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BY GfiffllfESyRTlPrTM
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D.DOWNIE&GO
Publishers
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PUBLISHERS.
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QUEEN VICTORIA.
SHE
HAS ]':xALTi:i) Till-:
CROWX OI' GREAT ISRITAIX
BY HER VHITUES, AXU S1:T I'l' HI:R
THRONE LX THE HEARTS 01' THI-: KRITLSH ri:OrLE.
UNDER H]:R beneficent REIGN, BRITISH A?>IERICA HAS lUiCOMI':
A BRITISH NATION; AND, liV THE \VISDO:\[ OF HI:R
COUNCILS, THE GREAT lAIITRIi-KINGDOM
OF WHICH SUE IS OUEEN AND
EMPRESS MAINTAINS
HI-:R I'ROUD
POSITION A}.IONG THI': NATIONS OF THE WORLD.
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PORTRAIT ox OrrOSTTF. PAGE.
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[NlRMtD CxmSSLY rOR" TUTTLl'S MSTOKY OF THC DOMINION "- TO FIND BIOGMPHICS SEC INDEX
THt BURIAND DESBARATS LITIIO >.IJMP<
Hon. CHARLES TUPPER, C.B., P.M., M.D., L.R.C.3.
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THE HONORABLE CHARLES TUPPER, C.B., M.P., M.D., L.R.C.S.
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HE HAS
DEMONSrRATF.n
BY HIS (J\V\ ACHIi:VE-
IVIENTS TBI': CREAT TOSSHUL-
iTiES OF H^^rA\ t.ife. without
THE AID OF FORTUNE, HE HAS I'.Y HIS
OWN UNAIDED INDl'STRY OBTAINED A CLAS-
SICAL EDUCATION, AND DISTINGUISHED HIMSELF
BY HIS SCHOLARSHIP AND PRACTICE IN THE SCIENCE
OF MEDICINE. ENTERING POLITICS EARLY IN LIFE, HE SOON
BECAME LEADER OF HIS PARTY IN HIS NATIVE PROVINCE, AND
WAS FOR MANY YEARS, PREVIOUS TO CONFEDERATION, PRIMF^MINISTER
OF NOVA SCOTIA. HIS STATESMANSHIP IS DISTINGUISHED BY THE
FREE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM OF NOVA SCOTIA, OF WHICH
HE IS AUTHOR; BY HIS WONDERFUL ADVOCACY OF
CONFEDERATION, WHICH TRIUMPHED IN THE FACE
OF A DEADLY OPPOSITION ; AND BY HIS UN-
PARALLELED ABILITY AS A DEBATER
IN THE DOMINION HOUSE OF COM-
MONS. HIS WONDERFUL TAL-
ENTS AND SOUND STATES-
MANSHIP HAVE
MADE
HIM
ONE CF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED MEN OF THE NATION.
rORTRAlT ON OPPOSITE PAGE.
(8)
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[NCRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTU S HISTORV OF THE OOMINION"- TO FIND BIOGRAPHIES SEE INDEX
Hon. ALEXANDER MACKENZIE.
THE BURLANO 0E5BARATS UTHO COMPT
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THE HONORABLE ALEXANDER McKENZIE.
HE
HAS RISEN
FROM Tin: MOST
HUMBLE BEGIXXIXGS, BY
ins \vondI':rful talents, iiis
UNALTERABLE FIDELITY TO TRUTH, HONESTY,
AND PATRIOTISM, TO THE EXALTED POSITION OF PRIME
MINISTER OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. WITHOUT A CLASSICAL
EDUCATION, Y1:T WITH A MIND AS MARVELLOUSLY DIS-
TINGUISHED FOR ITS GREAT STORE OF VALUA-
liLE IXFORMATION AS FOR ITS WOXDERFUL
GENIUS, HE IS THE UNDISPUTED
LEADER OF THE GREAT
LIBERAL PARTY OF
CANADA.
PORTRAIT OX OPTOSITK PAGE.
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tN«*VtOtXPRESSLYfORIUTTa-5 HISTORY Or THE DOMINION - TO flNO BI06RAPHIEO 'Jtt IHOl»
THE eURLANO OESBARATS IITHOCOMP'
JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON, M.A., LL.D.
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JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
HE
HAS ACHIEVED
INTERNATIONAL FAME BY
HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE, AND
DISTINGUISHED HIMSELF AS CANADA'S BENEFACTOR
BY HIS DEVOTION TO HER EDUCA-
TIONAL INTERESTS, IN
WHICH HE IS
LEADER.
rOKTKA/T OX OPPOSrrE PAGF..
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FLACoFTHEnOMINION
OF CANADA.
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MANITOBA
NOVA SCOTIA
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0. D0WNIE*C9 PUBLISHERS,
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BRITISH COLUMBIA.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
QUEBEC.
MANITOBA
NOVA SCOTIA
^BRUNSWICK.
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MANITOBA
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NEW BRUNSWICK.
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^0 the ^coylc
of the ClomUiiou of
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CitmtcTu lulto hittc ^uucx-
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oulB JH the pcvpctuul contimutucc o f
the g^oUticul^ gommevciul, unci 2\indve(l
ties, luhkh hlurt SJvitlsh Amevlca
• •
to the mnitert Jvlnoaom, this
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wolumc Is most ves^ject-
futltj dedicated bu
the Authov.
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Ijjul %juLt.*f.%% % « iriui-«jL««».M i&KiKJiirjt • u iiLi 4|UJti JL( Au^ fju^J JL« «i * > If II • I li 1 1 < « ■ « ■ « •>-■ nrkiu^ «Tir^ini ■ i
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TUTTLE'S
POPULAR HISTORY
(11' THE
Dominion of Canada,
ART ILLUSTRATIONS.
