join her eiienues, and swell the power of France in Aj'.ierica hy tlu^ accession of a population id' nverscv, n thousand, lu'atlyoiu' (juarter of whicdi w;.s jaiiahle of li ar- ini;' arms. l;i. — 'I'here is no douht in our niitids that Imil:;- land was justiiied in rcmoviiii;' the Aeiulians; we wish w (! eoidd say as much for the Nn.jiisiilic nli.m for .■ i • '•■ i i i. u.,' iiiiiun.i ..1 1.^ nianiu'r ol doing it, hut we cannot, in luniesly, do su. ICiigland w as not justified in suddenly sweeping down up'Mi tiiese s(!ven thousand }ieople, like a hawk on atdv'.', and sending tlieiii, without means of ■•u|^p;,irt, to a country wlu'ic their language was not spoi;eii,uud where they were iooktd on with su>picioi) ,ind dis- trust on account of their religion and nat^niality. England at tiiat lime had i he liomu' ('.') of Ic.d- ing the other nations in the hoiiilile slave-trade; but no act of atrocity coniiuitted under the lliig in thiit nefarious trallie, ever excelled in inhuman- ity, tliis awful iiprootiim- of ^evt'ii tlnmsand souls and throwing tJH'm, iielpless. amongst a peo|ile who did not waid thi'iu. and w here they coultl not work for a living, no matter how willing tlii'y may bo. The negro slaves were happy in I'omparison, for although they too were torn from their homes, separated from those they loved and made to work, still they were fed and clotiied and taken ciire ui\ while the unhapjiy Aeadians had to care fortliciu- sidves. As the removal had to he made it could just us well have been done with some I'egard lu humanity ; there was no necessity for removing the i>eoi)le late in the fall, when they could not ol)lain work in the Slates to whieh they were going; more care should have been taken that families were kept together; and proper ])rovisioii for the inainlenance of the i!xiles for aw bile, until tlii'v eoidd obtain work, should havj been made. This jiiteii-forking them into otiier colonies to be pitch-forked out again was cruel, unjust and iii- iiuman to the last lU'gree ; no wonder Colonel Winslow, in his address to the unfortunates in tlu! Church of (Jiand I're. siiould have spoken u( his diit" as "very disagreeable to my natural make and ttniper, as I know it must be grievous to you, who art; of the saim? species." It. has been urged that, as the people had to lie expclK'd from .Aca- dia, they might have been sent to bouisiana; but this would hardly have done, as they would un- doubtedly have almost iiiinu diatcly returned— as some of them eventually did : or, failing tiiat, thi'V would have foi'.icd a tine body of recruits for tht! I'^-ench army, whicii was then wanting men, w hieli I would not very well have done I'or iMigland. Per- I haiis the best thing that could havtibeen done with them, would have been to iiave distributed them i amongst the Freneli West India islands, where they would have been with people of tiieir own religion, who spoke their language, and where there would Iiave been less cliance of tlii'ir recruit- ing the French army, or returning to .\cadia. The removal was all right; but the inanuer of doing it all wrong. II. — ISefore leaving tliis subject of tlit! removal of t!ie Aeadians we may revert to two eircum- st.ificcs wliieli operated very un- ^ ,,,^^,„| ,,,1,^,,, ,,j. favorably against tiie Aeadians, and j^^li.Iualir' ''^'' "^ led to the inevitable result oi' their expulsion; the lirst was tlie vacillating jioliey of tiie Mritisii (uivernmeiit at the expiration of the yi'ar of grain' given by tiie treaty of I'reeiit ; and tiie oilier Aviis tiie loyal but mistaken devotion to the i''rcneh cause shown by tiie piii'sts. wlio really conlrli. On thissnhject ixaynal — u iio, iiijiidieioiisly [iraisefiil of tlio Acii- 111 Il^: iir m iNuBAvin fnPOCSivtOR' ijiiut ■; msruHy oi imi dominion iomno Rinr.RAPHiis:-,Fr inoi IMF BIJUlANO 0l3l4»«''' I'tMO.OMI'- •m (; n : ii; hi i 1 1 i •■ i-: I . GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DkVAUDREUIL. diiu:" thenij^elves — is unjust iiiid uutiutliful with i-c'gai'd to tlieir mishioiiiuies: while iiis desciiptiou well applies to LiiLoutre, it tnidiices others.* If Sir Richard Phillips had firmly insisted on the people either takinc; the oath, or qtiittiiiL^ the colony, — and have eitiier expelled, or made prepii rations for oxi)elliii!jf one sn.all settlement as an examjjle, — there is hut little doiiht hut that the Acadiaus would havi; listened to reason, and the terrible tragedy of their expidsion would not have been enacted ; but tlie wavering policy of the Government deceived th.; ,irie>ts and the people into the bi'lief that tlie threat of exjiulsiou was only held in trrrorcm over them, until the threat was ciirrie 1 out — id'ter forty-two years waitinjj^ — and the calamity fell >>n them. The terrible pun- ishment of the Acadiaus was not w..;,out its salutary lesson, however; for it tauu'lit the priests, and throuLih tiiem the pe()[ile, that a coii(|iU'red people must submit quietly to the ride of the conqueror, at least as lousf as it is mild and just; and to the misfortuiics of these uidiapiiy peasants we owe it that the Canadians submitted so quietly to their fate, when it became their turn to iiave to submit to British rule ; and to the wiser and more tem[)erate teaciiin,y;s of the Church is due the fact that there is not to-da}' a more loyal body of men in Canada than the French Canadians. CHAPTER XLIX. (JOVENMEN'i'OF'niE MAIiRQUIS I)i> VAUDREUIL. 1. AlM'OlNTMKNT OK 1 )i;VAm)UKlJIL. — A " Cou- NKIl" IN OKAIN. — ± RltAUUUCIC'S ADVANCK * Kiiviial wiys ; — "TliP missionai'ii's I'iisil.v iiisiniiatod tliciusclvcs iiiiiciiii; tlii'Mi, — tlin liiilians, — iiiiil liMil so fiir incnl ■iitcil tlicir tt'iicls as liMiiaUi'. ciitlinsiiists 111' llicin. Al llii' saiiir liiiii' that tlic.v taiiijlil tlii'iii llicir rcli;;iiiii tlii'.v iiis|iii'i'il tlnMii with llial lialrod wliicli llicv tliriiisclvcs cntrrlaini'il fur tlin Ijiulisli name. I'liis fiiiKlainiiilal artirlo iif llioir iii'w Wdrsliip. liciiin tliat wliicli iiiadc lli.' slniii;;('sl iiii- lncssiiin nil liiciisi'iisi-. anil ilio nnls iini' tliat laMirnl llii'ii' jiassiim fur war. Ilicv ailn|ili'il « itii all tlio rayr (hat was ii;itiaal to tlii'in. 'riic.v iiiit imly ri'fiisc'il tn iii.iko an.v cM'liaii^;!' willi tlic Kii,:;llsli, ImU iilsii fri'i|in'ntly (listiirliiil uiiil lava^ii'il tin' fnintii'rs of tlial natimi. Tlii'ir aUai'lis howiiiii! nnm' frc'i|iicnt, mure olislinatr, ami ninn' ri'- KUlar after tlioy liail i'hn.

.l'^' sprea.ling itself out in ■> men- aeing line, from the city as ir up the river as rointe-aux-Trendjles. He iii:- si • DelJongainville, who was in command or side of one thousand men, which force I crefised, from time to time — as the movements the British became more menacing, threatening to cut off the supply of provisions — until his army nund)ered about tiiree thousand ; the guard-houses between the city and Cape Rouge were also rein- forced ; and Bougainville was charged to keep a strict watch on all the movements of the British, who seemed to be threatening simultaneously the ' Beauport eamp, tiie city, and the provision stores of the army. Wolfe liad been informed by two French deserters that an attempt would be made during the niglit of tiie 12-13th to bring provisions into the city by way of the river, as it was becom- ing almost impossible to convey them by land, as only old men, women and children were left for any other than military service. The countersign by which tlic convoy w.as to l)e known was learned; and used to good advantage afterwards. On the evi'iiingof the 12lli a feint was made on the Beau- port camp, by the heavy sliii)sof the line drawing in slioie, as if to attack, while th(! smaller vessels set sail and swept past the batteries to join the fleet al)Ove t'.ie town. Monckton's and Murray '.s brigai)layin;_r tin,' evohitions of military skill ami diseijirnm, or tiie exertion of physical force and determined valor, 'i'iu; battle tfround presents almost a level surface from the l)rink of tiie St. Lawrence; to the Sie. Foye road. Tiie driduli: Alli''<\ov road toCape itoiiLje, rnnninL,' ' parallel to that of Ste. I'oye. passed thronnii its centre — and was connnanded liv a Held ledouht, ill all pidhahility the foiir-n'iin liallerv on the I'aii;lisli left, wiiieh was captured hy tlie liL;la infantry, as mentioned in (leiieral 'rownsh'-nds letter. The remains of this haltery are distinctly seen (18-j4) near to tiie [)r(,'sent race stand. 'I'iiere were also two other retloubts, one upon the risiuj^ ground, in the rear of Mr. C. CainphcU's house (now M. Connolly's) — the death scene of Wolfe — and the other towanls the Ste. Foye road which tlwit .I;u'(iMr8 (iiiarticr, or OirtiiM', tlip eiitorprisii".; iliscovncr iiiiil ox- lijiiriT (if tlii^ St. l.uwriMii'c, wIumi iilxiiit to priu'i-cil, ill 1.'>K), mi liis tliiiil viiyii;,'!' tci Caiiiiila, was :i|>{>i)int(»l liy t'rain'is t. ('iii'i'iin-t('il nf fmir vrsscls. Tliat Martin was a person of i!(iiisicli'ralil(: iiiipoibiiiic in tlie tlwu infant coluny «f N'l'W I'raiuH' may also lie iiifcrieil frcnn tlic fact tliat, ill tile .liMirnal of tlin .li'siiits and ill tlio [larisli ri'^istcr of (Jiiclicc, In- is nsiially il('si,i;nat('(l liy his Cliristiaii name only, Mouis side. The surface was dotted over with bushes, and the woods on either llauk were more dense than at present, atrording shelter to the French and Indian marksmen." 7. — .Montcalm woidd scarcely give credence to the information, brought him early in the nioin- ing, that Wolfe occiiiiied the Plains ... 1 1 • 1' 11 It I rusilions nf tlio ot .Vlirahaiu in loice. It can be conicndinnaimio.s. but a small party come to burn a few houses and retire," he said ; but when as- sured that it was an army which had reached the plains he remarked : " Then they have at last got to the weak side of this miserable garrison ; we must give them battle and crush them before mid- day." lit left DeVaiulreuil, with fifteen hundred men, in command of the camp at IJeaiiport, and at once took the remainder of his- army, numbering aliout seven thousand five hundred, to meet Wolfe.* Hurrying his troojis across the valley of the St. Charles, over the bridge, and along the northern ramjiart to the battle ground, which tiie main bodv reached about eight o'clock, he at once * The strenurth ot .Montcalin's army on tlio l^tli September, ITolt, was as follows : UKlllT COMMX. ('oloiiy troops - - - Kejiiuii-nt of I.a Sarre Kenimi'iit of l.aiinnedoc .Militia Rcjliment ot Beam - - Regiment of ("iiiicnno - Militia 4(10 2,000 - .Tf.0 - ;((« - 1,200 1,020 LKFT C0LU5IN. Rosiiiiciit Roy.al Roussilloii .--.-.. fi.'iO Cohiny trooiw ...----..-.- (BO Militia 2,;H)0 .1,000 Grand tutal, ',520 Of those .1,020 were rcKuhirs, and 3,0U0 uiUitla. Montuiilm Imd also abuiit 400 IiidiuiiH. r\ GOVEHXMKXT OF THE MAIUjUIS DkVALDRKUIL. 2r)9 iite of tlie ■operty of siniill Fe- ll IcMiling of liy the intidiatoly 3il of the or enclos- St. Louis Ii bushes, ore (k'nse French jdeuce to lio iiioni- 119 r>t tho liii;; aritiit3rt. when as- elied the iL last t ■isoii ; we 'fore niid- luuulred rt, iuid at uniheriiig to meet valley of loii^- the rhieh the e at once smber, 1759, l> I) 2,000 ) 1,020 ) 3,000 7,5'JO Ini had also i l)e;;an to form in line of hatlle, without waitiuif for his troops to rest, or to he sure iliat DelSou- gainville, who had three thousanil troops with him, was nuninsr to his support. It was about ten o'clock when Montcalm ordered his army to advance, aiul Wolfo had then occupied the plains for about four liours, and had Ids men drawn up in line of battle, the Botli regiment Ix-ini; on the extreme ri;^ht, and the Louisboui-^ grenadiers on the left, conunauded l)y Monekton and Murra}-, respectively. The ^Sth, l-'.d, oHth, TMth and 47th rei^inieiits, under Wolfe, completed the first line. The second line consisted of the Luh regiment and two iiattalions of the ()Oth, under eoumiand of 'i'ownshend ; and the 4Sth under Colonel Bur- ton, formed in four columns, actecl as a reserve, while the light infantry, under Colonel Howe, covered the left Hank and rear, tlie right Hank being effectually [irotected by the precipice. The total streiigtli of the Hritish, as shown by Wolfe's field-l)ook, was forty-eight hundred and twenty- eight men ; but they were all well-trained soldiers, and th(i uiajority of them veterans. 8. — There were two noticeable features about the battle of the Plains o( Abraham ; first, thai Wolfe had put his army in a posi- el-ali'of'AbLham. tion where they vuist win, or be almost entirely annihilated, for to retreat down the nariow pathway b}' which they had gained the heights and re-embark would have been next to impossible, if pursued by a victorious enemy ; and second, tluit it was fought very nearly without artillery, Wolfo having only one field- piece, and Montcalm two guns. Jlontcalm's first effort was to outflank the Hritish and crowd them towards the precipice and the landiiig-i)lace ; and, therefore, he began the battle by throwing for- ward a large body of Canadian and Indian skir- mishers ivgalnst Colonel Howe's light infantry, wliich i^rotected the British left; and, under cover of the smoke raised by the quick firing of the Canadians, to hurl the whole force of his right wing (consisting of sixteen hundred veter- ans and four hundred militia) against Howe's light troops. Tlie position was critical for a few minutes; but Townshend promptly came to Howe's aid witli the loth regiuient and two bat- talions of the 60th, and the French were repulsed with heavy loss. Failing in his attempt to Hank, Montcalm now made a general attack on the right and centre, and endeavored to force Wolfe back by mere force of numbers. Thio.injr out a long line of skirmishers, the few ll^ troops \\hieh Wolfe had to cover the f'ront of his centre and left were soon driven in; and ilie French ad- vanced rapidly towards the I'.ritish lines. At one hundred and fifty yards they began firing, and great damage was doiu^ to the Biitish, but not a shot was returned. Steady ami solid as if on pa- rade the English stood, with their arms at the shoulder, never moving, except to fill up the ghastlygaps made in tluir ranks by the fire of the French. Wolfe had ordered the men to put an extra bulht in their guns, and not to fire until he gave the word. (Quickly the French iieared the British lines until they were within forty jiaces, when the conimaud " Fire I "' was given, and a deadly volley, at almost pistol range, was poured out from the whole British front, and the battle of the IMaiiis of Abraham was as good as ^on, for the French wavere(i, halted, and it was only by the greatest personal efforts of Montcalm that the regulars were induced to re-form; the militia fled and could not be rallied again. 'I'lie volley was one of the most deadly ever fired b}' IWilish gnus; battalions were almost entirely swept away, and some of ihem wer(; left with scarcely any officers. M. de St. Ours was killed, and M. DeSenezergues mortally wounded. Montcalm displayed the ut- most valor in endeavoring to re-form his men, and rode along the shattered ranks encouraging the men by his voice and presence. 0. — Wolfe ([uickly took advantage of the con- fusion in the French ranks, and, after .allowing time for the men to re-load, ordered the whole line to advance with i.'n^'ui'l,!''"'" fixed bayonets, he leading the charge at the head of the liSth regiment. It was at this moment that he was mortally wounded. In the early jiart of tho engagement he had been wounded in the hand ; but he tied a handkeil i III 1 , ! 1 i'M ( i GOVERNMENT OF THE MAEQUIS DkYAIDIJEUIL, 261 b}' the soldiers stutioiiecl in Canada at the time, and the inception and execution of the idea is due to Lord Aylnier. With retrard to tlie aullienticity of the locution we coj)}' the followinf:^ from Mr. Lemoine's Quebec Past and Present : " The spot consecrated by the fall of General Wolfe, in the charge made by the Grenadiers upon the left of the French line, will to the latest day be visited with deep interest and emotion. On the highest ground considerably in advance of the Martello towers, commanding a complete view of the field of battle — not far from the fence which divides the rear ground from the enclosures on the east, and opposite to the right of the English — are the reniiiins of a redoubt against which the attack was directed, which Wolfe so gallantly urged on by his personal example. A few ye.ars ago a rock was pointed out, as marking the spot where he actually breathed his last; and in one of the enclosures nearer to the road is the well whence they brought him water. It is mentioned in the statistical work of Colonel Bouchette, that one of the four meridian stones, placed in 1790 by Major Holland, then Surveyor-General of Canada, ' stood in the angle of a field redoubt wliere General Wolfe is said to have breathed his last.' As he hiid been convened a short distance to the rear after being struck \yith the fatal ball, it must be presumed that this redoubt had been captured, and that the grenadiers were pressing on when he received his mortal wound. This is corrobo- rated by a letter which we have met with, written after tlie battle by an officer of the 28th regiment, serving at the time as a volunteer with the Louis- bourg grenadiers under Colonel Murray. lie ^.peaks of the redoubt in question as 'a rising ground,' and shows that Wolfe was in possession of it previously to his last wound; 'upon the general viewing the ))ositiou of the two armies, he look notice of a snuill rising ground between our riglit and the enemy's left, which concealed their motions from us in that quarter, ui)oii which the general did me tiie honor to detach me with a few grenadiers to take possession of tliat ground, and maintain it to the last extremity, which I did until both armies were engaged, and then tlie general came to me ; but t'lat great, that ever nieiiKMable man, whose loss can never be enough regretted, was scarce a moment with me till he received his fatal wound.'" 12. — While Wolfe was dying on the field of glory, Montcalm was being su])ported from the field of battle, mortally wounded. He was first struck by a musket nenth <.f MontcRim. ball, while fighting in front of the French left, and was afterwards wounded by the only gun in possession of the English. Still he did not at once retire, but continued for some time to direct the retreat of his troops, and it was only after he had taken every measure for their safety that he retired from the field. He was still mounted, and, sui)[)orted by a grenadier on each side of his horse, rode down St. Louis street, where some women seeing him, exclaimed, " My God, my God, the Marquis is killed ! " to which he replied with a smile, " It is nothing, it is nothing. Do not trouble yourselves for me, my good friends." He was taken to the Castle St. Louis.* When his wounds were being dressed, he was informed by the surgeon, Arnoux, that they were mortal. "How long have I to live?" asked the marquis. " Ten or twelve hours," was the reply. " So much the better," he said, " I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." A council of war was hastily held, at which lie showed how all the French troops could be con- centrated, and the British again attacked before they could intrench themselves, Out his counsel was overruled, the hope of :«iving Canada seemed to be dying with him. M. DeUamezay, who com- manded the garrison, asked for orders for the defence ; but Montcalm answered, " I will neither give orders nor interfere any further ; I liave much business that nnist be attended to, of greater moment tlian your ruined garrison, and this wretched country. My time is very short, so pray leave me. I wish }ou all comfort, and to be happily extricated from your present perplexities." Shortly afterwards he said to one of his attend- ants, " Since it was my misfortune i .m discom- fitted and mortally wounded, it is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so bravo and generous an enemy," and one of his last acts was to dictate a letter reconunending the French prisoners to the geneiosity of the victors. His •Tlicro is sumo (loiilit as til tlio cN.'ict |il:u'o of Moiitnilin's (loath ; aiul it is not oloarl.v (IctiTiiiiiuMl wliotlicM- lio ilicil at tlii' ('astlc 8t. I..)iiis, lit llio liimse of M. Ariicuix. .Siii-hciiii, .St. Liniis .Stivct, at tliu Horn woi'li, 111! tlio St. Cliarles, at liis own residfMco, on tlie rani- paito, or lit tUo Ursulini; Convent. ! >> I'.f .1 M 1' ' |i , I I 'I iiiil i i ■ 'ii III .:J in 262 TUTTLprS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, cha])laiii and the Bishop of Quebec passed the iiiglit with liim, and administered tlie hist rites of his uhuicli. He died about five o'cloeiv on the morning of tlie 14th. Vi. — Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm, was forty-seven years old at the time of his death ; and Sk..t.ii..f Monfc. ha(l gained laurels in campaigns in w-mmnrnutoWB Italy, Ocrmauy and Bohemia before memory. comiug to Canada. In Canada he had shown his true power as a general, and had gained three signal victories over the English at Oswego, Fort William Henry, and Carillon, be- sides repulsing Wolfe at Montmorenci, before hi;5 final defeat on the I'lains of Abraham. Even (iarneau, who is terribly prejudiced against Mont- calm, is constrained in justice to say : " Wliatever the general's faults may liave been, his deatli would seem to have suflieiently expiated them ; and in presence of his tomb among us, we wish to be mindful only of his valor and his triumphs. His contemporaries, French liorn and Canadians alike, deplored his death as a public loss. He had ac- quired an ascendancy over the minds of both, as much by his energy, as by his skill in turning their courage to account. None but he was supposed to be capable of risking a battle (against odds) with a certainty of gaining it." His personal bravery was beyond dispute, and was the main- spring of liis influence over his army ; where he led they were ashamed not to follow. At Oswego he had inspired his men with new courage by seiz- ing, with iiis own liand, a color from an ICnglish officer ; and wherever the fighting was most severe lie was always in the van, Ifadhuj his men, not ordvrhuj them on. In his Continental campaigns he had received five wounds — three at the battle of Plaisance, 13th June, 174G, and two at Assiette, 8th July, 1746. He was a remarkable contrast to the majority of French officials in Canada at that time; for, while they were self-seeking, grasping and cowardly, Montcalm was self-denying, lalio- rious, just, and spent all Ids own means in reliev- ing the want and suffering around him. He was buried in the Ursuline Convent in a furrow made in the wallsby a bomlKshell ; and nearly seventy- five years afterwards (in IHJJiJ) the spot was iden- tified by an aged nun of the Convent (tlien over eighty years of age), who was a little girl at the time of his deatli, and liad followed the tiineral procession out of curiosity. A search was made for the remains, and some bones were found, but the only part which was intact was the skull — on which the marks of two wounds are visiij'ie — which is now preserved under a glass case in the apart- ments of the Chaplain of tlie Convent. A tablet to tlie memory of Montcalm was placed in the Convent a few years afterwards;* and a joint monument to Wolfe and Montcalm was erected in Quebec in 1827, by the Earl of Dalhousie, with the following inscription : — IIUNC I-APIDEM MONUMKNTI IN MEMOUIAM VIOOKUM ILI.USTKIUM WOLFE ET MONTCALM, Fundameiitum P.C. GEOKGIUS, COMES DE DALHOUSIE, In Septentrionalis America) Partibus ad Brittanos pertinentibus, sumniam serum administrans, OrUS PER MULTOS -ANNOS IMtUiTKUMISSUM. (QUID DUCI ECUEGIO CONVKNTIENTIUS ?) AUCTOKITUATE PROMOVKXS, EXEMPLO 8TIMUI.AN8, MUNI- KICENTIA FOVKN? Di'! Nover.ioris XV., a A.D., JiDCCCXXVn. CEOIIGE IV., BRITONNIOIIUM REGE. (^Trandation.'y THIS FOUMDATION STONE OF A M0NUM1:NT in the MliMOUY OF THE ILLUSTRIOUS MKN, WOLFE AND MONTCALM, Was laid by GEORGE, P:ARL OF DALHOUSIE, Governor in Chief over all the Britisli Provinces in North America, A WOUK NEGLECTED lOll MANY YEARS. (WHAT IS THERE MOIIE WORTHY OF A GALLANT GENERAL?) HE PUOMOTED DY IIIS INKLUKXCK, ENCOUIIAOED KT 1118 EX- AMPLE, AND KAVOIIEI) IIY HIS MIINIFICENCB. 15th November, 1827. GEORGE IV., REIGNIN(i KING OF GREAT BRITAIN. • Seo note, on opposito piigc. III rovinces (JOVERNMENT OF THE MAIJQUIS DeVAI'PREUIL. 20; 14. — The casualties to the British in the battle ot the Plains of Abraliani, as given in the Official Gazette, London, were fifty-eisht riio I1.SB..8 on both , ... ' , , , , ... M.iiR. caiiitiuatic. kulou, iive lumtirecl and ninety-six ot yuebci;. . . " , woiinded, and tliree missing; mak- ing a total of six hundred and fifty-seven laid hors des combats. The list of killed reads, one general (Wolfe), one eaptain, six lieutenants, one ensign, three sergeants, forty-five rank-and-file, one gunner. Wounded, one general (Monckton), four staff officers, twelve captains, t\venty-;jix lieu- tenants, ten ensigns, twenty-five sergeants, four driinuners, five liundred and six rank-and-file, one * The erection of this tiblet w.is originated by SI. de Hong.iinville, wliii was warmly attjielied U) Sloiitwilm, mid had served under him, witli distiiiilion, for two years in Canada. M. de Uoiigainville wasi Ncaiiely twenty years of age at tlietime ot tlie capitulation at Quebec, al.licMiLjh lie was in conuuand of aliout two tliousand troops. He altcrwards jiiinod tlic French navy and circumnavigated the globe, gaining a.s much distinction in tliis direction as Captain Cook, wlio was opposed to him at Quebec He was killed by a revolutionary ninb in I'aris on the lOtli Augu.st, 17!1'J. Tlie tablet to Montcalm's menuu-y was subsi'ribed for Ijy tlie soldiers wiio had served under him in Canada ; and tlio following correspondence passed be- twciii M. de liougainville, and the English I'rinie Minister (the lireat I'ilt) on the (pu'slion of its being erected in Quebec: — " Sir,— The honors paid, umler your ministry, to Mr. Wolfe, assure me that you will notdisaiiprovo of tlie grateful endeavors of the French troops to jierpetiiate the memory of the Marquis de Montcalm. The body ot *hat(!eneral, who was honored by the regret of your nation, is in- tcricd in Quehec. I have the honor ot sending you an epitaph made for him by the Academy of Inscriptions. I beg the favor of you, that yon will he pleased to examine it , and, if not improper, obtiun leave for nie to send it to Qm^liec, engraved on niarlile, that it may be pl;iccd on the Maiipiis de Montiailm'stonib. Sliould such leave be giarited, may I presume, sir, that you would be so good as to inform uic of it, .Mid, at the .same time, to send me a pa.ssport ; that the niiirlile. willi the epitaph engraved on it, may be received into anFhig- lish .ship ; and that Mr. Murray, tlovernorot Quebec, may allow it to be placed in llu! L'rsuline Church. You will be pleased, sir, to par- don nie tor this intrusion on your iinporbint occupations ; but en- deavoring to imiiKU'bilize illustrious men and eminent patriots is doing honor to yourself, lam, with respect, &c. UeHoiigainville. I'aris, ;;4tli .March, ITtil." " Sir,— It is a real satisfaction to me to send yon the King's consent on a subject so affecting as the epitaph, composed by the Academy of Inscriptions at I'aris, for the Maripiis de .Montcalm ; and which it is desired may be sent to tiiiebec, en- graved on marble, to bo placed on the tomb otthat illu.strions soldier. It is perfectly beautiful ; and tlie desire of the French troops which served in Canada to pay such a tribute to the memory ot their liene- nil whimi they ,«aw e.f piro at their head in a manner worthy ot him- self and of them, ia truly noble and pniiseworthy. I shall take a lilcasure, sir, in fiu'ilitating, in every way, such amiable intentions ; and on receiving notice of the ineasuves taken im shipping this marble, will not 'ail to triinsmit to yon imniediately tlie passport ymi desire, and to send directions to the (lovernorof Quebec for it« re- ception, I withal bog of y — of heavy timber, mounted with artillery. A., several points in tlie neigliborliood he establislied out- posts, which not only served him in collecting provisions, and keeping him 'nformedof the move- ments of the enemy, but were also very useful iu gaining over the inhabitants, to whom he liad ad- dressed a proclamation setting forth the inutility of further resistance. So convinced were the un- fortunate habitants, who had had very little choice between being starved or shot during the past five years, that it was useless to resist any longer, that eleven parishes submitted, and took the oath of allegiance to England. Skirmishing was kept up on both sides during the winter, but without any serious results, and the oaly heavy loss sustained by Murray was from sickness. Fresh provisions became very scarce., an'' scurvy broke out amongst the troops, caused by the constant use of salt meat. Between Christmas and spring nearly eight hundred men were carried off Ijy this disease, and I'vice as many wore rendered totally unfit for duty. 3. — The situation of the French was now becom- ing desperate. After the capitulation of Quebec, DeLevis fill bach to the Jacques ,T .. . , . II. Desperate aiiuatloii Cartier river, and concentrated Ins of the French after , ,| , ., T\ tr 1 •! the fall u£ yuebcc. troops tiiere, while DeVaudreuil went to Montreal. No attempt was made to re- capture Quebec; and, as the season advanced, the 47th regiment. ;«th 43d " 58tb " 78th " (Scots Highlanders. ) MEN. - 680 - 87(> - e!)3 - 653 ■ 1,377 2d battalion of Fusileers. 323 - 882 - 019 8,204 Garneau'B Bis(ory of Canada. li cely to speedily well as the piis- L pairing and re- leeii injured or Jlurray's polii-v iiiwiiiils thi- iiiliab- il.-iiii». Siurvy amongst Uiu troopa, 1 the rodoiihts rengthuned tiio fd eleven new Abruliai" — of 3ry. A ., several istablisliod oiit- n in coUectinfr led of the niove- ) very useful in horn lie had ad- th the inutility (I were the uu- ery little choice ing the past five liny longer, that ok the oath of iig was kept up ')ut without any V' loss sustained "resh provisions ke out amongst uit use of salt ng nearly eight liis disease, and itally unfit for vas now becom- tion of Quebec, Pespernte aiiv.ntion of tliK t'reiKli after the fall of Quubuc. as made to re- 1 advanced, the MEN. f FuBlleers - - 871 t. - - o;!0 . - S«2 . - 01!) S,204 "% '■ Ill »"- 'v :'H i! i-iiiii:ii ^iNiil:: il} ' ^^i i J : i I li: J^ J i^ i !i II ■'■;i 1 '■ ] 1 ■ ■ 'i ; i 1 1 ill !Mn m^ GOVK IfNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDHEUIL. 205 luililiii Wiis (lisbaiided, and tlie men iiUowed to ^n lioino, and the i'eL;iilai's wen; witlidruwii to tlie iR'ii^lil)orh()()ils of Montreal and Tliiei; Rivers for the winter, Icavinjr only six hundred men at .Taeqiies Cartier, under M. Dumas, to annoy the British outposts. The troops were also withdrawn from Lakes Ontario and Champlain, except small jjariisons of three luindred men at Fort Li'-vis i (situated on a small island a little below Ogdens- burg), four hundred men at the Isle-aux-Noix, and three liundred at St. .John. And so the winter set in in darkness and gloom for the prospects of the maintenance of French power in America. Shut off from the sea by the fall of Quebec, from Lake Champlain by the destruction of Carillon and Crown Point, and from the west by the loss of Niagara, the French now found themselves penned up within the Montreal and Tliree Rivers districts, with scarcely a strong post to defend. They still held Detroit, Mackinaw and other west- ern forts, but, cut off from the rest of Canada, the^' were useless, and must fall at the first attack. The onl}' hope; was in re-capturing Quebec, and receiving aid from France. Shortly after the re- tirement of DeVaiulreuil to Montreal, and the sailing of tlie British lleet from Quebec, a vessel was despatched for France, which succeeded in running past the batteries of Quebec without be- ing noticed (owing to a thick fog), and arrived safely at its destination. On this vessel was M. LeMercier, commandant of the artillery, who bore despatches from DeVaudreuil, DeLevis and IJigot, explaining the desperate condition of affairs, and imploring aid. But Louis XV. had no aid to give, and no disposition to do so, even had he possessed the means; but with an empty treasury, an ex- pensive continental war, and a host of Court par- asites fattening on the spoils wrung from an over- taxed and down-trodden peasantry, Louis had neither men nor mone}' to spare for Canada, and so she was left to her fate. All the help sent in the spring was nineteen small vessels loaded with provisions and four hundred soldiers, convoyed by one frigate. But the aid never reached Canada, for the frigate and her convo}' were chased into the Bay du Chaleurs by a squadron, under com- mand of Captain Byron, wliich was cruising in the St. Lawrence, and there either captured or de- stroyed. Meanwhile, the condition of the poor habitants daily grew worse. Every hamlet had its sick or wounded, and fiimine again added to their otlier misfortunes. Provisions became terribly scarce as winter progressed, and it was with difli- culty that Bigot could obtain any supplies for the army, even by force. The farmers were starving and would not part with what scant stock of pro- visions they had. 4. — Wiiiie the news of the capture of Quebec, and the destruction of Forts Nia;^ira, Carillon, and Crown Point, was received (irentr.joi.inaiii with apathy in France, it was the ^::::!:';:;lJi^:i:^ cause of great rejoicing in England ''■""i""«"- and the liritish colonies. London, and nearly all the large cities, presented congratulaiory addresses to the king, extolling the government and its prime minister, Pitt ; illuminations and bonfires on both sides of the Atlantic signalized the vic- tories, and King George- ordered a general thanks- giving service in all the churches throughout the British Empire. Parliament was in high good humor ; and, besides pasaing a vote of thanks to the commanders of the naval and military forces, and ordering a monunieut to be erected to Wolfe in Westminster Abbey, granted with alacrity all the appropriations asked for by Pitt to enable liim to push the conquest of Canada to a success- ful issue during the next campaign. In the colo- nies, also, the war fever was at its height ; sup- plies of men and money were freely voted, and every preparation made to insure the next cam- paign being "short, sliarj) and decisive." Am- herst's army was strengthened, and a fleet, with reinforcements, sailed to the relief of JIurray, at Quebec, who was ordered to ascend the Lauren- tian Vallc}', and meet Amherst before Montreal, towards which point the army of Brigadier Ilavi- laiid was also to converge, from Lake Cliamplain. o. — DeLcvis was not idle during the winter. Trusting to receiving aid from France in the spring he prepared for an attack on Quebec as soon as the breaking up toVtalk yueCc!" of the ice should oi)eii a passage down the river. The reneh vessels, which had taken refuge up the river from Sannder's lleet, were refitted, and galleys were built to trans- port the stores, ammunition and guns, the bulk of which were withdrawn from the forts at St. John's and Chambly. He collected all the stores and provisions possible ; and DeVaudreuil assisted his efforts by an inflammiitory address to the people. ■i II M !^:M :! Ilfii: :-n i 'f r . .1 ii £i I i i IP if ! Ill' ||. m 2(36 TUTTLirS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. grossly misrepresenting the cluiractei' of Murray's governmeiit at Quebec, and eluirging cruelties to the British, which they never jjerpetrated, while he held out hopes of early succor from France. Bishop Pontbriant, in iiis pastoral, also threw the power of the Cluiveh against the British, and en- deavored to exei.e the colonists to further resist- ance by appealing to their love of country and religion. 'I'liese appeals had the desired effect ; and on the seventeenth of .\pril DeLcvis left Montreal to commence his spring campaign, hav- ing determined to endeavor to recapture Quebec before the breaking up of the ice in the gulf would admit of Murray's receiving ai\\ heli) from Eng- land. Part of DcEcvis' army was conveyed from Montreal in two fiigates, while a number of small- er vessels conveyed the siege guns, annnunition and stores. The river was still so blocked with ice, however, that the troops had to be landed at Point-aux-Trembles. On collecting his forces, DeLcvis found himself at the head of four thou- sand five hundred regulars, six thousand militia and about two hundred Indians. DeVaudreuil had tried hard to induce all the friendly tribes to join him ; but the wary Indians held aloof, they knew that the power of France was broken, and they either openl}' joined the British or remained neutral. t). — DeLrvis liad hoped to surprise Murray, and for that purpose had circulated several false re- ports during the winter as to in- i^'M^kUouir tended attacks on Quebec, in the hope of deceiving him wlien (I'e real attack was made ; but, on the 2Tth of April, a French aitillerynum, who had fallen overboard while disemliarking at Point-aux-Trembles, was rescued by the British from a piece of floating ice to which lu; clung, and gave information of the approach of the French in force. He estimated the ariuy at aliout twelve thousand, and it was to be sujiporte(l liy a fleet from Fiance, besides tho frigates whieli had escaped up tiie river, and one which had wintered at Oaspe. Murray acted ])roniptly on this information, and during the day succeeded in efl'ecling the safe retreat of all his advanced guards at C"a[)e Uouge and other points, with the loss of only two men. By day-break on the 28th, DeLi vis had taken j)ossession of the Plains of Abraiiam, and had covered the cove where Wolfe had successfully landed his men, and where the vessels bearing DeLcvis' siege guns and ammunition had been ordered to rendezvous. No sooner had Murray collected all his forces in the city than lie determined on a sortie of the whole garrison on the advancing French before they had time to intrench. This determination seems almost unaccountable when we consider that death and disease had so decimated his troops that he had scarcely three thousand five hundred men available, and when he marched out on the morning of the 28tli he left only about one hundred men to garri- son the city. He had with him, however, twenty field pieces, while the French were only able to get four into action. 7. — Al)out nine o'clock Murray commenced his forward movement, and DeLevis could scarcely believe that he seriously contem- second i.nttio on l)lated attacking such superior num- u!un'^''"iMsfvtJ'J,ry bers. The army of the French had °^ t»i« *>«">••'• been marching nearly all the previous night, which had been very rain}', and were just halted to rest and clean their arms, when Murray appeared and, endeavoring to take advantage of the unprejiared state of the French, pushed forward so raj)idiv that DeLdvis' right was thrown into temporary confusion and forced slightly back by the British ligiit troops, who, however, advancing too fai', got in front of their own artillery and reiulered it use- less foi' a while. The success, however, was but momentary; the French grenadiers si)eediiy ral- lied, and \\ith their sujiports drove back the Eng- lish light trooi)s. By this time DeLevis hiul got his aruiy into line of battle, and an obstinate struggle of nearly two hours' duration ensued. Th(^ English artillery committed great havoc, and materially thinned the French ranks; but their steadiness, rapid and deadly firing, and superior numbers, at length prevailed. The British left broke and 11

oihuO(l of , ... Quubuc. chapter l)v giving a non combat- ant's report of the five years' war, which will, we think, prove inteiesting to our readers. It was written by a nun of the General Hospital, Quebec, to a religious community of the same ordjr in France, and was first published by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec: "My very Reverend Mothers, — As our constitution requires us to consult the other establishments of our con- gregation in any difficulties that may occur, tending to impede the progress of our hoi}' insti- tution, it must also give you the same power, I imagine, when necessary to promote our edifica- tion. The simple narration, which I am about to give you, of what passed since the year 1755, when the English determined to use every effort to acquire this colony ; the part we took, by the immense labors which were consequently imposed upon us, will be the subject. The General Hos- pital is situated in the outer limits of Quebec, about half a mile from the walls. The fire * from which our sisters in Quebec have lately suft'cred, having rendered it impossible for them to continue their charge of the sick, M. Bigot, the Inteiidant of the country, proposed that we should receive them in our hospital. We readily agreed so to do; being desirous of rendering service, and zealously fulfilling the duties of our calling, the sisters lost no tinu! in entering upon the sacred work. His Majesty, attentive to the wants of his siilijt'ets, and being informed of tiie preparations making by the Iviglisli, did not fail to forward succor to the country, consisting in numerous vessels laden with munitions of war and jtro- visions, of wliiiih we were entirely destitute, and several regiments, who landed in a dijplorable stale, unfit for service, a great many men having died soon after. 'I'liey were suffering from inalig- iiaiit fever. All the sick, officers and privates, were conveyed to our hospital, which was iusuflt- cient to contain them ; we were therefore coni- ])elled to fill most ]iarls of the building, even to the churcl , having obtained the permission of tlie •The Hotel Oicu (>^iiiiiier.v) liiul been rocoiitly ilcdtroycj liy flro, cnnminiilcatiMl liy an liucndiary. GOVERNMKN r OF TIIH MARQUIS DkVAUDHKITIL. 2G9 late Bishop Pontbriant, our illustrious prelate. He whose zeal and charity iiU must readily acknowk'dye, bein;^ desirous of partakin;f in the labors of the almoners, passed days and nights in ministering to the siek and dying, exposing his life in the midst of infection, which coiitribnted materially to affect his health and to abridge his days, lie had the misfin'tnnc to lose four of his almoners, who perished in a few days from the pestilential infection they inhaled in their atten- dance upon the sick. He ministered to them liiiuscil', and his charitable attentions were readily bestowed upon his flock generally. The heavy duties with which wo were charged seemed to toncii his noble heart; the loss of ten of our youngest nuns affected him most sensibl}'. In tlicir last moments they were not without conso- lali(in, consciinis of liaving done their duty, 'i'hey pr;\yed that (nid wonhl be pleased to receive them as acceiitable victims in api)easnig His wrath; but this was only a snndl portion of the bitter cuj) of aflliction prepared for us. The loss deprived us of the power to attend to all the calls upon us, arising from our numerous patients. The liishop caused ten nuns to conn) to our assistance from the Hotel Dieu of (Jnebec, who, full of a sense of their duty, really edilied us by their exertions and indefatigabl(! zeal in attending day and nigiit uiion the sick. Our gratitude towards their cnnnnunity increased from day to day. Tlie povrrty of our eslaltiislunents did not aibnit of our assisting them in tlu'ir di;lress as we desired, their li(ius(! liaving been desti'oyed l)y lire. Let I us now, dear motin'rs, endravor to give yon some I details of a war ami captivity, which our sins I have drawn njioii u..;. Heaven, so far favorabh; to our siipplieatiiMis, ])rest ivcd us on several occa- sions. 'J'he most Holy \'irgiii, ])atroness of this Cdinitry, having ballled llie elVorts of lln^ enemy, eiial)led our vessels to escape tiieir vigilance, and the tempests and storms of the ocean. Ibit, alas ! want of sndiident gratitude deprived us of a continmition of her jjrdleetion. Still, during the first attacks of our enemy, we continued to enjoy it; eveiywheri! they appeareil, they were beaten and rei)ulsed with eonsi(leral)le lo.ss. The taking of Fort St. George and several others, of which tluy wer(( deprived, are proofs. Tins victories we ■ olitaiiied at Helie Riviere and at(^arilIon were most jgiiiiidus; our warriors returned crowned with L._ laurels. Tiiey probably did not return thanks to the God of armies, to whom they were indebted for success, as it was miraculons ; their small num- bers, without heavenly aid, could iu)t so complete- ly have accomplisiied it. Thereupon the (Mu^my, despairing of van(piishing us, ashamed to retreat, determined to fit out a formidable fl(!et, armed with all the artillery that the infernal regions could sup- ply for the destruction of human kind. They dis- played the English flag in the harbor of Quebec on the 2Gth June, IToi). On the receipt of intelligence of their arrival, our troops and militia came down from above. Our generals left garrisons in the advanced posts, of which there are a great number above Montreal, in order to prevent the junction of their land forces, which it was understood were on the nuirch. Our generals did not fail to occupy most points where the enemy might lainl ; but they could not guard them all. The sick- ness suffered by our troops, lately from France, and the losses tbey sustained in two or three recent actions with the enemy, thougli victorious, weakened us considerably ; and it became necess:iry to abandon Point Levis, directly opposite to and commanding (Quebec. The enemy so(m occuiiied it, and constructed their bat- teries, which commenced firing on the 24th .luly, in a manner to excite tlie greatest alarm in our unfortunate connuunities of religions lailies. The Reverend Mother St. Helen, Superior of the Hospital, wrote to us the same day, supplicating admission into our house for her- self and her sisters. Although we could not doubt- that our buililing would be speedily filled with wounded from the siege, we received onr dear sis- ters with open arms. Tin; tears which we slii'd, and the tenderness exhiliited towards them, made il eviileut that we were happy to share with them the little condbrt that remained to us. W'v sur- rendered the ro(nns to tluun, and confined ourselves to our dormitories. Wu were not long before an- other dislodgment took phuje. Next day, at six o'clock in IIk' evening, we beheld in our nu'adows the Reverend ladies of the Ursuline ("onvent, who, seized with fright, oeeasioueil by the shot r.nd sliells, which had [lenetratcd the wails of tlieir dwelling, wen^ hurrying towards our asylum. It be(!am(! lu'ccssary to liml plain; for upwards of liiirty sisters, who were received with un less ten- derness and affection than was exhibited to the IIP I M I 1 I : i I ' 'v m\\\ TUTTLES IIISVORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. liidii's of the Ilospitiil. It now became necessary to iisceitiiin how we should accouinioihite ourselves. Oil the arrival of the English fleet, all the fami- lies of distinction, merchants, etc., capahle of maintaininjjf themselves, were removed to Three Rivers and Montreal, thereby relieving the garrison during the siege. Several members of our fami- lies and others whom we could not refuse souglit shelter with us, being at hand to succor their iius- baiuls and sons who might be wounded. As our liouhc was beyond tlie range of the enemy's artil- lery, the poor people of tlie city did not fail to seek refuge there. All the outliouses. stables, barns, garrets, etc., were well filled. The only consolation we enjoyed was that of daily seeing our Hishop, though in a dying state, exliortiug and encouraging us not to relax in our good works. He was ir.dnced to retire from his capital. Ids I'alace and Catliedral being reduced to asiii's. He would not quit iiis flock while any hope remained of saving them; he lived with the Curate at CliaileslxMirg, tiiree miles from (iuel)ec. He per- mitt(.'d the several almoners to celebrate mass in our choir, the church being occupied by the wounded. Most people of the neiglil)orliood as- sisted at mass, so that we were extremely crowded. It was consolatory to us that we were enabled to have divine service during the siege, witiiout in- terfering with the attentions to the sick and wounded. The only rest we partook of was dur- ing prayers, and still it was not without iuterruiv tion from the noise of shells and shot, dreading every moment that they would be directed towards us. Til ■ red-hot shot and shells tei'rilied thf)se who attended tlio sick during the night. They had the atllietion of witnessing the destruction of tlie houses of the citizens, many of our connec- tions being innncdiately interested thei'ein. During one night, upwards of filty of liie best houses in the Lower Town were dest.i'oyed. The vaults containing merchandise and many precious arti- cles did not escai)0 the effects of the artillery. During this dreadful conflagration, we could offer nothing but our tears and prayers at the foot of the altar at such moments as could oe snateh(;;Montealm, without loss of time, marelied at the head of his army ; but having to proceed about half a league, the enemy had time to bring u[) their artillery, and to form for the re- ception of the French. Our leading battalions did not wait ilie arrival and formation of the other forces to support them, they rushed with their usual im[ielui)siiy on their enemies and killed a great number ; but they were soon overcome b\- the artillery. They lost their general and a great number of officers.* Our loss was not equal to that of the enemy ; but it was not the h'ss serious. General DeMonlcalm and his princi))al officers fell on the occasion. Several officers of the Canadian miliiia,fatliersof families,s]iared the same fate. We witnessed the carnage from our wimlows. It was such a scene tliat charity triumphed, and caused us to forget self-preservation and the danger we were exposed to in the innneiliate presence of the eneni)'. AVe were in the midst of the dead and the dying, who were brought in to us by hundreds, many of them our close oonneetions ; it was neces- sary to smotlier our griefs and exert ourselves to relieve them. Loaded with the inmates of three * The bnUlo liero rrfoi roil to i« lliu fust IxiUlo on the I'laiiis ot Abraliam. lISUi Soptoinbor, 17")U. •Mi convents, and all the inhabitants of tlie neigh- boring suuurbs, which tiie approach of the enemy caused to fly in this direction, you may judge of our terror and cnnfusion. The enemy, masters of ! the field, and within a few paces of our house, ex- i I)osed to the fury of the soldiers, we had reason to | dread the worst. It was then that we experienced tlie truth of tlie words of Holy writ: ' He who places his trust in the Lord has nothing to fear.' I5ut though not wanting in faith or hope, tiie ap- proach of night greall\' added to our fears. The thi'ce sisterhoods, with the exception of those who were dispersed over the house, prostrated them- selves at the foot of the altar, to implore Divine mercy. The silence and consternation which pre- vailed was suddenly interrupted by loud and re- peated knocks at our doors. Two young nuns, who were carrying broth to the sick, unavoidably hai)pened to be near when the door was opened. The pallor and fright which overcame them touch- ed the officer, and ho prevented the guard from entering ; he demanded the appearance of the Superiors, and desired the '> assure us of pro- tection; he said that pa.o of the luiglish force wouhl en tour and take possession of the house, iij)- ])rehen(ling that our army, which was not distant, might return and attack them in their inti-ench- inents — whieh would certainly have taken place had our troops been enabled to reassen.ble before the (%tpitulation. Soon after we saw their army drawn up under our windows. The loss we iiad sustained the day before led us to fear, with reason, that our fate was decided, our people being unable to rally. General DeLevis, second in com- mand, who became chief on the death of DeMont- calm, had set out, some days previous, with about three thousand men, to reinforce the uinier j)osts, whieh were daily Irvrassed by the enemy. The loss we had just sustained, and the departure of that force, determined the Manpiis DeVaudreuil, Governor General of the Colony, to abandon Que- bec, being no longer able (o retain it. Tiieeneni}* having formed their intrcnchments and their camp near the jirineipal gate, their lleec commanding the fort, it was impossible to convey succor to the, ga!ris(ui. M. DeRamezay, wiio commanded, with a feeble garrison, witiiout i)rovisions or muni- tions, held out to the last extremity. 'I'ln; princi- pal iidiabitants represented to him that they liad readily sacriOced their property; but with regard .1 H 'Pi# I ! ! \ 272 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE I)O^^^TON OF CANADA. to tliuii- wives and cliilclren, tliey could not niiike up tliL'ir minds to witness tiu-ir iniissiiuie, in tlie vinit of tiie iiliico beinj^ stoi mud ; it was, tiierc- tbie, necessary to determine on eiiiiitulation. Tlie En_i;lisii ri'adily acuordcd the articles demanded, religions toleration and civil advantages for the inliabitants. HaiJpy in liavingaciinired possession of" a country, in wiiicli tlu-y liad on several previous occasions failed, tiiey were the most moderate of conquerors. We could not, witliout injustice, coni[>lain of the manner in wiiicii thty treated us. However, tiieir good treatment has not yet dried our tears. We do not slied tlieni as did the good Hebrews near tiie waters of JJahyion, we are still I in tiie laiul of promise ; but our Canticles will not again be heard until we can shake off this medley of mitions, ami until our temjjles are re-estabiisiied ; tlien we will celebrate, witli the utmost gratitude, the mercifid bounty of the Lord. After tiie capit- ulation of Quel)ec, all tliat remained of tiic fami- lies of distinction followed the French iirmies to Montreal. His Lordship tlie IJishop liaving no j)lace to dwell in was compelled to follow tlieir example. Hefore his departure he uuide all neces- sary arrangements in ins diocese ; he appointed M. Briand, Viear-(ieneral, wlio is justly considered a godly man, and of sucii establislied merit that our enemies could not witlihold their approliation, and, I may say, their veneration of him. He main- tained liis riglits and those of liis curates in sueli a manner as to meet with no obstacles from the linglish. Tlie Vicar selected (uir iiouse f i r iiis residence; beholding us charged with an intiuile number of people, without resources, ex[)osed to many evils, lie did not consider us safe but under liis own eyes. He was not mistaken ; anil in tiie end we were much indebted to him. The reduction of Quebec, on the Ibtli September, ITo'J, produced no tramiuility for us, imt ratlier increased our labors. The I^ngiisii generals came to our liosfjital and as- sured us of tiieir protection, and at the same time requested us to take cliarge of their wounded and sick. Altliough we were near the seat of war, our establisliment liad nothing to fear, as tlie well un- derstood rigiils of nations protected liospitals so situated; still tliey obliged lis to lodge a guartl of thiit\ men, and it was necessary to prepare food and bedding lor them. On iieing relieved, they eariieil oiV many of the blankets, etc., tlie officer taking no measures to prevent tlu'iu. Our greatest misfortune was to hear their talking during divine service. Tiie sisters from the other Convents de- termined to return to their ft)rmer dwellings. It was very painful for lis to part with them. Their long residence with us, and the esteem and affec- tion created tlierel)}", caused our separation to be most sensibly felt. Tiic reverend iNIotlier St. Helen, Superior, oliscrving us overwhelmed with work, whicii was daily augmenting, left us twelve of her dear sisters, who were a great relief to us. Two of the Uisuline sisters \\ I're too weak to bo removed, and tliey terminated tiieir days with us. The fatigues and sickness they endured with much patience and resignation merited, I trust, an eternal reward, 'i'lie departure of the dear sisters gave us no additional space, as it became ne- cessary to place the sick of the English army in the same apartments. Let us now return to the Frencli. Our generals, not finding their force sufTieient to undertake the recovery of tiieir losses, : proceeded to the constructiim of a fort, about five ; leagues above Quebec, and left a garrison therein, ' capable of checking the enemy from iienetrating I into tlie country. They did not remain inactive, but were constantly on the alert, harassing the I enemy. The Englisli were not safe beyond the gates of Quebec, (icneral ^Iiirra}', tlie commander, of tlie place, on several occasions was near being made a prisoner, and would not have escaped if our people had been faithful. I'risoners were fre- (inently madi!, wliieli so irritated the commander, that he sent out detaehments to pillage and luirn the habitations of the country people. The de- sire to recover tlie country and to acciniro glory was attended witli great loss to our citizens. We heard of nothing but combats througliout the win- ter ; tlie severity of the season had not the effect of making them hi}^ down tiieir arms. Wherever the enemy was observed, they were pursued witli- out relaxation, whieli caused tlieni to remark ' that llu'V had never known a people more at- tached and faitlifid to tiieir sovereign than the Canadians.' 'llie ICnglish did not fail to rtMiuiie tlie oatli of allegiance to their king ; but, notwith- standing this forced obligation, which our people did not consider themselves bcuind to oliserve, they joined the flying camps of the Frencli w lienever an op|)ortniiity offered. The French forces did not spare tlie iiilialiitants of the country; they lived freely at the exjieiise of tliose unfortunate GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDREUIL. 273 pt'(»i)le. We suffered considerable i. 's in a seic;- nei'"'e wliieli wo jjossessed below Quebec. The officci eonmiaiidiiiy seized on all our cattle, wliieli were nunierous, and wheat to subsist his tniojis. The purveyor rendered us no account of sueli seizures. Notwitiistanding this loss, wo were compelled to maintain ui)wards of three hundred wounded, sent to us after the battle of the loth September. The stores of the French <;overn- ment, now in jjossession of the Enylish, being' ex- hausted, we were, tlicrefore, obliged to iiavc re- course to tlie enemy. They gave us ilour and clothing. But liow little suited was it for our un- fortunate wounded! We had no wine or other comforts to afford them. Di'aiiied long since by the great numbers, nothing remained but good- will, 'liiis, however, did not satisfy them. Our officers represented to the English commander that they were not accustomed to be treated in that manner by the King of France. Tiie commander, ])i(liu'd by this reproach, attaciuMl the l)!ame to us, ami re(|uired us to make a statement of wliat was necessary for tlic lelief of these gentlemen, and then caused us to pay for it. We llattered our- selves that the French governnu'iit, more just, would be proud to reimburse all our extra ex- penses, which were unavoidable at this time, 'i'iie desire tool)tain oui' riglits and recover the country induced us to do our utmost in support of the cause. As we had, in our hospital, many French siildiers of the garrison of (Jueliec, aiul of tiie suf- ferers in the action of the I'Uh, they implored us, wlien their strength was re-establislu'd, to allow tliem to ily and join the army ; we readily agreed to it, and furnishe will. So far the march of the army had l)een secret. The secret being now de- veloped, it appeared to us a bad omen — an event govenie(l liy a power b(>yoiid our reach or iqiposi- tion. The English Cdiiimander, (ieneial Murray, inl'ormed by this means, lost not a moment. lie immediately withdrew a strong advanced post, st.itioneil aiiont a leagm; from (Quebec, witli tiieir eaniion, and blew up tiie cliurch of Ste Fo\, wiiich had served as a slielter for the troojis; aflei wliieli lie: summoned a council of war, and appeared to be alone of opinion that it was expedient to march (uit with a consideraiile jiortion of tiie garrison, and take up a strong position, estaiilisii his bat- teries, and tliere meet the enemy. Tlie proposal ' If I >l| 4 n I 1 ; ^1 : TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. dill not meet with the sanctiou of the majority, l)iit, notwithstanding, lie canied it into execution. Our army, ignorant of the information accidentally obtained by the garrison, continued their march. During the night of the 27tii and 28th it rained incessantly. The heavens appeared to contend against us. The thunder and lightning, very r.are at this season, seemed to be the forerunner of the shock to which our forces were about to be ex- posed. Tiic rain falling in torrents, and the roads rendered impracticable by the melting of the snow, prevented their marching in good order. General de Bourglamaipie, second in oommaml, at the head of the leading battalion, came in sight of the enemy before forming his men. The enemy's artillery lost no time in opening a destructive fire ujion them, which iilaced many Jiors de combat. Tlie general was wounded and forced to retire. The main body of our troops, marines and militia, better acfiuainted with the roads, arrived in tiuK? to sui)port a regiment which was near being cut to pieces, rather than retreat. The action then liccame most furious and general. The English having had the choice of position, possessed con- siderable advantage. Our army did not expect to find their foes drawn up in order of battle; they were couse(iuently compelled to halt, and not find- ing the ground suitable for extending their lines, the first divisions had to bear the brunt of the fire. Tlie main struggle took j)lace near Quebec, on a height opposite our house. Not a shot was fired which did not resound in our ears. Judge, if pos- sible, what must have been our situation ; the interest of our country, and our close connections were amongst the combatants, producing a state of anguish it is impossible to paint. The Grand- Vicar, at present our Bishop, who suffered equally with us, exhorted ns to bear the shock with res- ignation and submission to the decrees of the Almighty ; after which he retired to the church, ])i'netrated with the deepest atHlietion, and thiew himself at the foot of the altar, where Ik; poured forth his prayers, imploring with confidence that the Divine Ruler of events would be pleased to stay the deadly conflict, and spare the flock confided to his care. He then arose full of hope, in order to proceed to the field of battle, notwithstanding our remonstrances, which were not urged without reason, as he must be ex[)osed to great danger. He was induced to proceed to the field because he apprehended that there were not sufScieat of the clergy on the sjjot to minister to the dying, who he believed were very numerous. Mr. de Rigau- ville, our chaplain, full of zeal, was desirous of following the Graud-Viear. He was not without anxiety, his only brother and several of his near- est connections being in the army. He hatl the satisfaction of seeing the enemy turn their backs and fly. 'Y\\a engagement lasted two hours. The intrepidity and valor of the Fren<;h and Canadians drove the enemy from their strong position, and followed them up under the guns of the city. We remainetl masters of the field, and of their cannon, and made many prisoners. The enemy retired within the walls, and dared not again venture out. The victory, however, was dearly bought, and caused many tears to flow. M. DeLevis, on ap- proaching Quebec, assembled a council; it was proposed to blow u^) our house, fearing that it niigiit be a rallying point for the enemy. ]>ut God was pleased to spare us and them ; He opened their eyes, and convinced them that it was most essential to thiir purposes. The French com- mander directed us to dismiss all persons who had taken refuge in our establishment, as he looked to us as the only persons capable of taking charge of the wounded during the siege, about to be com- menced. We did not fail to answer, that we would proceed to em[jty our house, with the ex- ce[)tion of two hundred English sick, which it was not in our power to remove; but in other respects we were always ready to second his intentions, and to render all the service in our power. After the battle he sent us an officer with a French guard, which, however, did not free us fi'om the English guard. It became necessary to find room for them. Hut this was but the prelude to what was 3'et to happen. It would require another pen than mine to depict the horrors which we were compelled to witness during twenty-four hours, which were occupied in the reception of the wounded; their cries and the lamentations of their friends were truly heart-reiuling. It required su[)ernatural strength to bear the scenes. After having prepared upwards of five hundred beds, which were procured from the public stores, as many more were required. Our stables and barns were filled with these unfortunate men. It was very diflicidt to find time to attend to all. We had in our infirmaries seventy-two officers, thirty- ' J GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDREUIL. 275 tliree of wlmm died. We saw nothing but iimpu- tiition of h'gs iind iU'nis. To crown our distress ilicre WHS a deficiency of linen; we were under llie necessit}- of giving our slieets and our body linen. Tiie Freneli army did not fail to 2)rovide tliat article, but unfortunately, the vessel convey- ing their stores from Montreal was captured by the English. In this instance we were dilferenlly situated from what we were after the battle of tiie l;5th September ; we coidd not expect assistance from the religious ladies of the city; the English had taken possession of their establishments for the reception of their wounded, who were more numerous than the French. About twenty officers of the I'higlish army, who were left wounded on the field, wiae also brought to us. Reverend ^Idthers, as I give you this account, nearly from uienioiy, of what i>assed under our eyes, and with a view to afford you the satisfaction of knowing that we sustained with fortitude, and in an edify- ing manner, the painful duties im[)Osed upon us by our vocation, I will not undertake to relate to you all the particulais of the surrender of the country. I could do it but imperfectly, and from hearsay. I will merely say that the majority of the Cana- dians were disjiosed to perish rather than surren- der ; and that the small number of troops remain- ing were deficient of ammunition and provisions, and only surrendered in order to save the lives of the women and children, who are likely to be ex- posed to the greatest peril when towns are carried by assault. Alas ! dear jMothers, it was a great misfortune for us that France could not send, in the spring, some vessels with provisions and munitions ; we should still be under her dominion. She has lost a vast country and a faithful people, sincerely' attached to their sovereign ; a loss we must greatly dejjlore, on account of our religion, and the difference of the laws to which we must submit. We vainly Hatter ourselves that peace may restore us to our rights." CHAPTER LVII. GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS De YAVDREUIL.— {Continued.') 1. Murray's Advance on Montre.vl. — 2. Am- herst's Advance from Oswego. — 3. Three Armies Concentrated around Montreal. Defenceless State of the City. — 4. Caiti u- LATION of THE WHOLE OF CANADA. — 0. TERMS OF THE Capitulation. 1. — The three Englisli frigates, wliose arrival at Quebec had caused DeLevis to raise the siege, were followed bv the remainder of Lord Colville's lleet ; and early in :'^m"?;;".";1: ''"''' July the reinforcements of land forces, under commanil of Lord Rollo, arrived. On the 14th of July, Murray left (^nebee to join Amherst before Montreal. He had about twenty- five hundred men under his command, and the force ascended the St. Lawrence in thirty-two sailing vessels and about two hundred barges. He proceeded very leisurely up the riv(,'r, suixlning a few small posts on his way, and inducing tiie in- habitants, wherever practicable, to take the oath of allegiance. At Sorel he found M. Delionrla- nnupie, with al)(Hit three thousand nu'n, and, not deeming it advisable to attack him, awaited the arrival of some expected reinforcements. On their arrival he continued his way towards Montreal, DeBourlaniacpie abandoning Sorel and retreating. Numbers of the parishes gave in tiieir submission ; in one instance, at Boucherville, as many as four hundred coming to take the oath of allegiance at once. The repudiation by the French government of the bills of exchange drawn by Rigot had had a great effect on l.ic French peasantry ; they be- gan at last to partialh' realize the system of rob- bery and coercion under which they had existed, and they were glad of almost any change. Tiie clergy also, finding that the Biitish were willing to deal lenientl.y with them, maintain them in the possession of their jn'opertics, and guarantee a free exercise of their religion, began to bow to the inevitable, and displayeil less animosity to the conquerors. Murray waited down the St. Law- rence until he was assured of the near ai)proach of the other English forces converging towards Montreal, and then approached the Quebec gate of the city on the seventh of September, 17(10. 12. — General Amherst assembled at Schenectady, and marched to Oswego, on the ninth of July, where he was joined by General lage, and aiterwards ny hir \\ il- froiuoswcgo. liam Johnson, who was in com- mand of about six hundred Iroquois, which nnm- ' 'i ii:i :'i I / ! ll -I ii I 27n rrri i.Ks iiisioi'vY of the dominion of Canada. lier was suhscqiieiitly increased to about tliirteen hiiiidreil. From Oswoljo, JoIimsoii oi)uiietl nc^jo- tiations willi the ("liristiau In)i|ii()is, and oilier tribes which still remained friendly to the French, and induced them to abandon their allies, so that the French were entirely aban(h)nt'd by the In- dians. On the tenth of Au(,Mist, Amherst left Oswego at the head of four thousand re^^nhirs and six tliousand militia, and invested the French f(U't at Oijfden.-^burjT (Fort DeLc'vis), on llie nineteenth. i\I. I'ouchol, the connnaufhint, had a garrison of only a few hundred uhmi, but he held out bravels for two days, when lie was forced to surrender at discretion. Here Anilu'i'st showed both humanity and firmness. The Irixjunis had intended, accord- ing to their custom, to massacre the French gar- rison ; but Anihers*^, hearing of their inteutiiui, warned them that if they attemi)tcil any violence he would order his troops to attack them. They then sullenly threatened to return home unless allowed to destroy the garrison ; but the days when the threat of desertion by the Indians could iulluence a Uritish general were jiast, and Am- herst not only consented to their leaving but cau- tioned them against any acts of violence on their return home, as he would most assuredly punish them if they committed any outrages. From Og- densbiirg Amherst proceeded down the St. Law- rence, preferring lo face the dangers of the rapids to the permitting an opportunit}' iov the French army to escape — '', being said that M. DeL.'vis in- tended to withdraw all his troops from Montreal to Detroit, and from thence retreat to Louisiana. He accomplished the descent of the St. Lawrence with the loss of sixty-four barges and eighty-eight men in the Cedar Kapids, and laiidinl at Lachine, on the sixth of September, M. de la Corne, who commanded a small force there, retreating before him. On the same day he advanced to Montreal, nine miles distant. o. — Tlie tliird army, under Colonel Haviland, numbering about three tliousand iive hundred Thrpo nrmies con. '"^'"i advauccd by Way of Lake ;MomCi.Tf'L.e- Clianii)laiu and the Uichelien liiver; ie.»8iaieofu,ecity. ^^l DcHoiigaiu viUe retreating be- fore him, and abandoning the Isle-aux-Noix, St. John's, Chanil)ly and other posts. Haviland, there- fore, arrived at Longueuil on the seventh of Sep- tember, without having had to strike a blow. The three English armies, now concentrated on Mon- treal, iinmbertMl over sixteen thousand troops, well furnished with provisions and :dl mu.iitioiis of war ; while to opixise them DeVandreuil had less than four thousand regular troops, and some mili- tia, who were dissatisfied, dispirited, and wanted to go home. 'J'lic whole were poorly armed, short of ammunition, and half-starved, hemmed in in a city which was incapable of defence. The de- fences of Montreal were of the most imperfect kind, and were never fit for more than repulsing the attacks of unorganized savages, without artil- lery. The surrounding wall was only about tJiree feet thick, and had aliout a dozen guns mounted on it. The jiosition was a desperate one, and is well described in a letter, written by a French ollicer shortly after the capitulation, part of which we transcribe. He says : " We were shut up in Montreal. Amherst's army appeared in sight of the side towards the Lachine gate, on the seventh of September, about three in the afternoon, and General Murray, with his army from Quebec, ap- peared two hours after at the opposite side of the town. Thus the black crisis was at hand for the fate of Canada. Montreal was noways snscejitible of a defence. It was surrounded with walls, built with design only to preserve the inhabitants from the incursions of the Indians, little imagining at that time that it would become the theatre of a regular war, and that one day they would see formidable armies of r gular, wtlidisciplined troops before its walls. We were, ho\'ever, all pent lip in that misi'iiiblc, bad place (withe'.'' pro- visions, a thousand times worse than a jjositioa in an open field), whose pitiful walls could not resift two hours' caunouade without being levelled to the ground, and where we would have been forced to surrender at discreliou if the English had in- sisted ujion it." ■i. — On the night of the seventh, DeVandreuil held a council of war, and it was unahiuiously agreed that, if terms of capitulation ci.uld be agreed to, it would be ^roKe'nui'.'"-' better to make no i'urtluu' resist- ance. iM. DeHougainville was, therefore, sent, un- der a flag of truce, next morning, to (icneral Am- herst, to propose a truce of one month; this was at once rejected, and negotiations for a capitula- tion cntereil into. There were fifty-live articles altogether submitted to Amherst, to nearly all of which he agreed. One article refused was that )ps, well lions of had less me iiiili- waiitetl n\, short ill in a The de- iniieifect epulsing jut artil- 3ut tlu'oe mounted le, and is I Freueh ol" which lilt up in sij:ht of J seventh loon, and lehec, ap- de of the d for the isccptible [ills, built lilts from ining at itre of a ould see seiplined ever, all ic'.*^ pro- )sitii)ii in not resi>t veiled to en forced h had iii- ^''audreuil iiluiously Intinu i)f the >1 CUIIUllll. sent, un- jral Am- this was capituhi- articles rly all of was that ClOVKltN.MKNT OF THE MAIU^H IS I)i:VAl DHKIII. ::i I Iht! iirniy should mureli out witli all the honors of | down their arms, and shall not servo during the WAV, iiiid its njcetion so angered M. DeLi'vis that i present war. Imineiliately after the signing of tlio present capitulation the king's t loops shall take possession of the gates, anil shall post the guards 111! iiMjnestc;il to he allowed to retire to St. Helen's I>lantl, ^^■ilh live hundred iniMi, ami continue the (•(Hiliist until he could make terms to please him. This l)e\'audrcuil refiiseil to permit, and, in a written order, counnanded the du'valii'r to make necessary to preserve good order in the town." AuTlci.K II. — The troops and the militia, who are in garrison in the town of Montreal, shall go liis Iroo[>s lay down their arms, and submit to the . out with all the honors o( war, six pieces of ean- (Mpitulaliou. 'I'he terms for tin; eai>itulation of non, and one mortar, which shall be put on boaril lilt! whole of Canada were agreed to on the eighth, ' the vessel, when the Alanpiis DeVaudreuil shall and signed on that day by DeN'andreiiil and Am- herst. The inhabitants wi'i-e guaranteed the free exercise of Iheir religion, and undisiurl)e(l posses- sion of all their pro])erty; the militia were al- Idwt'd to disperse to their homes, and the regular troojis — aniounling to about four thousand — were embark, with ten rounds for each jiieiu". The same shall be granted to the garrison of Trois Hivieres, as to the honors of war. Aurici.K III.— Tiie troojis and militia, who arc in garrison in tlu! f(U't of .lacrpies Cariier, and in the island of St. Helen, and otluu- forts, shall be sent to France. All the public oilicials, many of ! treated in the same manner, and shall have the the aristocracy and adventurers, and a few siu- , same honors; and tiiese troops shall go to Mon- vants returned to France at the same tinu!: the ! treal, (U' Trois Rivieres, or Quebec, t(( be there colony could well spare the first three classes, and | embarked for the first seaport in France by the he all the better for it. [I shortest way. The troojts who are in our posts, ">. — Thus terminated Frencii rule in Canada. : situated on the frontiers, on the side of Acadia, The terms of capitulation were honorable lo Am- ut Detroit, Michilimakinac, and other ))osts, shall herst, and did no less credit to De- enjo\' the same honors, and be treated in the same manner. fapiliilrilioii. Vaudreuil for eiuleavoring to ob- tain as many privileges as possible ' for his fellow-counlrymen. We give the text of ] the articles of capitulation eom[)lcte, reserving any remarks on the state of the country, the ef- fi'c; of the capitulation, etc., for another ciiapter. The j>aragraphs marked articles, are the projiosi- tions as originally submitted to Amherst by I)e- j Vaudreuil; those in (luotaliou marks are the modifications, or refusals of Amherst. Arfi'dva of the rajiituhitlrilannio Majesty. Dni'lieates of the said inventories bhall he given tf) the Manpiis Dc- Vandrenil. " This is everything that can he asked on tliis lele. AltTlCLK VIII. — The ofTieers, soldiers, militia, seamen, anoinii'il to curry the Munpiis DeVaudieiiil, by tiie straightest jjussuge, to the first seaport in France. The necessary ac- commodations shall be made for him. the ^Iai([uis DeVaudreuil, M. DeHigaud, (iovernor of Jlon- treal, and suite of this general. Tiiis vessel shall be jiroperly victualled at the expense of his Ibit- annie Majesty, and the Marcpiis DeVaudreuil shall take with him his papers, witiiout their being ex- amined ; and his eipiipuge, plate, baggage, and also those of his suite. '•(irunted; except the archives, which shall be necessui'V for the government of the country." AuTlCLE XIII. — If before, or after, the embark- ation of the Marquis DeVaudreuil, news of peace should arrive, and that, by the treaty, C'unadu should remain to his most Christian ^Majesty, the Marquis DeVaudreuil shall return to Qiu'bec or Montreal, everything shall return to its former state under the dominion of his most Christian Majesty, and the present capitulation shall beconu' null and of no ett'ect. " Whatever the king may have done on this subject, shall be obeyed." AUTiciJi; XIV. — Two ships sliuU be upjiointed to curry lo France the Chevalier DcLevis, the pri' ciiial officers, and the stall' of the land forces, the engineers, officers of artillery, and their suite. These vessels shall likewise be victualled, and the necessary accommodations provided in them, 'i'lie said officers shall take witii them their papers without being examined, and also their e(iuipages and baggage. Such of the said officers as shall he married shall have liberty to take with them their wives and children, who shall be also victualled. "Granted, except that the Marquis DeVau- dreuil, and all the officers, of whatever rank they may be, shall faithfully deliver up to us all charts and plans of the country." Ain'rcLK XV. — A vessel shall also be a])i)ointcd for the jiassage of M. l>igot, the Intcn- ii'^i's, pliito, and l)aG[iiall be married shall take with them their fami- lies, and all of th<-m shall have liberty to embark tlicir servants and baggage. As to the soldiers and seanu'U, those who are married shall take with tbein their wives ami children, and all of them shall embark their haversacks and baggage. These vessels shall be j)ro[)i!rly and snflieiently victualled at the expense of his lirilannio ^lajesty. " (Ji'anted." AiiTicr.K XVIII. — The oflleers, soldiers, and all the followers of the troops, who shall have their baggage in the Held, may send for it before they depart, without any hindrance or molestation. "(iranted." Article XIX. — .\n hosi)ital ^hip sliall bo pro- vided by the iMiglish (Jeneral, for such of the wounded and sick officers, soldiers, and seamen, as shall be in a condition to bo carried to France, and shall likewise be victualled at the expense of his Hrilannic Majesty. It shall bo the same with re- gard to the other wounded and sick officers, stjl- diers, and sailors, as soon as they shall be recov- ered. They shall be at liberty to carry wdth them their wives, einldren, servants, and baggage ; and the said soldiers and sailors shall not bo solicited nor forced to enter into the service of his BiiUui- nic Majesty. "Cranted." .\i!Ti(M.K XX. — A c(,mmissary and one of the King's writ< rs sliall be left to take can; of the hos- pitals, ami of whatever may relate to the service of his most Christian Miijesty. "(irantcd." AUTK.'M' XXI. — The Englisli general shall also provide ships for earrying to l-'raiicc; the officers of theSupreiiU! Council of Justice, Foliee, Admiralty, anil all other officers, having (;onimissions or bre- vets friMii his most Christian Majesty, for them, their families, servants, and eiiuipages, as well as for the other officers; and they shall likewise be victualled at the expense of his Ijiitannic Majesty. They shall, however, bo at liberty to stay in the Colon}-, if they think proper, to st;ttlc their aflairs, or to withdraw to France, whenever tli(;y think lit. "Granted; but. if they have papers relating to thegovernnient of the eounlry, they are to be de- livered to us." AliricLi': XXII. — If there areany military officers whose alTairs should re([uire their presenee in the Colon}- till next year, thev sliall have liberty to slay in it, after having obtained the permission of the Manpiis DeN'aiulrenil for that imrpose, and without lu'iiig rej)Uted prisoiu'is of war. "All those whose private alTairs shall reipiiro their stay in the country, and who shall liav(! the Jlaripiis DeVaudreuil's leave for so doing, sliall be allowed to remain till their affairs are settled." A itrici.E XXIII . — The commissary fur the king's provisions shall be at liberty to stay in Canada till next year, in order to be enabled to answer the debts he has contracted in the Colony, on account of what h(! has furnished ; but, if he should prefer to go to Franco this year, he shall be obliged to leave till next year a person to transact his busi- ness. This private jierson shall preserve, and have liberty to cany oil" all his papers, without being inspected. His clerks shall have leave to stay in tiic Colony, or go to France ; and, in this last ease, a passage and subsistence shall be allowed them on board the ships of his ISritannic Majesty, for them, their families, and their baggage. " Granted." AiM'ici.K XXIV.— The provisions, and otherkinds of stores which shall be found in the magazines of the commissaiy, as well in the town of Montreal, and of Trois Rivieres, as in the countr}-, shall be ■tii f I I , 1 ,'M I, I 280 TUTTLK'S HISTORY OK THE DOMINION OF CANADA. preserved to liim, tlie said provisions belonging to him iiiul not to tlio iiing, and lie shall be at liberty to sell them to the Freneh or Eiiglish. " Everything that is actually in the magazines^ destined for the use of tiic troops, is to be deliv- ered to the English commissary for the king's forces." AuTicLK XXV. — A passage to France shall like- wise bc! granted on board of his Ilritannic .Majes- ty's ships, as well as victuals, to such oilieers of the India Compimy as shall be willing to go thither, and they shall take with them their fami- lies, servants, and baggage. The chief agent of the said (!om[)any, in ease he should choose to go to France, siiall be allowed to leave such per- sons as he shall think pro[)er, till next year, to settle the affairs of the said Company, and to re- cover such sums as are due to them. The said chief agent shall keep possession of all the i>a[)ers belonging to the said Com[)any, and they shall not be liable to inspeetijn. "dianted." Ain'lci,K XXVI. — The .said Company shall be maintained in tiie projuTty of the l'>earialines and Castors, \xhicii they may have in tlu^ town of Montreal ; they shall not be toucbeil under any , pretence whati'ver, and llie necessary facilities sliall be given to llie chief agent, to send tiiis year his castors to France, on board his Ibitannie Majesty's shii)S, paying the freight on the same i footing as the iMiglish would jiay it. | " (iranted, with regard to wiial may belong to the Company, or to private persons; i)ut if his most ("hristian Majesty lias any shai'e in it, that must beeonu! the proiierty of the king." | AltTUM.K XX\TI. — Tlie free exercise of the Catholic, Ajiostolic and Uoman ri'ligion sh.ill sub- sist entire ; in such manner that all the stales and l»eoi)les i)f the towns and countries, places and dis- tant posts, shall continue to assemble in the chuiciies, and (o fii'(p\ent the sacraments as herc- toforc, without being molested in any manner, directly or in exempie(l fiiim lodging any military, and it shall be foiliid to tnudilc them in their religious exiMcises, or to enter theii' monasteries: sale-guards shall even be given them, if they desire them. "(iranted." AliTlci.i", X.X.XIII. — 'I'lu) jircceding articles shall likewise be executed with regard tu the eum- !i I I •,l>iit'sts,c'in'iitt's, witli ail L'litiiL' of lliL'ii- I'liiL's in uli'ics. I riciirs, iianu'il liy diocese (lining liiiU have lihuity paiislu's, as llicy ; all tinit'S lie I'lec lie ilioeese, witli •cisc all llie jiii is- •'iciicli (loniinion. ill case of dcatli mention will be lis the following treaty of iicaec, ker of liis Ihitaii- lajcsty sliall eon- I'olony, \\ lio sliall nion, and under ill exeieise llie I shall, ill case of d judvidi! fur the cpiseojial jiahice ; ive the lilierty to s he sliall judge It visit his diocese 1(1 exercise all the ir exercised under II oath of listacle from the lUitish governuKMit. They may lake with them, or send to France, the [)rodiice, of wliat nature soever it be, of the said goods sold, paying tlic freight, as nu'iitioned in the 2t)th arlicle, and such of the said jjriests w ho choose to go this year shall be victualled during the passage at the (Alicnse of his Ihitaniiic Majesty ; and shall take willi them their baggage. " They shall be masters to dis[)ose of thi'ir estates, and to send ihe [)rodnce thereof, as well as their persons, and all that belongs to them, to •ranee. AuTiCLK XXXVI. — If, by the treaty of peace, Canada remains to his Ihitannic Majesty, all the French, Canadians, .\i'adians, mi'rchants and other persons, who choose to retire to France, shall have leave to do so from the English general, who shall l)r(>cure them a passage. And, nevcrtiieless, if, from this time to tliat deci>ion, any I'rench or Canadian merchants, or other persons, shall desire to go to l''rance, llicy shall likewise have leave from the English general. JJnt the one and tiu' other shall lake with them (heir families, servants anil baggage. "(iranted." AiiTKU.E XXXVir.— The lords of nuunu's, the military and civil ollicers, the Canadians, as well in the town as in the cotintrv, the French settled or trading in the whole extent of the colony of Caiiada, and all other jjcrsons whatsoever, shall preserve the entire peaceable j)ro|)crty and posses- sion of their giKxls, noble and ignol)le, nn)veal)le ami innnoveable, mcrcIiaiKiise, furs, and other ef- fects, even their ships ; they shall not be touched, nor the least damage done to them, on any pre- tence whatsoever. They shall have liberty to keej), let, or sell them, as well to the French as to the English, to take away the produce of them, in bills of exchange, furs, specie, or other returns, whenever they shall judge i)roper to go to France, paying their freight, as in the 2t>th article. They shall also have the furs which arc; in the posts above, and which belong to them, and may be on the way to Montr al. And for this ])urpose they shall have leave to semi, this year or tlu; next, canoes, fitted out, to fetch such of the said furs as shall have remained in those posts. "(irantcil ; as in the 2()th article." AitTK'Li': XXXVIII. — All the peojile who have left Acadia, and wIkj shall be found in Canada, including the frontiers of Caiuula, on the sidi' of Acadia, shall have the same trcalnu'ut as the Canadians, and shall enjoy the same juivilcges. "• 'I'he king is to dispose of his ancient subjects; in the meantime they shall enjoy the same privi- leges as the Canailiiins." AitTlCLt: XXXIX. — Xone of the Canadians. Aeadians, or French, who are now in Canada, and on the i'rontit'rs of the colony, on the side of Aca- dia, Detroit, .Michilimakiinie, ami other jilaces and l)osts of the countries above, the married and un- married soldiers, remaining in ( ainida, shall l)e carried or transporteil into the I']nglish colonics, or to Old England, and tlicy shall not be troubled for having carried arms. " Oranted ; except with regard to the Aeadians." AiiTU;i-H XL. — The savages or Imlian allies of his most Christian Miijesty siiall be maintained in till! lands they iniiabit, if they choose to remain there; they shall not be molested on any pretence whatsoever, for liaving carried arms, and served liis most Christian Majesty. 'I'hey shall have, as well as the French, liberty of religion, and shall keel) their missionaries. The actual N'icars (ten- eral, ami the Hishoi), when the Episcopal see shall be lilled, shall havi^ lca\ e to send them new mis- sionaries when they shall judge it necessary. i^il ^M : llii 282 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOJIINIOX OF CANADA. " (Iraiiteil; except tlie hist lulicle, which liiis been aheady refused." AuTiCLK XLI. — '1 lie French, Canadrxns, .ind Acadhiiis, of \vliat stale ainl condition soever, wlio shall remain in the colony, shall not be forced to take arms aijainst his most Clnistian ;\[ajest\- or his allies, directly or iii(lirecll\% on any occasion whatsoever. The IJritisii government shall only require of them an exact iR'nIralily. " They become subjects of the kinif." AuTlCLK XLII. — The French and Canadians shall continue to l)e ,q;overne(l according to the cus- tom of Paris, and the laws and usages established for this country; and they shall not be subject to anyother imi>()sts than those which were established under the French dominions. " Answered by the preceding articles, and par- ticularly by the last." AuTicM-: XLII I. — The papers of the govern- numt shall remain, without exception, in the power of the Mariptis deVaudreuil and shall go to France with him. These papers shall not ' e examined on any pretence whatsoever. "(iranted; with the reserve already made." AitTlci.K XLIV. — The pa])ers of the Intcn- dcucy of tiie oflicers of com[itroller of the marine, of the aneieut and new treasurers of the king's magazines, of the ofllce of the rt'venue, and forces of St. M.uirice, shall remain in the ]iower of ^i. IJigot, tiie IntendanI, nid they shall lu; embarked for Frauce in tlu! sauu; vessel wilii hiui. These [)a[)ers shall not be cxuuined. " The sauie as to this article."' AuTlcMC XLV. — Tiie registers, and other papers of the Supreme Council of (^ui'liec, of tiic provost and aduiiralty of the saiui' city, lliose of tin; royal jurisdictions of 'i'rois Rivieres aud Montreal, those of the seigniorial jurisdictions of the c(jlouy ; the minutes of the acts of the notari(!s of tin; towns ami of the count lii's; and in general, the acts aud other pajters that may serve to jjrove the estates and fortunes of the citizens, shall leuiain in the colony, in the rolls of the jurisdictions on which these papers depeml. "(iranled."' AiiTlcLK XLVr. — The iuhabilanis and mer- chants shall enjoy all the iirivilrges of trade, tinder the same i'avors and conditions granted to the subjects of hi ) iJritannie Majesty, as well in the CO' ilrii'S above as in the intericjr of the colony. "(Jranted." AiiTici.K XLVII. — The negroes and panis of both sexes shall ri'main, in their quality of slaves, in the jiosse^sion of the French and Canadians to whom they belong; they shall be at li!)erl\' to keep them in tlu'ir service in the colony, or to sell them: and Ihev niav also continue to briuLr them up in the Ronuin religion. "(Iranted; except those who shall have been made priscniers." Aiirict.i': XLA III. — The Marquis DeVa'.idreuil, the general and staff oflicers of the land forces, the governors and stalf oilicers of the different places of the colony ; the military and civil of- ficers, and all other persiuis who shall leave the colony, or who are already absent, shall have leave to name and aii[ioiut altornies to act for them, and in their name, in the administration of their effects, moveable and innuoveable, until the jieace. And if, by tlie treaty between the two crowns, Canada does not return under the French domin- ion, these oOicers or other persons, or attornies for them, shall have leave to sell their manors, houses and other estates, their moveables, and effects, etc., to carry away or send to Fi'anee the produce, either in bills of exchange, specie, furs, or other returns, as is mentioned in the oTth iiitiele. " (hanted." AitTK.'i.icXLIX. — The inhabitants aiul other per- sons who shall have sullVriMl any damage; in their goods, moveable or innuoveable, which remained at Quebec, under the faith of tlie ciqiitulatioii of that city, may make their lejirest'iitatioiis to the Ilritish governnii'iit, who shall render them due justice, againsl the person to whom it shall be- long. "C. ran ted." AliTicr.io L, and last. The present capitulation shall be inviolably executed in all its articles, and lid na full' on both sides, notwithstauding any in- fraction, and any other preteuci^ witli rt'gard to the preceding capitulations, and without making use of re[)risals. "Ci ranted." P. S. — AliTlCLK LI. — The English general shall engage, in case any Indians remain after the sur- render of this town, to prevei.., their coming into the towns ; and that they do not, in any manner, insult the siilijeets of his most Ciiristiaii Majesty. "Care shall be taken that tiie Indians do not in- . jiaiiis of of slaves. iiiulians to lilicrly to oiiy, oi' to ! to l)i'iii": lUTul shall •r till' sui- •iiiiiii;' iiilo i\- iiiaiiiii'i', Majfsly. i do not iii- MILITAUY GOVERNMENT OF (iENEUAL MUUIIAY. 283 stilt any of the subjects of his most Ciiristiaii ' Majesty." AltTicLK LII. — The tioojis and other sidijeetsof his most Cluistiau Majesty, who are to '^o lo Kiaiiee, shall he emhaiked, at latest, lifteeii days after till' sin'iiiim' of tin; jireseiit eaiiitidatiou. j "Answered l)y tlie lltli Arliele." | Ai;t1('I,H \All. — 'I'lie troops and oilier siilijeets of ills most Christian .Majesty, who are to i^o to Eraiiee, shall remain hxh^cd and em^aniiird in the town of Montieal, and other posts w hieh they now oeeii[)y, till they siiall he einiiarked fur their departure; [lasspoi-ts, however, shall lie granted to those who siiall want tiieiii fur the dilfereiit places of the colony lo lake care of tiieir alTairs. "(iranted." AcTlci.E I. IV. — All the iillicers and soldiers of the troops in liie service oi' France, who are pris- oners ill .New lOngland, and wlio v.H'ie taken in Canada, siiall be sent back, as soon as possilile, to Eiaiice, wlieii their ransom or exdiaie'e slia b 1. — Immediacly after the capil illation of Mon- treal. -Major Uo^ers was sent, with Iwn hundred of his rangers, to talce loriiial posses- '. , , , , ,' I SurrniiliT of tlif sioii ot the I'leiieh torts in the I'r.n.ii ii.ns in ii.o West, which he did withoiil (.ppo- silion, tlie narrir-ons Ih'Iiil!,' si'iit to (Quebec for transmission to Eraiice. While encamped oik; ni;j,lii at the head of Lake JMie. he was met by I'oiitiac. chief of the ()ltawas, who ])roti'stt'd ai^aiiist the occupation of his coiinlry by the I'nit- i.--li. l{o;4(rs per>iiaded him nut to inlcrlcre, and was allowed lo ]iroceed ; but i'oiitiat' was greatly exercised at tlie downfall id" Ereiich aiil liorily in Canada, foieseiiiin' that it was tlie lorerunner td'a war of exterminaiion bi'twi'di tlie I'jiuli-li and the Indians, and he I'ormed a conspiracy for expel- Hiil;' tlie t'oinier from tlie West i)y siniiillaneoiisly si'izin;^' all their forts, and massacriiiL; llie inlialii- taiits, a plot which he siibsi'i(iienily carried out, and of which we shall speak furl her on. 'i'hc' French now, after vears of almost iiices>Mul war- treated of. aureeablo to the carte and if aiiv of fari', found tli emscivi's once more t'liio these oilicers liave afl'airs in Canada, they shall have leave to come tlieio. yini;- tl MiiLis ol peace, an d cliabli'd to devot ic e thciu- iraiite( ■( AltTlCLE EV. — As to the ofTicersof tlie .Mijiii selves to a'-rieultiir e ami commerce. Freed I rom 1 lie citvand district of (^ueliee liad siill'crcd lieav- ClIAl'TEIi LVIir. MlLrrAKY (jOVEUN.MEN F OF (lEXEIfAE MUKHAV. V duriii'. tl le contest ; tlie citv was iii nun s, an the fear id' lMiu;li>li inva^iiui, ami prolecteii from t!ie oii^laiiu'lits of the liiilians, the eoionisls once and the Aeadians, wlio arc prisoners in New I'ln.i;- more turned their atteiiiiou to peaceful pursuits. land, they siiall be sent back to their eoiinlries. "(i ranted, except what reyards tlie Aeadians." Done at Montreal, Seiitenibor 8tii, ITiilt. VAFDIJEriL. Done ill the camp before Montreal, llio Stli of Sepleniber, 1700. JEFF. A.MIIEUST. Ihecoiinlrv laid waste; but, relieved from militarv service, tliey were cnaiiled I lion lo tlii'ir doniest o line al tl leir attcii ic allairs. am I til peop soon happier ami the country more inospeidus than liad been the ease for iiiaii\- \ cars. ■J. — (■eiieral Ami rst provi led a nil lilar\- '■((V- ernnieiit for the colony, until siuh limciis a treaty of peace slioiild decide wlicllier or C iiiada was to remain under I>llllllisllIIMlll of liiililaiv mil'. 1. Si-i!!;i:Ni)i:!t oi.' Tin: Fukncii FoiiTS in Titr, the F IWilisli rule, and divided tie colony into tliree districts, the sane as liad been done b Wl«Ts — -2. EsT.AMLISII.MKNr oK .MiLlT.VltV l{fl,lv — ■'). DiopAurrKi; ov most ov tiih Noiu.I': reiicli. Murra v was made Lii'utenant-(iov- FitiCN'uu F.v.Mii,ii:s I'ltoM C.\n.\I)A.— 4. Tiikatv ( ■rmu- of {^I'lebee ; Colonel IWirton was placed in command of the Three Hivers district, and (ieneial OF Vkm'k. Foum.m. Ckss IWtlTAIX. ia,t,feof that of .Montreal ; (ieneral Amherst actiiij: lox OK C.VN.\i).\ Tl) jis (iovernor (ieneral. The Eieiiteiiant (iovernor.' I low Tiir, Ni'.vs OK TiiK Cap- were iiro\ ided with Secretaries, -M. Cramach Tfiii: OF QiKitKc WA.s I!i:(i:.vi;n in FitANci;. j — '•■ 'I'liK Fiiisr Nr.wsi'Ai'KU in Canai»a.--i. 'J'lll'; CoNSPlltAl'V OK I'oNTIAC. Cvi'lTMC OK TIIK Wk.STKKN FoKTS.— S. SiKliKOK DkTKOIT. 1 iciiii;' appoin led for (.hieliec, M. ibmeres for 'i'lir''e Mi il\ CIS. of just oilicers. ami M. Matin Moiilreal : and courl.- ice Were cslalilishcd. coiiijioscd of ( anailian he riL;lit of appeal to the Coiiimandanl '■ 1 •i 1 i i i' ', m s i 'I? ]',\\f ii! »laeed on tlie ivifi- in order to diseover wlieilier lie had any a.'c'oiii|ili.'es. lie suf- fered this piinishnieiil uilhont niakini; any deelaration, and was liiially exeelltud. The |ilinislililellt «S the rink »as fricjllently applied ti eiini- iiials, and in one iiistain-e on a feinah', for liaviii^ hidileii the liirth of an illejfitiinate ehild. In another Instaneo, a iie;.;ro female, for haviiifi set tirt^ to her master's house, w.'is eondemned to he hnnit at the ptake. nfler havinij heiMi hiini; on the gallows. The rack aetnally was in use In Canada at a very short period hefoie the eoiiiinest."— r/iii.sdV'.i Jlislmii t>/ /,.)ir, /■ t'lininliu 1 The Mar<|iiis ile Vainlreiiil was arrested nn his return to Fraiiee, and eonllneil in tlu' liaslile, to;;eilier with llij;"t and a niiinher ot other of- tleers, i-harjied with inalfeasanee in nttiee Thi' tii.il took plaee on the null of l)e.i\niher. ITMI, and lieVandreiiil was aeniiilted, with tlve olhern. lllliol and the reniaiinhT were pnnlslieil liy tliii' and iiii|irisonineiit, as already inenlioned in our elnipter on trade and eomnieree. IieVandrenil died the in\t yeiir. lie retnrneil to Kraine a poor man.havint,' spent his privaie fortnne and his salary in maliilaiiiliig the army dnilng the latter imrlion of I'leneh dninination. life or government employment — for, by the French feudal law, a nobleman who engaged in traile for- feited his patent of noliility — and with the over- throw of French rule, they found, like Othello, their "occupation gone." Many of them were given jiositions in the French army, navy or imb- lic service, and some oflieers who remained at Tadousac received jiensions. The number of iiolile families who ciime to Canaila — exeejit army and navy ofiicers, who retired with their forces — is generally overestimated ; and very few of them re- mained, the great majority selling their seignories and returning to France. Governor Carleton, during the debate on the (i.iebec act of 1774, when askeil how many noble French families there were ill the colony, said he could only speak from mem- ory, and was not very smv ; he thought the num- ber was about one hundred and lii'ty. Maseres, liowever, who was Attorney General of the Prov- ince from 17<)<) to 17ttO, and who wrote in 1775, puts the number at only twenty-two, and he is, most probably, correct, as he had am[)lc means of knowing. Of course a number (d' seignois re- mained, and, unfortunately, retained their feudal privileges, so that the peasant, although he re- ceived what may be called his personal and polit- ical liberty, still held his lands on feudal tenure from the .seigiiors, and a long period elapsed before this burileii was lifted from his shoulders. 4. — The war between (ireat Hritain and Franco continued for three years after the capture of Quebec, but no more of its horrors . , , Treaty of peaee. were lelt in tins couiitrv, and under Formal eession of ' P , Canada to Itritaiii. the temperate governmei.o ot tlie English gt'iierals Canada began to recover from her prostration. Negotiations for peace were en- terecl into on the od of November, 17()2, at Fon- tainbleau, and ratified at Paris on the 10th of Feb- ruary, ITC)-'). France, whose navy was destro3-ed, whose army was almost annihilated, whose treasury had long been empty, and nearly all of whose col- onies had been wrested from her, was glad to make " peace on an}' terms ; " and -.vas forced to submit to being shorn of nearly all her foreign [lossessions. Ily it France lost all her possessions ill liritish North America, with the exception of the two small islands of St. I'ierre and Mitpielon (two small fishing stations near Newfoundland), several islamls in the West Indies, and nearly all her possessions in Africa and Asia. Well might MILITAIJY GOVERNMENT OF CiENEUAE MUUUAY, 28o tlic Ficmli II liade fu I'- ll tlic OVl'l- ke Otliclld. tlit'in were ivy or jiiili- ;}iiiainL'(l lU :)eror iiohlt; t army and foix'i's — is of tliuiu it'- r sei.tfiiorics r Cai'li'toii, 1774, wlieii tlu'ic were fi'oiii lueiii- it the niiiii- . iMaseres, [ the Prov- )te in 177"), and he is, ie means of ;ei;4iiors re- heir feudal iiil^h he re- 1 and iiolit- dal tenure psed liefore rs. ind France capture of ity "f poiii'i'. iiinl fcssion of aila to llrilain. cover from ce were cn- (52, at Fon- 0th of Feh- destroyed, )se treasury whose col- as fflad to -i forced to ler foreign possessions ceeption of Mi(]uelou )UMdland), nearly all Veil might George 111. exclaim "Never did England, nor I hciieve any oilier power in Europe, sign such a jiciiee before." I'li.dic opinion in England was by no means unanimous, however, as to llii' expediency of retaining Canaila, and elVorls were made to re- lain (imidaloupe and restore (/anada. iVlready lilt) feeling was gaiiiiMg ground liiat tlie I^nglisli (•i)loiiies were growing too powerful, and needt^d rtstraint to keei> them to their aliegianee , and ilie IJritish traders said, " If Canaila were annexed, ihe Americans will Iks at leisure to manufacture for themsi'lves, and tlirow off llieir dependence on the motlier country." Seseral pamj)lilels were piibiisjii'd (Ml the suliject, in one of which the writer says, "A coiintiy of such vast resources, and so distant as North America, could never re- main long snlijecl In (iri'at IWilain. Tiie aciiiii- silion of Canada would strengthen America to re- volt. 'Ihc islands, from this weakness, can never revolt; Inil if we ae([uire all Canada, we shall soon find Nortii America itself too powerful anil too populous to lie governed by us at a disiain'c." J'ilt doired to retain iioth ( iiiadaloiipe and Can- ada, and when forced to choose IicIwclIi them, took tlie latter. ISenjamin Franklin, who was in I'iiighind at the time, strongly urged the retention of Canadii. arguing tliat it would promole a per- jieliial peace in North Ameiica, that the varied interests of tlie thirteen colonies would prevent their ever uniting against the mother coiintr.v, and that agriculture was so prolilable, the colonists wiiiilil not be likely to engage in manufactures, to the detriment of English industries. These coun- sels ultimately prevailed, and Canada was retained; and thirteen ^ears afterwards the fears of those will) were looked on as "croakers" at tlie time were realized liy the declaration of tlie independ- ence of those thirteen States, whoso " varyiiii; in- terests " 1' ranklin had said would prevent their ever uniting against the mother country, and Franklin was one of those who signed tlie solenni declaration of the severance of the bond of union between the parent State and her colonies. T). — But if England was somewhat reluctant to receive Canada as an English colony, the French ii.m- till' MOWS of the niiiiistrv were anxious cnoiigji to get rid of a country wliich had I'aiilMIC ol ( Mll>ll(.>l.- was irri'hid in Kraiifo. eo.st so much for such smali re- turns. The expense of the colony had been enormous, and the small ciuantities of furs received in I'eturn ,vere us iiotliing compared to the thousands of lives and millions of treasure wiiicii the defence of the colony cost France. During the last twelvt! years of French domination, the debt incurred by France tin account of Canada — taking the Iiitcndant's bills of exchange and prom- issory notes alone, and leaving out of account tlie sums s])eiit in France for raising and aiming troops, fitting out tleets. &c., amounted to over sixty millions of dollars, one-half of which re- mained diii^ and unpaid to the colonists at the time of the Comiucst. 'i he op|)ositioii in I']ngland to the permanent aiMinisiiioii of Canada \\as based on the theory of the necessity for the maintenance of the balance of jxiwer — then a jiet idisi ; and William liurke, a relative and f-ieiid of the great Irish orator and statesman, in a pamphlet on the subject, said, "a nei^iibor that keeps us in some awe, is not always the worst of neighbors. 'J'liere should be a balani'c of power in America." IJiit the French Ministiy had no idea of supplying the balance , siiiroiinded as the sensual Louis XV. was with profligate women and grasping, corrupt courtiers and cormorants, who sought only the gratilieation of their own passions and desires, it is not wonderful that the loss of Canada was not oiil}' looked on comphiisantl}', but even rejoiced in. When La I'omiiadour, the brazen mistress of Louis, heard of the fall of (Quebec, she exclaimed joyfully, "thank heaven I at hist tlie king will have a chance of sleeiiing in ])eace." Others re- joiced ill the capitulation of Canada because in the liumiliation of France they foresaw the downfall of a corrupt anil [irolligate monarchy, and the uprising of th'i liberties of the people, already the faint, low mui v.iirings of the gathering stoiin, which was to burst in all the wild madness of the Kevoliition and the Keigii of 'I'error. were, heard; and Voltaire celebrated the capture of (Quebec, at his residt'iice at I'\'rney, by aban([uet, not so much as a rejoieiiig over a defeat to France, as a celebra- tion of a victory of Liberty over Despotism, 'i'lie following descriiition of the entertainment given by Voltaire after the banquet, is thus described in the London J^idilic Adn'rtlsiT, November 2S, 17.V.1. "The banquet over, the company retired into an elegant private theatre, where was plaved, 'The Tshind I'atriot.' a dramatic piece full nl aspirations lor liberty: in which N'ollaire himself played a leading personage. This representation linishcd, I 11 'II! ■I ■ !: ; - (I 28(3 TITTTLE'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the slides of tlie scciu'iy unelosed, jiikI a spiu-ions court, illiiiniiiiitcil aiiil oriiamL'iitoil with Indian Irophit's, met the spectator's view. Brilliant fire- works, accompanied hy military mnsio. concluded the i'ete. Am( n;^ the pyrotechnic device;; was 'The Star of St. (leorye,' which emitted roclvets; and nnderneath was represented :he cataract of Niaifara." (!. — After the conclusion of peace fJenoral Murray was continued as (iovernorof the I'roviiice of (^nehec, and remained in nHiee i"e",M!ir" "'""""■ until 17t;8, when he was succeeded b}- General Sir(juy (^irleton. after- wards Loru Dorchester. A royal prochimation issued ITth Septemher, 1704, cstahlishinLj a Court of King's Ik>nch, a Court of Common Pleas and the English laws were ordered to be observed as the laws of the colon}'. This caused great dis- satisfaction to the French who found themselves governed by laws they did not umlerstand and tried in a language they did not comprehend. Constant comiiliiints were made and petitions presented to the Home government which iinally led to the passage of the (Quebec Act of 1774, of which we shall speak further on. Amongst the most notable events of (ieneral Murray's adminis- tration was the introduction of i)rinting into (Quebec and the pablicalion of the first newspa[)er. Under French rule no attem[)t was made to start a news])aper. and although (rovernnr Dc la.Iou- quiere did at oiu; time propose to import a printing press, it was only for tlie purpose of reprodueii.g public doeuiuents, j)rochimati()iis, i^-e., and the jiroject was never carried out. Immediately after the formal cession of Canada, however, Messrs. William Urowu and Thomas (iilmour, of I'hila- delphia, determined to start a newspaiier in (Quebec ; and, as there was no type foundry in America, Jlr. (iilmour went to England to obtain his i)lant, which was brought out in the sitring of 1704, and on the 21st June, in that year, the first number of The Qiirhec Gazcttf made its appear- ance. It was a small four page sheet printed in both French and English and contained no edi- torials. It started with a subscription list of one hundred and fifty, and enjoyed a varied existence! of ii[)wards of one hundred years, its imblication being suspended only about three years ago. 7. — When the treaty of peace which confirmed Canada to England was known to (he Indians, many of tliem were deeplv ofl'endeil at the extinction of FrJnch rule, 'vllar';'™;';.;:^,, fearing that its downfall would be ""^« -'""'■""-• followed by their own extermination. The most powerful ciiief ^ f the time was Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa tribe , and he conceived the bold iilaii f seizing all the forts in the west, for which end lie wrought the western tril)es into a confederaey. So well did he siieeeed in liis pliiiis that seven of the small forts were attacked about the same time and captured, the garrisons being either killed or taken into captivity. 'I'he most remarkable capture, and the one showing most clearly th(! depth of Iiiilian ciiiining, was that of Fort Michilimaekiiiac (n5. The fort was commanded by Captain Etherington, Avho hie' about thirty-five men under him, and on the kings birthday nearh' all the garrison Avas outside the fort witnessing a great LaCrosse match between the Ojiliway and Sac Indians. Several times the ball was i)layed up to the gate of the fort, which was 0|)en, and at last it was thrown over the ]>alisade, which was a preconcerted signal for the Indians to rusii in, and drawing their tomahawks they attacked the unarmed garrison and sj)i'e(lily murdered nearly all the English in tlie fort. The Indians eommiited great excesses, and, according to Mr. Henry, an English trader who escaped, were even guilty of cannibalism. lie says, " through an aperture which afforded me a view of the area of the fort, I beheld, in shapes the foulest and most terrible, the fi-roiioiis triumphs ci bar- barian coiii|iierois. The dead were scalped and maiigled. The dying were writhing and shrieking under the insatiate knife and tomahawk, and from the bodies of some, ripjied ojien, their bnteliers were drinking the blood, scooped up in the hollow of joined hands, and (piafl'ed amid shouts of rage and victory." 8. — Pontiac in person made an attack on Detroit, and invested the fort for nearl}' fifteen months. It was his di sign to taki; the fort by surprise, and f(n- this purpose *''''*''' """"""■ he asked an audience with Major (iladwyn, the commander of the garrison, which Mas granted. About sixty chiefs attended, all of whom had arms cimccalcd about tlu^m, and the i ill I ;' I '' ' Ml cniiHpirai'y nf liai'. ( apnin- nl' wi'stcrii luris. Oil Detroit, un nioullis. [ (ioVKUN.MKNT OF (JLY ('AKL1:T()N. 'J.A1 lesiy;!! w iis to take tlif Mii'i'lisli I)V sur insc, Willie WKlf oil ( iicli >i(If of the Niii'j:iini liivor wore fessiiiLJ fiicii(lsliii>, and pi plot, however iiiassiiero llii'iu 111 '111 tied lo tin: KiiLrli>li. t'ailcil, as Major (ihuUvvi had eeivt'd inrorniatioii of it and kej)! his tro ClllllS istanco to some ul' the scltlei>, Iiv whom it was iriMirted *' (Jladwyn : lint there is a tradition, which is ■i<'nerally credited, that the plot was re- vealed liy an Ojihway <,drl named Catherine, who riei|Uenlly visited tin; I'ort ami had conceived a passion tor (Uadwyn, She heard ol' the [iroiiosed iiKissacre, and under a jiretext ol' l)rini;ini;' him a lair o fslip, lers. visited (iladwvn on tlit eveiimi. liel'ore the day on which I'ontiac hail decided to a>k for an audience, and revealed tin; plot. When I'ontiac found that his plan was discovered he retired in arii^er, without attemptinif any outrage, hut the next ui;4hl the Indians crossed the river to the Detroit side and formallv invested it. Tliev iiiun lered all the English in the vicinitv. hut inaiiiiained friendly relations with the l^'reiich, .viio assisted them with provisions. The sicj^e lasti'd al)out fifteen months, and the fort was liiially relieved by ( (d. IJradstreel. Diirinjj; this siey;e I'ontiac issued proiuisstuy notes, w litteii on hircli hark, to the I-'reiieh for his jirovi.sions, and I'll (tCLA.MATIn.N o K ITll Nor tAi;Kii:i> oi r. 1:1. TlIK t.)l KISK A(T OK 1774. It s i'i:i>- dc d h 'I'ri'a'y of praco wi.h tliu tiiiliaii8. alter peace was declariMl lit; redeemed ins notes (t. — Two unsui'cessful attempts were made to relieve Detroit, oik; under Eieiil. Cayles, and the other umler Cajitain Dal/.ell, but in both instances tiie expeditions fell into ambuscades and were ■ severely cut up. At last (Jencial Amherst .sent ' Cohmel IJoiiuet with oDtJ HiL;hlanders against the Indians, and he totallv ilefeateil them at a itlace called l.ushey K'un, near Fort I'itt, after a .sail- ; giiiiiary battle of seven hours' duration. This ] signal defeat was the d-ath-blow to I'ontiae's conspiracy; his allies me;;ed away from him, all : the forts were recaptured, and tlu! Indians were glad to eoucliide a treaty of i)eace with Sir William Johnson, at Niagara, in 17(14, all the Jiriiicipal tribes being present. Hy this treaty the land on both sides of the Detroit River from Lake I'aie to Lake Sie. Clair, and a strip four milt ^ TlIK ."). rNSATI.Sl'ACTuUY An.MlNISTK.VTKiN OK TIIK Laws. — 4. .Miuiiay's Rki-oktox tiik r>i;iTi.le to even if he was not always just and impartial, those laws, and were eontviit to be allowed to Trial by jury was particularly tlistastiiful to the worship (Jod after their own fashion, and earn their living by honest labor. 2. — The proclamation of 1703, after the cession, had induced a certain amount of emigration, a num- ber of settlers from tlij old coun- T!,..,™iiam.M,.t.f j,,^. ^.^^.-^^^^ advantage of the large 7ii.) mil wirrk'il out grants of laud oll'cred, to secure homes in tlie newly conllllCf.'«' and the king's oflicers liave received from tiie English traders and lawyers since tlu; civil government took place. It is natural to supj)ose they arc zealous of ihcir religion. They art; very ignorant : it was the jiolicy of the French government to keep them so: few or none can read. I'rinting was never permitted in Canada till we got pos- session of it. Their veneration for the priesthood is in pro|)ortion to their ignorance : it w ill prob- ably decrease as they become more enlightened. (I. — The military and the " old subjects," as the English emigrants styled themselves, did not al- ways get on very well together, and a disgraceful attack on one of tlu'i'/jK.'Iumli,''"''"^'' latter by some of tin; fiunier occur- red in .Montreal in lTt)4. The trooi)s had been lodged in private houses, and the rooms oecu[)ied by Captain Fra/.er bi'coming vacant thiMuigh his promotion to the olUec of jiay master-general, by which (piarters were provided for him at the jiub- lic ex[)cnsi', the owners of the house let them to another gentleman. 'I'liey were, however, claimed by a Captain I'ayne in the name and right of Cap- tain Fra/.er, ami taken forcible possession of by him. An appeal was made to (he justices id' the peace and they ordered I'ayne to give up the rooms ; this he refused to do, and w as aircsleil and im|)risoiie(i for a few days until released by ordi'r of the attorncy^g(!iicral. This action of the magistrates gave gii'at oiVeiise to the military, ami it was decided to punish one (d' them, Mr. ^ 1 i :''!| ii 1 ■■ M i\w\ ^ '11 i li 1 V. ! !| 'I I'i i' III iliiul M. 2'JO TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Thomas Walker, wlio was siippost'il to liave been the iiisti^^atoi' of tlio warrant of arrest. .Vu old cliroiiioler gives tlie following aoeoiiiit of the out- rage : "On Thiirstlay, Decenilier tith, the plot was carried into execution. At a ([uarter past nine, at night, as Mr. and Mrs. Walker were at supper, a sudden noise was heard at the door. Mrs. Walker upon hearing it, (billed out ' EiUrez," sup- posing it to l)e some Canadians coming to him on business. Looking towards the door, .Mrs. Walker saw a crowd of black faces. Her exclr.mation of surprise caused her husband to look round just as the rutfians entered, and as lie rose from his seat lie was struck with a sword, wiiich made ;i wound five inches long on the forepart of his Iieal,'.l8'.l ; mer- chandise, ■£ ")4,718 ; furniture and apparel, £'1\- :i<)l ; cash, plati 'tc, .£4,814. Total, £110,773. The numl)er of i Miilies rendered homeless were, St. Francois Mreet, 04 ; St. Paul Street, 87 ; Mar- ket Place (now Cnstom-House S(iuare), iC); Hos- pital Street, 1 ; St. Louis Street, 1") ; Si. Eloi, G; St. Sacrament, li ; St. Nicholas. 1 ; St. Ann 1 ; St. Ann Suburbs, 10 ; Grey Sisters Ho.-- ital and houses near, 8; total, 21"). The sufferers ere in many in- stances utterly ruined, but the inhabitants aided them all in their power, and a subscription list, headed by His Majest}-, (Jeorge III., with j£">00, was o[)ened in liiigland aiul a large sum realized wliieii enal)led many to rebuild. 8. — Such was the condition of the Province of (Quebec when (luy Carb.'ton assumed the reins of government in 17tit'). (Juv Carie- 1 ■ , i-i " 1 1 A|ip.>iMtiiieTit f.t ton was conmjcted with Canada aiul emkiiju. lUsiirnt C .iuadian affairs for over thirty-live 3'ears, and played a conspicuous part in th(> early liistor}' of (Quebec as a IJrilisli Province. Of the skill and al)ility w'.iicli he displayeil, and his con- stant efforts for tlu! good of tin; colony, we shall have occasion to speak more fully as our Idstory progresses ; but we may say luire tiiat Canada has never had a truer friend in the guberiuitorial chair than Guy Carleton. He was descended from an ancient Irish family, and was born at Newry, Ireland, in 17-2. He served with distinction under Wolfe, ami was wouniled at the capture of (Quebec. One of the new goveriu)r's first acts was to settle the botimlary line between the Prov- iiuies of (^iii'bec and New York ; for this purpose he, accompanied by a surveyor, nu!t (loverm)r Sir Henry Morse of that State, at Li'ke Champlain, in Angiisl, 17iit), and sifter they had iigreetl on tim boundary a stone was ereeteil to mark the line, which stone remained until the Ashburton treaty ; iilaeed in aul Htreet, ire eiigint', and their )\vn a por- le Coiij^re- j adjacent iS, and tlic rci)ared by II to Enj;- inigc d(jne ,'.lSi> ; nier- arel, £-'u- i;il(3,773. el ess were, , 87 ; ^lar- , 2G; llos- i. Ekii, r» ; iun 1 ; St. andliouses n many in- iints aided ijition list, .•ith £n(H). m realized 'rovinee of the reins ohitinent of utun. 1118 t\r»t the early >. Of the id his con- :, we shall inr iiistory ifc Canada bernatorial jnded from at Xewry, distiuelion capture of first acts I the I'rov- lis purpose )vernor Sir unj>1ain, in ■ed (ni liiu V the line, •ton treaty Ijif GOVERNMENT OF GUY CARLETON. 291 of 18-12, when it was replaced hy an iron monu- ment. Carleton next turned his attention to in- ternal affairs, and endeavored to reconeilu the contlieting laws as much as possible. Alliiough the civil law of England was nominally the law of Canada, it was found impossible to .-.trictly enforce it, as it was not understood by tin; Canadians; and many of its j)rovisions, particularly those relating : to the laws of primogeniture, marriage and in- ' lieritance, were very repugnant to the Fieneli, who desired to retain the ancient la\\s they had \ been accustomed to and known as the " ('utihiic i 'Ic Faris.'^ Carleton favored this plan, and intro- [ d'lced as much French law as po.ssiblo into the jiraciifeof the courts. Still the result was luisatis- faetory a.) the judges were Engli h and did not understand FreiU!h law, and the Freiudi neillu'r uiideistood nor wanted to umlerslaiul English | law, and considerable confLi^ion arose in Ihi; courts, so that there came to be a very geiu'ial fci'ling in favor of a change which would ",i\ti inoi(.' general satisfaction. So matters remained until 177iigland to give evidence on the sid)ject, and M. Craniaehe. as the oldest member of the Executive Council, administered the government. !•. — As these differences between the iMiglish and French civil laws have eauscn iniicli troiilile in Canada, — and continue to (^aiise nilTiTi'iii'i'sliotwi'i'ii iii.M'ivM.iiiiii.iKiiK- troulile to tiie i)rescnt dav, — let us Ii>hllv,vs. . ' ,•,,.' 1 see wlu'reiu these (liltercnces lay. 'I'lie first great ilift'eri'nce Avas in the tenure of land. The French law was the feudal law, and the seigniiu's were lords of the soil holding the l)easantrvin vassalage. This was, of course, op- posed to the English idea of the rights of land- owners, ami l(;d to many complications. 'I'lie fea- tiu'c of the feudal law which pressed most heavily \ on the Hritish eoloidsts was the rigiit of the seign- ior toeid'oree the payment of tmi/x and irntx, which was one-twelflii of the purchase-inoney, over and ■, aluivo the sum agreed to be paid to the seller, and j was levied by the seignior on all lands sold in his ! seignior}-. This not oidy applied to the land itself, [ but to all improvements nnidc! by the vassal, and ! pressed very heavily on the intending purchaser, who had not mdy to jiay all the cost of improve- ments, but omr-twelfth in addition. This tax re- tardc'd the growth of towns, and ])revei''eil nuich land from being cultivated. The next great point , of difference was in the law of inheritance. The English law of prinH)geniture was very repugmint to the French, by whose law the ^jro^ierty of the father was divided amongst all the children ; and the Freiu'h system of dividing up their farms into ten or a dozen small lots for each child, [)ose of his jUdperfy as he [ileased, either befoic or after marriage. .Another right jiosscssed by the woman was that of cinnini- lUtiitc or partnership, which gave her half of tin; husband's peisonal jiroperty, ami in the event of her dying (irst this did no! revert to him. but went at once to the children, or in default of children to the wife's lu'arest relations, who were, jierhaps, perfect strangers to the husband. I>ut the law which was most obnoxious to the business spirit of the English was that relating to mort- gages being executed without registration, so that when a jiurehaser bought a jiieee of properly he could never tell whether it was not already mort- gaged for as much, (U' nioic than il was worlli. I'nder the French law a. /id/iifunt ciuild go to two or three notaries and ext;cute as many mortgages, !;. si ''icI. and then sell the ])ro[)erly. and the lirst thing the indueky ])urehaser would know about ilie formiu" transactions would be the f(U'eclosure of a mortgage on what lu; had considered his proi)erty. The eases of swindling in this uay wee not very immenuis, but they were enough to '; .;ce the Uritish sus[)i. oiis and distrustful in j)urehasing laud, or in taking land as a security in business transactions. I'licse dill'erences in the laws, anpoinlment or loss for coiisecpieiiees. 'i'lic same kind of observatiini ajipiics with still greater force against a eliangenf till' criminal law, in iiro])()ilion as the examples are molt! sliiliing and the eonsiMjueiiees more iiii- portanl. The general consteriialion which must follow ujioii tlie ciicumslanec of being suddeiilv stiiijcctcd to a new .system of criminal law, cannot soon be apjieascd by tin' looseness or mildness of the code. From ihcf., observations, I draw as a coiise([Ueiice. that new subjects ac(piircd by ((in- (picst have a right to expect from tin; benignity and justice of their ciuKpicror the conlinuanee of all their old law.s, and they seem to have no less reason to expect it from his wisdom. It must, I think, be the interest of the conqueror to leave liis new subjects in the utmost y tho :5tjtli aitielo of capitulation liiii IJiitish wore hound to respect the laws cover- ing tiio tenure of property at that time; but sug- gested some ohanges in the C'utumi; ih Par'iK. and its gradual assimilation to English law. He was iu favor of oiiecK'ing IJonr.in Catholicism as much i^; possible; and held that Roman Catholics in Can ;(la should not be allowed any rights and privileges which Roman Catholics in (ireat lUitaiu did not; [lossess. Jle adv(jcatod the gradual ex- linction of all the religions cf)mmunities, as the existing niemliers died out; and the ap[iropriation of the revenues of tlieir estates as a common edii- caiional fund, for the support of schools of all de- nominations ; and strongly advised an abolition of all street processions, ami the observance of all jV'ti'H iViililif/iiti'in, and other Church holidays, ex- cept (Jood Friday and Ciiristmas Day. He recom- mended the relegation of the estate of the Seinimiry of St. Suliiiee to the ('rown, and that the tithes should be levied as usual, but paid to tiie receiver- general, and by him distributed between the I'rotestant and Catholic clergy. '• In line,"' .says (iarneau, " Marriott's system was just that im- posed on Ireland; for tyranny may be exorcised in tho luime of tJod and religion, as well as on the plea of necessity." \-2. — Solicitor-(jienoral Woddorburn advocated what may bo styled a middle course. He was in favor of a mixed pirisprudenco, S"liiit>'r-(!i'iii'ml i> ^i i-^ i "i i ■ w.ii.iirhiun'^ parts ot tlio i' reucli huvs i)eing rc- i>iiihi. — Petitions were forwarded to the king in the winter of 1T7:>, ])raying for the sununoning of a Legislative! Assembly, as promised by the royal proclamation , \\U>lii>.l In Ciiiiiuhi liy ii I'lipiil clecii'i' in 177.1. iinil Ui.ir pruiirrly in (^iU'Imm; wait (■iiuiikil liy tlic Uoui>« li; 177(1 iiH A l)ai'rui.'kH. ^n i'l i li M I , 1 I; if i ■ I 204 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DO^HMON OF CANADA. (^oiineil. Tliis couikmI whs to lie appointed by tliu Crown, and c•on^isl of not li'ss llian seventeen nor more than twenty-three members, and it was f^iven ]io\ver to pass ortbnanees for tlie peace, wel- fare and ijood ijovernnu'nt of tlie province. Its powers, liowever, were Hniited, and it '.as not allowed to impose any taxes other than those whieli any town or ilistriet n)ay imjiose for bniid- ing roads, or othi'r loeal iniprovem<'nts. The eonneil was only to meet between the first of January and the first of May, exeej)! in case of ujri'at necessity, when the cjovernor may call an extra session, and no ordinanee eonld be i)assed unless a majority of the coineil was present. No ordinance respecting religion, or inllieliug (jreater punishnu'iit than a fine, or three months" imprison- ment, was to have effect until approved of b}- the king; and all ordinances were to be submitted for royal assent within six months after their enactment, and if disallowed, wt're to become null from the time that notification of such dis- allowance nas received in (jnebec. All right of J external taxation, or hvying duties on inqiorts or exports, was reserved to the Ibitish Crown 14. — Such were the main ])rovisii)ns of this cele- brated act, wliich caused great dissatisfaction in the British colonies and ijrovoked OppnsitUMi Ici tlic , , ., .,. . .11 1 1 nitiiiiHith u.nl^^l■s niucli hostile criticisui m hnglaiul, both HI aiul out ot the House ot Commons. The bill was opposed by Charles Fox, Ivlmund IJurke, ("harles Townseiul, Jr., and others, ehielly on the ground of its nnconstitutioiiiility, and every effort was made to amend it. but with- out avail. Mr. Mockworth nuived an amendment that in civil cases it should be at tin; option of the contending parties to have a trial by jur\- or not ; hut the anu'uduu'iit was voti'd down, although this option;!' system had been tiied for some years and fouiul (o ansn'cr well. Mr. 'I'ownshend next tiied an amendment limiting tin; tinu; of the I'xist- ence of the Legislative Council to seven years, after which it was to be succeeded by a Legisla- tive Assembly, but it was voteil down. The point in the bill which called forth most strenuous ojv position was the establislnnent of French civil law, which depiived the subject of his right to the benefits of the act of ITdhcan Corpnx, iind Mr. I)cm[)ster moved an amendnuMit that " the Eng- lish laws of Jiohi'itH (ytrpu», aiul of bail in cases of connnitment," should be introduced into the bill. The amendment was lost, as was another nuiiitin by Mr. Dempster that the proceedings of the Leg- islature should be public, and the bill was finally passed on the l^ith of Jiuie, by a vote of otJ to •Jd, In tlu! House; (if L(M(ls it was also ojjposed, I'itl (then Earl of Chatham) protesting most vigorously against it. He declared " it was a most cruel, oppressive and odious measure, tearing up justice and every good priiuiple liy the roots; that the whole of it appeared to him to be destructive of that liberty which ought to be the ground- W(uk of (!very constitution : and that it would shake the afleetions and ecuilidcMce of his majesty's subjects in Englaiul and Ireland, and finally lose him the hearts of all the Auu'ricans."' The bill, however, passed by a vote of 21! to 7, and received the royal assent on the prorogation of parliauMMit on the 22d of June, the king stating with regard to it that, "it was founded on the clearest principles of justice and humanity; and would, he doubted not, have the best effect in (luieting the minds and promoting the hai)pincss of his Canadian subjects. lo. — The bill gave great dissatisfaction to the mei'chants of Lond(Ui, and the nuiyor, aldermen and council drew nj) a petition to |.,,ii,i,,i, ,,f uic the king praying him not to sign ll'"V,\Vi!!!liX'>'n'"''''" it; and as this petition eud)odies "«'»»>""'-■»-•'• about all that can be said against the measure we give it entire. " We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal sid)jects, the Lord Maycu-, Aldermen and Connnou Coinicil of the city of London, in Com- mon Council assembled, are exceedingly alarnu'd that a bill has passed your two houses of parlia- ment, entitled an ' Act for making more effectual provision for the government of the I'rovinee of Quebec, in Noith i\nierica,' which we apprehend to be entirely subvi'rsive of the great fundanu.'ntal principles of the Constitution of the Ibitish mon- archy, as Mell as of the authority of various solemn acts of the Legislature. A\'e beg leave to observe, that the l^nglish law, ami that wonderful effort of Innnan wisdom, the ti'ial by jury, are not admitted by this bill in any civil cases, and the French law of Canada is imposed on all the in- habitants of that extensive Province, by wliicli both the persons and projiertitis of very many of your Majesty's subjects are rendered insecui'c aiul precarious. We humbly conceive that this bill, if i)assed into ii law. will bi; contrary, not (udy with tlie compact entered into with the various hi'i' inotioii of iIk' \a<^- was linally of .")(■) to lid. iposcd, I'itl t vigorously most cnul. ;; up justicf s; that tlic >tiuctivo ol" iiud work (if I sliakt> tlif ly's sul)jccts )so him till' 1, however, t'ceiveil the rliauMMit ou ill rej^ard to st priueiples lie (h)uhte(l .' minro eiVeetual I'roviuec of s apprehend "uudamental lii'ilish moii- of various l)e_n' leave to it wonderful ury, are not ises, and the 1 all the iu- e, liy wliieli ery many of nsecure and lat this hill, ry, not only tho various I'll l! !" I|i * i: i I 11 2'JO ti;ttij:s history of tiH': dominion of Canada. tlio ctip of coloiiiiil iiiiticncc. and li-d directly to tlie Dt^eluiiitioii of liidcpciKk'ULH'. Hut we sliiill reserve fiirtlier remarks on this head for another chapter, contentin;^ oursilvcs willi saying here that it will b(! necessary now for ns to taUe up aj^'uin the History of the Anglo-American colonies, which we followed in chapters ."U-o (pages 1G:>- 71), down to th'j year lliUO, and gi\e a short acconnt of tiie progress of those colonies and the | eanscs which li'd to the Declaration of Indi pcnd- ence. After this we shall follow the history of the Province of (Quebec down to llit; lime of the formation of ('(jper and Lower Canada, in ITlU, ' and then bring the history of Acadia — wliicii the imjiortance of liie events occurring in ('anada has caused us to neglect somewhat latterly — down lo the same point; and thereafter we shall continue the history of each Province separately until Con- federation, when w' will again unite ihem in the History of the Dominion. CHAPTKIl LX. THE AMERICAN REV(JLUTION. 1. (iKNICItAL ViKW OF TlIK HlUTISH Col.ONIKS. — -2. (iltOWTII ANI> PUOSI'KIMTY Of THE Cul>- i)Nii:s. 'riii: NAVuiATKiN Laws. — 3. Change OK Poi-ICV TOWAUDS THK COLOXltCS ItY (JkoUGE III. The Stamp Act. — 4. Indionatiox in THE CoUtNIES Ar THE I'ASI-'. AfiE OE THE AcT. — "). Repeat, oe the Sta.mp ,\.( t. Tax on Tea. The I5(iston Mas.svcue. — (i. The P)0s- tox Tea Paiitv. — 7. '1'he Pout of Roston Closed. Enu(iemn<; .Mincte .Men. — S. Fiust Meetini; oe the Continental Conchies, at Phii.aoeepima, .Vni Septemheu, 1774. 'K The Fiiisr Ri.ood.shed. TheBattm:! i^Ex- INGTON. — 10. ('aPTI'IMC OF Tl('ONI>El!0(;.\ AND CuowN Point. — 11. I5attle of Binkeu Hill. 1. — It will be remembered that at the lime of the treaty of Paris, 17*i:i, l)y which Canada was formally ceded to Great Rritain, llririshVoimlk'I.''''' tiiero was considerable opposition to the permanent ])ossession by England of the French colonies in America, it being held by many statesmen that a balance of power was as much needed on this Continent as in Europe, and l!iat the K'tention of Canada as a ihitisli Province would lead tv» the severance of the ties w iiieh bouiul the Engli^^ colonies to the mother country. Nor was this fear without grounds. Tlie English colonics might almost be said to have l)ecn entirely an outgrowth of perse- cution. Rotli Protestants and Catholics in turn liad sought^ the friendly shores of America, for the purpose of eiijdying that freedom of thought and liberty of conscience which they could not enjoy in Great Rritain. .\t first tlie colonists luul been bigote agree more har- . petty jealiiusies •ing, and a sort of riucd, to resist the which elapsed be- 1 we brought our can ion (irnuUi and prcs- prrily (.( ihf 11)1- 'I liu iiaviga- >ers and strength. l)een steady ; new dation had greatly unerce llourishcd. the English Gov- csted the right of :' the colonics, and 1 was so little felt the very extent of he colonists yearn xceedingly jealous >u their rights and ivs, ])asscd in the )y Charles II., in ' time, gave great I sfeTT'?*; irv v-:^-*"*.' ■-€,■ \ -J A ' , 1 ■ i ^:' : In I ; I i l! i I ill ■ ' 1 M^ "fwb 11 I I M can lml< exp ill I i till' tioi ctu. liiiv : tak cut ilisi mil law c'\a of lull Jl.) *\ (J luiv ! i-iiiu l.p«u ■ mil'! ■I'hu ICli; Ulll Oil (l|K lull ill tiir IV 1 dill till' api am till lu'i: thr (ir (ilii sla SOI col illll lutti I'hll WilH UU.'ll f..r ruvt THE A.MElllCAN UH VOLUTION. 297 cause for coniijliiiiit. I5y tlioso laws it was for- Tlic war with Franco hail exhausted the Kiiglish lii(hleii that the piodiiuts of tlu; eohnUcs slioiild 1)0 i treasury, and as that war had heeu jiartly caused •xiiorted to any otiu'r country than Knj^hiud, or \ by tlie al)ortive attempt to.deiine tlie Ixunuhuies between New Fiance and New Eni^iaud under the treaty of Aix-hi-Ciiapelle, the Biitisli (iovernnu'ut deterniiue4 by Lord (Ircnvillc, who tai^eii to the colonies. Trade lietwecn the dilfer- ; was then I'rime Ministi'r, at the jiersoiial instance cut colonies was also restricted, and manufactures 'I of the Iviiijj^, and aqainst his own judgment. The motion met with much opposition, and was severely criticised by the colonial jiress. which was fast be- coiuin;^ a jiower in liie land; nevertheless the measure was jircssed, and in .March, ITt!."), the cele- brated "Stamp A(a " was passed, exteiidinij the provisions of the existin;^ stamp law of iMiLcland to the colonies. All newspapers, printed iianiph- lets, law documents, iVe., were to have a yoverii- iiieiil stamp ailiNcd before pnlilication.f I 4. — 'i'lie passai;e of this act eallcil forth a storm of indiifiialion in the colonies, especially in New EiiL;laiid. 'J"he sturdy descendants 1 .• 1 , I 1 I> '.' r 1 1 iMliiJIUltintl in till' (it tlie stern old I'uritaiis tirmly de- |.i,i,„Vii.».-,i tin- |i,i»- '■ clared aL^ainst tlie principle ol tax- ation without represeiitaiion; they ailirnied that they could not k'gally lie taxed cxcejit by their (iwii representatives; and said that if they per- mitted themselves to be taxed by a body in which they had no voice, they may bt; burdened to an extent hc.ivier than they could bear. 'J'lie Assembly of N'irn'inia was the lirst to take for- mal aeiioii against the enforcement of the Stami) .Act. In a series of resolutions, which ' were introilueed by Patrick Henry, it was de- clared that the (iolonists were not bound to pay any taxes, except llio>o imposi'd by their own repri'seiilativi's : and that any one wlio did not ackiiowled;^!' this truth was a pubii'' enemy. It was in the dismission on tlicNe rcMilulioiis that Patrick Henry made use of an expitssion which (liscouiai;ed, it being forbidden to erect certain mills or to make certain specitied articles. These laws, however, had been for many years greatly evaded ; smuggling was very general ; aii. — Still, these laws would not, of themselves, have been enough to have caused the severance of eiiiiiii.'.Mif iHiii.y ^''" boiiils of unity which held the i\'i'nVshy'i"iii'Kliiii. eolonies to the mother country; •ii,u«ia„>,'M,ci. • ^,„^ ,„,,„^. successive acts of the ]".iigli>h (iovernmeiit caused a growing feeling of uneasiness and discontent in tin; colonies, which gradually developed into a desire for independence. One act which caused great dissatisfaction, and open leiiioiisl ranee, was the restoration of I.ouis- boiirg to J''raiice by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in IT IS. This redoiibtabh! stronghold was ea[i- tiired by the New I'higlaiiders, under ( ieiieral Pep- peii'll, ill 17-l'i — as already iclated by us — and its ri'liiiii to !'" ranee, on tliii ciuieliision of jieace, with- out consulting the colonies, gav(! great olVi'iise to the New I'higlaiiders, who were, liowcver. greatly appeased by (ireat IJritain refuiiding them the amount they liad expended during the war; and they remained steadfast in their loyalty and entered heartily into the seven years' war,\. liieh eiide(l with the cession of Canada. Mill wi h the accession of (leorge H I. came a change of poli( y towards her col- onies on the part of iCngland. That monarch was a slauiieli fdi' to represeiilali\(! gii\eriimeiit, and soipii began to make; the royal aiitliorily felt in thi' colonies in a manner wliicli aroused the utmost indignation and eventuated in open rebellion, • Siiliiiii'. Ill Ills .lull ciivMi h'/ifiliK't, »liili'K Mini iiiMiilj n:i llii' liiriii' fnr- liini' iif .liiliii lliiiii'iii'k, l'ii>l KliKl Ki'Miliiliiiimry (niiuirBK iit I'liilaili'liililii. itiiil till' ilrsi nlKiiiT of tlu' lii'i'liiiii.lnii ul' liiili'|ii'iiili'i , »;iK iiii|ulri'i| liy hlH iiiiili., Iiy Miiiijinlliin l.wi ; iiiiil llial tliiri' wi'iv hiiIih iiL'Mlni-t lliin k 111 llii> Ailiiilriilly rniiiix nt IIim iIiih' nl' llii' lii'i'liiiiillini, fnr llii' ri'i'KVi'i')' ii[ iiuuily liiiir it iiiillluii u( iliillaiH, fur I'vanlmi of tlir ruvuiiuu Ittwii, t Till' Ktaiiip tux (III iii'Ws|iap<'rH wa.i \\i'kI I iiimniKl in llic Iriuh >car I'lir vai'li half i-lii'i't. 'IIiIk lax I'alli'il furili lliii fii||ii«iiiH llii 111 will'. inn frniii I Iran Swlfl, « liirli un iii» in lii» J.iuninl In .s7i //ll . " I III \ on Kiiiiw I hat l s; hut now nyi'i-y hlnirh- Italf-ihi'i-t jiays a lia1f-|i('iuiy In till' (Jni'i'iii • • » llavi' yiMi M'i'ii Iliii I'll/ «/ii»i/i till' |ia|ii'in all' iiiarlii'il »llll'.' .\litlihil.:i III! A/iim/niii/ i.i li'iii'//i K /(11///11 mil/," 'I hi' Klaniji lax mi iii'nK|ia|ii'H< »ai< Iik'H'ihiiI (inni llim' In tlim', iinlll In Ixl.' It rcarhi'il lliu I'xmlillaiit iiiiimiiil nf fnnr |ii'nri' iilKlit ciiili-imi v n h papir, ill uliiili ll I'liiKilmil iinill I--;'.!!, whi'ii ll wan iriliii'i'il t" a |ii'i.'iv, itnil In l^rin ua.i uhullHlii.'il ulUiui'llar, i liipi li i 21J8 TITTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK J)OMIM()N OF CANADA. lias 1)0001110 liistoiiciil. Siioakiiiv; <>f llio fiito of ' tyrants, lio oxolaiiuoil, "Ciosar liail liis I'liiilus, Ciiarlos I. Ills Cro:ii\voll, and (u'oi\:^e 111 — " lioio lio was iiitoiTiiiitotl by oiios of "'I'loasoii I Troa- son I " hilt, coiiUiiiiiiiy. ^^■itll soarooly a porecpliljlo paiiso, lie said, " And li'l (u'ori,'u III., I say, i)roiiL liy those examples. If suoh a caution snioU of treason, I would fain he infornied wherein it con- sists." The imposition of the tax was most vigor- ously resisted. Several riots occurred in Dostoii, and liales of the stamped paju'r were hurned, while traders, lawyers, etc., agreed to suspend hnsine.s.s rather than use the stamps, 'i'lie shipping in I'liila- dolphia displayed Hags at half-mast when the ves- sels hearing stamjied pajier arrived from Fngland, and the miilllfd hells tolled all day. The stamp ollicc in Ilostoii was destroyed and liie stanqis hurned. Disputations waited on all stamp agents, and most o( them were so intimidated that they shut iip sli()[> ; while those; per>oiis who favored the measure were hiuned in elligy. A congress of all the Ciilonies was assemliled in New VorJi, and a jietilion to the ICnglish I'ailiameiit drawn up, pro- testing against its ligiit to enforce taxalit)ii on an 1111 leiiri'sei lied peoiile. 5. — The feeling of hostility to theai't increased; " Sons of Liherty " wi'n; enrolled in all tin; colonies, and preparalions made fur an ajijieal aTtI;;'!';"!^,!!'""' to arms, while the merchants took I- ,.. a more jiraclieal, hut e(jnally ellcct- ive mode ofsliowing their discon- tent hy ceasing their trade with (heat Iiritain, in eonseiinence of wiiich many home muniifacinres hegaii to spring up. The stamp act was not, how- ever, long ill existence, ^\'llcu the i)iiti>li i'ailia- nieiit met in ITtlti, the govcniiiiciit fnniid iisi'lf so snridiindcd hy diHiciiltii-s and di>coiilcnt at home, tluiv it \\as little disposeil lo jirevcnt discoid in the eolojiies ; the ohnoxioiis act w as, therefore, ri'pcale(l, rarlianiciit, liowever, reserving to itself the right to tax the colonies if it saw lii. 'i'iiis allayed tiie excileiiirnt in the colonies I'ur a while, hut the following year railiaiiient exercised ils right to tax the colonies hy lc\yiiig small taxes on tea, glass, papers a. id piinleis' colius. This act was even more (ilijrciionaiiie than the stamp ail, and met with as di'teiniiiicd an opiio>itioii. ,\giiaiioii coiitiniit'd in tiie ]ircss. and at ]Miiilic and jirivalc meetings, ami the feeling of iiosiiliiy to the parent government daily increased, 'ilie la.\ on ghisa, jiapor and printers' colors was repealed, hut that (Ml tea reiained, although it. was not enforci'd. -Massaehnsetts took the lead in opposition to the tax on tea, and in ITGS (iejicial (iagc; and foui' rcginieiits were sent to Iloston, professedly to keep tiie peaee, hnt really to ox'.erawc the people. (ieneral Gage came with his troops, marching to martial music, >\illi colors Hying, through the streets of liostijii on Sunday !,• >rniiig. Demanding (liiarter.s, and heiiig refused, he took possession of the State House. Ihjston ('omiiion was made into a military camp, cannon wore pianted to eomniand the town, and everything indicated a sta,tc of war. (iiiwrrels were c(Mniiion hetwecn the j'ounger citizens and tlie soldiery, and, during one of these encounters with the city guard, two young men were hadly woiimled and three killed. This event known as tjie Ihoiou massacre, was the signal for a general rallying of the colonists of .Massachusetts and it was thougiit hcst tiiat the soldiery should retreat to Castle AN'illiam until the excitement suhsidcd. The soldiers engaged in this all'air were tried for miii. — The feelings of dislriisl and discontent coii- tiniied to spreanni Ti'.i tool; place hetwecn llie citi/ensaml raiij. the military : hut nothing of a serious nature tuidc jilace until tJie session of Par- liament of IT";'), when the ministry under Lord North received the act of ITilT imposing a diilv of tiirec pence iier ]ioiind on tea, and anlhorizing the l'-a>t India Company to transport the arti<-lc lo the I'olonies. This actiini was partly caused h\' ii desire to help the Fa>t India Companv w liicii had a large (piantil \ of tea on lianil, and as a matter id' fact the iliity levied was only (cie ipiarter tiiat paid ill ihiglaml ; hiil the colonists tiionglit more alxMit piiiieiph' than tea, and the jieople were urged to (liMoiilinne the use of the artich'. Solium of the cargoes sent out were rclnrni'd ; hut in ilos- ton tin! auilKuilies refused clearances to tJie ves- sels whieh IiikI hionght out the tea, and insisted oil its heing laiideih ( )u Ihecveiiingof Itilli Deeeiii- iier, 177;!, Faneiiil Hall was erowtlcd hy Sons of I-iherly andollicrsoiiposed to tiie tea tax, and wlieii tilt! di'cisioii {)( tin; aiitiiorities was inadi' known, ii larg.' party, disguised as Indians, proceciled to tiie liarhor, hoarde sent tin; reenrreneeof a prosecution such as had taken jilace at the time of the Iioston massaert", (ieneral (lai;e was ajipointed fiovernor of Massa- chusetts (the last (iovernor inider Mrilisii ruliO. and arrived in Boston 17lii May, 1774. TIk; New lCn:;landers. however, were neither to l)e coerced nor intimidateil ; a Committee of the ,\ssciulily was appointed to c(Uivene ii j^'eneral mcjlinif of representatives of ail the States to he held at I'liiladeiphiii ; and in response to this call tiie first "("ontinental ('(U)i;'ress " was iicld in the city of Brotherly Love oiir)thSc])temlier, 1774, and rmiain- eil in sessi(Ui until litith ()clol)cr. Meanwhile tin; I'Xcitement continued to ^row more and mori; iidense; the jiassaife of the (iueliec act addeil fuel to the fire, and active Imt secret preparations for an appeal to arms weiii ntade. Minute men were enrolled — so called iieeaiise they were sworn to he ready ataminiile's notice — an''lit\v"iv, Maryland, .Mas.sadiu- ' setts, New IIam])shire, New Jersey, New York, ; North Carolina, rcnnsylvania, llhotle Island, South Carolina, and \'ir;,nnia. The only British colonies vhich did not send dclci^'ates (o this Congress wi're (ieoiLjia, Nova Scotia, and (^ue- i hec. The CouLrress oiieiied with a declaration of the riuhts of man, tind a statenn'iit of tin? H'rievatices of the Cdionics; it sustained Massa- chusetts in its resistaiie( denounced the presence of a ptan(]in;4 army, di^chiinud the ri'cent acts of ; thi! I'^nnlish novi'rnmenf, and ajiprovcd of non- intercourse with the mother country. Independ- ence was not openly ailvocated. the Coie^ress ' thinkim^ that the riL;hts of tlie colonists could he Ujiheld without shakinn' the conneititui with the nH)llier countiy. .Vddresses w I're moved (o the kuvj;. parliament, and to the people of (Ire. it liritain. in which. am(.ii;'>t other L;iie\anccs, tlu' (JtU'hec act was siiecialiy dwelt on. From tlie . latter address we extract the foUowiuL;' passai;('. ■ as showintf the feel in;^' w ill. regard to this act: "Well await' that sueii hard attempts (to take our jiroiierty from us — to dejirive us of that . valualilt,' ri^ht of trial hy jury — •tliment, such as mii^ht be L;uilly e.cn of iimrilcr, in eii- deavorin;,;' to carry iheir oppressive edicts into ■ ' executi(Ui:' and by another act. •tin," doiuiniiui ' of Canada is to be so e\t 'iided, modelled, and I e'overncd." as that by bciiiL;' disunited I'riun u-^, ' detaidu'd frimi our interests, by cisil as well as reli!.;i(ms prejudices, that by their numbers swell- ' in,H' with Catholic cmiLi'iants from Europe, and by [ tlieii' devotion t:i. ■ '^ tween tilt! regular troops and the continentals, as the colonists now Iiei;an to call themselves — Imt the iiist clasii of arms, which was to be the siLfiial hn- the ujirisiiiif of three millions of people in a life or death struu'Lih' for liberty had not yet sounded, and tin; spriiiif of ITTi") opeiieil with the situation, apparently, but little chaie^iMl. jJiit a i^reat chani;(! had been ([iiietly LjoiiiLj on. The jieojile had b( t'li arminjf and preparinj^ for a li,v;ht for their veiy existence, and what they valued more ecu than that, the rij;lit tt) "life, liberty, and tlie pursuit of hapiii- ness," as it was afterwards exi)ressed in tlio Declar- ation of Indepeiidt'iice. Tiie fire was smoulder- ing;, and it needed but a little breeze to fan it into ii llame. An occasion for an outbicak was not loiij; wanting;. (Joveinor (ia,L;e havint;' asceitainc. buildings, fences, ine.iualilies id" surface — wcic all turned to good purpose by the continentals, and about three hundred of the Ibitish fell before the remainder wi're rescued by reinforcements from I'xiston. !'•. — I'hus was the first blow for independence struck, and the news (d" the outbreak s[)read .--o rapidly that in less than a month after the battle of Lexington the <':i|ifnni ..f TicMi,. whole country from Maine to (leor- '■"'"'■ yia was aroused; men were rushing to arms, comiianics were being organized, and the authority ol' the liritish (Joverniu' was nowhcri' lecognized beyond the ranks of the regular troops, 'i'lie s 'cond Continental Congress met at I'liiladcj- jthia on the tenth of .May, and a levy of twenly thousand men w as oidered aiiiKieiieral \\'a>liiiigloii apjioiiited Commander-in-Chief ot the Conlincntal army. An address w '.s also moved to the king, whicli lie refiiseo. H ,!:ii TIIK AMKRICAX INVASION. 301 11. — ICvciils were n<»\v cro\vamu«fi....,kor ,„,,i^,^,^.,i. ',-,,^ conthiemals .letei- : iii'med to risk an LMn^^ai^rnKMil, and j tlic cfirnniiind was entiusted t(» (luuenil Prescott. Till' President of llarvanl C' .lO^e praved to the I triMi|is Itefore tliev started from ("anil»rid;j;e to fortify IJuidcer Hill, and they worked throni^h the liii;4lit niooniiLjilt until wiornini,', wiien their earth- , winks were completed, 'i.'hey had proferred lireod's j Hill for their fortiliiiation. as they f(jnnd it more eininnaiitliMjf, ami so silent had lieen their hihors, altiiiiii,L;h within liail of thi; sentinels in l>ostoii, that the Hrilisii troops knew nolhinir of their pro- ceedings until they saw the redoulit fnllv eon- stnicted June 17, ITTo. Sir William IJowe eom- niandeil an attacik, and three thousand mm as- cended the iiill to within ton rods of Ihu redoubt without l)einf]f molested, "^re colonel had given orilcrs that the defenders should not tire until tliev could sec; tlu; whiles of their opponents" eyes, and they were r-ildierly enough tooliey his oi'tiHMl. They knew not bin;.;' of their lights to sell'-;4overnnu'nt, and ir * i 302 TITTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. disliked wliut little they h.id seen of trial by jury ; indeeil tliey were rather disposed to look stis- lii(;ioiisly on leyisliUive assemhlii's and trials by jury as Knj^lish traj)s in wbieli to eateh the unwary, and were very t;lad to be without them. It is iH)t to i)e wondi'red at, ihert'l'ore, liuit tlio flatteriuL;' addresses of tlui Continental Congress (o thein, fell nn'aninglessly on the ears of tlie few of these sini[)le iieojile who lii'ard them ; ami that although 11 few of the bettor educated undoubtedly longeil for greater political freedom, and some of the most enthusiastic joined the continentals, or rendered them assistaiiee, — more with some vague idea of again getting under the dominion of the King of France than from any wish to help the An)ericans, — yet the great bulk of tin.' people either remained perh'clly passive — sagely coiu;lnding that it was none of their business, and that the English could settle thi'ir troubles amf)iigst them- selves — or opeidy espoused tiie cause of their new sovereign and did him good and faithful service, far l)etter than many of the Mritish colonists did. '2. — To this active and i)assive loyalty of the Caiuidians, is almost undonbtedly due the fact tliat the I'nion Jack floats over the AiMl-.'Ss.if til,. Coil- ,,. 1 1 i ,1 1 .1 ■ , 1 tin.iii.iH" i;. >.*io (. itadel at Queliec to-dav instead lliu I aiiaili.ins. „ , , . " , oi the stars and stripes; and we are indebted for the whole of this vast Dominion of ours to the " lunv subjects " who remained faith- ful (o their allegiance wl'.cn the "old subjects" forsook it. This loyalty of the Canadians was a sad disap[)ointincnt to the Ann ricans. Although they made the passage of tlu; (^nebt'C .Act om; of tlieir grievances, and the first Congress in tlicirad- dresses to (he king, and the people of (Jreat Brit- ain, inveighed strongly against the estal)lislinn'iit of the Koinan Catholic religion — which was sti"- matized as liaving "dispersed impiety, liigotry, persecution, mnrisli(pp l)e liriand to aih. Meanwhile the continentals had not been idle. ('onL;ress had delermincd on a foiniid invasion of Canada, and havim,' jiosscssion , of " the t;ates ■' it was easy to concentrati! a siifli- , cieiit body of nicu to altawardly act of the major of the Tth was of the greatest advantage to Montgomery, who brought the guns to bear on St. John's, and eom- meiu'cd a vigorous siege, in which In; was assisted by many of the disaffeeteil Hrilish ami I'rcneh of the Chambly district. Major Preston, of tin; 2l)th rcgimeid. eonunandcd the fort and made a gallant and s|iiritc(l rcsistaia c. expcctiieg to be relieved by (ioxci'iior ( 'arletou. Meanwhile a dash had been madi! on Abintreal by Colonel I'^thau .\llen. and about two hundred men. who were; led to suppi • that the iidiabitauts were favorable to the; .\mer- ican cause, and that no opposition would be met with. ,\llcu reached LougU(> I'oiiite, about five miles below .Montreal, where he took possession of some houses, and waited for tint co-operation of Major Iiiown. and to the action of the inhabitants of .Montreal. ( 'arletou, on hearing that some .Amer- icans Were postt'tl at Kongue I'oinle, sent all liis ] available force from Miuitreal to dislodge them. This force consisted of about two hundred and I lifty niililia and thirty men of the 2lltli regiment, ! under command of Alaior Caisden. Allen's foret; • • • ' was snrroundc from (^iielico to advaine to tin; relief of St. .loiiu's l)y way of S(n el, wiiik; ( 'arletoii himself, witii alioiit six hiimlre(l men, erossed from Montreal to Longueiiil; Init iMonlgomeiy had I'oresi'en tliis ami jiosled a dota(dnnent with two six-pounders there, and C'arleton was forced to retreat to Montreal. Maclean reached Sorel, i .^ at<;ini' ed to pnsii on to St. Jolin's; hut liis m ^ seried rapidly, and, linding that ("arleton had . • ' 'I'i ii 'is attemjit to advance, he took what stoi '•(> (on.d '''din ."^orel and Tlu'ee liivers, and ret leated with il • iemnant of liis men towanls (^uehi'c. On the news of the | failure of the attempts to relieve him reaching I Major Preston, lu^ surrendered St. .lolin's on -list October, after a gallant defence of foity-live days, and was allowed to marcli out with the iionors of. war. With St. John's •'..■ii 'lie last ciiance of the British making any stirnd in tlie Montreal or Three Kivers districts, and the only lio[)u left C'arleton , was to gather all hisa^allal)le force at (^lichee, and | endeavor to hold that fortress until the arrival of i aid from I'^ngland in the spiing. Nearly all tlie | regulars in Canada iiad surrendered at Cliamhiy and St. John's, and Cailetoii hastily emhaiking the 1 few that were lefl him — ahont one hundred — on a j small vessel at Montreal, with what stores and ammunition he could take, left for (,)uehec, having de^tl■oyed all the stores he could not remove. He did not j)rocceil far, however, for, fearing capture, he left the vessel at havaltrie, and disgniseil as a ' htil'itiui, and piloted !iy Captain Joseph llouchette, made his way in an open hoat to (^uelicc, leaving (icncral l'ri'S(!ott in charge of the vessel. It was well Carleton escaped when he did. for I'rescott was stopped hy the Amcrit.ans next day and forced to suri'cnder. 7. — Immediately after tln^ fall of .S(. .lohn's ilontgonu'ry despatched force,' to Sorel and 'i'hree Kivcrs, to cut olV, if j)ossilile, Carle- •r.riiisni iIkmu- tons retreat to l^ueliec, a design in which, as we have seen, he was ver}- nearly siiccessfid. At tlu? saim^ lime he ad- vanced willi the main hody of his army on .Mont- real, where he arrivt'd immcdiati'ly after ( 'arleton had departed. A\'ithoul (h'fences, and v.ith no troops or munitions of war, there was nothing for Montreal Imt suhmission ; still the inhahitaiits tried to get terms of capitiilali(m, and a meeting was held at which the following articles were drawn up and signed hy twi-lve of the leading inhahitaiits: " 1st. 'I'liat tile citizens and inhahitaiits of Mont- real, as well individuals as religious orders and eoimmmiiics, without any cxce[)tioii, shall he maintained in the free possession and enjoyment of their rights, goods and effects, iiiovahle and iiniiiovahle, of what nalure soever they may he. "'-d. 'I'haL the inhahitaiits, French and English, shall he maintained in the free exercise id' their religion. " Jld. That trade in general, as well within tho I'rovini'c as in the l'[i[ier ciHintries, and parts hc- yond \lie seas, shall he carried on freely as hereto- fore, and jiassporls shall hegr.intcd forthat [nirpose. '•4lli. 'I'liat passi>orts shall he granted to those who may want them lor the dilVerent parts of this i'rovinee, as elsewhere on their lawful alfairs. " i")th. That the citizens and iiihahilants of tho town and sulmrhs of .Montreal, shall not he com- pelled, on any pretence whatsoever, to take up arms against the moihercountr^suor to contrihute in any manner tow aids carrying on the war against Jier. " (ith. 'I'hat the citizens and inhahitaius of tho town and suhurhs.orany othcrpart of the country, who lia\e taki'U u[) arms fass[iorls. As far as it consists wilii the safety of tiie troops and tlu; public good, he should Ix; liappy to i)romote commerce ; and for that pui' piise promises to grant passports to the U[>i)er coiui- tries wlien re(iuired. " The general hopes to see such a virtuous Pro- vincial convention assembled as will enter Avilli zeal into every measure that can contribute to set the civil and religious rights of tiiis ami her 'bter colonies on a pernninent foundation, llejjrt. ies for himself that he will not compel the iidiabitants of the town to take up arms against the mother country or contriluite towards the expenses of ear- ryiiig on the present war. " The continental army came inlotliis Province for its protection ; tiiey therel'ore cainiot consider its opi>osers as taking np arms for its defence. " It is not in liic general's power to engage for the return of prisoners. Jlotives of lunnanity will induce him to use liis interest for their return to tiieir families, provided it can be done without eu'langering the jiubiic safety. Speedy measnii's shall be talu'ii for estaiilisliing Courts of -lustice u])!)!! the most lilteral plan, conformable to the Ibitish constitution. " 'I"he inhabitants shall not be burdened with troops, but when necessity rei|uii'es it, of which necessity, the general must be tiie judge. '• 'i'iie iidiabitants of tiie country, and savages, shall not enter the town till the guards are posted. " To-morrow morning, at nine o'clock, the con- tinental troops shall take possession of the Rccollet (Jate. The proper ofticcrs nuist attend with the keys of all i)ul)lic stores, upon the (piartermaster- gciieral, at M o'clock, at the IJecoUet (iate. " This engagement is understood and believed to be binding on any future commanding oniccr of the continental troops that may succeed me in this district. " (Signed) RICIIAi ■ MONTGOMERY, " Brigadier- Gcnci-a -, Cuiitineatal Aniii/. " Montreal, VMi XovombL'i-, l"".j." CHAPTER LXII. GOVEHN^fENT OF SIR GIV CARLETOX.— TIIE SIEGE OFQUEREC. 1. luNTCOMEUV's CoNCILIATOKY CoXDfCT TO- n.vllDS Till': IxriAIUTANTS. — -2. AUN()L..S Maik'ii TiiiiofGii TUB \ViU)Kr,Ni:ss. — i5. AiiNoM) Afi i;ai:s on thk Plains of AituAiiA.M. — 4. TiiK I)i:i'KNSKS oi' ()ri:i!i:c. — 5. (.^VULKTON's PlloMlMITlDi;. STi:i;N«iTlI OF THIi GAUUISOX. — (!. QlKHKC KOItMALIA' Invkstkd. DiisTiircTioN t)V Tui: Ixtknd- AXTs Palack. — 7. A Month of Ixactivitv. — 8. ^loXTliOMKIlY DIOTKIIMINKS OX A NlOIlT attack. — 9. Ri-.ri'LSK of thk attack on I'rrn-dc-Mllf. Dkatii of Moxrco.MiMtY. — — 10. IJuitrAL ov MoxT(ioMi:KV. — 11. Rf.- iTLSK OF Ai!XOM)'.s Attacic. Slkuexdeu OF Tin: Attackixi; Party. 1. — The success of tlie Americans liad, so far, been wonderful. With the exception of St. Johns, they iiad taken i.ossession of the ,,o„t,.„„„.,.v»c.m- fairest jiortioii of Canada without ^ilJaXtiirinimb- opposilion, and it appeared as if """"'• there was noliiiiig to ineveiit tin; whole of tlie Province failing into tiieir hands. They were temperate in their victory, treated the iniialiitants witli the utmost kindness, and sought to have them join the cause of tiie colonists. New circu- lars were issued and indnstrionsly distributed, and some recruits wcregaiiieil ; but tlie clergy exerted their power in favor of the IJrilish, and nothing ■n I 1 I 'I ;!l II* ' !i! f ll lyL ;50G TUTTLES III.STOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. like a general lisini; t(>(jk place. " Tin- iuliabit- aiUsof tlie lliiee suhiirhs of Montreal " did i>n'sent (leneral M((iitgoniei;_v wilii aeongratiilatorv address of welcome, on his talcinjif possession of that city, in which they declared tiiut they joined the I'nion cause, but tiieir protestations were mostly contined | to paper, and the Americans gained no permanent herelit from them. Montgomery did not remain j long in .Montreal, hut followed Carleton raiiidly j towards Quebec, leaving (Jeneral Wooster in com- j mandat Montreal. Tiie towns along the river all i suhmitti'd and were treated with tlie same consid- eration shown to the Montrealers. ^lontgomery well carried out liie orders of Congress to be con- ciliatory towards the Canadians, and his own natu- ral feelings of humanity also promjitcd him to treat, not oidy the inhal)itants, but all the prisoni'rs who fell into his hands, with the utmost kindness. That he did not induce more Canailians to join his standard was no fault of his, but was due to the inlluence of the clergy, and the conviction of the people that they would not fare as well as one of the states of the projjosed Union — if the rebel- lion succeeded, which was doubtful — as they would as a Ihitish Province, now that the (^uel)ec act was i)assed guaranteeing their religion and laws. 2. — While Montgomery was completing his successes in the Montieal district, the "Ancient Capital " was threatened from a new tiii.iuaii thf wu- and unexpectea . — On the niorning of the ninth of November, the inhabitants of(,)uebee wert; thrown intoa; late of consternation by the sudden ap- pcaraiice ot a lioily ol men on the in.' I'lainsi.f Abm- heights of Levis, and siieculation was for some time ril'e as to who they \\ ere and where they had come from. So well had the move- ment been e(uieealcd, and so thoroughly uiiexpec:- ed was an attack from that ([iiarter, that scan cly aiiyoiK! in (Quebec, excejit Lt. (iovernor Cramahe, and those in his immediate confidence, knew of Arnolds approacii. The Lieutenant Ciovernor, however, hail been kcjit infornied of his enemy's movements since he emerged from the wilderness oil 4th November, by some faithful scouts, and had taken the precaution of removing all the boats he could iiiid to the (^uiibec side, so that when Arnold reached Levis he was disaiipointed in his di'sign of crossing ininiediately and taking the city by surprise. I ie without delay set about t(> procure canoes, and succeeded in getting together about thirty, ill which he crossed the river on the night of the tliirteeiith — evading the vigilance of the l/tnifir and LiznnK ships of war — and landed at the same s|)ot where ^\'oll'l' had efl'ccted liis hind- iiig sixteen years before. On the morning of the GOVKlfNMKNT OF Sill CUY CARLETOX— Tlir: SIKCE OF QrFI'.Fr. ]07 foiiiti'L'iitli tlicy at>iH';ired on tlie Fliiiiis of Alirii- liain, ami iijuu'oaclit'd to uilliiii lliice limidri'd vaids of tliu lortilifatioiis, wlicie tlu-y ;j,iivi' tliiou I'lii'fi'.s, expecUiiLj lliat tin,' rity would (■apitidatu iiniiicdiatfly, as llu-y liad friends inside who liad led iheni to helievo tiiat tliey wonld 1)0 lueeived willi open aims. Tlicir reeeinion liowevei-, was warmer than they expeeteil. Mr. .Ian>>'s 'I'lionip- son, who liad eliai'j^i! of the fortilieai ions, says ; "At this jnnctnre (tlie elieeriii;), 1 was on Cape ' Diamond hastion, and li'vell"d and fired a 'J.A- piiunder at them, wliieh liaappointed Ti,,.^,w..,u....o£ .^1^ ^,^^. ,.^^^ ^^f sympathy and eo-ope- | ration lie had so far met wiih fidiii the rana]n Cape Diamond lialf-hasliini. i aloii;4 the hrow o'" the cape, towards the castle St. i-oiiis. I henan at I'alaee f;ati,' ])ali^adiii;4-, with loop-holes l'(ir musketry, and naule a i)rojcction in the form of a hasticni, as a defence for the line nf pickets, in the ,i;'ori;e of which I erected a lilock- hoiise, w hieh imule a j^dod defence. While employed at this station of the works, a coniiiaiiy of artif- icers arrived from Halifax, and another company from Ncwfoiindlaiid joined me soon after. The Halifax men I set to work at palisading;' the o[)eii ^ ground on Capo Diamond, and framini^' and erect- I iiig a largo hloek-honse on the oiit>ide of Port St. Louis, to servo as a captain's nightly guard-house, iu Older to he ]tre]>are(l against a surprise, also a hloek-houso on the cape, under Capi; Diamond hastion ; at the sanii' time, a party was employeil in laying platforms ami preparing eml)i"isiii'es. I also had a parly of the caiiicnters harrieailing tho extremities of the Lower-town, hy hlocking up all tho windows of the houses next to the river side, and tlioso facing the water, leaving only loop-holes for musketry, as a defence in case the St. i^aw rciiee should iVeczc across." •'). — (Ileal exciteiiieiil, and dill'i rcnce of opinion existed in (^iieliee after th(! arrival of Arnold's <-nips. 'i'he .Xiiiiiii'ans had many sympathizers within tli.' walls: and r,;?,!:;'';^;.,';;;;',"'';,',:'" there were many iiinre w ho were "'" "'"'''""'"■ iindecided as to which cause they shnuld espouse, desiring (Uily to he on the w inning side, and licing iinahle to make up their minds which siile that was most likely to he. Several lueetings wcro I held at whi