MMM rllF.
EARLIEST SETTLEMENT OF THE BIHTISII-AMEIIICAN COLONIES TO THE PIMISEXT TDIE;
TOCF.Tin.R WTTK
PORTRAIT ENGRAVINGS AND BIOGRAl'i 1 ICAL SKKTCIIKS OF THE ^[O.ST DISTINGUISHED
MEN OF THE NATION.
By CHARLES R. TUTTLE,
Author of "Dominion- Encyclopicdi a of Univfi!s\i. Histokv." •• History of tiik Coi-ntrits of Amfrica;"
"IlisTOHY OF UoRiiFR WARS OF Two Cfnturifs;'' Histories of tmi; .Statls of
Michigan, Inijiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, etc., etc.
COMPLETE IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
SOLD OXLY RY CANVASSING AGKNTS.
MOXTKEAL: nOSTON : MONCTOX, N.R : LOXDON, FAT,,:
D. DOWNIE & CO., TUTTI.F. .K: DOWNIE, II, I!. lUCXEV & CO., D. DOWXIE & CO.,
ITllI.ISIIFRS, ITIil.lsin.KS. I'UllI.ISIIKRS. I'L'III.ISJIKRS.
1S77,
iStt.
1877.
IS7
'1
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Entered accurding to Act of Congress, in tl'C year A.I>. i'^r~,
iiv iL rii.i-; .V itiiw mi;,
In tlie office of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 1).C.
F.ntercil according to Ait of I'arlianient of Canada, in tlie year one tlionsand eiglit Immired and se\eniv-seven,
Hy CHARI.KS K. TL' TTI.K,
In llie or' . of the Minister of Aiiriculture and Statistics.
PranHin Pyent
Rand, yfvery, &' C'mfaHyi
7/7 Franlllii Street,
Boslon,
T
iiicfi
j cliiiri
mill
, mill 1
(•iin>i
\ till' II
jil'i'>r
Hull'.
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till' St
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mill t
(It.o'iH
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tlicir
misii]
conn
reuse
hiive
Mill
Cam
Gr>4u9
y-seven,
rPvEFACE
rnill-: DmninidH of r'anuiLi, witli hrv -real iiilaii<l >ra> aiul iiii-lity vivcix : hov vn-^t natural ivsoiivccs
■ ,if the >(pil, tlir ni'iiK' ami tlic s.^a : Imt (•\lrii>ivi' iiicivliaiil iiiariiif ; lu r intclli-cnl ami r.qiidly
iiiriTa>lii-' poimlatiou; lier wisi'ly ailju-hMl Fr.li.ial ( iovmiiiicni ; Iht l.ciirlirnit .■(inraliuiial and
cIiaiiiaMc iiistilr.iions: lici' \\''I1 ••slalilislicd tinani'ial ami cnninuTcial cn-tlii : licr ravoiahli; climate,
and lastlv, licr iust'i aiaMo udiiufotioii vvitli tin; Tniicd Kim;d(ini, is I'lill nf |ii(imi>i' of I'utnrc j^rcaimss j
and iiowiT. Tho Ftd.Mal I'nion of iStJT, constitnicd l'.iiii>h N'oiili Anicricaa i'.iiii-li naiion. wiiliii i
' constitutiuii and ^oviTnnicnt fonmlcil in wisdom and jn-iir.'. The icii years whicii iiave ela|ised .sinee
' the nnion was eon>unniialrd are fnll of tlallerin;.;- tr>limonials to the w i.-doni of ihal nnion, andllie
pre.-ent eondilion td' ilie yonn-' nation points to a near fntnre national L;reaine^s id' >nrpas>in- nia;^ni-
tmle. In view (d' these clian^'es, ihe prisenl >eenis to (h^niand the pnliliealion id" this \(dMme.
, III Isiii'i, in an address delivere<l at Aylnnr. 1'. (^. Henry .1. MoiL'.an, id' the New York Ilislorieal
j SoeieiN". oli>erved that, willi a sinyli! e\e''[iiioii in fa\(n- (d' M. (iaineau. the w liters of Canadian history
in "cneral. had no reason to plnnie themselves on ihe elahorale natnre of iheir prodnei ions, and add_ed,
' '' the hi--torian (d" < 'anaila, or lirilisli America has yet to conn'."' .Mr. Moi'j^an w as nnil(nd)te<lly eorri el
in this jud'^ineiit rendereil more than ten years a'^'o, and the editor of tins work is of the opiidoii that i
the slalenienl will applv to thi' situation of to-day wiih e(iual force: nor will ihe ]inliliealion of this
■ V(dninc, claliorate though it he, (;xliM;4'iiisli this nnpleasant fact. In<leed, it is doired that ihero i
! shall lie, in the outset, a full unde'i'standin;.;' hetweeii editor and n^ader. ! hiy no claim to the title of |
/,/x/ ./•/(/// in its true nieaniii;j,'. Having' sonL;ht only to L'.ather and ariau'^i! in conveident form the jao- j
du(;ls of pre\ ions research, I am eontciit in 'he liiditd' that, this volume emhraees a mine complelo j
liistorv of the Donuuiou of Canada than has hitherto heeii jilaced within reach id' the ncueral reader, |
ami tak'e this oppcjrtuuity to stall! that what(;ver of perfection may \w found in these pa^cs is in somo
dcn'rce traceahlo to the well directed lahors of those who, while they disjilayed. in many instances,
greater ahility as historians, manifested less tact in or^-ain/.iu'^' skill and capiial w ith w hiidi to carr}' <
their puhlicatious successfully tlironi;h the [)res.s. ])UL the peojjle of the Doiuiiuun are not likidy to
misapply their .'i[iprceiati()n.
TIri'o are ii ^ood nmuy thing's w Inch mi^ht he said coupprniiig tlic diflicidties to he im t with in
compiling' ind puhlis' in^' a history of the Dominion of ( 'anada wliicdi would constitute ii siidicieiit
reason for most of the defects id' this work, hut it islxdieved that u]ion tlnJ whole its general merits will
have snilirient wiMglit to render tint volume valuahle to l-ji'^lisli reading jieople everywhere.
Additions to thelisls of portrait engravings and other illustrations, as well as to the general history,
will be made from year, to year so as to keep this vcdiune, in its several cilitions, a complete record of
(^anadian history down to the latest possible day.
CHARLES Ii. TUTTLE.
jMoxtrkal, Si:pt. 1877.
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ILLUSTRATIONS.
VOLUMi: 1.
STEEL ENGRAVINGS.
I'Ai i;
First l''ri'nii.-i'ii-"e.
ruRTKAIT OF Qt'KF.N VKTnlilA .
ri:i'i'i:i;ii,i. AT i.niisiiuL'Kii, f.i! rn-r
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i.AKF I'.KNFAIII iiWI.'S-llF.AIi MuFNIAIN. . I'J 3
VIFAV Ai l: iss I' 'FNI-AUV LINK Ii;--'.1
I'KFiiltK i.AKi; l>l-:i
KAl'IDs (IN AI'IMMACI! TO VI l,I-A( il. i iF CI.DA I!S Jim-l
A I.AKK FAItM <iN FltnNTIF.U Uli;-7
TlMIiFI! SI.THF AND I'.nilKli: ON TIIi: OTTAWA. j:t!-:i
sijUAWS llItAVF i;4*-l)
1.-. OWLS IIFADH.AKF MFMrilKKMAUi M ;)
It;. HANKS (IF NlA(. m;a i:i\ki; .
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". M AIM.illS III; MdNI'iAI.M .
III. lldX. II. A. M ACIiiiN.UJ) .
II. lldN. F. K. C.MtdN . . . .
I.'. I di!l) IiFFI'FUIN ....
l:i. IJdN. S, I,. TII.I.i:V . . . .
II. lldN, .\. o. .\l:rillliAl.l> .
1.-.. Ild\. \l.i:\. .M.\( KF.NZIi:
ic. iidV. .id-Fi'ii iidWi;
17. I.dlMi l.lsdAlt
IS. iiiiN. I II \s, iri'i'i;'! .
I'.'. SIK l-l: AN. IS IIINCKS .
:jm. slli 111(111 AI.l..\s
-'I. siu (ii;di!(ii-: F. ( Ai;iii:i! .
ilJ. SlK .IdllN ,\. MAi lioNAI.Ii .
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'-•i;. lldN. i;. iidWi;N
•J7. SIH .IdllN Mil lli;i.
us. sill W. F. WILLIAMS ,
■-".1. Sll; .IdllN i;. iidiiiNsdN
;:ii. lldN. i.di i> .1. I'Ai'iNLAr
:!!. slli I.. 11. i„u-(iNrAiNi;
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;i.i. Sll; i:. p. i'aciif, .
;)i. Sll! w. F. iiAi.i.i; w .
:i.-.. silt WILLIAM l,d(i \v .
m;. lldN, I., hi: sr. .l^^|• .
S7. WILLIA.M Wdltlv.M.VN, i:s(^
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2. l.,\\|ilN(l (IF CdLrMIlFS
;i. (11 VMIM.MNS Flli-T l: MII.F
4. I'dlil' lioVAl, llFllNINii
n. (,ii'i:iii:c in ii;in
c. ,MdNTia:,\l. IN IT'.'ii
7. .loilNSdNS \1CT(I|IV . , , ,
K. III! AlilKiCK'H IIFI'IWT , . , .
II. CMTrFLATloX i iF (is\V|:(id .
II). An',\(K ON FOUT WII.I.LVM lIFMtV
First Fi
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ij lldN. .iriHii-: rALciii^KioAF
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III, IldN, li W. SCdTT
47. S.VNFoliD FI.FMMINO. Ilsi.l.
4-. ,\IA.Id|!-(lFN, Slltl.V SMV'I'II .
4',l, IldN, .1, II. (• WlFUiiN .
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(i>. HON. n:Ti:ii Mri'( 111:1 1, .
C.'.l. IldN. .M,i:X. MdLlilS
711. IldN, HI!, 1:, IIVl:l!SilN
71. IldN. l!dlli:ilT ll.M.HWIN .
7J, IldN. .11: \N cllAKLi;- (11 \1'.\|S
7.1. Sll! ALLAN N. Ml N Ml .
71. SIK l:iiW\l!|i KLNNV
WOOD ENGRAVINGS.
inj
liij
III
III
|H.'
■JJI)
II.
WiiLi-i'; .
IJ.
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I.I.
F\ \('F,\
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111.
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OF CMilLLiiN
TliiN d|'" lili.iFI SNI', ,
1-; dl'- FdUr I'LdNTI'N AC
dN 1111; I'LAINS OF ,\I1I;AII,\M
(iF si-, \n\v;
(IN (.iriailC, 177-..
dl' (,ill KNSTiiWN lIl'llllll'S .
ONPH ,\T sr. HI'NNIS. I,':i7
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411
III
i,-.j
l.-.J
■11 ,,
il
1. Antiiinl
in tl]i<
.\iiii(|i
llflllCI
7. Sliii
ii'.-i. II
1. Tli.irwnl
Thorxl
ll.'.-lill;;
and by
1. Cliristop
ol l)isr
(Inr. 4.