  • ures i'or dei'ence, aniliers. or Ttli lle'^imeiit. i!,i:iil:i II Mil I III i !Ui llill |IH r,08 TUTTLK'S IIISTOIIY OF TIIi: DOMFXION OF (AXADA. ■2-\0 IJoviil I'jiii-iiuits, or SItli llc-imiiit. ;):J0 Hiitisli iiiilitiii, under lA. Col. CaliKvi.'ll. ")1!) ("iiiiiKliiUis, uiidiT Col. ])iifri', •lUO Sfiiiiit'ii, uiidci' CiiiPhiiiis lliiiiiiltDii and ^fiic' kcnzic. ;■)() .Alastt'rs and Mates. ")•") Marines. 1:20 Aitiliuers, iindei' ^Ir. James 'I'lionipson. l.SUO Tdtal l)i'arinrf arms. (iUfl)cc and formally invested it. ""'■'"'"'•■"■"• They numbered less than two thou- sand men, and were deiicient in artillery, yet MontLConu'ry hoiied to take the city liy assault, and took jiossession of the apiiroaehes to tin; eiiy (o prevent any sui)(ilies reaeiiinuf it; he took uji his lieadcjuarters at the Holland House. As soon as the investment was completeil, .Mont^^fuuery sent a ila;^ of truce to summon the L;;ariison to suricn- der ; hut Carleton ordered this to he fired on, sayin;^ that he could not treat ^vitll rebels, unless they came to lay down their arms and sue for par- don. 'J'his treiwtnient ]iij;hly incensed the Anun- icans, and they at once eommenced to erect bat- teries and o[iened lire on the city; but their guns were lii^lit and did but little execution, and, although they threw a number of shells into the city every night they did but little damage, and (Quebec suffered but slight loss during this siege. On the other hand the guns on the fortifications did considerable execution amongst the Americans, destroying their batteries and dismounting their guns. The American rillemen, under .Morgan, greatly annoyed the beseiged ; posted in houses, and every sjiot which afforded concealment and safety, they swept the ramparts and jiickcd olf all who incautiously ex[)osed themsi'lves. A parly of them took possession of the cupola of the Iiitenid- anl's Palace, and so annoyed the sentries that Carleton ordered a nine jiounder to be directeil against the building, and the once splemVid edifice was soon a heap of ernmbliiig ru'ins. 7. — So wore away [ho nionlh of December. 'J"he besieged were kept anxious and always on the alert, but tlusy did not sulTer any of A inntith of iiiai*- ii • I' • 1 '.I uviiy. tlic rigors ol a seige, suen as tiie French had to endure wlu,'ii Wolfe was thundering at the fcutifications of (Quebec, and laying hundreds of h.)uses in a>hes. while tho garrison was lialf starving. ( arleton liad siiflieient jirovisions to last I'm" over six months, and after the inhabitants hail got over the novelty of the sensation of being "stormed at with shot and shell," they settled down into the dull nionoloiiv of a siege, or rather blockade, for the investment of tiie city partook more of the cliaraeter of the latter than the fu'iucr. Still Carleton was anxious, 'I'he fatcof Canada trembled in the balance before (Quebec ; every other point had submitted, and from the citadel of the frowning fortress alone floated the grand old flag of England, which he had striiggU'd so liard to ])lace there sixtcuui years bi'fore. It was one of the " chances of war " that the two men mIio now eomniandecl the oi)posiug forces had both served under Wolfe, and both re- gardeil him as the great military model. ]\Ionl- goniery had fought under Wolfe at Louisbourg, and Carleton had taken ]iart in the memorable siege of (Juebi'c in ".V,t. Om; can almost j)ieture, on those dark and stormy nights in December, when the moon hid her face, and the huge fortress was lighted up only by tin; dull, snud^y glare of a number of iron jiots, lilleil with ciMubustibles and susjpcndcd over the walls, that the spirit of tin; great commander who had laid down his life in the moment of victory before tiiose louring battle- ments, hovered over the scene and softly whis- pered words of liopo and comfort to the old com- panion in arms who was fighting to defend the flag he loved so well, while the shade looked colilly on that other brotlmr in arms,who was trying to pull down the old flag from its proud post, and plant another and a strange one in its stead. H. — Montgomery was satisfied that his onl}' hope of cawyiiig t'he place was by surprise, and only awaited a dark night for carrying his nitcntion into execution. At luimscnuiiitiiit length the moment ariived. The last day of tlie ^ear but oiu^ luul come; the be- siegi'd had commenced to make some pre[)arations for enjoying as best they might the festivities of the ^'ew Year ; but many w ho looked hopefully forward to the varying fortunes of fiie coming year were destimnl never to see its dawn ; and it.s advent was to be ushered in with groans and moans, with tears and sorrow, with still, cold, white dead bodies, and dark, narrow graves, in- COVEUNMENT OF Sill GUY CAULETOX— THE SIECiE ()E (iUEUEC. 300 stead iif. with soiii^ and daiifo, with feasting and nu'ri'lnicnt, witli liujlit lau^^htcr, toast and jest. 'I'lio ni^'iit tit" iht! otHli Dcccnihcr was dark and stormy, a iicuvy snow stoiin had set in, and tiio lain't! while ihikes filled the air, oljscurini,' the li'^Iit ol' the bnrnin;^ lieaeons on tlut walls, and the >(p|"i t;n|ieL of while niullled the sound of the iiiarchin;^ feet as Monl^oniery and his men slolu (piie ly to the attack. ]\h)nt_t;omery"s plan was to i (livid: his foree into four attaukinn' eolumns. I wo of which, under Colonel IJ vini^'ston ami Major l>iowi;, wer(! to niiike fei'^ned attacks on tht; St. ,Iohn (iate and Cita lei in I'lpper 'I'own ; and while the allentioti of ihe L,Mnisou was thus distiaeted, an attack iVoni two(|narlcrs was to he made >imul- taneoiiNly hy MonlLjomcry and .\iiiold, to for(!C their way into Lower 'I'own; they were then to join their lones and make their way u[) .Mountain ! Hill to rpiier Tow n. 'l"he movement hei^an ahont j four o'clock on the mornin;^ of the !>lst. and the utlackin;^f colunuis j^ot well u^i to the fortilications I witiiont licini;' observed, on account of the storm; hut the yarrison was not likely to he taken hy I sur[)rise, us some dL-serter.s hail infoimed Carle- ton that a iii;;'hl attack was intended, and he had kept the L;arris(jn under arms, ready to meet the ' foe at whatever point he niij^ht niuke liis ajipear- auce. !•. — Monti^oineiy in person led the main attack- ing foree, whieh was ahoiit seven hundred strong, „ , ,, . and aiiproaching IVom Wolfe's Cove, I(i'|iiilKoi>r III!' al- 1 l o Tiih'''\'>vti)','',,t advanced hy a narrow jiath under .Mi.i.i«..n..i.v. Cape Diamond to the outer harrier of J'rcx-ili-f'i/lr, wlii're a small hallerv of sevt'U three-ponndeis had heiMi erected. This was manned h\' thirty Canadians, '.inder eonnnand of Captain ( hai ol and Lienlenant I'ieard ; eight English militiamen, with nine llrilish tars, nndi/r Cajptain liansfare of the Till, to work the gun as artillerv- mcn. and SergX'ant Hugh .Met^narters of the Koyal Artillery. Montgomery hailed his men when (juite near the haltery, and sent an olliccr forward to reconnoitre. He reported all (^uiet, and the men at once ruslied forward to surjirisii the guard and carry the position by assaidt. I>ut the sur- prise was all on the other side ; for the men were all ([uietly standing hy their guns, and as the enemy drew near, the command to tire was given and a storm of grape-shot and bullets swept down the head of the advancing column. Thirteen II of the enemy were killed, amongst them Cioncrul .Montgomery and his aides-de-camii, Cheeseman and M(d'herson, and so sin'[>rised and demoral- ized did the alta<'king jiarly beconn', that it innne- diately tnriu'd ami llcil, leaving the dead on the; fiehl, and no further attempt was made in this direction. "J'here has been some uartcrs anil Ilansfari! is in each case exceedingly clear, and •written at the tinu' theevents oeenrii'd. It is not a Vii'v nuilerial jioinl. but we give the account of Mr. Thompson — already referred to — and, in :i foot note, ii letter from Captain liansfare, to show how widely (;hroniclers will siunelimes vaiy on jioints where one would think they could scarcely fail to agree. Mr. 'I'honipson says; "'Ihe path leading round the bottom of the rock on which the gar- rison stands, and called y'/v'.\-(/i- /'///'c, was then i[uite nariow ; so that the front of the lino of march I'onld present only a (r\v files of men. 'I'he Sergeant who had charge of the barriei' guards, Hugh Mel^uarters, — where there was a gun kept loaded with grape ami musket balls, and levelled every evening in the diri'clioii of the said foot- path — had orders to be vigilant, and when assured of an approach by any boity of men, to fin; the gun. It was (Jeneral .Montgomery's fate to be amongst the leading files of the storming party; and the precision w ilh which Mc(j|uarlers aei|uitled himself of the orders he had received, resulted in the death of the (ieneral, two aides-de-camp, and a sei'gciint ; at least, these were all that could be • Tin- fi>llnuiii-4 cxtrai't nf a IfltiT fri>ln I'ai'lain r>ausfar>' to Mn- cwii- I'l'S III' Uii' T: II. \* ilali'il (JiK'hi'i', .Ma> \:,\U, ITTil, auil umn |>iil>li.'-li' iI skimii lilllt' >ill'-t' ill llu' .V( »r Ynrh ni^lni-o- l:«-ii,ialnill .1, l.orisiii;; : " \V»* lia\i' ^;<>t lln' Iriuililrs otilii.-. « iiili-i' o\rr, anil li:t\ r kept lUi' l"«n I'tljuvliw ill sjnlr nf all mir iiifiiiiis. I am imw lining miiI llm Till a» fa>l as |nl|i^il>l•' 1" i."' "P I'"' riviT. Tlir nluls wlin ran fii>iii ilu' plari' Mil ilii' lUli iiisl.. i>ii ilii- aiipinacli i>l' a lrli;aii' vvcri' 4.iiihi ^lllln;.', ami ML' liavi' nilliiii llio wall- l.-'iim. \\i- liaM' liail a liaiil ui'iiicr williiii llm walls ; hi'rf Has oiif sliillin,' a ifMiiul. ami polk was Is. ;:l now lia nioinen* that (ieneral Carleton con- ceived proper. I n<'xt proceeded totianhert's, where I was told that Jlr. Dunn had just taken away the coipse ; this was ahout the setting of the sun on the 4th January, ITTti. J accordingly stepped up to the place where I had ordered the grave to he dug (just ahuigside that of my first wife, withinai.d near the surrounding wall of the powder inaga/.iiie, in the gorge of the St. Louis Uastiitn ), and found, in addition to tlu! six men and Dunn, the under- taker, that the H(!V. .Mr. DcMontmollin, the mili- tary chaplain, was in attendance. On satisfying myself that the grave was properly covered up, I went and reported the circumsfances to {ieiural Carleton. It having heen (suhseiiueiitly) decided to demolish the powder magazine, and to erect a casemated harrack in its stead, I took care to uuuk the sp()t where -Montgomery was huiied (not so much, perhaps, on ///.v account as from the interi'st : 1 fell f(U' it on another score) hy having a small ' cut stone inserted in the pavement within the i harrack sipiare, and tliis precaution enahled mo i afterwards to ]ioint oui the place to a ni'j)hew of 1 the (ieneral. .Mr. Lewis, who, hearing that the ' person who had had the direction of the hiirial of his uncle's corpst' was still living, came to (^)nelM'c. ahout the year LSlS, to take away the remains. I repaired thither with young Mr. Lewis and several olTieers of the garrison, together with Chief •Fustice Sewell ami some friends of the deceased. They accordingly took up the pavement, exactly in the direction of the grave. The skeleton was found comi)lete, and when ri'inoved a musket hall I fell from tlie skull : the eollin was nearly de- cayed. No part of the hlack cloth of the out- side, nor of the (hiiinci of (he insiih- were \ is- |ihle; a leather thong with which the hair had GOVERXMENT OK Sill OT'Y CAHLKTOX. 511 l> tU'd WilS s till in a stiit(! of iircsi'iviitioii jilUT ii liipsL' of foity-lliieo yciirs. I Iutl- i.s a s]iiiii;4 of water iiwu tlie plauc, wliifli may liavi' hail lliti oil'cct of luisti'jiiiig tlio i1»i'<>r AniiiMii iiil Ilk -Siirii'ii.l -i- • if tin' atiarkiiih' puny- Ired frciiucnt visits tiicii -led al)ont ive liinu men throu'ih St. Uocli" an( I th i'alais, towards the first, Itarricr in Little Sanlt- 11 ere tiu're aii-.Matclol street (ttr Doi^ Lane), was a battery of two .i,nins erected, and at the lir>t aitaclv on it Arnold was wonndcd in the kiifc and taken t(» the (Jcncral Hospital, the command fallini,' on Colonel .MorL^an, who "^al- li'.ully curried the position and continned liie llyht lor two honrs.f • We.nv iiiclihti'il fiiitliis, iitiiliitlii-r i-\tnirls fnmi Mi-.TIiMiiiiis.iirs .l.iiiiiiiil. to. Mr. . I. M. l.c.Mn.vii<>'.'liii;;niirk, ■V"ifc. ',/'■<.«< nicd ill oil all sjdcs, tllcri' was liolllilli; left for j! MoiLTan lint surrender, vhich In; did. after haviiiLT 'I'lie .^ecruid liariier in Sanlt-an-.Matehjt strt'ct was stiil)i)oiiiiy dcl'end(.'d, and as t;alhintly assailed. 'I'iiis harrier extiMidcd, liv means ai hiiiKhirih fr I'oin 1(1 was iiionntcd witli the rock to tlu; liver. several cannon, 'i'hc enemy took possession of some h ihich alVorded shelter for the rillenu'ii, and also took advantage of the nar- row path riinninir round the liase of llu; elilV to- warl. Mil' lirni'ral wmm liiiliiri' nl Aitilli'iy. .\t li\i' ii'i'lnrlv, llic linnr a|>|iiilnlril Inr tlic attai U, a fal.'-c iittaili w.iM iirili-ri'it til 111! niailrun llir Ipiivr 'rown, W r aiinriliiij^ly lii'^an iMir inan'li. I |klssi'iI lliriiiiv:li St. Kiirli',s, ami a|i|iriiai liril n< ar llli'l\Ml-^IMI liattrry |ilrkrttril ill till' stliil. willliillt lirilli; ili.sriiM'ri'il, wliirli HI' altai-Ki'il ; it wa.s liravi'ly ilrliiiili'il luralniiit an liniir, luil with till' liissiif a iiiinilirr III' iiiril, wrrarriiil it. In tlirattaiK I w.is shut I'lniii',;)! till' Ii'l;, ami wa'* nlilinnl to In' lan iiil In tlu' liiis|iital, wlii'ii' I siiiHi lii'iuil till' ills-ii;n'ralili' liiw.^ thai thi' tlrnrral h;is ilr- li'iiti'il at l'a|ii' |):aMinii.l : liinisi'M', <'.'i|i(ain .Mrriiii.'.iiii, his .\. it. I'., ;iiiil i'm|iImIii I'liri'si'iiiaii. Ullli'il mi thi' sput, with a niniini-r nl i it hers iinktiiiwii. .\lti'r L;ailiiii:i till' h: trry, liiv ilrtailinu'lit piishcil nil In till' s ml li;inii'r, whirli thi'.\ tnnk imsi-C'sj-inii of ; :it thi' saiiir tiiiir, till' rni'iiiy sallii'il mit In nil thr I'alairliiili' ainlatt.'ii kiil tlirtn in irar. A llrlil-pirii', wliiih thr rniiHJini'.^s nf tin' rii.ul.s wnnlil nut prrniit lis ravr>iii^ nil, fi'll iiitn tin' rni'inv's hanils, with a niiniln'r nf piiMuirrs. At last ai'rinint-< fniiii my ili'l;iiliinrnt. ahniit ti'ii iiiiniiirs sliu'c, tlii'y wrrc piishiiii; fur llii' l.nwiT Tnwii. Tlii'ir (■iimiiiiiniiiilinn with nil' WHS I'lit niT I am CMi'i'iliiml.N appri'lirnshc w liat thi'i'M'iil will 111'. 'I'lii'v will I'lthiT carry llir l.nwi'r Tnwn, rnnaiii prlsniii'i-s, nrlic nit 111 pii'WK. I lliiintjiil priipcr In sniil an cxpri'ss In li'l Min knnw till' rrillral silnalliiii Wl' ai'i> in, aiul inaKi' mi ilnnlil ynn will uivc lis all till' iKsMaiii'i' in Minr piiwi'r As I am imt alilr In ait. I shall uivi' np till' I'limmamI InCnlnni'l Cainplii'll. I lu'i; ynn will iinmr- iliat"ly si'iiil an I'xpri'ss tn tin' llniiiirabli' C'olitilii'lital Cniinri'ss ami iciitenant-t'oliini 1. '1 Ml 'J'""- S (' iptains, 1/ lo was actiiit,' as t^nidis left .MiM'Lian without any one aiMjiiiiinted with the road to tlie I'pper Town, and al! In^ could do was to harely hold his own. ]\lean while ("arle- toii — who had heard of .Montv^omcry'.s i'c[iiilsi! at Prrn-tl-fi//,; and seein^r tliat the atlatdv on the '{'own was only a feint — despatched ('a|i- iis Ills liem- Lieiiienaiits, (i ,\djiitants, 1 (Quarter-Master, 4 Volniiti'cr.s, :'..■)() rank and iile ; total. 4Jii. 'I'liis is exclusive of the thirteen killed al /'/■«•.<-(/.- J 7//c. The IJrili.sh loss was Lieutenant Anderson, it. N., Mr. I''ra/cr. heiid shiii-earpenter, and seventeen killed and wounded. (•IIAl»TKIl LXIIl. (J()VKI{NMI':Nr ()]•' silt (HV C.MtLF.TOX. — KVACIA HON OK CANADA IJV I'HK AMKIHCANS. 1. IJl'.Sr.Ml'I'IllN (IK TlIK j'll.OCKAIli;. — DiSCOl T.- A«;i;,MKN'i' (IK riii; A.mkimc.vns. — •_'. Tiik (iiKiw- iN loss In my ili'tarliini'iil lii'fiirr I li'lt il, wasalKiiittliiily killi'il ami wnnnilnl: iiiniin;,' llii' lallir Is Majnr (»ui|nn. wlin with Caplaiii Oswalil, ('.■iplain lliiir ami llic iithrr Miliinti ITS. lii'liaM'il r\lri'mi'ly wi'll. I luni'imly limu Id adil that I am, with Ihi'Krrali'-l I'stiiin, Vuur iiiuHt iiliudieiit, &c,, II. AllNOI.l). ' i \ Il 1 1)9 I I ^^1 TLTTLKS IIISTOUV Ol- TlIK I)(>MINIOX OF CANADA. Amkimcans. AtI'KMIT dl'" so MK (AN.V- JIl.VNS TO UKLIKVK (^T KliKC. 1. AUUIVAI, (tK I:N(;I,AN1). ItKl'itKAT JIKINKOHI'KMKNTS IMKiM ()!•' Till-; AMIOUICANS. "). A ('oNCIIKSSIONAI. CoMMITTKK Visns .MoN lUKAl,. — '1. 1 Ii ij'KI.KSS- Nl'.SS OK Till; A.MI'.liK'AN cAisi;. Onk i:i;sri,i' OI' TIIK VISIT. — 7. l{i:iNl'l)ia'K.MKNIS Hill TlIK A.Mr.uicANs. 'I'm-; tkodi's i-ito.M Knci.and. — S. ('ai'I'ain 1''osi'i;i:"s vici'okv at tiii; Ci:- tl iciii were rcl)cls lit liciiit. ami would lie uiinl l;l- lilc ill tilt; lioiii' til" iH'cil, il' thai lituir fiiiiit' : :uiil Caili'ttiii was tt)t) iisliitii tt) lisIc cvi-n liic cliaimc if tlisasttT, -L'lllllt 1 ciiiisiilefatiiiii in fiivtir (irrt'inainiiiLC Out nil ll It- aiTival lit ifiiil'iirct'iiii'iits ill till' siiriii;^, wa^ thai lilt- AnuTiciin Till- Ln"\\iiii; ili^liUi- ilaiK' hisiiii;' what lilt if fuvm" or Ui.. liUM.iiau^ thfv had with the l-'muli. Thfir /' xtiifr 111' \ iftiirv was Ljiini' : im till- Aini-i'i<-aiiti -thiid (if th aiiii\ had lit'i'ii fa|iturid (I ir lullfi I : tlii'V hail n I)Ai;s. It. A l)i:i''KAT III" TIIH A.MKl; IC ANS AT 'riiui:!'; I{ivi;iis. — lit. '1'iik Amkiuians ihuvi;n i'ii(ii»VNi;s SI i:ui;ni)i;k at Saiiatcica. — 1:2. IiKsimi'I'Idn oktmI'; sessions <)!•' C'ofNciL. ('aiim;ton i:i:si(iNs. 1. — Thii fatal shot wliirh I'lidrd llii> earthly oa- rucT (if (iuiitTal iiifhaid .Moiil^nun'rv lifforo tlu! lianici's at I'ri'n-ii- f'l'ili', ciidfil also !!i"3''''''ii^'!m.-- the chaiifosof siiecussiif ihf Aiii.T- lum'rilaiis.''''' i''''" i-nisf ill Canada. I'li to the attack on (^'U'liee the Anieiieaii arms, with the exeeiition of 1m han Allen's rash at- teiiiiit oil Miinlreal, had lieen sueessl'iil every- where; from ih ' inmiii'iit of tlii-< ii;iiiNe lieiicath ihoiisaiid years the battle and the lireeze," shoiild the walls of the only foil ress Irfi llii'^laiid in ji^iill wave over the ramparts of (^liulice. When Canad.i, reverses lie.;aii to overtake the invaders. ihoM' reinforeeiiieiits arrived, to ulailden tin; eyes and " disaster on disaster fnllowed fast and fol- ;, of those who were on their way to liis relief, lowed fa-iler." until the Aninieans were toialh' ex- lielled iVoin Canada, and I'ollowed into their own eiinntrv liv the vii-toiiuiis I'liii^h. Shorn of oiie- limvisions. and no money to jiay for what they lioii'^hl. the nun deemalile Continental paper lUi- rene\' lieiiii;' useless, and the Canadians — in spite of all the ilowery addresses tleliveretl to iheiii liy CJini'j;ress — liepiii to look on the Amerieaiis as a liand of marauders who had eome to roll and ]iil- la^^e iheiii, instead of ,i;iviny them the lilierty they lioastcd Ml iiiiieh alioiil. Carlelon foresaw this n- aetion, and was wise eiioii;4h to i;ive it time In work itself out without enileavorini;- to force it hv ri>kiie4 an en'^a^cmeiit. lie knew that lariat! reiii- foieemciits would reach him in tho spriie^', and ho was deleiniiiicd that "the llai;' that's liraveil a and to assure the i'uilisli of a liasis of opna- ; tioiis a;jainsl the iiisiiri^fiits. Cailcton's etintlnct has lieeii called eowaidly liy some rash and nn- tliird of their slren_;lh liy the loss in killed. . thinkiiiL;' writers: it was only that of a cantituis woiindi ll, and prismii'is in the attack on (^(iieluc ; with smaU-pox rife amoie^st them: with scanty clothiinj; and insnlli 'ienl I'ooi! : ili,-.lieailencil hv anil jiriideiit (icneral, who hatl snllieiciit iiaticiicu to wait for what he knew must lit^ iiievitalile, in- stead of rasiilv altcniplinn' to seize iiniiiediate vie- defeat, and disc nira'^eil liy the want of sympalliy [ lory while there was a possiliility of defeat. The awd cii-operalioii of the Canadians, il i-i iiol to lie ^ lilockade now resumed its moiiotonoiis reatiires, wondered at thai the Americans liecani • demoral- \\ and liolh sides waited for reinforcements. Aniohl, izcil, anil that a lar^-e niimlier of desertions look in his report to (icneral Stdiiiyler of the failure of place. Arnold, who had assniiicd command, com- ^ the attack on (^iielicc, asked for reinforcements, lilained of till! i;reat dilli Milly lie had in keepiiej IhcMi lo.;clher. and praet ieall\' aliaiidoncd the sicn-t liy retirim^f three miles from the walls, alilioie^h ' an impossiliilily at the time, as W'ashinuton had tin- lilockade was kept up all the wiiilcr. Carle- ' no troops to spare; lint he persuaded the |icople and thai (icneral earnestly liesoiinht ('tiiiL;ress to send three thousand men to Canada. This was ton had now a force ijiiite eipial. if ill niimlieis to the Aineiicans. and have ilriven tliein with case from t not superior, ns, amt eoiild, pmlialilv. if New 11; iiiip>.hire, .Massichiisetts, and ( oiiii 1 C le conntiA' had le elio: •en to lake the oll'i'iisive ; lint 1 le was too liitie for that. In the first place 1 le was liv no means sure of all the ineii under him; many uf til ill to each send a regiment of volunteers, ami yave orders to endeavor to enroll as many ('ami- le. Coni''ress is.Micd another ad- iliaiis as possili ilress It) the Canadians — il was |iiolilic of ai dresses — in wliieli it said, " Kinhl hallaliuns un 1- iild li(> uiirclia- iiir iMiiic : -iikI it'll tlir cliiiiicf "rdriciiiuiMiiii; ururcciiiciits ill 'I'll,' (.'lowilii; 'Hsiiki. "I llu'i ;nliMli.■^n^ l., Ill'' AiiiiTiiaiiB -lliiid (if tlicir : tlicy liiid 110 I'or wlial tlicy ilitl jiiipfr ctii- liiiiis — ill s|iite ■L'd to t Ik I II iiy iiieiiciiiis as a •) loi) ami |iil- K' iilicrly tlu'y Mfsaw tliis re- iv(; it lime lo ■ to I'liiiT it hy liiit 1iiil;(' rciii- •I'liiiin-. and lio ill's liiavc(l a ii'czc," f-ii(piiid ^lihcc. Wlicii lik'ii lli(! eyes lo Ills relief, ISIS III opeia- 't(iii"s eomhiet I'Msli and iiii- of a caulious "ii'iit iiatieiico iiii'vitaMe, iii- iimediale viu- d.'IVat. 'I'lie oils I'eatuies, Ills. Arnold, till' lailnre ot' inroreeiiieiits, ColllIII'SS to ii. 'liiis was diini^loii liad I llic |ii'o|ile iiiid ('ounce- iinleers. and many (' .imio iiiiollier a.l- ililie el' ad- iltiiliuiis are __ . liiiiih Hii HI J: ■ ; 1 , r I'll n ! •■■Ml i' !i|ii!' :!l ! ..f V ' 1,,. (11:1)1 I tlicll ' wllil I'lVI |iiT.-- lIllU ('(III I Alli' Cft.tllil l^iiil" liiilk IKMlt illl.V .'iaii ilS w tnil sIlDII Sl'llll the Qui' tiity. Ami Villi'. iiiiil fi'io: skin aiiiii si'lf liis ri'i'i t.i ;i ill (' roll sivt "I'l one ten lllil IIIU car i>|i( IIh .1... liv (lOVKKN.MKN r OI" SIR (ilV CAHLETOX. 313 viiisiii'^, ami will soon rush forward to tin; rcsciK^ attack; liiit liis .scliciiu! miscarried, liis fin-sliips (if voiir I'rovineo : if nn IC SI I'l >ii( d )roi-crilci arc waiitcil tlicy w ill never roai-lied llu; ship[)iiiL,% and wiiile tin- iniialii- 1 to lU'^e on tiir ( 'ana- tants of (^iieliec wvvv w it ii('>sin;4 tlie jiyroleclmic diaus, as nsnal. the advanlai;-es to he _i;ained \>\ (lisphiy jtiovided fur tiuMu, tlie joyfid iiitelii! iheMi hy joininif the Union. I>nt it was in vain : rence as hroic'lit to the citv tiiat an ICi I'^llSll lleet was of tiie ailvaneiiiL;' up tlie river to their relief. what little i^nthn.siasiii had lired some French was fast dvini^ out. and the steady ami 4. — (ieneral 'I'hon.as had been iid'ornied of th jier^isteiil eiVoi'ts of the [ii'iests and seigniors more expected reinforcements for the Hrilish— allhonj^li than coiinterlialanci'd all the addresses Con-'ress he did not know tluv were so near could issue. ."). — So th(' winter woi (■ awav and the feelii I'^ainst the Amc.icans increased, so much so that — and called a cfuuicil n( war on liie ni'^ht of t'iie .")tli, at which it A iri\ ;tl "f rfiiifnri't'- iri< lit-* Iri'rri l-:ii-,'l;iiiil. Itilnillcil '. hr.VlluT- as determined to aliandon th Atlfllipt of SIHIH' Ciitiiitliaiiti to rclit'V'i l^ia-bwc. an altcm[it was made ti (^ucliee liy relieve to tin; Uii:lieliei 'lc;^-e iUK I ivt real 1, where rcniloreemenls were ex- aiis lc( irty of loyal Cauadi- pcctcd. The determination was not arrived at too soon, for early on the loilowinLC UKU'nin;^ the loiii^ i hv -M. (It! Meaujen. Uut th hulk of tlie Canadians doired to remain perfectly penneil u[i inhahitai •re i:;laddciied liv tlii) neutral, and many of them ojiposcd and restrained sij^lit of the wiiie-spread white w'.iil;s of an Kii,t;lisli tf the liritish. frit;ate roundini,' Point Levis, mid shortly after tiie any open i lemiih--tratioii in la\iu' irii eaiisays: •• The general colonial poj)ulation. ,S'((;y(;'/xc drojjped aiielior in the h Sh as winter terminated, desired to maintain a iie ;klv followed hv the ^/.vund Miirtin witii nil tral part ; and deinaii(U'd that the royalist jiarty forcemcnts. and two companies of the J'.Uh Kc'^- shouhl keep (luiet, for .M. de I'.eaujeii haviuif as- imcnt and some marines, in all two hundred men, scmhh'il in March thri'O hundred and lifly men in the Laiireiilian parishes of the riLjIil hank, helow (^uel)cc. in order to a>sist iu the defeiieo of that city, — hutliwith a c(Uiiliiucd c(Ups, Canadian and , Aiiu'iican, marched ai;iiin>t him. sui[irised his vanguard, killed or woumlcd several of his men. ami would iiave slain them all huL for the inter- fereuc(! of some of their own olHiccrs. In tiiis skirmi>li, fathers fouu'lit uijain^t sons, hrothcrs a;4aiiist hrothcrs, i^e. M. de neaujeu, liiidinn' him- self thus opposed, judged it expedient to dishiind liis corps."' .Vhoiil the saiiu! time the .\iiieiicans received reiiihuci'meiits which raisc(l their iimiilicr to alioiit two thousand men. Arnold was placed in char;;!' of Montreal, and (ieiicial Wooster took eoimuaud hel'ore (^iiehec. lOarly in April olfeii- sive operations were resiimcil ; the' hesien'crs a^aiu apfiroaehed the walls of the city and ojicncd (iro once more, hut with no better success than at- tended their former elVorts, On the iiii;lit of tiie third of May, (Jeiieral 'riuMiias, wlioliad succeetle;! (u'liural Wooster in coiiimaml, proposed to make one hisl eifiut to surpris(' the ^narriMiii, and iiarry tlio city liy stiuiii. Navii;;atioii was now oiKMi. and he determined to .send a lire-sliip into the Mritish vessels which had \ intered in thuCiil- de-Sac. and take advantage of tin cuiifiisioii caused hy the liurning of the !jlii|i[iiii;^', to make 11 general were landed at once. Thus reinforced, Carletiui, at the head of about one thousand men, sallied forth to annoy the i-car of the Americans, who were now in full ictrcat, haviiiL;- struck their tents and made off as hastily as possilile on the appear- ance of the Surprise. Carletoii siicccedcd in ccun- in|jf up with the rear, and captured all the artillery, stores. i\:c., and about two liiindrcd .-ick fell into his hand;. Tlu' retreat now bccime a rout ; the men threw away their [^'uiis and fairly ran for it to Sorcl. where, tindinn' they were not pursued, they made ii stand until the arrival id' (ieneral Sullivan with 1,40(1 reinforccmeuts. The men wi're ill a ti'iribly exhausted condition ; sutferin.L!: for \xaiit of food ami i lolhiii;,% and still atllicted witii small-|ioX', from whidi (ieneral 'i'luunas died soon after his arri\al at Sor(4. Carleton retunii'd ! to (^iH'bcc to await the arrival of all the reinfnrce- mtuits sent out. when a riijorous cam[)aigii was to be inaiinuratcd. "). — Ou heariiin' of the death of MontLComery, the repulse of the .Americans, and the grow in;; disfavor of the Caiiadians, the Coii- , A CMii^ri'sniMiiiii "ri'ssioual Coiiiircss determined not'.' niii,-,.\i»ii only to send reiiiloreeiiieiits to tin; trooiis, but to appoint a commission to vi^it Can- ada, ascertain the exact jiositioii id" afl'.iirs, and adopt the best cmuse [jus-sible under the (.irciim- :l ■ I •| ! if r :J14 TUTTI.KS lUSTuUV OF 'illE DOMINION OF CANADA. stiuiccs. Tilt! C'oiiiiiiissioii (.'oiisisti'il of l>cMJiuniii Fniiikliii, Siiiiuu'l ('li;i>f iuui {'h.irlt's ('iurull, ami was iieci)iii[iaiiii'(l by Fatlicr .ioiiii t'arn)ll (allur- wanls IJisliop of I5aUiiii(ire) win. was cxpL't'ted to ii.so his iiiliiU'iiL'i! with tin; c1c''.,l;'V. Tiu! foimiiis- sioiit'i's had tht; riiik'st ijowi.t. and wciu authorized to admit t'aiMuhi into the IJuioii, imd to pcil'onn any other fmietioiis which Conifress itself had the ri_L;ht, or jiower, to iieri'orni in Canada. The Cuni- niissioners left l-hihideli>liia on tiie 20th Mareh, 17T<», hut did not reaeh .Montreal until the 2'M\i April, 'i'hey wer(' received by (Jeneral Arnold and lodLjeil with Mr. Thomas Walker (a leadini;' malcontent ), who ownt'd the best built and best furnished housi; in Mont'.eal, at that time. On tlie followini^ da}' a eoun.'il of war was held, ami tl L' ''onnnissioners were so ihiironnhly eonvineed of the l)oi)elessness of the Ameiican cause in Can- ada that their lirst disiMtch to Compress contained the annonmiemeni that the country was lost to them. Still the Connnissioners trieil once a;4ain to arouse the Canadia.is, and mor(^ addresses were issued, and an ell'ort made t lliii'HiMri'H.i'M i.ri'iiii|>riHii In llio (' iiiailiiiiiH, ill wliii'li il iliMilnl till' iili'ik iif aiiylliiii^' liki' ii ilillliiilty mi till' Uiciiinil "< vi'llul.Mi!' ililln ii'K, I'll'., it sliiiulil kiIH illiiu in tin. pus- i*Iljii' *>\' tin* <,tUi.|n.|' art lis nlH. t.f tile ;:ri|.VIini.<'S nf tlir ,\lnt'l.i(.;ui Itrnpli', uiiiinn i|iiulr II III tliu Ih'i liirullnii nf lhilv|iuiMloiii'u vlijiiuil llli ' i-e]iort to Congress as to what work lit! did. There was no time to start a newspajier, as the Ctunmission- ers rcmainetl so short a while, but when they left, .Mes[ilals remained behind, and, taking in a man ! named IScrger as partner, .ipcned a ininting ollice ' in Market I'lace (now Custom House S(|uare). lie afterwards went to (Quebec, and ]iubli^hed the j lirst book printed in Canada, lie returncil to .Montreal, and, in ITT.'^, brought out the (list num- ber of tile Montreal Gi(zitti\ which was a small sheet, printed half French ami half Fnglish, and liuidished wceklv. The Otizilti- has "due thidii"li many changes since then, but still llourishes, and ' IS now the iddest paper in Canada, antl the third in age, we believe, on this continent. 7. — Congress ilid not eonlini! its elTorts for thu conipicst of Caiiida to the issuing of Haltering addresses, anil the sending of Com- i;,,i„r„n..|ii..iiis f.ir missioners; all tht! available forct! Vi;;.)";;;;!:?;;?,-,, they could raise was sent into '•"«'"""'• Canada; so that by t!u! time Chase and Carroll left .Montreal (21lll' May ), there wfie nearly seven thousand .\nierieaii troops in the .Moiitrciil dis- trict, (ieneral Sullivan, who hail siieeecded (ieli- eral Thomas, being in eoiiimand. The .\niericaiis, however, were in a lerribly destitutt! condition, lacking amniunitioii and artillery, and so strait- ened for footl that they were compelled iiy liimgel' to takegiain and ]irnvisions by force fiom the deal- ers, who hiid refused to take any niiu'e of the irro- deemable Continental paper money, and the Amer- icans had no coin (o pay with. This action was aftorwartls defended in Congress on the ground of •il lo IMiil- slaiu'c ('(iii- iiors, whicli ;' till' aii (,r with tlidii A iiori ii)ii y a friciKl se iiistiiic- a Fri'iuh ly, jiiiiiiiil s. alllidiigli icr.s' ifjiuil 'J lii'ie was (iniiiiissii)ii- II tlu'V left, ' ill a mail itiiiif ofliiH- f S([iiai(). Mi^liid llif ^'t^ll■ll(■(l t(i first iniiu- a.s a siiiail ij^iisli, ami If tlll()llt;li lif-iifs, and llif tliiid lis for tiiu ilatleiing 'iriMllrlilH fur I'Sfll'lll ,lltl 111 ("airoll lily seven it leal (lis- (leil (ifll- nifiieaiis, I'diiiiiliiin, SI) Ktiail- ly liiiiioer llii^ iili>li forees. 'I'ln; l)rili>li (ioscrnnieiit. diiiin'_f the win- ter of lTT.")-<">, had taken viL;ni-<)ns iiiea>iires for the sn|i|pressioii of 1 he Anieriean revolntidn. Snine fears heiiiLi; eiiteitaiiied that tin- ve^nlars emild not lit! allonetlier deiieiided on to fe^lil a;4aiii>t their own eonnlryineii. espeeiaiiy as so many lliitisli oilieers had es[icnised the Ameiieaii eaiiM'. arraiiLjements wen^ made with the |)ii]ie(if llriins- wiek, the (iiand Dnke of llesse-('as>eK and nlher jH'tty (iernian princes, for the siipiily of ahoiit lil'leeii thousand men. A di\isioii of llie>e troo]is. under (leiierals Speelit and Kiecleseii. were sent to (^)iiel)ee. tou'etlier with ten l>riti>ii lialtalioiis and Home eoiniianies of artillery, the whole under eoiii- liiaiid of (ieiieral l>iiri,ni\ ne. .Ml thronL;li the liionlh of May. traiispiM'ts lilled w'tli troo|is eoii- tiiiued to arrive at (^neliee. ami liy the > ml nf ihat moiilli there wvvv upwards of ten tlmiisanil men assemhii'd in the Province ready to advance mi the Americans and expel them. i ' S. — 'I'he next military operation, in clirono- loL;ieal seiincnce, after the reireat from (^iieliee, ! was the hiittle of the Cedars, and (*.'it>ta{n rtirHtff'rt ^i , j' i* i i i \ M.t..n 111 iiii^ tliecaidnre ot live liiin'lreil Amer- icans. When the iVmcricans in-' vaded Canada in the fall there had heeii small I jiarrisoiis in the W'eslern forts, which were cut off ^ diiriiiLC the winter fnnn the main liody of troops in (^lichee ; Imt as s|i'iiiL;- approached, siicli niimhers i as could he spared from the defence of the jio.sts j lic^an to descend towards .Montreal. On the lllh May, Captain l''orsler, who had assemliled one Iiiindred and lweiity-li\ e men id' the Sili itetri- ineiil.and alioiit one hiindred and lifly Indians, at Ogdeiislmrir, moved foruaid to the aliaek of a sloekado which the .\iiiericaiis had creeled at the Cedars. This was j^farrisoned hy four liumlrcd Americans, niniei' Colonel liedell. who, after a sliar[i (!ni^a!.;('meiit, siirrcndcii'd on I'.Hli .Mii\. On the following; day a party of one Inindred Aiiier- ieaiis, who wcro eomiiii^ to IJedeU's relief, were met liy a body of Canadians and Indians, and ] fori'L'd lo snrreinlcr after a sharp aeiion of ten min- utes' diiralion. The |iriMincrs were man hid In llie fori, lull some excesses were commilled hy the Indians, wlioni I'"orster found it iiiipos>ili|e lo rc- slraiii. This lo>s was a seriniis one lo ilie .\iiiei- icans. as, liesides the iiiimlier of men iM[iliired — wliiiiu lliev cinild il! alVoiil to lusc— -it cut theiii nil' fi'iuii comniiinicai iiui with the Indians, with w liiHii they were tainpei in;.;-. 'I'heir iie;.,fi)liiitions, hnwever, wiih the Indians were imt very success- ful, and diniiijf the wlmle war the Iroi|Uois re- luaiiicd failhl'ul lo the iirili^li cause. T, was, I" a L,Tcal cMeiil, due to Thayendaiienil, — lieller kiiiiwn as .loseph Iiiaiil, — a .Moii.iwk chief, who liacl lieen eduraicd ill ( 'i)niicclieiil. and who liuie a ciilniii'rs cciiiiiiiis~iiiii frninlhe kiiiL;' diiriiiLf tin: war. After his viclory at the Cedars, l'"orster pushed on Inwards .Mdiiiieal : luit, haininn' that .\rmild was advaiiciuL;' mi him with a siipeiicir force, he entrenched him-clf and repulsed tho .\iiicii( an L;eneral. who rcirealcd to Si. Aiines. .\ I'lciw aids ail cxchaii'^c nf prisoners was cIVeclcd, and Arnold, shmlly alter, cvaciialeil Montreal and fell hai'k towards the frmit'"r. 11. — .\ fuwaid nio\ ciiiiiil of llie ISrit i>h Iroojis from (Jiieiiec (link [ilaci; early in .Iniie, deiacli- meiils lieiii^' statimied aloicj; the C* I 1 • I . I><'fi'a( iif tin' AltitT- M. Lawrence. rcaehiiiL;' nearly lo i,:iiia ai. 'riir.-.. lav- Three Rivers, (ieiieral Sullivan, who was in comiiiand of the .\iuei ii ans at Sorel, thought this would lie a li'ood oppori null \' to niak'i! a descent mi Three Ui\ ers. hel'ore the full I'mce iif the IJiilisli arri\ed there; he lliercfore despalehcd (ieiieral Tliomjison, with ci'.^hieeii hundred men, to reduce the place. riionijison crossed Lake Si. I'eter at I'oinl-du-Lae, and advanced towanls Three liiveis diiriii.;' the ni;_;lil, of the se\eiilli and cii;iilh of ,1 line. Inluniiai ion w as lirminlil lo the town aliont fmir o'clock on the inoriiiiiL;' of the eiL;lilli, liy a eaplain of Canadian militia, ami I (Jeiieial !'"razer, who had just arrived frmii (^>iieliec, liasiily landed his troojis iiiid advanced to the aliaek. I ie was joined on the way liy many ( 'aiia- diaiis. and had nearly as slrmi;.,'' a force as Thomii- son. Ill' piissessed I wo ad vanlai;i's, however, over the ■\iiieiieaii L;'eiieral, he had sevci-al field-pieces, which the Americans lacked: and he had an op- portiiiiily of iilaciiiLT his men so that he could flank the eremy. The forees met in a wood ahoiit two miles from Three Kivers. and, w hile the .\mer- icaiis were cneaiii d willi the liiitisli vanifiiard, the main Imdy of Fra/.er's Iroojis flanked the ,\iiiericans and drii\e them into n swampy wood lo the iiorlh iif Lake St. I'eli r. where the hulk of tlieiii ri niaiiicil I'nr several da\s liel'me l)ie\ could h i< 1 316 TUTTLKS IIISTOIiV OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA. miviiiiLft" t(» effect tlicir escape to Sorel. Tiiomp- ' soil ami (ive limulreil i>( his men surreiHlere( ))risoin'i's, many of tiicni sick and wonmled, and :i Lfreat (jnantily of worthless i)a[>er money whicli they could not use. Tiui suni.u !r c.im;iai^n was over in Canada, as far as military operations weri; eoncernt'd, and nearly the whole of the lialauco of the season was spent in preparin;^ for a stru^i^hs for the mastery of Lake C'hamplain. Thri'c rri;^ates were huilt in KuL^land and sent out in section>. to ho put toj^ethei' and launched on the Lake, and about twenty small j;uii-l)oats and other craft were (.'(uistructeil. The Americans also made what naval preparations they could during' the sunuui'r, and liyliie fall had two corvettes, two armed hriixanlines, and ahont a d(t/en small vessels, the whole Ijciu'^ under com- ' mand of (icncral .Arnold. Tlie ilrsl (Mc^a^emrnt took place near \'al<'our"s Island on lliii Oilolicr, and the vVmeriiMUs had rather ihe Ke-^i of the eii- 5a:4('menl, as Capiain J'rin'_;li', who comnrinded the lirilish Heel, was forced to retire : hut .Vrnold lo.^t two of his Vessels, and this so crij)[)leil him that he determined to i;-el under the shelter of the fjuns at Crown Point. In this he vas disa[)pointed, for on the 1 )ih, I'riie^le intercc^pied him ami an- other cnuaL^i'iiu'iit ensiu'd, in WLich Arnold was totally dcfcaled, and iho whole .Vmerican lleet, with the exception of four vessels, either captured or destroyed. After this thi! Americans hlew nj) the fort at Crown I'oint, and retreated up the lake, while both armies soon after went into winter quarters, the IJritish heiiiif stationed in cantons from Isle-aux-Noix to (Quebec. 11. — It is not within our provim'c to follow the liist(;ry of the War of lnde[icndence furliur than it cnneerus Cainida, and as it rolled away from our borders it may pass "jr'l'i siiruiiral"' "' out of our history, ex<'ept a brief reference to Ihe campai;j;n of ITT", whitdi liad some interest lor Canada, as it le(l to the withdrawal, for a while, from her councils of omi of the warm- C.-.I fricmls and best <4overmirs she excr had, ( inv Carletoii. Dnrin;^ iljc winter ITTtl-T (leiieial IiurL;'oym' visit e(l ICu'^hmd, and returin'd in the spriuLi; i)f ITTT as Commander-in-( liief of the IJin- li.--h army to opeiate iVom Canada into the Stale (d" New York. 15iirL,'oyne was a self-opinionated, over-c>timated soldier, who. ha vin;^- nn't with some trilling success in Port u;,'al, was. at the instance of hisfiicndsat courl, promotcil ever the heads of itcticr men, and bron;^ht disL^race ami disaster on the lirilish arms, as his ;_;rcat prototypes Ilrail- dock and Aberciomby had bei'ore him. ('aileton, who desired military service, and I'rlt aL,'nrieved at the appointmenl of ISuri^oyio', tendered his resi'.,'- nationof tin; •governorship ritish campaii^n (d' ITTT, was for the army under I)Uri;'oyin', nearly 10,0(10 stroUL;-. to advance from Canada on Albany, theri' to form a jiinetioii with Lord Howe's forces (vinn New ^'ork, and thus '• ciit the rebellion in two" by dividinjx the New Eni,dand from the Southern States. The cam|>aii:jn opciu'il late in June, and I>urnd\ ne was, at ilisi, enliiely siiceessful. Ticimdero^'a fi'U on '''(■ (iih July, and IlurLjoyiu: continued to advance towards Albany, the Americans retreating, but rapidly concentratinif their forces, not oidy in Ids front but in his rear, lor MnrLfoyne, who had .said, boastfully, "liiiliuis inner tifii their backs," faileil to keep his lines of ri'treat open, and when he was (du'cked by the entrenched cain|) of the Americans at Stillwater, where (i.'Ueral (lattiswas in command. Lake (ieor^,^e was beiiiLj taken ]ios- session of in his rear. Hurijoyne remained be- fore the camp until the Tth October, when, his provisions runniuL,' short, he was forced to trust his fortunes to an assault. Tin; strugyh! was ti desperate one, and the IJritish loss lieavy, but the Aini'iicans held their own and IJurn'oyno was rc- jmlsed. There was nothinij left him m)W- but to retreat, and this he found it impossible to do. Ileiinned in on all sides, short of iirovisions iind iimminnlion, with a victorious enemy pressing close on him, m)lhin;^' was lel't but (o surrender, which he accordin^■ly did at Saratoga on the llith ( »iIp1 iiiiini and there latilii (■riimi lii di^gi'. .11 Sllnilii;;i4. ill IiikI sonic: nillidriUMil, t" till! Wiirm- I'l' li;iil, (iuv -7 (ii'iiL-ral iiifd ill till' lit" iIk' Kii-- tllrSliiliMir iliiiiiiiiialcil. t \\ iili sdtiic II' installer • tllr lu'iKJs ml ilisastcr lyjics I'.iiiil- Cailrton, .Lr,i:,n'ii'\ I'll at 1 1 liis i'('si'4-- 'riii' plan 11' the army ti) aihaiicc ii jiiiii'licjii Vork. ami iviilinn' till' ates. Tin; ^■iiyiii.' was. r^-.i I'l'U on ti> lulvaiifc 'iilin^', hilt only ill liis II liail said. ir liai'ks," and wliL'ii mp of tilt; I ( ialcswas tiikoii jios- niaincd liu- wlifii, Ids d to trust I'^li'. was a vy, but tlio ne was re- lOW l)llt to l)lo to do. isions and ,' jircssiiin' siiiTdndui', I II llio IGtIi (.(»vi:i;.\Mi;.M oi' (ii:.\i;i;AL iiai.di.m and -imti;!) IvMIMi;!; i.ov alisis. .117 ()(l')l)rr, tllr Inrci' so laviii;,' douii ilnii' arms iiiiniliciinL;' almiii .six lliou-aiul iiii'ii. l>iirL;oyiie ami lii> imii wen' .sent in 1! > ion and dctaiiu'd ilifii' Millie lime, ilii' Anierieaiis iiiMsi iii;^- ii[uiii ii laliliealiiin oi' ilie f-iiirender iiy tliu liiitisli ( iov- eiiinieiil liel'oic sending' llie trnojis to I'lir^land. lii. — Whilst Uur^oyne was MilVei in.;- defeat and ili-'^r.iee, Canada, relieved from the jire-enee of a foe, a;4aill enjoyed tllf l>le>sili'^'S of i;*>?>uiii|>ii>>n <i\Ieen iiiUs Wi'ie passed. 'i'lie nio>t iiii|iorlalit aii.s w ere liiose I'linririiiiiii;' iheCuiirls oi' Kind's I'll 11 el land ( 'oi union I 'leas, already e>ialili>lied ; one erei'Mii;^' a < 'oiirt i.'f I'roljale, and one eonsiii iitiiii;' hie wiioli! eoiliieil a ('niirt of Ap|Mal. any live of ilie meiiiheis, wiiii the governor or thief jn>liee, lieiiii;- eoinpelelil to hear eases. 'I'lie se.ssiou was a very i[iiiet and orderly one, and all the ails passed reeeived the appro\al of tlu! ;4ii\i'riior and I lie home e'overnnieiit. I'.ills relaliiiL;' to trade and eoiiimeree, liii;lnvays, etc., Wfre passed, and the' liriiish eomniereial laws were ileelared liind- iii4 (111 ('anad.i, which '^aNe the lllilish iiierehaiils a ^'ii'.iler ftndiii;^ of seenrit\'. Alioni ihis lime a ilil'l'i'ii'iiei' arose hetweeii (ioveinor ( 'arlelmi and ( liiel'-.lnstiee I,i\ilis, W liiidl led In the dismiss, li iil ilielaller. The eaiise of t he ilispiUt! was tliea[i- poiulni'iii of a I'rivy ('onneil of live nieinliers of I li ■ Legislative ( 'onneil, under privale insi i iielioiis leceiveil 1p\' Carletoii frniii the ministry. This I'livy (tnineil w as a[i[ioinied in 177ii. and eoiisist- I'll of tilt; !,ieiHi'nani-< iovernor. and Messrs. Collins, hiiiiii. {'inlay, and .M..liane. I.ivins. wlmwasilie leader of what imiy lie failed tin- •• liriiish " ele- ment ill the eoiiiieil. diinaiided the produet imi of these ilist rileliolis. W ineh Carleloil relllsed, and slis|iended '.lit; chief justice. I,i\iiis then eolll- piaiind to the IJoard of Trade, mil lie w ,is ail- jiiilL^fd 111 ha\t' lieeii nnjiisilv removed, and reciimineiided for re-iii^i . i eiiieiit : liiu mean while Carleloil liail resi;,'iieil, and i.ivins — wlm was in Eii<;huid— lid not return to ( .inada. his place hein;^' filled hy .MalMiie. Carletmrs reiirennnt from otliee was sincerely rej^'relted hy tin' Cana- dians, wliost! friiMitl lie had always shown himself to he; and they iiad i\eii more cause to regret him when tliev eainc ui.der the sway of his suc- cessor, (Juiieiai llaldimand. cii.\!'ri:i; i.xiv. (i(>\T;i.".\.Mi;.\i' or (ii;.M:i;.\!. iiai.di- .\i.\M).— rNiii:i> i:mi'ii;|'; ldv.m.i.-i-. 1. (iKM'.l; \l. il.\l.l)l.\l.\M)'s .M'I'OlN rMI'.N r. I'.I'"- I'lii: rs Ml' 1 lit; .V.mkkh'.vn.s id ini i.i i;ni'|'; tiik C .VN.\ I >l A NS.— - J. 1 1 .\ 1,1 ll.Nl .\ N I I'.S TV l:.\ .\ N V. — •'.. liKciKJNiTiuN ui'" Till': Ini)i;i'i:m>i:n(i; oi- rut: iNrrKii Sr\ii:s. — I. Cii; i'.\ii.mi:n r m- iiik l!iirM).\i;ii:s of (Ji i;iii;i'. CiiNsiu^i i;n"'' dik- llri l.rii;.s. — ."i. I'l.lt.si'.ci TjiiN 1)1' l,i»V.\M.STS liV TIIK .\Mi:i:ir.\N.s. I',mii,i;atiiin m Canad.v, — I). I'm I III Il.Mi'iui: Li'VALi.sT.s. Sr.rri.DMKNTS IN' \Vi;.sri:i;N Canah.v.— 7. I'ui'i i,a i hin of iiii: I'kiivim r.. Sr.r ri.i;Mi;N r uirni; I imi.u m.s UN (iKANK lilVKl;. — ^. l!i;i'AI.l. I if (li (V i;i; Ni Ml il.vi.iii.MANit. Ta-ssim; Till-; Hamka.s Cuiii-fs Act. 1. — ^lajoi-(ieneral I'"rederiek llaldiiiiiind, who sueceeded Sir (iny ('arhion as '.'inernor. was a Swiss liv hirih. a soldier of cxiieii- ' , ]■ 1 ' ll.M.lMl IImMI- t'licc and ciiihi. hi.i a most im- i,,;ii„r,,,| ,,,i- . iiiriii. i:ii. n ■ ..r 111,' ciimiironiisin;4 martinet, a man ol .VMi.ii.,.iii. i.. infin- , . . fh... III.. I .■ili;nli;i]is. sliiii naliire ami imperious manner, liiile titii'l to rule a new country peopled liv two raees, lo hoth ol which he was alien, and wiih the laws of neiiher of which was he ihoron-hl \' eoii- \ersant. lie was ap|Miiiiied to the l;ii\ ermneiit at a criiical iniiod. and he ailo|iled ihe iion nih; of coercion as the out; most suiicd to hold ('anada tine to her alleuiaiice to ( ileal lliiiain ilnrini;-llie tr\iii.i;' times of the American re\olulioii. lie succcedcil. hut mure thioic^h the ilisincliiial ion of tin uieal hulk of the people to join the I'evnlled ]iio\ inces, anil the inlliiciiee of ihc priests, ihun lliioie^h the cflii-acy of the re|iressi\e poliev he adoplcd: and he cariictl for himself the thorough dislike and conteiniii, of the ]people he was a[i- piiinlcd to riile: while, hy his arhii rar\' harshness, he. iincon-ciously, assi :cd the cause of political liheriy. . -howiiiLf very stroiinly llie ennirasl of military dcs|iiiiisiii. The surrender of Iiui'i4;o\'iio, at .""^aralo;.;;!, inspired the Americans with fresh hopes: and. all lioic^h they did n s atteiupl aii- oilier invisioii of ('anada. Uiey never ahandoned the idea ol iiiriiieing the ('anadiansto join thcii- ( 'oiil'cderatioii, and emissaries weif I'oiistantiy ut Work endeavoring to sap the loyalty of the Ciiiia- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1 1.8 U IIIIII.6 7] .> ^jS" > ^> > ^;; '/ /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation M-^ \ ^ \\ %. [v ^\/#^\ i <^>. "^U 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 i.^ C/j % ; "I 318 TUTTLI-rs illSToUV OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. tliiiii people. AlLlioiiLih they did not succeed, still tiu'ir offiiits ciiused iiiiuiy lo he disiiffeeted, and <;avo oppurtuiuties to llaldiniiiud for uiimy iU'l)i- Inu'V iiets ill the siininiiuy arrest iuid iniprisomueiit, willioiU trial, of persons suspt'cted of favoring' the American cause. Many eases of snnnnary arrest of suspected persons are recorded, the most note- worthy of which was that of Dn ("alvct, an ex- nia<(istrate, and genlleman of n'ood standing and position, who had heen on friendly lerms with the Americans during tiieir occniiancy of Montreal, and furnished them with supplies. He was sus- pected of carrying on a secret correspondence with the Americans, and was arrested at iiis resi- dence, in Montreal, on the l2od of September, ITSO, and taken to (^neixic, where he was kept in prison — hail hcing refused — until the signing of the treaty of I'aris. in ITS;], hy which the inde- pendence of the I'nited States was recognized, when all political prisoners in Canada were re- leased. 2. — The large nund)er of arrests of suspected jjcrsons soon tilled the jail, and the Kecollct's con- vent was used to affiu'd extra ac- commodation. Tlie governor re- sju'cted very little the sacrcc'"KniUnli of lliil desire lor a l.,egisiativo i\ssemi)iy iiiiiip.Mi.i.'n r increased. Several petitions were presented to tiie Home (lovernment praying for a ni(U'(! liberal charter, and the subject was finally taken under consideratiiui by the ICnglish I'ar- liainent. IMoanwhile the war of American imle- ]iendeuee had Ik'cu drawing towards a successful termination for the insurgent colonies. Iienjamiu Franklin had lu.'cn sent as representative of \\w Fiiiled States at the Court of France; and had not only succeeded in gaining a recognition of the new republic from Louis XVI., but the young nation also receivcxl material aid in the shape of troojis and a llei^t. iMigland was by this time en- gaged in a giMieral continental ■war, and could only sjicnd a portion of her (Miergy and resources on the subjugation of her revolti'd colonies ; be- sides tins, there was a strong feeling growing up that it would be best to allow the revolted States (o sever their connection with ihi! mother country. The fortunes of war Jluctuated at first between the IJritish and the revolted colonics; hut after GOVERNMENT OF OENEHAL IIALDLMAXD— UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS. ;n<) tlie alliiiiH'L' willi Fiance tlu; balance tiivncil j! steadily in I'avor of llie coldiiists, and the snr- ' render of Lnrd Cornwallis, wilii sevi'n thonsand men, to a conihiiied Aniei'ican and French lurce of l twelve tlionsand men, under Washin;j,'lon anil ^^ lioehanibean, at Yorktovvn, Va., on ITth October, 1782, virtually finished tiie war; and the imle- pendeiice of the United States was formally ac- knowledged l)y Great Hritaiii by the treaty of i peace signed at Paris in 178o. | 4. — Hy the treaty of jjcace (Jiicbee was shorn of ^ nearly all the territory wliicli hail been added to .•.,rtaii,m.„tc,.->i„.. it l)y the act of 1774, and reduced ',!'!• '''l^ms,.Mi'Ml'i" *•" 'i''""t the same proportions as at JiiiiVuiiks. the time of the c 'iiinest. All the vast and fertile region i)etweeii the Mississiiijji on llie west and the Ohio on the south was recog- nized as belonging to the United States ; and the boundary of the American jiossessioiis was dcliiied by a line drawn from a point in tiie forty-fifth degree of north latitude (St. Regis), tlirough the middle of the river St. Lawrence, and of Lakes Ontario. I-Irie, IIuioii, Superior, and the Lake of the Woods. In the east, Uritish and Anierieaii teiiilories were divided b}' the St. Croix River, and by a line drawn from its source to tiie "high- lands dividing the waters falling into the Atlantic from those emptying themselves into the St. Law- rence." 'I'iiis iuiU'riiiile definition gave rise to various coni|ilications in after years, and very nearly caused a war between England and the United States before the l)i)undary was settled. Tiie diniciiities were to define wliich were the '•St. Croix River " and the " highlands" mentioned ill the treaty. The Americans ciaiined that the Maguguadavic was the river mentioned as the St. Croix, tiie Rrilish that it was the Si ,/,)diac. In 171I8 a decision was given in favor of the Rritish river, and it was then determined to draw the liins of "the higiilands " from the source of the noitliern branch of the Scoodiac River; but here another dillieulty presented itself, as to wJiieli were " tlie liighlaiids " meant by the treaty. Tlie IWitish claimed that they were certain detached heights running westward from Mars Hill, tlie Americans that the iiigh ridges runniug from Cape Rosieres — about thirty miles on an average iVoin tiie left bank of the St. Lawrence — to the northwest branch of the Conneetieiit River, were the higii- lands referred to in the treaty. The Hritish claimed that tlie spirit of the treaty was to retain to each cDuntiy its great rivers and their trilai- laries, and ihereloie held that they were entitled to the country watered iiy tiie ^\roostook, Alla- gash and Walloostock ; iiiit the Ameriians di.s- puted tile game, and the matter remained in abey- ance for nearly sixty years, and was the cause of much trouiiie, the country being known as the Disputed Territory. At last the difiiculty was settled, to the disadvantage of Canada, by tlie Ashbiirton treaty of 1842, by which the three rivers, and nearly all the territory claimed, were given to the United Slates. 5. — Rut if Camula lost consideralily in territory liy the treaty of 178;}, she gained very greatly by ciuigration, both in (luantity and PirHiniicn i.f quality. During the war of inih- a^' i!,""":,,''.-' '|.';;,i. pendeiice there was a strong jiarty «'"""" '"Canaiii in tl'e States (especially New York, Massachusetts and Virginia) who clung with the utmost loyalty to the old fiag, and fought with the Ibitish against the revolutionists. These were know n us 'I'ories, and were more cordially hated by the Americans (bin either the Hessians or the lirilish. AVlieii the indepeiideiice of the States was acknowledged, these men liecame the objtjcts of most cruel per- secution; not only was their iiroperty coiilisciited, lint their lives \\ere endangered, and it became evident that in order to protect them they must be providid for elsewhere Iiy tlie Rrilish (Jovern- ineiit. Accordingly, large grants of land Avere olfered them iu the vaiimis Rritish colonies. Large numbers settled in Nova Scotia and Nc-vr Rrnnswick, and about ten thousaud migrated to the Province of Qui'bec, settling in what was then the upper jiart of the Province, but now forms the Province of ( )iitario. About twenty-five thousand of these emigrants came to (Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward's Island, and by their thrift and industry tended greatly to build up those Provinces. When it beianie necessary to remove them from New York (where most stringent laws liad been ]iassed against, fliiin), the I'ritish (iov- erninent olTeied them large grants of land ; and as it was thouglit piditie to keeii the Freiii'ii Catholic and English Protestant poiuilatiiuis as much as possible apart, these grants were all made west of .Ml It it real, around the Ray of (juiiile and iiloiig the iiortheiii shine of i^ake ( )iitari. . l\Iaiiy of these einigranis had been men of wealth and m i: IK 1 II' i ■' '\ 320 TUTTLE"S IIISTOUY OF IIIH DOMINION OF CANADA. position ill llicir own States, but luul lost their all on account ol' llieir loyalty to the British Crown, so that the t;'ovi'ruinent iiail not only to t;ivo them larj^'e tracts of land. — varying,' from two hundred to five thousand acies, — i)Ut to assist them witli farming' inipleuients, provisions and elotiiin;^ for till! first two years; l)Ul noi)ly iiave they repaid the iioiuify ol" tiie ^overnni-nt i)y reclaiming the vast wilderness of tiie West, and bnildiuL;' up the lio[)ulous and llourisiiiuij,' Province of Ontario. (!. — The I'niled ICnipire Loyalists, as these pioneers of civilization in Western Canada are usuallv called, derived tlu-ir name ;iiisi». siuii'mi-iuss Iriim an oriter m council, [tassctt in 1 1 Ml, in wiiieii their chndreii, as Well tiiose will) were born before as those l)orii after liieir eminratiini, were granted two iuindred acres of land on attaining tiieir majority, or on marriage uiuler tiiat age, if females. A list of these emigrants was ordered to l)e made for the purpose, as the onler exi)resses it, " to [)ut a mark of honor upon the families who had adhered to the Utii't^/ol the Empire, and joined the /il')//((/ standard in America, bel'ore the treaty of sei)aration in ITMo, to the end that their posterity iniglit lie discrim- inated from tiie tiieii future settlers." From the em[)hasis laid on tlio w,i„„ „rti,o Francis, upwards al,:ng the St. ii^irn i„. rnl'Xis Lawrence, and around the [Jay of "" ""^^ '■'■■""""^•■'■ Qiiinte, and possession was taken of the lands, as fast as tiiey were surveyed, by members of tlie S4tli Uegiinent, and other Knglish and (iernian soldiers. A settlement was also formed at Niagara, and one at Amherstburg, and a colony from New York took possession of tlie old site of Fmt Fron- tenae, and founded what is now the flourishing city of Kingston. The pioneer of this party, in describing the ])lace, says there were no dwellings to be seen save " the bark-thatched wigwam of the savage, or the newly-erected tent of the hardy loyalist ; " yet so rapidly did the jilace progri'ss that when the Rev. John Stuart, D. D.— then the only clergvmau in Upper Canada — visited the ]ilace, in ITS."), he says, " the town increases fast; there are already about iil'ty houses built in it, and some of them very eli'gant. We have ikiw. just at the door, a ship, a scow, and a sloop, be- sides a number of small crafts." Peace brought with it an inlliix of emigrants from 1-iiglaiid, as W' 11 as the States, and soon the swing of the woodman's axe was sweeping away the giants of the forest, and happy Iionies were being built uj) where naught but a state of nature had existed a few inonths bel'ore. In this year, 1TS4, a census was taken, and the population of the Province found to be one Iiundred and thirteen thousand and twelve, twenty-eight tlioiisaiid of whom were fit to bear arms, and enrolled in the militia; but as only the more settled districts of (^ueliee, Mon- treal, and Three Rivers were taken, it is safe to estimate at least ten thousand mon; in thesparselv peopled and only partly settled dislriets. The Indian population also received a large aeeession this year, liy the emigration of a body of tin; Iro([iiois from their old hiinting-grounds in the OS, its thousands iH'twork of vail- uers and sailinn' cas and carrviiin' :ld, we may liiok band of [lalriols, (J wilik'Tness to anall lieginnings 1 the suninu'i' ol' I'oni the highest rn|iul;ltirin of tlio l*i'"\ ill' Scdli'- lllcnt "if llii' n-ni|ii<)iH p oil iliu iiriiiKl Uivcr. of tlie hinds, as ni embers of liie ih and fierman I'med at Xiagaia, (ilony from ^\e\v te of Fort Fron- tiie ih)ui'ishing )f tiiis party, in ■re no dwellings I wigwam of the it of the Iiardy 3 phiee progress D. I).— t lieu the da — visited the 1 inereases fast ; ises 1)uilt iu it, A\'e liave n^nv, md a sloop, he- I'eaec brought •oni iMigland, as 10 swing of the ly the giants of l)eing built up re had existed a , 17^4, a ecnsns )f the Provinee irteen thousand ;l of whom were; he mililia ; but )f (^nebee, .Mon- ■n. it is safe to e in the sparseh- dis(ri('ls. 'I'lie : huge accession a liiidy of (he grounds in the :^:r-.' I'l I; li ll I'. "- 1 ' ;riii [N6RAVE0 fXPStSSLYFOR'IUTTLE 5 HISTORV Or IHt DOMINION - TO FINO BIOGRAPHIES SEE INOtX IHt BURLAND 0E5BARAT5 IIIHO COMP' 11 hhn L I ; It 11 h j i' ; i' 1 M 1,' (iOVKRX.MKXT OF LOUD DOIIC'IIESTEU— DIVISION' OF lliE PUOVIXCi:. Siiit(! of New Yiiik ti) ;i rt'scrvalioii wliicli Wiis oivfii lliriu oil tin; (iniiid Itivcr, tlu: ijrraiil bciii;^ a stiip of liiiitl six iiiik's wide along tin' wliolc k'ii|^tli of the liver. The Iro(iiiois luid siiffeicd ln'iivily diiriiiL;' (lie war. on iicconnt of their fidelity to the l»ritisii; (leneral Sullivan iialiiii of their Chief, Tliay( ndane'^a, (U' ISiant, : fter whom the town and eounty of Miant are named — and their deticendants continue to ocen[)y the sanu' hinds to the present day. .loseph I>rant was a line siiecimen of a Christian Indian, and liy his wise counsels and example, not only indiuu'd the In- dians to forego many of their cruel praeliees in war, hut trained them in tin; paths of Chrisliiinity and civilization, so that the}- hecame useful and valuahle memhers of the cf)mmunity. 8. — The return of peace gave the British min- istry time to look into the conduct of (Jovernor lioi-aii ot (iovornor Haldiuiand, and it was found that Ja^i'i'u^e^X;:; '"^ ^vas totally unsuited lor his tw7)M.s-.iit. posiiion, and was ecinally distaste- ful to both the French and British colonists ; he \\as, therefore, recalh'(l ( ;it his own re([Uest), and left for England early in 178."). His successor was .Mr. Henry Ilamilt(Ui, who was ap[iointed Lieutenant-( Jovernor, and arrivi'd at (^uehec in the s[yiiiig of 178."). The fust act of the; newdov- eriior was to convene the Legisl-ilive Council, and hesuhmitted to it the propriety of introducing the hitheas corpus i-ct, the advisability (d' which had been determined on by the English Privy Council. The bill was accordingly introduced and met with general favor; the Canadians, who now thoroughlv understood the benefits of the act, strongly supiiort- ing it, and the clergy fully iiuh)ising it. It was at first pro)V)sed to exempt the meml)er.s of female religious communities from the benefits of the act; but t.ie nuns became highly indignant at this, looking on it as an imiJiitation that they would take advantage of the act, if they could, to leave their cloisters, and at their retiuest, the act was so amended that they, as well as others, could enjoy its privileges. Mr. Hamilton only acted as lieu- tenant-governor for one j-ear, and was succeeded, for a brief jieriod, by Mr. IIe:\ry llojie : but noth- ing of interest or importance occurred nnder either admiiMslratioii. lieyoud what lias been al read recorded. CIIAPTKR LXV. GOVEnX:\IENT OF LORD DOHCHESTEPv. — DIVJSIOX OF JIIE PUOVIXCE. 1. IiF.AIM'OIN'TMHXT or f! i:NKu.\r, Caiii.ktox. ± liKPuitT.s ui.' C().MMrrri:i:s on tiik CoNnr- TIOX OF TMH Col.ONV. — :!. A(iITATION' FOR ]ii:i'i!i:.si'.NTATivi-; Ciovi:i:n.mknt. Passac.i; of TIIK '•Con.^titctional"' Act, 17'.t1. — 4. Pkin- (TI'AL PltoVISIOXS OF THE A<'T.— ."). DIVISION Link 1!i:t\vi;i:n tiik two Puovincks. Ckx- I SIS. j 1. — Immediately after the close of the American i revolulionarv war the Liberals of (Juebec had recommended an agitation for rep- resentative goverinn.'iii : and their iJlM/JllaranXm cause was greatly strengthened by the advent of \\w United Em[)ir(! Lovalists, who had been promised the free exercise of all the lights and privileges to whieb they had i)cen aeeust(uiied as citizens of l)riti^h Provinces. Canadian affairs again began to oeeiipy the attenti(ui of the I^igii>h House of Pailiameut, and in June, 17()>', Sir (iuy I Carleton — now raised to the peerage as Lord Dor- chester — was ajipointed governor-general of all till! Provinces, and commaiider-in-chii'f ui all the foit'cs in Ibitish Ameiii'a. Hi; arrived ;': (Quebec 1 on li^Ul October, and was joyfully received by all classes, but especially by the Canadians, with w horn he was a great favorite on account of the mildiu-ss and justice with which he liail treatetl tliem during . his hirmer administrations. At the stune time there ' also arrived a new chief justice for Queliec, Mr. I Siiiilh, who had been attorney -general of Xew I York, but had !)een forced to leave on account of ' his loyalty to the British Crown. 'J'he governor- general at once convened a meeting of the Coiiii- ' cil, and laid before them certain suggestions niih I regard to ascertaining the exact condition of the i colony. The council was divided into committees I to in([uire into the adininistration of justice, the state of trade' and eommeree. the condition of the police and the stale of education iii the Province. f:,f i iil I fi mm m\ 322 TUTTLKS HISTORY ()K TIIK I)()>riNI()X OF CANADA. 1 2. — 'I'lu'se (•(imiiiittcfs iiiiulc! loni^ iiiid careful iiivt;.sli;^iilioiis. cxiuiiiiifil iiiiiiiy w iliu'sses, iiiitl at U'liLflli iniiilc ii.'[)i»ils. The iuvesti- IrXnu','..','!","!!,; 'pillion into tlu' ii(liiiiiiistnitinii of '""""' ">■• th,. laws was oiu'iicd l.y tlie cliief justice ill JiUH', 1TS7, ami siioweil a most uiisatis- factoiy stato of affairs. Cliari^'cs were made .ai>aiiist the judti^es of diMiidcemiess, iiieumiieteiiey, and favoritism. It was siiowii tiiat tlie English jiidijes foliowc^d Kni;iish law. llu; French judges F'rencli law ; and one judn'c — who a[i[)arently understood no law at all — gave ]ii> decisions on the " eiinit\' " of eases without any resjiect to eillier Englisli or French law. Tiie committee on trade and com- inerco reported hoth in an unsalisfaetory condition, which was maiidy attrilmtcd to the com[ietition of tile Uiiited States, and also to tlu; uncu-rtainty of the laws, it being strongly urged that English laws should be introduced altogether, and the use of French laws discontinued. 'J'he committee on education found it at a very low ebb. There were no public schools, and few private ones outside of ^lontreal and (Quebec ; the Jesuits had closed their college and there was not a school in tlie Province where the higher branches of learning were taught. Tiie committee suggested the estalilishmeiit of elementary schools in all the parishes ; district schools for teaching arithmetic, the French and F^nglish languages, grammar, book-keei)ing, gaug- ing, navigation, laud-measuring, and the practised branches of mathematics; and a university for the study of the higiu'r branches of learning. The committee recommended that the Jesuits' estate and a portion of the public lands should be set apart for the maintenance of this la-rge scheme of general education. 3. — These reports were presented in due form, and forwardt'd by Lord Dorchester to the Home (iovernmeiit; but some time ela[)sed lfmaln!\i:7\''vu-'^^' bcfoi'e action vv'as taken on tliem. th',.''!M,msiu'u'ii.li'f- Meanwhile the agitation in favor of "' ^'''' '""' rei)reseiitativegoveriimeiit continued. The territory grant(ul to tiie United Empire I^oy- alists had i)een divided into four districts, Lunen- burg, Hesse, Nassau, and Mecklenburg, and Eng- lish laws were permitted in these districts, as the inhabitants knew nothing of l'''rencli laws, and did not even understand tiie language in wliicii they were written. Tiiis caused further elVorts on tiie [lart of tlie t,)uebec liberals, and, in IT'JO, Mr. Adam Lymbiirncr, a leading mercliant of Qiieliec. visited London and ;gcd the views of the party lie rep- resented so suceesslully, that a l)ill was prepared by Mr. (irenville, tiic then I'olonial secretary, imd siilimitti'd to Lord Dorchester, after which it wiis presented to the Housi; of ('(iiiiinons by Mr. I'jit in tlie spring of IT'.'l. The new Iiill carried mit tlie idea iiil rod need by the settlement of the l' nit id Fhiijiire Loyalists in tiie Western part of tin,' I'mv- iiice — that of keeping tin; two races sejiarate ami distinct : the I'rovince was dividc'd into two, ob- serving as nearly as [)ossible tin; distinctions of religion and race, and each I'rovince was granted a Legislative ^Vsscmlily of its own. The bill was strongly opposed by Mr. F'ox, wlio argued tliat tlu; two races should be drawn clost; togetiier instead of lieiiig kejit separate; and that the council should lie elective instead of being appointed by tlie crown. Mr. Pitt maintained tliat a division of tiie I'rovince woiddbe the best means of conciliating the F'reiicii, as it woniil satisfy tlieni that no attenii)t would be made to force IJritish laws on them ; wliile it would also gi'atify tlie Britisii settlers in Western Canada, by allowing them to be rub'd b}- the laws tlicy most desired. Tlie Quebec i, formers were by no means pleas(!(l with tlie division of tiic Province, and Mr. LyiiilMirner was heard at the bar of tlas House of ('ominous, on 2")tli March, ITi'l, and strongly opjiosed tiie liill, setting forth ids nlijcc- tions very clearly, and arguing that a di\ ion would be very detrimental to tiie interests of ( per Canada. Tlie bill was. however, passed, and con tinned tlio law of the country for fifty years. 4. — The following condensation of tliis ce', ted act is taken from Christie's History of Lower Canada: "Tiie Constitutional Act repealed so much of the (^lebec ,7ili;:'|;[:;.""'''''""" Act as related to tlio api)ointment of a Council for the Province of (^iieliee. and the })owers given to it to maivc ordinances for the government tlicreof. His Maj(!sty"s message, ex- pressive of his intention to divide tlie Province of Quebec into two separate Provinces, as jirevioiisiy noticed, to lie called l"p[)er Canada and Lower Canada, l)eing recited, it was enacted that a Legis- lative CouiKiil ami Assembly should be establislied in each Province, with power to make laws for tiie peace, welfare, ami good government thereof. Tlie meniliers of tlie Legislative Council were to lie ap- pointed iiy tiie King for life, and in L'^iper (i<)Vi;i;N.Mi;Ni' of i.okd !)()ii(iii:s'ii;u- division or riii: i-kovimi;. Ciiiiadii to consist of iiol fewer tluiii xrrcn, and in Lower Canaila not fewci- llian ///Vc' /< iieisons. No [ii rsoM not lieinn' of tiie l'i;il a;_;(.' of i!l years anil a natural lioin snlijeet of iiis majesty, or natnraiize(l liy Aft of lirilisli I'arlianienI, or u snlijeet of liis niajest}' liy the eoncinest ami ces>ion of Canada, eonid l)u ajijiointed to it. Jlis niaji'sty was iiniimr- ized to annex to hereditary titles of honor, the rinlit of lieinj^' snninioned to the LegisliUivo Coun- eil in either Province. The i;overnor had tin,' ri^: of iiiniointini;' a .sjicuUer to the Li'y;islalive (,'onin' Each Province was to ho divided into districts or connlie.s, or cities, or towns, or townships, which were tt) retiMii representatives to the assemhlit's, the <;()Vernor fixiiej; the limits of sncii districts and the nnnilier of rejircsentiilives to he returned to each. Tile whole numher of memliers of the as- senihly in I pper Canada was to he not less than sixteen, and in Lower Canada not less than tifly, and to he cliosen hy ii majority of votes. The county memliers were to he elected hy own- ers of land in freehold or in lief or rotnre, to the value of forty shillinj^s sterling;" a year, over and ahovo all rents and diarizes jiayahle out of or in respect of the same. Meinhers for the towns or townships w er(U'liL;ihlu hy persons havini;' a dwell- inif-ho;ise and lot of ground therein of tlu; yearly value of jto sterling or upwards, or who having resided in tlie town for twidve calendar months, next hefore date of the writ of election, shall ImiKt fide have paid one year's rent for tlie dwelling- house in which he shall liave resided, at the rate of £10 sterling per annum, or ujiwards. No per- son hcing a legislative councillor or ck-rgyinan of the Church of ICngland or Jvonie, or a teacher of any other religious profession, was cligihlu to tiie liouse of assemhly in cither Province, nor was any i)crson, under lawful ago, to vote at any oloetion of a mcndjcr to servo in the assemhl}-, nor eligihle thereto ; nor was any person eligihlo as such who was not a natural-born suhjeet, or naturali/.ed as aforesaid, or a sidiject of his uia- jesty, hy the coiupiest. I'ower was given tiie governor to tix the times ami places of holding the first and eveiy other session of the Legislative Council and Assemhly in each Province, giving due notice thereof, and to prorogue the same fiom tinui to time, and dissolve it whenever he deemed sucii expedient. They were to he convoked once at least, in every twelve months, and each as- semhly was to continue four years from the ihiy of the return of the writs for ihnosing the im iii- liers; snlijeet, imw ever, to he sooner prorogued and dissoUcd at tiu' pleasure of tiie goveiiior. The governor was aiithori/ed to give or withjnild his majesty's assent to ail hills passed iiy the two liiaiiches, and to reserve such as he may think fit h)r the signilicatioii of his majesty's pleasure lliereu[ioii. Copies of all hills he iiiiglil a>sent to, were also In he forwarded to tlu; secretary of state, and his m.ijesty might, at any time within two years sifter receipt hy the secretary, disallow them if he thought fit. P>i!ls reserved hy the governor for his in;* ;iistv"s pleasure, were not to have efl'ect till sancti'Hii-d ami notice thereof given hy mc-s- sage to tin iwo houses of the I'rovincial jiailia- nicnt. or hy jiroclamatiun ; nor eould the royal assent to hills so reserved he giviii, unless within two years next altt'rthe ilay when ]jresentcd to the governor for the royal assent. .\!1 laws or statutes and ordinances in force in either Province, cxeej)t as repealed or altered hy that act, were to remain in force, as they might he at the time of its coming into ojieratioii. The governor and Executive CouiK'il, which hy an ordinance of the Province! of (jiiehec, had heeii constituted a Court of Apjieals, wi're, ill each J'rovince, to continue so; liahle, however, to such other provisions as might he deemed necessary hy the new legisla- tures, 't was enacted that an allotment of crown laiuls, in 'aidi Province, should he made for the support and maintenance! of a I'rotestant clergy within the same, and such allotment was to he as nearly as circumstances and the nalnro of the case would pijrmit, equal in value to a seventh part of the lands granted and to he granted. * * * Jlis majesty was aulhor- ized to i'mpow(!r the governors in each Pro- vince to erect parsonages and endow them, and to present incumheiits (U' ministers of thi! Church of England, snhjcct and liahle to all rights of institu- tion and all other spiritual and ecclesiastical juris- diction and iiuthority lawfully granted to the liishop of Nova Scotia. J'ower was given to the Provincial Legislatures to vary and icpeal the pi'ovisions relating to such allotments for the sup- port of a Protestant clergy, j)arsoiiages ami recto- ries, and iireseiitation of incumheiits or ministers; luit it was provided that no hills in this hehalf were to bo assented to by his majesty until thirty li!' .^il ^ .3ii mm iifitl ■H il It! ! ■ I ii' i I .i^ 324 'II TI'I.KS IIIS'|()i;V OK IIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. days iifl(.r thcv Iiad hccn liiiil hd'oii' liolli liuiiscs of lla; Iiiijiciial jiiiiTnuiiiiit. iior w ii> liis iiiiijt'sly ti) iissciit 1(1 any swell liill iii case ut' tin iiiMri'ss from t'itlicr (if llic Houses diiiiiiLC lliat perioil. re- (liiestiii;^f iiiiii til willilinlii llie niyal iisseiil iVoiii il. Tlie intent nt' tliest- privileges was to presei'Ve the I'in'iits and interests ipf tin' I'^^lalilisiied t'luneli of KnL;land in liolh I'n)\inees iVoni invasion liv llieir respeclivi! lei;isiatiiies. All lands to 1)0 tiiereal'ter tji'anted in I'lpper Canad.i, wefe to I)e in fee and connnon soecaLic and so also in Lower ('aiiadii, when llu! ;,'rantei! reiiiiiivd it. 'i'lie IJiitisIi pailia- nient reserved to itself tiie ri;,dit of providini,' re^'- ulations or proiuliitions, iinposintj, ievvinn'. and eolleeliiiLT duties, for the reniilaiion of navigation or for tlie regulation cd' eonnneree, to he earried on liet ween the said two I'roviiu'es, or liet ween either of them, and any other part of his majesty's dominions or any foreinii I'onntry, or lor appointing and direeting the jtaymenl of duties so iinjiosed ; leaving, however, the exelnsivo apiiropriation of all imnu'ysso levied, in either province, to the legis- lature thereof, and apiiliealile to sueli pnl)lii! uses therein as it might thiidc tit to a])ply them. The governor, pursuant to the king's iiistrnc- tions, Mas to iix upon and declare the day when the act should coniiuenee, which was m)t to lie later than the ;>lst I )eceml)er, ITltl : nor was the calling logt'therof the Legislative Council and Assemlily, in each Province, to bo later than the 31st Dec'emlier, \~U±" i>- — 'I'he proclamation issued at the time defnu'd the boumlary liiu; between the two Provinces as oivisinu '.ill.' !..■- follows : '• Commencing at a stone tw. I'll \hr iwo I'r... '^ imis. (viisiis. Iiotiiulary on the north baidc of the Lake St. Francis, tu the eove west of the Point an liiiUiJit, in the limit between the township of Lancaster and seigneurie of New Longueil, run- ning along the said limit in the direetior. of north, thirty-four degrees west to the west-most angle of the seigneurie of New Longiieil, thence along the northwest boundary of the seigiu'iirie of Vau- dreuil, running north twenty-five degrees east, until it strikes the Ottawa iJiver, to ascend the said river into Lake Tomiseanning, and from the head of the .said lake, by a line drawn due north until it strikes the boundary lino of Ilndson's r$ay, including all the territory to the westward and southward of the said line to the utmost ex- tent of the country commonly called or known by the name of Canada." I lu' new I'ldviiices were divided into electoral districts, aeeoiding to [lop- nlation, no account iieing taken of the extent of I territory. A census taken the previous year ga\ii the niiniber of males over sixtei'ii, as thirty-seven thousand four hundred and elevi'ii, and the entile ; jiopiilatioii as one hundred and lil'ly thousand, of whom about (ifteeii thousand were IJritish. On j the ITtli August, IT'.U, Lord Dorchester went on a visit to lOngland, lea\iiig Major-tJeneral Alnred {'lark(> to act as lieuteiiant-governor, ami to carry out the provisions of the new act. CII.M'TKP LXVI. NOVA SCOTIA.— DIVISION OF TIIE I'KOVINCK. 1. (i()Vi;i;NMi;NT (iI'l'dSlTION TO IIo.Mt', .MaNI T.VC- Tl'KK.S. — '1. (i(,Vi:itN()ll Flt.ANCKl.IN's OflNlON' AHOLT iI.VNII'.\(Tli;i;.S IN ITtlli. — •!. Ll'I'OltTS TO iNi)ri;K Nov.v Scotia to ,ioin tiik i;i:- VOm'KI) PllOVIN('i:S. 4. No.N-lNTKItCOlUSK with TIIK KKVOI.TKD PUoVlNCK.S. — ;"). At- TK.Ml'TS TO INCITK TIIH InPI.VNS TO ItlCVOLT. — t>. (JOVKUNOU LlXiCK.S INVKSTIGATIOV INTO FINANCIAL MISMANACr.MKNT. — 7. AlMllVAK OF Unitki) IvMi'inio Loyalists. — ,■<. Tiik Hkv. .Iacoii Hailky. His account ok his ai'imcah- ANCK ON III.S LANIUNC AT IlAt.II AX. — !'. DlS- .SATISl'AcrioN OF TIllO LOYALISTS. DIVISION OF TIM-; Pui\ IsloN (II' llli: I'K(»\1N( K. W'iliiiot (liml ill IT'it!, mid Wiis succi'cdiil \>y l.icu- lciiaiit-(<"Vi'niui- I'"i;iii(lvliii, wlinsc ailiiiinistr;itiiiii w^is Mill iiiaiiccil 'c iiv |iariiLiiliuly ri'iiiarkalilu ivi'iits. 1 liu coldin coiitimu'il to iirns|icr, and u slcailv How of ciiiii^ralioii swelled its j)ii[iululinii. rhc iidialiilaiils (•oiiliiiccl ilicir jmrsiiits ti* aL;iiriil- liiii: and liiiiil)t'iiii'4' ; tlicrc wcri; lui uiaiiiiracl iircs, and till! s|iii-it id' tlic l^ni^iisli i^ovcinnn'nt was sHMn'4lv (i|p|)()s(;d to giving any ruconia^cnicni lu llii'Mi: indeed, on tliu contiaiy, eiroiis weie nuule to suppress any alteni[)ts at tin' lionie |iiodnetion of i^oods made in Knulaml; and, in IT'lS, (iov- ernor FraiH'kliii reeeivetl onleis I'roni the secretary cpf state to prohihit the working' cd' the Cape l>r(.'- ton coal mines, whieli was elearly intended as a liimlianee lo home maiiuraetnres. and a pioteetion to the ImiuHsIi maniiraetiires, iMi^ilanil at that lime was exti'emely jealons of hei' mannfaelures, and the einnmereial spirit so pervaded the ;_;()vei'n- inent that every effort was made to repress maiin- faclnres in the eoloides. it heini^' desired that they shcnihl lie entirely dependent oii tiie mother eonn- try. This ]ioliey was uontinne(l many years; and even after llie elose of the Anieriean war of Inde- peiid(;nee, and the advent of tin,' I niled l'",n;pire Loyalists, (_'a[ie ISreton was kept as a st'aled liook, and while n'rants of land w(!ie i'reely made in Nova Seotia, noin^ were made in the island of Cajie lire- ton until ITS4. This policy was iimlonhtedly ciiiised liy the fear that tlu! infant indnstries then rapidly sprini^ini;' into existence in the New En<^- land States would he inntated hy the Kn_t;iish eiiloiues, where eoid was convenient for nianiifac- tiirinjf pnrposes. '2. — Tin: policy of the n'ovornmeut is very clearly shown in the foUowinn' extract from a letter of ii.iv,.ni..i riHM.k- (Governor Franekliii to the Eurl of In^nuSs'!;;"" Sl'^l''"nie in ITtitJ: '• 'J'lie country '''*'• people, in t^ern'ral, workup, for their own use, into stockinu;s, and a stuff called home- spun, what little wool their few sheep produce ; and they also nitike jiart of their eoiuse linen from the (hix they produce. The townships of Truro, Onslow anil Londonderry, consistin;,;' in the mIioIc of six hundred and ninety-four men, women and children, composed of ])cople cliii'lly from the north of Ireland, nial^e all their liner, isid even some little to s])iire to the iieiL^hliorin;.: owns. This year they raised seven thousand live hundred and twenty-four pounds of flax, wdnch will proha- lily he worked iiji, in their .several f.iniilies, durlnif the winter. I cannot omit representiiin' to Miur lordship, on ilii> occasion, thai l/iix (/uririiiiu iil liti!< (tl III) tillir i/ivi'll I /iriilli-ili/iiiinil /'■ iii.Uliih^it- :■ .v wliih I'liitli/ iiilirt'ifi' iril/i l/iosr lit' (iri'lt r.-itu, ; • (U- has there hcen the least appeaiiU.ce of any ,i»ociation (d pri\alc ]i('rsons for that purpose; iku- iire there any persons who profi thenisi-Ues weavers, so as to make it tlnir em]il(i\meni or Inisiness, l.nl (hjIv work at it in liu'lrown families, during,' the winter and other leisure time. It may he also jirojier to oiiserve to \onr hnil.-hijp that all the iidiahii ants of this colony are employe^^ ruvoUud i.n.v- tia ; and in li(iS addressed :• eir- cnlar to the Asseinhly of that province. The eir- eular was addressed ti> the Speaker of the Ihuise of Asseinlily, hilt it was never read to the llonso as it was desired that it should he, for it fell into the lianils of l,ieutenanl-i overiior Francklin. and In; adopted the soiiie\' hat hi^h-hanih'd measure of I'orwardiu!;' it to the Jvirl of Sheihnrm'. without I suhmittini;- it to tlu' Assemhly ; and. at the same 1 time, he ass i red his lordship of the loyalty of the : inhahilants of tin.' iiioviiiee, and that no tempia- ' tion, however slroiiL!', would induce the jieople to ' resist the cxeeiition of any laws passed li\- the ; Knelish rarliameiit. 'i'his assurance was I'nlly I vei'ified uv the loyalty oi' the Nova SeoiJans duriiiLT ! the war of Indc])eiidenee. .V iiitmlier of the Ara- j dians, who had lieeii exiled in IToo. reiunied alter I the jicace of ITiI-!, and (piielly settled down on j their ohl properties, and were not anain distiirlied. In 17(14. captains of the kiui^'s shijis in Halifax I were made magistrates iw-nffiriu, and in ITtio a large coUcetioii was maile in Halifax for the suf- ferers hy the extensive contlagration in ]\iontreal I in Septeiiilicr of that }ear. I 4. — (hi the hreaking out (jf lutstilities in ihe I thirteen colonies, a proelamation was issued hy Lit'Utcnant-tiovermn- Leuge, who 111 • 1 • ^--.'> J' 1-1 ><'""-i»tori'riiirsi! liait liecii appointeil in 1m-). lorlml- wiih tinTuvoUcd ding- any correspondence with tlio '"■"^"'^'^*- 111 i' 1 \f^ il I;'' li ' i i,:i ;52(] TUTTLKS JIISTOllY Ol" TIIH DOMINION OF CANADA. rebels in New Eiif^laml, and uii order \vas after- wards issued l)y tlie Assembly proliibiting the ex- j>()rtation of arms, gnnpowder and annnunitirm witliout the sanation of tlie governor. Tlils was to iirevent a truTic in those articles, wbieli would undoubtedly have sprung nii. as they were very seareo Avitli tlie Americans, and i)riei'S ranged very lii'^ii. Indeed the communities of Cobe(piid aud Cumberland did not respect the j)roelamalion, and were punished by dislVanchiseuKMit. Ncjva Seotia did not esea[)e altogether the horrors of war dur- ing tiie struggle in the neighboring colonies ; some of her settlements were ravaged by i)rivateers, but no regular invasion took place, as was tiie case with (2uebee. The Americans constantl}' had emissa- ries at work trying to sap the loyalty of the peo- jtle, aud they so far su ;ceeded that a small demon- stration was made by tlie people of IMongerville, and an attempt made to capture Fort CumbeiLind (formerly Fort IJeausejour), but it was easily foiled. The people, however, seized a brig wliicii was lying in the Missiqnash River, aiul took it to l^Iacliias, Avherc it was sold as a prize. Tlie offence ■was overlooked by the government on the owner of the brig being indemnified f(n- his los-'. The jieople of JNIacliias, who were empowered b}' tlie I\Iassaclinsetts Assembly, fitted out a sloop, com- manded l)y Stephen Smith, a member of the Mas- sachusetts Assembly, ami made a d(!sceut on the river St. John, destroyed Fort Frederick, and burned the house and stores of Simmon's fishing station. Tliey also captured a brig (,f one hundred and twenty tons, laden with snp[)lies for tlie troops in Boston. 5. — The agents of the Massachusetts govern- ment were very active amongst the Indians, and tried hard to incite the iMicinacs iii.'indiiiiist..r.'- to revfilt against Mritisii ■• tliority. ^""' They so far succeeded that tlie In- dians entered into a treaty agreeing to send six liundred warriors to Washington's assistance ; and in the sjjring of 1778, a large body of Miemacsand jNIilicetes a|)peaied at the mouth n( tlie .leniseg, aud scnit down the Uritish ilag to Captain Stud- holme, who was at Fort Howe, which was equiva- alcnt to a di'iilaration of war. Captain Studiioime invited all the leading chiefs to altt'iid a council at the fort, at wliicli ]\Ir. Fraiicklin — then Cominis- sioiier of Indian Alfairs — was present, and the cliii'fs were so llattered, feasted, and loadi'd with presents that they broke their promise to help Washington, and renewed their oath of allegiance to George the Third. The following j'ear thev again threatened to break the peace ; but more llattciy and presents pacitied them, and the In- dians of Nova Scotia have never made a hostile demonstration since. Several f the numerous privateers which were fitted o in New England during the Avar, combined in June, 1782, to make an attack on Lunenburg. They landed in consid- erable force, and comi)elling some of the inliali- itants to jjilot tlicm to the town, plundered the set- tlement, aud burnt the house of Mr. Creiiihton. This was the last hostile act of the war, as far as Nova Scotia was concerned, and the declaration of peace, in 17S.'5, relieved the inhabitants from any further fears of molestation by jirivateers. One of these privateers met a tragic end in the harbor of Lunenburg. She was chased by an English cruiser, and put into the harbor; but, while coming to an- chor, one of the ollieers — who had formerly been a seaman in the Hritish navy — set fire to the mag- azine to escape the fate of a deserter, aud out of a crew of about one hundred, only six were saved. 0. — floveinor Legge, who was a relative of the Earl of Dartmouth, was recalled in 177(5, but con- tinued, through family inlluences, to (Vn.Tnor i.opKP's hold the siiuicurc position of gov- li'lKUHlMi'm'i"in.'iii- eriior, and drew the piiy for many "i^"""^^"'' 3ears, the alfairs being administered b^- Lieutenant- Governors Arbutlinot, Hughes, Hammond, I'arr, aud Fanning. Legge was a sliai'iniian of business, very industrious, and was ])artieiilarly active in correcting abuses in tlio expiMiditiire of the jjublie funds. He made liimself uiipojuilar Ity examining into the past expenses of the province, which was then twenty thousand pounds in debt, and much excitement was caused by the fact that the books of the late Treasurer could not be found. His widow disclaimeil all knowledge of them, and the present Treasurer knew nothing of them. At Leggirs iustaiHU! actions were brought against John Newton and Jonathan llinney, for seven hundred and thirty-six iiouuds, claimed to liave been iui])roperly iiai ied the nt)tice of multitudes who Hocked towards the water to indulge their curiosity. These imiuisitive strangers threw us into s(une confusion, and to prevent a mtdtitnde of impertinent interrogations, which might natu- rally be (ixjiected by pt'rsons in our circumstances, I made tiie foHowing public deciuration, standing on the (luarter dc'ck: ' (ientlemen, we are a com- pany of fugitives from Kennebeck, in New Eng- lanil, driven by liimiiie and ])ei'secution to take refuge among you; and, therefore, I must eiiticafc your candor and compassion to excuse tlu; mean- ness and singularity of our dress.' I, ut tliat mo- ment, discerned among tlui gathering crowd Mr. Kitsou. one of our Kenuebeek neighbors, iiinning down the strci.'t to our assistance. He eanu! in- stantly on board, and after mutual salutation, helped us (Ui shore. Thus, just a bu'tnight alter wo left (Uir own beloved habitation, Me found ourselves landed iu a strange ( luntry, destitute of i money, elotlniig, or furniture, . nd wholly uneer- tuin what countenance or protection mc might obtain from the governing ]iowers. Mr. Kitsou kindly offered to condiuit us either lo Mr. Mruiu's or Captain Callahan's, and just ns we bad (piilted our vessel, Mr. Moody, formerly clerk to the King's 1 !/ !!" If'' ill 3 1 t .1 ijlll, ^^iJii K, ■ ■■ ( r i iil= 328 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. chapi'l, appeiired to welcome our ariival. But as it may afToid some diversion to the courteous reader, I will suspend my narrative a few moments to describe the singularity of our ajjparel, and the order of our procession through the streets, which wi're surprisingly contrasted by the elegant dresses of the ladies and gentlemen we happened to meet in our lengthy ambulation. And lune 1 am con- foundedly at a loss where to begin, whether with Captain Smith or myself; but as he was a faithful pilot to this haven of repose, I conclude it is no more than gratitude and c()m[)laisanee to give him the preference. He was clothed in a long, swing- ling, threadbare coat, and the rest of his habit dis- played the venerable signatures of antiquity, both in the form and materials. His hat carried a long peiik before, exactly perpendicular to the longitude of his aquiline nt)se. On the right liand of this sleek connnandei' siuiffled along your very humble servant, having his feet adorned with a pair of shoes which sustained the marks of rebellion and independence. My legs were covered with a thick pair of blue woollen stockings, whicii had been so often mended and darned by the fingers of frugal- ity, that scarce an atom of the original remained. My breeches, which just concealed the shame of my nakedness, had formerly been l)lack, but tlie color being worn out by age, nothing remained but a rusty gray, bespattered with lint and bedaubed with jiitch. Over a coarse tow and linen shirt, manufactured in the looms of sedition, I sustained a coat and waistcoat of tlie same dand\' gray rus- set, and to secrete from public inspection the innu- merable rents, holes, and deformities which time and misfortune had wrought in these ragged ami weather-beaten garments, I was furnished witli a blue surtout, fretted at the elbows, worn at the button-holes, and stained with a rarity of tints, so that it might truly be styled a coat of many colors ; and to render this department of my haliit still more conspicuous and worthy of obscuvalion, tlie waist desceniled below my knees, and the skirts hung dangling about my heels; and to complete the whole a jaundice-colored wig, devoid of curls, was shaded by the remnants of a rusty iieaver, its monstrous brim replete with notches and furrows, and, grown limjisey by the alternate inflictions of storms and sunshine, lopped over my shoulders, and obscured a face meagre with famine and wriidded with solicitude. My consort and niece name lag- ging behind at a little distance, the former arrayed in a ragged baize night-gown, tied round her mid- dle with a woollen string instead of a sash ; the latter carried ui)on lier back the tattered remains of a hemlock-colore in 1782, and was venty-five years, .vas jiassed l)y the he disabilities of in nissalisfartinn of nO' till' loviilisis. Iiivis- ~ ii/iiot till) I'luviiiw. It v'lbilities were re- ed at the St. John with tlie original the governor be- ot been surveyed, refiisim^' to assist linen, unless tlu^y y demanded addi- tssembly. Nova ^ht counties, and itives in the As- iml)er of loyalists e county of Ilali- inercase of rejire- {■iiilly forbade his mlier of represeii- valisls then began nd\iiice, a policy Ihe governor, and 'lit and ill-feeling, love soiiK! of ihi\ 15ay of Fiindy, le the agitation ; he loyalists, who i 1; u i 1 i ^ 1 ; 1 > i \ ' h 1 HI 1 in 1 i 1 1 1 HI 3 !! t !'■ ! .11 I Ill Ul vi 15 111 III iM! LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OB' GENERAL ALURED CLARKE. 329 liad uiiuiy wuiiu ami iiiiluL'iitial iViciids at cmirt, tirgt'd a division sso carncslly tiiat llu; iniiiistiy yielded to tlieir wislius, and the I'mvinuo of New Brunswick was created, so called out of couipli- nieut to the rei^niini^ family of EnL,dand. The riser Missi([nash was couslitutcd the bouuilarj' line Let \ve(!n the two provinces, and tlu; separation took place in tlu; fall of 1TU4, the first governor of New IJrunswiek, Colonel Thomas Carleton (brother of Lord Dorchester), arrivin;jf at St. John on 21st Novcmlicr. Li the same year Capo Breton was made a separate colony, and as the Island of St. John (I'riiiee Hdward Island) had been sepa- rated from Nova Seotia in ITTO, there were now four separate governments in what at ])resent con- stitutes the ^laritime Provinces. AVe shall now take up the history of Upi)Hr and Lower Canada, and follow tlieir fortunes for a considerable period before reverting again to the history of Nova Scotia. CILVrTHU LXVII. LOWER CANADA.— GOVERNMENT OF GENERAL AUTJEI) CLARKE. 1. EixruE Classii'U'ation' ok Si'n.TErTs of THIS \V()i;k. — -1. Ski'AU.\ti(ix of thk I'ltov- ixci':s. Division of Loweu Canada into Counties, &c. — :>. 'I'me Fiust Raiiliamext. CoXTE.ST for the Si'EAKEUSHir. — 4. FoK- MAL Ol'EXIXO OF THE FlIlRT I'AI!I,IAMENT OF Lower Canada. — "). Dehate o\ the Lan- OrAOE IN VVHICH I'lK KEEDIN(iS SHOl'I-D I?E Recorded. — (>. The Biles Passed. — 7. — PUOUOOATION OF THK IIolSE. 8. CoNDI- Tiox OF THK Province. L — We open this chapter with a paragraph in explanation of the succeeding divisions of this work, fearing, should we trust to a Future olnspiflc.i- ' . , , , linn of Kiiiijeit.wif nicre ioot-not(\ it would l)e over- llils work. 11111 ■ 1 1 loolccd, and (liat a nusuiulerstaiid- iug between reader and editor ■would result in confusion. It would be iiii[)ossiblo to write a liistory of the pr. 'sent Dominion of Canada from any one common centre. Tiiere is no one chiiin of great events around wliich all others can be wovi'U with any degice of harmoii\'. V\) to this ])oiiit we have alternalcd between Canada and Aca lia, a plan which has kept us from iuharniony of a rangemcnt, and at tin; same time brought for- ward the history in cotcmiioraneous order. But now we find the nuiniier of provinces rapidly in- creasing, each with cc'rtaiu local interests and events of vast importance, some; partly connected with or growing out of cotemporary events in the other, and some ijuite independent in both cause and elTect. \n view of these and other facts we lia\e decided iiiioii the following order of division as to subjects in the succeeding chapters: L History of Lower Canada as a province from the division of ITHt to the union cd' L'-!40. 2. History of I'pper (^anada as a ]M-oviuc(! from the division of ITt'l to the union of 1S4U. ?^. History of Nova Seotia from 17.S4, the point at wliich we last left the history of that province to lh(! Confcresent. .V constitutional club i was also formed, and an effort made to bring the ' Ki>iii;iii ('atlinlirs wiTi' ii"t :it lliis tinii' :ii|iiiilli'{| i Il.MlSC III' l\ll'lilUlil|lt. Ilic liritLsli %^ \. ■ lifi I i!i II !;-i I - I ii 330 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Frencli aiulEugli.sh elements more closely together. Tlie ulTt)rt siieceetled, wliile the novelty of repre- sentative government lasted; but as that wore off llu! antaj^onisms of raee and religion again showed themselves, and the Constitutional CI ul) died. No event of imi)ortance occurred during the winter; hut witli (he niturn of s[)ring the Canadians, for the iirst time, experienced the excitement of an election. On the 7th May, 1702, Governor Clarke issued a jiroclamation dividing Lower Canada into twenty-one comities, besides the towns of Quebec and Montreal, and the borougiis of Three Rivers and William Henry, and api)ortioni'.g the number of rei)rt!sentativ(;s()f each. Th'U )unties of (iaspe, Bedford and Orleans were to return one member each; thoseofiJnckinghamshire, Corn wall is, Devon, Dcuchester, Ellingl im, Ilerlford, Huntingdon, Hampshire, Kent, I^einster, Montreal, Northum- berland, Quebec, Richelieu, Surry, St. Maurice, Warwick and York, two members each; Quebec and Montieal, four members each; Three Rivers, two members, and William Henry one menibtr, making a total of iifty. 3. — ( )ne week later (14tli May), another proc- lamation appeared .stating that writs of election had been ordered to issue, dated omll'tV^Mhe'"''"'- 28th May and returnable on the si.c.:.k..r8bii.. joi^i, j„i^., 'i'|,^> ^.lections camc off during June, and the peoph; exercised their new [jrivilegi- v.ifli ;'"• of a new order of things in Lower Canada, we give a condensation of it from Christie's lUst'iri) uf Loivcr L'anadit : " Gentlemen of the Legislative Council, and Gentlemen of the House of Assem- bly. — Our most gracious sovereign, id ways wateh- fid over the happiness of his |)eople, having taken into consideration the condition of his loyal sub- jects of this Province, and reconnnended them to his I'arliament for such change in their colonial government as circumstances might recjuire and admit, the act was passed that has nuide it my duly, as it is my jnide, to meet 30U in general assembly, which I have endeavored to do at a season least inconvenient to your private interests. On a day like this, signalized by the commence- ment in this country of that form of government which has raised the kingdom, to which it is sub- ordinate, to the highest elevation, it is impossible not to feel emotions diffieidtto be expressed. 'J'o give an oj)portunity fin- your loyal and gratcfid aekiu)wledgments to his majesty is one of my mo- tives for calling you togcuher, and that debt dis- charged, your councils \\\\\, doubtless, be next employed for enacting laws necessary to confine and augment the prosfjeiity of your country." '•(Jentlemen of the House of Asseml)ly. — .Ac- quainted as you are with the condition and desires of the peoi)le you represent, H is from your House the public will chiefly expect such ordinary pro- visions as the common weal may require, and I trust, that if any measures conducive to it shall LOWEU CANADA— (JOVERNMKNT OF (iKNEItAL aLUUED CLARKE. 3ai I)eli:iti> 1)11 till! lim- i;iia;;i' in wliiili |iro oiM'iiiiii.'H Blumld bo rcH-nrdL'il. necessarily l)e postponed for mature consiiU'ration i to a siit)S('(iiu'nt session, no rci^nlation of inilis|i('n- saljUs utility will escajje your [(resent attention." "(Jentleuien of the lie;j;islative Council. an"i8 passu'i. attention of the House for sonu; time, and, finall}-, an address to His Jlajesty on the subject was carried, portions of which we give to show the utter lack of educational provision in the Frovinceof Quebec eighty-five years ago. The address says, "That the deplorable stale of educa- tion in this province has long been a matter of the deepest regret ; and as the object of our pres- ent humble address and pelivion to Your Majesty is to remedy so great an evil, it cannot fail to in- terest the feelings of the beneficent and enlight- ened sovereign of a liberal and magnanimous nation, — ])ermit us to say that a matter of more serious and important concern to this |iart of ^'our Majesty's dominions cannot oceuju' our attention. In contemplating this subject, we have been luitu- rally led to look forward to tin; reversion of the property now and heretofore possessere to affiliate . as little as possibh'. The divisiiui of the Province I so as to kee[) the ICnglish, as much as possible, apart, confirmed and strenglhened this idea; and the soundness of Charles .lames Fox's objection to the constitutional act of 1T9L \vas shown in 1841, when this growing "National" feeling had caused an apiical to armr<, and reciuired the I'liion of the provinces. IJefore leaving this first meet- ing of parliament we may take a short glance at the Quebec of those days as com[iared with the present, and see how '• slow " the people were in those days, compared with these times of steamers, telegra[)lis, balloons, telephones, etii. Now-a-. M. DePlessis' Eulogy of English Rule in Canada. — G. Parliamentary Session, 170"). Embargo on the Exportation of grain. — 7. Last session OF First Parliament. Compliments fro.m Lord Dorchester. — 8. Final Departure of Lord Dorchester. General Regret at his Leaving. !■ — Lord Dorchester arrived at Quebec on the 24th of September, 1793, and was enthusiastically General eatisfacuon i'<'ceived by all chisscs, but uiorc LVrdDorchesrir. especially by the French. " The Saviour of Quebec," as he was sometimes called, was always popular, and f.-w governors have ever bcien so truly loved and re- spectets to idieiiati; the affect iiu is of his Majesty's loyal subjects, by false representa- tions of the cause and conduct of the persons at present exercising the supreme authority in Frtince, and particularly ccrttun foreigners, being alien enemies, who are lurking iiiid lie eoncealeu in various parts of this province, acting in concert with persons in foreign dominions, with a view to forward the criminal juirposes of such persons, enemies of tju; peace and happiness of the inhid)it- aiits of the province, tind of all religion, govern- ment atid order," — his Excellency therefore, re- quired "all magistrates in and thrf)Ugliout the provinces, cajttains of militia, peace oflicers, and otiiers his Maji'sty's good sabjccts, to be vigilant, anil to do their utmost and scciiri! all and every person who might Indd seditious discourses, or utter treasonal)le words, spread false news, publisii or distribute libellous pa|iers, written or iirinted, tending to exciti'discontent, or lessen the afl'eet ions of his ^Lljesty's subjects, or in any manner to dis- turb the peace and hapjiiness undi-r his ,A[ajesty'> government in the colony."' •>. — In his speech from the throne liis IvKcellency said with reference to the expenses of the colony : " Sneh iiarts of it as moiu- parlicitlar- Iv beloiiLT to thiit Iiead. I am not at iiilus expenditure of the province, we Hatter ourselves that in consideration of our situation, we shall continue to experience her generous assistance ; a hope furtiier strenglli- enedby your Excellency's intention of notreiiuiring I from us any subsidy at present, which co firms I the iienevolence of our Mother Country." On the •JlHh A[)ril, IT'.'L these iiccounts were submitted, 1 and showed that the gross reeei[)ts from the i date of the scjiaiation of the ])roviiices (ili'ith I Decend)er, IT'.U). to the oth January, ITIU, amounted to jCt4,l'28 2s. 7d, and the net amount to , .£12,0r)7 Gs. lid, leaving i:i,470 ir)s. 8d, or more ihiin 10 per cent, as cost of collecting. The ex- I penses of the government were not detailed, but ' estimated iit "about twenty-five thousand pounds." I 'fhe House, in its adtlress in reply to the message, ' tliaiike l>u viLTilaiit, iill aiifl cvcrv liscDiirscs, iir news, iiiil»li>li I'll (If iniiitfil. llic iillTcctidns laiiiifi' to (lis- lii> .AfaJL'sty'.s is Kxcclleiicy il the L'oloiM' : 'uMic .'i<'<'nllllt-i r«l MllpniUl.M| i,j 'ilrliainciil, III' proviiiciiil iiitijiilioii to liiivi; time to K'ial revLiuie Iiiipes, never- meanwliile, ICO to this lenses as arc I'ity." Tlie " P>y receiv- f the receipt wii, we sliall s 1)\' wliich ; anil 2)ene- e for liaving ture of the Mnsiileratiun experienee er st reiiyl li- nt re(jniring ell eo firms V."' Ou the siiljmiLtetl, IVcjiii tlie iiees (-ynh 11 y, iTtM, t amount to h1, or more Tlie ex- tailed, but d jiounds." le messajfe, ! accounts; session for LOWEIl CANADA— (JoVKItN.MKN I' ol' l-oi;!) I)( (KCIIKSTKi: ilu'm to i;ivc the s'llijeet the attentinu it reiiuired. ' friends in Canada, and while Fraiu'e was l)eii il would, therefore, lie ifseiNcd fur tile next session, when il ^lioiiid reeeive due aUeiitioii. •lied wiili Mood and maddeiieil with tin- ilc- Mre fnr 'A I) wa 4. — The seeoiid session of the llrst jiarliamenl s [iroro^iied on the •)\>i of -May, IT'.U. al'ur as- of Kkih 1 ory, under the reimlilii till dcr th ire(t(ir\ and niit der th le eniiiire, the ile>ei'nt 1111(11, 'lit liaviii'' lieeii "iveii to five lulls ; I I'^nLflisii rule, >1 iiLT tiiiietiy an :;^:lVr?;;:"S;r ti.e sixth i.iii. ivhuin- ).. the ju- rl;\"Auuu:;?r:;i" dleatory, was res.Tved for the royal ""' '''''''■'^' pU'asure and did not eoiut^ into effeet until the foil-. winy; Deeemher. Lonl D(U- ehester w.is evidently still anxious alioul the illorts of einis>aries of the Kreiieh reiuililie tryin<; to exeilt! the Canadians to sedition; f. - in his ju'oid^alion speech lie str(Mii;ly nrncd the inem- hcrsof liolli houses to use their per.-onal inlliieiiee against seditions praetict'S. lie said, '• I have no doiiht that on returniie^ to your respective homes, y(Mi will zealously dilVii^e anion^' all ranks of peo- ple those ])rineiples of justice, patriotism and loyalty which have distiie^uislied your piililic lahors during' this session; and that you will use your best exertions to find out and luim;: to jus- tice, those evil-disposed persons, who, liy iiillanima- tory discourses, or the spreading of seditious MritinjJTs, endeavor to deeeivt; the unwary and dis- tiirl) the jieaee and gfood order of society; — and that you will avail yourselves of every opportu- nity to eonvinee your fellow-siilijccts that the lilessincjs they enjoy under a truly free and happy constitution, can lie preserved only hy a due ohe- dience lo the laws, all lireaehes of which are the more inexciisahle, as the constitution itself has provided for the safe and easy reiieal or modifica- tion of such as may he found not to answer the good intentions of Iho legislature." The (piiet Imt firm policy of the governor, aided by the members of parliament and others — most espe- ciallv the clergy — had the desired effeet, and the emissaries of the French government, and the few disaffected who are always to be found in every community, met with no encouragement at the hands of the masses. The mass of the peo])le had no symjiatl.v with the French revolution, and shrank with liorror from its wild excesses; the clergy, as a matter of course, fipposed an atheis- tical government which paid no respect to priest or prelate, and the simple-minded halntann could have no feelings in common with men who did not venerate their priests, and who murdered their sovereign ; so the French republic found no daiits I hapfiily uiidiT piirsui'd their ordinary avocations ill peace and eontciitnicnt, and began to recognize the blessing which had fallen on tliciu when they passed under Kngli^h rule. •>• — The Catholic clergy were especially zealous in their ell'orts to prevent the spread (d' rejiiibliean ideas amongst their Hocks, and took freipient occasion to disabusi the ,^!ii,V'y",''f Tntiisii minds of the Hrilish of any idea ^'"•' '" " •" ■■'■ that the French Canadians harb(U'ed an\- thoughts friendly to the cause of the revolution, or iniiiiica- ble to (iicat l>ritaiii. Thus we lind the jiaiish priest of Quebec, .M. Del'lessis. in an (nation in the '.'athedral on the occasion of the death of l>i.-hop llriand, thus eulogizing the conduct of the liri'- ish ; '• Our eoiKpierors, regarded (at lirst ) with a jealous eye and lowering brow, insjiired in us feelings (uily of detestation or aversion, we could not be persuaih (1 ( for the time) that a race of men strangers to our soil, to our language, to our laws, to our worship — einild ever be willing to render to Canada an etjuivalent for what it lost liy changing its masters. Generous nation I which has made us aware, by so many evidences, how ill-founded ^^■el•e our prepossessions; industiioiis nation I which has developed the earth's fecundity, and explored its hidden riches ; exi'inplary nation I that, in critical times taught the attentive world wherein consists 'hat liberty which all men as|iire to obtain, but so few know how to keej) within projier bounds; pitying nation I which has just welcomed, with so much humanity, the most faith- ful \ "t worst-used subjects of that realm to which finrselves once belonged ; beneficent nation I I which daily gives us, men of Canada, fresh jirool's I of its liberality: — no, no I your jieople ari; not : enemies of our people ; nor are ye dispoilers of our property, which . titer do your laws protect ; nor i are ye foes of our religion, to which ye pay all , due res])ect. Pardon us. then, for that our first I (and now jiast) distrustfuliiess of a foreign race, whose virtues, being as yet unex})erieneed by us, I we had not the happiness to know : and if, after being iipiirised of the overthrow of the nuuuirchy I and the abolition of the only right worship in m ii ': ! I!' I 330 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. France, and after experiencing, for tliirtj^-five years, the "gentleness of your domination, tliere remains still amonj;' ns some natures purblind enough, or of such an evil d!s[)osiiion, as to revive past antipathies, or to. awaken in the popular mind disloyal wishes to revert to Frencii suprem- acy, — let IJritons be assured that such beings are rare among ns ; and we beg that what may be true of tlie malcontent few, will not be imputed to the well-disposed many. * * * ;\I. I5riani]"s maxim ever was, that true Christians .lud sincere Catholics are and must be all obedient subjects of their legitimate sovereign. He had learned, from Jesus Christ, that we must render to Ciesar what of right belongs to Ciesar ; St. Paul had taught him, that every soul should l)e voluntarily sub- missive to established authority ; that he who re- sisted it is in opposition to God himself, and there- by merits damnation ; he had learned, from the chiefest of the Apostles, that the king bears not the sword in vain ; inculcating, that we are to accredit him by our obedience, as God's repre- sentative ; and to honor him. not only in his own person, but in the persons of iiis lawful de[)Uties. Such are, my fellow-Ciiristians, the principles of our holy religion in that regard; i)rinciples which Ave cannot too often impress u[)on your minds, or over frequently bring under your view; for they form an integral {)artof evangelical morality, nj)on which our eternal salvation dei)ends. And yet, sometimes, when we expound (for your lienefil) the obligations you are under in tlujse particulars, there are not wanting those who murmur at our words, making bitter complaint against ns, accus- ing ns of being actuated by political or selfish motives; such i)ariies not forgetting, either, to insinuate that we are going beyond the proper limits of our ministering. Oh, my erring brothers, jiow great is this your injustice!" (>. — Nothing of special importance occurred be- tween the close of tiie second and opening of the rariiiimeiitiiry third scssiou of Parlianicut, on oth rar«;MmUH;..x:'"' of January, IT'J."). The country ,,onaUou.,fKr,>i». ,.e„,iu„ed quict, and tiie peo.)le hai)py, althougli not increasing in ])rosperity ([uite so rapidly as they prol)ably would have done had not the whole of Europe been engaged in war. This sessi(ni was shorter than its predecessors, lasting only until the 7th of May. and appears, from the speeches from the throne and addresses in reply, to liave passed off quite as harmoniously as the two previous meetings. There were sev- eral important acts passed during the session, especially two relating to revenue, duties on wines, spirits and other luxuries being increased, and some changes made in the license laws. The expenses of the civil government for the year ending on the oth f)f January, 179"), amounted to £19,98o and the estimate for the next year to .£19,903 sterling. The Assenddy was (pnte mi- able to meet this, and could only contribute ^5,000, tiie deficit being paid b}- the home gov- ernment. An agri'emcnt was entered into during this session between the two Provinces whereby Upper Canada was to receive one-eighth of the duties levied on wines, etc., the agreement to re- main in force until the end of December, 179G. It must be remembered that there were no canals or railroads in those days, and, consequently, no ports of entry in Upjjcr Canada, so that all goods for that province had to pay duties at Quebec ; from the distribution of the money so raised, it would seem to im2)ly that the population of Ujipcr Canada was about one-eighth of that of Lower Canada. The crops this year were poor, and Lord Dorchester, fearing the high prices ruling in England on account of the war and a failure in the crops, laid a4i embargo on the exportation of wheat and breadstufls, before the 10th of De- cember, so as to iMcvcnt Lower Canada sufferiii"- from a famine during the winter. 7. — Parliament met again on the 20th of No- vember, 179."), and remained in session until the 7th of May, 179(!. Thirteen bills i.„,t «o.Mon of flr»t were passed during the session, |:ii;;li;;;r;^y;:,„MX;, twelve of which were assented to. i>"f'i'«''i"- Tlie thirteenth, relating to a readjustment of the revenue laws, was reserved. Amongst those passed were one to regulate Irachiwith the United States, another to appoint commissioners to adjust the duties between TpiJcr and Lower Canada, and a new road act. This latter liill caused some trouble, as it was resisted in some districts, and the op- position being attributed to disafYeetion several arrests were made and small fines and imprison- ment inllieted; two or three })ersons were also attainted of high treason, but the prosecutions were not pressed, the desire, seemingly, being more to intimidate than to |iuiiisli. There is no ri'asoii, however, to suppose! that, there was any disaffec- harmoniously ere were Sev- ille session, e, duties on ng increased, •e laws. The for the J- ear amounted to next year to i^as quite un- y contribute e home gov- d into during iiccs wherel)y eighth of the sement to re- ieniber, 1T9G. ive no canals iequentl}-, no hat all goods i at Quebec ; ■ so raised, it ;ion of Uj^per at of Lower jjoor, and prices ruling md a failure ! exportation lOtli of ])e- ida sufferiuET o 20th of No- )n until the ast mission of (Irst iirliuriiiMil. Coiri- liniciils fruin I.onl oriliesler. tnient of llio those passetl nited States, ) adjust file mada, and a ome trouble, and the op- tion several id imprison- s were also prosecutions , being nioro is no reason, my disad'ec- LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF GENERAL R. PRESCOTT 337 tion ; the peo[)le at large regarded the Parliament as a sort of taxing machine, and were very jealous of any laws wliich involved additional expense, lience their objection to the road bill, an act which was cheerfully accepted when its provisions be- came understood, and which remained the law of the Province for many years. The final session of the first parliament was prorogued on the 7th of May, 170(3, and in taking leave of the members Lord Dorchester expressed his gratification at the satisfactory manner in which they had performed tlieir duties by saying : " Gentlemen of the Le- gislative Council, aiid gentlemen of the House of Assembly, — ^lu expressing my aiiprobation of your proceedings, I must further observe tliat the unanimity, loyalty, and disinterestedness mani- fested by this first Provincial Parliament of Lower Canada, lias never been surpassed in any of his Ma- jesty's Provincial dominions, and I feel convinced tliat the prosperity and hap[)iness of this country will continue to increase in proportion as succeeding [larliamonts shall follow your laudable examjile." 8. — Lord Dorchester having again obtained leave of aljsence, took his final departure from „, ,. . , Canada on the 9th of July, 170G, Filial rtepartiirn of J ^ ' Lord Doirimat r. j,, n. y[ frigate Activc, Icavlng, (loiieral regret at '^ ' "' iii» loavinsj. ]\Lijor-(ct8 entrusted to your immediate care, — and that gratitude which we feel (and must be iiermittod to repeat), cxciti! in our minds, the warmest senti- ments of personal attachment, of which allow us to tender you {\w strongest assurances. Fuder tlicso impressions, we view your Lordship's in- tended departure, with the deepest regret; and sulimiiting to your determination to leave us with unieigiied reluctance, we entreat you to accept our most bincere wishes foi- your favorable pas- sage to Great Ijiitain,— for the future pros])erity of yourself and of all your family." His Lord- ship, however, was unfortunate on his homeward voyage, as the Active, was wrecked on the island of Anticosti. No loss of life was sustained, but his Lordship and family suffered some incon- venience, having to cross over (o Gaspe and tliere await convevance to Halifax, not reaehiiiff Entr- land until the IDlh of September. Lord Dorches- ter lived for many years to enjoy the repose he had so well earned, and died in 1808, aged 83 years. The iiainn:: < petu'd by (iovcnnr CHAPTER LXIX. LOWER CANADA.— GOVERNMENT OF (JEN. R. PRESCOTT. 1. Second PAra.iAMKXT open'ed ijy Govek- XOK Pkescott. — 2. The " I'kesekvai ion of GOVEUNMENT " ACT. 3. P^IHST PLXECLTION Fou High Trka.son in Canada. — 4. Account OF THE EXECI'TION TiY AN EyE-AVITNESS. — 5. Sessions of 171)8-9. Recall or Governor Prescott. — 6. StnsTANTiAL Testlmony of Loyalty. A Retrosi'ect. 1. — Previous io Lord Dorchester's departure, writs for a general election liad been issued, and the elections took iilace during the „ months of June and July, elections were in many cases con- i'r<-"<>*t tested, but passed off (luielly. 'i he composition of the House, however, underwent a great change ; only thirteen members of the first parliament were re-elected, and in some district.-' the changes were very marked, as, for instance, in the city and county of Montreal wliere four En;;li-h and two French members were returned to the first I'ailia- ment, five French and one English ineiiilier were returned to the second ; and the only case of re-election was that of ^Ir. Joseph Papineau, who changed from representing the county to re]Mesenting the West Ward. The new Par- liament met on llie 2-ltli January, 1797, and Lieu- tenant-Governor Prescott, in his speech from the throiH , congratulated the Assembly on tlie jiro- gress made iiy the province in s[iite of the con- t;Mj ! ■",>,l!- 1 ■I ll; -mM ■ ' '■ 'J I ■ 1 IM' ! I if, 338 TITTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. tiiiiu'd war in Euroj)!'. He was, Iiowivor, still anxidus I inatcrial increase in rovenue, it amounting to £18.975. about till' intn;.'U('s of eniissai-ius of lliu French Uei)ul)lic, '' Still it did not meet exiienses, which were i.'2;J,;i80. in- as he says, "You arc not niiappriscd that, in addition to j eluding £1.0KJ drawback allowed to r|)])cr Canada. In 'llic tinn of (itiviTll llU'llt " Art. %\ the custoniarv mode of warfare, the emissaries of France have been dispersed in every (|narter, and by holiling out delusive ])rosi)ects to the people, they have endcavorcil to disturb thc(iuiet of all settled governments. Attempts of this nature having recently been madc^ in this province, it is incundieni on me to direct your attention to the salutary effects already produced by tin; alien bill, and as its duration is limited to a period which will soon expire, to recommend to your consideration the expediency of prolonging its continuance" 2. — These fears of the Governor appear to h.ive been UMlieeessary, and the nature and extent of the dissatisfac- tion of the people cxaifLrerated and mis- iniderstood ; the only gi'ievance of the people being the o[)cralioiis of the road act, and these feelings of ;iMniiyance were greatly alleviated as the act began to be bctl'r understood. However, the House seenuMl to share the (iovirnor's fears, and not only renewed the alien act. lint passed another bill " I'or tile better preservalii^n of His ^lajesly's (iovernment, as by law h:i]ipily t^siablished in this province," wliieh virlnally silspendeil the liabeas corpus act, and gave the executive most arbitrary power, giving the right to arrest anil hold hi prison at jilcasure, without bringing to trial, any ]iersoii accused or siispi'cted of treasonable jiracticcs. The bill, after deiioiincing " the horrible system of anarchy and coiifusioM which has so fatally ])rcvaileil in France." con- tinues, " it is hereby » nactcil. that every person or persons who are, or shall be in prison within tiie I'roviiice of Lower Canada, at or upon the day on which this act shall receive His ^Majesty's royal assent, or after, by warrant of His Majesty's Executive Council of and for this Prov- ince, signed iiy lliiee of the said Executive Council, for high treason, misprision of high treason, suspicion of high treason, or treasonable practices, may be detained in safe custody, without bail or mainprise, and shall not be bailed without a warrant for tiiat purpose, fniiii His .Majesty's Executive Council, signed iiy three of the Executive Council." ;). — The (|uestioii of education occupied the attention of the House, but no action was taiien ; a motion of Mr. „, . ,, (irant's, " to resolve that, for the instiiic- Mrst I'xeiiitliui , _ ' for IiIkIi tiva.-iiii tioii of voutli ill the hiiflicr branches of til e'tUKula. 111'.. ' 1 knowledge, it is necessary that an univer- sity, upon liber il principles, be founded and establi>hed this year, 17'.>7, the first execution for lilgh treason took ' place in (Jiiebec. The sufferer was an American citizen named David McLani'. who was an eiiiis>aiy of Mr. Audet, representative of the French Re]mblic at Wash- i ington. ^IcLane's scheme was a great one. being nothing less than the exiinction of British power in Canada at one swoop ; but the means at his coinniand seem to have been very in.idcquato to the nndcrtaking, although he talked a g lod deal about having a fleet and an army of 10,00(1 men from France to assi.-t liiiii. He visited Canada in 17!IG, endeavoring to gain the sympathy and assistance of the Can.idians, hut did not succeed. In the following year he returned, and was accompanied by a man named Frechetle from St. .Johns to (Quebec, where he visited Mr. .lolin lilack. inember of tlie Assembly for tjuebec county. He unfolded his scheme to Black, who denounced him to the (iovernmeiit. and he was arrested and tried for high treason, befoie C liief .Iii^liee Osgood, on 7ili.Iii!y. 17'.I7. The evidmce .it M.- ;;;.,! .howed that he was a li;inkinpt merchant of I'rovideiice. L'liode Island, and he also elainnd to be a geiicial in the French army, acting under instniclioiis from the French ^Minister at Wa.>.liiiigtoii. His ])laii was to introduce a nuniber of men from the United .States, under the guise of raftsmen ; they Were to concentrate at (^iieliec. and. at a favorable moment, seize the city and hold it in the name of the French Republic until the arrival of assistance from France. He counted on the assi>taiice tif the Freucli, who, he believed, were anxious to regain their lost nationality. He was found giiiliy ami coiideiniied to death by C hief .Tiisiice Oi-guod in the following sentence: " That you. David .Mc Lane, be taken to the place from whence you cainc. and from thence ymi are to be drawn to the plai'c of execution, where you must be hanged by the neck, but not till you arc dead, for you must be cut down alive and your bowels taken out and burnt before your face : ihen your head iiiiisl be severed from your body, wliii'ii must be divided iiilo four parts, and your bead and ipiailers be at the Kino's disposal; and may ihe Lord lia\e mercy on your soul. ' 1. — This horrible sentence was not fully carried out to the entire extent of all its barbarity ; and it is only fair to siippoNC that this mode of execulion- wliicli was then the custom in England- was maiiilv intended to iiitiinidate the Ai'i'oiint of lliii cxi'iulloli liy un I'VI'-WltlU'BH. in tills province, as soon ns circumstances shall permit, " ] Canadians. 'I'hat the excciuion was terrible eiiougii is being voted down on a call for "llie previous i|nestioii." I evidiiiced by the following exirael frnin ^I. Dedaspi'-'s ■ I ii Six iiills altogether were passed at this session, one of wliich related to tlie pilotage of the .St. Lawrence belwei'ii (Jiiehec and Hie. The pulilie accounts showed a \ery OiiKi'/iiiiis of Oil/: "Ariiiliiy and a body of lroo])s |ianiileil llie streets and aecoinpaiiied the prisoner to the place of execniion, on the glacis, outside of Si. .lolin's iitiiig to £ 18.97;"). ,vuiu £2/)^;j80. in- \)pvc Canada. In liijfli treason took Aniciifan citizen eniissarj- of IMr. ?e]>ulilio at Wash- one, lieiiiir nothing «er m Canada at land .'ieein to liavc iinc, altliongh lie ct and an aiiny of liini. He visited tlio sym|)atliy and .succeed. In the accoinjianied liy a to (Quebec, wlieru tire Assenihjy for me to lihieli, wlio d lie was arrested ef Jiislice Osgood, t :■:.,! rdiowed that lice. Uliode Island, the French army, leneh ^liiiisler at lice a niiniher of L'liise of raflhinen ; lid, at a favorable the name of the f assistance from •e of the Freiicl'., regain their lost id condemned to ijldwing sentence : to the place from II aie to tie drawn mist lie hanged liy ' you must lie cut and liiirnt before I'vered from your r jiarls, and your osal ; and may the iilly carried out to and it is only fair AcCiMlllt of llui — I'XiMMiili.i! |py an cvi'-witincs.' he (errible enough is in i\I. DeGaspe's I body of lroo]).s he prisoner to the ide of Si. .lohirs v*^ i-l; 111,] i u I !' I ; I 111 Drawn and Engravi.,1 rxprcsMy for TuttU's Ilislcry of Ihi- r)..inini..ii ..f rnin.ln. KVACUATION OF FOliT DUQIKSNi:, lT.-,8. l)ra»n anil Ennrnvi'd ex|iroM;.v f„r ■rultle'i llintorjt of Ihn I),iiniiii,,n „r Cinnda. CAI'TIHK OK Four FHONTENAC, 1758. !i I «^i •-'I f, M I'iit'' i I iiiii »| i I :i^ Ga Ch a .- wit I'm S|K' \v;u \Vi fX<' Wil l)M Tl tllM to - W( \v:i wit fro slio W. wil roil sti-i st:ll Dr. ol't sli:i bov tlKi AV:i wil 11 M< Til ex( Sll> In' si: am 111(1 jifi Si'S II." I'ri ^\• sa' ill! it to nil nil LOWKli CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF GENEKAL 11. PRE8C0TT. *»'»(! (>•>.) (late, fuciiij; tlio site now occupied by tiie holiool of the C'liristiaii lirotiicrs. I saw McLaiie; lie was seatuil (on j a >!eilj,'o wiiose rumiiTs jrrattxl 0:1 the eartli and stones) with his back to the horse, an axe ami l)lock stood on tlie i ti'ont of tlie sledge. Tiie unfortunate n:..n gazed on tlie 1 spectators witli an asjieet calm but not d' tiant. IMcLane was of hi_i;li stature and remark liiiy h.iiirlsonie. I heard women of the lower clas^r •. whilst bewailing his fate, exclaim : ' Ah ! if things were as of yore, some girl would come forward and claim him as her future hus- iiaud.' .Such sayings continued even after his death. This popular belief took its origin, I imagine, in the fact that French captives amoi'g thj Indians, who were doomed to die, had in many instances o\.ed tlieir lives to Indian women claiming them for husbands. JIcLane's sentence was not carried out to the letter. I Haw the whole thing with my own eyes. A big scliool boy named Houdrault, from time to time, raisi^l me up in his arms, so that I should witness every incident of this butchery. Old Dr. Diivert was near us ; he pulled out his watch, as soon as Ward, the executioner, had withdrawn the ladder on wliich rested ^McLane, lying on his back, with tlie rojH! round his neck, hanging from the gallows ; the body liieii struck the northern aide of the gallows post, and remained stationary after a few jerks, 'lie is stone dead,' said i Dr. Duvert, when the executioner cut the rope at the end ! of the twenty -five niinutis ; 'he wiii be insensible to whiit shall follow ' AVe all thought that he was to be disem- bowelit'd alive tind witness the burning of his entrails, as the sentence piirporttjtl. JIcLane was really dead when Ward opened his body, took out the heart and bowels, which ho burnt on a rei'/midl ; he then cut off his head and held up this bloody trophy to tlu gaze of th(! crowd. The spectators, tin nearest to the gallows, said that the executioner had refused to enforce the .sentence literally, saying that he might be an executioiu'r. but he was imt a III lu'r i that II was merely by dint of gold guineas the si; "iff succeeded in making him carry out the sentience, and that at each act of the terrible drama, he insisted on more pay. T). Frichette was also .arrested on .x charge of inis- ]prision of treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. lie was I person of no eonseipienee, and Scsslnus (it l7iiK-n. iJter the execution of ]McLane he wa.j par- frusfou. doned i.iid set at liberty, the gove."nment probably thinking that !ict of barbarity suf- ficient to intimidate the friends of the French r 'pul)Ii<.\ With regard to this execution, Mr. C'hri.tie W'ry justly says ; " This, from the conquest to that time, is the only instance in Canada of a trial for high treason, and it, be it iilso observed, not of a Hritish subject. It is creditable to the Canadian character that, with the! single exception mentioned, none wore connected with McLtinc, the very absurdity of whose scheiiic denoted him a mere maniac. and who, had not the government deemed an example necessary, in tins .agitation of the times, might with more propriety have been treatt.Ml as an unhappy lunatic than as a criminal. A stranger, friendless and unknown, he was altogA27 currency, while the civil expenditure rca<;hed £21,')'.)7 st(!rling, and the cx])cnses of the Legislature i.'l,.'iOO currency, the most satisfactory exhibit yet iiukIi! by the province ; the " I'rotection of Goveniinent " ai-t was renewed, and acts jiasseil for regulating trade and coiiimerco with the UnittMl States and the Upper I'ro- vinee; and suitable Court Houses were erected at Jlon- treal and C^uebcc. Governor I'rescott prorogued the the House on tb.e 3d June, 17'.>f», and befon; I'arlianu-nt met iiijain he li;-.d be(.'n recalled, and 3Ir. Robert Shore .Millie; appointed lieutenant-governor. Governor I'res- cott was well liked and respected by the! majority of the peojde, although some considered him rather severe in adniinisteriiig the alien act. Tin; cause of his recall was a difference between himself and Cliii'f Justice Osgood on tb.e (|uestioii of Crown Lands, in which the Chief Justice, havinjjf stroniir influence at court, had tlic! best of it. G. — To -show that the people of Lower Canada were williiiaf to contribute .sometliin.fr more substantial than I mere sympathy to England during her long wars with France, we may iiK'ntion '^'[J''''.''',""i'','.'yi'!'" . that in 17!)9 it was projiosed in (Quebec t';ir"s;iiit. to raise 11 subscription to .assist in de- fraying the expenses of the war; over £1000 cash was at once sub;criiied, and .about fifty jiersons pledged tliem- s.'lves to pay certain amount.