C'ulia, I
I. Disi'ovi'rl
V<.'. ■Agen
onil Vny
St:l ll.v'n
I. KviH-ilhl..
'■IT.iniKl
tl.iji. II.
I. Kaiiv rriM
nf llnpoi
(■.•l"ni,.«
lu ^"i^il Ml
i''i Il !•:
A. II. iciii,
nl SI. (_•{■„
and LoBca
I- VI' I,
'• <'linni|.lalir
Inn (,lii,.|„
I."WIT SI.
ir,iK. ,5. (■
iii'in. (!. (•
7. C.'llH|ll|>l
'■ liimniKlosl
lU
CONTENTS.
VOLUME I.
CII.S PTKTl I.
niSTORY OF Till". DISCnVl'PV OF AVrUICA.
V\c,v
1, Antliiultj-nf Amfili'a. 2. Eii'-oppaiis Inslnimental or IiiliM-.'Pt.'il
in tlio Kiirliipt Discovury i>t Aim^ri.'.-i. .'I. Xfrso Lltornluro ;iii.l
Anliiiuitii's. 4. Wlici ««;ri> tliu KursomiMi '.' 5. Uiscovi'iyuicl si'l-
ll.'iiicul of Ici'l:iii(l. fi. Klsci.v.'ry aii.l S.'ltli'ineiil nf (iivc'iil.iiiil.
7. Sliipsiir i1m' N'orsciiKMi. s. H|:iriii> lu'lioMrt tlioShonTi of Anu.T-
ifii. !». Discovery of Ainerii'U liy l.rif Kiikson 10
CHAI'TKU It.
llISriPUY <1F THE l)IM'iiVi:UV OF AMl'ltli A.
1. Tlir.rwnlcl Kiiksc.ii'B I)lsciivoi-i..s. 2. I'lisiii'ii'Mifiil KxiM.,liliou of
Tli'Tt^liin KiiUi^on. 3. 'riinrliiui aiiiKliulii.l. I. K.'BiTipiioii of
;Im' llxpiHliiinii. ."i. Olli.'r I';s|i.'.llil..iisliy llinX' i-» ■!!. il. OnTi-
iir.t ill;; links li.'twiM'u tlio Disi'oviTy (.1 AiuiTJcii by llir Niirseniun
mill liy Culumbus 53
rllAl'TKIl IN.
lllsrollV IIF TlIK DISi DVFUV OF A.MKUK.A.
1. rlirlstoplii'rCdliunliiis mill his riMii iif Disi'ovi-i'V. 2. Kirst Vnynt'i)
nl liiscovt-ry liy rolniiilnis. ;t. CnliinilniH I>jsfi'vi'r> Smi Salvn-
(lor. 4. 'I ill! I.mhlili},' nil Sail Saiva.lor. .'i. I 'oliinihiis lll-cuviTrt
L'lilia, Ilayti, cti' 05
(HAITI:!; \\\
IllslclltV OK TlIF M-iovi;ilv or AMlliliA.
1. l>in«'ov<Tlf* Iiy Anii'riiMiH Vt'spiii'iii-^. 2. \'i)\ai;t'« Ity tin' rntinti^. ;i.
CnriiT'-al's Voya'.'i'H. 1. Variniis oilnr \ oynni's. n. Vi'i-azzaiii'H
Vo. nm'ii. (1. I''ii>l VoyaacM of .lii..|ii''> I «r">'r. 7. railinr's Si'n.
on. I Voynsii ami DisruviTy of iln' Si. lawroiuM'. k. Cavtlcr at
SI > ' ""iia. 11. Caili.T at llo.'lii'la'.'M. In. His U.'iarii to Kiaiici,-. 57
(■ii.M'iKi! y.
K\rt.on.\TIOV AND CtM'II IMIAI OF TIIF HoMIXIOV.
;, Kxi'i'.liiioii of Ciirlinr anil Itnln'i'val. l'. 'ri'iniiorm-y .U iloniinMit
lit (aiiaila. :<. I.a Koilm's I'l-rpaniiion I'm' an KKin'ilitioii. I. i.a
lliiilii''« linyal i'oiiinii».''loii. ."i. I^'aiiiii f I.a lioi'lin's lAp.'ili-
lioli. (1. I-lvli.'li I'.inviiM-oll Siilili. I-I;lll.l 110
tii.\i'i'i:ii \i.
KXrl.oIlArloV AMI sl;ni,IMt;M' oF TIIF. IIOMISIOX.
t. I'arlv l''ii'iii'li 'I'railiTs III .Vnn'rliii. 2. Voyaui'S ami nlwiTvatlons
of hiipoiit ilravi', \. 11. liui:l, ;i. Kariy I'lmtrosn of Kniopran
('o|..iili'H ill .■\iiii'rii'a. 4. Ill' Mollis lioi'iivi's lioyal ('"iiiinisslon
111 \i>ll ami 'I'raili' in .\iiii'rli'a. '<, Nnlili'in 'ii .\i'iiiiiipiinir.l Kariy
Kii'mli Kxpi'ililions. i;. Ho MonN' i:xpi'iliii..n to Nov.a Siotia,
.\.l'. Iiail.
'I'lii' i:Npi''lilioii 111 Annapolis llii^in. h, Hi' MoiilB
at si.ciiiix. !i. iMipoiii (li!i\i', al I'oit linyal. in. pniitrliicmi't
anil 1,1'Si'Hlibot at I 'oil Itoyal
tl2
(•ii.\rii:i! \ir.
F\ri.iiiM t lov AMI sriri.i.MrM of iiii; homimox.