-, [varying from six shillings t J one hundred pounds) every year during the conlinn- auv.c of the war. The total was about £S00 per annum, not a very large amount, perliaps. to carry on an expen- sive war with, but sufricieut t.) show the animus of tiio ])eople and their syinjiathy with the British CJovernnient. This subscrijition was not confined to English citizens, rather more than one-half of the annual payments guaran- teed being by French Canailiaiis. Standing now on the threslioid of the nineteenth century, wo may paiisi! for a moment and take a retrospective glance at the changed r, i - Vi •[ K fiT \' ! ' \ 1 1 3J0 T[ TTLKS lIiST()UY OF THE DOMINION' OF CANADA. roiiditioii of Ciuiuda during llic jiast 'Hio liuiidrod years. Tin; (i|ifiiinj; of tin; century liad found licr :i warlike French Colony, scarcely yet recovered from tin; elVects of Kin;,' William's wur (lGS',)-07,; and .shortly after to he plniiued into the strife again liy tiueen Anne's war (1 702-1. '>). While an almost per])etnal pi'tty warfare was JToini; on against tlii^ Indians, who could never In; tru>ted to keep a treaty for any length of time ; then tlu; htihititnt was a soldier lirst and a colonist afterward-^; then the government was centered in the Kingan-ted and shattered by war, ruined in agri- cuhtire, with almost her whole trade gone, and scarcely any eoinuierce left, at hist haul down the Jlcur-i/c-li/s as ti token of submission and pass under ISritish sway when little more than half the centni-y had passed away ; we see b.'r din-ing the last forty years of the century rapidly re- covering from her long exhaustion; we see her population ])ouring in; we see industries springing U[) ; the primeval forest welting before the swing of the woodman's axe ; wo sec towns springing up in the wilderness and smiling lields and happy Presides appearing as if by magic v.'htiri; erstwhile naught was seen lint the ta?igled forest, naught heard save the scream of wilil birds or the still wilder whoop of the JndiaTi ; we see law and order s[)readiiig their healthy indueiices over the laiiil, and in- dustry reaping its reward by the jilentiful jiroduce of a fertile country; wo see hundreds of ships beai'iiig the produce of the field, the farm and the chase to distant lands; and while the two countries froinwliich Canadians sprang are engaged in mortal strife, and scarce a home in either but is mourning some member lost, we see the Canadian happy, peaceful, prosperous and contented, ruled by a government in which he has a voice, taxed oidy with bis own consent, maintained in the full and free use of his religion, his language, his laws and his customs, iind we may well (;xelaim, stormy as was the opening of the eighteenth century for Canada ; dark and lower- ing as were its middle years to her, the end brought her peace and happiness. Of the jiolitical condition of the people we cannot do better than (juote from Christie : lie says : " So far the constitution had worked to adirii- ration, and ])romised success. The ( iovernment and I'ar- liament were in perfect harmony ; commerce began to thrive, and the vast resources of trade to nnfold them- selves — tho jirovince evidently was ]prosperous— and all classes of the jieople contented and happy, fricndlv and well disposed inall respectstowardseachother. U'herewere no religions feuds or disputes of any kiiul — natural-origin prejudices wire searcF A Rll.l, i'ltO VII)I.\(( YOU A " RovAi, Institution Koit Tin-; Ai>vAxri:jiKNT ov Lkauninc. — '.]. Skssion' of 1H02. ExcoiKAciair.NT Fou Tiiic Ci;i.Tii!H OF IIi'.Mr — I. Sf.ssion of l^iO.'i. Aiioi.iTiox of Si-avkuy. — 5. Sfssion of 180-1. A CiriF.T Yi:ai!. — (5. F'oiktii Paui.iamdnt. Disaouff.- SIICNT OF TIIK HOLSK ON Till", ,1aii, Act. — 7. Till-: (^l-KSTION OF InTKIUOMMUXICATION I1|;TWF.I:N TIIK PUOVIXCKS. 8. I'F.U.SIU TTION OF TIIK PltKSS. !). TllF. EdITOU of TIIK MKltt THY FOIiCKI) TO Al'OI.OfilSF.. 10. DiFFKUKNCKS IIKTWKKN Til K COMM FliCI A L AXI» Ac.UICULTLItAL IXTKUKSTS. KsTAIlMSlI JI KXT OF Lk Caxauifx. — 11. Fkaus of a Wau avitii tiik Unitkd Statks. JIilitia Callkd Olt. 1. — Governor Robert Shore Jlilnes (afterwards created a Raroiiel) relieved General Prcscott on the 3Ist July, 171)9, but did not meet Parliament until Apiii.h.tiiuMit nf In^ .Ith ]\Iarch, 1800. The session was iis alluded to. During this i-essiou the lirst occasion occurred on which Parliament had to assert its diginty witli respect to one of its own members. A ^Ir. IJouc, member for EHingham, liad been found guilty of a questionable transaction in wheat in ]Miintreal and sentenced to tlireo months' imprisonment and a line of £l'0. ISouc, who was a strong •jiponent of tlie government, claimed that the charge was a conspiracy against liini. but lie could not substantiate his ass(>rti(m either in court, or before the bar of the House wlicre he was heard, by counsel, on 2d April, and afterwards ex- pelled by a vote of 21 to 8. He must have enjoyed the coiilideiico of his constituents, as he was twice al'tcrwanls re-elected, until, at last. Parliament passed an act rendering him ineligible. The revenue this year was 2G,081 anil the civil expenses 3G,9.')1. This closed the second parliament, and new elections were held dur- ing the sunnner, and \wi\'. mostly well contested, but did not materially change tlio complexion of the House. In this year (IsnO) the last of the Ji'suit order in Can- ada, Father Casot. died. He was a man nuich beloved and esteemed, and had for many j-ears devoted the large revenues at his eominand to the cause of charity. On his dcmiso the Jesuit estate lapsed to the crown, and its revemu's have siiu^e been devoted to educational ])ur- ]ioses Tlio lirst year of the century ])assed trancpiilly enough for Canada, and left so little for the historian to record that we may safely venture to believe that the people had no cause of complaint, and were happy and contented. 2. — The most important iicts passed this session related to taxes on billiard tables, tol)acco and snuff, w hich were taxed for the first time ; to the estal)- rn»snK« of a MU , <• , ,• i , , ■ iTdviiling for II lisliinent ot ]mlilic schools, and to the foiiiion.lviiTi.eiiiuiit removal of the walls around JMontreal. oarnuife'. ,^,|^^ educational act provided for the es- tablishment of free schools and the establishment of acor- poration under the style of " The Royal institution for the advancement of learning," a jjortion of the Crown Lands to be approjiriated to the maiiitenanco of the institutions. Tlie act was a failure and the Royal institution existed for some years on subsidies, but did not accomplish the object aimed at. The want of success was attributed to the Coin])osilion of the Corporation, which was chiefly Pro- testant, with the Protestant IJishop at its head, and the Roman Catholic clergy deemed it too sectarian and gave it no 6upi)ort. No appropriation of lands was ever made either. Several new townships wrro laid out this year for the olliccrs, non-commissioned ollicers and men of the Canadian militia who had assisted at the defense of Que- bec during the American invasion. ITT/'-C). Tiio grants varied from 1,000 acres down to 100. Tii(> revenue of the year auiounted to i."27,l.Sl sterling. 3. — The only subject of impi.rtance discussed in the session of 1802 — which met on llth of ,Ianuary ami was prorogued on /ith of April — was tlu) 4 f .1 .1 -I • St'spjon of 1S02. «ni- enconragementot the growth oi liemp in ,.,„ir!in.in..iii f.T the province. Tliis matter had beeii j,'^'';,;^,''''"""' under discussion the ])reviouE year, and the snlijcet was again taken up at fin; recommendation of the lieutenant-governor. The Assembly voted £1,200 to encourage its production, iind a board was appoint- ed, of which the lieuteiuint-governor was chairman. Siunc small efforts were made, but the project was not .1 success, the habitants ju'cferring to conliinie the raising of wheat. Notiiingof importance occurred during this year, except that the settlements in the I^astern townships began to n.ssumo greater i)rosperity and lay the foundation of what is now the most flourishing rural district in Lower Canada. 4. — In the session of 1803; the most noteworthy fact was the increase in the revenue, which amounted to £31.211 currency; a^rainst an expend- iture of £37,008 "sterling. In tliis year ^i:|;;i^;;f,^:|!;^,^. slavei-y formally ceased to be an "itisti- fiition " ill Canada. It had been introduced under French rule, and was sjiecially recognized by article 47 of the capitulation of Canada; but it never seemed to flourish lure, and a bill was introduced at the first session ot the first parliament for its abolition ; the bill was shelved, and a similar act, introduced in ]7l)2, wns laid on the table. In 1803, Chief-Justice Osgood rendered a decision at Montreal that slavery was incoinpatilile w illi the laws of Lower Canada, which extinguished it. The inimber of blacks could never have been very great, as we Iind by the census of the next year that there were only 30-t negroes in tho whole Province of Lower Canada. A short session of Parliament took place in August, on the arrival of tlie news of the re newal of hostilities 1)C- tween France ami England, for tho purpose of renewing the alien and protection to government tu^ts, wliich had been allowed to expire by limitation at the last session, o:\ account of the short peaces in Euroiie. Tin; renewal of hostilities caused some strong manifestations of loyalty throughout the province, and large numbers offered to form volunteer companies for the defence of the province if needed. The governor sent a message to the House on the tuibject, but it arrived too late for action, as proro- gation took place the next day. '^m i,.j • ;- ;< it M ! : 1 r,i-2 TrTTL':S IIISTOHY OF THE DOMINION OF ( ANAD.\. Si'Mioii nf 1804 A (juii'l jeiir. f). — Tlie yviir ISOl, so " |iro<.'iiiiiit with the fato of great events " in iMiropn, pii-isccl almost like a liiippy (Ireani in ('iinuilM, and leit not a rntlle on iIk? .sui't'ace of nicniorv to mar tii(> l)leu>tir(S'< of reeoileetion. The Legis- lature met on lOtii Felirnary. and remained in s<».si(m until 2d IMay, passing thirteen hills, amongst them one providnig for insane ])ersons and fonndlings. It was found very dillieult to keep the members togethi-r, as the novelty of legislation liad worn olT. and many mem- bers preferred either to ri'main at home, or to pay a short visit to the capital and then return to their usual avoca- tions ; so flilReult, indeed, was it found to get together enough members to transact business, that the number necessary to form a (|U()rum was reduced to twelve, in- (•Indiiig the speak^'r. The public accounts showed the revenues of the past year to have been i.";)2,27(i currency, and the expenses £.'10.821 sterling, including £1..'540 returned to Upper Canada as her share of imposts. This session terminated the fourth Parliament of Lower Canada, and a general election was held in July follow- ing. ('). — The first session of the fourth Parliament met on the 9th of January, 1805, and during its session a slight diircrence between the House and the m'.m'.'' Pisai"n.o. Kxffi.'ive occurred, as well as a dillicnlly oil th.'ji'ai ut "'*'' ''t'tween the members themselves. Tuo latter was caused by the int'ixluction of a bill to build jails in the province, and, in order to meet tlie exjiense, it provided for a tax of two and a half per cent on all goods sold at auction ; a duty of two- ponce per pound on bokea, fonrp(!nco on souchong, six- pence on 1 'son, and fo,u-,ienco on all other teas. An additional duty of threepence per gallon on wines and spirits and twopence on mola-jesor syrup was .also im- posed. The town mcnd)ers — csp'-'cially those of iMon- treal — strongly opjwsed this system 'if taxation, holding that it wotild paralyze commerce to burl^■n it wilh all the taxes of the province, and that a land tax should be im- posed to meet the expense. The country .'nembers de- fended the system as the fairest one, as the duty was really paid by the consumer in the enhanct'il value of the goods to be ]inrchased, while it would be impossible to ini[iose any land tax in a new coinitry like Canada which woidd not press unfairly on some land-owners, and would retard settlement. The country members were in the majority and carried the bill, which was assented to in sjiite of pe- titions against it, and counter petitions in its favor. A bill " to enable seigniors to compoiuid their feudal rights and dues with their vassels and censitaires," was intro- duced, hut laid on the table. Tlie most important act of the session was one for regulating Uw. ]iilotage anil im- jiroving the navigation of the St. Lawpjuee, under which the Trinity IJoard was established. . 7. — The great want of better intercommunicalio!i was being greatly felt, .as the two provinces increas.:d in p(i;i- ulation ; and a bill was jiassed granting .|.,,,.,|„,.^,|,,„ ,,,. one thousand pounds for the removal of Ji'" r'i"""iiiiii'.i- some obstructions iu the I^achine rapids, I'rovimts. but it was already fi'lt that the only way to utilize th,' noble St. Lawreiici. and the vast inland lakes to tlieir full extent was by canals. The dilTcreiice between the lieu- tenant-governor and the House was on a very slight mat- ter; the House thought that !M. 1*. E. Desbarats, French translator, was not rcc-eiving suiricient salary, and sent an address to the governor reeoniuiending an increase. This olTended the lieutenant-ffovernor as beinir an encroacli- nient on the royal i)rerogative ; and although he. [jroba- bly. had no objection to raising JIi'. Desbarats' salary, ho replied, '■ that however ho might feel disposed to .accede to every re(|uest of the House of Assembly, he found himself called upon in the jjresent instance to decline do- ing so ; and that he regretted the necessity for remarkiii;; that when the usual (d)servaiices which tend to preserve a due harmony between the executive power and the other branches of the Legislature were omitted, he felt himself compelled to resist a jn'eeedent which might lead to con- seciuences so injurious." T'liis nettled the assembly, and they weie about to go into Committee on the message, when thej- were sunnnoned to the Legislative Council chamber and Parliament jirorogued. The public accounts for the past year, showed the revenue to be £;);], G.'J.j cur- rency; and the civil expenditure i!;)."!, 003 sterling, includ- ing £1,272 refunded Ujiper Canada. The lieutenant- governor sailed for England on the 5th of August, and left the affairs of the Province to be administered by 31r. Dunn, who was the senior memlM^r of the Council. In this year the second newspaper in Quebec and the first in the province published entirely in English. T/ie Mir- run/, made its appearance, being established by ^Ir. Carv, who remained its editor iiud proprietor until his death iu 1.S2.'}. The trade of Quebec greatly increased this year, the nmnber of vessels arriving being IIG with a total tonnage of 25.1.'ir). 8. — Mr. A the citizens of ^Montreal were greatly ])Ieased with the conduct of their town and county mem- bers iu op|)osing the jail act. and gave them a dinner at Dillon's Hotel, in March. 1805. About sixty of the leading citizens were present, and after the usual loyal and j)atriotic toasts luad been drank, the following were also proi)osed : " (i. The honoralde members of the Leg- islative Couiu'il who were friendly to constitutional taxa- tion, as proposed by our worthy members in the House of Assembly. 7. Our representatives iu Provincial Par- M it iitiiiiiiicatidii Was ticrcastd in poj,. 'n The iinoNtl, f ->{ Ijiii rr. lutiiiii- ll'll 111 t«c 111 ilio s, I'rit^ iiin-s. ly to utilize ih,. kcs to their full •twoeii till! lieu- very slight uiat- •sharats, French iry, and sent, an increase. Tliis '4 .in encroaeh- mgh he. jimlia- arats' sahiry, lie posed to accede nl>ly. he foinid e to decline do- .' for remarking id to preserve ,a I" !uid the other he felt himself [lit lead to con- asseniLIy, and n tile message, dative Council luihlic aecotiiits i £oo,Goo ciir- terling. inchid- 'he lieutenant- )f Angiist, and istered liy 3Ir. Council. In aiicl the first ■sh. ne Mr- hy Mr. Carv, mil Jiis death ased this year, with a total arliament en 1 was inarki d 'I'rsc'diiioii i,f 111,. county nieni- in .a dinner at sixty of the u Usual loyal llowiiig wen^ of th(i Leg- iitioiial taxa- 1 the House ovineial I'ar- LOWER CANADA— GOVEUNMEXT OF Slli II. S. .MILXES. 343 lianieiit. who proposed ii constitutional and proper mode of taxation for liuildiiig jails, and uho opposed a tax on , (;oinnien;e for that jiurpose. as contrary to tile sound |>iae- ticc of the parent state. H. May our representatives be j actuated hy a patriotic spirit for the yood of the prov- | ilice as dependent on the Ilritish Empire, and he divestc'd of local preju lices. 1). I'rosperity to the agriculture anil commerce of Cana>la, and may liu'y aid each other, as their true interest dictates, by siiaring a due iirojiortion of advantag(!s and burdens. 10. The city and county of .Montreal and tlie Grand .Furies of the district, who recoinmende(l local assessments for local pnr|)oses. 11. May the city of M mtreal be enabled to sup[iort a iicws- pajier, though deprived of its natural and useful advan- tages ; ap[)arently for the benelit of !iii indiridnttl. 12. May the commercial interes" of this province have its (hie influence on the administration of its government." Ill the present day, when we are accustonieil to the free — and sometimes too free — expression of opinion by the press, on all subjects, we can scarcely conceive that any I deliberative assembly would pass a resolution that the mere publication of the above toasts, without comnieiit and without even stating when the dinner was held, was •' a false, scandalous, and malicious libel, highly and unjustly reflecting upon his majesty's representative in this province, and on both Houses of the Provincial Parliament, ami tending to lessen the all'i;ctions of his majesty's sultjects towanls his government in this jirov- iiice ; " yet the Provincial Legislature did jiass such a resolution, and adopted the report of a committee of seven that Isaac Todd, who presided at the meeting, and Edward Edwards, who pu'.lished the resolutions in the Jloiitreal G'lzitif, were "guilty of a high breach of the privil(!ges of this house," and their arrest by the sergeant- at-arms was ordereii. They took care to kee[) out of the way, however, and the affair blew over. 9. — Mr. Cary, editor of the Affmiri/, was not so fortu- nate, however, and was forced to apologize to the House for having iiublished an account of its The ::.litor of th;i i- ■ i , . ^ ■lA. r.iin/ r.ir.oil t.i proceedings With regard to the Gitzftt)'.* UllOluZiSl!. \ ^T II 11.11 As tliere were only three papers published ♦ It must 1)0 riMni'inbi'n'il that roportnrs wero not nllowt-il in the Hoiiso Inllieisi' clays, ami tli' uiiaiilliorizcil imliliratioii of tlii'|iroi- liiius of thu HoUHe was rc^^anli'il as a lin-a'-li of privili'iio. Kvi'ii in tin- pn'si-nt ilayiii I'.iiKlanil, as woll a-i in tliis I'oiiiury, ri'iiorli'i-s an' only ailniiiteil on snf- 1 fiaiii'o, ami any m 'iiiliiT ran h;ivu tlici" i'xrlii,l<.|| liy callinu' thi' ntlcniion of till" speaker to tli.' fart that thiT an' stran.ji'is in the iloiisc. and ask- : in;; to liavo th*. '^ilh'i-y I'lfarcil. 'I'hi' priviloi»i. has loin,* t.iin'0 gon*! into , disiiSL'. anil in 'mln'is of Parliament an' n. \v more liki'ly to he otTrndi'il i al not beiiiu rup.n-ii'.l than at li.'ini; n'liorteii; still Parliament P'tnins the j ri^lit, anil an irr.asi'ililL' memli 'r oeeasionally makes hims If riii'cnloini hy oausiiiK its enforeement. It look niary years hef.m' the lilierty of the press was aekiniwleiitieil in I'^ii^lanil, anil printers ami piililishers siitTereil inueh perseentiim. The n'ii.'n of i teorue the Thinl \v;is speeially noti able for press perseentions. aiel editors, pnhlishers and printers fomied one of the staples of the jail population. One of the greatest eanses of oomplaiut was reportinu the debates in rarli;iinent, the members deelar- inc it a hriNaeh of privilei;e to do so. The London /•'niniiii /*nst was thi' fii'Ht paper to ulTeiiil in this way. Its publisher eulleeted some particulars in the province tit thtit time, tind the third wtis the gov- ermiieiit organ, the (Quebec (I'lizftlr, it may be concluded tliiit the House had succi'eded in pretty elfictually muz- zling the press, for the present; but not for long; public opinion was in favor of a free jiress, and in the course of time the House was forced to bow to publi<- opinion and |iermit, not only publication of its action.", but very free discussions on them, lieyond the persecution of tlie press, the only ((uestion which oi'cnpied tlii! particular tlttelition of the House wtis the j.iil ;ict. This litid been pa.ssed, as we have seen, tit last session; but .i petition having been forwarded to the king, prtiyiirg him to re- voke the bill (which lie had the power to do with any act, within two years tifter its ptissage), a counter-jietition tii.d address was p.assed in the AsseiiiMy. after a violent dis- cussion, humbly beseeching his mtijesty to allow the act to remain in force, and setting forth the great injustice of a t;ix on lanil. The bill, being alrciidy. ;i--ented to, was not disturbed, and the jails were built, {'oiiiinerce being tax jd to pay for them ; as the taxes yielded Itirgely, the co«t of the jails was soon paid, but the tax was retiiiii-'d to meet the expenses of the Ainericaii war. 10. — Tlie growing jealousy of the tigriculturid and com- mercial interests of eacli other was now raiiidly increas- i ing ; so far it h;id not dechtred itself as a ' war of nationality, but, as the country or H^'^':^''"''"'" j agficultnral parly wi'l'e all French, ant larifely in the mtiioritv — while the town laiiiishment of Ac i ' . , ■ ' 1 11 ■ i"o''i". or commercial ptirty were very netirjy till ! Enolish, it could not fail to develope itself ere loiii; as a I I war of nices. The ground of the dilliciilty was thtit the '. commercitd interests objected to htive all the ttixes placed : on commerce, and upheld loctil taxation for local purposes; I on the other hand the agricultural ptiity desired coiii- ! nierce to ptiy all expenses anil agriculture to reap its fair '■ share of the prolits on such expenditures, without pay- ; of the debate on the ^Middlesex eleetion from members of the llouiu' and : published them. This was qiiiikl.v folloHed by the ,S(, J„in, s ( Imniirl,-, whiih 1 inployed a n'porler speiially to no aloul In eolVee houses and piek lip infill inalion fnnn members. This (.'entlelnan, win se name is, unfor- tunately, losi lo fMine. is the first of the now niiimniiis raie of •• inter- I viewers." 'Ibe-e pnblieations laiised a ferfeel storm in Ihe House, and j on the IJtb Mar.b, It; I. Miller, the publisher of the /'o,1^ wasi ommanded i to appear befi.n' the bar of the House. .Miller refused to appear, aiel the ' deputy serce.-iiit-at-arms was sent to brinu bim i but it was tl Id .-tory of ealehini.' a Tart.ar; instead of capturinu .Miller, -Mil'.ir eaptun'd the deputy, and look him befon' th,' l.onl Mayor, within whose jurisdiition miller lived, ehaiciin; him with assault. The l.onl Mayor was liii:lily imlii.'iianl that anyone should attempt to interfen' with bis authority, and pnimptly eommiiled the I'piity. holdini; that the speaker's warrant was of no n unit in the lily. .Xt this the House was thmwii inlo a slate of (rn'jit indi^naii and lifter a stormy debate, Ihe l.onl Alayor and two aldermen whii h.ad si'.'ned the warrant with him were arrested aid im- prisoned in the Tower, where they reinaineil for three moinhs until I'ar- liainent adjourned. This may be said to have tinisbed tlu' liLdit between Parliament and the press, the latter wiimiiu:. for the eonduet of Ihe , House bniuiibt down sueb a storm of Imlitznatiou from the people that no furiber eifort to interfeie with the rinbt of the pn'ss to report was made. Ueporters were taeltly admitted to the nailery, anil iioi very lony after- narils speeial aeeummodutiuii was iiruviileU for tliein. Ku. iilieCciiimer- lal ai d .\\nu ill- tuia) interests. Ks- I ill : ;li i i^ir '!'| I 341 TITTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. iiij5 anytliiiii; et anti-executive in politics, ,anti-comniercial in its doctrines, and, indeecl, aliti- liritis'ii in spirit, treating as unti-Canadian everything Itritisli ill tho colony, nnd the ISritish innnigraiits and population as '■ etrangers ut intrus — strangers ami intru- ders." (.Quebec seems to have been rapiilly increasing in trade, 11)1 vessels of 33, 17 1 tons altogether arrived from tlie sea during the year, aixl a large coasting-trade was also done, besides whicli ship-building was springing up and fast beeoiniiig an important industry. II. — Neither the governor-general. Sir Robert Pres- cott, nor the lieuten;int-governor, Sir R. S. ^liliies, returning to tin! province, "Sir. A, 213 sterling; in this latter amount was included two items of £2,000 nnd £1,."jOO respectively, for tho salaries of the governor-general and lieutentint-governor, neither of whom had been in the province during the year. During the sumnier great anxiety was felt on the score of the prospect of war with the United States. Great Hritain, then "mistress of the seas," having swept all the navies of the world off the ocean, declared tlui whole coast of Franco in a state of blockade, and ca])tured some American ships who were trying to run in — just as in late years, during the South- ern rebellion, the I'nited States vessels captured British ships trying to run the blockade into Southern ports. * 'Die only three p.ipers in tlio Province then were printed, two, imlf In French, half in Knglish, nnd one entirely in Knglish, This irritate d the Americans, who claimed to bo neutral — although secretly aiding France; and when tiie liritish ship Iji'iipurd, exercising the ■' Right of Search," over- hauled the American frigate Chmipciike and took from her four deserters, known to be im boaril, afti'r having killed and woundeil several of the crew of the Cliesupeakr ill a short engagement, the oxcitement grew to fever point, and a declaration of war was momentarily expecte1 thiit they would, this time, have tlio hearty co-operation of the F'rencli Canadians, who were dissatisfied with llritish rule ; to test this Mr. Dunn, in August, called out oiie-lil'th of the militia for active duty, and the Roman Catholii; Hishop endorsed the call in an encyclical letter. The ])eople respondi d most cheerfully and willingly, :'.nd with such eagerness to serves that, according to the i\nr\n-x'. .Vfrniry, "sums of money were offered by individuals for pri/e-tickets, for such the tickets were callcil which, in balloting, were for service. .*^oiiie young baciielors procnri^d pri/e-tickets from the married ukmi, who had been drawn for service, but the greater part of the latter insisted on keeping their tickets, notwithstanding that offers of exchange were made to them by bai'helors." Fortunately their services were not needed, lait their jirompt loyalty went f.ar to disabuse any idea of disaffection on the part of the I'rench. On the IHth Octob(!r, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Craig, who bad been appointed governor-general, arrived at (Quebec ill the frigat(! Iloriidn, and relieved Mr. Dunn, who w:us allowed a ])ension of £o()0 a yejir in .icknowledgment of the able manner in which he had administered the affairs of the province. CHAPTER LXXI. LOWER CANADA. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG. 1. ArroiNTMF.NT OK GovKRNOii Ckaig. His Ciiakac- Ti;n. — 2. TnK I.NKLKiiiui.iTY OF JuDfiF.s. F^.xrui.- si<)\ OF ]Mu. IIaht. — 3. CtiAifi's First DiFFEurxci; ■WITH Tin; AssKMiii.T. Tin; IIotsK Dissoi.vi:u. — 4. Gkowtet of Pautv Si-iuit. Tiif. First Stkam- BOAT ox TiiK St. Lawukxck. — .">. The Asskmulv Df.ci.arks the Governor's Censure of their Cox- nrcT A liREAt II OF Privii.eoe. — G. The Assembly Offers to Assi-.me the whole Civil List. Judoe DeHonxe exfellei>. — 7. The Governor aoaix V. ho cliiiinod to bo iiontnil cf; anil wlion liic ]\r'n\-U Hi.i,'lit of Si^iirch," ovcr- fsii/iefdn aii.l took from ! on hoard, after Iiavini; i(! crew of the Cliesappukr • •itcniunt grew to fever as momentarily c.\i)eete(l. r a time, hy tlie prompt •nt, HJio disavowed tin,. Li-npiird as Jiavin;,' been restitution was in tjieir nu'd anotlier invasion of ■ould, this time, bave I be L'h Canadians, wlio were ) test tiiis Mr. Dunn, in H> nn'iiiia foraeiive duty, endorsed tlie call in an ■*pond( d most cheerfully aiieriiess to serve, that, , " sums of money wt'ro I'-iiekets, for such the lotiiiiT, were for serviee. prize-tickets from the wn for service, but the on keeping their tickets, xchango were made to • their services were not vent far to disabuse any f the French. On the Sir Henry Craig, wlio leral, arrived at (Quebec wl 'Sir. Dunn, who was in acknowledgment of administered the affairs XXI. RXMEXT OF SIR CRAIG. IJkaig. His Ciiarac- OF Judges. Hxrii,- I's First Diffkui.xck lorsK Dissoi.vicD. — Tun First Steam- • — '">■ The Asskmri.v issuiiE oi- their Cox- '■ — 6. The Assemiily ■: Civil Li.st. Jluge IK GoVER.VOIt AGAIN ii«^i;«^:^is^ '?* 'M ■:r ! II IIJ! 1 -■ei*^' IW:'J LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR JAMES IIEXUY CRAIG. ,34.-) DissoLVKS Tiiio IIousK. Rai'II) lycKKAsi; Or Tuadk O.V ACCOLNT OF Euiini'HAX vrXK. H. SllM'ltKSSION OF I>K Canadikn. Si;mmakv Aukkst of JIk.mukus OF THE IIOUSK. 1). A TKUC'E ItF.TWKEN' TIIK GOV- KIJN'OU AN1> TIIK ASSEMIU.V. 10. AoDKKSSKS TO THK (ioVlCUNOIt O.V Ills DlU'AltTUUK FOll Enoi.and. 1. — Li(niteii!iiit (iciicrul Jainos Ili'iiry Craig was an ofRcor who liad sorvud his country for forty years with honor and distinction ; and it was, prol)- ;telm"r'ai«! ably, tiu! tlircatcning aspect of thu I'liitod "■'"'""■"'■''"• States wiiiirh indicated a near jjossiliility of war, wliieh influenced tlie Homo goverinnent in select- ing him to lill the position of lieutenant-governor and ('a;)tain-general in Canada. A stri(^t martinet and dis- ciiilinarian, ho seems to have regarded the Caiiailiaii As- .scnihly very nincli as a Ivxly of raw recruits who had to he •' taught their facings ; " and although he was [)opu]ar with a small dicpie of ultra-lJritish, who wished to ignore the French element altogc^ther, he was by no means gen- erally liked, and liis administration — added to the in- llanimatory and intensely anti-BritisIi tone adopted by Le CiinmlicH — may be regarded as the entering wedgo whicii filially forced the French and English elements in this province so widely asunder. He was nearly sixty years old at the time of liis ai)poiiitment, and sulfering from (lro|)sy and other diseases; and it is, thercjfore, only just to attribute to ill lu^dth some of the irascibility anlishments in the matter of steam naviga- ti(jn, and compared with the " floating palaces " which now adorn our lakes and rivers, the " Accomodation " would seem a very small and mean coiK'ern but, as the advance guard of the large steam mercantile n:ariiie of Cana(hi she is worthy of more than momentary considera- tion.* 5. The new assembly met on 2'Jtli .Tanuaiy, IHIO, and the s])eech from the throne and the address in reply were each e(|uallv civil and formal ; but , , I , , . , Tl'u Assi'inlilv .!.■- the breacli between the executive and rinii's , ,, . , rtMisurc uf their ii'ii- the commons was widening and soon ,iiii>!, » iircudi ot again led to an ojien rupture. In bis i"'"'''"'«''- speech from the throuo Governor Craig referred to the bill dis(pialifying judges from occupying seats in the As- sembly, and said : " Having received his majesty's ])leasuro upon it, I shall feel myself warranted in giving his JIajesty's royal assent to any proper bill fcu' rend('riiig his JIajesty's judges of the Courts of King's bench, in future ineligible to a seat in the House of Assembly, in which the two houses may concur." This caused the iin[)ression to gain ground that the governor had been rejirimanded by the Home government for his summary dismi.' sal of tliii last Farliament ; and the House, by a votts of 21 to 1 1, returned tlie compliment of the " blowing u|) " hr iiad given it at the close of the last session, by passing a reso- lution " that every attempt of the exei-utive gr)V(>rnm(Mit and of the other branches of the Legislature against this House, whether in dictating or censuring its proceedings, • Tlu" fcillowlnu cxirai-t Inim tlic Quebec .l/irrHi'i/ ot Otli Xovciiiliur, ison, will iir.iliiitilv iH-ove iiilen'slin;;." " Oil Saturilav iiinniinj;, lit so'eloeli, iirriveil here, frmii MiuilreiU, heiii|r herllr>l tiip, the fli'iiiiiluiat " Ai'erimoilniiini," with ten passeiineiK. This i» Ihe tliHt ve.'Bel of the kiiiil that- eviT appear >l in this liarliur. She Is ooiitiniially ei-owded with visitants. Slie lefi .Moniieal on Weilnesihiy, at 2o'elc«'k, Kotliat Iter paxsane was si.xtv-six hours ; thiily of wliieli slio was nt aneliiir. She arriveil at Three IMvers in 1 weiity-foiir lioiirs. Sim has at iiriseiil, hertlis lor twenty paseiicers ; whiili, next year, will hw eon-lili'ialily ain;nienteil. Xn irhul or liih run Hln/t In r. She has "."i feet lieel, anil K.-1 feet nil Ueek. The priee for a iiassajje up is Sti, ami .«s ilowii, tlio vessel supiilyiii^' provisions. The (ireat ailvantaiie atteialiiij; a vessi t BO eonstiuetoil is. that a passant' may he eiihulated on to a ileiiree nt eerlalnty. in iioiiit of time, which eaiinot he tin' easi' willi anv vessel pie- pelleil hy sails only. Tin' «teaiiilioat reeeives lier impnlsu from an open, iloiihle-spokeil perpeiiilleiilar wlii'el, on eaeli siile, without any elreuliir haiiil or rim. To the eixl of eaeh iluuhle spoke is tlxeil a sipiare hoard, whieli enters the water, ii'iii liy the rotatory inoilon of the wliei'l mis Uke a |iai1il!e. 'I'll ' wheels are put Mint kept in iiiotloii liy steam, oppi'ia • iiitf witliin tlie ve-sel. .\ mast is to lie tlxeci in her, for the piiriiose oE iisiiiK sail when the wind is favorable, whieli will ueiasionally aeeplerato lierlieadway," 'i, it. 7. — This sounded like mutiny ill the oar.s of the martinet ginernor, and he bustled down in great liaste Tlh'Ociv.rn .iii,',uii to dissolve the House. Hi- was cheered ilissiilvrs \\v llimsi!. 11,1, 1 H:i|ii.liiiiT.':is.'.if oy the people, who hail lieguii to lie Ir.uli' cm ai'ciniiit oC '. , , t •..i !•• it ■ ., Kmopeiiii war. rather amused at " Little King t raig, as ho had been nii^knamed. In his speech dissolving the House he said: "Tilt! House of Assembly have takiyi upon lIuMnselves witliont the participation of \\\\.\ other branches of the Legislature, to ]iass a vole that a dndge of his majesty's court of King's IJeiich cannot sit nor vote ill this House. * * * It is impossible for me to consider what has been done in any other light than as a direct violation of lui act of the imperial I'arliaiiieut; of that Parliament which conferred upon you the constitution to which you profess to owe your i)resent prosj)erity ; nor can I do otherwise than consider the House of Assembly as having unconstitutionally disfranchised a largi! portion of his majesly's subjects, and rendere new vessels, with a total tonnage of o.S.'JC) tons Were! built. A revenue of i'70,.")."(r) currency was collected, about t""Jl,OUO of which was ap[>licable to the expenses of ci\ il govermueni, which amounted to about i.'.')0.IIO(( sterling, the balance being mostly nnappi,<- j)riated money at the disposal of the Legi>l:ilure. 8. — At this time the whole press of Lower Canada consisted of five weekly iie.vspai>ers ; the Gazeffe, and Cuiiranf, juiblished in ^lontreal ; and the suin)ressiiiii of /.,■ a„:rtfe, M.rrnn/ ixw\ L.- Cumiimu pub- 'i:^":!^^-^^^^ lished in Quebec* The lirst four were '"'"'" """-'•■• essentially English, and supported the govermnent ; Le Croached, abnsivi! and jeeriiigei)itliets were freely used on bolhsides ; and although Lc Cawtdicn was lighting at odds of four to one, it had rather the best of it until the governor saw lit to make a suddiai descent on the establishment, on 17lh March, and cause the tyjie, papers, &c.. to be sei/id, and the printer, jNfr. Lefrancois, to In; arresti'il. After an caiiiination of the matter found, ^Mors. ISeilanL nianchet and Taschereaii — members of the last Assembly, and INFessrs. rierre J^aforce, I'ierre I'apineau, ami Francois C (ubeil, wi're arrested under the '• act for tho belter preservation of his majesty's government," on ii charge of " treasonable practices." The guards were doubled and ''The reign of terror" ("as tin; governor's enemies ciilled it) nt in. Craig was very liiiii and de- termined, and in a long pioelamation, dated 21st March, •At till' iirrpi'ut llini', IS7T, llirr-' .nri' iliilly. Iri-ui-cKly, Hrini-werKly, wi'i'kly, iiMil iiiiinllily lliiu'liHli mill I'li'mli inililiiiiilohii in Um riovhu'o of (juubee,— wliieli \\i\», in IslU, Uinor I'aiiiiilii.— Kii. «■;",■ |! 1 frl , li i ii I m • Ii ' I; i < '>'NI I h •i 'ii V II :\h ;)48 TITTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. he justified liis arbitniiT roiidiict on tlie ground tli;it tlie l);irtic's iirrcstccl liiid Ih-imi wriliiiir iiiid |iul)lisliiiig trt'usoii- iil)lc itiid scdilioiis papers, and that it was necessary for tiie pui)lic safety that sucii practices siiould he stopped. The eU'ctions tooii phice in tiie summer, and nearly all tlie old opponents of tlie i;overiiment were returned, includiiijf I'ierre l>edaril, who was in jail ; indeed, the opnusitiou gained streiigtii, and only nine Kijglish inembers wen' returned. The governor soon found that he had streleheil lii.s authority rather too far, and, by degrees all the parties imprisoned were released — on the plea of ill- health — except M. IJi'dard, who was the leader of the French faction in the House. 11. — The seventh Parliament of Lower Canada met on 12th December, IHK). and Mr. Parret was again chosen speaker. liotli the irovcrnor and the A tniii? tii'twci'ii ' • ilir (i iviiiiiir nml House snowed a rather more eoneiliatorv Iho .Vssumbly. . . i- • , , ', spirit ; two summary dismissals had taught the latter what a firm and determined old soldier they liail to deal with, while the former having been slightly reprimaiiiled by tin; Home government, was dis- posed to be in a little better temper towards the House. The act '• for the better [)reservation of his majesty's , government as by law lia|)pily es[abli.-.hed," was renewed ■ — although it was a bitter pill for the House to swallow; but an ,iineiidmeiit was tacked on to it to the elfeet that no member of either House should be imprisoned or n lii» iicpart. , ■ ' , . I " -i x- 1 1 uii' for Kiiulnml. urbanity and great charity. ^Nearly ilie whole liritisli population of (Quebec accompaniecl him to the place of embarkalion, his liorfcs were unharnessed and the carriage drawn by citizens, while a(Ulresses compli- menting him on his adiiiinisi ration and regretting Ids do parture were presented him by ihe citizens of (.Quebec. Montreal, Three Rivers and other places. Consiilerable allowance must be made for Craig's arbitrary eoiiducl, when we consider that he had from the age of fifteen bee ii accustomed' a strict military life ; and thai his advisers were not of the best or purest minded men to be found in the province. Christie says of him : " The governor. Imw- ever nnconscious of it he niny have been, really was in the hands of, and ruled by, a cliipie of oflieials rioting on the means of the country, yet desiring notliiiig better than the privilege of tyrannizing it, and who. however obso- (plious to him in a]ipearanre, were nevertheless his masters. The government, in fact. war. a bureaucracv. the governor himself little better than a liostage, and iIk^ peojjle looked upon and treated as .serfs and vassals, hy these tlieir ollicial lords. Such wms the invested order of the governinent in those times, anything, it must 1;(^ avowed, but responsiiile in the English acceptation and meaning of the term." CHAPTER LXXII. LOWER CANADA.— (iOVERN.MENT OF SIR CiEORGE PREVOST. 1. Al'l'OINTMKNT OI' Sindl-.OKliK PkKVOST. CiliOWlMi ii.i.-ri.i:i.iN(} IN Tin: I'mtki) STAri;s against ISni- 1 Ais. — 2. Tut: '• Hi.Nuv Plot." Tiik Initi:!) STATI'.S DlX'I.AUK AVaU AOAlN.ST (JkKAT liUITAlN. — y. CoNCII.I.VTOKY Poi.ICV OK Slit GKOltOK PliKVOST. — 4. LlHI'.KAI. GUANTS HV TIIK AssKMItl. V. LOYAI. CONKLCT OF TIIK, CANADIANS. — O. Tin. ]MlI.ITIA IIKI.I) IN Rk.\I)1M SS TO UK CaI.LKI) OiT. Is.Sl K ok Ali.MV IJii.i.s. — (i. Cami'aion ok 1812. An Ekkout To- WAitns Pk,\( K. — 7. AnoUTiVE Attkmtt ok Gi.nk- KAi. Dkakuokn to Invadk Lowi.k Canada. — H. Skssion ot '813. Good Fkki.ini; hktwkkn tiik (JoVKItNOn A.\D TIIK lloiSK. ',1. CaI'TIKK OK IllK " Gitowi.Kii " AND " Eaoi.k." — 10. Dkstkultion ok Ami.kican Au.sknai.s on Lakk Ciiami-i.ain. — II. (iKNKKAI. HaMI'TON's INVASION. — 12. DkSaI.AHKU- liV's I!liII.I,IANT ViCTOUV AT ClIATK, L(itAY. — l.'J. Imi'kacm.mknt ok JuDfiKs Skwki.l and JMomv. The AsSKMIil.V AND ColNCII, ON P.AD TkK.MS. 11. A Ii- % LOWKU CANADA— CJOVEHNMEM" OI" SlU GKOHGK PIJEVOST. 349 oiial friends— wli,, UIVAI, OF SMAI.T. UkINKOIKJ [-.MKXTr*. C'oINCII, OF IsptANS. — 1.'». Invasion of Gi;xi;ual Wii.ki.nson. Ki;ri:i.si: AT I>aC'oi.i.k .Mill.— 10. Aukival of LAit(.K liF.INFOKCF.MFNrs. Silt ( iKOIJli F I'UKVOST AsSr.MFS THKOFFFNSIVF.. — 17. CoUISINKU AtTACIv on I'l.ATIS- lii lioii i!V Land and Watkis. Ukffat of tiik l.'i,i.;i.;i., — iH. lliyntKAT of tiik Land 1''oi!ck.s. Sir (ii.oK(iK Pit KVosT'.i Account op tiik Affaiu. — I'J. Kkcai.i. of Silt Gkouok Pukvost to iik Tiiikd by CoLltT-MAItTIAL. 20. AlM'ltOI'ItlATION FOIt CoN- STULCTIN(i TIIK La<'I[INK CaNAL. "21. 'I'ltFATY OF Pkack. Di'.i'AurrijK of Siit (iKoi?.(.K Pkkvost. 1. — It' the !)i-itisii luiiiiiiry luid iiiado a mistake in ap- pointing Sir J. IL Ci'ai;,', tliey certainly, as far as |iiissilili\ correclcd tlifir error liy naming .Major- (moi;.'.' I'li'vcst. General Sir Goorge Prevo.st a.s Ins snc- (irowiiiL; tll-fiiii<.; ill till' I iiiicii Slates cessor a^aiiisl Itritaiii. General Prevost was an ollieer of eonsiderable distiiKition. and was lilliiig tiie position of lieutenant-governor of Xova Scotia with great satist'ai.'tion to tlie pi^ople, at tlie time he was trans- fi-rreil to Lower Canada. General Iiiock was also trans- ferred to U|)per Canada, .so that lioih provinces wore provided with military governors in the event of the war with tile United States, which it seemed impossihle to avoid. Tiie war-party in the I'niteil States was not really very strong, luimerically speaking, and it was not com- posed of till' most respectahie portions of the connnuiiitv ", I liiit what it lacked in these two i'e(piisites it iiiaile u]) in 1 lond and deir.oiistralive clamor, ami the more serions- I minded ami important portion of the people were l)einrit- ish war sloo|) Lif/lr lirlt. of l.S guns, and tlie Aineric.in frigate Prcsii/i-iit, I I guns, In which ilii' former was cap- tured, after having .")2 men killed oi' wonn' V'',''-" ' I 111' I ml, il Malm lions of dollars w as ai'ieed to. Shortiv ii<' larc wai auaiiini , \ . ' Onai liiitaiii. afterwards a good deal of e.xcitenieiit was got up liy a rejiort that President Madison hail piirclias(>d, for lilly thousand dollars, a iiiimiier of letters writleii hy a secret agent of .Sir Henry Craig's, which .showed that (ireat liiitain was eiigagt d in an effort to di.siilfect the New Kiiglaiiil States, especially jMassaehusttls. anil in- duce them to leave the L'liioii. This jierson was named .John Ilemy, and held a conunission as captain in the Anuricaii niiliiia : he was an Irishnian hy liirtli, who had emigrated to ihe Slates, lnit not succeeding there as well as lie anticipated, he c;iine to ^Montreal to study law. He got introduced into good circles, ai.d was, in 180'.), em- ployed hy Craig — without the knowledge or consent of the Home govenimei.t — to visit tl c Initcd Slates, put hiimselt' in rominnnication with some of the leadini,' men, and ascertain their sentiments with regard to a return to their allegiance to Great Prilain. it lieiiig then thought that tlieri! was a strong tendency that way amongst Ihe ]ieace- party, ('specially in JIassachusetts. Henry performed his mission, hut really found out nothing which could not have been gathered from the tone of the |)ress in some se<'tioiis. He wrot(^ fourteen letters in all. in cypher, which weri! ah iiiikIi. and was not very greatly rewarded, at wliicii he took olVeiico and appealed to Lord ],iverpool. claiming an appointment as advocate-general of Lower Canada, or a jMinianent consulship in the I'nited States, at a salary of iloOO a year. He was referred hack to the Canadian govern- ment, and, knowing he would get nothing more there, offered copies of the letters to I'resideiit ]\[ailisoii, who purchased them, and " the Henry plot," as it was called, caused great excitement for a little while and lieljii d to liiirry on a declaration of war, heing skilfully used liy ^ladisoii and the war-parly to excite the ])as>ions of Con- gress. At last the exciteineiit was got up to fever point, and Congress, on IHtl- ^wuc, 1.S12, ji.'issed an ai't empow- ering the president to ileclare war against Great Ih'itain, wliich he did at once, 'i'his action hy no means gave general satisfaction, and the vessels in '!o>toii harbor ran up their flags at half-mast on receipt of tlie news. .'!. — -Sir (ieorge Prevost arrived at (^iii liee on 1 lih Sep. ti'inber, l.SII. Mild at once applied liiin-e|f to allaying the I'eeliinr of irritation caiiM'd ainoii"vt the . ■ ■ I niinliann-y French by Craig's conduet. One gri'at r"ii' complaint had always been that the Fni;- lisli filled all ]ilai-'es of honor and enioliimenls. 'i'liis \\as true, and Sir (ieorgi' eiidea\ored to gratify tin ^ I'"reneh elrineiit by appointing some of thii most ]H'oiniiieiit mem- bers of the ]iarly to positions of trust and profit; the Executive Council was enlarged and several French i.rsi"r "I'ljc l'ri'\oHt. ' t i'a Hi^'^ m m'r 50 TUTTLKS lilSTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA. inomlii'PS added, posiiioiis wen; found for (.'licrs, iiiid Craii^'s gri'at :Mit!ii^oiiist, JI. IJcdard, was niado a jiid^o at Tlircn Rivers. I'revost, a[)iiar('iitl_v, took (iuy Cavlctoii tiA Iii.s model, and trieil to rei-oncile the (;onllietill^' dill'ei'- ences of all parties. In this Uc. was qiiito successful, and soon lieeanii! very |io[)nlar, esjieeiall}- with the Freneh nu^nihers of tlu; .VsseinMy, who had not managed, as a rule, to pull very well to;,'etlier with the executive since the d.'|>artiu'e of Lord Dorchester. Parliament met on 21st Fchruiry, 1812, and was opened hy a conciliatory speech by Sir Geor;;(! l'r(!Vo^■,t, wlio had shortly hefore been on a tour of military inspection through the ^lon- treal and Uiehelieu districts. The .alien act, and tliu act •' for the better preservation of His 3Iajesty's govern- ment," were not renewed, although asked for by the g:)V(M-nor. The House, indeed, passed the protec^tiou of government .act, but amended it so as to leave the power solely in the hands of the governor, instead of in thc> Kx- (icutive Council. This oireiided ilu! council, and they failed to concur, so the bill fell through. The governor, wisely, did not press the matter, contenting himself by simjily I'eaiiuding tin; House that he couM, in case of necessity, assume all tlu; functions granted by the act, by declaring the country under martial-law. The militia bill occupied most attention, and in the face of tiie impending conflict the most liljeral i)rovisions possible were made. TIk governor was authorizi'd to emliody 2,000 bachelors, be- tween the ages of \H and 2.'), for three months in the year ; and in case of invasion or imminent (Linger thereof, to rv- tain them for one year, relieving one half of the ininiber embodit^l by fresh drafts at the exi)iration of that jieriod. In the event of war, invasion, insurrection, or imminent dangiM" thereof, he was ein[)owereil to embody the wliole militia of tlie prt)vinee, sli()nld it become neci!ssary. •I. — In tiie matter of supplies the House was also liberal, granting £12,0JI) for training the militia; £20.000 for purposes of general defence, and a further til.! A-sMiiiiiy. ^'H"* "t t'>0,Oi)J in tlie event of a declara- tiior'iiKuli'uil^ ''''^" "f ^^'"'" Nothing else of much import- ance occurred during the session, and mili- tary matters soon became the all-absorbing topic. Tlu^ embargo on foreign trade with England, whih^ it was in- juring the United States, was pro|)i>rtionatcly lulpiiig to devel:)pe Canada; large (piantities of biinbcr and wheat Were exported, the number of vessels clearing during tlie year 1811 being .(:{2, with a total tonnage of 1I('),C87 tons, of which ;17 vessels, with 12.(188 tons, had been that year launched at Quebec. The public accounts showed the rciveune to bo i'7.'),lli2 cuireiicy, and tin; expenses for civil servica £ 10.017 sterling. The governor determined to mobilize a portion of the militia, and. on the 28th I\Iay, called out four regiments, lie also reinstated Jlr. Parret and other gentlemen who had been summarily dismissed from their positions in the militia, in their former com- missions ; and placed Major Dc Salaberry in command of a regiment of Canadian voltigeiirs which w.as raised. Tlie AmiM'icans connt<'d on a large ili>airectioii ainoii;.'st the French Canadians, and ex[)ec!ed they woulil seize the op portunity to sever their comiection with Great Hritain ; but for tlie second time tliey were deceived, and learned that they did not understar.t the F'reiich Canailian cliar- ncler. At tiie time of the first American invasion the Canadians, for the most part, had been I'oiiteiit to stand aloof and allow the l>'-itish and the Americans to liulit each other without their interference ; but in 1812 it was very different. At the first call the Canadians sjirang readily and cheevfully to arms, and fought side by side with the IJritish during the three years that followed, showing as much gallantry, and proving that tli«? olil stock of French military settlers had not degenerated either in courage or military skill, nor in their love of j king and country. I a. — The news of the declaration of war reached (Jnebce j six da\s after the jiassage of the bill by Congress, and j active measures for defeiic(! were at once ,1 \ II \ • .■,. 1 The inililiii liilil taken. All Americans were notified to in riii.lin..-s i.. i„. : leave the pn.vin.'c by the M of July; an ;:f"','iMy'i',iiii a,',']' 1 embargo was laid on all vessels in jiort, and Oiunzci. the Legislature Mas convened for lOtli Jn'y. At the first glance the relative iiumbers of the forces to be o|)posedt(> each other seemed so disiiroiiortioned, that it woulil ap- pear as if the Americans would have nothing to do but to walk in and taki^ possession ; but such was not tin? case, as events proved. The iiopulation of the United .States at tlnit time was about 8,000,000, while the i)0])ulatioii of both T'])per and Lower. Canada ci nibiiicd scarcely cxck d ed 1)00,000; and Fngland was so busily engaged with her Continental war that she could scarcely spare any tioojis to reinforce the T), 000 regulars which were then in Canaila. ('(fligress authorized the raising of the regular army to 2.J,000, the calling out of oO.OOO vohiiiteers. and the mobilization of 100,000 militia for home defence, so that the Americans at once had an army, greatly snjierior in numbers to the whole iiiah^ ])c)pnlation of Canada, capa- ble of be.iring arms. Ibit the Anu ricaiis were not a fighting jieople, ,jid their levies were nearly all raw re- cruits, while a very large portion of the peojile were o]i- posed to tli(^ war and went into it in a very half-hearted inamier. Parliament met on KJth.Fuly, and was proroirued 1st August. The House was as liberal as could possibly have been expected. The cxclie(|ucr was almost empty, and the governor suggested the issue of any bills, bear- ing interest, redeemable either in cash or bills of ex- change on London, The House immediately authorized the issue of $1,000,000 of army bills in amount suilisble for the reipiircmeiits of change. The smallest bills, four dollars, were at all times redeemable in cash, and iIk! larger deiiotuhiatioiis of twenty-five dollars and upwards. i:)l'' LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR GEORGE PREVOST. SSI \yi.'\t\ to hriiv interest ;it the rate of foiifpeiiee per day per liiliiilreil pounds (six per cent). Tiie.-.e liiiU were iii;ide leijid teiidi'rs. ;ind any contracts discriniinalini; l)e- tween tin'ni and i,'i>ld were to l)e void. To nu-et tile iti- tere>t lilt! llou>e voted SUd.dlH^ a year for live years, and $10.(tUU a year to defray tiie expenses of tlie army l)ill olfiee. To raise tliis amount tlie taxes imposed nnkiiig a strong; etVort to (hive the Ihitish fro a (aiiaila, ami extend the sway of the I'nion over the wliide continent. 7. — (ieiieral Dearhorn spent the summer and part of the autumn ill apparently trying to make up his mind whether he would 'n\ade Lower Canada ai«>iiIvi' aiiini|ii or not. It is doulniul whetlier he really |\'''.rV,'t'.''i!!la'lV'''" seriim>lv intended aiivthiiii' more ilia I.iiwrr (aiiitda. Once more the cla>h of arms and the souml of martial music was heard in the calm fields and ipiiet glens, not and all the regular troops moved to the front, h'aviiig iliversion of the troops in Lower Canada to prevent their (^uehec and .Montreal to he defended hy the local mililia. , going to the assistance of the I'pper Province, then men- aced by two armies; and, besides, he had great dilliciillv with his raw militia, who were lie iceiistomecl to drill, .IS in "the pii)ing times of pi'ace," but with "all the ; sickly, and many of them seriously disinclined to invade poin|i and jianoply of glorious war;" and the shepherd ji what they considered .;s friendly territory. At last he left his lloek, the husbandinaii his |)lougli, the laborer his J inaile up his mind to as. nine tin olVensive, and on the toil, and turned their faces towards the 'nvader, deter- mine;! to defend their h(anes and friends as bravely as their f(uefatliors had done in years gone by. | G. — Hostilities comineiiced almost iiiiniediately after tlie declaration of war; iind (ieii. ral Iirock haf lsl-2. i .-^ . An iirDn turtiiiiU Hull, w'l" had invaded I'pper Canada, , ijii'l ferciiig the surrender of his whole ' army, togotlir/ with tlu >troiig fort of Detroit; as this, and other ongageinents which took |)la(.'e in I'liper Canada, will be referred to in our history of that province, wo i shall pass over them here, and confine oiirscives to the operations which took place in Lower Canada. The military operations in I/>wer Canada wei't^ eniindy coii- liiicd to skirmishes. Shortly after the declaraiion of war a force of about 10,(101) men, under cominand of General Dearborn, and known as " tli(! Army of the North," men- aced Montreal by way of St. .Johns and Odelltown from Lake Champlain. Sir (ieorgi! Prevost, with the scanty force at his command, was fain to content himself with drawing a cordon of military posts across the frontier 'Voin St. Regis to Vamaska, and act strii'tly on the de- fensive. In August, Sir George Prevost received iiistrue- tioiis that the "Orders in Council," which were the ostensible caiis(> of the war, had been rev(d campaign in this ]iroviiice, and, on 27tli November, the governor ordere.l the troops and militia into winter (piarters, Tlu' governor met the Legi.-.lalure on ".".•lb December, and congratulated tli'iii on tlie repulse of the tlii'ee attacks on Vjiper Canada by tht! Ainericaiis, as widl as their relireinent from the vicinity of r.ower Canada. lie returned thanks to the militia for tlieii prompt, brave and patriotic conduct, reciuninended a revision of lh(> mililia law, and advised :i speedy dispatch 1 ■ J i Kl i it !• ill Tl"! PLKS IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. of Itusiiipss. T'li) session u;is luiicli •■aliiior tli;iii had bcfii tliiilii's Ufi-c _u;raiili(l for con- | (liictin>; tliu war. Two million tlollars army Mils were j antlio]-izi'(l. sixty tlnmsand dollars i,'iaMtcd for tln^ cnibodi- ] in.'iit of till! militia, and one iiinidrcd tlionsand dollars for ilic sn))])ort of ilii! war. Tli'i militia aft was aniundud, lint ftdl tliroii^li for want of tlii! concnrrcnco of the Couu- cil ; a jiroposal to tax salaries of ijovcrnniiMit ollic-ials wa.s also ri'jwtod liy that chamlicr; and ii dniy of two and a half per cent on all nifridiandiso (^exci'pt provisions) im- ,, ]>orted into the proviiu'e was imposed, together witii ati | additional two and a half per eenl if the importer was init an actual resident of the provinee for at least six months previous to the importation. The icveniie of the year 1S12 .•(tiiounteil to I'lil.r.t.) currency, and the c xpenses to £1)8,777 sterlin;:, includiii'' al)out l!.").").()ltl) for the militia. • The numher of vessels elearing from {^uehec was .Mill. ! with a tonnaije of HCi, |.')(> tons, inelnding I'l vess(ds, hnilt in the eity, of .')..S1I.S tons. | '.). — The events of the eami)aij;n of 1 SI.'! were numerous ; and important in l'|iper t'anada. hut o'' comparatively little , , moment in tho Lower Frovinee, althon;,di Cnpture of tlio ... . , ' (.•mic/cr mill it was threatened with inva'-ion, and sev- Kiujk'. .... , .... , eral sharp skirmislies took place, \\itli a view to a descent on Lower C'an;id;i, the American ■ constructed, at great ex|)eusi', harraeks, arsenals and hos- pitals at various points along Lake Champlain, es|)ecially I at Hurlington, Flattshnrgh, Champlain and Swantim ; the ! Bri^ish, on the other hand, reiiaired the old fortilie;ttions ' at Isle-aux-Noix, and sent three small gunboats there from Qneliee. (Ju the luorniiig of the .'id of ,Inne ;i sti'ange sail was noticed approaching the island, and Major Taylor, of the 100th regiment, who was in command, determined to L'uard against an attack in force, hy endeavoring to cajiture her before she could receive assistance. He had no sailors, but he mauned the three gunboats with soldiers, \ and with three; artillerymeu in oaeli boat, iiut out to the ' attack. On doubling the point iie found that there were two vessels, but that did not deter him, and, after landing a portion of his forces to operate from the shore as the enemy approached near it, — which he was obliged to do , on account of the river being very narrow, — Tavior jiro- 1 eeeded to engage the two hostili! vessels, and after an (!n- I gagcmeiit which lasted nearly four hours, succeeded in capturing both. They jiroved to lie the Gmwler and EiKjlc, sloops of war, each I'arryiiig eleven heavy guns, and very com[)leteIy fitted. Over UKI prisoiu'rs weri! taken; the number of killed was not known, they being thrown overboard. The British loss was 1 killed and ."> woimdcd. 10. — This important capture gave thi! Hritisli the mas- tery of Lake Champlain, and was ii very etfcetual safe- nestrui'tiiiii i.f gu.ird against invasion from that (piarter. Ainrif.yi Arsi'- '£1^, captured vessels wert! speedilv i)Ut iiairt I'll l.akr * I . I I < liainiiliiiii. into connnission, and re-named the Sliidt- i nr»t and Bmr/,-, and the three gunboats being put in re- pair, tlu! small sijuadrou was placed in command of Cap- tain Fring, who came fi-om Lake Ontario for the pnrpo>e, with orders to operate against the American stations on the lake. Still there were no sailors ; but, fortunately, at this juncture, the llim/i, slooj) of war, arrived at (Que- bec, and Captain Kverard, hi'r commander, was ordered to transfer her crew to the Slmttiidii and other vessels, ,and take command of the little licet on L.iki! Champlain. On the 2'.)tli of .luly, the tleet took on boanl nine hnndnil regulars from thi! l^th, lOdlh and 10.'1<1 regiments with some artillery, and a nundier of Canadian militia to act as batteaux men, and ]iroceeilcil uj) the lake, landing near Flattsburg'' ,i the .'list, \\ it liout meeting any opposition, the American general. Mooi-e. with fifteen hundred men, having retreated. Colonel .Muriay, who was in coninnnid of the British, took jiossission of the arsenal, &c., and after carrying oil" all the nuniitions of war he cimld, burned the remainder, together with the liarracks (which wore capabl(! of Inilding four thousand men), connnissariat stores, iVe. lie sent the Slnmndii and Jirack over to Burlington, where General Hampton was encamped with four thousand men. and ca|iturcd four vessels ; the bar- racks, &.C., at Champlain and Swanlon were also de- stroyed, and the expedition returned to Islc-aux-Noix on the -Ith of August, without tin; loss of a man, and lia\ ing been perfectly successful. 11. — (jeneral Hampton remained in the neighborhood o' Iiurlington during the summer, iind it was not until i.ear the end of Si|)tember tliat he cuni- menced a forward movement, Inivuig .Mon- fn's invasion. treal as liis objective ]iiiint. Sir (icorge I'rovost was in Ipprr Canada at the time, but leaving (icneral de Htittenburi:h in cnnniiand there, he hastened down to meet the invader; he was, howc'ver, met and i- detViited by the brave Canadian mililia under Lt.-Col. De Sal.aberrv. witbont ii-.sist,ince from the (!c)inniander-iii- I chief. H.ampton's forces number<'d over fivi! thousand j men, and lit! advanced by way of Odelltown on the 20lh I of .September. The road from this point to the open country around St. Johns, had been so broken up by Col. de Salaberry's vnlligciu's as to be impassable, and Hamp- ton was forct.'d to [iroceed by the headwaters of the Chat- eauguay, where he established his camp at Foiu- Corners. I (iiivernor I'revost had. meanwhile, called out all tin- militia of the Montreal disiriet, and the call was most promptly and cheerfully res|>on 'ed to. ( Dl. de Salaberry was ordered to reconnoitre in tl •• neighborhood of Hain|)- ton's camp at Four Corners, and on the 1st of October arrived near the camp, without being discovered. \\v had only about two hundred of his voltigeurs and one liun- dred and fifty Indians, but his j)resenco being discovered by the incautious conduct of one of thi' Indians, he nnule two raiiid attacks on Ilauijitoii's advance guard, which ! W^ i Ipuiiig put, in n- i>iiiin:iii(l ol' Caj). > for tlio |mr|)(is(>, ■ricau stations on l;ut. fortmialcly. ■, an'iv(i(l at (^ui'- iiliT. was ordund and other vessels. Lake C'liani|ilaiii. anl nine Iiiiiidi-cd 1 rf!,niiu'iits witli iiaii militia to act akc;, luiidiiii; near t any oiiposition, en Imndred men, was in eommand nal, &.C., and after 10 ccinld. Itnrned •ks (wliieli were n), commissariat 1 Bnirh over to s encamped with vessels ; the bar- n wer(! also de- Isle-an.\-\(iix on nian, and ]La\ ing lie lieiixhliorliood il was not nntil in- (ii'iiiTjiI llnrnp- "^ toll's invasion. imo, lint leaving lere, hi' hastened iwever, met and 1 under Lt.-Col. ' e conimander-in- er five thonsand i own on the 20tli int to the ojien •oken np hy Col. alile. and Ilamp- I ers of the Chat- i It Foiu' Corners, led out all the I' I'all was most : 'ol. de Salaherrj' j rho(jd of Ilamp- 1st of October )vered. He had 1 s and one linn- lieinj; discovered ' ndians. he made ce gnard. which . I- 1 I i li!l" ■>i^ K ,f1 G i ..' q,. - .•«1 [NGRAVtO EXPHE5 [NGBAVtD EXPReSSLYFORIUITLt 'jHISIORV DF IHt DOMINION -- ID FINO BIOGRAPHliS SEE INDtX IME BORLAND DECBARATS IITHO COMP' Ilji I I m I i: I ;: » LOWKU CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR GEORCiE J'REVOST. ;!.").■! Iiii'l the fll'cct of tlirowiiiif the wliolo ciimii into confiisioii. ' ami tlieii ivtreutcil, l)ri;:ikiiig u|) tlic roail. and making himself ae(|iiaiiitt'(l witii tlio routt; Hampton intended to i tako. wliicli inablod liim to cnsconct' iiimself in a very stronir position on tlic left iiank of the Cliatean;;nay River ithout two leai^nes above tiic fork formed \>y its conliu- eiice wilii liie EiiLdish River. Col. de Salaberry iiad n(■ Salalicrrv h ^ ^ liiiiiiaiii \iiic.iv at whole force did not exceed 400 men, he Cliiut-'aiigiiay. 1*1 1 > 1 determnied toeonlest the Inrlher progress of the American army, ontmnnhering him more than ten to one, and nn>t 10 the strength of his position and the bravery of his troops for the victory, fieneral Hampton .saw the necessity of redncing this ))osition. and movcMl from his camp at Eoin- Corners to its attack on "J-iih October. Hi; had divided his army by sending Col. I'urdy with I,.")UI) men ihrough the woods during the niudit, to attack l)e Salahcrry in the rear; but I'nrdy either lost his way, or was misled by his gnidcs. and did not arrive as soon as Hampton expccteil. That giMieral on llie morninii of the •iiilli, sent the main body (d' his army, .'!,.')0() strong, under connnand of (leneral Izai'd, to tittaek I)e Salalierry in front. This ollicer had skilfully ])laccd a siimll portion of his slender forces in iidvance of the abatlis. and as the Americans .advanced a heavy lire was poured into them, which lliey were unabh? to return elfcciivclv on acconnt of the po-ilion of his nun. A brisk lire was kept up for som(? time, and the Americans en- deavored to carry the works at the jioint of lln' bayonet hut in vain, tht? cool, steady lire of the Canadians drove them back, and Hampton had thi! mortilicalion of seeing the llower of his army being held in cheek and slaugii lered by a mere hindfnl of men, pintt^cled by a few felled trees. 15nt De Salaberry had soon a new danger to en- counter; the tiling had attracted tin.' allenlion of Cohmel I'urdv. anil he now a|ipcal'eil on the opposite bank of the river with his l,."iil(( men, and iidvanced towanls the foiil, when; D(^ Salaberry had po-^led a I'nmpany under Captain Dni'liesiiev. 'I'lie picket acro-s the rivi'r. consi>iiMg t\( only .'!.') UKMi, was driven in, and De Salaberry ordered Captain Daly to cross at th(> ford and re-ncenpy the gronnd vacaled by ihcm. which be diil, but was aNo foriM'il back by overw helming nundiers. .Iii>i then Dc Salaberry ordered a flanking lire to l)e opened froni Cap- tain Dnehesney's (Mnu'caled company, ami this so sni- ]>rised and astoidshi'il the Americans that they tied piecip. ilalely. General Hampton, seeing the roui of ('ulonel rnrdy. (b'ew oil' his mc^n and left De Salaberry anil his •KM) C'aiuulitins masters of the Held. 'J'he loss to the Americans was about .'lO killed .and left on iho lield ; to the Canadians live kilKd and twenty woiimled. ! This, the most brilliant iU'tion of the war, closed the campaign in Lower Canada. Hampton retreated to his old jiosition ;it Four Cornels, and shortly afterwards went into winter ipiarters at IMattsburgh. Sir (ieorgo I'revost and General De Watteville were present during the latter part of tlii^ eiigagemeiil. and highly praised De Salaberry and his brave Canadians, who wi re afterwards thanked in general orders, and this In-ave leader was knighted by the Prince Regent. On the ITili .N'ovein- ber. .Sir (ieiirge I'revost dismissed th(! sedintaiy mililia, with thanks for the loyalty and proinpliliide with which tliev li:id acted, and mi ended the ^ecl)lld year of the war, as far as concerns Lower Canada, wilh a complete triumph for the Canadians, and the thorough expidsioii of the invader from their soil. l.'i — Parliament met on the l.'Jth of .lanitary. iSJl, when the governor coiigratulaled tlu^ House on the satis- faetorv eoncbisionof the seciiiiil \ earof the , , • • llll|ii'arlniii'lit iif war, and thanked the mililia for their .imi > s.scw.i an.t .M'MiK, '1 III- Af^- gallant conduct. Ihe House pa-sed an n ii,l..\ an.l r.un- act authorizing till! issue of St'i.OdO.mid of armv bilN ; and then proceeded lo cmisiiler a liiU dis(|iiali- fvintr indices from holding seals in the Legivlalivi^ (.'onii- eil. The bill was thrown out by the Legislative ('(amcil, as was also one to tax the salaries of ollicials. On nioliiin of ]Mr. .lames Stuart a long string of charires were pre- ferred against Chief-.Iiistiees Sewell and .Monk, and a bill of impeachment against them passed, 'l'he>e charges were mostly based on the '• linles of Practice " adopted bv the Ciinrt of ICiiiu's licnch dining Craig"s admiiiistra- tiiili, whiih the HiMl--e held to be a breach of the Jirivi- leues of that body A sum of X'"_'.lHi() w;is afterwards " t;icked ' on to a revenue bill to cover the expense, of .Mr. Stnarl's goiiiii to Eii;ilaiiil lo sustain these im|ieiich. ineiits; but the Council '■truck out the ilein. :ind the House, in a hnlV, refused to jiass any part of tin; bill. I The House piviented I he articles of impeachment to the I governor and a>kcd him to suspend ihe judges ; biii (his I he declined to do, nnle'-s the Cmineil cniieiirred in the ac- cusations. Then the llon-e veiiled its displeasiiie on the governor because he styled " ailii les of impeacbmelil " ; •■ acensations," and pa-Mil a resniuliuii thai he had been ' gnilly of a breach of the privileges of ihe House, The House also passed a bill appoinliiig ^L liedard agent of tlio prn\iijee in I'aigland. and after sending it to the Council, sent anollier addre-s siigge-ling thai ihe Council should i add anolher name to lliat of M. Itedaril. This the Conn- 1 eil construed into a bieai h (d'ihe privilei'es of that bolv, and let the niatler rest willioiil taking any further adion. ll will, lliei'elnre. be >een ihal llle Ciilllieil and llle llnll-e Were f.'i-l gelling on a^ bad terms wilh each olher a-- the I House had been on wilh Crai":. On the ITlli of March Hlllf m r ;i )l M \ «->» TITTLE'S HISTOIjy OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. the IIoiiso was prorogucil, wliicli dosed the seventh Par- luiniuiit of Canada. Thc^ j)ul)Iie accounts showed the reveiiiK! of till! [H'cviouH yv.w to li;ive l)eiMi .£'.!'.) (!02 ciii- I ruiicy, and the civil expunditur.) ,£18.'>.0;!.'5, out of v liicli I £l'2l,'.U)C, was on account of the militia. Commerce ! showed a ureat fallin:^ olf, then; Ixnnif oidy I'J.S vi'sscls cleared from Onehce with an aii'M-cLMte of lO..')?! tons. Only nine vessels, with a toiniagoof 2,058 tons, wei'c huilt at Qiiehee. M. — During tln^ winter of 1SI,'1-11 very active ])re- parations were made for the iroming cam|)aii;n, whic'' it Arrival .if will was felt Would lie a vigorous and decisive CmjiihU lit Indian One. Largo ipiantitie< of stores were for- "''"*' warded on sli'ighs at great ex[)ense from Queheo and ^loutreal to Kingston ; and 111 i second l):it- talioii of the 8th regiment aceompiishe 1 the exhausting m:irc!i over the su )-.v fri)'.n Fre lerietin, X. !>., to St- Lawr>'uee, in the m iiith of February. Two liniidred and tweaty seimen als > e iiiio by th;) saiiri route t) reinforce the III irine on the 1 ik(,s. Tli -, N nv nruinwi:'k L'gisla- tur,! an I the city of St. John each voted £oOO to assist ill the coiiveyaiice of these reiiiforceineuts, as far as the roads would permit, in sl(?ighs. In t!ie month of March Queheo witnessed a sight it had not seen for many years, the assinililing of a iinnlxu' of delegates from the Indian tribes to have a conl'ereiiee with th ; g iveriior. There were ropresontativos from th .• 0,l iwas, C'lipp 'w.is, Shawni! 's, Delawares, Mohawlvs.S liks.Foxei, Ki-k ipooi and Wiiine- bagoes. They comiilaiued of the coiubiel of the Anu>ri- catis wli ) d 'prive 1 them of their lands by violence, and 111) led that no p,'a;!e w mil be conehile 1 without their rights being r.'speeted. Tiiey were eiitertaiiie I fir some days and thou loaded with presents and si>iit to jinipare their trili/s for th i e iiiiing e impaign. In a g 'iieral ordc'r, dated •Jlith March, bis excellency expressed the appro- bation of II. R. II. til! prliic ! reg'Mt at the alVair at Cliateanguay, an I his •• p ■culi ir pleasure at li.iding that his mijesty's Canadian subje 'i-; had at l.'iu'th had the opportunity of rcfutiiej;. by their own bi'illiaiit (ixertinns in defence of their country, the eibiiiini lui ehu'ire of ili - offoction and dislovaltv with which iIk' eneniv hail |ire- fucjd his lirst invasion of the province." His Uoyal High- ness also expressed his intention of forwai'ding live stands of c:il(jrs for tlie live battalions of e:u!iodiiMl militia, whii'h iileased the Canadians very iiiiicli, 1 "'. — The Aiiierii'ans were anxidus lo bi";iii the cam- paign of l!^l I, and. not wailing for spring, (ieiieral Wil- , . , kiiison sent a dixisioii of ii'oons, under WilUiiirnii. l!.|ii:lf.. (irnel-al .Mai'onib. fl'oni I'l ll l-blir'fll, to m l,n< nil,, mill. ,. , m-i i enter l,i\\rr Canada. 1 liey crossed Lake ('liain{ilal.i on the lee ;nid lonk |iossesslon of Si, ArnaiidVs. wliieli was held for a few days and llien cvacnaled by .^l;|eol;lb, ill oi'der ibal be might form a jaiieli in Willi AVilkinson, who was advancing lowaids Odelltowii, and jireparing for an attack on a small fortilled post lield by tlit^ IJritish at La Colle mill. The c(nnbiiieil forces of Wilkinson and Mai'onib, on llie moriiing of :U)[U March, when they adva 'd on LaColle mill, nnmbeic il about 0,000 men. Thi! mill, which had been coiiveiicd into a block-boiis<'. was a stone building about litty feet bm^ by thirty-live wide, two stories high, with walls eigbieiu inches thick, and an ordinary shingle roof. This liad been further fortilie(l by logs, jiierceil for musketry ; and a mmll house at the end of a briilge which crossed the La Colle River, had also been streiiglbeiK il, and served as u sort of outwork to the main l.uibling. JMajor Hancock coiii- nianded at the bloik-house aiidliad oiii' liniidred iiiidsixtv men with him. lb; sent word to Isle-aiix Noix of the expected attack, and a>ked for assistance. All that could bo spared was sent him, under command of Captain I'lakc, but it only amounted to two bundled men. About one o'eloi'k the enemy ileployed from the wood which sheltered them lo within oin^ bnndred yards of tin' block-house, and advanced to car.iy ili| y storm ; but a vigorous and well- diri'cteil lire of musketry soon drovi' the Americans back to shelter, where they brought up a twelve-pounder and for two hours and a half amused themselves by firing at the block house ; but so jioorly was tin- gun served ami so badly aimed that only four shots took elfeet, while the artillervmen. biding wilbiii niusket->hot of the lirili^b. were severely cut up by them. 'I'be snecessfnl resisiance of iiv(\ thousand men for so long a lime by so small a body, made Major Hancock over conlideiit ; and when the grenadiers of the Canadian Feiicibles and a company of the voltiitenrs from Ihirlonville arrived to his assistance, he at once adiled lo them ihe think companies of the l.'itli and ordererili-h bad advanced williin twenty-live yards of their centre, and iheii opentd a nnirderons fire of musketry whii'h entirely dlsorgani/ed ihe allacking companies and caused llier.i lo ici'-'at. The Aiiiericans hal■iti^b moved to attack, and now beiiiLj exhau.-ledby cold iiiiil fatigue, and liiidinglliey . Miild not I'edui e the block-hoiisi' wilhoul liea\ier ariillery than the state of tile roads wouM permit them to bring up, tliey witlnlrew about five o'clock and reliridio I'lallsbnigli. The Ib'itisli loss was ten men killed end four missing, anil two ollicers and forty-four men wounded. The Aiiier- ii'aii lo-s was ibiileeii killed, one hundred and tweiity- ibi'ee wounded and ihirly missing. U;, — The lidi' of war iiov, rolbd along the Niagara fronlier and ihrongb I'pper Canada for a while, and the liower I'rovini'e was alino- 1 en! inlv freed . , , . . ,' .\ni\a] of liU'' I' from till' horrors oi war. .\s ilie iiii'r snni- r hir.MiTin. nln, sir , , . ... ,. . (lenrjTM I'ri'Vi Kl ■ aihaiiceil llie po'^lllons ol Ihe con- iiBsiiini'S 111.' iillVii- tesianls ix'gaii lo be re\.'i-ed, and the "'^''^ I'rilih, who bad bereiofore aeied alniosl eiilirely on llie defense, beyaii lo lake llie inilialive and ihe war was car- siiiiill foriiii.d 111.' o(jiul(iiu(l niiii^- of ;i(j|ji lill, llllllllll'I'C l| 'I'll coiivci'tid fitly Icct Idiig rtiills ciylui.,.!, Tllis llMll li('( 11 ; and ;i niijill tlio J,:i fiilli. ■ll MS U KOl't of laiK'ock (.'0111- ilrcil iiiid sixly ^'iiix of the All lllMl colllll 'aptiiiii ISl.ikr. Alldllt OIK! liicllslicltcl'cd ick-lioiisi', Mild )ii.s and will- lU'i'iciins li.ick ■jioiindci' mill 's by llriiii; ;it served niid so I'i't, wliilc tliu Hi'iiish, wci'i; rcsislMiici' of siiiiill a lii.'dy. i:d wlicii till' ii coMijiaiiy of liis iis.sistiiiK'c. L's of fill! i;kli ood lii'in until yards of tlii'ir of niiiski'Iry oinp.'iiiics Mill 1 spiked tlieJ!' attack, and 1 (illdillif tliey ivier iiriillery 1 to hi'iiijf n|i, ) riMll-.liiiii;li. iiii>^iim-. Mild 'I'lie Alllel'- I and tweiity- llie XJMuai'a Idle, and llio IvmI ..r Imi-c l'..|c'iin. ;:ls. Mr I'l't' j'f'Vi Hi inrt 111,. ..iVi'll- lil'ely on llie I \\;il' W MS eMl'- LOWEH CANADA— (;f)\i:i{N.MKNT ()!•' SIR (;H()U(;E PRKVOST. lii'd into the States with a vigor and severity wliieli they liMil little eah'iihiled on. I'p to tills time Knylaiid had lieeii struggling against Xiiiiolcon ; but now the C'orsiean : (iii-.r was iliMini'd up in Elba, ]« aeo oiiee more reigned in Hiiriipe, and England was now free to throw the whole weight of her victorious armies and uii('oii(|ui'rul»le inivy | ii;.Minst the I'liited Stales, wliosi! treusury was bankru[)t, i ulmso people were dislie:irtened at the reverses iiifli<'ted ' nil llii'ir armies by lln^ haiidfiils of IJritisli and C'amulians ! ii|ijiosed to them, iind whose greatest cry now was for ' liiMce ; but the I Jiited States bad refused jieacc; wluMi she I'oiild bav(! had it, and Uritaiii was now determined to piiiii.^li her for her attacks on a peaceful colony, when the Mollier t'oiintrr was so thoroughly engaged elsewhere as to 111' Miniost forced to leave it to its own resources. Of the vigorous lilockade of the American seaports, of the cap- tiii'c of Washington and burning of the capital. i*ce.. it is not necessary to speak here ; we have only to do with the operations which took (ilaco in Fjower Canaila .luring the siiininer of 1^<1I. During the summer about sixteen tli.iusaiid Hritisli troops .'irrived at (Quebec ; four thousand were sent to I'pper Canada, under command of (ieneral Kempt, and then (iovernor I'revost conceiilrMled nearly the whole' of the remaiiider in the Hicbelieil di.-trict. pre- [laratiu'v to a descent on thi' State of New VmU by way of Lake Champlain. In order to ilo this the co-operation of the flotilla on the lak(^ was iM'cessary. and o"ders wen; given tiiat it should be put in tin eiricient condition. Sir James \^. Yeo, naval commander, assured the commander- in-chief that the navy was in an ellicient state, but the event ])roved that \n'. was mistaken. A new frigate, the ('iiiip'iiiirc, was hastily linished. but so hurriedly that it is said the carpenters wre still at work on her when she went into action. The remainder of the siiuadron cmisisted of one bi'ig. two sloops of war and twelve giinlioals. TIk^ crew was a inulley (Uie. and the colniuander was cliang d at the last minute. 17. — Oil till! first of September, Sir Georgi! Provost crossed the line into the Slates at Odelliown. an».l»riiiisiKli.il .it III.. r.iiDi.ill.'.'. .'Ill; i:,n\iit. Is ; ^;,;^^, III; /ei./i, 111; \1 himiImi ils. li; ; iiiiiKInu' ii loliil of 111 vi ssi'Ih, ttnii HL' KUIIS. 'I'lir .\lllillillll H|imillMll riillf.l<|..il 111' llli. Klllp Siiniluijil, 'Jll ; lulu f-: , L''i : ni-liii'iiii'i- Ti'-'iinli fn,il' khhi'i lln'.v l'iKlll '>! iiiital. — i.;u. T:i f m aac Ti'TrLKs iiisrouv of riii-: dominion ok Canada. licsitiitc to arrost the coiirso of the troops ailvrmcing to tlui iittiU'k, liccau-io tlu? must coniiiK'tc mici'i'ss would liavo liccn iinavailiiig. and tlio possession of tin; lauMiiy's works ofTorod no advanta;;o to coin[)onsato for t!ii! loss wo must liavo sustained in aiNpiiring ])ossossion of tlicni." Tlio general f< 11 iiack on {'lia/y tlu' same evening, destroying sneli ordnanees and stores as lie conld not take with liini, and continueil liis retreat to ttu' lines, without much mo- h'statioii on the, part of the Americans. r.). — This conduct of I'revost's lost him all his military jirestige; holh ollicers and nii'U fi'll the disgrace of ro- l!..iil ..f Sir treating hefort; an inferior force of militia, (Hoiy I'tvvosi to .,,,,1 J,,, .... „f ,i„, foniiii- ndiun.intlv hroko lit- Ill;-'l I'V Lnllrt- -^ ''*':"Oi''- their swords, saying that they would never serve again ; hut Sir Geoi'ge I'rt^vost knew the eoiintry , 1 liis own resoiUTes hest ; he felt that with McDonough 1.1 ■nil |iossession of the lake tin; Aiui'ricans eoul I trans- port troops rapidly to his rear and cut olf his retre it, while riiinforceiuents were ]iouring in to Alaeoail) rap- idly, and he would speedily lie oiilnumliered, hesiilis which the Vermont militia had threatened to cross the lake and jircveiit his return to Canada. That he could hiivc; car- lied the works then s nodoiiht; Imt wliat ailvantage wonlil it liavo heeii, with a hostile fleet in ek the capture of his entire army. He was severely censureil, and, oil repri^- senlaliniis of Sir .lames Yeo, was reealleu to undergo court-iuarlial, hut he died lMdor(i tlu" court m"t. ■JO. — ■I'arliaiiieiit met on 'J 1st .laniiary, ISl."), mid Mr. .1. L. I'apineau was elected s[ieaker, ^[r, I'arret, who had liiled that position since the first I'arlia- .\|ipr.'pri:iti.in for ■ . , , • . . n coiisiiihiiii : 111!' luelit ( With tlie excepiion ol one session), l.a.ililU' I llllMl, 1 • ' 1 111, 1 T • 1 • having lieeii ealled to tlie Legislative Council. In this session \\i\ sei^ more evidence of the advent of a progressive spirit than has heretofore lieeii exhihileil. The sum of twenty-riv ])urposi; of opening a canal hetweeii l,a- chiiie and ^Montreal ; eight ihousand ]iounds were appro- priatek the jnince regent's consent to the measure. This measure was considered all the more ne(a'ssary now as the Asseinhly was determined to go on withtiii^ iiiiiieachment of .liidges Si'Wcll and Monk, which must he done in England, as the apf iiilmeiits were imperial ones, and could not he as conveniently coiulncted without ail accredited agent as with one. The levemies for the (last year ( 1^>I I) were .£20 l.ooO ciirniicy, and the ex- pendituri's £lt)2,12.'> Stirling, including X111,I.")I on ao- coiiiit of the militia. The iiumlier of vesseLs cleared from Quebec was IS I, with It.S, (■>(),") tons, of which only seveiuvere hiiilt at (^uehec. A return of marriages, liaptisins, anil burials was made this ye.ir, which .showed the totals in the 31ii:>treal, (Jiieb(!e, and Three Iviveis districts to he respect- ively, •21: 10, l.'i,.'J17, 78!)i5, the Jlontreal district showing cousider.-ilih more than tlu" other two put together. 21. — Whilst i\;r!iaiiieiit was i-.,iing, iwws id' the sign- ing of the treat\ of |)eace hetweeii Kngl.and and the I liited States was olliciallv amieiinced ^ I'rriily (if iH'.-ic)'. by the ijovenior on 1st March. The 1 > |.winrt oiii; wcfk licfore tlio courliuartial appoiiitud to exainim; into liis coiiiluct was to have ln'uii convoiied. Cliristie gives the I'ollowing very just estimate of iiii charaeter : "A warm ami unswerving I'liend to th(! C'ana(han popuhitioii nf Fretieh origin, he conlided in and liherailv patronized them t'roMi tile eoininenoemeut to the close ol! \m aihuinis- tratioM ; and tliey, it must lie acknowledged, as generously responded to his eonlidenee in tlitMu. Xo eountry or people ever exhibited greater unanimity or patriotism than did the people of Lower Canada, of liolh ori^nns, in the war of 1S12, l)v the rnite(l States against (ireat IJritain — a stand the more io lie ri'inemlierod hy her govermnent, as these colonies, almost destitute of tl'ooiis, wholly so of money, and scarcely possessing even a .siiHiciency of arms ami other nuinitions of defence, owing to the mori; Imperious calls from other (pi.'irlei- upon the IIouk! government were, at thi^ outset of the war, in a manner h'ft to their own action and resources, and which th"y iiolily ex(>mpli- lied single-handed, as it were, throiigho'it the fir^t two camjiaigns. The principles of loyalty and duty no doulit were deeply implanted in the liosoin of the people ; liut he it was who exalted them into enthusja-m. and inspired the mass with a ciinliih>ne ■ in their own exertions and a leliance upon his wisdom titling them lor the euiergeney, and that bore them successfully through tiie contest. What- ever may he the opinion now established of his talents, by the military world, the iinpres,--ion whiM FaILIUI-. OI' Til f. ( 'UOfS.^ I . HkiiiM MI'.NDATI >N OF A CllANiil. OK I'oi.lrV. — ."). SlSIM'.NStoN OK Tin; CiiAiioKs AOAiNsT.IiixiKs Skwki.i, am> Monk. Sf.SSION OK ISl". — (i. Sl'.SSION tIK IMIH. CilANui: in FiNANClAI, .\l!KAN(ii:.Mi;Nrs OK TIIK I'ltOVINi |;. 1.— Lieutenant-( ieiieral Sir riordon Dninimond, the hero of Limdy's J^ane, succeeded Sir(ieorgi' I'revost as administrator of the affairs of Lower k,.,!,,,,,,,,!,, „f .i , Canada, and assumed the reins of irovern- """> '""'"• ,^''" ■^ htfuintiv on tlu- .St. meiii on oih April, 1H15. His first •■ict i-aiMvn'c of any public importance was the calling in and rediMup- tion of the ■irmy iiills issued (luring the war, by a procla- mation dated 14th November. Tht\se bills were all met in full, and had circulated at a premium over gold, which w;is a strong contrast to the greatly de[ireeiati(l currency of till' I'liitid States, which was almost woitlilcss, and retlected creditably on the great resources of (ireal Hritaiu .ifter a long and costly war. As these army bills were convertible into bills fif exchange in London, they i;inged for a considerable period at from L'.',- to .") jier cent premium. One noticeable event, as showing the rapidly increasing trade between .Montreal and (Quebec, was the hiuiiching of another steamer at the I'ormer pla luring the suinmer of this year. She w;is named the Mohon, and with the AcriiDioiliilinn and Sirif/niirc forui'^d a very ellicieiit liiu^ between the two towns ; they all belonged o th(> Hon. John MoIm'ii. •• the father of Caiiiidian steam navigation," and were built at Montnal, at which point was jilso built, in the sumnu'i' of ls|.'. the first ojiposition lioat, 77'c Car lit' Cnninifrrc, owned by an association of ."Mon- treal mercliants. 2. — The Legislature met on 2(1111 .T.umary. LSll'i, and the spi h from the throne and address in reply were both very cordial in tone ; but the good feeling bi.'tween the administratoi Ilon^e did not last long. On the second of Fi'biiiary the administrator sent a message to the IIouso int'orniiiig it that IL 1{. II, the jirince regent h;id di>misM(l the articles of impe.iehment found at last session against Chief-Justices Sewell ;ind ."Monk. This action by the Home government was not wholly unexpected, but the House was very liiinh olVeiided at it lieverlhiless. A coimnittee was appointed and a series of resolutions introilnced. prayiii^the Crown that House be permitted to adduce proof of the chargrs in. me against the judges. This course had been ])rovideil against by the instructions of the II line government to the administrator, and l.o dismissed the Assembly on tlu; 2litli, before the resolntions had been jias^ed. In aiinimncing his determination he said: "The IIoiim' of Assembly has a;.'ain entered oil the ili-.cii>>ion of the snbji'ct. on which the ibci^ion of his royal highness tlu^ prince regent, in the Maine and on the lirhalf of his majesty, has ali'eady been coininunicaled to ihcin : and while 1 deeply n grit that the .\sseinlily should have allowi'ii any consideration to overbear the respect which his royal hi;;hni'ss's decision elaiined, I feel it my duty to announce to you my diterminalion to jirorogiie the present Parliament, tiiid to resort to the sense of the people by an immediate dissolution." .'!. — The only bill passed and receiving the royal a^smt was one relating to contested elections ; seveial other bills and the Si"!''''" 'lissnlntion 1)1 I'llllUUIK'Ill ■M wm. ;i.-)S TL'TTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Hill: were iiitro(lu(!0(l but fell tlirougli on sh'iwk.!^''' n'i^" !»<'<'oii"t of tlu! .su.Mci. .lissoluthm. The linmipl in.-.isiir.s 1» ,.,,v,.iiu(! for the V<;il- IH I .") iilliomitcd to p'tii'vi' siiilt'icrs * frnni liiiiuri! of tliu i! i;HI.27.'i, cum'iicv ; !iii(l l\n: cxpomli- ITO)' . .-I liiro lo i!l'2i<.21H stcrliiij;. In tliis liittcr :uiv>unt WHS iiicliuliMl .f 1 (>,.").");") for crcctiiij^ llic jail at (^ icIk^c ; I'^T), l.'il) on iici'oniit of niilitiii. and X.>."),.")L'.'), |ii'oi)orti()n of (Inlics allowed to l'|i|)t'r Canada for tin- year ISll. Tlio departnrts iioni (^nclicc wcru 20 1 vessels, of .'!rt,HU tons, inelndinj^ 1", of l,l(>2 tons, bnilt there. Tlu^ general (dei'lioiis w( re helddiirinj; March, and resnlled in the retnrn of nearly ail the old niianliers. Sir (iordon Dniminoud left for Fnj;lanil on tlu! 21st of May, and the alfairs of the cohuiy were tein|)orarily adniinis- teivd Ity Major-deiieral AVilson until the arrival of the new fjovenior-iieneral. Sir John Coape Sherhrooke, on 21st of July. Sir .lolm Coape Sherhrooke was an ollicer of (listinctiou who had assisted at the takini; of Serin^a- patani, and aeiinitteil himself ereditahly under the Duke of Wellington in the I'eninsnla. IIi; had also adiiiinistered the government of Nova Scotia, were he was well liked, and hi first aet after assuming the government of Lower Canada r .ide him very ]iopular with the people, espi'cially in the eouiUry districts. There were very early and severe frosts this season in some of the districts liclow (^U(d)ec, which destroyed the wheat erop, and great fears of a famine were entertained. To relieve this fear Sir John threw open the jiulilie stores, sent large (piantities of provisions to the distressed districts, and fdso advanced a considerable sum of money from the laiblic treasury, on his own responsibility, to jiurchase such articles as were not iu store. By his ])rom[)t action, all fears of famine or distress were removed, and the people always felt kindly disposed to him for his conduet. ■I. — Sir John Sherhrooke was by no means disposed to follow the example of Craig and Drummoiid in sunnnarily dismissing the Assend)ly ; ai' 1, although ,1 olmiigu of polioy. tlie Home government still iletermnied to support the ehief-justi< es. ho en- deavored to ascertain the exact state of the ]inblie opin- ion on the subject, and for this purpose made a tour of the province, and sui)mitted a very clear and exhaustive reiiort on the subjei't, asking what conr^'j he should pursue 111 tlie event of the Assembly again considering the im- peachment of the judges, which it was almost certain to do. lie spoke of the extreme un|io|)ularity of ', hief- Justice Sewell, and of the elYect of the late disscdntion of Pafliatnunt having been exactly the reverse of what had been expected, as it had strengthened instead of weakening the oppDsition. and had tended to increase the geiierai discontent. lie suggested that so strong a ineasun^ as the dissolution of the House was not a wise course- to pursue in Canada. imhI recpiested speeilh; instructions. The Home govermneiil was loth to abandon iht! judges and disprove the late dissolution ; instructions were, therefore, sent to the governor to endeavor to conciliate the Catholic l)is!iop and clergy, and through them toinlhi- ence the people ; and in the event of the Assembly con- tinuing the attack on the judgt's, he was to dissolve Parliament a'laiii. To this the governor made a very full reply, pointing out the impossibility of gaining the aid of the Catludie clergy, as they were all most billeily opposed to Judge Sewell, who was extremely un|)opMlar even in the most distant parts of the i)rovince ; lii^ also deprecated another dissolution, and gave it as the o|)iiiion of well-informed and moih'rate men, that prorogation might succeed to prorogation, and dissolution to dissolution, but there would seem to be a revolution in tin; country, than in tlie feelings of its iidiabitants on that point. He suggesteil that it would have been better to have allowed the House to produce proof of the charges made, as, even had the decision been tlu; same, it would have given mon; satisfa<'tion to have admitted the evidence ; as, from ,ludge Sewell's being in Kngland and defending himself, the decision of the Home government was looked on as an ('.!• y>(»7t' one. With a view to bringing the ex ecutive and >h(^ Assembly into grcjat harniony, Ik^ recom- mended tlie apiioiiitmcnt of an agent for the province in England ; the admission of the speaker of tins Assembly to the Executive Council and the pensioning off of Judge' Sewell. "i. — The House met on the l.nh of January, 1817, and .Mr. L. J. Papineau was again chosen speaker, 'i'lie irovernor and the House were evidentlv „ ... ' _ . . . ' Sns|K'iisioii of tlie disposed to meet on as amicable a footiiiit iliiirit.s a::aiiisi ... . , , , ,, ' -IlKllJlS Sow. n 1111(1 as possilile, aiiu the speech and address Monti. Sission of in reply weri^ both couched in friendly terms. One of the first acts of the House was to appoint a committee of live to cultixate a good understanding with the Legislative Council, and that body having adopted a like course, the two Houses were on a more cor- dial footing during this session. The House verv cheer- fully voteil the sum of 111,21(1 cnrreiii'v, to repay the advances made by the governor to relieve the distressed agriculturists, as also a further sum of £l.'),"i(IO for their relief, and S20,(l(l() to purchase seed grain for those who were unable to procure it for themselves. At the recom- mendation of the government salaries of £1,0110 eac h, cur- rency, were voted to the s])eakers of the two Houses, wli'ch was, to some extent, a renuineratioii to Judge Sewell for the trouble and expense he bad been put to by his iiniieachmenf, as he was speaker of the Legislative Council. A petition was presented against .ludge l'\)iii'her, based on his having given advice in cases on which he was to adjudicate to favored counsel ; articles of impeachment were prepared and adopted, and a petition moved to the priiico regent. Towanls the end of the si'ssion tlii' (luestion of the imjieachmeiit of .ludges Sewell and ^lonk LOWKU CANADA— (lOVERNMEXT OF TIIK DI:KK OF UICIIMOM). l.V.) SosMiin (if ISIS, Cliancf ill rni:i:ii'i;l1 arraiiu't'iiH'iits of iht) I'lciviiiic. was ai^iiiii Id'oiiglit up and (|iiicll_v slii'Ivccl liy the (Iccisivp | vote "f -- '" l*^' -^ piivatt' arrangi'iiK'iit to tliat <(Ti'ct Iiaviii"' hi'iiii airivt'il al Ix'twicii tlie j^ovtM'iiiiit'iit ami tlic IIoiisc. All amiMity "f .t'oOO, cuiTciii'y, was gniiitcil to tim willow ol tin; lato speaker, M. Fariet ; ami : sever.il larj;(! jrraiits vii-m nv.iAf for internal iinprovt^- nieiits. Tho imlilic aecouiits showed the liiianees to lie in ; a lloiirisiiiin;(!ondilii)n. thi! levenni' to 1st .laiiiiarv, l!Sl7. was I'l.'JH.T'JI eiirreiuT, and llie expenditures .i."7.j.(i.'5H sierliiif;, of whieh £2I,I'.I."» was the proportion of duties refiiiidei! to I'ppia- Canada. The year IS17 was marked by tlie cslalilislinient of tin; first lank in ('aiiada, the IJank of .Montreal, which had a capilal of :?1,UU0,U0U (now ineieased to $! 2.00().()0()). (i. — NolhiiiiX of pres^iii;; pnlilie imporlanee oeeiirred from the jiroro^alion of I'ailiaineiit. on 22d .ALiicli, 1.S17. niilil its icasseinlilinj;. on 7tli .laiiiiary, IMIH. The j^overnor in his speech aiinouiK i't of the allenlion of Parliament during the session. The mode of expenditure had nut heen liy any means satisfactory. Tl.o revenue from the taxis im|iosed hy the imperial Parliament to meet the expenses of the civil list had lu^ver heen suiriciciit (o do so, and the deficiency had, lip to !H12, heen siip[)lied fniin the military chest. After that year the revenues derived hy provincial acts had very l.irgely increased, and the unappnipriated money had heen used to make up the, delicieiicy in the civil list. 'J'liese payments now agsxregate alioiit X'rjd.dOl) of iiroviiicial funds which had heen so used v.iMioiit the direct aulhoiity of the Assembly, and to avoid similar diiricullies in the future it was prnposed that the Assemlily slioiild, hy a direct vote, appropriate a siillicient sum each year to meet the civil list ; hut the concurreiiee of the; Legislative Council was also rei|iiired. This proposal seenied fair iind reasonahle. Imi iliere were soon olijeeiors to it in the Assemhly, who cluiiiu d lliat that hody. as the direct representatives of the, ]'eople, had alone tlii' right to appropriate the money raised friiin the people hy taxation. When the ei\'il list was hroiight down it was found to iimount to £7(1. (ilO eurreucy. of which only £;i.".,.'jH;{ was provided for hy imperial statutes. The .\sseiiihly voted the delieiency, .£ |;)."J(i;!, hut resolved that in fuliire a detailed list, under separate heads, should he hronght down, and not a lump sum a>.keil for as was the custom. Hills for esiiihlishing night watches in (|»iiiliee and Alontreal, and for lighting those towns, were passed, and aiioiher ed'orl made, |o pay memhers of the assemhly for their services, hut the measure fell through. The rev.niies [ lor 1.S17 amouiitedto X'l(lS,i,)2."i currency, ami exjieiiditure.n to .£1 l(i.'.l2(i. incliiiliiig £!'.•. iL'Ciiciurned to I'pper Canada for duties. The cli'arances from (^nehec were .').!l. of ( 7f),.">.V,l tons : and the value of nierchandise, on which 2i I ](er cent duty was levied, w.'is £(172, m7() ciirreiicv. Sir i .hiliu Slierhrooke's health was not very good, and he j made that an excuse for reipiesting hi.> recall ; lint he did i not attempt to conceal his opinion that the vascillating ] policy of the Home government towards the colony would eventuate in .serious dilliiailties, and render the position of governor ofC.inada anylhiie,; hut ^< lied of roses. He sailed for I^nglandon ll'lli August, lolrt.aiid wassueeeuded hy the Duke of Iviehmond. f ii.\pri:ii i-xxiv. LOWKU C.VNAI).\ — (;()\ KKN.MKNT OF TIIK DIKK OF KK Il.MO.M). I. Tiir, C.vusr. ov DiFFf.itr.Nfi: ni.;TWi-.F,\Tiii.-, Oovmundu .\M) nii; Assi;mi!i.v. — -i'. Skssidk oi' isiii. Ti[i;(;()\- iciixoii iNvrrKs Tin; Asskmi'.i.v to 1',\ss riii; Civii, Ai'i'Koi'UiATioxs. — ;;. Till-; .\ssi-;.Mi!i.v .\ssijii.; tiik KUMIT Tl) IvX.VMI.NK TIIK ItKMS IN Til i. ( ' I Nil, Ll.sT — •I. Till-; Coi\( II. Ri.,ii;i;ts tiik IIoi.sk P.ii.i, ok Sit- iM.ii.-. — ■">. PitoKoiiArioNorriiK IIoisk. ('k.\si:i!kof TIIK ( ioVKK.NOK. (I. LaUHK Km Mi I{ ATION. DkATIIOK Tin; DrKK ok Hiiiimond. — 7. ANoriiKU Di.ssoi.r i ion OK TIIK IIorSK. A I'SKI.KS.S Kl.KCTIO.,. I. — 'I'he !i])poinlnient of so distinguished a iiohlemai. !is the Duke of Kichmond to the ,i;overnoi-geiier.il>hip of Canada, cau.sed general Kati-faclion ; and ThpiniiKi- ,,f from the ahle nianner in which he had ''iir'/'-'"'' !•• iwi^i-ii . . Ok' liiiU'iiM.i mill i administered the .ilfairs of Ireland as iii'-.\»si'iiliiy. lord lieutenant, it was anticip tted -hat his adniinislratioii would he a popular inie. iinil that hy a wi-i and concilia- tory coiirsi' he would guide the alTaiis of ihe two Provinces so as to avoid the troiililcs wdiicli were evidentlv gathering in lioili. on account of the gr,iilually widening breach bet.'eeii the Assembly and ll ther branches of the governmeii', as to the I'onsiiiiilional rights and i privileges of each. Such hopes were, Iriwever. fallacious, I and the short rule of the duke did not tend to improve the feeling between the Assembly and the Council. The diiTerence beiweeu the Council and Assendily w:i~. to a very gre.-it exient, one of linance. and il will be well liere to consider for a moment how this diirerence arose. It will be rc.neinbered that the great principle involved which caused the revolt of the AmericMU colonies, was , the right claimed by the Uri'sli government to tax her ii i! ! I 1 ;)c>o TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. I il V\:i (•oloiiit's, ami tlie cluiiu of tin; colonics \v;is that there .sliould lie no ta.v:itioii witlioiit n'pi't'M'iitatioii ; and tliat the piMiiilo had not only a riglit. tlironjjh their niprest^n- talives to impose tiiu taxi's, imt slionld also have a voice as to the manner in which those taxes slionld be s[)ent. When civil government vas introdnccd into Canada after the <,'on(Hiest, ilie imperial Parliament i)assed acts impos- ing duties to meet the civil expenditure ; these acts never yieliled snfTicient revenue, and the delicit was made np by the Homo goverinnent. Tin; colony was not then in a |)osition to declare itwK sell' supporting, and no objec- tions were made to the mode of taxation ; but after the passag(!of the constitutional act of 17111, as the colony be- came more prosperous, this mode of taxation began to be felt as an infringement of constitutional rights; the governnuMit held all the patronage of tl ■ colony in its llaads, and (lis|i,'nsed it favors almost entirely amongst its own t'oUowi'rs ; or, to mirk the dill'eri'nce more distinctly, nearly all the oHice-holders were English, whilst the Assembly was about four-fifths French, representing more than that proportion of the [)opulation. When tin; Assembly otl'i'red to assiuuc! the whole civil list, it also desired to control the patronage, by scrutinizing each item, cutting off those considered superlliious, and re- ducing those it thought excessive. This was resented by the governor as a breach of the royal prerogative ; the executive claiming that the Assembly had nothing to do with the details, but bad only to grant the amount demanded to ni.'et the civil list, and the executive woulil spend the m mey as it saw lit. There were three distinct sources of reveinie in the provi'ice, one from duties im- posed by imperial act 1774 ; anotlier from ilie sale of lands and lease of mines, also imposed l)y ini[ierial iict ; iiiid tiio thirl by duties and taxes imposed by the Assembly. Tiie Crown, represiMited by tin; gov- ernor-general, held that the Assembly had only pow- er to appropriate tvoni the last-inimeil source of revuniio ; the Assembly claimed that it had the right to api)ropriate from all three sources, and that the imperial l*arli:t:n,;nt had no right to impose taxes upon the people without the consent of the re|)reseiitatives of the peoi)le. This 'vas the groundwork of thiMlilTerence between the exe- cutive and the Assembly, and it took many years to setth' it. '2. — The Duke of Hichmoiid arrived on •2',lth July. ISIS, accomi)anied by his son-in law. Sir Peregrine Maitland, who was appointed lietitenant-gover. .Scssiim of isio. Til' r i- ri i ^- .i • Ci..v,Tn..r inviii>s til.' '""■ "' Ipper Canada. Notlniig verv important occurred until the meet- ing of Parliament on l2th of Jamiary, 1810. The governor informed the two Houses of the death of the (pieen, which had occiu'red on Idfh Novemlier, and adjourned them for ten days as a mark of respect to her memory. On reassembling on 22d inst.. his excel- leiLcy, referving to the civil list,S!Md to the Assembly : " His Assi'llllily 1.1 |i:iss lln civil uiip'rii|iri!iliuii: Majesty liaving lieeii jileased to accept the volntitary olTer made by the representatives of the Commons of this prov- ince, to provide for the expens<;sof tin; civil governmi'iit, measures were adojited by your late (ioveriuirin-Chief, Sir J. C. Sherbrooke, dniing your last session, to carrv the same into elfect, which you cheerfully Siipjiorled ; but having, by his illness, lieen prt vented from completing the appropriations reijuircd, I consider it necessary to cull your immediate attention to this Milije(;t, by which his ad- ministration, so honorably conducted, may be in this re- spect closed ; and for this purpose I shall ordt;r the ac- counts of the actual expenses of the civil govei .liiient for the last veal', aiicl of the leveiiiK; collecte(l during tliesann; period, to be forthwith laid before you, in onler that your conrsi; may be o])en to jiroceed on other financial objects. Ill like nianner, tin; estimates of the expense for the pres- ent year, and of the amount of the revenue to be expected from the existing laws, will be; prepared to bi; laid before you. that you may be able to attend to the whole of those measures which inori; peculiarly originate with your branch of tilt; Legislatiiri'." 3. — The estimates for tin; current year (1810) caused considerable surprise and dissatisfaction, as the}- amounted to £S1,4;52 sti'rling, being an increase of .£I.>.0(IO on tin;' last year's exjienili- ^I;;i;\T,;'"!''f;,TH tiires ; and, embraced in this sum, was l',^n',ii',"i'vii'n.il'.'""' an amount of £8. (too, to be granted ii' perpi;tiiity, as •• the iiension-list at the disposal of his maj esty's re])resentative, for rewarding ]iro\iiiciaI services, and providing for old and reduced servants of the govern- ment and others." This sudden increase alarmed the House, and the estimates wi're referred to a select committee which, in very strong terms, rejiortetl in favor of retrench- ment and economy. The r(;portcoiii;luded : '• Your com- mittee are of opinion that this Hoiis(>, on making a suitable provision for such olFices as art; imlispensably necessary, will also act in contorinity with the ilesin; ami interest of the ]irt)viiu;e at largt;. by making an iiinpialilied reduction of those sinecures anil pensions, which, in all countries, have been coiisitlered as the groiintl of iiiii|uities, and the en- couragement of vice ; which, in the Jlother Country have hiwii, anil st"" are. a subject of complaint, ami which in this province \\''\\ leatl to corrii|)tioii." The Assembly in commiltee of the whole, wentoverthe civil list item by item, from the governoi's salary (£l.oOO a year i tlowii to the low- est clerk, and cut down, or cut o(T. all that tliey thought too large or unnecessary. This reiliicetl the amount about twenty-live per cent, and a bill based on this list was intro- diiced and passed by a larit; majority. I. — Some members of the Assembly were in favor of making a iierinaneiit provision for the civil ]hi during the king's reiiTii. the same as in Eiiu:laiiil ; , , ' , ,. f 1 • Tlio rnmicil ri-JiM'ts otlit;rs lavort;tla meiliiim course oi making tlii> llmiBi; liill nf appropriations in bulk to de])artmi;nts, or miililios. t tlio voliiiilaiy (iffcr iiinons of this ju-ov- ic civil ;j;i)vcniiiicnt, (ji)vciii<)r-iii-(lii,.f^ session, to carry tlio illy sii|i|ioricil ; liuf, from coiniilctiiig tlin t iieoi'SKury to call ct, l)y vliicli his ail- may ht; in this n>- shtill order the ac- ivil i.fovei.iinent for ted (hiring the same , in order that your ler linaneial olijecls. xpensi! for tlie pres- enne to he exjii'cted I'd to he laid heforo ) the whohsof thoso iite with yom-hraiieli ir (1819) eansed n, as they ainonnted of 111! '^^"' '^»f"'"ililv fl."- """ Slllni' thr li' 1:1 In „ I'Xiilniiii' ll:c iiiin« ' ill Oif ro|)iiatioiis wei-c passed. Tlieresiiiutioii of tlie Council, tlirowiiij; out tiie l)ill, ran : " Tiiat till- mode ailoptcd l>y ti.e liill, for i,'raiitiii;;a supply to liis Majesty, to defray the cxpeiisi's of tiie civil li.-.t. is uiiprecuiliMited and uneoustitiitional. and a direct assump- tion on tlie part at the Asscmlily of tlu; n)ost important rij;;liVs and prerogatives of the Crown. That were the hill to lie passed into a law. it would irive to the Commons of this Province not merely the eoiislitulioiial |irivilei;e of providing supplies, hut the poweralso of prescrihinjr to the Crown the nniuher and description of its servants, and of re^iulaling and rewardiiiir their services individually, tis the Assemhiy siiall, from time to time, judi^o meet or ex- pedient, liy which means they would he rendered depeiid- liet on an elective hody instead of lieiiiLi; dependent on the Cro\Mi, and might (nentiially he maile instrumental to the overthrow of that authority, whieli. hy their alle- giance, they are hound to support. That ttiis House will proceed no further in the consideration of this bill." 5. — 15ut little liusliu'ss was done at this session Iieyond gnintiiig i!;>,(JU(» to survey lands granted to those who had served in the active militia ilurini; rroro(;alir.ii . ■.'7(1 on account of army bills and interest thereon. The immher of vessels clearing from (Quebec ill IMl.S was loll, of which l were built there; the tota tonnage being 11 1,07.") tons. G. — Despite political wra'iglings the province continued to improve and increase in population and trade. From a census of the lily of (^iiciiec, imb- lislicd 111 the Miiriiri) ol Dtli Alarcli, ii.aili ..i ii..' imkr of IHllt. it app.ars that there wen- 'i,!)!"! '"' '""""'^■ houses, and a population of |.').2.">7 souls in the city and suburbs ; of these latter 1 l.lHtl were Catholics, and '.\:1M\ Protestants. The pope this year ecected Caiiaila into an archdiocese, an I'Velit whii'h cause.l -.;;ine little griind)lilig ill the strongly anti-Catholic press. A very large number of emiigrants arrivi'd this year at (Quebec, mostly from Ireland; the total numbi'r was 12, Li I. Very ipiiiy of tlnnn were in doliKiite eircuinsi;,nces, and relief had to be; ]iroviiled for them by tli'- foiinati in of a relief .'.Kfiety by the f'itizeiis. The Duke of Uiel"iioni! came to an untimely ilealli on 2s>ili .Vii^'ust, iKllI, at a little ]>lace named in honor of him, on the Ottawa, "here he was bitten by a pet fox, which was not known :o be rabid, ami the duke expired soon after in great agony. His retnains were taken to (Quebec, and interred with great i»om|) and cere- mony in till! English cathedral. 7. — Till,' governtneiit devolveil on Mr. Monk, senior nieiiiber of the Council, who appointed 2Itth Fehruaiy, 1H2II. for the meeting of Parliament. In the mean- while, however. Sir Peregrine .Mailland ha. , , 1 • • Ah":Iht »lisM.]iiti"n lieeii a[>poi:iteil as administrator- ..r ilio llnu^. . am m-cluet ot the two provinces, and came from Tpjier Canada, wliere he was lieut(,'iiaiit- govenior. on 7th February, but returiieil two days aft^'r- wards to open Parliament tliens and on the same day that he left .Air. .Monk issueil a proclamation dissolving P.iiliament, and appointing tlit; 11th April as the day on \Yhieli writs weri! returnable, except for the county of Gaspt', wiieri! the time was extended to 1st .Fiiiie, the laws re(piiriiig one hiindreil days for tin; return of ji writ for that (■ouiity, on account of its reinoteiK^ss and ilillicnlty of access. The election, like all its pri'ili'cessors umh.T similar circnmstanees, was very unfavorable to the goverii- meiit, the opposition gaining several seats. Sir Peregrine Maitlainl relumed to (Quebec on i7tli March, and the newly elected nicinbers having assembled on 11th A]iril, in anticipation of an immediate .session of Parliament, the administrator opened the session on that day. The House re-elected Mr. Papineau speaker, and then pro- ceeded to consider whether they were legally constituted under the act, which made the number of menihi rs re- quired to be ele(;ted fifty. It being made evident from the returns of the clerk of the crown in chancery that no representative had been electeil from Gaspe, tl j House, by resolution, declared itself incomplete and i ii'onipetent to transact public Inisiness. The adminis- trator sent a message to the House recommendinir the U] i ■!! jei'l ''Hi- H li' ii i: II' nUm \mt -^ 302 TUTTLK'S IIISTOUY Ol' TJIE DOMINION OF ( ANADA. renewal of curtain acts ; and also another on "iOth April, rcgrcttinjj tiiat pnhlic husinoss sliouM lie liindcn'cl by tliis resulution, wliich he did not consider well I'onnded. TIk; House still contiiuied to declare itself inconi|)etent to transact business, and matters remained at a deaddock until 2 Itli A])ril, when, nmvs haviii;^ arrived of liie dealh of George III., the adminisirator had constitutional grounds for dismissing Parliament. CHAPTEIl LXXV. LOWER CANADA— GOVICIiNMKNT OF THE EAllL OF DALIIOUSIE. 1. — Mii. PAPixKAt's Oi'ixioy or Enhmsh TJri.i; i\ Caxadv. — •_'. Session oi- ls20. Continikd Dik- KKKKNcic m:TWi;i;x Tin; C'or\tii, axiitiii- Asskmisi.y. — .'J. Ckowx Lands. C'ommkxi'ksiknt of Wokk on Laciiixk Caxai,. — I. Condition or tiik. Pkovincf, in 1820. — ,'). Si-.ssiox OF 1S21, Tin; liurrisii AIix- i.stuv Ukqliuk.s Tin; Exglish Uli.k of Votixg StPi'MF.s TO hi; Adoi'Tfd. — G. The Assf.miw.y Still Rkflsks to Votk axv Slitlii:s. — 7. I-'iust I'xion Pno.iFCT. Kixa;v('ial DiFFicrLTiKs with Uri-FU Canada. — 8. rri-FK Caxada Aitfals to tiii: Im- I'KitiAi, Pakliamf.nt. — ".I. Pkovisioxs of tiik Pko- rosFD Union A('T. — 10. Session oc 182.'). Mokk TKMrF.KATi; Action of tiif Asskmuly. Slim-ly Bill Passed. — 11. Session of 182.'!. Defalcation OF THE llECEIVElt-CrENEIlAL. — 12. TlIE AsSEMIlLY AoAiN Refises to Pass the Si;ri"LY IJii.l. — Li. lU.'II.DINIi OF LaF.C.E SlIll'S AT QlEllEC. II. SESSION OF 182.>. Mistake of iiotii Liei tenant-(;o\ eknou AND THE ASSEMIII.V. Sll'I'l.V I'llLI. pASSi;D. — I'l. Events of the Yeaii. Anoiiiek Dead-lock in FiNAN(jEs. Ci;nsis IJErriiNs. — l(i. Session of 1827. I'liE (iovEUNoii Dissolves pAin.iAMENr. — 17. VioLi:Nr .\iirsE of the Goveknou r.v ti.e I^'kench Paktv. — 18. The GovEiiNoK Uefises io .\cknowi.- ElXiE Mil. PaI'INEAU as Sl'EAKElt, AND DISSOLVES PaULIAMENT. — l",t. AlM'EAL OF THE AsSEMIlLY TO THE Home (iovEiiNMi;NT. — .'!o. Report of Com- mittee OF IIolSE OF CoM.MONS. Dl:l'.il!H I! E OF LoiiD Dai.hoisie. 1. — Sir I ere^niiie .Maitlaiid <'as soon relieved from his duties as adniinisti'alor by the ai'iival. on I8tli ,Iniie, 1820. of th(^ newly-a|i|ioiiiled i;(pvein:)r- ol.VMi'.n''.f'E',''iii.l, iii-''l'i''l' 'Jf Canada.' (;eorge. ninth Earl i>f '"''•""'"'""'»• Daliiiuisi.'. He was a disiinunished soldier, who had served ihu'ing the li'i>h rebellion of '118, in the l*)i.'y|itiaii cain|iaign under Sir Ralpii Abercromby, in the Diiteli war, in the Peninsula, and at Waterloo, and had been thanked by both Houses of Parliament lor liis j.'allant and dislinguislu d services. The elections took ])lace in June and July, and left the composition of the House very much as it was before dis- s.ilntion. The most noticeable feature of the campaign was a speech inaii forMdiitic;,! mull liis views fiil'l('ii ]iilla::.'((|, I'Mi' after year liroviiicc Were j to kIkmI ihcii- , the .--IkiI'cs 111' ! ill. to lliosc of s IJay. Siiili tlic cliaiii;!'. IS moral cliar- of lli.S Slll)- ■11 ilcsurviMlly to llio wants >;' Ills |ml)Ii(; ■oiii tliat (lay, 1 .'i'MC(! ; from rmy of (ircat lilo iirotcolimi lii'tlcr part liro|ii'r'y, and iiiaiiicd iiiial- I'llcijcs of lis 1 acted ujioii. s tolei'alioii ; r (le\iscd I'lir 1st ai'liilrai'\- tli(! writ of i /iiilicds cnrpus, legal and 0(;nal security alTonlcd to all, in their person, honor and property ; tlu^ right U) oliey no (iilier laws tliaii thos(! of our own making and choice, ox- iiii-.-sed through our representatives; all these advantages i liave liecome our liirthright, and shall, I nope, he the last- in:; inheritance of our posterity. To se(air(^ them let us \ (inlv act as Uritisli siilijects and freemen." i ■>. — I'arliaiiK^nt iii' i on 14th Deceiuhor, 1820. and the ^.oiveruor made a numlier of suggestions, iiniongst them tlu! consideration of the judicatory act. iI'mr'b'i'i'iV.'roMv!'!?.'- improvement of agricultural lands, per- m,v!i ili.i .1 lie ii niaiieiit enactment of tin; i-evenue laws. .•iihl llu' Assiinlilj. settlement of waste lands. (!i;c. U'he esti- ni;iles were sulnnitted early in the session, and were di- videcl into six classes, tin' total heing £ 1 I.S77. The Asseiniily went o\er the list, item l>y item, and cut the amount down to £11,1.'! I. hut they addeil £.'i,(J,s;} for ])en- ; .-.inns and i!!..")!.'! for the militia stalf (which were not in- i I Indcd ill the estimates sent down hy the governor), so ' iliat the total looked to he more than was asked for, as it uu'' XICi.UOO. 'J'his l)ill was divide(l into chapters, or ' liaises, and suhinitted to tln^ L(>gishitive Council, liy which iiodv it was iinmedialely thrown out. Ice the reasons tiiat liy one of the |irovisions of the hill the icveinie de- rived from the Imperial Acts (over which the Council claimed the House had no control) had lieeii appropriated, j and also (hat the appropriation was only annual, and not j a iieinianent one as signilied to lie his majesty's desire, ; liv tlu! speech from the throne. The I'pper House also a;.nccd to a set of standing orders to the effect that it wiuld not entertain any civil service hills which did not eniiiiate from the king's representative, or which was divided into chapters or clauses, unless such ;ippr(i|iria- ti.in extended through the lile of the sovereign. Thus nialtcrs came to a dead-lock again. The Council was slroim III its (letermination to ceiilralize power in the hands of the executive ; and the Assemlily was (piile tis oli-tinate in its desire to get control of the civil expendi- tnies. The Assemlily preseiitcil tin address to the gov- ernor, slating the dead lock lictweeii the two Houses, and tendering as much out of iiiiappropriated funds as would ciixcr the diirercnce lii'twccn the ainount received from the imperial acts and the amount granted hy them, I' ii'i.dl'iO, 'J'his was, virtually, asking the goverror to I' acknowleih^e tin' right of the Assemlily to appropi'iate the 1 I'nnds raised u.ider the imperial acts ; hut this he declined I to do, on the gi'oiind that in his opinion their proposal was I' (jnite inelfeclual without the concurrence of tin l.egishi- ' ti\e .V'-emiily, So no supply liiU was jiassed. .'!. — The ipieslion of llu! disiriliulioii of Crown lands was taken up and referred to a commillce. The iinpiiiy ciinvii liiM,|.<. lasted through several sessions, and will tt"il, ..Hill,. 1,11- lie relerreo lo lierealler; sullice It to say '■'''"'■'"""'• that iireat aliiis(.s were shown, immense tracts, amounting in some instances to CiO.OOl). 70.000 and even .s(0,(l(IO acres had lieeli granteil to favorites (for nothing, or next to nothing), who had no intention of improving or settling them, and who only held them until j the opening up of the country should make them valna- lile enough to sell. A hill was introduced to iiujuire into the statu of the piihlic funds in the hands of tin; receiver- general, who was .iispeeted of helng a defaulter to a larg(! amount, and to prevent his engaging in trade, and to rei(iiire him to make an annual retuin to the House. 'J'lie hill, however, fell through in cominittee. A hill to remunerate memliers of thi^ Assemlily was again inlro- diiced. hut voted down in the House, and one to appoint an agent in England was thrown out in the Council. An address to his e\cell(.ncy was adopted, calling attention to a numlier of sinccuns tind useless oilices. and pray ing him lo sus[iend jiayment of salaries until the im unilieiits came to tin; colony and iierforineil their duties, or aholish the otlices. Amongst these wei'e the lieutenant-governor, who drew a salary of .i'l..'i(iO a year, and had never been in the province, the secretary, and other odicials whose duties Were mostly perl'iirmed liy depnlies. wliih; they re- mained ill England and di'ew their salaries. An impor- tant act, pas.s(.d this session, was that Imilding the I.achine canal at the expeiisi^ of tln^ province, tin mpany in- corporated for the piirpox' being unalile to cany out their enterprise; and wmk was coimneuccd on the 7lh of .Inly. ; iSIr. I'apinean was called to the Exeini\(! Council this s(.ssi(in, as well as Messrs. Hale and Ready. The Houses were prorogued on the 17th of ]\Iarch. and the governor took a tour of military inspeelioii through the Cpper I'rovince during the snnmier. 4. — The province had improved wonderl'iilly during the past few years ; the Ea "n Townships, which at the opening of the ci.nini'y were almost a f,,|„iiii,„i (,r nm wilderness, were now heing peopled with a '''"*i"''' i" t"-'- thrifty and hardy class, mostly Scotch and Irish, who ! were turning its liarreliness into a heautiful and lilooming garden: immigralion had heeii large, iiiid the populalioii was now estimated at alioul lOd.OOd, whiUi nade had tlourish(.d. (.sp(.cially that in lumlicr. which now gave an- nual (.inplovmeiit to si.\(.ral hnndred xessels. lint the spirit of the jieople had not iniproved in proportion with the country. I'ariy spirit was rife, and the two factions Were I'a^l i^allopin;;' on to an open ontlireak and ii declara- tion of a war of rac(.s. The {'"rencli wi it. more than ever emliued with the idea that Canada was madi! for tlio Fniir/i Canadians, and that the l!rili-li wcri' inlruders! I the iriiNcrnnienl which had hrought them peaci., pli.|il 'l and happiness, was openly revileil and liespised at the in- ' stance of loud-mouthed deinagognes. who mi-led the ignorant peasants with their gro-s missialemeiils and ' wilful misn'preseiilalions ; already the cry of " /-t ])roportion of the revemies received in the former, and the latter had protested against the unfair division Commissioners liad been appointeil during the suaimer of hS21, and met at IMontreal ; but the I^ower Canaila Coinmissioiu'rs (appointecl by the Assembly) could not agrei! with the l'|)pcr Canada commissioners (ap- pointed by the executive, under an act of th.! Legis]ature\ ami no arrangement as to tin- er Canada *iok immeiliale niea'^iiircs to lay th(^ matter before the iinpci'ial l'al'liai:ie;it for redress, and at the session of 18'il an agent was appointeil :o lo Enirland and solicit imiierial to ri»tH'r f'aiiaila (iliprals ei III.' l:.i|i .rial I'arlia- i»<-'i"- legislation. The Lower Canada liiaise was informed of this, hut too late for .action, as it was then on the eve of prorogation. The Hritish Parliament promptiv toolv the matter up, and considered the condition of both colonies. The failure of the constitutional act of 1701 was evident, and the wisdom of Eox's argument against the separatioii of the races was apparent ; for .some years pa>t the Home government had In. en con^ider- iiiil the advisability of re-uniting the provinces, and part of the mission of the Earl of Dalhousiu was to ascertain whether such all union was desirecl by Upper Canada. The sentiment there" being in favor of it. and the faelions- ness of the Lower Canada Assembly continuing, a bill to that effect was introduced into the English House of Commons during this session of !Sl>I, anr Ino to (.(!iiirol the whole Legislature tlii'y ran i'i"i'esicl iniou grc'it danger of being reduc(.d to a small • Old iiisigiiilieaiit jiarl. The proposed Union was to be known as •• TIk^ Legislative Council and Assembly of the Canailas." Uinler it the gove.'-nor was authori/ed to erect the townships hitherto unrepresented into six coun- ties, eaeh to consist of not less than six townships, and to return a niemln.r to tln^ Assembly. T,.,' nuinlKr of rep- rcsentativt.s from eicli province was not to exc.eed lid. The (pialilii'ation for members was ])l;ic(.d at A'."i(M) ster- ling, over ami above all (.|ii.uiiibrances. The Assembly was to be ipiiiiipieini al. and two m(.|nbers of the 10\e( ii- tive Councils of lilh -r provini.e were to be appointed hy the governor to seats in it. The records of the .\ssembly were to be kept in Eiii.;lish only, and. after lifteen years, that was to be the only laiiguaiie ust.d in debate. The Roman Catholic religion was to bo respected, subject to the king's supremacy ami to the coll.iiioii oi- iinluclion into cures. These provisions greatly al.irmed the l^'remh Canadians, who saw their pi'Wir ami their laiignaL.'c s-lip- ping from theie, whilst the clergy regardi.d the last (.l.nise as an iiifringement of their lights, the Calhulic ISishop j I having b(.en hi retofore (as he is now) left to the jirivilegi! (i( induction into cures. Piihlic meetings were held every- v.'here and uiiioii ;miiI anti-uiiioii addresses to Parliament prepari.d. The liritish wen. ..ilmnst all unionists, .uicl the l''rencli Canadians, marly to a man. ami unionists. The I''i'encli were most iiieliiodical in their maniK.r of prepar- iie_r their aildress ; meetings \\..rc> held at (^ucIkc and Montreal, and (.ommiltees appointed, which ;iLirei d on an address aiicl distributed it through the p..|rishes for signa- ture. There were over CiO.dUO names allaihc.d lo il ; but to show the dense ignorance of the people m t oik. in tin roiild sign his name, but had to m.ike a mark, just the same as one of the aborigines would have h: .i to have done. ]Messrs. Papiiieail and Neilson were appointed to present tlie anli-nnicm |ielilioii in Eiiiiland. ..|iid Mr, James Stuart the iiiiioi. petition. During all the excite- ;{(;g TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOAHXIOX OF CANADA. ! I i ■■ 1 ! fli: I liii'iit attciiduiit oil prcpiiiiii;^ tlusr iictilions, tlie gover- nor, vory wisely, liuld aloof iiiid took no jiart whatever in tliu [troceet lings. 10. — Till! Legislattiie met, on 10;li .la.inary, 1.S2.".. ami from the scare given tiieni liy the niiion act, the Assenihiy seem<'il ilis|)oseil to he a little? jess iielf-as- SoHsioii nf IRl'.l. . . , . ™. . .M..ni luinipciato sertiiig, ami attend more to its own allairs "iVi'l'i'lV' Supply' 'I'l'l •'"' I'l'hli'" interc St. leaving the otlier Hill piissiMl. l,ranelies to manage their portions of the goliitions against the Union was carried hy a vote of thirty to three, .nid tliesi! resolutions wen; enihodied in two aildressis to tlie king and the I'ailiameiit, the former lieiiig forwardeil through the governor, the latter through Messrs. Papi- iieaii and Xeil>oii, who were still in F.ngland. The ques- tion of till! reiireseiitalioii of the Eastern Townships, and of their heiiig supplied with tho riMpiisitt; courts, which had heen pending lor some time, was taken tip. A pro- vincial judg<\ to reside in the District of .St. Franci-s, as the new district was called, was ap|)ointed, having juris- diction ill actions not e.\<'eeding 120 sterling, and a court of (Quarter Ses-ions estahlisheil. The House was not quit!! SI) fair in the matter of represeiitalioii. for whilst it made provision lor the admis>ioin>f six meiiiliers from the English Eastern townships, it cut una iinnilier of French di.-triels so as to let in about t'K) new French inemhers, as a counterpoise to kee[t up tho French majority ii the House. This hill was rejected hy the Council. The estimates were hronght down on Titli Fehrnary. the governor had liad them closed in two schedules, one in- cliidiiig the salaries of the governor, lieuteiiant-irovernor, and the oll'icers more closely attached to llieiii, luing cliargeahle to revenues derived from the iiiipeiial acts which the governor thought would yield enough to nieit the aniounl. t".">2.0S,') ; the second Mhednle contained the "local estahlishmeiits," as liny wde called, the expenses of the Legislature, &c., and aiiioiinled to i.'.'i().'.'2"i, which sum the Asseiiihly was asked to vote. The Assemlil" relieved its feelings at tlu? appropriation of the imperial resolution hy a series of roohitions, and passed tin; liill for defraying the expenses of tin; " local otahlishiiieiits," the fear of the union hill preventing I'leir doing more than ordering them '" to he taken from and charged against the i/iiimi/ finiih af't/n' /irtin'nri; arising from any act or acts in forci! therein, and from any of the revenues of liis niajesty, applicahle to the ]iurposes of tlu! act." The underlined wmnls were iiieant to imply that the As- seiiihly still claimed control over the moneys raised liy the imperial acts, uud the Council so interpreted them hy de- claring that it Would not coiniir in any more hills pa>sed in that way. XoO.OOO was voted for the Chamhly Canal ; £12.000 in addition to the jirevioiis vote for the I.achine Canal; i.'2,100 for encouraging agriculture; X.SIM) („r the Montreal Ceneral Hospital, and i!2,000 for the Hotel Dieii ; pensions were al-o ijranted to .Imlges Monk and ( )gden. The I Iou>e was pidiogued on 22d ^larch, and. on the whole, the session was the most satisfactory I'nr many years. 11. — Siiortly after prorogation His Excellency nnule an ol'.ii'ial aniiouiiceinent that the Imperial governnnnt had foreirone, for the iireseiit, any inteii- . '^ '. , ' . SPssii.iH.f is-.'.'i. 11,.- tioii ot a iiiiKMi ol the provinces, al- lalcaii i ih.. i;.:- though still thinking it tlic liest policy ; after tliis his excellency went on a trip to Xova Scotia. leaving the governinent in tlii' hands of l^ieutenant-(iov- ernor Sir Francis X. nnrtoii. The Legislature was called together on 2.">th Xoveinlier, l.*^2."), the session ln'ing inaile early on account of tin; failure of the rece!ver-gemr,-il. Mv. Caldwell, who had heen suspended from ollice. 'J'lie ilefalcation of the receiver-geiiend amounted to XDO.l 1 7, alioiit £10,000 of which lie claimed to have been delicieni when he took over the ollice from '''s father. ISefore a coiiiinitte(; of the Iloii^e Caldwell olVered to surremli r , about i!.')2.000 worth of private preperty and to allow ! £1,000 a year out of his salary iiniil the amount of £1.").000 was ma .e u[). ]irovided he was kept in ollice at a h f.iir salary. The remainder of tlu; sum he claimed was line him as cominis^ioiis hy the province on the amount of collections, and shnnld be so allowed. Thi! coniinillie I refused to entertain the olVer, and claimed that the iin- ])erial governnient was responsible to the provinci I'nr the delicit, as the receivia'-general was appointed by the I Crown and not timlrr the control or authority of the I'ro- h vintual Legislature, to which he made no returns. In tlii^ ])o>iliiin the House was undoiilitedly in the right. Cald- well was onlv receiving' .i very small >alaiy, £."pOO a year, and it w.as well known ibai he. had 1 n using the |iiiblic funds for business operations ami had been a del'aiiller for some time: slill he had been kept in ollice. An ad- 1 dress to the Ci'iiwn praying th.il llie provinci' ^-liiiiilil be indemnilied for the loss siislained by the del'alcalioii of a j Crown ollicer was prepared by the House and forwarded . tlirougli the governor, ,: 12. — The siqiply bill was not sent down until late in i the session, and was then made in two classes as in llie lU'evions year lo>t its fear of the iinioi I he llonse had now Till' Axuonililv let, and ac- a;;,iiii ri'lim x t.> ,.,,.,,.. , , , . . pMi-» llii. supply Mil. cordingly lilt it couM venture to again assert its own iinporlai It went carefully ovei all the items, reduced all salaries fruni ihe governor's down tweiity-live percent, and oidered iliat the lni.d. ll.'Mol, should 1 1' paid out of the nveiiue derived from the im- perial acN .'iiid the delicit made up out nf iinapproprialed moneys. 'I'liis li^t was prmnplly llirown out by the Cnun- ci •■'.- v: th Clianil)Iy C'atial ; I'M- the l.acliiiio lliii-ti ; X.SOO for 00 lor tlic Hotel |l,:.'i's .Miiiik and ;-''! Alaivh. and, .'-atisl'actory lor xcollonny made •ial yovcrnnicMt Si-psii.n i.r isl;.-]. J),.. liil<'.ili 1 ili.> Ue- (•i'iv eeeivcr-neneial. DMi olliee. 'J'he. ed to Xiin.l 17. li been d<'fleieMt I ler. IJefore a 1 (o sun-ender | y and to allow I lie amount of t in olliee at a le claimed was on tile anioiMit TIm' <'ominillee d that ilie im- 3 j)fovinc( .''or jjiointed li_v the itv of the I'r,,. •I urns. In this i -' rijrht. Cal.l- | ", X'.'iOO a veai-. ■in;.' llle |)ulilie •n a di'faullir Mice. .\n ad- ne.. >|i(,idd lie jl ■I'alcalioM of a iiid I'orwanled 1 untd late iu sses as in the I' AsHcinlifv tin rfliis h |i> '» llii'mpiily Mil. y ovci all the riior's down iial. ll;!,|()|. IVom ihe ini- ia|)|U'o|iiialed liy ihu Couii- Lf)^\ r.n c.^nad.v— oovern^iext of tiif. e.\.rl of daliiousie. 3G7 111, and so no siijuilies were jias-.eal. lioldin:; tlial the loan could oidy have be n'liuiri'd ail!, and tliat hi-i askiiiij; for it siiowed lie was a defaulter at the tiiii''. rind he oiii;lif, to havi; lieeii removed i.i 'rad of reeeivin;^ a niniodatlon. A discussion Iniik [ilac,' (Hi ihe claims of the Ameri<'an ;;.)vernment to the free; n e lit the St. T.awreiict^, which was oj>|iosed ; and a j>ro|ii)~i- lioii from l'|i|ier Canada to iiicre.isi^ the duties on ci-rtain articles was rejected on the ijroiind that it was im'.\[)edient to rai^e tlio duties in the then un>atisfaclory state of trade. \:i aildress was id~o jiassed to his majisiy |irayini; that ilie •• C'lerjy IJeserves " li I'ivided amouiTst all di'iiomina- tioiis, other than IJoman Catholic, which |iroi)o>al, enia- iiatinj^ as it did from a IJoman Catholic liody, greatly iilTended the memhers of the Church of England. Thu Jlousi' w:is |ir(M'ii:i-ued on tlu! lUh of .March. l.'i. — ihe noveriior .'-ailed for Enulaiid on leave of al)- Rcnce, on t'th June, l^iJl, and the government ilevolved uiioii .Sir Francis X, litirlon, who vis- TiKiMiniinfiarsii ited ?iIontival and olln-r parts of the IVoviiico in Auiru>t. At .'Montreal he laid the corner-stoiK! of the new French l'ari>h Churcli, coiniMonly known as '• The ]''reiiih Cathedral," ihiMargest and linest Catlmlic Church on this continent, with oiu' ex- re|)tion. Amongst the notewnrlhy events of this year Was the attempt to app'y the Canadian Jinlfiiiu- to ocean luivigation, and to Canada In longs the honor of having liuilt th<^ lirst •• Iiig ship" ef modern limes. N'owadays ' we are inclined to tliink milhing of .steamers of I, ;"), or I'l.fltld tons, liut over lifly years ago it was an immense un- dertaking to cons! met ii vessel of .'),('i',tO tons, yet such \ was the size of the < '(i/innlnis. Imil; at Queliec hv a Mr. I AVood, of (llasgow, for a linn in .Scoilaiid, and loiiiched at the Isle of Orleans on L'Sth .Inly, IsJI. She was (lat- botlomed, I'Slll feet li ill. long, oil feet 7 in. liroad, and -1 feet 1 in. wide, and ri^'-uid willi fmir ma-N. She was not n success, however ; she took a load of limliir to England, nnd was returning to .St. ,lohii, N. I'l., when she hccame \vater-lo!;ged, tiiid hail to he aliandniied at sea. ,\nolIier vessel of the same ela>s, hut rallur larger, the /lari'ii J^i'iifrrir, was coininiMiced shortly afler thi; sailing of the f '!////»(/(».<, and also took a cargo of liiinlier to Enuland. hho stranded on ihe coast, however, .-iiid \'. ■> aflerwardn blown over to the coa«t of I'r iine, where -lie became rt total wreck. In this year the I.ilerary and Historical Socictv of <^>nebee Was founded under the |ialroiiage of I, old I)alliou>ie, an iiisliliilion which has done much Inwards pre-cl'vinil some of the mo~i \alua! le ivcoi-ds of the early hislorv of Canad i. 1 1. — The Legislature met again on 8th January, lH2o, when .Mr. I'ainneau was again idected sjieaker by a largo majority over Mr. Vailieres. The late ... , , ^ . ,, Si'Sfinll <.f ISi:.-. Mis- general election liail not materially iiiu,.,,ii,.,iii i.i,.ni,.ii- changeil the eonquexion ot the House, \ si-nlily. supi.ty and that change had strengthened the ''"' i'-'"*^'''- opiposition. Again a bill was passed iippointing an agent in England, but was thrown out by the Council ; and another for promoting the independence of judges, by appointing them for li;'e and prevenling (hem silling in the I.igi'lalive or I'.xecnlivu Cuiincils was inlroducid, but no derinile ai linn taken on it. The t --timales were sent down in illlTerent shape than in forme r years, ihero being no di>tinciiim mad.' In iwei n tlii' periiialieiit and local classes of ollicers. This was regarded by ttie As- sembly as !i tacit aek^-owledgment of their right to appropriate tho crown revenues ; but such was not tho intention of T.ienteuanl-Ciovernor Ibirinii. aid he wa.s celisureil by Lord lialhuist fur not fnllnwiiig jirevioii-S examples. Tiie amnniit apprnprialed was olimatecl at .1' I'l.o l'>, and lli(! additional anioiiiit asked for i'''ll,lo(S. The Assembly took great pains in framing ibeir bill so as to cover, wilhoiit .'ippeariiig to ineiilion. its ]pri'tensions to ll.l\ ill;; been ciiui'eded colllrol of the Imperial revenues; the members, tlierefore, contented themselves with passing a bill •' that m addilion to the revenue appropriated for defra\iiii; ihe expenses of the liiiiiii.-tialinii of justice, and for .'-iipport, of tlu! civil go\ •riiment of ihe province, there shail bo supplied and paid from and nni of the uiiap- pro]uaaled moneys which nmv are, or hen after may coino into the hands of the receiver-general of tlie ]>roviiicc for ihe lime beiii^;, such sum or sums as may be im ce>-ary to make up and <'ompleto a SIIPI not cm eedillg i.'»S,()7-t I :is. i Id, slerliiiLT, for the ]iur[ioso of defia\iiig the r.v- ! penses of the civil government of this piM\ince and of tho adminiiiiiis to the imperial revenues. .Nothing of much imporl.inee wa.s ! done this ,-es>ion, ami ihe Ilnii-e was prorogued on L'lM I March, the exeiuli\e and the Hmise for once in innliial i good liunn r. but from mistaken canoes. A grant of t'|.."ilill was pa.-sed to es!al)li>h sham cnuiiinnicalioli lielweeii (^liielicc and Halifax ; and, for ihe lir-l tine since ll.e esialili>hniciit of the cmi'-lilulion, a census of the pro\ ince was ordered to be taken. l.'i. — His I'.xcellency Lord Dallumsie vturnidoii llilli .Sejitembi r, ami .Sir I'rancis Liiilni'. went to England the . Kaiiie inon.l.. A terrible lire ha\ iiig oc- I curred at .Muamichi. large siil.liip was also ;r l!!l|:!ii r If ' n ;i08 TUTTLKS IIIsrOHY 01 TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. sent witli about A'Ci.OOO worth of jinods fiikeii from the iiiilitary stores. A judiinieiit was lliis year rend roil in the Court of KiiiL's Uench for .£HMl,7'.i7 eurreiM'v airaiust Caldwell, iIk; di'laultiii;; reeeiver-^eneral. Two other ] events of note this year were the deaths of the lirst I'rot- estaiit JSishop. Ucv. Jaeoli Moinitaiii ami of the lioinan > Catholie Ui^hop .M. de i'iessis. The jxovenior-iii-eliief opened I'arli.iiiient on 2 1st .January. l!S-J(>, and the ae- eoiints weri^ sulmiitted, divided ajiaiii into tw(» elasses. as had heeii the rule liefore his departure. This caused a ; i.'reat oiitliMrst in the llousi'.and afterthe u-n.d loiij; discus- sion, the .supply hill was parsed, item liy item, ;ind a com- mittee appointed to frame a hill the saute as last year. It was just at this JMiietiire that Lord D.ilhousic .-cut a ines- sa;;e to the llou-e enclosing Lord l>alhnist"s despatch to Sir Francis Hurton. censuring liim for approviiii; la-t year's hill, and concludiiij:. ■■ .IS the l)ill is limitecl to one ye;il', I shall not think it necessary to recommend to his majesty to disallow it. hut confine niysell' to instructinif his ma- jesty's representative in the I'rovinco of J.,ower Canada not to sanction any ineasui'c of a similar nature." In spile of this the Assem'ply persisted in pas-iin: the hill in the same shape as last year, and sent it to tlie Council. There it was ••aiueiidcil " into the iiropcr shap(^ and sent ' hack ; hut, of eoiirsi". the House wcjuM not concur, and so no supplies were pa>.'-e(l. The u-iial irrants for schools and cliarities were passed and iillowed. hut all other money ! hills were reserveil for his m.ijcsiy's pleasure. The returns of the census taken last year wer<' siihinitted, and showed th> population of the province to he four hun- dred and twenty-three thousand si.v hundred and thirty .souls. I l(i, — Nothinjf of importani'i' occurred until the mectiii;.' of the Lc''i>latme A'' iin on .laiMiarv, 1.S27. This more stormy than ici'ounts were .... ses>ioii was even Si'ssii.n c.f IS'.'T. V\\'- (lini'iiinr ilissulvi's its predi >-ors. Tin I'luliaiiiiiil. . . snlimitted ni a dniercnt lorm from that of any previous year. No mention was mases Miid appropriations .i-keil oidy for them. The li^ht liet«een the e.\i'cu;ivc and the j\ssemlily now liecaine more hitter an-ion louder, the i;'ivernf)r called the Houses td^'ether i.n Till .M.irch. and, I'or the lirst time, had recourse to a dissolution. One .sentence in his speech of dismissal forcihly expresses tli(( coiidiiet of the Assemhiy duriiij; his ailmiiiistr ition. He .-aid : " In my iidministration of the tioverinnent. I have seen seven years pass away with- \ out any conclusive adjustment of the public accoinits ; ; thus accumulating' a mass for future investijiation, which iinist lead to confusion and misnnderstaiMling. In the same years I have seen the measures of {joverntnent directly applieahle to the wants of the ])rovince thrown aside without attention and without any reason assi^neil. I h.ave seen the forms of Parliament utterly disrej;arileil ; and ill this .session a positive as-ninption of executive authority instead of that of leirislative, which last i-, alone, your sh.irc' in tlu; constitution of the state." 17. — .Vdilresses to the i^overnor were sent hitn from 3Iimtri'al. (Quebec, the Eastern townships and other places. cou;:ratiilatin;f him on his ac- tion ; lint the !• renin party were most urd tales, improbable, palpable nniriilli- resorteil to by the a;:il.itors to excite the habit.ints (I'or whom, in tlieii' credulity and implii'it t'aitli in their leailers, nothiiiLr conl ' vernnient and towanls the ^oveiiior person- • illy. He was n^piesenled as tin' most odious and oppress- ive of tyrants; he had. it was said, lawlessly interrn|)tei| the Le;;i.-latur(' in its work, and preveliteil the representa- tives of llie people from pas-in;: i;(M)d anil salutary laws in proi;ress at the proro;,fation ; he was pliinderiuLj the public treasury, and illi'ir:dly helpinu hiin-elf and satellites to l.ir;Xe sums, at the expense of the province, w ho-e people. ' /-'/ Xiilliin ('iiiKii/iciiiic.' their relii.non, their lan^uairc, and their laws he was opposeil to. h.ited. and was cii- deavorin;; to siilivert. He was lioodu inking,' and deceiv- int; the mivei'inneiit ,il home, that he mjelil tln^ more ca-ilv en-lave the people of the colony, wlioiii it w.'i- saiil he would drive, if not speedily i ailed, to a rebellion that would not fail to sweep ;iway the little that retnained of I!riti-h power fiom the coniiiientof Xoith America: and in these extravaiiant im;i;;iniiie:s several joine(l. of \\lioni. know in;.' a- they inii-t have known the ab-iinliiy of tln'-e taies, better tliiiii^s were to have been expected." IH. — The elections, as were to have been expiiled from the i;.'iioi'ani f the voting; m;isses and thi \iideiiee ^} 1 k \'\ S-' LOW KU CANADA— GOVEHNMENT OK SIR JAMES KEMPT. 300 t'cli of dismissal \ssciiil)ly (liniiij; ilniiiiistratioii of pass awav witli- nihVui accounts ; 'stijjatioii, uhich iiidiiiir. Ill the of ^iovt'ninieiit iroviiice tlirowii reason assijincd. I.v ilisrcirai-di'd ; j III of oxcciilivo I wiiicli last is. I' staff." sent iiiin frniii i|is ami oilier iiilfiK iiliiisc (if iliD iiViTlmr !•> lilt' ri'liih jiiillj. or loadinif him contests diirini; ini; too vile to nlaily |icr.M)iial rcsiiils. a> will state of fcciini,' paijrn, we can- says : " It is lions airitaiioii 1V|'(| till. Jll'dl'o. Ijialilc mill iiili^ haliilaiits (for I their leaders, liii.!.' of hatreil \eii;or person- Is and oppre>s. ly iiiifrriipic'd lie represciita- liilary laws in i iiii,' the pidilio 1 satellites to ivhose ]ieople. leir laii:,'iia::e, and was cn- : and d i\- :lil the iiiiHi' in it was said rebidlion that ' reiiiaiiii'il i<( America : ai.d 'd. of w liiirii. dilv of tliiiM' en evpi'cli'd I tile \ ioji'iii'c Ti,«(i..v..iiHun- "f •'"' p:i'li'^:iii orators, were very iin- fii.s'rt i":ii-:in"«l- I'jivoralile to the I'overnnient, and its very I'll.;.' .Ml. luIHliiMtl i^ * as.s|..:i.>ii-, .iM.l slender support in the Asseiiililv was still '»''"'• further ivdiieed. I'arlianieiit met on the •20tii Xoveiulier, lfS27 ; and there was much s|ieeulatioii lis to whi.'tluT, should Mr. I'apineaii l)e again tltcted speaker, the ifoV(!riior would reeoirni/e him. .Mr. I'ap- ineaii, both in print and in his add't.'.'-s to his constiinents, had li 'en so grossly and personally abusive of th<' Jr'|^■- ernor, that it was thouirht the >roveriior <'ouid not |)os- sililv overlook it. For once |piililie ()|)iiiioii was ri^dit ; the LTovernor did not recognize liiin. After the Assembly, hv a vote of 41 to "i. hail elei'ted Mr. Papineau. the House was summoned tcj the Couneil Chamber, ami tlieic informed by tlie sjieaker of tin; Conneil that the ^'ov- eriior "dulh not approve of the choice the Assembly have made of a speaker, and in his majesty's name hi> excelleiii-v iloth accordinj:ly now disallow, and dixbaiiie the said <'boiee ; " further addinj,' that the jfovernor wniilcl meet them on the "i.'id, if they hail elected u sjjoaker by that time. Tiie Assemblj' was somewhat nonplussed at this ; but persisted in selecting .AFr. Papineau, and as there seemed no possibility of their aliando'iiiii; their clioice, liie governor, on 2.'Jd iiist., by jn'oclamatioii pro- roirueil I'.irliament. r.l. — Popular excilemeiit now irrew more intense. Mi'din^fs were held everywhere. Addresses approving the governor's coiirM' were presented A»s'.'in'i'l'v i.'i'ili' '^'■"'1' ^loiitii'al, (^ueliec. Three Rivers, iii,;n.,K"'v.-.i,>u.i.t. ,,„, i.;.,„,,,.„ 'l-„„ nships, and ence of schools. Messrs. .bihn Neilson. of (^uel ami I). R. \'ii;<'r and Au-liii Cuvillier. of Montreal, were ap[iointed to take tlu? pelitions to J'".nulanil. ami sailed early in Eebruary, by Way of .New York. .Sb ully after the departure of the' deli'Ljalion, F,(U'<1 I)alhou>ie rt i\ed infornialion that ]iv hail been appointed to succeed J.oid ( 'oiiiberniere. as conunandi'r-in-i'hief of llie forces in India, and llial hi> successor would be sent oill as soon as lie was ready to leave the colony. ^V number of liliel suils were entered ut the .March assizes at (inebec, grow in^ e u of the late excitement. I.nt they were ]uit oil' unlil next term, and (hially abuiidoneil on aeeount of the departure of I.,ord Dalhousic. i!'l. — The P>vi|ish ministry determined to lay the com- plaints of ihe Canadians before Parliament, and. acco'd- inilly, on tln^ 2d .May. Mr. Iluckisson, .•o'lonial secretary, moved for th.- ap- "■,';*,'.:' .'.fi'ious,...f |ioinliiiciit of a commiltei; of twenty-one ',,.!,"i'i'|",'.';!'f i,,i''|i to im|uirc into the slati' of the civil j:ov- "•'""""''•■ ernmeiit of ('Miada, and rep >i't their observations and opinions thereon. This c.iinmittec ie|ioried on lil'd .Inly, substantially f^rantiiii; the prayer of the pelilioiiers. They reciunmended the abolition of the seii.niorial rights of the crown, the estalili>hiniiit of new electoral dis- tricts more in accoidaiiee with ilie pioi;re>s of popula- tion, ami the surrender of the whole public revenue to the Assembly — measures to be t.ikeii, at the same time, to render the jioveinor. Exeeiiti\e Couneil. and llm judj^es imle|ii-ndeiii of an aiiifnal vote of siippK. Tiny reconiimiided that the Canadians be allowed to liaV4' an agent in England ; and repmled aiKersely to the project of an union with l'p|ier Canada, 'i'his rejiort gave in- tense satisfaction in Lower Canada ; the Assembly had got what it had i n ligbiing for, "tin! s])oils." and was content to be salislied. for the jireseiit. until the yascil- laiing policy of the Engli.sh governnieiit ga\c ilicm an oppoiliinily of asking I'm' more. So ended llie llisl at- tempt to niiili' llic two jMovinci's. Lord Dalhoiisie did not remain in the province long enough to learn the re- sult ol llie coinniillee's iiivcsii^iitioii. and had not the mortilicatioti of viewing the exhibitions of the joy of his eiioiuics at what was, to a ceit.iin degree, a con. Siissioy (PI- IS.'ill, ,\l'l'i;oi'i;i \ iiiiNs I 111! I\|i;ij\,\I. iMI'lfOVi;- Mi.xrs. — I. I",.\ n;Nsiy i: Emi(.i!.vtii>.\. Ai'i'disi .Mi;\r Of LoitD Ayi.mku. I 370 Tri'i'i.K's iiisroitY OF riiK dominion ok ( anada. 1. — Liciitciiaiit (iciioral Sir ,I:iiii<'^ Kciii|)t was t.i ui\'u:vr who hail si rvcd with ilistiiictuiii, and had adiniiiis- ttTcd tin; alVaii's of Nova Scotia with '^!\^\M'i!.^4h"^'' satisfaction. His iiistnictioiis wcro that ''•"',''''• y"'',',' lie should ho iv* ooiiciliatoi'v as possible towai'ds th(! Ficnch Canadians, and en- deavor to I'cinove all soin'ccs of coiiiidaint. I'ailiaincnt met on 28th Novctnhcr. IS-J's and. at tifst, the ddlictiltics bi'twecii the executive and the House seemed to lie in a fair wav In he overi'oini'. l»ut the A>send)ly soon re- sumed its old hostile attitude, and in votiii!,' the siii)i)lies for 1H2H and l!S2'.l used the samt; ti'l'ins us in the hill of 1H2.>, claimiii!^ control over all tin; revenues and niakinii; no [lermanent jn'ovision for the salaries of the executive or jnilicial ollieers. The hill was passi'd in tin; Le;,'!'*- lativc Council by one vote, and that a very (lue^tionalile j one. Chief-.! ustii'e Sewell, who was president of the Council, first voted as a eouneiilor, anil then, on the vote : resulting in a tie, claimed tin; rijiht of voting as chairman ; which he did. ami carried the hill ; but tin; legality of the vote has liei;ii much (luestioned. A great deal of the time of the Assembly was taken u\) by the consideration of grievance i)etitions, com|ilaining of the late administra- tion; and more in considering charges against Attorney-. General Stuart and .ludges Kerr ami rietcher. ' 2. — The tight of tin; Assembly for absolute power was by no means over ; the pi'ace between it and the exec- | utive was but a hollow one. and it was UM-Mbm^'pilX::';"- '^'"'1""^ '" ^i^'^ <"' "'^ suppor^rs of ^ the late government all manner of re- ] taliation and vengeance for the outragi;s which, it was claimed, had been committed on the rights of the jieople as rei)res(;nte(l by the Assembly. One geiilh'inan seleeteil as an t;xample was Mr. Uobert Cliii>tie, who was elected inenilier for (iaspi', ami who was expelhd the Ilou.-f; be- cause he had been a sn|)porter of Lord Dalhousie's ad- ministration. The subject of the .lesuits' estates was again considered, and an address to the crown made that its reveiiii(;s be applieil to its origiinil pur|)ose — (;ducation. A new election bill was also passed and reserved for royal assent. This was based on the census of l.S^.'i, and made the number of countii's forty-four, and of ri'preseii- tatives eighty-four. There wen; seventy-two bills alto- gether passed, .imongst them two granting eeriain Drivileifes to tin; .lews and Weslevan Methodists ; these privileges, however, were oidy to permit the clergy of these denominations to keep registers of the births, mar- riages and deaths of tlii'ir congregations. Some import- ant bills were passed, such as for establishing lighthouses on tin; St. Lawrence, for the improvement (d' internal communication, and for tin; encouragement of elementary education — tor all of which appniprialioiis were made ; but as far as the selllemeiil of political dillii'ujties was concerned, we may (|Uote ^Ir. Nc^ilsoii's t^uebec Gitzctte \ as fully stating tin- case in saying: •" Nothing is settled : time is obtained for settlement ; but nearly all the causes and elements of disi'ord ri'inain, and it may :e,'ain burst forth like a ilestrnelive element or a devouring llalile." .'!. — IJefore Parliament met again, the bill providing for a redistribution of seals reeeiveil the royal sani'tion. and an (;lection was hi'ld in the Eastern TowiLsliips, which returned (;ight mem- plV,p'i'ui'i',.iis 'li.rVi- bers. Parliament met on 22d January. [;;,''.',[;'J '"'I'l'-v.- IH.'iO. and the i-elative altitudes of the. executive ami th.; Assembly underwent no material change. In .submitting the supply bill his exci Ihncy said that no action had yet been taken by the Ibmie guv- ernment with a view to permani'iitly settling the linaneiaj ditliculties of the |)rovinee. but ])rn that understand- ing tin; bill was passed, after reducing it to £7,.")00. The bill had a narrow escapi' in the Council, and was carrieil, in the sann; manner as last year's bill, by the doubb' voti- of Judge .Si'well. All ai), 17,">'.l<) of wlioiii were from Irolami. Of tlii'sn iiiilv ;il)i>ui Diu'-twelflli remained in Lowrr Canada, iiml of lli(,' others aliout (').")00 passed tlinnij:li to tlie I'nited States. Tlie nninlier of vessels arrivini; from sea at (^iiiiliee this 3 ear was '.)(!7, and tlie tonnajje 2."iO,4l>l:l■;.s^ to tiii; Ivim;. — 2. Asskm- iii.vMiis \'i>ri: in 1'av tiikmski.vks SJ a Dav. — ;]. Imi'okiant Kvi;xrs of tiii-: Ykais. Lau<;k I.MMKiKA- IION. — I. t'llNt'f.SSIONS MADF, TO TIIK AsSI'.MKI.V. .">. SlsSIUX 1.S;;1. TiIF. As.SKMIil.Y NOT YF.T Satisfiiii). — (I. I'AliTV Sl'lKir. I'NFOKTI XATF, El.F.C'TlOX RiOT I.N MoXTUFAI.. — 7. SkSSION OF lrt;!2. Til K AsSKMllL Y I'ftition TO iiAVi; Tin; C'uimii. maki; Elkctivi:. — M. Sk.ssiov l.s.il. Tin: •• Nim;ty-Two " l{i;,soi.i- TIONS. ;•. Al'l'OlNTMF.NT OF • I'aUI.I AM KNTAKY Committki; on Canadian Affaiks. — lo. Sfssion OF IS.;."). No r>rsiNi:ss Ti{ansa( tfd iiv tiii; IIofsf. II. Al'fOINTMFNr (JF A RoVAI. COMMISSION It) ^■|^IT Canada. 