I. (■Iiainplaln's Vnvaai' to f'aiiaila, .\.I>. liHW,
riiaiii|>laiii l''oiinil-
Ina (.lai'lii'i', .\.|). llllH. :i. Collilitloll of llin .Vlliiliillni'S nf tlfl
I.OWIT SI. I.i
A.l). lilMS. 1, ■rill' Wlnti'V at iJiu'Ih
A.D.
ir.ii". ."i. rlinni|il:ilii's Kliii K.xpi'illtioii aiiiiiiisf iliu lioiiiiols, ,\.|>.
pi'in. II. ('liaiiip'.ain's l''lr»t llalllo uilli Ilin Imllans, .\.|). limii.
7. (.'liiiinpiaiirs |ii,'»piilli' I'mviii as (lovi'nioi-
CHAI'TKU VIM.
KXPr.dllATIilN AND HHTTI.HMKNT of IMF lioMIMoS.
I. DIIIli'iillloslwIwiMin Do Miinls anil Ills Kiiin. OvnilliinHin;; Ainilli'H
m
Page.
Colonization. 2. I'ontrini'ourt olitalns a lioyal ronllrmatlon of
llisiliani tol'iirt lioyal. il. I'onlrii'i'ourl n'-i'slalilisiios I'mt Hoyal.
A.I). It-li>. 4. Ponliiiii'onrt fiiiiravor.i, lull in vain, to avoiii tlio
.li'snils. .1. llnrtfni Inllu.ifisof .li'siiilsal I'm! I!..\;il. il. Capt.
Al};;.!! Inva.lrs Nova S'Olia, .V.l>. lillj. 7. I'oll lioval Itninni liy
Ait;all, A. 1). ltM:i C*
CllAI'Tiat IX.
KXl't.nlSATIOV AM) SI rri.FMFNT 111' Till: lioMIMOV.
1. Clianipl.Tin's Kxpi'iliiion to .Vnii'iii-a. .\.l). li:in. 2. (iitnuplain's
liatll.i Willi till' lroi|ilois. Hill. it. Clianiplniil i'lipaivs tin' Situ
foi- Monlivil. .\.l). li'.lii. 4. rliainplaiii Soi'iins a Si issor to
Dn MoiiN. ."i. His Fiitiiii Kspwliliiin to tin' Noitii. i;. ( liani-
plaiii in C.Tiiaila, niLI-lii-K '0
(H.VriKlt X.
I'll AMO-.VMIMl KAN CoroXlZATIOX— Ili27.
1. Dlsi'onrnspnii'iilsaiiil Zi-al of Cliatiiplain. 2. Ki'iii'^iastiral Opera-
tions at Vlli'lii'i'. il. lii'lii-'ions Zeal (Ivi'lvoiiii'S I'oiniiiiTi'iai KlitiT-
prisi'. 4. Clianiplain anil ilii.' lii'lians. .1. Disi'oiii'amMiiiiit lo llio
(.■oloiiy. II. rliainplaiii nviTroniin.,' DiltiiMiltii'S. 7. Voiilailour's
Colonial roliry. s. cliainplaiii's I'ntili' .Mloiiipt to tn-al with tlin
Iioijuois. !), iiuliaii Ilosltiiii.s. Coinliiioii of Canaila, Ii;27 74
CHAI'TKU Xt.
FIlANoo-Arn:i!lrA-V rol.oNIZATPlN — ll'C'.l TO II"'.".
1. Itl.'lii'lii'ii anil Ills \'\.: ' of Coloiii/..'ition. 2. SIol'i' of (.luoi , Iil2l).
:': fall mill lii'Sloratlonot I aiiinla, 4. cliaiiiplain In (^iiii'lu'i', Hi.'),',
His Death 7!)
CIlArilMt XII.
ArAIiIAN' Col.oMZATIos — IHI,! To Ifil'iS.
1. Opi'iatlonsof Ihi' De la Tmirs. 2. Disposal of Ai'.'ulia liy Treaty of
St.lierinain. .1. I ivil War ill NmaSioila. I. I.a Tom's Uostoii
lirint'oi nieiit. r>. llraviTv of Maiiaine lie la Toiir. il I.a Tmir
Marries till' Willow of his I'.neinv. 7. Kn^'lisii A-eemleney in
.Aeaiiia. s. l-;ii;;lisii iiii-niMiney ami Hi -liiiilion of \i;iilia S2
CHAl'Tllli Mil.
civil, AMI nrt.iiitiii s iiiMuiiii'N OF iMFiiir— li'..".|.
1. Civil AITairsal (.inel , |i;:;j ;;,-.. 2. liii-li.inilry. Stoek llaisiiin, ete,
;i, Deserlptioii of t,)iieliee, lii:il. 4. I.e .li'iiiie. Snpi'iiorof Hie .Mis-
Bliill lit t.meliee 87
CIl.M'TKli \l\.
iitiHF si;i;irii or i itr t\ in ws.
1. Inillan Trilios. 2, linllan N'atloiisainl ■|orrilories. :i. Tiie Hiirons.
4. Skill of the Hiirons. .1. The Hiiriin-liniiiiois. i;. The lioiniois
Till' lio.piois, or l''i\e Nations.
1)1
CH.M-Ti;U XV.
1 hi: .IF.SIll' MIS»loNAIIIt:s AMI ITII IM'IWs,
1. M. lie Miiiiliinii/iiy. The IIiiroiilroi|iioi-. 2. .h -nil Mi .'isnres f.ir
the Conversion of the Iliirons. a. .loiirin y of llielinif ami llin
Conipiinlons to the Huron Country. I lleeeplion of the Kalhers
ninoiiL'ihe Iliiroiis, .\.l>, |i'.:i4.
llivlieiif ami tlii'lliiriiii Mission,
A. D. IllMI .1 II. 11. Clirlo-illes of till
MIssio
■roliil-
lieiit .lesnlN, Ciu'tiiir. K. rirniieiiiot . rli.'ilinui 1. .|oi| ms. eie. . .
CHAI'TKU X\ 1.
MONIM All NY's AliMIMst II \ I liiN— 1)1 Fliri— MOM 111 A I..
I, Montniauny ileiiionslrales liis lioiiianlsin. 2. Kise nf Ciilholle In-
slitntlons'lii Camilla, .\. H. Ii'.iii In. :i. .Mmilreal foiin.lni In \|. ilo
H
CONTKNTS.
Pagi:.
MMiM>miiiivi'. A. 1>. liil:.'. I. \ illo Miiri.'-M.mtrfal, A. 11. Ii'.i:i-I.
fi. .Mciiitiii;i/n>s |u.lii'\ I'.irlhi' |iiivL'l''»* "f Mh- icilc.ny. il. Trinil.li'S
Willi llii- Indian^. A. 11. Iiin. 7. Tin' I i.uii.iiiy of one liMn.ln'il
il-SL.-ialrs. I.il.-.it i.'ii.l., .'. A. |i. li in. ^ .\l. ili! .Mc>iitni!i;;ii.\ '« nil-
niinijlr.-iii..ii. li- .I.-.-. .\. I >. I«;ir '"I
(11 \i'ii;i; .wii.
fiovKHSMCNT '11' ^r. I'' \i 1.1,1 r.'H sr— I'liK ik<kh <>i.s \\*.\it.s.
1. Sni.iiil iiti.l I!i'llji..Ms r,,iiili,ioii ,.f Qui-li.c ill Ii;i7. J. Tin! Kmii^'.ts.
.1. Il.imirs 111' ihi' lnii|ii..i« \V:ir. 1. ■riic N.'vv r.iiiliimH'nl.iiiirs.
I'rc.|"'>''il 'rr'iil.v. ■''. r.'iilsiif Ihi! c.iliuiisls. i'.. I'sn ami .Mni^i'
i.r l.i'iuc.l.s. 7. M. il.' I,:iii/..!i. SillVi-rilij- .'t' 11m- Cnl^liisls lIVJ
rllAI'I'iai .Will.
■nil; rriMi.rt hk imuw \v.\i:i aui;- Aiii.nsxiN — i. vnai..
1. 'I'll" fiilils of an linliail war. 1.'. Failuic of lln' nii.'^.'ii.iii anions; llni
lrii.|ii(.i>. liiiliainMirlari'. :\, Vi.lori.'.- of lln- lri"|ilois. 1. ll'.\r-
;;.-nsoii. 'I'll.- Indians, li'-.'s. r<. Montr.-;il. UMx. li. Tin- lir-l Caiia-
ilian l'.i.-li.i|i. . 'I'ln- Fr.-in li ill coiisi.-iiil li-rror of lln- Iro'inois.
s. llninin-.' oi , - Wolf. li:i;n. ii. Daulai-'s In-roii-i-xpi'ililion, nam.
111. lianlai-'.-* linli.iii r.'-i-iif.ini-in<iil. II. Diiiilai- .-umI liis .-oiiiradr.-i
s.-ll t lu-ir livi-a Imivily 1 1'l
rll.U'TKlt .MX.
llo\ niNMI.M' III- li'AVAl llorli— CclMiriloNnl- Til i: i- HM IIV.
1, (lovi-nior I>'.\vaii-,'oiir. I'ailial I'l-ai-ii williilio lio-inois, ICill. i.
I•rnl;^l■^sof raiinila. lt<_-liirio-l'oliii.-aH,iiiam-l9. ;i. Kr.-li-.-.la.-<li.al
.AlVaiis. I.aval. I. 'I'lin (invi-iiior-Ui-m-i-als of laiiaila, liinf* t-i
li'.i'^i. llnrniiiL' of iln- House of ilio I'rsuliiics al (^iiicliia-, lir,ii.
Won.l.-rfnl l'inn--nnna 1l:i>
cllAl'Tl:!! \X.
ciixi'I.icis iirT\vi:i:\ cinuc ii ami simi:.
1. '111.' i,iiian-i'l of iiia-lii'i-— Uai-i" fin- llislio|irii-. '.'. i.nn-vlns' Vi^-lory
anil Hifral. M. |)iilli-iillii-s lli'lwwn I.aval anil llm (lovornnr, I,
I.aval ami his opiionrnl aiiinal to ilic Conrt oC Kraiicii. n. I'dii-
Ili.N lii-lw.-i-ii tin- loli^ioiis ami civil I'ownr-. i;. 'I'lio 'J'iiiuii|i1i
of l.a\al. i;ii\.-il Cov.riiiii.-iu 1:^1
c'M.M'l'I'.U X.NI.
Mi;/.v'.'< cm r.i!NMi'.NT~i III mil ash si-mt.
1. J':slalillsliiiii>iit ot n Itoval (iovi-niim-nl. 'J. I'lov Isimin of tini
Itoyal iliivi'i'iiini'iit. "•. i-iri'iUoii of 111" I'oiimil. 1. DL-inraii-fiil
Allair lK-t\vi'i-ii ilio roiiiii il .-iiiil linnnMiil. ."i. I'l-iMiniion of liii-
im-snll. UN l')si-a|ii-. li. .Ailininislr.-iiioii of .M"/y. 7. .Mu/.y ss.
I.aval i;:l
< iiAi"ii;i; XXII.
iiiivi:iisMi:.\"r or cni ii(i:r.i.i:H.