1. — Shortly before the assiiinption of the rroverniiji'nt \i\ J.,ord Ayliner, a <;eneral eleetion had heeii held, in ronseciueiice of the death of King ' i";;'''"!! r^,ln!':-,u"; re- a.iXv.sini: many long revolutions, liualiy adopteil an address to the king and I'arlianieiit, Stalin;; its i;ric\anci's ai:d ("iin|'!aining that the reeiim niendatioiis of the Cauaihi committee had not been carried out. 2. — The supply bill was passed for one year, in the usual form of taking the aminint out of tlie wliolo revenue. A large iiimiber of bills were ... . . .1 .\swnililviiii.ii vntn passc;' thus session, amongst them one i,, paj tinniheivi'ssa forpayiiig the members of the Assemldy. '""^' The ;imouiit to be paid was ten siiillings for every day's attendance, ;iiid four shillings p(^r mile for travelling ex- penses. Large sums were voted for public inijirovements, iiiclndiiig i'l.OtJO for improving the navigation of the Richelieu; XIO.OOO for improving the navigation of the St. Lawrence hetweon the Cascades .and Lake St. Francis ; flO.ODO for lighthouses on Anticosti; XIO.UOO f,,r Jlonireal harbor im[)rovements ; i.''.'.00(i for repairing Parliament buililiiigs, (^iiel)ec. &c. ; i.'17,.Sh;{ was voted for educational jiurposes and £l.'J,Ol)0 for schools. A bill was also passed for taking u census of the proviice, and ! another granting all rights and privileges of ISritish std)- jeets to .lews born in the province. Montreal and (Quebec ; were also incorporated as eitiivs. The gross revenue for the year amounted to X'20l,-i--, and the net income to ; i.'ll'.).lt(H. The arrivals from sea were LOU! vessels of 2(pl.2l8toiis ag;;regate. Tin; population of the two ]>rov- I iiices this year, as estimated by tin; (^ui'liec J/iiiiiry, '. puts that of Lower Canada at C21,U0O and that of the ! i:pi)er Province at 271,amer " Roval I William." of 1.'570 tons, was launched at (Quebec this ' year, and began hir trips between tli.it ])ort anil llalil'ax in August ; she only ran two years and was then withdrawn, the enterprise not jiaying. The Chambly Canal was eom- meiiced this year as a government work, the company formed for the ]iiirpose of building it being unable to do so. The iinmber of emigrants this season was very large, amounting to upwards of .")0. 0(11). The (,>uiliec (,'ii:- cl/i', of 11th Novembir, is.'JI, in an article on the subject, says : •• The efl'ect of the transient emigialion on the jur- miiiii'ut inhaliitaiifs of Lower Canada this y.'ar, including the actual settlers of the description abovr mentioned, has liceii similar to the jiassage of an immense iiriny, much ex]iosed and ill-siipplied, and leaving the inhabitants to take cjire of .'ind pruvide for the sick, wounded and dis- abled, and bili'y their dead.'' I. — The l>riti>li iniii'stry. in spite of the refusal of the .V^Minlily to vote .1 perinaiienf, civil list, nevertheless in- (roihicid a bill this session relinipii>hing r„ni'i.s»i.,i,» m.-ui,,. the revenues derived under Act 11, Geo. t" Hi" Assumbiy. III.. Chap. 88, with the expe'ctation that being met in a liberal spirit, the Lower Canada Assembly would be dis- f rilTLK.S IllsroUV of THK dominion of CANADA. posi'il to 111" <'ini;i!ly lilii T.il. All ilif uricv;iiicf.s (•(mii)l;iincil : (5. — Tin" (Icimm of party spirit was now mi)re aotivt; Ily coiihidcrfd, ! tliaii tvir. Lord Aylmcr, in pron)j,'iiinj^ Parliament, liaii il III llic iiiiini'roiis I H-tltlolis Well' (Mlrlll il. as tar as po-sililc. itranti'd. .Iiiduis wen' dis<|iialili"'il slij.'litly cciisuri'd tilt; A^scmliiy Cor not iiii siltiii;; in lillirr tlic cxrciiiivr or LcLri^lalivi- Conn- |ia>>iii;^ tlii' civil li^t, and tliis was niat in M.>nir.-:il. lliiin from llio artMia of political strife, .-iiid tcndin;,' to tli- priv ii(;:(s o f the n< irniij with liolli sides, French and illiifv .'ind elevali til.' I> The contnd of the .lesnit F, mulish, — for il hail conic down to;,lino>t astrii't clJlTi'iciic e>lat(! was handed tiMV to the Asseiiilily. so that their of races, — were violent in denini'iation. the former itrveiiiies eonhl he ilevotpccially ; they inveighed again.-t evi'ryiiiiiij: F.nirliNli, that liodv de--iied : ami all the pi ipal |)oints tin; As- ! aii that the As>eml)ly woid 1 he rcasonalde, and the allairs of A-iati<- cholera was then ra;,'iiiK in Knuland.'t was hronuht the province conducted in a poaceaMo and orderly nniuJKT. ! over liy tli<' inimij;rants and spn :iil with f;reat rapidity .'». — l'arlia\iieiit met, aiiaiii on the I.')th Novcmlier, ' carrvin;' olV tin ids. Th lis was mad ■ a ''lievance o f li\ IH.'il. ami the lions., at lir-t seemed satislicd with the tln' Flinch party, and the Fiiuli-h were hlained for hriiiu'- re>nli of ihcir petition of i^rievancps, and in^ over the cholera, and n-oliilions were pa»ed at a .Vs-.ivnlilv ii.it . V.I dispo-.ed to meet the Ilonii! irovern- ! nieetiiii,' held at St. t'h.i, ics, that Fnulaml should he- In !.| ineiit in a conciliatory spiri it ; hilt its ill! for the loss of life. The hitler feeline. whi.li iviie' stronirer. iinfortiniatelv had an on- very first a"t put il in direct conflict with the Home was daily i,no\\ aiilhoiiiies, and showeil that it was f.ir from haviiii; any porinniiv of di.--plavini; itself this snninier in -Montreal, intention of ahatiii;f any of its pretensions. On passing ! There was an election to (ill a vacancy in Monlnal \\'e«l, till' act providiiiir for the indepciidence of the jiiil;res hy and Dr. Trace v and Stanlev C lia:.';; were the caiidid.itc^ ; makiiij^ their a|>poiiilnients for life.it was onleied that the excitement was mo-t intense, and on the last day of the tlifir salaries bo paid out of the '• carnal .iml territorial " election. I'lst May, l.'^.l"-'. the jiarli-ans of llie two cimli- revemie w liicli had ii'it lieeii conceded hv the Urilish dates i'r< violent that the militarv had to he called Parliament, hut reserved jnincipally for nieetini; the mit. and, after trving in vain In disperse the nmh, fired on pension li>t, and the support of the Clinrch o'' Knirlaml. it. killing three and woiindiiii; two. This added fuel r le :;.)v.M'n.)r siilimitted a permanent civil list, lixiiij; to the lire, and ^rieat etTorts Were mai to have I,t.-C'( the uinoimt at !'■'). '.Mill. This cmhraci d the salaries of Afacintosh. who coininanded the tiiMi|is, indicted fi tl le i;overniir i fl..')(Ml). his secretary ( £'."i<)()\ provincial ninnler. Inil the ( Irand .Iiiry liroui^l.l in •• 111 hill. secretary ( £ lli(l). atiorn.y-ueiieral t £.")(HI>. and .-oliciti ;;encral ( I'-JOO). Tli.' Ilon-e considered tl -I'arl le matter once id i.im.'iit met .auani on was shiirllv aft v alter se l.'ilh Nov It di ■r. l.s: iwn floln llle ill cominitlee of the wlnde. and rose without rcportinir. ;:ovenior, einliodvin;; a dispatch from which was tantainoiint to refusing; to make any jirovision. Vi-ciinnt (■odeiich, coloni S.'^.i.m Is"'.'. riH' sccretarv. Till stimatiN for the year wcie passed, after heili;^ re- | : giviiiLT the Knyal assent to the diiced ahout i'D.OOIt, and a hill to npe.il so much of the |. bill of List session, and rei|niriiiu lliat i i fiiliire the snp- AsMiiil.lv p.iiii.'!! i.>li.i\>- liice.iiiii.'il m:iil.' rl.-*tiiv.'. tin roil •titiitioii.d act of IT'.M V ssed iinposin;; a tax on masters ot vcss. as related to ('leriiy Reserves i' ])ly hill should state all the i/r/iis to which ihe anmiiil 1 sked for was to he annlied. This was irranlinu' what I . : .1 lor tor \ears. .V ' introduced, liiit not carried tliroii;;li. A hill was also Is 1 iri;ii;iii;; out liirrants at the rate of one dollar per head, to pay for dical (r.ire, and to provide a fiiini to assist those who the Assemlilv had heeii clam letition to tl le crown was ait ouncil he inaile cieclive. u hh'h ;;re in nei'dv eircuii^taiices. The lions )ro:.fUed that it rejected the sup-.lv ■22d Fehruarv. 1X^12. ass. 'lit liein^.' ui\ en to sixty threo i , Ibaise aiiaiiist the pel . and a!, ilion of the ipleil, pravin;.' that tin so incensed that IIoii. o nieiiioriali/eil tli< Assemh hills, and nine — iucliidiii,' the supply hill, iind the Indepeii- j; Slanli deiici! of .IlldiTi'S Act — hein^ reserved for his majesty's li to niakiiiLT the Council elective, and hinted that the ix- I'crelary ol slate lor llie colonies, w.as op| i r le ceiisiis ri turns laid on the table this ;; istin;;dis ions in Lower C.in.ulamii; e. .V nil year irivi' llie popnlalioii of the jiroviiire .is ."id l..")'.tH. of 'j in ihu charter of th;it provini whom 270.1 I'.) were in lli' District of Montreal. Durinjj j petitions from Uichelieii. ( hanihly ami ill;' sessioa tin; r,,ejrislali\ e Comieil caused the ar d receiveil, as a ho fr imniisonment er of L I'll •\anci> 1 (1 her pi: ce s Were th ! subje ■t of the 1 he tiiii e oi the re Ihe 11. Ills e that e. . whic 1 ■aused S. veral •• pa ssaices 1 the Coiini il and now iiiorc iictivi' ', l':irli;iiiu'iit, li;i(i >t I'lnly spirit. |-|, . I' I'Tdiiiaii' i'l!il,l_v. I,,,r,| ■'^- "as ii|i| mI I lliat llii' ix- '! ■aii 111 a iliiii^',' ■!• Ill' ;;i'ii\aiici; ,; II' places wiiv Mlljjcrt 1)1' llii. ' liili,' ij' lln' !'■ llmiM' that ; "liiili caiiMil ■I'al •• jiassairos !■ ('t)iiii(il ami LOWER CANADA— GOVKHX.MENT OF GKNKRAL LOIM) AYLMKH. 37;] ^'DVcriinr tonk |)Ian' (Iiiriiii; tlii! st^sioii, ami it ilaily I»'- raiiK^ inori! ami inorr iviilriit tliat tin- j^rcaiiT ilic ronns- si,)iis inadi' to till' iiii'imi' iimly liy liic lliiine govoniiiu'iit till' iinatcr woulil lir il-- cxai-tioiis. •S. — I'ai'liaiiii'til iiu-t a;.'aiii (III Till January. l.'H.'i I. am! it ! was at iim-c i-viilciit that tlii> I Iiiiisi; wi>iil I otiii-i- l)ii>im'~s liiit its •• i.'ii,-\aiiri-> ; " ami j Siw:,.!! is:M. 111.' ill,, liair tlii-ral ul' Liiril Slaiil,'\ llial ill,' ••iiiih.|v-l»,>" :.•*.- • 1 1 ■ I 1 luiiiiiii. cliaiti'r III till' pniviiice ri;;lit I Iiaiij,'ril, i;avi' iiii'at i)tVili>i'. so that almost tin' wliiili' si'ssinii. whirli la>ti'il to iJSili Maiili. Was orriipicil in pissiii^ " niii,'ty-t\vo rcsoliiiiidis," chii'tly iliawii up liy r.ipini'aii. wliii'li finlirai'i'il i'Vitv known ami iiiikmiwii <;ri('vaiirt' iiiili'r whii-h tin' Assi'inlily lalioii'il, oi- lamiiil il ili.l. I't'tilions liascl on llii'sc rcsoliiiions wirr iiit'sciitiil to till' ki nix 'I ml IIi>n~i's of i'arliainrnt. tin' one to iln' riprim-i- lliioii:.'!i till' ;.'iiVi'i'iiiir, tin isr to till' lalli r lliiiiii;di .Mr. \'ij;i'i'. Nil supply liill was passnl. hut the ii-iial appi'oprialiiuis iiiaili' till' pnlilio works, rhai-ilirs. iVi'. On tlii' 'J-'liI .laniiary. I tlii^yiar. ihr ('a^ili' of St. Lewis, which hail liccn used as ill,' roidi'iiri' of the jiovi'inors for upwards of one hiiiidred and fifty years, was accidentally (K'stroyid liy lire, and has never lieeli reliuilt. '.I. — Canadlaii all'.iirs aixaiii oi'('upi,.,l tin- .111111111111 of till' imperial I'arliauieiit .il its m-xt se>-ioii, and " a sihcl coiiiinittei' to impiire into, .iml report to i^ru';;!":;;;;!:'.;;,.- ""■ nnuM.. imw farihi'.rii'vauees.'oin- iiiiii,..' ,miii„,.li:m plain,.,] „i j,, the \,.,ir l.S'.'.S ||i,. part of I'i'i'taiii iiihahilaiils of Lower Canada, had lieeii redressed, and wlnilier the recomiiieiidations of the eiiminiltee which sat thereon had lieeii coinplied with," was ap|n>iiited, and as iiiauy as possible of the nieinher.s of till! previous " Canada Coiiimittee " re appointod. The ninety-two resolutions, and all other inatleis rela- ting; to the existinir liiHi.iiliies in the proviine, were ::iliinitli'd to this eiiiiiuiittee. which nniiilier aiiioii;;st its iiieiiiliei's Daniel O'Coniii'll and Sir l-jhvard I>ytliiii l>ul- wcv. The eoiiiinittee sat until od .Inly, ami report d. in elVect, tll.'lt every po>silile elV,il't had lieeii made liy the exei'iitivo to carry out the siiif^estions of the coininitlee of l.SJ.S, Imt that il had failed on account of the dilTiieiices j between the Council ami Asseinhly, and more especially ' on aceoiillt of the l'actiou~m'-s of the latter. Jleanwhile I iiiatlers were rapidly apprnaeliiii;j a climax in Low,'r Canada, and it was fell that it wnuld he iniiMis^ilil,' to : reai-li anylhin;.' like a satisfactory soluli,iii .>f the dilliiully I without a resort to arms. The I-'n mli pn's~ was imist rovohitioiiary in its tone ; and the simple Iniliihiiis were ililliii'iiced ill every wav to increase their dislike to the liiitish. The Kiijilish. Scotch and Irish inhaliilanls, on tliuir |iart, were eipially active in foriniiiiiassoeiaiions, and whilst the Home ijovernmeiit was still piideavoiiin; to settle the dilVereiices amicalily. liotli sides in Lower Canada were iirepariuj^ to appeal to arms. If. — The terms of Parliament Ii.'ninix expired, tlio jXeiieral elei'tioiis took place in Octolier and Novi'mlier. and resulted in still more sweenini' . . . ,. , . . ' '" ,S..K»i,.n ,.f l-r..-.. Nt ol L,pwer Caiiad.i ) nii'l on L'lst I'l In uaiy, IH.'!."(. and Mr. rapimall w.'ts a;.Min el. I'teil sp,aker. The ixoveriior explained that the r,a-oii I'arli.'imi'iit w.is called to;;etlier so lati was that he had lieiii aw.iilin;; iiistrii, lions fmiii the Home Uoveriiincnl ; and he also aim ce,| that he had lieeii iiisiriii'teii til advanci' I'.W.liiMl ,>iii ,if the military cliot to pay jiiiIl'cs, iV,'., who had luiii in jxriat distress mi acinuiit of no sujiply hilU liavin;; li,, n |ia~sed for two vear.-. and lie lio|)ed the amount wmild li,' at once refunded liy the Li'L'i- lalnre. Tiie Assinilily. however, was in .'i more nnciimproiiiisiinr liuinor than ever, and more exaciiie,' as to its pi'ivilej^es ; it passi'd resoliiiioiis deilariii:: the ceii- siire of the go\eriior at the |)roi'o;.'atiiiii a liieaili of privili'iie ; the ad\anciiiir nf fiimL nut of tli,' military chest liy ordi')' fif the Iloini' liovirniin lit wa> declari'd aiiotli, r breach of priviletje. The ,\s.seiiilily ,'ii;ain asserted its ri;;ht to control all the reviiiiies of the prn\ ince. and refused to pass the supply liill. An address was prepared d, rlarin;; that the great bulk nf lli,' peoph' desired the Ciiiincil to be male elective, and as sniiii' more jfrieviinces had been fniinil. sniiie time Was spent ill preparing an address to the king and I'ai lianieiit. specil'yiii'^ tlniii and asking bir their reiiiii\al. No public biisimss ,)f any imporlance was transacted )iy the House, wliiih adjourned se\,'ial days for want of a ipioruni, and on l.'^lli .March, Lord Aylnier prorogued Parliament, regretting in his speech that the House had not kept togithi'r. as he ex- , perted some important coiiiiiiiiiiieation from the Home | govei'iiiiieiit. II. — Sir Robert reel, on his accession to oHi"i' in IS,!.'), deteriniiied on appointing a cninmissinii to impure into the allcixed grievances in Lower ,. , , ', . ,. ,,. .Apr.oiniiiii'iM r.f 11 ( anaila ; liiiI Ins term ol ollice was so |{..;.:.i i'.,imiiis i,.ii I . I 1 1 ... I . I.. \ isit I 'Miiaii.-i. >liori lie had not time to carrv out liis iiilelilioiis, which Were. Iiowever. fiillllle,! miller the gov- ernimnt of his successor, Loi'il Meliioiiriir. The Lord High Coniiiiissioiier appointed was tli.' Larl of (iosford, and .Sir Charles (irey and Sir Geor;;.' (iipps were np- poiiiti',1 assistant cniiiiuissi,iiiers. to proci'd to Canada and make a full iiiM'stig.ition into the actual state of atVairs. Shorllv allerwards Lord Aylmer was recalled and the I'^irl of ( insl'onl appointed gnveriinr-in-cliief in Canad.i. Tlu! Karl of Gosfind and his brotlier coinmis- siiUH'i's arrived at (Quebec in H. .M. ship I'iijuc. im\ 2."id .\iii;iisl : and Lord .Vvlimr deparlid in llie s.'inie vessel on I "lb Sipti'iiilMi'. His lordship was preseuieit with addresses from lb,' liritisli residents of (Quebec, Montreal, Eastern Towiisliips and other places, and a grand bampiet was given in bis honor by the citizens of (Quebec. Jlis 'i: «! 'r 'M !-^|i| t;^ ': n I I 1h :> i ^' ilt : = i/- , :J74 TUTTLKS IIISTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. liiri|shi|i \v:is ;^ri';itly plfUscMl with C'iiiiMilii, iiiul showed hi* ;i|i|ircci.iticiii of thi' iulvMiitaL'fs of tlu! cliliiati' aiirl (•(iiiiitry l>_v icliiriiiiiii hcri- ami sfttliii;,' at iMmriic, E;isleni Towiisiiiiis. wiiure lie lias a line inodul farm. CIIAI'TKR LXXVIII. LOWKIl CAXAI)A-(;()Vr,i;NMi:N T ()!•' TIIK KAIIL oi' (io.sroiti). 1. AuKivAi, oi' L()i!i)fio.sF(»ui>. ]\roui". CoVCII.I.VTOin Mkasiicks. — 2. TiiK Assr.Mui.v Ui;ri si.s lo Hixoi;- NiZK Till-; KoYAi, Commission. No Sii'I'I.iks Vr>TKD. — ."!. Si:ssiov lrt;i(>. TiiK Asskmiii.y 1{i,soi.vi:s not TO no AXV IJffilNFSS fNTII, TIIK CoINCII. IS MAKK Ki.r.ciivi:. — I. Tiik Commissionkus Hkpout ad- VI-.USKLV TO AN Kl.KC'TIVK Coi'XCII.. — "(. LasT Sks- SION OF TIIK PaUMAMKNT OF LoWF.Il CaNAI>V. — Ci. 'rilK AsS|;MHI.V I'KliSlSTS IN ITS Pitl.TKNSIONS, ani> I'aki.iamknt is J)issolvi;i). — 7. A Kktuostkc- TIVK ( il.ANCK. 1. — The liiiii^ii iiiiiiistry was still disposed to act in a coiK'iiiatofy manner lowai'ils tlie Kiern'Ii Canadian inajoi- ilv. and wen; willing; to meet them eon- i Arrival i.t I.. r.l sideialilv more tlian half wav. if tlie As- it him, and endeavored personally lo uaiii some iiisiirlit into the alleged "grievances. 'I'liis I'anse iieillier eoneiliated the French nor plea.sed the liiitish ; and the party-leaders of the former lia"! '■'""- of concessions conlil please tlielll. .\c- inl.sii.n. No bu|i- 1*1 1 .' r.l II Itlii'M Mili'il, cordingly the lirst act of the Hoii^e was to ignore the Hoyal Coiniiiission and appoint Mr. Roebuck their agent in England, to press their grievances befoi'e Parliament. This bill was thrown out by the Comic!!, which so o.xusperaled .Mr. Pa](iiieaii that he openly declari d himself a repiililicaii, ami exilainied, in debate, '• The lime has gone by when Enrol oiild give inoiiar- cliies to America; on the contrary, an epoch is approach- ing when America will give republics to Europe." 'I'his and other viideiit language of some of the Assemblymen alarmed the Coiistilulional jiarty. and a volunteer rille cor])s was forine(l in Montreal, but di~bandecl by ordi-r of the governor, although it was well known that the French Canadians were being armed ami drilled. 'I'lie Assembly only voteil a supply bill bn- six months, which was thrown out by the Council, and again the execnti\e was left without supplies. The session, which lasteil until the 21st of .March, was occupied, as ii-nal. in pass- ing long resolutions on grievances, and making' iiillaiiinia- tory speeches ; and ihegovernor, in ])roroguiiii: Paiiianieiit, expresses his regi'et at the failure of hismis-inu. He said : " It is to liK! matter of sincere regret, that the olVers of peace iiiiil conciliation, of which I was the bearer to this country, have not leil lo the result which 1 hail hoped for. The coiisiMiueiiees of their rejection, and of the demands which have been made to his majesty, I will not venture' to predict." ;i. — The Ecirislalure met again on the 22il of Septem- ber, l.s;)(), but the .V-xiiibly was in no better huiiuu-, and the governor ('id not meet it in (piile so s.ssi..n i.f is:i(i. conciliatory a manni'r; he simply said ,v!l',,i\Vs' r'i'.'!i IimI.. that the Home government ch-iivd to give ;VmW '','', M''iTiV''''" tlm inciiiliers another oppniiunily (if re- ma.l.' ili'iiv.'. consi.leriiig their action, ami that he trusted that they would vote the supplies in the proper maniier, and also make provision for the money advanced from the military chest. In tli(! address in reply the Assembly did not re- fer to cither tile commission of impiiry or the supply bill, but coiitenli'(l itself with reiterating that tin- Legisla- livi' Council should be mat be entertained ; but that all reasonable demands had either been already granted, o; wi.iild receive due consideration. The Asseudily iigaiii indulged in ri'soliilions against the Legislative Council, the execulivi- and the judges, and at the same time vi'-tii- LOWKU CANADA— (lOVF.HNMKNT OF THE KARL OF GOSFORD. 37o tlii'ir cimijilaiiiN •'iiifiliatfil. Mr. •I'liil Mill (jf ,.s- I Ins.x I.I r.T..i;ni/.„ III.' I;. ..Mil i',,||i- i"i-i.i..ii. N,, «ii|^ I'li.-.- Uilr.l. lit Air. I{(M.).iirk nil' jiiicviiiH'r^ »ii out liy till' Ml lll.lt lie 0|)iiih iiiiiil, ill (Ii'liiitc. M ,i.'iv(! moiiar- "li is ii|i|iri)aili- l!lll((|IC." 'I'liis II' A>scinlil\ iiii'ti MiliiMti'cr i-iili. i.'iinlid liv (ii-i|i|. uiuuii lliai ill,. Ill ilrillid. 'I'll,. ; inoiitlis, wliiili I till- cxcciiliM. I. wliicli ]:i,tc.l ii^u.il. ill pass- lakiiiLT iiiflaiiiiiia- liiii; I'arliaiiiciil, lissiijii. lie xaiil : i.'it till' (ilYir-i of I' llcal'rl- lo lilis I liail liii|M.il I'lir. lit till, ilcmaiiiln will Mill M.iitiiri' 2'2il of .Scjitcm- ttiT liiinioi-, ami S..ssi..ii (if ts;iii. j Til.. A-s.-iiililv |. li'MiUrS M..1 ill .III liliv lnisin.-ss iiiilil III.' l'..ilM.'{| 14 mail., il.'.iiv... isted that tlicy .•iiiiiiT. am! also III! till' iiiilltaiy ilily iliil not ri'- or till' Mi|i))Iy ;it till' Li.H;isla- iriy in tin. si's- ■y was laiil lii'- iii' |)i'iMri|ili' of il ; liiit that all Illy ijraMti.(l, o; l.ssi.iulily ji;:aill l.itivo Ciiiiiiiil, lino tiinu viitii- allv voti'ii itsilf out of cxisti'iii'i' liy :i ri'Mihitlou that il wiiiilil not tiaiisai't any liiisiin s> until tin- C'oiiiiril hail Imi n niaili' flci'tivf. DisMiiution woiilil liavi; liri'ii of no ii-f, as tlie same iiRMnliiTs woiihl ii.ivu Im'cii rftunicil, ami the iriivri'iior simply |)roroi,'iii'il I'm-liaiueiit, ami niattefs rc- iiiaiui'il at :i ilcail-lock. -J. — The coininissioncrs having; inailr an claliorati' iiml ex- haustive rcjiui't to the House of Coininoiis, resolutions biiseil thereon were introilueeil in that hodv rii.' iiimniii ami piu'c- tarli'H." Till' I'liHtiiin.'K nf lilimit a liiwi'ii ninio an' niviii, Init llii> above will ilo a» a Knmiilu. Til llllli are n TTI.KS lllsroiJV OF TIIK Dd.MlMOX OF CANADA. Iiirtv li.ivc rcniMiiiii 1 iiilatt l()-t ilclli;iLr(ii;iU's, Wfrc tin >l t li.' Kij"li^ll :iiiii I'l'ilicll r:ii-i'>. Till' ili\ i>iiiii WM'' a liist ID (lixi't lliiisc tin \ li:til ilicilol hi lilnllidi 1 \VMtll fat:il iTior ; it ;::iV' lln' Frclu'li t'aiia an idia llial llir lnHir ni real ilaii^irr arii> I'a|>ilii'.';ii (iiiiiilcil (i]j till L ,(i\\ii- {'a;iaila was iiil'-ii Icil whiillv ami m.Ii'Iv lnr I that tiir F.iii:li>li. Iri^li ami Si'iitcli cinij.'i-aiil^ iiaij im riylil tlirii' ; that ii lli.y Maiiliij to cnim' li' Canada at all tlii'V (ii|;;lil til VI > III r|i|i'r (aiiaila. ami IimM' tln' I.nwiT I'ruv iiic'i' riiiiiilv a l-'rrm-li miinti v. iiuiniiially iiiiihr I'.ii;;li>li nilr. |in-lly iniiiji a-^ tin' Arailiaiis waiitfil to liavr .\ii\a SiMiia ii'Jiiaiii. I'iii' rjiimi ilrii'icil a-iimirr jii-t a> iiatuiiilly a- ihcy had in ru iinnalui'ally lurci'd liij;i'; ln-r, until tlii'y t'cai'lii'd that iniinani'iit drad-luiU wliii'h I'liitu- nati'ly I'Vi'imiaii'd in rniiii liiraiiun in l.S'i7. in^ti'ad nl' ir- lu'Uiiin, iij ill ls;J7. 1 ' (11 Al'll.i; i.XXTX. T.OWKK CANADA- Till; IJF.IiKI.I.ION OF 1s;;7. 1. 'I'lii. Ct.i i;i.v Oi'i'ii-; iitr I\i.\ m r i ihnakv Mnxi- SIINI. ■_'. Till I'lli.lNMM. Ill nil. SliiKM. I'lusr ( lll.l.l>|il\ I'll I W 1 1 N 1' \ I l; 111 IS AMI ( ll\^ I I I I llllN- All>r.-. .1. I'.Xi I I I.MI N I IN llillll 'i'liWN \Ml ( (lisiiiv l'Aiiisiii>. -I. Wauuam- Kill nil; Ai;- i,M-r <>i. pAi'iMAf AMI minus I>>ri.ii. — .'i. Ki -- III. (i|- 'run ri;i-iiN: i;s i i;(>\i iiii: M i i,i i \ i;v.— I'l. l'i!i;t'Ai;iMi to AiiMK iiif, I\~ii;i;i\i Cwii's. — 7. Till-; Fiiisi' IIni, M.iMi N I. N'trmitY im; nii. HiitKi.s. — S. .Mriini It m- I.iiiiinvm- Willi. — '.K \V' iiii.i:; i.i. l)i.Fi:.vis tin. IJi.i'.ii.s .\ i S r. CiiAiii.r.s. I —III. \'iriiiicv A I' Si. I'.i -I ai III . Di^iKii imN 111- Tli;. I'l.Arl.. — II. Till. Ill 111 I. -i I'll M> till! Mi.isrv AT Sr. lliMiir. Tin. I.asi- .\riiMiT. — IJ. Sisi'i.NsiiiN (i|.' nil. CuNsii I f I'HiN (if I.nwi u Can A HA. 1. — .Vl'ii-r till' di nlntiiiM 111" I'arliaiiH'iit llHTcwas lltth? thiiiiglit ol' a |H'ai-.'l'iil .^nliiiinn ul' tln^ dilliiaillir^ wiiii'h , till' a'iiJaliir- llad IiriL'Iitiind lo llnir 1 III' I'li'frv iili|ni-^.' tli.T..'V..|iiiiiM;uy trrcatr-l ih'iri'i'i'. I'aiiinrail and hi> t'ul- ni.'V.Mni'iii. • , , ' . , , . , , liiWiT-i li:|i| r;;l-i'il a ^ll inn W llH'll nilllil lint 1 111' ail.iv id w illiiiiil till' I'lTii -inn lit' iiliiiid ; and if thi' i|iiali- tily ^hi'd was riiin|iai'atividy Mpall, it Was not fur w.inl of j driiia'iu'_ri(. ni'iiiims III "l.iy ilnwii tlirir livi's un thi' altars uf llir'i- iniiiilrx ," th.at llir l'"i'iiii'li Canadians wcri' s|i:irrd, liiit iiri'aii-i' a jii'i'iilci' piiwiT than l'a|iini'aii was miw ar raying ilsdf against Iiiiii, iiiid, iil.su, lici'aiiM' tlir ifadcrs iiMi : malciial aid uf thr I'niiid Statis. ,a.- Wi II as tin- in>ii;nif- iramr uf till' iiiiniliir i)i tinM|i-~ in ihr |iiiivince, wliirh ainuiinti'd In aliiiiit ..niiii. and iNu lu iliu nun-iiitcrlcrriicr uf till' iitlii'r jiriiviiiri'^. In all tlir^r rali'iilatiiiiis hi' was iiii-laUrn. and his wild si-hi'inr was viitiially dii'i-atrd In- liiri' it had ai-tiially rnliniiialid in (i|i('ii I'l'liilliuii. During; tl arly |iiirliiin uf tlir aiiitaliuli the cli i;,'y had favuiiij llir iniiM'iiiriil, nut always u|irnlv, lint im diiiriniiird stand had lii'i'ii takni against it; liiil imw. whin tlir p.ii'-ts fully rrali/rd llir c.Mint tuwhiili ihr party liadriN wrir hiliryinu tlir pruplr. ilnii- rdnirr jiiduimnl pir\ aili d. and thry lir^an tu tliruw ihrir wrir|it ;,nil iiillmnrr aii'aiii^t tlir iniivriiirnl. Tlir iipriilv aviiwril rcpiililiran pi'inriplrs III rrpiililirani^ni. and pii^sililr annc.xatiun with llir Initrd Slates, alariiird tlir rrrlr>i;is|ir, whu had liii lii\r fur rrpniilirs :illd Iml lilllr nililidrln-r ill llic llulir-l iiilriitiiiiis uf thi Ainnirans. and liny thunuhl it lirttrr piiliry to rrinaiii as liny wrrr. pruirrtnl in llnir ri'.:his and lilirrlir-. than tu ri-k liulli hv lu~lrriii^ ami rnruiir- aginga inuvniirnl. thr iilliinatr ir>iill uf wliirli tin y luiild II I rlrarly srr. On thr -'llli Oilulirr, .M^ir. l.Mitiviir. thr Itiiinaii Cathulir Ui-lnip iti .Muniri al. i--iiiil .i in.iiida- iiirnt tu his iliiirr-.r ill wliirh lir siiiiiiLih cumliniiinl aiiv iii-iirrrrliiin.iry iiiii\riiiriil, and iiiL;id .^iiliiiii.^-inii ami iilirdirni'i' tu thr suvrl'i igii. Thi^ had cnii^iilrralilr i ITrri, ami the partisans uf I'.ipinr.iu visilily iimlid in ihrir aidiir nmlrr ii> inlliirnrr. ■_'. — All ihrniirli ihr l.iir siiinii'.rr and rarly fall a;.'ita- tiiin and prrparaliuii runliniird. •• .Suns of I.iliniv " wi-rr riiiull'd in .Miiiiliial ami ullirr plan s. . ■mil im t fur drill; wliiKi llir I'.iiii^li wrir mil idir, ;iiid i.iiinrruiis "Ciiiisiiinliiiii.il " (iriiaiii/.iiiiiiis wiir furimd. The laws Wrrr \irliially .siisprinlrd, t'ur the jiidiir-- and iii.aL'ist rates dai'rd nut prrfurni llirir fiinrtiiin^, and it wuiild havrhrni iinpu-sililr, ;iinni-l. tu prnriiir ;iii iniparlial jiir\. Niiin lirrs Iti iiiaL'i^trati s, inililia i llirirs, ami utiirrs lnililii;g small pii>iiiiiii-, ur ruiniiiis.-iuns iiiidrr tlir cruwii, wrni inliin.dalrd ililu rrsi;;iiiiii; ; and tu hr sii-prrlnl uf hrilig a •• liiirriinrrai. ''— as thr adlirrriiis tu ihr I'.ritish parly Wn';' rallrd — Was as had a- tu lir M|..pri|i d of liriiig il Tiiry was ill thr tinir uf thr .\inrriran irMiliiliun. Still thr ifuv rriiiin lit l iniailnd pas^iv r ; ;iis;iiinriil was no luligcr pii^-llilr; hill il did mil liUr tu laKr iiiil iali\ !■ liir;isiir('S III pill (luwii ihr I'rlirlliiin lirtiirr il had .'ii'tiiallv lirukni (int. and sniiir art uf liii..|iliiy li;nl lirni ruiiiiiiil tnl. Thr wail was mil a Inni; iiiir. ( )ii ihr I'lih .NuMinhrr thr run- trmllliL: farlinns (■;iliir ililii arlilal rii|li..iiili in thr strn'ls uf ."Miintrral, and tlir unllii'r.ak rr.ally hrgaii. .\ large ineeling (if llir " Suns uf l.ilirrly " was liring In Id in ii yard adjuining a salunii un St. .lainrs .Sirrrl ; and as llio i "Sons" Wire lea\iiig — full uf palriuti.-m and lieer — (hey i.i; llir i||>i^r||||'. '■ I'ldvilicc. wllirli • ll(lll-i||tcl-|V.|-,.||CC li'lllatiolis In; wiiK lallv (ii'lV.-ilcd III- •rill lliiiii. Diiriii^r iT.iiv li.'iii I'avdii i| t IK) will) had iiii '■!■ ill till' liuiirsi tliiiii;;lil il liiliiT I ill lliiii- iiLiliis filler ami ciiciiiii-- wliiili liny ((iiiM . .^I.Lir. I.arliiiiir. . i^Mirij a iiiamla- I'limliiiiiiril ai:\- >iiliiiii>-Iiiii ami li--iilr|-.llili'c ITict. riMijiij ill llicii- "■•■Illy I'all a;:ila- ii-* Dl' I.iliirlv " ■IS. Mini iiici for ■■iml MiiuiToiis iii'^'l- Till' laws Mini iiiairislralt's A iiiilil lia\i' lici'ii :il jury. Xmii I'lllt'l'^ lliildlLjir I I ' Ml' ci'DWII. Well' I I'^il of ia'ilii; '• I'|■ili^ll |iarty j ■l"l 111' liciii;,' a 'M'llllillll. .Slill III was III) |iiiiui.|. '■■ili\i' nii'iiMin's .■irliially liriikcn illllllillrd. 'I'lio \ i'IiiIhi' lilt' I'lin. I ill till' SllTI'ls 'V'lii. -V liiryo I'iii.ir lull! ill u 'I'l ; ami as llio iml lir, !• — llii'V I'iMlf? ill li- 1 !l \\ I 1 i:r ■INI ! r ■|l! ill K.T.i la ir LOWKll CANADA— TlIK liKBELLION OF 18;J7. 377 I'lic'iiiiiiti'i'i'il :i siii^ill Ijiiily of tlio Diiri<; C'ldli, :iiiil :i lice ' li^lit I'lisucil, ill \vlii(!li .siii'lvM uikI stitiius were linly umiI, :iiiil :t U-w jiislul sliDts liifd. At lir.st tin) Sons of LiliiMty, who wiTi! more tl'.aii twenty to one iig;iiii>t tliuir oppo- | iM'iits, (li-ovo iho Doric Clul) before tlifin iiito tin; St. ' L.iwiviicu Siilmriis ; Imt tin; Iiittor, buin'.' ruiiiforctjcl, re- i tiinn-il to tlie figl't, wiioii the Soiw of Liberty ij'iickly ili>.i;ij)c:inMl. ;!. —Anxious for r('t:ili:Uioii, the Dorics now entered tlio ■ liimsi! of ii Mr. idler, wliert' tiie .Sons of Lilicrty met, anil , , , took from tlit'nc(! three ''iiiis ami the Mxcii mont in liotli _ " i I...VI1 iiiiil luuiii y 11,1^ of the Society. Jlr. I'lipineau's i'"'"'"'*- 1 -1111 I 1 ' house was coiisideralily ilania:,'i(l, anil tlie olliri! of th(! ]'ini/icilli)r coiiililftily sackiil. The liiiu|is were all ordered niider arms, and the riot ai'tread; 1 liiit no other act of violeiiee oceiirred llieii, and tin; I'eel- iiiLj siili-.iile(i a little. Althoiii;h the excitement was not i no !;i'e:it in (Quebec a-) in Montreal anil in tiie country ' |>:iilslies aloiij; the Iticlndieii, still it was considerable, and ! on the I 1th November the ;;overiior caused liie arrest of several |iersoiis *'or seditious [iractices. Tiiree or four were conlined in jail for a few days, and then liberated on bail. Tin; inaj,'istrates of Montreal issued a proclanui.- tiiin forbitldim; the assembliiii; toj;elher of liodies of men for drill, anil jirohibitin^ "a!l|inblie nieetin^s and ]iro- ce.ssions which are ot ii nature to disturb the public peace, I and callinif on ail loyal and well-disposed citizens to ali- staiii fniin acts wliieh are likely, in the present excited state of public feeling, to endamrer the jieaee of the city." Tin; maj^istrates of (.Quebec shortly after issued a similar |ii'oc'laination ; and a new commission of tin; peaire was issued for tile district of IMontreal. whieh removed sixty- iine m:iL;istrates wlio wiM'o sus|iecteil of eiiher favorinj,' the reliel cause, or of being rather liiKewarm towards the 1,'overninent. ■I. — .Vboiit this time bodies of armed men began to assem- ble in the Montreal district. ]iriiicipally in the neighbor- hoods of St. .lolnis and C'hambly; and Wiirriiiits fnr tin; (ir- .,.,,,,,, i i i " i r.si.if I'apiii.imiiiul Sir .John Lolhorne, wlio had spent tlie summer at N\ illiam Jleiiiy, hxed Ins liead-iiuartors for the winter in iMontreal, at whieh point all the tro!)ps that could be spared were being concentrated, including th ise sent dow. from Upper Canada by .Sir Francis Head, who, although expecting a rebellion in his own province, determined to trust entirely on liis militia, and let the few regulars go to the assistance of the sister province. New Hruiiswick and Nova .Scotia also lent all their assistance, and volunteer troops of cavalry, artillery and HHeineu were formed at Montreal, with the consent of (he governor, and (heir ranks sp lily lilled up. The governor luiw determined to tak(> action against some of the ringleaders amongst the "Patriots," and, on IGih November, warrants were issued for the arrest, on a charge of high (reason, of Messrs. Andre Oiiimet, J. Dnbuc, Framjois Tavernier, CJeorgo Do IJoucherville, Dr. Snnard, J. Leblaiic, L. J. I'apinean, Dr. O'Callaglian, T. .S. lirown, Uodolphe Des liivieres and Ovide I'erranlt. The live last got information of the issue of the warrants and made good their escape, going in the direction of the liichelieu district, — where the masses were ready for iu- btant rising. — and the others were arrested and put in jail. a. — On the ev<'niiig of this same day, ICth Novendier, the first armed resistance to the law was made. Lienten- aiit Krmatiiiiier, with eighteen men of ., , ' , , , , Itppcilonf two|)riii- tne Volunteer cavalry was despatched ..n.iw from tliu to St. Johns to arrest two men named "" ' "^' Davigiion and I )eniarav, which purpose ihey aecom|)Hshi d. and arrivecl at about a mile fioiu Longnenil with their prisoners, wlien they came on a lioily of about two Iniii- dred and lifly nn'ii, jiart of whom were armed with rilles and inii~ket.s, posted behind a fence, who opened lire on them, and, after wounding the leader and live men, suc- ceeded in rescuing tlie prisoners. This rescuing ]iarty was under command of Dr. Kimber and 3Ir. 15. Viger, of Cliainbly, ami its saeeess greatly elated the insurgents, who now thiiiiglit themselves invincible, and Hocked in great numbers to the villages of Deliartzcli (St. Charles) and St. Denis, where Jlr. T. .S. IJrowii and Dr. Wolfred Nelscii conimanded. These jiosts were selected on acemint ot their favorable position for keeiiiiig opim commnnicji- tion with the I'nited .States, from wln;iice Papineau ex- |iicteil a great deal of assistance, partly on aeconnt of the ill-feeling existing between England and the United States about the Maine boundary (inestion, and also on account of the large iimnber of men out of employment in the lat- ter country caused 1 y the panic of that year. G. — Meanwhile the loyal inhabitants in the eitii's were Hocking to arms ; the Montreal /ft'rali/ <>( 2jtli November savs : "The news from the coinilrv , ' , , . . . , ,' I*r.'|»ariii"I..altJW'k has converted tins city into a barrack, tiu' iii«urK«iit All th(! wards arc armed, aii.l the vol- '""'"'' uiitei-r brigades have pretty well comph^ted their organi- zation." To show that no half measures were proposed, we (piote the following extract from an editorial in the same jia]ier: " For a state of peace to be maint.-iiiKMl, we must make a solitude ; — the French Canadians must be swept from the face of the earth. * * * It is sad to re- llect on the terrible conseipiences of rebellion ! to think ot the utter ruin of so many human beings, let them bo innocent or guilty. Nevertludess, a necessity exists that the law's KU])remacy be niaintained, that the integrity of the em|iiro be respected, and that peace iind prosjierity be assured to the Hritish race, even at the cost of the entire French-Canadian jieople." In (Quebec the loyal feeling was also very strong, ami two companies of light inl'aiitry and two of rilles wen; formed. A forward move- ment was now determined on by .Sir ,101111 Colborne, and Colonel Gore was ordered from Montreal with two bun- i;: fur llicv Dfiiis, a (listaiirc ol (livd iiifaiitrv. a parly of voltiiitccr cavalr} and tliivf jiiiiis to atta iiiiive down llii' IticiuTnil from Clranilily aj.'ainst St. C iiaries. Tlic two jioints of attaeiv were aliout seven miles apart. 7. — Tile troops imder C'oloiK 1 (iore were eonveyed froiil Montreal to SonI Ity lioat on '.'■.'d Noveiiilter, and landed alNUil ten o'eloek at ni;:lit, when at once advanced towards St. sixteen miles. Tile roail was very l)ad, tlie weal In r rainy, with sleet and a lillle snow ; the mud and sln^h was more than ankle di'ep, lint all iiiLrlil llu! men kept on, and alniut half-past nine o'eloek found themselves near St. Denis. I)r. Nelson had lieen appriseil of the intended moveim iils of (ion- and Welherell, liy the capture of Lieutenant Weir, who was takiii<; dispalilies to Wetlierell, on the previous iiii.dit. Tlu' (loctor showed iiotli skill and eniir:i;;e as a revolution- ary leader — which is more than can he said of I'.ipineau, for he ran away from St. Denis sis soon as the reil-<'o,ii> appeared, and left his countrymen to lie.ar alont^ tin; pen- alty of the folly into which he had led tlieni. Nelson posted his mer. very advantaj.'e(iii-ly in a larjje three- story stone huiidiiii;, which had hvx'U used as a distillery, and which was flanked hy other houses filled with armed men. The iiisurijeiits had not asullicient nninlHrof mus- kets for a!! the men, and were short of aininu.iiion ; hnl they fouirht bravely u hI determinedly, ami with lietter leaders mijihl have i.'i\en much more tronlile than thev did. Captain Markham. commandini; the skirniisliini; parly ^ij^ht company of the .'Vid), commen I firing at at the stone house aliont 10 o'clock, and his lire was warmly returni'd. In a (|n;irter of an hour lie hail re- ceiveil four wiiunds, and several of his men were also Wounded ; Colonel (Jure then ordered up a li,!j;ht hrass field-piece he had with him, and opened fire on the stuno house, hut with little tITect, and aliont half-past two he ordered a retreat on Sorel, having; lost six men killed and tiMi wounded. The loss of the insuri,'(;nts was thir- teen killed and a lunnher womided. This second ;ind de- cisive victory caused ^I'neral rejoicini; amonj; the lehels, aiid many liocked to the haniiers of their chiefs. The rap- idly approachiiii; close of laiviiration, and the impossihilitv of any larije hody of troo|»s arrivinjj from EnghnKllieforu spriniT, together with the certainly of assistance from the United .States, raised their hopes j,'reatly, and they fondiv trusted to estahlish " Aa Nttton Canodieniie " hefon^ tlio winter passed .away. Hopes which were to bu very .short- lived, however. H. — In his retreat Colonel (iore was forced to abandon his lield-piuco and live of his wounded ; the latter were taken care of by Dr. N'clson, who treat- tou.iiit Wi'ir. 0(1 them Willi llu? Utmost kindness. Very tenant Weir, of the .'til reiiincnt, who was most foully and cruelly nmrdered on the morning; of the alt:u'k on St. Denis. The followini; ai uiit, by l,i>'iileiiant (Iiif- tin, of the same rci^iiir.'iit. relates the story us ho learned it on the spot, when he ri'covered the body on -Ith IK'- cember: " Lieutenant Weir was sent by land, from Mon- treal to Sorel. at dayli'.'ht on the morninj; of the L'l'd November, with dcspatclics for the oHicir commaniliiijr at that |)ost. direclin;.' him to have ihe twi companies nf till' Cilith re;;iment. under his command, in n adiness to meet a force which was to be sent flolli Montreal iiV hteainboat. at '2 I'. I\L on the 'JJd, under the iiiinmainl i.i Coloiii I (iore, to arrest some individuals at Si. ( harle>. The ni.ids were so b,id that Lieulen.-int Weir, who tra\- ellcd in a cali'che, iliil not arrive al Sorel iinlil half an hour after Colonel (iore had arrived from Moiiln al. and marched ofT with his whole force io Si. Charles rln. Si. Denis. Kiniliiitr this to be the case. Lieiiien.inl Wiii- hired a fn >h c:il(-ehe at Sorel. with a ilri\er named |,:i- valh'-e (whose deposition hi-; since bei n received), and started to join the troops. There are two par.illel roads to St. Denis, which converu'c foiii' miles from St. Ours. By mistake Lieiileiiant Weir took l\w. lower road (llie troops liavinj; man-hed by the upper), thus he passt^d be- yond the troops oil their line of march, without seeinji them, and arrived at St. Denis about 7 A. M. His ex- pression of surprise at not seein;: ,aiiy soldii is on his ar- rival at the vil!a<;e, was, I am tnlil, the lii>t iniinialinn Dr. Nelson had that they were on their march in that diieetioii. I'reparatiniis wi'i'e then made to op|i(i-.e dnir entrance into the villa^'c of St. Denis (w In re, in fact, no op]iosition had been <'xpecteariif.l l"ii|y (III hli I),.. Iiiiil. from M,,||. ii'iiirii; (if th,. 2:.'.l liri r (•iiiiiinaiKliii^f " 'oiiiiiaiiics of 'I. Ill liadiiH'ss t.i ■ii'ii .'Mdiiliial la r tllr riiiiilllallil 111 •* Mt Si. ( liallr- ^Viir. w In, ti:n- 'I'l iiiilil hall" an 111 Miiiill-ial. aii'l ■ (iiarlrs rill. Si, l.iiiitciiant Will- 'lri\cr riaiiicd I,,,. I'll rcccivcil). ami »o [larillrl i-iia.l, ■^ IVdiii St. OiiiN. Inw.r road (i|j,. 111^ 111' iiasscil 111- I. Willldllt SCl'ill^r A. M. J lis ,..v lldil IM Oli Ills ;||'- ' ' lii^t iiiliiiialiiiri I- inarrli in that f fi) ()|>)l.)s(; (licii- vliii-i-, ill fact. Ill) VSIlIt IS kiKlWIl. and il.(s,.|y |>iii I 111' \\as ordci-cd ll'llllt. |V. .. )||(,|, I'l -I diivii, a lad fill, to l)f taken fadaiiii' Nyoiti-'s tlic liands Willi INK! so |);iil|fii|. •"Ill, that, lie in. "II tlicir iirinsr ii'diaiis, and In- <^i! iindor it ; In; "ik clVcct in Ills ire tlii-.iiiir|| till) f tlic ii.MJy; li,. II 1>V tlu; ^lia|is 1. ivd." lati'd lli(3 insiir- vs \vlu"-(! "Gfll- W.ili.r.ll ,I,.f,.«i8 llii> r. tills ni Si. CliiirlL's. L()\Vi;U CAN.VD.V— TIIK UKIiKLMON OF 1S37. 37'J liiiii. Brown, in an acroiint writti'ii foiirtoiMi years after- uaiiU, Miy> tliere wen; "one hnmhi'd and nine;" lint as lie fan away Ix'fori! tlie ai-tion iH'gun, and as tliere were iiiiwards of one lininlred and tifly killed, and over three liiiiidred and tifn woiineiiilili.d at .Swanton. \'erin.mt, under eomiiiand of 1{. M. S. IJoiicliiiie and others, and invaded Canada liv way of St. Arniands, lint were promptly met and driven hack by the Aljssisipioi mililia. iiiider coinm.ind of Capt;iin Kcuipt. and lioachrlle captiiieil. .Meanwhile ;' larj;!! iniiiiiier of in»iirL'cn|.> had asseinlilcd at St. lCuslaci|i . nineteen miles iiiirlh-west of Montreal, under comm.uhl of one .Vmarv (iirod, who ha.iirecteil disi ;s. and the simple people, now dirifcted by tlii'ir priests, m.ide jirotestatioiiH of most unliounded loyalty. Mcanwhili' the fu^jitives in Vtrmoiit collected for the ]>ur|io>e of invasion, ami on "iisth I''ebriiary. I.h.'S.H. about six hundred erovsed the fron- tier, under the leadership of IJobert Xelsoii. brother of the doctor, .and a Dr. Cote. They had fifteen linndreil stands of anus and llinc lield-pieees, and endeavored to incite another ciilbreak; but they weie speedily driven back by the militia ind Komi^ rei.'ulars. and the I'niti.'d Stales general, Wooi, eoinpelleil them to lay down their arms. \'2. Lord (losford had asked to be recalled, and his re- ipiest was <;ranled. he leaving; (^ueb n l-'illi .lannary for Hoston, :iii I Sir .lohn Colborne ad- Sll>J;'i.nsliiii i.f ]lii' ministered till, ivil as well as the mili- r..ii-iiiiiiii.iiiif l..iw. ... . . rr eaiiailii. tarv power until the appoiiitiiieiil ol an- other yovernor. An ad su-pimlin;; llie coii^litiilinii of Lower Canada wa> passed in the imperial I'aili.inieiit early in February, .and at the same time the Fail of Dur- ham was a|i|iiiiiili'il ;_'ii\eiiiiir-ili-eliief and " In r majesty's lii'^li ciinimi^sioner for the ailju>lmiiit of ciii.iin import- ant alVairs alVeelini; the I'rovinces of rppir and Lower Canada." 'Jlie sii-piiisory .'let proNided for the appoint- nielit of a " Spcci.il Coilinil " to take the place of the two Houses of I'arliaiiieiit, and this Ciiiiiicil — -cumposed of eipial niinibeis of I'reiieh and I'^ii^ili^h — -was appointed on ,'ilh April and summoned to meet at .Montreal on l^Sth. 'I'lieir first order w.is that all their decrees should take elTect immediately a^ tiny were ]iasseil, and their next to suspend the Habeas Corpus .\cl until the 1 Itli Aiiirust, to .allow tlii^ F.ai'l lit' Durham to .adopt more summary ineasiircs with tin' in^uriieiits, if he saw proper to do so. The distriels beinir now all perfecily ijiiiel. the niililia was allowed to leliirii lionie, and on .'!d M:i\ a procl.imation was is-iied abolishiii'' martial law. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i, ^ V /* V its /. ^l ^ 'A 1.0 I.I 11.25 l^|2^ |2.5 |50 "^ ■■■ ■^ 1^ III 2.2 iM 111112.0 1.8 U 111.6 V] * A 0; > '^ -> c> /'J /S^ Photographic Sciences Corporation \ sj ^\ 23 WiST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 6^ 4r V ^ % 11' il-l 380 TUTTLE'S HISTOHY OF TIIK DOMINION OV CANADA. CiIAPTEU LXXX. LOWKR CANADA— CiOVKUNMKXT OF THE EARL OF DLIUIAM. 1. — TnK Mission of tiik Eaul ok Dikiiam. — 2. Au- KivAi, OV Ukinkouckmk.nts. Inqi'iky into thk DisrosAi, or Cuown Lands. — '3. IJanisumknt of KlOllT I'AUrlCirANTS in TUK l.ATF. IvEIilCLLlON. 1. LoKi) Duuiiam's Couusk DisAi'ruovEi). IIk Re- signs. 1. — The Earl of Durham arrived at Quebec on the 27tli of May, IHIiH, and at once assumed the reins of jrovernmeiit. Ilis ])ro('laniation clearly F^uVol- om'imr.l.''''' ^^t forth liis Intended i)oliey. He said'- " The honest and conscientious advocate of rcfo'iU and of the amelioration of defective institu- tions will receive from mo, without distinction of i>arty, races, or politics, that assistance and eiicouragcnuMit which their patriotism has a rijrht to command, from all who desire to strengthen and consolidate the connection be- tween the parent state and these important colonics ; but tile disturbers of the public peace, the violators of the law, the enemies of the crown and of the Ihitish Em|)ire will find in in(! au unconi|)romihing opponent, de- termined to put in force against them all the powers, civil and military, with which I have been invested. In one province the most dei)loral)le events have rendered the sus[)ension of its representative Constitution, nnhapj)ily. a matter of necessity; and the supreme power has de- volved on me. Tiie great responsibility which is hereby imposed on me, and the arduous nature of the functions which I have to discharge, will naturally make me most anxious to hasten the arrival of that period when th(^ executive power shall again be surrounded by all tin; Constitutional checks of free, liberal and British institu- tions. In you — the people of British America — on your conduct and on the extent of your co-operation with me, will mainly depend whether that event shall be delayed or immediate. I therefore invite from you the most free, unreserved communications, I l)eg you to consider mo as a friend and arbitrator, ready at all times to listen to your wishes, complaints, and grievances, and fully de- termined to act with the strictest impartiality. If you, on your side, will adjure all party and sectarian ani- mosity, and unite with me in the blesseil work of jK^ace and harmony, I feel assured that I can lay the founda- tions of such a system of government as will protect the rights and interests of ail classiis, allay all dissensions, and pprmanently establish, under Divine Providence, the wealth, greatness and prosperity of wiiich sneli inex- haustible elements are to bi^ found in tliese fertile coun- tries," L 2. — Imm('(liately after the opening of navigation con- siderable reinforcements began to arrive from England ; the 2d battalion of the Grenadier Guards. , ,. ,.,/-,,, ,, AiTuiil of nin- 2d battalion of the Coldstream GuanN, •uid f.irc.incMis. in- S' .'cral other detachments of troops were i«wii of crowu sent out, so that all hope of successful re- bellion Would seem to be chim';rical ; yet some of the more violent jiartisans Iioped for anotlier rising which would prove more fortunate than the first, and the rehiis who had fled to tlu; United States, and who were joined by many Americans, continued to cause a feeling of anxi- ety along the frontier. His excellency at oiic(! turiu'd his attention to the nninber of prisoners ari'ested in <'oii- nection with the late troubles, and with whom tli(! j.iils were overflowing. lie caused a return of all such par- ties to be made to him, with the depositions on which they liad been arrested ; and also a re])ort of the naiiies of all parties iigainst whom warrants had been issued l)iit w'lo had escaped. He next dissolved the old Executivt; Council and the Council lately appointed under the Sus- pension Act, and appointed a new Executive Council, coii- sisting of five members. On the 21st of .June the go, - eriior apjiointed a commissioner to iiKpiire into the mode of disposing of crown lands, in which department there had been many abuses, in the way of granting large tracts to government favorites, who never improved nor intended to improve them, and who afterwards endeavored to dis- jiossess those who had "siiuaited" on and improved tlieia, under the impression that they were wild lands. The re- ])ort favored the s(|uatters, and recommended that they should be allowed the right of pre-emption. 3. — The (iiiestion of what to dn with the larg(! number of prisoners in jail on account of the late disturbances was a most embarrassing one , no French , , , ' . , , n.liiislnn, nt of jury would liavo convicted tliem — no tIkIm iiiiriiiijiaiiisiii * 1 . .1 • I / 1 till! l,itu reliclUon. matter wliat tli(! evidence (as was shown ill the cases of the trials of the murderers of Lieutenant AVeir. and a French Canadian named ( lintrand, tlw juries ai'i|iiitliiig in both cases); no mixed jury would h,i\e agi'(^e(l, and, it is exceedingly d.)ubtfiil whether any English jury would have done anything but condemn. To try by court-martial was contrary to tlii^ mission of Lord Durham, which was to restore the civil authority ; anil in tlu! dilemma the earl hail recourse to what was, undoubtedly, a very doulitfnl ])olicy, but one which gave satisfaction to the province. He induced somi; of the ringh.'aders to confess to having been engaged in ridiellioii, and to place themselves at his disi)osal, waiving all right to a trial. It was determined by tll(^ governor and Council to pardon all tin! minor ofVemlers, li:iiiish eight of the principal olVeliders to Bermiid.i under a penally of death for returning to Canada, and to threati'ii death to I'apineau ami oiliers if tiiey ri'liinied to Canada. Ac- cordingly, on 2lSth .lune, a proelainalion was issued Inili- • li- LOWER CANADA— THE KEBELLIOX OV 1808. 381 f iiiivijfiition CDii- 1! from Eiiai'li<'l|>aiilsin till! l,.(u ri'liiJIioii. rs of Lieutenant iti'aiid, the juries iry would have il whether any ,' lint coiidemn. < Ow mission of civil authority i •so to what was, Olio whieli gave ed some of the ged inreliellioii, »-aiviiig all right governor iind Icinish eight of ■r a penally of il'is'tten (lealli to > Canada. Ae- vas issued liMli- isliin" U. >S. ^I. Ijouchette, Wolfred Nelson, K. Des Revierus, I*. H. Masson, II. A. Gau'in, S. JMurchessoult, ,J. II. (loddii, and 1>. Vigor, and I'eleasing the other pris- oners. Till! hanislied (^iglit were taken from the jMontreal jail oil 7tli .Inly, conveyed to (Quebec by the steuincr CiiiKiilii, and tliene.! transported to IJermuda on II. JI. S. 4. — Tho high-haiulcd measurn was approved liy the English ministry, and generally eiidiprsed by the, ] pie of the province, some of whom feared more Lord Dnrliain's . , . , iipui-soilisapprovod. violent measures; imt it was strongly disapproved ly the English I'arllameiit, us a despotic assumption of power which was both illegal aid unjust. Lord IJrongham, in particular, strongly denounced it, and Parliament finally annulled the ordi- nance, although it, at the same time, passed a bill of in- demnity, shielding the governor and his Special Council from any jiroceediugs on account of their iiction, which it was felt had been prompted by the best motives, and with a strong desire for the public welfare. The earl paid a visit to the Tpp'''" I'l'ovince during tlu; sumincT, and on his return received tlu! goverii>rs of the l..ower Provinces, when tlio project of a confederation of all th.) provinces — somewhat on tlio plan of the pidicy adopted in 1807 — was considered, but not then acted (Mi. His lordship was extremely sensitive, and the censure passed on him by the English Parliament for liis ordinance of banishnieiit, greatly alTeeted liim ; he at onee sent in his resignation, and retiirneil to Enirlaiid on Jid November, kavinu Sir John Colborue as administrator. CHAPTER EXXXl. LOWER CANADA— THE KEHELLION OF 18;)8. 1. Tin; OtTiiUKAiv OF IS.'iS. Cai'tliu-. or Tin; IIknuv liitorciiiAJt AT I5i;AniAU!S()is. — 2. Rki-it.sk of tiih Lnslikiknts iiv Tin; LAi'itAiuiK Indians. — .1. Nf.lson Advancks to Nai'Ikuvii.i.i;. Puoci.aims iiimski.f PuKsiDF.NT. — I. Ki;iTi.si;oF Till-; Ri;iii;i.s at Lacoi.i.i-: AIii.L. — u. VicToitv oFTin; ^Militia at (/Dki.i.town. — 0. Tin; Rkukllion SirriiKssi;i>. Hitai.iatino on TiiK Insl'uoknts. — 7. ExKi'irnoN ()FTWi;i,vi': of tiii; Rkiiki.s. 1. — The mild policy pursued by the Ilritish govcrmncut with regard to the rebels of 18.'i7, so far from causing any ,,„ „ ,, , , fcudiliifs of iirafiliide, had rather the Tliu OHlliicuk of " " iKiis, ciiptuivoftlii' reverse ell'eci ; all'! the \i'rv leiiieiicv /A m-ii lUoiitihiiiH III .,,.,, , , , ' I i' lU'iiulianiolii, Willi which lllc'V lllld lieeii Irealed made the most vi(deiit partii-ans still entertain hopes of further resistance, and fancy that tli(> government was afraid to 1 iinish them. This desire fur another outbreak was fostered by a portion of Ainericans living along the border, and although proclamations had lieen issued by the gover- nors of some of the .States, no action against the rebels was taken, and tliey were allowed to continue their annoyance of the people of a frienilly power. Secret associations were formed and a more thoroughly orgaiii/eil insurrection than that of l.S.")7_ jilaniied ; the jirincipal iuo\crs being Sir. Robert Nelson and Dr. Coti!. The departure of tin; Earl of Durham seems to have been the signal for tlie out- break, and oh llii^ evening of the day he left C^iiebee (.'id November) the first act of open hostility took [ilace in the seiznri; of the steamer Iliiiry liniiujliiuu, at lieaiiharnois, by about four hundred rebels, who made her passengers jirisoiiers, and disaliled part of her machinery to prevent her proceeding to Lacliine. The rebels alsii tcidk posses- sion of the house of I\Ir. Ellic(>. made the ininates [irisoners, and captured sixteen stands of arms. 2. — The rising was geiKM'al throughout the whole Jlontreal district ; a, Mr. Walker was killed at Ea Eorliie, near La|irairie, and the Iriick of the St. ](,,|,|,ip,,„r n, .Johns lailway torn up f(ir souu! dis- tanc(!, wliiie carriages aad mail carts were sto[i[)ed. On ihe following morning (Sunday. Ilh) a party left Chateanguay for the pni'iiose of making a descent on Laprairii; to seize the arms and stores then; ; but tilt! Indians were thoroughly lnyal, and. on the alarm being given by a woman who had gone into the bush to look for a stray cow, that some strange men were a]iproacli- iiig the village, the men, who were at church at th(; time, sjirang to arms and rushed out to meet the intruders, who needed nothing more than the war-whoop of the Indians to put them to flight, and sixty-four nf whom were capliircd and taken to ."Montreal. Martial law was deebiicd on lib, and at a meeting of the Special Ciiuncil. held on lUli Xovcin- lier, the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended. A iiuinlier of arrests were made and tlii! jail at Moiilreal was spi ed- ily full. ;(. — At the time of the rising Dr. Robert Nelson, who commanded the marauders from the l'nile(l Slates, es- tablished his lieadi[uarters at Xiipierville, \,.is,,ii iiclvaniiM to wliere Ik; issued a ■• Declaralioii of In de|)elidenee. ai;d proclaim' d himself l'i'''-i'l''i't Provisional President of the lieimblicof Lower Canada." * insnr,':r!il ; l*y lln> l.aprainu liiiliaiis. Napiri'\ Mil'. prhw : "Canadv II; c i.aua riciN in' iMiF.i'ivMirNcr. " Wlii'rcns till' soli'iiiiic'ovi'iianl iiiailc wllli tlii' pi'opli' of I.owor I'aiiiiila, niKl ri'i'onli'il in lliii hIiUiiU' liook of the rulli'il Klii|.nloiii of (iival llriliiiii anil Iri'lanil, as Ilic ;ilsl. .'liaplrr i>r Ilic A.'U pass..! \-\ llio lllsl y i iir of ili,., ri'l'.'ii of Kliiit (li'orni. Ill'' llilnl. Imlli '"'''H '■onlliiiially \ lolali'il liy llio llrlllsli (luvuriiiiii'iil, anil our rlt;li!s usiirpi'il ; ami wla'ri'iis our liumlilc .._[] 'r„i :::;)!: l^i ill 'M-2 TUTTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. About two thousand rebels joiiii'd Nelson. Dr. Cote 1111(1 other iMsury;eiits did not enter Caiiiid:!, but kejit within till! United States, reniainiiij,' at I{ouscs I'oiiit, about twoiity miles I'roui Naiiierville, where the American petllioTis, mMri'ssi'S, prnti'Sts ami ri'iuoiistrniiri^a njiains! tlii.to iiijurimiH nmt iMifoiistitniioiinl inltTl'i'ifinos liavf lu'eii injiUf in \ahi. aiicl llio lirllisli (iovi'i'iiiniMit lialli ilLsprisi'il <>[ iicir ri'vcmu' willunit tlif I'oiii'lUu- ticinal I'liiiKiMit iif llic I.cii'al I.(';;islaliiri', |iilla);iil iiiir Ir- asury, airi'stfil yr<'at iiuinlu'n* nf our fiti/.«'tis. ainl i oinniitU'd Ihcm to iirison, tli>trit)iitfil thrmigli the (■ouiitiy a niiTi-tMiary nnii\, xslioso prt'^t'iu't' is arromiiaiiioil witli coiisUM-iiation anr. put down a Kovi-nnnt'ntwldrh hath almstMl tlio ohjrct and inti'iition for whii-h U wai* cri'ati'd ainMo niakti choico of that form of (jovtTiinn'nt wliirh nhall rc-fstaldlsli iIh- t-nipiri; of jusii-'c, assun' domestic traniinlllity, jirovidG for roniiiioii (U'fiMu'c, promoto gcni-ral ^'ood. and yucuro to ua and our puatcrity tlnj advantagus of civil and religious liburty ; " S()LKMNi,r Declahe ; "I. That f.om this day forward. I In' I'l-oplu of Lowor Canada arc ahsolvcd from all allc^ianci' todrcat ItrilaiM and tin) jiolitical oonnection t)etwei'n that pan and Lower <;anada is now tlissolved. '• -. That a KepuMiean form of j^overnim'nt is best Buitod to Lower Canada, ivhieh i- this day declared to he a Uepuldie. **e. 'I'liat under the frt'c government itf Lower Canada all persons Kliall enjoy the sann: rights; the Indians shall no |on;;er h ' nndiT any civil tliscpnilith-aiion, but shall enjoy the same rights n.\ any other citizens of J,ower Canada. "1. That all union belweeii Church and State is henOiy dcclareil to ho dlss.ilved, and every iiers.in shall he at liberty fn'cly to exereisj such religion or belief as sh.all be dictated to him by his cons<-ience. " ri. That the feudal or seigniorial tennre of land is hereby idiolishud as completely as if such tenure Inid never existed in Can.ada. "(1. Tluit each and every person w lei shall hear arms, or otherwise furnish assistance to the people of (.'anada in this contest for emancipation, shall he, and is, discharged from all debts, dues, or otdigat ions, i< alor supposed, fitr arrc'aragcs in virtin! of seignorial rights heretofore existing. *' 7. 'I'liiit the tti'iiiiin' cuofiiiiii' r is for the future aholishcd.-tiid [irohihitcd, "H. That iiuprisoiinient for debt shall no longer exist, I'xce; it in;; ii stn h eases of frtiinl as shall be speeiticd in an act to he passed hereafter by the Legislature of Lower Caiiiula for this purpose. " Jl. Th.'it si'iitence of death shall no longer ho passed or executed except in eases of murder. " It;. That mortgages nii lanilid e.-tnte shall ho special, and to ho valid, ehall be registered in ollices to he created for this purpose by nnact of thu Legisljiture of Lower Can.'ida, " II. Tlnit the liberty and freedom of the press slntll exisi in all pnlilie mutters and alTairs. " 11', Tlnit trial by jury is guaranteed to the pi>ople of Lower Camida in I its most extended and liliei-al sense, i . all crindnal suits ami in civil suits above a sum to he llxed by the l.i'gislature ot the .Stale of Lower Ctiiunla. " Kt. That as gciteral ami public education is n ssary, and due by the government to the | pie, au act to provide for the sami' sludl hi! passed as soon as the circuuistanees of the country will permit. " 14. ToseiMircIhe idctive framdiise, all elections shall he had by ballot, " l.l. That with the least possihle ilelay the | pie shall choose delegates, ftoeording to tin' present division cd' the country Into counties, towns, and boroughs, who shall constitute a convention or a legislative body, to esttihlisli a Coustitution acconllng to the wants of the i'ounlr\.and in cmiformity with the dispositiiin of this declaration, suhje'ct to be nioili- Ueilaei'or.iing to the will of the | pie. " Hi. That every inide person of the age (f twcnty-oue and upwards shall have '.lie right of voting ns lierelu provided, and tortho uluctloi' of llio aforesaid delegates. " I". Thai all I'rnini I.nndu, nlso sttcli ns are called ('Irriiji Vrsfrrm, and such as are nomitially In possession of a ccrtnin <'oinpany of lanilowiieis ill Kngland, called " The llrillsli Noilli .Vmcilcaii Land Company," are ot right the property of the State of Lowit Canada, except Hindi portion of the aforesaid laiuls as maybe in the possession of persons who hold the siiiuu ill good faith, and to whom lilies shall lie so u red and gicited syuipathizer.s '.villi the rebels fonned adejiot for siipplyiii<; tirnis, iiniiuiinition. iVe. It was very iiiiiiortaiit to Nelson tbtithis eoinnitinietitiiiu with Uoiises Point .should be kept open, iuid it was with no littli' altirni that he stiw thu loyal volunteer niililia of Odelltowii take possession of the .steam mill :it I,;i C'oUe, which out him olf from coin- munication with Dr. Coti'. A. — Dr. Cote fully appreeltited the itnpnrtanee, of gettiiij; possession of Liicolle IMill, and (letertiiined to niiiko tin iitteniiit to dislodi^e the Oilell- ' • 1 ' ^ 1 - 1 Uepiilse of the town men. On tln^ niollt ot tlie iHll rebels at Laeulle , 1111 T ^lill. •T, .scliooiier came, down the lake, .ind landed ii small cannon tiiid tiboiit two hiindn^d and iifty iiitiskefs at IJoiises Point, and the stime iiiu'ht about four hundred Can:idi;ins crossed the Uiehelieu Iviver at Albiiroh. tiiid took up their (|iiarlers between Champlain and Odelltowii, iiiid thence to Laeolli! tind N.ipierville. About nine o'clock on the morniii!; of the Olh this force, under Dr. Cote and (iaj;non, advtinced ai;ainst the militia- men posted in the mill at I.i;ieolle. Colonel Odell. who conimandeil llie militia, notilied iNIttjor Scliriver, of the Hemniingford militia, of the intended attack, and he came to his assistance. The rebels werc^ speedily repulsed with a loss of eleven killed and ei^dit prisoners; thei'e wen? a number wounded, but they escaiied across iho lines wdien the mtiin bod}' retreated. About four Inin- dre|>llIt'lM.f (ill. h r. II. Is itt l.iiiullo , Jlill. (1 vo luiiidrcd .■iMil anio liiijlit about iuliclicu IJivcr at WWU C'llMUIpliliu iuid iV.'ipicrvilk'. lie Gtli this force, raiiist Iho iiiilitiii- hiiirl Odcll. who Schrivcr, of the lek, and he <-anie pccdilj- repulsed jirisoners ; ijiere a[)(;d acrcjss the Vhout four liuu- uniitioii, and the 1. Iiad 1)((!U taking , anil en the (Jtli I " A-h-li.ryc.f ||„- l; iiiililia lit udt'll. ttlWIl. ) 's to advaniM! on ihariiois, hut Sir y two reiriiuents own, luider coin- i, and proeeeded lie Kepuliii(t of ti,i;ht place ; the )delItowii in his •lohii Colhorne ning foree. He open with the n lliii iiosfcHsliiii.nncl i as iiri) uiiilcr I'liltl- lii' usi'd In nil |iul)llo 111.' HUpili.rt (.f '.111! linn ii'llani'o on llir !■ I'ansi', wi\ by 'li.'su r forluiiuH, iiiul our ■:i.si)N', " I'mslili'iit." LOWEU CANADA— GOVEUNMliNT r LOUD SYDENHAM. 383 States, and for this purpose marched against the militia at Odelltown on the inorninjf of the J)th, having with him 800 men who were armed with muskeis, firelocks, &c., anil about 2.)0 who had only ])ikes, &c. The force of militia at Odelltown was only 200, but they had the small field-piece captured at Laeolhs, and were commanded by a brave and experienced oilicer, Lt.-Col. Taylor. This olHcer posted his men in and near the ^letliodist Church, anil made a gallant defense. The captured gun was in the square in front of the church and did great execution as the rebels advanced, but the militia were forced to abandon it, and retreat to the church. The rebels made several gallant efforts to capture this gun, but the heavj' and steady firi! of musketry from the church drove them back. The fight lasted two hours and a half, when a reinforcement of 100 militia coming up, the rebels broke and fled, part ba'-'k to Naiiierville, and the remainder across the lines. With the latter went Nelson — or rather a little ahead, for like the gallant IJrown, Papineau, and other rebel leaders, he thought " discretion is the lietter part of valor," and took the earliest opportunity to run away. 0. Sir John Colborno entered Napierville on 9tli, but the rebels had already evacuated it to attack Odelltown. On the same day as the attack on Odell- Tlit; rebelU.m Bin)- , , ,,.,\ r , i-.i •!• • (ir.iss.i.i. ii'talia- town, about 1,000 of the (.ilengarry militia, Una on Uiu insur- ..i . ,. .1 -., ■ . yunta. With some coni]iaiiies 01 the /tli regiment, crossed the St. Lawrence and advanced on Beauharnois, where they dis])ersed a small body of rebels, and released the prisoners captureil 011 board the Henry liroiiruiieau, about half way between Hoiicherville and Chambly, and they were (piickly dispt'rsed hy two companies of the ulith reginuMit, and so the second rebellion was suppressed in just one week after its outbreak. But tlu^fei'lings of the loyal inhabitants had been too niueh outrageil by two re- bellions within twelvemonths to rest satisfied with a mere dispersal of tin; rebels. Cries for revenge and reprisals were heard ; many of the loyalists had suffered much in- sult and injury from the rebels, and some loyal bloo 1 had been shed in putting down the revolt. Sir John Col- borne tried to prevent outrages and excesses, but lie could not restrain the militia; nearly tlu; whole mah? popula- tion of Laiirairie County had joined the insurgtnts, and bitterly were they made to repent it, for the torch was freely applied to the houses and barns of suspected rebels, and homes and provisions swept away. Whole families were suddenly reduced to ruin, and the blackened and deserted remnants of what h;id been happy homes for years bore terrible evidence of the ravagiw of civil war. 7 But even this was not suiricient. The loyal jieo- |)le felt that to the misjilaeed clemency of the Karl of Durham in banishing Dr. Nelson, Boiicliette and others, instead of havin<; them tried by Ixiiuiitn. ott\\iiii]iipii of the Iti'itisli iiiiiKirity ; but just .13 undouhtiMlly it was tlio ivversn of \vli;tt the FihmicIi Ciiiiiuliiiii majority dusiroil ; but that liail now no voice iu the control of tlio government of tlio jiroviiiee ; Mr. I'aiiiueau and his eolh^agues ha. — Having so easily aceomplisiiey some little manageuKint, however, the Council was ]iersuadeil that it was the nvasure most suited to the interests of both prov- inces, and a bill was therefoi-e, introduced and i)assed. I nnned lately on the receipt of information of the passing of i-csolnti"" greeing to union, by the Council of Lower Canada ; le Legislature of l'|iper Canada, Lord .Tohn Kiissell introduced a bill into the imperial Parlia- ment to giv(! the i)lan elTeet. The bill, .as introduced, provided for tlie creation of niiinici[)al councils ; but it InMiig olijectttd that that was a local unitti'r and shoiihl be left entirely to the local Parliament, the clauses were stricken out. Tlie priiici|)al provisions were tln^ assumj)- tion by the new province, ,vhich was to bo known as '• The Pi'o\ inc(! of Canada,' of the largo debt of Upper Canada, on the ground that they werti public works tvliich would greatly IxMielit Lower Cainula ; an eiinality of members for e.acli ])rovinee, and a permanent ])rovision for a competent civil list. The bill received tho royal sanction on ■2.'}d .Inly, lAU); but did not go into effect until the 10th Fei)niary, 1>! 1 1, which, by proclamation dateil the ath idem, was declai'ecl to be tho day on which tho two provinces, after a separation of fifty years, be- came one again. a. — Canada was now to cuter on her fourth experiment in government since the CoiKpiest ; i1r t, military ride ; second, th(> (Quebec ace of 1771 ; third, /«Tii'7S'uml'o'£t'i« C'onstitu;ional act of 1701, and di- ''"',''['""• '•"■■'' vision of the i)rovince ; and now a re- uniting of tho province to try whether the Constitutional Act, which had worked baiUy in both ])rovinces st^|)arately, would not do better if tried on tho }U'ovince reunitiMl. The experiment pleased some parts of till) population of both provinces, hut it was not at all acceptable to the French, who saw their great majority in the .\ssombly gone, an of the Province of Lower Ciin.ada as a sej)arate Province, until after the Confederation of 1807, we will close >;^i„os i.f tii,! this portion of our subiect with a list of «"f Hi" the gov(M'nors who administered the <»"'"'"• affairs of the province during its existence. Colonel Clarke, Lieut.-Gov 1701. Cleiieral Hobert Prescott 171t('). Sir U. S. Milner 17'.)i). Hon Thos. Dunn, Prest ISO."), 18]]. Sir J. II. Craig 1807. Sir George Provost 1811 Sir G. Drummond, Adminst 181."). Gen. John Wilson, Adminst 181 Ci. Sir J, Coajio Sherbrooko ISIC. Duke of Kiehniond 1818. Sir James JMonk, Prest ]81',i. Sir Peregrine Maitland 18-J(I. Karl of balliousio 1820, 18l'."). Sir F. N. liurton, Lieut.-Gov. ..... 1821. Sir James Kempt, Ailminst 1828. Lord Aylmer, Adminst ]8,'50. Karl of (iosford 18,"!."), Sir J. Colborne 18;J8. Karl of Durham 18;)S. C. Poulett Thomson (Lin'd Sydeiibam). . . Is:;;). CHAPTER LXXXTTT. T ■ PPKIl CAN ADA-GOV Kl{ \ M I'. NT O F COLONKI, J. G. SLAICOK. 1. — T'rn-.n Canaila, 171)1 — 2. Tin; Indian Sf.t- Ti.r.iis, TiiF. FiusT C'liiiicii 15i:i,i. i\riMM-.K Canada. — 3. AlM'OINTMKNT OF Coi.oM.T. J. G. SiMCOF. AS LlKFTKNANT-GuVFUNOU. Flltsr SlCSSION OF PAU- I.IAMF.NT. 1 I'SKFII. ACTS I'ASSKD. IvF-NAM IXU TIIK DlSTKICTS. — i>. Pu<)IfO(;ArTO\. Vl.SIT OF TIIF. DiKF OF Kf.xt. — (i. f!ovi:uNuit Simcoi:, Si'.i;Ki\(i a SiTK FOR TIIK CaI'ITAI,, Df.CIDKS ON ToKONTO. — 7. KaI'ID iNCUFAfH OF P( ll'l 1. \'ri()N. 8. (loVKU- ■.vwlicri', especially ears Iiel'ore, when ■ 111! was Ininied in us(! lu! favored tin; lelJakic. But then ) was Ldi-iI Sy• l{i;-NAJIIN(} ^■ISIT OK Tiir; <>i:. Skiikim; a ToiiONTo. — 7. *' 8. (iovioK. m I I ..'•ill 1 .0 I ! i i,, ill- '! t N w ' III 1 •^ \ & ENSRAVEO tXPfiEl lY rOR' lUTTU 5 MI5T0RV Of IMt DOMINION - To UNO BIOGRAPHIES SEE INDEX THE BURIANO DESBARAi; LITHO COMP' i! I I I ■ i V^ I lii fi- rPl'KIJ CANADA— (iOVKUNMKNT OF (OLONKI. J. (!. SIMCOK. 385 I xouSiMf OF. Di;siui:s to JIakk Loxijon tiii; C'aitiai.. | Luiti) Doi ;ii;.-iTi;u Ki.i-csks. — 0. Sk( (jxd Sr.^isioN ' OF PaKI.IAMKXT. Aliol.FlKIX (IF Sl.AVF.UV. — 10. Uf.- | (All, OF GoVKIiXOit SiMCOF.. 11. AdMINISTKA TIOS ! OF Hon. rr.Ti li UrssFi,!.. Auusiis in tmf. C uown Lands DFi-AUTMr.NT. 1. — Wo now tiini hack fifty years in our history uihI look at I ii|ii'r Canada as it was on tliu 2l)th Decenilier, 17'.i|, wiicn tlio jiroflaniatiou of I,icut(^n- aiil - Governor Alnred Clarke deelareil tlic^ old '• I'rovinie of t^ui'liec" divided into I'pjier and i.nwer Canada. The ])0|mlatlon of I p- jier Canada at tliis lime numliered scarce 1\ ten thousand Mtuls ; there were no towns or large settlements, and the iiiii I'lltaiils wi're generally scattered in llltlu grouiis or almost enlhely isolated. The; new innnigrants had c()nio to the wilderness to hue homes out of the jirlmeval for- est ; nothing hut hanl work eould do it, and manfully and cheerfully they set to work to hulhl up their fortunes. Tlie eight years which liatl elapsed since the. iirst liistal- m> nts of I'lilted h'.mjiire Loy.dists w^re driven from their- homes in the States into tin- \i IldeiiKss, had already work- ed gretit changes In the face of the country. Then the vast solitude was wholly unhiokeii ; the eternal forest raised Its lowering head to tln^ andiiem sky in midislurhed and uiidls[)uted magnilieonce ; .>w the head of the forest king was hent low liefore the swinging axe of the woods- man ; the rude log eahln and tluj nmilcst clearing gave evidence of human life; the growing crops gave evidence of human industry, and the little gathei'ings together of houses at Kingston, Newark, Aiahersthurg and other plac'cs gave evlih'nce of human pros[ierlty. 2. — .V thrifty ami industrious jieople wer(! the ■ioneia-s of I'pper Canada, who fought as hravely and coiisfin 'y auainst danijers, dllH(.'ulties ai ' .i- •fhi' Inilirin scttliTS. p . „ ,. lliiMiisiclmirli lull lions in founding their hrst s ill I'liiKT Oiiiaila. , , , 1 •! 1 • they had erstwhile done in ilir ranks of the king they loved, to put down the ii In Uion agaiiisthis authority. Nor were the Indians who emigra- ted much heliind their white hrothers. Almost the entire iSIohawk trlhe, under their chief, Joseph lirant, followed the fortunes of the I'liited Empire Loyalists, and settled on their reservation along the Grand Hlver. Urant was a fine specimen of a Christian Indian, and tried to lead his people as well In ])eacefiil pursuits as on the war-path. lie was a meinher of the Church of Knglaiid. anil huilt a church in his settlement in ITSCi. In which was set the llrst (•liiirch hell ever heard in I'pper Canada. He htillt a line luuise for hiin-elf on riiirllngton May a short time hefore his deatli. which took place in 1807, In the .'ixty- fifth year of liis age. •h — Lieutenant-Colonel John Graves Sinieoe, the first neutenaiit-governor of l'p[ier Canada, had couinmiKled I he (.Queen's Rangers (Hussars) during the American revolutionary War, anil nl![;",l.'i""i"',"'si'n afterwards entered the l>rlll>h IIou>(! of I 111' ■M l.ii'ulriiniit* liitMTiHtr. First Commons, wlicn^ he siipiiorted the Con- '^i i-i"iM'il'arlm- . _ inc'iit. stliulional Act of 17111, and afterwards accepted the posllloii of lieutenant-governor of the new province crealed hy that act. On the Hth July, 17112, ho arrived in the new country, and was for sometime puzzled to lind a suitahle place for a capital, hut finally decided to select Newark, on the NiaiTiira ISlvcr ; and line he hiilll a small frame house which had to do duty as the J'aiTiameiit hiilldlng and governor's residence comhlneil. The first Parliament of U|i|)er Canada met on 17th Seiiteinher, I7',t2, and consisted of three hraiiches. as in Lower Canada; the Asseinhly, consisting of sixteen meiuhers, elected hy the people; the Legislative council, cnnipris- ing seven meinhers, appointed hy the crown, and the lieutenant-governor, who was also assisted hy an Ex- ecutive Council, nominated hy tl lown, and who were generally oilicers of the crown or Legislative Councillors. 4. — The first I'arliament of I'pper Can.ada formed a strong contrast to that of Lower Canada In that its session was verv much shorter ; for whilst the ' ,, , . . . rsfffil jii'tsit.assiMl. jiolite old rreiicn seigniors took live lii- ii:iiiiiii^ ilii; ilis- nionths to pass eight hills, the fanners and nierchants of I'jiper Canada took only the same nuin- her of weeks to pass as many hills ; and yet they were plain. Useful, seiislhle acts, with no evidence of haste or hurry ahoiil them. l>y one English law was introduced ; trial hy jury hy another; the rate to ho charged hy mil- lers for grinding and holling gr.iin was limited to one- twelfth of the ipiantity ground ; tlie names of the four districts into which Lm-d Dorchester had dlvldiMl the provlnci! were changed to Ivi-.tern, or .rohnstown district; Jliddle, or Kingston district; Home, or Niagara district; and Western, or Detroit district; and these districts were again divided into twelve counties. An act was also jiassed to provide a jail in each of the illstricls. a. — The first session of I'arliament was closed on 1 .nh Octoher, and Governor Sliiicoe in his jn'orogation sjieech complimented hoth Houses on tlndr hiisi- ... . , *, 1 1 1 1 I'rnrny.'ition. ness-like proiiiplitilde. Jle coiicludeii hy Vi-ii . ami tiiut society." As (iiic (if ihi' iiuidtiits of tlu' year may ln^ inr'iitioiied tini visit of tlic |)iiki' ot' Ivi'iit (lailicr to Ikt inaji" i.. iiwil.c 1 1 . ■ I'll. II-" ' ■ ll'll'l"!! Ill" «iii>- nave heeli imliued with Kepiihlieaii prin- ii.il. l-unt Iior- • 1 1 1 r » .1 . I 1. clicstir rufuHCB. ciples and, some (h»y, forget their loyalty ; so he wanted to move tlio cajiital further away from the frontier and thi' American population, and proposed a site on the ri\er l)e la Treni'he — which he re-christened liie Thames — where the city of London now stands, as a i suitable ]ilace for the new capital: Imt Lord Dorchester, t who was governor-general did not like- tlu^ location ; and as he had already named Kingston as tlie principal naval and military depot on Lake Ontario, ami did not wish the capital removed, the project of Imililing a city on the Tliami's was abandoned, and was not revived until forty ] years after, when Sir doliii Colborne built extensive bar- racks on the site governor .Simcoe had selected, and a town grew into existence as if by magic, until we have the London of to-day with its thirty thousand inhabitants, the r.ailroad centre of a vast and fertile region. 1). — The second se.ssloii of thelirst Parliament of T'pper Camilla was o]»oned at Newark, on .'5 1st May, 17'.).j, and was remarkable for two acts, one abolish- , ^ , 1 1 . 1 .Sornml Fo-nsion of iiig slavery, and the other allowing the i-.-iriiimii'm. .m>- ■ , ^ , ,, I r 11 (ililioii (if sliiVL-ry. meiiilicrs two dollars a day lor each day of their attendance, in both of whicli measures they were considerably ahead of Lower Canada ; for although a lull to abolish slavery was mtroduced at the first session of the Parliament of that province (17!>2-3\ it was not passed, and it was not until ten years after (ISO.'i) that, by a decision of .ludgc Osgood, al Montreal, slavery was diu'lareil inconsistent with Kngli-h law. In April, this year, appi'arcd the first newspaper printed in T';-per Can- ada, J'/w l/jipcr Canitda Gazette ; it was prinlcil at New- ark, Imt retuoved to Y'ork (Toronto) when the govern- ment was transferred there. The jiress in those days was not V(n'y enterprising, and but little insight into the man- ners of the times can be gained from the columns of the Gazette. 10. — The history of the first few years of the existence of Upper Canada is a history of [leace and industry, and the impress of the years leave but light , . , r it, 1 • . • 'i'l lipinlt of riover- inarks for the pen of the historian. J he „„,- ,si„R„c.. sessions of Parliament were still held at Newark, as York was not completed, and nothing seems to have disturbed the liarmoiiy of the province except some complaints made by the American government that (iovenior .Simcoe was exciting the Iroipiois, both in Can- ada and Western New York, against it; and as the gov- ;i crnor's policy was not endorsed by either Lord Dorehes- 1 1 ter or tlio British ministry, he was recalled in 1796, and Uri'FR CANADA— (JOVKRNMKNT OF CKNKHAL rKTKU IIUNTKR, 387 till- lion. Peter Russell, senior memlier of the Exeeulive C'oiiiie.il, assumed the administration of affair.-.. II. — Mr. Russell admitiistere(l the affairs of the prov- ince for two y<'ars, diiriii;; wliieli time no events of very , L'real ptililie inipiirtanee ocr-urreil, exrept Aclminislmlliin of t^ i i _ ' Iliin. l'ii>r Kiiw- the removal of the seat of j'Dveriiment »..|l. .\l.u^.•» in the ..,,„, , , Crown iiiiiiia- troMi Aewark to loronto, where tlie see- Olid session of the seeoiid r:iiliainiiit was opened on 1st .Fiine, 1797. Diirinj; Colonel Simeoi^'s administration he li:id Ini'ii exeei'dinu'ly care fiil with re- pard to the (listriliution of lands ; hut iiniiiediatily on his (lepartiirt! incmilarities heeaii to creep into the crown land department, just as it had in Lower Canada, and I great injustice was done to the actual settlers. Larj^e tracts of the most elijjilile sites were seized upon hy i,'ov- ernineiit olUcials and s])eciil:itors, and the actual settlers found themselves, in many iustaiiccs, thrust into out-of- the-way corners, and cut olf from intercourse with any near iieii^hUors for want of roads. This " laml iiraU " continued to he a source of great annoyance in Upper Canada for some vears. CHAPTER LXXXIV. UPPER CANADA— (;()vi:i!\mi;nt of general ri;ii:ii huxteii. 1. — Gkowtii f)!-- Tin; PnovixcE. Estaiu.tshmkst of PoiiTs or Emuv on Tiir. Lakks. — '1. A\ Act 1'ko- IIIBITIXC Till S.VLK. OF Sl'IlilTfOUS LiQfOUS TO TIIF IspiANS. — ;i. ENCoLKAGixf; Tin; C'ui.TLiti; of Ilr.Mr. — 4. Tin; Foindatiox of "the Fajiily Comi'act." — 5. I'nsatisfactouy Condition of tiii; Pkovinck Politically. I I 1. — ^Major-General Peter Hunter was appointed lieii- tenant-srovernor in 179!), and arrived at the seat of his trovernment the same vear. and met Par- rirowtli of llio 7- .n ' I > 1 /• T I Pioviiiii'. Jlstab- liamcnt at loronto on tut; Jd oi June, Of Kilt ry on the 1^00. 1 he growth ot I jiper Canada had ^•^^'^''- 1)1.011 rapid, and its population now ntmi- bered ahont sixty thousand. Cut off from the seaboard, and with only iniixrfect water comniunication with Lower Canada, on account of the numerous raiiids of the St. Law- rence, the trade of the new province naturally sought those points which in the old days had attracted the hulk of the fur trade, despite the most vigoious efforts of tin; French traders at Alhany ami New York. Western New York was then as great a wilderness as Upper Canada, and only a few settlements existed on Lake Ontario, Lake Eric, the Niagara anc. I'orts of entry were now estsihlished at Cornwall, Uroe'sv'ile. Newcastle, Toronto. NiaLiiir.i. (^ueenstnii. I'"iii'(. Erie . iiikcy Point, Amhcrsthurg and .Samlwich. the duties iiciiig tie; same as those charged on goods lirouglit from England. i. — The revenue from these importations was handed over to his in:ijesty, for it certain sum. to help defray the expi'iises of the civil list; and the An nrt tirni.iiiiiing mveriior was einiiowered to aiirioint eol- H": "i'!'^ "f I'l'i"';- ^ 1 II tioim li<|nort« lu ttie lectors at salaries not exceeding XI 00 iiniimw. (•iirreiicy ; hut if the amnuiit of duty collected did not exceed that sum they were allowed (nm-half the actual collections in lieu of sal.iry. .\l this session an act was .also passeil prohiliitiiig the saht of spirituous li(piors to the Indians. Emigration cnntinued large ; iiiimlii'rs of Americans eontiniied to cross over to Canadii ; and the troiihlcs of 'IIH in I rehiiid caused many thousands of L'ish- meii to s(.(.k homes in a new eoiinfrv, where they would he free from the grievances which oppressed them at home. A coiisiileralile numlier of .Scotidi also canity and a few English ; hut thc> Irish and Americans predomi- natecl. This led, in ISO'i, to the formation of new districts and the opening of more ports of iMitry to meet the re- quirements of the growing population. 3. — At the session of I1S02 an act was passed appropri- ating £7."»0 for the encouragement of the grctwtli of hemp. A similar tict was passed in Lower Canada, the idea being that Canada could be made .':;;i';;;',™f;,t:,I,p" to take the place of Russia towards Eng- land in supplying the hemp for cordage for the navy, as sill! was fast supplying the timber to lini'd the ships. Mr. Hunter's .administration was not marked by any retnark.a- ble events ; but his easy manner and the willingness of the Assembly to leave the government practically in the hands of the Executive Council, led to many after abuses. Party spirit was unknown ; the Assembly passed bills, and the Executive Council carried them out or not, just as it pleased. The Assemblvmeii went home feeling satisfied, cpiite wil- ling not to bother their heads about law making until ne.xt session. Now amongst the United Em|iire Loyalists and other early .settlers, there were a largo number of poor gentlemen — men who had cither lost their fortunes by the war of iiidepciideiie(\ or who had sipiandered their means and were (]uite willing to he supported in a new country, provided they did not li.'ive to work very hard. 4. — This class, wlii<'h was the educated and more polisl cd class, gradually became ceiitrcil round the gov- ernor, and through him really ruled the ,i,i 11. r M- 111 Till- fiiunil.itioii of province. Ihese holding tamilies held "Tin. Famiiy com- seats i:i the executive and Legislative '^'"'' councils for life ; they filled all the public olfices, and all posts of honor or profit ; they intermarried, and formed !M :MII:ji; jili ii lillilii;: ;i.s8 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ail nliijarcliy commonly known ns " Tlie Family Com- pact," which it took many years' a>;i(ation, and even bloodslicd, to break down. l?iit tliere was another class of poor f;eiitlemen who. instead of strivinj; for office, and makinj; the means of luxurious livinj; liy dishonorable speculations in lands and other dirty "jobs," preferred to take lip and work their own i.inds, learning to bo farm- tM's, while by their superior education and accoinplislinients they set an exami)!'; to the ronj;her class of farm hands and laborers, who needed sadly some redeeming and rc- liniiig influences in the roujjh life they were forced to lead, without the aid of (jither '•liiirch or scliool in many instances; and these ])oor f;entlemeii, who did not become placemen or ollice-seekers, but sought fortune out of the lap of the boiintif.il eartli, were in most instances amply rcpaiial.li>limeni of and was promptly committed to jail for a biH'ai'h of tiie privileges of the House. This rather increased his popularity, and he continued to attack the government until the war of IS 12 broke out, when he gave up his paper and served as a volunteer at Colleens- ton ; but ho soon turned traitor and carried over a few Canadians with him to the Americans. He was after- wards shot at Fort Erie. In the session of 18()7, [iiovis- ioii was made for the appointineiit of eight masters of gramniar schools, one for each district, at salaries of £100 currency each. One huiidreil pounds per annum was an object, in those days, and the ollices were mostly Idled with retired offlcers and gentlemen in reduced circum- stances, who, although lacking any experience or perhaps capacity, had still some learning, and were about as good inslruclors as could then lie got in a young country. ;i. — It must not be supposed that the jieople, as a wliole. wert! discontented ; it was (piite the reverse ; the bulk of the people were firm in their i-nriiul iiiiaiiiy i.nii.' allegiance to Great Hrilaiii, were i"'"' "( iIkm'.'.-pI.'. I n m ':nt of i\rR. •POSITION NkW3- KditOU TUKNa s. — .'i. Pauti.al IIM.K. J. HaI'I-Y ANT OF A ClUCU- WAK. first aj)i)('nrMiiC(' ni:i liixl (ipiMisiiioii , NewsiiainT. caiulidatiin! of •iiibly. He was , )iUorly abused by | ■f ik'tenuiiicil tliat i life, as it were, <'.\|)r('ss its opiii- aiid soon f^rew II'. !Uid as bo ill- ell into disijrace 111 was finally ro- il by tbo Home r. Wileoclis, soon to tbo Assembly, Tlic tirsi Opiinsifloii Kililiir 1111118 tinilor. i:iliiiioiii uf fi'lllHilN, 1-e. Tills ratiier lied to attack tbe "! out, wben be nteer at (^ueeiis- irried over a few He was after- of iHur, provis- I'i^^lit masters of salaries of £100 r uiinuin was an !!•() mostly filled redueed cireiim- enee or peiliaps u about as good Lf eountry. in |ieo|)l(>, as i\ 10 reverse ; I lie arllal iii.iithv i.f llin lllk III (llU iM'tlpIl', UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN AVAR— 1812. 389 happy and contented, and very mncb disposed to regard the " agitators " wlio attacked tbe oligarchy as dan- cerous people whom it was not safe to have anytliiiig to ople, really, liad very little to complain of. and . did not ; in after years wo shall see nuieh bitteriu-^ over ibis •• Family Compact," the centring of ]iower in an irresponsible government, appointed for life and constantly growing more exacting in its acciuisitiveiiess of place and power ; but at tbe time of wbieii we write it gave little uneasiness, and so grew np, almost unconsciously, until the Family Compact " ring" had assumed very large ])roportions. \. — The province was spi'cdily progressing. The duties were very ligbt, and there were no oilier taxes. ,.,, , The peoiile were industrious, and im- Ilnjipycomlitioii or ' ' the people. ported nothing they could make, 'o that it was mostly wines, spirits and groceries tliat passed throiigb the Cui^tom Houses, nearly all the vearing ap- parel bcii'g made in the colony. Writing of this year (1800), Mr. JlcJIullen says: " No civilized country in the world was less burdened with taxes than Canada West at this period. A small direct tax on property, levied by the District Courts of .Session, and not amount iiig to £;i..')00 for till! whole count rw sulliced for all local ex- penses. There was no poor-rate, no capitation tax, no titles or ecclesiastical rates of any kind. Instead of a road tax, a lew days' statute labor annually sulliced. No- where did the workingman find the produce of bis labor so little diminished liy exaclioiis of any kind. Canada AVest literally teemed with abundance ; while its people, unlike the early French or American settlers, had nolhing to fear from the red man, and enjoyed the iin'rease of the earth in peace." ■'). — One great drawback thi^ province experienced was the want of a circulating medium ; paper money there was none, and of gold and silver very little, Wiiiit of R ciriMiln- xi ^ • £ i ^ . i i a i nnnnioiUmii. Tiio «o tbut a s])ecies ot Imrtei- liail to he re- »im,lo«oi«iir. j,^^fy,j (^ hetween tbe meivbaut and the farmer, which generally operated to tlic delriini'iit of the latter. Religion and education were both neglected ; in 1800 tbere were.only four ministers of tbe Clinrch of Eng- land ill Upper Canada, and a' out the same nuiiiber of other denominations ; whilst lliere was lint oiii^ public school to eacll ilistrict. Still tbo people, as a wliole, wore steady, sober, industrious and moral, although the bjick- woodsmen would, sometimes, take a drop loo miii'li and give vent to their pugilistic propensities. The sessions of IHIO iind IHU were ipiiet and uneventful : but tbe shadow of IV war with tlio United Slates was now strongly cast over tbe country, iiiul by w:iy of preparation Major- Geiieral Isaac Brock succeeded Mr. Gore ns lieutenant- governor, the latter having received leave of absence to visit England. CHAPTER LXXXVI. UPPER CANADA -THE AMERICAN AVAR— 1812. 1. Hoi'KS OF TIIK AmF.KK'ANS IN InVADINi; CANADA. — i. Gknf.kai, Iln.i.'s Hoastfil Pkoci.amation. — .'i. Cai'tikf. of Fokt AIiriiiM.iMAiKiNAc nr tiik 15i!irisii. — t. Ri.pri.sF, of tiif Amfuicans at tiik UlVKIt CaNAUD. ."). I'lliOllv'S PliOMl'TITl'OK. fi. Hri.i.'s Rftkfat to Dhtkoip. Effouts to Ki;F.r HIS COM'llNirATIOVS Ol'FN. — 7. SriiKF.MlFU OF Dftkiiit. — 8. Hf.,ioicin(i ovf.k I>uock"s Uuii.i.iant Cami-aiun. 1. — AVe now come to the period of the war with the I'liited States. The causes which led to it we have already traced, as well as related tbe events , . , 1 • r /. 1 r. 1 Uopraot the Ainer- wliicli occurred m Lower Canada alter tlie i,:ir,s in invuillnu declaration of war on IStli .lune, 1812, ' """^"• and we shall now confine ourselves to the occnrrences which transpired in U|i|)er Canada during the period of conflict. The Americans, in invading Canada immediately after declaring war with liri-at Britain, were impressed with the idea that the bulk of tlu! people in lioth jirovinces desired to shake off British rule. This was a niisiake, Tlie little dissatisfaction which existed at the monnpoly of places and preferment by u favored few. they tnisinok tor preparation for open rebellion, and were rather surprised !it being received with cold steel instead of open anns, in both Upper and Lower Canada. Another point on which the Americans counted was tbe co-operation of the In- dians, or, at least their neutrality ; but here again they were mistaken ; for the Indian tribes had already sull'ci-ed much from the encroachments of the iVineric.ins in the AVest. and bad during the previous year (ISll)niadea gallant but iiiefTcctua' cfTort, niiilcr 'I'ccunisch, to (beck the onward march of civilization ; and when war was once declared, and the first victories were on the side of the British, till hope of an alliam f flie Indians with the Amerieaiis was gone, and the former wei'e loyal and true in fheir attachment to the British cause throngli- oiit the war, rendering most ellicielit service, es|)ecially at tbe commencement of the war. before the Canadian militia was mobili/ed. or any reinl'orceinelits had arrived from (Jreat I!rilaiii. 'i. — The first act of agorcssioii was committed by the .Americans. For some time previous to the deelaralioii 'I'ir ! w t[ i ■■■ !l 1; ;1 ii \'\ ;iOo TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. , „ „, of war, the United States had been mass- (Joneral IIiiU 8 boastful prociam.i- iiiix troops in the ^liciiitran territory for tioii. " ' , . , 1 1 ' tlie purpose of inalricaiis, seems to have confidently expected.* But although a •Tliifl proclamation of Grotection to your persons. prnpi^rty and i-iuhts. Itemaln I at yniir homes, pursue your peat'eful and cn?.toniar\ axocations. raise not I your bands aijainst your brctliren. Many of your falhers fuUu'ht for the freedom and indi'pemi-'lii'e we now enji»y. Being children, therefore, of I the same family with Us. .linl heirs to the same heritage, tlie arrival of j an army of friends must be hailed by you with a I'oidial weh'ome. Vou will biMunancipated from tyranny and oppre,sion, and restoreilto tho dignitied station of freemen. Had I any lioiibt of even'iial Hiiccess, i might asl4 your assistance, but I do not. I come prepared for eviu-y con- tingeui'y. / h'lr, «i/./-«'.- ivhirh ivifl I, ml: iloirit 'ill npfionitiini, and that force Is lint till' vanguard of a much greater. If contrary to your own iii- tpreslfl, and tlie just expeetation of my country, you will lie considered anil treated as enemies, tlie horrors and calamities of war will stalk be- fore you. If the liarliaroiis and savage policy of (ireat Britain he pur- Bueil ami the savages are let loose to muriler our citizens, and butcher our w 1 . 1 , t''e British, ajor-lieneral nrock issued orders, on 2(>th June, to Ctiplain Hoberts. commanding a small ])ost at St. Joseph, situated on an island in Lake Huron, forty-five miles north-west of Michillimiickintic, to capture that fort if [lossible ; but if he was not strong enough to do thtit. to either defend his own ])ost or retreat to St. Jlai-y's in case of atttick. Roberts thought he was strong enough to capture .Alichillimtiekinac. and, on l"'Ii Jiilv, set out in a (lotilla of btitits tiiid canoes, act^ompaiiied by the brig < 'tiMoniii belonging to the North-West Comptinv, to effect his purpose. His force consisted of thirty regu- lars, two artillerymen and one .sergeant, and oik? hundred and sixty Caiiiidians, einjiloyt's of the North-West Com- pjiny ; he h;id tilso two small iron ctinnon, but they were not ill a very etReient condition. On the morning of the sixieeiitb he appeared befoi-o jMichillimackinac and snm- nioiied the gtirrison to surrender, which, aftir a short dehiy it did, thus giving the IJritish the first success of the war, without filing a shot. The gtirrison numbered seventy-five, and large (|tianlities of stores, tiiid of goods suitable for the Inditm trade, were found in the fort. 4. — This brilliant achievement thoroughly .secured the support of the Inditins, and greatly interfered with the projected advance of General Hull. This , . 1 , . , llepnlKo of the general appears to have been impressed s\nicricans at iiie with tho idea that he had only to appear "^" '""""'■ on Hriti.sh soil and issue a proclamation to cause the whole of Upper Canada to f irrender to him ; but ho wa.s most grievoa»Iy disappointed, for General Brock was taking the most pron.pt measures to expel him, and the Canadian militia were fast flooking to the British standard, while th(^ Indians were till oU'eiing thojr services. Eio-hteeii miles from HiiU's heiid-ipiarters at S.inihvicli wtis Am- herstburg, defended by Fort IMiilden, which was g.'irri- soned by three huinlreil regulars, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel St. George. Tlu; fort was in a very poor stiite of defence, and had Hull advanced bohlly, there is every probability that he would have captured it; liberty, and secmlty. Your clmlee lies bi'tweeii these and war. slavery and deslrmtioii. choose then, but choose wisely ; and may lie who knows the justice of oiir.anie.and wlio hnlds in his hands the fate of nations, guide you to a result tlie mnsl I'omputilde witli ymir rights and interests, your peace and pr.iHpciiiy. " By the aeiieial, W. IIL'I.I., " A. F. Ill r.i„ " Captain l;Uh Kegt., V. S. Inf., and Aid-de-Canip " lIi':Aii-(JrAnrKlts,,Sandwleli, .luly V2, 1812." :ivu Ciijitured it ; UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR— 1812. 391 Brock's promp- tilude. but lie delayed for live days, and gave Colonel St. George time to fortify the river Canard, wiiich Hull would have to cross, and also for the Indians to come in, and the British sloop of war Queen Charlotte, cight(;en guns, to arrive off the mouth of the river, which she effectually protected. On the 17th Hull attempted to cross the river Canard about three miles below Amherstburg. but was beaten back by some companies of the list regiment and a few Indians ; the attempt was n-peated on the IHlh and 20th with a like result. On the latter occasion about two hundred attempted a ford higher up the river, but a small party of twenty Indians, who were ambusheut Hull did not wait for an attack ; as soon as the British hail ad- vanced to within a mile of the fort, he hung out a white Hag. and sent a message lo otl'er to capitulate. The terms were soon agreed to, and by them the wlu>le Ameiiean army in the Michigan territory, nund)eriiigover twenty-live hundred men, surrendered, together with the fort and a large (piantity of munitions of war. Tlie fort was de- fended by twenty-live iron andeight brass cannon, and wilh- verv little courage could have been easily defended against Brock's small force ; but Hull was better at writing bom liaslic proi'lamalions than at lighting, and so disgraeefully capilulated. He was afterwards I'xehanged for thirty British prisoners, and tried by court-nnirtial for treason and eowardi(-e ; he was aci|uille(l of the former, but found guilty of the latter and senteneeil to be shot, but was par- diMied by tlu! president on account of his services during the revolutionary war. 8. — CJeneral Brock issued a proclamation to the inhab- r 1 ,i'^ ' !ii nn2 TUTTLE'S IHSTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ii" ;■■■ I' it.ants of Mioliigaii, guaranteeing them the possession of tiicir property, ami the free exercise of S';l!i'l«mp"«u!''''' their laws an."l religion, and leaving Gen- eral Proctor in command at Detroit, he returned to Toronto, having in the short space of twenty days convened tiic Legislature, transacted all tlie business of the province, executed a long and tiresome marcii, ex- pelled an enemy more than double his own strength, fol- lowed him into his own country and forced him to surren- der, and gained for the Hrilish crown a territory almost as large as the whole of Upper Canada ; it is no wonder that the people were enthusiastic over his gallant exploits, and that he was received on his return to Toronto with every demonstration of delight. Brock wouM have fol- lowed I'p his victory over Hull by attacking Van Rensse- laer, who was threatening the Niagara frontier, but he was restrained by orders from Sir George Prevost. wlio had proposed an armistice which he thought would be followed by peace ; but the American government refused to listen to any terms which Sir George was authorized to enter- tain, and hostililius were resumed in September. CHAPTER LXXXVII. UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR-18I2. 1. — Captuue of the Gl'kukikke. — 2. Tm; Ameuicans GCCLI'Y QUEEXSTON IlKK.lITS. 3. DeATH OF GeN- EUAI. BkOCK -WIIIEE AtTEMI'TINT, TO ReTAKE THE Heights. — l. The American Militia Refuse to Ciioss THE RivEK. — 5. Utter Rolt ASI) SrUKEN- DEK of the Americans. — 0. General Mofrnino AT THE Death of Ruock. — 7. General Sheaffe Assumes C'o>im.ni). — 8. Aaierican Success on Lake Ontario. General Smyth's Hombastic I'liocLAMATiON. — 0. Repulse of the Thikh At- TEMIT TO LnVADE Ul'l'ER CANADA. 10. DlS(iRACE OF General Smyth. End of the C'AMrAKJN. 1. — Tlio American govuriinient was greatly humiliated ill the cowardly surrender of General Hull, but his dis- graceful conduct only stimulated it to tresh ciuolrKr".' "'" efforts to wipe out tin; stain on tl« Amer- ican arms. On the other hand, tlu^ policy of till' liritisli government was ono of forbearance and defence. Urock desired to follow up his success at Detroit by an attack on the Niagara frontier, i)Ut .Sir (ieorge Pre- vost had proposed an armistice, with a view to peace, and pending its rejection by the United .Stales secretary of war. 'lothiiig was done. On the lakes the British still held supremacy ; but the Americans were fast construct- ing larger and more heavily armed vessels which thre.it- ened to change the aspect of affairs on the inland seas. The Americans also obtained some consolation by the capture of IL M. S. Guerriere by the U. .S .S. Con- stitution. The United States naval establislnnent at Sackett's Harbor, under command of Commodore Chaun- cey, was being, meanwhile, greatly increased, and the Americans promised very speedily to attain supremacy on Lake Ontario. In September a p.arty of one hundred and fifty Americans, commanded by Captain Forsyth, crossed from Gravelly Point to Gananoque, sur|)rised and captured a small party of fifty militia, and destroyed a (|uantity of stores and provisions ; and an attempt of Colonel Letheridge to dislodge the Americans at Ogdens- burgh, from which place they were seriously interrupting the comnuinications between Upper and Lower Canada, was repulsed .vith a loss of three killed and four wounded. 2. — While these minor operations were in progress the Americans had been massing a large army on the Niagara frontier, under General Van Rensselaer, to . Tiie Anierioans act in concert wHli the force, under General niLii|.y oucens- l-A 1 r 1 i'.i 1 • ' • 1 l^Il HuiuUtS. JJearborn. on J>ake Champlain ui a snnul- taneous descent on both U]>|)er and Lower Canada. Gen- eral Harrison was also actively employed on the river Rasin endeavoring to collect a sutKcient force of militia- men from Ohio and KiMitucky to retrieve Hull's coward- ice by recapturing Detroit, and General Brock's attention was very much divided between the two armies, not knowing in which (jnarter to ex|)ect an attack first. Early in October Van RiMisselaer was informeil by a sjiy tliat General Brock liad moved the main strengtii of his army towards Detroit for the defence of that jjlace ; and, ac- cordingly, a descent of the Americans in Queenston was determined on. The American forces were concentrated at Lewiston on the morning of the lltli, but as no boats had been provided no attempt to cross could be made. On the following day. Van Renssehuir coUecteil a sulli<'ient number of boats, and early on the morning of the l.'Uh a force of about one thousand men was embarked, and, under cover of a few gun batteries, com. menced to make the passage. Cajitain Dennis, of the 4'Jtli regiment, witli about one hundred regulars and an eipial number of militia, at once descended the bank to tin' landing-place ami held the enemy in check for a con- siderable lime, ln'iiig ai-' '.' -* ' ■^PsKii'- UPrKR CANADA— TIIK AMERICAN WAR— 1812 3'.»3 Dpnih of (lon^ral -^'"J"'" Glog-, M,\ met Dennis nhile ho itniik Willi.! Ill- ^y.,^ witlulnuvi:;^ liis lacii. Brock at once iln: llflglitK. jHTccived tlic iin|K>i'tanco of roifiiininjj possession of the lu-igiits, and (lisinouiitinjj; from his horse put himself at the liead of the grenadier company of the 4!Uli and the York voliiiit(!ers, and charged up the liill. ]5nt the Americans hul heen reinforced by fresli arrivals from lie other side of the river, and ponred a lieavy fire down on tlie IJritisii, principally from rillenK^i, one of whom singled out IJroi.'k and strni'k him in the region of the heart, killing him almost instantly. The liritisli maile a fierce attempt to revenge the death of their gen- eral, and succeeded in temporarily dislodging the Amer- icans, lint reinforeeineiils to the latter were fast arriving, ami aft<'r a stubborn resistance tin; Hritish were forced to retire to ilie one-gun battery already mentioned aiul sta- tioiieil a mile below Queenstoii, leaving over one hundred dead, wounded and |)risoiiers out of a total force of loss than three hundred. 'ey formed at this battery. anti — the same yi>ar which saw the birth of Wellington and Napoleon. Ho entered the army at the early ag(^ of fifteen, and serve:' v'.i'a distinction in many of the European campaigns, es])ecially under Sir Ralph AIhm-- croniby in Holland, and under Lord Nelson at Copenhii- gen. He came to Canada in 1802 and served at Quebec, .Montreal, Toronto and Niagara, gaining the love and respect of all by his gallantry as a soldier, aiiport, and tendered his f liiiiiation. which was ai'cepted, and General Smyth replaced him in commanil on the Niagara frontitM' .>n IHih ()ctol)er. (Jeneral Wadsworlh anil most of the militia ollicers were paroled, anil the militia allowed to return to their homes on condition of their not serving .igain dnriiij; the war. .Scott and the regulars were sent down to Montreal and Quehec. Scett refused to he paroled on account of twenty-three men who were cap- tured, and who acknowledged that they were British sub- jects, heiiig ordered to he sent to England for trial as traitors. This led to an order of retaliation on the |)art of the .American government, which threatened to hang the s.'UTie number of British ]irisoners if 'lann catiie to these men; but Sir (ieorge Prevost tlireatened to hang twice that numl>er of .Vmerican ollicers and men if theBiitish prisoners were harmed, and the matter was finally ended by the ])risoner.s sent to England being released. 8.— Oil the assumption of command of the American forces l)y (ieneral Smyth he proiiosed to (Jeneral Sheaffe an armistice of thirty days, which was nil i.akeiiiiiiiiio. agreed to, the latter lioping to ohtain lii-ncral Sinvth's ' • i- . i • .t . .■ 'i-«i • tMiini>a( llilnl wilh his promises. On the morning ol ntiimiit lo liivii.l.) the /Mtli ISovemlitr loiirteen lioati, con- taining about four hmidred men. crossed the river, and a landing was effected on the upper end of (Jrand Isle, be- tween Fort Erie anil Chippewa. The landing was stead- ily oiuiosed by sixty-live men of the I'.'th regiment, under T, i^'i'n' I- littlr as iin.-siMt* ilislrrssfiil to llic ranailiaii i jilf. If tlii-y are |n'!h'i'alih', tlmy ;in' to ho sri'iiri' in th'ir (n-rsoiis, ami in thfir firo- in?rly, as f;ir as our imitrrioiis iH'i't'ssiiifs will allow. I'rivatr {ilnmlorin^ is .'il'suhitfly fttrliiiMt'ii. .Vny S"lilit'r wIih (juils his ranks tu pliimtcr oil tho tii'lilof haul.', will hi' imnish.'il in lln' imist I'xrmplaiy nianiior. Hut yuiirjust riLthts ;is siil'lifi'.s will ho inaiiitatm'd ; wliatovcr is Imntii hy tho usaKi'S of war. you shall havo. .Ml hipisis ln'lciii).'in); to tin' arlillory anil ra\alry ; all wagons ami t'-ams in puhlio st-rviro. will ho soht for Iho lii'iiolil I'ftlii' i'a|ilors. I'ulilii' stops will In snurril forlhi' siTvh f tha t'nili'il Slat'-s. Tho ^tiiM'rnnn'nl will, with jiistii-i*. p;iy yi'ii tin' \aluo. Th'' hiii>i'S ilrawiinj llio lii;ht artillory of thv inolny aro w.iiili'il fur tho sirvi.i'of tho liiiti'vl Stat.s. I will onlor TWii lirNDHKD III il.L.MiS for oai'li to ho jiniii tu llio jiarty who may tako Ihoin. I will also onlor FOKTV IHil.l.MiS to ti!' iiiiiil for tho arms ami s|ioils of oaih Havago warriitr wlm shall ho killoil. '• Suhti' r.liititr' .-.< ' Itisloyal ami ir.ailorous iiion havo omii-avori'il loilissuaile you from your iluty. .Soim'timos thoy say. if you onlor Camula \ou will ho iii'hitosiTvii'o torlivoyoars ; at olliors. thoy say you will nut ho furnishi'il witlisiipiplios. .Vtothortiinis.tlii'y say that if ymi aro woumliil, ihoyovorii- mi'Ut will not iirovlilo for you hy iionsion.s. 'i'lio just ami (."norous i-onrse pursuoiihy (lovornmi'nl tovvanls tho volunli'ois who I'ouKht at 'liopoianoo furnishi'sauanswortotlioi.astohjoi'tioii. 'I'hootlii'rs aro loo ahsunl to ile- servo .any. I'niiiiihir.i .' I osloom jour K'onorous ami pairioiii. moiivos. You havo mailo saorilioos on Iho altar of youroouniry. You will not sulTor llic onomii'S of your famo to nii^iloail you from tlio patii of liuiy .iml honor, and iloprivo you of tho ostooni of a uratoful oountry. You will sh in the I'ti-niiil int'iimji thai awaits tho man w ho, h.'iv in;; come witliiii sight of llic enoiiiy, lt'i.-t iM-ac-of 111.' i»l i» 1"! 11. -of 111.' 1.1 arc l.> l.,.r,,iii.. yciiir II' !.• iiiiik.' war. It is •"Mis. Y.iu will iiuiko I'li'i'i 1 Ii'. If llicy "lis. aii.l ill ilh'ir pni- I'liv.ii.' pluihlfrini,' iaiil,s t.. jiliiiiil.T "11 ii|>lai\ iiiaiiniT. But ai.-v.'r is /«»)/(/ by ih,. IK ti> llii-ariili.'rv 1111.1 will li.' s.ilil f,,r III,. fiTllii'Mrvi f tho pay y..ii tlii' valuo. l.v ari' w.iiiti'il f.ir llio IMIHKI) lniI,I,.\|(S 111. I will also iiriliT |H»iIs of ra.'li navayi' ar.'siipi'rior in iiiim- iiyar.' L'r.'at.'r. y,mi- my ar.' u'i'ii, 'rally (i|,l "liiiial r till' W.'st .vi'ii.wl hiiri,'!' with liiri'ii hy till' Ilri;iiili llli' Hi.lllllll'll. V,,H ii.'ir y.'lls. Call vou iipl. ili'av(.r.'il lo.lissiiade r laiiaila m.h will he till not h,' fiiriiislii',1 voiiiiilcl. |||,.;;,,Vl'rn- aiiii^i'iM'i'iiiis r.MirsB "iiK'lilai ■i'iviii'.aiiiM' II.' 1. 1.1 al.sur.l I.I .1... lri.iii.iii..iiv.'s. Villi '11 will ii.jt siillvr tlie iif iliily .111.1 1 wr, Villi will sh 111 the ; within si^iit ,,f the vc'tlu' hiin'iriify.iiir an wh.i pi'rr.irni.s n eiuitioii. liuwiirilii ■e ri'si'rvi'dfiir I'oiv- aiit fill'. I know th" lii'ii you aitni'k IIk- moil l,.»t at Detroit I'TII, loral Coniinan.linK. iiioriiiiij; tin attempt to ero.ss in i'i;,'liteeii liotits was iiiaile ; liiit Colonel lVi.slio|)|) having arrived liy that time from ('iii|iiii'wa with a I'oiro of nearly eleven hun- dred nii'ii, till! atleniiit w;is easily r<'|iiilseil, the Americans liaviii:; two hoats sunk liy n si.v-iiiiuinlor, and tlio others thriiwn into eonfiision hy tlie steady lire of iniislvcts. A dis|ilay of fiiri'c was niadi' diiriim tin; day on tlie Ameri- can sidi' of the river, and a hoiiilitistiu demand for the snireniler of I'"orl I'.iie made hy Smyth, to wliieli Colonel l!i-h(i|i|) lai'oiiieally ri'iilied, " Cume ;uid take it;" but Smyth had had eiiou:.di li^jhtin^jaml declined the invitation. On the lirst of Dei'i'inlier aniithereH'ort w.is made to cross the river, lint it miscarried throui;1i misimtnai^ement, and no fiirlliei- ;itli'm|il was made that yc.ir, the Americans soon tiflcr i;oin.ir into wintei'-i|iiarters. !(». — The failni'i' and disirracc of the three attempts to invadi' l'|iper Canada, iuid the one on Lower Canada, w;is most complete. With immense Dis'.'ra. flli-ii.Tal . i i i i i . sniyili. Kiicl .if till' armies tlieir jjenerals liad licen hetifeii I'liiniiai^ii. 11. ^ • » 1 I 11' 1 hack at every point oy niei'e handliils (if nun. tiiid the pcnple of the States felt tliu linmiliatioii iliTply. Their i;vnerals had done nolhini; lint issue iiomhastic proclaniatioiis which exposed them to ridicule, and had not serion.-ly atleiiipted to carry out any of the j;i';inil professions they had made. Smyth especially lie- ctime the oliject of att.ick ; he \v;is popularly nicknamed ''(ieneral Von niaililcr,"aiid he soon hecainu so unpopular in his iiriiiy that he was forced to fly from it, for fear of punishment. The Cnitod State.s governmont cautioned liini. tiiid the tavern keepers of HulValo sliut their doors in liis face. The disastrous close of the campaiLjn of LSI 2 strengtlioned the peace ptu'ty in this States, and there w:is ifreat indiiiiiation expressed at the conliniied prosecution of thewiir; hut the Dcmncracy Iiad still a majority in Congress, and it was determined to hegin the ctimpaign of 1813 with great vigor. CIIAPT KR LXXXVIII. UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR— 1813. 1. Tm: SiTiATioN in tiii'. Wkst at riri-: Oim-.xi.vg of THE CAMi'AiiiN'.^"2. ^'l(■rl)uv oi' Tin; Huitisii at FuKNCiiTowN. — .'5. CiiLr.i.TV i>v Till-: Indians. Re- TAI.IATOIIY JIl'.ASUItKS Till! I'.ATr.NKD. 4. DESTRUC- TION MY THE HuiTisii orOcDENsiuiir.ii. — •"). Meeting OE THE LEClSLArillE. ||| >'u\is was vltv heavy ; lliat i>\ tlic ISiitisli Iiciii;; twfiity- fiiiii' kill(>(I iiiul one liiiiiilr«'i| .iiiil (ifty-('i;;lit vvoiinilcil ; whilst llif yVincriiaiis had liftwti'ii thruo :iii 111- if ,,„ aci'ount of f'miilovinj' f^iKh siivaue liritish (if iigilcim- and destroy the (.anadian settlements. On '""^*'''' the night of the lith of February two com- panies of riliemen from Ogdensliurgh. uniler command of Captain Korsytln', made a descent on the village of Hrock- ville, wounded a sentry, fired several houses, and carrieil olT a (pianlity of plunder, together with lifty of the inhab- itants, the greater jtortioii of whom were, however, re- leased in a f('W days. Sc.eral other inroads from Ogdens- liurgh were made, and the British were anxious to retal- iate. On the 21st February Sir George Prevost arrived at Prcscott on his waj' to the forts in Upper Canada on a tour of ins])ection. Hi; instructed Lieutenant-Colonel McDonnell to make a demonstration against Ogdensliurgh, wliich was to be turned into a real attack if he thought the opportunity favondile. On the morning of the I'l'd (Washington's birthday), M<'l)onnell, with about live hun- dred regidarsand militia, crossed the ice, and, finding that be bad sulfii'ient force to effect his purpose, attackeil the enemy's position. The Americans had about the same force as the British and defended their position for about an hour, when they were driven from the village and fort and retreated across the Oswegatcliio Rii'er, leav- ing twenty dead and a number of wounded and prisoners. The Biitisli loss was seven killed and fortv-eight wiiiindr. — Oil the 2.")th of February the Legislature met at Toronto, and Major-General ShealTe, in opening Parliament, congratidated the province on the successful resistaeee to American J'i'"',i'»B""lie invasion so far made, at the sami; time paying a graceful tribute to the memory of the gallant Brock. The House passed an act to facilitate the circula- tion of the army hills issued at Quid)ec, making them .1 legal tender in all ])idilie olfices. Another act was ])assed granting pensions to the widows .lud orphans of militiamen killed during the war ; and one to prohibit the sale of li(pior to the Indians. The crop Iiad not been very favora- ble, and the Legislature passed an act prohibiting the exportation of grain, or its use for distillation, fearing a scarcity of food. Several other useful acts were also passed, amongst them bills providing for war expenses. 0. — -AH through the winter tlu; Americans were act- ive in their preparations for the coiKpiest of Canada in the spring, and their armies were strength- ened, while a number of new sliitis I'n'parii.K for tlio ' siirniy laiiiiini^ii, wvvc built at Sackett's Harbor ami other naval depots. The British were also active, and made every possible exertion for defence ; but few reinforcements had .-IS yet arrived, and the Canadians were left almost entirely to their own resources, England being too niucii engrossed with her European wars to afford much assist ance to the colonies. Nearly .all the troops were with- drawn from tln^ Lower Provinces, and the King's regiment of New liiiuiswick was mustered into the regular aiiny as the lOlth regiment, and sent to Canada for active ser- vice. This regiment was first formed amongst the loyal- ists who had settled in York County in ITHI, and on its voluntaiy enrolment in the regular army the legislature jiassed com|ilimentary resolutions to the oflicers and men, and jiresented the regiment with a handsome silver trum- pet. A portion of this regiment was conveyed to (Quebec by sea. but s(;veral companies made a very trying march, on snow shoes, through an unbroken country, during very cold weather, to arrive in Canada in time for the opening of the spring campaign. 7. — The ]dan of the American campaign for 1813 was that a large armv under General Dearborn was to threat( n riM'KU C ANADA— TIIK AMERICAN WAU— 18i;). 3!t; Th«' AincrlcaiiH atturk Toionio. I.owur C'aiiiiilu wliilst :iilitcriniiii'iiii;;arii frontior, and thus ro(hici! the wlioli: of Upper Canada. 'I'liis uccoiiiplislied.all tlie armies were to iiiak(! a joint descent oil Montreal and t^uel)ee, wliieh would be followed by the occupation of the Maritime Provinces, ami tiiiis tiu.- ISritish would l)e driven from tlie Amerii"m i:ontinent. The tirst attempt of the Americans was macle a;i,'ainst Toronto, which it was dillicult to defend. On the 'IMi April the American (lect, consistinjjof fourteen urmed vessels under command of Conin.odore Chauncey, and having on hoard seventeen hundred troops, commaiiiled hy Generals Dear- horu and Pike, sailed from Sackett's Harbor, and on the following evening appeared before Toronto. General Shead'e, who eonunanded the liritish forces, had about seven himdred Regulars and militia under him, and tin; defences were in a very bad condition. On the morning of the 27th the Americans, under General Pike, landed about three miles west of the city, although strongly opjiosed by the Hritisli. The fire from the American fleet quite overpowered the shore batteries, and enabled I'ike to carry the first line of defences easily. The Amer- icans advanced at once on the main works, when a mine was cxplodeil by an artiller^'man, and about two liunilred of them killed ; amongst these was General Pike, who was greatly esteemed by his men. 8. — General Sheall'e now ccincluded that he could not successfidly defeiith Jlay, and on that day the tr.'i;t<.f (icmiai whole American th^ct, with the exception ^'""^""'• of two vessels left to cruise oil Kingston, had asscmbh'd before Fort George. The fort was by no tnetina strong, the guns being small and tlic^ quantity of amniunition de- ficient, on acciinnt of the ol)-.triicti()n of navigation on the lake by the American fleet, and the difliciilty of transport- ing supplies by land. (Jn the I'Olli. l'"ort Magara, on the American side of the river, opened a heavy lire which considerably damaged Fort George, and on the fdllowing morning the American fleet was formcrl in tlii' sliape of a crescent around the fort and opened a tremendous fin; of shot and shell, under cover of which the I Hiding of t!io (■neiny was attempted. This was gallantly roisted by (ieiieral Vincent, who had about I. (MM) nieii uiiiler him, for three hours ; but after Coloind Winfield Scott had i effected a landing, with KOO riflemen, at Two Mile Creek, and General Lewis had established hiniMlf with 2.1)00 men on the beach below tlu^ fort. Geiier.il Vincent, hav- ing the fort knocked almost to pieces, deemed it prudent to retreat with what force he !iad left. He accorilingly caused the guns to be spiked, the magazine to be blown up. and retreated in excellent order towards Queenston, leaving the Americans to take possession of the shattered remnants of the fort. The IJritish loss was iii killed and about .'iOO wounded and missing; that of the Amerii'ans was .'JD killed and 1 1 1 wounded. Vincent, having with- drawn the garrisons from Fort F^rie and other points, re- treated to IJurlington Heights at the head of Lake On- tario, where he assembled a force of 1,")00 men, thus leav- ing the Americans in possession of the Niagara frontier. 10. — The IJritish meanwhile had not been idle in estab- lishing a fleet on Lake Ontario; but as the IJritish government seemed to ignore the fact that there wci'e mechanics in C .nada, andas fine 'vnst'i'l.TiTiiiini's to timber as ever grew, and preferred to '1111^!',,^ '"'*''" * senil men and half-built ships from Fug- land, the construction of the vessels was slow, and when they were built they were not as eirec'tive as the Ameri- can vessels. On the .")th of ^lay .Sir George L. Yeo, a naval ollicer of some distinction, arrived at (Quebec with nearly r)00 English sailors and artisans, and at once |)ro- ceeded to Kingston, where the fleet was put in an eflicient state. The nhsence of the Amcican (liset from Sackett's Harbor, on its expedition a;^'. .'st Toronto and Lake George, was thought to bo a favorable opportunity for a descent on Sackett's Harbor, which was the chief Ameri- can naval depot on the lake, and the destruction of which would have been a very decisive blow at their supremacy in the inland seas. Sir George Prevost went from Mon- treal to Kingston, and after a conference with Sir George L. Yeo, a joint attack by land and water was decided on. 11 . 1" (, PI * *-!, ii ;1 il:B?n . ill m Urn' I ' ' III I !''ie 308 Tl TTI.KS IIISTOHY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. AiiiiM'ii'uiL bat- toaux. Oil the 27tli of M:iy the British lli-et, consisting of tlie WoJfc, 2 I guns : Rmjal Gi'orijc i I ; Kurl nf Moirit, 1 8, and four si;iiooin;i-.s of ttMi guns cacli, left Kingston, liaving on boanl Sir Goorgu I'rcvosi and ahout 1,OUO inuu. II. — Af noon on the lollowing day tlio fleet arriveil opposite Saeliutt's IIarl)or, and tlio troops being transfer- red to hat I'aux. proi-eedeil to land under C.i|)tiire of twelve . an eseort )1 two guiiooats. About torty Indians wlio Jiad puslieil on aliead lanil- ed near Stony Point, and sliortly after a convoy of boats from Oswego, liearing reinforcements to Haeki'tt's Harbor, was discovered, an 1 tlie Indians lired on tiiem. Tiie British lioats bore down on them and succeedeil in capturing twelve, containing about one hundred and lifty iiien. the remainder making good their escape into Sack- ett's Harbor. Sir Oeorge I'rt^vost now suddenly deter- iiiine(l that his force was not strong enough to carry the enemy's works, and retiiriieil to tile licet, thus losing an excellent opportunity for achieving an important victcji'y. for the enemy was so weak, and had so little contideiiee ill a successful resistance, that he was [)repared to surren- der almost at the first sunnnons. VI. — The Americans immediately raised the alarm; the militia from all (piarters came in in large numbers, and the regulars on Ilorsi; Island were withdrawn H.'pulsi' u.sh his main boily between them and the river, thus cut- ting oir their r< treat. Iliunined in thus by the Indians in frenit and British in rear, tlii^ Americans inaf.avi:u I'ajis. — 3. Dk.stuuction of Fout.Sciii.ossi-.k iivtmk nuir- ISH. — I. rNsicci'.ssFri, Dkmonstkatiov acainst Four Gi'.oudK IIY TiiK Iiiiirisii. — .'), Opkuations ON THK LaKK. SF,C0Nt> HlllNlNC. OF ToUONTO. — (!. Gi'KUArioNH OF TiiF. Fi.F.F.rs ON Lakk Ontaiiio DrUlNIi TIIF SiMMF.Il. — 7. Rl.l'll.SF OF TlIK liulTISlI AT FoUT SrKPIIKNSON, H. CaiTIUK IIV TIIF AmFUI- CAXs OF THE British Fleet on Lake Ekie. — 0. Pkoct(jr Foucep to Retkeat. — 10. Defeat of Puocrou AT IMoKAViAN TowN. — 11. Retueat of the Burrrsn fkosi iiefoue Fout Geokoe. — Ti. The Americans Prepare to invade Lower Canada. — 13. Di'.feat of the Americans at Chrysler's Farm. — 11. The Americans no into Winter-Quar- ters. — I"). HiRxiN(;oF Newark iiy the Americans. — 10. Destrlction OF Lewiston, Black Rock and Buffalo iiy the British. — 17. End of the Cam- paign OF 1813. 1. — While tli(>se military events had been progressing. Commodore Yeoliad been making every eft'ict to increase tlu! elliciencv of the licet on Lake Gn- , , , , , , Vi it's arniy t.irio, and was at length eiiableil tii riinf..r i by coin- , i< ■ 1 1 1 ,- 1 1 llluilorc* Veo. show so torniKlalile a torce tliat tlii! Aiiieric.'iii lleet was forced to retire to S.ickett's Harbor. Advantage was at once taken of this to reinl'orce \'iii- ceiit's army, and on the .'id of ,Fiine Conmindore Yeo sailed with his squadron for the head of the l.ike. having on board two hundred and eighty men of the Klglilh regi- ment and a ipiantity of provisions ami clothing. He arrived off Forty-Mile Ci'eck on the evening of tlu^ seventh, and snmmonid the Americans to surrender, on which they retreateil preci|)itately to Fort (ieorge. leaving their wounded, tents, provisions, &c.. behind them. Twelve boats laden with baggage were also captured. Dearliorn's army was now reduceil bv sickness, desertions, and killed or captured in battle, to about five thousand men. who wen- I'oncentratcd at Fort George; but thi; men were uiidis- ci[iliiicd and dispirited, and although the British I'ori'c was not one third of their number, they wore now acting more on the defensive than the offensive. 2. — Dearborn's misfortunes were not yet ended. The British hail established a post at Beaver Dams, a lew miles from Qucenston. The post was . ^ '' . ... Di'fi'iU of llii. commanded bv Lieutenant Fitzgibbon a li.ans at itcn- with about fifty men. On the 8tli. Dearboi'ii dcspatcheil Lieutenant-Colonel Boersiler with six hundred men and fifty cavalry to dislodge the British. I!y some means a Mrs. Hecord, ol' Chippewa. wlio~e husband had been wounded at (^ueenston. and wlio-e hoii-.e had been burned by the Aniei'icans. got int'orniiilion of the intemied attack, and during the night walked nineteen miles to Iicaver Dams to warn Lieiileiiaiit Fitzgiblioii.* That oflicer lost no time in apprising Captain Ki'r, who with thirty-four men of the. lOltli, and about two hundred In- dians, was ill the neighborhood; and seniling inl'orinalion to Major Dellareii, who with the light company of the 8tli,two flank companies of the lOlth, and a small lioily of •Wlh'n II. It, It. till' 1'iImoi> nf Wains vlsili'il Canaila In Isiai, in' »iiw Mrs. Sci'oi'il iinil faiiHi'tl Iht to Itr prfhii'iili'il with inw liiiinlri.tl imhih'I.i ns a liiki'ii 111' lil» appri'ri.ili.'n i.t hiT imlili' I'limlint. m ' J' 'V ■i 1 i ' m\& w- ^'ll 401) TF ri'LE'S IIISror.Y of the dominion of CANADA. Provim-iiil militiii, was in his roar. Tiii' ailvaiice of the Aiucricaiis was clicckcd l)V (^aiilaiii Kcr ami his Iiulians, and a sharp action of ahont two lionrs' (hiration ensuod. wiicn the Anu-ricans coinnieiiced to retreat. .)iist then Lieutenant Fit/^ibhon eanie up with iiis forty-six men and summoned liuersth'r to surrender, wliicli he did, very nuK'h to tiie sur|)rise of tjie Mritisli ollieer, wliose force, inehiding Indians, did not number three liun(b-ed men, wliile tiie Americans surrendered five hundrecl and twelve men. two field-pieces, ami a stand of colors. 'I'liis last disaster ronipletely ruined I)earl)orM'.s military re])ntation ; and he was .sliorlly after superseded liy .Maj<>r-( ieneral Wilkinson. !), — The Americans, althouifh still nnmberiiii; two to one of the Briti.-li. were now penned up in tlii' neij:bborliood of Fort Oeoriife, thc> British forminir a ncslriictlnii nf F(irt .,, ' , -,,■, ,, , i' , Stliliwsei- liy tliu hue trom 1 welve-MiJe Creek, on Lake llriiish. ,-, . .. , Ontario, across to tjiieenston, on the Niapira Hiver. The dispirited condition of the Ameri- cans gave till! British several opportunities of crossing the boundary and inflicting piiiiishnient on the Americans in their own territory. On the night of the 4th ,Tuly the small American post of Fort Sclilosser was surprised by Colonel Clark, of tlu^ militia, and the guard, a brass tield- pieio. fifty stands of arms, a quantity of stores and a gun- boat captured. Just that day week Lieutenant-Colonel Bishopp. with two hundred and forty men of the .Stli, 4 1st and IDth regiments, crossed to the American side and sur- prised the post of Black Rock, destroying the barracks, store-houses, dock-yard with one vessid in it, and block- houses, and capturing and carrying ofT seven pieces of ordnance, two hundred stands of arms ami a large quan- tity of stores. General Porter, however, collected a large force of American militia and endeavored unsuccessfully to obstruct the British retreat; but in the skirmish Colonel Bishopp and twelve men were killed and a num- ber wonmlcd. t. — During the greater part of .\ugiist the iwo armies rcmaineil within a short di>(ance of each other willioiit any fiisiii.'.ssiul further eiicounlers. until the arrival of llrlilithhil'.'llloii iiuiiiiisi loll Sir (iciiruf I'ri'vipsi, when it was ciuifideiit- Gi'MVi;.. In III.! Hill. .a. " Iv expected that the .American position at Fort (ieor;;e would be assnilcd mid the invader driven from Canadian soil. On the lijtli Sir (ieorge made a demonstration against the fort witli tiu! avowed iulniliiMi of drawing the enemy out : but although Wilkin-on had four thousand men, and was sup|)orted by batteries on the other side of the river, be declined to leave his iiitreiich- meiiis, and .Sir (Jeorge I'revost not deeming the recovery ofthi" placeworlli the risk. decided not to venture an attack. hilt conleiilcd himself willi a close investment of ilie plan', although the whole British force in the iieighborli I ilid not (!Xceed two tliousaml ineil. His .ulinli, however, was very di>(astefiil (o the army and the pniillc, who had be- come so accustomed to see large bodies of Americans held in check, or defeated, by such inferior number.s of British and Canadian militia, that they considered two to one no odds at all, or rather that tlu; odds were in their favor, and the refusal of Sir (Jeorge I'revost to attack Fort George sunk his reputation as a soldier greatly in public estimation, where he had already suffered greatly on account of his unsuccessful attack on Sackett's Harbor in May. T).— Commodore Yeo, inean'.vhile, swept Lake Oiitari) with tlu^ British fleet, and furnished Vincent's army with a <;ood supplv of provisions; while Com- ,, ,, " II.' I _ ' (Ipi'inlioim on llu' modore Chauucev remained at .Sackett's l.aKi.Si'.diiilhum- llarnor. Ijusily (Migaged in completing Ins new ship, the /V/v. which was very large and formidable, ami would give him a su|ierioiity on the lake. Karlv in .Inly Y(!o fitted out a boat expedition to enter Sai'kett's IlarbcM' at night and destroy this vessel ; but the |U-oject failed throngli two deserters giving information to tln^ Americans, and the 15ritisli were obliged to return to Kingston without having accomplished their object. By the end of July Chauncey had eompUited the J'He ; and, the American navy being now superior to tli(^ British, an attack on liuilington Heights was deleiinined on. Colonel Wiiilii'ld Scott, with a company of artillery and a con- siderable body of troops was emiiarked and proceeded to Burlington Heights, which was the main depot of Vin- cent's army. The intention of the enemy being suspected, Lieutenant-Colonel Battersly with theCileiigarry regiment advanced from Toronto, thus leaving that point undefend- ed. The Americans, finding their design on Burlington Heights frustrated, and learning that the troops had been withdrawn from Toronto, |)roceeded to that place, and landing the troops without ojiposition, burned the public store-houses and barracks, liberated the prisoners in the jail, and after ill-treating some of the inhabitants re-em- barked for Niagara. G. — The American fleet on Lake Ontario now numbered two Klii|)s, one brig and eleven schooners, and were more heavily armed and better manned than nprnionsot tl.o till' British fleet, which only numbered i''i;''i- "i; iiiio' .' ^ I Mll;irti>(lurin;f Ihn six vessels, with a total of ninety-seven MniiMiir. guns ; yet tlii! American coinniander, Coininodiu'c Cliaiinecy. did not endeavor to force an engagement, and altliiuii;li some minor encounters, which wi; shall briefly summarize, took place, no general engageinent occurred ; Commodore Yeo, on his part, was eipially cautious, and both commanders appeareil to be afraiil to risk a general encounter without being well assured of victory, the iiiipoi'taiiee of having means of water coiiiinuiiicalion being well appreciated by both Chauncey and Yeo. 'I'lie British fleet sailed from ICingstoii (Mi the last day of July, witll supplies for llie aiiuy at llie head of the lake, and on the 8ili of August locdved into Niagara, where the enemy's ^inoricans licld bei's of British two to one no in their fuvor, o attack Fort eatl}- in public c(l greatly on ■tt's Ilarhor in Lake Ontari » It's annv with OpiTntiMiis on tlio \;ikt'.S('.'(unlIiiirn- 'if Toroiitn. ml foriiiiilabli>. iki". Karly in filter Sackctt's lint the project niation to tlic I to return to ir object. J5y ho Pikn ; ami, the IJi'itish, an I'd on. Colonel cry and a con- 1 |irocceded to depot of Vin- I'ili^r suspected, garry rciriinent loint undefcnd- on liurlington roops had been hat place, and lied the public irisoners in the abitauts re-em- now numbered Mil were more •IIII'llltloilB lit tlll> f!''i'l-i.n l.iikr iinliirioiliii'iii); (liii KUllinilT. . Corninodorc (.'aucnient, and I! shall briefly nent occurred ; ■ cautious, and risk a genei'al f victory, (be inicatioii liein;; ). The Mritish of July, with :e, and on the 3 the enemy's 1 t Uri'KU CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAll— 1813. 401 fleet lay moored. The latter hove up, and bore down ujion the liritish fleet, with which they manoeuvred until the lOtli, on which day the Juliu and Growler, two small vessels of forty men each, were cut off and captured by the British. Commodore Chauncey, somewhat disheartened with the loss of these, and two other small vessels, the Scourge nud Hamilton, of eight and nine guns respi.'Ctively, upset by a press of sail while attempting to escajic the British, with the loss of all hands, except sixteen men pickv'd up by the British, bore u[) for Niagara, from whence the Americans sailed almost immediately for Sackell's Ilarlxir, where their licet arrived on l.'Uli August. Commoihirc Chauncey here provisioned his fleet, and instantly .uadi; sail for Niagara, where lie remained at anchor until the Britisii fleet appeared off that harbor, early in the morning of the Ttli September, when the American fleet again weighed and iiore down upon the British, with whom they maiio'iivred until the r2th, when the latter retired to Amherst Bay, near Kingston. Diuiiig these five days but few shots were exchanged between the large ships, and without any injury to either side. The Americans, however, had much the advaiiii.^\, iii weight of met.-d and long guns. The fleets again met on 2Hth September, off York, when an engagement ensued for nearly two liours, in which the Wolfe, commanded by Sir James Yeo, lost her main and inizen top-masts, and would proliablv have beiMi captiireil had not the Itai/al Givri/t; commanded by Captain Miilcaster. run in between the ]Vol/e and the Pike, taking the latter in a raking position, so as to afford the Wolfe an oi>portunity of falling off and clearing away the wreck, 'i'liis affair tcnuinated in the • retreat of the British fleet iiiid.'r Bnrlinginn Heights, whither the Americans did n'lt think proper to pursue it; ' a resoluliDU which, if adopted by the .Vinericaii cdinniaml- j er, would probably have been fatal to tln^ British fleet on Lake Ontario. On the first of October the American j fleet set sail from Fort George with a convoy of troo|is for Sacketl's Harbor, where an expedition was preparing ! whose destination was as yet unknown. The Britisii fleet ' left their anchoragi! under Burlington lleiglils on the ! next (lay, and came in sight of the enemy, inn no attempt I was made to bring on a general eifgagenieiit. The Ameri- I can fleet, on their way to Sackett's Harbor, fell in willi | and captured five small vessels out of seven, with upwards { of two hundred and fifty men of UeWatlerville's regiment, from York, bound lor Kingston, where an attack was ap- prehended. Tills loss, though appariMitly trilling in ilsell', WHS sevi^rely felt. For the reiiiaimli'r of the season tiolhing of momi'iit occurred on this lake. 7. — Affairs dui'iiig the summer assumed a threatening aspect for the Ilrilish in the Michigan Territory. lioili ., , ,,,.,. ISritish and Americans were exeriing HopiilBc (if till- Dril- , . 1 j lull III I'oitstcpiicii- themselves to obtain the naval supreni- ■iiii. , , ,, . ... , , , ucy on Lake Erie, while llariisons army, now numbering about six thousand men. threatened Proctor's army. An attempt to surprise Fort Meigs was mailc at the end of July, but the effort was abandoned when it was found that the enemy was on the alert. An- other attack was made on the Britisii on the second of August, this time on Fort .Stephenson (Lower Sandusky), on the. Sandusky Uiver, which Proittor attempted to take by storm. After a brisk cannonade and a sharp encounter, I'roctor was fon.'ed to retreat, having lost three officers and fifty two men killed, or captured, ami forty-one wounded. I'roctor, finding that his guns were not of sufficiently heavy calibre to overpower the fire of the Americans, and also fearful of a general advance of the whole of Harrison's army, withdrew towards Amherst- bnrg. 8. — (a'ueral H.arrison was only awaiting thccompletion of the fleet which the Americans were fitting out at Pres- (p.'Jsle, under command of ('"'"'no- ,.„„„„„,,,„,„ ,,„„r. dore I'errv, before attacking Pi'octor. i'""* "t Hic i>"iisii • . •" . Ilict on Lake l;iP-. and attempting to ree'apture Delroit and regain the Michigan Terriloiy. Caplain Barclay, who had early in the summer assumed the command of till! British sipiadron on Lake Erie, bluckaded the American fleet at Presipi' Isle, which Ik; cdiild easily do. as the sand-bar across the harbor made it difficult for the enemy to get out without unshipping his guns. This was easily accomplished until the end of August, when Barclay bad to go to Long Point for supplies, and the American fleet at once took advantage of the oppurlnnity to get out of the harbor. Barclay, on his return, finding the enemy ready for the lake, and too powerfnl for his small siiuadnin, bore away for Amlierstlnirg. to await the ei|iiipmeut of the Detroit, recently launched. Commo- dore Perry sailed shortly after him for the head of the lake, and appeared at the eommeiicement of Seplember, for several days successively, off Amherstbu.g, in defiance of the British scpiadrou, retiring every evening to his an- chorage at Put-in-15ay. The forces under Proctor falling short of supplies, foi' which they depended snlely upon the fleet. Captain Barclay had no oilier allernative than to risk a general enoasreiiieiit. Willi this resolulion he made sail from Aiiiliersilnirg on the Ulh of Seplember, his small fleet being most ineffectually manned, less than sixty of the crews being seamen, of whom thirty-six were sent by Sir James Yi'o from Lake. Ontario. Detachments of the list and Boyal Newfoumlland regiments acted as marine.s. On the morning of the lOth llie enemy's fleet Wiu'e descrieil at iinchnr in Piit-iii-Uay : and iinmediately weighed anclinr and liore down on the liritish sipiadron, while a light wind from the south-west, veering rdiiiid to the soutli-( ast. gave the enemy llie weather gauge. .\t a quarter bel'iire twelve the British opened fire, which WHS returned by the enemy in about ten minutes, tiiid In; then bore up (or close action. The eiigagenu!iit continued with I . ■ y j i V 1 ''- !i 1' Ir'Ul m f:;!i!i 1^ 402 TUTTLKS IllSTOKV OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. iiii;il>:ittil I'liiT for two hours ami :i hall', when the Aiih ri- caii MaL;->hi|i, tlu^ Luivri'iiri', \\v\\\'^ ii-iiihTcd lUiiiiaiiaLicalilc. C'oiiiiiiodorc I'lTry left her in chari^i' ot' his lirst liciitciiait. Yanial. and hoisted his pciniaiit on bo.ird tiio Xiiij/nra. Soon al'lfr I't'rry left the Ldirrenrc nhf struck lu^r colors, hut the Hritisii liad not a boat with which to take posses- sion of her. At this juncture fortune seemed to favor the r)iitl>li. and even Perry ij'ivt! ii|) all hopes of victory; hut a bree/.e sprin;^iiijf up ifavc I'erry an opportunity to redeem the fortinies of the day. of which lie did not fail to avail hinisclf. Findini; that th(! Xiiii/ura had suffered very lillh; in tin; euu;a;ieuienl. he shot ahead of tlio Ltidi/ J'l-vrii.sf, Qiii'i'u <'/i(ir/(il/c and /fiiiift'r. rakiu;: theni with his starboard guns, and enga'^etl I in,' Dclrolt, wiiich vessel soon bee.-iine lunuanageable. The Aidf/iirn then wore round ahead of tin; Qiieini (^liiirhitti', and, hauling uj) on the starboard tack, engaged that ship, giving at the same time' a raking- lire ivitli her larboard guns to the (-liippcwn and JJnh' liill. while the smaller .•\inei'ican vessels closing to grape and ( aiii.ter di>taiice, maintained ii treineiidous ami most desiruciive lire. This masterly and successfid inaniBUvre decitill retained possession of Michilli- inackiiiac, and Harrison did not think it worth his wliili'lo reduce that post. ;is. isolated as it w.as, it ,, . , ... . . I.'^llVMl ..fill,- liiiist eventuallv capitulate it the .Amen- itriiishirninhc-- . , ; , , .. , , ,, , liirc' l-'iii-uii'iii|4e. cans occupied the whole ot I pper ( ana .a, as th(>v now conliilently expected to do ; ho therefore siuit all his disposable force to Niagai.i and I''(U't (ieorgo. AfliM' Proctor's defeat, and the i'onse(|iieiit advance of Harrison's army, (ieneral Vincent I'elt that he cinild no longer safely maintain the blockade of Fort Oeorge. and he therefore witluln-w to IJurlington Heights, fearing the enemy, having possession of the lake, may land a body of troops at that iinportaiit point and so (ait olV iiis retreat altogether. Ivirly on the nioriiing of the ninth October, the main body, with the baggage, retired from Fort (ieorge, leaving the pickets in position, so that it was not until the evening when tht; latter retired that the enemy knew that the ISrilish had raised the siege. A force of fifteen iiundred men, under iirig.adier-CJciii'rals McClure and Porter, was (lespatchcd in piii'suil, but Cohuiel Mur- ray, who comniaiided the rear-guard of tlii! IJritish, ccuii- Ii.'f.'.Mt lace. lindiiig that tho enemy [iroposed passing liim and attacking Jlontreal, despatched a forc^e of alioiit eight hiiinlred lucii, under connnand of Lieulenaiit-C'olonel Moriisoii. in pursuit of the enemy, with whom I: " ('aiiic ii[) on the ei:.'hth at I'oiiit Irc.ipioi^. On the prcviou- day Cieneral \\'ilkins.iii lia.l ordered Colonel Maconili to land, with twelve hundreil men, on tlii! Hritish side of the river, and di.-lodge sonii^ militiamen who were posted there. .Mac;)ml)'s l'orc<' was afterwards sireiii;lhened hy Urowii's. and a further body of men was landed at the In.ii of tlie Long Saiilt, llie whole being uiide;- the eoiiimind lirigadier- Gcneral Iloyil. On the eU'Veiith .Morrison liad pre>-cd so cl.isi' on lioyd's rear as to force him to give him bat- tle, which lie 'lid at Chrysler's farm. This was •■ a siprire .stand up light." neither parly having any .■idvanlage of groun.l tu' position, except that the Americans number- ed two to one, as it was proved at tho conrt-niartial of Genenil Wilkinson, which followed his retreat, ili;it the Americans had over two thousand nuai engaged, v.hile the British fori'e did not number eleven hundred, l;i — The most accurate description of tlie battle is the following extract from t!ie ollicial despatch of Lii'Uteiiant- ,, ,. . .,, Colonel Morrison: "The eiiemv's force, Ami'ifTans at coiisistiiiic of two brigades of infantry, and a Curysler'H funii. . ' . ,^ . ' , regiment of cavalry, aiiiouuting to be- tween three and four thousand men, moved forward iiliout two o'c'lock in the afternoon, from Clii'vsli.r's Point, and \ attacked our adv.anei., \vlii<'li gradually I'ell b.ick to tlie position selected lor the delaclimcnt to occiiiy. the light resting on the river, and the left on a |)ine wood, e.\liil)il- ing about seven hundred rods. The ground being open. the troops were thus disposed — the Hank companies of th(! 'lOtli regiment, the det.ichment of the Canadian reg- iment with one lield-piece under Jjieiilenant-Colonel Pear- son on the right ; a little advanced on the . : .d, three compa- nies of the SDth regiment under Captain Harnes, with a gun formed in prlivUn.i, with the advance on its left, supporting it. The 40th and the S'.lih thrown more to the rear, with a gun, formed the main body and reserve, extending to tho woods on tho left, wliieh were occu|)ied by the voltigeurs, under ;\Iajor Ilerriott, and tli.' Indians under Lii'iitenaiit Anderson. At abnnt half-p;isi iwotheaction became gen- eral, when the enemy endeavored, by moving I'orw.ird a brigade from his right to turn our left, but was repulsed by the >i',h\\ reginieiit forming cii-iiiilence with the I'.lth re- giment, and by moving forward, occasionally liriiig by platoons ; his efforts were ni'xt directed against our right, and to !■(. pulse this iiiovi;ment, the 4'.lth regiment l.iok ground in that dii'i'cliou, in (•'•/(('//(//;, followed by ihi' S'.lih. When within half musket shot the line was formed under a hc-avy but irregular fire from the eiwiny. The I'.lih was directed to charge their .guns, posted ojipositi^ to ours, but it became necessary, when within a short distani'o of them, to ('heck this forwanl movement, in eiMiscipienci,' of a eli.irge from their cavalry on the ri^ht. lest they should whe.'l about and fill upon the re.ir ; lull tlii'v were iTi'eived in .so g.-ilhint a m.uiiier by the companies of tli.' .'S'.iili, under Ca]ilaiii lianies, .-ind the well directed lire of tin; artillery, that tlii'v ipii.'kly retreali'd. .'iiid by -a ehar^e from those ompanii's. one gun wa^^ ; "led. 'J'lie eiiemv immediately concentrated his fiu'ce l,j check our advalici., but such was the steaily countenance and well-directed fire of the troops and tirtillery. that aliiuit hiilf-pa-t four iliey gave way at all points from an exceeding strong position, endi'avoiiiig by their light infantry toc.)\'er their retreat, and were s'lon ilriveii away by a j,.di(Moiis iiiove- nieijt maile liy Lieiiten.uit-Colonel I'earson. The de- tu'liment, tor the night, oci-iipieil tin' ground from which the eiieiiiy had been driven." 11. — 'I'lie battle Chrysler's farm is generaliv re'.^:irded tis the iiio-t ^i-ieutifie display of the war, and it~ effect (Ui the Amerii'.an cause was verv great, as. * . 't ill' .Vln.'iir .im i;o coming cl.i-e on the re[iiilse ot Hampton int.. Hiiii.M-iinar- by iJeSalaberry at Chateaugu.ay. it cliei'ked ihe threatened invasion of Lower Canaila and relievi'd the people of that province from any further fcir of at- tack that season. The loss of the 15rilish in this action was twenty-four killed and one hundred and forty-tive wounded, while t!ie Americans had one huiidri:rt and two killed and one hundred and thirly-seveii wounded. After their defeat the Americans hastily re-embarked and fol- lowed the division of (Jeiii'ral lirowii to Co 'iiwall. w lio, una'.v.ii'e 111' the defeat, had coiitiniii'd his n,arcli to th.at phiie. Wvw \\'ilkinson expecteil to hear from 1 la nipt on ; but when he learned of the repnUe of that general's live thousand men by DeSalalierry's live hundred, hi' deemed it prndeiit to givi! up tin? idea of invasion, and crossing the river he retreated to French Mills, on tho Salmon River, ■;|!: ■ I M ■li :-;!!" if ■ ; i! \m ! i •101 'ITTTLKS HISTOKV OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA. where liis boats and hiittt'uiix were scuttled, !i number of wooden huts hastily erected, and the troops \\i nt into win- ter-quarters. Tlins ended in det'ea' and disgrace the combined attempt to invade Lower Canada and capture IMontreal. 1.'). — The scene shifts a;;ain to thi^ Niacfara frontier. On hearin;; of the reverses to IFaniptnn and Wilkinson, the Anieiicaii eoniinauder at Fort Gcorjje, ark I..V iiii' Ani.ri- ( iiner.il .Mel hue, ih'termined to uliandon tliat p(i>t and relieat to tlie American side of til.' river to j;o into wintei'-i|naiiers ; but he (irst — by order of General Armstronji, the United States Secretary of War— committed an act of fiendish cruelty and wanton destruction which has seldom been excelled in modern warfare. The winter had set in. and was unusually cold for December, yet on the tenth of that niDiitli (leiieral McClure ordered the ])eacefnl inhaliitants of Newark (Ni- aj;ara) out of their homes, and set (ire to t!i( floiirishintr villaire. dcstroyiinj abciut one hundred and fifty houses and rendering H]iwards of fcmr hundred WdUieii an than counterbalanced by the driving of the Americans from the Niagara frontier, and the repulse of Hampton's and Wilkinson's combined atteiii]it on Lower Canaila. by a vastly inferior force, relle(.'ted gri^at credit (ui the British arms. The inhuman style of warfare inaugurated by the Americans by the burning of Newark had been amply revenged ; and although this wanton destruction of private properly is alw.iys to be h lian;:ui-al('d l.y lad hi'cn amply 'tion of private ist be admitted L'mselves. C)n evost issued :i lie conduct of liau tcri'ilory, I tlie ."MicliiLiau iited l)y those listory, that in ry, and in the )s of a nation inly.and with- Ipiess wonicu the moui-nlii! ruction of all ite of \ewaik iihaliilaiits nf L'i'ollectiou (if in opposed !o Init day, the cClure, being itild no longer uprp:u CANADA— tup: American war— i81 i. 405 retain, by an act of inhumanity disgraceful to themselves and to the nation to which they belong, set lire to upwards of one hundred and fifty houses, composing the beautiful village oi -'ewark, and burned them to the ground, leaving without coveri' g or shelter those ' innocent, unfortuiuite, distressed inhabitants.' whom the oflicer, by bis proclama- tion, had previously engaged to protect. His excellency wouhl have ill consulted the honor of his country, and the justice due to his majesty's injured and insulted subjects, had he permitted an act of s\ich needless cruelty to pass un])unislied, or bad he failed to visit, whenever the opportunity arrived, upon the inhabitants of the neighbor- ing American frontier, the calamities thus inflicted upon those of our own. The opportunity has occurred, and a full measure of retaliation has taken ])lace, such as it is hoped will teach the enemy to respect in future the laws of war, and recall him to a sense of what is due to himself as well as to us. In the further prosecution of the contest to which so extraordinary a character has been given, his excellency must be guided by the course of conduct which the enemy will hereafter pursue. Lament- ing as bis excellency does, the necessity imposed upon him of retaliating upon the subjects of America the miseries inflictcil upon the inhabitants of Newark, it is not his intention to pui'sut; further a .system of warfare so revelling to his own feelings, and so little congenial to the IJritish character, unless the future measures of the enemy should com|)el him again to resort to it." CHAPTER XC. UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR— 1 814. 1. — Cai'ti UK or OswKGO BY Till': l>KirisiT. — 2. U\si:c- CKssi-ii, lioAT Attack. — 3. Tin-: Amkuipans again Invadi: Ui'i'Kii Canada. — 4. Dki-kat oi-thk Huitisii AT ClIllM'r.A'A. "). ViCTOIlY OT TIIK UlilTISlI AT J.trNnv's Lam:. — G. Rr.i'L'i.si': ok tiik I'.ritisii ni:i'OKK Foist Eitii;. — 7. Oi'i:rations ix tiik Wi:st. — 8. Closk 01' Till-; War. 1. — The military operations during the winter were not of a very serious nature, being conlincniP'''iS" "f '^^'^ opi'i'd •» Lower Canada, where, as wo have already seen. General AVilivinson was n'pulsed by the Mritish at LaCoUe mill on .lOth March. On the fourth of May Oeneral Drn.iimond sent an expedition of about twelv<' hundred men against Oswego, which was the principal depot of the Americans on the lake. The place was defended by a fort and about three hundred troops, but was easily captured, the fortifications destroyed and a large quantity of stores either burned or carried off. The loss to the British was tW(>nty-two killed and seventy-three wounded. The Americans lost about sixty men. The IJritish retired to Kingston after this exploit, and remained there until the end of the month, when the fleet, which was now more ]ii)werful than tlu; Ameri(;an. blockaded Sackett's Harbor, in order to interce|)t the supplies necessary for the com|ileti(>n of some new vessels being built there, which Were being forwarded from ()sw<'go. On ']w 2'.)th ^Ln- a boat loaded with two twcnty-foiu' i)ound guns ami some cordage was captured by the Hritish, and it was ascer- tained that she formed part of a fleet of sixteen boats which had left Oswego for Sackett's Harbor, laden with naval and military stores. 2. — Captains Popham and Spilsbury. with two gunboats and five barges, were d(>spatehcd in search of the enemy's boats, which were ascertained to liav(! taken refiig.' in Sandy Creek. Thither fi'j^V'.'.TS.!" the liritish pursued them, and on tln^ nnn-n- ing of the iilst the boats from the Hritish squadron recon- noitred the enemy's |)osition. and Captains I'opham and Si)ilsbury decided on risking an attack, although they knew that it was dangerous, as the enemy was luunerous ami in good position. The boats advanced cautiously up the creek to within half a mile of the enemy, when ]iar- ties were landed on each bank, thus flanking the gun- boats. The advance was successfully conducted until a bcTid in the creek was reached which exposed the enemy's boats to view, when the sixty-eight pound bow gun of one of the Hritish gunboats became disabled and it was neces- sary to pull the vessel round so as to bring her stern gun to bt ir. This movenient was taken by the Americans as an indication of a retreat, and they iunncdiately advanced their whole strength, consisting of one hundre(l and fifty rifleuHMi and two Inindred Indians, supported iiy a strong body of cavalry and militia. The Hritish fcin'c numliered about two hundred, and, being ui.alilc to re-einliark. was forced to surrender i. a- eighteen had been killed and llfty wounded. Captain .'(ipham acknowledged in his ofrntial repcn-t that he was under great obligations to Major Ap- pling, who commanded the rilkanen, for saving the lives of nniny of bis ollicers and men who were being killed by the Indians. ,'i. — 'I'iie .Vmeiican army on the Niagara frontier, com- manded by (Jeneral r>rown. began early in the summer to concentrate at HntTalo. HIack Rock, and . , I 111' Atni'rli';\iiH Other points; and on the morning ot tlie imnin invMilo l•|>- . , . ■ , , • , 1 1 l"-'' •':iii:icl' ;>d ot .Inly, two bi'igadcs, undiT eonmiaiKl of Hri^'iicliert ieiierals Scott and Ripley, crossed the river and lauded without op])o-.ili()ii. near Fort I'"iie. inie brigade landing about a mile aiiove, and the other a inili^ below the tort. Major Huck. with about seventy men of the 8th regiment, iMUiimauded the fort, which had liei n put in a t|. 40(1 TUTTLKS HISTORY (»1" TIIK IM ).\I I N li ).\ Ol' (AN ADA. Koorl state of ilcffiiso. witli fi view of drlayiiig tlif <'iii'iny in the event of liis cros-iin;; at that jDMit; liut Major HiK^k was too careful of liiniself and liis nion, and aban- doned l\w fort witlioiU firin;; a shot. Tliis error of lliu-k'ft was fatal to the Hritisli ; for altiiou!,'li Fort Erie could not have been held for any lenirth of time, still a few hour.s' defense would have enahliMl (Jeneral Riall to con- centrati^ his forces and altaek the Americans hefoi-e they were lirnily estahlisheil on Canadian soil. As it was, the Americans were permitte(l to oc iipy this important post without opi)osition, and transfer all the troops they pleased to the Canadian side of the river unmolested. On the following,' d,iy. General lirown advanced his whole force, over four thousand men. to the Plains of Chippewa, wiHi the intention of taki^iLf p')ss(>ssion ol' that place. 4. — On tlie i5th, General Hiall. havinu' been reinforced from Toronto, and havinij fifteen hnndreil re;;ul.irs. six- hundred militia, and lhre(! bnndi'ed Indi- i^r/aMh-ii'lunlil.''" =ii'« "'"''''■ '''-^ eommand. determined to at- tack Brown. whosi> force was upwards of four thousand men. lirowii showed mon? j^eneralshi]) than any of the previous American eominan<'i'>ff"':'- "H'l -^lississapi, and was leisurely liriiiaii lit Lull- followed bv Hrowu, who occnipied Queen- dv"8 Inline. ,11 . stoii. and made demmstratiotis against Forts George and Mississaga, but did not attack them. :is he fiMind them strongly defetnhid iind the American navy on the lake was not in a condition to c()-operate with hiiu. On the "-'.Hh .Inly Urown retreated towards Chippewa, ■■vfler burning the >lllag(. of St. David's. Riall pusluMl on in ])ui-nit, when the Ainericiins halted at I.undy's Lane (called IJridgewater by the Americans'), and the most stub- born light of the war ensued. \Ve cannot do betlir than quote the report of General Druinmoml, who had arrived from Toronto that morning and taken command ; he savs : ■' I embarked on board his majesty's schooner Ncllei/. at York, on .Sunday evening the "2 Ith instant, and reached Niagara at daybreak the following morning. Finding from Lieuteuant-(,'olonel Tucker that ^lajor-General I{iall was understood to be moving towards the Falls of Niagara to support thi^ advance of his division, whi(!li he had pusluMl on to that jilace on tlie preceding evening, I or(lererts (Jeoigc. Mississaga and Niagara, under Lieutenaiit-Coloiiel Tuckei-. and moved with the H'.tth, and detachments of the Royals and Kiiigs^ and light cnmpinN of the list, in all about eight huinli'ed men, to join Major-t J-Mieral Riall's division at. the falls. When arrived witliin a few mi'es of that position. I met a report from Major( leiieral Riall. that the enemy were advancing ill grea' I'ori'e. I immediately pushed on and joined the brad of iyieuteiiant-Cidonel Morrisun's coliini!!, just as it reache 1 the road leadiiig towards the Reaver Dam. over tin.' summit of the hill at Lundy's liaiie. In- stead of the whole of Major-( ieneral Riall's division, which I expected to have t'oiind occujiying this position, I found it almo-t in tin' occupation of the enemy, whoso columns were within six hundn^d yards of the top of the hill, and the surrounding woods filled with his light troops. The advance of Major(Jeneral Riall's division, consist- ing of the Glengarry light infantry and incorporated mi- litia, having commeiK'i'd tliidr retreat upon Fort George, I countermanded th'se corps, and formed the 80th regi- ment and the Royal S.'ots de|,iehm''nts, and 41st light companies, in the re:ir of tin; hill, their left resting on the great road ; my two twenty-four |)ounder brass fiidd guns a little advanced in front of the centre on the sum- mit of the hill ; the Cilengarry light infantry on the right, the battalion of incorporated militia, and the detachnieiit of the King's regiments on the left of the great road ; the ! 1'^ If. UPrKll CANADA— THE AiMKUIC'AX WAR— IrtU. ■1(17 s(iti:i(liiiri I'.ltli lijilit (lr;iu;i)oiis in llio rciir (if the left, mi tlio I'oikI. I liM(l .scari'i'l)' CDiuiilftcil this f(iriii;itiiiii wlii'ii the wIidIc front \v;is warmly Mini closely cnjiM^i'il. Tin.' oiu'niy's |irinci|);il oilorts Wfrudiroctud uj^ainst our left ;iinl cuntro, iind after repeated attacks, the troops on the left were partially forced liaek, and the enemy },Mined a momentary |)o.sses>ion of the road. Tiiis i,Mve him, however, no mate- rial advanlai^e, as the troops which liad lieeu force(l hai'k fornieil in the rear of the .S'.lih regiment. fronliiiL,' the road, and secnriii;; the Hank. It was dniin^ this short interval that Major-deneial Kiall, having; recciveila severe wouml, was intercepted as he was passin/j; to the rear, liy a party of the enemy's cavalry, ami made prisoni'r. In the centre, the repeated and determined attacks of tiie enemy were met hy the ^!!ith re;.'iini'nt. the dctatantly repulsed with very heavy loss. In so delerniiued a manner wei'e thest; attacks directed a!,'ainst our gmis. that our arlilli-rymen were biiyonete(l hy the enemy, in that act of loadini.'. and th(^ muzzle of the enemy's i;uns wer(^ advani'cd within a few yards of ours. 'i"hi' darkness of the nij;ht, durinif this extraordinary conflict, occasioned several unconnnon inci- dents; our troops havin;; for a moment heen pu-heil hack. some of our ;;uns remained for a few minutes in ihe enoTny's hands ; they were, however, not only (|nii'kly recovered, hut tlu^ two pieces, a six-pounder .'ind a live- and-a-half-inch howit/er, which the enemy had Urouiflit up. were captured liy us, tn;;(ithei- with sevei'al tunihrels; and in limherinir up onr jiuns at on<' period, one of theenemv's six-pounclei-s was put, hy mistake, upon a limher of ours, and one of onr six-pounders limliered on one of his ; hv which means the pii'C(^s were exchauifi'd ; and thus, thoni;h we captured two of his i:;uns,yet, as he ohtaiiu'd one of ours, we have oidy gained otio gun. Aliout nine o'clock (the action having commenced at six) there! was a short inter- mission of liring, dnritig which it appears the enemy was employed in liringing up the whole of his remaining forr-e, and he shortly afterwards reiu'wed his attack with fresh troops, hut was everywhi't'e repulsed, with ei(Ual gallatitry anil success. Ahout this period tin- remainder of INIajor- General Riall's division, which had heeii ordered to retire on the advaiu'e of the etiemy. cotisisting of the 10ovondlhe Chijipewa. On the following day he ahancloiied his camp, threw the greatest part of his haggage. camp eipiipageand provisions into the rapids, amt having set (ire to Strei't's mills, and destroyed the bridge iit Chippewa, continued his retreat in great disorder towanl- Fort Krie. .Mv lii,'ht troop<, cavalry, and Indians, are cletached in pursuit, and to harass his retreat, which. I ilonlit not, he will continue until \\o. reachi's his own shore. The loss sustained hv the (■iieniy in this severe action, cannot he estimated at less than lifteen humlri'd men. including se\eral hundreil jiris- j oners left on our hands ; his two coiiiinandiiiif i^eiierals. IJrown and Scott, are said to lie woninleil ; his wlioh' : I'ori'c. which has never heen rated at less than live thons.anil. ha\ ing heen engaged. ICncloscd, I have the honor to transmit a return of our loss, which has heen vi'i-v con- sidi'i-alile. The numher of troops under my coinmand did not, for the lirst three hours, e\ceed sixteen hundred men ; the addition of the troops under Colonel Scott did not in- crease it to more than two thousand eight hundreil, of every des<-ription." <■).. — This was the hloodiest liattle of the cainpai^'ii. the Americans (iwning to ;i loss of nine hundred and thirtv killed and wounded and threi,' hundred 1-1 1 1. • • 1 1 -1 ll'l'lllsi- "f till' prisoners, wliile the IJritisli loss was eight iniii^-h i>. i.t,. I 1 I I . 'PI » • ''"'' '-li''. hundreil and seventy. Ihe Americans claim Lundy's Lain' as a victory, hut as the Ilritish held their position and llrown was forci'd to retreat, to he afterwai'ds cooped up in Fort Fiie liy an army not half his strength, it is hard to tell on what hasis the clMim of a victory rests. IJoth the Americans — I'lrown and Scott- were woiinded. and the eominanil devolved upon ISrigadiei- Ripley, who retreated to 1' ;t Krie. the det'enses of which he greatly strengthened ; and (ieiieral (iaines left .Sacketi's Harbor and assinned comniaiid of the American forces at Fort Erie, Drninmond immediately invested the loit. although his tinny was not one half the strength of the Americans. On the night of the 12th Aiignsi two Ainer- I; ican schooners, each carrying tin guns, which were sta- Ij tioned near the fort to Hank and advance against it. were captured hv Captain Dolilis, R..\.. who had smne lioats and hatteaux hnuight overland from Niagara Ini- the pur- pose. This elated the Ilritish. and Dnnninoiid opened lire on the Kith against the fort with such g I etl'ect that it was determined to attempt to take it liy storm on the t'ol- lowiiig night. Accordingly on the night of the 1 Ith the liritish I'orce was divideil into three columns and moved silentlv to till' attack, which was comineii 1 early on the ; morning of the loth. The; two lirst columns siiciu'cded ij in eil'ecting a lodgmenl in the fort and held it for some j time; hut the third column failed to co-operate on account j of the stuhhorn resistance of the enemy, and the explosion ' of a maga/iiie in the portion of the fort held liy the Hritish, tJl 'fif f i '' IP ' 1 i lift II '-H : m I'i: ill i \\h ?!l "i! 408 TUTTLK-.S HISTORY OF TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA. C^prrationri lii the west. killiii;^ iiiid \vniiii oidy eij,dity-i'our men in killed, woiindeil and inissinj;. Driimmond shortly after received reinforcements of two rei,dmi'nts, whidi scarcely mon^ than eovere(l his recent losses. Iiut enahleil him to liold the enemy penned nji in Fort Krie. 7. — Meanwliile some sliudit operations li:id lieeii takinj; place in the far west. Contrary to tiie expecialion of ihe Americans, Fort ^lichilliniaUinae had l)een reinforced hv Lieiitenant-Cidoiiel I\r<'Donald on IMtli May, and eaily in .Inly that oHicer despatched Lienlenant-Coloind McKay, witli al)ont six hnndred men, to reriii>li guns, the garrison saw further resistance was u>ele><, and surremlereil on tlw I'.Uh. This was a most important trading-post, ami its capture strengthened English influence with llu? Imlians. A force of nine hundred men, under Lienteiiant-Culouid Croghun, was sent to reduce Michilliinackinac. Imt met with so warm a reception on its landing on Itti August that the Amei-i- cans re-embar!;ed, leaving seventeen men dead on the heacli. Shortly after this the J'Igress and Scorpion, two small American schooners who liad been intercejiting sup- plies, were captured, and no further dem^^'istration was made against Michi'' nackinac during the war. 8 — The arrival of large reinforcements from Engl.and, amounting to about si.xteen thousand men, enal)led Sir George Prevost to assume the offensive Close of thiMv.-ir. late in the summer, and with the unfortu- nate result of his attack on I'lattshurgh we are already acipiainted. The enemy at Fort Erie, on hearing of the l'>riti>h reverses at I'lattshurgh, anil aware that (JeinM'al Drnmmond had not lieen roinforc(Ml, made a sortie on the night of the seventi'enth of Sep- tember, and attacked the British lines with his wlndi^ force of nearly five thousand men. The attack was at lirst successful, and two batteries captured ; hut reinforcements arriving, the Americans were finally repulsed and driven back to the fort with a loss of five hundred and nine men killed wounded and missing ; the British loss being about one hundred more. Drummond sliortly after raised the siege of Fort Erie and retired to C;lii|)pewa : and on the 5th November General Brown, finding that the Ani(M-ican fleet on the lake could not co-operate with him, destroyed the works at F'ort Erie and retired to his own territory, leaving the upper provinci; once more in peace. The armies on both .-ides soon afler went into winter-cpiarters. anil before another cimjiai:,'!! had been opened peace had been declared, and a most unnecessary and unprovoked war |iut an end to. CIIAl'TEK XCI. Ul'l ER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF FRANC IS GORE, ESC^. I. CnNKirrox or Canada and tiii: I'mtkd Statks at TiiK ci.DSK or Tin; Wai:. — "i. ExrofKAr.KMKXT op EMiiiUATiDX. — .'i. EsrAUi.isiiMr.NT OK Common Siiniiii.s, I'liKviois EtroKTs rowAiSKs Edi-i.ation. — I. EsrAi'.i.isiiMi'.NT or a Paui-iamkntauv LiiiitAitv. — ."). Si DiiKN I'uouor.ATiox oi- 1'aki.iamkxt nv Mu. (iuui:. — f'p. Dissatisfactiox at tiik AiiniTUAitv Cdxih rr OI' riif. Govi.kxok. — 7. AitiiiVAi, oi' Mii. (illlUI.AV. Ills T'iIIUTV-DXK QflCSTIOXS. — S. Cox- vi;xriox or Df.i.Ki;ATi;s iiki-d at Touoxro. Ue- CAi.i. Of .Alii. Giiiii:. 1. — I'eice was hailed with delight in bo'li Canada and the United States. In the latter ciuntry the war rnay be said to Iiave entirely riiiiieil it- trade and r,,niliii ^n ef inim- commeice. In spite of some brilliant na- 'J? '.""",''.'; ^"}'-^'^ » . ^ Statft* nl thci'losu val victories, the British navy had driven "f Hi" »iir. American shipping from the ocean ; over three thousand merchant vessels had been captured, the entire seaboard blockaded, and that so effectually that the exports in 1811 only amounted to a million and a half pounds, as against twenty-two millions in 1811, while the imports had dwindled from twenty-eight millions to three ; more tean half the merchants and traders were bankrupt, and tax- ation had increased to an enormous extent, while thou- sands of lives had been sacrificed and many flourishing homes made desolate. The war party of the United States, actuated by a desire of conquest and a wish to be revenged on iMigland for fancied wrongs, took advantage of her l)"ing engaged in a Euro])ean war. to endeavor to wrest Canada from her; but so thori)uj;hly did they fail that in the treaty of peace signed at Ghent, on 24th De- cember, 181 1, not one word was said about the '"right of search," wdiich was the ostensible cause of tlie war, and not one foot of land did the States gain for all their wast- ed blood and treasure. On the otlier hand, tiie war had done mucli good to Canada. Of course, many homes were made desolate ; there was mourning throughout the land for the loved ones who had poured out their life's blood to defend their homes, and the flow of emigration and the material prosperity had been checked ; but still jieace. Tlic viiitt'iMjiiartiTs, mumI peace liad iij)rovoked war HN T OF ri;i) Statks at ■|!Ar. KMi:XT OP oi- Common >S MDItATION. lAUv Li III! A i;y. AMi.xr IIY .Mu. K AuiirruAiiv liivAf, or Mit. )N-.S. — S. CoN- 'oitOM'o. I{l> 1i Canada and the war may l)e f'tiHliti'ii itf r.-iici- (la mill tlie L'liitL-d S(lit«'(4 at llie rluttu of tliu war. tliiTo thousand entire soabnard exports in 1814 inds, as against a import? had "cc ; more ti'aii krupt, and tax- mt, while thou- [lany flourishini; of the United nd a wisli to lie took advantage . to endeavor to ily did they fail lit. on 21th De- It the '• right of of the war, and V all their wast- ;id, tiie war had e, many liomes throughout the out their life's .V of emigration 3eked ; but still UPPER CyVNADA— GOVF.IJNMKNT OF FI{AN( IS OOHK, KSQ. 40'J the war had had a good effeet on Cannula, iiiasininli a-^ it tended to eeiiieiit the people togetlier, and to inereaM' their devotion not only to the lan7, the Legislature addressed a memorial to Ilis IMajesty George III. on the subject of education ; and in the following year the colonial secre- tary directed an endowment for free grammar schools and colleges to be created out of the sale of wild lands set apart for the purpose ; but the revenue not proving '-.iitricient, the Legislature in 180(5 established a free gram- mar school in each of the eight districts into which Upper Canada was then divided. No further attempts at public education were made until the passage of the act r*>rcrred to, at the opening of this paragraiih. 4. — That |)ublic education engrossed a great de.al of the attention of Parliament this session is also evidenced by the fact that an act was passed appro- ,..sta..li«l„nent of priatiii!; £800 for the purchase of a library a i-aiiiamuntary for both Houses, the loundation of the present very excellent Parliamentary Library of Ontario. 110 TITTLKS IIISTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. Aiii()iij;st nviiiv iillnr ii>cliil nets pusscij wa^ one :i|i|ir()iiii- liliuii .£1,000 t(i l)f iixil. ill tlic wiiv of lioiiiitics, ill cii- nmr:i;,'iMj; tin- ciilliv.itiMM of Im'|ii|i. An act iiiso [cisscd ;.'iaiitiii;; .sMJiiiits 111' Xl'UH .i vfur cmli to llic s|ic;ikir.s of till' Lii;isl.ilivc Coiiiicil iiinl llio IIoiisi! of A.ssc'iiiiily. A- we Ii;ivf ajrciidy iiii'iitioiicd, Kii<;laiiil paid tlie expenses ol tile war. and llie I.ioi^jatiire. in i;ratitiide, passed an act appropriatiin; i'i.'dlO pi r aniiiiiii toward-i defravin;; tlie expenses of llie civil list, which was slill a hiirdcii on the crown. Itiit alihiiii^h the session was liiiiinonions, tlie reaction which iiicvilalily follows a state of warli.ul lie;j;iin to be fidt, and soon showed itself in feeling's of restless- ness and uneasiness anioni;st tlie people. Tlirco years' military expeiience had unsettled niaiiy for pcacitfiil pur- suits; ;inil the sudden scarcity of nmiicv. caused hy tlii^ cessation of the iiillow from (Jrcat Hrilaiii to meet the war expenses, caused some discontent, and, as is usual, the jicople l>c:.'aii to lijainc the administration, i>. — I'nfoiliinatily llicic was only too jmmjiI i;rimiid for coinplaiiit against the iroverriment al this lime. A littlt; oliiiarchv of olliceliolders and "overninent Siiil(li-ii pri'Tc;:;!- ' . ■ . ^ lion i.i c.iiiiaimiit lavorilcs ruled the province more tor by Mr. lioie. , . , , t i i i thcirowii than the;fciil(! now turned their attention towards this as an ''hiise of power. Another cause of complaint \v;is ilie C'l«,-rgv Ueserves. The (ieigy Reserves act of 171)1 set apart one seventh of what was then '• the Province of (^iieliec" for " the support of a I'rolestant Cleigy." The ipiaiititv of land thus reserveil in Upper Canada ainounled iDalioiit two millions anil a half of acri's, and '.he nieiiilieis of the Church of I'aigianil claimed the whole of this as the es- talilisheil Cliiiich of Canada. The rresliytirian, Metho- dist, l>a|itist anil other deiioniinations olijected to this, and the question soon began to attract attention. The Parliament met on the tth Februiiry. 1817, and the con- dition of the province soon occupied the attention of tlu^ Assembly. On the third of April, llie House went into conimiltce of the whole on the condition of the province, which it was intended to consider under four heads — the bad policy of throwing obslruclions in tin? way of emigra- tion from the United States ; the insiilliciency of the po.s- fa! arrangt'ineiils ; the hindrance to the settlement of wild lands by the Church reservi's, and the advisability of granting lands to the einbndied militia who had served during the w.ir. The discussion of these sulijccis was not at all palatable to the Family Compact party, which rilled the executive; amino sooner had the House passed three preliminary nsnliilions, than the liiiitenaii'-govcr- ddeiily siimmoiicd it to the Coiinc It cii.'imlii'r am prorogued r.irli.-iment. ciiilly informing the .V^^iiiiblv lli.it it had sat long enough ami Iran^actcd all the business that was of any inipoil.ince, and that he thaiikeil it for the su|iplies granted to help pay the I'ivil >ir\ ice list. (>. — This liigh-haiided nicasnre not only greatly a>toii. ished the Assembly, but aioused the indignation of the people, and caused much discussion. The „iK^:,ii,f,„.,lo„ „t matters which the .\ssemblv were about H"' iiii;.iii:.r> ,,.ii. to discuss wen.' of the iitmi»t importiince 'riinr. to the general W(dfare of the province, and this sudden choking olT of discussion on such serious subject.s caused much dissatisfaction. The intended resolutions relating to Crown and Clergy Reserves aHiriiied that these beinir scattered ill large tracts about the <'oiiiilrv. rel.irded si'tlle- ments. as it prevented the formalinn of contiiiiioiis townships which was so necessary fur opining roads ami keeping tlii'in in repair : ami also nciiininriiileil the .sale of C.'rown lands instead of leasingtheni, as was their custom. The resolution relating to Clergy l{eserve lands coii- denined the a|)])ropriation of one seventh of all the lands as too much, and suggested that ihe imperial I'.'iiliameiit be petitioned to sell a portion of them, :iiid retain a small er quantity in future. Another of the residiitions dealt with the subject of emigration from the United States, which it was urged .should nitlier be cncoiir.'iiied than discouraged by the government. There is littli^ 'loiibt but that these resolutions embodied tlieo|)inioii of the majority of the community, but they smacked rather too much of *■ republicanisiii " to suit the liigb-tory oli'^archv. and the discussion of them was promptly >uppressii|. 7. — While discontent was yet being felt at the sum- mary dismissal of Parliament, .Mr. Hubert fiiuiil.iy. who w;is destined to fijjnre soiiiewli.it |iniiii- ^\nivilofMr (ioiirliiv. His inenllv as a deniai'oifue and ai;italiir lived ill tlu^ province in .Inly, and soon ii'""<. ; contrived to get himself into hot water. .Mr. flouil.iy ; was a Scotclini.iii whose father had possessed considerable i property, 1 t becoming bankrupt, his son leasi'd a farm \ in Kiiglaii'l and went to some expense in improving it. i It was not long, however, before he became involved in a j iiiiiiiber of lawsuits, mil to avoid the trouble he had j ciiused for himself he came to Canada with the idea of i judging of its cajiacity, anil, if he was satisfied, of ultimately j settling there. Mr, Gourlay had distinguished himself in i Fyiiglaiiil as an agitator, and as he was fond of Iniuting up abuses, he soon found an opportunity to attack the admin- istration here. Having dt^teriiiini^d to beconi'! a land agent, he set about acquiring some statistical knowledge of the country ; and in order to do so proposed a series of thirty-one ipiestioiis to the principal inhabitants of each township, thirty of which had reference to ngriculiure, &c.> but the thirty-lirst had a decided ])olitical temlency, as the (picstion was, " What, in your opinion, retards the im- ^ 1 cIkiiiiIii'I' mil j till' AsM'llI I.iy ill till' liii^ii I'SH tli.iiikcij it f.ir ci\ ic(^ IInI. L'lcMtly Jlstnn- 1 U'liiition (if tlie Jli^^'llixf.'li'llni till' ;ill'ilr;ilv . dil.l i.f tho (M at <'ll- \* 1 rrilnl-. Ill this Mid i.'ll tllljcCtS Cllllscd 111 inns rclntiinr l.'lt tllC^C licillir rcl.iiilcci si'tllc- 111' (•(iiitiiiiKnis liiij; roads iind ■lldrd tllf s;l|(; I- tlii'ir riistmii. M' lands I'liii- t' all llii.' lands iai I'ai'liaini'iit fctaiii a sniall- 'olutioiis di'ajt ; United Stales. I'Diirairnl lliaii little diiiilil hut i ill' the niajiiritv •r too much (if I ai-chv, and tin! , d. " ! It at tile sum- | GouiJay. wlio • Ariivil ., t:\Ir. j CiHirlay. Ili^< ! lliirtv-i.iio iiii.'s- I tioliK. I Mr. (Jdurliiv ' 'd considei'alile leased a fariii ; itnproviiij; if. , ! involved in a iiilile lie had til the idea of , of ultimately led himself ill of liMiilinif ii|) ,ek the admiu- ■eoine a laud kiiowledirf of ed a series of taiits of each fieullure, &(;., tendency, as utai'ds the im- i 412 TUTTLE'S IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OE CANADA. Ill i,i Pnriiameiit passes '■'"' mi't'cr directly undpr the notice of tlie an mt iirnhibiiiiig Assembly. He siiid : "In the course of any iikpil' ronvou- ''"""■ your iiiv('sti;;:iti()iis you will. I doubt not, fool a, ju^t indiijuation at the iittenipts which have been made to excite discontent, and to orj^anize sedition. Should it ai)|K'ar to you that a convention of delej^ates cannot exist without dani;er to the constitution, in frainiiii^ a law of jin^vcntion your dispassionate wisdom will be careful that it shall not unwarily trtvspass on the sacred rijiht of the subject to seek a ri-dross of his "grievances by petition." The Assembly was (juiu; in tlu; humor to meet the views sui,wested by the f^overtior, and said in tJieir ro|)ly to the address: •' We remember that this favored lanil was assigned to our fathers as a retreat for snITering loyalty, and not as a sanctuary for si'dition. We lament tliat the designs of one facetious imlividual should have succeeded in drawing into the support of his vile machina- tions, so iv;aiiy lion(st men and loyal sul)j Gonrlav ; but he was over-elatcid at his trium|ilis over ; the government, and prepared to settle permanently as a land agent. The executive, however, was deterndned to ] get rid of so obnoxious a person by fair means or foul, and ] a scheme was soon formed to force him to ipiit the country. The alien act of IS^DI. which bad not been repealed, '| provided for the summary ex[iulsion of any persons who had not been residents of the provinee. !uid who liad given i utlei'anc(^ to any seditions speeches, or been giiiity of any seditiiius practices. .Mr. Isaac Swaize, a nieinlici' nf the Assembly, swore that Mr. (Jourlny bad not resided in the province six months, and that he was a seditious p(;rson. upon which Mr. Gourlay was served with a notice, on the 21st I)ecemb(T, to ipiit the provinci^ before t\u' etid of the year. This he refused to do, and was arresteil and placed in jail at Niagara. He still had many frienils, who were indignant at his treatment, ami in February, 1S19, he was lirought before Chief-.In .lice I'owell, at Toronto, on a writ oUidbms corpus ; but the judge refused to allow him to be released on bail and he was re-com- mitted to prison. I — The Assembly met again .lune, l>(l'.t, wh(>n the liou- tcii.'iit-governor informed the Ilousestlial he had received instructions from tlu; Home governtuent Mr. (iHiirlny In i!X- , ,'.,.,.. iwlluil friiiii ('una- to grant wiM laiicls to the emoodicil mililia "■ durinir the war ; but ailded that he had taken it upon himself to refuse the grants to such persons as had taken jiart in the late convention. It was generally expected that th s Assendily would t.ake exception to this arbitrary assumption of power ; but after a long debate it was endorsed by the casting vote of the speaker, great- ly to the dissatisfaction of the people, who were strongly opposed to it, and deterndned to alter the complexion of the House at the next election. This was a fresh griev- ance for Mr. Gourlay, and he wrote several letters bitterly abusive of the executive, wdiich appeared in the Niagara Spi'ctiitor ; this ca\ised him to be treated with great un- kindness in jail, and the paper was sup|)ressed. As there was only one court a year held at Niagara, (imirhiy was kept in prison a long while, and v/as so reduced by conline- ment and ill-usage that he was almost unconscious during his trial. He was not tried for sedition, but oidy for re- fusing to quit the country, which was a mis(h'meanor under the alien act, found guilty, and shortly afterwards compelled to go to the Fnited Statics, where he remained a short time and then returned to England. In 1S22, he published, in London, three volumes on Canada, which contains some useful information, mixe(l np with a great deal of abus(> of individuals, seU'-conceit and intempiirate language, which suggest that the temporary insanity which overcame him in 1824, was then in an incipient state. He contiiuied his erratic career in England, after his recovery, and was imprisoneil for striking Lord Brougham in the lobby of the Iloiisti of Comuions. lit returned twice to Canada, .ind linally settled in Hamilton, in IM;V1, where he died, and where his family still reside. We have devoted considerable space to iiis case for two reasons ; tirst, because although he was undoubtedly a very meddlcRomo and tronlilesome person (o whatever govern- ment h(^ lived under, still he was very harshly treated, and his persecution showed how despotic the government coidd be if op[)Osed ; ami sei- indly. because his exertions bore good fruit by <'alling the attention of the people to the unconstitutional acts of the irre>pon^ibh> executive and preparing their minds to o advocaled, of I ho naviga- ce in the snm- ihout one luiii- S(>-Kl(pn nf IKL'O, I'nry being a clergyman, he became a politician; by being a polilician. he became a bishop. His elevation did not take ])lai'o because he was a distin- guished author, or an illustrious divine. Yet even as a politician he was neither original nor |)rofound. He did not create a system, nor originati' a new era. He attach- ed himself to a body already formed, and cm only be re- garded as an active pai'tisan. As a partisan his inlluenoe was secret and securt!, rather thin open and exposed — of a depressing, rather than of an elevating ch,iiacter. Half a century must at least elapse before the Kpiseopal ChuicU can have recovered from the evils of his impolitic sway. Whatever advantages it may have deiived by his worldly shrewdness, or business sagacity, have been moi'c ihtiin counterbalanced by the fact of its bishop having been a politician, iind liicking that distinguished position, in scholarship and litciatiire. which its principal divines have idmost invariiibly arrived at." 7. — Sir Peregrine Maitland was not a very jiopnlar governor; he was too much influenced hy the memhers of the Fiimily Compact, and his cold, haughty and overhearing nnuiner was better suited Si«>ii.i\ cf ikji. to a martinet tlnin to ;i civil governnr; the fact also that he had eloped from Pari- with the (hiunhter of the Duke of Biclimoiid. and that he was only appointed so as to provide for him, did not increase his popularity ; and although the Assembly snppoited the ex- ecutive, the feeling bet ween the two branches of the Legis- lature was not a very cordial one. The speech from the throne was a very formal affair, and contained little be- vond a formal announcement of the nccession of George IV., a statement that emigration had improvi'd. and forty new townships had been laid out in the jiast two years ; another that the lliiances of the province wi re not in a Vi'i'v satisfactory condilion, and a recommendation to [iro- tect the interests of tiili! leligion. I'ailiaineiil was pro- Hi I Hil ! 1< i M ' 1 IP I h, 114 TrTTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DO.MIMOX OF CANADA. roiriu.il III! tlic 1 llli Api-il, al'trr ]i;iviii;.' passed several use- ai;fi''ulture and eoniuieree (lourished. Stoaiiihoiits now ful hills, aiii()iii;st tliem (iik' iri'iiitiiii: an a|)|>rii|irialii)ii to pliiu^rhed the watei's of all the main rivers and lakes aiil tin- Riileail Canal : anoilier e-laliiisliim; :i iiliil'ui-ni hut tlie want of navij'aliou of the St. Lawrence hetweei curi-eney in lli<' piovinee, a lliiid In llie eil'eet that no I'rescott, and ."Montre.il was sadly felt, and no other iiieiins tiliu's or olhel ele-iaslieal ilile-, >li(iiiM evei' lie |e\ ieij in of descending- the rapids li.id yd lieeii found ih.au the oli I |pper Caiiaila. Nuihiiiij di' special iiiipoi'iaiice (leeurreil llat-iioiinii'.ed halteaux used hv tile Indians and I-"i'eni-l (hiriiiU' the .■-nnimei'. 'I'lie lieiileiianl-:;iivei'iiiir inaiie a i lu'.arly two cenlui'ies hefoi-c. Xo canals yet alVorded tin tmir lhi'iiiiM;h the provinces, ami was well hut imi eiilhu- means of ascendinLT the rapids, and no steamer h,ad vo sia-ticallv received. r>usine^> was ilidl. hut n;nnev cin- lieeu daring- eMi)u;,Hi to ailenipl their desceni. FarminL tiinied seai'i-e. alllioi. ,ii the liauk ol' I'ppei' Canada hail continued to he of the mo>t primitive style, no lalmr heeii estahlished. .and ai;ricailtui'al produce sold very low on savin;: machines lieinL,' Used, and the f.irmer lilerall\ acciiiiiit of the want nl' niciiis ol' trausoorlalinu to t'.ke oarninii his hread h\' the sweat of his lii'nw. .Sinu;;;;TniL the surplus to the seaiioard. llour heiriLT only worth ahout three dollars and a half to lour dollars a hariel. from the I'liited Siali was verv I'ominon. and lai'tfc ipian- S.— The II ou-e-, Were convened aiiain on ■Jlst lilie^ of lumliei'. tnhae and other commodities were Xovem- hrou^ht in without payment of duty. Attempts had fi " 1.S2I, and the ..roviriior in his speech referred to the heen made to milliiy the scareily ot a (■irculalinv' meilnim IJ'Vi'iiuo illHii'iil- dllhrulties which hail :i li«'H with I.MvviT < ;i:in'tH. 'I'lio t';ij*o 111' Kn: jihImik lliil- ll-en Willi Illi hv the I Lower I'ro\ ince with rcLrard to ihe divis- lira, cln sin t ion ol t he customs diuies. which weiv all hv llieui had iieen ^really shak stahli-lun ;! of hanks in the lar^e cities, with In^ smaller towns ; hut failli in the hills issiieil )f en liy till' "eiilerprise o illieted in that pnivince and afterwards divided .as al- our Ainericau cou-ins. who coe.nterfeiti'd I he new hills stated in f)ur cnapters o III Lower Canada. The ! f^i--' !is they caiiie out. and flooded llie country willi tlieiii II, se pi'omptlv took action on the sii;:'.festion ol the ;rov if th to the ;ri-eal di-Liiist of the inliahitaiils and lo ihe in jury eriior. and appointed Atloriiey-( Jeueral Rohiii^on the 1 "'' ihc credit if llie hanks. 'J'he only event wliicl used auciit of the province in Kii^'l iiid lo iii'mc their ca-e he- any e\i-iiemeiit wa- the proposed leL;i>la!ive union of ■ fore till" impprial P.irliainenl. and voted t'l'.OOO to defray 'li'' '^vo previnees. which was mooted in ill.' imperial I'.ir- his expenses. A very novel ease occurred this session. li:inii'nt. and to which referenci' has already heen made. '| Therehad I II an election to till .a v.acaui'y in Lennov and ' ''"'i'' ■'^'■In'm*' ,i:cii''i-:illy lift with favor in the Upper I'rov- j Ahhin^don. and a .Mi-. liarnahas lliduell w.is reiunied. iiu'c cM'ipl ih'' "-laiiM- which raised the ipialilicatio : ' He had formerlv resided in M.issaehiisetts hefore the war ^ mciuliers from .£80 to £oOO, of independenee. and remaining.' there at its close tmik the oath of alle;.'iaiice to the United Slat"s, and hecaine al- tornev-i;eiiei-al of tin.' Slate of ^Massaclmselt-, treasurer 10. — The Le;:-islalure met on I.mIi .lannary. ISl'.'S. and the Lenox ami Ahhiiiu'don elee'tioii a^aiii .■illracted a eon- siileraiile alleiilii.a. On Mr. r.idweU's of Berkshire Coiinly and memlier of Coni:i-ess. InlSlO , espnl-inii a new eledion li.id heen wv'uVinil'eanall'' '"'" he was iiceiised of emhezzlinir the piihlie funds and forL'- ]! <>i''l''"'''' and a Mr. Clark elected hy iiiir doiMiineiits to rover up his defalc-ition ; he did not [i one hundred and tweiity-einht votes. :\rr. ^Mar-hall Sprin;,' ! await invesii^Mtioii. hut lied ;it lo Canada, when, after a l''i'l"-,'ll (son of Mr. I'.arn.-ihas Ilidwell). who opposed riMili lice iif twelve yi^ars lie ihouiiht lliat the sc-ind il li.-id , liim. I"-''!'.^' 'l''''larcd ineli-ihle on the jifouiid that he was hlowii over and allowed hiiii-elf to he nnniinaled for the ' an alien. At the opeiiin;: of the session a petition to ,set AsMinhly. lie W.IS a i-elnrnier .-iml a per-iin;il friend ..f a-ide ihe eleclimi was presented, settiiiif forlh that -"Mr. Coin-lay's, and was e:isily reluriiid. lull his eleclion was .Mar-h.ill Sprin- I'.iiiwell. h;iviii;r l,een horn in Massachii- petitioned a;;ailist on the uroiind thai lie was an imiiior.al sell- when llial Stale was a Urili-h proviiiee. ami never per-iiii. a fii-ilive frmn jiiMiee. and lli.il he had l:iken liaviii- taken the oath of allegiance lo any foreiun power, ihe o.illi of alleeiance In a fniein'ii power. lie ua- heard "a- a III detelice in hv one vole, Tl the lloii-e. hill was expelleii. alll|illl"ll I'lllV •veliteeii VMliieiliir Ills expulsion Ih'ili-h suhjecl, and could mil he deharri d from the ihh on the Liriiiiiid that he was an alien. The ,t House hy a lai'L'c majorily ilecl.ired the eleciiuii null, and sixteen. IIS was a new case :iliil to prevent its repeli- tiiiii the llniise passed all ad remlei'in::- persons in a new (declioii w.is held, .-it which yonn!.' Hidwell was a"aiii a candidale : hut was defealed hv .Mr. (i. Ham. a position llieji N-ilile lo a seat in llie .Vsscuihly. 'I'liis ai-t ,■ Mi|iporter of the l-'ainily Coiiipacl. The Le;:islaliiie was was found to he oppr.'ssive to .American emi;,n'ants. ami ' adjourned mi I'.Mli .Mairh, williiiiil any hills of ver\ par- was I'l'i leah il III lieiilar iiileresi liaviim' heen passed. l'"or some litlle lime '.).-'riie \ear IS-Jl' was an iiiie\ eiit Jul one for Upper past the project of llie Wellaml Canal had I n niooled, l.imls were hill diirin;: this dimmer it was put hefore llie |!iililic in Canada. I'", ll,.\h-U ef 111.. I'eliaill.'ll nf ||. riiiviiii'i' III tsji:. tuone iiiiLir.-iliiiii I'linliniied sleaih-, new lieini.' eonliniially taken up. and, alllion!.di laieiihle sliapi-. principally at the inslaiiee of Hon. W. II. y still continued \ery .scarei.., holli Merritt, of Nia;i;ara, tu whose eiicrijy and perseveraiicu Ciiniliouts now ii> aiirl hikes ; rciii'i' hctwcini 111) otlllT IIU'MIIS III lliiiil tile olil s iiiiil Fi'oiicli 't, alVDi-ilcil the 'Miiii'r h.'id vet rill. Farininj; yic, no liilinr- irnicr lilcTally v. Sniujrjfliiig iiiil hiriro (|u:iii- uuoilities were Attempts liad ihitiiitj medium ^e eilies. wilh the hills issued eiilei'iirise " of he new liills Ms ilry wilh ilii'in d III llle illjllIT II whiell ealisi'd alive iiiiiiin of ' imperial I'ai'- ly lieen made. le I'ppei- I'rov- jiialilieatioii ()£ lary, ISl'.'S. and itlraelid a eoii- rH to liiillil llii! IfiMil innal. [ar.-hall Sjii-innr who ojlposed lid that lie was petition to set forth tliat ."Mr. II in ]\rn,ssaehii- lii'e, and never foreiirii power, larri d from thi; n alien. 'I'Ik; 'I'liiiii null, and L' liidwell was Mr. (i. Ham, a ietrislaliire was s of ver\ par- iime lillle lime I Keen niiiiili'd, ' the piililie ill .f lion. W. II. I [HMseveraiieij 1 N '1 i 1 ' ^ 1 \ '' \ i III s? t i ■ Drawn uad Kngra^'cfl osprcFsly fnr Tnttl"*s Hi-tory of ttu* Dominion of Ciinacla. ATTACK OX QLi:i!i;C liV tiE.NKUAL MONTGOMEIiY, MOKXING OF HIst DI-CEMBKR, 17V5. l:iiii, IM:.'. 1: 1 1 1 1 UPPER CANADA— GOVERXMKNT OF SIR PEREGRINE MAITLAND. 415 Canada is mainly iiulobteil for tliis jji'cat work wliicli lias [ilayud so ini]»iitant a ])art in tlio (U'Vcloiiini^nt of tlio country. Notliing of inij)ortanco occiiriX'il dniin;^ tlici summer ; but as the fall approaoliod tliciv bej^an to be some little excitomont with n'j;ard to the general election to take place the followinif year, when it was expecteil that a vigorous eirirt against the Family Compact would be made by the Reform jiarty. 11. — Parliament met ai;ain on lltli N'omiiiIiim-, IS:*,'). and from the lieutei;ant-L,'overnor's speecli it woulil appear I'litiiion 11) l.ii|i.Ti.il that the province had not vet (luite Farliiiin.-m iIimi \r,\n , ' . , „. ' .. , ot'('l.r;:.v l;>v-.rv.s i'<'Covere(l irom the ellivts ol th(! tuiians. war; and tliat the revenue was sliU in an unsatisl'actory condition. The most important hills occupyini,' the attention of the House were those relating to religious matters ; one was to allow Mi'thodist minis- ters to solemnize marriages, which was passed by the Assembly, lint rejected by the Legislative Council; au- olher was with regard to the Clergy Reserves. We have 1 .already stated that considerably dissatisfaction [irevailed | on account of the Church of England claiming the whole j of the Cleigy Reserves; and tlie dissatisfaction now took a practical shape in the form of an address to the imperial ! Parliament, — which alone had jurisdii'tioii in the matter, as the reserves were created by imjierial statute, — praying that a jiortion of the reserves be appropriated to the j Presbyterians, as the net set the laiwU apart for the I benelit of Protestants, and the statnti! hook of England, I recognizing the Church of Scotland as a I'rotestant ; Cliui'ch, the Pre>liyicrians weri^ entitled to a share of the fund. All ell'oit was made this session to get a bill passed prohibiting Or.inge proces-ioiis, but it failed ; there was some strong feeling against these processions as tend- ing to perpetuate religious ill-feeling, but tliry had. .■■o far, bei'ii conducted with good order, and Dr. .Slrachaii acted as cha[ilaiii of the organi/alion. 'i'lie House was pro- rogued on r.llli January. iJ^lil. and dissolved on 2ltli iluiie, the election taking place on I'.llh August. During the summer the Canada Land Company was started under iiiiiieiial chaiter for colonization [lurposes. The ciMupany pui'chased large lots of Clergy Reserve and crown lands and tlutn resold them in small lots at con- siderable advance. 12. — I'.arls in .lanuaiy. |.S2."i, the Parliament building in Toronto was liurned, but fortunately th(! library and ivfi'ii of ilio furniture were saved. The loss was about "I'll; lily ('..111- i::>,000. Parliament met on the 11th .Ian. Iitii'l parlv. nary, and great interest wa:; inanitesled in th(! election of a speaker, as it was kn.iwn that the parties were very evenly balanced. .\Ir. .loliii Wilson, of Weiit- wrtfl the oncoming general election that it was it» cii(;iiiiy. .\\i\- ,' ' 111* lallon oil lli('qin-8- the 18tli before a i|nornin was gathered for timi of ciiTgy ito despatch of business. The ill-feeling be- tween the Assembly and the governor rapidly ii'creased ; his appointment of a clerk to the Assembly was consid- ered a breach of the privileges of the House ; and when IMr. Forsyth presented a petition for redress, the Assembly and the governor came into direct antagoiiisin. The .\s- senibly Miinmoned Adjiitant-( ieiieral Cofliii and Colonel GiveuR, Superintendant of Indian Affairs to give evidence in the Forsyth case, whereupon the governor ordered the.m II of the Advo- iiIht. ]82o, and II tli(! ailvaiiced the (itivoriior (iiiil III." A>»..mlily Tho rase (ti i!\>Tsyth. •> wliich reflect- liortly that tlie IiikI actei) cor- nsent ; but tliis into direct co]- 'us destined to acted, and also »- 011 (if CliTgy 1(0 rves. ly ipcreased ; y was consid- a ; and when ihe Assembly ni. Tho As- aiid Colonel ^ive evidence )rdered tlie.m iit ■;i';:.i li I- n 1 '1 ll ■ i'i- J{ ii k ^ .^ . EN6R»VE0 EXPRESSLY FOR lUTTU S HISTORY OF THE OOMINION - TOFINO 8I06IWPHIES SEE IKOEX THE BURLAND DESBARAfS IITHO COMP' I i |i ell ti it! i .1 Ul'PKU CANADA— GOVERXMKNT OF SIR JOHN COLnoUNK. 417 not to go. saying that the summons shoulil have come through him as su|)CTior military officer. The Assi'niiily onlcrcd the si'rgcMtit-at-;innii to arrest Cl\i March. 17. — .\stli(? elections grew nearer party spirit greatly increased, and the pi-ess lii;i;ami? more bitter in its attacks. Two libel suits were commenced bv the linprisfiiimiMit of • »» i • • i < i 111.- iicliiur Ml tin- niivernor agauist Mackenzie ot the Ailro- cull', and I olliiis of tlie ( iiniiilnin trci- miiii, at the spring term. Tiiese cases were not pushed on account of Sir I*eregrineMteiieed to a year's imprisonment, to pav a line of £'>0. and to find security for his future good combict. Sir I'eregrine ^laitland was now rapidly grow- ing very uniiopular. and the feeling was increased by his treatment of .Imlge U'illis, who had recently been ap- pointed, and who hail refused to join the Family Compact party. .Judge Willis refused to sit in term in Toronto in June, and was immediately suspended and Mr. llagerman appointed, temporarily, by the governor; the Home au- thorities dill not, however, conlirm Mr. Ilagerniaii, but appointed Mr. Macauley. Sir Peregrine Maitland having left for Nova Scotia, Sir John Colborne assumed the reins of government in November, 1828. CHAPTER XCIII. UPPER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN COLBORNE. 1. FlItST IlKTlliX OF MaCKKSZIR TO P.\IJLIAMK.NT. 2. Till'. GoVKKNOK UKFUSKS TO PaKDON Col.l.lXS. 3. ()ri;NiN(> or tiik Wi:i.i,and Canai,. 1. Skttlk- Mr..NT OF Claims fou Lossks DuitiNt; tiik War. — ,5. Gbowth of Political Paktifs in Uri-iat Canada. — 6. Return to Powfii of tiik Fa.mily Co.mpact Party. Peumanf.nt Skttle.ment op the Civil List. — 7. OitfSANizED Agitation for Rkform m. E.\itl- .sioN of Mackenzie from the Hotsi;. Poi-ii.ar Feelini; in his Favor. — 9. Cholera. .Maikenzie AGAIN E.xpellkd. Judges made Indei-endent of THE Crows. — 10. Retirn of the Reform Party to i'(jWER. The •' .Seventh (Jrievxnce " Rkimirt. — 11. Enhowment OF Fifty-si.x Rectories. Recall OF Sir .I(jhn Colborne. 1. — Tin; general election resulted in the return of a Re- form majority, and amongst the new members was William Lvon Mackenzie, elected for the lirst time , f irKt ri'ttini o( to represent the countv of York. The new Ma.kiMizi.' to l-ar- * liumt'iil. Piirliameiit met on the 9th January, 182'.*, and the first division showed that it was almost wholly Reform. l\larshall Spring Uiilwell was elected speaker, and the House, in its address in reply to Sir .lohn Col- borne's opening speech, very clearly censured the executive — except the governor, who was a new comer and was expected to favor the Reform party. The address read : •' We. his majesty's faithful commons, contiding in the candor of your excellency, and in your readiness to recog- nizi! us as stitiitimial advisers of the crown, do bnnibly pray your excellency against the injurious policy hitherto ])ursued by the proviiK.'ial administration; and although we at present see your excellency unliai>pily surrounded by till! same advisers as have so dee])ly wounded the feelings and injured the best interests of the country, yet in l\u; interval of any necessary change, we entertain an anxious belii-f, that under the aus|)ices of your excellency tli(! administration of justice will rise above suspii'ion ; the wishes and interests of the people be properly respected ; and the revenues of the colony be hereafter devoted to objects of public improvement, after making provision for the publi(' service on a basis of economy suited to the ex- igencies of the country." Sir John Colborne. whose s|)(!eclies were always of the briefest, answered this address in a maiuKM- which pleased the Reform ])arty, as it was thought to favor it; but that was a mistake; what he said was — ■' It is less difficult to discover the traces of political dissensions and local jealousies in this colony than to efface them. I anticipate that the principles of the constitution being kept steadily in view, and the good sense of the people, will neutralize the efforts of any interested faction ;" which cautions reply could be interpreted two ways. 2. — The first clash between the governor and the Assembly occurred early in the session. Collins, who had been im|)risoned for libel, had a tIh^ OnvcrtKir ru- young lamily dependant on him for sup- c.imhs. port, and the Assembly petitioned the governor to extend the royal clemency to him. Sir John replied that he regretted exceedingly that the obligation he was under to support the law, and his iluty to society, would not permit I :L!i 118 TUTTLK'S IIISTOIJV OF I'lIK I)').\II NIO.N OF CANADA. ! r 1, of his irraiitiin; llie request. Tliis nettled the yVs'iemMy, ,111(1 it |>.issfil :i icsoliilioii to the efTcct that it hail not nuTileil the im|iiitation eoiiveyed in his excelleiicvs nics- sMLje, luiit I hat this retjuest was not inconsistoiitwith the diK- siiiiport of the laws, and their duty to society. The refusal of thy not votiujr 'h(^ (lilVercncc between the revenue and amount required, viit in Cpper Canada the executive was wholly indepeinii^iit of thi! ILiuse; for not only did tlit^ casual and i 'rritorial revenue amount to more than the civil list, !).:t the A-isembly had at the war jjenorously voted £2,/)U0 a year to assist defrayinjf the civil list, which the casual and territorial revenue did not then cover, and, as the law had n(!ver b(>en repealed, an attempt to do so was made at this session, but the Lei^islative Council ilirew out the bill, toi^ether with twenty otln-rs to which it refused its conscMit. An address to the crown was moved, prayi'ij; that j'idjies should be made indepiMident, and setting foi'li the ni;.ladniini>tration of justice in the province. Duii'in' i!ie session of the imperial Pailianieut. I\Ir. Stanley, afterwinls IC.rl of Der- by, |)res government," that is, a govermneut where the ministiy is respoiisilih' to the r(^|)resentaliv('s of the peopl(^ .iimI a lack of a majority in the Lower House forces the minishy out oi oHi.'e. .'5, — The elevation of Alloruey-( Jeneral Kobinsou to the chief-justici hip, in July, eans(Ml a vacancy for Toronto which was tilled by the election of liobcil Wc'llamll'ii'ilai. Laldwiu, who was desli I to 1 nw a prominent ligun^ in the struggle for re- spiMisible govenmient. Sir Jidin Colbornt^ made a lour of inspeelion through tln^ proviniH' ilni'ing the summer, iltid was generally well r( eciveil. The great event of ihe year, not only to thf whole of Canaila, but ;d>o northern Nt.'W York, was tln^ opening of tln^ Welland Canal, on .'iOlli Noveinber, for navigation, wherebv small lessel.^ could pii-;s from Lake F.rie to Ontario. This extensive work was uiidert ikeii when the proviiw(! was but sparsely peopled, and ees had got. ' Tlu! only not(;worthy occurrence during the siiininer was the formation of numerous agricultural societies, showing that the peo[)le had (piite recovered from the war, and were not bothering thenistdves about politics. !n the fall, however, came a change, for the death of tJeorge I V^. ilisMilved the Assembly and ageneial eliclion was orderi'd for October, which caused great excilemenl in the political world, and simmi set party spirit strongly at work. The Family ('oiu|iact was glad of the chance of regaining this lost majority in llii! Assembly, while the Heforiners were conlidcMit of increasing their strength, so that both sides Went hopefully into the contest. i"), — II will b(^ wi'il hereto consiiler the growlh of par- ties in Canaila; and W(! cannot do bellir than cpiote Me- I .Mullin on llie same subject, his remarks (;,.,,„iii.>fi"iliiiiiil being, to a great exient, based on the {'.arl |!;;;;1;,';,_''' ''l''""' of Duiham's repiu't. " Prior to the war of lfS12, what might properly be called polilieal parties, ! ■ rilis oxtpiisive work ^ n":is but sparsely real cost of its coii- liniidrcil limes over li'V(!lo|)iiiir tlio prov- il wiis liiiiiir rapidly jiii'tod that steamers iitieal to tlio great year was the estab- piipcr published in III. pulili.^lird by Mr. of the Wesleyan ith newspaper now iiiniary, IS.'iO, when lat the casual and leeii S.'tll.Mlll'lltfif I" cl.'iili!!* I'or Insa.'S 1^,1 iliiiiii:,' UiiMvar. <'d by taxation in II him I he neces- t ill llie |Pi'iiviiii'c. The cxI-tc'inT of ;i Ri'forin ])arty |)rii|M'i- cannot iic traccil liirthcr !i;irk ili.iii 1820, xviifii it hail its ()rii;iii in tiie omluavdi' to nnioM' oxistinjf almsf's, tli(! desire to proinirc tlic proiniscd L:i'ants of land l'.)r the militia, and tlii' a^fitation aronsi-d iiy the advent of the eeccntri(! (ioiii'lay. Dniinif llic next ti . years the line of deiiia''kalion lietween llie Family ^'nmpaet and the Reform (laity was distinctly and In-oadly di'aun. From the close of Simcoe's administration to 1.S20. the C'ompaet held a linn and almost nni|nestioned ^'lasp of the administrative power of the province. Receivin;; at times froh accessions to their nnmliers. ilny estalilisjied themselves in nearly all the hii;hest pnhlic oIIiim's. main- tained a decided influence in the Kxecniive ( onncil. and hy w!"ldiinr lh(! whole powers of j^oveiMinienl and thns '■.aving tlu patronajjeof all tiK^ petty posts ihron^hdiit the pi'ovitice, thev lolijf |)nrsued this inlluence in Ipoih luanclies of the Lojfislatiire, h'lf particularly the Ippei' House. and where until tlu^ Union they continui d lo Imld suprenc swav. From Hunter to Colhome sui'ces-ive i;ov<'i'nors in their turn eithi'r at once suhmitled to lliiir inllinuice or Were compelled to do so after a short and iin.-ivailin;; strn^ule. The hench. the ina;;istrai'y. tin hi;;h ollii^ers of the ( hnrch of lMii;laiid. were lllled liy their adherents, who were also numerous anion;; the inemliris of the liar. l>y grants or |iuri-hase ihi- jiarty hail likewi-r aci|nired the hulk of the hest located wild lainls. and wiri- all-power- ful in the charter hanks, in which tiny shared aiiiong tliemselves nearly all the olllees of lru~t and pnilit. For a |ierioil of o\er thirty years the prnniini character- istics of the Family Compact had varied \ery little if at all. ()riuinally I'ornied liy the ritijority of the leadiii:; men of the 1'. K. l,o\alist emi^ratinii. hy Icilf pay Hritish ollieers, and hy nllier seiilers of tlie same aristocratic jire- teiisioiis. they continued to admit fresh accis^ions to their numl'.is of this desci'iptioii of persons only, and llins pi-e- served their exclusive character. While tlcy de-ind to actpiire ailhefi'iits aiiion^ what iIu'V dii'iiiiil the conminn people, I hey did so merely for the purpose of s|ren;;tlii'niiiL!; and perpetual in;.' their own position, and cari'fnlly tw- cluiUid tliciii from their inner circle, and fmni participation in all real power. l)e\oteilly loyal lo ihr crown, attach- ed to inonarchial iiisiiiulioiis as the soui from whence sprun;f their own oli,ij;archical position. ( )iiL:inally lielter educated and possessed of moie lahnl and more wealth thai! lliu rest (d'llie comniiiiiity, liny pic-ci,ii il tin' aspect of an exclusive 'lory school, loiij; .scoiiled in ( ileal lirilain for its illiherality, and consigned to mi'riled political oliliv- ioii, On the olher hand, ihe KcfeiMn parly was at lii'si coiliposi d i;f a part of the V. K. Loyalists and ilie hulk of till! iiumi;;raiits from the rniled States who had settled in the province hefore the war of ISli' to r-r ipr hi_h la\a tion and imiU'ove their forliincs. Many of the laili i ucre shrewd, praetica'. iiicii, familiar with the dispnii s vJiich led to the American war of Independence, and soon desired a lari;er measure of C'onstitutiomd liherty thtin existed in the land of their tidoption. Few, if indeed any, of these had left the United States because they disliked their constitution ; ;ind not liiidin;^ politictil matters suiteil to their wishes in this country, they naturally considered that a momirchial form of i;overnment must he necessarily arhitrary, rejiarded repiihlican institutions as the only lib- eral ones, and desired to see them estaldished in Canada. Up to 182t; this class of |>ersoiis formed fully one-third of the Reform party, and consei|nciitly in many of its move- ments a covert though very i;uariled leaniiiLrto Repnidican- ism can distinctly be traced. Like the Family Compact it also betrayed in its political conduct a jealousy of the new imiiiii^'rants and :i wish to maintain the powers of otlice and the emoluments of the professions in the hands of persons bnrii. or Ion;; rcsidi;nt in thi^ colony. Subse- (pieiit to IS2

    I. had sw( lied its ])opulaMoii to over a ipiarter of a million, produced a eomi'' te change in political parlies. AVhile the reeeiil im ..igraiits took dilTerent sides in politics — while one el.iss, among wlioin was a largi! proportion of the Irish Romtui Catholics, tirrayed themselves on the side of Reform ; and another class, which em- bra' ed the great bulk of Irish Protestants, stood up in par- tial opposition, :dl as a rule were decidedly IJritish in their feelings and [iredilections. tiiiil had little syin|iatliy with the Republican institutions of the I'nited Stales. This immigration did not strengthen the Reform party as speedi- '] ly Us it did tlii'ir opponents. They had a more decided I dislike tf> strangers, and as they considered they liad still I a majority of votes in the dilVerent idectoral districts, jl they Were unwilling to unite ihemselves idosely to. or j avail themselves id", the aid of Irish reformers. On the other hand, the sliinly and independent conducl of Sir ,1111111 Ciil!iorne made the members of the Family Com- pact Iremlile for this intlncnee ; and they saw that unless |! they obtained a majority in the Assembly, and thus shoued ■ they were popul.ar with the people, they could not' long li ■;;• lo preserve their inlluence in the Legislative and L\ecutive Councils. They accordingly disguised their dislii <• of immigrantsand courted their support. l>ut Irish iiiid ''aiglish I'rotestan's were a well-iiiforinecl body of per.-t'iis; few who could not read and write; they loved constiti.'ional liheriy tis a general principle, while thi>y eschewi'i Repnblicaidsin in the abstract ; were not opposed by any i ■ .ihs lo rational rel'orm ; and had not f.'rgollen ihe revniniioii of 1 liSM, which fi 1 them from Toryism 'i of the exiretiii' school. Hence thev did not feel verv iiiucli ]j disposed ii support the undue pretensions of llu^ Family Couipacl. They litid leaders of their own loo. uho declined to be the tools of l! •' men in power, and sought , place and iiower for theinsehes bv the snll'rages of inuni- m :ii i^'iilli I 420 TL'TTLES inSTOUY OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA. gri-nts like themselves ; an., who, if they served the old Tory party of Canada, expected that tlie old Tory party should serve ihcni in turn. From tli('S(' eauses j;radually arose the Conservative party of Canada West, an i^reat mass of the pr'ople. and as a rule l)i;come excellent citi/.ens. After 18'2t; reformers and conservatives of talent and erlucation poured into the province fn ni all directions. The press grew ahle and eidightened ; both parties hecame more national, more patrioti<', and more conducive to the development of rational lilierty. The full force of progress anrc.'niizril a^iia- to be liclil throughout tlie jirovince to])eti- Hon lur liflorm. tion the king and imperial Parliament to redress the grievances of the province. He attended most of tht'se meetings, and although not a good speaker, made some telling attacks on the Family Com- pact. A petition was adopted in Toronto which served as the basis for all others, and an agLjregate of about twenty-live thousand signatures was obtained. The peti- tion cle.irly, but temperately, set forth the grievances inider which the province labored, and asked for respon- sible; government as a remedv , it also asked that the Legislative Assembly should have full contml of all the reveiuies, and the disposal of public lands ; that the Clergy Ueserves should be secularized ; that municipal couKcils he established ; reforms be made in the adinini>lratiiin of justi<'e. that power be given the Hou>e to ini|)eacli jiulilic servants ; that judges and clergymen should be excluded from Parliameiit, and that the law of primogeiiitin'e be aboli.sheil. All these things have since been done, but it took years, much agitation and some bloodshed to accom- plish them. 8. — The Legislature met again on tlu; 17th November, 18.'51, anil on the rJth December Mackenzie was expelled the House by a vote of twenty-four to Kxp„lsin„ ntMao- (ifteen, on account of an articK^ In; had k.u/i.' fiom iin' Ilimsi'. Pnpiilar published iti the Adrocdft' m which he re- f.^lin^' in liis in- flected very severely on the character of the majority of the House. This was voted to be a "gross, scandalous and malicious libel," and he was ex- pelled. PubliiMipinion was almost entirely with Jlacken- zie, and several petitions were sent to the governor asking ,im to dissolve a House which had shown such judicial partiality. On the very day Mackenzie was expelled nearly one thousand citizens waited on the governor to receive his reply to thi' petitions; but he gave then no reply fur- ther than to say lu; had received the petition. He had, hoW(!ver, taken the precaution of having the troops under arms in the event of a riot ; but the people contented themselves with gnianiiig opposite the I'ai'liament build- ing and serenading Mackenzie at his house. The rn:ijoi-ity now began to be alarmed at the gnuving populiirily of Mai'kenzie, and, as a sedative to the publi", adopted an address to the king praying that the Clergy Keseives he i !'■ tliiite/Torts wore i priiitor to tho journal li<( Iiad I of [irivilcijc — . |ml>lislicil ill the ) I'xpi'l Iiim t'roin (1 by a vote of lent Mackenzie or reform ; and f>re;iiiizpilacila- tioii lur liut'onu. He attended not a irood le Family C'om- wliicii served I rcirate of ahoiit ' iii'il. The iieti- llic iiricvaiices i ~ke(l for resjion- ' asked that the ' iiitrol of all the ' ; that thc('lf]-dshed to acuotn- 17th Xovenihei', zie was expelled Kxpiilsiiin of ^lac- I k.Mi/i.- fr,.iii 111,. Iluu^i'. rcjiiilnr ■ fiM liii^' ill Ills I'li- . vor. voted to he a ami he was ex- ly with Jlaeken- iroveriior askiiirr VII suili judieial (expelled nearly -M'lior to receive en no reply fur- tilion. He had. he troops under eople contented ai'lianieiil liuild- . Till' iniijiiriiy ir popiilarily of ill", adojiteil an I'lJV Reserves ho UPPER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OE SIR JOHN COLHORNE. •J 21 sold and llie proceeds used for educational purposes. The new eleclion in York took placi; on 2d Jaiiiiaiy, 18.')2, anlc'(l in the .V/rorn/c, and he was expelled and declared iiiiiii,'il)lc to serve in the sitting Assembly. The excitement nf)w became intense ; public meetings were held and resolutions favoring the liberty of the press passed ; while Mackenzie becauje a martyr to the cause of freedom, ibi! people's idol, and iiy far the most jMijiular man in the province. 'I'lie Legislaliire was prorogued on 2fSth January, and just a wet'k after- wards Mackenzie was again eh'cted fo,- York by a larg(! majority over two oilier candidates. Shortly after he was appointi'd agent to England to deliver anotliir peti- tion to the king which had been adoptecl at a very large meeting at Toronto. This petition prayed that a new general election should takt> place, as the pre-.ent House did not reiiresent the feeling of the people : that the Le- gislative Council he made elei-tive; that the lieuleiiant- governor be r"<'alled, that the l»ank of Upper Canada be preventi d from bccoiniiig a UKUieyed monopoly daiiL'eroiis to popular liberty, and that a favorable answer be made to the ]irevious petition, ^lackenzie sailed im his mission in April and anived in Eiiglaiicl on 1st .May. 9. — The summer of 1H.')2 was a sad one for Canada, for " tho angel of i'.. atli spread his wing on the blast, and choi.ra. M.irki'ii- thousands of homes were rendered deso- of Asiatic cholera, which was brought over by the emigrants, and not only decimated them, but spread with great virulence through both provinces, turning the gay summer into a lime of niou ning, and it was not until cold weather set in that the discise entirely disappeared. The Legis- lature opened again on 31st October, 1hall S. I'.iihvell, and ihe reformers could count on a majority of ten out of a House of fifty-eight. Jlackeii- zi(' was again returned for York, and this time the Familv Compact had not the power to exp(d him. This election was the death of the Eamily Compact, although it still I'ontrolled the Council, and from its ashes arose the Con- servative party, which, retaining what was good in the old parly, discarde(l its greed for i)lace, anil holding that prefer- ment should be open to all men of talent, sirove to steer a middle course b(!twoon the extreme Radicalisin of the Reform party and the selfish greed of the Family Coin- pa<'t, which soon caused it lo be a [)owerin the land. The priii<'i[ial fealnre of the first session of the twilfth Par- liament of Upper Canada was the presentation of the Seventh Grievance Report, which was prepared by .Mac- kenzie and Dr. Morrison. It is a temperate and lucid stale- ment of the grievances of the province, and had .Mac- kenzie been content tc, persist in the use of constitutional means only, ther(! is the little reason to doubt hut that all. or very near all, the di'mands would have been granted in time, without his wicked and uiinecer.sary appeal to arms. 11. About this time the executive, fearing that the great (;hangi' in |)olitical feeling which was taking place in England would not mn.'li longer per- j.;,,,,, ,„.„„,„, „f , if. niit the Church of Eiiirland iiarlv (o re- U"'''',,'*';'^,"'';''; tain the whole of the Clergy Reserves, Conii.inc. di'lermined to make provision for the Church while it bad the power, and lifly-sevtli rectories were set apart and put in the |iossession of ministers, which it was sup- posed would prevent the lands being used for other pur- poses by fuiure legal enactments. This a(;tion caused great discontent amongst the O])|iosition, and great iiidig- iiatioii was felt and expressed against the executive. In mmm t: : .! i>-> TlTTLiy.S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. tlic citv of Torotitd. of wliicli ?\I;ickcri/.ic \v:i> lii:iyor. soint' (|iiarrt'ls ;ir(i>r lictwccii lln' >ollii r^ .•iiid .-oiiu' iiiciii- burs of tlie Rt'fonii iwrty. ami a jifiiiral fi. liii;; of iliMniii'l and unrest prevailiil ; still llicie was no tlioujilit of iiImI- lioii vet. Sir Joliii C'ollioriif liail a>kicl lo lie rclicvcil from tlie ffovi rnnii'iit. ami Sir Francis lioml Ilcail w . ap- pointi'il ill his place and arrived in .laniiary, ls.'!('). It was supposed that tile IJritijli iniiii.stry was in a concilia- tory mood, ami tliat Sir F'rancis would favor Kcforni ami the redress of ilie <,'rievaiices coin)ilaiiieil of ; lie was, tlielefore, received with joy and expictaiK y ; liiil those who hoped for reform were doomed lo di>aii|M]i;iliuenl. CIIAI'IKK X( IV. Ul'PKU CANADA— OOVKIJNMIINT OF Silt F. I!. I! HAD. 1. Silt Fkancis IIkad's AccorsT ok his Past 1'(i- I.ITICAL lOxfFUIE.Nt'fc:. ■-'. Slli l'"UAN( is's K( CKNTKIC I.NTKUUUCTION OF lll.M>l;M' T(J TaKIJAMKNT. 3. DirFEKE.NCK IIETWKI.N TI'E (ioVEKNOU ANI> Fxi.r- LTIVE COIJNCIL. 1. SlU FltANflS I'ir.S lllM.s|;i.l' Ai.AINST THE H,.F()K.M 1'aKTV. — .'). DiSSOI.I HON i>l- PaKLIAMENT. D"'.i-";;at OE THE Ueeokm I'AUrV A r THE 1-L>:.LS. — G. Imkv Dukham's Rei'out ox the CAUSE OF THE DeFEAT OF THE KeFOKMEH?-. — 7. Sill Francis offers to Uesion ratheu than HAVE KeSI'ONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. !S. TllE pANlC OF IbiiJ. Action of the Hanks. — '.). ^Iackenzie I'UEl'ARES FOR REBELLION. Al,L TroOI'S WITH DRAWN FROM UX'PER CANADA. 10. TlIE OUTIiKEAK OF THE Rebellion in Fpi'er Canada. — 11. The Rebels ADVANc^E on Toronto. The Fiii.sT Blood- shed. — '12. Death of Coi.(jnel .'NIoodik. Mac- kenzie de.mands Independence. — 1.'!. Akuivai. dk "The Men of (Jore." Roit of the Rebels. — 11. Mackenzi Mistake as to the Lovai.tv of THE People. — lo. Mackenzie Organizes an Inva- sion FROM Buffalo. — Hi. The Rebels oci ipv Navv Island. — 17. Desiiuction of the ('iirnliiin BV THE British. — 18. Si-riii:RLANi)"s unsi"tant poor-law commissioner liiit his selection for the dillicuU and delicate ta.-k of conciliatiii;: a di--:ili-licd comiimiiily ami a layiuiT iheir irrilatioii w;i> .-i most iinforliinate one ; ami ' by his iiicaiilioiis and eri-aiic ( luci he jfreatly added to [ the di-ciiiiti 111 of (lie Rrforni parly, and uiidouhtedly was, I iiiiconseiiiiisly. instriiinciKal in cair^im: the rehellions risinj; j in Upper Canada. Of the lii.vtory and rei|uirements of Canada he knew nolhim: whatever, e.\cept what he hanied after hi- appoiiitmeiit, from Mackenzie's Orievance Book. and I, old (ileneljf's in>triictions. His past experii'iice in politics i> lie^i descrilied in his own words, ipioied from liis narralivi- of lii,^ adniiiii-lration. when he speaks of his entry iiilo Ti.riiiiio. lie >ays : •• A^ I was no more con- liecli'd with liiiiii.'iii politics than the horse that were drawiiiLMm': ,i> 1 never had joined any political party ; had never allr;ided a politicil discussion : had nevei e\cn voted ;it an cliciimi. inpi- taken any jiart in one, it was with iioliitlc surprise 1 nh^irMil the nails plac.-irded willi larue l(iter> which de>ii;iialed me as Sir Francis Ilea'l. a iriid Rii'onni'i'." 2.— Sir l-"r,iiici~ arrived in Toronto at the end of .I;in- ii.iry. \!<;',[]. while P.Milianieiit was in se.^^ion. having; heeii ' veiled on the Mill inst. Sir Francis ^i, ,..,,„„.,,. ^,,„,,„_ starled wilh llieidea lliat Mackeii/ie's "''; .'"""'!'"■";',"' <>i liini-cU t(i I'nr- I (irievance Book eonlailied all that tht' re- liam.-ni. I formers wanted, and that Lord (Ileiielii's in-triictions — I which were .-iniilar to tlio.-e eivi'ii Lord (losford — e.iniained ' the pi'o|ie|- remidy : Imt he was soon iimleceiveil on liolh points. (Ill hi.~ aiiisal lie had an iiilerview willi Air. Bidwell. the S])eaker of the House, and that ijentleman statecl ■• that there were many j^rievances not detailed in th.it liook. whieh the people had loiii; endured willi tia- tieliei' : tJmt Mr/v icus -.lodt'sin' In rcLi/, hut a iiiorliid fecl- inu- of di.-sati>faetion was daily increasing. The fact that Sir I'rancis Head w.is the bearer of new iiistriictioiis, had alone induced him ami his friends to alter their determi- nation never to meet in the Assembly again." Macken- zie was eipially c.iiidiil, and Sir Francis, thus "'let behind the scenes,"' saw that the IJeform [larty had some ulterior objecl ill view, aii'l lli:it while nominally demanding only reformers, it was really arriving at iiidepeiideiiee, and lii.s loyally at once became alariiieil, as he was by no means so di-po~ed lo be friemlly towards the reformers as he was on his .iiiiv.d. Hi^lir^l act was an e(H'enlrie one, ami caused ~oine >ul•pl■i^e .-oid eominent. As we liavi^ said, Paili.iineiit was in session when he arrived, and instead of aniioiiiicing by message, as was ii.^iial. the fact of his having assiinied the reins of govi'mimat. he proceeded to the Coiineil ehaiiiber, siimmoiiecl ihi! Hmise of AsM'iiiblv. and made a second speech from llie throne, greatly to the astonishment ami embaira>siiieiil of ihe iIou--e. In his speech lie referred to a ciiiiiiniini< alioii ho had to make to the House ( leieiiiii^r to Lord (ilenelg's inslrnctions to himself) and said : " Tliiscoiniiuinication I shall .submit to you in a message, which will at once inforni you of the III miily mill ;il- uiiiti' one ; and ■lally aililcil to loi;l)ti'(Ily was, •hrlliims risiiijj i|iiir('mfiits of vliat lie li'MViinl rirvaiin- IJijiik, t ex|iciiciu'f ill s. iniiitcd tViim • .-|ii'ak^ (it' Ills s IK) iiioiu iim- •sc- tliat wci'o |)(>lilical party ; Kill IR'VCl fVCIl ill (inc. it was |ilMi-ai'i!f(l wiili •"raiii'is Ilrad, a he eiiil (if .lau- )li, liaviii;; licili sir l''r;iiH'is" t'l'ci-n- Iri'- lnU"tl;u-ti..n nl hini-rh u» I'm- liaiiM-ni. iii^inictidiis — nrd — iMiitailird I'ccivcd (III iiiiili view willi .Mr. tliat iiciitlciiiaii luit detailed in liuvd with i)a- t a innrliid Icrl- 'I'hr fad llial istniiniiiiis. iiad r their deteinii- lili." Jlaekeli- lus "let liehiiid id ^ome ulteriiir leiiuiiidiiitf only iideiice. and his IS liy no means ■efoniier.s as lie I'eiitrie line, and We lia\(' said, 1. and instead of the fai.'t iif his lie ]iriii'eedeil lo ' of As>eiiil)ly, '. ui'eatly to the lliiU'liall not call ill vain upon you to ijivi! me that loi/n/. i-onstiin lional, nnhiassed, and fearless assistance, which ymir kiii; t'.xpects, and which the risiii;^ iiiteresis of yoiii niiiiy n'(|iiire:i." lie shortly after sent I'owii llic m.«sa;fe con- taiiiinj; .i ropy of Lord ( Uenelji's iiisiiiictioiis to him, which showed the reformers that liie Homo "jovcrnmoiit was not dispos.d to j;rant res[ionsil)le i^overnmoiit, nor to iiiak(^ tin.' Cowncil elective; and although a disposition was .-liown l(j redress all other ifrievances, the maj(U"'y of the Iliinse was j;really dissati- lied, and showed its ill-t(Miiper liy appiiinliiii: a commillee to iiupiire whether the (govern- or had not cominilted a hreacli of tli(^ |irivil(i;(s of the Ilonx' ill making.' tlieiii a speech instead of seiidiiii; them a messaL'^e. A precedent for it wa^j found, however, in Kin.'li>li rarlimentary practice, and no further action was taken. .">. — ^Tliree of tlio old Exoeulive Council having' been di.siiii.>se(l. an elTort was made by the Family C'onipact pjn-,,f,. ,„,. party to have the new councillors appointed twci-ii iln.;(iiiv(-r- f,.,„„ ^]^^,■^^. j-anks. lull Sir Francis would nor and r.xeriiiue <'"""''i- not coniplv, and (ilfered the seats lo three proniinent rel'onners. Hubert Ualdwin, John Holpli, and John lieiirv Dniiii. receiver-ireneial. These (jeiitlemeii i first refused unless tli(^ j^overnor would di>rniss the tlir(>e councillors, who were all members of the Lc ;fislativ(! Council and all (illi/ediolders. but this he would not accede to. and Jlr. lialdwin and his confreros finally accepted. Sir Francis' idea of lia\ inj; three Tories and three reform- ! ers in the Coiincil was that he would thus retain all pnwer I ill his own haiid>. and he soon be;ran to exercise that ■ power bv appoinllnu some members of tin' Family Com- pact to vacant ollices. The T'ouiicil remonstraled at aiipoiiitments being made in that way, as ihey were sup posed to advise the executive, and Sir I'raiieis replied to them ill such terms that tlicy felt no course was left them but to resign. Four new councillors were at once appoint- ed who seemed likely lo [U'ove more pliant. The Assem- blv was verv indignant at the conduct of the governor, and by a vote of lifly-oiie to t.vo passed a resolution of oeiisure on tho go.eriior and strongly advocating respon- sible govoniiniMit, An address based on this resolution was sent to the governor on tho 2 llh March, regn.'ttiiig his action in dismissing tile old Council, and declaring a want of conlideiiee in the recent appninlnieiits. -I. — This put Sir Francis on his mettle; he smelt rev- olution in the all( nipt of the Assembly to lind fault with the iioveriKjr, and, disretrardinij the in- Slr I riiii'is |)Hls • _ ^ ^ ' ■ llilll^^l^ .ii/aui.-i structions of Lord (ijeiieli:', he look his tliL' Hilorin imrlv. own way to settle the grunalices of the province by settling the party in the Assembly which re|iresentcd the grievances. He now becauie a violent opponent of the Keform party, and appealed by speeches, addroses and proclamations to the hnaliy ol the people. A> he W.1-. a fluent writer and fair sjieakcr lie soon turned the tide of popular feeling .igaiiist the reform leaders — some of whom were in treaty with Papilieaii and the Lower Canada " Patriots,"' and were secretly plotting an .appeal to arms and a severance of the bonds which iield them lo the .^lollier Country, liiil the stout peasantry of l'|iper Canada were not prepared for that; as long as Mackenzie strove for reform by constiliitional means thin' would support him ; but wlnui they wer(! told that the reform of the so-called reform leaders meant revolu- tion, then tin; reform leaders spi/edily found tliemsclvos without any party to lead. The breach between the executive and the lIons(^ was coiistantlv widening, and at Last the Assembly adopted a petition to tlu- crown piavinsr for iho removal of the governor, who was charged with many misdemeanors, and in the debates in tin! lloux! ho was stigmatized as a tyrant and his veracity iinpiiirned. The action of the speaker. .Mr. Iiidwell, in laying before the House Papinean's sodilioiis letter advocating ojieii rebellion, opeiie(l ilm eyes of the general public to the des[)ei',ite lengths lo which the reform leaders wiM'o pn;- )iared to go, and the popular' of the govcriKU' was in- creased in projiortion as that oi the agitators decreasf.'d- Sir Francis took a(lvantag(! of this letter to issue an address in which h(( (pioted Papinean's senseh^ss threat that in the event of a rebellion th(;re would \h' ample as>i.,lanco from the United States, and said : " In the name of every regiment of militia in Upper Canada, I publicly promulgate. Let them coine if tliej dare." This pleased the martial spirit (d' tli(! peo|ile, remembering as they did the rough handling tin; Americans had received in the last war, and the goverii(U''s |)0|)nlarity was iiicre ised. •">.— The Assembly grow more and more abusive' of the governor, and showed the extent of their ill-humor by cutting off the supplies, thinking thus to bring Sir Francis to terms; but they had I',i'iTia'm,''ni.''^l)e- mi^l.aken their man. In reply he refused |:;;';,;."„'t"t'hi";,?;ii«" his assent to any money bills whatever, so that the assemblymen had no sessional allowance lo draw, and there was nothing to jiay the current exjieiixs of the IIoiisc\ with. The Assembly had not counted on this move, and before, it could recover from its astonishment Sir Francis came down to the House and prorogued Parliament on 20th April in a speech in which ho ani- madverted very severely on tin; course |mrsueil bv the House, and sent the members home liki! .a lot of bad M'hool-bnys who had reeeiveil a good scolding and had their pocket money stopped for being i anglily. Sir Francis had scarcely been threi! moiilhs in the country, and. considering his admission on his arrival that he knew nothing of polities, government or Canada, lu? had made wonderful pidL;ress in so short a time and caused 1^ i:i I' I 1 H! f I i i t A l-it TUTTLES lllSroliV OF TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA. more fxc'ltomont tli:in all his predecessors pi't tojjetlier, and cidlcd out ihi; loval seiitiiiiciit of tlie ]H'o|ilc in f-ncli nninistiikal)l(! terms as should have, convincrd 'lie extreme leaders of the Reform parly that any appeal to arms must end in disgnieeful failure; hut Mackenzie was not to lie warned, and the stnij^gle had to come. The hulk of the [leople heartily lisapproveil of the revolutionary taeties oi I'apineau and Alackenzie, and showed it hy numerous petitions lo tlie <,'overnor to dissolve the House. Tlii was done liy proclamation on 'Jt^ih May, and writs Were issued for a new election. The peojih; were now tiioronghly aroused to the extrt'iue leni;lhs to which the reformers weiu endeavoring; to lead them, and the result was the defeat of the Heforni i>arty, and the rejection hy the electors of nearly a!l its kMvell, Perry and many others were hadly healen. 0. — The following extract from the report made hy j Lord Durham, gives a very calm ami dispassionate view ! of tli(! state of puhlic opinion, and the I.onI IHirliain'B tie- l*iii..i i. .i port on tlin liuiso causes wliicli led to the complete overthrow KeVorme«:'' ''"'''"' of ^''^ Hnfonn jiarty ; he says: '-The contest which ajipeared to be thus com- menced on the question of the responsibility of the Executive Counc.'il, was really deci in his power in order to bring it to a successful issue. lie succeeded at first in putting the issue ill such a light before the province that a great portion of the people really imagineil that they were called upon to decide the (jueslioii of separation by their votes. The dissolution, on which Ik; veiitiirei' when lie thought the puhlic mind siiiricjiMitly ripe, completely answered his expectations. The liritisli, in j)articiilar, were roused by the proclaimed danger to the connection with the Mother Country ; tlu'y were indignant at some jiortions of the conduct and speeches of certain members of the late majority which seemed to marl: a determined prefer- ence to American over l>ritish institutions. They were Iirit.ited by indications of hostility to British immigration which lliey saw. or fancied they saw. in some secret pro- ceedings of the Assembly. Above all, not only they, but a great many others, liad ma''ked with envy the stupen- dous public works which were at that period producing their elT^'ct in the almost marvellous growth (>f the wealth and |io|iulation of the neighboring .State of New York ; and they re|ii'oached the Assembly with what they (.'oiisid- ered an unwise economy in preventing the undertaking or even completion of similar works, that might, as they fancied, liave produced a similar development of the resources of I'pper Canada. The general support of the IJiitish determined the elections in favoi of the govern- ment ; and though very large and close iniiioriiies, which in many cases sujiiiorted the d(>fcated ctindidates, :Marked the force which the reformers could bring into the field, even in spite of tJie disadvantages under which they labor- ed from the momentary prejudices against them, and the unusual manner in «hich the crown, by its representatives, appeared to make itself a party in an electioneeiing contest, the result was tu return of a very large majority liostih; ill politics to that of the late .\sseinblv." 7. — On the Ith .July (^tlie anniversary of the American Declaration of Indepeiiclcnce) Mackenzie is.-iiecl the llrst number of a nevvs|)a|)er called the Caii- stilHtlon, iu whic-h he rigorously Mtacki^d u'r^^nTHa^r the government, and ;ri,'d all h'. could to "','>,"'';"'>■'■ n-"!-™- excite rebellion. This sheet was contin- ued until the outbreak of the rebellion. The IJefoiin partv. not fully comprehending the reason of their overwhelming defeat at the polls, tried to raise the then somewhat new but now (piite hackneyed cry of '• bribery and corruption,'' and accusiMl Sir Francis of issuing patents for lands so as to create votes, and other corrupt |)ractices, and Dr. Duncombe proceeded to ICngland to press the charges against him, hut without success, as nothiin; was ever proved against him. During the summer Sir Francis made a tour through the province and was everywhere well receiveil. The colonial olllceu had now decided on granting responsible government, owing most probably to the i'epresentations of the Gosford Commission ; and during the summer instructions were sent to .Sir Archi- bald Campbell, (Governor cl New Brunswick, to surrender the casual and territorial revenues and form a njsponsible executive. This Sir Alexander refused to do. and resign- ed ; but meanwhile tin; colonial otrn'e^ seeing that what was granted to one colonj' must eventually be granted to all, instrii 'teAV\cej/ allowed the matter to remain in abeyance for some time. 8. — Parliament met on the 8tli November, and amongst the bills passed was one establishing the lirst court of chaiicerv in Upper Canaila. The fear of ' ' , llli' pr\lilc of IMi. immediate rebellion being allayed, the constant agitation kept up by Mackenzie and his followers began to react on the [mblic mind, and the Conservative jiarty began to fear that if the death of the king, which was then expected, should occur siieedily Arlioll of tlio llaiikH. su|p|)()rt of tlic of tliu govfrn- inni.'eH, which liihitos. :'iuiki'(l into tlic tile Aiiiiricail is>ii(il tliL' lir.-it Sir I'raiii'iH niTiTH til rct-Juni rntlicr than lirivf- It.-Hinni. MiUle (i<)v<>nii>i*tiit. ! Reform |):ir(y. ■ovcrwliehuiii!,' soiiifwhMt ni'W ml idi iii|itioii, " ;.s for liinils so fticis, ami Dr. ss tlie clmr;r(.g hiiiif wiis ever i'r Sir Fnincis :is cvcrywlu're i)W (ifciiled oil ost iiroliaiily to ninission ; ami t to Sir Arclii- k, to .surrender II a ri'sponsihle , the suspension ot litinks, the general | colors as a rebel ; and on the gover- niiiiii.Mi ia Liipcr CaiiaUa, failure of liusimss houses, and i tirryiiig distress ami suf- fering into almost every family, soon extended to Canada, and the banks of Lower Canada followed the example of those ill the States and suspended specii; payments. In I pper Canada tlii' governor wisely set his face against such a course, I)ut thought it prudent to call an extra ses- sion of the Legislature, which met on 19th June, and ^Ir. .Mian McNabw.is elected speaker ill jilace of ]Mr. McLean, who had resigned. At lirst the House was disposed to fa- li advaueing on Toronto with a liiiinber of his followers to vor the popular idea of suspending specie payments and jj ca|)turc that place and the largo quantity of arms stored cniitimiing lh<' inflated system of excessive discounts; but the belter policy of the governor to continue s| ie ]i.iyiiients and restrict discounts finally prevtiiled ; and although the btuiks were hard pressed for a time, they tinally weathi-red the storm and preserved the credit of the province. !). — During the summer and f;i1l Mtickenzie eontiiiiied his preparations for rebellion, although comparatively Mai'kiii/ii' iirt'iwir.'il f''W thought that even the extreme u.Vi'iswiiiili'rawn' reformers would take other than coii- froinl|ii.er(aim.la. gtitutiolial nieiins to obtain a redress of tin? grievances of the jirovince. But ^Mackenzie luul now given up nW idea of obtaining redress, aiileps to suppress the outbreak. 11. — A secret meeting Inul been lieM at Toronto on ISth November, at which Mackenzie, Rol|ili, Z»Iorrison, and others had decided that all this avail- Tins rebels ail- able force should rendezvous at Monti;om- ,T,\"'" ;: '".' ,''i""',"'°- " J hi' lirst lilood- ery's tavern, four miles from Toronto, on •'"-'J' Yonge Street, on the 7th DeciMiibcr, and attack the town, the hour of meeting being between six and ten o'clock.* *Tho fonou'iiig ai'cimiitof tbo iiisiirrei'tionary iiiitvenii'tits* in t' i' nciKh- borlu.nil of 'foroiilo was wrilteu by Mr. !\lai ki'ii/.in wlijj.' hn was in pus- i»e>s!t)!i of Navy Islaiiil, on 14lli Jannary, ls;ti, ami ptibliaheil in the Wo- Icrli'wn Jfjfirsouim. It will be foiiucl very interebtiiig, and will well rejiay perusal. NAItltATI\K. On the 31st July last, lliereformi'rs of Toronto ri'sponiletl to the reipient ottheir-tellowfiulIi'ifrsinl.owiTC'anailB, by appointment of ward couuuit- teosof vijiilaiu'e. tlie |iasBa;ieiif resolutions of sympathy andciMiperatioii, and the adoption of a deelaration of ritilits and grievances, whieh only dillered from your gri'at deelaiutioii of i;7(i. in that it did not at oiiee pro- claim the province Indepeniient, nor enunn;rale, in all lases, the same ■ omplaint^. The reformers hjid taken great pjiins to inform the llritish government of the true st.'ite ofalTiiirsin fpper Canada ; and many bilieved that Sir Franiis lloml Head would do what he could to remove the ehief caiiM' ..f disi'onieiu, until llie pn lilies of the exeeutivo previous to and at the last general elei'tion of the House of Asseinlily, fonvini'ed tlieni that nothing but a revolution would relieve the eountry. T'his opinion 1 wjis eonlirnn'd in by observing thai \,Iien the .Assenddy of I.owe: t'anada deferred gianlingsnpplies until their wrongs be redressed, the House of <'oinmons of l-jigland, by a vote of tilmut ten to one, and the Lords unanimously J.ord Hrougliain tilone disseniingi, lesolved that tJie proceeds of the revenue raised in Ihat ii lony, both by provincial and Uriiishslatiites.should beexpendiMl without the consent of the representa- tives of the pcojile, or the form of law in keeping up a costly foreign gov- 1.1J I v ill iHlll FHill ill i '^r -! 126 Tl riLK'S IliSIOUV OF rilK DOMINION OF CANADA. Dr. I\()l|ili, who wu^ tlio " t'XtMMitivc " rclVrrtd to hi ihr nariMlivc *)t* Miickcii/ir ;:iv*'!i hrlow, ^ot aluriiUMl, whiU- thti lattrr was simiipinii tlir roiiiitrv raUiiii: on tlir rcv*»ln- tionists to iiu'i't at ^I(»iil:;oiiirrv*s on the Tlh.aiul cliaiiixrW oniminl in whit-h tlif K(>voriMMl unci no Bliatc. In the tlfclnnition vt nrit'v:viii-fH i»r (111? .(iHt .liiiy tlir HriliMi ^jovcrnincnt wa** tlistim-lly KiVfii t>> ittKlrrr^tiuiil ih:it u'\(>lt niii^hl Im- tli>> ronHi'tiiiftH-c of iiH «)u|ili*'iiy. Aii*l lli.-iUl* rl;irrillnu was rriitl, t-otishli nil ;iim1 :i|>pni\iMl at two hiiiutrrd pultlir lUftainu'Hin Itu- ro.iiitiy ; nm- liuiMlri-itainl tiCiv tuMittli it:'»«<»i-iuli<>iii4, fi-^m^- in^' In iiH |)i'iitripl«>H vnTv (»(M-i')iil> iM'jiini/.fil, anil Sir F. Ii. II* ail waK in- foi im-il lliroti^li tin* |iif-H, llifit llic nlli' i-rs of tlioM- mivivl'wmnnjhf \n-, um'iI ns i-aptaint* :intl lii'iili-nanl-* of f.im|>,inirf*. for rf.-i>tan«'c by f.ir«-i', in i-aMi- a t-lian;£<- of liiit nnatiiiirH iliil iiiii M^oii lake placf. 'I'lir uiuny ^«'4>nt-ti of violi-rii'i- ami i>iitra;;i! wlih-li (iiu'urn-i) at our publir nn- -un^'tt tM't\vi-i-n .Inly ami h'-riiiil-iT I nrril not rtM-oinit. Li-f it rtulHi-i' to fitrar\ imprison nii-ntH ami a de'ilaiaijon of niilitaiy fx- I'lMilinit woulil foll'.w III*' auiiripaii'ii oullnfaks at Motitp-al, \vr riMohfil tnsci-uri- tin- I.owi-r raiiail;i nio\tni.-ntKby oihi irt i-ipia Ily prompt it ml lir- i-isivf. Sonic of lilt- imnilM'is of our bramh sm-ictiis wipr- Kept in ii;nor- ant't'of till' lnti-ni|i'tl n xojl. (iHhth wen' fully a wan* of it. Som*', vvIiohi' nanu's won* atta'lx-il to no asMorialion. wt-ii! Iijuifis in lh»; nnoluiiini— othiT Vfiy a*-Iiw n-pnldiraiiH look tiu part. TIm* prf(^*irrt unili-r my rontrol Bi'nt foi III m-arly Ihn'f thuusaml copi vh of a pcriiMlical tlUi-il with n-aMins fur rt'\oll,, aiul jiIhoU tin- lliiiil v,r< k in Novi-miIm.t it wart di'tirniiniil lh;it on 'rhurs^iy, lli't 7lh of I) *.'<-inb t, mir fori-.d r-houhl si'<'r«*tly assi-nil'li! at .Mo;it_;..m Ty's MkIhI, 'I'hifM mili-s lia-k of 'roionlo. Im;- twoon ttix and ti-n at iii<:lit. ami profmlin^ fmnt Ihi-nie to tin? city, join our f riiMiilH th ro, h >i/.i> four ihousaml Htamt of arinn whii-h had l)i>t>a plat'cd by Sir Kiani-is in tin- rjly llall.taki! Iiin into «:iHiody with liin (>h)>'f advJ!4«-is. plai'(> the garrison In th** hands of ih«; Liln'raU, (li-clart! tht." proviiu'f fiuf.i'all a convi'iition lo^rther to frann" a siiit.tldtj coiihiiiu- Vion, and nuantinn; appoint our frii-nd l>r. Uolph provisional adminis- trator of ihi- ^ovi-rniin'iit. Wf cxptrlid to dt. all this wilhmit shuddiny Idood, wt'll knowint; Ihat th« vioi'-n';;al p)Vi'rnnu'nt was too unpopular to have many /■. a/ aiUM-n-nt-i. Only in om- instam-o diil wo forward a notice of till- inti'Mih-d niovtMnt-nt licyond the limits «d' Iho couniy of York, and to Whill-y and souii! othor tow ii^ in it no riiciihirs wtTi; sunt. W" nfv«r douhlrd tin- fi-.-iin^' of tin' provlnn-. Sir Kramis adiiiils. in " his Hpf '--oui tlio thion'-." that we would have ihei-rfnlly sulimitti-d Ihi? whol. lattiM- to a ronvontion of tln^ pt-oplo. Twclvi* It-adin;^ ri'loi nuMs in thiMit> anil»ountrya^r(vd,omday in Novi'mlHT.ihal on IhnrMlay.tht'Tth l>oi;LMnh"rla-t. hctuijen tho hours of six and ten in tho uviMiinn. iht^frionds of friH-dom in tin* s-'Vi-rat to.vnsliips, 1. d hy Iln-ir lapiains. would iin'ct at Moil ;;onn'ry's. march to Turonto, sci/.c th" arms w.^ so much wanted, illsmiss Sir Kram-is, "and proclaim a Ki'pulilic." The details wcro K-fl t'.nlindy to my mana-jcncii. . ntitt >tn t.rycd a fortnii,dit pn-vloas to Sumlay, the od I>eecinher, in altendin^j s veral m't;tin;'S, assist iny in ori^ani/.inj; towns and places, ami othcrw j-e pre pat - inn for the revnliiti'm. On Ihat day 1 r"de from Soiiiliville ^wh"rii I liad two private meelinys on the Saturday) to Voni;« Street, and arrived at Mr. (iilrton's in tln^ t^vi-nin..;. To my astonislnnont and dismay I w:is in- formed hy him. thai althou;;h I Inid uiven the captains of townsliips Beak-d oidi^rs for Thursday lollowinj;. I In: exeeul ive, throtiuh him. hy a mere verbal niessa;;'!, had ordered out tin; men heyomi the ridjes, to at- UmiiI at MonI;;omcry'8 with their arms next tlay. Momlay, and Ihat it was probable th 'y were already on the march. I iiiHiatitly HiMit one of Mr. (iiht^ou'H ik'r\antrtto the north eountormandinj; tin; Monday mi.vement. and lmtines, i:or the eiti/, -ns of Tortmto, wi're in any way prepared r.,r analteiaiioii whieh, if persi>led in, would surely ruin us. The servant ieiiirneiU>n Monday, with a mi'S-a-^e from .Mr. I.ouni, th:it it was now too laie to step, hat the men were warned, and movinj^ with their ^ainn and pikes <>n ijie inapdi down to Yoni;e Street (a distaiu'i; of thirty or forty nnh-s on ihe woi-st roads in the world), and thai the ohj»'ct of their rising i-oiild, ther**- fnre, b ' no longer < oneealed. I was grieved. and so was Mr. (lil son ; but we had to make the best uf it ; acenrdinuly I mouMt". and no one else warned at all. About eiKhl or nine o'eloek I aecompanied Taptain .Vmlersim.of I Lower Town. Mr. Shephard, and two others, on Imrsebaek down Yunffe j Street, inteiniini; if no one eanie with tidinirs from the city, to jjo I there and asi'erlain how far an attaek and sei/ure of muskelH and bayonets we iTundi nei-ded. was f)iacii»al. There were v\ an ants out for my apprehension, but 1 did not mind them niuch. \Vc hail not pro. eeeded far when we met Aldennan .bdin Towell inow thenuiyf.r) and Mr. .-Vrehibald Meponald, late of Kinu.-ton, on hor-ebaek, act inn »» a sort of patiol. I riMle up to them, presenteil a do-ibl-'-barreJled pistol, in. fornnd them that the democrats had risen in amis, that wo wished to pieveid info matinnof (liat fact from »eacbin^' Ihe dty, arid that Ihey wcnild have to i^o baek to Montironwry's as prisoners, when! ihey would he well treated, fed ami lod/ed. and in no way injured in person (tr lit pur.-e— hut they nnist surrender to me their arms. They both assured me they had nom-, and when I Heemed to doubt, repeateii Ihe assutanee ; stion your words by order- inji >oo lo be searched," and lurninu to Mes-rs. Shephard and And rsipii, I bade theni j)laci» the gentlemen in the t:n;ird room, and see that Ihey were eomfortable. after which I proceeded a^'ain towards tin* city. Not many minutes afterwards I was overtaken by Alderman Towell. riding in txreat baste. I asked what it meant, and told hiui he nnist nrd proceed ex«'ept at his peril. He kept on, I followed and tired over my horse's head, lint missed him. lie slackened his pace (ill his horse wa^ beside ndm-, and while I w:is expo-tn latin;; with him. /*. smith it hi r/fn if if fiisfot i/nh'>- c/.MV h' mil hr> nsf, h\i\ the priinim; llaslietl in the pan. and thus I was saved from instant death. \t this monn>iit Mc|»ona1d rode back SL'emin;;ly in ;;p*at atTri;;ht, and i'oweil escaped i'rtiin mo by the side bar, and hy a circnilous nnite reached ToronU>. .MehonaUl appeared unable to explain; 1 therefore sent him back the second time, ami heinu mtw alone, juil^ed it most prudent to return to Mont.L'oineryN, on my way to which 1 encountered the murdered remains of tin- lirave and jienerouB i 'ni*- tain Anthony Ariderson, the vielini of T'oweU's b:iseness. Ilis IkhIv was streli bed in the ro.-td, hut life was extinct. 'J'he manner of hisdcalli was as follows : Shephard ami .\ndersou were aiMMunpanyin^ I'oweil and .M-r- I»Mi;ald on their way to tlnnr -.niard-room at MoniL'onier>'8, when ToweU wasobserveil to slacken his horse's paee a litlle- by this means he ^ot hehind Anderson, a:id taking' a pistol from liis pocket, shot him thron;ili the b:iek of the neck, so that befell and died instanlly. Shephard's ho:M> stnmble.l at the nuinn-nt. Towell rode oiT and McDonald followed. Wheth T Towel! is or is not a murderer let the cmdid r. nder say. I udve the f.-iets. On arrivin;^ at Monttzoinery's. I wiih told by the Kuard tliat Colonel Moodie of the army hatt attempted to pass Ihe bar: ier, that they had told him what vi'iard they were, that he h:id persist«-d in lirin^ a pistol at them, on which one of the men levelled bis rille :nid shot him. lie dictl in an hour or two after. I lind it stated in many papers that I kilhid ("(doiud Meodie, althouuh at the time of liis doitii I was several miles' distant, as those then presi-nt well know. Hut I fully approve of the eonduet of thofp who shot him. Sir l-'ram is Head adiidts that he was entirely i-jimrant d our intended movement until awaked out of his bed Ihat ni'^ht. His informanl 1 believed to have been Captain llrid;^efort. He had the bells set a-iin;:in;:. took np bis abode in the City Hall, delivereii out a few rusty i:uns, made speeche-, and was in ^reat trouble. t>f all whieh parlienlais our exerntive neither bnmyht nor pent us any account whatever. About nndninht our nnmbiTS in- ereased. And towards morning I proposed to many persons to manh lo Toronto, join -nch of the reformers there as were ready, and endeavorto nnike m . : i! I ii/.if s iiniifi^ic- CMU-i d liy :ili ilitiTllioii of roroiito, wliile II tiorDu-rn nvniuo (■.inilli'l rn.'iil, mid »;ill>'(l miini' tilno ' "iM' I'nriit'. not inii.Mv„,(l;il..ii iirsit.Ty, Willi I'-iir •111! til tak(' II III! iity ro- IV till' iiinyoi) ami 'k. iiflintr as aM'it i.llicl |,isii,|, ill- hat wt; wislio.l In anil llial lln-y .vIliTO lllfV WollUl il in j.iTsoii or ill hoy hoili nssiii'i'il I llio assuiaiiof ; ■nioii anil nion ot r Horils hy oriiir- il ami Aliil'-rHoii, ami soc Ihat Uiov nis I In- illy. \o't an I'owoll, rl.liii^r iniist not proi il 1 ovor nty horso'ti lioi-po Ha- licsiilo III rl.iji/iiilii /li.iiir! ' |imi, anil iIiuh I lonalil roilo ha.k lo liy lhf>l.l.. har, appoaioil uiialilo o. ami lit'ini; now y'>, on my way to :inil (?iMioroiiHi "aii- is. 11 is iKHly was r of hisilinth was •_' I'oHi'll ami Mv n's, whoii I'onoll his inoaiiK ho cot i-liot lilm tlnoiijjli iiily. Sliophanrs lionalil folloniil. aiioisay, I (;|vi. ■y tlio K'naril that hariiiT, Ihat thoy 'i.iloil in liiiii;; a N lilli' ami sliot 111 il slali'il in t till- tinm of hi» will know. Hnt ■lir I'laiii la lliail niiiviniont iiiilil 'Vol! to liavolioon k lip Ills aliiiilo in •i-hi'-, ami was in niilliiT hroiniht iilr iiiMiihi'rii ill- sons to marrh lo . ami I'liiliavorlii lliis it waHoliji'i't- is; that Ihii otlior | ilryi that wo woru li.iilailvin.Hi ami I I'I'KU ( ANADA— (.OVKKN.MKNT OF SIU F. 1!, IIFAI). •IJ llic fact \v:is lli:il tin' j.'iivilli(ir knew IirilliiiiL' at :ill iif Mai- ki'ii/if'.s [iliits ami iilaip^. ami wmiiil ll>ti'ii to iiu warning; lii'a!l\ \v:'a|it in tiio iileti that tlii' •• iniii'al " ,sii])|M)rt iif llir iiiajuiity nf llif will (li>|ios(Ml in- iirpoiloii Ihi- iiiovoiiioiilH. anil I' von IIu'i'mmmiiIvi' wlioliailmili-ri il lliispro- inatiiro Momlay rislni;, slooil aloof, ami hail initlior Joini'il us imr I'oinniiiiil- cattil Willi lis. Nfxt ilay I'l'inmhiy) wo liirioasi'il in iiiiiiiluT lo oijilii hiin- ilri'il, of wliiiiii vory n any liait no arms, oiliors liiul lilli-s, ohl fowlipt;- pioi-rs. Iniliaii ;.'iins, pikos, i\:i'. \'asi iiiimliors oamo uml wont oil ai^aiii wlioli I hoy I'luiml wo hail lii-ilhoniiiiskits or l':i>iMu-ts. llailllio\ posso-soil my f''i'liii:,' in favor nf froiiloin. lln y woiil.l liavo si 1 l.y us oion if armi'il loit uiih pit> hroiks^iml lirooniliaiiiltis. Alioiit noon wooliiniin-ilior- rLM't iiiti|li.;omo ihat w'thall iilMViTliiiiis, ami iin'linli ii; lhoii.|li-;;o hoys. Sir Kiaiiii.ii'oiihlliai'illy riiso a hnmlnil ami tifty siipporiiis in town ami loiiiilry ; iiml l>y 1 !'. M ii tla^'of irino nnihoil oiiriamp m ar I ho liiy (lio iiiossoii^iTs hi'iiii; till' lloiioial'li' Mi-s-rs. Holpli ami ItaMwin. ili-putoil liy Sir Fra Ill-is to ask wlial wniilil satisfy iis. 1 loplinl, " I mli-p.-iiilfiiii' ;" lillt soul a viTlial iiiossa^ii' llial as wo hail no i "iiiiiloini' in .sir I'.'t^ Hi.nl, ho W'lilil IiaM' to soml his nio-sau'o in writiii^. .'iml w iihin oiio lioiii- 1 tlion tiirm il roiinil lo rolonol l.oiint, ainl aih isoil hi in t" mari'li tlio moii uiiiliT his roiiiiiimiil at ouro Into iho riiy, ami tako a posilinii m-ar lln- I.nwyor's Hall, ami roilo wistwanl to Coloiiol llalilwin's. win to tlio luilk of tin' ii'liols woro, ami aiiiisiil an iiisiant maiiii I" Toronto. Wo hail mlvaili'-'il as far a- Ilio CmIIoj.',- .\miiii.'. tvliiii amiihoi ilai; of iiuoo ar ImiI I by tlo' sinio mossoii^i'i'S, with a ini's-ano finiii Sir I'. lli';iil lii'i-liiiin;; to coiiiply Willi oiir privi.iiis rii|iioHt. \V« woro pi oiliiiL- to town, ulu'ii onli-rs from lIio o.v--i'itlivi.' an ivoil, thai wo slioulil not lli'-ii ^it to 'roronlo^ lull wail till si.x o'oloi'k in llio ovoniiii, ami ilioii tako iho rity. Triio to the primipli' on vvhifli tlio I'liinpaot wa> iiiailo for oiir rising, iho orilcr w.is ' lioyiil, ami at a iinarlor I" six tlio »li"l'' of our foioos woro mar tlie toU-har on Voin;o sir ol, on our way t'l llio oily. I Inlil iliiin that 1 was cortain ihi'r>' i-milil 1'' no iliilii'iil..\ in laKiii^ 'I'm onto; that liuili in town ami ooiinliy the po.iplo hail siooil aloof from sir Kramis ; that not mio htimlroil iiiiii lifiy ii ami lio,\s ooiihl ho yoi to ili'l'i'inl him ; thai ho was alarmoil ami hail sont tii^ family on lioaiil a sioanior ; that six liuinlroil ri'foi'mois woio loaily to join us in tlio i ii.\, ami thai all wo hiui to iIimmis to 111- linn, ami wiili iho oily wmilil at oiht '.(o ilowii ovory vo--tii;i' of for- L'i;arioiis kinil.s, ami las ly llioso who larri il only oluhs and walkini,' sliiks. Colonol l.oniit was nl Iho hoad i>f tho rilloinon, and ho mid ihoso ill tho froiil rank tiloil, and iiisioail of Mopiiln^' lo our siilo to liiako r for Ihoso holiiml to liro, toll Hat on tlioir fioos, iho ooxt rank liloil ami dill iho siiiin' lliinn. 1 was rati ■ r in f nnil w Inn iho tiling' lnjjaii, anil stood in inoro daiij:i'r from tho rit.- ■ or' tii.n fii -iiils iliaii tho iniiskois of my onoiiiios. 1 stopp>'il to the side o.' ,'io road ami iiadv liiom slop li inj;. and il appi arod lo mo that oi t our pioplo who was Uillod \,-;,s shot in this way hy our own iiioii. Certainly it was mil liy tho oiioiny. Soiiio persons froni town, fiiondly lo us, hut inn vory hrave, had joined us lUirinu Ih ■ iiianli. aid lln y. iiiiknowil to in ■ told aw f i| slorios ahoiii till' propa' 111 ions llio 'Tories liiol made in so \ oral streets to lire out of win- dow- at lis, proleilod liy toalher heds, inallrossos, \i'. 'These repri'seiila- tions tenilied iiiaiiy of the I'ouiiiry pi'oplo, and when they saw the liile- inen in front fallino down, and heard the liriii.i.', th ■> iinajiined that those who toll were Iho Killed and woiinii d i\ ilie .-Leliiy's liro. and look lo their heels with a s|ioeil and steadiness of pnrpoM' tli»t would have halllod puisiiil on fool. In a sliorl time not Iweiily |i 'r-oiis wore to he found he- low the l"ll-l'ar. 'This w lis almost loo iniioh for hiinian palieiiei-. 'I'he oily would have heen ours i'l .in hour |iro'i.ilily w.lli »:il tir n;^ a shot ; hiimlieds of our friends wailed to join us at its ontraueo: the oilii iais were torror-striiek ; (jovoriior Head loid low to nl.v on : ihe eolmiy would have followed lie- oily : a I'oiivi'iition and a llenioeialio ( 'oust it ii lion heen adopted, and a hloodless ilian;;e fioiii a eoiilempiil.le t>raiiny to froi'doiu ai'i-oitiplishi'd. 11 it oi lit liilmlrod ran wln-ii no oiie p'lr- siioii. and niifortunati'l\ ran tin- wroiu: wav. 1 loih- hastily hark iliilil I pit in the rear of ihe main hody, stop|ii-il a ntlliihor of tlieiii, and implorod them to return. I exiilaiiied matters ,■■ u told llieiii to fear no'hinj^. lialiil.-iltts iif till' pTi)\ ilici' Wiilllil lie siltliriint tn dotrr llio wimlil 111' Tcvdlutioiii.st.s iTiiin carryini; llioif mail ilosion jatu f.Ncctition. In tins lie was nii.-takt ii. as liralti'i-uanl. ill-.- fovi Tcil, and tlio " innral " -.uiiiMirt mi vvliirh In- liail to I'l !y oiTeied with half n dozen men to ^o lietweeii them mid all danger, and rioiiliiili-d ilieiii that the oii|iortuiiily of iliiii iii^dil would he tln-ir last, that the iiiomont it was known in tli luiitry that the reformers weri! tiiiiid Bithoiit i-niise.sir Kniniis would Instanily uaiii niiinliers, hui II w.'ui of no use. 'Tosui-ri-ii«lve groups I spoke In vain. Ni-iiie r llireals nor i-oaxinj; i-oiild indiiie tiiein 111 I'll to the i-liy. I tiled to timl even forty or tiriy to o,, to towii,l.iii till- i.-iil> was, " Wo will p. in tlie lioiii. hut not ill the dark." i if tins,, many «i-iit li"liio tli.-it i'\ i-iiiii;.'. and alllii'iii;h a I lout two h II mired joiio-d iis diirin;; tin- iiiulit, W' won- Ivm' hiind'ed h'-s liiillieroiis on Wi'dlii-sday moinili^. With the sti-aiiiers in Ihe hands of the coverniiiont, the oily, four tlioii-nnd in'isUois ami lia\oiiets. perli ips sixty experit-lii-i-d liiililar.N olTii'ers. the well paid otiii-iats and tln-ir sniis and ili-pi-mlaiits, ahiindain-o of aiiiiniinitioii, a park of arlillery well served, the ixarrisoii .-iiiil ihe aid of all who are prejndi 1 In fiw vor of I i.lonial umenii il.il had liei'ome a dittii-nll l.-isk for a i-i 'I lee- lion of umliniiplined and hatt-;iil 1 1 oniiliyiiion, wiihoiil eaiiiioii.si-ai-eo of cnnpowdor, mil pos-essi'd of a single havonet nor *'ven of i»iiiis or pikes for half their nunihors to i-oii|oiid -in ssl'iilly it-.:iiliisi the enemy J'or the oil y ; wo tin- refine s oi.il oil the ,lofoiii-e on Wi-dni-sday, ( o-ntleiiioii of intliieiii-e who woro ph-du'ed to join ii^, ami oven 1 1 \t-i-uli\e wlio i-oin- mandi-d lis t" iii.tlo- the preinatiiri' and iiiifintuiiato nioveini-nl, m iilit'r eorr'-spomh-d with iis n,,rj, jind iis. 'T" explain their i-ondin-t was heyoiid iny power. Il ili.si-oiiril;.'i'il inaii.v , and Ihiiiin-d our ranks, fin Wodnesday for-'iiooii 1 took n piirty with iin' to liiimla- Street, intereepted the ilreat We.-lern mail sia<.ii' and look a iininlier of pri-oners, with the sla-.:e. imdls nnddrher, up looiir laiiip. 'Tin' edilorsslale Ihat iiiomy was taken from the mail, whii-li was not the ease ; liiilthe li-lliisof .Mr. Siilli\ an, pre-i- deiit ot Iho l-;xei-utivet onm-il, Mr, Hili-lianiioii, and others, i-onvejiod use- ful infoiiiiaiioii. We found they expoi'ti-d soon to have sln-ii^th eiioiij:li to attai-k lis ill the i-oiintry, and 1 wrote to the exeeiitive in the iliy to civii IIS tinii'ly iioiii-e of any siieh altin-k. Some of the h-adiiii; reformers in Ihe lily had left It, (ii(^ m>^ liijuiiiiin: nlhors seemed lo have lost their eli'-r^ies ; m'illier niesseniror imr letti-rs ri-at-hi'd our eainit : the e\ei-iili\ii was not there. One niaii on horsi-hai-k told us we iniizhi he aiiai-ki-d on 'Thiirs.hn. My eloi-f hope lay in this, that if we win- not alia. -ki-d iliilil 'Thiirsilay iii^'lit, vast reiiifoii-enients would join us fnuii tlie oiiior town- ships, and that i-eform isat adisianee would niareli lo our aid the momoiit ihf'V heard iliat we had slrin-k for s, ir.o,ivoriiiiienl. Wilh this view I solljhl III I line Ihe attelllion of till' enemy to the defi'liee of Ihe i-ily, and nil Thiir-day iiniriiin'.r .seleeied forty rlili-ini'ii and i weiiiy oiliers to eo down and Inii n tin- Hon liri-lue. the e.is .-ni approai-h in 'Tiiioiilo. and Ihe lioiis- al its end. In lake Ihe .Monu-i-al stanoainl mails, ami to draw out the foi-ees in ihai ipiarler if pos-ihle. I also proposed thai the n si of mir moll who had arms should tike the ilireetion to the rinlil or left, or to ri-treal to a slronjj posiiion a,s priidein-o nii:.'lit dii-iaie. .\t this innmoiii roll mel Van Kunioml, a lialive of llnllaml. ow iiiio.: Ihirteoii thoiisand aires oflaiid 111 the llurollliaet.a liii-d patriot, and of ;;n-at liiilitar.\ expi-riem-e under Napnl joined us, and .■ -'f II"' i-apt.-iii:> ilesh'i-d a i- il ti he hold, will' h was done. (I'lniii-I \ . appmved ..f my plan, a party went olf, set tire lo Ihe brhlt^e. burnt the house, took the mails, and wi lit Ihroimh a pari of the eily uiimolesloil. Hal 11 oiinsollln^ and diseiis.diif of my project weiwiuiu-da del-iy of two hours, whii-h pn.ud our ruin, for the enemy liaviii-.' nlilained iar^e nihtoii-o lits hy lln- steMiin-rs fnnil I • ■ boiirj;, Niagara and Hamilton, n-solvi-d lo allai-k us in thr ii visions, nii" nt tln-m I" inin-h up Y"'i -o Stn-el, and Ilieotlieis by way alinut a mile In the ri;;lil and h-tt of 111" in.-nl. Had our fnnes started in llio inorniti}.', Ilie parly at the liridue would have iiiterfeied with and hrokeii up theeiiemy's plan lifattnek, and we would have been in niolinii iie.'ir 'Tiu-oiUo, ready to lelreal to some of Hie eomnianilini; |io-iiioiis in lis n-ar, or to join the ritlelin-n lielow and Hun eliler Ihoiily. We wore still al Ilie Imlil dis- i-lissini' what washi-st to be done, when one of He t;iiariis told us that the eneiiiv was inanliint; lip will luiisie and arlillery and witliiii u mile of lis, Oir people iinineilialoly |in'pai-eil lor battle; 1 mile dowi, towards the eiieiny, doublilu! Hie iiitelliueiice, until wln-n wilhili a short distam-e I saw tiiem with my own eyes. 1 rode iiniell.v baek, asked our luoii if lliey wen' n'ady to li-lii a iin-aHv supeiior I'mei-. w.-ll ar d, and with ar- lilhry well served. 'They wen'n-.-iily. and I badi- Iln-iii to^ioio Hie womls andii"otiieirbe-t. 'Tli-y did so, and m-v.r did 1111-11 tichl mon' i-i'lir:i;; sly. ill Ihe III' e of II heavy lire of tirapoand eaiiisli-r. with hi-oailsidesof mi;s- ketry ill steady hihI rapid si esslon, they st 1 their i;i"iinil lirinly and killed and wounded a larne niinil.er of il m-niy.biit w-n-at length i-oni- ■'I I: ir ! I' : I i linii L I •428 Tirn.Ks iiisi'oKV of the do.mimon ok canada. WHS the biivoiiits of •• tlic uicii of Cioii Hi. ■t ill sistMiicf-. On llic iiii'lit of tin ill Di'cciiilicr Markciizic rctiii'iitMl from his tour tli: 'li th( 1(1 arriving ;it llic house of Mr. (lilisoii loiiniod that Holjili pcllod In rt'tri-rit. Iti :i in'»n' fa'-orriMi* imsilioii, I luivf no iloillit lnit Uh-v wttiiltl )iavi^ li«-:itt-ii t]u> MSMiilaiits willi iinini-iiHi- lo8t«. An il waH, tlit'V liail only tlirt'r' klllt'il aiiil tlin'f <»r I'onr WitiiiHlrtl. I folt anxioiiH to ^'o to Moiil^oiinTV's for my [lortfolio an«l paiu-rs. \vlii<-li witi* ilil|>ortaht, tiitl it was on! ot tlh> i|iH-sliou, so tlir> tt-ll iii(<< tlu' l'.an>ls of llio onriny. All my paiMTs |ir«'\ioiis lo tin- ovt-ni ..f tlial wock I lia.l tifsiroyc.l, oxfi'iit anuniluTof bii^iu-ss lrtti'i>, ami ilicsc it took my family iipwanis ot an hour aiitl a 'iiiartt'i- 1-' Itiirii. Itiii with all my *'aulioii, simu' lot tors f.-ll iiilo their Imn.ls In till' injury of oihiTS. •••••»» • «••»** •»••»•*•• The slatt-nu-nl has hoon math- that tho prisoners woro ill-tn-aloil, Imt notliiiii.' i-oulil ho fiirth.T from tli.' truth. 'rlioy hoi tho lar^t'st ami host rooms in tho hotol. twoUt' lioih-haTiiliors woro nppointcil to thi'ir spocial uso, ami luMhlin^, whilo our xoliinii-ors hiy in ilu'ir woariiiizolothi'!* on tho lloitr of llio harii ami other apartments— thoy faroil as^efareil; niitl for their idiinsement 1 sent them up Knropeaii, Amer- ieiiii ami Canaiiian papers, i>fion without roatlm^ th<>in myself, Mr. M«>- l>i>ttaM wro'e to his family that he was kinttly Iiealetl, an'i i. is unjust f. snspeml the trial hy jury'.' Why were his laniily eontinetl for two r. llorne's premises w:is he.-nl ipia' l -is lo the spies .ami tr.'iilors who in- fest eil our e.ainp anil tl^eil fur the pu o .se of the enemy, hut this was not Ihe ea.se with thoce uf Mr. (lihsiui, \ei ^'overntnenl ihstroyeil them ami earrieilolT his eiiltle, liorsi s,;:rain, ami property, ami nseil or soM it, anil kept till' money. Tho movahles of liiinilreilsof others were taken in the same way. Sir Kranei.^' mix Isers may live to Bee this e\:iuiple foiloweil more e\tensl\ely ili:in ilie\ ilesire. When the retoiiners ilestroyeil the lioiise of Doelor Home, lliey illd not eaiiy olT the value of one farlhiiieof his I'lfei^s, .\s to sheriif -Iiir\ is' pr,-mises, tli'-y \vi.iulil have 1 n htirneil hut for two reasons -liist, we lia>l no proof that tlii- sherilf's house was ns -il us remlezMiiis fi.r our enemies; ami neeomi, there were siek pi'ople in it, whom we iliil not wish to make war upon. .Vltinil three thonsanil live humlreil persons j'.iiieil us ilnrini^ the three itays on wliii li we were h-'hinil Toronto. M\ Piil' ' ami e\teii>ive h.iokstoce. the new- est auil most vtilnahle prinlin;; esiahlislimeiit iii rpper t'anailti, .■iinl my hlnilery, were entereil hy .Mileriuan Powell ami others on Tuesilay, the types mis. 't, the work ilestri'v oil. . 'mil e\'er\ thliii; on Ihe premises either remler-ii nselo'S or eanleii olT. The .\tnerietin people will ntnlersh'inil the slate of soetety tit the i iinaihis u,.en informeil thai imi'tial law oh- tains ill Montreal, ami ihal the hahe is eorpns aet is su-pen.leil In T.iron- to; that ih.'i.poosiiiiei presses are all ilesi roveil or slleiieeil, ami their oilliors expatriaieil. utfl tha: lih ■i\\ oi speei h timl of Ihe press is enjii\eil In an cipiiil lieLir-'e in eiuninereil Pnianil ami In eompiereil Caiiaila. There may heerrots in the pr. Hue narrative, ami If so I shall he thank- ful for their eorii'iiliin, .My motives haviiii.' heen Impeaeheil hy some, 1 eheeifiillv refer to ihos • of all par;les who have hail the host means of I'lis'-ri lii'i my pitl'lle ami prlv.-ite eoniiiiet for maiiv xeais past Wheihei' htiil changed tho tl.-iy of tiltack from the 7ili to ilic lih, 1111(1 that iiimihcr.-i of the (li.safFoctcd were already on the niareli. Alioiit one hundred iirrived thtit night, and furl III 1 nm ile-ervlui.' of hliime .is one w In irntnemleil a tiiovement whli-h lit! IlllSlleees-fllhor fora laek of iliseletlon or ener;:y so far llr tti it' exeeutioii. .'ire iptestlotis whii h, If Worth while, the pnhlie have Ihe fails hefiec llieiii to ih'ti'rinliie. llelu.' of opliiluu th.al a vasl majority of the peo|ileiif ( ' pper I 'aiuula earnestlvil '»lre inilepemleuee, ami lirmlv per miaih'il that with persevernuee iliey will attain It, I Inteml (o eonilnne In iirllier reiiiloreeinents ctiiiie in next nioriiing. when IMae- ki'iizie till", isi'd an iidvtiiiee on the eity. hiit overnilcil hy iilhi'i's, ami ;iii\i(i(i>|y tiwaitiiig iiiforiiiation fioni |{ii||ili, he. with I'lXir others, proceideil towards the city. When wiihiii a short disiance of the cily they were iini liv Al lieriiian I'mvell tiinl Mr. Ale.Miiidir MeDonald. and ar- it'sted iheiii. oi'dering ihein to Ix; taken to heail-i|iiarler,>i at .Moiilgoineiy'.s. Two uii'li, named Anderson and Shephtird. were ilelailed to escort the prisoners, lint after going a short way Alderman Powell siiddenly drew ti |iis|ol, shot Anderson dead, :ind started on his way li.ick to Toronto. lie Wiis tigain met hy ^raekeii/.ie, win) fired al him Init missed him, when the alderman riding close tip to lite I'l'liel put his pistol to his liearl tilid pulled the tfiggip; hill ihe priming li,'i(l got shaken out of the old- f.'ishioned lliiit-tinil-stee! jiistol and it did not go o(T, so that Mackenzie escaped witli a good sciirt^ and the alder- man coiiliiined on his way to Toronto, where he gave the alarm. Sir Francis Head, who h;id gone to hed with ,'i sick headai'lie, w.is suddenly tiroiised, tiiid at last con- vinced ihal his '• moral " iidlileiice was nol siidicieiit lo check the iiisiirgi'iils, li.istily called for volnnleers. tind sent messeiii.'ers iiilii the siirroiindiiig coniilry to siiminon tlu^ mililtiry. knowing llitit llic mi n of 'I'oioiito were not to he wholly relii il on ; and :il night the ringing of the alarm lulls told Mackenzie llnit his scheiiK! w;is kinnvii, and thai if he wanted lo take his rcliels into Toronto, he must do it (piiekly, or lie prepared to tight his way ihere. ]-2. — Till- winter lieiiig iinusUiilly mild ,'ind open, navi o-.iiion had not yet closed, and the governor's family \\ as placed on lioaiil of a sletiiner to lie ready iieaih of Coloi'il for rcmoviil in llieeM'iil of an attack reii- i ,.'nJi,.','i,.,„:,''i'.iis llcrillU' it llere-^ary, 'I'lle tllal'ined cilizells IH'lepemienie. tiew to iiriiis and were served willi miiskels from the store of four thousand ill the Cily Mall. — which ,Sir Francis made his head-ipitirters — tiinl pickets wei slalilished. Shortly afler the death of the rehcl .Vmlerson, the lirst lovalist whoiiicl his (lealli was Lieiien.iiil-Coloiicl Moodie, an ollicer who had served w ilh ilisiinclinii in ihe I'lniiisida under Welliiiotoii, who Inid distingnisheil iilniself during lie vote in\ very humhlei'lforls town- lis haslenliiu I he happy lime when eohk nlal V issalau'e will 1 xehani'eil fm fee ilom .ami peaee. 'rhei'.'in.iillan p is I pie owe to their .\nierieau hri Uiren a lao;e ilehi of i;r.itiluile. r ;,it will, 1 trust, e VI r ri ne'liilier ihe kiiu) lies', ami -\mpalh> ivteiiih i| tow arils them, I 'Ihe freemen of this fnuitier have lost siuht of (he peliiie.'il ami party ilivisionsof the hour, anil enihnsias.ieally eh -eieil luir iispliatiom* for llhi'rl.\. Imlulninv! n lively hope t'lai Heaven woiihl »| Illy hle-ii llielr ell'orls, ami lia-len Iheilay in whleh (hey will he enahleil lo hnrsi the honils ofaiii'Hiif Ivrnnny, attain tiheral polKieal Insdiutlniis, ami heeoino prosperous nnil fre 1 am. Y.iur f.ilthfiil serMitil, W. I,. Mai'Ki:n/.ii', Ii to llic lib. hcidv (111 iIh" It TiiLTlit, anil iT. wlicii yiiic oviTnilcd Iiv I'ldlll U'l'lpll. cil.v. Wli.'ii V tlirt !,y Al maid, ami ar- lu ail-cjiiarli'is iiili'i'Sdii ami ii'i->. but al'iiT Ic'iily (liiw ;i his way hack zic, will) (ircd I ridiiii^ cliiM- ml |iiiII(m1 the II of the old- not i;o oil", so iml the aldrr- ■1- 111' i.'avi' the lo hi'd willi ,•• I al la^^t con- t MlHii'irllt lo ti'crs, ami sent iiiiiimiii till' vci-c iiiit to he of tin- alarm s kiunvii, and roiito. he niiiNt y ihiTf. lid ojicii. iiavi r's family \\a-^ •I'Mlh i.r c.lur. I 'I ii.'. M;i. I'li/ii' liirii.'ii.ils IL.Il'lil'lhk'IK'l'. I'om till' >!(iri' 1 Sil' l''lMI|cU ! c.stalili-liiil. 'son. till' (ii'st llolll I MiMldic. llii' I'i'iiiii-'iila iniMlf (liii'in;,' ■y iIimi'wIk'Iii'oIo. riK'Ciiii.'iiii.'iii |i' IK illl.i.'. • ;,il Hiil. I I il tiinarilH llii'iii, ilii'iil mill piirly I'lispliatinim fur .■iiii> lii.-» lllrlr i.il 1. 1 InirsI III.. u>u>, mill iMTiiiiii' 'r\ !lnl. Mai KINZir. rrPER CANADA— GOVKHNMKNT OF SIW F. 15. IIFAD. ■I-".) tlic Amcrii'an war, cspi'dally at (^iicrnston. and who had aftcrnaids ri'tircd on iialf pay andscttli'd on Yonjii- Stri'i,t, soiiii' mill's out of 'roroiito. lie saw a niimlii'i' of rclicls under comm.'Uid of a hlacksmith natiicd I.ouiit, jiass his house, (liid iiruessiiii; that they intended to attack Toronto, deteriniiied lo warn tli"' aulhoritii'S ; and. alioiit ("ouro'eloek in the aflei'iioon. he. with Caiilain Stewart of the royal iiavv and three other friends. |iri)iei'ik'd towards the I'ilV. At .Moiitjjonieiy's tavern the party \va> slopped liy the ijiianl poslcd there liy IMaekeii/.ii'. and on his rniiijf his pis- tol lie was inslaiitly shot hy an Irisliniaii name IJyaii. and ilied ahoilt two hours afterwards in tin' Imii 1. During .Moli- i\ o clock, when the 'i'oronio syiupalhizi rs would meet him. i;t. — IJy Tuesdav evening llie relu'ls niimhered over eiijht hundred, ,'inil alioiit six o'clock advanced on the city. When ahoul half a mile from the cit\ lliey came upon a jiicket of aliout iweiitv I, -I'll, who lired at Arrival »f "tlm ' " , •, i , iii'ii i.f liiir..." them ami then nlrealeil. I'lit tliev need Kolll el' 111.' Ii'liiln. , , I .■ .1 . ' 11 not have done thai, lor llial one volley knocked all the pluck out of thereliels, and lliey ran away wilhoiil waiting to sei- who or how many assailed them. 'I'o use Mr. Mackenzie's own words, liny " look lo their heels with a spei d and steadiness nf puipnse thai wniild have liatUed pin-siiil on foot." .Vll alleuipts lo rally tlieiu were in vain: ihey llally refused to make a iiiglil attack. hut promised to he more courai,'eous hy i|a\ li^lit. < )il this same 'I'liesday, however, events were transpiring which were very speedily lo change the complexion of af- fairs; ahoul two o'clock in the iifleriioon, ( 'oloncl .Mlali McNah, commanding the iiiililia al (iore (now llainiltoli), heard of the threatened attack on Toronto, and he immediately seized a steamer lying at the wharf, put a a guard oii hoard of her, and sent messengers out in all direclioiis summoning all loyal men to coiue to the rescue, and hy liv(^ o'clock uku'c men than llie steamer could accommodate h.-id cuine in. and a few hours afier llie heart of Sir Francis Head was made glad hy the news that " the men from (iore"had arrived, and that ili- le were more to follow," and they did follow : all lliat iii_lit and the fol- lowing day loyal men from .ill the sin'riinnding country poured into 'luronio. so that liv riiiii'sday .Sir Frani'is found himself stning ennii^h to lake the olVeiisive and drive the reliels from ilieir head-ipi.nters at Monl- goiiiery's t.'ivern. The reliels had also heeii rein forced, and aceording to Mackenzie alioiil thirty-live hiiinlied nil II jiiilieil him while In- was al Mniilgnnierv 's. or( lallow's Hill, as the place was c.illed, hut inosi uf ihem went away again, and only ahoul four hundred reiiiaiiied when the militia marched against ilnin. N'mi I'.gnioml. .-lu e\-of- licer under Napoleon, who had seiileil in Canada, was a|ipoilili'il geiier.dissinio of the lehels, and jnilied lllilll on 'I'hursday morning. Ily his advice a parly of sixly nieii was sent to hiiru llie Don hridge and capliire the Monireal mail, which was done ; Imi liie liridge w.is noi ilesimyed, as the llames Were easily exl inguislied after ihe reliels left. Ahoul eleven o'clock the forces from Toronto moved forward lo the attack, the main Imdy of six hundred men led hy Colonel MeNah, while .iliout three hiinilied more en- deavored to Hank the reheU who were posted in ,i small wood nearllie road. The few who remained faitlifiil to Mackenzie were for llie niosi pari poorly armed or mil ariiied al .'ill and tlii'V scarcely made aii\ defeii.'e. Ilyinix in e\ei\ iliiee- tion as soiHi as a few roiinds of grapi.' and caiiisti r were lired al them from the two lield-pieces the mililia had with til. 'III. The leliels lost thirty-six killed and loiiiieeii wounded, while the mililia had only one man wniiiided. Mill liltle, mercy was shown, and only two prisoners were made. Mackenzie took an early opportunity of leaving, iind made good his escape lo the Stales, where he contin- ued pliiltiiig for .•mollier reliellion of whieli we -hall speak hy and hy. t'l.lKK) reward had lieeii olVeieil lor his arrest, and i'l'iOO each lor .everal ollnr lehil leaders, Holph ami llidwell had lioili lied, and the I'lniner aired his eloi|uenci. shortly afler at I.ewisinii in Luor of reliel- lion. II, — .So ended Mackeii/le's wild alleinpt to lill'll I'pper Caiiad.'i into a repiililii'. an atliinpt so ahsiird that one cm seareely credit an\ one hut a M..„.|,,.ii/i,.'« mi-iaki. ei'iizy ni.iii uiiderlaking il. and the more ','|',!''„',,''!',||!''^'''"-* "' prudent of the Ket'orm party, like lialdwitl. sill lU ill their gimd -eiise liy ha\ illg llolliiliL: to do with llie scheme, hill wailed, like sensllile men. Iitilil the oppoiliinity came for theiu to ohtaiii hy ennsiiiulioiial means the eoii-tiluliiiiial refoiiu ihev denia'uled. .Mac- !! II' f! iia^ ■ I 1:^' : 1 ii{ ■ i( ! 1 ' :io TITTI.KS IIISTOHV (»1' TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. Ai-iizic ni'vcr li:iil llie ^liulitcst I'linnce of suc'<'c.«s, not iip.'ir I) iiiucli as P;i|iiiiiMii liM'l. anil his cliaiiccs wore small .•unn;.'li. for in Lower Canada the Kri'iicli wereunaiiinious ill favor of " Xf jS'ii/iiiii Cininr/iCtiiic." and were only re- strained l)v the priests from ]i>inj; cii inn.is ,• Init in Upper Caiiaila the ease was very different ; out of a popiilalinn of ni'arly lialf a million not one lifth favored Mackenzie's selieme, and althoniih the capture of Toronto would nn- ih.ulitedly have lironirht many of the donl)lin;: and hesita- ting to his standard, and have eaused much more hlocid- shed and loss of |)roperty, there was no (pie>tioii about the ultimati' ri'sult ; Knj;land was not at all liUely to al- low so valualile a colony as Canada to he \vrc~tid from her w ithout a stiUL'!;le. and the people of the I'nitecl States, allhouiih they \vcr<' ready enouiih to aid and eiicouraire the rebels, khew what was •;ood for them loo well to risk another war with I'".ni;land. es]iecially at a time when the nalional treasury was empty, commercial ruin starinj; al- niist every other mm in the face, and the whole country nearly bankrupt. During' the time Mackenzie was in posx'ssion of .Monlijomery's tavern he took lifty-four pris- oners, anil altlnuuh there were some complaints of ill- usai;e, lie apjiears to have treated llieni as well as circum- stances would permit him to. Sir Francis Ileail ordered the di;struclioii of Moiilixomery's tavern and mI-o ilu> house f)f 3Ir. Gibson, for whosi; arrest £.')00 was of- feri'd. 1,1. — The greatest excitement now prevailed tliroui.diont the jirovinco ; thousands hurried to Toronto, and Sir Fran- cis Head soon found that he could com- nil iiiv,iM..n fr.piii niand ten thousand men it neeiled, In- """"'"• deed so many came that he. was obli<;ed ! to say he did not want any more, and he sent the (lleii- j ifai'i'v militia ami those diliers near the borders of the two provinces home, with instructions to go to the assist- ance of Sir .lohn Colborne if he nei'ded their services. Dr. Diincombe tried to get up a small rebellion in the I.iindiiii di-lrict. ami Colonel MeNab, with live hundred iii'ii, was sent to suppress it : but Diincomhe. liki' Mae- ; kciizie. I'apineau. I{cil|ih, Hrown and other heroes had a I great reg.ird for his own safety, ami ran away as soon as I he head the militia wi're coming. His followers, left I withoul a leaiier, were ipiickly dispersed, the bulk being j disarmed and panloiied. while ihi^ i-iiigleaders were made prisoners and sent lo Hamilton for trial, Mackenzie had not, however, aband(Uied his wild scheme, and was soon liaril at work in IliilTalo, with liolpli and others, who I'oini- ed tile " execiiiiv nimillee," organized an invasion of Canaila which the I'niied States governmi'iit not only permitted to be done openly, but the ollicials eitlnu' assist- rbel s or winked at llnir doiiii^s. liull'alu has id ways hi'i'ii noteii very rpiestioiiab lor le el lloal illiig popiilalioii o laracters, aiii M lekenzii had liciillv ill attiaciiii'f to lii> standa'd a iiiiinbcr ol vai;a lif. IioikIh who wen' " ready to cut any man's throat for a dollar." as a IJnITilo jiajier described them, and a worthless scamp named Van Heiisselaer was appointed commander-in- chief. Hi. — Mackenzie next looked about for a convenient place to make his head-ipiarters. and sidected Navy Island, a small island in the Niagara River about two miles above the Falls and op|)osite Nilvy'iBmnli?''"''^ Clii])pewa, where Van Ueiisselaer took up his abode and was joined by about on thousand adven- turers who had been induced to enter on the speenlalion on promises of large tracts of land, ^\'<•altliy American citizens furnished the capital necessary, provisions and aminunilion, and to show how the American governniont favored the rebels, thirteen guns were taken ont of the State arsenals of the frontier towns and mounted on the island. The winter was most umisally mild and open, the ice had not formeil on the lakts yet. and it was ea^y to obtain stores and ammmiition from IiiilValo. .\s .soon as be heard of the occupation of Xavy Island. .Sir Francis Head promptly sent Colonel Cameron and a bodv of militia to Chippewa, and Colonel McN'ab followed soon after, and speedily found himsidf at the lu'ad of twenty- five hundred men. He formed a camp -jrt- Navy Islaial, and began to remonstrate with the .American aulboriiies for jiermittiiig the lawless gang of rulliansoii Navy Island to be supplied with pro\ isioiis from ISiilValo, representing that if this was done tliey would soon be starved into sub- mission, which would prevent bloodshed, a thing he was an.xious to avoid ; but the American authorities paid no attention, and sup|)lies were puhli<'ly sent, the steamer (Vr- oliiii' was cut out of the ice at liuffalo in broad daylight and loaded with provisiijiis and aminunition for Navv Island, without the government interfering, and seventeen prom- inent American citizens signed a bond to the owner to indemnify him in the event of capture, and the collector of customs "ave her aidearance. I 17. — Fire had, meanwhile, been opened from the bat- teries on the island on the Canadian siiore ; hut beyond jMilliiig a few shot thi'oii.;li a liousc and ,.,..', , , I'l'slnirlinii iif till' killing a horse, no damage was done, i .uv./hi,- iij ihr Near the end of the year Sir I'"rancis Head visited Chippewa, and Colonel McNab advocated an attack on .Navy Island, feeling eoiilideiil that he could easily I'apturi! it; but Sir Francis was reluctant to risk the lives of the mililia, and refused his consent, although he agreed to a proposition to capiure the ( 'ariiliin'. which Was now openly engaged in furiiishing llie island willi jirovisioiis. I'p lo this lime the Canadians had not liri'd a shot, although they had been fired on not only from Navy Island, but also from (iraiid Island, belonging to the r nilel Siati es, and from the uneriean for The exei'ntion of the plan to capture the <' could 'lui'laiit to ri-k iseiit. allhouiili 'aniline, wiiich lie islanil with s iiail not lliccl not only fmni 1. Iielciiiyillf; lo •orl Si'hlosser. u Caroline was lUl navy, wiio rri'ER CANADA— nOVKRNMKXT OF SIU F. 15. IIKAD. •i.;i cleverly cut her out of Fort .Sidilosser. where she was laid up for the nij^ht, on the 2cSth Deceniher. without the lo>s of a man and only throe wounded, while the reliels lost five killed and had a nunilxir wounded. As it was found impossihlo to take the Carnline ncvoss the river on account of the swiftness of the current, she was set on fire and allowed to drift (h)wn over the Falls of Niajxara. forming; a magnificent ajjcctach! as she came nishing down that mighty rapid. wrap|>eil completely in one sheet of flame, and took that awful leaj) into s|)ace .'ind darkness. This capture rai.-ed a great liuhhuh in the I'liilecl Slates, and the papers teemed with tiM-rifically warlike articles de- manding an instant attack on Canada lor this outrage on American territory, the vessel htdng in Amerii'aii water whi'ii she was taken, ignoring the fact that she was ac- tually cng.'iged in making war upon the people of Upper Canada, and that the guns useii on Navy Island were taken from the ar-enals (jf thi! Slatt! of New York, and that the commissarygeneral of the Siati; either coultl not or would not recover pos>essi()n of them, although ordere(l to do so liy (iovernoi- .Marcy. at the instaiici' of Sir Francis Head. This suhject of the capture of the Caroline was a source of much correspoii opera- tions aiiaiust Xavy Island, were one killed and one woundcil. 18. — The Legislature met on 28tll Decemlier. IH,')7. hut nolhing of impnrtance was done heyond proviiliiig for the contiin;encies that might arise out Hllllicllanil'll BUI s-- , n- ■ i ' • e fill ili'iii'Mi^irniioii ol llie reliiilion and the suspension ot " the Ilalieas ( orpus aci. \\ liile these events were Iranspiiing on the Niagara frontier an al- tempt WHS heiiiLT made to invade the far west of I'pper Caiiarla from the Stale of Michigan. Liile in the year an Anu'ricaii ciii/.en named Suiherland, who siyled him- gelf "(Jeneral of llie 2d Division of the Patriot ,\rmy." left HufTalo for Cleveland, where a descent on AniltiTst- hiirg was plauneil. On the 7lh .lanuary, IH.'t.S. the ma- rauders, under command of a man named Dodgi'. look possession of lh<- Canadian island of Ilois lilaiic. in the Detroit Hiver oppositi; Amherslhurg, where ahout one thousand Americans ami Canadians were shorilv as- seinhled. and Sutherlaiwl, who had joined Dodge a! fiih- raltar \"illage with ihrei! field-pieces, two hundred and fifty stanils of arms, anil a larger supjdy of provisions, took command. The help and sujiport givin hy the Americans was most open, and in dear viidation of the treaty of peace existing hetween Great ISritain and the Uiiiieil .States. A large .schooner named the Anne was loaded at Detroit with cannon aii town, and her commander, Theller, knowing that the Canadians had no artillery, determined to run past the town; but such a lire of musketry was kept up that the vesscd's sails ;ind rigging were cut to pieces ami she drifteil hidplessly on the shore, where the militia hoarded and caplnreil her, after killing three of the crew .and wounding twelv(\ 'J"weiity-one prisoners were laken, with three guns and upwards of three hundred stands of arms. Sutherland immediately wiilidri w to Sug.ar Island, w here he was visited hy the governor ot Michigan, and his men dispersed. Sutherland himself heing arrested and liieil, hut as was to he expecled. was accpiilted. This ended Sulherland's attack on the west. Two of the guns taken from the Anne were mountiMl on Fmi Maiden, and the muskels wei vireinely a |itahle lo flie militia, wlie sadly needed them. The third gun was jilaced on a small s 'i-lj iS.'rlf i;j2 TUTTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. pontiiiucd liis in;ul ilcsiifii i>f cimsiiiij more bloodsli(Ml anil mill ill Ciiiiaiia, and. nioviiii; iiis licad-iiuarters to Water- town, set himsrlf to Wdik (liirini; tin; winter to form Hun- ter's Lodges, a seeret trea.son.alile soi'ietv sonietliin;^ like the Fenian Oiganizatinn wliieli in later years the I'nilcd States irovernnieiit allowed to o|)enly plan an attack on Canada without the least alteinpt at interfereiiec. As it was iii-4M+)7;so it was in 18;1H, and Maekenzie was allowed to plot against a friendly power i|iiile as uiioii and militia of Kingston were prepared to give them a warm reception, they did not cross over, and soon disperseil. The party from Detroit, under coinmand of ^IcLeod, look possession of a small island in the Detroit Uiver, but were easily dislodged iiy artillery and retreated to l\u' AiiU'rican shore, wliere the force was (piietly disarmeil and disperseil by the Aiueiican government, now fiillj' alive to the fact that it could no longer remain an iille spectator of these outrages on a friendly jmwer. 20. — The m.'irandiiig horde from Sandusky was under command of Sulherland, who with about (ive hiindrcil men istaldisluMl himself on the small Ili'f<>iitottliori'l)els ,, ,. • 1 1 r II • I. I , III I'uliit I'ele I«l- taiiailiaii island ot roiiit 1 I'le. alioiit forty mills from Amherstbiirg, and twenty from the niMinlaml. .Meanwhile a number of regulars had arriviMl at tlu! Di'troit frontier, and ('lod:;ing tin marauders from Point Pele Island. The ice liad now taken lirinly, and he rrossed Ins men on it and posted a portion of them .so as to (;ut olf the rebel retreat to the Aineriean shori!. I When the rebels found they Were surrounded, they fought I stiilibornly, and the main bocly siii'ceedcil in lighting its ' way to the .\mericaii shore, after having ln>t thirteen in j killecl. flirty wounded, and a luimlier of prisoners. The I Hritish loss was two killed and twenty-eight wounded. .So ended all these mw attacks in failure and iii>griiee. During this ]ierioil Sir Francis Head had been growing in disfavor with the Home government; his administra- tion was not popular, and his recall was dcternined on, His successor was Sir (ieorge .\ithiir, who had been governor of the penal seiilemeiit of \'an Dieniand's Land, and who arrived in Tnronto mi 2.'id March, IS.'iH, shortly after Sir Francis had opened (he Legi>lalure. That gen- tleiiian left almost imniedialely lor iMiglaml by way of ?^ew York, and very narrowly escaped assassination at Watertown. X. Y., where he was recoguized by some of the .Mackenzie sympathizers, and oiil\ escaped by reason of his good horsemanship. '•;. . CHAPTER XCV. UPPER CANADA— GOVEHN.MFNT OF SIR CFOROF ARTIHR. 1. TlIK " CllNSTlTLTIDNAI. RiCIOliM f.ItS " ASK MkISCV KOis Till-; Ri:»F.i,s. — 2. Dki'kncks of tub Pautiks Sti!i;ni;tiii:ni:i). Mciti'ii'iT, PuLicr towakds tiii-; Ri'.iiKf.s. — ;>, .Si:i/.ri{K and IiIknim; of tiik .SV;- Robert Pi'fl iiY Tiir, Rr.isKi.s. Oriii;K Oi;rnA(ii>. — 4. Tmci.AST Ri;ni;i. Invasion. —">. Tiik Rr.ni;i.s attack Pkkscott. Di:fi:at am> ('Ai'Tiiii; at Windmii.i, Point. — 0. Tiii'. last Kffdkt of tiii; Rfiiki.s. Ex- KlTTIONS AND 15 AXISII.M l:\TS. — 7. F.NIi OF MaCKKX- zii;'.sCauf.i;i!. — -f^.TiiK Assr.Miii.v adopt ursot.UTiONS FAVoiiiNii rsiov. Tiii'.v Ai;i; Ri:,ii:rrFD nv the CorNcii.. — '.I. Passvi:i;of itii: Cnion I'.ii.i, nv noTFi HorsFS. — 1(1. Ci.r.niiv Ri.sfkvfs. Last Paki.ia- MF.NT OF riTFIi CANADA. 11. TlIIC I'nION AcT PassKD IIV TIIK IJuiTISir I A I'M AMKNT. 1. — No further attempts were made by the rebels during the month of March ami ,\pril ; but the Hunter's Lodges were kept up ami .Mackenzie was still pre- .n,,. .,,.n„„ii,„. paring for another attack. .Meanwhile """"I "''f''.'"";''"" ' " iixk ii'j lor tlio the jails ,'it Hauiillon ami Toronto were r.'luls. mil d toovirllowing, having upwards of live hundred jiris- oners in them awaiting trial-, which were now progressing liefore a Special Coiiiiiii»ion jil Hainiilon and a court- martial at Toronto. Tli.it porlion of the l>i I'orm partv which had been too cautious, or too timorous, to join Mac- kenzie in open revolt, now styled lhem>elves " Constitu- tional Reformers," and took .advaiilagc of the arrival of SirCjeorge Arthur to present him with a numeroiislv signed petition praying mercy lor the live liiiinlred polilical of- feiideis who were awaiting trial. Ibil Sir ( ii'or;;e .\r- tliiir's experience in a com id setileineiii was not such as Would predispose him to lean towards ihi' side of mercv ; he brielly replied thai he had no inteiilioii nf interfering with tlie course of justice; and retorled on the •■ Constitu- tional Reformers " by reminding Mieiii that it was uiidi'r the guise of refiiiiu ihat all the alnnitii s fur whicli llu.'.so men Were to be iried had been ciiiiiniilled. ami thai in the face of the blooiUhed and ruin lirouglil mi ih iiiiilry by the " Relmiii" parly, he ihiiiinht il very improper to adopt issassination at :1 by some of the !(1 by reason of 'siiij; n and a conrt- ' I>i roriii |iMrty i>. to join Mai'- Ivcs •• Coiislilii- I" the arrival of inciduslysif(lied I'd poliiii'al of- ">ir (K'or^f Ar- ivas not siii'li as side of increv j of inlerfcring till' " ( 'oiislilii- I it was midcr III' ullicjl llli'-i> and that in the ihi' I'oiiiid'v liv |irii|ii'i' to adopt UPPER CANADA— GOVEHN'MKNT OF SIU (;i;()l!(;K AIMlIl 1{. iXi such a title at that time ; wliich weli-inerited reliuivc> niainall-fiy " had been relca.-ed on their giving security for future good cjii- Uuct. ;i, — The excilciiient allriidiiig the events of the winter was somewhat subsiding, ami it was not expected that S.l/.iinaiicl l.iiin- >I,i,-U,.n/ie woldil au'aill ulteiniit to dislnrb llH; lit llli- .Sir/.'ii/.- . r . . ,/■/ /',./ Ik ill.' the province ; but that inis^iiidcd mall had ri'li I-. OlIiiT iMil- ' ■ riiijfs. not yel seen llie nller liopclosiie: ' ol Ills wild scheme, and so hmg as the I'nited Slates tolerated Ilim lie eontinued to plot ;igailist the peace of Canada. About May it began In be freely riiinored that another attempt v.as to lie iiiaile by the iduls .w,,] ilii'ir Amer- ican frieiiiU; but llie frontii r wa^ now so well protected that no anvieiv was felt. I'ih' Ijrst act of ilie new drama of war and bloodshed was played on the 20lh ^lay. when the notorious Hill Johnson ami (ifly men Ixarded and eap- tnrcd the steamboat Sir Robert Peel, one of tint finest ves- sids in the St. Lawrence, while she was taking in wood at Wells Island, on the American side of the river, about seven miles from French Creek. The vessel Wiis bo.irded near morning, the crew and passengers, amongst whom were several ladies, sent on shore in very inclement weather, the vessel pillaged and buriied at Del- .•nv;ire and at (Jodericli, where shops were plundered ; and .Sir (Jeiegc Arthur i.-sned a proidamation forbidding any pirxin travelling in the province without a proper ]ias.s- piiit. 4. — As summer progressed the feiding of anxiety began to be allayed. The American authorities were now actively exerting themselves to prevent ih(! fitting out of liosiile expeilitions in llieir territory, and some altem|its to form lililin^tcring parties were suppressed. The tour of L(M-d Dm ham through the |)roviiiee gave the |)eople something besides rebelliun to think and talk about, and llie reform press .again began to di--cnss the (pieslion of coiistitnlioiml reforms. .Some exciteineiil was caused by the escape of some prisoners from Kingston, which was iiicre;ised by theesi'ape from (^uidteeof Theller and Dodge, who had been captured ill the vl;i«(';bnt niatlers were gradually assinniiig their normal condition. This lasted until the fall, when Sir .loliii Colbnine received accnrali' Information of another intended iinasinn. and pail iif llic niililia was cilled nut bv Sir (ieorge Arlliur. nil "i.'id ( )cinlier. This last attempt Tlio last rubel iii- viisiuii. to invade Canada bv tin' rebels was ba-ci ifie usual ■n lii'ti !i t'U TlTri-K'S IIISIOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. 'i i! 'i IM |(l:in of till-on siinullaiicous uttncks at ilifTcrcnt poilits ; KoluTt Nelson was to iiivailc Lower Canada liy way ol Na|ii(i-\ ilk', while attacks woro to be made on Fort Wellington at I'rcscott and Fort .Maiden, jit Ainlierstlnii;,' ; but Sir John Colbornn was so well informed of the pro- posed movements ami was so well able to meet tlieni, that this last attemjit was even more hopeless than any of the previous ones. .'). — The 10th of November was the date selected by the rebels for their next attack, and on that day a number of armid men embarked on the steamer I'nsieti. ii.fLut t/'"'"' ■Sillies at Oswego, amid the cheers wlLumiVri'.iiLt. "f ''"''•• f'"'«-'"''« •""' sympathizers. On her way down the river she took in tow two schooners filled with rebels, which were cast olT near Prescott. and they anchoreil about nndway lietweeii that ]ilace anil Oudensbiiryh. On tli(^ moriiin;; of the 12th they were attacked by the armed steamer /•,'j-/>i:rimiiit. which also firecl into the steamer Uiiitid Stitles, which came out of 0:,fileiisliuiu'h to take the schooners in tow. The K-rpi'ilmcnl haviiij,' injured one of her two ijuns had to run into I'rcseolt to refit, and the rebels look advantage of her absence to land about two hundred anil fifty men at Windmill Point, near I'rescott. Imt out of the reach of the !,'niis at Fort Welliiii;toii. The rebcK were commaiid- ed by a I'ldisli refuijee named Von .Schnllz. and the position they as^uincil was .a very stnniij one. The windmill was larij[c and stroiiiily built, and was flanked liv several stone houses and stout walls, which position the rebels still fiiither strcniflhened by throwiiii; up earth- works. Hero they awaited the arrival of the country people they expected to join them, but 'hey were wofully di-appninled, for none came, but on the contrary nearly live hundi'ed militia hurried to I'rescott at once, .ind on ihe inninin:; of the l-'ith. .Major Youiilt. supporlrd by the lirliiriii and ('iiliniirij. armed steamers, miived to [he attack of the rebids. The reiiels. finilili'^ ihev could not esca|)e. t'onuhl desperately, but wei'i^ finally forced to retreat to the stone dwellinj^s, where they Were allowed to remain lor the ni;.dit, as the militia had no artillery and the jiruiis of the schooners were too lij^ht to serioii-ly damaije the houses. The Canadian loss was eiifht kilh'd and forty- two Wounded ; while the rebels had thirteen men killed. ,1 iiumlpir wounded and thirty-two prisoners. The battle was witnessed by a lari^e crowd 011 the American slioie, a'ld several attempts to send over assistiiiice were made but prevented by the arm' i| steamiM's. About this lime ihe United States marshal ,ilso asserted himself and look possession of the two rebel steamers and the tie^ Uiiiled Stalls, so that the rebels in the windmill were left with- out means of escape and abandoned |o their fale. The next two days were spent in ijetlin^ u|) heavy artillery finin Kini,fs|on, the militia and the armed schooner^ |ireventin)i any hope of escape or reint'nrcemenls for the rebels. On the IGth, the heavy j;uns havinjj arrived, fire was opened on the stone houses, which uere i|uick|y set on fire, and the lebels retreated to the windmill, but find- in;L.' furlluT resistance useless they surrendered at discretion. one hundred ,ind thirty giving themselves up ; about fifty were killed, many of whom were burned in the houses. The Canadian loss was one killed .and five woumled. <■'. — The hint attempt of the rebels was made against Audierstburg. On the morning of the 4th December about four hundred and fifty rebels , , ,-. . ,,.. ,' Tlie List olTort nt tliu cro.sseil from Detroit to \\ indsor. cap- rd'ois. K.veLutioiib 1 .1 11 -i' . 1 .1 anil baiusLiueiits. tured the small militia gnari! there, btwiied the steamer Tliami's and two houses, murdered a negro who refused to join them, and marched for Sand- wich, two miles distance on the road to .Vmherstburg. While oil the march, however, the militia managed to escape, and the rebels, in revenge, brutally murdered Surgeon Hume, who happened to meet them, and brutally mutilated his body. Shortly after the rebels were ut- t.icked by Colonel Prince, with about two hundred militia, and totally routed, twenty-one being killed. Four pris- oners were taken, whom Prince had shot, but twenty-six more captured afterwards were reserved for trial. The loss to the Canadians was one killeii and two wounded. The rebels were still strongly ported at Wimlsor, and Prince thought it luaideiit to retire to Saliilwich until ho received reinforcements ; and having been joined by some regulars and a field-piei'e, he ag.ain advanced towards Windsor. I'.ut the rebels had by this time made up their minds that their cause was hopeless, and most of them crossed to Detroit, while a few took to the woods, where nineteen of them were found a few days afterwards frozen to death. So ended the last invasion by the rebels ; but the carnival of blood was not yet over. The clemency of the government the |)reviousyear having been abused, the policy of mercy was abandoned and stern justice nnti'd out to those taken in arms. Courts martial were held at Kingston and London, and numbers found guilty of trea- son ; of these \o\\ Schultz and nine others, chiefly .\meri- caiis, were executed at Kingston ; three were executed at London, and a large number were transported to the penal settlements at New Holland, .\ numlier of boys taken at Prescott were pardoned and a'lowed to go to their homes. 7. — Meanwhile the prime mover in all this scene of j blood and carnage was at largo and likely to remain so, although a large reward was ofTered for his <-apturc; Imt iMackenzie was f;;;.;!;;' ^'"'"""•'"'' too wary to run the risk of the fate which he knew would inevitably meet him if he was cap- lured, and kept out of the way, going first to New York, where he attempled to start a newspaper but failed ; he next tried Ivochesler, bill the people there sjieeilily grew tired of him, and he was arrested, tried and convicted of ; lr:ivinir Mrrivcd, ("hm! rll ucrc (|iiickly set, 1^ wimlmill. Init fiiid- •riilrrcd ;tt iliscivlioii. Ives up : iil»)iu fifty rned in tlic. liouses. five \voiiiidc(i. 8 was made aif;uiist the 4tli DiMciiiliiT I Tlie last olTort of tlio ■ rcl'i'ls. Kxecutious anil banislinieiits, houses, murdered a inarclied for Saiid- d to Ainliersthurg. tiiiliiia iiiaiiayed to Iinitally murdered ' tiiciii. and hrutally he ry nandcrini; to tlicir anii-Uritisli fcdinj; and alinsini^ the (|ueen : lie declared that I'lijier Canada was in a state of anarchy at the time of the rebellion, ami tii;>t there was ically no <,'overnment to rehel ai;ainst ; A her majesty he said: •• I allirni that the j;iil has forfeited :ill riirht to rule over any i>art of what she claims as her dipminions. I was horn in the reii;n of her iniele, .•unl have lonj; been tireil of their usurpcil tyranny." Still, to show his con- si>tcin.'y, after his release, from jail lie )V;''it to Kni,'lalMl, after being pardoned for his political offences, and returned to Canada in l.S.JU. when he was a;.'ain elicied to the Iloii^e of Assembly, where he served until lfS.')H. when he resigned, lie died of softening of tin; bruin in ISHI. H. — The Legislature met on 27th February, llSo'.l, and Sir George Arthur, in opening the session reviewed the relxdlion and pointed out what meas- Tlid .\!t. t'liion. Tlu'V art: ru- ri o i .. .• . .1 .■ . t" j,i,uabytl.