1. Ciinaila nml ''olIn-iL 'J. 'I'lm ronipany's snniira of rnvi'iiiio. .'),
Iloyal iioinin.'iHon of lom-iilli s. 1. Arihaiof Ih Tiaryai c.hm-.
111". .1. |ii-rnn-y'.« ii""|iiiiiii ai i.iinli"". i;. Anival of ilovi'inor
lii'i'oiiri'dli'K ami Talon. T. .Mi-axiii'i-K aualii^t tli" Ii'o'|IioIk. x,
l>.\|ii'>liliii|i uuaiiist lliij Moliank' .mil oinlil.'iH. II. l''alliii'L> of tlii<
r.vpi'illlioll, III. (liloil l-i-Mull,* of 111.- Kxpi'illlloll. II, .Si ml l-;\-
Ii.illiliiii a^-alnul 111" .Moluiwlin. t lii'li-al uf llni Mi.liawka. 1:1.
lii'Ti-ai-y'H o|i"fa11oiin aiiil polii y. II. Iii'i'iitiiri-Ui's ami Talon,
li:i;.> II. I.'i. Iinpaiil.-il romliii't of t|i,. i Iomihoi-. HI. smali-l'ox
anion:;!!! lln- ImliaiiK. IT. .saliil.iry l.aliois ol iln- .Minsloiiaiirs.
I". A liailliiu-poni l-.-^Ulllll^lll-l| III I aliini'iiii- l:i. lii-roin-.-i ii.n'
|'i'kI|,>iiiiiIiiii. Iii'l-'i'iiiiti'iiiii' Hill i-i'i'ils liliii l:;,~
I'llArilll! XXlll.
111. I II M v'a rivil, I'lii.irv,
1, fomlilloii of 111" Colony In liU'o. '..'. 'I'll" Wi-sl Imll.i Ciniipaiiv.
;i. I;ii"oiiiiil:i'Iii"!iI of .\'jrii-iilini*ii ainl Coiiiiin-ii i-. I. l.auH, Cii^.
toMisaml Ti-iiin-" of l.an.l. n. Il"av\ l.ii>ii of llmColony. II. Tal-
ons' Cliar.ii-ti'i-, ami liln Klloils I'm- iln- Ni-w Colony. 7. liiiplil
(liuwili o| Ihu Colons, I la;. Ill |;ii
cii \i'i'i:ii XXIV.
I'Oril. U lilN \.M1 MAIIIIIAlIK,
I. tliMiiaflMi (m III" «o i:il anil iii -nil i-on.llllini of tin' I'lilmiy HiHl T:i.
1!. Til" iiiMiini-i' of (-iiloiil/alioii, .'I. Wln-rii llii> "olniilula I'liimi
from. I. T.'iIoii'h 11- iiii'Ki for nior'M'oloiihiH. A. Mllllaiy ^h-iiIi-i-h,
(1. rrovlilliiK wIm-h for Ihu Kullli-iH. 7. (o-lliiiK wlvi-» for th" of-
Taoe.
(ii-oi-s. .«. Supply ot peasant fjiils. 0. LalFoulaii's nocinint of
111" m-\v \\i\i'a. 10. Uom-lier'ti ai-i-oiiiit of 111" yii-ls' i-liar.-n't<?i-8.
II. ( i-rlilii-al" of uli-jiliilily ri-ipiiri-il. 1-J. How Iln; -.^iil.s wrro
si'iil iiil. Kl. How III" j.'irls wi-l-.- ilis| lot. 11. I'riniinliis lor
i-.-irly iiiarria;;",s. 1"», i;ai-li"loi-.s forliiilih'ii to i sli. limit, trail", or
;.'o in 111" w Is. Hi. I'rovisiiiii.s for n Caii.-i<Iiaii miliility, 17.
lioiinli"S olloi-iil for iliililn-il. Ih. l-'i-i-liiiiiily iiiiil lonyuvity of
til" Woiiii-ii. HI. I'll" po. nliaiily of tl iiiiiiali-iii 112
CII.M'TKl; XXV.
1 Mtl.V lliiMI s l\ r v\ MIA,
I. ri-i-iiliiu- N.-itiirnuf th" Coloni/.-nion. L*. T-ilon'n rinn r.f S--i;,'nio-
ri"s i-opl.-ii from th,. liomaus. ;i. I'oor Si-j;;m-iirP. 1. l-'ormaiion
ot Coti-s. ,-.. Tho linililiii;,' of .Mill-, li. KlVorls at com-.-mra-
tiit;.! till- I'opiiltilion. 7. l-'r-iii; Taihnissai- toi,iiit lii-i-. P. <,iii"iit-" in
li'oJ 11. l-'roin i,iii"lii-" to .\liinlri-.-il. 10. .\l.iiitr..al ami I'oiiils
ali"\"il. 11. On ll." Soiiili slioi-i- of 111.- SI. l.awr- 111 ". \\1. Tliu
Coioiii-i'- Lines HO
cll.\l'ri;i; \\\ 1.
l.iiVniN.Ml NT 111' lilMlluM I > M - Mm oM l;V 111- till. I.lll AT \yi:ST
1. l'him-i-1' I'rii-sls. 2, KlVorts to ohi.-iin iho North nml \Vi «t for
l''raii"". :). l-'Irst Vk'Wiit the MissisMppi, I. Ch.-i k to tho KxplorliiB
Party. 5. Kxpliinilloiis ill Ih" llmls-ni Hay Iti'tfioii. li. Dul-'ronte-
na"'t*Cli.'ir.'i"ti-i'. 7. Iiissi-nsions Ih-liM-i-ii thi-tiovi-riinr, Hisliopaml
liii"iiilani. s. |>"l."roiiti-iiai;'s I ii-spoi ism. II, 1 ii-l-'ronienai- Ccn-
sinv.l. 111. Till- l.iipior Tralli". 11. linililin- of Full Cah-irmiul... 149
ch.vp']'i:k xxvu.
niivnivMiiNTur iii-:i mi.NTi'.XAr— lusrovniv ih-'tiii: iiiii;at -vvi-tsT.