«L-.nniril. He called attclit lo the i|Ucstlons ol Clergy IJcscrvcs, cnniinou schooU. and the resumption of specii! payments by the banks, who hat eventually liecoine bankrupt, as it could not go on boriiiu ing forever. One means of relief was in a union of tlie provincr- and the a>-uin|ition of tin' debt bv the joint [iroviiice ; tbi> plan became popular after the report of the Karl of Diiiliam was publi-,lied in the spring, and resolutions in fnvor of the union were passed by the Assiuibly, but rejected by the Legislative Council — where the Family Conip,iit still had control — by a m.ijority of two. I'arliament was prorogued on 1 tth May. alioiit the most important work of the session beiiii; the as,-umplioii by the governini'iit of llie \\'e|land Canal. I )uring this year the\arinus military works in progress Were completed, and the defences nlon^ the frontier put ill most complete order, so that Canada was never in a better position to repel an attack from the only enemy she is ever at all likely to come in conlact with, our neiiih- bors to the south; and it is pleasing to think that an outbreak with them now is one of those events which do not come within the scope of probability. 0. — Sir .John Colbonie having been recnlleil, Mr. C. I'oiilett Tlioinson 1 I,.ord Sydenham) was ap|)ointeil gov- enior-general, and after Inniiiir met the special Council of Lower C anada. li?;;-?r.:!ih'i,::S and reeeiveil from them their consent to the projected union, hi' visited the Upper Province, arriving in Toronto on 21st November, and as-iimeil tem- porary charge of the ailiiiinistration. Parliament met on the .'id December, and his e.\cellencv in openin;; the session inlDrmed the mi-mliers tlnit the project of a re- union of the provinces would be iit once laid before tllelll. Mr. Thomson was well aware when he came to Canada that there would be (iji|iosition to tin' union >cheme to be encountered from the Legislative Cniincil. In I,ower Canada the constitution had been ,su-peiided ;iiid a special council partially lilleil the ])lacc of the A->einblv and Le;fislative Council ; about the consent of iliis bodv to the union there was no doubt; the .Vs-eniblv of Ijiper Canada had al its la-t session declared it>eh' in favor of the iininii and. therefore, little dilliculty need be e.vpected from that ipiarter ; but with the Council it was diU'ereiit, that was the best stronghold of the Family Coiiiitact, and with the union, away would go the power of the oligarchy. Still the irijority ag;iinst the measure was not large, and byjndiciruis inaiiaLTenient and the proiliiciioii of a dispatch fiom Lord .lohn liu-sell. which made the union bill a iroveriiineiit measure, ibi' slaiiiich loyalty of the bi;.'li old Tory Family Compact was put to the test, either it must vote for the bill or resign — and the majority preferred to vote for the bill and it was a<'coi(linglv passed. On the 7tli December his excellency sent a messaije to the As- sembly embodying the terms on whiidi the iininii was proposed to be based, and after some dissension the House adopted four resolutions embodying llie proposiiiiuis con- taiiieil ill the goverii(U''s message, and tlie union of the provinces was an acconiplished fact as far as the Lejiisla- latures of the iirovinees themselves weii; concerned, and only awaited the action of the imperial Parliament.* * The j:ovt'riK'r in liis n"'ss;i[;t' to tli,* Iluiise iift'-r u'iviiii: ii^ tln' rra- HiUirt f,»r tluMMiimi tlie fnrtK tliiu the cfnistiiuUoiM'l" l.nwi>r raiia>l;i h.-t,l bi,'fn hiisiK'Htlt'il ami il,ai it was uiily hy a union ttiat rv|nfs«>ntativti j,'o\«Tiinu'ni rouM lie ri'-i;rann'il lo lior : ami that l'|»|)fr t'anatla. by her \a:il f .\|H.']iilitilre In pilhlii,' works Iiatl lu-ionii' so linain-ially eiiiliarra,sRed th.at silt nlil not nu'i-t her ol»lin:iiion» lliiai*leil, |u,n'eeiled to e.xplaiii tlie |>ro|i s. .1 Ii;i-is of I'liioii as follows: *"'rhoiii>t of the toniirt of ri-union, to wliii-h the L'ovprnor-Keiifrnl ,le- slr.n the 11 sent of the llous' of .AH-einbly. is ei|iial re|iresuntationa of eai'h pno inee In a iinitetl l,e^]slat.iiri,>. ('on,siis. an e('cii|iii'il till' attfiiliiin of rui:-i r MilriiiliKfcl :i lull iiii|M)\Mr- ; pniLiriiiu' t'.n- t!i.' tifi-tion-. urils for w iii;; till' i_'ii\ciiii>i' III >ill llii' Ivi'^iTvc^. till' |iii"-r((U In i liiaii'ly al'iri' till' pi'iM'lainatioii of ll lie ili-pip^i'd lit .IS tiillmv-i : |i:il'I nl llii' |iiiii'iiil> to !i' ' l''i'lirilMrv. ami lii:i'l" I'i'tiiniulilc on Mth aiililii'il III till' |i:lVllli'llt III' lllii^f rlrl';;\ IIU'II iil tlir (llliri'll ' i"..i'ii. Dr.'iiii'!-. H:ililu ^aron Syiloiiham | till' I'nivincc of j till' liill ill tli)i |j I partii's lit'ifan p Iiirti wiri' i'i-iKMl I I Dili II' iiniiiii III! .\plil. \ MI'W Siillivaii. Diinii, III anil l>: IV was ri'iiia iiili'r one half to yn In ilii' rliiiri'lii's of Miiiilaml .-iimI It >ii!nnioii('i 1. ']• ir liii'limis wi'i'c Will i'iinli~lii| am orin iii.'i|iiril\. thf Scotlaiiil ill proporliiiii 111 llii'ir niiinlii'rs ; ami sin' r''iii.iin- |' n-^iilti'il in thi' rt'tiirii of a small rcfi inu; lialf to ln' ilistrilniliii ainoiiL''! 'In' ollii'r rrcoiini/iil |i I'lnisiTvalivr- ri'tiirniii:.' a \vry n'spcctalili- iniiioritv ami C iristian I'linri'li •-. ill iii'iipiiiliiin wiili ill -ii' annual iiiivali' j ilic Kuinilv Cnnipart oiilv scciir iiii; si'vcii Mats ; It was conti-iliiiliiiiis for till' sii|i|iiii-i of ilirir iiiini-lri's. 'I'lii' liill thus (niili'iit. finm ilif t wo i;i'fat parties in 1 \i[ I'lipii- Can.'ula ! a inajoiiiy of liirht. lint it hy no ini'aiis j' iM'iii;; so cvi-iily niati'luil. that llic I'"riiiili Caiiaili was pa^scii sati^lii'il 'III' Ui'fiM'iii party, ami tin' cliT^'y ri'Vi'iiiii's con- tiniii'il to is'wi- a iiiioil ilral of tnnilili' fm' many yrai'~ to coini'. I)iiriii;i this m'SnIoii a ilistinrt cxpi'i'^siiin of iipinion was <'rn'iti'il from tin' jiovi'mor on tlii' siilijrrt of ri'spmisi- •iiilicrs from Lower Caiinla roiilil holil ilic 1 i.'ilam'i' 01 r in 'hi'ir lianilN Liiii'-ton liail lii'i'ii si'li'i till' ifiivtriiini'ii t. In rrplv to an aililrrss from the II iin^e I'twl as rovince, he re|ilieil " that he liai lieeii I'nmmanileil liy her majisiy the new seat of jjiiveriiment for the I'niteil 1' ami the liist se-.>ioii fif the lirst I'.'irliameiit of the I'rovinee III l.'iili June, ili-hiil the olliee of i if (aii.iila was siiiiiinnneil to meet tin is II. TIk to ail minister the uovei iinniit in ai-eiinlaiii-e with Ilie wel iilerstoiiil wishes of t1 le liiii lilll o f liie la-t I'arl lameii t of riiiier Canaihi l.v t! le iioVeriliM' iiiir on lOili 1' elirnarv, who eon I'l'aiiilateil till' lliHise on the aimiiint of i^iinil ami iisefnl work it hail ilnne. 11, — 'riie eonsent of the provinr-ial I/e^i^latiires to the union havim; Iieen reeeiveil in Kii;:laiiil while I'arllamiiii ■ri,.' iiii..ii.-i,t was 111 session. Iinss >l li.v till' Ifril- i »li I'alliaiin'iit. •ll tin Lord .lolin linssell iinm lititely iiitrodiii'i'd a hill providintj for il la^-i'd liolli Iloii-es ai It .111 L'.-;.! .Inlv. IS 1(1. hut liv llliliill wine ll SIlspcH'OI v I'laiise it did not ^o into ell'ei't until the |() h Fell IS 11. Tl dint of .Mr. Tl It »ati-tai-liiiii til the 1 liiiiii imii-iiii ;;.i\i •i\eriinienl. a'.ii ii ■ \\a- Ttic pvcipriety iif romliTiiiK ilir jmlii ial lii'iidi iml'in'iiili'iit nliki^ nf ilii' exi'iiilivi' aiiilllM' l,.'j!islaiivi'.a.i.lipf tliii luriii-liin;.' 'lie iii.ansot i anyiMiJ! on till' niili-i"'iisaMi' s.'i\ h <•- of i|ii. i;..viTiimiiii. ailniil-- of no .|iii'siioii, unit lia^ li.'cii aMiriiK'il 1>.\ ih'- I'.'irliaiin'nt of ('|i|>t-r i 'aiia«la in tlh> ariH pn-si'il liv tlii'iii I'T .'Iti'i till;: iliiis.' .iliji'i'is. Jn .[■■i.Tinininj.' Un' ainonnt of tlie civil list. Ilio llo'isr i'f A si'iilily may In' assnnil llial llu- ^alaiion aii'l In- pai'l from it wil. lit- fali'iilatfl liy li.-r ni'ij-'st\*> i;M\,>in- -noni\ aii'l tin- stalo of iho I'roi in. i;il I-'X|1"'I1S'* nii'iii with a ^llit■l ii>;^anl to llnaiiii'>. " 'I'll ir< liy. Ili.'g'Vornor-uoihMal is propar.-tl to ri-foiniiionil t-' I'arliamonl tliai >o iniohof 111.' l■\l^lilll.Ml. 111 of rpp.'n 'ana IT'.i-.' I ;:»'.) I so,') ISdCi and IS I fi'-iiliiit !'. 1'". I), lioll. resilient Sir ( iordoii Driimniom Sir ( leiil-'.'i Sir .Ml ISl 1 1M13 1 S 1 3 l,S13 islo l''ieileriik 1'. Iioliiiison ISl; Hon. Saiiil. .Smith, Adiii. 1S17 tind 1820 Sir I'ei'i'orine .Maitlaiid 181S and 1820 Sir .lohn Colliorm Sir V. II. Ile.l.i . Sir (ieoroe Artlr • • • IH-i.S Is^G 1838 CHAPTER XCVI. .\()\ A SCOTIA— 1''110M 1781 TO 181G. I, \'i-ir HI I'ltiM 1 William lli:NnY. Imit.ai n- M:-.\r (11 .liiii.i:; -J. Aruival ok Tin: Dlkk ok III' II Af. Suit' /.tl Trihtiiic.- Tiik. M .\ SAl.nil Of IlIKIl! IIlSTOKY. — 4. Hk- lion Svili'iihiim IN' I'rov iiirf of III' liill in tli*> |Kirtics lifir.in ill wij'i. i«sii(.(l iiiiiiiii nil Kiili A|iiil. A nriv ■illlliv:!!!. Dlllin. mil ll.iy was I ((ihloii'il mill I iii;ij(iiity. till? • MiiiiDiiiy and I MMts ; if U'as I [ipir Caii.ulii mil (aliailiaii I 111' lialaiicc of I'fii srii'i'tcd us itril I'l'ovilico, r till' I'riiviiico I'll I.'Slli Jiiiii', III! rlir (itlii-c of ml Sir (M'lU'iio As a tiitinj; inco 1)1' I'liiKT ailiiiiiiisti';i|iirs I . . . 17'.ii> . . . I7i»2 . . . l7'.Mt ' . . . ISO.-, I I HOC. ami \s\r, | . . . ISIl ! . . . lHi;j . . . isi;} . . . i,si;{ ' . . . IKI.^ . . . isl,-, 1817 ami 1820 i 1818 ami 18l'0 ' . . . 18-.',s . . . \H3ti . . . 1838 ) 181 G. Imtkai II- I! IIK Dl KK (IK j| >ll/r. — ;). 'I'lIK 'I oitv. — 1. l!h- ii NO\A SCOriA— I-KOM I7st TO isiC, I.;: vii'.w 111' Tin: (lovr.itNMi'.Nr . CaI'IAIN HlioKK I'ltKI'AlCINd In l'"li;llr ANV Amii!- irW FltlliATK. 7. ni!<>Kl;'s CllAI.I.KMiK TO TIIK C/irsil/liil/.r. — S. Km; ACKMKXr IIKTWKKN Till, C/liSa- priiki' \yi> S/iiiininii. — 0. 'I'lIK ('A»rAi.riis. Di.aiii of Caitain I-aui;kn(K. — 10. Siit .Ions SimimikookkV il'trr liiiii;; li;;liH'iicil Iiv llir(i«in<; Ikt ;;iiiis (iviflmarc!. ■iml iniji'avorcil to iiiakr Inr way intotlii' liailior. .Mcan- wiiili' a stl'iili;; iTiili' li'i'iii till' >iiiilliravt liail s|ii iin;; up, ami it was fiiiiiiil iifi'i--aiy to i'a>t aiirlior. lint tlii' am'lior ilniirUi'iLaml aliiiiit liall' past ti'li tlir ship travc a liiii'li ami wi'iit liiiwii. anil allimiiuli slir was so mar ^linri' lliat tlii' ri'ii's lit' iliDx' nil liiiai'il I'liiilil ill' tiranl. the wimiIh'I' was so ' liail that 111) a^^istaiii'i' rniilil l)i' rrmii'i-ccl iici'. Maiiv nf KXI'KDITION AIJAINST TIIK S r \ f K OK .M A I \ K. I TS ; I llr Ulllol'l llllall' I'l'lW I'lllllL,' tiitill' lil'liilll.' Inr l| lint Snx'Kss. 1. — Til' liistnry nf Nova Srntia aftir ilic si'paration of It fi'oiii N"W Iiniiiswii'k ami Capi' Mii'inii. in I7sl. prc- Vinlt of I'';iiio scuts I'l'W salii'iit pniiils tin- ^nnii' years. liii|!.'a"liiiii''l'Mil ( mii'i' till' jiDVi'riiini'iit ol Eilwaril Kaiiiiiii!:, a nilniiy at I'rc-lnii nf almiit livr linmlinl Marnnns, •''"''-'''*' Ks(|., till' I'nioiiy pio^'ii'ssiil fa\tiial)ly w lin wcri' l)ii)ii;;lit Iroin llir i-lami of ,1a from 178.'{ to 17'.ll. iiml tlir pain'ity nf ^irat items to I iiiaiea. w Imd' liiey had ^iwn iniieli trniilj|i.. \ sU.i.iic.r iln'lr t'liroIli<'ll' is the liest e\ idenee tliat the |ll()\illi'e was at I Tlle^e Marnnll> \\r\-r ij. -erli.lalll^ nl ihi Wile all w;i-hed niV nr I'ell i Ahaii-ted into tln' -ea. exeept ei;;hl. W Im Were re>eiiiil iii'M li|ii|-MilH.'. the lir-t person to U'l) III their as>i^lalli'e lieill;; a llii\ of lllilteen. hIid Went out alone in a sKilf and >iii'eeeded in sa\iiir 'wo men. i.^'riie year 17'.M'. was niarlved hy an alti nipt to t'nini ppacc and iindistlirhed liy reliudoils or pnlilieal dis^iMisions. Tilt! event whiell eailseil nio^t exeitellleiil ami ple.l-lll'c Was the arrival. DM Itii Oeinlier, l7.Hf;. of Il.lMI. I'rinee Wil- -laves of ihe .S|iaiii-!i wiin mIiim d In ijuil .laiiiaiea w hen the inland was eniiipiered liy ihe I'.riliNJi in 1 ('>.')■'). hiil took to the niniiMlaiii^. where ihev >iil>-i~lei| |ii'iiiei|iall\ mi wild liaiii Henry, afterwards Wiiliaiii I\'., wlm remained three i imu"^. fmiii wliicji ihey derived their name nf Marnnii^. or Weeks ami then left for the \\'i'st Indies, reiurniiij; in hnj.'-|innters. l'"i)r many years tliey hara~>ed and aiimiy- Jiiiio ami a;;aiii in Oclolier. Tiie city |)iit on ipiile a fes- ed the planters, and at last iinilinu' under a leader naineil tivo ap|)caniiice during; his vi-il. and a i;rand hall uasj;iveii t ( ndjne, lieeaine so trniihle-nine that the lton einineiil -cut him at (lovcriiment House. .Aliuh cxeitcnu'nt w. is canned ! a iletaeluiient of l roups, urn ler Cnionel (imhrii'. In -ii|ipre>s ill 1788 i)y charijcs of inaladmiiiistration lieiiij; liroin;lit airainst .Iiidj^es De^cliainps and nrcntoii, at the instance of .Sierne ami Tavlor. altornevs. The eliari'es were ex- liniii. (iillliiie siu'ceeded ill liiakini; ti rm- willi (iidjoo j hy which the .Maroons wero allowed a -ort of indepeiid- 1 eiice. certain land.- Ix-inj; a--ii;iied ilieni. and lliev liavini; iliuiiied into hy liie Cnuiicil and declared imt prnxeil ; lint ' tiieir nwii mainiers and i-ii-tnin-. This eniiliiiiiecj for the inipiiry not t;iviii^ j.'enei'al satisfaclinii. the mailer was almiit lifly year> ; hiil in 17'.l.') liie Marnniis heiame dis>at- referred to II. .M. Privy ('oiincil and the jiidj;es liniioralily acipiitted. '2. — Mr. John Weiitworth arrived at Halifax as iriivcr- nor in 1792, and at oiici' dissolved the asseinhly, which Airlv.-il c.f 111,) had sat for seven years. There was no Illlkt' t»t' Kent. .. I".' 1 '. . • .1 I I.(n» lit II. M.S. t'aiise lor |iolilical excileineiit in those ilays, '•" '''''''•""■■ and the elections piv-ed nif very ipiietly, while the soveriior. ill a letter In the I Ionic secretary, coin- pliiiieiiicd the house on the Imsiness like iiiaiiner in which it iMimucted its traiisactiniis. In May, 17'.tl, H.H.H. I'rii Kdward, afterwards Diikeol Kent. and tliefatherof her present majc-ty f^neeii Victoria, arrived at llalii'ax, where he remained for some time. An event which threw a temporary tdnoin over Halifax, was the loss, on 22d Xoveinhor, 17',I7, of II.M. ship Lii 7'n'//iiiii: near Ilerriii;: Cove, and out of a crew of two hiimiied and forty men, with some women and children, oidv ei;;ht livt's were j Leone, where iliey ri'iiiaimd for alioiil Inriy years : Iml ihey *aved. /.(/ 7V/Viihinitted tn (leiicral Walpole. wlm made a treaty with tlnni that lliey >iionld not In; removed from the island, wiiich treaty was shamelessly hioken hy the ISritLsh ■^ovcrniiieiit the I'nilowiiiii year, and the Marnnns tratisjiortcd to Nnva Scniia, wlnri' lliey were seiiieil in j the towiislii|) nf I'resinn and a I'mte-taiit cleriryniaii and a sclinnjnia-ler appointed to in>liiict them. The ^rnverii- ; meiit nf .laiiiaica at lirst aljnwed tni pmiiids a year I'or I each man. woman and child lor their support. Imt alter doinj; this for three years refused ,iiiy fiirlheraid. W hen the irovcrnnicnt of Nova .Scotia, liiidin^' that the Maroons were ht'cominj; a heavy tax mi the |irnviiiee. appealed to the Home iinve|iinii-iil. and the iiiifnrliiiiale .Maioniis weri! a;:aiii tran-porled in the fall ol ISIMl, liiis time In Sierra iiit; detached from her charu'c she ran on Thrum Cape Shoals. Hoat.s were .sent to her relief, and she was I'ot otf hack to their iialivi' place. ■I. — 'iovermii' Wciiiworlli. wlm had Imih iviii^liled. ad- I I 'i'l J I I 1:1 '•'11 II Ii 1:IS jrrri.i'.s iiistoky of tiii-: dominion of Canada. ministei'cd the affai's of tlio prnviiicr for-ixtPfii year-;, on llic «liiilc vrrv sali-faiMcii-ilv, llii' pi'oviiicr IliMh'M nf tliPROV- . • I i' • iTi Ml.'iil ,.f sir pi'D^lirriM"' Mild till' pcolilc bulll^ COIltt'lltcil .Ji.liii \V pruviiici'. Sir .lolm Wi'iitwnrtli was a line spi'ciiiu-ii (if a liiiih Tory : ililoilsi'ly loyal, lie xva> rX('rrdiii:.dv ji'aloiis ol' aiiylhiiii; wiiii'h ill till' slii;litc'st di ;;ri'(' appcariil toliiin as oiu'roacli- iii;,' oil till' pri'io;;,itivi's of llii' I'rowii. lie was a strmn; opponent of piililic nu'clim;s, wlii> h always sinackid of rcliidlion to liini. and tor soiiio years hi' persistcnilv coni- pla II rd to till' I loiiii' i.Mvi'rniiii-iit of .Mr. ( nllriihain Tolii,'!'. .1 proiniiiiiit lawyi'raiid nn'iiilii'r of the .\>seiiilily. I aii^e he was fond of disen-^in;; pnlilie iiiatle''s at length in that Imdv ; ;iiid in ]X'.»'i. \\lirn .Mr. Tonui' was ri-eleeted speak- er. Sir John e\ereiM'd the royal |iri'roi.'aiive for the liist time and refused to iei'o;^iii/e him. and a new spiaker 'Vas I'lin^i'ii, lie was a siroiiij supporter of the eliiireh. and lioa>led that the (hiireli of I'°.iii;land had no liriiier friend tliaii lie was : ,'iiid ihroii'^li his exertions Kinir's College was e.talilishi'd at WiinKor in the interest of the eluirch. all other deiioiiiiiialinii> lieiiij; excluded. Sir .Inhn was an aeeoinplished j.'entleinaii. very ainialile in private life and lii;;lily respected, so that on his lieiii;; ^ii^peiided. in iSdS, Iiy .Sir Oeori;!' I'revo^t. the I.e^islature voted him J.'.")tlOa year, to which the Home ;,'ovi,'riiineiit added another £.^00. 5. — Tlie administration of Sir Genrso Prevost. which lasted until lHll,\vheii ho was called lo the uoveriior- geiieralsliip of Canada, wa.s lait marked by any very iin- , , I'lrtaiit events. On his urrival ho ni.-ide a (liivcnmi'i.' lit ' Sir ■ iviui' I'lv- tour of the province and expressed hiiii- viiKl I iiiiiiin'm'o- ,. , . , , , , . , . iiii'iiiiii III.' I'm- sseli as nii;;nlv pleased witli its prosperous vii'riul luiililiiiir. ,..'"'-, , , , rondition. (. rops were alpiindaiit. trade and coininei tloiii'i>liiii^'. and the liiinlier tr'ide with I'",ni;- laild sic'idily iiicrea-illLT. lie due- not -eeiii. lio\M'\el'. to have eiiiert.'(iiied a \erv hiuh opinion of the lovaliv of the people, fi'i- in a de- pa I I'll to the Home L;nM-innieiii he -avs : " lii-r tie- to the pai-i'iit -tale are llm-e of m-ee"iiv and conveiiieiiee rather than of e;ratitiiile and all'ection." On the l"_'tli .\iieii-t. IHI I. Sir ( ieoriie laid the foundation stone il' the I'rov iiii'ial liiiiMiie^. and in doiii;.' so said ; " .Ma\ the liiiildini: which -hall arise from this fonndalioii perpet- uate the lo_\alty and lilieralily of .Nov.i Scotia." 'I'lie layiiiiiof the I'oniidation -tone u a- conducted with ma-oiiic honor-, and wa- a verv ifiand alfair. War with the rnited Stales licin^ now inevilalile, ii (ir-t-class military ollicer Wits needed lo eoinmaiid the forces in Canada, and Sir (ieol'ire I'revo-t wa- promoted lo the i;overnorship of thai province, his place in Nii\a Scotia lieiny; taken hy Sir ,lolin Coapc Slierlu'oiike. Ii. — Sir •John arrived at llalifa.ii on Ilitli Ocloliei, IS! I, and noihim; of iinport.ince occurred until the followinj; .Inne. when war airainst Kni;laiid was declared liy the rnited Stales. Parliament was at once cni.i:!!!! Uroltu i snnimiined.alid met on iMst .luly. when the J,\Vv''v',i".7i',.',',|'''''''' necessary pro\ i-ion- for the war vere made, fi';;'!'''- I XS.IMMI were voted for liloek-holi-e-. I'l'-.'.OI II) for iiiilitj.a piiipose-, and provision was made for liorrowiiiLT £.'iii,UI)l) lor ;;eneral defence. '|"he war eaii-ed L'leat activity in Halifax and i;ri'atly lieinliied trade. \e--el> of war wore eon-tanlly arriving ; leliers of maripie and privateers were fitted out : many prizes were liroiiLilil in .iiid -old. and money was very plentiful. The .Vmericans. althoie.di pos-es-in;.' a very iiisiMiiitlciiit navy as compared with the Hrili-h. had yet lieeii \ci-y-ii '-slid in sinijle eiicoiiiitcr- with Fiijli-h ships, and several had lieeii c.'ipluied liy their frij;ates, which Were mostly armed with iieavy i:uns and were more pouerful vc—e'- than the I>rili-li. Tlie-e defeats rankled ill the minds of I>iitish nav.d otiicers -o lonn accii-- loined to ■• sweep the seas," and in none more mi than in hat of the uailaiit Captain ISroke. who commanded the Sliduiinn, and wlio-e feelings are expie—ed in a letter to I his wile, in which he says : ■• We mu-t catch one of these iinat .\merican ships to send her home lor a show, that people ni.iy see what a creature it is, and that our fi'i^'ate.s have t"oiiL;lit very well although very unlucky." Know- in;; ili.it the Americin frii.'alc- cariicd heavier metal than the Urili-h, Ilroke set him-elf to work lo counter.ici that '. superiority hy carefully training' his men so that the I nipidity and accuracy of their lire miitht eompensate for the i;reater weii;lit of metal thrown hy the enemy. Kvery day the men were exercised at the i.'iiiis for an hour or two, and twice a week had target practice ; and in order to cncourajje the men lii-oke offered a prize of a pound of toliacco for every liuirs-eye. At leiijjth, Iiaviiij; !.'ot his nieii all suMicicntly trained, he sailed from Ilalil'ax on "Jlst M.ircli. l.Sl.'i, in company with the Teni'dos. iind cruised I olY IJoslon harlior. w here he ordered the 'JViirtlos on a cruise 1 and no' to rejoin him hefore the 1 lili .Iiiiie. 7. — There Were two American fri;.'.ites in Hoslon harlior when Uiok.' arrived olV it, ,lie /'/cs'/i/c/i^ and Co/e i/rrss. lull they Imtli iiiaii:i;:ed to make I their escape duViii- a foir. and what aiiin.v !'';;':''rl''''!l,'''',f ' I I'd him more w.is th.il the < '/iisn/irn/.r. \xliieh had 1 11 cini-iiiL' in the W'l -t Indie- ihiriiii; the winter. Ljot into the harlior wilhoiit his .-eeiiii; her, .\ftPr I he I'oiind that the ('liisujnnhf had jjol into harlior, Iiioke -lilt several verliil iiie--aei'- to her commander invitiiii; him to collie out. and receivinj; no reply, dispatched Captain Slocuni. a di-eliarucd prisoner, on the nioriiiii;;of Isl of ,111111', with a formal elialleiii^e, in writing', to the eomin.'inder of the C/ii'Sii/fidi'. He said: •' .\s the < '/ii\i' ii/iiii/iC appears now ready for sci. I reipie-t you will do me the favor to meet the Sliiiiiiinii with her. -hip to -hip. lo try the i'ortunc of our ies|iecli\e lla;;-.. I'lic S/niiiiinii the followiii}; ii'hircd l)y llii- Iiif|i;iriri;: l"> ti^»ht :inv Anit'iii-uii fnt:!il<'. ,()0(( fnr nii'iiia uinj; £;i().0(IO ri'Mt nctivily in I'ls of wiir wvro piivnliifs Wert' ■iiM, :irii| inmii'y tlji' llrili~li. Ii;i|p;lti'llt'il II till' iiioniiii^' of u ill in;;, to ilu' •' As lilt' / '//('«. Hot you will ilo irr. '•Iil|i III >lii|p. 'I'llr SlinlUliill NOVA S( OriA-riJdM 17s I TO IMC, 4;i;i nimiiits twnnfy-foiii- •j,\\\\> mi Inr lnnaclsidc. ami li;;lil lioal jliins. <'i;flit('('li poiiinliis. iijKiii liiT main ilccU. ami lliirly- sjiraiiij iipcHi till' iiii'iiiv's ipi:irlrr-i|ii-U. wlii'ii' a >lniu_'li' ol' aliout I'niir iniiiulr^' iliiraiiDii cmlfil in ilir C/n.-n/icii/.i' iwo-pouiiil I'arroiiaiic' nil licr ipi.ntiT-ilcrk ami fin-rra-llr. hmiliiiL' ilnw n her (■ii|iir>. I'lit imt lirlnrr llmki- li:ii| ro- aml is inaiincil uilli a I'uiiiiilriih'nl of tliri'c liiimli'i'il iiu'ii '> ci'ivril n i|;in;;i'i'iiiH wmiml on tin' Inail wiili :i rlulilirii ami Idiys. lusiili-. lliirly -laiiiin. Imy^. ;iml pasMiiuii^ wlio i iiiu~l\il. wcr,' taken out cif ri'-i'apluiiil \is-iN lately. I enl nal you. ' ' '.'. — The vieiorv was coinpli'le. lait it was dc'arly sir. not to iniai;iiie that I am iirijeil liy mere peiMinal ,, lioiiulit. I'.i'nke \\a- ilanueroii^ly woiimleil. ami llie tirst vanity to llie wi>li of meetiiii; tlie C/irsap/'n/.f. or that I : lieuleii:ini nl' the Shiiinniii killeil. the 1*11 1 I • • • 1- 1111 I- '""' ''n^llJlUies. depcinl only on your per^nmil amliition tor your aeeeilne,' clenth ot tlie latter iiappeiiiiiu iimler peculiar i)r;i'ii ..r cai.iiiiM to this iii\ Itatiiiii. We have holli iiohle motives. You cireuiiistanee-. Iiunieiiiatily after llie will feel it a- a coniplimeiil if I say th.il the I'esiilt of our Aiiierieaiis >iirrem|ereil he went aft. ami liiiulin;; duwii nieetin;; may lie the nni-l u'latifiil .serviee 1 can remlcr to tlu' Aimrieaii enlurs prepared tu run llieiii ii|i airain my c iiiinliy. and I dniilit not that you, cipiallv ('onfideiit iimler the l!riti>h: Iml the rupes lieeoniiiiLr taiiL'led ihu I of .-ueees . will I'eel ediivineed that it is only liy repeated ' lla^s slinwed with l!iiti-li enlors under, wliieli al oueo I triiiniphs in even couiliats ili.it your little navy cm now j caused the men on the S/iiikiihh to re-open tire on tln^ hope to consdlc your cduntry for the loss of that trade it ('/iisii/irii/,i', and the lieutenant and four men wcie killed I pan no liinirer protect. l''avor me with. a speedv replv. Iiei'ure ihe laiur wa^ disem rred .and the liriiiL' eea-ed. I Wc are sliiirt of |iiiiv;-ions and water, and caniint stav ; The loss in the ('/iisil/iiii/.f was tnrly seven killed and I Ion;; lii'fe." l| nincly-niiic wniimled ; to the Slninni'ii tuentv-f.nir killed I H. — The (','ifS(i/,. iiiid lire, .so that ill lilleeii minuies liotli vi'ssels Were lia'lly al-o direded a;.'ainst Wasliiiiutiui and .New Orleaii.s. cut lip. and their deek- stn wed with dead and dyiiiL'. ihe i K;irly in duly. l>sl I. Sir .loliii Coupe Sherlu'ooke received t'.M'i'Ulioii done lieinu shmvii liv the lac; that alllniiiL;li the instrin'tioiis to assume the olfeii-ive toward- the Slate ol eiiiiaeeiiieiil only l.i-led lifleeii ini.iules, one hiimlred and ■, .Maine, lyiiiu near .New liiiiiiswiek. and s, nl Coloml I'il- lifty si\ men of the I •/i,sii/ir,dr and eii,'hty three of the ] kiiiu'lon with a .small fnrci to tnke pii--essi,,ii n| .Mon-e S/i(iiiii(iii were prostrated in that lime. Cap'ain Liiwieiic.' Ishmd. in I'assaimnpioddy Uay. which he did. ihe ^'arrison and his three lieiitenanls were shot early in the cii^a^e ,,i seven nllieers and ciLdity men siirrenderiiu; themselves menl. and llie liclmsinea of the ('livsit;.etiki' licinir also | prisnicrs of w.ir. llnllie u'l'ilh .\ii',;ii-t Sir .Inlin Slur- sliol, ihe vessel liei'aiiie uiiniamme;ilil(' for a moiiicnt when j lirooke sailed from ll:dif,i\ with a Heel under .\diiiiriil she had heen alioiil ten minutes ill action, and presented ( IrilUlh, and a-cindinv' lln' reiioh-cot Kiver e-talilished her stern lo the .s7/((H»M/(. which was protiipllv taki n him-elf :il I'a-liiie on I -I Sepinnlier wiihoiil oppo-iiion. tidvalilai.'e of to pour ill a raking lirnadside, and lllnke then pushed aloiie.side, and headiiii; the liitarders himself. llie enemy having lilnwii up his imi;;a/.iiies and retir Sir .'olin sent si\ liiimlred troops, with ii liody of sailors. I I,' f 1 p' 'i' > 11 ;j J jM Bni "" W !i|ilii|iM{' ' lrl>li|rililiEil ; I,. 410 TITTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. to cniiliin' (irdc^lidv llw frii::iti- .[ihiiim. wliicli li;iil run up to llMinjMlrii, will Ti: .•-lie wa> uiiilrri'iivcr (if sDiuo l):itt('rii's. , Tli-'sc Wile iMi'rii'd liv ii-;sMiilt, :iiii| ill'' i-miiiy rctrLMlfcl. liavinu' lii'sl ^ wi'ir next t.ikiii. aiii'iti>li luli' until tlic end of tlic, war, I wliiili tcMik iilaci' at tilt' 111(1 of till' \(ar. no other eiiuMu;e- | nieiit< nieaiiuliile lia\iM;,' laUcii place in the Maritinu; I'rovinces. Sir .loliii Slieilirooke wa-. piililiely lliaiiked liy , tlie A^si'inlilv t'or lii< irallant conduit duriii;; this expeiiilioii. | and t'l.lHIH Voted to liiiv liiin a m r\iee of plate. He ic- I niaiiie(I in oliiee nnlil IsU'i. wlieii lie was promoted to i tll(> jrovernoi--^'eni'ial-liip of Caiiaila. ami .Maior-( •etier.al Straeey Smith temporarily admini^tereil the alfairs of | the |)roviTiee until the arrival of the Marl of Dalhoii^ie in Oetolier to a>-nuie the nins of iioveiiiineiil. The prov- ince ha'l lloiiii-liiMl ;;reatlv duriiiii the war. and had plain myself more fiillv upon ihem in the j)ro'^ress of the se»ioii. I shall call your attenlion to a mea-ure tendiim to animate the Lreiieial spirit of improvemeni in aijri.ailturc. and I will siihinit to you the plan of an in- stitution in IIalit'a\, in W'hi(di the advanlaires of a colle;>;i ate education will he founeil within the reach of all classes of society, and n liieh will he open to all sects of red collei;e. In jsr.l, iIk' Legislature made a :;rant of S><.iniit for the erection of ih(! new insti- tution on the parade, to lie nanie(| Dalhoii^ie College. In 18*20 the eolle;fe was ineorporateil, and, in \>titiitions in Novii follows a deelaialiiiii of peace in those places where there i Scotia, Dallionsii' ('olle;;e was not successfully put into I are laru'e niimliers of troops and ships centred diirin;.' war ' operation until ISl'i.'i, when various denominations united I lime. Sir .lohii was a popul.ir ^^overnor, .and was enter- j to support ii, as a literarv instilntion. In the nieai.time, j] taiiieil :it afjr.iiid hampiel at Masonic Hall previous to his ; the C.isiine eudowineiit fund, cre.iled in ISI7, jiad, hy i; departure, at which liio-t of the hadii:;; citizens of Ilali- skihni luanaui ineiit. increased to j^Cid.OdO. which enahleil fax were present. the ;;overnors to appoint six professors to the various chairs in the iiistilution. T\w I,ei;is|atni'e also voted ('HAITi:i{ XCVII. NOVA S(()riA~-Fl{O.M isi: I'o is.ii. Sl,n()i| mil of the Ca-iine fund lor the eslalilisliiiieiit of a piihlic liliraiy. L'.--I)urini; the years lsl7 and isisihe reaction fo low- ing the declaration of peace liei;an to he fell : trade and 1 I''i)| Ml A riliN (11 1) VI IlofSii ( (11.1.1 (;i.;. Ski r( lldK Cdinineicc |i 11 ol}', a^l iellll lire Was neglected, j Till- iNsriil riov, — •-', Tin; L1.I ri:i;s oi ••Anuicdi \." and the .Vincricaiis ai;aiii liej:an to supply .'.''(',^',"|',',','i'a" FdUM.VTHiN (IF riii: Alkh ri.rii! \i, Sdciiiv. — .'i. 1 the Province with produce. Iiw.isaiihis '\',','ii','.'i'iii"inil'^ "'" I I'lidMdi id.N (ir nil, lv\i;t, df I) M.lidi sli: Td I in; (idV ''. time that -ome of the powf ii'nlly writieii >"'i''i.». | t.i;Ndl;s||||. ciiC \ V vii \. _ I. C.M'i. l>l!i:rdN \s.vs|i'- ! practii :il lellei-s on a^iieiiliiire lieL;aii lo he piiMished in I .\I!\1K ( dl.d.S^. lis UllMdN Willi .N(l\ V S((lll\. :' ihc .\eadiall A'' c«;-./r /•. over the sImii;,! Ill-,, of •■ .V^rieoln," I — ."1. ( ldVi;i!XMi M Of Silt .l.\Mi;s Ki;Mfr.- Ci. Fx- n i.sKiN ui .Mii. IJakuv. .Vrr.vcK (in iiii; I'ltiss in the liist inakiiiu its appearance on l."ilh.luly, I.SIS. They ' at (iiiee alliacled attenlion ami caused a deal of snnnise 1 Tin; .\-s| yiii.v. — 7. Tin; (,iri;siTdN di (,irii Iti ms. i as to the aiiiliorship, Init the wiiier iiiaiiitained his in'";/- iillii. The Fall of l)alhoi|sle warmly appr(i\c(l of the letters, and at the dinner on St. .Vmlicw's Day. IS|S. in prolVeriie,' llie liealih of •' .\L,'ricola." hopeil iliat llie I'loard of Airriciillurc wiiiild he formed. In Deeeinlier a meeting was liidil, presided oxer hy the I'.ail of Dalhoiisie, j|( whicli it was resolved to fonuthe rroviinial .y::;riciillural Societv, ,ind •■ .\i;ricola " was elected sn'relary, .-11111 soon after discliiscil hiinsidf as .Mr. .lolin ^'oiiii;.'. a Scotelimali who hademijii-aled to Halifax alioiil four years previously. condition of the province, cominerce and ' 'I'll,, soeieiv was ineorporateil at the next session of agriculture lia\ ill',' hoili innnoseil ; wiili rcMtard to llie 1 |';,ilia nl, and its lii-st meeliii',: held on I '.'ili .\pril, |S|il, iiilter he said in his sp( cch : •' In coinmilliny to \ou the 1 while ihe lloiise was in session. The h ihis of •• .\^rie- geiieral discussion of pnlilic affairs, there are some points • TIiIk fiiiiil ttim r.'i-nii'.l rri.iii 111.' (.■Miiii.- .■..U i-li'il ;il ( iislliic iliirliiK till' ii>'i'ii|ii .i|- Mdiiii' li\ llii> llrlii-li III Isl I. iiiniiiiiiiliiK III Hoiiii' (.'Ill- Trill, hIiIi'Ii 11 HUM |i|'ii|iiii«'il Ui llw I'or ■'iliiiiiliniml |iui|i(im'h. — .''*. l>ii I i;iii;M 1; I!i;twi;i N ini; lliu si ami mi., CdiM II. (IN riiK SI 11.11 ( I (II nil; Di i\ (IN l!t!ANiiv. — '.'. Ti;Mn iiANi I .Sd( iKin s. In 1 itdurcridN di' .Sri;AM. I)i i'Auri-i!i; (II Sii; I'. Mmii.ash. I. — On ineeiiiiM j'arliamenl the Farl of 1 )allioi|sie coii- grutulated the llo'iscs on occiipv iiie s,, splendid a liiiildilii.' FiiniKinilrin irf a- the .Vew- Provincial linildiii:.', and aKo I»aIh(Mif.ti'( 'iilli'i;!.. II' 1 . .1 ii • I ■ Kk.li li ef 111.' in- expresseij Ins pleasure at tlie llolirisliniir Htillllii'll. I which call for my s| iai recommeiidaiioii to yoiii' al- ! leiition ; these I sjiitil merely name al present, iiini e.\- he proiircss nl' li) a Ill^:^^lll■^• iii|>r(ivi'tii('iii ill |>l:iii of :iii ill. ;.'cs (if a c'lijlcj;! I'll ut' ail clas-ics I'l'tS (if |-cli;ri(lllS ('. (Ill rccdiiiiiii'ii- II iif llic Cas- I Halifax in cdii- II Id all (Ii'iKiiii- iiiil was i,'i\i'ii as lli(' r^cjiislaliini f ilie new IiinII- ll-ic ('(ill.!.'!'. 1(1. ill l.-^L'I. till! 1(10 tdwaid- tlin ii-i caii'-cs. lint liilidiis ill Ndvii ssfuliy jiiil into illations iiiiiti'il tilt' iiicai.tiiiii', I 1S17. Iiaii. iiy , wliicli cnaiilcd Id tlic vai'idiis liiri' alsd Vdtcd alilisliiiiciit (if 11 ' rcai'limi fo low- fi'lt : irailc ami ■rllc l>:ll(lc..f •• Auli. . ■!».•■ (■■(■dii.'iii f Hid Auiiciill iral lie |illlili-l|ii| ill (if •• A^i-ii'iila."' V. ISIS. •riicy (leal df -iiiiniM' aiiicd lii- iiiriiijm |i|ir(i\(il (if till' - I)a\. I SIM. ill lliat tlic lt(iar^ii"'''- u'lMdually iclnriicd In arrived in ITSl. lie had served under Wdlfe at I.diiis- its iiiiiinal cdndiiidii lieldic l he war, and i hutirjj and t^iielicc. and dis|iiii:uislie(| hiin-clf diiriii'.' iIk; on a tdiir tlirouudi the iirovince. Part f np" nroimi ns a • ' Hi'jifirnif ( oUmv . of ills instriietioiis were lo eiFect such Its r'-Miii..n wi;h N..VI1 .S.'"liu. icuislatidii as was necessary to re-annex tlie island of Cape IJreton to Nova Seotia. and wu will, therefore, briefly review the history of tli.it islaiiii from it.s ereetioii into a separate province in ITS I to its re-union with Ndva Scdtia in ISJil. Cape nretun did not have a Very pi-dspei'dus exislei'ce as a separate colony, as the Council cdiild not a^ilee either with il-elf (ir llie exeeiilive. it.s sldW liiil siili-taiitial prd-jieiily w.is i;reall\ liel|ied iiv the earl's piactical elVdrls to develdpe the a;;iicllltural re-diirce- dl the eouiiti'v. The revenue, which in ISKJ aiiidiinled Id f'.lt'i, .■!!»(• and left a surplus of i!(i(l,Ol)U over the cxpendiluic ha 1 deerea-ed td i'.'i.'l.OlJO in |S20, and there was a delit (if £1S,(MHI ,ai;aiiist the pnivince. A war with France whi(di yave Canada tn (ireat I'.ritaiii. Hitherto l.ouislioiiri; had heeii the capital of ilie island, liiit the new governor seleeled a site on Spanish Ki\( r and liuilt a residence there which lie called Sydnev, in honor of tiie then colonial-secretary ; this has jriown to oe a consideraiile tdwii. and was the capital of the island under (freal (diaii^'e for the wurse had taUcn place in Halifax, for '( its separate existence as a prdvinee. Deslianes, in a proc- it had lieeii shdi'ii of much df its impurtaiice as ihe prin- lamalidii shduin;; llie a(lvaiilaj;es of the cdimlrv. presenced cipaliia\al stalidii in .\inerica. thai lidiuir liaviie..; lieeii In selllers the prospect of free priivisinns lor ilree years, traiisfcrre(| id liermiida. and llie imperial ddckyard estali- with inaleri.al fdi' liiiildiiii:. and help in clearing jaii llie pupulalidii which now fdiiiid il way Id Itnis d'( )r and ilieiiuih, Tiiit llie intry was in the liainU of a Cdiincil alwa\ s w raneliicj-, and u host of dlllcials w lidse salaries drained the cxi heipier. The people siidw 1(1 their discdiileiit by seiidiny; a pi^titioii I 1 Ml^' 112 Tirn.KS IIISTOIIY OK THE DOMINION OK CANADA. Ill I,(iih1iiii. M-kiiij: ilif li^'hl 111 cliTt a i(iiii-;c nf As^i'inlily ; luit tlio (inly answer tii this \va.. tlit^ dci'laration of a union iii'twccn Cape ISiTton hi 1 Nova Si-otia. wl.'u'li \v,i» ciri'ficil on ! 'til OctfUor. !h;0. (Jcin ral Ain-lii' was the last ;• -siili lit. Wiits \m'ic issiicii for tlii' cloction I'f ti' ii)i'irilu-is. Till' laws of Nova Scotia were aiio|iti''iiii<- of liii- oilicials Wire (li->nii>^i'ii, a nniniicr pciisioncii. and .1 fi'W ii'iainccl fm- loi'al |iii.-ilioiis. Tin,' |)t'o|ili'. still (lis|li<•a•^l•u. ^cnt an :i.;cnr to Kiii;!anil to rcvorso llir ili'ci- sion of till' iniiii rial anlhorilii's ; luit tin- (li'lilii'ralioiis were liarinlcss to clian^'f a |iolicv so nci'cssary to tin- island'^ wclfan-, aiiil ('api' iirclon lias ever .-.irrc rcinaiinil an injcyral ])art of Nova S''oiia.* "i. — In Novcinlicr. ISi'i), ilii' IJi;;!!! lirM-rrnil I'Minnmi linrUo, lir>I Koiii.in Catliolic l>i~lio|i of Nnv.i Srolia. dicil at llic I'",|iisi'opal ri'-iiliiiiv. lie was aiipointiil 111 i|ii' iliorc^i- of Halifax liv (invfrniiu'iii 111 Sir *Iuiut's Krintil. till' lli^liop of (^iiciMC in |sii;i, anil (■lij\ali'il lo tlic I'lpi-rc.palc in \s\i'>. •• Tlir Doininioli of Canacla in ils u iili- rMriit lia- m-i'Ii frw if any prrlati's wlio iliiil liioro ri'^pi-i'tril ami rcui'fltcil liv all (•las>, s, iiiori' liclovinl anil iiloli/nl li\ his own llocU. ami wliosr niiiiiorv as a i.'nat, eiiliiililriHMl ami lilirral-inimlicl pirlalc i> jookcil up lo witli so luui'li M'lii'ralion.t A mtv ixtcii- sivc ami ilolnu'tivi' Inisli lirr ociMirrccl in Siipicinlin'. jsi'o. uliii'li rcinlcrvil alioni >i\iy fainilirs in lli unliis of Yaniioiiih ami Clarr. Iinimlr-s ami ilc^iiinic'. Sir .laini'S Kcinpl al oiiiT Mini a uoviiinincnl vr^-d laden willi pro- visioiis to lliiir nlicf. and Milisi'i-iplion^ for ili.ir lii'Uitit wi'ro al-o laki'ii up lliroii^r|i,iiii ilii> piovii I'li,. i|,|. niiiii~lrali 111 of .sji' daiiirs Ki'iiipi, w liirli Li-lod ri^lii \ rar~. Was a mild and pro^pi'i-oiis oiii>. nimiarki'il livaiiv poliiii'al anilalioii or any vi'iy notcworlliy im'iiliinis. Th,. ifri'al tiro at Mirainiflii, in I siJ'i, cli.'itrd dii'p and " idr ~piTad syinpalliy iliroiiMhoin ilii> proviin'i'. and liamU'Hiii' >iili- 8i'riplioii> lor llic siirfiiir' won' lakni up in lln' dilViiinl distrii'l-. Sir daiiirs Ki iiipl a-Niduoii^ly divotiiil liiin-clf to i|ii< I'oii^idrr .linn ol ilic roads in tin' pro\ iini'. wliiili Wi'i'i- ill a wiiirln d rondilion, and niidi' a ■ ir lliroii'.di several disliiels for liie piir[iiise of perxinal in-) lion. tile result of wliieli was that at the M'ssion of I'ai lianieni in IS-.'S he ii roinineiided many iireal ainl inipoiiant cliai|i_'es ill the luaniier of eomliielin;.; the departiiieiit. whii'li siiir. ^e lioi > Here adopted liy the lloU>e lo the snhse(p|,i|it ;;reat ai|\ ;iiilaL;e of lliii provinee. Sir Jaine-i l\iiinpl left the province ill AilL:n-.l, I.^l'S. ami Hon. .Mr. Wallace acted as adiuiiii>tfalor until llie arii\alof Sir l'erei.'rine .MaillamI, who had lniii I ran-fcrred fmni I'pper ( 'a- 'liada. II. — I'arliaineiii met in T'eliniary, lsi.".l, and llie iiio-t lloliccalile event ot I lie m •>. ion was the .suspension of .\lr. • U.iil • i". 'lixtnrji .,'• .\, ir l\fiii.. ■fk'intllh, nihi r Minlini, !'•■ .ftiii'i t. liarry. ine'iilier for .Shell, ;"-ii(. who '. i . ■ .• . , I vpi •-iiiii of Mr. [irescutini; a petition Iron, s,,,. ; lull,!,. I- ,n y.,,, •. ,,, ,,1^ men askin- to he relieved fro.r d„U-. !■""''>"• A-» ml.l,. made Use of some expiT—1 ):i.s for iilr 'h I" ■.v.< ..insured liy the House ai.d ordered to api.;,).;!/,,., Tiiis i. . refused to do and was siispcmieci He then t.ied. h, _'cttiiii: his coiislitiieiits to petition the House to expel him. so iliat III' inijrht he reelected ami escape Iiaviiiij to apilo'.'i/e ; failiin; ill this lie wrote a violent letter ai,'aiiist tli.' .-. .ii- milt.i.' wl.ich had reported on his case, and attacked its imlivi.hial memheis. l-"or this he was lirouijht. t' the liar of ih. House and orderi'il to In imprisoned for contempt dnriiiL.' the lialance of the sessi.m ; hut lie wa. .esciied liv a niimlier of his friends, and the meinliers of the Hoiis.. ! led .al ami pidiecl with ston.is ami snow until the mili- tary Were called out and llie nioli dispersi.!. Mr. IJarrv was siihseipiently arrested and iiicisoned for the rc- in.iinder of the session, heiii:.' .ilsu exp.lli.l the Hollsc. He was reeliictcl for Shelhiirm' and loi.lv his seat (juii'tlv j next session, when ln' was not distnilHii|. The Asseinhlv showed more lenipei. howi'ver, with th.' e.liiois of iln^ Aiiitliini litcDnfcr ami /'Vi/' /',-ii.s.v who pnlilislni.l .Mr. Harry's letters, and these ;;. .illeineli Wi re imIIiiI to the liar of the House on .S|h .\pril. I S:.':!, ami repriinand.il l.v ' ill.- sp.-.iker, .an attack on th.' lilierly of the press wlii.li w.as ri's.iit.iil hy .Mr. .l.is.ph Hnu.i. tl.-h of tln^ Ximi j Sfii/iuii. \\ ho sai.l in his iieM issue ; •• '[ ji,. .A.sMaulilv claims I free.liiin of spiiech within its walls, and those to whom ] the pr. ss Is eiitriishid cl.iim it wiihniil • :;nd if editors are ' lironL;lil tor (illeiices to the h,,i of ih . H.ins.', le;.rislators ina\ il.'peiid upon this— that tlni will I.e hroiiMJn imli- |\idiiall_\ anil collcaively to a li'lter expiation hi'f.iie the liar of the piililii'." 7.— The sul.jc.i 1)1' ijiiit ri'iits occupied a jj.iod deal of att.'iilinn alioiit this linic. not o .• in .Nova Scotia, lint in .\i \v I'll niisu ilk and Prince Ivlwarl Island is «.||. ami it will lie as well iy.llVKi'.'" ''' to .'VI. inn here how thev orii;inated. \' I ■ \.riior I.anremi.i, in 1 7.'ili. issued a p.'oclama- ||ti.'i ^'i ' r.ifereiii'e to the jrranliiiL' of piihlic lands, it I' was slipnlaleil that all such 'amis slnnild he siiliject to a ipiit lent of one shillin;,' a year for every lifly acres, to ] lie paid, alter tin' expiration of ten years, to the reieiver liemral. Small lis this tax was it wa.s not paid, poveiiv liein;; the e.ueral plea, and the collection was not enforced, l| III I.SJi these t;i\es aiiioiiiited lo solilc 1' 1 1 l.l M II I. a lid Ml elVoli was li.a.le l.y the receiver-i:. lieral to c.ill.i.l ill. 'in. \\ lull he had only '.:ot in a few hnmlie.l poiimls when he ' was ordered lo suspend the cilleciion. on accouni of it pitilion to the lloine L:ii\ernnient from th.' House of .\ssemlily, I'll.' inaller then ri'liiailicd ill alie\ .'iiii'e lllilil l.Sl'7, when l,oid Itaihnrst. secretary of state for the I'olonies, issued all oiil, r leinillinj; all hack renin up to lliu 1st .laiiuiiry of (hut year, but ordering their eolleetioii >l>i -iMi. i.r Mr. m. Ai-i ; ..1 ilip if-ilij 111 \f!., iiiblv. i, 'i\ .'I'ttiiii; liis (K'i Ijiiii. M> tliat ' ij; to :i|"il.)iiiz«i j l,l,Mill.St til 1/11- ' mil attackiil its ! iiiylit t' ihu liar tcl for C(jiitoiii|)t wa .t'si'iicd liy s of tlio IIoiiso ' V until tlio iiiili- : i'l- Mr. IJan-y n'll for the re- ' I'll tin" House. liis scat wjijcli [ II of I Ik; ,\',:ra VssciiiJpjy I'laiiiis llioso to whom nl if ('(liiors ai-o >U><'. lc;;islators ' liroii;:lit iiiili- tioll licliirc tin; a >.'Ooil (Icil i,f 'va Scotia, liiit lu' i|lll'Hliull of ;uil KiMllH. ■it a |i-oflaMia- iiilijii' lands, it tl' Mlllji'Ct to il ■ liflV ilcTCS, to tlic rii'i'i\ cr t paid, |io\ lily IS licit llll'dri'rd. KMiiio. and :ii i 1 I'ollfcl llii'lii. Minds wliiii |||. I accoiiht of a till' llollsl' „( alii'N.'iiic'i' until .slald for till- •k ri'iil.s iiji to ! iicir IJullnL'lioll I I NOVA SCO riA— FROM IS.'?.'} TO I«.37. 41.-! ill fiitnr'. ilif |iii)i'c((ls lo 1)1' iiscil for suili loral iiii|irovc- !' .ahcyaiici-, in ■■oiisi'ipii'iicc of ;i diffi riicc of opinion on ini'iits as liis iiiaji'sly iiiizlil lliink iiccissaiy. The follow- | point., which have liei'ii loiii; estal;lis|cil uiiu n>('o;;;iii/cd as iiiL' year the Iloiisc iirtitioncil that hi-- iii.-i'.i'stv w>iihi iiTesf. i ■, for ilie salr .i \- and '•Tt'i n ■ 1 i'o;idni rin;r of the relinipii.sh the (piit nui-, or sh>priiil tin ir lollrci.on. to ' alTairs of a '.'o' I'liiiiniit I'oiisii.iil il a- ( nrs < . 1 .i.Ier- wliicli it was cp'ied mat his I'l.ij.-ty coiilcl not remit ' | standing' that there is liitle ]irolialiiiity of vjr n-eor'1-iii;-u tliein altojfether, Imt would he willin;; to oinnniti them ■ in the matters that are peiidiiiir, under sii<.|\ !;nu'n>Iaiie< .s 1 for a fi.xt'il annual sum, which sum vas afterwards ' I c-onsiilcr it my clnl\ icj relieve you ftcii,. 'nrllic- eoiitiiiii- iilaced at X'J.OOO, ahciut one-half their ac'tiial value. The ' anee in service, ihal Vcni nia\ iclur: I vonr In iicS Ic) ! (piestion WHS discussed at the session of \S'2'.K and the i allcnd to your own concerns." .M;ic li <> -.•itisf-eiioii was I House verv j^ravely p.issed the followiii:.; icscilution. which felt at tin' .iclioii of the Cduncil. ai.i iDind . xpressioii left the matter ill alicyanc'c for the time heiiiL' : " That shortly after at tlie i;eneral clcMtioii ' .setia lit on the it cloes not appear to he the • i^eiieral wish of the> inlialiilants dcalli ol (icoi-cc IN'., Iiy ih,' r.lnrii to liic .Vs«.'mi1i!s .if all ! of tliis couiilrv that any such commutatioii or pnichase j| the iinMiilicrs evho Innl votccl ai;ainst the Cduncil. should tal\(? plac<\ or that the saici cpiit rcMils should he ' '.•. — I'arliaiin'iit met apiiii in Novemlier. and the Assetii- eollectccl and cciforccd. Iiut. cm the contiarv. this lloii^c lily and ('■uincil ^ol on lictlcr |ci;iclhcr. The former ahol- i.s induced to ludieve that the rcliiiepiishincnl eci ihc claim ishcci the dnlie^s cm c.ilTcc aiicl mola-~cs- r.-niii. r.ii s.icl- woiihl j^ive ;;eiieral satisfaclion to the- ] pic of No\a ami rcclii 1 lliil oi; sie^ar : liut ;hcy aL;ain ii..ii c.f si .■mi. Du- , Scotia, as their loii;^ suspension h.ad prciduccd a liclicf passed ihc hill ta\iiiL' lirandy one ami ,\ii,iii,i'ii,'i. Mliion;.' the inhaliil.ints ill e^c-ncaal that they wouhl ni\ei hc' feiiirpc'iice : .ind (lie ('oiiiie-il clid not ihinlv it politic to I iiisisleel on, and that the transfers of land hacl liic-n. willi eippci-.e it any furl her. .'inel so ailciplcd il. In lliis year scaretfly an e.\i.a'|itioii, iiiaile uinler that impression. ' the lempciaiice iiiov cniiiil lici;aii ill the province, and [ 8. — The ses-ioii of IS.'JOvvas elislini'iii^hcd hy a very ; many socie'tiivs were formed. .Mioiit this time the use of ' serious hrcae'h lie'tvvi-cii the' ll;iu-c aiiel the (eiinic-il on a -leaiii lic'i^an lo he j;cncrally iiilrculucccl in the province ceinsliiiilicihal point on vviiic'h the Ici- piimpiiiL; water from mines well as foi- stcamlioals. I>ilTi're'llce' lu'tw 1 , . 11 • . 11 I'l ,• . • 1 1 • 1 111.' Ilei scniid ilic llciii-e Was ninlouiilcdlv in inc rii:ht. \ I In' lir~t steam entjiiie hroiii;lit into tlic picivincc was iii Ji'."'.'iVil'i'''aiir>MMi' 1 lie di-piilc lei^e eiiit of the lax ill • ISl'7, for the Ge'iieral Miniii;: .Kss'iciation. In l.-i-_",) a ''"""'•^■' liranclv. which in l.-^Ji'i, when the ste-aiu ferry was estalilislncl lic't ween D.iit mouth andllal-i rev I'liuc laws h.id hcc'ii carefnily rev ise.|. hadlieiii plac'cd ilax.aiid ihc follow iiii; _\car a sleamlioal plii d lielweeli at one shilliiiij and fourpciicc per j.'allou, Imt, llircmuh a .New ( ;la-i:eiw and I'lcteni. .V .Mechanics" In-iitiile was j luisintcrpic'tatioii of the' law had never heeii (•nforccd. anil j c'si.ililished in ls:\-2, .■nnl Ihiuri-hed for a while, hut per- I onlv one shillin:.' per L;alliiii collcctccl. I'lie llciii- mi i~ln-d for want m' -iipport. .N'olhiiii; of speci.d impcnlance I inilti'c discovered ihis in l.s.'lO. and a bill was inlroduced ;| iirrcd duriii:.' the rcinainder of the aclmini-lra; Jni of imposin;; the acleliiional foiirpi'iice, so as to m.ike tin' lax what It hael lleell inlencled lo lie ill 18J(i alldlh' lliil sir l'i're;,'riiic .\raill,incl. whie li vv.i- lccciU'.:lil to .i chi-e in Oclolier. IS.'!'.', .Mr. Ilciwe. in the A'e**-- -'r^/imi hidejin:; him passed the lloiise. It was, however, rejeciecl I'v the ' '.'iieicl Iiy In the folliiwiiie; not over complinic'iilaiy terms; Council, vv ho desired a coiil'creni'c. anci ihe I leni^e was iln-n iiiforiiiccl liy the ( einncil that it considered the diilics on sever.al article's too hi^h, and llial they oiii;hl to he re- dncecl. 'I'he lliillse. Very propellv. ce illsidelccl this a lireach of iis constitutional privileges, ami rel'iised tec make anv alterati'ili lo please the C'liiincil. aiiel that Icidy refused to pa-s ihc appropi lalion hill, liy uhicii al'oni t'l'i-i.tJlMJ was lost lo ihe piciv incc. and ihe pccsidcnl of ihe ceiiiiicil, iloii. .Michael Wall, ICC, w ho was administrator diiiiinj the temporary aliseiice of Sir I'ei'ecrrine .Maillainl, clisiiiis>c'd the llciii-e in rallici' a pellish s|ii.i.e'h in which he said : " When I had ihe plea~nie' of mceiiiiL' vc'" '"'''' i oil the Mill of l''elii'iiaiy for ihc e|c..palc'li of the piililic i liiisiiitss, and liav!ii 1 i 1 ! |: m m m Ml Tirri.r.s iiistdhy of iiik dominion of ( anada. MKXT OK Tin; Qri-.sTiov of (^ri t Uknts. — ."i. Stati; ok Kkccatiox in Tin: I'iiuvinci-,. Mk. IIowk fikst r;i.K(rKi) ID Faim.iami.v 1. — Ci. Tin; liuKAcii iii;- 1 WKK.X TIIK ColNCII, AM) As» l-.M HI. V. Mu. IIoWK's TwKi.vi; 1{k|I(itIi I|-iiiii (lie tlirniir. ( 'hii'l' .lli-licf UiiiWiTv li:i\ Mi^' ri'-i:;M.'.| :i!'li'|- lliiiM\ li\i' M'.'iin' ><'1-\ ii-c. tile :iili;iini~lr,il ir ;i|ipniiiiii| .Iii.l:^.' II illiliiirliiii Ici llii' v;ic';iticy. Mini ri'i'Diiiiiiiinli-il iLr I Inii^i' lo JU'IVIIII .li|il'_''' IllnUc'V- :l |li'll-iiiin. 'Ir i||~ip ^lllllllilli'il ;l ili^- piili'li IroMi l.iiiil I liiili-riili ricnniMii'iiiliii'^ :iii iinTi-M^f in lln' s;il:irii'^ iif jii.Il;!-.. ilif|i:i\ iicil liciiii; i'iiii-~ii|ri-.'i| ^iillii'ifiil. Till' rliicl'-jii^licr iiiriviil i'x'iil |ii'iMiiiiiiiil : |iiii-^ii(' jil'L'i''-, i'.Vdl; ;i-.>nci;ili' illili'i'. i'.Hill: lii;isli'l' ol' llic i-olN. I'.') |l) : c'liii't'-jii~li''i' Inferior Colin (':i|pi' IJrcloii i'l-'iH; tln' lliri'i' jniJir''^ ol' ilir r.i-!( I'll, ui'^irni :in. t' ln.'i iMc'ii The lloii^c ill reply ai|ii|ilcil :iii :nlilri-.< lo lii.^ Ill.lic-^IV -iMlilli.' lllc \viilill;.'Mr^, of ill.- I loll, I- al all lillH'S III ai'i-i ill- to lii> iii.iii--l\ ', wi^lii-, .-iiiil to i-onirilinli all |io^ sjlJe aiil to ilic i;o\ i-i-iiiiii-iil, u li'-ii ri'i|niri-i| lo ilo ,ii. in lln- iiiaiiiii-r iiri'-crilii-il liy iln- IliiliNli i-oii-liliili' ;i ami lln- u-a'_'e< of till- iinpirial I'.irliaiiii-nt : ami |iiaviil llial lln- ('i)iili-nl of till' i-a-iial :iiiil o ilorial ri-\ miii- ^liniilij In- -^iviMi i ill lln- l|iiii-i-. A i-oH>iil.--.lili- |)iiiiioii of lln- tiim- of lln- A--i'iiililv W.I-; t!iki'ii ii|i ili>i'ii»-iii^ lln- i-iiri-i'iiry i|iii'^liiiii, '■ ii'i'l a Ml! ji.-i-«i'il to llii' i-l'li-i't lliat only coin or li-i-a>iiry lson-> 111- n-i-i-ivi-il for |ii-o\ im-i-il iliilii-^ : lliai .-ill iioii-^ i> siii'il liy liaiiks or iiiili iiliial- -lioiililln- i- >iivi-nil)li- inln ;.'oli| or -ilvi'r nil ilrinaiiil: ilia! tin- pa^-iliir of ,-iiiy liilK not -I) pa\alili' on iliinaii'l -lioiiM In- pi-oliiliIli-i|. I'll' 1)111 pa->i'il ill'- lloi|,i-. iiiil vva^ n-ji-rti-il hy tli.- ( 'oiiin-ll,: till- iiii-iii!ii-r-. liKwrvi-r. i-\pii---in'.' ili'-ir i-on'-uri-i-in-i- in till' priin-ipli' lliat all li.iiik iioli's >liiiiilil lii> roiivi'rlilili- iiito s] ii' on ili-iiiaml. Tlris prii.i-ipli; wa.-* >lii)rllv afli-r , iiiiopli-il. •J. — Sliortlv afti-r llu' opi-iiiiiij of llii' lii-\t >-i --ion of I'.-ii-liaiiii'iit. I>>"il. llii' ailiiiiiii>li-ator 'i-iil ilowii a iin--; Tli.'i'lvi; Msi. sa"i- on tin- Milij- .1 of lii-- i-a~iial anil ti-rri Alllli-k nil 111.' . , ' 1 I ■ 1 I •• l-'iiiiiilv I "Ml tonal |i-\i-ini . ami tin' ipill-|-rllls, i-ni-los- ' r-;';,'''.M""'"' iii.u' .'IN .- ir,-ii-i from a h'tliT of Mr. K. (J. , Staiili-v. -I'l'i-i'l.irv o -I'll' fur ii e roloiiii";. ii; wlili'li Iw I olFi'ri'il to -iii-i'i-ml'-i- i .il:.- (foii-i ill'- carnal ami ii-irltorial j rr\i-liiii-> in 1 \i-liali'^i- fir .( 'iM-'l r'.iil li^l -I'l'l lli'i|ilil- I'riiU.iiii .-uli-'piati- pro\ l-iiiii lii-iii'.j ' . nli ;.ir lln- *iipport .-iml I iiiili-pi-iii|i-iii'i' of till' jii'lii'ial i".t!i!i!!' IJretoii, £|.")0; three iiisiii-('< of C'oiniiioii lMi-:i> ami prcsi- dnits of M-s>ion-. £.'i.')0 i-ai-li ; llie pro\ iinial •ii-retarifs. £1.111111. 1),. lilies £.'i(lil as ri'-,'iMi-r. £100 as elerk of till' (oiimil. anil .£lllil for eleiks ami eoiiliiiiri-iH-ies. The salary of the ;;o\, rnor wa-- lixeil al £l'..')(MI, Tin- piiMi- e.-ition of till- sal.-ir\ li~t i-aii,i-i| i;ri-at iinliifiialion. .is it \va^ liel'l thai the pi'ovim-' w.is mil in a position to >taiiil Ml lii-a\ \ 1 ei\il W-l. ami petitions fi-om several i-oiiiities, as Well a, tliei-ily of Halifax, were pre^eiili'il ii-.:ailist it, illiil. fiiilln-r i-on-i'l'-ratioii of the hill was lai'l over until next -e^-ioii. Nova Si'otia at this time was .-ilmrKt as coinpli'te- l\ ill the h.imls of a •• Family Compai'i " as was l'|)por ( '.Ilia. la. it e.iiitrolli'il the eM'i-ntiM' .'IIhI l.e^i-lallve Coilll- eiU. ill'- I -liii;;^ of whi'-li were hi-lil with ehweil iloors. und wa> Ml \ leii n-ioii, of ii> ii;r|its iiml privili'L'i's diiriiiu- tlii.s se~>ioii. The lir>l atlai'k on tin' oli^arehy wa- m.iile hy Mr. Alex. SteHai'l in the shape of three resolution-- liaviiii; for their ohji-'-i ill.- llirowiii:.' open of tin- 'lo.u-. of iln- ('oiiii- ' I'il ; an iiiereaM' of the niimher of lonneillors hy iiieiii- Iw'i's chosen from tin- country — -all lli ' nieinhers of the Ciiiini'il at this time wi-'' r'--iileiit> of Ilalif.-ix — ami the i|i\i-,liii-„' it of its e\.-.-iiii\'' ]iow'-r~. The I'l'-oliitioii-. I'-'l to milhiiiL; al tin- ti hiii I'l.- i|i-.'-ii-»i f ilnni ili'-w all'-nli'iii to lln- coiiipo'.iiioii of ili.- ( .inneil. ami pre par'''l the pNlilie liiimi for the eli.iiiL''i-- wliieh we|-e to c.iine. .'!. — Major-Co iii-r.il Sir ( olin ('.imphell. K. ( '. l$.,ari-ivr>(l at Il-'lil'.-ix on Ut .liil\. I><.il. ami a--iiiiii-il ihe reins of irovei iiim'iil a- lii'iii'-iiaiit li.h enior. i-''li'-\' ,, , |-:illHI.- 'if rrepi*. iiiL' I!o;i. Mr. .lelVrev after an ailminis itu-i i.-- !i-..iiIiIi'h. ... ■ , .,., T Iii'l.ni. tr.-itioiiol eii;lili'i'ii month'-. I he yi .ir l-'^.i I u.i^ a ilirlv one lor Niva Si-oii.i. ami i-~ i'-'-iall\ f'U- Mali fax. Two ye.ir^' -ii'-i-'---i\ .- ha'l lia'-Msi, ^jri-allv |-i-.lii.-e.l :!ii- prm iner. wiiil.- tin- -i-.-ii-'-ily of eoin. ami tin- ll'ioiliii',' of the eoiinlry with iri'eil'-ein.-ilile pap.'i' mo fv. on w lii'-h lln- peopje hail to lo-'- nearly four p"r eeni. ''.-iii-i-.l not only heavy lo-s hut trreil iiie.iiiv''ni''m-'- Tin- prii-i-s of pro- iliiee fell very miii'li. lUli il-'i'lipcl over thirty p'-r i-i-iit. ami iiiaiiy lii-ivy failiin-s took place in Halifax: hut hii^iiie-- li'oiilile wa-> mil ilie only ealaniit\ that liefcll llaliiax iliirin..; tlii> l.iekle*-- siiiiiiiier. for il;.' |_ri'im spectre of ('li'il''i'.'i inarclii .lliil picsi- :il ■•■rri'lafii's, I'li'lli of tllO .nurii's, 'I'lie II 'I'll., piil.li- L'^IIMlioll. MS it -iiioii to siaiid r.il ''oiiiiiii's. as a.'aiiist it, iiiid. Vil- lllllil IH'Xt t ,is coriiiili'te- .■!■; Wii-i I'ppcr L;i'l:iiivf Coiiii- lo-cd doors, and ;.'<•> diii-inu' this ;i~ made h\ Mr. ioii> liaviiiir for ■ ol llic ('(illll- illor^ liy riicni- ii'iulicrs of tlie il'ax — and tlio M' ri'xiliitioiis |l~-ioll nl' ill, 'til 'oiiiicil. and pre Vvllildl WrlT to <■ '-'. i{..arrivr.l '• day. out of a tital of oiii' liiiinlicd ami lifly-l'oiir iM>i's. At this timr tin; wcallnr iifi'ami' cooIit and the di^ca^i' stcadilv ih'rn-asiil until tiic :?il ( )ctol)('r, when tin; Iliallli IJoanl I'oiind tiir ili^ra^i' had -o lu'arly disappcarod that ihi'y discontinnc'd tiii'ir daily rrports. and shortly after till- I'ily wxs free from the scour;;!'. •1. — Till' first Tiiiipi'raiici' Convention in Nova Seotia was ludd in Halifax in Oetoher ami was attimh'd hy aliout thii'tv ih li'irale- iVoni vaiioiis points SftllcMiiPnt ,.f 111.' . ■ . . . inu'siiiiii 111' (.mil- of till- pioxiner. ijainiin^ to ii'pre-.ent Ueittfl. , . , , , ... Iiltei'ii ilioiisaml ini'inlHa-^ ol ■.ocictii's. a verv ri'spiTialile ^iiowin^f in so -hoit .i time. I'.ii'iianieiit asseinl)!i-d in NoM'inlM-r. and I lie Ll'overnor in hiss pi h from tile liiroiii' said that on ai'i'oiint of the manner in wliieh the (ilVer to siirrenrli'r llie ea-nal and l,'n-iiorial revenues li.i.l been n'ei'ived last si--, on. it would not Im- i-i-n.-md ; Imt he was !iiithori/ed to olfer to riliiiipii-h tiie ^piii i-i-i,ts in considi'ralion of a paxiie-nt of t wo tiions.tnd pounds per iliniiim. alioiit on'- tliii-'i "f tln-ii- value, .-ind if the House did not ; ept the olf.r the rents would lie eolli-eti-d at OIK'e. Tlie i|lle~tioli W.-^^ spc-edily t.dieii lip liV the House, and alter a sharp di-li.ile the olfer was ,ier,ptcd, the ilinonnt liein^ -pec-ilied a- in payinc-iil of the lienli-n::nt-;;ov ornor s s.-ilarv. A eood ileal oi di.se.iis.sion took pl.-iee as to the inenase of the niiiidier of ports of eiili'v. and a.i addre-s whieh was an exeellelit exhiliit for the prfivilif'e. 'I'll .'inionni rii-i-d hy volniit iry sii'isi'ripiions was SI.?.|ii'i and in addition ilnrr wa.-^ p.-iid out of tin- treasury Sl't.'siiii. The term of the Hoil-e of .Vssi'iiilily h.-iviii;; e\|iii-ed in li^ot"), an election w.-i-, held in that year, and Mr. .losi-ph Howe and .Mr. William .^iinand were ele.-ted to i-cpi-i-x-ni Halifax County. .Mr. Ilowi' h.-id liei-n for m.-iny years a prominent journalist, and liad i-ver lieen fori'inost in lle- caii-e of reform in the many exisiinu' ahuscs. and he wa- even now hein;; loidxed on as the prop|i-\ cliainpion a;i.-nnst olhcial corrnplion ,-iiid ,-iliii^e of pl.-iei- and powi-r. I Mr. .\niiand in his ad lir-- to iln- eh-ctoi's declared hini-elf ill f.-ivor of th - pro\inee li .viiiir control of the c.i-ii;d .'iiiil territorial i'-\ i-iiins ; of inereaM-d inli-rnal eoiiiiniiniesition lictwc-eii dilferent parts of the province; of a more liberal school sy-teiii, wliidi would eiialile '_'reati-r iiuinliers lo enj-iv tin- hlr- -in-j-: of I'du'-atioii ; and lli.it the I.cei-lature should •-iie.iin-M;.fe a ;;rjcii|i lire, the I (ihherii-s. and dome^iic inaiinl'.iciuri-s. I>. — .Shortly after the opeain;; of the next si-s^imi an '. alt.-ii-U was made in the Coiiin'il liy Mr. ' )'Conner Hoyle, wiio moved ilial ihi- i-ii-lom of ilic Council .,., , , , I III' I'lt-.-M-h I..>- sitliii'' with closed diMiis wa- conlrarvto i«'.-n ili.- CMnn.-il ntnl \S^.M|I>|V. iho practice of the Hoiim' of Lords, and Mr. ll""'-'.^i«.-lvo , ., -I - I 1 • 1 1 r'-."I"ii"iis. I lie ( 1 III llc-l Is ol oilier colonies. , -nil I oppose! I to till' spirit of till' I'liiii-li ( on-liliitioii. The Council was hiu:hlv indi:.Mi.-int. and iefii,i-d a coiifei-i-ii,-e with !l to Ills iiiaj e-lv wa> ino\ d piMyiiii; that the ail\anta'.re of onimitti-e appoinii-il liy tlie llou«o. ileclariii'.f the ai'tioil III heinu- allowed to h i\!' forei:.'n vessels I'liler. without liav- of lln- Hoii-e a lire.-ich of the privili :.'!' of the Council anil ( a xiol.itioii of ili-it l'ai-|i.-iiiii-nl.-iry ii.-a^'e wliieli pi-nhiliifs teri-d at St. .lohii or St. .Vndrew. Im 111' lloii-e from interfering with tin.- internal i-i-i;iilalioiis lliii pi'i'vion-ly i-nti'i teniii'd to Lnni-nliiir;;. \Vindsor. .Vricln-t and otln'r placi': but no attention wa- p.iid to the ,-iddri'~~. Tin- ye.-ir is.'i.'i ot the other. Mr. Hi opein-il with a liliel siiit. On ihi-l~i of .laiiuarv .Mr. tion^ mi the Lieiieral -tnii'lurc and comhicl of ihe Cniincil. .Io-«!'ph Howe piiWlishi'il in his pa|)er,thi' A'kck .'^Cll/l^//(, a let- j whii'li jiave a iiia -.li'riy exhiliilion of tin- stale of ihinils -xt introiliici-d fW!'l\ ill ter slu;nei 1 "Thi' 1' in which the nia;;i-trates mi'I'i- j then existing in tlii> province. A hrief n-suiiii' of thesi' ]•' : we then-fiiie <'\\i> ill!' holdlv anil plainly ehariTi-il with i-'irruplion. and -onn- fun re-oliilions will provi- inti'ie-tii was maile of the liowrnor Sir CoJint aniiihcll. Ih lollovin:.' ^\ leip^is, as iiearlv a^ >ilil!-. in the Wold- of Irii'd for lilii'l at till' ni'Xt -es-i.iii. Iiiit ilefi-ndi-d liiin-i-lf so ! tin- aiilhor : "In the inl'ancy of lln- i-olony (•leverlv that the jiirv hroiiudil in a veriiii-t of " not unili.v." I nient lis ivein- was iii-ci's-aril V vi'steil in ivernor ami Council {{reatly to the sati-faciion of .Mr. Howe's frieiid-i. amleipial- .'iiid i-mii afh r a re| ilalixe .\>-einlilv «a- iri-aiiteil. wl lo hii iself. as the tri.-it lii'li was ifiowini; I'a^t. d Ids |loliUl.-|lllV. llr I" ll elloo-in:.' Iin-lullels of Ifilllicil eXcjl from the heads of deparlmeiiN, .-iiid pi-i-~oiis re-iiii-nl in •'riie ino~l iioleworthv cireiimstance eoi 'Wd willi the cupii.-il, was still pursued, and with a solitary exception the scsion of 1-S'!i'> was the aiiiioinlment of a cKinmiltee j had liecn eoniiinn d to tlie piv-eiii lime Tlie praeiii Slati' iif i<>liirnl|iiii ill ilii' I'invitii-i'. Mr. Iliitti' lirsl i-li-'-ii-il III I'lti'lin- to inipiiri' into the nnnince. an tin ^tate ol ediicatiim in , eirecl of tlii^ -\-ti •11 111 the lllnhe^t I f.oui tl le report Ian! injuriiius to the inlere-t-. oi ijn- coiinlry, iii.-i-inin-li a~ one lielore the lloii-e ""'"'• knowleilL'e of the -late of eiliicalinii in the province in l-'^-i-"). ,\n .-nl for tin- c-laMi-hnieiit of I'limmoii and uranimar schools had lieeii pa^-ed in \>*',>'2, I depi lldiim on the \o|i|lit;U'y I'lilltrihlltioiK of le l-epolt diows tll.-lt ill |S.'!."l there Were live liiimlred , -mil thirl v »cliii.'ls in the province. ;.'aiii -oai" ii-efnl ,] liraiicli of liie Le^i-latili'i had lii-eii ;;eiii'rally eoiiipo-ei! if the support ih'pi inlini; oi each school di-tinl. T vho, from wiii'it of Inc-il knowledL'c and experience, Were not iplalilicd to decide upon tile \\anls nl 1 di-taiit pol'tiolis of the pi'oviii ihii-ll the elfol'ls of till li alleiided hv an auurcLiale of liiieeii I loiisaiid children, I i-presi'iitative hraiich were in many insl.-incc- mulralized, .\llloll'.i the proof- lll.ll nii-,dll he addlleed of the evils ari-iiiii' from the imperl'eci slrueiiire of tin- Coiincil. ii uas only nei'e--arv lo refer to the unsncces-fnl i-ll'ni-'i- of llie I 1-1 I I "I J !!' :i!l ; ll||l ^il ' \\\i ■ -i lu; Tl TTLF.S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. .\~-i'tii!ily tn rxtcml lo llic ,;'i!|Mi|-N till' ;i'lv:i ilt.l'jrs (if I foreign tr.-uU' : to the l:ir<;c' sinii wliicii it w.ts ciiinin-llfil. iiftiT .1 ]o\)iX ^IniL'-'l"'. til rr^i^ii for llic .■iippoi-t of tlic ni-loiiis r«t:ilili^luiu lit ; to llir ililliiullii'- tlirouii in tlic \v;iy of a lilii'i'al sv>lfi)i of idiicatioii. .iIhI tolln' iii'cnt aliortivc atlc'in|it to al)oli^ll tlio fft"< tikcn lu llir jii'lm's of the Sii|)ri'ino Court. At tlie last ci'iisU'i of tlic |io|iii- lalion. taken in 1x27. tlii» nuTiilifr-iiip of tlic F,|iiM'o|ial Cliurcli was twcnty-ciLrlit tlMii^aiul, ami that of the I)i«-('iiti'r> one hmnlrcd ami (ifti'cn thoiisaml ; vil the ajipoiijinents to tho Council were mainly inailc fidiii the nicinlnTs of the F,|iiseo|ial Churcli, so a> to >eeiire to tiiat boily a deeiileij inajoi-ity at the l?oaiil. There were now ill tlie Council i'ij.'ht ineiiil)(>rs reproentinj: the Church, whilst tiie I're-liyii liaii-^, «lio were iinieli moi'e nuinerons. hail Imt three representatives, aii'i the Umnaii C.-ilholics — a lariie lioilv — Inel Imt me repirsfiitati\ e ; the Metl' ill ts anil l'a|ili>ts lieinj; entirely uiirepre«enteil. llie Hishop of the I'",piseopal ( hiireli was a nieinlier of Council, whilst the Uoni.iii (':.lholie lli^lmp. ami elerL;y- ineii of all other !lenoiiilii.;liolis were exclinleil. The re-nlt of this state of thinus was a ijeiieral ami injiii'ioiis .system of favoritism ami monopoly, extemlin;; alnm-i throii;^li every (leparlineiil if tin puhlie seivice. hm r which the local government ha^l no control, lliereliy ve^ting ill the hands of a part of the population the resources arising from the imlii-try of the whole, ami creating invidious distinution ami jealous discontent in the mil. (Is of a large iiiimhcr of liis majesty's sulijecls. Two family connections embraci^d five nieinhers of the Council. Till very recently (ive others were copartners in one merchantile concern, and to this circumstance might he attrihuted the failure of the efforts of the Asscmlily to fix a .standard of value, and estaldish a sound ciirrencv in the province. The Assemhiy had for years a>serled this right to .'ontrol the casual and territorial revenues of tile coiri.'.v, whether arising from the fees of olllce. the sale of h.iids. or the royalty paid iipiui the pimliiee of the mines ; lint their elVorls In olit.lin justice had lieeii iins|iceess| id. The l.nids of the pro\ ii were in elTect mort;:a'.;e(l to pay tli( inmissioner a salary oiil of all proportion to the services he was ealled upon to perforin, while all the mines and mirieraU of the province had heeli leased for sixty years to a wealthy F'-n^dish company without the consent of the representa- tivi'S of the people. The presence of the ehief-justice at the Council Hoard was unwise and injurious, having a lemlelicv to lessen the re.spect which the jieople ought to feel for the courts over which he presided. From the warm interest he had always felt in juihrc i(Uestiiins. and particularly in some of those in which the representative liramh and the Council had lieen diametrically opposed, and from the iiillneiice which his position gave him over a numerous liar, lie had generally been regarded as the i, head of a political [lartv .ind fre(picnllv liroiiLiht into violent conlliet with a pco|i|e imlnieil with the truly liritish idea that judges ought not to mingle in the triiiK and contentions of pi'ilics. The e\ils arising from the structure of the Council, .■uid the disposition evinced hv some of its ineniliers to protect their own interests and emoluinenls ,it the pulilic expense, were rendered more injurious liy the umdnsiitntioiial and insulting practice still iiertinaiiously adhered to liy that body, of shutting: out the people from their delilieralions, a practice which. wa> opposed to that of the ijoiise of Lords in Fnglaml.of the I,e:;isl;iii\ e Conmils i,f Lower ( 'an.ada. New IJruiis- wick. I'rince I'-duanl Isliiml and Newfoundland, and |)ersevered in mil w ilhstamling the murmurs and complaints of the people. ,and the repeated representations and remonsirances nf the Asscnilily. In ICngland. the people liy one vole of their re|iresenlalive could change the miids- try. and aller any coiiise of policy injurious to their interests: Imt here the ministry and his majesiy's council, coinlimini,' Legisl.iiive. .ludicial and Fxeciilive powers — Iield their seats for lil'e, and treated with contempt or iiidilVereiice the wishes of the people, and the repre.se;;ta- tives of the ( 'oininiins. In I'.ngla id the representative liraiich could compel a reilrcss of grievances hy withhold- ing the supplies, i lire they had no such remedy, liec.iiise the .salaries of nearly all the |iiililic o!licer> lieing provided for hy a permanent clause, or paid out of li.e c.isual or territorial revenues, or from t he produce i,f ilulies cnllcctid uiuler the inijierial acts, a stoppage of .siipjilies, while it inllicted a great injiiiy on the country hy leasing the roads, liridge.s and other essential services unprovided for, would not touch the emoluments of the heads of depart- ments ill the (,'ouncil. or of any hut a lew of the suliordin- ate oiricens of the government. As a remedy for these grievances it was siig;,'ested to pray his majesty to take such steps, either liy gianting an elective Legislative Cijuncil, or hy such other reconstruction of the local giivernineiit as Would insure respon>ihility to the Ciiininiins. and confer on the people of the |iro\ince, what tliev \ .lined aliov I' all other pii.sst.ssinns. the lilessiiigs of the llrilish ('•-nsiiinlion. 7. — The (ouncil w.is deeply incensed at these resolu- tion-, and, on .'iih Ma;eli, sent ;i iness^i^re in die House that null s- the i-esnliin.iiis wei-e rescinded it inil-t. nut of seh-respect. refuse to hold A.ii.in .it llic , ' 1 I ' eltll'il, 'I'll.' IC^ ,'in\ cnininiinicatlon wliate\ir witli the uliui.uisrwiinlcd. Assenilily. This acii.in (■.•c.itcd a pro- found seiisalion. and .Mr. Il.iwe moved to rescind tlie resolution, so that the liusine-s of the sesNion might ]iriiceei|. The imitioiito rcs.and was c:u'rlcd. ami the Hvo Houses w.irke(i together in aiipareni harmony again, llul .Mr. Ilo.ve had gained his end in iiaving the resolutions made pulilic and forcing the Coiincii into the undignilieil altitude of ihreatuning to Interrupt pulilic husinoss iiules.s ly lii :m i^iiiir from tlic itidii fvirjciMl liy (Ml iiitciois iiiid ' iiiiili'ii'il more i^iilliiif,' |i|-:irlicc loily, ol' sliiittiiis ii:iclii'(' wliii'h. iii Kli^l:ilJil.of |il;i. Niw IJllIIIS- I k\ I'dUiiillaliil. :iii(l s :mii| ('()iii|ilMiiiU I -iiilatiinis aiirl i ;laliil, till' people llMIIUi' lilt' liiiiiis- iiirioii-i to ilifir laji -ty'.'i coimcil, <'iili\c po\Mis — itii I'oiiiciiipt or I tlic iipn'.s(;:-,tii- II' n'prc>c>iii:itiv(' i<'i's l)y wiililjolil- Irliirily, liic.iuso > lifiiij; pr()\ iilc'd of tl.i' I'.i-iial Of if illllic^ (•(iil<'l.'tC(l applies, wliilo it I' liy Icasiiiu" the > iiiiproviilcd for, heads of dcpart- of the suhordin- •t'liiedy for tliose majesty to take ■live Le;ri.sl;,tive oil of the local isiliility to the 11' pruviiicc, what till? l(lessiiij;s of at lllese re-olu- :<■ to the House I Arliull uf till' I ■MlMiil. 'I'lli' IP* * ulllliiMllt n-ni'illroving any inati'rial point. The governor, who favored the Council, <'on- gratulated it on its address, and jiromised to lay it at th~einldy. So the hreacli was hridgid over for the time heiii''. ciiArrKu X( IX. NOVA SCOTIA— FROM 1M.;7 TO If^lO. 1. Tuoiiii.i. wmi iti'.uAiii) Ti> Tiir. Fisiiiin (.^i.kstiox. Ai iiKN iiK riii: Assi-.Miti.Y.— •-'. Kii-i.cr oi- rm: CaNAIHAN KlIll.l.l.liiN IN Nl>\ A SrilllA. — ."). Hk- KDKMs laiANri'.i) iiv nil; IIdmi; ivivi.iiwii.s r. Vs- I'DI'LI.AU ACriilS OK Stlt Cl)l-1N C A M I'll 1.1.1. . 1. CoNCKSsioNs MAKK TO riii; Pkovimi;. Oi'i'osmox TO Coxn;iir.UATii>.N. — •'). Tiik i-i::.sr Wak Sri.A.Mi;ii.i. FiKsr Haii.wav i.v Nova Scotia. 1.— The li-lieiy question has always liceii a llouhle- some one to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and unfor- Tn.iil.l.' with r.'- tlllKltelv is Hot iiuite stitisfaetorilv settled giuil to til.' ti^liirv ■ , ,. , ' i|iii.'^ion of Cmaila to I'jiglaiid in ITfi'!. the tish- vry ipiestion was almo>t selllccl. until the reiognitioli of till' independence of the I'niteil Slates, liv the treaty of 17s.'!, gave rise to new complications, l?y that treaty lilieitv Wiis j;i'.iiiir(l to llie .Vmeiicaiis to li'-h on the Grand Hank and all the oilier hanks of New .'oiindland, and also in the (iiilf of the Si Lawrence; Imt they were not to Inive the right lo dry or can any li-li in tiny settled hay, creek or hailior of .Nova Scoiia. I.alirador, or the .Mag- dalen Islands. As soon as iiny hay or harhor was settled it was to he tdiaiidoncd tis a li^hin^ slatinn, unless an ugreemeiit was made willi llie inhaliitaiits for a coiitimi- tince of the iii:lit. This tirrangcincnt \ iriiially gtive the .Vniericaiis tis great privileges tis the Nmti .Scolians and New louinllandcrs, and was e.vticmcly disttistefiil to the two latter |(eoples. The war of 18lu'--l") put a slop to American lishilig for the time heiiig, and the Nova Scotians took advtiiitage of the tciiijiorary suspension to petition the Home goveriiiiieiii that itieir riglits should in fuliire he more llioioiii;hly piolected liy treaty eliactmelit. ISy ihi^ licaiy of r.iris. IHl."), the fi>lieries i|Ueslion vvas left til a conveiilioii wiiicli did not settle the terms on which llic Americans could li>li in Novti Scotia and Newfound- land waters until 1HI8. when an arrangement was agreed to hy which foreigners were e.\eltiileil from (i>hiiig within three miles of the headlands or landing oi: the coast. These [iriivisions were .ipecdily hrokeii hy the American lishermeii. who liought halt from the inlitihitai.ts, set nets in the liarhors, and otherwise violated the treaty. These infringements of the rights of the people of Nova Scotia hj the .\meiican li^hermen — and alsohy the P'reiich. alth 'i not to so great an ext(!tit — caused much dissatisfiietion, and at the session of lNo7 the Assemhly moved an ad- dress to his majesty on the snhjcct, and tilso voted i.'.')00 for the arniiiig of smtill vessels to protect the coast. 2. — During the session of l.s;!7 an effort was made to incorporate the town of Htilil'ax, hut was iiot successful. Mr. Howe had for some time been attack- ,., . , ,, KiTiit iif ilif I ii- iii'' the corniiilion of the civil adniinisira- iiu'IIhh it.iuiiii.n • 1 1 ' ,1- ■ . , . il'-N"^"S.nli.i tioii, ana a large piihlic meeting was held at the K.\cliange ColVee House at which resolutions pray- ing the Legislature for an act of incorporation were ptiss- ed ; Imt the I Ioii>e refused to grant the petitinn. The outlireak in Cppei- and Lower Canada iiiider .Mackenzie and I'apineau imi wiili no respoii-e or eneouragemelit ill NoVii Scotia, on the contrary, indeed. Mr. Howe's popu- larity was impaired for :i while, on account of his agita- tion in lavor of reform, and he was styled hy his enemies the I'apineau of Nova Scotiti ; "hut Mr. Howe, while a consistent and persistent Kefornier, was not a rehel like I'apinetm or .Mackenzie, and never contemplated attaining reform hy any other than constitutional means ; a jiosi- tion which he was viiy careful toexplain at a puhlic meet- in;; held to raise fnihK to support the wives and children of the -oldicrs in garrison at ILililax who were sent to Canada to ;is>i>t in -iipprcssing the rehellion tliiTe. At this meeting he read extracts from ti letter wriiteii hy him to .Mr. Chapman in answer to letieis from him a^kiiii.' the co- operation of Mr. IIowi! and the Nova Scotia rel'orniers with the Papiiiciiu paity. The extracts from .Mr IIowi''s letter rennirked on the desirahleiiess of using sincerity anil frankness on the suliieet. ;ind sltiteil that seveii-eiirliths of ! the population of lln^ Lower l'io\ince woiihl he opposed to Beparatioii from the crown ; that lln^ peopli' were sin- cerely attachcil to the .Mother Coiinlry, that the ol.ject of the rel'ormcrs was the pniilication of their institutions, and that they never assumed that justice could not he attain- ed hy peaceful and constitutional means. ISIr. Howe and his party ai'ted up to their professions, and although there wtis much political agitation in Nova .Scoti.i during 1S.'!7-H, thi;re wa- no rehellious outhreak as there was in I'pper and liower Canada. "i. — The session of lS,'t.>! Was opened ill .laiiiiary. when the governor informed the Assemhly of the siippiessing of llie rehellion in /-ower Canaihi, and i<>i"iiiii; u-mntc-.i thanked the people, tliroti.rji their repieseii- "iiiiii.tii, t njM.p- 'I . . ' ul.ir mtiiiii of sir tatives, for the loval tiiid ptitiiotu: manner Colin r,im|ib<;ll. I 1 , i ■■I |!" i .| I y, I i ll \Ur till' III lil-. A|i|ilicaliipii was alxi iiiadr, in ilic .uimimit of <:iiiw ii-k, and his l(iril~iii|i |iriiiiii>i'i| to ;.>i\t^ will llir 111 ilhr Ills allciilinii. Diiriiii; llu' IdllDwiii;,' year lliii lllis llialti' ■ was |iiil iiilii dcliiiili' sliapc liy llic j:uvtiiiiiiciit eli- Ullg 1 t'''''"« iiilKii (-'oiitriKitwilh Ml'. Saimii'l C'liiiard (al'lerwanU ll I .v.,1 I,, |-:„uhll;(l ^iuiiiiii::ns|i(iii. ('iiiiiii'il :i|i|iiiini- ^ M. Wilkin, to ;i>viriiiiiiiit. Till' iiilciN ji'iv-, wiili iccssioMs. Ciiin- Mii'l I.miciilnir;!; tiiiii- and lAcisi! ; iil"iiii fl..'iiM(a wivr .ilc.'i.il in •111. A liill was ailiial scirliis to '•. Till' |iiililicii- j III' riiili>li Aiiii'r- I III all llic' iirov- , ^ • 1 I ^iiilia. ami |>i>|i- | |iriiji-ciiM| iiiiiiiii. ! iiji^ a^'aiii-l till! I llii«~ : •• Tliat ii ! I'lilmiiis Wdiilil ! iraclicalili' iin'as- ! mid lnciiiiiii'iitiy I Ci'iiiiii V a-, well ' I'V Mlllllil hv to j laic, liy iiiihuilij^ ' fli'Cli\r iiislilii- ! lirili^h iiiii^litu- 'iiii's. w hli'li art! al (lis(ii^-i..ii> (if 'mmI and i.'iaiiaal ■'|iialc liim lit to lar:,'!'." iMM- vvliiili eli- i> dniini,' tliL'se ■ I'll'' lirst (li'.'aii Si.'Mrii.T-. I''niit ■ ''•■"l».a in NuMi nlnihcntl) ccti- V-i early as l.s;i,S and dtlii'i's to lalil'ax anil I,iv- ad an inti r\ iivv r.risiiil Strain I'l-wards alhiid- '' U'ls/irii, \\ lio I'll till' line |ii'(»- dy for carryiii!; till' snniMic'r of dr. Win. ( raiii', iiini-iil to i.iivi! Dwiii^' year tliii govoriinient cii- iiird (aftorwards m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V m /. // A ./a S- 2i 7a 1.0 I.I I^I^S 12.5 1^ 1112.2 Hf 144 — Hf li£ 112.0 i.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" ► V] <^ /a om % %''^ 'ij^^' ^/. /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 073-4503 ) /% Ua ^ i\v ] 1 ' m h I : w {NtlMVIO [dPHiSSIYIOR tUIILt r. HIblORy Of U» OOMINION lOFINU BIOGRAPHltS 5U INDU 1III BURIANU DlSBARAl'j lllMO (.UMf M I ' Kii NOVA SCOTIA— FROM Is II TO ISIC. ■Ml) kiiijflitC(l) a native of Halifax, for tlii> carrvitiir of a wi'ci\ly mail l)('t\vi'e slight ones, have occurred, and tlu' mails have been delivered with almost unvarying regnlaritv. The year juevious to the e>tabli>linient of steam comnniiiicalion with Great ISritidn saw the opening of the lirst railway in Nova Scotia, the line between the Albion coal mine^ ami the linnling ground at Xew Glas- gow. Tiie event was celebrated liy n gi-.ind bantpiet, at which ujiwards of two thousainl persons sat down, and a newspa]ier of the d:iy ird'orms its readers that ihen,' was not iin unem|il(iyed (idille or bagpijie from Cape .John to the Garden of Kileii. C'lIAPTRIl C. NOVA SCOTI.V— FROM 18H TO 1840. 1. Hi:siM)Nsiii[,f. Govf.iiNMKXT i(;xi)Ui:i> itv Siu Colin CvSIIMii;!.!.. — •-'. A VUTK (II- WANT OF CONl'IDENCE IN riiK Kxi.ci Tivi; Cor.Ncii, rAssi.n iiv rin-, As- si.Miii.Y. — .">. Tin; Assr.Miii.Y i>i;mani)s Siu Coi.is'.s 1{i;movai.. — I. Tin; Colonial Si:ci! .taiiv's ,Sri;i;cii IX Tin; Imit.kial Takliamknt. — 6. Auhival ok Till'; FlKST OCICAN SrLAMKIi. VlSIT OK TIIK GoV- i;i!Xou-Gkni;kal to tiii; I'kovixci:. — G. A Coalition Govi;i{N>'KNT. Mil. Ilowi; Elkctk.I) .Si-k.akku. In- COUI'OUA ION OK HaI.IKA.X. — 7. DlKKKIlKNCKS ON Tin; (ilKSTION OK KllLCATION. 8, TlIK GoVKIiNOIt DissoLVKS Pauliamioxt. 'I'm-; Ukkokmkks RKSKiN KKOM THK CoLNCIL. — I). VoTK. OK WANT OK CoN- KiDKNCK IN Tin-; Council Dk.kkatk.d. Mit. IIowk.'s AlTACKS ox TIIK, (ioVKIlNOIi. 10. AoiTATION KOI! A Railway iik.twkkx IIalika.k axu Quehec. Ki;- ( ALL OK LOKI) FaLKLAXI). 1, — The excitement with regard to responsible gov- ernment was now greatly increasing. The Assem- bly of New Hrunswiek lirnl already sueceeded in very iiearlv attainin;; it, ;iiid the poi.uhir braneli It'-'i^nsiiiio c.n- ■' _ ' ' ITIllllt'Ilt lu'MiM'i'tl of the Nova Sc'oti.'i Hoiim' was ear- !•» sirtolin cami'- , ..... . i"^;i. neslly iirgnig it, while meetmgs were held ill almost ail tin; principal towns, and resolutions passed in favor of resjMinsible governnuMit. Near the end of IH.'i'.l, Lord .lolui Russell, then colonial sccretarv, addressed acirculnr to Sir.Iohn llarvt^y, then governorof Nt!W Brunswick, in which lu; c;illed attention to the l)eculiar teiiuic of ollici; of the public; olliceis, who held oiriec> for life, and were liable to removal onlv for b.ul conduct, while the governor's commission was revoked whenever the public service; seeniecl to recpiire a change. The governor was, therefore, instructed that in future; these ollicers would be reganled as liable to the same re- moval in the interest of the public service as the gover- nor ; and. further, th.it a mere change of governor would bo suflicMc-nt cau-e tor a change of the crown advisers, if his successor thought it in the jiublic interest to make; such changes. This was, in reality, ;i milcl form of r«;- sponsilile government, and was so regardc-d by the Nova Scotia reformer.-,, but Sir (olin Campbell and his Kxecu- tive Council woiihl not so i- • i ' 4')0 TUTTLE'S HISTORY (tF THE DOMIXIOX OF CANADA. r it, and IiIh iiistruptioiis re(iiiiri"il tliat Ik; should iidiiiiiiistcr his gov(,'riiineiit in accordance wi'h tlic wishes of tlie jx'o- plo. .'}. — Sir Colin, liowevcr, was not to 1)0 persuaded. He had resolutely set his face a<,'iiinst responsible };overiini(Mit. „, , ,, , and he fou'dit it as eoura^eouslv and as The AksoiuMv do- " ^ MiiiiHlsirCoUi.'s i)crsistentlv as he, fourteen vearg after- rfiiiii\nt. * * ' ^ * wards, foui,dit tile Russian army at lial- aklava with his " nohle six hundred." He replied to tlie House that to comply with its recpiest would be to intro- duce a change! in the fundamental law of the province, and he could not interpret tlie secretary's letter as bear- ing so Mieral a construction as that; he therefore de- clnied to make any changes in the Executive Cfuincil. The Hous(,' and tlu' governor were now at direct variance ; and the only course left for the former to resort to was to petition the Home governnuMit to remove Sir Colin, which was done in a very moderate toned address, cal ml j' bu' f()rcii>]v setting forth the reasons for tli(! 'csired change, and couched in such respectful, but .til)le language that the Home government could not lau to see, that if the governor would not exercise the power placed in bis hands, some one must succeed him wl-.o would. The concludi' ^ paragraph states the case very clearly : " That your majesty will join with this House in obviating the necessity for such appeals " (referring to appeals to the [jublic o[iinion of the other colonies, and not to arms, as may be inferred) ; " that you will repress these absurd at- tempts to govern provinces by the aid, and for the exclu- sive benefit of, minorities, this Assendily coiilidently believe ; and in asking your majesty to remove Sir Colin Campbell, and send to Nova Scotia a governor who will . it only represent the crown, but carry out its polii'y with lirii'.ncss and good faith, the rejiresentatives of Nova Scotia perforin a painful duly to their sovereign, and to their constituents, but recomnieiid the only reme(ly which they fear can now he ajiplied to establish harmony be- tween the executive and the Legislature of this ])rovince." •1. — A public meeting was held in Masonic Hall, Hali- fax, on 30th I\[arcli, 1810, at which the action of the Asseniblv in requesting the recall of Sir rolar'^';s'">''h; t'oliii Campbell was freely discussed by Assembly ; but, after a debate of about seven hours it broke up in some confusion and both [lar- tie claimed to have liai', IS 10, iiiKJ took tile o.'Ulis of olRi't' im tin; .'tOtli. Altiiou; Sir Colin C;iin|)Ip('ll had hccn stronjjly opposed by the re- formoi-s, iiiiil his rorall asked for by them, lie was not prr- sonally unpopular, for thi^y could not fail to admire the firm, upright, honorable character of the soMier, whose niisforiune, not his fault, it was to be placed in a position requii'ing statesmanlike qualities he did not |)ossoss ; and when he t'lok his departure from Halifax his carriage was drawn down to tiic! steamer by members of the St. George's, North Hritish, and Highland Societies. 6. — Very shortly after the installation of Lord Falk- land a ehang(> was made in tlie Kxecntive Council ; M(!ssrs Jeffery, Collins, Cogswell and Tobiii were requested to retire, and Messrs. Howe and MeXab, as represen. tative reformers, were called to tiie Council. " Responsible government," says Campbell. " was now firmly established. Four years ago a Council of twelve persons, cho>,en from the capital, with one exception, formed the second branch of the Legisla- ture. They sat like an interesting family party in private, the governor having no power to increase their number. Tiie whole executive power of the government was vested in these men, who were never re([uired to appeal to the people, holding, as they did, their ollice for life, as the advisers of the governor and the rulers of the prov- ince. Under Lord Falkland's government, the Legislative Council consisted of twenty members, nine of whom rejv resented tlie rural districts — their deliberations being con- dncted with open doors. Of the ten men who comjiosed the Executive Council, six were members of the represen- tative blanch, and were consequently obliged once in four years to solicit the suffrages of tlie people — a wholesome constitutional check being tiuis vested in the constituen- cies." The dissolution of the House in the fall of 1840, and the consequent election, caused considerable excite- ment, but the complexion of the House was not materially changed bj' the result, and the reformers still maititained a respectal)lo majority. On the meeting of the new House, in Febrnary, 1841, Mr. Howe was elected speaker. The principal feature of Lord Falkland's speech from the throne was his advocacy of a principle of general assess- ment for educational purposes ; but the Assembly did not adopt it, substituting in its place an act granting £6,000 per annum for four years for education.al purposes, and authorizing the governor in council to appoint five or more school com:^:ssioners for each county, the commis- sioners having the power to divide the counties into school districts. Another important act of this session was the incorporation of Halifax, an .act which had been defeated on three former occasions. 7. — Nothing of very special importance occurred during the years 1841-2, and the session of the latter year was devoid of particular features except an act ,,, . ' . ' IMnereiicvB (111 till' to consoliilate tile criminal I'ode, and one iin'i'tloii i>f iMi-.i.n- for the better care and protection of the Indians. The session of ISl.T opened qiiietl'( ; Mr. Howe having been appointecl collector of colonial rev- enue, was succeeded in the speMker.-.hip by Mr. M illiam Young, who defeated his opponent. .Mr. HLnitiiiglon, by two votes. Early in the session a vt'ry spirited di'l>ate tof)k place on the question of endowments to colli'ges, and which eventually caused the temporary defeat of the Reform party. It must bo remembered that the Executive Coun- cil was a coalition government, and that when Mr. Howe and his reform friends took seats in that liody it was on the express stipidation that tliey held olllce sis long oidy as they had the conlidenee of the people as expressed by the majority of the House. The Tory members of the Exei'Utive Council — always oppo-ed to anything ap- proaching responsible government — scouted the idea of their tentireof oflice depending on tlie suj)port of the As- semlily, and ililfered very widely from their Reform col- leagues on many other points. Amongst these was the question of education ; Mr. .lohnson, leader of the Tory [mrty, was in favor of denominational colleges, supported l)y grants of public money ; Mr. Howe and the relormers favored a Provincial University of an undenomiiialioiial character, and tl'.erefore the question of education be- came a di. jct test question of party strength. 8. — The House being in conunittee of the wliolt! on the state of the province, Mr. Aiiinind introduced a series of resolutions on the subject of college xhe oovemor dis- endowments. Petitions had been laid on r.'''^' " i:«rii""i'"i- J III? lu'lornii'iK Ti-'- tho ti.ble asking for endouments for two smnfromihocomi- " cil. more denoMiinational colli s, and Mr. Annand pointed out that tl. :e wire already four colleges of that class receiving gover aid. and that the total amount granted, including to the academies of the shire towns, would raise i ,i d grant to the higher branches of education, or in other words, to the education of rich, or comparatively rich, men's children, to £ L.'iOO, while onl}' about £8,000, could be afforded for common schools, or for the education of the poor. He contended that with a population of only three hundred thousand, one undenominational provincial college was suHieit-nt. The resolutions were offered by the Tory party, who fa- vored the old system ; but an amendment to that effect was defeated by a vote of twenty-six to twenty-one. The excitement was very great, and several puiilic meetings were held ; but the governor, at the instance it was sup- posed of the Tory party, dissolved the House, and the election which followed resulted in the return of a small majority of the followers of Mr. Johnson, the Tory lead- er. This act of dissolution was regarded as rather an unwarrantable stretch of the royal prerogative, and the breach between the governor and the Reform party was :|| U'li Ti rn.Ks iiiMoiiV or tiik dominion of ( anada. still fuiflicr wiilciipd ill Urci nilici. wlir;i Mr. .M. 15. AI- Isdii. 11 i{(iitliiii;iii wlici was a rclatixc iif .Mr. .IhImisdii's. Imt liail not ascat iiicilliiT liraiirli of tln' r.r^ri^lMinn., wa.-; callcil to the Exi'ciilivc Coiiiii'il Uv l.niil Falklaml, wlio rnaiiilaiiiiMl tliat tlic i'i;,'lit of aii|Miiiiliiii; to ollici' rested cii- tii'clv ill Ills own li.iiiiU. ( >n ilic .iiiiioiiiliiiriii liriiii; iii.ailc iiiiowii. !Mcs ;i lcn;.'tliy ri'plv, ill wliicli lie denied .any iiitenlion of a cli.iii;;e of [lolicy, and st.aled tiiat lie hail appointed Mr. Alison partly hccaust", from liis ha\ini; had very lilllo to do with political slrui:;;les. hi., appoinlnient would not olTeiid either party ; and jiarlly because, from his lieiiij; tin; lirother-iii-law to .Mr. .lohnson. the hands of the o.xecMitive would he stren\:theiieil. lie said that the admission of the i^entlemeii that lie had the riijlit to appoint whom lie pleased was of very little practical .-i nut if they made hi;', a|ipointment a i;rounil for si/cedinji from the Council ; and that while he was wllliny; to yield to their wi-hes in any matters of local interest, not trenehinir on the royal prerogative, lie eoiild not admit the claims to dictate in appointnients, which their resiiiiiation virtually set up. 1). — The newly elected House met in Fehrnary. LSI I. and Mr. Young was re-elecled speaker. The goxernor. Vol.' i.f wMiil of '" 'i'^ ^1" '' fi'oui the tliriiiie. laid down conii.l.ii.r ill 11,0 :is his policy, that he did not think lliat annexation of Cape Hnton to Xova Scotia in 1.^20, Imt the lloii-e dill not think it in s-.iry.and adjourned willi- oiit transacting any oilier liii-iiie-s. The governor still collliniled his ell'orts to gel sollle of the Keforill ]iarty in- to llie Council, .and tendered seals lo live gentleiiieii. two of "hum Were Calholics. Im: eNcliided .Mr. Ilnvve. for the reason — as stated in a dcsjiatch to Lord .Stanley, colonial si'crel.ary — lliat the main lad of lii- lieiiig rein-l.iled in the Council after tin; hitler allacks made hy him ihiongh his newspaper on the represenlalive of her inajesty, would lie a degradalioii of his (the governor's) po-iiion, and make .Mr. Howe i/c fucto go\eriior of .\ova Scotia. The colonial secretary enlirely approved of Lord Falk- land's coiiducl in asserting his riglil to call whom he pleased to as-ist him in his deliheralioii- with reg.ard to the governnieiit of llie province. 10. — Tile session of isl.'jw.is a stormy one. hut the governor had a sulUcient working majority to conduct the Imsine-s of ihe Hon-e. and the re- formers could do nolliing hut couliniie their scurrilou- alm-e of the ifo\enior the Executive Council should i (■imih'il ili-l'i-alfil ! .Mr. Ili.tti''siit- the I'.xeculive Loiincii ^iioulil he compi I nick cm llii! ... . j uovcriHpr. entirely ol one party, and that it would ! be most conducive to the interesl.s of the province to i have all parties repro.-entcd ; and that, while he would ! use the roval preroirativc mildlv and jiisllv for the ; lienclit of all classes of her maiestv's suhiects. he would I . .'. ' j strongly oppose any attempt to infringe on it. The de- hate on the addres.s lasted two weeks, and was (iiially carried by a narrow majority of two. the vote being twenty-six to twenty-four. Towards the end of the session Alr.Howe moved a vote of want of confidence in the Ivxccu- tive Council, but was defeated by three votes. Overtures were made to Jles.srs. Howe, I'liiache. and ilcNah to resume their seats in the Council, but they declined, and soon afterwards Mr. Howt; resumed his eoniiectiou with the Novel ScotiiDi and MornliKj ('/iroin'rU. and began a fierce newspaper war on the governor, who was con- stantly lampooned in the columns of those journals. An extra session was called in tluly to see if it was necessary to appoint a .special agent to represent the House in a case iiending before the Privy Council regarding the .\'_'iuui.>ii fc.rriill- «:c\ hri wc'i'ii ll.'ili- liix •■ill. I i.m.l l:.-.iill..r l.,,nl ill the columns of the < '/inniir/c and J\'(ir'i ''ull'l^iii'l. Sc(i/iiiii,n cliiss of journalism at which Mr. Howe was an e.vpert. One dogi;re| coni[io.-iiioii in ji.irliciilar, enlitled "The lord of the bedclianiber," caused much iiiiliirnalion. and was made the subject of di-ciissioii in the Hou-e. During the snininer Lord Falkland made a journey I through the province, but was coldlv i ived in sev- I eral places, and in some almost opeiilv iiisiilted. During ; the year l.S|.> the (|uestion of a railway from Halifax to (^iieliee was very freely di-ciis-ed in tbe press, and a provincial cominiitee w.as appointed nli) collecied a deal I of valiialile iiiforinatioii as to the route, &c.. and stroii^lv urged t!ie great advantagi' such a line would be to the province in developing its resources, and increasing its trade iind commerce. JJuring this year the advisability of a railway between Halifax and Windsor was also dis- cussed at a iinblic ineeliiig in Halifax, and resolutions adopt- ed in l,.vor of its constructioii. 'J'lie ill-feeling between the governor and the IJeform ]iarty still continued, and .Mr. Howe kept nj) his newspaper tittacks ; in IHIO he published a long and bitter article against the governor because .some of his iriends had called Mr. Ilowi' a men dicant. on account of his having iiceriited a sum of money from his admirers to compensate him for the loss he sus- tained ill resigning his olllce under the government. It having become manifest that Lord F'alkland's influence for good was gone, he was recalled in August, 18l(i. and Sir dohn Harvey, who had been governor of Prince I'Mward Island, New Kiuiiswick and Newfoundland, was a]i[ioiiited to succeed him. ill l.s-.'O. liiit joiiniiil wiili- liovcriKii- ^till oi'iii |i:i)'ty iii- ■lltlrlllcll, two Iiiwc. fur Mil' iiilcy. riili)iii:il rriii-t.-ili-d ill liiiii liiriii|M|i iiiii'>ty, wciiiiil pll^iliull, Mill! N'liva Sci>ii:i. ■ Lord FmIIv- ;ill wlioMi 111' illi rc''ai'ii Id one. Imt tlic V to conduct L'iUitiKii fur r.'iil- :i\ li.'iw.ii llMli- i\ :iii.l i.iihl ;.'.nll..r l...r.l ^iIKImii.I. I lone \v:is an •niar, cnlillcd li iiidii'iialion. 1 tile 'loli.^r. f a jniinicy I'ivcd ill si'V- Itcii. Diiriiijf iin Halifax to ]ii('ss, and 11 illi'clcd a deal and Kti'oiiLjly 'iild lie lo the incrcasinj; its i<^ advisaliilily • was also dis- iliitiiiiis adopt- 'iinii la'twccii ontiniiod. unyr Tr.i.r.r.iiAi'ii. Cr.NTr.NNiAi, niKTiiDAV or Halifax. — .'?. AiiiTATiON with uk- GAKD TO TIIK COAI, MoXOI'OI.Y. CoXSOI.IDATlON OF TIIK CkI.MIXAI, StATITKS. — 1. QUFSTIOS JF AN In- TKIi-COI.OXIAI, KAII.WAY.--"). TllF. EuKOrEAN AND NoKTii Amf.imcan Railway. — (i. Kaillkf to ob- tain ImI'F.KIAL aid Foil TIIK Intkucoloni AL. 7. JJfai'ii of Silt John llAuvi-.y. 1. —Sir John llurvi-v st-t liiinsolf vij; '" "aiitiix. and excilement of |>arty poliiic;il warfare, and devote their attention entirely to develo|iing the resources of the province; thus in 184!) the House voted £4,000 for con- structing a telegraph line from Halifax to Amherst, then; to connect willi one to New (ireeiiwich, from thence coii- nocting witli the American lines. On the 8tli June, 184!), Halifax celtdirated its centennial birthday with a grand demonstration. A salute of 101) guns was fired at day- hreak ; a grand review of the troops and a shim battle took place, and there was an immense street parade in which all the civil authorities, the press, the fire depart- iiient. the charitable, m.asoiiic and Afric:in societies, tin; Indians and tlie " oldest inhabitants " look part. After the street parade a very eloipieiit address was delivered on the Common by Mr. IJeamish Murdoch, and a |ioem written for the occasion by Mr. Howe, was read. Altogether the celebration was a great success. During this year soni(> letters on the climate, soil, resources, &c., of Nova .Scotia appeared in the Glasgow Mm'/, which attiaeted iniieh attention to the jn'ovinco and indueed some immigration. The session of 18.")0 was remarkable for nothing but the attempt of Hon. J. W. Johnson to have either the whole or all over one tlionsaiid ])oiiiids of the governor's salary paid by the imperial authorities, and the allowance of '£2.')0 for the governor's secretary cut olf. he hcildiiig that l\w salary of £;J,OU0 was more than the province could I afford, and that it was ridiculous to allow a secret.iry to a man who had nothing to do but to sign his name to documents prepared for him by others ; the motion, how- ever, failed, as did also another from the same gi'iitleman to make the Legisl.itive Council elective. .'i. — Some excitement was caused in the winteiof 18,j0 by the publication of a h 'ter from Sir Samuel Cuuard, in the ^iiii newspaper, defending the (Jen- eral Alining Association against the mo- ^„*;',l'),',';.',','„h,l!.'-'"'" Iiopoly possessed by the Corporation, ll'.^'i',',',^, ,,f'|'|",'.""''' of which great complaints had been made, tiiinin.il ^l,■uull■8. Sir Samuel claimed that there were many large tracts of excellent coal mines not owned or con- trolled liy the company, and that the proprietors could work ihini in opposition to the company if they so de- sired ; also, that the company paid about XO.IKMI a year into till! provincial treasury. Mr. .1. R. ^'oung. chair- man of the committee on mines and minerals, wrote sev- eral letters ill reply, in which be claimed that the asso- ciation liad obtained a I'lose monopoly of all lh>' valuable coal lands yet discovered in Cape Urcton and Nova Sen tia. and that allhough the association had invested very large --iiins in machinery, itc, ilie I'xisleiice of this monop- oly was detrimciilal to ihe inli-resls of the coloiu'. and that an arrangement by which the interests of llie colony i I '. ;! I' Si!; 454 TUTTLK'S HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. could 1)0 sccruT' (1, as well as tliosp of tlie company giianl- ed, was necessary to allay tlie rcclltiLt of discontent prev- alent in the province. Sndi means were afterwards adopted. During the session of 1H.")0 the report of the committee on consolidating the laws of the province pre- sented its (inal report. The committee consisted of Messrs. William Yonng. .1. .McCully, ,1. W. Ritchie and .Joseph Wiiidden, assisted hy Mr. dames Thompson. The report to th(! lieutenant-governor concluded as follows : " In the execution of the important and onerous trust committed to our ehargt;, though we have been compclleil to liestow an amount of lahor and a degree of attention which none of us in the lirst instance antieipatiMl, there may be some imperfections or defects to he hereafter remedied. TIi.' main advantage to he derived from the work will be that tlie laws which regidate social life, protect and transmit prop- erty, determine jwlitical rights, and dc(ine the [)unislimcnt of offences have been reduced to system, and clothetl in sim])le anil jicrspiciious language, so as to be intelligible to all who may have occasion to consult them. And as the present is t/ii' first alli'mpt of the kind in a Hritisli colonv. we mn^t bespeak the indulgence of your excel- lency, and of the public, for the imperfections it may con- tain, and which are perhaps inseparable from so exten- tive an undertaking." 4. — The year 1H.')0 was marked by considerable agi- tation on the subj(*t of railways ; and we will give a brief sketch of what had been ])ropi)s(>d in hltJ-r'olonia"'"" ^^''^^t ^-^f't''^ '" ""' "■•'.>■ "f railway conmiu- itiiiiwiiy. nication with Cainida and the United States. Lord Durham, in his excellent report, strongly advocated railways as the most effectual means of binding the provinc^es together, and tlie subject was several times agitated ; but no one j)roviiice was able to uiulertake the sciieme, and the Province of Canaila was too busy trying to build the (Jrand Trunk, to coiniect the upper and lower parts of the province, to enter very warmly into the scheme for connectiug the Maritime Provinces with Canada. After the settlement of tlie bouiulary (picstion in 1.S42 (to which we shall more fully refer in our history of New Hruns- wick), the im|)erial government contemplated making a great military macailamized road through New IJruns- wiek. from the bend of the I'etieodiac to Quebec. A Loudon com|)any offered to substitute a railway, on con- dition that i)art of the money necessary to nnike the road shoulil be graiitc^l to it. This scheme excited attention in Nova Scotia and New Hrunswick, but awakened very little interest in the Canadas. Nova Scotia gave an im- petus to the project. The government of Lord Falkland considereil it idle and visionary to expei't that fi vast undertaking, which held out in) inducement of immeiliate protit, could be carried through by a company. It eoidd oidy be constructed by the imperial government, with the combined and spirited co-operation of the three provinces. The lower provinces imdertook to bear the expenses of an exploratory survey of the country through which the railway must pass. Canada, for the sake of the great national project, agreed to join with them. The British government, in response to their united reipiest, sent out Major Williiun Robinson and Captain Henderson, of the royal engineers, with a staff, to imdcrtake the work. The report of Major Robinson was submitted to the Legisla- tures of the three provinces in 1HI9. It gave an enthu- siastic estimate of the r(!sour(;es of the country, and of the importance of the railway for their developuicnt. Out of the several routes explored the prefei'i'iice wa.s given to that by the coast of the gulf — the north shore — as the be.-.t for purposes of military defence. The cost was ealcu- l.ated at £.'),000,000 sterling. In anticipation of tlu^ im- mediate action of the imperial government, Canada, Nova .Scotia and New Hrunswick voted aid to the extent of £0,01)0 a year, and ten miles of ungranted lands on each side of the railway.* .5. — A new impetus was given to railway nnitters by a convention held at Portland, .Me., on Jilst .July, 1S.")0, where delegates from Nova Scotia and New Hrunswick met delegates from the nI'^.u'.uSLm"'' New England States to consider the means "■"'"'y- of comu'cting Halifax with Hangor, Portland and t!ie United .States railways by a line passing through .St. .John, N. H., the railway to be known as the Eiuopean and North American Railway, and a great deal of enthusi- asm was shown at the meeting, which w.is held in a hall profusely decor.ated with English and ,\merican flags, the Union Jack and the Stars ami Stripes being closely inter- woven in token of amity. Towards the end of the year Mr. .Joseph Howe entered the railway iield. He was op- posed to having a railway running through Hritish teri'i- tory controlled by an American company, and proposed building the road on provincial credit, niuh'r imperial gUM'antce. For this purpose he went to England, armed with a letter of introduction from .Sir John Harvey to Earl (;rey, to endeavor to imluce the Hritish goveriunent to guarantiee a loan of £800,(J()0 to build a road from Halifax to Windsor. Jlr. Howe set himself rigorouslv lo work at his ta.^k, an.s irivcii to shore — as the cost was calcu- ii>n of th(! ini- Canaila, Xova the extent of lands on each V matters iiy a St. July, IM.JO, 111' Kiirnpcnii niifl • 'irili Amuiicnii Railway. land and tlie at scluiine fell through again and reniaiiied in a state of abeyance until confederation. 7. — The province was thrown into mourning on the 22(1 March, 1H.")2. by the death at Oovernment House of Pi'iith "I sir .lolin ^Iiijor General Sir John Harvey, who had "'"'*'^^>- administered the affairs of the province for six years, with honor to himself and credit to the province. Sir John Harvey was born in England in 177.S, and entered the army at an early age, serving with distinction in India, from whence he accompanied the British forces in their arduous march to Egypt, where he served during the campaign which terminated in the expulsion of the French. On the outbreak of the war with the United States, in 1812, he was sent to Canada as deputy .idjutant-general, where lie .served with great distinction, especially at .Stony Creek, where, on .'jth June, 181.'i, he defeated and captured the American (Jeii- eral Chandler, as already mentioned in this history. After the war Sir John returned to EnglanvA S( (iTiA. — 2. FiitsT I'UoiiiitiToiiV LiQroi! Law. Di:i-i-;at()1''tiik, HowI': Ministuv. — .'!. Shtii.kmi'.nt of THE niFFicii.TY WITH tiif. Gfnf.ijai. Mininu Asso- ciation. 1. Ml{. IIoWK UFC.AINS roWKIi ON A QIIFS- TioNAiii.K voTK. — 5. Visit OF tiif Puincf of Walks. Tin; HoWF. I'AUTV A(iAIN IIKATFN AT TIIF TOLLS. n. Du.Tliu'fk's Edication Bill. Want of Schools IN TIIF PUOVIN'CF. — 7. CONFFDFIIATION. EaULY AT- TFMFTS AT A UNION OF BltlTISII PuOVINCKS. 8. FlKST KFFOIITS TOWAUI'S CONSOLIl) AT1N(J CANADA. 9. Oi;T- IlKFAK OF TIIF AmFUICAN WAK. AtTKMI'T TO UNITK TIIF ^Iakitimf Pkovim'ks. — 10. Canada dfsiufs Conffdkkaiion. Mfftino of Dflfoatfs at Ciiau- LOTTFTowN. — 11. Tiif Conffufncf at Qifhfc. A CONTRAST. — 12. Tiif tfums of tiif I'Koi'osfd Con- i'edfuation. — 13. tlik basis of nfi'ukskntation. — 14. Opposition of Xfw Bulnswick and Xova Scotia. — lo. Action of Canadian Paki.iamfnt. ■i 'ii^ jl'li ii I; I '1 1' i..(; TUTTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA. ClI AMii: OK Kr.l'.I.INC. IN M\KITniK PiSOVINH'KS. — 1 Ci. Action of Imi-kkiai, I'aui.iajiknt. Confkdkhation accomi'lisiiki). 1. — On tlu! death of Sir Joliii llarvcy tin; afTiiirs of tlu' |)niviiif(' were temporarily administered l»y Colonel l>az- Tiic'iiiiiiirniiiv i'l.i-'t't"'. nntil tJH! arrival of Sir .loliu Clas- iiiaiy. iiissaiii*- .,,,,,,1 f^,.^ Marcliant. who had lieen appoiut- fftrllKll III ' I * Nin:i.Si<)ii:i. (.(| liciilenaiit-Lrovernor. Mr. Howe liav- in<; resi!;rin (1 liis poNition as |)roviii('ial seitretary, in order to accept the chairmanship of the railway roa()sed but ridicailed by Mr. Howe, and was defeated, A general eleclion to(»k place in i8,j,"), and the strength of the Reform paity wa ; greatly shak<'n by the defeat, in Cumberland, of Messrs. Joseph Howe and Stephen Fidlen by the conservative candidates, Dr. Tupperand Mr. \. McFarhine. Nothing fiu'lher of a political naliu'e o(-cin'r(Ml during the year, or until the 27tli Deeember, wIkmi a very intemperate letter fi'om Mr. Howe, entitled '' Railway Riots and Catholic Commentators," .appeared in the (Viniiiirli', and prov(Ml the ileatli knell of the r(,'form aihuinistrati(Mi. A riot had occurred bi'tween sonu; Catholic and Protestant workmen on account of the latter interfering with the former while celebrating the feast of Corpus Christi. Tlu; Halifax CitthiiHr publisheii. A riot had •■ilant worlunen le I'ornier wliilu The Halifax iiie snl(jeet, not a;:uressors, but ilieni to commit I. " that kiiow- ervtliing which lir clern-y, l',-,,- to contact with the |)rece|)t« of nts and provo- re too prone to las very violent y, that "every ,dit to lauuh at o ridicule that simple cerenio- it. This letier "igs-t C'athdli. s cd iii the riijht '( his religions 1 — ajjainst .Mr. Y he reprcsent- conservative.s nlideiiee hy a as called upon Mth Kehriiary, , attorney-j;-eM- tary ; .lolni J. I, recuiver-j;en- gcd the atten- iiig one of the I'ltli'irli'iit of dm irH"nlly will, ||,i' ii'iirial .Mhiiiuj «so('iatiiiii. ! Steps to of- ' lad its origin 'iiith irranled f !ill the iin- • This lease ic of raisinj; ' to Ifemdell, liiii a certain JJ XU\ A SCOTI.V— l-'KO.M l.H.-);i TO 18G7— COXFKDKHATIO.V. 4.'i7 royalty. The impression then was the copper mines were ' ery valiialile; hut failinj; these, Keindell iV Co. turneii their attention to coal, and formed the (ieneral .Miniii;: .\s oeiatioii for the ])urpose of workinj;: the mines. The Asf.i mlilv contended that the kin;; had not the riulit to give aw.iy the property of the province without its con- sent, and a dispute arose which draiii^ed over many years without any satisfactory result lieing arrivee on tin! great impetus which had been given to mining operations lately by the extended operations of the (Jeneral Mining Associati(jn, and tin; new and valuable discoveries which hail been imule, and were attracting labor and capital to the |)rovince. Jk-fore the vote for spciiker was taken the attorney-general called attention to the fact that si;vera persons claiming to be mend)ers were not legally elected, as they were oliice- holders at the time of their election, and had not resigned until afterwards; and when the vole for spt aker showed that the reformers had a majority of two, he moved that I a committee be appointed to investigatt^ the legality or illegality of the election of these members. i)tit the motion was voted down i>y a majority of two. The ('(umcil then advised the governor to dissolve Parliament anil order a new election, as there was no doubt but that these men had been ])aid otlicers of the government at (lu^ time of their election, and as such wt^re ineligilile ; but the gover- nor replied that it was the privilege of the House to pro- tect its own hiiiior, and it had the means in its own haiins of declaring incompitint to sit in the House ;iny persons who in their opinion were ineliifible, liiit the geiitleniin in ipie.-.tion were good reforim r.-. and Mr. Howe and his friends were ijuite satisfied to get into power again, and did not care to be too scrupulous, and refused any investigation, they liolding the balance of power ity a majority of two illega' voti's, and so, after a brief strug!.;le, the coiisei'va- tive ministry' resigned, and ]Mr. Young was called on to form a reform cabinet. "). — The whole province, anil especially the city of Halifax, was thrown into a fever of e:.citement by the news which reached Halifax in .June. 18.;0. that H, H. H. the Prince of Wales ,y,'"w;.;f,'J'' 'Th'''' would visit that citv on the ;iOth Julv, on iV,::;,V.,':;',','i, ■'n,''il!, his way to the I'ppvr Provinces. 'J'lie Legislature made a liberal grant, and the ^rreatest prepar- ations were made by the citizens to do honor to the grandson of the last royal personage who had vi>iled llieir shores sixt^v years before (Ivlward, Duke of Kent). Prompt on time the " J/ero," bearing ;lie prince and suitis and attended by ii sipiailron, entered. Halifax harbor, and was saluted by the forts and all the men of- war in liarbiu'. The reception was ipiite an ovation, and the city was splendiilly decoiated. while on the following day theie was a grand review, an illnmlnalion and a iiall at night, II, \l. Highness leaving the I'ity on 'I'hnrsday. The next three years were comparati\ely uneviiitful, exce|)t that the subjects of confederatiiui and the build- ing of the Inter-colonial attracted some attention ; lint we shall more fully refer to these schemes at the end of this clia|)ter. At the general election of 1811.'!. Mr. Howe's party was again defeated at the polls and had to resign, Mr. Johnston being again called on to form a minis- try. (■). — The new House met on the Ith February, 181") I, and was opened liy Sir Hastings Doyle, who was acting as administrator, the Ivirl of Mulgrave hav- ing retired, and Sir Uichard (iraves Mac- !!^-i,'!i;'i;iil7\vam Donnell, his successor, not having arrived, l.ru'^'i,'|'.'^.''' '" ""' The opening speech of the admiidstrator contained two highly im|iiirtant clauses, ene referring to the proposed Federal I'nion of Nova Scotia, New Ibiins- wick and Prince F.dward Island, and the other to the subject of education. That a i improvement was meded in the educational system of the province was shown by the fact that by the census of IKIJl it was shown that il ^i i-'Ki ii I" tu 11 :M "I I i-Hi 4.'»8 TITTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. out of oij^litv-iliivo tliousaiul cbiltlrcii in the province, between the .igos of five and fifteen, only tliirty-oue thou- Kund attended si'liool, and fliat one quarter of the wliole poindation conld iieitlicr read nor write. Tiie jirovisions of tlie hill were ample, and wc-re tlins stated liy Dr. | Tiipper in his speech introilucinjr it ; " The first thinj; ' proposed in tiie hill which he now snhmitted was the es- •■ tahlishinent of a eonncil of pnlilic instruction. Diliicidty was experienced in deteiniinilitf who siionld he the council, but afti'r anxious deliberation it was thouijht that the Executive Coinicil, at all times responsible to the people, could jierform the important functions of the position more efiiciently than any other body that could be s(dected. It would be acknowledged that, in onler to secure etli- eiencyin the department of public instriu'tion, the services of a (pialilied superintendent, who should diseharj;e the important duties of examiiiinu; and rcportinj; on the educa- i tional state of every loca'it, '. the province, were indis- pensable. It was therefore proposed to appoint such an ' olficer, under whose direction tiiere would be a staff of paid insjiectors. whose duty would consist iti periodically ! inspecting all the schools within their respective districts. It was also proposed to appoint a board, with the view of survej'ini; and arranging all the school districts, adapting the subdivision of them to the present condition of the country. E.xaniiners were also to be provided for each district, one of whom should be the inspector — their duty being to ascertain the (inalificalions of applicants for license to teach. Uy this means it was hoped the status of the teachers would be materially raised. It was also intended tiiat one of the trustees, who should be charged with the special business of manageiiient. should n>ceive, as remuneration for his services, a model ;e connnission on the money collected. The bill also i)rcivide(l greater fai'ilities for the carrying out of the princijile of assess- ment, and a premium of twenty-live per cent was to be ofi'ered to every school founded on the assessment princi- ple and declared free. In order to meet the necessities of the poorer districts the bill provided that one-fifth of the entire amount plaeeulation of the district in which they might be located." The elevation of the lion. At- torney-General Johnson to the judgeshi]) of the Suiireme Court caused a vacancy in the ministry which was filled by Mr. Ritchie, who was appointed solicitor-general and called to a seat at the Council board. 7. — During this session (llSGI) Dr. Tupper introduced a series of resolutions having for their object the forma- tion of a union of the Maritime Provinces ; and as this led, not to a union of those provinces fonfe.iiTniinn. alone, but the federation of all the prov- ,t-;';,n-,,"V;,' n'riu",' inces, and the formation of the pres(^nt I'l'ivimcs. Dominion, it will be as well to consider the whole subject of fede!'ation in North .\merica. Tin; first confederation formed on this continent was as early as 1(>18. when the infant Knglish colonies of JIassachusetts I5ay, Plymoutli, Connecticut and New Haven, formed a defensive alliance to prote<'t them against the French and Dutch. In 1(188 Francis Nicholson, governor of New Kngland, proposed a fedi'ration of all the IJritish colonies for defence against the French andJCiiglish: but. allhough the colonies all acted well together during the long struggles with France for supremacy on this continent, nothing like a firm and well-balanced union was effected until tin; thirteen colo- nies made common cause against iMigland to gain their independence. The residt of that union, antl the rajiid and sin-prising |>rosperity of the United States, soon set far-seeing and deep-thinking men in the remaining Hritish colonies in North America thinking whether it woidd not be an advantage to them to unite on one common Federal basis, b" which eaidi province should retain control of its local affairs, while a uniform system of defence, customs duties, currency and commerce should make inter-provin- cial trade free, and do away with a great many vexatious customs regulations, while it strengthened the whole to resist the attacks of a foreign enemy. 8. — As early as 1808, Mr. R. J. I'ni.iche introdiu'ed the subject of a confederation of the Hritisii jirovincci into the Assembly of Nova Scotia, but the matter was not acted on. T, . , First i-ITort- lo- Dunng the wanis .iMisiiii.iii- ... 1 T 1 ij 11 i" till;; I'uiiuiia. attempts to impeach Judge Sewell, ot Quebec, that gentleman (as already stated) urged on Lord Bathurst a union of all the provinces as the best cure for the troubles then openly existing in Quebec, and threatened in the other provinces. When the (pies- tion of a reunion of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada was proposed in 1822, Sir John Beverley Hobin- son, at the reipi' st of the colonial secretary, drew up a report oti the fea^il)ility of a confederation of all the provinces, and proposed what he would consider an etpiitable basis for such an union. Again, in 18.')9, Lord Durham, in his report on the condition of the different provinces, strongly urged confederation as the best remedy to be applied to the troubles affecting all of them, and, iu in fact at every period when one or more of the provinces was sufi'ering from internal connnotion, confederation was recommendeirort-i (o- warils <'f>nsi>liiiii. till)! •'iiniuln. 'ed) iirjrcd on ces as the hcst liT in (^iiehec, V hen the qnes- ler and Lower n-erlcy Kohin- •r.V, (h'cw uj) a on of all the consider an in 1 «;{'.), Lord f the different le hest remedy them, and, in the provinces ederation was , warranted to next ])osi(iv<' in the Nova ■J-t, wlien the mson warmly and favoring ■liament. In NOVA SCOTIA— FUOM 185;] TO ISCr— Ci.)\FKDI:RATION. 4j;t 1S.")7 tile matter was put into more tiingihle form hy the Nova Scotia Legislature appointing Messrs. .T(din-(tn ami Archibald as delegates to proceed to Kngland and confer with the colonial secretary on the subject. That gentle- man, Mr. Labouchere. receiveil the matter favorably, but said that while tiie imperial government woulil throw no undue obstacles in the way, he considered i: matter oiic to l)e chiefly settled by the provinces amongst themselves. Louring the session of the ( anadian Parliament the fol- lowing year, 18")8, Mr. A. T. (ialt introduced confedera- i tion as a government measure, and at the close of the session Messrs. Gait, ("artier and Rose were appointed delegates to ])roceed to Kngland ant Septen\ber. IKOL 10. — While the .Maiilinie Provinces were gradually converging towanls a union, the I'rovince of Canada was lieing t(>rriblv distiirlied bv partv jjoliti- cil strife. Ouriiig the ip./.rter of a cen- pi?":;u;'r'';T,.'t"' tin-y that the Provinces of I'pper and i"'raH,!,';eu'"'»'i'r ''' Lower Canada had been united their jirogress had been by no means eipial ; the upper portion had grown rapidly in population by emigration, wh'' • Quebec had gained Very little lieyond the natural in- crease o( he ])opulalion. It will be leiuembered that at i the time of tin? re-union Lower Canada had the largest po|)nlatioT). yet I'pper Camuia was allowed an eiiual num- ber of re[)resentatives; now the positions were reversed, I'pper Canada had twenty-five per cent more; ]iopiilation than Lower Canada, and her statesmen clanuired for rep- resentation by population, which would give them entire control of the Legislature ; but the Fri'iich memliiM's oft- piscd this, and as they had the balance of power between till! conservatives iind liberals — or grits, as they were commonly called — no change could be elTecti;d. The two parties were very evenly balanced, each in turn tried to conduct tbi^ government, but could not count on a work- ing majority of tiie House, and was in turn forced ouf, of ollice by its op[ioneiits; dissolution was tried, but as veiy nearly the same members were elected, that gave no re- lief, and at lasi, in the session of 1804, affairs were at a dead-lock, .and it looked as if the business of the |)roviiice could not be conducted at all. At this jiinctiirc^ — as at every other crisis — confederation was looked to as the (Uily remedy. 'Mr. George Hrowii, leader of the grit [larty. proposed to Mr. John A. Macdoiiald, leailer of the conservatives, to form a coalition government lor the purpose of effecting, if possilile, a confederation of all the provinces, or if tliat could not be accomiilished, a Federal I'nion of the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. The pro|)osed meeting at Charlottetown not having yet taken place, the governor-general was re- ipiested to ascertain whether the conferetice would be willing to receive a dejuilation from Canada, and an adirmative reply being received. Messrs. John A. .Mac- donald, (Jeorge Brown, (Jeorge E. Cartier. Ab'x. T. (ialt, T. D'Arcy McGee. 11. L. Laiigevin, Wm. McDougall and Alexander Campbell, were appointed deli'gati's and- attended the meeting at Charlottetown on 1st September. After hearing the remarks of .Messrs. Macdonald, Hrown. n 4(;» Tl ITLKS HISTORY OV TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA. -': J-l U ! i Cartirr and (lult, uliit:li OPcu|ii('cl two ilays, the coiivcii- tioii ailjiiiiriicil until tlic lOtli OctoIxT, wlicii it was to rtv assciiililc at (^iici)cc. T\h- lio>|(ilalili('s of tiic islaiiil wiTi; cxtciiiiod to tiif (Icpiitatioii, wliicli al>o stopped at Halifax on tile way lioinc. and was ctitcrtairiiMl tiicrt' at a siiinptu- oiis baiiijiutt, at wiiich stirriiijj addresses in favor of •. union of tln' provinces were ilelivered. The delegates also visited Si. John, N. IJ.. and KnMleri<'lon. 11 — On the ."nh Oetoher, 18(51, the Canadian gov- ernment steamer llrforiii tooi on board at I'ietou, IJcntenant-(iovernor McDonell and gI;;:ili":'A™m,^t. ^-^'-'y MeI)on..ll,to;:..therwi.h the Nova Seotia delegates, calling aftc/wards at Charlottetown and Shediac to receive the Prince Edward Island and New Hrunswi<'k delegates, after which slm proceedeil to (Juehee, where slii', arrived on Sunday ev1 ili\ i-.i(>iis — riipi'i- Cmii.kI;!, Lower C'liiirida, Nova Scotia, New 15riiiisui(k ami I'riuii' Kiiwanl Islauil— cai'li clivi>- ioii liaviii^ an iMjiial iciircsciitatioti in tii(^ Lo^islativi' Council. Upper Caiiaila was to be represented in tlie I,i>;;i>Iative Council Ity twenty-four nienilpcrs, Lowri' Caiia'''• '"■ '•'■'••■'■■••'I vacant. Considerable dillicnlty was e.xpt'rieneed in ajjreein^ to till! basis of representation in the House, but at last it was aj|;reeil that it should b(! representation by the popu- lation based on a census to be taken every ten years. Tin! number of repr ; Newfomidland, 8 ; Prince Kdward Island, 5. The convention closed its sittiiiifs on 'iHth October, and the delegates afterwards visited .Montreal. Ottawa and Toron- to, where they wi'fe hospitably enterttuncd. The plan of I'onfeileration was not yet fully inadii km)wn. as the dele- gates had to snl)init the resolutions arrived at to their re- s])cctive ifovernmeiits ; but the broad fact that a basis of union had been arrived at was announced and was met with veiT general favor from both press and public in L'pper and Lower Canada. II. — The scheme of confederation was not, however, to be carried out as speedily as the convention anticipated, nor without coiisidtTable oiiiiosition, and OppiiMtloll (if Nl!W . ,' ' itiinisrtiik ami the surmounting of manv dilliculties. The Ndva SiDlia. ,, ' . . " „ , , . murmur ot opposition was fu'st heard in New Brunswick, and soon grew to a storm against con- fiMleratiou wliiidi swejit Mr. Tilley and his supporters from otRce, and at the general election which took place in .March, l.SCi.), not a single one of the de[)utatiou which had attended the (Quebec convention was returned, and a very strong anti-confederate government was formed under the premiershii) of Hon. A. J. Smith. In Nova Scotia the oi)|positioii was at first slight, but grew as t'at ill New IJrunswick increased, especially after Jlr. Ilowe — the '• champion political acrobat," as he was sonictimrs called — changed his views, and from lieing a strong advt)- cate of union, became the most violent of the anti-<'onfed- erate factioiiists, a position lie held to without dislioiior. Al- though an anti-conl'ederate, lie was a]Pi>ointed governor of the Provin if Nova .Scotia, by a coiiservativegovernmeiit, under confederation, in 1H7.'1, when he had become more reconciled to <'onfeileralion. The opposition in Nova Scotia began to ilevelope itself imnieiliatijy on tin; return of the delegates; a meeting was held at Ilalil'ax.at which Messrs. Stairs, Joinis, Annanil and others severely criiicisid the selieme, especially the (iiiancial part of it, which in therr opinion was not just to the Maritime Provinees. and which underwent some clianges before the final agneinent on the terms of confederation. In the meanwhile, however, the resolutions agreed on at the (Quebec convention, bad been submitted by Lord Monck, governor-general, to the cidoiiial secretary, Mr. CadwidI, iind had rectdved the almost iiiKpialilied iissent of her majesty's government. !•'>. — The Can.-ulian Parliament met in February, I.sri.'i and resolutions favoring confederation were introiluced in the council by Sir Ktiinni; Tachi' and in . . •' ^ Ai'tii r I aim- the Assembly by Attoriiev-(ieneral Mac- 'lian I'ariia m IV 1 1 riM* 'i 1 t ■ 1 1 lliani;.'..! liTlhiii Dolialil. ibe deliate la.^leil manv days. In Maiiiiino and during Its continuance inlormatioii w.is received of the defeat of the measure in New IJruiiswick, by the noii-electioii of its strongest advo<;ales. Under these circumstances the debate was hurried to a close, and the resolutions adopted by a vote of 1)1 to 'M. An ad- dress to the (pieen, framed on these resolutions, was at once prepared, and a deputation, consisting of Messrs. Hrowii. Cartier, (!alt, and ^lacDonalil, to confer with the imperial government, and, if possible, bring sutlicieiit in- fluence to bear on New ISrunswick to cause a change of feeling with regard to tin," eonfederation. Tin; delegates stoiiped at Halifax on their way, and received a jierfei't ovation, but public opinion there was not as unani- mous as it seemed on the surface, and the scheme had miieh ojiposition to encounter yet. The decided blow to confederation given in New l!riili>wiek was soon felt in Nova .Scotia, where Dr. Tiipper thought it most prudent not to urge the seheine at once ; but instead renewed the proposal of the previous years with regard to a union of the Jlaritime Provinces. The Ntoriii in New IJninswick, however, died out almost as suddenly as it had arisen. Governor Gordon was strongly in favor of conf€.leration, and urged it on the House in his opening aildress, although the IIousi! had been electiMl specially as anti-confederates. The excitement grew, old party lines were forgotten, and it was confederate or anti-confederate; Lord Cardwell wrote to the governor strongly urging a union of the provinces, and the tide of popular opinion once inori; turned towards confederation. The Smith ministry was forced to resign, and the Tillev-^Iitcli

    the resolutions in favor ol coiifcili-rttioii Wert! ..ooii canicd \>y n fjood majoiilv. After tlie vietoi'V ill New llriiiiswiek, Novii Scotia wiis not slow to follow suit and wliecd into line witli tlx^ otlier provinces, tlie final vole on the union resolutions lieiiij; tliirty-oiK! to nineteen. 1(J. — The iinti confcMlenitos were not quite s.itisfied yet, however, and tlie scene of contest was transferreil to Ai'tlniK.r Iiii|HMiiil I'ondon, wher(! a lirilliant |iani|ililet wa.-> '.'"I'lmtl.m'a.'.'!,'!;: i««'iu«l. 1" which .Mr. llowe. the lea.linj,' •'''"'"■''• anti-unionist, ;;ot considt^rahly the worst of it ; for as he hail heeii holh a Unionist and a non- unionist, his ojiponents could condemn his ar<;unients citlier way out of his own luoulh. The iSritish govern- ment had fully made up its ininil to have confederation, and the Fenian Raid of IHtiti — of which we ^hall speak in our History of the Province of Canada — had aroused Canadians to the knowledge that it would no longer do to depend altogether U|)on England, hut that they must take sonic means for their own defence. The tinal con- ference of the delegates from the three ])rovinees was held at the Westininster I'alace Hotel, London, and lasted from •1th to 2lth Decemher, IHOO, hy which time all details had heen arranged, and all that was wanting was imperial legislation to make confederation an accomplished fact. Several interviews were had with her majesty's minis- ters, and a draft hill was agreed to which afterwards hecamc the 15ritisli North America Act, which was linal'y passed on 2i)th March, HS07, and hy one of its provisions, the 1st July, lo()7, was the day on which, hy royal proc- lamation, the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Hrunswick were united under the title of the Do- minion of Canada. CIIArTER CIII. NEW BRUNSWICK EllOM 1781 TO 1831. AkRIVAI. ok GOVKKNOIt ('Altl.KTON. SkKTCII OF THE FiiiST Council. — 2. Riimoval of the seat of GoVEit.VMENT to Fue1)EU1(JT()\. DISSENSIONS OVEK THE KEVENUE. — .'. TlIE AsSEMIlLYMEN INSIST ON BEING Paid. A i' au-i,ock kok Tiiuee Yeaus. — 4. Caki.eton's Administuation. Guowtii and Puos- PEKiTY OF THE Pkovince. — ;'). Tin; War of 1812-1"). — G. Administration of General Smith. Im- i'rovementoftiie Colony. — 7. The great Fire at MiRAMiciii. — 8. Trouble about the Maine Boun- dary Question. — 9. Enc.lisii Free Trade Policy. Throwing open the Colonial Markets. — 10. Puo- rosAL TO Admit Haltic Timiii u FitEi: into F.no- i.AND. Great Dissatisfaction in the Province. 1. — The discovery and early liistory of what now forms the l'i-o>ince of New liriinswick. we have alreacly given in our History of Acanivitiro !• of f,o|(I I)|,c. 2Ut XdvcimIut, • Mas)imclaiiiic(l It coiisisU'd of .1 il I<'>;islative, of \y of twenty-six ainiosi entirely ijiied |)ioniinent I) Iiad lost their iiisi! diiriiii; [lie les, taken I'loni iiiterestini;, as H'ti in the early lldlow had been Yoik ; James t lawyers in all Jonathan Otlell, ihajilain in the H)litical poetry ; ai'd, abandoned lel of drat'oons ; second hattal- ost an estate in loyalist cause ; John Winslow, Acadians from iiel in tlie royal •ommanded the ;reat estates on I commurided a ISliss had been AVillard had )iie of fifty-live tojrrant them 1,000 acres) on position that red Stndhome iin sprang into gre'at importance' almost at once. The British navy was then •• swei'ping the; sea," at the ex[)ciise of a good many masts and spiu's which got kiieicked to piece's by the (;iieiny, anil thus opened a line field for the colonies, especially New Hrunswick. which had such immense forests of towering jMiies. just suited for masts. The vessels taking over timber brought back iininigrants, and so the colony was constantly inereasing in population. ."). — -Xo successor to (iovi'rnor Carleton was appointed for some years, and the alTairs of the province were administered by elilVerent presidents. In 'riic war of isi " l.SO'.t, on the fear of the breaking out "• :;lli "''■,':'! I'll r.: '\ m \ I ■ak I :::'!' ICI TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANAD \. of liostiiitips witli tlui Unitod St:ites, military inoii were appointed to the govenimoiit of all tlio ])roviiici'H, and INIajor-G'jiicral Iluntor was sent to New nruiiswick ; lie only romainiid a short time, however, and was foiiowed by six other military [)resi(lents, very mueh to the dis- satisfaetion of the people. In 1800 a h(^■lvy duty was imposed on timber eominjj from the IJaltie, while timber from the colonies was admitted free ; this <;ave a great impetus to trade with New liriiMswiek, and was of material advantage to the province. The declaration of war by the United States calhid forth the loyal sentiment of the New I5ruiiswiek(!rs, and this was shown in a |)ra('tieal way by the " Kind's re^dment of New IJruiiswiek." wliieh had been llrst formed out of the United Emjjire Loyalists of 1781 enlistini; in the reirular army for service in the Upper Provinces. It was mustered in as the lOltli. and served with great gallantry during the war. The local Legislature passed very complimentary resolutions at the time of the muster in, and presented the rejjiment with a handsome silver trumpet. As the winter was closing in, onlj' a ])art of the men iiotild bo conveyed from St. John to (Quebec by boat, and the remainder made the long and toilsome march over land on snow-shoes. Although the province was greatly excited over the war, and the mer- chants were kept in constant fear for their vessels by the privateers hovering about the coast, yet the people suffered none of its actual horrors, and were rather benefited than otherwise by the great demand caused for timber for building and rejiairing the large number of new vessels needed on the ocean and the lakes. G, — For some years the Assembly had been petitioning the Home government to a|ipoint a regular lieutenaTit- Ailininistrniiiiii ii£ governor, and not allow the alTairs of the hnpiciviiiiuiit o£ urovince to be adnunistenKi by a succession the colony. ^f millLaiy presidents who had no interest or feeling in the nrovince ; at last attciition was paid to their re((uest, tiiid Major-General Tracy Sniythc was appointed l^.-jiUenant-governor in 1818. Meanwhile the disputes lii'iween the two Houses with regar(l to the dis- posal of the reve:i .es increased, and legislation was again brought to a dead-lock. Cloveriior .Smyihe sided with the Council and dissolved parliament, which had the elVect of making the new House elected more tractable; but an- other dissolution taking place in the following year, 18'^(), caused by the death of George III., a new House was elected which soon reoommenced the obstructionist jiolicy. During the session of 182;5 Governor Smythe died, and the House had new matters to engage its intention for awhile, a series of curious events following closely on each other. The House was immediately prorogued by the eiiier-jiistice, on the death of the governor, and Judge t'hipnian was sw rn in as proidi'iit of theCouiicil, and administrator ad iiitcn'in. Hut his claim was dis|iuted by the Hon. Christopher Ililloii, who was in his eighty- sixth year, and who issued a proclamation in St. John as administrator, by virtue of being senior couneillor. He was too old, however, to attend to the duties of the office; and the Home ofric(! confirmed Judge Chi|)man in the position. The judge opened Parliament in January, 1824, and diodsuddeidy, on !)th February, while the House was considering a bill providing for the interment of Governor Smytho in ihe jiarish church at Frederietoii. The Hon. .lames Murray Hliss became president until the arrival, in August of the same year, of Sir Howanl Douglas, who hassels at St. John, anartli was parched, the rivers were neprly dry, and the forests were scorched. Hut it was not by the sun's rays iilono that the forest kings were shrinken and shrivelled, the fire demon was abroad, and all through the latter part of September fires were raging in the liu>h, and gradually drawing nearer the settlements. 'l"hc growth of the timber trade in the Miramichi district had caused lloiirishing villages to spring up iihuig its haidts ; foremost amongst these was Newcastle, the capital of Northumberland County, which had a court-hous(>, jail, Presi)vterian kirk, and about one thousand inhabitants. NEW HRUNSWICK FROM 17.S4 TO 18;51. ■ii;;. Alicmt livu miles down the river was the newly-started setth'iiient of Doiiglastown, and across the river was C'liatliani, the timber di'iiot of Canard and C'omixiny. On tlie 2I)tIi Septeinlier tlie court-house at Frederieton was burned, and several small fires were reported in the bush during the early days of October, while the dense masses of smoke lianirinj,' like a pall over the country, and pour- ing down in blinding rolls of darkness on the villages, told of coming disaster. Still there was no dread of any great calamity until the evening of the fatal 7th October, wliieh was to witness so dire at catastrophy. All day the black, dense smoke had I)een piling u[) about Xewca-tle, until, before sundown, the air was so filled with smoke that it was almost impossible to see. Then as night a|)proaehed the lurid flashes of the ajjproaching conflagration began to break through the deepening gloom in fitful bursts of brilliancy, while the short, shar[> snaps of the crackling brushwood were from time to time varied by the loud re- p )rts of the gigantic pines as they becanu; a prey to the devouiing element. Swiftly, steailily. with sidlen roar ami angry flash, on came that moving, rolling wall of living lire, sweeping all before it in its onward rush on the diivoted village of Newcastle. Resistance was in vain, and flight almost useless ; the only chance for safety was in the riv<'r and swampy ground, whither the wretched inliabi- tants fled, and cowered down in the water and soft oo/e, while the fierce flames swept in a terribU; tornado over them, carrying death and destruction in their path. All through that terrible night the wild work of devastation went on, and when morning came again, only twelve houses, and the charred and blackened ruins of upwards of two hundred more, wen; left to tell where the tlourisb- iiig village of Newcastle had stood the night before ; while of the thousand hajipy inhabitants of the previous even- ing one hundred and sixty had lost their livt^s either by the flames or in the cold end)race of the river in their efforts to escape, and of the remainiler nearly all were burnt, and many severely inpired. Douglastown suffered even worse, for only oins house was left standing, anil that, singular to say, contained the I'orpse of one who had died on the pre- vious day. The destruction done liy this tremendous fire was incalculal)Ie ; the loss to settlements, mills, ifcc., was about 5!l,tlU0.U()() but the extent burned over was more than five thousand s(pnire miles, and the loss of timber was past eulculation. The utmost sympathy was felt for ths. Commissions had Ix'en appointed INnilni' liiiiiiiilary , _ ' ' iiui'Hiluii. but had failed to agree as to the bound- aries intended to be given by the treaty, the Anur icans interpreting the terms used to mean one thing, au|ihlet, in which he clearly showed the bad ])olicy of repealing the timber duties, and throwing the colony into utter ruin at a time when it was only slowly recovering from a most terriiile visitation by (iod, The pamphlet did its work : the bill was defeated, and great was the joy of the New Brunswickers thereat; Imt the victory cost them a pojndar governor who for fourteen years had labored cons('ientiously for the _')od of the province. In opposing the repeal of the timber tax Sir Howard had o|)[)osed the government which had appointed him ; and as he had virtually defeatc^d his own party he could no longer hold office under it, and therefore resigned. The i)eople were extremely sorry to lose him, and the Assembly showed its appreciation of his services by voting liim a handsome service of plate. Hon. AVm. Black tem- porarily administered the affairs of the province until the a|ipoiMtuieiit of Sir Alexander Campbell, who arrived in the fall of 18;51. CHAPTEU CIV. NEAV BRUNSWICK FROM 18;?2 TO CONFED- RATION. 1. — Political Conditiox of the Province. — 2. AiiusKs IN THE CuowN Lands Detautment. The Casual and Tekuitokial Revenues. — 3. Reforms Sanctioned nr Loud Genelg. — 4. Obstructions Thrown in the way by the Council. — 5. The Governor Refuses to Sign The Civil List Bill. His Resignation. Passage of the Act. — G. The "Aroostook War." Violent Feeling on Both Sides. — 7. Settlement of the Maine Fron- tier Di:-ficultv. — 8. Recall of Sir John Harvey. Squandering the Public Money. — !). Defeat of Resi'Onisble Government at the Polls, An Un- FAVORAIlLE PICTURE OF St. JoiIX. ELECTION RiOT. — 10. Troubli: as to Mr. Reade's Appointment as Provincial Secretary. — II. Responsible Gov- ernment Established. — 12. Brief Review from 1818 TO 18C7. List of the Governors of the Province. 1. — AVe now come to the period of the strug;.'l(! for res|ionsible government through which all of the provinces have had to go, and which was of a milder j,„,i,i,,„| ,,„|„ii. type in New Brunswick than in either of tii'n of ihu jiruv- the Canadas, there being no distinctions of race or faith there to stir up the deepest and bitterest feelings, which lead to ojieii rebellion. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia fought for their constitutional amend- ments in a constitutional way, and their leaders never bo far forgot themselves as to make an appeal to the sword as did Papiiieau and Mackenzie. New Brunswick at this time, 18.'iL', siilYered from the government of a " Family Compact," somewhat similar to those of Ui)per Canada and Nova Scotia ; be.t tlio New Brunswick compact was not so exclusive nor so grasping as tliose of the other jvernor who for fourteen *ly for the _ood of tlie ill of the timher tax Sh- lent which liud appointed foated iiis own i)arty he t, and tlierefore resigned, y to lose Iiim, and the of his services iiv votiii<' Hon. AVm. IJlaek tem- )f tlie province until tlie impbell, who arrived in JIV. 18;i2 TO COXFED- TiiK Pkovince 2. >s Di:rAUTMi;NT. The ;VENUKS.— 3. Kkfohms '«• 4. OnSTUL'CTIONS IE Council. — 5. The ON The Civil List ASSAOK OF THE AcT. Violent Feiclino on " OF THE INIaine Fkon- . oeSik John llAUVEy. roNEY.— 9. Defeat of ' THE I'OLLS. An Un- )iix. Kleotio.v Kiot. :eAI)E's Al-rOINTMENT I I. RESPOS'SIIiLE Gov- IJuiKF Review fkom GOVEK.NOK.S OF Till: od of the striiirjile for licii all of the provinces milder „ ,, , Polilicnl coiiill- itlier of tiiin of till! jiiov- lllCI'. nctions le doejiest and bitterest lion. New Hruiiswiek constitutional anieiid- i their leaders never bo III ajipeal to the sword S^ew IJrunswiek at this ■rninent of ;v " Faniily 3se of Upper Canada ninswick compact was IS those of the other '•'1 > IJ ; ,i:'? % I :il^l i ; :i '"' 1 III i NEW BRUNSWICK 1< ROM 1832 TO CONFEDERATION. 407 pi'i^'Mices, and more fairly re[iresente(l tlic interests of the peo).. \s Howe became tiie leader of the Rel'orm party in Nova fluotia, so Lemuel Allan Wilmot took the lead ill New Brunswick, and to his talent as ; lawyer, and brilliancy, eloquence and skill as a party leailer .nay be attributed the triuinplis of tlie Reform party in his prov- ince. In both provinces the governor's name was Camp- bell, and although they were not related they were singu- larly alike in disposition, both being strong Tories, stern, determined soldiers, and men who, naturally ranging themselves on the, side of the constituted authorities, steadily opposed any innovations in the way of reforms. New Brunswick took the le.id in agitation for political reform. In 18o2 the Legislative Couneil, which had here- tofore been also the Executive Council, was made a separate body ; and the latter was made to consist of five members — the Ilonorables Thomas Baillie, Frederick P. Robinson, William F. Odell, George F. Street, and John S. Saun ilers. 2. — This change was said to have been effected for the jiurpose of having some members of the assembly aj)- pointed to the Executive Council so as to Abuses in tho * . . , criiwii i.iiiKia no- open up the means of communication be- partineiit. 'I'lio , . , . i i i-" c.iaimiiindTiTri- twecii the Assembly ami tlie hxecutive : tori.ll ruVL'iiueB. , ^ i • ^ ^ i but as no such aiipoiiitmeiits were made, the change came to be regarded, by both the Legishitive Council and the assembly, as a mere ruse to get rid of the .idvice of some of the members of the former, and to centre all the [lower of the government in the hands of the live members of the Family Compact who had been appointed to the Executive Council. New Brunswick at this time had several substantial grievances. The crown land department, like that of all the other provinces, was grossly inismaiiaged. The chief commissioner was iippoiiited by the crown, and was wholly iiirleiiendent of the Assembly ; and altliough he was openly charged with favoritism in appropriating large tracts to lumber operators and other favorites, and was generally very obnoxious to the people, there was no means of calling iiim to account, and making hiin resjionsible to the re[)reseii- tatives of the people. It was also charged against him that his large salary and immense penpiisites in the way of fees enabled him to live in a style of luxury which liad a demoralizing effect on the less fortunate and smaller salaried ollicials. Another grievance was the use of the revenue derived from the sale of lands, known as the " casual and territorial." Unlike tho same tax in other provinces, this tax in New Brunswick was sufficient to pay the c.vil list and leave a surplus, and the Assembly at an early date claimed control of it, but without effect. In 18;)2 a resolution was jiassed askii the governor to furnish the House with an account of the receipts and expenditures of tliis fund, but the reijuest was curtly re- fused by the governor. Foiled in one ([uarter the Assem- bly determined to try in another, and a|ipointed Messrs. E. B. Chandler and Charles Sinionds as delegates to treat with th(! imperial authorities for the surrender of the casual and territorial revenues. The delegates succeeded in arranging terms with Mr. Stanley, then colonial secre- tary, in 183;i, but the arrangement was not carried out, ] owing either to a misunderstanding, or to some secret influence being at work against the Assembly. 3. — About this time there was some dissatisfi'.ction with regard to the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Compan\', which had been formed in Lon- tton ill 1831, and was incorporated in ti.iniii ivy Lord 1834. This foreign company was sold a "''*'■ tra(;t of land between the .St. John and .Miraniichi Rivers, covering about ;jOO,000 acres, for a sum of ,£.>(!. 000. of which £21,000 w.-is paid down. Tlie object of the com- pany was to relieve some of the over-crowded labor dis- tricts of England by removing the labor to a place where it could have a chance of being usefully and remunera- tively employed in clearing the land, making roads, build- ing houses, &e. ; great indueements were iil-o held out to naval and military otUcers to settle, and to good practical farmers to make their homes there. The company was calculated to do good to the [iioviiice, but tln^ Assemlily did not like the idea of so large a portion of the piiiilic lands being given to a private company without the con- sent of the representatives of the ]ieoi)le being asked ; and at the session of 183G the (luestion of the right of the Assembly was again brought up by Mi'. L. A. Wilmot moving an address to the governor for a return of all the .sales of land made during the past year. Tin' governor only furnished a general stati-ment, which in- creased the dissatisfaction of the House, as it knew In; had received instruetions from the Home office to yield coii- sidi^rably to the demands of the Assembly. The House now moved a formal address to the king setting forth its grievances in full in the matters of crown lands, revenue and control of the pulilic funds, and Messrs. Crane and W •'- mot were appointed delegates to present the address i England. The delegates were most kindly receiveil by the colonial secretary. Lord (ilenelg, and due consideration given to their complaints. After several interviews everylhing that they demanded was granteil, with some slight modilications, and the draft of a bill for the support of the civil government of the |)rovince was [irepared. The casual territorial revenue was given up in considera- tion of the Assembly voting a |ieriiianent civil list of £l4,o00year. The salaries were left as they were, but with the unilerstandiiig that sinne of llieni would be reduced when new ap|iointnients were made. The inaii- agement of the cniwn lands was vested in the goverinn' and Council ; init they were made partially responsible to the House by having to furnish a detailed account of the department within fourteen diiys aftiM- the opening of iif Mr \k, l'^ i ir Wtp] •,M TITTLKS IIISTOKV OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. Paiiinimrit. Two |iriiici|il('s \> liidi tlic A^-cmlily li;nl liocii c'liiitciiiliiij; for Were allowi'd, Imt imt |i(i>itivcly onlcrcd. tlifsn wfi't' roprcseiitativc ijDVcriiiiit'iit, by Imviiii; nicm- Ihts of tlic iiiiijority of the .Vsscinlily ftillcil to the Kxccii- tivi' Coiiiii'il ; and the uicinlicis of all parties slioiilil l)e called to the Legislative Council. Another reform jjranted was that all jrrants and leases of lands were declared void, unless soM by puhlic auction, after due notice, to the hiiiliest l>idder. 1. — The delejiates and their friends were jubilant, and thought that all dillicnlly had been overcome ; but they were mistaken, such sweeiiiii'' chani'es (>li:'tru('tiipii8 ' " . ; tlirown in ilio Wily could not. b(> elfected without opposition, by thu iduiuil. , , , 1 . ,. , 1 1 and although it did not, last very long it was strong for awhile. Sir .Vrchibald Canipb(>ll and the Executive Council had no intention of allowing the control of the revenue to be taken out of their hands, without an effort to retain it, and, accordingly, representations were made to the cob :ial secretary that the amount of £14..">()0 was not siiHicient to cover the expense of the civil list, the salaries of the judges of Circuit Courts, and con- tingent expenses having been omitted. Strong excei)tioii was also taken to the clause referring to the sab; of land by public auction, it being ui'ged that its enforceiiu'iit would do great injustice to a large class of bona Jitle settlers, who hud only scpuitters' rights, anil would not be able to show a clear title to the lands they had reclaimed fnun th- wilderness and settled on if this clause was in- sisted on. The governor had even stronger views on the subject, and did not hesitate to express them freely. The casual and territorial revenue had for some years been exceciling the civil list, anil the consei[iienco was that a fund of about SfS(l(J,(J()0 had accumulated, the expendi- ture of which Sir Archibald thought it would be unwise to trust in the hands of the Assembly, who, he felt assured, would rapidly squander it. His own jiet scheme was to foster this surjilus and add to it, so that in a few years the interest on it would supply the civil list, and the casual and territorial roveuuea could be used for general improvenu"' without other taxation. He there- fore, in answer to -d Glenelg's despatch containing a draft of the proposed civil list bill, took exception to the bill and suggested a number of amendments which virtu- ally nullilied it. a. — The Legislature met in January, 18.'57, and Sir Archibald, who had not yet heard the fate of his amend- ments, was anxious to altcruil that iiiiiorid him to |)iis>(Ml ill both iitMliou of the iiii to i;ivo his iiiilcs.s tho sus- iilli it was (lis- t liad ;;nii(; tO sciiilily at oiiC(3 >I(; to its iiitcr- iit rc>ohitioiis, iiovcriior and tliu iiincr was ho received tlio ditVereiiiH'. and .' theiii tliat lio r.ord (Jleiiel;r, ruetioiis. 'J'lio mi Wilinot to 1 It Freileiicloii deiiioiistrafioii was now fully d. and to fully iinieiit ; and as he instriictions s nceopteil. and The mission of tiiijr any niodi- nu law on the LTiinieiit fairly ■ the reformers li the greatest the executive 's eouiisel ; iii- H'coiiK' that it gtli portrait of id the picture 's chair in the •iiijr of the civil 1 New Iiruiis- ed any of the in I'pper and ey was a most Iv within the 'J'lm "Arooslnok War." Vi..li.nt fi'i'liii); CPU botli BlclfU. ferred, gave a •aiis the lion's !,dve them the he award, and ilie matter was as far from settlement as possililo. Karly in th(! month of January, 18;i',), some lawless persons from New Brunswick went into the disputed territory to rut timber, wlien Uoveriior Fairlield, of Maine, sent ii large party of constables, under command of the sherifT, to expel the intruders and seize t'leir lumbi'r. A tight ensued which resulted in a mutual ca])ture ; the Ameri- cans captured JIcLaughlan.tlie British warden, and carried him olf to Augusta; while the British made the American land-agent Mclntyre. a prisoner, and lock( d him u]) in Fredericton jail. Both provinces at once went altlaze with excitement, and iiitemiierato words threatened to be soon followeil by still more intemperate acts. (Jovernor Fairlield .cut two thousand men, under Colonel .larvis, to .SHp[ion the slierilY ; .Sir John Harvey issued a proclama- tion claiming the disputed territory as British property, and calling on thi! fJovernor of Maine to withdraw his troo|)s, to which that functionary responded by a counter- proclamation, claiming the territory as part of the State of Mainl^ and calling out ten thousand State militia to sup- ])ort the claim. .Sir .Io!m now took decided steps, and despatched Colonel Maxwell, with the .'ilith and GOtli regiments ami a train of artillery to the Ujiper .St. John, to watch '' ■■ movements of tlie American militia. The piMiple of the proviiKU" were most eiitlnisiast!(; : volunteers from .St. John Fredericton and other points tiinie(l out in great mimhers and joined the army of the ^ladawjiska. as ^laxwell's force was cailetl. and ( peiied communication with Sir John, Colborne at (Jiiebec. and .Sir John Harvey at Fredericton, while the Nova Scotia Legislature, which was ill session at the time, became so excited that the members of the Assembly not only voted SI 00,000 and H.OOO men to assist the sister jirovince, but so far forgot their legislative dignity as to give three chei'rs for the king, which were caught u[) and re-echoed by the crowd in the gallery. The excit(Mii(>nt was also very great in the United .States ; but tin; Democratic party did not want to needlessly risk another war with (ireat liritain. and President Van Buren adopti^d a pacific policy ; coii- ciliatorv notes passi'd between the English minister at Wasliii|ij;toii and the secretary of state, and (Jeneral Winlield Scott was despatched to the frontier with full powers to settle the dilliculties with Sir John Ilarvey. The war party in t\n\ IT.iiled .States, of course, made a good deal of noise, and Daniel Webster made a little temporary political capital by calling Van Bureii a coward, and declaring that if (Jreat Britain would not conform to the Treaty of 17.S;i. the Ignited States would take forcible possession of the disputed territory on next 4tli of July ; but the bulk of the people were in favor of not disturbing the peace between the two countries, and Webster found out. three years later, that he could gain more by negotia- tion than he couhl ever accomplish by force. 7. — Scott's first steji on reaching Augusta was to order the ten thousand militia Governor Fairfield li.ad ordered out. to remain at home, and this h.-ul the iniinediate effect of quieting exciteiniuit. jiui,',u"'fr"I,',l.r''" lie then entered into friendly negotiations '""'•^^""y- with Sir .John Ilarvey, and they speedily arrived at a |)eaceful solution of the dilliculty. It was agreed that the Maine militia should be withdrawn, and Great Britain undertook to prevent any incursions into the disputed territory, until the cpiestion of the bounilary was settled. This agreement was afterwards ratltiecl by the British and Ameriinted Daniel Webster, and the British (iovernineiit sent out Lord Ashimrion, a Very ainiabh; old gentlemen, who let Webster have almost entirely his own way, and who consented to giving up seven thousand scpiare miles of the best timbered and agricultural .'and out of the twt'lve thousand in dispute. The people of New Brunswick were not very well pleased at the decision arrived at, but they were feign to be con- tent with the final settlement, on .some terms, of a question which was a perpetual menace of the peace of the whole nation. 8. — Sir John Ilarvey administered the affairs of the province until 1841. when he was recalled on account of a slight ditl'eriuice between him and Lord i.,.,.„i| ofsir.ii.tin Sydenham, then governor-general. lie |,',',','fi',',\p'J,'!,'|'".''''''''" had the happy knack of making himself '""""y- popular, and although he was subjected to bitter attacks from a small portion of the press pulilished in the interest of the ])arty which opposeil the siirnnider of the casual and t(!rritoiy r(!venues, still he gained the good w^ill of the ])eople. and the Legislatui'c voted liiin a service of plate on his recall, in evidence of the peace and harmony which liiid existed between it and the executive during his administration. .Sir John showed a decided tendency in favor of popular government, ami that the acknowledged [irinciple of responsible government was not carried into more active effect was through no fault of his.* Political parties were more evenly balanced in New Brunswick than in Canada ami Nova Scotia : a spirit of greater moderation actuated its people. Some of the leadeis. who had been instrumental in obtaining the concession grantecl by till' civil list bill, now rested content. When a resolution to give eflVx't to the principle laid down in Lord .John Russell's despatch on the tenure of ollice was intro- duced into the Legislature, it was defeated by the casting • Arclior'8 Jlistin'i/ nj' t'nniuht. ii! ■ I I' I ■:! ' : ■ ill ■!■ II 170 Tl TILE'S IIISTURY OF llIK DOMINION OK CANADA. vole of tlic s|)c.'ik('r. Cliiiilcs Siiiioiids.* Sir.Inliii Ilai-vcy \v:h suci'C"lH>!l li.ul lieeii jiistilied, (lie Assem- l)i_V liaii no sooner i^ot possession of tiie linndreil and fifty tlioiisand pounds sur|dns to tlie < 'edit of easual and ter- ritorial roveinie. than they liad Iiclohi to spend it lavislily and extravajfantly, anil, l)y 1H42. it was not only all jjoim hilt the province was in deht and wanted to laise a loan. Tills was rather " :i feather in the cap" of the opponents of the surrender of the casual and territorial revenue, and their satisfaction was inereasid when tin; colonial secretary informed the Leijislatnre that their reckless man- ner of voting' away the public funds had injured the credit of the province. It. — The first year of Sir William Colehrooke's adminis- tration was not a fortunate one for tin; province ; St. „ , , „ John was visited bv a severe fire, and the Di'Tiat of '• I!e- «iKiiisii.i.' (iovLTii- province was subjected to one of those nient " at tlio • i- i i '.,11 1 iicillK. An 1111- periodical de])ressions 111 the lunil)er trade favciriiMi' iiirtiire ,.,.,, . , 1 ■ of St. .ii.iiii. Kief- wliicli Will occur ouce in a whilt! in every trade as a whoiesouie elieck on ovei'-pro- dui'tion and over-tradinj; ; thi\ revenues fell oil considera- bly, and the prosperity of the province was inoineiitarily checked, l)Ut soon began to flow on again. A det<'rmined st;ind for resjKJnsilde government de fitcio was made by the Reform ]iarty at the general election of 1polnt- iiMMii nHl'ruvini.'ial SiMTflary. I to it on the lonathan Ode!!, the pinviiice. It the riifht of , appointed lii.s lie action called iiiers and coii- •cutive Conncil rs took rather appointment ; acknowledged it pleased, hut hec.i'.iso Lord nlo that only lilts, should he ley could not f the province, xilirmed in hi.s 50 hijfli a |iiice took far more e opportunity ! government ; ip should he it, and a mem- NKW imrxswicK from 1332 to confederation. 471 bnr of the Executive Council appointed to it. who should be responsihie to the Assemlily, and hoM ollii'c oiilv so huig as he retainepointmont of Mr. Reade so distasteful the colonial secretary did not <'onfirm it, and the Hon. J. Sinicoe .Saumlcrs was a|ipi,iiitcd provincial secretary. 11. — 'I'Ik' period from LSt.J to 184H was not a very eventful one in the province, which flourished moderately. and there was nothing of a very exciting KfsiioimUiio nature in politics until the latter year. (liniMl[mulili'«t:ll>- . , ,. . nsiimi. lucre was some uneasiness and (Ussatis- faction, for the crown lands were misman- agerl, the revenue carelessly expended, and the approjiria- tion of a Mirplus of the civil list fund for the purjiose of surveying lands in Madawaska was considered a stretch of the royal prerog.itive liy the governor ; hut no serious ell'nrt to materially change the order of things was made until 181.S. In the previous year Earl Grey, the colonial secretary, had sent a despatch to Sir John Harvey, Govern- or of Nova Scotia, in which he clearly delined the principles of responsihie government as applicalde to the provinces. He held that memlicrs of tin; Executiv(' Council, who ilo'v'Ied the policy of the country, should hold ollici' only so long as they had the sujiporl of a majority of the House, and that all heads of departments slioiiM only hold olliee on pleasure ; that all ollicers under government were to hi; excluded from sitting in either branch of the Legislature, and that while holding ollice onlv dni'iiiLj ijood behavior, tln.'y were not to he subject to reirval simply im a change of governnient. At the session of ISbS, Mr. Charles Fisher, member for York, holiling tiiiit this despatch was as applicable to New lirunswick as to Nova Scotia, introduced a resolution fully ajiproviiig of it, and accepting it as the rule for the pro- vince. The deba'e was ojiened on the 21th February, and the resolution was carried by a large majority on a coalition vote, both conservatives and liberals voting for it. Thus was respoii.sible government linally recognized as tlie rule of the province. This was the last important act in the administration of Sir William Ci'lebrooke, who was ap])oiiiteil to the Governorship of IJritish Guiana in l!SI8, and was succeeded in New Brunswick by Sir Kdintnid Walker Head, grandson of a baronet of the same name who had been forced to flee from the States with the loyalists of 17M.'!. Sir Kdinnnd had the honor of being the first civilian regularly apitointed to the lieu- tenant-governorship of the ])rovinco. 12. — The career of New Hriinswick from the establish- nii'iit of responsible gov 'rnnient in IShS. to confederation in 1867 was compar.itively uneventful, with tli(> exception of the agitations on the jl'i'^'^.r!'-'';-!"'' l'.i»" ns of the Inler-colonial Railway "[ ;/;; ^^;;'J;'i';',;:;.' ' and confederation, both of which subjects we liavt' freely treated of in cliapter 102, and it is useless to go over the sanii' ground here. There was no party spirit in the province to speak of until IH.V't, tint principal agitation being on the subject of retrenchment, the cry for reform in this direction being led by Wilmot, and liis principal points of attack being the salaries of the judges. The judges protested vigorously .igainst any reduction, and claimed that when the civil list was placccl at £11,- .")00 it included their salaries at certain lixeil rales, and that to make any reduction would be a breach of faith. On this ground they appealed to England and wen; sup- ported by Earl Grey, which caused some dissatisfaction in the Houses, and the subject formed " a bone of conten- tion " for some time. •' Another source of political stril'e arose, from Fri;e-trad(^ discussions. The high imperial duty on flour, had led to tlu; erection of several flour-mills near St. .loliii. Afterwards, when this duly was with- drawn by England, the owners of tin! mills sought the Legislature to protect their tradt; by a jirovincial duty on all imported (lour. The subject gave sco[»o to the orjitors of the House, ami the tax was legalized. Next session the protectionists again appeared with ])etitions. They ask- ed for protective iliities on all i)rovinci;il industries, and a lisherman's bounty ; but while the Assemlily considered the whole subject, a despatch from Lord (jrey was pre- sented, in which dissent was recorded against the bill granting a bounty to hemp growers. This, viewed as an uniH'cessary interference, ipiickened into rage the feeling against the despatch system, and the rule >;f Downing Street. The re]ieal of the navig.ilion laws added to the vexation. Mr. Wark, by his resolutions in the Assembly, trieil to show that responsible government in New I'-riiiiswick was yet only a name. In face of the earl's decree another member inlroducey putting Canadians in liondage, asseiniileil at Portland and einliarked for Ivistport, Me., with llie inti'iilion of crossini; the St. t'roix Iviver and making a descent upon St. An- drew's and St. Stephen's. Tho l.')tli regiineiit, under Colonel Colo, Was prom|itly at(;lied to the frontier, with a nninlier of voluntei'rs, and occupied Caniiioliello, .St. Andrews and St. Stephen's, Imt the Fenians, finding !l warm reception jirepared for them, wisely ]iostponed their visit, and all was soon (piiet on the frontier jigaiii. ISiit the dcinoiistratiim had had an elTect iIk^ Feiii.ins little calculated on, it lia. Carleton. fiov 1784 Hon. (J. O. Ludlow, President 1780 Hon. E. Winslow, President 18tKi Col. (}. .lohuston, President 1808 Gen. W. Hunter, Gov 18()|J Gen. W. Hal four. President 1811 Gen. G. S. Sinythe, President 1812 Gen. Sir .T. Sauraarcz, President 181;} Col. H. W. Ilailes, T'resideiU 181(5 Gen. G. S. Smythe, Gov 1817 Hon. Ward Chipman. President 182.'] Hon. .1. :\L IJIiss, President 1821 II Gen. Sir II. Douglas, Gov |S2.') Hon. \\. IJIack. Presiihnt |,s2<) Cien. .Sir A. Cainphell, ( Jov l.s;!2 Gen. Sir .lolin Harvey, (iov |.s;;7 Sir W. .M. G. Colrhrooke. (Jov IH\\ Sir K. W. Iliarl. (Jov l.SlM Hon. .1. II. r. .M. Suit Gov IH.'.I Hon. A. (iorilon, ( lov |K('2 Sir C. Ilastin^'s Dovle, Lt.-Gwv luCiC. CH AITKU CV. rUINCE KDWAUD ISLAND — (;oVKI{N:\IKNT Ol' CAPTAIN PATTKUSON. 1. FiitsT I)is((>vi:i!Y .\M) Si iisi (jiKNr Si tti.i::\ii:nt (IK rill-: Island. — 2. Ckssion or tiik Isi.ami to I'lKITAIX. Loitli KliMONT's St III..MK. — '.',. Till; Isi.,\X|> pAit<'i;i.i.Ki> Ol r liv i.o-ni;uY. — I. Tiik Isi.a.nd Ciik- Ari;i)A Sici'AiiATr. PitoviNci:. Fi.vanciai, TKoriii.i.s. — ."(. In( ii)i:xrs DiiiiNc tiii', Amikman Wak <)!•" I.\I)I.im:.nui:nci:. — tl. Sai.k ok Lam>s to Pay Ovku- IMK. tiLIT-Kl:NTS. DiSSATISI A( TIO.N OK TIIK PltOI'Itl- KTOits. — 7. Tim; f!ovi;i!Nou Hiatsi s to Oiiky tiik OliDl'.ltS OK tiik HoSIK (iOVKK.NMKNr WITH IvKliAKK TO IiK.STOIIIXIi TIIK LanDS SoI.I) IN 17HI. — 8, Uk- CAI.L OK PatTKUSO.V AM) A I'I'OIXTJI KXT OK LlKl- Tt:NANT-GoVKl!NOU '''AN.MNti. A STUUtiGI.K KOIl PoWK.K. 1. — Prince I'"dward Island, which has frc(pieiitly heeii mcntioiuMl in the early portions ot iliis work as the " Js- land of St. .lolili,'' was discovered liy .hilin Cahot, who coimnanded the first expedition Mlh'^.lfiu^nrsru'!"'' to t!ie New World sent out l.y Knirland ""■""'"''^' '»"""'• after the great discovery of Columliiis. This expedition left Bristol in N',)7, and on St. .lolin's Day o' tlt;it year Cahot landed on a ht'autiful and fertile island. .Much he naiiieil St. .lohii in honor of the patron saint of the day. TIk; English, however, made no att(-mpt to claim or cVi;i{\MK\T > I' Si;tti.i:mi:nt "i: Island to -'■'■ 'iiii; Isi.Axi) Isl.AMi CltK- I'lAI. TKoriJI.liS, :ii AN War or K) I'av Oviit- 'I Tin: riiopKi- S TO ()ni;v TMK I WITH I{i;<;ahi) ; 17M|._H. Uk- »ii;xT oi- I,m:i-- STI!L(iCil.K l(>l{ frc(|iicntly been oik as tlio •• Js- Kir-I ilisiMiv.rvmiil hlll»>.(|u.nl ^1 Itlr- im'iii..r llii-liilaiKl. riiis cxpcdiiKPii :i.V «''' ihnt yciii- ■liiiid, ••, inch Ik; lint of iliu (liiy. o claim or col- isilcd liy \'cia- lie interest of ;r as part of its andalialfaftcr (liuiis hv. foiiiiil )ssession of it ; to colonize it irraiited to tlic 'M Islands, for in the Freiieli did iiotliiiiir IS stations on IMJINCE KDWAKl) ISLAM)— (iOVKUNMKNT OF CAl'l AIN I'ATTKUSt ).\. I7;J tl le i>laii< I. til l:Ii till id of certain iiilvi'iiturer.- !• 'I III. Ma^'daieli Islamls, and ai it c.r ill! il. lialilv tii(^ lir>t si'tlli'iiii'iits on the i.sland <;i'ew out of tin iliiate, vVc., ill wilicji he s|m aks in i \i n liioie ;;lo\villiX provisions of ihe Inaty of rireelit, which was concluded terms of liotli than hail the Flench exphn'cis who had lietwt (In eat lililalM aii< Aeadia ami Newfound I F d wert in 17 in, h ly wlinli previously reported on the capahilitu liti >l the ^]and. di'd to (Jreat liritii and liy wliieh it was provided that the French inJialiitiuits rcMoiis to the ri'eiption ol tins report — in I)e ITCi.'i — the Ivii! of lyunioiit. lien lii'>t lord of the ad- of the ceded territory slionld he at liherty to niiiove with- iniralty, had pre^eiiied a petitiini pray.iij; for a ;;raiit of the whole islaiiil, wliieh he intended lo turn into a sort of feudal liarony with himself as lord paramount, hav- ing; forty //iiiii/ri(/.i, or liaronies, with ei^lit hundred inanorn and forty township-, each of one himdred lots coii- tary post a'. Port La .loie (now Charlottetown ) niidir the I taiiiiiiij (ivii aeres. This plan wa- \ i'.'oron-ly pii-hed I for somi^ lime, Inil the lords of trade and plantations oppo-cd the scheme, and liiiaily, on tli ' lliinl appli- iii one year to any plaeeof their choice. I nder lliis pro- vision iiianv of the Aeadiaiis removed lothe island of .St. .loliii, which slill remained niidcr I''reiich rule. This moveliieiit was fiillowed hv the estahlishincnt of a mili- |)rotectioii of the French fort at Cape lireloii. However, even in 17.V2 the entire inhaliilants of the island mimlui- ed but l,.">.'i I, notwilhstandiiijx llm faMiralde aceoiinls of the soil and eliniale which had heeii widely circulated. I''rom this period in the eoiiipie^l hy the I'",lii;lish, lln' plo- •;ress of population and wealth on the island was not rapid, yet these were j^radiially increased and expaiidcil until I7.">H, when tlit; total mimlier of inhaliilants, from the hest aeeonnts which call he aiitlieiitieated, was ahoiit .'i,(HII(, ami prolialily this inereasi! was to ii jrreater (extent inileht- ed to the eX|)nlsion of the Acadians from N'ov.a .Scotia in 17.'i') than aiiylhinj.; else. We can record little or iiothin;; of French rule in tho island of St. .hihii ; there were no events connected with it lieyond tho>e inentioiicd wliii'h are w ntliv of parliiailar remark here. 2. — Tlu! treaty of poaee hetween Franeo and Fn^land ill 17()"), hy wliieh all the possessions of the former in North America wert^ ceded to the hitler, c.iiised a lireat ehaiii;e in the destiny of I'rince I'Mwanl Llaiid. That island, lou'ether with Capi! Iireton and what is now the I'roviiice of New ISriliiswirk iiiid part of the Slate of Maine, was included , ill the government of Nova Scotia, and so I'onliniied until ; 1770. Ill 17i)t the, liriti-h (iovf till' Isl lliHl ((' Itrilaiii. I.ulil l-:i,'motirs sell 'III!-. kept extremelv poor. and maintain themselves hv their indii try in jiardenin^, fishinjj, fowling, &c. The few rcniain- iiijj houses ill the dilTerent parts of the island are very bad, and the ([iiaiitity of cattle is but very incoiisider- j able." The ca])t,iiii evidently sparecl no time or ])aiiis in complclinix his surveys, for in October. 17l'i">. he sent home Jlr. Hobiiison with plans of llie island, as well as cation tor a ;^r;inl ol l\\i: i lain it. .'!. — Iiy the sur\ey of C.iptain Holland the i laiid was found to contain .'ill."). |IM) acres, only about lii.iiilO of which Were estimated as unlit lorculli\a- ti.m. Althon-h I he lord, of trade .and il,'i'i;.,'r,';i;;'|,y"" plantations refused to eiilerlain Lord F;;- '""'-in. mont's siheine, yet they agreed io disirilinte the island amongst persons who had — or were siipposcil (,, h;,v( — cl.'iinis upon the governiiienl : and in accordance with this plan, nearly the \\liolc island was dish iliiited bv a lottery, which was drawn in the presence of ilie hoard of trade, on -'■Ul duly. 17(i7, the claims of all petitioners for alloiiiienls having been pre\ ionsly adjudicated on bv the board. The eondilions under which the ilislrihnlioii was made was us follows: '•< )ii twenty-six specided lots or townships a i|uil-reiit of six shillings on every hundred acres was reserved, on twcnly-niiie lots four shillings, und on eleven lots two shillings, jiayalile aiinii.ally on one half of the grant at the expiralion of (ive years, and on the whole at the expiralion of ten years after the dale of the grants. A reservation of such ]p;irls of each lot as iniixht afterwarils bi; found necess.ary for lorlilicatioiis or public piir|ioses, and of a hiindre(l acres for a church and glebe, and of fifty .acres for a schoolm.-isler, w.as made, live hundred feet from high-water mark being reserved for the pur]iose of a free lishery. Deposits of gold, sihcr, and coal wen; reserveil for the irown. It was stipulated that the grantee of each township should settle the s^mic within tell years from the date of the grant, in the pro- portion of one person for every two hnndred acres ; that such settlers should \[ill, Catlicart ami Iliu^iiis, and Messrs. S|i('iicf, -Miiir ainl C'allii'art, in coiisidciaiioii ot' tlu'ir liiiviiiij estalilislii'd li- Ik lies, and otliciwise improved tilt! island ; and all tliu ri'niaincK r of the island was disii'ilintcd. -I. — W'ry few of llio gi-antecs had any intention of set- tling on the island, and eillier solil out or alienated their rii.' isliiiiil iTi'.t- I'roperly, so tliat in the course of a few ''"'"■""i"™'' years the bnik of it. fell into the hands of I. II ti i< 111:111- .' l'l->\ ill l''iiiill ii.il iicMilili'. ji f,.,v absentee |iro[>rietors. The grantees, however, were elaiiinroiis for their political rights, and in 1 7(')H petitioned lor a separation from Nova Scotia and gov ernnieiit of their iwii, which ]ietition wa- granted in 1770. when there were only live resident proprieter.s on the isl- and and ahoiit one hundred and lifty families. Captain William Patterson, one of the grantees, was apponiteil governor, and arrived in 1770. anil three years afterwards a I'oniplete eonstiliition was gianled it. and the iirst I'ar- liament met at Charloltelowii in 177.'1. The govermneiit cou>isted of a lieutenant-governor, aided by a c,ond)ined Ivveciitive and Legislative Coinicil, anil a House of As- sembly of eighteen members. Of the Executive Council, three were inenil)ers of thi" Legislative Council and one of the House of Assembly. The first trouble in the new province arose from money dilliciihies. In a-king for a C'.ii>titiltiuii the ,■ .1 irielors had olfei-ed to make the (piit- li'Mts due in Iwli r..iyable at once; but liny l.iiled to pay lip. anil the gov 'iior was soon put to great straits to rai.-e ,■.;!!;.!;■;;• !!<:.ney to meet tlie civil list, which was very mod- ei'ale. eoinprising, salary of governor, loUO ; secri'tarv and registrar, i'l.'>0; chief-instice, £2(10 ; attorneygeneral, t'lOrt; eliM'k of the crown and coroner, i.'.SO ; provost mar>lial, i'.")0 ; and the minister of the Church of Knglaiid. ilOiJ: but even this small amount was not received from the (juit-rents, and the governor was forced to use £:i,- Oon, raised by the llonse for the erection of public bnild- ings, to pay the employees of the government. The pro- gress of the colony was very slow; there was little oi' no eiui;:;ralioM. after thi^ lirst excitement li;id worn oil' ; jiinl in 177'.i out of sixty nine townships into which the island had been divided, ell'orts towards settlement liiid only be(!n maile in about a dozen, and even in these the eolon- i>.,ition w;is only partial. One reason for the lack of em- igration Wiis the l)ig,iiry of the Church of Fuglaud, and the exclusion of Human Catiiolics from selllement 011 ihe island. In 177."), (loveriKU' Patterson went to KnLrlaiid : and the proprietors presented a memorial to the colonial secretary praying that the civil establishment of the isl- iiiid shiiuld be provided for by an animal grant by Parlia- ment, as was done in other colonics. Ity a mi.iiite of Council, jiassed oi' 7lh Angnsl. 177ti, :' was ordered that leg.l ])roceedings should be taken to rec. ver the arrears of (|iiit r<'nts ; but no immediale adion was taken by ihe governor, who v .'s iiivious to propitiate the proprietors. T). — The island of St. John was made to feel thi' horrors of war shortly after the outbreak of the American revolntioii. In November. 177.">, two Americi.n vessels, crnisingin the -'ilf of the u!;:';!;;"!!^ aI!;!!;?. .St. Lawrence for the pnr|)ose of trying ™" '"'I'l'i'mKi"''. to intercept F.iiglish sleaiiiships on their way to Quebec, suddenly a|)peared in the harbor of Charlottetowii, which was ipiitt- defenceless, and landing a bod v of s:iilorsiiiid ma- rines pillaged the phiceof all that was valii;ible and carried olf Hon. 'Mv. Callbeck. who was administering the govern- ment in the absence of (nivernor Paltersnn. ;iiid other olllcers, prisoners, (uiieral W;ishington then liad liis head-ipiarlers at Cambridge, and as soon its h(^ heard of the outrage he released tlii; prisoners, restored the booty, and had the ollicers who commanded the expedition dis- missed the service. The island sulTered no more duriiiu' tht^ war. except tlnit the privateers hovering alioiit the gulf soinetiiiies replenished their sc;iiity provisions at the expense of the larmers' flocks and barn-yards ; but the loss w:is more tli;in conipeiis;ited by the occ;isionaI visits of Iirilish men ol'-war, one of which, th<> //iniln: beiiiir placed (Ui the station, eiVeetually protected the i^hind. In 1776 lour companies of militia, under Major Hierliky, were sent from New York to jirotect tlui island ; and in October, 177'.l, the ship <.'niiii//ii, with a regiment of lles- si;ilis on bo.ird, was forced by stress of weather to pul into Charlolletiiwn, and ii'iiuiined thereuntil the following .Inne. Th(! town Inid not eiionuh provisions to support 1 them, but the delicieiicy was made up by the fanners. This vi-il w;is prodiic'live of good in the future, fur m;iiiy of the soldiers. |ile;is(d with the country, returned at the close of the Wiir and settled there. (1. — In 177.') the As:.t'inbly had ])assed an act pro\idiiig for the s;ile of allotmc nis in the event of the i|uit-rents not beiii"- paid ; but the law had never , '■ 1 , V I . ,. ^'i''' "f ''""I" '" been enlori'cil. On Ills relnril Irom r.n;;- iin.v ..v. r-ilia' qi il- , , . ,-.... 1 /' II ' li'ills. |li^^.■llis^lll - land. 111 1(MI. Ill wever, doMiiior 1 atler- tii.ii.iiiiRini.i.ii,- son decided to enforce the l.iw, and, ac- cordingly, legal priiceediligs \\i>re t;iken ;ind a number of estates sold for litllc more than the taxes due. This led to great eomphiinls against Patterson, wlio bought large ipi;inliiies of the land himself, and ultimately led to his remoMil. The proprielors whoso estates h;id been sold pelilioned agaiii-t the .action of the govcrlior, claiming that he luid chosen an inopporiiiui' time while the country was at war, and few F.nglish capitalists could be found to invest III colonial property, in an island which might he alien;ited from the lirili-h crown by the next tn;ity of peace; th.it he h,id not followed due form of law, nor given suHiiient notice in I''ngland of the inliiided sale: and that be li:id used his power and jiositioii for his personal advan- tage and netpiired large tracts of the land for himself and his friends. This latter charge P,itler-.i)ii did not atlempl to deny, for in ;i Idler to .Mr. Stuart — the aiieiil of iheprov- i.ulc to I'lM'l tho . Ill' llio Aiinricaii ■() lii.'i.linls cluiiiiR " il»Mv:ii-,.f Amni- ,, lan liiioiis at llic i-yanls ; Imt ilic occasional visits Hiiiitir. Iiciiii; 1 tlic i>laml. Ill .Major iliiiliky, ' islaml ; ami in viciincni. of Iles- wcatlicr to piii Itil tlu^ folliiwilljr isioMs to suiiiioft liy till' I'ariiicrs. fill nil', foi' inany , ictnincd at llie an acl |iid\ iilinjj of liic iniil-rcnls SmIcuIImi,,!.. Im ii'iild. |iii->Miisl'ai'. - Iinni.liliu|iri.i>ri<'- li'I-s. iml a iininlici- of • "Inc. 'I'liis led lo lionijlit largo imldy Icil to Ills ' liad been sold iciiior, claiiiiiiijr liilc llic ('oiiniry mid Ipc found to vliicli iniiilil lie next triMty of >f law, nor jilvcii d sale ; and lliat personal udvaii- for himself and did not altem|)t ,'ent of the prov- I'UINCK KDWAUl) ISLAND— (JOVKHNMKNT OF CAI'TAIN i'ATTICUSOX. ■17.") inco in Enirland — he says : •• That the o'licers of the gov- ernineiil have niadi' purchases, is ..'ertaiii, and that I have made some niVMlf is also as certain ; lint I should be ijlad to know who would lie an otliccrof <;overnment if, by lii'in;; such, lie was deprived of his privileges as a cilizeii." He denied the lirsl char;,fe of illej;al procedure, hiwever, and trieon merely applied the law, that wa^ all, and he was ipiite ri^iht in doiiiL; so. but bis sub>eland, and those proprietors whose estates had been sold tor taxes, bejfan to be clamorous to have the sale set aside, and the lands returned to them on pay- ment of the arrears of taxes and expenses of sale. I'at- lersoii stidiiuly opposed this, and puis the case very clear- ly ill a letter to Mr. Stuart, dated the 12th .May. ITs.'i; he says : ■• Then' is some idea, I lind. of rescinding; the |iiii'- chases, and that t;overiiimiil will order it : wliocv<'r has formed such an idea must have slranii'c notions of ;r,)vern- meiit. ( ioveriimenl may order me. and, if I have a mind to be laugbeil at, I may issue my orders to the purchasers; but <'an aiiyoiii' lielieve lliey will be obey id ? Surely not ; nor would I be an inliabiiant of any country where such a power existed. My money may. with as iniicb jusiice. be ordereil out of my pocket, or the bread out of my niouih. A lioM'rnor has just as much power to do the one ;is llie oilier. I shoiiM like lo know what opin- ion you would have of a country where ''le valiriii>li empire. The lands arecoii.se- (luenlly esleeimd more valuable, and ihe proprietors have become elamoroiiN lor llieir lo>s. Had iho reverse taken place. — had the i-l mil been ceded to I'"rance. — let me ask what would have lieeii llie conseipieiice y Why. llie pur- chasers would have lost llu ir money, and the proprietors would have been ipliet, Iniu'uillLr llleinselves on llieir own belter judjfmeiit. There can be no resiorinjr of the lots wiiii'h were sold. 'I'Iiiti' /his iml /win ii /o/ gii/i/ mi ir/ilr/i (I siiii//i' s/ii///iii/ /his /ifi'ii iwpiiii/ii/ /ill Will/ iif sill/i'ini'iit, iiiir iijioii ir/iir/i l/ii-rf Ims /iiwii n si'll/rr /i/m-i'i/ ; so that tliose proprietors who have expended money in inakiiiji seltlemenls have no cause of eomplainl." 7. — The inlliicnce of the propiielors a' courl was. liow- ever, too stronu; for the ijovernor, and a lesiliilioii in Council was passed on 1st May. 17.SI, .n,,. ^„„.,.r„„, r„. voiding; the sales made in 1781, and allow- i»>^«>' i<'"i'.'.v ;!"■ ' l.^lll•I•^t.l III, lie. nil' IW' the original iiroprietors to repossess «io\, 1111111111 hIiIi • , ' . , . r.);iir.l 1.. rr.'^i.Tiiin themselves ot their propertv on pavnienf thr laniLs »,iid in ITsl. of the purchase money, interist, and charges incurred by the present proprielors. as well as tlie cost of any improvements which liad been made. A bill based on this order in (ouiicil was framed and sent out in 17iSl, to Ciovernor Patterson, to be suliuiitled to the Assembly ; but he had no idea of fjivini; up the prop- erty he had piirchaseil so easily, ami neirlccted to present llie bill to the Hou>e — which he knew was iinfiiemlly to him and would inimedialely |iass the bill. I'mlir the pre- leii>e thai the Home governnient was not fully acipiainl- ed with the facts regariliiii; the land sale, the irovcrnor sup- pressed the bill sent out. only submiltiiii: il to the (oiin- cil, who Were pledged to seciecy. His object was to git the Assembly lo pass an act approving the sale of 17si, before he was forced by tht; Home government to sub- mit the rescinding act sent out : and. for this purpose, he dissolved the IIou>c — which be knew w.is ininiicil to his interests, and ordered a new ileclion. biil he was iiiilor- tmiate in its result, for on the meeting of the new House, one of its lirsl acts was to consider llie conduct of ihe governor with regard to the sales of land, and an address to the King disapproving of his conduct was being fiaimd. when the governor hastily interfered and dissolved Parlia- ment again. The governor was favored at this second election by the support of the newly arrived I'niled I'".m- pire Loyalists, many of whom had sell led on the island at the close of the revolnlionary war. and whose wants had been assiduously atlended lo by the governor, in llie hope of future political support, nor was he Mii-takeii. In March, 17'.l.">,lie ordered another general eleclioii. and llie result was the return of a House entirely siibservieiil lnliis wishes, although ^Ir Stewart assures us that this •• was mil accoinplished without a severe struggle, niuch illegal con- duct, and at an expense to the governor and his friends of nearly i-'.OHO sterling." Aolhiiig was said at the session of \7k'> about the sales of 17S1. but at the next ses.slon a bill was iiilroduced. and passed, enllllid, " An act to render good and valid in law all and every of ihe proceediinfs in the years one thousand seven huiiilied and eii;hty, and one thousand seven hundred and ei.'.;liIy-one, which in every respect relaled to or concerned the suing, sei/iiiLT. condemniii^, or selling of llie lots or townships hereinafter meiilioned. or any part thereof." 8. — This bill was disallowed by bis majesty, and the proprielors in Kngland urging on the colonial secretary that (iovernor I'alt' "son did not iiileiid lo n,.,-iin "t I'liiin-- 1 .1 I 1' . 1 f t i\' .1 1 sun iiimI iijiiiMiiit- obev Ihe orders III Hie lloine olllce. thai i,i,.||i i,r 1 i..ii,n,.r. ollieer superseded I'alli.rsoii. and ordered ^i:!,^:!'!;:^;,,,^ him to relnin to I'',nglanil to answer to cer- ''• tain charges made against him. Colonel Fanning being r:ii ]. :i W:' » i ■! I ■ I ,) 170 rriTLE'S HISTORY of the dominion of CANADA. instructi'il to tiike liis pliici'. Tlie Idtcr from tlio coloiiiiil .sccrc'taiy rcaclii'i] liiin in Oiuolicr, IT.SO, iiiid :it tin; .sauii! time lie was |)i;rem[iti)i'ily ordered to sul unit to the Assembly the I)ill sciil out in 17^*4, rescinding tlic sales of 17HI, an- Dtlicr ro|)y of which was forwarded. Patterson now saw the folly of longei- withholding tlu; hill, and submitted it to the Assembly, when it was read for the first time on 1st XovemUer, but, in accordanee with the desire of t\w governor, the bill was shelved and u jirivate bill [;a>sed ii its jilaee which ])rovided for the restoration of the es- cheated lands, but on sik^Ii onerous terms that no ailvaii- tage could be derived by the original pro[)iietors by taking advantage of it. Of course; the proprietors would not submit to this, and on iIk; matter being represenlepointment was ma claims of the usurper. So matters remaineil at a dead-loch until the next month, when des- ])atches from Lord Sydney settled the matter by curtly in- forming I'alterson "his majesty has no fin-ther oei-asion for your services ;is lieutenant-governor of .St. .lohn," and instructing Famiing to assume the government of the island. Patterson never returned to the island. Deserted by his friends in F.ngland Im; had no chance of rcinstate- nu'nt; ami being in straightened circumstances, his large and valuabli! possessions on the island were sold at a mere nominal value under tlu; hard laws which he had himself caused to bc^ [lassiMl. •• !>ui tin; cpic-tion occurs," says .Air. Campbell, " what became of tho escheated lauils which were ai;i!i;s. — ."). Tykan- NicAL CoNiti cr OK (iovKitNoit Smitii. Tiikkk DlS- soLirioNs OK Pakliamknt. — 0. CiiAHOKs Madk Aoainst rin; (;ovi;iiNni!. His Attkmkt to AitifKsT ISIu. Stkwakt. — 7. Rkcall oi- S.Mirii. Aim-oint- MKNT OK Col.ONKL RkADV. — S. ,S ATISKAl TOK V CoN- IMTION OK TIIK IsLANI) IN 1H2"). ',1. PassA(;K OK TIIK Catholic Emancii-ation .Act. Rkcai.i. ok Coloxkl Kkady. — U). Stkam CovMiMcAriux wirii Pictoi:. DKAtll OK (JoVKliNOU YolNli. — 11. AtTKSII'T TO SKiri.K TIIK Land and (Id, and 101 over Cil); of the females 1.(I'.I2 were under 1(1. H(i7 between 10 and ('ill, and 7H over 0(1. There were 7 |M heads of fami- lies, and amongst these only 2') are returned as single men. and 1 1 of these were o\ cr 00 years of age. I'"iriy families consisted of only two p<'rsons each, five of whiili 1- I I ■M-l\ ;iil(l com- liiiviiig in cou- iiH'xiH'dieiit to ly as not u lew li till! oriiriiiiil 'lit possc's.sioii. ukI tliiis a siib- iiiiily wu.s juT- UKC'ORDOF UlTII iJil'J.l.IiD or TiiK Isi,- XT.— ;i. Tin: AUTV J.V Till.; 1- Tin; (^)iiT- lK;iir.AM)i:iis. >. — ;». TvitAX- Ti 11:1:1; J)is- l.\i!<;i;s M\iu: VT T(J Al!Kl;sT n. Ai'i'oiNT- I'.W TOKV C'o.V- .ssAci: or Tin: I. OF C'oi.om:i, AITII I'kk.i, AiTK.MI'T TO V KyLITAliLK mig extended . ten or twelve llii' <'.'lisiis. Ciiil. 'ii.H fiiiiisiiis Willi >'K-iril U) uaijirs. Il(! or no ini- )Nt a s(:i,i:ii!iiit ivlii
  • laiid, as out of 111 districts from w liich returns are made the name McDonald appears in '21, and in only one instance — a widow and hi'r ilaiigliter — doe'S the family consist of less than three. ICngli^li names are scarcer, and the Smitii, IJrowii, .loms and IJolpinxiii families are very scantilv repri'sented : the former having only o families of li males and Hi females; the llrowns 1 families of X males and l.S females: the Uoliiii>ons 2 faniiliis of 7 males and 7 feliiales. while only one .loiies — .lolm dones — i.s reliirmd in the whole province, and his family consisted uf 2 males and '■> females. 2. — It was during the ailministratioii of Colomd I'"an- liiiig that the name of the island was changed from St. .loiin to I'rince Edward. The inconveni- Cliiiniiiiii; tilt' ■ 1 ,• i- I nam ' <>r 111'' Isl- eiice ol tlie lorniei' name Was lelt ut ail ami. Sli'W pn (il'l'S!* ill M'ltk'- ""'"'^- • I ■■•' I - '.f the same name earlv date, on accoiiiil of there being the town and other plac and an elVort was iiiaile in 1780 to ciiange it to New Ireliiid. and a liill was introdiic I and passed in the House of .\-semlily adopting that naioi^ as tlie future oni' of tin' island; 1ml the action was taken willmiil the knowledge or consent of the imperial government, and the hill was disallowed, iifti'r which no fnrlher eiVort was inaile to change the name for nearly twenty years. Dur- ing his residence at Halifax as commander-in-ehief of the forces in North Americii, \\h' Duke of Kent ordered new harriu'ks to Im! built at Charlolti'towii. and also had the harbor fortilied; iiiid the iiihabilants felt so grateful to hiiu for Ills care ;iiid consideration of them, that, ultlioiigii \\o never visited the island, the House, at its session of 17118, passed ail act changing the name of the island to I'rince Edward, in coinpliment to him ; and the act Iiaving received tins royal assent on 1st February. 1701). the province was the forward known as that of Prince Eilward Island. The setllii'!: of the island went on very slowly under the proprietary system, and in 17117. when the House of Assembly took the iinitter in Imiid. and mad(! a careful examination inio the state of the province, very little had been done. In this year tlie Assembly i iiri'senttd a jietition to the king ])raying that the jiroprie- , tors should be comiielled to fullil the conditions on which j the lands Inid been granted, or tin' lands thein.selves es- cheated to the crown and redistributeil. This petition was based on a careful examimition of the condition of j the sixty-nine townsliijis into which the island had been ! tlivided ; by which examination it was shown that in twenty three townships, w liicli were laiined. ;ind which , contained over four biindred and fiflv thousand ;icres, i there w;is not a single resilient settler; that in twelve other townships there were only thirty-six families, numbering about two linndred ]ii'rs()iis. who thus cotistiluled the entire liopnlation of nearly one-half the area of the wliide island. The opinion of the House was that these lands were only held on siiecnlatioii. that the pro)iiielois wcr" takinu' ad- vantage of the leniency of the goviriimeiit. ;iiid that the I lands should be given to actual settlers. The petition was ' favorably received by the Duke of Portland, then colonial secretary, and (Jovernor Fanning instructed that tin; evils complained of should be removed. In opening the session of 1802, (ioveriior I'"anniiig stated that the imperi.il ijov- ei'iimi'iit hail faMir.ibly con.sidri'ed the petition, and ad- vised the House to b<^ ready to adopt, win n necessarv. the legal means to reinvest bis majesty willi the lands which j could be escheated. The lloiisc ini|iiired for fintlier in- ; formation, and not reeei\ing it. passed "an act for elfectu- ally reinvesting in bis majesty, bis heirs ;uid successors, all such lands as are. or may be. liable to forl'eitiiie within this island," which, greatly to tln^ astonishmcnl of the House, was disallowed by the Home governnicnl. y.— The cause of this disallowance is not hard to liiid. It iiiiist be remeiiiliered that in the time of which we are writing the provinces were all really gov- I'rned by orders from the coloniaroilice, nI;:\!;.?X"':I"n'' and the iiarlv most powerful in Downiiiir j'.iii> m iIm; i'"I'mi- 1 ■ 1 -^ nil utliiM. ( oiiimii- Street controlled the alfairs of the piov- iaii"ii"f tl".- iiult- j _ ' ll'lltB. iiices no matter what the local government might desire; now the |iropi'ietary party was still very strong with the Home ollice, and, of course, used its inllu- ence against a redistil but ion of the land, for both the resident jiiid non-resident ])roprietoi's were op^'osed to ;iny change. The lion-resideiil proprietors only held their lands on speculation;it h. id cost llii'in nolhiiig,aiid they did not intend that itshoulil. for they paid no ipiit-ieiit, made no improve- ment. promoted no iminigratioii, and wereonly waiting until their island was siinicienily settled by olliers to make their land valuable, when they proposed ti:rniiig it into money, and closinir their conneciion with the island. Those proprietors who had improved their jinipi rl\ were also opposed to any chaiiL'e; fm' ihey argued — with con- siderable judgment — that if lln' lands now unoccnpied were escheated to the crown and redisliiliiiled, a nninber of the settlers, who were now their lenaiils, would desire to liecome pro|irietors, and so leave their lands unoccnpied. ! » 11 1 ' r mi m^ ■17ri 'i'[ rri.Ks iiisT()i;Y of tiii; dominion of caxada. liotli pai-tios, tlicri'forc, brought their hifluuiice to hear on tlu^ Ilomo oH'ico, and the ri'sult was the disallowancn of the hill. The Asscnilily was justly incensed at sueh dis- regard Utr ihe hest interests ed to ]iaveveu the small amoiuit demandi'd, slili a yrcat ti.ui ..r lliuliliiiid- many tho'ighl tins a ^("id l[u\r to sell and ,T<. (iii\k buM.u^ss for the next four years a was done in sales, nlmut one third of tlu! whole island chauging proprietors in that time, many of the ])urchasers being t amongst these ni'W propi'ietors was the Kai'l of Selkirk, wlio had largi- po-;- sessi()n> on the N'orlh and Snath of Point I'rim. This had been thi' site of an old French setllemeiit which had been a' aiidoned on the cession of tlai island to (ireat Ib'itain. and had become partially grown o\ir with young timber. In ISO.'i th(! earl began to remove a nuud)er of Ilighlauilei's to his islaml property, about eight humlred coming that year, and the number being increased fi'oin time to time until about four thousand in all settled on the fertile soil, which, under this good inantigetnent soon began to yield jilentiful Iiar>esls. This same Karl of Selkirk afterwards forini'y Smith, who soon changed tlie character of the ' . , . Tviaiiiiicnl cnii- govemmeiit ol the isian meet again until lyl7, when the House jiroceeding to inipiiro into the state of the jn'oviiice, it was promptly dis- solved by the dictatorial govermn-, who orderiMl a general ehxtion in 1818. The new House also endeavored to iiKpiire into the state of tin; lu'oviuce, and was at once diss ilv(>d, another being eh'cted iu LSl'O, but was not called together ; and so, with the exception of the session of 1813, the island was virtually left without a Parliament and in the absolute jiower of one tyrant for eleven years. The governor's tyranny conimenced on tlu' ve\( d subject of (|uit-rents — •• the root of all evil." we might almost say. at that time in the island. A proclamation was issued in October, 181 G, st'ttiiig forth that the king had resolvi d to maki^ certain concessions to the proprietors, to remit a portion of the (piit-rents, anil to fi.Y a redticcd scale for them in future. Xothiiig nion; was done in the inaltcr uiitil January, lis 18, when the goveinor sudilenly ordered till! ai'ting r.eceiver-gcneral to collect at once all arrears of (piit-reiits fi'om .lane, 18i(!,to December, 1818, at the old rates. The suumiiiry in'oceeclings in colleciiug these taxes caused _fr'cat distress and incoiiveiiieiice to the people, and, on the > i-e luung prop<'rly represented to the Home goveriimeiit, the action of the governor w,is disapjuoved, further proceedings stopped, and a refund ordered of all collected ill excess of the ra'e of two shillings for every hundred iicnis ; it was also announced that in future tlie c(dlection of the (|uit-rc.its would ho. peremptorily insisted on, but over three years passed away and no a jLTovcriimeiit, in : 10 l'scll(;iliiig of I •roiiii)lIy (lis- Ici-cd :i ir,.||,,i-jil t'iiil<'av()i-c(l 10 111 was at unco t was not calleil session of J81,'i, rliiimciit and in I'll voars. 'J'lio ■Ml! SllhjfCt of it aliiiiist say, at Was issued in Iiad resolved (o Ills, to remit a need scale for ■ in tilt' mailer ilileidy ordered lee m11 arrears r. I.^IM. iit tlio 'olleeliiiir (liiMi ' (o tJK' |)eo|de, 1 to till! Homo IS disa|ij)roved. ordered of all line's for every It in fiitiin^ Ihe ilorily iiisi.sieil no action was liogovernnieiit ns it Iiad lieeii ic'k. In June, t tiie receiver- lie open from Illy to receivi! y the few W lio never saw or rUINCK EDWARD ISLAM)— TlIK KKCOUD OF HALF A ( KNTl KV. 470 heard aiiytliiiig at all aliout it. Xotliing further was done until iJocemher, when another notice was put u[> that quit-rents must ho [lail hy iho fourteenth of .lanuary, I.S2.'>. hut no steps woru taki'ii to inform the peo[>lo that [iro- ceediii'is would he instituted ajiaiiist tlieiii if tlio tax was not ]iaiil. ami, imlei'd, not one person in a hundred knew that aiiv demand had lieeii made. Iniinediately on the expiiy of the time yiven in the notice, suininary procee lings were j taken to force payiiieiit. Sei/iire was made of tho prop eriy of two of tli' leading settlers in townships thirty-six and thirty-seven ; and shortly after a ngiilar ilescent was made on the eastern district of King's County, which was thickly settled, ]irincipally hy Highlanders who did not understand a word «( F^ngli^h, and great distress was caused. The tax-gatherers demanded itnmedialo p;iyment. or a n(it(> at ten days, in default of which an auction sale of all ijoods and cliallels was threatened. Tho poor irij.h- landers diil not know what to do, hut mostly gave their notes, and tlun hurried ii|) to (harlottetowii to sell their w inter stock of produce to pay the notes, in some instances hciiig actually driven up like sheep hy the tax-gatherer. This long jonrney of liity or sixty miles in the de|)tli of winter caused great distress ; and tho sudden iiillux of so much proiliieo into C'liarlottotowu depressed prices a great deal so that many of the farmers were almost ruined hy the saerilice of their crops to pay their notes. Ci. — I'lihllc indignalioii was now thoroughly aroused against the governor, and the ])eople determined to hold Cliarui's nm.l.' I'lihlic meetings for the purpose of prepar- ii^'iiinsi III.' ill" a iietition to the kiiii; pravins for hi.-- Knvfrntir. IIm -^ ' .-^ i . .-^ aii'iiipi iHunvsi removal, tliev heilii; uiiahle to do so throii^di .Mr. Sli'warl. • . then- representatives, as tho govi'rnor wotihl not call a incctiiiir of ptiiiianieiit. Forty leading settlers signeil a formal reipusilion to the sherilf, Mr. John MctJi'cgor, ealliiig on him toconvi'iie a piihlic meet- ing in each of the three counties into which the island was divided, in order that the people may consult together on ihu state of the province, they having liecn deprived of a Parliament for three years. '!"lie sheriff could not refuse this very just and (■onsliluiional demand, and appointed the tir't meeting to he lielil at {'harlottetowii on (illi .^Lirch, and siihseip'.-.'Ut :iieetiiigs at St. I'eter's and I'rincctown, a course of action highly displeasing to the despotic govt'riior. who thought the people had no right to complain ahoiit him, and he. disinisscil the sherilf and appointed a iSIr. Townsliend in his place. Tho charges against the gov( riior as formulated in tho petition to the king adopted at tho tlireo piihlic ineelings jield, were niimi'roiis and serious. He was chary:cd wilh utter ignorance of tho wants, eondilion, or reipiirements of the country, inasiniich as, although he had lieeii ten yi'ars on the i>laiid, he had iieicr (|iiittcd Charlotletown hut once, and then only lor a drive of eighteen miles into the eoiintry; with illegally constituting a court of esclieat in IHIH ; with insulting the assenihly hy refusing to meet it, and hy summarily dis- missing it under parliciilarly agijravaiiiig eircmustaiices ;* with screening the chief-justice of the island from thirteen serious charges made against him ; of nepotism, hy appoint- ing his son-in-law, Lieutenant Lane, to the council, a posi- tion to which he had no right or title, and of having, as chaiK.'ellor of tin; esclie:it court, iiermitted his son-in-law Lane, whom In^ had appointed registrar and master, to make very hea\y additions to the fees. This latter charge was made a ])retext hy the governor for a charge of gross liliel and contempt of tln^ Coiirt of Chancery hy the ineill- hers of the (Queen's County ciMiimitlet^ who drew up the petition to the king, and w arrants were issued for the arrest of the mcinhers; the main ohject of the governor, how- ever lieiiig the arrest of Mr. .Stewart, who had heen ap- pointed to present the petitions ill Kngland. and who hail them in his possession. In this tln^ governor was foiled hy the ])rompt escape of .^L•. Stewart to Nova .Scotia, and he reveliued hinisell on the other mcinhers of the commit- tee hy imposing heavy lines on them. Had Mr. Stew.irt heen arrested and the petitions seized and destroved, as the governor intended, the result would, proliahly, have heen a revolution on the island, lor the iieople were terrihlv excited, and hail heen provoked almost past endurance hy Smith's arhitrary condin-t. 7. — 'I'lie lii'st newspaper piililislu'd ill I'rinci' liduanl Island wa> the I'ruicf /■Jihr<(nl Islainl licijisli r, u liii'h was iirinted hv Mv. .lanns D. ilas/ard, and , • ■ ,.,.,.., I>''''ill "f Sliiiill. made Its appearance on ::liin Jiil\, iN'i.'i, .\|i|"'iiinii'iii "f , ,, , I i. 1 1 1 ' • 1 I'.iliinrl l;i.:i,lv. y\v. Jlas/ard |Mililislied the part K'lilai's given iihove, and t'or so doing was >iiiimioiied het'ore the Court of Chanc'crv , ch.irgeil with liheling tlu iin a'.d its ollicers. hut was let olf wilh a ri'prim.ind on hi> giving the names of tin' jiartii's from whom ]"• received liis iiit'ormalion, — Messrs. .Sirw.irl. .Met Ireg(U', Mahev. Dockeiidortf, Owen and McDtniald. Tlie governor ni;ide ipiitc a pompons speech to Mr, Ha-/aril. saying: " I com- passionate your yoiilh ami in I'Xperieiice ; did I not do so. | would l.iv you hy the heels long eiioii;;h for you to reinemhei it. You have delivered \oiir evidence fairlv, • In nilillllKii to tills iHililic liisiill lio w.TB ni'riisi'il nf si'iiiliii; n ini'^sn;;.', mi till' I.Mli I) mliiT, In llii' Assciiilily, ii'i|u)riiii; Imili lli>us<'stiiiiilji>uni to till' .'iili itf -laimary follow iiijr ; ami iti-roi-i; tlio ImisIih'ss in \\liii-)i ihoy well' llicn iiiiii'il «u..< liiilslioil, anil wlion llio l.owor lUmso «a.s on tlni point of ailjo.iii iiinu'. in m.-orilnnco willi llio said iii(.ssa;:o, it was insnltoil l> .Mr. Carnilrtiai'l, tlio lionlonant-uovonior's son-in-law ami soont.-ily, wlio.ii.lvaiiiin^ ttitliin tin' li;e-, iiclilross.-il tlio siioaKoi loinlly in llioso worilK ; " .Mr. Spoaliof, if yon sit in tli.il oliair oiui nilnico loiip.r, |ll|.^ lloiiMi' will 111' iiiinioiilali'ly ilissohoil," al llio Kiinio tlino sliakiiiK liis lisl, at 111!' KpoaliiT ; ami wliit.' Ilii' IIoiiko was ..nua;;!!! in i-oiisliloiinn tlio moans of piinislilim llii..i Ih.Tiill, llio tionlonanl-Kovonio:- nonl for tlio spiakor, ami liolilini.' up liis wiin'li to lilni, saiil lio woul.l ..How ttio lloiiso tliri'o niiniilos, l.ot'oi'o llio o\pir;ition t.f whi.li, If it iliu not .'Kljoiitn, ho woiilil II soli to an iiiiiMoiliaio ili .Milnlion ; ami lliis i.xliMorilin;iry lomlmi. was soon aflor followoit l.y proro^allon of tlio ; i.|;lsIatiiro, in oonsoiinoin-o of till' Iloiiso lia\ int;i'oiiinillli.il to jiiil tlio liouti.|iaiit-^ovi.riior'H t^nn for liroaKiti.^ llio w'imlows of tli.' apaiiinont in wlilrli tlio lions., wa..^ tin ii sillint!."-i'aiii|>ln.irH lliufi:!!/ I'/ I'riiiix l-.'tlii'tinl lulninl. ■ilSllI i' I 480 ITTLES IIISTDHY OF THE JJOMFNION OF CANADA. pliiiulv. clciuly. iiml as ln'caini! a man, liut T cautiim ymi, wlii'ii yim [lulili^li a'lylliiiig airaiii. ki'i'|i clear, sir, of a cliaiiccllor I ISt'wai'c, >ii-, of a rliaiicellcir I " Tliis suli'iiiii waniiiij; was not very Ion;; clVe'-uvi;. however, for Mr. Stewart was exceedingly well riMoived in I'-nglanil, the peti- tions taken into innneiliate con>iileralioM, and Smith was reealleil.hel)eing succeeded hy Colonel Heady, who arrived on "ilst October, 1824, accompanied hy Mr. Stewart, and was most entliiisia>tically received by the inhaliitants who were heartily sick anil tired of Smith and Iiis tyranny, and welcomed any changes as ii relict', feeling (|uiieconli(leiit it could not he for the worse. Charlotletowu was brilliantly illuminated on the evening of the governor's arrival, and an address was presented tohiai, ])art of whieh read ; " wu feel the utmost confidence that the harmony that ought always to exist between the government and the people is perfectly established, and that your excellency will believe that loyalty, oiiedienoe to the laws, and a love of order is the character of the iiHiabitunts of Charlottetown. AVe cannot omit on this occasion to express our unfeigned gratitude and thanks for the attention which His Majesty Inis been graciously pleased to ])ay to the interests of this colony, in confiding its governi: "Ut to your excellency's liands, and to add om' most fervent wishes that your ad- ministration of it may be long and liajjpy." Injustice to the islaixlers it must be said, that, although they were loud and demonstrative in their joy !», the ajipointment of the new governor, entertained him at a jinblic dinners and madi' most tiattering speeches, thoy otl'ei-ecl no insult to Smith, and when lie left for England he was even i)resentetl with a farewell address by a few oiriceholders whom lie had favored during his administration. ^<. — No Parliament liad met since 182i), ami one of Heady's first acts was to order a general election, which took place late in the fall, and the new IIoii><(! met in January. I.S2-J, when ,AIr. John Stewart was elected S[ieaker. 'I'he Leginlature (piickly busied itself with passing several im- portant bills which were greatly needed; an act to improve the educational department w.is passed, also others regidating the fisheries, juries, jurisdiction of justices of the peace, and one authorizing tlu; governor to appoint commissioners to issue .£."»,(tl)0 sterling of treasury notes, and to increase the revenue by taxation. The business of the House was promptly and amii'ably trans- acted, and the same desi)atch and harmony (•haraeterized a sec(jnd session in October. At this latter si'ssion a peti- tion was ])resenteil from the Homan Catholics praying for the removal of their political disabilities, but, being ru'ci.'iveil late in the session, it was not then considered. .\fter th(^ eh'si' of the session Oovenior Ready visitecl England on privutc business, and the Hon. George Wright acted as administrator during his absence. This year the mode of paying the custom house olUeials was Sntisfiirtnry - ililii<;i if till' islaiiil in Im*: changed, as it was in the other provinr'es, and instead of collecting I'ees they Were given fixed salaries. The i.slmd was now in a quiet, happy and ])rosperous state ; the population had increased to about twenty-thrc(< thousand ; agrienltnre was flom'i.shing, anil trade and commerce steadily growing. During the year eighteen vessels arrived from (iieat IJritain, and one hundred and twenty- eight from I'rili^h coloides. The ini|iiirts weie vidiied at £.S."),.'),'!7, and the exports at i!'.l."i, 121!. The islanders seem to have been far from total abstainers, for among>t the imports we find 4,00l) gallons of rum ; 2..')(M) gallons of br.inily. and .'J.OOO gallons of gin. which woidd give an average of over two and a half gallons of sjoirits to every man. wouf.iii and child on the i-land. tt. — The governor on his return from Engl.and, met Parliament in March, T8;J7,andcongralnlatcil the j)rovince on the great internal improvements which i-.k...,,,,. nt ih,. had taken place, a road having been com- Vi",''''!).',' ' 'Jt','.',"ii!'j",f pleted to Priueetown, and lines surveyed Coiumi u.iniy. for extending it to Cascunipec and the North Cape. He also advocated thi; formation of an agricultural society, a matter whieh was then attracting a gftod deal of attention in the other provinces. Tlu^ most important bills jiassed were one jirovidi g for taking a census of (he island, and another authoiizing the format' mi of a fire comjiany in Charlottetown. The jjctition the Roman Catholics for the removal of their iioliticai disabilities came up this session, and after considerable discussion the resolution to remove these disabilities was lost on the casting vote of the speaker. Mv. Stewart, who gave as his reason not any ol:ji'ction to granting Roman Catholics the >ame ri;;lit to vote as Protestants, but, that :is the questiou h;iil not been decided in England he did not feel authorized to atiinit the principle in the province. During this .-osieu (1827') the Council and Assembly got at variance about a[ propriations, and at the following session the Council rejected the appropriation bill, which caused great incon- venience to the governor, who, on opening the session of 182'.), recommendeil a conciliatory jiolicy on bolh sides, and HO far succeeded in making peace, that bii>iiiess cominuni- cations were resumed between the two Houses, and the supply bill passed. At this session a bill was joassed pro\ iding for the eslablishuieiit of a non-sectarian college at Charlottetown. The .session of 18^0 was marked by the passage of an ai^t removing all political d' abilities from Roman Catholics, and all places, of trust, honor, or profit open to other denominatiins, were henceforw.ird open to members of that faith. The years l.s2'.l-.'!l saw quite a stream of iiiiinigratioii turn towards the cnlony, nearly two thousand fresh .Mrrivals taking ]ilace in that, time, and a great inipetiis being given to agriinllnre, whieh was now al.o being benelited by the operations of the .'igricnltiiral society, and Ilie eslablislimeiitof branche's 1 of it in dilVerent parts of the i>land. Colonel Ready was ■OS, :iii(l iiistcail of lurit's. Tlu^ isliiiil spcroiis stiito : the. ily-tlirci! tliousiiiid ; (Ic! Mild coiumci'co • eiiilitccii vt'SSfls iiii(li'c(l iiiid twciity- irts were valued iit ?(). Tlio islanders liners, for anii)n<;st •i of rum ; 2. .")()() f <;iu. wliieli would f ".'ailoiis of spirits i>laii(l. roMi Eui;laiid, nut ulated tlie province "^'' l>asyni.'c^ of (ho I,,, CallK'lii'cinaiii'ipii- tiiMi act. Itciiill „f 'Cfl ^'olfiiit'l Ui'aily. ; Xortli Cape. lie rieullural socic'ty, a id deal of attention lortaiit liills passed s of iIk^ island, and ii fii-e (■(im]iaMy in otnan C'atliolies for ilies caino iij) this ion till! resolution u the castinj,' vote ! as his reason not dies tln! same riijlit e (|iiestion liad not feel authorized to ])iirini; this .-.osiini at VMiiaiiee ahout 'ssion the Coimeil •ansed j^reat iiicou- idiii^ the session of y on liotli sides, ami htisini'ss eonuuuni- o Houses, and the a bill was jiassed in-seetarian eolh ;ii! ]0 was marked hy olitieal d' aliilities of trust, lionor, or leru heneeforward ■ears l.S21(-;)l saw jwards the eolony, kiui,' plaee in that ea to agrieullure, ' the operations of slmientof branches 'olonel lieady was / 4. iiiil 1 / Ilii ■ t 1 I ^i I;, it'; I W \ vv-^ . i '■ i ■ .ill! j. ! ■ i 1 i (NGRAVtD EyPRESSlYrOR'IUlTLfS HiSTORV or IHt DONiNlON - lo'lNO BiC&iWPHits SIE INOEK THE BURLANO 0ESBARAT5 LIIHOCOMP- i i PllINCE EDWAUD ISLAND— THE KECOUI) OF HALF A CENTUUV. •IHI r('":illtil i:i IH.il, !i;m1 liis (l.'p.'irlun! w:n ;,'iT;itly rci;r»'ttc(l liy till) |i('i(jili' ; li,; li:iil ciiiiu! to tliciu wlicli liny WiM'ii wrilliiiig iiiiiUt in<»t (ipiircssivi) tyi'aiiiiy. and Ity his wix'. i luoilrrali! ami ciili^litcind ^ovcniiiiciit he liad st iiilily frnin seven to four years A census was taken in ,S.'>.'i which showed the |>o[iulatioii to lie thirty two tlioiisiind, ail increa^i' of forty jier cent on tlie return of ls27. Colonel Young visited England in tin! summer of iKol, when he was knightecl. Towarils thi; dose of 1H34, a general election was held, and Parliament met in January, is;!,"*, when tin; Council ami Assemlily immediately got at variance oil l..<; aii|iro|iriaiioii liill, and nosii]i|)lies were passed. Shortly after prorogation, however, the governor got hotli jiartius to agree to pass the revenue and appro- priation hills separately, imd :iii extra session was calli'il in April at which the supjily liills wert; passed. The governor opcneil tilt! extra session, hut was too ill to close it, and his malady grew worse until the liist of Decemlier, l.S;!."), when h(! died, iii the fifty-eighth year of his agi', forty-one of which h:id heen devoteil to ■ le scrvicij of his coiinlry in various jiarts of the world, ami wherever lie was lie distiiigui>lieil him (If liy coura;.'e, prudelico and urhaiiity, gaiiiiiig for himself friends and admirers in all •he countries in wliieli he served. 11. — Tlu! Ilonoralile ( ieorge ^\'|•igllt was sworn in as administrator on the death of Sir Aretiis AV. Young, and conducti'd the affairs of the province until the arrival of Colonel .Sir .loliii Il.irvey, in Feliruary, IS;;!!. Sir Ji'ilin only re- niaiiied in ollict! oik; year, when he was transferred to Xew IJreiiswick, and succeeded by Sir Charles Augustus Fit/Hoy, who arriveil in .lune, 1837. He was not long in finding out what was the real caiis(! of the farmers' tronhles, the jiroprietorship of nearly the whole island hy absentees who drained the actual si'ttler of his last farthing, as .soon as his farm began to be reinnnerative, or ejected him if he failed to jiay. The governor issued a circular to the projirietors, advising tin m to sell the land to the tenants under some system of pay- n t by installment, or allow somelhing to them for ini- proveineiits. The House of Assembly jiasseil ;i law pro- viding for an .'issessment on all I.iiids in the jiroviiice, wliieli the proprietors opposed. A report was prepared by Messrs. T. JL Haviland, IJ. Hodgson and other niein- Alli'inpt iMSPti;,! till, laliil iiiii" liciii o.i ;iu eijuiKiblo l.iifis bers (if the asseuibly, \\bl(li showed that the Incal expcM- ditiire of the governiiicnt for the la>t twelvt; years Innl been .i'K^T.t'i l.'i of wliiili i'L'.S. ,■)()(; liad lieeli expelnled on roads ind bridges, to the great advantage of the pro|i- crty of the proprietors; .11 ;!,.'!.')(! on public buildings and wharves; and i'ii(!,.")(p2 for other local pur|ioses. And of these large sums, the whole amount contributud by tlie proprietors of the soil bad been onlv i.7,41.'!, leav- ing the balance of £l(M),(MM) to be borne by the resident coiisnineis of dutiable arlii'le~. Lord Dnrhaui wrote a long letter favoring tla,' true ii.teiesis of the inland;* and at last the enaclmeiit received the royal sanction, not- withstanding th.; impoiliinily of the ciiili' who triecl to regulati! the land lii'r, INlci, wliiili vriy iliarly (;i>i» llmi sian'siiiim's \ifHrt en ihr I.'ukI (|iu.-ti<'ii in I'l-hu'i' Ivlwanl l..^l:iiul. " My I.elit, — I llHVi! hail llli' linner ef Ii'irivillj; JiMir ill'spalrli (.1 llic. lifili of Oriiili.r, MliiTiliv yim (Ic'siri: IliiU t »i;i fxprcss to yen my ]uil|;iui'iit on llii^ wliolu Biiliji'it of I'-iliial ill till' i laml of I'riiirn KcIhuh^. Aflrr pi.nisiri;; llti' voltiiiiiiioiis iloniiiifiil.^ Willi your ]or Unit iii'cui no inallrr of fart can I i.|ili.rlain a •lo.ibt. Nearly tlio wliol,. i^lanil was alitiiatcd in on,, day liy tlio cTown, in V'Tv lar^'i' urants, rliielly to ali-intiM.s, ami iiiion ('omliii,.ns of ^^■ttl<■- ini'iit wliiili liavi' Ih'i'Ii wli<,lly ilisri cariliil. 'I'lii. ixlicim' iin|iiiiviil,'iiri! — I iiii!.'lil s.ay Ilii: iri'Kl.ss profusion — wliiili ilii'iali^l tliisi. grains is olp\ii>as: 111,, total iiiglct of 111,' (;o\ .•rnmi'iit as to iiif,iniii(,' lli,. , li- tioiis of til., (jianls is not less so. Tin' i;i. al Imlk of lli,. islalul is still liilil liy alist'ici't's, Willi Iiohl it as iisort of rrvt-rsionary intrri-st wliii-ti ri'iiiiires ini prrsi-iil attt'iitioii, Imt may lii'i-onio valiiaMo sonic day nr oiIkt tliroiiiili iliH crowiiiu want of tin' iiilniMlants. lint, in llii' niraniiin,.. Hi,, iiilialpii.iau of till' island an' siilijii-u d to tlw ):r< ati'sl iin'onvcnii nrt'— inv. III,. ml mtIous injury- fioni till' slat., of ino] city in lai:,l. 'llic aliscnl proprniors ni'illiiT iliiprovi' llic lainl llicnis.'lvcs, imr will !ct otlii'i-s inipiovi' il. ilicy iclain llic land and Keep it in a slate ol wil.ler- iii'ss. Voiir l.oiilsliip can s, aieely , om eiie the dc(;rec of injury inlli,!, ,1 on a news.'lilcim'iil liemmeil in hy wi'derness laid, wl.iih has hicnp)a,e,I o'.it of the control of t'ovcrnni'iil. and is einirely ni'i:lect<'d hy iis al sent proprietors. This e\il pervades liriti.-h .Ntirlli .\liiel lea, and has leeii for ma ly yc.'irs past a siihjeii of iini\,'is.'ilaiiil 1 liter, omplaiiil. *I he same evil was f,'ll In nia'iiy of the Stales of ih,' .Aln.'i h ;tn I'liion, where. hoHe\,'r, il lias h.'i'ii reiiiedii'.l hy taxation of a pmal ■ haraeter,— laxalioii 1 mean, v.\ th.' nature of a liiii' fo: th,' al annieiii of a nnisni In I'rii'c,. |:,1- want Islaiul this evil has attain, ',1 its maximtim. Jt lias heen hin^ and loudly eomphiined of, hut witliom any ellecl. Tlie pi iiple, their rcpre.-i'ii- tative asseinhly, the 1,'^islaliv,' council, and the povernor havi' conlially con,'iirr,''l in ilevisinti a reniciy for it. All tlieir elforls liave proveil in vain. Sonic inlliience— it cannot he that of c.piiiy or reason- has >tcatiily roiinlt.racicl ihc in, 'le tires of Ih,' i-oloni.-.l h-i is-itiiie. I caiiiiol imai^ine it is any other inliiienc,' than thai of ili,. alisi'iilce in,.prictois rcsiih iil in Knplanil ; and in sayim; so I do hut express tlni universal opinion of llnr colony. The only ipicsiion, tliercfoie, a ; il appears to in,', is wlicUier that intJuence shall prevail a;;alnst tl.e dclihirate .ids ni' tlie lolonial let-isla- tiiri; and tlio universal ,'oTuplaluts of ili, sulTerin^; colonists. J ,-an have no ,l,,;:hi ,,M Ih,' siihject. My decidi'il opinion is. ihat the royal ass. lit slniuM no loiijiiT h,. wi'.hlichi fnun Ihe act of ''i! colonial le^islalure. .•\t the saiiii inie, 1 doulit wliether this act will piove asuniclciii remedy for the evil 'i question. It w.'is hut natural that the colonial legislature —wiio have found it liiiiiossihl . as yet lo ohiain any redress whatever-- Khouhl In.sitale to propose a stillicient one. I'mieterred Iiy any su, li eoiisi,lcr.'iti,iu.— relyiiipon the coiiiiai I'lHopciation of tlie government and parliament in the work of improve'..; the state of the colonics- t liad intended, hefori' the rei'i'ipt of your lonlship's dispatch, and still intend to sui;'^est a nn'asure whi'-li, while it provj,le< a siilli,i,'iit remedy for the evil sulTcred hy the colonists, shall al-o pro\ e a.hanl :».•,.,, us to tin- ahsont proprielors hy rendering lliuir property more vi'hiahle." ill •M2 TITTLiyS IIISTOUV Ol-' Tin; DOMINION OF CANADA. CIiMrldltiliiwii ill I8'!H. iniiiiily ill tin? iii--t;iiiri' (tf the lliiliiplMlilr Cliiirli- Yoiiii;;. Mliil ;i coursi' of Ircllircs ill- iuij;iinitcil which were kr|ii up im- s(Vii:il vcars. I'lirhiiiiieiit met u^iiiii ciirly in iH.'i;), imt iihiicist iiiiiiircliutfly at'tcr its ii-.si'inlily tlic j^iivi'i'iior rccoivcd a di^puti'li from the colMiiiai siMTctary. n'i|iiiiiiiL; liim to itiii'HJcl ilin CouikmI. aiiUS(^ met aiiaiu in .Mai'eli. ami Mr. W. Coopei'. speaker of the House, was sent to l.onilon as a ilehjfale on tlie laiiil ipies lion. Three propositii lis were siilunitteil hy tins As.seiii- lily ; tlu! cslaltlishineiit of a court of escheat : the rc- siiiiiptioii hy the crown of the riuhts of the proprietors : anil a heavy penal tax on wilderness lands; Imt Lord .loliii Hiissell, the colonial secretary. declined to eiiteilaiii eitlii'r ]>ropositioli at the moiiK'nt ; l)ut reconinieiided i.isteiul the a(lo|)lion as a hasis of setlleimnl of leniis proposed liy the ])roprietors tliroiijr|| tinir aiieiit Mr. Youni.'. SirChai'les Fit/, Hoy. leiviiig liceii appointed to a ^ioveriioiship in the West Indies, was succeeded liy .Sir Henry Verc Huntley, who arrived in >»ovenil>er, lis 1 1. CHAPTFU rVII. PRINCK KDWAUI) ISLAND— FROM Irtll TO CONFKDKUATION. 1. Ar)\II\ISTI!.\TIO\ (l|- SiK II. \'. IIlNTLKV. Pr.TITTOV '! Fou Ili-.seoNsiiii.r. Govkhnmkm. — '2. Ahminis ruA- TK IN OK Silt DoNAl.l) ( ' A Ml'lii:!.!.. Till; SrKICiIM: init Kl-.Sl'ONSIl'.l.i; (ioVKUNMINT. •'!. Al)5l IMSTIi ATION OK Silt .V. I!anm;ioian-. HKscdNsiiii.K (Jovkunmkn r r.s- TAiii-isiiKi). — t. A (ii.AXCK at THK AtTK.MI'TS madk TO Promote Kdccatiov. — .». Uxivkksai, Sik- FiiAfu;. Loss OF TiiK Fdiri/ Qiipi'ii. .Satisfactokv m FINANCIAL l-OSITInN OF TIIK I'UOVINCK ('). AdMIXIS- tuation OF Silt I)i>MiNi( iv Dai.y. Kstaui.i.siijiknt : OF A NoKMAi, Si iiooi.. Cknsls. — 7. Thk Coi.o.\iai. SkCKKTAKV"s srti'iKsTIONS ON TIIK Lanp (^IKSTION. — S. Til ; L;:iusi,Arivi-; ('ui:n(;!I, Okkstions tiik Leoamty ok tuk LxKcirivK Lol'xcii, as tiikn i CoxsTiTUTKi). — '.I. The I'isdi-osal of tiie Pkopki- ' f.tous with kefeijknc.'e to a Commission ox tiik Land (^l'estiox. — 10. Appointmext ok a Commis- i siox ON THE Land (^iestiox. Visit of the PuixcE OK Walks.— 11. Cexsus. The Bible ad- mitted ixTo the PruLic Schools. — 12. Rkpout OF THE Commissioners ox the Land (^ikstion. i — L'i. The Home Goverxment dissm.i.ows the Ij IJlLLS OF THE ASSEMBLY. BASED OX TIIK AWARD OF THE CoMMISSIONKliS. — 14. HoW TIIE LaND Ql KSrioN WAS FINM.I.V SETTLED. — !•'). ("oNFED- EUArioN. "xi'oiM I. M!irv OK Till; AIkasiki.. |l'. ('oNFK.DKitATION. Lit EC r ON IT OF Till. IJmI.WAV Pko.iect. — 17. ('onkki»i;i:a rioN. Prince Ldwarh Island admitted to riii. I'nio.n. 1. — Sir Henry Vere Huntley lilled his term of office (six years) wilhoiit any very evenlfiil occurrence s taking; |)lace. The Honoralile (ieorj;e Wri;;lit, .senior inemher of Council, di.'d in .Mar-^h. Mr7i.''\''.'iT',n;'l'..v! 1812. II<' had lieen nearlv thirty ve.irs a I',''' ';;"/,■:"'■■' memlier of that iiody. ami had liilnl the '"'"<■ ollice of administrator ti\ e times, during aliseiii'es of the diiferent fj;overnors. A serious ilisturhanee occurreil in Killers County, in March. IHl.'i, caii.eil liy iW, legal eject- ment . ('oNTIlli- ;.v.siui.. — Hi. ii; Uaii.wav (■I-; Kdwakk i term of ofTiri- rciK I s t:ikiiii^ Vdniiiilr'tralii'n I'f |>CUI^ilile. Till' il> l:iiil \<\ tilt) ll ;i|i|il'ii|>rilllil tll(!leyi>l.lturo )ii ill •laiiiiary, r was eaiiscil tlie Al,'rieiil- ed ti) eliiMrj.'e II the IllMIIIler ■epted tile ic^- tliat it eiiiild epiiir (ioveni- if llie Aurii'iil- I'lilli'e Alliert s iinliieiliately rose in li^l'l opo. wlio was lie Kxeciitivi! tlie salary of I'lipe op|io8eil tlie ;;overiliir. iitive Coiineil iiisulliii^ the ive supported •oloiiial socre- exi'eeiled Ills le until lie liad r, save(l liiin eiiee in wliieli lie repaid the the e.\|piratioli on ii^rainst his I fiivoialily re- jrovernor was very serious 1 Irish factions 817. in uliieh and ahnmlred % PRINCE KDWAIM) ISLAND— FUO.M isli To C'ONFEDKUATIOX. 483 wounded, some seriously, The eurreiiey of the island had lor soiiu' _\ ears heiii in u \eiy iiii>alisrueIory state, hikLIii lHt7, a <''>iiiiiii:leL>ut' the I Ioii>e ri'porhd ju l':ivor of le^i>i:itio.i ,i;ivili^ thir pa|)er iiiDliey is.-.||eil li', the i^overn- ineiit a fixed value in Kiii.di-'h ^'old or silver, and also iidvoeuti'd the e>tal>lishnieiit of a hank, when; treasury liuteH could ho exclianj,'e(l for u'old. Diiriiii; this session the Moii^e had the siilijeet of re-pipii>ilile jjovernnieiit iiniler i'iiii-iuccessor, Sir Donald Cauiphell, iirriviiiir at ( 'hariotlelnwii, in Deceiiilier. IS 17, where he was received with iimie than the Usual wcleonie. on ac- count of his lieiiii^ a niemher of an ancient Ilii^hland family — a larire [irnpoition of the settlers on the inland heiiiLt llii,'lilaiider> and their doeeiidaiils. In l.slis, another census was taken which showed that the population of the proviiK^e hail increased to 02. (l;! 1. At the session of 181!). the Asseiulily passed an act tixinj; tlm elections for the same day throimlioiit the islaiid.it lia\ in;; lieeii found that the sys- temof having dilfereiit days in diireiint counties i.'ave tn <;reat sco|)o to the rowdy eleiiieiil. and caused many rint^. Duriii',; this session a reply was received fi'diii Kail (irey. colo.iial secretary, to the petition of the IIou.>e in l.s 17, for the estalilishineiit of responsible jfovernment, in which he d(!cliued to accede to their prayer on the ^irotind that the island h id not suiricieiit population, and that the existing;; form of ;;overnmeiit iilfonled all the safeuiiiards necc'ssary for the peace and ])rosperity of the colony ; he. however, thoiiifht that the time had coino when the revenues of the island might he iiiveii up to the Assemhly. provided it would i;raiit a sullirieiit civil list, with the exception (»f the lieutenant-governor's salary, which the Home govern- ment ollered to pay. and which was iiic'rea>ed to £.'»,000 a year. The Assemhly. in reply, a cepled the olTer, pro- vitled the revenues from perniaiu'iit l.iws were granted in perpetuity, all claims for ipiit-reiits uhandoned, and respon- sihle government conceded. The colonial secretary was willing to grant all asked, excejit responsible government ; and in order to test the real feeling of the province on this point. Parliament was l been eoii- teiled. The governor tried to tcmpori/c. and ollered to give three heats in the Council to meiubers of the l.owi-r House; but this would not do; the Hou>e was fighting for a principle, and it meant to attain its ends by iiiiisiitii- tioiial iiii'aiis : the pnipii^ition of the governor was there- lore rejeeted, ;ind aiaither pelition to the (pleell for- wariled, |)rayiiig for ri>pipii>il)lc^ giivernnnnt. The Hoii^e was prorogued on L'Ciih .MmicIi. bill, as no snp|>lies had iieeli voted, the governur Mllliiuoned the melilber^ aiiaiii on '2Mi April, in the liopi- that a nionlh's \Miatiiin wmild liavc put them in a better humor. Uiil he was iiii~takeii ; the House slill liehl to the ground it hail taken, and al- though it granted a few l;ecessary supplies, p.issed no bills |)rovidiiig for roads bridges, &.c.. and refused to diseiiss any business until the (piestimi of ie>piiii>ible i;i)Veiii- nieiit was seltled, so that the governor was foreed to dis- miss the House, which be diil with a reprimand. S. — Sir Donald Campbell forwanliil a veiy .-ible dis- jialcli to the eolonial secretary on the conditii)ii. riMiiirees ami j>i'iispecl>of the island, w liicli. added to le petitions ot the Asseiniijy.ilei-iiled the sii a. I'.Miiii.rn.iin. colonial secretary to grant iesp()ii.,ii)|e .rmlM m'. siai,'- ^ government; but Sir Donald did not ''"'"''■ live to see it carried into execution, as he died in Oetolier. IK.")!), bet'ore the deierininalioii of the I'lilmiial secretMi'V had been made known. The llonoralili' Amlnosi. |,:iiii! Jilted as administralor until the urri\al of .Sir Alevaiiijer iJaiinerman, who crossed the strait of Northnmlii i hoid in an ice-boat and arrived at Charloltetowii on Kill .March, l?Sol. The Legislature was convened on 2.')lli .Mareh, and the governor coniniunicaled the welcome iiitellii.'iiico that the Home government had yielded to tin.' represen- tations of the Assemlily and colisentid t > irraiit respniisililt! governuient on I'ondilion that provision slnmld lie made for ]ieiisioniiig retiring ollicers ; this the House williiigly consented to, and the governineiit was speedilv reioii- structed, with Hon. (Jeorge Coh's tis president of the Council; ^Ir Charles Young altoriie\ general ; Hmi. Joseph Pope, treasurer, and Hon. .lames ^^'al■l)llrtoll, colonial secretary. The House ]iassed acts eommnting the crown revenues, jiroviding for tlieci\il list and for inland posts, by which inland jiostage was reduced to two- pence to all jiarts of the island, and a uniform rale of threepence to any part of lirilish North -\iiierica adopted. The only other occurrence of any inomeiit in l.s,")l was a violent stiirm sweeping over the i.slind on the ud and llh October, by which seventy-two fishing vessels were eillicT driven ashore or seriously injured, and considerable dam- agi> was done to ])roperty on the island. ■I. — The most imporlant business of the session of 18.")2, was with ri'gard to education, and we will take the ill ■IHi TITTLKS II1ST(JI{Y OF THE ])()MIXIQN OK CANADA. A ni:imo at tho '^'"^ Opportunity of suminiiij,' up here what iiu.MP.is i.iu.l.! to previous cfl'orts liad lieen ni;uie in this di- }>r4>iiioii.- uuiR-a- * I'""- ruction. It will i)c rcinenihered lli;it at tlie the original distril)ution of land in 1707, thirty acres were reserved in each township for a sehoolniustur ; but nothing was done in the way of education until 1821, when a national school was opened in C'harldttetuwn, and soon af- terwards aboard cf education was appointed for the island, and other S(!h()iils o])ened, while in lIS.'K! a central acadrniy was established in Charlottftown. In the followini' vear, 1837, the otiice of superintendent of schools was estal>- lished, ^Ir. John McNeil being the lirst iii"uinbeiit. Kdii- cation seems to have been at a low ebb to jnil;:(! from the suiierintendent's first report, as, for a population of about thirty-live thousand there were only tifty-one schools with a total attendance of Hfteen hundred and thirty-three. In many of the districts the people were so poor that they could not aiford to send their children to school, and, besides, wanted what little assistance they could give on the farm. On account of tlie small salaries given, and the precarious manner of receiving it, good schoolmastci's were scarce, ami some of rather d their fate. Fortunately the upper deck separated from the vessel and served as a raft, by which all the issengers save seven, — three men and four women — reached Mesigomish Island. Nothing of importance was done at the session of 18.11, except that a vote of want of confidence in the government was passed, which led to a dissolution and the defeat of the govern- ment as already mentioned. The governor in opening the House ret\'rred in congratulatory terms to the flourishing <'(indition of the province, which was almost free from debt, which at tlui b, ginning of 18.10, bad amoiinteil to i!28. (IIIO. Ti) four years this had been reduced to .i';!,(l(MI, and would Vi'-vo. been extinguished altogiaher but for an expeiuliture i>f about £.3,000 for educational purposes. In these four years the revenue had risen from £22,0110 to £M.").0'i ', although the duty on tea had been reduced. Sir Alexander Baiinermaii having been appointed governor of the ISahamas, was succeedt^d, on the twelfth of June, 1854, by Sir Dominick Daly, who had formerly been secretary of the province of Canaila. G. — Parliament met in September, 1854, when an act was passed giving effect to the I{eci]irocity Treaty lately entered into betv.<'en Great Hritain ami the Unitei; States, (.y which grain, bread- ci^;'S|^;'i/];!,;;^ stuffs and jMovi. ions were iin|)orted into ,VN-?,nuai''M'ii'.ii'.i'^ the island duty free. I'iie sanies year saw •'''""i'*- th(> depart uri' of the imperial forces, on account of the outbreak of the v. rimean war; 'i, id an attempt to make a partial settleinent of 'he buid (piestion by purchasing some of the large estates from tin; original proprietors, the Worrell est.-ite. consisting of eighty-one thousaii )t;uiiiiig logisla- lioii, or sale of ling caiiio of it. 11 til of OctoluT, ;ir lives. Tlie to Pictoii, be- Islaiid, and was ist of the crew ving the iinfor- tely the ii|i|)cr 1 as a rait, by lu'ee men and 1. Nothing of 1, except that a eiit was i)assed, ', of the govern- in opening the the flourishing Host free from d amounted to need to i.'.'i,0(l(), ilier but for an al purp(jses. In •oni £22,000 to 11 reduced. Sir inted governor rt-elfth of June, formerly been 4, when an act y Treaty lately Ailniiiiistralimi nf Sii-linuiiniik Imlv. Kflalilisliiu.'iil ii'f 11 Nc.rii;al cilincl. CeiiBUs. necount of the Jiiipt to make !i by purchasing lal proprietors, >-oiie thousand this year for •">"), tho city of ig felt want on lit of till! liank ill proroguing I'at which were Clint 'nuance of friini the jiro- if her miijesty luldy as a eon- :)f tho widows liiiiea. A bill iiig a Normal iir. The num- ber of schools had now increased to two hundred and sixty- eight, with an attendance of eleven thousand, out of a poi)'ilatioii of seventy-one thousand, as shown by the census returns of 18r».>. Two acts were passed at this session with reference to the tenure of land, one ini|i()sing a duty on the rent-rolls of proprietors in certain town- ships, and another to secure coiii|)ensation to tenants. 7. — At the opening of the session of 18.")(i, the governor informed tho House that both these acts had been disallowed by the Home government, a s''Mem'rv'''"s''i^''!i>s- decision with which the House was none tioiis nil ihu liiiul too well pleased, and it did not hesitate qllt'SUull. • ' to State that the absentee proprietors had to much inlliience at the colonial olRcc at home. 5Ir. Labmi'here. the colonial secretary, in intimating the decision of the government in n.'ferencc to the land acts of the last session, staled that whatever character might pro[)erly attach to the circumstances connected with the original grants, whieli had been often employed against the maintenance of the riglits of the proiirielors, tlii'V could not, with justice, bo used to defeat the rights of the |)reseiit owners, who had aci|uired their properly liy in- heritance, iiy family seltleinent, or ollierwiM'. Seeing, theret'oi'(!, that llii^ lights of tin; proprietors could not be sacrilieed witliout nianii'est injustice, he felt it his duty steadily to resist, by all moans in his power, measures similar ill their character to those recently brought under the coiisideraliiiii of her majesty's govi'mment. He desired, at the sarnie time, to assure the House of Assembly that it was with much regret that her majesty's advisers felt themselves constrained to oppose the wishes of the peo(ile of I'rinco Edward Island, and that it was liis own wish to be spared the necessity of authoritative interfer- ence ill regard to matters alTectiiig the internal admiiiis- tration of their alfairs. With regard to the main object which had been freipieiitly proposed liy a large portion laiid. Mr. Eabouchere in- liiii ited that the government would not b(' indisposed to take into consideration uny plan of this kind which might be submitted to then, showing in wliat way tho interest of such loan could locally be provided for. and what arrange- ments would be proj)osed as to the manner of disposing of the lands of which the fee-simple was intended to be bought.* H. — From the time of the opening of tho Normal school, in IH.")!!, tho ([uesiion as to the admission of the nible into both tho Central Academy and tIio l.i'sislativi- ,1 X- 1 1 I 1 I 1 • 1* I ('illllli'il illlf.'*Iii)ll« the Normal school Jiail been raiseil, and tu„ i,.;;,ilii\ ..i iin; during the .session of 18.).S, petitions in ^ii'''|'„"'ll^i|| i.u',',gii. favor of its use in these institutions were ""'"i- presented and referred to a committee, which wi>ely reported that the com|)ulsory use of the I'rotestant ISiblo in mixed schools like the Academy and Normal school, would be most injudicious, and recommended that the petition be not granted. An amendment was moved by Hon. Mr. I'almer to the eft'ect that the liible may be used by scholars, with the consent of their ]iaiiiils and guardians. The amendment was lost by the casting vote of the speaker, and the report ailo|ited. A general elec- tion took place in IX.'jH, lait when the Hou.-e met it was found that parties were so e\enly balanced that neither sidty be reipiested to appoint some impartial ])ersoii, not con- nected with tlu! island in iiiiy way, to iiupiire into the existing diHiculties between tenants and i)roprietors, and endeavor to suggest souk! plan for enabling the tenants to convrrt their leaseholds into freeholds ; the means suggesti'(l being a largo remission of overdue n nts and the giving to imtv tenant having a long lease the option of i)urehasing his land at a certain price at any timi! that he niav be able to do so. A sei-ioes iplestion was raised between the Legislative Council and the Assembly at this session as to the composition of the Executive Council. | The Legislative Council claimiHl that tho principle of re- ' sponsible guveriimenl h.id not been carried out. iiia-niiieh as persons were a()[)ointeil to the departnuiital elliccs who I Were not members of either the Legislative Council or tho ! Iliiuse of Assembly. and that as all members of the Assem- bly were compelled by l.iw to appeal to tlnir c Mistitu- ents after ap|ioinlinrMl In olllee under the crown, the ap- pointment of persons having no constituents to ajipeal to • I'lmipli'^ll'n ll'i»'i>rii if I'rini'f l.tlinird lulnml. 48G TUTTLE'S IIISTOUV (Jl' TlIK JH>JI1X1()X OF CANADA. \v;is au cviisioii of tlic sl:it'.it('. Tlio council iilso coin- plaiiicd that not one of its niciuhcis was in tlie Executive C'oinK'il : nor diil it contain a single Roman C'atli(jlic. ultlioii<;li more tlian one tliinl of the jiopulation of tlio island was of that faith. (Jn these jrrounds llie Legislative Council claimed that the E.\ecutiv(^ Council was illegally constiluteil, anil presented an address to the (|neen jiraying that it he remodelled in accordance with the royal in- structions sent when consent was given to ihe civil list bill, in lH.-)7. il. — The Assembly passeil a counter-address, in which it was contended that the Executive Council was constituted Till' pmpn^.il .it '" citnforinity with the instructions of 11,,. I,n,|,n .i..r» i,^j7 . ^,,,1 ,1,.^ ,1,^, feeling of the island wall l-cltTi'llre to ' s ^ acominis.sic.iioii was t)p|iosed to the |)resi'nce in the House of Assendily ol salaried olhcers of ihe gov- ernment, as was shown by the defeat at the polls, in lHoT, of the comniinsioncr of jmlilie lands, on his apjieal to his constituents on accepting ollice. and of the same fate having befallen the atlorney-geiieral. anthi,'r governineiit. Sir Doininick left in May. and Hon. Charles Young was sworn in as adminis- trator until the arrival of Mr. (li'orge Diiiidas, ]\I. I', for JJidi(hi;owshire, who had been appointed lieiilenant-gov- eriior and arrived in .lune. During the next iiioiilli a visit was paid to the island by (leneral .Sir Feiiwick AVilliams, the hero of Kais, who was most eiilliusiastically received. 'I'lie Legislative Council and the Assembly not Working harinoniously together — as shown by thi'ir peti- tion and c(iunter-|iiiitiiin on the coiistilutioii of the Execu- tive Council — the governor, in compliance with instruc- tions from tli(> Hoini? olhce, called livi^ new members to the Hoard, thus :naking a majoriiy in accord with the Assembly. During lln^ session of i.SllO, the governor laid bef(M'(^ the Hou>e a communication from the Duke of Newcastle, colonial sccreiary. on the subject of the land commission jietit'oned fur at the last session of tlu^ As- seinlily. Tins letter enclosed one from Sir Samuel Cunard iiiid other proprietors, aildressed to the Duke, in which they .said: "We liiV(H)eeii furnished with a copy of ii inemor'al, addressed to ln'r majesty, from the House of Assembly of I'rince r.dward I-laiid, on the (|nestioiis which have arisen in connection with the original grants uf land in that i>lanil. .'iml the rights of ]iroprietors in respect thert'of. AVe observe that the Assembly liavi^ suggested that her niajesly should appoint om^ or liKU'e cominissioners to iiKpiire into the' relations of landlord iind tenant in thi' i>land, and to ni'gcitiale wilh (he pro- prietoi's of the township lands, for fixing a cerlain rale of prico at wliicli each tenant might have the opli(Ui of piir- chusiiig his liiiidi und also to negotiate with the proprie- ! tors for a remission of the arrears of rent in such cases as the commissioners might deem reasonable; and proposin;; that the conunissioners should re])ort the result to her majesty. As large proprietors in this isl.ind, we beg to state that we shall ac([uii'sce in any arrangeinent that iii.ay be practicable for the purpose of settling the various (jiies- tions alludeil to in the memorial of the House of Assem- bly ; but we do not think that the appointment of coin- niissionors in the manner ju'oposcd by them, would be the most desirable mode of procedure, as the labors of such commissioners would only terminale in a report, which would not be binding on any of the parties interested, we beg therefore, to suggest that, instead of the moile ju-o- [lOM'il by the Assembly, three cominissioners or referees should be appointcel, — one to be named by her majesty, one by the House of Assdiilily, and one by the j)roju'ietors of the lanil — and that these commissioners should have power to enter into all the iiiipiiries that may be neces- I sary, and to dee'ide upon the different (piestions which may be; brought before them, giving, of course, to the parties iutercsleil, an op[)ortunity of being heard. A\ e sliould I propose that the expense of the coinmission should be ! paid by the three jjarties to the reference, that is to say, in e(|ual thirds ; and we feel assured that there wemld bo no diiliciilty in si'cnring tin,' adherence of all llu' landed proprietors to a settlement on this footing. The precise mode of carrying it into execution, if a u of the liirge estates of tlu! Earl of Selkirk, containing upwards of si.\(y-two thousand acri's, for the wry moderate sum of i'(>..").S('i, being at the rate of J't'/i/ mi/s an itcre, thus enabling the government to convert the |eas(!hold tenants into freeholders at a very reasonable rate. In the summer of this year the island was thrown into a fever of excite- ment by the aiiiiounceiii(!nt of the intended visit of the Prince of Wales, and the island stirrecl itself to llttiiigly ' (•(Mninemorato the first visit of royalty to its shores. II. R. Highness arrived about noon on Thursday the 10th of .\iigiist in H. M. S. Iffi-n, and landeil shortly after. He was received by the goveriKU'. and the ma; i>r and jllicei' s, l)V whom he was c ondiicted to Govi:rnmeiit II oiise, detai^hnient of the 'lid regiment acting as j •d of I lonor. our arctics u ■rected on the lii ot le proces>ion, at (1 the utmost enthusiasm was displayed all along tiU! w;iy. As Roehfort Scpi uare a larm- stain id been elected, ftiid on it wiM'e four tliousaml .Siiiidav- ihool chililren. who sang the national anthem th< I'hed. In the i^veninir the tott'ii was iliuini- lated, but the ell'ect was iwii-pour of rain ; the folh somewhat spoiled by a steady (lav. I lowever. was line, hiirh 111(1 Ins roval liii'hness after wliic hehl a levee in tl iften loon. h hi :ispect(!d th(! volunteers — about died strong, and visited the colonial building, where hi was presented with addrei of w ■Ic bv the I''.\ecu live Council aiul the corporation of tin! city. In the evening lu! attende(1 a ball in the colonial building, and took his departure on Satuiday morning, after leaving the handsome contribution of £1.)0 with the lieutcitant- governor to he distributed in charity in the manner he thought most suitable. 1 1. — A great s(>nsation was caused in the island by the intelligence that the Inited .States steamer iSiiii Jurlnlo had stopped the liritish mail steamer Trent, on her way from Havana to St. Thomas, !,':;;;™';,;7,',';,M"i;Ir and taken from her the confederate agents l"ii'l"'fiii""l'- Slidell and Mason, on 8th November. 18G1 ; and the Prince Edward Islanders showed their loyalty by organiz- ing a volunteer force of over one thousand men. For- tunately, however, war was avoided, and they were not needed. In this year, 180 1, a general census was tak(ii which showed the iiopnlatimi to bo eighty thousand eiiilit hundred and fifty-six, including three hundred and lifteen Indians. The industries had greatly increased, there being eighty-nine fishing establishments which produced twenty-two thousand barrels of herrings, seven thousand barrels of niackerel, thirty-nine thousand (piintnls of cod- li'-h, and seventeen thousand gallons of (ish oil. There were one hundred and forty-one grist mills, one hundiHjd and seventy-six saw-mills, forty-six carding mills, and fifty five tanneries, nianufacturing oik; hundred and forty- three thousand ])ounds of leather. Churches and schools had both increased very greatly, the former numbenng oiu! hundred and lifty-six. the latter three Iinnilic(| and two. In this year the Legislalur(! passed an act admitting the l)ibl(! into public schools ; and al.-o established the I'rince of Wahs College, in commemoration of the visit of his royal highness to the island. The Executive Council appointe(l commissioners to superintend the col- lection of the iirodncts and manufactures of tlii! island for the international exhibition at London, in I.siIl'. and the duty was so well peifonned that tlu! island made a very praiseworthy exhibit. The intelligenc(! of the death of Princ(! .\lbert. on the fourteenth Decemlier. IStll, — which reached iIk! isl.ind earlv in Jannarv, IKCiii,— caused uni- versal sorrow fortv-lwo minute "iins were fired. Il le lla hair- sted, the island went into genera niDiiriiiiig. and an address of condolence to her m.ijesly ii her bereavement was adopted by tin! Assembly. \i Or eat an xietv was felt on tlu! island to learn the result of the report of the royal commission on the land (inesiion, and. in rrplv to a reipiest of ,. , ,,, „ I , . Ui'iiort of tlii'f I ni- nor Diindas. the colonial secictarv inii-simiciHoii tho (! forward(!d a copy of tin! re|icii'i in a Imul qiioutioii. Itch dated the (III o f I' elini irv. 18(;2. Want of spaci imiiiiii' o not admit of our niMiiii nmre till f the vei'v able and exhaii'-tive report ( brief if the eoiiiini-~ionei's. Their report was unaniinous, and emlpraci d the whole (|uestioii of land tenure from the time of the division of the island in 17(57, to the date of their report, 18th July. 18(51. The commissioners staled that by making a lour of the island and holdiiigcouits in various parts, they m -:l 488 TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE I)0:ML\I0X OF CANADA. mi ■'A.i' w < liiid I)( ('II iil)l(! to l)riiij( tlio tenants ami [jroprii'turs face to face, l(» licar hotli sides of iho queslion. ami li> en- deavor to reeoncili! exislin;; dilTerences ; tliey liad ex- amined into the whole subjeet of esrlioat, qnit-rents, the rlaims of the old Freneli settlers, the Indians ami the loyalists. On tlie siiljcct of escheat tliey were of opinion that there were no jnst jrrounds on which the est.itcs coidil now 1)0 escheated on the jdea that the original jjrantees had not fidfillcd tin! terms on which the lands hail lieen assigned them ; this i)li'a was valid with the original projjrietors, and it wonld have been (jiiite cf)ni- petent for the goveriuiKMit to Iiavo es(;!ieat(!d the estates when the compact was first hrokeii ; Imt aft<'r the lapse of nearly a century. t!'i various compronnses maile by the government and the changes of proprietorship which had occurred in differiMit g(>ncrations, the commissioners were of o])inion that it would be most unjust to tlii^ i)rcseiit proprietors to all'iiipt to conlis'site the lands now. AVith regard to th(^ eiaims of the descendants of the olcl French settlers who had occupied the lands before the session of the island to Cireat liritain. the commissioners were of o|(inion that no r-'lief could bi; afforded them ; that their ancestors had been unfortunate in being on the losing sid(> in a great national contest was their misfortune; but the coiumissionei's did not see any means, especially after so long a lapse of time, of relieving them from the penal- tics which always attached to i state of war. AVit!: regard to the Indians the ■i>ii::iiissioners thought that their claim should be made good ; tl:i'V only claimed the small island of Lennox, and some grass lands around it, a location whiidi they had held in undisputeplied to a soil •iiiiiually drained of its vitality, emigration \V(uild cease, and population attracted to the wild lands would enter ii[)on their cultivation, nnemliarrassed by the causes which pt'r|ilexe(l the early .settlers. Weighed down by the bur- den ot the investigation, the commissioners had sometimes felt doubtl'iil of any beneficial results ; but they now, at the close of their labors, indulged the hope that, if their .suggestiinis were adojited, enfranchised and disenthralled from the poisoned garments tliat enfolded her. Prince Edward Island would yet become the IJarbadoes of the St. Ijawreiice." 13. — The Assembly met immediately after the receipt of the Duke of Newcastle's despatch enclosing the re- Tlmllomi'L'ov™!- I'"'*^ °^ '''° conimissioners, and showed mcMt .lK.liow« their willingness to abide bv the decision till' lulls of iliu , ■' .\ssiMiiiiiy, li.isoil of those gentlemen by at once iiassinsr a nil tlie aw.nrtl or i • i ' i o ilu; I'liiniiiissiou- resolution, by a vote of twenty-three to SIX, pledging itsell to oitrodiHU' a measure to give the r(>port clTcct ; i)ut iht; jiropiietors were by no means so willing to be bound by the rejiort of the com- missioners, ami the col.iiiial sicretary, the Duke of New- castle, inlimaleil that the imperial (Government would not be inclined to guarantee the loan of £100,000, although previous .secretaries had favored the loan. On the lifth of April, 1.S02, the duke forwarded to Governor Diindis the draft of a bill jiroposed by the ])roprietors, the pre- amble of wdiicli stated that the Cominissioners had ex- ceeded their powers in proposing to submit the matter of the value of iIk! lands to arbitration, ami that such a course would lead to endless confusion anil litigation. The locid goviuMiinent at once adopted a minute in which they de- rlared that they would a(lli(>re to the report of uw. coin- niissioiiers ; 'hat the Assembly eoiisideicd the imperial government pledged to accept ilia' reward, and ihiit it was not considered that the commissionerH had in any way exceeded their powers, the wording of the connnission giving its niembers ain[ile and unlimited power to a(loi)t any etjuitable means of settlement. The minute denied that arbitration would lead to endless litigation, holdini' that one or two cases in ea<'li township would establi.-h a standard of values which both parties would adopt with- out further trouble. The minute urged on the imperial government the aiimuiit of anxiety and annoyaiice, which had existed for over half a century, on this subject, and liojied that the two bills passed by the Assembly, giving elVeet to the re|tort, would be sanctioned, so that the matter might be finally settled. Tin; interest of the juoprietors, however, was too great at the colonial ollice. and on the twenty-second of .Inly, 18()2, the Duke of Newcastle for- warded another despatch which entirely destiovcd any hope of settlement. He stated lliiit the main (jueslions the commissioners were to settle wvif, at what rates tenants ought to be allowed to change their leaseholds to freeholds, ^ . . what anionnt of arrearage of rent should be remitted by the landlords ; instead of doing this llit! coiii- niissioners had delegated their jiower to lix the amount to arbitrators to ln! hereafter appointed, a thing they h' . not the jiower to do ; they had been appointed to v.ukt' the award ihemselve.' not to delegate their ]iower to others. If the jn-oprietors li.id been willing to accept tlu; substitu- tion of arbitrators for the award of the commissioners, the government would not have obji eted ; but as the ])roprit'tors declined to do so the government was forceil to admit the force of their argument that a iicrson who has voluntarily submitted his ease to the decision of one man, cannot, witlio his consent, be compelled to trans- fer it to the decision of another. The two bills passed by the Assembly were, therefore, disallowed, and the land question was as far from settlement as ever. 14. — A special session of Parliament for the considera- tion of the land (lUestion was convened f(U' the 2d of December, 1802; but beforii it met (ioy- „ ,, , , eriior Diindas received a despatch from iiiii'sUoinviisiiii.il- ■ . ■ • ;. • , • , Ivpillle.l. the colonial secretary iiiforniing him that a bill passed at tlii! last sessimi, changing the constitution of the island by making the Legislative Asseml.ly elec- tive, had received the royal assent. \ •.i.;^olnlion was, therefore, necessary, and advantage was taken of the geiK'ial election ti> test the opinion of ho people on ihi! awanl of the commissioners. Public o| i,ii(jii was found to be almost unaiiimonsly in favor of it. 'ind a largt! ma- jority of the House was elected favorable to aclhering to the report. The new Ilousi! nut in iMare'', 1 Ml.'!, when the governor aiinouiiced the decision oi ile colonial secretary adverse to the report of the commissioners. A new miiiistiy was formed with .Mr. d. H. (Jray as pre- mier, and llu! lirst business transacted was the adoption of an address to her ini.ie'sty setting forth tin' wlicde history of the iippointmei.i. ]iroceediiigs ami report of the commission, and praying her majesty to notify the '5: 11)0 rUTTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OV CANADA. propriutors tli.-it, unless tlicy cdiiM sIkivv raiiso Ix'foro a I proper trilmiiiil wliy iliat i-epurt sliiiulil lie adlicreil to, slie would liive assi'iit Id llie Mils i.Mviiii,' elTeel to the award. The Diike of N<\vcaslle ri'plied on the el.ventli of .!iily. ; ISfio. that hi iliil not know of any iin'thod hy whieh the niat'er could he suhinittcd to a coirrt of justlfo ; that hn i had suhniilteil tln^ ea>e to the law ofR 'ors of thn crown. ! and fhoy wore of ophiioii that tiiu coiniiiissiijiiors had not j fullilled the duties they were appointed to perform, ami tliat they had no power to delciiate those duties to others. ! Siill the AssiMiilily hoped that the Home government ; Uiight he indu;'ed to accept the suggestions of tin; com- | missioners as a basis of action, if they rejected the report i itsrdf. and ai>pointed ^NFi'ssrs. Edward I'.dmer and \V. II. ' Pope delegates to I'.Mglaiid to endeavor to olitain some eipiitahle terms of settlement. The ell'(U-ts of tliis dele- gation, however. Were no more successful th I'l previous ; elTort> in the same direction : a commuiiii'alion was ad- : dr<'ssed to the Duke of Newcastle, who sii'.imitted it to Sir | Samuel Cunard.as repi ativeof the ])roprietors. who, in ! reply, advanced th(^ no\. ind .almost comical theory that the proprietors were the only parlies who hail sulTered liy the immense grants of land made them ; that no imtiviilual on th(^ island had been injured by these grants, but that on the contrary, the island had been greatly benelit, d, and that, therefore, no concessions should be made to the jires- ent tenants. Of course, tlie delegates coidd accom|di h nothing ; and the land (piestion continui'd a source of! a^ilation and annovance until the (entrance of the in-ovince I into the Dominion of C'aiiada. on lirst of .Iidy. l.ST.'! — of I which we shall speak more fully in the next jiaragraph — when ;iii .•igrcenii lit was made by which .i loan of 8H(II),- 001) was guaranteed to the province to enabh^ it to buy up t!ie estates ai.d leallot them. In IM7.") coiiniiissioii- ; ers were M;)poiMteil to iletermine the value of the estates whose sale, ii:ider provi-ion of the act, was reiidi'ied com- • jiulsory. One eomniis^ioner was appointed by the gov- ernor-iteneral, another bv the lieiitenant-irovernor, on behalf of the tenants, and the third by the proprietor i whose property was to be expropriated. Thu^tlie trouble- j some ipiestioii was at last settled, and the iiijii,tice of a i ceiilury ago removed, but only at an iumieiise cost to the I province for the benelit of the ile-;cendants of a set of ad- venturers who sat for years liki' inciibi on the progress of the isliind and kept it in a perpetual state of dis;|iiet and unrest. 1"). The ipiestioii of Coiifederation was not brought prominently before the I'ailiaiiieiit or people of I'rince ] fn let riiimi Edward Island until the session of IM(>I. lnpo|nii:iiiiy of when tile following resolution was adopi- llio iiii'asiiro. 1 . ' 1 ,1. ed ; '■ 1 iiat his excellency the lieutenant- governor be aiillioii/eil to appoint deleir.ates — not to exceed live — to confer with delei^rntes who may be iip j pointed by the goveriiiiienis of \o\ a Scotia and New 1 liniiiswieU lor ih" purpose of di ■ "ssing the e\peilienc\ of a union of tliesi; Provinces of Nova Scotia, New IJruiiswick. and Prince Edward Island niider one yov- eriiiiKMit and legislature, the report of the said delegates to be laid before the Legislature of tlie colony befor(> any action shall be taken in regard to the proposed question.'' The delegates ajjpoiiited were Messrs. ,1. H.CJray, Edward Palmer, W. II. Pope, (ieorge Coles and A. A. .Macdonald, and they met the delegates of New IJriiib wick .and Nova Scotia at Ch.irlottetown, on first September, 18(')-1, the particulars of which meeting, and the suliseiiueiit conveii- lion at (Quebec on tenth October, we have given in Chap- ter 102. The delegates, on their return to Prince Edward Island from the (Quebec conference, found public opinion decidedly opposed to confederation. A large meetiiiii was held in Charlottetown in Eebrnary, IHCi."). at which Hon. W. II. Pope strongly advocated confederation, but he was ably opposed by the Honorable Mr. Coles, and .Mr. D.ivid La'rd now (1.S77) (bivernor of Keewalin : — and the sense oi the meeting was decidedly against iiim. Other public me ■lings wen; held at which resolutions were passed antagoiiisiie to confederation; so tliat by the time the Legislature met on twenty-eighth Fid)., 1,S(;,"». it w'.is a foregone conclu-,ioii that tlie (.^iieliee scheme would be defeated. A series of resolutions favoring iJiion with the other |irovinces was introdiii'ed by Honorable AV. II. Pope on the twenty-eighth of March, and lost, an amend- ment declaring confederation injudicious being carried by the overbalancing vote of twenty-three to five, 'i'lie sub- ject was brought u|> again at the session of iHOCi, wlica the following strongly anti-confederate resolution w;is pro- |)oscd by Honorable .1. C. Pope: "That even a union of the continental provinces of I'ritish North America sliould have the elTect of stiengl helling and biiidiiijx more closely together ihesi' J'rininces, or advancing their ma- terial interests, this House cannot admit that a federal iiiiion of the North America Provinces and Colonies, which would include Prince Edward Island, could ever b(^ accoin|)lisheil on terms that would prove advaiitagooiis to the interests and well-being of the people of this island, se|)arate(I as it is, and must ever remain, from the neigh- boring provinces, by an imiiiovalile barrier of ice, for many months in the year: and this House deems it to be its sjicred and iiu]ierative duly to '' 'lare and recoid its conyictioii, as it now does, ihaf any Federal rnion of the North American colonies that would enibraci^ this island would be as hostile to the feelings and wishes, as it would be opposed to the best and most vital interests of its peo- |ile." An elTort was made to put off a vote until an ap- peal to the people could be had, but it was overruled, and Mr. Pope's resolution adopted by a vote; of twenty-one to seven, and an address to the rpieeii, based oti the resolu- tion, adopted iiiid forwarded to England. 1(). While the delegates from Canada, New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia were in session in London in the rUINCR EDWAIil) ISLAND— l'l{().M isil To COXFKDKHATIOX. 401 C'niifoiUMation. f''" "f ''^'''''- ''"' """• 'T- C- l'<'['" visitcd li'ii'lwi'v'ilniieJt"' l*^",-''""'- =""' '"' i'llnrmul olfcr was inudo him of ii j;i';iiitijf S^SOO.OOO. as iii(lciuiiity for the loss of tt-rritoi-ial ruvt'iiiie, anil for tlu' jmrposo of biijiiijf out the ]H'()|irii'ti)rs, if tho ishiud woiilil enter tiie coufeiU'iMlion ; hut tiie offer was declined, and noihinif more was heard of eonfederation until the autumn of l.s(i'.», when Sir John Young, afterwards Lord Li>i,'iir, (lovi rnor- (leneral of IJritish North America, visitei! thi; inland, wiien tiie snl)ject was informally disciisx-d with meinliers of tile local governnnnit. In Decemlier followiiii; a for- mal proposition was mailo from tlie Doniiiiion ministiy of terms on which the island would be admitted into the confiMli'ration. Tliis was suhiiiitted to the Executive Council, wlio rejected the oflVr on the t;rouiii! that siilli- cient inducement was not offered tlie island, and nothing more was heard of eonfi^ieration for six years. IJiit a new and powerful inllueiice was now at work to induce the jieople to tliink more favoral)ly of a union with the I'pper I'roviiiees. I'rince Edward Islanil is remarkai)Iy de>titule of stone or gravel, and it lias always been very dillicult to make or keep the roaembly to theeiVcct that, in view of the dilliiiilty of olitaiiiiiig stone or gravel to kce|) the roads in onler, and the ra[)idly increasini; trade of the island, it was necessary t(j have a railway. A bill was acconlnigly introduced authoiiziiig tin; government to build a railroad from ( Jeorgelnwii to Cascnnipcc. tDUehing at SiiiiimeiNii'e and Charlottetown, with iiranches to Souris and Tigdish, at a cost of not more than S20,000 per mile, iiicliuliiig e(iui|)ineiit, provided the contractors would take IkmkIs of Aw. islanil in [taymeiit. The iiili was " put through uiidei wiiip and spur." and in two days after It was iiitrodui;id. paNsed its liiial reading by a vote of eighteen to eleven. Ibil the government soon found it had assumed an eiitiM'pri-ie it was incompetent to conduct to a successful termination ; it was I'asy enough to pass a liill to build a railroad, and to get it commeiued, but it was very dillicult to olitain the money to build it with, and when the government began to be distressed lor means to carry out its great enterprise, it naturally looked to the Doiniiiioii, to see wlie;lier if was yet too late to be taken into Its fold ai',1 lielpe I to accomplish that which it was impossible to achieve alone. 17. — -In .laiiniry. 1S7.'1. the lloiiorabl(> ^fr. Ilaythorne introduced a ininiili' in Council to the elTect that if the roiifcMtiTaiinn. Dominion would olTiir liberal terms, the [■rliiin K.lwanI urovenimeiit would recommend a disso- Isliiiiil niiniltti'il to ~ till) iiiiinii. liiiion of the House, so that the people may have an oppoi-tunity of saying at the ])olls, 1 whether they prefer to enter the Dominion. f)r submit to the extra taxation necessary to build the railroad. On the suggestion of the I'rivy Council of the Dominion, that ii deputation be sent to Ottawa to confer on the sul)- ject. the lliiiioi-able ^Ir. Ilaythorne and the Honorable David Lain! wen; mi deputed, Imt wrvr not authorized to do nioi<' than leaiii what teiiiis could be oblaiueil and re- port to the Holl-.e. A general election was held in March, and the House met again on the 27lli of April, when the j governor sent down the pa[)ers referring to the proposed | union, ami expressed a hope that the Ho.'.se would not lose this opportunity of entering the union. On the 2d ' of ^lay the committee to whom tlie mailer bad been re- ferred, reported adversely, not coiisidering that I'lince Eihvard Island had been offered sullicieiitly good terms. The eominittee. however, lecuriimeiided the appointment of a (•oinmittee to proceed lo()ttawa lo endeavor to obtain better terms. .Me>srs. .1. C. I'ope, T. H. Ilaviland, and I (ieorge AV. Howland were appoiiitid .-iich commitlee. and i |)rocee;led to Ottawa, where they had an interview with the governor-general — Lord DulVeiiii — on tlie 7lli of May. A commitii'e of the I'rivy Council, consisting of i Messrs. J. A. MacDoiiald, Samuel L. Tilley, Charles I Tiipjier. and Hector Langevin. afteiwanls met the I'rince Edward Island delegation, and on the loth Oi ^Liy. an , agreement was arrived at which was satisfactory to both parties. The terms were snbslantially as follows : On | condilion of Prince Edward Lsland giving up her revenues, ' the Dominion agreed to assunu! a debt eipial to fifty dol- [ lars a head on the population of tlie island, which accord- | iiig to the census of lH71.was 9K(»2I.thiis making the; debt I'rince ICdwaid I~laiid was aiithoiized to incur $ J.701.0."iO. As llie i-laiid had only a very small debt, it was j to reC''ive interest at the rate of live per cent on the dif- j fereiice between the amount of its de!it and the aniount authorized until the debt anioiinted to ^^ 1.701. ll.")0. The Dominion government agreeil to ad\aiice to the island j SHOO.OOO for the purchase of the proprietors' estates, at live per cent interest, which interest was to Ik; deducted from a yearly allowance of Sla.OOO made to the province ' of the Dominion For the support of tlu; government j and legislature of the ]ir(,viiice. the Dominion agreed to 1 pav $.'!0,00(), and an aiiiiiial grant of eighty cents per head of the population as shown by the ceii^ii^ of 1H71. it be- , ilig asireed that the next census was to be taken in 1H8I. j The Dominion government also assumed the railway which ' was then being constructed, and agreeil to pay the sala- ries of the lietitenant-governor. and judges of the Superior, District or Coiintv Courts ; the expenses of l\u; cilstotu- lioiise, post ollici'. and fisheries department ; and provide for the mainteiiiiiiee of the militia, light-houses, ipiarali- tine. marine hospitals, geological survey and penitentiary. The resolution acceiitiii"; these terms as the basis dI niiioii 'm Inh: ■11) J TUrrLK'S HISTORY OF TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA. 1770 I7.s(; 180.5 i,si;i 1H21 was iiiti'uduci'd into this Assomlily by IIdii. J. C. Poik!, uiid carried by a voteof tw(!iity-suv(Mi to two, ut'tcr which iiii address to her majesty was iinaniiiioiisly ailopted pray- ing for tlie. ailiuissioii of Pniu'o Edward Island to the union ; which prayer heing granted, the province Wii3 admitted to till! confederation on the 1st of July, 187."!. that being the sixth anniversary of tjie formation of the Dominion. 'I'lie following is a list of governors of I'rince Edward Island from its erection into a, province to con federation. Walter Patterson. Esfj Gen. Ednmnd Fanning t'ol. ,1. F. W. Desliarres (has. 1). Smith Col. ,Iohii IJcady Hon. Geo. AVriglit, Adnist 18l'.) and KSIJ.j Sir Aretns AV. Young 1831 Sir John Harvey IS.'iO Sir C. A. Fitzroy 18;i7 | Sir II. V. IlMnlley 1811 | Sir Donald Cami»bell 1817! .Sir .Vlex. IJaniierman l,S."il 1 Sir Dominiek D.dy IHiJl C!eo. Dundas, Flsq 18i59 Sir U. Ilodgscm 18G8 ^\. C. F. liobiiLson 1870 CHAPTER CVHI. PROVI^XE OF CANAD.V— (lOVERXMFXT OF LORD SYDENHAM. 1. PlIINCIfAL l-KATLIll:S Ol^ TlIK Xf.AV CoXSTITirTION'. — l'. Tiir, (Asr. oi' JIcLkod. Ldisi) Svdk.miam's Speech vnnu rut: Tiiuoxi:. — ;l. Imi-outaxt acts I'Assr.i) AT Till-; i-ii!.sT f!i;ssiox oi- Tiir. I'aiu.iamic.nt Of Canada. — 1. Dicatii oi- Loitu Sydi:.\iiam. 1. — The union of the province of I'pjjcr and Lower Ca. ada was eousuminated by royal proclamation on 10th Feb- ,, . , ,, . niarv.18 II, the olliei's of nenlenant-trover- 1^' tlio iiuwcoiisti- nor for eaih i>ro\inee Iumml' abolished, and tllliou. ' ■" the lk)n. C. Ponlett Thomson — now Pmron Sydenham and Toronto — was ap])ointeii governor of the '■ I'roviiieoof Canada." AVrits for a general election were issued on the l.')th I'Vhrmiry, returnable on 8lli April, and the (irst Parliament of the Province of Canada met at Kingston on l.'ith Juno, 1811. The new constitu- tion, as expresscil iu the Union Act, fully estalilislied the principle of respoiisilile government ; tiiat is, a govei'u- nient conlrolied bv the colonial ministers of the crown. who were members of one of the branehi's of tiie Legisla- ture, and held oHicc only as long as they retained the con- fidence of the House, which moans as long as the political party which they represented could commaiid a niajorilv in the Legislature. These ministers had to be re-elected by their constituents after aiipointment to oiriee, so that the people eoidd pass a din' i, vote of conlidenee. or want of conlidenee in their fitness for the jiosition to whi<'h they had been appointed. Another great change in the constitution v, as that the entire control of the whole reve- nue was giviMi up to the Assembly, so llmt tht; two great principles for which the Reform party had so long .>-trug- gled were granted, and the main causes of disciuiet and uneasiness removed ; but there still remained many ve.x.i- tious <)nestions — the clergy revenues, feudal tenure, &c. — which were to cause much troidile and annoyance in the future. 2. — Previous to the calling together of the House, a new Executive Council had been appointed, consisting of INIessrs. Sullivan, Dunn, Daly, Harrison, tikm asi- df >!<•- Ogden, Draper, I'.ahlwin, and Dav. Con- J'"-!- i "■'ls^,l",.n- siderable excitement existed in both prov- tlirTlncni!. inces — especially the upper one — at tli s tiine over the arrest and imprisomn<'nt in the United Slates of Alexan- der McLeod, who had been de|)Uty sliei'ilf of the ^Niagara district, and who was accused of being im])licated in the destruction of the Cdrn/ini; in December, 1837, and war beiween the two countries was threatened ; this was. how- ever, averted by the release of IMeLeod and the .sidise- laws respecting education. 1'lie speech also asserted her nnijesty's determination to retain the I'ritish North American ])rovinees intact as a part of the empire, and concluded with a ju'ayer for the future pros[)erity of the newly re-united jirovince. .1. — The union had not, however, extinguished the fires of party political strife, and it needed all the calm judg- ment and conciliatory jiolicy of T^ord Syd- j,,,,,,,,!,,,,! „,.(„ eidiam to parlially reconcile partv differ- r"-H''l..t ii.o liipt 1 .' ' . i^csswiii nt ilio I'ar- enees, ai:d get his government into any- liaineiiu.fcanaila. j thing like good working onhr. The Conservative party was sore at tlie success of the Reform party at the jjoIIs, while the latter was rather disposed to propose too sweep- ing reforms at once; both ])artios were, however, jiartial- ly hrlil in check by the French party, which, acting to- gether, held the lialan<'e of power in its own hands, aiul could support in power which ever party was most wi'Iing to I'UOVIXCi: OF CANADA. 4i)3 I if till! I.egisla- I'taiiicd the con- as (lie political aiid a majority () in,' re-elected ) olllcv. so that Idciice. or want iiion to which ciianije in the the whole levc- [ tlif two fiicat .•■o loii^ .'■trug- )f (liMjuiet and led many vexa- lal tenure, &e. annoyance in f the House, a 1, consisting of TIk' lasi- of Sfr. I. i. I mil SmIi'ii- liain's i-iui'ih I'lom till' 'Jliri.iie. time over the ites of Alexan- of the Jsiagara ilicated in the ]S,'37, and war ; this was, how- »nd the suhse- or the dcstruc- ! throne at the eferred to ]\Ic- t was her inaj- an suhjects; lit! ]i(i>t oflice and '(luraiienif III of III councils and ncation. 'J'iie lation to retain let as a jiari; of for the future lished the fires he calm jiulg- IiiipiMlniil nclR InihH'il lit till' lirst Hch'sidii (if tlic I'ar- liaiiR'iitoffaiiailii. ervative jiaity y lit the jiolls, osc too RWeej)- wever. jiartial- icli, acting to- vn hands, and most williii'' to favor its views. Before tlic end of tlie session, Mr. liald- i win resigned lioiii liie ministry, on uccoiint of a dilfereiice of oiiinion witli some of the otlier ministers, and joined the oiiiiosition, whii'li suhseciueiitly caused a cliangu of [ government. The House jiiissed many useful bills at : this session, and laid the foundation of some of the most \ important civil institutions, especially those relating to | education, the cin-iency and tlie nuiniciiial system. One very imporlant step was the estahlislinieiit of a Hoaril of Pul)lic Works, with a cabinet minister at its head, to control and regiilale all the [luhlic works of tiie province, which had hitluM-ti) liei!n either entrusted to jirivato com- panies, or under tiie supervision of (iilfere.it ilepartments. Tlie Welland Canal was transl'eired from the company which had vainly tried to o[ieratcit, and iieraine a govern- ment work. The ]5ii-'rd was also authorized to issue bonds for £1..JO(),0()0 sterling, under imiicrial guarantee, to consolidate the debt already incurred for puiilie works, and to cuinplete those under conslriniiiiii. The session was a long and imjiortant ; but w.is tia'iniiiate 1 sadly on the deatli of Lord Sydenham, the House being prorogued on the ISih ScptcmlM'r by (Jciieral Clillicrow. ■4. — Lord Sydi'iiliam liad a fail from his Iiousi; while' out riding on tlie fourth Septemltcr, lireaking his leg ; and liis PiMiili i.f 1.1. ril constitution being naturally wi iik and s.vtKiihani. delicate, and much impaired by the bard work of the past two j-ears, coull not sustain the shock ti the system, under which lit' gradually sank, and expired on tli(! J'.tth of September Althoiigh he hail only admin- isteri'd till", ad'airs of the pnivince for two years, he had greatly eiideii.icd iiii.i'^elf to the pe(i[)le, and the regret iit his loss was dee|) and sincere. Hioii of public improvements, trade .and commerce. His connection with Canada dihoughs ort. was brilliant, and laid th ! foundation of much fiiluri! go.)d ; and the people mourned that he was not permitted to see the completion of the good work ii'j had couiiauuced. CHA 'TKIl CIX. PROVINCF OF CANADA.— OOVEKNMEXTS OF SHI CHARLES RAGOT AND J,(J1H)S MET- CALFE AND CATHCART. L AuMiMSTU.\Tio\' ofSiu CiiAni-KS R.vf.or. His death. — 2. Al)MlNl.sTU.\Tln\ Of Silt ClIAKLKS ]\H'.TeALl T.. His i)isni:fi,Mtr) ot iiir ^Hxistkks. — ."S. Ri'..si(iNATioN OF Till-; Raldwin-Lakoxtai.m: JIixistkv acc'KI'Tkp. 1. A GkXEKAI. lU.lXTlOX llESUI.Trt IN .SMALL CO.N- Sl.ltVATlVi; .MAJOKITV. Dl^ATll Of LoKD iHlTCALFE. LaUGI; FlKFS AT (^fLIlEC. — .'». A 1 ).M IMSTK ATION OF Loud Catikaut. Claim fuk lossks Duiti.NO thk Ri:iii:lliox. L — A change had again taken place in the EngrL-h ^lin- istry ; tln^ Whigs had iieeii defeated, and tlie 'I'ories wore once mori; in power. Lord Melliourne hav- ,\.Iiniiiisiraiimi nf ing given place to Sir Robert Reel, and sir l liarl.s l!a«.,t. " " ' _ Ilisilialli. Lord .Stanley succeeding Lord .John Russell as Colonial Secretary. This r.iiscd the hopes of i the Tories in Canada, and they were still further elated by till" appointment of Sir Charles Ragot, a strong Tory and great suiiporter of the Church of ICngland. as governor- general a ]ilaci! of J>orap|ioiiited, for Lord Stanley determined to carry out the colonial policy of his predecessor, and Sir Charles Ragot, whatevi'r his personal feeling might have been, fully carried out, the instruction of his cliiet to rec- n'_nii/.e the principles of responsibli; government. F'iiidiiig that the existing ministry bad not the conlidein f the House, he caused several changes, calling Messrs. Raldwin, Aylwin, llincks. Laiontaiiie and .Morin to his counsels. Rarliameiit iiiel on tlu! 8t!i September, and after a short but busy season was ])rorogiied on 22d October. Thirty acts were jiassed at this session, amongst them one to make the law uniform with reference to the v.ication of seats by members of thi! Assembly acceiitiiig oirice. and another ])rovidiiig £«•'!. 1.'J i'or the expenses of the civil irovernnieiit for the current yeir. and X'l'7,777 for the lirst three 'nonths of ].S|'!. detailed accounts of the expediture of both amounts to lie placed before the next session of Rarliameiit lilleiii days after it met. Tln^ health of Sir Charles liagot failing coiisideralily, be rcipiested, towards the end of the year, to be recalleil. a reipiest which was complied with, and his successor. Sir Charles Metcalfe, sent (lilt: but Sir Charles Ragot was too ill to be re- moved, and he died at Kingston on tin lUth ]\Iay. LSI.'). •_>. — Sir Charles Metcalfe, who arrived at Kingston on •i.nli ^March, l.s|.">. was esseii was born in Eiiirland, in 17H."), and at the tiallv a seir-inade man. He age ot lilteeii attained a clerksliip m East India Company's service, wliere Ailniiiiistratii'ii *<( Sii-Cliarlis Mit- iilfr. Ili..lisr.-(;aiil th ],y of hi« iniiiisliTS. •191 Tl TTLK'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Miill fl! natural aliiliiy ami the ili>i>!,i3' of jfi'cat hiisiiioss capariiy, ho steailily vn^r ii> ilir li.^lio; imsiiions, lilliii!,' the oHicu of iiotinn j^iivcriiDi' (It India lor two years. In Irt.'ilMie was iiiailf j^ovcriior of Jamaica, wliicli ipositioii liu filiid for tlirce years, but wis forcoil to rcsijrii in 1812 on ac- count of till- appi'ar.inc'i' of a ran.'cr in hi-; face. On liis return to Fii,i;lanii-"' the ministers had iiolliingto do; and (hid- LiiluVl'.''''''^''"' ■''" ing that they could not conduct tlii; gov- ernment on I he basis on which they had accepted ollice, that of a striiJtly responsible government, the ministers lendercd their resignations in Xoveniber. The resignaiions were not accepted until after the jiroroiration of Parliament on the iiintii of Decemlier. when Sir Charles announced that while ho recogni/eil the right of the people to regulate the administration of the go\ernnient, through dieir representatives, he utterly disclaimed their right to any interferenee with the appointment of executive ollieers, ai.d he would not allow ministers to degrade the ro\al prerogative in older to retain thesujiport of the Assembly. He now tried to fk, as the leailers knen* they could not command the support of the Assembly, and only suc- ceeded on the understanding that an appeal should be mad(! to the country, Mr. Draper forming a ministry. Amongst the acts passed at the last session was one removing the seat of government to Montreal, which was carried into cf- fe<;t during the sniiimer of IH It, and Monklands fitted up as the residence of theirovernor, to whii-li he removeil in .Iiine. 4 — The Iict'orm press w.'is loud in its protests against the action of the govirnor, and ccin--ider:di!e political ex- citement was causeil in tin; Maritime ... ,1 . /-. , 1 A KCiicr.il ilortinn rrovinces as Well as in t anada, the ac- rcsulis in n muhII ....•/'111- .1 • iini-eMuliv.' Illa- tion Ot Sir C hailes being taken as an in- jmiiv. Himiidt (Iicatioii that uu\ lory administration i.aru" iircsiii then ill power in Canada did not intend '^"'''•''^• to recognize the iirinciple of responsible government as fully ajijilicable to the provinces; a coiiclu>ioii which was partly justified in the fall by the elevation of Sir Charlc-i to th(^ jieeragi^ as l>aroii MelcallV, an indication that the Home gDVcrniiU'iit approved of his condm I. After 31 r. Drajier had formed a cabinet the House was dissoivi'd, aiid writs for a new election were i>sue(i in September, returnable on the tenth of Xoveinber. Tliii elections were nxjstly held in October and were keenly contested, but resulted in a slender m.ijorily for tin! con- •servatives, .so that when Parliament met, on the tweiity- eiu:htli of Novi'inber, at ^lonlreal. ihey wen,' abh; to eh'ct Sir Allan Mci^iab, speaker, by a majority of three voles. The dclialc! ''ii th(! address was a \\'aliii one, but the con- servatives carried the day and iin'reased their majority to si.v. Till! imperial Parliament this year extendril a ])ardoii to all ihosa who had Ircii engaged in the nbel- ' lio;i of If'.'i7-S, with tlu; e.\ce|)tioii of Mackenzie (who was not pardoned until 18.jO), and some of the lat ]il)eral- • was yreatly arked In- two it one iiionih ^Ih May, the swept a'.vav, sand ])ersons ions. Every [)orary sheds arters. Over uirt'orers, and i the close of lie eitv heifaii . o ithcart, poM!- rlli America, Itninislralioii „( ril ( (iilicmt. [linis for ji.sHfH ring Uie iv\k\- n. f a measure r, and very ipt to annex PUOVIN'CE OF CAXADA— GOVEKX.MKNT OF LORD ELGIX. 495 i Canada to the United Statics. As lias heoti already stated, the French members li<'ld the balance of power ia their 1 hands and were (]nile willing t.) support eiilur Conserva- i ti.es or Iveforniers, provided lliey got what concessions they pleased to demand from the jjarty they supported. Dnrinj,' the session of IS 15 !Mr. Draper, tin; Conservative leader, had iulrodiiced a bill to indemnify those loyal in habitants of Upper Canada for l;)ss.;s sustained during JIackenzie's mad attempt to disturb the Province ; the French members at onc(! took advantage of their position, anl"i, six commissioners to inquire into losses sustained by her majesty's loyal sub- j 'Cts in Low. Tiir. Hill Passik — 5. Tin: (iovi.u- NOR AssKXTs TO riii: Ri;iii;llion Lossks Hill. — 0. Tin; GovKu.voi!-(;i;xi:itAL IIouticd axi> Piltiid ny Tin; Moil. — 7. Hlumxi; oi- the Pakliami.xt Hi ilk IXGS nv tiik .Moil — 8. Houses or Oisxuxiois ,Mem- iJEUs Attaikek iiY Tin; Mon. Loitn Ei.mn's, ue- CALL demaxi);;i>. — •'.) FntriiEit RioTixi; hvtiieMoii. TiiEfiovEitNiiu a<;ai\ .Vttackeo. — 10. Removal OF Tin; Cai'Itai. eko.m ^>Iiixti!i;al. Loud Ei.inx's Cox- i DUCT AriMiovEi) i!V Tin; Hojie Govekx.mext. — 11. Caxaoa Exteus ox iieu I'olitk al 'axi> Commeh- i CIAL MaXIIoOI). 12. AfWTATIOX OX THE CLEI{(iY Resekve.s Question itv the '•Cleak Gkit " Party. — I'l. Lakoe Fikes IX Moxtkeal. A Discoi it- Aoixii Picture oe the City. — 11. Railway Pro- jects. Good Feelixo iietweex the Uvhed States axd Caxada. — l.'j. Domestic Progress oe THE PliOVIXtE. — IC). Tl.X TllOUSAXI) PERSONS KEN- j DERED Homeless ijy Fire in Moxtreal. — 17. L\- ! cori'oijatiox of the (iuAXD TiiuxK Railway. The Jluxn ii'AL Loax I'txi). — \x. Satisfaitort FiNAXCIAL COXDITIOX OF THE I'i'OVIXCE. 1 !) THE Gavazzi Riors. Their Effects ox the Hixcks , Government. — 20. Charoes of Corrupt Prac- tices aoaixst !Mr. Hiniks. — 21. SiiiXix ; of the Recii'Rocitv Treaty. Dissolution of Paui.ia- MEXT. — 22. Defeat of the Hi.xcks Ad.ministka- TIOX.- 2.I. FORMATIOX OF THE I'lRST COALITION Government. — 21. Seiilakiz \ riox of the Ci.i;r- i,v Rfsfrvi's.— 2'<. Passaju; of tiii; Seioxorial Tenure Pill. Rt.siiiNAiiox ov Lord Eloix. 1. — The Slimmer of bs 17 w.is a memorable one for Can- ada. The f.iilnre of llie potalo crop in L'cland causeil gaunt famine to s;alk through the land, T.niiM,. siifToriiiKs and the cry for help was heard and noblv ''■"iii''i'ii'-i'i'vrr i.r J ^ . tho Imimgraitia of responded to fromall ])arlTiif the ('ivilized ^^^''■ world. Canada did her share in sending money and pro- visions for the destitute. ; but by far the greatest woik she had to perforin was to provide for thousands of emigraiit.s who, driven from their homes by faniiiie. flocked to her shores, bringing death and desolation with them, for fevers broke out on board the I'lnigrant shi|>s, and hun- dreds died on the passage while thousanils only reached the shore to lay their bones beneath the sod of the new country they were seeking for work and food, (irosse Isle was made a quarantine, station ; hiiiidreils died there, while the vast miillilmle jjressed on up llie St. Lawrence towards the great lakes, leaving their jialliway thickly strewn with new made graves. Over seventy-five thou- sand immigrants arrived at Quebec during Ibis nnforiunate 'J ^ •''; •i;ii5 TITTLE'S HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION ol' CANADA. suininii', iiml nearly fivt lliiiii-.:iiiil iirii\(il Imt to dii'. Tlic liirj,'!! triicl 111' iipt'ii i.'1'imiiil at IViiiilSi. Cliiirlrs. Mmitrc:;!, w.i-i tunii'ii into a lcm|iiiriiry raiii|i. wliin- ilii)ii~aiiilH were "jivi'ii what iilicf anil a>si.slain'r was iKissilili', iiiit hiiiiilriils (inlv ri'ailii'l till re t(^ ilii'. ami tlnic was scarnlv a tnw n or villa;,'i' aldiii; tin,' Si. Lawri iii'i.' and tliu laLis Imt what hail its i 111 tohiiry, iu sic'k to ln'al, ami itsiU'stitiitr tiipniviilo for. As colli wialhiT canii' nn ihi' jihi^'iif aliatcij, jml tliero wasj niiidi ^nll ring tliri>nL;Ii tin' wiiitir on ai nnt of tin.' iiniucnse nunilicr of drslitiitu persons for whom iniiue- iliafe work coiilil not he foiiml ; lint the settlers eaim; forwaiil iiolily ami j;ave all the relief in their |>ower, so that with returiiiiij^ spnin; hri^hter times ilawneil, ami many ol the iinfortnnati! iiiimiu'raiits l)e;.'an to lay the fonmlations of now iiml hapiiy homes wliieh weie to j,'row nji to them out of till! wilileriiess. 2. — Parliament mil at ^loiilrtal on the seeoml of .Time. 1SI7, anil ill his speeeh from the ihrone Lonl Ki;j;in le- s.M'<.i,.l f"riiiiii..ii f'rri'il to the va>t. immigration which was ','f ,'.'"' ".•''''"'"■■ takiiiil place, ami the amount, of .sickiie.-s istry ami siilTering which was acc()in]>aiiyiiiif it, ami recomiuonili'il that siiino steps towards furnisliiiig as- sistance ami relief should be taken, a suggestion which was acted on during the session. The session was a short one, terminating 'ii! the 'iKlh of July; ami although the Draper iiiiniMry was il'fealeil several times, it still rttain- ed ollice. It was appariii', however, that the Coll^erva- tiv(!s had lost the coulidem-e of the ])eo()Ie. and as a illssiv lutioii seemeil inuvitahle, the Keform party began an ae- tivi! campai'un immediatidy after proro., *'^ii, and hail all their candidates in the field when the .ouse was dis- solved, on till! Cith of I)eceml)er,aml a new election order- ed, writs being made returnable on the 2lili of January, 184iS. The triumph of the Ueformers was complete ; I?aldwiii, I/iFouiitaiiie, Ilincks, Ulake. Malcolm Cameron, Price and other leaders of the jiarty Were ilected, and backed by a strong majority. I'apiiiean and Dr. AVolfred Nelson, of reliellion notoriety, were relurncd to this I'ar- lianieiit, but the former found liiiiiself shorn of his pres- tige and his place as leader of the French Canadian (le- nient, (irmly occupied by ^Ir. L. II. LaFoiiiitaino. Par- liament met on the "J.'ith February, IS liS,aiid Mr. !Moriii, a Lower Canadian reformer, was elected speaker. ]Mr. Draper, leader of tl.e Conservative mini.stry, had been ele- vated to the bench, and the other ministers, seeing their majority in l\n'. Assembly hopelessly lost, resigned, and Lord Elgin called on Messrs. J>aldwiii and LaFoniitaine to form a new ministry, thus putting into practice the in- structions of Lord John Kiissell, in LS.'i'J ; and from this tune is usually dated the firm and solid estahlishnieiit of representative goYcrnmeiit as the constitutional govern- ment of the Province of Camilla. The ministry consisted of eight English and four l''remh members, ami amongst them were i\Iessrs. liobert lialdwin, Francis Ilincks, AIul- coliii Cameron. L. II. I,aI'"oniitaine, and E. P. Tailu'. After a short but lin>y he>>ion. Parliament was iiiijourncd on the 2.')il of .March. During this summer inimi'.-raticli continued l.irge ; .and ship-fever broke out again, Imt net nearly so fatally as in the |irevions year. ;i — Parliament met again on the ISib of .Tannary. If*!!), ami the governor coinplimenicd the ilon-eon the near complet on of the St. Lawrence canal-, and other public works, and on the gen- ,',',','.'j:','.r,;:j|;;','„''' eral trampiillity of the connliy ; but that '■"'■'■» "'"• trani|nillity was soon rudely ili~ttirl)ei| by the iiitrodiiction, by Hon. L. II. LaFountaine. of a bill to pay the relicllio'i losses, on the basis proposed in the report of the comiiiis- sioners of 1S|."», that is by an appropriation of i'lOO.OOO. This was at once the >i;.'nal lor the wildest excitement ill iMontreal and thioiigliont the province. The bill was warmly discn>scd in the Hoii~e and .--troii^ly opposed bv the Con>er\ati\es, who ari.Mii d that nndei- its provisions jiaMueiil niiist be made to llio^e who were in open rebel- lion, and they raised t!ie jiaity cry " no pay to rebels." Till! government, on the other hand, elainied that ample provision was made in ihe bill to indemnify onlv tho-e who had been loyal, and that it was speci.ally ])rirtideil that nothing; should be paid to anyone who had beeii con- victed of high treason since the l.>t of Noveiiilier, Im;)", nor to those who had been transported to liermuda ; and the ]iieanible of the bill bore it out in the assertion. Speaking of the loose manner in which the commissioner's report was drawn up, it declared, '• It is neces>arv and just that the jiarticulai's of such losses, not yet paid and salislied, should form the .'■ubjeet of more niiiiiite iiiiinirv under legislative authority, and that the .■•aine, so far only as they may have arisen from the total or partial, uiijiist, unneces.sary, or wanton destruotioii of the dwellings, bit Id- iiigs, property and elTects of the said inhabitants, ,'iml from the seizure, taking, or cany iii^r away of their propert v and effects, should be paid and satisfied, provided that none of the persons who have been convicted of high treason, ril- Iri/cil I') /iiirp hirii ciniiiiif/cd in that jiart of this ju'ovince formerly the Province of Lower Canada, since the tirst day of November, l.S.'iT, or who, having been charged with high treason, or other oiTences of a treasonable nature, and having been committed to the custody of the sherilT in the jail of ^Montreal, submitted themselves to the will ami pleasure of her majesty, and were then upon transported to her majesty's island of I'urmmla, shall be entitled to an indemnity for losses sustained during or after the said rebellion, or in conseiiuence thereof." •1. — The (xcitement grew intense as the bill jiassed its dilTereiit readings: a strong " I>riti>h" party was formed under the title of " The I!riti>Ii Xorth „ , ,. Slrnri',' f''i'!iiiK American I.,eagiie," with head-iniarters at ll)4:lin^t iiii' l.ill. -,_ . -r ^ II , 1 , , .Mini'XjUinn Jiiiv(»- Jloiitreal. It was well umlerstfiod that the lat.il. 'JliitblU passage of the Uebelliou 1 osse.s bill was ''"^ K. P. Ti:.lu'. HUH ii!• Oil tllc; IK ;ir lnlr>iii lit ll"> li.-l.. llin.l I...I..S Hill. In; iiitnxliiction, ly llic I'clii'llion 111" ilic (•(iinmis- I of i'loo.ooo, • M'iiiiiiiiii ill Till' lull \v,is 'Jy <(Ji|i(isi(l I)y its |pi-i)\ isioiis ill !c! liiy only tlio-o i-i;illy jinnidcd IkhI liccii roii- )M!iiI)cr. l.s.;7, I" riiiiidii ; :ii!i()niT',s ii(cc»ai-y and yil Jiaid and iiiiiiilc iiiijiiiry K'. so far only laitial. nnju>t, villinjis. Iiii id- mts, and from iropcrty and I tliat noiio of h troason, ti/- tills ]iiovinr'(! iiic(! th.. (irst fliargi'd uith !'■ natni-f, and sIktiIT 111 tin.' ill'' wUl and II traii>|)o)-tL'd irKNr ()!•" LORD i:i.(;i>. 497 tlie jiiici' yiv. IJaldwiii and liis T'|>|ier Canada reform friend^ liad a^'rcid 'o |iay .Mr. LaFoiiLiaiiie and tlic Fniiili [laity Inr llie ^ii|i|iort licici-^-'iry to ktrp ilie re- formers ill ollicc. and I lie feelinj' a''aiiist •• I'Veneli doini- iiat on " jii'ew very liittei, iind tliu antaj;oni>iii of raee lil.izcd forth ill all il- fury ajxain. The league looked on ihii wlioh; Frepcli paily in Lowi'r Canada a-i unite as miilty of rehcllion a> l'a|iiiii'aii. Nel and the few other seajiej^oats who were cxcliided from luiiclit I'V the liill on a Hint of lia\in;; liecii I'oiind ;;iiilly of liijih Treason, and (i|iiio>('d any eonijieiisatiiin to lli' >(■ who had lakeii 11)) arms a^ain-t thi' sovereign, and who. if ilicy had siilTei'ed any lii^s. jinl mily what they deserved. The (h'sirn to e-eape from tln^ tyranny of tlie Kreiicli majority ill the F.ower ](roviiiei' eaiiscd dilTcreiit ex|M'dieiits to he pro|>osed. Coiit'ederatioii with ilie Araritime I'roviiii'es was advocated as the he>t means of hreaking the power of tlio Frenili ; and the more violent of the iijiitalors o|)eiilj' advocated ijirowiii^' off alleijiaiieo to Ein;l,'iiid and seeking annexalioii to the I'nited .States, and this I.illi'r fci'ling grew to he very strong. Meetings were held iverywhere and the greatest excitement prevailed, hut as yet only a few trifling lireaches of the jieaeo had occurred : and the ministry determined to pn>h the measures throngli the I.>ower Iliiiisr, where it was passed Uy a vole of I'orlv- eiglit to thirty-two, and afterwards jiassed the I'pper lloiiso hy a lair majority. ."). — The passage of the hill wa.s attended hv serion.s riots in Toronto and other cities in Western Canada; Tlio r.ovornnr as- J^aldwiii, Illakn and Mackenzie — who had reliiriied to Canada — were hniiicd in elligy. and attacks madi^ on the residence of Mr. George Ihowii. proprietor of the iihilii' — tlio organ of the lialdwin LalMiniitaine iiiiiiistry. and the house of Dr. Uol[ih, as well as the hniise in which Mackenzie was stopping. Popular feeling, however, hegaii to get some- what cooler as it liegaii to he generally understood — on what grounds no oni; knew — that tlie governor would either ahsolutcly refuse his eoii>eiit to the hill or reserve it for the royal sanction — which latter, ]ierliaps, would liave h(!eii the most politic conr.so for him to have ]>iirsiie(l under the circumstances, as the si.\ weeks or two months which must elapse hefore the royal pleasure could be known would give time for the excitement to ahati^ P»iit Lord Elgin had no idea of shifting the resiioiisihility of approving the act on to the .shoulders of the Home gov- ernment ; he liad heen sent out to Canada to carry out responsihlo governnvnt, and he was prepared to do .so. Ilis i'(>sponsil)Ie mi.".isters, who were supported hy the majority of the representatives of the pi-ople. had iiitro- dui'cd this hill ; hoth Ilniises of the Legislature had passed it, and if vpsponsilile government was to ho anything niori! than a mere empty name, he could not withhold his consent ; he had no intention of doing so, and accordingly. si'llts In tilt' lit'- ll.'lll.lll l.ossrs Kill. on the twciitv sixili of April, lie wcit down to the I'arlia- liieiit House ; nd gave his a--i lit to Jut ami a lew other bills which had lieeii ]i.'i>sed. (!. — The news spriad immediately that the go\ernor had signed the hill, and all hii|ie of lii.i reserving it for llie royal -aiictiiui waa o\er; a crowd -ii,,. (i,,v,.rnor- c|llickh I'athered ill front of the parlia- '"""■■'i ii"""'! iiieiit liiiilding'.. and when tiio governor "'"''• appeared he wa- gret'ttd uitn jeers and groans by the ciduil. — liio>ily composed of well-die>seil, re>pectabli - looking men. — and his cari'iai;e pelted uiili >|(ine, and rolleii eggs as he drove olV. .\o furl her elinllition of feel- ing took place then, and allhongh Sir .Vllaii .Mc.XaU called the attention of the Hoii^e in the eiicinii-laiiii. and id- vised the calling out of the niililaiv as a pi i (•.iiilioiiarv measure, no steps were t,ike;i In suppress an iiillneak shoiilil one occur, 'llie House met a'.;aiii in the evening; and about the sarnie time the firi'-belis were set ^oiie,' and a large crowd assemhled on the ( li.iiiips de .Mars, wjiero a few inllainmatory speeches were di iivered : hut that angry multitude was in no hiiiiior to hear speeches; the demon of desiiiiciion had possessed il, and snnii i|ii> civ was raised "To the Parliament hiiilclings. " Tiiirhe.s were suddenly produced, and lit up the darkeiiin;; iii;,dit with their ruddy Hashes, and. prciiredid liy the bearers of these, the vast coiicniirse, iinw niimlieiing ihniisalids, poured itself along the lliornii^hrares leadiiii;' In the Par- liament I loiise, giving vent to its feelings ill shouts, and yells, and snatches of ribald songs. No pulieemen were visible, and, the warning of Sir All.iii .McNab haviii;' heen unheeded, the inililaiy had not yet lieeii called out ; so that the nmb had nothing to check or restrain its un- reasoning fury. 7. — The Pailiameiit House w.is a jdain but siilislaiilial building of Alontreal liniesinne, ilnee liiindred .'iiid forty feet long by iiftv wiile, and had heen , ' 1 \. 't . , .. , niiriiiiiKof til" used us tliti .St. Ann s market until the I'.irli.iiu. m iiuil.i- - , 1 -»r lilies l.\ Ihf Illc.l., seat of 'government wc.s reinoved to Mmx- treal, ul."ii it was remodelled inside, and fitted to receive the various departnii'iits of the governiiient. The House was in session discussing the .liidicalure Pill, when the angry roar of many voices broke on the stillness of the night, and gave warning that an infuriated mob was with- out. Almost imiiiediately a volley of stones came rattling against the windows, and the meniliers !iastily heat a retreat, whilst, almost at tin; same moment, nnmbers of the mob forced their way into the hall of the ^Vsseniblv, armed with sticks and bludgeons, and oik; rnirian assum- ing the s]ieakei'"s chair declared J'ariiaiiieiit dissolved. Tlu! work of sacking the place was speedilv coninienced, chandeliers were broken, desks smashed, .scats torn up. and the mace, which h.'id been left on the talih'. carried off in spite of the efforts of the si'i'ge,int-at-.'irnis, who n'tiirned to fetch it. Soon the crv of '• Fire I ' was f f' ,,t 4»8 TITTLE'S HISTORY OF THE D0:MINI0X OF CANADA. raised mid the vast rrowd liurriod fioiii ilio Imililiii;; to the lUMulihoriiig streets ti> watch the flames and revel in the work of iJestriictioii. Not a drop of water was permitted to be thrown on th(' hiirning huildint,', nor any attempt made to s:ive any ])art of its rah'.ahlo eonleiits. Inih'ed. tiic vohmloer Fire Department was .stronj^ly in sympathy with tlie mol), and fonfined its exertions entirely to keep- i'-p the snrroiiirlinj; hiiildmgs eool so as to prevent the flaincs from spreadinj^ : so that tho entire hnildiiig and Its contents, inehiding the vahiuble lilmiry. were eonsnmed, the only tilings s;ived being a very few li,]oks, and the mace wliieli some of tho rioters siil)se(|neiitly tooli to the Doiicgaiii Hotel and left in Sir Allan 3IeXal)"s room. The military were called out, and kept the <'rowd back, but were powerless to cheek th<( de: troying flames. I'y this act of vandalism ^loiitreal lust the finest library it liad ever had, and the records of the colony for upwards of a century were destroyed. 8.-^Froni the sinokiiig walls and blackened remains of what had been the I'aiTiament iiiiililini;. the mob pro- , , cecded to the liouso of 'Mv. LaFoiintaiiie, H0U8OS of ot>n(ix- ioiis nn'ini>ei-siii- which Was .set fire to, but through the ex- 1.11'ki'illiy tlu'mii!>. . . , •- i.iiici i;iu'iii'» 11'- erfioiis of the iniliiary and the more or- derly disposed citizens, tlit? flaiiK s were Fxtingiiislied, not, liowi'V<'r. until the vahialih! binary had been destroyed, and nearly all the furniture! either burned or sjioiled. The mob next vented its spite on the olllce of the Pilot newspaper, which was the government organ and edited liy Mr. Francis Ilincks, and al-o broke the wuidows, &('., of the liousis of some of the leading inin- isters. Under the fear that an attack would be inadi- on Monkland<, the governor's residence, his excellency was ])ersiiadecl to reiuaia in the city, under the protection of til'! militiry; but no attack was made, and towards morn- ing the excit(Miii>nt subsided, .'iinl the sun ro>e on :\ citv to oiil ward appearance! ti'ani|uil, only the smoking ruins and shattered houses telling of the wild outbreak of the previous night. Soiiio of the rioters had been recognized, and on the twenty-sixth .Messrs. Mack, lliniard. Ferris and others were arr(!Hted on a charge of arson aiiut no atti'inpt at res- cue was inad<'. Sir Menjamin D'l'rbaii, the eoinmander- iliH'hief, arriveil in town early in the da;,, and took Jire- cautions to sup|)ress any fiirilier attempt at rioting, but with the exception of a few personal encounter^, no out- break occurred during the day. As night closed in, the rioter.s grew bolder, and attacks were made on the res- idences of Messrs. llaldwiii, Cameron, Nelson, Ilincks, Holmes and Charles \S'ilsoM. all of whom were supporters of the government, and doors and windows Miiiished, On the twenty-seventh, a body of sp<'cial constables was swoni in, as exception was taken to the military doing police duty ; but tlu! fact that many of the .'-pccials were I'reiieh and Iri.-,h, gave olTence to the! more violent of the IJritish party, .ind .'oine encounters took j)lace between the constables and the citizens. A meeting of some of tli(! respectable citizens was held on the Champs d(! !Mars. anil resolutions passeil deprecating the riotous conduct of the mob, but condenniing the conduct; of th(! governor in signing tlii! bill, and a jietilion to Her ^lajesty was adopted ancl signed, ]iraying for the recall of Lord I^gin.* 0. — The .Assembly met in the Ijoiisecours Hall on the twenty-eighth and passed an address to His ]:xcellcncy, pledging its cordial support iu any meas- ures he may think necessary to "take iu n".'',''^"'''!-!,"/'' '''' ])rcservin;' the i)eace and "uaranteeinn; p'Y'oi'"' "t"'" at- aiiv ex[ienses to which he may be ])ut in attainii!:: lliat obj:'! f. Tliis .address it was thought better to jirescnt at tli<' old ( iovi'rnincnt Hon e than at !AIoiik- laiids, and Lord i;i:;iii I'aiiK! ii:to the city for that ])urpose on the tliiitieth. He w.is escorted by a trooj) of \oliin- teer dragoons, and his appc-araiici' on St. .lames .Street was 1' .-ign;d I'or another attack v>ith stones and other missiles, and it was only wiili diliicnby that he shielded his face, several stones falling in the c.irriage. The cmwd continuing to increase, and press around (io\( rnmeiit House, Captain A\"ellierall. who was a magi: tr:;t:', read the riot act, and ordered t.ie troops ti) charT • ; but the crowd did not want to liglu the military, and ran. awav, only hdwever to wait for the appi'arance o( the L;ovcriior. lie, howevei-. not wishing to 'Xeile llu! mob bv his pn^s- 1 eiice, (piietly li'ft the building wilhoiit bi'in^ observeil, and entered his carriage, which was rapidly driven in the (brcctioa of Sherbrooke Street. Then be^an a most unseemly ch.ase, cabs, calechi-.. Maylliing that \\n~ on wheels and a horse attache(l |i> it, were seized bv llie moll, and a sharj) pursuit of his excillcncy l»g:in, which was only evaded by the speed of his horses ; but some of the mob manag d to cross him in .St. Lawrence Main Street, and showers of stones f( II (ai the i'arria"c, sinashiiig tli(! panel, and severely wounding hiv excel- • Tlh' iic'lilinn ri-ad ,is fullims ; Tci lua: cii.K ims M.v.rrsTV rin: i)ri:i-N-. Till' hiiinlili' pi'liiinii iif tlin iiiiiliTsiuiu'cl, j.iiir iniiji'stj '« diillfiil 111111 levins siil'ji'i'is, rii-iiiiin; in ilii' rniviini. ot Ciiuail.-i— Sli.willi. 'I'liai vmir iiiiiji'siyn ii'ini'si'iiiailvi' in ilil.i Trm iin'i-, Hi,, tilslit lli.iinral'lv llii- Karl nl' i;i^iii ami Kiiiranliiii', liy (.'iviii^' ilm l;..yal assi'iit t(i .1 bill for oini|iinisaliii;{ ri'lu'i.t Inr l.isrti'S liiili.ti'.l Ijv \ii,ir iiiaji'sty'K trim' . mill liy hIIiitk nf ymir Inyal Milijn Is. ailiii;; iiinlir lliu iinlns of yiiiir iiiaJi'sly'K ollii'i'is, lialli si'liiiilsly iiii{iairi'il ymii- iiiaji't»ly'« itiiynl aiilliiirity, ami t'iiilaiii;i'ri'il iln' inMiri,' ami ti'aiii|>illUty iif ili,. I'ruvim'o. Tlial yiiiir iii'lilinin'rs fi'i'l iimsl aiMilrl., Ilm iniira:,-!' tliu.s nlTiTi'il to yiiiir .^lajl■^t.\'^^ 1,'nyal aulliMrlty. ami Ilio liisiiU m lli,'iii«r|v<'..i— an mil- ni.;i' ami 1111 insiill lln-y lu'lLvr iiinvaiiiflid In tin- liislnry nl' nall.nii, aiiiluliii'li sirikis al Uii' fonmlalinis <<( a'li';;laiiri.' ami nlnili.'iiri', wliiili ari' ii'ii|iri"al «illi |;iivi'niiiiinil ami |ii'Mli'rtliiii. .Villi lli"y liiiinlilv |iiav 111 il Miai' Maj.Miv will trailnuHly li.' plnis.'.l In ri'< all till' saiil Isail nf lOiiiii ami Kimanlliii' friiin tlu' ;:iivi'i'iiim'iit nt tlilM I'lnvini'i', wliirli 111' I'aii 111! Iiaiui-r ailmiiihliT willi Hiifi'ty to Ilm ptati' or Inn 1- 11" In yi'.ir Majfsty ; nml I hat \oni" Maji-sly \\\\\ nlsn illsallow l!ii' kmIiI liill, ulii'li ii an iiiMill ami a ii>l>l>"ry ti> i-\ i'i'\ inaii \\lii>, in tliiMiiimof liial, kImiiiI rni'lli 111 ili'Trmt yniir Maji'Rly's iruwii ami ilik'nily. Ami yiiiir |M'lHI(ini'n< will I'vrr limy, &t". ^ vi(ll(Mlt of tlio ])l:li'0 lift ween iiijj; of soiuo of liaiiiiis (Ic JIars, tons coiiiluct of lu! jiovoriior in r ^lajcsty was of Lord IHgiii.* urs Ilall on llin lis I'.xccllcncy, Furtlii r rio; hi'i I v llii-liiii:>. Til' fZoviTiii'l' ai^uin at- lai'kcd. i tlioiiL;lit licttor tlian at 3Ionk- [or tliat jnirposo froo]) of \oliin- t. .lanios Stri'et ionos and otlicr that lie slii.ddc'd ai;<'. 'I'Ik^ crowd id fioMrnniciit niairi: trnt!'. read liaiT ■ : Imt llio , ami i;in. away, )f tlic u'uvcnior. lol) liy liis jiros- l)('iii;j oihservid, y driven in the liii^an a most ; tiiat \\a. on ' seized liy the y iieij::in, whieii rses ; liMl soni(> St. I.awrenco >n the carriage, in" lii^ excel- 1 r.x. njfstyV (liilifnl anil rrii\iii.'o, till. IMpht 11;,' llm linyal nssi-iU I by \o.ir inajf^ty'H uniliT lliu Di.ln-.H of ir miijcr^ty'rt lUiynl of til.' I'riniiu'i\ ra'^i' llni!< nlTfli'il to Ilii'iiiHrIvt'H~aii ont- liisinry of iiailniH, ml i.lM'ili.'hw, Hhli'li lonely 111* iili'iirtcil to ^oviTlllnrltt of tills* fi'ly |o 111" main 111' Iso illsalliiw tiii'PliliI »lio, ill ihii tiiiiu o( ilit'iiily. PROVIXCE OF CAXADA— COVERN.MENT OF LOUD ELGIN. •lil'.l !eiicy'8 hrotlier. Captain Iiriice. Tlie cliief of police, '■ Colonel Erinatinger, Captain .lones and several others | were also hurl liy stones. The lawless feeling of tlic ! mol) was again aroused hy a ministerial dinner liein^f I given at Tetu's Hotel to a deputation from Toronto; the ' crowd collecteil outside, stoned the place, and several persons were injured, liii; crowd lieing only dispersed hy the arrival of the military, 10 — On the fifth several parlies were arrested for par- ticipation in tiie late riots. Xo <)[)posiiion was made at the tnne ; liiit in the evening anoilierat- Ilmnoval of tlio .i ., .ii ,-ht luiiiuii from I'l'"'^ ^^■'■' made on the lionse ol .\Ir. J..a- K\ih"rtM'iii(li'i''V' Foniitaiiie, and tin- military wen' oliliged to honu.V;;;veniiui,it. '"''' "" ''"^ »""•'' '^'"'"." '^ '"•'" "■"'"'' -^••'- son. An inipiest was lleld, and while it was in progress an tittempt was made to lire the hotel in which it was sitting, and also to assault ]\Ir. Lat'ontaine. The man, JLison, who was shot, was Imried on Saturday the tenth. His funeral was attended liy over two thousand people, and the scarfs of tlu^ iiall-liearers, tlu^ trappings of the horses and the <^ 'coration of the hearsi- were of crimson ]\Ieanwhih! temporary (|iiart<'rs had heen oh- tained for the goveriiineiit in some new linildings heing erected by ^Ir. ^L Hayes in Dalhonsie Siinare, and the sittings of Parliament resinned. One of tin; lirst nieas- nics considered was the removal of the capital from .Montreal, and various places were proposed.- — Kingston. Toronto, (Jneliei; iiiid liytown (now Ottawa), lint it was liiially sigreed, hy a majority of ei.;lif, that Toronto should 1)0 tlic; seat of governineiit lor the next two years, and after that it should alternate lii'tween (^iieliee and Toronto for jierioils of four years each. A nuniher of hills were jni^lied ihrongli and llie House was prorogued on the thirlielh of !May liy the de;iuly-governor. Lieiiteii- ailt-(!eiieral Iiowaii. Tlio strong opposition to the reliel- lion I,(isses liill, the riotous conduct of the Mniilreal inoh, and the petition for liis removal indined Lord F.lgiii to tender his resignalion as goveriu r. which was not accepted, the Homo governineiit fully approving of his condnct, which was afterwards indorsed by Imili Ilou-cs of the Ini- jierial I'arliament. 'J'lie malcontents, however, continiieil to keep up an agitation in .Montreal, ai.il the city |iaid the j)cnalty of the riotous conduct of its citizens hy jiaving the seat of government removed — which caused an exo- dus of aiioiit live tlionsaiid of the popiilalion, and a gen- eral stagnation of trade. The ainiexalinii agitation con- titiiii'd for a littli' while, and a few merchants of .Mon- treal tried to eiiinlale the example of tin; celelirated " three tailors of Tooley Street" liy issuing a manifesto depicliin.' the wretcheil eondition of Canada, and declaring that an- nexation was the only cure. Imt the good si'iise of the Imlk of the peojile was agaiiisl il. and ilie feeling gradually died out. II. — The year I'S-'jO was an important one in the hi>- tory of the r.ritish Xortli Ameiican Provinces, for in it they may lii' said to have entt'red into the period i)f their political and conuiUMvial J;,";.';'/:;^7;,V;" '''' manhood, and freed from all controlling m- lZ\,'C,la'''''^''^ fluenee of Downing Street, they began to feel, slowly and iinpi'rfeclly at (iist, the advantages to he derived, from liaving control of their own affairs, (ireat changes had been taking placi; in the policy of England during tin- past few years ; the repeal of the corn laws of l.s 1(1 had thrown the l",nglish market open to all the world, and acted ilisadvantageously on the colonies, ilie greater facilities in tr.insportation posse>sed by the Amer- icans giving iheiii an advantage ; but it did good to the lirit- ish colonies, inasmuch as it led to a spirit oi emulation, and il desire to improve the internal coininnnicalion of the ]iro\iiices in order that they niiglit compete favorably wilh the T'nited States in tlw! English market. The last har- rier of colonial protection was thrown down in IS IK hy the repeal of the iia\ i:;.ilion laws, which removed discrim- inaling diilies anil allowed frei; trade with all parts of the World liy provincial ships; lint as it also allowi'd .\im ri can iiiiil other ships free traiie with the provinces, the blessing was at lirst coiisidereil a very donlilfiil one ; trade and commerce were deranged, especially in the Maritime Provinces, and the cry was raised tiiat I'-iiglaiid was cast- ing off the colonies. As a means of allaying discontent the Imperial Parliament iiistriicled Lord Elgin to use his inlluence to procure a treaty of rtciprocity with the I'nited States, and an agi'iit was despatched to Washington to opi'ii negotiations on that snliject, but the project was not crowneil with success until I'oiiryears later. AdetevmilU'd effort was also made this year by Ilincks to establish Canailiau credit on a better footing in the J'aiglish inar- ket. and Canailian securities began to be iploled on the stock exihange ; Imt the effects of the late riots in Mon- j Ireal and the cry o ' annexation were very damaging to Canadian credit, and it was some years before il was lirmly established, \->. — Parliament iiiet at Toronto, on the fourleeiilh of Alay, IH.'iO, and remained in session iiiilil the tenth of Ati''ust, dnriiii' \\'i:ieli tiini! a number of . , , ■^ " . Al.'itiitliiii on llio useful bills were passed. Considerable iloiiiv iikiivib , . . l|Ul■^lloll liv lllu excitement was caused by the agitation •• clear ililt" • < V >f I 1 1 ' ' .' 1 parly. Ill the (ili)hc and other papers ol ibe Clerg.V IJe^erves iilleslioli, which hid been setilid by Lord Sydenham, years bel'ore. Imt not to the satisfaciion of .Afr. ( ieor,,'e lliown, of ihe (llnlif. and others of the Wadical wini; of the Kel'orm party, who now began to be disiingiii'-lieil li\ the name of "Clear Grits," iv soiihriqiivt which has llrinly .itlached to the party ever since Messrs. Iialduin, L.iI''oiiiitaiiie, and others of i he old school of Re- form opposed furlher agitaiion on the subject, and the a|)proprialion of the Ueserves lo secular piir|iosea us ad vocated by I he (irits; hut the latter were very persistent .1;!' li'l i: Vi ' ' fi .■>()() TrTTI.KS IIISTOKY OF TIIK DOAIINION (W CANADA. ; !l ! ill tlii'ir iiltiicks uml git';itly wciikoiii'd tlic ministry, al- tiioiiL'li It still rc'taiiioil a sulliciciit majority in tin; House to (M)nilui't tlii^ govci-nnicMt. AiiotliiT iiucstion uliich of- oupicd tli(^ attontion of Parliament was that of making tilt! Council cluctivc. wiiicli was iiitroducod by Mr. l'ai)i- iicaii, lint tli(! (iiiondam rulnl had lost his inlliicncc and the iii('a.--iiiL' was dt'loati'd. Towanls iho elo^e of the year coiisiderahle agitation was got up liy the eonsorvalives ill favor of a union of all the Hritish North Amorican prov- iiires, and that Avas made one of their chief jiarty cries in the general election of January, IS.'il. tin; result of which was to considerably reduce the government majority in the House, and streiigtiieii the hands of the Ch.'ar (Jrit-. II]. — The year IS.jO was an imtVirtiiiiale one for Afun- treal. The lawless spirit still showed u>elf in freipi. nt l,iiri;e iiros In iiiceiidiary fires, and eneounters between .M.MUiviil. A cii». ,|n3 u J5nti>li •' iiiid '• Fiviieh " factions, ofiliuiiiy. The iiiiiiiicipal elections ill May Wen; at- tended by serious riots, in which many persons were in- jured, and an extensive fire in Grillintown, on the (if- te<'nili of .lime, laid two hundred and ten houses in ashes, and reiidereil live hundred families homeless. The lo>s hy tins lire was upward-, of .£."((l,0(IU. not ipiite half of which was covered by insurance. Si'aicely had an ell'ort I been made to (dear away the ruins id' this lire and com- mence rebuilding, when another lire broke out on Craig Street, on the morning ot tin' 2.'Jd of August, and spread up St. LawreiKM' and St Charles llarromee Streets, de- stroying one hundred and lifiy houses. These fires liad a g lod eU'ect ill one way. however, as the s<'arcity of water called the atlcntion of tin; aiilhorilies to the iiece>sily of providimr ellicient water woi'ks, and a by law was (lassed forbidding the erection ol any more wooden liiiildiiigs, or tiie use of -liic'jles for rooling. The following account of the city from :< Boston paper gives a rather (li^lleart- eiiiiij,' view of It: •• .Montreal wears a dismal aspect; the ]pojnilation wilhiii the pa^t few years has decreased some lliiiii^ands , and the removal of tile seat of government caused some lour llioiisand more to leave The streets look deserted buddings burned a year ago, and Doiie- gain's famous hotel, are still in rums. Kvt ry third store seems to want an ocenpanl. and empty hoii-es groan for tenants. The blackened walls of the I'arliamenl llmisi' present an imseeiiily aspect, and llie fate; .if Sodom and (ioinorrah appears to hang over the city, if we judge by certain seclioiis. (Jeneral analliy in Hade, ami everything else, is iippareiit, and there is a Jick ol energy and enter- ])rise. The public buildings are line, and tin; canal and wharves are iineipiilled ; bc.t while government with a lavi ii liaiicl expends thousands iii vast works, mid the repr, 'iilatives of the crown fallen on g 1 salaries, (he citizens grope about in the dark, becan^e the authorities and the ( Jas ( 'oinpaiiy ditl'cr about S.'i,lHl..' pt.-r year in supplying lifteeii hniidrcil lamps." 11. — During the early jKirtof I80I considerable eflorts were made by the Hoiuan Catholics to obtain separate public schools, under tlu; provisions of an ][,,ihvav prujiTta. act lately parsed ^ranling that iirivilege 'i'""' f«li"K i" - in certain localities where there was a Ntatesmidcaiin.ia. sullicieiitly large |)opulatioii. About this time the railway fever, wlii(di had broken out in England, in LSI."), and ra|iidly spread to the rniteil States, began to he felt 111 Canada, and various schemes were advocated in the press and at public meetings and began to attracrt the attention of Parliament. Foremost amongst tlie>e was the St. Lawrei and Atlantic Hallway, from Montreal to IJieh- iiioml. a distance of nearly one hundred miles, which v.as openeo- lutioiis providing for a trunk line of railway through the province, which 111 later years developed into thi; (iraiid Trunk Pailway. The IIousi' was prorogued on the thir- tieth of August, and 1-ord I'.lgin took occa^ioll t a iiiiinlier of II was ]iresent, an increase of lioeily. I I'liiiiiiiiK'd, (III ai;d Ml iiiikIi l>iiiiii'efii' eiitrr- prises weri! projected on that basis. Education ivas al-o receiving iiKU'i! attention ; the adoption of !' unil'oiin sys- tem of text-hooks had been of great advantage to the common-schools, and the establishment of aiioriiiMl scIhmjI at Toronto gave promise of a fiituie sn|iply of good and com|)eteiit teachers, a waul which had long been I'ell. 10. — In the early part of IH.Vi Mr. IliiK ' s visited Ijiglaiid in eoniieetion with tlu; pro|)OM!d Grand Trunk Kaiiway. TiMi tlKiimaiiil pi'd- i"i'l prepared a bill which was to lie pic- lesViiy^Uo il''ilmi- ''•'II''''! !" <•'" '"'Xt session of rarliallielit. •'■''"'• IJel'olt! that event took ]ilace, however, two more large waves of lire rolleil over tlu! devoted city of .Montreal and laid a very largi! portion of it in a-lie>. The lii'^l conflagration occurred on the seventh of .Iiiiie, oriiiinating in a carpenter slioji on St. I'eter Street. iieail\ facing St. Sacrament Street. TIk! Ilaines (|uiekly spread to St. .Vndrew's Chiircli. and soon the whole spaci! bound- ed by St. I'cler, .St I''rancois Xavier, Si. Sacrament and .St. I'aul Streets, was one ma-s of llaiiies. The lire tlieii ]iajued over Ciisloin House Sipiaie ami along St. I'aiil Street as far as St. Sul[iice, when it was mastered, after immense dillieiilly. liy this lire ihe fairest part of tin' business portion of the citv was de lrc.\eil, about two huii(lre(l houses wei'i! buriieil, many I'amdies rendered di'sli- tiiie, and loss to lli(!exleiit of about Sl.dllll.lllll) sii-laiiieii. The I'"rincli('athe(lial and the Hotel Dieil were in great da; i- ;;er. and were only saveil \t\ the nlinost exerli(nis of the nrlitary. who Inel removed all lln' sick finm tlii! Ilo-pilal, aad Were most untiring in ihi'ir elforts to save both life and properly. Severe as was this lire, however, it was as nolhiiig coiiipaiiil witli the one wliii'li loll jweil a nioiiih later, and left ten tiiolisand people Iiouseless and destitute. Oil till! ninth of July a lire broke out on llu; east side of St. Lawrence iNIain .Street, and spread wilh great rapidity as far as Migiionne Street ; at tlu! cormr of that street and St. Domiiiiipie there was a large liimbei' yard, wliii-h served as a tinder-box for igniting tht! whole neighborhood, and the llanies, fanned by a strong westcrlv gale, soon spread over the whole eastern portion of the city as far as St. Denis .Street, and along Craig, carrying everything before it. stoiu! houses olferiiig no more resistanci! to its liery breath than wooden ones. Meaiiwhili! some of the sparks had been carried by the .-Iroiig wind more than half a mile, and set lire to the liimbir yards and saw mills on the river side, which were (piickly consumed. .Ml day long the llanies ran riot in the eastern portion of the city, and towards livi; o'clock seemed to have biirnrd \\-v\i out ; jiist then, however, the alarm was given that il had lirokeii out ill a fresh place, and soon the workof doiruc- lioll was renewed with even greater vii.'(U' than licl'ore. The Hay's Hou>e was an iinmelise block of stone build- ings, four stiM'ies liiuh, facing Xolri! Dame Street, at tlu! collier of Dalhoiisie Sireet.aiid extending back to Champs de Mars Sireet. thei-e lieing a l;iig(t theatri! in the nar The new lire caii;;lil in some wudeii building, in the rear and soon coiiiiiiuiiieate(l to llio main building, and from thence moved slowly along ,St. .Mary and Lai^ainli- ellere Streets to the jail, a ilialaiiee of nmri! lliaii half a mile, taking llie whole night lo [lert'iuin its work of di'- slinction, and it was not until ten o'clock on the t'ollowiiig iiioniing that it burnt i;.-eli out, for the want of water and eHici( lit lire apparalua madi! any elTorts to cheek it futile. Tlu! space burnt over was more than a mile long by nearly half a mile wide, and over twelve liundred liou>es Wert! coiisiiniecl, rendering nearly ten thoiisancl persons houseless, and clcv-.iroying alioiit :r-l,il(iii.ilili) worth of jiroperty. The dislress was great and widespread, lor nearly all the families burned out were of the ])oorer class and lost their all ; but the! riciier cili/cn^. and the! people' of neighboring cities, came Iioblv to tlic'ir relief. Temporary places of shelter were proxiihcl in the- eiin- graiit shecis at Point St. Charles, in the Calholie convents, and ill tents provided by the military : while Mibseri|itious poured in from i-!iiglaiiil. the I'nitcil States and tlic^ sister provinces. .Montreal hacl now had three great (ires in two yi'ars. aiicl llie folly of allowing wooclc>n hoii^c's to lie liirlt was seen, as well as the neces>iiy for eMeiiilcd water works. 17. — I'lider the niigralory sysleiii whieli had Immii adojiled, < ^iiebci' now beeanii' the capital lor lour _\ ear-, and Parliament mil tlnrc cm the sl\teeiitli of , lH.'..r|ntratlttH ••! AilL'iisI, ls,"ij, wlnii .Mr. .loliii Saiicllic'ld 111.' ciiiiiidTiiiiik well 1 I • , l;ail«iiv. ri,.' .MacilniiaM was clicoell speaker ol llie Miiiil<'i|>Ml l.^an .\>srinbl\. Larly in the scs^icin Mr. IlillcU. intrnclneed a series of reMilllliolls willl n I'erclicc' I, 1 Jl;!'! 1 ':■: : i I ] 1 1 i .".OJ TUTTLKS IHSTOIIV OF TlIK DOMINION' OF CANADA. to ii sittli'iiu'iit of tin- ■•li.i'gv iv.Hcrvus, wliiili wire passed ; and ;aiii()iiii(.'i.'d that lie had reason to liulicvc that thu iuiliorial Parliament would shortly pass au aft sottliii;; this iruitl'id soiiiii' 111 iini'a.-.iiu'ss and disconti'iit. An address was also [ireseiitud to iht' ([aui'ii favorinif rcci[)f(U'ity with tlii^ l.'nitcil States, and strongly op|)ii>.iiig any eoiicossioii in the disputed matter of the lislieries, on any other hasis. Tho most im[)ortant leiiislation o( tiie si^sion. howevi'r, was with reference to railways, no less tlien twenty-eight hills promoting railways heing passed ami asseiiteolidaied Municipal Loan Fund for I'pper Canada, hy which llie municipalities wen^ author- ized to borrow money on the credit of the province, for building railways, macadamized roads, bridges, itc. The nuniici|ialitics (|ni<'kl\ launched out into all sorts of wild improvements, and drew on the fund so i^qiidly that, in I^.Vl. whi'U the act was extended to Lower Canada, it was found necessary to limit the amount to he u^eil by each provinet? to X"1,.">()0.0()() and very soon the amount spent bv t'.ie municipalities amounted to nearly SlO.IMIll, 000, on which the general govermiient had to pay the interest, for most of the inunii'ipalities were' too jioor to do so themselves, i.'-d the " improviineiils," although thi^y benelited the country indirectly, m;ide no direct prolit. IS. — The finances of the province at this time were in a most tlourislung condition, and showed a hanclsome „ ,, , surplus of nearlv SI. ()(K).OUOrcveiiiHMiver .i:il ...iiiiiii..n iif exiieiKlilure, the former being S.").',)7(p,7l)t'i llii'pruvl.iri'. . ■ - > T ■ ■ X lor l.s.iL', against an expenditure ol S.'i,- OoD.IISl. The debt at this tlini! was $-'-'..').).», II. '). and the credit of the ppvince stood so high m Kngland that its six per cent bonds lonnil ready jiuvchasers lit (ifleen to sixteen per cent preiinmn. Hut the railway mania of l.S.")2, and the continued railway f^ ver which raged in the country for some years, soon told a dilTcrent tale, changed a surplus to a constant delii it, and ran tho credit of the province down below par. After a, sc ssioii of ihn (' months. Parliament was adjiuirned on the tenth of November until the t'oiMtei'iiih of till' Idllowing I'"eliruai'v. the governor giving aNM'ut to no less than one hundred and iiinely-thi I hill>, when he liually prorogued I'arliameiit on the four- teenth of June, amongst them being one altei'ing parlia- mentary representation by increasing the number from eighty-four t i one hundred and thirlv, or si\lv live from each province, and the districts were ie-ailju.>liil so that a more eipiitahle represi.'Utation of certain localities was ariivedat ; this act, however, was not; to lake elVect until the next general election. While the Canadian Parliament was insession theimperial Parliamentcari'ied out the prom- ise alluded to by Mr. Ilincks at the opening of the ses- sion, and passed a hill with reference to the clergy reserves, civing theCanadian Legislature the power to deal with tho ])roceeds of the fund in future for any purposes they pleased, excejit that the general stipends of the ministers of the churches of Kngland and Scotland, and of oiher denominations coming under the clergy reserves act. were to be paid during the lil'i^time of the mcumbeiits, and the existing interests in these reserves to he jirotected. The ipieeii assented to the bill on the nintli of .May. and a copy was at once forwan'ied to Canada for iu'tion ; but arriving towards iIk? end of the session was not prei.ented by ^Ir. Ilincks this year. lit. — While the J^egislature was Iti session two disgrace- ful liots occui-red, one in (^nehee the other in ^Montreal, eaii--i'd by the preaching of an i'l""*''''" Tl.r linva/zi ii..i8 priest named davazzi, who had beconie '','"■','. ''"',"' "" 1 til.' Him-ks U'.v- converted to the Protestant faith and I'lmni'm. sought to make other converts. He attempted to lecture in the Free Presbyterian church, (Quebec, on the night of the sixth of June, buta crowd asseinlilcd, stoned the place, injured several people, and broke Uf) the meeting. i\Ir. (lavazzi having great dillicnlty in making his escape. A search was then made for ^Ir. George IJrowii, who w:is looked on as the leader of the Protestant party in the House, but he cmrld not be found. On the following day Mr. lirowii tried to bring the matter up in the jVssembly, but Was ruled out of order. Defeated in his design of Kcturing in (.Quebec, (Javazzi proceeded to Montreal, when he was advertised to lecture iii /ion church on the ninth of .lune. Great fears of a riot were felt, and although the church ivas well filled, mo>t of the men in the audience were armed, and a body of police was iIi'mwu u|> 111 front of the church, wliili; a coin[)aiiy of the 2li(h ngmient — which had lately arrived from (Jibraltar — was ke[it III readiness in ease of emergency. Tiie emergency eani(\ The lecturer had got about half-way llirmigh his address wlieii a large, mob — composed chiefly of the lower orders of Irish — attacked the police, drove them back and entered the church. Here a light took place between the rioters and the audience, the latter using pistols freely. The greatest confusion ]irevailed, and both parties strusr- gled out of the church, the inol) making for the foot of the hill, and the congregation being a little further np. At this juncture Mr. Charles Wilson, mayor of Montreal, threw the inilit;!ry. in two (1ivi>ions facing outwards, between the ciunbatants. Shots conlinned to be fired by the coiilending parties, and stones thrown, and tlie niiiyor having hastily read thi; riot act, ordered the troops to fire. IjUnttnl SO tliut a I liiciilitii's WHS lak(' clVfcl until iliaii I'arliuiiu'iit .'(I out tliii prom- ling of the si'.s- (•l,.|-iry reserves, III (leal with the iJiirposes they 3f the niitiisfors i1, anil (if iiihcr serves act. wero iniieiits, and tho irotfi'ted. Tli(! Ill" .May. anil ii for lu-tion ; lint la not 2>reMiili'(l in two ilisijrai'e- ■r ill .MoMiri.'al, Thr i!:ivaz/.i ri.its. 'I'llfir rlh'i-! 1)11 til.' ii iiii'ks ^;i>v- fniiiu-iil. npteil to leeturo on the nij;ht of ^toneil tlir ]ilai'(', e meeting. Jlr. his esca|ie. A rown, who was Mt pai-ly in the e fiiliiiwiiig liay I the ^Vsseinlily, n his ilesigii of I to IMiintreal, II clmreh on the were felt, iinil ily, distr.icled for a short time from this bloody picture by the o[n'niiig of the (irtiiid Trunk IJailwav to I'lirllaml, which ('hiirn.'scifi'ornipl, i ' . , , . , pr.i.ti'M..H ii;,':iiiisi took place on the eighteenth ol .lime, l.S.).). and \v;is celebrated by ;i g and baiKjuct in Montreai. The ininislry of ]\Ir. Ilincks now began vi>ilily to lose streiiglh. and it was clear that it was only ,i (|neslion of time — and tlnit :i very short time — befiiie ilii^ •• Clear ( Irils " would be the most jiower- fiil secliiin of the Ueforni party, tiiid (lriv(! iMr. Ilincks from power, 'i'he death of 'iidge Siilliv.in and llie eleva- tion of .\t(i)rMey-( leiieral I{ lanls did not sti'eiiglheii the minisiry by the ticces^ion to iis r.inks of ^Ir. .Iii>eph C. Morrison as ,solicil()i--gener:il : whih; tlui rumor that the minisiry did not intend to tak(! immediato Kte|is to secu- larize the clergy reserves cstraiige(l many from the Iliiiek's party. JJut tin? greatest blow to the Ilincks' ji.irty was receive(l towards the end of the year, when a chancery suit ill which .Mr. linreves, mayor of Toiinilo, was in- tere^led. developed the fact that he and ^Ir. llilicks had speculated ill biiiids of the city f Toriiiito to llie aiiioiint of I'.'il 1,0(11) when they were at twenty per cent discotint. and that the premier had afterwards iiilriidticed and c.inscd to be passed a bill in the Legislature which had the elVect of h'lidilig those bonds up to ])ar. Other charges of speculadng in land on the pri^posed line of the railway for the piii|iiise of selling to tlu^ road after he had located it mi as to beiielil liiinseU' by enhaneiug tlu' value of his pidperiy, were also made, and his party HulVereil il.iily in public estimalidii. The premier, mcin- wlllle, ll.'ld proceeiled to London, wilh Lord Flglli, to arr,iiige matleis connecied with the proposed IJeciprmiiv Trealv with the rnited Slates, which was now atlraciiii;' UttelltlOU in ith countries. 21. — The preliminary arrangements were soon per- fected and the goverimr and |ireniiir iclnrncd to Canada, tlii^ former .'ilinost iinme.liatelv ifoiii;' to Washington to coni|ilete the tit'aty, which '.jJ Si.;nini;i>r IIh' !!•)- ily 'I'n'.'ity. lufinn ef l*ur- was accomiilished on the lifth of June, lii>i"i'"t. IH.il, and duly ratilied by the two jiowers at once, the action of the i.'oviiicial legislatun! being only wanted now to give the treaty elVect. The tresity was for ten years, and granted free traih^ betweou Canada and the L'liited States of the pniducts of the forest, the farm and the mine; opened tiie in>hiir(! lishing and the navigation of the St. LaWi'ence and its c.inals to the AiiKiicans, while the lirilish wen^ to li.ive free na\ igatiiin of Lake Michigan. The treaty was highly |ileasing to tin; pcnjile of Canada, but was not so favorably received, at lii>t. by the people of th(! ^laritime I'rovinccs, who did not con- sider that they ri ived a suHieieiit eipiivaleiit lor their iisheries. The act. however, went into elTect in .March, I'S.'i.'i, and gave general satisf leticm to the Canailians while it rcmiined in force. .Mr. Ilincks was in no hurry to meet I'.irli.iment. for he could ]irelty cle.irly see "1110 haiiihvritiii_ ipiiii tin; wall," and wished to gain as niui'h liiiK! as possilile ; I'arlianiciit did not, iherefore, meet until the tliirteeiiih of .Inne. The governor's speech from till! throne dwell on the signing of the IJeciproeily Tre;ty, and toiicheii on several minor. t(i[iics. lint said nothing about tli(! two vital subjects which were agilating I'pper and Lower Canada, the clergy reserves and the settle- ment of the seignorial rights, and an opportunity was I'agerlv Watched liv th(! iip[ii' eiits of the giiviriiineiit to get 111 a vii'.e of want of ciniliileiice. Mr. Caiichoii moved an aim inlnieiil to the aihlres., lilair.ing the niiiii>try for not .saying ..-oiiiel hi ng about the settlemeiit of the seignorial rights, and .Mr. .Sii Mtie moved a further ameiidmeiit ceii- suriiig till! ministers for failiii;,' to take any me,i>iii'es to settle the clergy reserves. The debate was conlinned until the tweiity-lirst. when the iiiiiii>tiy was defe.ited by a m.ijoiiiy of thirteen in a IlouxMif seventy-one. ( )ii the following day the governor came down to the cuiincil chaiiiber, and sninmoiiiiig the House of Assembly, pro- rogued I'arliameiif, before a single bill had been pa-...^ed. The pi'iirogation was speedily folluwed by iliNsnlntion, and in •Inly, the coiiiilry was in all the bustle and e.vcite- mciit of a general eleclion. 22. — .Mr. Ilincks h,id trusted to a general election in the hope that it Would slreiigllieii his ]iarty .•ind exclndo soni(M)f the more iironiiiiiiced i;rits ; for , , . ' . " i>i.fi.iii i.f iliii this reason everv ell'ort ^ Hi put torlll to in . KsailmlnlH- .' ,. ,, , , . Illllillll. gam a majoriiy in I p|ier I aiiada — lliat in Lower Caiiad.i beiic,' .•issiired — and all the power of tho Lriiilii'. and ollur iinveriiiiienl or;,'aiis was callrd into rei|iiisitiiiii ; lull llie Clear ( irils had too lirm a hold on the people of the I'pper J'roviiice, and tln^ lluinders of the < of tin? Letnh-r, !iinl placcil ii iiiajorily of tlic cli'iir (Irit caMclidatcs at tlic lii'ad of till! ])oll.s. ]\Ir. Ilincks was ri'tunicd for two (•oii- stitiiciicios, but Ills lu'iKrliinaii, Malcolm Cameron, post- inaslor-iji'iicral, was badly iioatcii by Mr. Georgu I>niwii. and many ot his staunchcst snpjiorti'r.s were discardeil by tlieir constituents. Parliament met on the fifth of Se|>- lember. and the vote for speakir showed that Mr. Ilineks no longer had tiu; full eonlidenee of the House. Mr. (ieorjje E. Cartier was i,oniinited as the ministerial can- didate for .speaker, and Mr. L. V. Sieotte was jiniposed l)y the opposition. Mr. Cartier had a majority of nine of the Lower Canada meniliers, lint Mr. Sieotte sliowed a majority of twelve from the Upper I'rovinee, ijeiii!;; thus defeated by three votes. Still ^Ir. Ilincks did not resign ; he wailed to see the elVeet of the governor's speech, which he ihoiigbt would gain over eiiougli strength from tin; Urowii party to give him a working nnjurity. The House was lorinally opened by the governor on tlu! sixth in a sp ;ecli in which lie foreshadowed the submission to the Hous(! of all the measures demanded by the Grits, a settlement of the clergy reserves and seignorial tenure (piestions, the change of the Legislative Council to an elective body, and the Keciju'ocity Treaty. I'lUtMr. Urowii was not to b(! coiicilliatcd ; nothing .short of to reunili' the party he had split into two, and conduct a 'Mil Fiirnmlirm of tlic , . , , . , first ■■"Mlitioii goveriiinent hunselt ; but ho soon touiiil uiivi-rnnmiit. .1.111 .1 1 • 1 that he had created a schism 111 Ins own party only to ruin it, and leave himself further from P'lwer than ever. Lord KIgiii, on tht; resignation of .Mr. Ilincks, committed to Sir Allan .McNab, leader ol liie conservative opposition, the ttisk of forming a new min- istry. Sir Allan was a shrewd ])olitieian. and saw at once that a conservative ministry, pure and siinple. could not long expect to enjoy the coiifideiico of the House. There were now really thrive distinct parties in the House, the Conservatives, IimI by Sir All. in : tlii' Clear (Iiits, led by ^Ir. Mrowii. and the party led by Mr. Hineks, wlii old Heforni party and the latter ihe grits ; the Conservative party, therefore, now held the balance of power, and Sir Allan at once 0|>eiied negotiations witli Mr. Ilincks to form a coaliiion. His (irst overtures were made to Mr. florin, header of the French |)artv. who con- sulted with Mr. Ilincks. and that gentlcmai agreed to support the ministry to be formed, providcil that two of his friends were members of it, and that the programine of the late governmi'iit was carried out. A coii>ullatioii I was held with Mr. .loliii A. ^lacilonald and other con- servative leaders, and the terms agreed to, and immedi- ately the first coaliiion goveriiinent in Canada was formed. .Sir .Mian McXali was presidtMit of Council and minister of a;;ricullure ; .loliu A. Macdonald, attorney- general west, and I'omiiiissioner of crown lands ; William Cayley. minister of liiiaiice ; Holiert .Speiice, jioslmaster- general ; E. 1*. Taclie, receiver-general ; 1'. .(. O. Chavean, : provincial .secretary. The mini.-iiy was further strength- j ciied in the following .January by tlu' appointment of Mr. I (icorge E. Carlier, as solicilor-gciicral east. Thus was j I ^Ir. Iirown "hoist by his own petard ; " he liad coalesced ' with the conservatives to get ]Mr. Hineks out of )iowcr, and ^Ir. Ilincks returned the comiiliment by coalescing with the same jiarty to prevent .Mr. Urowii fioiii getting in. 21. — The mw iniiiisters. who witc ineinbers of the .\s- seinbly, had, of course, to go back to their conslituints for re-eleclioii, and were, without ex- ception, again returned, in spite of the un'-!"'l"'il?y V'sl^r^^^^^^^ bitter opiiositimi of Mr. Iirown and his followers. All of the Hineks jiaily ilid not follow their leader 111 his support of the conserv.itivc ininistry, a small party, under ihi^ leadi'i'ship of .Mr. John Sandlielil Mac- donald remained in opposition ; but the majority agreed to til laiition, .ind the new iiiiiii-.iry I'ouiid itself with a good working majority. Sir .Ulan .McN'ab at once set hiniself to work to fulfil his promises to Jlr. Hineks. anil on the seventeenth of October, a bill to secularize the clergv leserves, in confonnily willi the bill passed bv the iiii[ierial Parliament was iiiti'odiii'ed. The (piesiion of the clergy reserves had always been a troublesome one ; the arrogant [jreteiisions of ila^ Church of England — most streniionsly advocated by that "political ])aisoii " bishop .Strachan — thatlln! reserves were intended for that iliiir
  • i}^iialion * i.t l.md i.it;in. stated these seigiiories were originally granted hy the kings of France to build up a Canadian aristocracy which should prove a support to both Chureh and State ; thest> seigniors had been maintained in their holdings by the treaty of 17(i."i, buu tin; femlal system was repUirnant to ths"i.ill, and was higlib- esteemed hy the people as an active ami energetic govi'rnor who had done iiiiich good for the province. 'I'hat his servici's were ap- precialiil by lliii Ibmie governiiieiit was shown by liis iicing sent on a special mission to China and .Tapan, and afterwards apiioinled to the governor-geneialship of India, whi'ii hi> fell a victim to the climate. .Mr. Ilincks did not remain long after Lord l*',lgin, his popularity was greatly impaired by the charges made against him. and in the following year he was appointed i. veriior of IJarba- does and the Windward West India Islands, from whence he was transferreil to Iliitish (Iiiiana. lie was knighted and subsequently returned toCanada, where wc shall find hiu'., later on in our history, again entering political life. CHAPTER CXI. I'RDVIXt'i; OF CAXADA-COVKKX.MKXl' OF SMI K. W. HFAI). ]. — lMi"nnvi;Mi".XT fiK Immkjkatiun Laws. Financim,. — '2. A FitlA'l 11 MaN-uI-WaK VISITS l^ll.lll.c Kill! TIIK KiKsr Tisii'; IN Ni;vi!i.v A Cr..NTii!V. — '■'). Tim; Lkhis- i.ATivi: CoiNciL JiAiii: i-.i.r.criyr.. — 1. Canai>a"s FiiiST Raii.wav AcriKKXT. Si:vi:.\rv i.ivks lost. — .").Tw'o Tkkimiu.k Srf.AMUoAT .VcciDr.N rs. Nkaii- i.v Tiiiti-.r. IIf.\i)i!i;i) I.IVKS i.osr. — (i. FiSANciAi, CliLSIS C)|- I.S.'(7. Rl'.IMir.SKM ATION IIV Pi ll'l 1. A Til >N. 7. Tin; FlKST VoTKON Rr.l'KKSr.MATIUN UY Pori'- i.Ariov. I)i;i'i;at UK Tin: MKAsrui;.— H. OrTAW\ ciio- SKN AS TllK KITIKK Skat (IK( ioVKUN'MKNT. — '.'. .\n A|>- JIlNISrilATlON OK I'oltrV-ElOIlT ILUKS' Dl UAIIKN. — 10. TiiK ('AuriKU-MAiDoNAi.ii .Mi.Msrin. — II. In- VlTArioN TO TIIK (^IKKN TO ofKN TIIK \'lrrol!IA IiitiixiK. — ]J. pKoTKcrioN c.s. Fi;i;i; 'I'iiadk, ^ — Li. Tin; Citiis .^cjiTAtK Koi: I'kim i;ai. (Iovkhnmknt. TiiK Ri;yKNi K anh Tin; Pti'.i.ic I)Kiir.— 1!. Di.- vv.\T OK Mit. Ukown's "doiNr Ai riioitiTt ' SrllKMK. l"). Tin; \lslT OK TIIK PKINIK OK WaI KS. Ills KNTllfSIAsrii' Ki:(KI'riON Ar t/lKllKl' AM> MoNniKAi.. — H'p. Tin; A'lsir ok itii; Pkinck OK Walks. In \I(;ii!A Hon ok tiik \'i IIkad, (JurnitiAK ok tiii; Soi itikun Rk- ItKI.I.ION. 1. — Till' adjourned session nf Parliament met again on the twenty-third of I'VOu'iiary, l.S.'(.'i. The Cabinet had underj'om; some changes during the recess, , '^ * " IlliprnM-tiK'Ilt of but liail named rather than lost stlelii;lll, liiiihi;;iiUHiii lawn. and had still a sullicieiit nia{oriiy to easily conduct the bii-iness of the session. Tin I .. ree days after the reopening of the session. .Sir Edmund Head laid be- fore the House a despatch from the colonial secretary in which he expres.-eil Her Alajesty's thanks to the Par- liament of Canada for the congialulalory resoluiioiis pas.sed on the occasion of tin victory at tiie .Mina. and also for .IOC TITTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOJIINION OF CANADA. llio two bills for t'lO.OdO ciuli vi.tcd tow.inls ilii' Patii- olic Fund. 'J'Ik! lldii-c was I'limIIv l)n)n);.'ii((l on the tliirticili i>f May, tin; unusually lai'jjo iiuinhcr of twi Innnlrcil i'nil fii'ty-ono bills liaving boon asscntcil to. Amongst tlu'se wcru a militia bill and inii: rclalini; to im- migrants. Hitherto immigranis had bern most shami'- fully in-glL'Ctcd, and littlo orno provision madt; for accom- modating them on their arrival. The vessels were fre- (inenllj' overcrowded, and if ship-fevef broke out there was no i)ro])er hospital care for the sick. Now (piaran- tinu harbors were I'stablished, and hospitals proviiled for the sick, while agents were appointed to fm'uish inuni- gruiits with reliable information regarding localities, ttc, and |)rotect them from the hordes of shar[)crs anil swind- lers who liarey upon the unsuspecting new arrivals. Tin; |iublic accounts for IH.jI showtd the liiiances of the province to lie stili in a very (loin'ishing condition, the revenue having l)een 87.(I8H,110. and the expenditures SI, 171.1111. which letl to a recbietion of the tariir from twelve to ten per cent, a very unwise nieas- ini". as the jiublii' debt was now increasing nt a rali- alto- gether out of prop(U-tion to the revenue, and had alri'ady nearly reached S 10.000,0(11), the gnater ]iart of the rapid inirease being caused by the large Minis spent on the Grand Trunk Railway. 2. — In ]Marcli, 18.")."), an Industrial Exhibition was held in .Montreal lor th(^ ]nirpos(^ of selecting goods to send to the I'aris I'".\p(>sitioii. The display was A KriMiHi iiian-of- ., jr,,oe who had been accnstoined lo think of ii r only as a I'oniitry of b.ickwoods. In .liily, (Quebec was regaled with a sight which had not lieen witne-^sed in " tin; ancient eapilal ' for nearly a century, the arrival of a French man-of-war. Admiral de I'xlvezc, coinmander of the French s(|uadroii on the Newfound- land station, received orders from the Kiiijieror to visit Canada for the purpose of extending the commercial re- lations between that eonntry and France. The flag slii[i ot the Admiral was the first French war ship that had visited the .St. Lawreuei! since the conquest; anil what a cliange had taken ])lac(^ since then. The little French coloiiv of less than twenty thousand souls had swelled lo a vigorous |)eople of nearly two millions ; the small for- tress pen'hed on a rock had grown into a large and pic- tiii'esipie city, whose wharves \\m\ crowded with ship- ping, and whoe streets echoed with the busy liiini of ihous.aiids of iiiihistrious people ; even the very fhigs had <'hanged, and where the fl<'i(r-(ft'-li/s had frowned down upon the rnion Jack, the standard of Fnglaiid now Hoatcd on the breeze and smiled in friendly welcome on side against the common foe in the Crimea. Two other great events of the year were tlu^ comph^tioii of the (irst pier of the \'ictoria IJridge, and the opening of the Grand Trunk Railway from ^loiitreal to Rrockville, making over three hundred miles of the road now com- pleted This little event took i>hu;e on the nineteenth of November, and was duly celebrated at Muutreal aii, when the gov- ernor in " ic! the ; iou.se that there was a huge amount of clerg. ■ 'v s inney awaiting distribution amongst the muni., .ties; i -at a bill to make the Legislative Council ele-. .-^ wouU; '« introduced ; that a contract for a line of ocean steamer.-i •■ lii the St. Lawrence h.id bei'ii comiileted, and that reform in the pohce system woulil be jiroposed. The address was made thi. occasion of a strong attack on the ministry of .Mr. IJrown, who was supported not only by his own party but by a portion of the conservative party under .Mr. John Sandiii Id 'M-.w- donald. The ministry managed to carry the address by a good i.iajoriiV, but it soon became evidint that it was losing favor, ai d on the tenth of March it was defeated by ainajori.y of lour. The ron for [uipers in the case of a I'lo. testanl named Corrigan, who was murdered near .S|. S\ I- vester, and several men who were on trial for the crime, all C.itholies, were acipiilted by a Catholii' judge and jury in the face of what was considered coiieliisive evi- dence. The case attracted great attention, ami the Glolie and other extreme pajiers made it a text for calling for i the forination of a new and entirely Protestant p.'iiv. ui i which they were backed by the Orangemen, and jiaiiy religions feeling grew very .strong. ^Mtbongh defeated on the motion calling for Judge Daval's ehariie in this case, whii'li they refused lo accede to, ministers refused to resign. ]iriiii'i])ally on the gionnd that they were siip- porled by a good majority the same evening on another division, thus showing that liny had the gciu-ral coiili- deiici^ of the House. It was deemed e.vpedieiit, however, to make a change in ihi; prrsnrtl of tin; cabinet, and Sir Allan JFcNal) resigned to make room for ]Mr. Tadn'', IMr. .lolin A. !Macilonalil becoming leader of tli(( parly, and uinler his able managenieiit it soon gained increased cim- (iileiice. The session teiininated on the first of .Inly, and under the skilful leadership 'f ,Mr. ^Macdonald, the miii- Tr"- I i t\w Iricnliiiir living iielow, in token of the amity existing ' istry I'^id not only been able to pass many usefnl b bilweeii the two nations who Were then lighting side by i; liut to increase its power and influence' in the lloi rUOVINCK OF CAXADA— r.OVERXMENT OF SIR K. W. IIKAl). SO" ea. Two other 3tion of tlie first spelling of tlic to brockvillc, road now corn- II! ninctccntli of atrwil iiiid otiifr (1 uiii'veiitfiilly. eiition except a Tlw l.cRistiiil)C ( ninit'il iiiuile fkitivo. tlie Glohe. now iHMit met iit To- wiieii tlie };ov- a liirgi! amount DUtioii amongst tlie Legislative t u eontna^t for reiicc liail liecii system wonld . occasion of a •own, wlio was by a portion of Saiidll, 1,1 :\Iuc- le address liy a It that it was as dcfeati'd l;y niotioii of ;\Ir. •ase of a I'ro- 1 near Si. Svl- for till' criiiie, olic judge ami coiieliisive evi- aiid the Glohe for calling for staiii ]):i:iy, in len, and party ongli defeated iliarge in this listers refii.-ecl hey were sn|>- g on asiiithcr gi'iicral coiid- iriit, however, iliiiief, and Sir r. Taclu', ]Mr. he parly, and increased con- t of .Inly, anil liald, the iiiiii- y ii^i'l'iil hills, n the IIoiiM'. I Amongst the most iiii[)ortant ii 'ts passed was the Com- mon Law I'roceduro Act, 1 y which proceedings in the Courts of (Queen's IJencli and Common IMcas were greatly expeiUted, and the bill making the Legislative Council elective. This change had been asked for many years before by the Papiiieail rel'ornieis of Lower Canada, but when tried it was found to work so badly that it was ubandoiicd at Confederation and the old system oi ap- pointment returned to. 4. — Oil the twelfth of March, l.S.')(1, Canada experi- enced the shock of Jt.i first great railway .accident. A train oil tlu; Cireat Western IJailwav from ('ntinitn'B llrst ,,, n •, , , , ' , in'iluay IK. i.i.ni. iol'oiito to Ilaiinltoii, broke down the linage over tlu! Desjarilins canal leading into Dundas, and the train Kinashing tlirough tlio ice sev- enty persons Were killecl. The signing of the treaty of peace with Uussia, at Paris, on the first of April, was liaih^l with delight in Canada, as it was liopcil that trade, which had Iieen duil, would revive ; but there was very little imiirovemcnt, and the war with China and the Sepoy rebellion early in l.SjT both tended to keep trade exceiMliiigly dull. I'arliaiiu'iit met at Toronto, on the twenty-sixth ot February, and was not marked by ipiite so much party bitterness as had characterized the la>tfcw sessions, llie most noteworthy feature of the session was a speech by Mr. Alexander T- (ialt, member for Sher- brooke, in favor of the con federation of all the provinces, as the most effectual means of ]iiittiiig an end to sectional dilTerences. The siieech did not attract much attonlion at the time, hut is noticeable as thi! first elfort towards what was afterwarils found to be the only remedy for tho dillicullics which had grown up in each province. 5. — Oil the elevenlli of .Iiiiii', ls.")li, a terrible accident happened at Loiigiieiiil, a small village opjiosito JIoii- Tw.i ti'-riiiirt treal, at that time the termiiius of the HU.m.i..«i ...•.■1- eastern division of the Ciand Trunk Rail- ili'li'H. Nuiirly .mil livLniosi. \\:\\. Conimuiiicatioii was had wiih tho city by a steam ferry boat, iind on this fatal morning the boiler exploded while the boat was loaded with )iassen- gcrs and thirty-live persons were killed, and a largi^ num- ber wounded, many seriously. Just a little more than a year later — twenty-sixth of .lune, lHo7 — a still more ter- riljo calamity occurred in tin; burning of the steamer J/oii/real, lilying between (Quebec and .Montreal. She left (Quebec for Montreal about four o'clock in the afternoon, having on board two Imndred a:;d fifty-eight iimnigrants, mostly Highlanders, and a number of cabin p;isseiigers. Shortly after leaving, and just iis the vessel was opposite Capo Rouge, still within sight of Quebec, she was found to bo on fire, and was run on sliore ; but tho flames 8|)rcad very rapidly, and there not being a siilVieieiit (|iian- tity of boats, or lil'e-saving a|iparatiis, two hundred and fifty persons were drowned, two liuiidred of whom were the Scotch imiuigrants. A good deal of excitement was caused in Augu^t by the first attempt to lay a cable across the Atlantic from Ireland to Newfouiidlaiid. The elTort, however, was nnsuccessfnl, the calile breaking after four hundred miles bad been laid. 0. — The year l.'^.'j" was one of extreuie financial de- | prcssiou ill the I'liited States, monetary institutions of all kinds felt the terrible pressure; many t^,„ fln„,„,j_.,j liaiiks snsiieiiiled. iiiercau'ile failures Were ''risisi.C Ik-.t. ' Iifpirst'iiialion liy , minierous, and trade was at .i stand still. iMiinilation. Ill Canada the financial depression was not felt until tho fall, but then it was very .severe. The harvest was almost , a total failure, trade was perfectly stagnant, and the ces- sation of almost all work on railways caiiMil great w:iiit and sun'eriiig. Tlu' revenue fell olf coiisiderablv. showing a defi(!it of over S-'>()0,Ot)0, and the country now began to feel the reaction after the vast — and in many instances extravagant iind unnecessary — expenditures of the past few years in railways. The leikless policy of the Ilincks .administration in niniiing in debt simply liecause it could borrow money, and inducin;' tlie iniiiiicipalities to follow the same course by giving tlieni a inie iiicial guarantee, now bore very unpalatabh; f lod, a: lie ]irovinee feund itself Jiledgcd to Jiay $81)0.000 pi an- n iiiti rest on railway bonds and aliout 8100.000 a yea 'ore on niiiiii- cipal debentures, the interest on '.ieh t le iiMiiiicipalilies themselves were unable to meet A geneial eleetinn look place ill the fall of 1K,'>7, and called out all the bitterness ot religious ami national stril'e, besi s adiliiig a new ele- ment of di.scord 1 y the [iroin- .nee givi 11 to the ery I'nr " repri'seiitatiou by populalii 'raised in the 67«/«' by Mr. P.rown, ly whidi he hoped to lirmly establish an Knglishand Protestant m.ijorily in the House, and en- tirely destroy the I'rench Catholic inUnence. wliiih in the existing state of party iiolitics really held the balanei! of power. 7. — The new Parliament met at Tortuito, on ^.-iih February, 1H,'>H, and showed a greater nuinber of new faces than any previous Parliament had Tin. iir»t vni i dou", sixty-five out of oiu! hiindieil and j!,!,',ViiaUum''i)!.r/iit thirty being new nieinbers, the most no- "f "i<' i"i'i'-'ii''- ticeable amongst whoiu was Mr. Thomas D'.Vrcy ^Icdee, wlio was electi'd for Jlontrcal We^t. Jlr. Henry Smith, ministerial candidate for sjieaker. w.is elected by a vote of seventy-nine t> forty-two, sliowi!'.g that the oppo^itioll ( was not very strong. Tho speech of the governor con- ; taiiied nolliing of special moinent except a most emphatic declaration '' that the country h.id gone to the utmost limit of pecuninry aid to tho (Jranil Trunk Railway." The debate on the address was long and bitter, Mr. lirowii viohuitly attacking the jiolicy of tlie government at all points, but without tivail, the address beiiiit carried by a largo majority. The next tot ipiotion wa- on rep- resentation by po|)ulatioii for the whole [iro\i , witlioul any dividing lino between the I'piier and Lower por- .■|0< TUTTLE'S HISTOUY OF THE I)0:\IINION OF CANADA. tioiis. This was inado tlio sulijcct n£ a long ai.fl aUlo de- liafeiii uliicli the Mihjrct was fairly treated oil holh sides and resulted in tlie jfovernmeiit lieiiij; siistaiiieil l)y twt'lvo in a House of one liundred and sixteen members. 5Ir. IJrown's oj)i*)sition developed t!io jrreat imanimily of Upper C'anaiLi on the sulijeet, liowevir, every Ujip'r Cana(hi roforin<'r. willi one exceplion, voting lor repre- sentation by jiopulation. 8. — The next {picstion wlili'Ii w is made a test one was on the seat of j;o\erhment, ami it will lie propi'r li>re to make a short (.xiilaiiatiou as to what this Ollnw.i olmsoii ns . t n i iin! iii'.ui.iMat o;' cjuestion was. it will he reinemliered that when the 1 arliament buildings at iMon- treal were burned by tJi(( mob iu l.SlO, the House could iM)f. agree on the loeatioii of the new eajiital, the rivalries of the Upiier anil Lower provinci; preventing eillier sec- tion having the porinanent advantago of jiossessing the capital. A eoiiiproinise wa.s ('(Tecteil by lixing the seat of goveriiiiiont at Toronto and (^uebee for alternate jM'riods of four years ; but after seven years" trial this was found to be so expensive and inconvenient an arrangeineiit, that it was determined at thi! session of ls,)7, to 1 ave the matter to tlie decision d her majesty — each party feeling conliileiit that it ha I n l.i:!o t'.ie best of tlie argument, iind would liave ;> deeision in its favo,'. Hut the Torontoiiiaiis and Qiiebeeers were both doo-.iu'd t) disa[ipoiiitiiient, for the decision was now made known, and it wai learned that her iiiajoly hail selected the i ite of Ottawa, a thriv- ing town of faiii'teeii thousand inhabitants standing just on the border hue of tli ; tuo provinces, ea. y of access by both land and water, well laid out, and wUli a large re- s(!rve of government ground situated on a bluil highland overlooking the river and well suited for iiublie buildings. A better choice it woiiM have been almo.t iinpossiblo to make, for from its situation on the l.Mid.r hiio it could scarcely be said to favor cither jirovince, nor wis it likelj' to become a great lival of the commereial centres of either province. As was to have been expected, the diH'ision jiffended the jiartisaiis of both Toronto and (Quebec, and a motion was carried by a majority of fourteen that it wa.s a suliject lor deep regret that her majesty had made such a choice. '.'. — This was, of course, an insult to her majesty more than a vote of want of conlideiice on the administration ; but Mr. J. A. Macdonald, ever anxious to .'y^om^'il'l™''"'' ">:'liO political cajiital out of an opponent's bouri'dumtion. p,,,.„,.^ adroitly turned the \olo to good account by tendering the resignation of the ministry ; thus assuming the championship of her majesty's judgment, and gaining a little pn]iular favor. Mr. Rrown was at once sent for to form n ministry, which he offered to do, provided the House was at oiico dissolved. Sir Francis Head refusi'd to do this until tin; supply bill and one or two other pressing matters were jia-sed. Mr. Brown assented, anil tlio next evening the following cabinet was announced ; Iiis|)ector-geiieral and])reinier, ( Jeorge lirown ; sjieakci Leg'slative Council, James Morris; postmaster- general, Jlr. Foley ; iittorney-general West, John Sandlield Macdoiiald ; attorney -general east, L. T. Druinniond ; provincial secretary, Oliver Mowatt ; solicitor-general west, ])r. Connor; solicitor-general east, Mr. Laberge ; commissioner of crown lands, A. A. Dorion ; minister of agriculture, M.Tliiliau lean; rei'eiver-gcneral, M. Liemieiix ; minister of jiublie works. I.,uther H. Holton. Jlr. llrown's triumph was, however, very short-lived, for bis govern- ment was met immediately by a straight vote of want of confidence and defeated in the lower House by a vote of seventy-one to thirty-one, and in the upper House by sixteen to eight. Mr. ISrowii made an appeal to Sir F.dmiind Head to dissolve Parliament, pleading tiiat the House did not represent ih j ciniiitry, but the governor refused to take! that view considering that a general ele(!tioii had been so recent; besides which, he held that according to Mr. IJrown's own showing there had been a great deal of corruption nt the last election, and it would be be.l to amend tlu; elect' in law so as to prevent this before another general election was held ; no coursi', therefore, was left Mr. Urown but to resign, which he did after having bet n in olliee fortyH'ight hours, the shortest administration ev t known in Canada. 10. — 1 lu! governor next called on !Mr. Alexander 'I' CJalt to form a ministry :, but he, doubling his abihty to form a sulliciently stable government under his leadership, declined the task, dum/lJ ilihlibi'i'-j'.' and the duty was as.iigned to Mr. Cleorgo K. Cartier, leader of the Lower Canada party in the House, who, with the assistance of Jfr John A Macdoiiald, sjieedily formed a very strong cabinet, coin|ioscd of the following members ; jiresident of the council, John Ko.ss ; attorney-general east, tleorge F. Cartier ; attorney general west, John A ^lacdonald ; minister of finance, Alexander T, Oalt, coinmis-ioiier of crown lands, 1'. Vaiikonidinet , commissioner of jiublie works, Louis Victor Sicotte ; postm ister-general, Siy a vuli! of ■r IlcMist! liy )|ifal to Sir iiij,' that tliu lie jiovcnior It a ;,'i'iR'!-al ho hold that 1 had liocii a and it would ]ircv('iit this ; no coui'st', winch hi; did iho shorli'st ilcxaiidpr 1' lis aliihly to <':irlior-Mac- lalil iniiitt^dy. ai'ty in tho ^lacdonald. lOSL'd of the John ISoss ; my i;(iH'ral I', Ak'xaiidcr riiikoindinet . or Su'oitt- ; -;;cncral, G II ; solic'itor- oiiiifil, Hon. it go hack to to constitu- W! of I'arlia- tor rt'signcd ill another, )n,so that by till! Cai'lier- w was com- ■'v M:i!iniary I'onstiintion- onstituents ; I'un's Bunch -\ rUOVIXCK OF CANADA— GOVKKXMIAT OK SIK K. W . IIKAI). 50!) and coiuinon I'lias, aiicl the antioii of the ministers uii- hcld as arcordin^' to law. TIulIuw. Was. however, soon .iiftjU' rejiealcd. Tlie most ini|KirtaMt acts [lassed were with reference to the registration of electors ; and the new eiistoins act, l»y which the tarifY was raised to fifteen per cent, a step rendered iiece.>sary l)y the large deficit to meet railway and otlii'r exjienses. II. — I'',xcept a niiimeiitary excitement over tlu; laying of the .\tlaiitie eahle iiii the uiiieteeiitli of August, which ImiCili.iii 1.. !li.' <|"'^'l'''y ''''■'' """< '"^ ''"' ''iihle ceased lo '>[ ".'",'.'i."'," ''"' wnik almost iinmedialelv. nothiiiix of \ iiluriii Hi hi;;'' _ _ • ^ _ general public importance occurred until the opeaingof I'arliament on tlu; twenty-ninth of January. 18.")it. Till! governor in his sp.-ech from the throne urged tho niM-e-isity of settling the seat of governnuiit ((iiestioli, as well as the Seignorial Tenure (jiiestion. and al.-o drew atleutioii to the subject of confcdoratioii, which was attracting a good deal of attention from the Iloini! goveriinieiit. Very little oppo>itii)n was niaili! to the address, and the llr>t test of party strength was on a ipiestiiiii purposely prepared by the goveiniiu nt to try the slieinrth iif the oppi)>itioii. Mr. liidwii had been a meniher of the public accounts committi'e, but his namigiieilly omilled when the committee was struck and this, as was inlelideil. c;iu>ed a niotinn to be lii.nle til have his name replaced : tlii' goveriinieiii accepted lliis as a want of CDiiliileiiee motion, and develnped greater sireiiglh lli.in was espei'teil. shuwiiig a majoi'ily of sevenleeii. 'I'liis uiii'Xpected strength had the elTect of quieting the noii^e, and there was less faetiims oppo-itioii ibaii u~ual. The bill selecting Ottawa as the seat of government in fiiluie was carried ; and as I'arliaiiiiiif had voted SOOO,. IIIMI ill 1S.'(7 fur tiie erecliiiii iif piililii' biiiiilihgs, work was coiiimeiiced nii the I wenty-secnnd of Deceinber. Canada had now two great undertakings on hand, une of which was near eoinpletiun. the Victoria Ibiilne and the Parliament buildings ; and in order to give due celal to the formal oiiening of the former and the laying of the corner stone nf the latter, an address was mii\cil to ln'r majestv inviting her to vi>it the colony and take |iart in the two ceremonies, accompanied by any members of llii! Royal family ; and after pa^sing ii number of u-eful bills I'arliament was prorngued on the fourth of May. 12. — The most iin;ini'tant act pa^seil at this session was tin,' one relating lii the tariff, by which the diitv on impiirled goods was rai-ed from fifteen to KruuTra!!!'!''' twenty per Cent. Tlli^ was necessitated by the constantly increasing delicit in tlu? public ;iccounts, and was not intended as a ]irolective tarilT, although it had that elfcei lo some degree. This ipiestiou of protection and Free Trade had now begun to attract considerable attention, and bulb sides of the question were warmlv e-poused. Th(! proteciiunists held that Canada ought lo be made, as far as pos>ible, a self- Mipportinj^ country : that manufactures sliould be pro- lected by a high tarilT the same as they were in the States, and had been I'or year.-, in F.iiglaiid ; that penple .-hould be encouraged to spend their money at liniiie. and not he encouraged in seeking foreign markets for every little article of niaiinfacture they may need. The Free Traders, on the other hand, claimed that Canada was not a inaiiii- factiiring but an r.gr'.ci.ltural country : that the energies of iier people sh.iiilil be di voted to developing the ])ro(liice of the forest, the farm and the mine, and that it was advis. able not to tax imported nianiifaeinris at all — or as lightly as possible — and to raise what revenue was needed for |)ublic purposes by direct taxation. The government wisely avoided the latter jiolicy. and while increasing the tariff mainly for revenue purposi's, at the same time gave incidiiital protiction by exempting altogether classes of raw material which entered largely into manufactures, so that eneouragenieiit was given to capitalists to invest in nianufaclnres. and soon a number of new iiiilii>triis l.-'_'aii lo be developed and fiiinish em[iloymeiit for many. The change in the tariff caused con.'.iderable complaint amongst I'aigli>li maniifaclurers who urged that it put them at a disadvantage with American niamifactures ; but that was the only o>tensible reason for complaint ; the real caii^e for di-^satisfaction was ilial they saw that a stroier pro- tecti\e tariff' would develop home iiid'.isiries anil lend to niaki' Canada indetieiidenl of bo'h Fngland and America for the iiiilk of her manul.icliired i^oods. •'!. — In Xovember the (irit jjarty had a grand g:-.tbering at 'I'ol'onlo. and a new ih'ctiine was propoiindcd b\ the oracle of the partv, Mr. lb-own. \\ liicli. as Tii- l-h- m ■iiiu» ' ' , . . I'ii-fiili ral i;i.vi'rii- it tended towards confederation, rconired "i'"i- lli' r.\- fiiiir unit tin- a little careful consideration. When the iiniiii,' (i.i.i. I'nion was (list consummated in |sH. ministers adopted what was known as tin' "double majority" basis for holding olliee ; that is. that tl.e mini-liy should not onlv have a majority of the whole House but of the represen- tatives of each jirovi nee. 'J'liis was done lo avoid sectional jealousies, and to pi'event oi,e pi-o\ince ha\ing tin/ iilea that it was being ruled by the majority of the sister province contrary to the wishes of the majoriivof its own reprcsi iilatives. This rule answered very Well at first; but as the differences of race and religion liega'" t- he more and more developed, it became hnder to conform to it ; and after ^Ir. lirown's evident violent partisan auila- tion on religious subjects, it became impossible to maiiit liii the double majority rule and it was discarded by both the i\Iaeiliiiialil-* 'artier and Cartier-Macdonald ministries, they being content with a single majority of the House, it being evident that the two provinces had beeomo so estranged in political feeling, that whatever party hail the eonlideiice of the Upper Caiiu la majorit\ wouhl certainly be di.striisted by the l.owiT Canada inajorit\, and rice rcrsii. Mv. IJrown's efforts to obtain representation by :.i(i Tl TTLKS IIISTOKV OF TIIK DOMINION Ol" CANADA. II r 'I i; : r |i<)|)iilalii>ii — uliicli woiilil i,'i\i' l'ji|" r CauiKla ('(iiitrcil of the Icui^liiliii'i' (Ml iK.'iMiuMt of liiT l:iij,'ir |ii(|puliitii>n — liMviii!,' failed for tlic prcspiit, tlit! (Jrit coiixciiliou :it Toronto lioldly (IccliinMl that tli(; I'liioii was a failure, and demanded a separation of tlu! jirovineeH with ii local {(overnnient for cadi and a joint imtliority for liotli in in itteis of eoinnioii interest, >nili as tiio tarilT. del't ik'c, anil similar matters. For ihr. pa^t two years the harvest had lieen verv pool', jnd trade e\ee.'diiii.d_v dill! ; Imt the year l.s.'iK was liicv-sed with a lionntiini harvest, Irailu revived, ami under the new laiilV llii; revenue rapidly in- civased so that it once more show<(l a surplus, the receipts beinj,' SCi.'J IX, (17'.> against all expenditure of St'>.(i!l'.i..'i7il. The public delit had, however, f^rcatly increased, and now umonnted to over S'. l,n(Ml,()()U, upwards of S-.'S.dOO.ddO of which hail lieeii incurred for railways. omm- two thousand milus of which were m>w open for tralllc in llic province. 14. — DuriiiiT the suniimr the inij;ialory seat of jroverii- ineut was again ehanued to (^mliec. where Parliament nut oil the twenty-eii.dilli of Fehruaiy. Iim«'i'rs'"^j'Jiiit- l'"^'"'*^- 'I'l"'''"' "as iiothiui; of special in- aiiili.iriiy" tere.sl ill the speech from the throne, and the address was carried without much discussion, the opposition reservinj,' its sireii;:ih for a test of the proiirainmi! determined on at the 'J'lironio conven- tion. Karlv in the session Mr. ISrown i;ave iiolice of t wo resolutions, one to the ell'ect that the Lei;islalive I'liion of th(^ ]irovincrs had lieen a failure, thai it had caused <;reat dissalisfa t i.i. jxrave polilical aliu-es. and a hu;:e delit ; and that on account of the liitVelenees of race, leli- Jlioii and interests of the two jxirtion^ of the provinci! it was desiralile that tlu^ union should no 1 uipM- he con- tinued. The second resolution pro]iosed as a leniedy for these evils tiie re-division of the province into two separate governments each haviii;; jurisdicliuii over its local alVail's. and a federal union foi- matters of mulnal interest. Several attempts wi'le made to pa>s a vole of want of coiilidence. hut the i;overiiinent was steadily sustained liy a majority of about twenty-live to thirty ; liesides >vhich the leaders of thu o|ipositioii were now (piarrelliii!,' amoll^^st themselves, some of them dilTering from the extreme radical views of ]\Ir. IJiown. who was nr;,'ed to resign the leadership of the party. Mr. Itrowii'.s resolu- tions came up on the eighth of .May ami met with a most overwhelming defeat, the first lieiiig rejected by a vote of sixty-seven to twenty-six, and the second by seventy-four to thirty-two. Thus the '•joint-authority " scheme was elTectiially shelved, amid the ridicule of ministers, who, a few years later were forciil to aiknou ledge it the only feasible plan of solving the diiricnlt problem of provincial government. That was Mr. Ibown's day of triumph when his rejected idea was made the liasis of a new con- stitution ; but the triumph did not come for four years. Parliament was prorogued on the iiiiieteeiitli of ^lay. after assent having been given to a niimbi r of bills, among-t them one appropriating i'l'il.tlilO for the reccp tioii of the Prince of Wales, who, it hml been annonnced at the opening of the si'ssion, would visit the colonies during the summer in place of his royal mother, and assist at the eeremonies of opening' llie \'ictoria Itridge ami the la\ iiig ol the corner stone of the- Parliament bi.ild- iiigs at ( )ttawa. I.'i. — Never in the history of the lirili^h North Amer- ican provinces has any < oniing event rast so joyous i\ shadow before as did the proiio^ed vi>itof ,.., . ,. . , ' ' Till- Mcit nf the II. li. II. the Prince of Wales. From I'li fWnl.s. .. , , ». . I,-. His I iiiliuciiiiilli' St. .loliu, Newlouiidlaml, to \\ imlsor, r.-.i-piion »t (.m.- .. , , , - . bt.'t:uiHl.Mf»iitr<':4l. Ontario, glad notes of preparation rang' out all along the line of tlie jiroposed toiir. and each city, town, village and hamlet through which ihe royal party was expected to pass vied with its neighbour in pr.paiinij titting honors for the welcome gue-t. At Montreal, as the cominercial centre and the location of the gnat bridge which his loyal highness was to formally open, pri-jtara- iions Were made on a gigaiitii- scale, and iieM-r did her citizens respond so ruyally or so loyally to any call as to the one to do honor to tin son of the sovereign whose many virtues were so deeply implanted in the bosoms of her people. At (^)iiebec a porlioii of the Parliament building had been lilted up for the receplioii of the prince and suite, and here he was rei-eived on the t weiily-lirst of .\iigust by the governor-general and both Houses of Par- liament, headed by their speakers. Messrs. Narci^^e F. ISelleaii, and Ileiiiy Smith, both of whom were knighted by his royal highness. After two days' festivities at (jileliec the royal ])arly left for Montreal, .•irrixing tin re oil the tuenty-foiirlh, when his reception was to have t.ikeii place, but " the I'ates were not propiiion>," a per- fect torrent of rain fell all day. and the landing had to be postponed until the following morning, when his royal hi;;liness landed at nine o'clock and was received by the mayor and coum'il. magistrates, clergy, itc, and presented with addresses, after which an immense ]irocession, headed by a liand of Canglinawag.'i Indians in full costume, es- corted him to the mansion of the Iloiiorabli' John Kose, which had been litted up for his temporary residence. Ill the luoiilh of !Marcli the board of arts and iiiaiiiii'actures had decided to erect a permanent building for exhibition jmrposes at Montreal, and had determined to build a crys- tal palace on St. Catherine street near I'liiversity. This building was now completed and a grand industrial e\lii- bilion w.is held in it, which was formally ojiened by His Hoval Highness at eleven o'clock. 10. — Immediately after the opening of the Fxhiliitioli a grand rush vas made fo\' Point St. Charles, where "the great event " of the day was to take ])lact! Tin- \isii <.r iln' . 1 1 1 .1 r I I I'litl'i' "f W^ali'i. attwoodock by the b>rmal opeiing ami iriainrinMiinii.f ilie inauguration of that wonderful triumph V":'""'' l'".it!-'. ill' iiinlMT of liills, for ilii' rcrcj) a'i'ii aiiliomiri'il it till' coloiiii's il iiioilicr, and 'irt(»ria ISrid;;!; irliaiiii'iit bi.ilil- 1 Norili AiMcr- i>t so jovolls !l Till' ^ ii^lt of the I'lini !• <■( NS'iili!!. IIU fnlhiirijiiHtir< l.-r«'Iitiori at (,Mi.-- bi-raijil .Muiitri-al. and caili rilv, 111' iDVal |ialty iir ill |in|i.iriinr I .Montreal, as ill' Lji'iat l)riilj.'o opi'ii. |iri'|)ai':i- iii'Mr dill Iii'r I any lall as to ivcrciixn wliose till' liosoiiis of lie I'arliaiiii'iit 111 111' llic |iriiiC(; Hvi'iily-lirsl of IlnllMS of I'ar- ■i. Nari'i-M' I'", wi'i'u kiii;;]itccl .' I'i'>tiviti('s at irriviiii; ilii re was to liavi! ilioii>." a |M'r- liiti: liad lo In; Inn liis royal ('(fivi'd liy till) and |irrsi'nli'il i'.->ion. ln'ail('(l COsllllIU', C'S- li' .loliii Hosp, try r('>idcni'('. I inaniifai'tiiri'.s fur r\liiliiiioM to liiiild a i'r\ s- vi'r>ity. 'I'liis idiistrial i'.\lii- |iin('d liy His 111' I'!\liiliilioii •'•, wlicru ■• I III! !!' f llio ctoria IJrMj^if. PUOVI.\( i: OK CANAI).\— GOVKHN.MKNT OF Silt M. W. III.AI). fill of cnginooriii;; skill mil! |)t'rscv<'rainH'.tlnj Victoria Iliidi.'!'.* I Rnyai lli;;iiiii'>s. Tlu^ lin','i! liloi'U of jjraiii; ! \\;\f siis- Tralns iiail lirrn ii'o-.>iin,' tin' liridijo siiit'o tlii' Dci.'cinlx'r , pi'iidi'd over llii' |ilair it was to oi'rii|iy. iIh' Trini'i' l.:i I tin' pri'vioiis. liiil till' last stone had lieeii left tinlaiil. ami tlie iiioitai'. tlie .■.tone Was lowerid into its place, two iiiai.'i willi tlie trowel, a .>-lioiit from the crowd and lliat ]iart j of tlie ci'iemoiiN was ccinipleted. Till' I'riiiie ilii 11 ( nil n il •Tho foIliiwliiuviTT Pirfilli'iit ili-sr-rlptioii cf tlie wnnili'rfiil woik of , . , .' , i i . i . r i iirt,luk..n from Sanilhain-H M.mir,,,' /■„.„ ,„„l I;:.,,,,, will ilouMl.'.-s i '^ H I''' ••■'l' '>' '■'■'"' "'"1 lin.eeeded to the ci'lltre of llio IHovf iiiliii'MlnK anil in IriirliM' to many iif our remli'is. " 'Ihr Iniiliii' , liridi'e, where the la>t lilale was to lio riveted. 'I'lil'ei! , . .• .■ . 1 I :.. .1 _.. r..... .. Ill I _• I ordinary rivet', were driven lioine hy two workmen, ami then a rivet of Miliij silver was diiiclieil hy His IJoyal Hiohne--, who thus coiii|iletid tin- coii>tniction of tho hridge. 'i'lie party then |(roi led to the St. Lamhert's } end of the hridoe, where the i'riiii'i,' was pre>eiiti d wit!i a gold imdal coninirinoralive of the event, and the other \ memhers of the suite Were each presented with a silver one. After liimhiii^' in one of the workshops His IJoyal Hiidi- lioss Went home, and in the evening' drove llirou'.;h t!i atieiidid liy llie I'ri « ho aiipeared in iinil'orm as culni.el of the Idutli. Prince of <] \?,des IJoval ( anadiaii Iie''iiiii'iit. On Thiir>dav moriiin!' II _ ' ... ■ the I'lince and siiile left for Oltawa, wlni'e auolher giaiid receplion awaited him. ami where the cereiniiiiy of laying the corner-stone of the new Parliament IJnildings was perfornied.on the lirst of Septiinher. Iiefore one of ihe most lirilliaiit gatherings ever witnessed in Canada, .\fter shoot- iiigthc timhcr slides of the (haiulicre, on an nnliiiaiy Inm- hcrmaii'- raft. His Royal Highness proceeded up the Ottawa to .\rnprior, crossed to lii'oekville. where lie was most |ii\ ally received, and on the I'liliuwin;; dav eniharked on the sleanier Aiiii/.ifnii and proceedeil westward through the inagniliceiit scenery of the 'riioiisand NIaiids. 17. — It had hoeii intended to stop at Kingston tiiid lielleville. hut tllO ( )riinge Societies of those [ilaOCS ill>i.>t- nl upon making :i jiarty deinoiisl ration of the vi-it, and ]iarailiiig willi their jiarly i' I-lm' '^''f'wal'.'^. flags, regalia and mii^ic, a course to which /i,!r7/."nl.''i'iran'""- the adsisers of the prince very proper- """■ ly olijected, and the two cities were left -ont in the cold" on account of this jiartisaii folly. At Toronto he was lon^ii-l.iof -j:! s|ians, i;!.' fi'i-t I'aili, uinl one in llni I'l'iilre, :i:»l fc.l, willi an I aliiilinunt, j:ia lufi loiij!, on carli liank ot iliu liMa-. Tlic jiiii':- whiili sii|i- jiori till' liiM'.'i.' an' .1:1 ti'i-l liy li. al iln' ;o,i. ami imnaKi' lo 11:; l.y jji^ at Iho fonnilaiioii. Tlio iiiUH'r niilo of tli.' |iiorrt arc fonm-.l liko a wi ilj;i', lo ai-t as i('i'lin'aki'r>, anil llnsn ur.' ilronr'l miumhIi, wiiilr llio li'iiiainin^' bI.Ii'S of iliu li.i an- lifl in llnir roniili siaii'. '1 lio two uni iv riiis iiii' ;;i fi'i't by '.'I at till' lop, anil Iihti'msu |iioporilonali'ly In iliinii.iions n» liny ainnoai'li Iln; loun.lalionH. 'I lii' lonrsi-s ol inaMiniy roinini.-ini; lln' piris mil fioin lliH' ■ lii't Ion iinlns to one fool six iinli >, 111- iiilii iiln-.il sloni'. of whi'li ranu'ii from >ix In si'Vinti'in lon». 'llio.^u in tlio Im ak- watirari' fa-U'in'il lojoilnr liy sllonK iloii rrainps, t'J imlns liy."ii ^ lliirk, tlirou^li wliirli liolis. I|j ini'lioK in iliami'li'r, ami |ii'o\iili'il willi a i>lit in lliii liaso for llio iiitroiliio'ii f an iron wiili;i', aro [lafM il ^ix imlns iiilo tl iirso lii'liiw ; wlii'ii llio liolt nai'lii's llio lioiioinof llio liolo iiropanil for 11 in llii' lowori-oursi'. Ilic woiL'i' i.» Ion iil nii inlo ihr kMi, ilins iliviil- in'.;llio iron, ami foroin-.; it aiainslliio si'lo?. cf llio rav ily liiado for il. from wlioin-i' il is imiiossililo oM'r to In- wiilnlrawii. '( lio wlioli- ma.-s of 111.! riii-wiiii'r is 111 IK I'oiivi'rli'il inlo oiio liii^'o Mock. .Vii Iniiiorlaiit foa- turi! ill llii' rliarai'tor (if tMi' liriiliro Is llio alniiim'iit at laili oml. ami wiiii'li jjiv.'.-i so ma.-isivo .-in ajiiioarain'o to tin' wliolo slrin'lnri'. Tlioy arc LII I fi'i'l loiii; In :ij in uiilili HI III'- roi'k loiimlaiion. nial 1 arriiil n|i to 11 lioijiii of ;;r, foot aliov,' mii r waior lovi'l. 'Iln' tiil.is of llio Lriil;;' liavi' a 11 ariii;; of s foot ini tlioso ali. Iinonls. Al llio ioM-l of llio Inliis llio iliiili' ision.« arc loiliiooil ly 114 fool ; a |iaiaiiil is llioii car- rioil upon all siilo.n to a lioi;;lii of -jii fool :; im-lios, torminaliii;: in a heavy proji'i'iiim I'lirnif'o. niih ilal linlols lii foot in wiilih.ovor llio I'litraiioi', Hihl, hoinj.' in Iho Ku'vpiian stylo of aroliiliotiiro, Iho olTiil lUiMliiot'il is Cianil ami improssiM', roiuoyinn Iho iilo.-i of i-mirinoiis soliiliiy ami mronuth. lln llio oiiliai linlol of tlioso iiaiaiiol.t, nliovo Iho roinlway. \ tliu I'ulliiHiii); iii.M riplion, in larjio lottoiH, is iiil inlu tho slono : i-itroTiai. A. 11. muccclix. kobi:i:t sTi:riii':.\s((N .\si> .\ia:\. m. i;nss, KMllNirilS. Till) liiitcl ovur Ihu tiibo boars Un.' lollowinj,' ; m ii.T iiv JAMES HODGES, I'nU Silt SA.ML'IM. MUKTO.V IM-'.TO, n.MlT. TUO.M.XS llUASSKV ASI) EhWAllll l.AlMi ill ITS. CnXTllAi lulls. Tho onili.iiikmonls nro "S foot in wiillli al rail lovol. "^lio miporstrm"- tiir.'. ili'sijjnoil by Mr. ttoliort .si.'iilioiison, i'on>ists of '.'.") ti.bos of iiiiifurm wiillh of 11; foci ilirioi;:lioMt. for the accomtnoilaiioii of .1 ^linolo lino of railway, but (liifcrini! ill lioioht as iln'V a|i|iroa< h tin litre. Tims the ih'iuhof Ihctiilio.s oicr tho lir.-i iwo spans i.'< Is fed o inches, the next opeiie.l I'V 11. II II. Ihe I'riiice of Wal.'s o-.ili A iiousi. Iscn. Total leiiuth .f brllli'e,:l,l^^ feel hno.il. .Nnmber of spans, r.'i . - 1 "t i':u fi c|, 1 of ,'l,'ll) two P.I feel, ami so on. e\ory conph'il iiair ;:ainini: an .'iibliiional 1; iiiehes lo Hie centre one, whicli is .".' fci'i in ilo|iili. Th.' iiibos ar ii|iose.l en- tirely of wniinhi iron in the form of b.iiler iilaie. raiii;in« from 4-I1I to lL*-li; of nil inch in thtekin ss, with llio joints and niioles slilfeiied ami stri'iiuthe 1 with tin- a.hliiiiin of tee ami alible irons. Wiinliw.- are in- trinluceil inlo the siil s of llio tnlics.ami serM' lo VtiiUl u|i the insiile. The In lies are eoverctl wiih a sloiiin;:, aiioular roof, iii|m»sciI of j;ri>o\eil a nil toimnoilhoarils. 1 ovcreil willi Iheliol ipialil.\ •■ i. .\ footwalk, Jiliinlics in wiillh. extemU aloii,' lln; lop of the roof the . lo leiiulh of the tubes, forth itiveni ' of Ihi' 1 m|iliiyoes eniiiieciol , i|i the work. Tlie i-s- limati'il cost of lie. work wa< .^e;lUill^' limits of ili.i ears, Willi lars;.; Mocks ot stone. Tiiimivo iiiuiti yo.'ir in adiam f the time s|i.'cilied. Tic i.iUouin^' |iai'.icu- ilils enormous load iliree Immense <>iigines were rciinlred ; yet beiiciih lars of the bridoe and the material used in it^ coiisiruclion cannot but n , ill, when the tr;lin covered tlie tirst lubo tin' detlecliou In llie leiitre prove inleresiiim. First slone of pier No. I. Inhl 2iltli .Inly. Is.vt. Kirst iiuioinited lo Init 7-s of an ineli. provlnt' coiicliisivc|y tinii the work had |>UiW!iii;er train piisseil ITlli Deeember, IsiJU. I'Viiiiially eoiiiplileil and b 1 n erueUil In a iiinsl Halisfa lory and siibslantial muiimr. " il !1 1. 1 t 512 TITTLE'S HISTORY OV TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. N|(ltn(li ilv I'cciivi il , liiil line :i;,'.iiii tlic i>iri(Minis Mjiolry of tlu! l)i;iiigfiiil, llay ol' llii^ kiml would I iiii- t^'iiaiii . d ; liii' couxMiiiciici' was that, l)y liic advicr ol' llic Diikr ol' Ni\vc'a>li('. llic I'linci' rcl'u^rd to pa s iiiidir il. and liu! OiaiiL;. iiiiii ri'vcnjicd llii'iii-,(l\, s on tiir Dnkf ol Nrwi-a.-'lic and Sir Kdiniind Head liy linrniiii.' lliciii in cH'i^iy on ('ollioi'iif Sircct. Tlii! I'rlinUi' iiad llic doiicd cf- I'cct, iioWi'ViT, and diiiiiiif tlio iviiiaiiicjiidl' liis Iriji lliidu;ili till! wcsli'in pcniiisiila tin; iniiicc was iiol annoyi'd liy any more Oi-aiiLjc dciiion^lrations, the pi'oplc w i>cly coiitfiitin'^ tlioMisiKis wiiii an t'xliiltilion of llnir loyally without at- ti'ini'liii;; lo inaki' parly polilii'al <'apllal oiil of ii. Ills royal iiiL;iitir^s Iclt Canada at Wind-oi, on llir I wiiiliclli of Scpliinlici', pas>iinr over lo llir rnilcd Slates al \)r- troil, fioin wlii'iiic III' vi-.iuMl Cliica^o.Si. I.nnis, Cinciniiali, I'll. dimi;. rinladclpliia. lialllniori'. rt a>iiini;ton, Nrw York. liosion and Pol t land, from vliii'h [ilai'c in.' saili'cl for lioino on ilu' iwcntii'ili of ScpicniliiT. | IS. — I'ai'lianu'nt nu'l al (^lutln'i' on ilii' .sLxtcinlh of Mari'li, isi;i, a'lcl llio yovt'nior-iji'niial aniiounccci that hi' li id icci'ivi'd from her maji'sly iicr (.'lati^- , Tlio «'''ti-nsof IM.I. ,1 I II . r .1 i' 1 (iii'at 111' 1 iiM' ill '"' ai'Uiiow li'duniiMts ot tlic loyal nianntT IWL'nly.v.'.-.,; •„, ^^iii,.), ,1„, I-i-j,, ,f ^Val.■s had h.'.'ll rpci'ivcd llir pii'Vioas yrar. Iml the IIoii.si' was vit, miirh , di>po>(d lo j;inmlplt' ahmit ihc rcc.'piioii of il.i' i'rnii'r of Wales, and the ( )iaii;;i'mLii Weif olVriidi'iJ liccaux' they W(>l'i> Hot allow I'd lo make the oeea>ioli one of .seetarian siril'i! 'instead of tjeiieral hainiony, while the ma>oiiie hodv felt indiiiiiaiit that the eorner .stone of the I'.iiliair ii huildiiiL; was laid witliont masonie hoii'ii-s. 'tnd ilie I'l'is- liyterian and .Mi'llioili>l IhmIIi's lhoni:lit la. \ had heen sli:;liled liy th.' inaii'iei' in whii'li llieir addre«>e> h.iil lice.i received. Tlie^-e \aiioiis ecimplaiiils wire mule llie };ioiiiids for several allai ks on ihe :iiini>lry during; t''i' de- hato on the address — wliieli lasted sj.x days — liiil ail liio tiolis were steadily voli'd down hy lar^e majorities. .\ii amendment olVered hy Mr. .lohn S.indlield .M'ledonald. ■ hat ininisters should adhere lo the iliiiilile-maiuriiy prin- ciple, wa.'i voted down hy a majority of nineteen, and a di- reet vole of wailt of eoiilidelii'i' lieili;. k| hy sixlv-two to forty-nine, the npposition irave up fiirilier wraiii;lini: and ths address was passed. Diirini; the session a |iart of the census reams just taken was laid on the tahle. w!iicli showed that the li.lal pojiiilal ion of the pnx iic'e w.i- •_'..")( M'i,7.'t.''i. of which rpper C.iiiada h.id l.;!',((i.O',ll, and Lower Can.ida 1,1 ID, I II. Twenty years hefore, at the time of ill!' rnioii, the joint pupnlatioii had hei n l.l.")ii, I."i7. of which rppi'i" (iiii'i'hi had iri'">..">7."i and Lower Canada ri'.>ll.7'SL>. il will lliii> lie M'cn llial llii' I'll il pop- nlalinii oi ihe pro\ini'c had increased iicarlv L'I7 percent in twenty years, hut the increase had liecii liy no means eipial III the iipjier and lowi'r |iorti(iiis, for while I pper Canada hail mcreasi'd at the rate of three liiindred per cent. Lower Canada lia'l only imrea'cd at the rale of a lilile I'J.'i. 107 more ihan I pper Canada: in \^t')\ the popnialion of I'pper Caiiad.i was 2'S').r>l7 more than thai of Lower Canada. The ()ppo>i- tioii made ilii^ a siron;,' ground for lepreseiilalioii hy pop- ulation, a re^oliiiioii in favor of which was aiMiii inlio diiceil : hut the government opposed it on the ;.n'ouiid that it was contra. y lo the I'liion act. which reipiired llial each section of the province should alw.iys have the same 1111111- her of repri'M'iitatives, and that this rule had heen fol- lowed hy allowiii;; I'pper Canada the same iiumher of repreM'iilalives at the Inioii, allhoii;;ii she had liflvper I'eiit le>s po[iulalion than the Lower I'rovinee. The ijiiv I'rnmeiil wa> ajj;,iin ^u^laiiied. aii'l ii'pre-.eiitati(iii hv popu- lation had to wait loi (•onfeileiatioii hefore the principle was admilled. Parliament was proioiiiicd on the eit:litli of .May, without any hiisiness of special importance liaviii;,' heen doiit!; and 11 few weeks after the coiintry was in all the hustle and excitement of a j;eiieral election. The contest wa.s very rip;oidii>ly conducted on hotli sides, and resulted 111 soiii' ;;alll for the Opposition, especially in I'pper Canada, although it siilTiM'ed two severe Mows in the ilei'eat of .Mr. ISrowii in Toronto, and of .Mr. A. A. D-.rioii for .Monlreal l'",a>l. where he was hadly lieateii hy (iiorue P. Cariier. liolh, h "vever, ohlained olher con- st 11 nencios. I'.l. — .Noihini; of iniporlance occurred after the eleciioii until the lall, when Sir Kdmiind Head was icheved of the L'overii(M''lii|i i \ the arrival of his siicces- ,. , ' liilili'llli III el .Sir sor. Lord M k, at Oiii'liec.mi tlu! tweiit V- 1 :iliiiiiii'Mi.i.|. , , , I . ■ IMlll.li'iil, 1.1 llli' thud ol ()ctolii'i'. Uiit while time was Siiiiiliiiii Uili. l- ... . , ,1 lion, slipping; ipiieily away, and the year was ilrawiiii; ipiietly to a elo^e ill Can.ida, events were occiir- riim in her iminediate iieiuhhorhood which weic to have no small elTect on her iiolitical Ininre. and to hasten that consolidalioii of the Iliilish North .Vmericaii I'roviliccH which had hei'ii the dream of so many statesineii. For over a ipi.irter of a '.'enliiry the auitatioii of the aholitiiiii- ' ists in the riiiled States had Ik'cii jiiadnally ('ii!::endcriii>j a feelinir of di^lru-'t and dislike in the minds of the soiiiliern sla\e owners against their iioriliern coiinhymeii ; and the doctrine of Slati; ri;fhts was liiini; ye.irly more emphatically enmiciated hy the leading,' politicians of llu; siiiilh. and foremost aiiion;,'st the Stato lijjhts claimed was the ri:,dit of any State to leave the I'liion if she felt iij;- ifiieved or dissatislled ; this i'i;;ht the Norlli denied, claim- in|iii- )i'c till' |>riMri|il(' 'aiiils of factories and coiintliNS niecjianical industries, was vio- leiillv |inili'rtive anil desired liy an alinn-l iimhiliitive tarilT III ixeliide all liirei;;n niaiiiil'actiiies ; ilie Smiili, (III till' nllier liaiiil. had few iiianiilai'liires and desired free trade thai she niii;lil liny in the eheajiest market in wiiii'li she eiinid sell her raw material in the the aholitionists an opporliinily to elect their candidate, which they did in the person of .Mr. Aliraham Lincoln, I'liited States senator Irom Illinois. This was the signal for a ;reiicral mitlireak on the pari of the South. Sonlli Carolina was the llisi State to lireak (lilt ill open revolt, and on llie tweiilieih of nccciiilier, I.S(il), her ll ;ii-laliii'e passed an ordinance declaiiii;; liial Sonlli Carolina was im loiii;er in the I'nion, Iml was .1 sovcieiijn and independent Slate, an example which w.is ipiiekly followed liy .Alississippi, .Maliami, I'lurida, ( Jeor- I'ia, Louisiana, Texas. N'irjjiiiia. .\ikaiisas. Norili Carolina and TciiiK'sse(N so that liy the spriiii; of ISIll, ilie eleven slavi! Slates, with an ayifrejiate population of ('i.lllllt.dUII whites :ind ;!.()IM»,(II)() Macks, had .ecednl. 'I'lic excile- ineiit in the Norlli was intense. \ small Imdy of rniled Stales troops, niulcr comniand of .Major .\iii|ei>on, was in cliari;e of Fort Sninter, siliialed 011 an island in Charles- Ion harlior, which was licsii'mMl liy Siiiilhein iroops. an elVort was made liy lIu! sleamcr Shir of ihf W'isl lo con- vey reinforcemeiiis to the fort, lint she was iliiveii olT liy the slioro liatleiics, and on the tliiiteeiiih of .\pril. ISol, a liirions cannonade was opened on ihe fortress, which soon compelled .Vndersoii lo liaiii down the stars and stripes and capitiila'e. The news of the tail of l''ort Slimier caused a j;i'iieral iipiisin:;; iliiiini;liiiiii ihe North; rnioii ineeliii!,'s Were held every where , ".LiHIK nieii were called mil ; volunteers llnckcd in lliinisands to the recriiil- ini; stands, and the, iilmnst eiitliiisiasin prevailed lint ihe lecniils were exceediiii;ly raw. and tolally nniliscip lined, and tlii^ ollicers. for the most pari, were no lielter than till! incii, for nearly all llie regular ollicers had re- signed their coiiiiiiissions in the rniled .Slates army, and joiiu'il tlio South, .lust one moath after the fall of I'ori Slimier llie Hritisli irovernment recou'iii/ed ilic .Soiiili as lielli!,rerents, and issued a proclainalion onleriiiir all Hril- isll snhjecls lo alistaiii from parlicipalion in llic war — an order which w.'is s-^'vy iinperfeclly olieyed. for il is esii m.'iled that lielweeii forly and lli'ly thmisaiid men from Canada were i;iil as sulisiiiiiies li_\ Norllieiners, who pre- f(!rro(l to pay a tlioiisand or tifteeii hundred dollars lioimiy 'o a man to i.'o and li^ht for llieiii, while lliey remained at home and specnlated in uold or provisions, or got fat army eoniiacts. The liist hallle of the war was fonj;ht at Uuirs Run. on the I'otomac River, near AVashiiii;tiin, on the twenty lirst of .Inly, and resulted in a victory for (he Soiitlierners ; after which liotli sides Imsied tiiemselves for some time in niarsliallin;.' their forces. driUiiii; their men. and Iryiiii; to make soldiers mil of the raw material suddenly called from the plough, the workshops, ur from huhiiid till! counter. CHAPTFR CXIL riJOVINCK OF CANADA— (;o\FRNMKNT OF I LORD .M()N( K. I.— Tiii: Tkiint Aii.viit. CiiAMii; ok Fi ii.inc iv C.w.M'.v. — "_'. Di;i-i;.\i' (ii- 1111: C ak rii;u->L\riniN.M.i) .MiMsiuv iiN Tin; .Mii.hia I>it,i.. — .'i. Fihima rin.v . ni.MiiriAi. I''.irf.('r (IN Canaha (II' 1 111: AMi.iiUAN Wau. — Ii. Di'.i i;a r m iiii: .ALm iminaih- j Siciirri; AKMiMsruArms". As .Vi'i-im. to iiik (.'oixritv. — 7. Fnsa nsi' A( roKY Fin,vn( i.vi. Comh- I THIN (If tin: I'kuvim 1;. — h. .\n(>tim:k MiMsri.itiAi, ( uisis. RiiiitN III- .Ml!. .L \. .ALvciiiiN.M.n tu j riiWI.K. — '.•- Dl.ll.AT <>l' Tin: 'l"Arlll.->L\( ImSAI h I (Jiivr.ii.NMi NT. A I'di.rncAi. Di;.vi>-L(ii K. — in. .\ CllAl.lllllS ( idVIKVMI \ r T'liliMIII td (AliliYdir Com- i-;i>i:n.v I id\. — 11. Ram.wa v .Accim n r at 1!i i.- (i-:ii, Ilitiiiia:. Nini.tv I'i.ksiins Kii.i.i:ii. — IJ. Tiior- ! Ill i;sd\ii: visiTous- Raid on Tin: .St. Ai.iiANs' Hanks. i — 1.1. Cd\i'i;iii:i( vridN Ri:sdi.i-| ion Aixiitii) ny r.diii lldisis — 1 I. Tin: Assassinatihn m- I'm si- I»i-NT Lincoln. — l.'t. Lakui: Fun: in (^i iiii.c. Di Atii Of SiK F. 1'- TaCIII.. — ll). A (^LIKT Si;ssioN- ' . '. '' I ■'■■''' 1. — Tlie year ■H+*t*^'liised dark riiiil u'looiny. with the War cloud haiigiin; willi llircaleiiin;,' menace over C.inada and lialil. at aiiv moment to Imrst foilli . I lit' / 1*. Ill nlliiir. ill a storm of lilood and cariiaL;e. delu^iiii; i imin;.' oi iii-Mn;; ... -I 11- ■ ' 111 ' HllMilil. our lair fields willi gore and liriiigiiii.' di'solalion and ruin inlo many happy homes. On tlieeighlli j day of Novemlier. Captain Wilkes. commandini,' the Lniied ■Slates gimliii.it Sun .liiriiilo, hoarded the I'.uglisli mail steamer 7Vch/. on Inr way fioiii Havana In Si. Thomas ' and look from her the Soiilhern ( 'iiinmissioners Slidell : and Ma-oii. who wire going lo I'aigl.iiid in emlciMir to I have llie Confederale .Slates recogni/i d as an imli penilriil f ! 'ii m !li !V:lilliltl ifil! i :,n TITTLE'S lIISrOKY OF TIIK DOMIMOX OF CANADA. power. The net was lomllv iipplMiKliil in tln' SimIis and lli(! ncwspaiii'is went liall iVaiilii: over lli<^ daring feat [ a iiMplislird liy a nian-nl'-vvar ni stojipinj; an iinariiu'd ■ mail sti'anicr and diai.'j.'injj; two jiassungcrs from lior ; Imt llm shouts of ixidlalion wcro soon clianiiid lo tones of apolojry and contrition, ami wo sooner was llie dcniaiid | for ilie release of Slidell and Miison made li.v ilie Uriti.-li ' Oiivernnient. tlian they wi're ^nven np. Wiike- snd- deidv leli I'roni tile piiinaele of liis momentary poptijanty, and tile United States (Joverninent apolo;.'i/.ed fur tli(! insult otfereil to the Iiiili^h flai;. 15nt Wilkes had raised j a storm of an;:er and ill-feejiiiij wherever the Fii;.dish llau; I Hiiated, aj,'ain>t the North, whieh no apoloLiy eonid at once allay : and a ji;reat deal of the sytnpalliy iVit for the South in Kiijilaiid and her colonies dnriiii; the remainder of the war, dates from tho day that the F,iiLdi-h tla^r was insulted on the hi;;Ii seas. In Canada imlilie teeling was i;"eatly exiited, vidiMileer eeinpanies were fonnicl, and aetives measures taken lo prepare for the expected f■trM^- i;le, the principal field of operations for which Wciuld he our own fair cnuiitry. The liritish ministry, with Lord I'ahiierstoii at its head, acted with the iitnio-t ]>roniptitnde ; lO.tMHJ thousand troops were at oiicm; ordercil to Canada, anil throui^h Decemlier ;ind .lanuaiy transports were con- stantly arrivinjj; ai Ilalilax and St, .Folin and the troop.s lieinn hurried tlirou^h to the Canailian frontier towns. The cMitement did not la>l very lnii;;. liowever, for on the first of .laniiary, Ist'i.'i. Slulelland Ma^on weri' released nild saileil Irom Iloslou fur l'Ji;;laiid. I'mt the year had (■ndeil >adiy. for with itsclo^e lame the ne«s of the death, on the fifteenth of Decemlier, of I'rince .Mil It. and there was gi'iieral inoiirniiiLt lliiiiiiuhoiit thi' wlioli> of Canada. 2. — Parliament met at (^tueheceii llie twenty lii>l of March, 1H(!2, and was opened with more than the ii-naj i)i(iiit ..f 111.' < ar- 'li-l'l'iy hy Lord .Moiick, liflecll hnndled ili't Ma.-.l.iiiaM re:;ulars and \oliiiiteers takiii'' part in the Mhiislrv III! llio '^ ■" ' MlliUu Hill pau'cant, while ilouhle salvoes of artillery aiiiiouneed the ai rival and departure of His Kxeilleiicy at and from llie I'ailiaincnt liniMinj,'. C^nehec is loud of II niililarv display, and the iiiinsii;d cereinony oliservcd Kv the new i;overiior-i;eneral created a f;oiid impression in his fiivor. The Caitiei-.Macdonald ministry elected Mr. Tui- cottc sjieaker liy a majority of thirteen ; lint it was evi- dent at an early sla^e of the session that tlie Opposition liad j,'ained streii;;th liy the late election, and that the tciiui f ollice of the iMiiiisters Was a very insecure one. iind that they were lialile to defeat at almost any moment. III Ills openini; speech the f.'o\einor had alluded to the necessity for providing; proper means of defence ; and, uccordiii;;ly, the i.'o< ernineiit lii(iii_dit in u hill providing,' for II reor^uni/ation of the militia. A stroiiji; opposition wax ){ot up against this hill, partly on the ^ooiind of eeoiioiny, and partly on the ;.'i'oiiiid that Canada wniiM not I'oinmit anv act wliicli would involve her in war, and (hat if (ireat llrilain and the I'liited Slates iiecanie involved in war it would he on some sulijei't ovir wlii( h Canada had no control, and she would siilfer ciioiiirh liv lii'iii^ made the theairc of the war, in the event o. its oc(airriiit;, without lieiiij( put to till' expense of prepariiij; for it lieforehand. This was ahout tlu^ suhstaiK'c of the ariiumeiits of the Opposition ; ami. on a vole liein:; taken on the second readiie,'. many of the Lower Canadian iiieinhers Li,doiiald, .and Louis Victor i:ii'i-ii>. Sicotte ; president of the Council, 'I'homas D'Any Mi'- (iee; attorney ;;elieral la-t, Louis N'ietor Sicotte; attorney Lieneial west, doliii Saiidlii Id Maedoiiald; minis- ter try eonlially oirered till' iieweal iiiet a fair trial, hut 11 did not suit lli • '• ( lear (liits." and .Mr. liidwii was soon aclively at work in the 67.stiji;a- iislructioii of 111' was WfU ladi'is of till! t !i fair trial, '. Uiiiwii was ij;oroiis oti- il rfpivsi'iita- la^tis of till' liir-iiicss was )in)'t, licyi 11(1 to tlu' lllililiil Itll of >llllll'. I'iiijilaiiil liy mciit on till' llii^lisili fi'i'liiifj III llii' ill fiiil iif 111' I iniiiiliMU MiliiialSlll. liili at oiK'i' ll' Wollll (l(- !•' I.OUD M().\( K. ■.i:> protection. Loni Palnur>toii ilirlartil, most cmpliati- cally, tliat EiiLrlaml hail ilmii' all slu' llitiinliil to do for till! (K!fL'ii>e of Canada, and that lln' |m'o|i|i' iiii;>t iitlur nitiko i)ru|)aratioiis for dcfi'iidinu iIhiiimJvo, or disgrai't' till! raro from wlii'iiri' tliry siiran;.'. Lmd ^[oln•k, at a ])ulilii! diiinir a: Monirial ri'lioid tlii' wui'iU of tlii' liritish I'reiiiii'r, and said vory plainly that in tlii! uvi-nt of war ' the Caiiadians must lir iiri'parid to fnriii'li dif hulk of till! armiis ii'ipdrcd llirinxlvi's, and not drpiml I'litiruly I oil Knitland lor pnitii'tioii. Tho I'',iii;li^li pinplo wtTc, liowi'Vi'r. wrong in allrihiiliiig any di^iinlination to pro- I tect tlit'iii^ilvi's to the Canadians; tinir only disiiicliiiii- tioii was to pri'pariiig lor an I'vi'iit winch thry did not think tlii'ii' was any prohaliilily of ever oicnrring, and to addiiiir to their already I'liormriis diht. a ^a^t siiin for military deli'iises which they did not helicvc there would ever be any neees>ity for. The uoveriior-iieneral visited the I'pper Province ihiriii;; Sipteinlicr, and was cordially re- eeiM'd every wlieic. especially at 'I'oronto. where he opined the Provincial K.xliiiiition, and where he was entertained at a grand hall. ;"». — The war was now In iiig vigorously prosectiled in the States, hundreds of thousands of men were in the Held, and hundreds of millions of dollars i.i'i'i"a1lMii!Mlf'i'im ''•"' •'•'•■" liorrowed liy the .North to prose- AimiK-Hii War. f,, to the war. Prices of all kinds of larm produce rose with scutling rapidity, and an enoiuious trade sprang lip \\ iih Canada, when! the lieiieliis of the Peciprociiy Treaty were never so fully felt helore. The free eiilraiice of Canadian products t.> American markets gave the fiirmer an imineiise advanlage in the matter of cheap pnidiiilion, as .he escaped the enormous inteinal taxation which the I'liited States government found itself o!ilii;ed to iiiipo>e to meet the exiieiises id' the war. Ks- )ieoially was the trade in horses si imiilated hy the great deiiiaiid for them caused hy the large ipiantities needed hy the cavalry and arlillciy ; ami troops of horse dealers from Xcw York, \''ii:'.oiit and the iieigiilioring slates, Were coii>laiilly in Canada liiiying up all the surplus ^loek they could liiid, and as noiliing was too old or too poor to sell to the governnieiil, many a farmer got a tir>t class prion for nil animal lie had considered utterly usi'les4 iiiid liad turned out to die in peace. This pn)s|.ierity contin- ued dining the war, and had a most heiielicial effect in restoring a lieahhy tone to the agrii ullural intc ic-ts, which had sulVered gnaily from poor liarve-.tn and low prico!<,.atlileil to it more expensive and luxurious mode of living into which the fanners had gradually fallen, and which only loo frei|ueiilly led to a morlgage on the farm, if lint, worse. liesidcs llie liellcr mai kit opened to her proiline, Canada was ;il.>o lieiieliied greaily during the war liy the large floating popiilalion which caiini to her from holh North and Soiiili. causing iniim y to iie exceed- ■ngly plentiful ; indeed, so plentifij that while upeeie payments Were suspeinled in the States. Canada was grnaning under a jilethora of silver, which gul to he n- gaiiled as a •• nuisaiioe," and of which we shall have to sjieak further on. (i. — Pailianient lint at (^uehee on the thirteenth of Peliruary, 18(i;i. and it was soon evident that the Alac- donald-Sicotte ministrv was not sironif ; , , ,,, ,, " l>. fi'ut iif till' Miu'- hiit it maiiajied to avoid defeat on the ad- iii'iialil-sifiitii' " . M.l!:iliii,.irati..n. dres.s, allliougli twice attacked on ilieniies- .vi :ip|.. al toilio .. . , , . ii.imtrv. tioli ol representation liy piipnlatinii, which was now r.qiiilly growing in piipti,.,r favor in I'liper Canada. Since his defeat in rnronlo ai the general elee- tion of ISl'iI. .Mr. lirowii had imt had a seal in the House, hilt he was niiw elected for South <)Nlord. in |ilace of Dr. Ciiiiiior, who hail lieeii elevated to a judgeship in the Coilit of (Queen's lleiicli. The m;;;'.lry continued to lose favor, and the hiidgel s| eh of .Mr. Ilnuland de- stroyed «l;al little ( olllidelici' Was left, lor ill spile of the increased taxation the reveiine ,vas still less than the ex- pendiliire. .Mr. .Inliii A. Macilonald imw mnved a direct vole of want of < onlideiice. and the government wasde- fealed hy a vote of sixlv-loiir to lifty-nine. The minisiiy [ireferring an appeal l" the cmiiiiiy to resignation, Par- liament w.is pioiogued on the twelflh of .May. and a general eliiiinii followed. Mr. Macdonald tried to strengthen his lahinet hy iccolislriicting it, hefore election, taUiiii; in some of the liinwnites of I'pper Canaihi. and solii" of till! Lower Canada Itniiiies. hut the ell'nrt u:is not very successful, for he lost almut as iiincli as he i;aiiied. and the action was assailed hy the nppnsiiiun pn-s as uncoiisiituliiinal. on the gininid that an appeal to lln- country was gianted lothe .Maeiliiiiald-Sicoitegoveriinient. not to the Maciion:ild-l )oriii gnvernnieiil, as it h.id iniw hecomo. 'I'he new Parliament nut on the lliirteeiiih of August; and tifier a Very acrimonious deli.iie nf four- teen ilavs' iluraliun, the address was carried li\ the nanow inajority of three, «ait of a limise of one liundred and twenty-three. 7. — The (iuaneial ] n~i|ion of Canada was now rapidly hecoining Very critical. 'I'he host df railway and oilier schemes sprung upon the country hy the If I 1 • • . .' 11 *i * • I Sati>rarti»rv lliiaii- Iliiicks iidiniiiislralion hail laiiscil a rapnl , |,,| , \n\ ,r iiiereaso of the piililie delil. and each sue- H"' I'l"*'""' cessi\i' goveriiineiit had gone on honowing as long as it conld liiid leiidei •< ; hut matters were now I'a-t appioach- iii;; a climax. The province owed aliniil Si7r >riiiiu>)_v ;igit;it' il in tli(! .Sitilis. This iii'atv li:iil liiiu lnn:iil vcn i)i:iiulii'ial to C'uiiiKlu. litit llic inijn't'>-inii in the I'liitc'il States was | tliat it favii I'd tliis coiiiitiy tixj nniili ; uhii'li, aildcii tu i tile j;ciitM-al iVcliii"^ oi iirilati((ii a;;ain>t I 'i, l',nt;l:'ii' I and Canada, on aci'onnt of llicir --yniiialliv willi tl'i' :- miIi. iud ^ to a stroni; dfniand f'lr tl.c non-ivniH.ii ■•<: i... iriMly ulicn tin; ten years were U|). and C'nug'i; -, during tlu; sl's- ! sion of I.SC..!, |]:i'-.fd a Will anilioriziiig the President to ; i.'iv(,' notice to lii !iiit;>h au'l Canadian y rici nineiiis that tlio treaty woidd lie terniinati'd. Ii; spile of all its dilli- eillties, howevef. llie Maedonald-DorioM government man- aged to get thiniiuh the .session, although siijiiiorted liy a very slei..ii-r inajofity, and Parliament was jn'orogned on tlic (iftiiiitli of O. tolie;-. )^. — Tlie year isOl did not opiii |)i'!>|iilion .ly fur the liiiiMstry. Tlie olliee of srliritol-general west, hail lieell Aiiiiili.r Miiiist.i- '"^''' vaeaiit when the ealiiiiet was last of' .Mr"'.!' \">ia'i'' I'eeoiistriieted it was How filled by the iiniil lo [.uwor. ai)])oiiitrnent of .Mr. .VlbiTt N. IJii'haids, I mcinhor for South f.ei'ds, who had lieeii retiiined at hist election by a majority of one hundred ami thirty-live; but on ri'tiirniiig to his constituents for reH'leeiioii after taking ttllice, he was defeated by seventy-live. Tills was a serious blow to the ininisiry, as it left it with only a in:ijoity of (Mie : and on the meeting i>f Parlianient, on the nineteenth of Febni iry, l.Slil, after vainly strivin;^ to streiigiheii liis oaliiiiet. Mr. Sandlield .Macclonald had no cciir-e left bun lint to re-ign. The torii.atioii of a cabinet w.is eiitiii-'ted to Sir Kiieiiiie P Tai h •, a in niber of the Legislative Council and a conservative, who with the assistance of Messrs. Cartier and .lolin .\. .Maedonald formed the fol- lowing cabin 't : receiviir-geiier.il and minister of militia. Sir K. P. Tai'hi' ; atlorii'y general east. (Jeorge Iv Car- tier ; in.nister o;' li.i tn,-e, Alexaiid.'r T. (lalt; eoinniis- sioiier of pnlilie wo.ks. .bMii Loms ( 'bapiis : minister of iigriciilinre, Thomas D'.Vrcy M.tice; solieitor-i;eiieral cast, il •eior Louis Langeviii ; attorney-general west, .lohii \. M (iilonild ; coninis^ioiier of crown laiwls. .\le\- andcr Cain|iliell ; |iresideiit of council, Isaac Ibichanan ; posimasler-general, .M. II. Foley, provincial secretary, ■loiiii Simpson ; solicitor-general west, J.aiiies Cockbnrn. The iiniioiinced [trogramme of the new cabinet was — the remodelling of the militia in thu bestiniiiiiier possii>h' with- out increasing' the expense ; tlii" mainteii.ince of the |{eci- procity Trciiyjif po-sible, .a com n leial iiiiioii wllii the Maritime Provii s; general economy and rel'oiin in liseivl matters, and the i|iiestion of representation by poiinlalion to be left an open one. The lliill-e WIS adioiirned to the third of .May to enable ministers to appeal to their con- stituents, iiii act which reunited in tin- reeleciion of all the ministers exci'pt .Mr. Foley, who was defeated by a Mr. nonm.aii, in North W.iieiloo. 'J. — There was no ehaiige in the ani.au :•' ;he IIousr, altliongb the yn ;■,<«;(, •/ was varied a little; lint tli" same factions spirit disiilaved itself imiiiediatelv , , ;. ,. , ,, D.f.at of ilio alter tiio reassembling ol tin; House on I'.Mhr-.Ma.di.iinia .1 1 * 1 1^ « r 1 II' 1 uovi'i tiint'iit. \ the tli.rd el ->lay. aril on the thirteenth |».iiii.al deml- tliii ministry only escaped defeat on a ''"'"■ straight motion of want of confidence, by a ii.ire inajoritv of two. in a House of one hniidred and tweniv-six. After lighting aloiig for a iiioiith. with \fv\ iiieaLtre majorities, the goveriiiuent W;is liiially defeated on the foiiiieeiith of I .lime on a vote of want of conlideiice arising out of a loan of SKMI.ikiII made to .Montreal live \ears before, the Mile standing sixty to liity-eiglit, Messrs. Kaukiu and Dnii kin . having \iiii'cs of I ppc r ami Lmver Canada, or. in other words, to take ' . . serioiiscousi.i :\ ri.ai r>lr. lirowii's " joint-anlhority " scliciiie. 1(1. — The supplies Were hurried llnough the House, and Parliament was adjourned on the liiiileenth of.lnne, but prior tiiis. o:i the lwenly-se\eiilh inst., .\,.,,|,iii|,,ii,.,.M.rii. .Mr. .lohn .\. .Maedonald read a long ;';;;;\\',';,','','',;,',.''' doiaimi'llt to the House, setting forth the ("liialiiin. basis of an agreenieut entered inio lieiween Mr. (Jeoi'go Ib'own and him-elf — with the ailvice and assislain'c of their respccii\e friends — for the I'orniiition of a Coaliiioii (io\ernmcnt tocomlnct the linsiness of the country for the present, with a view to elVeciimr 11 ('oiifederalion of the lliilish Nortli .American Provinces, or at least of a l''ede- ral Cuioii for Canada, each proviiiee, in clilier rxeiil. lit have sole control of all matters purely local, in order bill til" same ii'ffjil of i!i(. !..lir-.Ma,,lc.nnUl itvi-niiiH'iit. A ■ ■liti.iil di'Mil- i.k. iiarc iiiMJoritv ty-.-ii.v. Al'lir ;n' iii:ijorili('s. | lolll'lcclitll 111' i r (iiil (if a liinii 'lore, tlir \iii(' \ 1 anil l)iiii kiii 1 <> i)|)|io>itiiin. ;()Vcl-|'Mirllt, of ' irv pailv had win j;cii('i'al s])ii'ii ami tlic ■I'll llic liaiiils IliW 111' I'llUlIll III a^siinil.Uo I n|iiiiiiiii, ami i; liki' a |i.i|iu- I iui>iilri'ali' (if til liml siiiiu! ipiK-al to tliu ii'ial t'k'ctioiis 111 to ct'i'tain III l-TI'V llllt ■iiiiii' inian.s 'f. lull WOlllll nil ami ^ojiil | ii.-ii'S. or iiii'i'i! only rciiii'ily 1 to riilr>ivlrl' lir ili>lrail of HI of all iho lili.U llial. till! -lalivr I'liioii aiiaila, or. in .'>lr. lirown'.s I ilii' IIouso, mill of Jiini', ('<':iliti(iiijr,i\,.rii. lilt rxIMii'il in ill\ "lit iiih- ili'iaiii'i). Mr. dcOI'^i' a.-NislaiM'i; of if a Coaliiioii iiinliy for tlic r.'ilinn of till! 1st of a I'"i'ili'- lirl' r\illl. Ill il. ill Ul'lIlT 1M{()VIX(K OF CANADA— GOVKH.X.MKNT OF LORD MONCK. •)i; tliat tlie |iidi;i aiiiiiir ••■ J>r l)c p"li~l':ii';oriIy I'arricil out. tl'i-ijt! seats in lliu cabiii' '. n«rij ottfiiil lo Mr. Drown anil 111. siiOjiortiM's, aiii! .'.:.• t^liowin^' ('lianj,'i'.s wi-ro aniioiinccil lii'fii. iirorOjjatioii : Messrs. 15urliaiiaii, Siinpson, ami I'li'.n ruliri'il. ami tlirir jilaei's wi'io taken by 3I('ssr.s. Geor^'e IJrown. William .Mi'l)mij,Mll and Oliver Movv.it. iis jirusidoiit of the cuiiniil, proviiicial secretary and po.st- ina.st(U'-j;eiR'raI rcsiiectivtly. 'llie cabiiief. so forineil was ;i stroiii; one, the stroiijfcst goveriinient the province had kliJWii fo! years, and enjoyed the full conliili'iiie of the people, althoilgli party spirit and pergonal .spite still showed itself ii little, as eviileneed by Mr. .Mit'iew Crooks Caini'ron riiiiiiiii:f a;;aiii-t Mr. M.-l/oiiu'all for NoilhOiitario, beiliiii,' him by a IiiKiilrrd votes ; .Mr. .MeDnnLiall, how- evi r, soon obtained a scat for North Lanark, 'llle niiiiis- try now set ilself /e.ihnisly to work to prmiiote eonfedera- lion. The .M.iriliiii.^ I'rovinees were about to meet in eoiiventioii at Charloni'lowii, P. E. I., and deh ijates froiii Canada altemliil. A subseipieiit imelinir was held at Quebec, in October, for pai'ticiilars of which we refer onr reader to chapter lUl'. 11. — The siiininer of ISCit was inaikid by the ni;isr terrible railway accident which has occurred in (V.naila, and whii'li was occasioned bv a uros.s act liiiiUvnv ncriil '111 . , , ." i ■ HI lii-l rnii.i.l^r. ol carelessness on llicpartot the iiii.'im'er, IH) IK-lHOllH kilioil. , , , , 111 who. however, pud the penally wall Ins life, toiretlier with other eiiiployees on the train. On the niorniiij; of the iwenly-ninlh of .lime, an eniii;raiit train of eleven ears. haviii;:f on board tlirei? hiindied and lifty-fonr (ieriiian einij,'raiits, on their way up froiii (Quebec, on the (iraiid Trunk line, left St. Hillaire station for Montreal. On rcacliiii;f ihe bridge across the Kiciielieii l{i\er at Iielicil, the cnLiiiii'i'i' did not stop, as is ciistoniaiy, but ran his Irani rij;lit on lo ihc brnlj^e, the draw of which hap- pened to be open to let some liar::es tlirmiudi. and in a few seconds the whole train was one eonfuscil mass of brnkeii cars, crii^liiii;.; to d"alli the unfoiliinale iniuate.s. ihe cars jided up i .i ill • baij^es. which were broken and sunk, and it was with i;reat dillicully that the pa>seii;,'ers could be jjot out, many bciiiij diinviicd before they i'eiild be extricated. About ninety persons were killed and u lal'j;i' nuiiiber wiminled by this sail accident. 12. — The lar^c nnmlier of .-I r nereis who made Canada their tein(ioraiy lioaie dnriii;; the \v,ir, were not ipiileaii Tiiiiil'liwiiinn iinmiM'd blessinu' ; alliion^h ihcir presence n^'srAiS''" '''"'^'''l 'i ,i:"i'-l 'l''^"! of iiioiii'.v ti> «'irciilal(>, """'*''■ tiny i;.'ivc i;ieat troubl" and caused much (iiinoyance to ilie !.riivi'riim( til by their partisan cnndiict; a coiii'M' which was alxi followed by a larue portion of the Canadian press which w.is violently " .Sesesh '' in its tone, and the j^eiieral fediliir of the people was ilecldedlv ill flivor of the Siiiilh. liiil the sli'iin;f Southern feeliiiy led to iinfiiitniiate lesiills.aiid crcally imiieiilled the peace ot 'Jreat Hi'ilaiii and the I'liiled Slales. Niiiiibers of .Soiithevners made ''aiiada — especially Montnai. Toronlo and (^uebce-their residences, so as to lia\ o free e.,ni- niaiiication with their friends in New York and oiher iii'-therii cities, where !lie.i \\ ^> a siron^ fci mi;; in favn-- ol the So ith. As 'lit! condition of ihe .Smrli becum! more and nmro desperate ; as the Norihern ;irnnes pressed ! closer and closer iind the Inave but slender forces of I the confederacy, and there seemed no lonjjjer to be any hope for them a;.'ainst (irant's overiiowerin;; niiiiibers, the Sl' :i ilitci'tivc CoIlf.clilUllMll r.>;'..liiiii.:i iMl"|ptc(l I'dicc, aii'l tlR' |ia>.-:i;.'c ol an act ;;i\iiiii by liiiili lliiusuB. , . 1 1 • 1 " liiiii j^rcati T piAvi-r to ucal uitli persons who violated the laws of neutrality. He spoke htronglv in favor of eonfedi'ration, and said the colonial seei-etary hail informed hini that he was piep.ired to iiitioduce a hill into the imperial I'ailianicnI. a- ■-ooii as the dilVerent provincial Parliaments should have a;;reed on the .'.idijeet. The dcl)ate on the aildres.s showed that a wonderful change hail come over the spirit of iIk! House, for inste.i! ol its lastiiii; a week or two as had hec )me the rule, it was adopted in one day. the old}' amendnii^nt lirini; to the elTect that i'on federation was not desiralile, wliicli was hot 1(V ii vote of si,\ly-four to twi'iily-tivi". In thi' Lejiislative Council the Hon. K. I*. Taeln'' moved the followinj; rexilutiou on tin; third of Fehruarv : '•That ;)n humhle address he jireseiited to her majesry, praying that she may he iiraciou^ly plea-^ed to cause a mea-ure to he snl'inilled to the imiierial rarliainent, for the purpose of uniliiigihe colonies of Canada. Nova .Scotia. .New IJrunswick. Nevv- foundlaiid and I'rince Edward Island, in one government, with pro", i-i. ills hased on the resolutions, which were adopted at a eonferenee of delegates from the said colonies, at the city of t^uehee, on ihe tenth of Octolier. isi'it." The resolutions were then set forth in par- ticular. After a long dehate the resolution was adopted liy a vote of forty live to liftee". Ii. ilie lower Iloii.se the Hon. .lohii A. Maedonald iiilroducc d a similar motion the si\lh of Feliruary. Tin dfb.iir la-led several weeks, till! -.ju 'ch ol the Hon. Christopher Diiiikin, in oppositiop to the resohition, aloiio occupying two days and two nigh's. It is impossihie to give e\en u lirief resume here of these sp 'lies, which wen; • ulisei|iu'ntly pulilished liy ordtT of I'arliiiineiit and .i.-ciipy one thousand and lliirtv two octavo pages ; >uHici it to say that the position of (,'anada in liie past was levnwed. and all the arguiiieiits for and a:,a!nsi. c nfederation fully discussed ; the principal argunients in favor heiiig that it would remedy the e.\lsting state of things in the province wiili- oiit iiiterfer'ii.; with local interests, as it would estalili>li a general governineiit for matters of general interest to all while it would leave local matters in the hands ot the local governiiient. l'[)per Canada would Im- satisfied hy the introduction of the principle of representation liy |io|iulatioii in the general gov viiment. v.hile the l''rencli of Lower Cr'.naila wi,uld he as-und that llnir laws, laiiguiige and religion would n it he interfered with hy •hose siihjects heill:,' left to the I il legislature. Itefor ■ llu! deliate was (iiii-.heil, news was received that N"i\ liriinswiek had ])roiiouiire(l against confeiieraiion hy re- jecliiig nearly all the supporters of (inl'ederaiiou at a general (flection, and the ministers, therefore, pressed '.he discussion to a vote, which n'siilted in iIh; adoplion of the Union resolutiuiiN hy iihiety-oiie votcH to thirty-llireu — there heiiig only live inenihers aliment from the Iljuse when the roll was called* II. — Parliament was prorogiiid on the ii;;hteeiilli of j March, after having pus.scd a numher of useful hills, amon-'st them one providin;' I?1.UII0,()0() „., , ", ' f _ 111.' .■i-a>.slii;iluiil tor defence, uiiil a deputation consi.-^ting in.-iikut i.iu- of Messrs. John A. Macdoiiald. (Jeorge F. Cartier, CJeorge ISrowii and Alexander T. Gait pro- ireedi'd to England, in April, to further the scheme of con federation. While these events were progressing in Can- ada, the war in the I'liited Slates was slowly hut surely drawing to a close. I'or over a ye.ar (ieiieral (iiaiit had heleaguered Richmond tvilh hnll-dog per.sisteiiev. and al- though repulsed again and again hy (Jeiieral I.ee. his ! ever-increasing iiiimhers rendered the uliimaie defeat of | the S.iiiih only a mailer of time, cut oil as ii was from , any hope of help hy either l.ind or sea. On tlu! second of April, IKCi."). Kichmonil capitulated, and shortly after (ieiieral Lee, finding fiirlhef resistance useless, surreii- i deri'd his whole army of ahoiit tweiily-seveii ihoiisand men. totii'iieral (•rani, .. Apponiatox Court House, and , llii .Southern rehelliou was at an end. The defeat of the i .South was deeply regretted in Caiiiida. hut that feeling was (|iiicUly changed to grief :ind ahhorreiice as the tele- graph Mashed the news on the inorniiigof the fifteenth of .\pril, that I'rcsideiit Lincoln had heeii foully inurdei'eil the privioiis evening hy .John ^Vilkes IJooih, while he was witnessing thecouicdy of •• Our American Cousin," in Ford's Theatre, Washiiiglon. The assassin eiiteii'd thi^ 1 .ivate llox of the I're-idenl. jii.-t as llie lliird act of the I p'.'y had ciiiiiineneed. shot the I'lisideni in llie hack of I the head, and .sprang on to tlu! stage, .shouting Sic mm/ifr fi/i(iiiiiis. the iiiotio of the Stale i.' \'ir;xini,i — from wlieiit'e he made good his escape for the tiui' Im iiig ; hut having hrokeii his leg hy the jump, he was easily tracked, and was shot in a haiii ii few d.iys after hy a jiariy of • .\»tt iii:iy priivi" iiitiTi^liiiK to our roiiiliTH we (jiic ilic voUm>ii iIiIb iiiU>ortaiil ri'Holiiti.tn. __ , llij;j;onsun, Ifouliunl, lliioi, li viiir. 'Iiicksuii, .lont'H iN'ortli l..'.Mi. anil lirt'iivillfi, .loufKiSoutli l.vt'.l.-t, Kni^lii, Ljin^.'- V11I. l..-»iv,lli, -, vitonii'v-di'iii'ml M.i. .lonal.l, MMi'lMrliiiu', .Miiik.'ii/io il.iiir.lii .111, Miiikfii/.i.^ iNorili iixIopIi, .\liii;iil. M.i onki'v, Milioin;iill, .\lr(l. . ■>li'(ilviMin, Milntyr.', .Mi'i. |:>'iion i Iloilii'latmi, iMK'kutI lliifri'Kiiii '!'.,.rvil;" , KortiiT, (lau'iioii, (ii'oirrion, llolion, llovulr, lliinl- iimloii. ,loty. Lalliv- 1'.., Vii,"'i, l.afraiiil.ol».., I.ajolo, Maiiloiuitil (Coni- walli, M.i.-il,.i'ali| nil. hi-ariyp Manloiml.l ri'o.onio W.'tl). (I'llallm waiii. .^i.t.-a-.i'-iHt o.:M(v'ariyi .^lartioiirii-i iio.onio w .■kii, i i iitiiinraii. l'ac,iiii. IViT.iiili, I'liiNiini'i null, I'oiilloi, llynial, Siiili'lirnl, 'riimliuri'aii, Tlillmiiili iiu, Triniililiiy, \VulMiriil|ji> (Nunli HiutiiiuHl, —M. ■ ran. | li'oiu (iiu Il'juse (' ri^fliii Tiiili of of USl'lul Itills, Till" a •~a^^ill;ttillIl i'll SillL-ilt l.ill- lolii, liT T. Giilt |)i-o ; Kclit'inc of coll ,'ressiiig in <';iii- owly l.iii Mircly ici'iil < iiaiil liu ksiiii, !.-<. Khit^lil, Lan^e- lailaiu', .Markni/.io 'iiki'v, M.KciUKall, i^<|||l, I'arkfi, l'"|u.', it. IIiiliilMillc, lt,>Ht>, rill, Sii.lili-. Sliaiily, ilii'. Sllrii.n. SUvri. s \Vi..icl, Wllijlit Ii iiii|nH(i\ Ciiniii, Ici.lii'larnt.Iiiiikfll iKii, I|..mMi'. IIiiiiI- MMr.loiialil lOini- W.Mi. o'llalliiraii, 'lifrtl, 'J'Hrtfiierciiii. — .11, PUOVIXCE OF C'AN.M)A— CJOVKRXMKNT f)F I/)KI) MONCK. r>i'j I'liitLMl States eavalry sent in ]mrsuit. Lincoln liever n;- i' eovereil eonseionsness after thei fatal shot was lireil, ami , ilii'd early iie.vt nioriiiii lin^ ii (im- . , . ' 1p •■• li«!i;li ••? Sir his successor, \ ice-l'residelit Andrew !•;. I'. Tailir. , , , . I i .lohiisiHi ; hut the peaceliil reliitioiis ex- istiii'.; Iietweeii the- two countries was not distiirhed. al- lliou;.'li the ill-feelin;x eiiterlaiiied towards Canada was e\ineii| hy the refusal, oil the part of tile l';iileil States, to enttn'lain .any |iro|iosition liir the ri newal of the lieci- proiity Treaty, and formal notice of its aliroi,'ati(>n in M:iri;h, lH(!(i. The Minimer of iMti") was net an event- ful oim for Canada, with the e\ci |ition of a laii;.' liii' at • ^aeiiee, which ociuriiil on the twenty-tiiiid of June, di - siroyiiii{;i larije niimher of wooileii linildin^s. and proprrtv to till! valiii) of over one inillioii of doll.ars. aid leaviiiLi iipw.irds of three thousand people lioiisele.ss and destitute. In duly, Si' iMienne 1'. 'I'aclii'. president of the Council. die iit Quebec on the eiijhth of A;ii;ust, r">i>.l, t!u> new buililiiij;s at Ottawa , ...,,. , beiiii; niw nearlv completed. A confer- elice was held between Messrs. Macilonald iind Ilrowti as to his successor in the Cabinet, which re- sulted in the acceptance of the |)osiiiuii of Premier by Sir N'arcisse F. Hellean. on the iindersttindini.' that the policy with r(\;jard to Confederation, agreecl on inlHtJI. should Im- carried out as nearly on the original terms as tlie diliienllii'S wliii'h had .•iriseii in the Marilinie Provim-es Would permit of. The session was an nuiisnally short one, as tin; larrt" majority had by the };over!iinent ena- bled it to jmsh i'lS ineasiires tliroiijrh with rajiidity. iind till! session was principally noticeablo for the larjji! amount of jprivatt- bills jiassed, the only jmblie measure of any importance passed being one imposing a stamp duty oil notes and bills. .Some attention was ji.aid to tlio siil^ject of !i renewal of tin; Rieiprocily Treaty, and dis- patches from lie Colonial Secretary laiil before the House, in which he inforined t!i governor that he had iiisivmted .•iir Frederick liruee, tin; IJritish minister at Washington, to assist the Canadian Cabinet all that 1 ly in his jinwer in its negotiations for a renewal of the treaty. Tin; cd- lonial seiTeiury also iissured the governor of the uiilin;,'- ness of the Home government to ji.^i-t all it jiossilly could ill'' scheme if ConfeiletMlion. !i line ol' poliiy wliii h was iiiii aii'iried by the dealli of the Fiigli h Premier, Lord Palmersl'Ui, in October. Nothing of spivial niD- ei'iit occurre'l ihiiing tin- latter |iart of the year, i xcept the removal of the government ollices to Ottawa in the fall, and a little excilenieiit about the wailii.e jiiepara- tions in the States of fh T'eiiinn ISrollierhoud, of which ■We .shall .speak in the ne.xl chapter. CHAPTKIl CXITI. PROVIXCE OF CAXADA— (iOVFRN.MEM OF LORD .AIONC K— ( < •n„/iiuw,/). 1. FoijM.VTioN Of TiiK C'oixcii. ovroMMintriAi. Tui:a- Tll.s. — 2. AtTF.MI'TTo (iK.TTIli: RliffliOeiTV Tlit;ATV iu.m;wi.u. — 3. IIiiw Tin; ai!I!o<;atii>n or riii; Ricci- lM!nrITirTui:ATV lll.I.IMI) CoXI I Iil.IIATIOV. — I. I'lliST TiiiiiATiA'iNcs ni- nil; Fi;xiA\ IwAstoN. — .'». Tilt; Fi;mans, Om; Tiidisank Two Hi nhuik Sntn.vi;, j Cnoss AT FoiiT Fun;. — ii. ^'l^Tol!Yl)l■••l in Fi:mans AT Rii>iii;\VAY. — 7. Rktukat of Tin; Fi;maxs.— .s. F.xDof Tin; Ft;xiAN Invasio.n. — '.'. Fii i ,v . . I -. I I . i • I iii''r'ial 'fr'-aiifs. elTolt to have it renewed, jmt to provide other channels 'or tnide in the event of all .•illeinpls of a prolongation of ihe period of the trr:ily failing. The : y i' ; I 1 i 1 ■: ! r I; I V 520 TUTTLKS IIISTOUY OF TIIK I)()>. AlON OF CANADA. triulf wliicli liad ^|iriin,' np iiii(l( r lliis Ircaly liiiil ii>;-iliticil v:l^t |>i(i|MPili(iii -. .mil liinv :i:^i;ri'i;;iui| iilioiil l:<7(l.tMlll,(l(Ml |ii'r aiinuiii, all aiiiuiiiit of I'liiiiiiii'rci' wiiiili C':iiiii< ral< I v and iiiiiil- cratiiy in thr nialtrr. On tlic lild cilli of. Inly, iMl't, u minnli' in ('(inmil was ailnpli'il In s( ml two ininilurs nf llu' laliiiiit ti) \Vasilill^tlln tn ((inliT willi Sir I'liilcrick IJi'iii'c. ilir i>rit4sli miiiislcr. wilii iti.Miil In a rimwal oi' the KcciiiiiH'iiy 'I'lraty ; Imt liclniv ariy aclinii was takrii. a ilis;i:ili'li was recrivcd friiin llie llniiir guvciiiincnt snu.ri'>iiiij; tilt' forinatidii nf a ('onl'i'dfrati! t'onnril on Ciiinini'n'ial Trfatit's. In consist of dilrgatcs from liin various pro\ iiiccs, and In liu [in-idrd over liy llic L'ovrr- nor-LTi'iii'ial, tor llif piii|ios(( of making sucii .su^'iri'^tions as may In' llionnht piopor ti inr inajcsty'. government on tlie sni jicl of coniniircial liiaiic^ in wliii'h I lii_' interests (if the provinci's were espc.inlly iii\n|\ed. In aceordance with this Mi'.';,'i"-tioii tile Coiincil was formed at (jneliee carlv ill Septemlier, l.sil.'i, ami eitiisisted of the following ireiilleineii ; .Messrs. lirowii and (!alt for Canada. IJilehie for \ov:i Scotia. Wilinot for New liriiiiswiek. I'ope for I'riiieo Kdward Island, and Shea for N'ewldnndland ; Messrs. Carlier and .MaidoiiaM were aiso, liy eonrtesy, permilteil lo tak'' part in thediNeiis^ioiis of the Coniieil. I'.^l ndir liie liolice fn ni the rniled Slates llu; treaty was to expire on the t.e\ iil.h of Maii'h, IHt'ill. 'I'lir Coiineilon Cunineiiial Tiealie^, ilurefoie, lli''I'nl'!'Ii'i'v Tivlii'v '""1^ iielion as speedily .-is po>silile, and, on '■''"•'"''''• the eiihleenlh of Septemlier, L^Ci'i, (hew up a series of resolutions lo llni elTee[, that the eolonii^ w.re satislieil with the exi^liiitf treaty, li'it that in the event of a new one lieiin; entered into the, coasting trade and ii ;;i-- tralion of vessels oiiuht lo he included. 'I'lie eoiincd also reeoiiiinended that in the event of iiei^olialiiins lieiny entered into, some of the niiuiliers of the eniim il should go to Wasliinirton. ami if liiial ariMiiLrenienis conid not lie made liefoie the sev elileeiilh of .March, aiieirorl slnilldhe made lo (Mend ihi' ii'.'aiy niiiil suih time as the negoiia- tiolis could lie coiiipleleil. The council also recommended that steps he taken lo ( nahle the |>roviiices to open coiil- miinii'ation with the \\'e>l Indies, Spain ami her colonies, and Soiiih America, for the purposes of tr.ide. Messrs. Gait ;iiid Ilowlami of Canada, Smith of .\ew I!niii-vvick, and Henry of Nova Scolia went to Wasliiiiirlon as delegates on the first of .lanu.'iiy, l.sCii'i, .md opeiieil cimiu'iuicaiiou with the I'liili-d Slates aiilhnrilir-. thrnu'^h the I'.iilish lliinister. Tin' advances of the Can.idian delegali's were met with the iilmo-t coldnes.s, and it was speedily evident that the I'nited Slates did not intenil to consider any terms lo which Canaihi coiihl hy any possihiliiy Mihtnit. II I On the sixlh of I'rlirnaiy, i.SI'ill, ihe ih legates iiecaiuo ' conviin;'! thai ihey could ai'complish iiolhiiiL'. and sent the following lepi- lo the (".immillce of ways and means : j •• In refeiini'c in he meuioramliiiu received from the j coiniiiitlee of way.-, and means. iIk? I'lovincial delegites regret to he olili'.eil to slate, that the propo-.als therein conlained. in regard to the eommercial relations helweeii the two couiili ies. ari^ not such as liny I'aii lecdiniiiend for the adiiplion of iheir re-piclive le:^i~laliiii>. The imports which it is pi'opoM'd lo l.iy upon ihe productions of the I'liilisli I'rovimes, on llieir ciiirv inio 'lie m.iiUei, of ihe Cniled Sl.ales. are such a>. in llnir opiiiioii, v\ ill he in some cases prohiliitorv, and will ccrl.iiiilv seriou>lv I iiilerl'ero with the naliiial i-onise of trade. 'I'lir-e imposts [ are so much hryoml what the delegates conceive to he ,'111 eipiiv.deiit 'or the iiilernal ta\alion of the rniled Stales, th.-il ihey ;.re rclucianlly hrouuhl t ' ihe conclu-ion ihat the comm'.ttee no longer ('e^q-e ihe trade lietweeli ihe two connlries lo he carried on upon the priiniples of recipi'o- I city. \\\{\i the eoneiirreiice of ilu' I'.iiii^h minister at j Washington, ihey are ihercf.ire oliliged respectfully lo declin • lo enter into the engagement sugi;e>tecl in the I luemo.'andnin." * \ :>. — Thus ended the elVorls to rciicw a treaty under which ihe tr.nle hetweeii the two couiilries had grown to such colossal 1 ill onions, that llie Amer- ican jjoliiici.'iiis loudly hiiped thai its slid- ii,','",!|"iii,' m!"!'!' di-ii willidr.-ivval would ihrow Caii.ida into IhIp,") V.li'i'f,',^l,Ti»- such commercial .>traighls thai .she would '"'"• • It «ill 111- riMMlli-.i..liliiit iiiicliMili,. IiiTi|iri>riiyTr.',il> llir |irii.|iii'l.< of 111.' S:\ni\. iliv r.iioi. ami ilir iiiiiM' |.;is-. il I'm. liiMH..,n ilu' i«ii oiiiiuiii's; ill iinliT I.I >li"« llii' ilill.m |ini|"';.iil li\ llu. 1 iiii,-,l .si:ni.,s •■,,• (.h,. n,,. iiii'iiiiiraiiiliiiii Hiilmiiili'd liy llu' i- iiiitiiiiii'c i'l'\\a,\siiiiil iiuaun, a- rullnuii: Isl. 'I li.'ii ilii'v s'li.iulil il.'riiiii' 111 M.linii fii'i' aii\ ai'iirli' \\liati'\i'r friiin Canada, with ilir i\.''|ili"ii nt lunr iiiillsu'iics, mijjk. liri'W'iMil.miiiili'liini'ii, I iilasl.'i', :um1 ;:i'\|i>uiii. I '.'iI. That ilii'v a.ilv a ri^'lil lo lisli as al |ln■^'■lll. 'I'lii'v wc.ul.l almlMi I llii' iHi'si'iil I'sh I liliis. Iiul liii|u.M' an iiiii>.>il .Inl) in'Ti' Ui.-in an I ri|iil\al< nt l<> tins.' r.ainlit'^, I :;.!. rial llif iia\ii:ai|..ii anani;. iiii'iii wi.nlit i lintii', |irii\ iilini; tlial II. I lUsiritiiiiialinn i\A 111 IiiIIk slmulil lii' inailf liciwi'in I niii il .sialri. ami i.iili.-li .ran. j nil. Tli.-ii Ilii' ini-s. Ill 1 ilinu" i-vsii'in sliiiiilil riiiilimii'. .Mil. Thai 111.' f.. Hutting sli.'uhl In' ilu- iliili,'« Irv i,,,l , IliiT arlicli'B |ii-ulii>t«i-.l t.i li.' iiirltiil''il ill this tii'aiy : aninrils. Ii\ in-.^ of .dl ..^orls, -jii |ii>r I'lMil iii/rii/'iiiiii. .Vindi's. and nardi'ii I'liiii and M'|.'<'ialili's, In j.i r ci'iii . .11/ iiili.r, III. llarliy, 1,1 rinln |nr hiislnl llr.ins. i',\r(|ii V.iiii.'n and I ('nslnr I'll. ^10 rinls |ii'r liiislK'l. Itccr, 1 rriil |nr|i..nnd. Ilinknliial, 111 ^ ,','iils |i.'r lni>Iii'l. IliiitiT. I ct'iits iH'i' )ioiniil. chci'sr. 1 ^•('nI^ jn-r I'mtiid. I 'urn. Indian and 1 lais. In friits |ii'i- Imhln'l. Cuni inral, linlian and 1 lal- int'al. l."! I'l'iiis Ilir Ini^lii'l. Coal, Ilitnniinons, .'ill rt'iils )i*'i' Inn, ('. .al, ,'ill (itln'r Kinds. iJ.'i 11 Ills [HT loll. Kloiir. .'.■, |i.'i' c'iil ys ami iiu'aiu : IvimI rrom llio irial i|i-li'j,rili'S i|i(i^alN llii'i'c'iii llilPII> llctWilll III I'lM'iJiiiini'iiil >latuii^. I'lic lie IH'oihii'liuMs III 'ill' iiiai'ki'l^ |iiiiilt'il in I In; a tiraty ninliT s hail ui'iivvn to Ih'W 111'' :lliri'Kll- liiiii mI III. Iii'i i- J»l".ii\ ■ri.-;!iv ll. I|„il ( ..iir,;i,T:i. lion. t\ till' |inp.4; SlMll-.-i 'Vf c.iVi' llli'. Ill»-:U;!*. a» foMnui^; ll- »lllllrM'r fliMll « I.HlilhMi.lll'H, 'Ik'V HMuMnliMlMi a\ iiiKi'i' ihaii an |in'\in III. If titiiiii'il. ' III. liars, til prr |nr |i.iiiiiil. I'lila- r, HI (H'r i-riit ml lit, l.'i |ii'i I I'lii ml I. I l.ii.-lii'l. ri!()VIN( K ()!•• CAN.VDA -( K )Vi:i{N.MKN T OF I.OIM) MONCK. ■VJl Ik; !.'lail 111 lii^' tiilio iiniK'.vvil totlin I'iiIIimI Sttitt's ; liiit for oiicn till! Aiiit'ricjiii iiiiliririiins wrfu wintiL'. fur iiishaii of c'au.siiif; aiiv ilisirii for aiiin'.vatinii, llio alirnji.itinti of the Hi'aly ilnw llir [iniviin'is closrr toyi'ilnr, iia.stt'iii'il I'lMifi'ilii-.itiiMi, ami iliiTiliy j,'ri',iily iiicrcascil uii inter- 1 lirovitiiial ti-aili; wliicli, to a ;:i-iat ixlfiit. stipiiiicil a mar- ' lift for tlio |iroiliirliiiiis of till' vai ioii.s proviiiri'.s iiitlu'rlo funii.'hfil to till! I'liitcil States umli'r tin; Ki'i'i|imcity Treaty. Tiio aliro^iition of tin; treaty eaiiseil a ;;;reat [ cliali!,'!! ill tiie eiiaiiiieis of Caiiaiiiaii eimiiiiern' ; iii.>itea to ports whieli liail liillierto only hein reaeheil hy (.'.inailir.ti pro- iluets ihriitigli Amirii-in ]iorts. In .Ititiiiary, ixM, the {'ominis.^ion tippoititiil at, the ,siiu';iestiiiii of the Confiil- erati) Coiltieil on Cotiiinercial Tretities, proceeileil to llie Iii'itish ami I'oreiirti AVest Ttnliti Ishimis, Brtizil ami Alex- ieo, ;iml maile valiialile impiiiii s with I'eL'aril to iiitninerce with those cotmtries, whiih have sitiee l.il to eonsiilenihle traile sprini;iiii( up lietweeii '.hi in ami Canaila.* 15esi(les irivitiij ('.ui.ula tin incentive to liiiilil nj) a foreijxn tr.nle of her own, the ahroi^.itioii of the treat.' li.iil an iinineiliale j,'ooil elTect, as it took tiway till the surplus .slock, ami iii- * riiis rniniiiissiiin onnsisti'il i.f Ilmi. William Mai'iloiipall ainl M.-ssrs. Itvaii. Iii'lisli' anil liiinsi-iinili (111 lii.li.'ilf ..f Canaiia; Messrs. M.irilunal.l aii.l 1. •vis,...iit.. nil li'lialfnF N.i\.'l S.-.ilia : Mr. Willi.ini Sinilli, r.iinii- ti..|l..riir riisliins at St. .T.iliii. na lii.|i.ilf .if N.-iv llrua-«i..|< ; ami linn. W. II. Piii>''. nil li.'li.-ilf nf I'riln-.. Ivlu.'ir.l Ul.an.i. 'I'll., i 'niiiinissiolicnl r..p.irti..| in May, Im»i'., m.-ikin^; tim fi.lli.uiiij: siij.^;i.siiiiiis : tst. To iist.-ililisli iironi[iily a liii-* nf sti'aini.rs Hiiit.'ihlt: fnr hii rarriairi' of mails, |iasst'ii;;i'r!i ami fri'i,;lit |i..tw..|.|i Halifax, N S., ami St. 'riimiias ill 111.. Wi'St liiilii's, loni.liiii:: ('iiilil tin' roiii|ili.|inn nf llii. liitiTinlnnlil ]i.'iilv\ayi at I'nrllaml, in ili.- I'liitiii SialfS. s.< a^ tn nisuru n';;iilar si-iiii- innntlilv rninmiinii-atinii lu'lun-n tin- jmrls im.ntiniii.il. Hil. To MV'lo' ai'oiui.iiiinn nr anniim'iit with tin' puslal anllinritli'» of tin; I'liit 'll Stall's for tin; iirmniit i raisiiiissioii of loiter-, ii<\, fmni Can- aila ami tin* Maritinn; rpiviiiees. hy I'verv I'liileil States mail wliieli li'av.'S tin; pnrt nf linslnn or New Ynrk for tin' West linlies, liia/.il. .Mi-\- li'o, ,^e., ami al.-n for tlie '.raiismisHion tluniiLrh the l'niteil Slali.-s mails of corn'spoiiiteiiei' oi ii:iii:itint,' in tlms iintries. .'111. T l.ilillsli a weekly lim; of sieaiiiers liitHe.-n Montreal ami Hali- fax, anil to eoin|ilete, art soon as imssilili , ilie Iniereolnnlal Kaitway. till. To proi lire, by reeiiiroeal treaties or nlln-rwi.He, .-i reiliieiion of tin; [ (lilti'S now levieil on llnitr, tisli, liimlier, pnk, Initt.-r, ami other staple proil net ions of Itritish Nnrtli .Xnieriea, in tin; West linlies, ami espeeially with l»..izll ami tin; I'nlniii -s nf Sp lin. I .Mil. To nliiain, if piMslhle, frnii ilin Spanish ami Urazilian anlhorlties, n retnission of the liea\y line- now eliarc- alite on ihe transfer of venselH frmn the llrltl-h In tin; Spanish ami Itra/ili in llaa». (ith. To proeiire, ny iii'^otiaiioii with the pioper aiilhorith'it, an nssliel- lalloii of the tarlirsnt the Itritish West Imlia ( nloiilesln respeet to ilmir, I liimher, llsli ami oilier slaiilen of Itriiisli N'oilh .Viin.r|i'a,a ini'iiMiri; wlih li woiilil greatly faeiliiale ,- ,iiinereial op-'ratlniis. ami may will I.e iir;:eil 111 view nf Ihe assliiiilalinii iilioiit to liii iii.nle ill the tariir of ranaila ami I the Maii'.i:.i.' I'rnvliiees. ! Till, ami l.islly. To prninote, liy priiilent leitislatlon am) a soiiml llsral poliev. 111., soliii ile\i.|opmi.|it of the ([teat natural leMiiiin's of ili.. Ilrltlsli Nnrtli Vinerlran I'mvimes, ami to presiiil, as f ir as 11. h In lln-ir (lower, : til ' ailMiiila ;e wliieh th.-y never possesseil of lieinjf aMe to proiliiee at a i I'he.iper eosi than any other eoiiiitry most of the ureal Biaples wlii. Ii the Inhal'itaiits of the troph's iiiiist proeure fm n Niirllit'rn polls, I ileeil, almost more than coiihl he spttreil. hv the emleav- ors of ihii Atmrie.in ptinha^els to hiiy in the cheapest market as Imi;; tis their {.'overniiient wouhl let them ; titnl a large ainoiiiit of re.nly inoiii y t'otiml il- way itiln Canaila immeiliati'ly Infnre the expirtitinn of the triaiy. in e\- ehtinge for priiihiii'. .\merican ihahrs in farm iloik ami piinlnce spnail themselves in every iliiieiion over the ciiiintry, tilreaily largely lieiiiiileil of .sal.ihle arlieles. ami purchased everything liuyahle. Tin; Viiiioii^ inlernalional ferries were choki ll ti[i coiilintially with vast ilrove^ of cattle, sheep, ami hur^es. as thungh a hostile army hail liarrieil .-ill Caiiinla, while the i'oiive\iiig c.ip.icil v of the railways, in every ilireciiun. was tixiil In it~ nimo-t limits to meet the ueeils of proilnce lilivers ;it this jiitiit lite. Colonel ( Irav trtilv s.'ivs : " To this action of the Amer- • • •, .... , ! lean govermmiit on Ihe ipiesiion ol leeipriiinv, ami to the Trent aftait, the r.i|iiil aihieveimiil nf Catiailian ' I'nion may he mainly titlrilniieil. It wotiM ha\e come j in time, lint the latter, ticling ii|iiin the Urili^h ooveiii- \ meiit, ami the lornnr upon the l!riii>h I'roviiices, hrotioht j it tiliotil at once; aipl if hereafter a grt.it Noilhern iia- j lion shoiilil spriiii; from the Coiil'i ihratioii, ri\aUiiig the l'niteil Slates in |)owi r, in con>tilnlional freeilnni, in commercial etitetprise timl in the ilevelopmenl of all those elements of strength which imiieate a progressive ami coiiteiiteil people, rivals in ;tll the pursuits of peace, ami eipi.'ils in the emergeiieie-; of War, the I'liiteil Slates will have to look hack to their own action in IHi'iJ jiml 180.'>, as one iif the main eonihicing ciiiiscs." ' •I. — The (liscussioli on the IJeiiptiicily Tiealy cailseil ll | change in the eahinet, .Mr. Krown ililTiiiiig ftnin his col- leagues ami relii'ini.' frmn the Imafil in , , . . I,. 1 ., l-'irst tlireateiiiiii.'H .liiliUJiry, J.'Slili. Ills |iliii'e as pte-lilent, nf ilie l , nian oltheCouiicil wasttikeii liy Mr.llow laml, ami -Mr. I'ligii^nii lilair sii eileil .Mr. Ilowlaml. We have to tili'ii I'lsiili; fiom tin; eoiisiileratioil of confeilera- lion for a moment, to ,'hroiiii'li; ,'i most waiitoii hreaeli of tlie laws of nations, .iiiil one which, without having any ilii'cct hetiring on confeileration, still showeil the necessity lor a eoinliitiation on the part of the |iiovini'es to resist the tittack of an otilsiile foe. All ihroiinh t! e winter of l.si'i,')-!'!. tin; fornialioii of a society known as the I-'eiiiiHi | ilriitlnrhooil, \\\i- ihe iivoweil piirpo^i; of invmlin^f Cati.nla ami Using that country as a hasis of opertiliiiiis against Ktiglaml fur the " lilici.ttion " of Irilainl, wtis Hot only allo«eil imt openly eneoiii'ageil in the I Jiileil States, The I Keiiians were iliv iileil into two parties, one under Stephens and ( )'.M.ihiitti'y, making Irelaiiil their tihjeetive jioint ; while the oilier, iitider Sweeney ami Holierls proposed In ciimpier Canada. .\ii imineiiM! imiiiln r of " eelilres " wert! funned, not only in alino-t every one of lit.' Notllieili Sitiles, hut also in Canada, where some inisgiiidi d men Were found I'ooli-h ettotigh to join in llie m.id scheme, i 'I'lie tliieal of itnasiiiii was oijcnlv made ami ( ieiienil HmlflU 111: . mm m Trnr.Ks iiisroiJY of the dominion of caxada. Svvriiicv's |irii^'iMiiinii! iiiilili.^lii il, iIh; ji1:u« lu'lng ;i scries 111" riiiiiliiiicil inovriiiciit-i iVoin viii'ioin |HiiMls,i)ii St.Piilrick's l):i_v. llii; 17th of .M;inli. tlio very ilay iit' tliii i-xpiiMtioii of lliit l{.i'i|)rociiy Triply. Ton tli(Mi>iiii(l voluntct-rs wvrti (mIIimI mil i:i (':iii;iil.i. .Hill sii|-:iiii; to uriili witli alaciily ; ))iil tlin ITlli ui Manli \l^\\t tlciuoiislialioli was inaili! ill Ni«' liiiiiiswirk, as alnady iiu'iitiiiijcil, Itilt by the niiiiilii' iif .M:iy evcrylliiii;,' l(M>kcil so (|iiict on tiu." froiiiiir lliat >oiiie of the voliiiitcci's were allowi'd to go hoiiic. 5. — Till- closd of ilu! war ill Ap'il, lS6d, gave a great iin|Mtui lo till.' I'cniau iiiciM'iiiciit. Tlioiisaiids of iiieii who scrvid ill tiie army — many of tlirm lawless il.^'i,,!??n'"r;,i ■'"''" individuals, the seiiiii of the lar!,'.i cities, ■■'""^ '•'''• wlio had either l"eli teniiited liy the lii;;h lioiiiities, or liad enlisted to escape tlii' meshes of tlic law — were suddenly disliandecl and thrown on the eoiintry to sii|Piiort themselves. A sliort term of service hail ii iider- ed liiese men disinclined lor the n-iia. icaeefnl avocations of lifi', and ready for any wild adveiiiiire wliieh promised exciteiiiciit and prolit ; and it was not Ioiil;. therefore, hefori! thoiisaiids of them joiiieil themselves to the Fenian leaders, and were ready lo make :i(lc-iceiit on Canada and sack her fair cities. Active (preparalioiis were conmieneed alioiit the middle of .May, the Fenian leaders proposhig to make simult.ine(iiis attacks from Cli! m^'o and oilier West- ern cities, on the Lake lliirou dlstriet ; from Ihiifalo and Hoi'iicstcr oil the Niaj^ara frontier, and from ()_nlcnsliurg on Oltawa and Montreal. That the Fenians could iiave the audacity to prepare so lold a plan, and one reipiiiinj; such considerahle resources, shows not only the extent of the movement hut the immunity from iiiterferenee liy the riiited Slates authorities, of which they felt iissiired. Diiriiii; ihc last week in IMay, the city i linlTalo was fairly alive wiih iiands of the intending marauders, who asseiii- lileil there from New York and other .V|l ilie ciiies ; and earlv on tin- iiiornini; of the lirst of .Iiiiie. (iciieral O'Neil and twelve hiiiidred mill crossed the .Viagara IJiver at niackrock, and look possession of the ruins of old I'\)rt Fri;', and also of the depot of the HiitTaloand Lake Huron railway, but I'm'tiinately tlio rollini; stock had all heeii removed. After the crossing had heen made the United Slates aulhorilies made an ostentatious display of prevent- ing it, and the war steamer MIrlilijitn patrolled the river all day, liiit m ide no elTort lo stop the small boats with provisions and reinforcements from crossing, and iininliers came over during the day. O'Ncil remained at Fort Frie during Friday, and beyond taking all the provisions he wanted for his men, and all the horses he could lind, did not olTer any iiijiiry lolhc iiihabitanls. If lu? had expect- ed any rising in his favor he was di~.ippoinled. for not liilf ,1 dozen persons joined bini. .\fler re^tini; lii^ men Fridav niiilil. he made a display in force on .Satiiida\ nioriiing down the Niagara River ; but ipiickly rciurning to Fort I'jie he left a guard there to keep his eominnniea- tioiis with liiilfalo open, and marched the main bod v of Ins force ten miles towards the Welland Canal, to a placo called Liiueridge, where he took up a good position on a slight elevation and began to throw up bieasi works. (J. — The news of the iiiviisioii spread rapidly and caiiseii 11 feeding of the utmost iiidij;nation tlironghoiit C.inada, volunteers sprang to arms, and much .1 . ' ,. Ill .• Viiiiirv iif till' eiitlinsi.ism w.is dNplayed, laii nnlortn- r.nians at i,iiii;u- liately there was aNo much iiusnianagc- "''^' meiit and want of proper org.inizalion. so that the blow struck at the Fenians u.isnot mar sm ITcetive as it should liav(! been, ami was attended wilh grealer loss of life tliaii was iieces.sary. the f.iiill lying in tlu! iiiex]icrieiic(' and incompeteiicy of the olliceis, and their woeful ignoraiici' of the country in which they were opcialiiig. Imincdialilv on hearing of the invasion, the t^iiecn's Own, of Toronto, a volunteer corps composed mostly of collciie bovs ; the loth Ilaiiiilloii volunteers, a:al the Voik and Caledonia vidunteers, were despatched to Port Colborne to protect the Wellaiiil Canal. This forei! was aboni nine Inindred strong and was under comniand of Colonel liookcr, an iliex[ierienced vohinteer ollicer, who trusted too much to his own supposed wisdom, and diil not obey the orders of Ins siijperior ollicer, Colonel I'e.icock. .Meanwhile other troop,-, had been hastily g.ithering on the Niagara fronlicr, and late on Friday night .'-cmii hiiiidied and liltv n '.:iilars and about one thousand \(iluiiteers. the whole niider coni- liiaiid of Cidonel I'eacock. had asscii!lii Fenians was slight, but has never been correctly staled. 7. — .Vlihoiigh O'.N'eil had achieved an easy victory lie was not disposed to fidlow it up liy pursuing Hooker's lemor.ilized command, but. learning that it(.|i,.nt of iliu Colonel Peacock Was ailv, lining against l''^"'"""- iiiii kly n-turiiinj; is<'iiilimutiir:i- niiiiii lioily of li;il. to :i |iLii'U |io-iitis of lift' lliaii xjit riilicc and 111 i};iiniaiicc of Iiiiiiii'diaii'ly I HI. of 'riirimlo, l( ;;i' lioys ; llic and Cali'iloiiia (line to protci't I iiiiir liiiiidri'd lu'l liiiokcr, ail 'd loo iiiiicli to y llic onli'i-i of caiiwliilc otlicT ia<;ai'a froiilirr, d lilty ii;:iila!s If iiiidci- com- at ('lii|i|nwii, IT would join llictr left Toft III ;"ii(i' on iiini iio>l ii;iioranci' il. Iiiit 111' \va^ I', anil I'xioki'l' ■(•(I tiif Ki'iiiaii It iiiiio o'clock nviiiu' liis men. iiccs. lie raslily folics lie liad. in (■kll•Mll^llln^; : lint llie ad- cr> into confii- cliaii;c i.f linis- i(Mi|i>. and 15oo- lia\ iiij; l.ad one s and niiiclccii \va> >]ij^lil. Iiut ■asy victory lie -iiiiiiT IJookcr » K.'iifnt (if I 111' FLniaiiH. PROVINCE OF CANADA— CO VKUN.MK NT OF LORD MONCK. rr>.\ mil wi ih liodv of .1 Ml irtilli Albi fr oni u'lu'iii It two iliiiii>aiiil nun, (irtiTinint'd to riircat to I'orl Kri«', and kii|> o|icn lii^ coiniuand of a man called Spear, crii~>iil tin coinniiiiiication with lliill'alo; In^ accordingly fell liack raiiiilly on tlin fort, iirrivinif there about iwo o'clock in I the afteniDon. .Meanv. Iiilc a liiL'-iio;it frnin I'mt ( 'iillim ne. with l.iciitcnant-C'oliinel Deiiiiiii and a coiiipany of almut. i st'Voiity iiu'ri, had arrived lit tho fort, caiiturcd llio sixty ' Fenians left, in cliar;;e of it. and taken po-;sc.s>ioii. O'Neil on his arrival at once attacked the foil and speedily ru- i captured it. tliirli en of ihu volunteers lieiui: woiiiidcil anil forty' niadu pri^niicrs ; ho did not rieupinrc his own pri.-.oni!rs, however, as they had lie* ii conveyed lo the lii;; and secured in the hold. The I'eiiiaiis lo>i live men in thu attack hoides many wniinded. Me.inwhile tin- l''enian svinpalhizers In liiilValo were making ^nal elVorls to reinforce O'Xeil ; and near midiii'^dit almut four hundred men, with pliiily of arm-- and prinisimis. were enil'arked III two canal boat-, and towed out i>l the hailior. with the intention ot ci'o->iiii; lo Furt I'^rie. l>iit by this lime O'Nid had made up his mind that he had had enough of Canada; already niinibei's of his nun had deserted and escaped to ilie American side in small bouts, and when he saw the bai'i^es being towed over, lie sent a small boat to intercept them, ordered the troops to return, and the barires to be bi'oiij;lit back imply for his iiieii to i'ecro>s to Itull'alo. This was done, and early on Sunday morniiiij; about nine hundred of the Fi uians embarked on the boats, aiiilwi-re tui:i;ed over to the Auiirican -ide ; but lure they met with a new dill'icully. the American antlKirilies were nov/ fully aroused, and the armed propeller //tim'son inforce[iied the boats, and soon had them anchored under the iruiis of the .}/ir/iii/itii. The Fenians who were left on Canadian soil endeavored to escapi! as best they could, some crossed in small boats, others tried to cross on ])laiiks, and son.e took to llie woods and were captured on Sunday, when I'eacock's forces came up, Tlie prisoners taken by the Fenians were left in Fort Krie, an make a ha>ly reirejit across the frmilier, where Spe.ir . id some of the other leaders were arretted by the I'ni'ed States authorilics, l»y ihis time I'residetit Johnson had di>i'overeil that uiili"- in war with (inat liritain, lie must take riirnrniis niea^iins to suppress the Fenians; he therefore despaii In d Meade to the Canada frontier, and that ollieer at once seized all the ;iiui^ and amiiiiinition he could liiid at Ogdeii-biirg. jirevenieil any more reinlorcenients coming North, arre>ted all the leaders he could caleh. and -ent the bulk of the l'"eiilaiis back lo New Yolk and olliei points they had come from. With- in ;i lew days after Meade's arii\al at Ogileu^iinrg. all was ipiiet along the frontier; nor was ;iny fuiilur attempt madi: during the summer; gunboats guarded the lakes and river and troojis were stationed along tin,' frontier so as to render any further attempt abortive. Thus ended the lir>t Fenian raid. Tin; actual lo-s inllicled w.is not very heavy, but the expense of calling out forty thiiiisaiid Mihinleers, and kee|)ing them in the lii Id, was very great, and the loss of lite was sadly felt thioughoiil Canada. The I'niversity of Toronto erected aliaiid-ome liionumeiit to the nieino'.y of those who fell at IJidgeway, in the (Queen's Park, ToidiiIo ; and a grateful counlry showed its apfireciation of it-- citizen— oldiers by jiensions to widows and orphans, and C'..mpeiisatioii to those who , tell. I ',1. — While the Feniuii excitement was still at its height Parliament assembled, on the eijiith of .luiie. for the lirst time in the new Pailianient iMiildings, I Ottawa. LoriLMonck in opening the ses- llarSifZ'niViVillf sion >poke of the necessity for finding ''j'-vii'ii' "' <-"»- new eliaiinels for trade to fcupply the place of that lost by the abrogation of the Reciprocity ; Treaty, and referred to the commission sent to the West Indies, &C., which we have already referred to. ^N'ilh reference to the Fenian iiiva-ioii he asked to have the I/(ibf(is Corpus ae; suspended, and also said that the , reve.iue receipts had been so much in excess of the esti- mates, i' It lie hail been able to meet the large expense caused bv the raids out of current receijits. 'lue most important net pa--ed during the session was the one alter- iiiu the tariff by reducing the rate on imported goods from twenty percent to lifteeii. but at the same time some en- ' couragement was given to home maiiufaotures by placing a number of :irticles, which entered largely into m.inufiic- ture^. on the free list. Resolutions were introduced and passed, delining the constimtioiis of Upper and Lower -d IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 1,^/ |50 "1^ llli 1.1 2.5 ■^ 1^ 1 2.2 us lAO 11^ .8 1.25 1.4 1.6 4 6" ►

    .^ <^ '<*v^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 ^ .\ ,v i. ^• of iiii' h'oniaiis. tlie American House ot Jtcpresentatives a bill providing for the admission ot Can- ada and the Jlaritime Provinces into tho Union as four States; but the people of Canada only laughed at the idea, and the scheme failed utterly. The summer and fall were not marked with any very noticeable features, except that Quebec was again visited by a terrible fire, which swept away twenty-one hundred houses, and left nearly twentj' thousand persons homeless and destitute. Tho whole of St. Koch suburb and most of St. Sauveur were destroyed, and the burnt district covered a space about one mile long by half a mile wide. The catas- • Gray's Confederation of Canada. trophe called forth, as usual, the heartj' sympathy and generous assistance of all the cities and towns in Can- ada, and considerable help was sent from England and other countries; but Quebec has never thoroughly re- covered from the successive devastations of the fire fiend, add<'d to the removal of the seat of government, and the loss of her trade by the rapid growth of Montreal, as the deepening of the channel through Lake St. Peter has allowed the largest ocean-going vessels to come up to the liead of navigation, and "the ancient capital" has gradually fallen behind tho other Canadian towns during the past few years. In October the tri.il of the Fenians took place at Toronto, and resulted in the dis- charge of all but a few of the ringleaders, the grand jury returning " no bill " against them. The leaders were, however, tried and condemned to be bung, but their sentences were afterwards commuted to imprison- ment. Immediately after the prorogation of Parliament the governor-general and a deputation proceeded to England to complete the necessary arrangements for Confederation, an account of which mission we have already given in chapter 102; and on the first da}' of July, 1867, — just ten years from the day on which we write these lines, — the Dominion of Canada was born, amid the universal rejoicing of a happy people, whose faith that in union they would find strength, peace, and prosperity, has not been betrayed by an experience of ten years. In concluding tiiis chapter we give, as usual, the names of the governors and administrators of the Province of Canada : Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 1841. Gen. Sir II. Jackson, Adm., 1841. Sir Charles Paget, 1842. Sir Charles Metcalfe, 184.'!. Earl Cathcart, 1845. Earl of l']lgiii and Kincardine 1847. Sir Edmund W. Head, . . • . . . 1854 and 18o7. Gen. Sir William Eyre, Adtn., ISHT. Lord Viscount Jloiick, 18G1 and 1800. Gen. Sir John Michel, Adm., 1805. End of Volume I. synipjitliy and towns in Can- 1 Englaml and tlioroiij;lily re- >f tilt; fire fiend, ivernmont, and Ii of Montreal, Lake St Peter ;ls to come up icient capital " anadian towns he trial of the :ed in the dis- ors, the grand The leaders bo liung, but d to itnpri.son- : of Parliament proceeded to angenients for ^sion we have he first day of y on which we lada was born, people, whoso ;th, peace, and oxijerience of give, as usual, itrators of the . . . 1841. . . . 1841. . . . 1842. . . . I84;i. . . . 1845. . . . 1847. 854 and 1857. . . . 1857. 8G1 and 1860. . . . 1865.