I. I.a Sail". -J. I'll" Snlpii'iaim of .Moiiln-al, .1. Scitli iiiuiit at r.ni'hhio,
1. l.a--all-- K. liiiil.lsCalai'af|ii|. .'>. Th" First V: s-,-1 on l.akii I'.riu.
r-. I.a .-s.-ili.- S""lll'"rt tho Coiiiiiii-i-i-.- of 111,. \V"Sl. 7. I.a Sallo
H. a. Ins Iho .\l:iillll of ih" .Mississippi, .\,1). 111,--.', s. llialh of
I.a Sal!.- 15'2
ClLM'TFl; XWlll,
•liii: ,ii:si ITS
nil, i.AKi:s,
1. Kailnri-s of tin- .Ti-snils. '.'. i liaii;;is in Ih" Ui-ports ot tin- .Iisiills.
.'I. Th" S"at'i-li of 111" .Ii'siills for Coppi-r. -I. Siipi-i-Blilioii of ihu
Imllaii. a, Piim-ipal siall.ins on Ih" I'piuT I.ak"«, 0, Hivlsioii
of Ih" Mission al I.a I'oiiii". 7. \ Isif of lln- Sii|i"rlor nf lln- .Mix-
nlons, s. Throw liii.' HinMi.iii Idol. '.i. I'avoiahli' Hi pi Ion of Iho
iMissionarl, s hy th" .Ml.iiiais, lo, Imlian .Mornioiis, II. What
th" Missioi.ar,\ Si-inioius wi-i-o I.Ik" 1,11
CllAI'llli X' IX.
iiii\ 1 iiNMi '. r ol' in; I.A iiAiiiir.
I. I!"iall of lii'Froiiti'iia" ami lliii'hi'siieail, 2, Ap|iolnlin"iit of M.
|i" I.a Hari" ami M. |i"Mi-iil"s. ;), A ('"iimil i-alh-d lo i-oiisi.li-r
till! HIalo of thrColoii\. I. .\ nioi'k .Mllamaj, fi. Pri-pariiiy for
War. 0. I)" I.a llarri-'n t'lisin-i-essfiil .\tl"in|il against lliii .Sciie-
"iis. 7. lii'i-alliif Do I.a llarr" l.-iij
ciPM'i i;k XXX.
TiiK (iiivi:iixMr,N r m- M, |ii;ii|;nii\mi i,r,
I, .\ppoiiittni-iit of llm .Maninls li"l>"iioi,\lll", u'. Ills .M.n-nn's
.\u,-iiiisi 111-- Indians. :i. Tin- SliPiiiilh of tin limpiois. -I. Prop si
of (lovi-rnor Doniiaii, of Now York. ."i. Dohloiu's Tn-iily with Hi"
Ii-oipiois. li, S"i/,nr" of Fni^lish Tradiny-l'osis, 7. Tiraih.ryof
|)"|i" villi-, s. lii-mroiis c liii'l of ih" Imlians in lli-iiilla-
tloti. tl, l)i-I>"miiivill" ailvam-i s ii^ainst th" Irmpiois, III. Sii ss
of |i"|) ivllh-'s Kxiii-ilitlon, II. Iliiliilliillon of lln- Si- as.
IL'. liovi-rmir Iionnan |{"iiioiislnili<H. l;i, liironil ot tlniMohavvks,
II. l-;ilorts for I'l-ai". l.-i. Th" Fieinh .\t;i-iMi toTi-nimof Piano,
III. Mpposlilon to th" Pi-ai" hy th" Imlian .Ulio-i of tliii Fr. mil,
17. Th" Pi-ai'i'-Kllh-r. Ik. Th" Mns-a"i" at l.a.lilmi. Ill, .\lian-
iliiiiiiii!nt ot FortFi'iiiili-iiai', L'o, Ih-i-allof lii'lii'iionvill" IK
CIIAPTKH XXXI,
Tin; AMll,ii-AMl:llirA.V' ('oI,iiMKS.
1, Th" I'ni'ly FiikIIkIi Siitlh-iiii-ntii. 2. Why ilii' I':null»li wi-rn shnv nt
Coloiil/.athin. M, iliaitt lo sir Thotiias (hit"s hy •latm.-s I, ,(, Thn
I'liwiir of 111" Coinpiiiih s iimh-r lln-li Pati-iils. :<. Tim l-'Irst Coin,
iil-ls, II, Si-tlh-lmlll of .1 iiiii-Flown. T. Captain ili-lili Sliillh. H.
.liovv Pri't'i-i'ss of 111" Colony. II. N"vvCliaii"r In ih" l.omloii Com.
paiiy. 10, I'iV" lliimlri'd iiior" l:iiih;raiils siiii out, II, l-'loiiilslf
■m !
inu (
the
wai"
iiith
ih"
F.ir
Welti
Page.
tiMiV nci'omit I'f
Kills' I'liMini'tiTS.
«• 111'; ■^iil.s wi'i-o
1 1. I'll miniiiH I'nr
li. Iiuni. liMili', ur
i:Mi iiMl.ili:y. IT.
iUlil l"M^.:\il) u£
i..ii 1J2
n riaii r I' S- i;rnifi.
iif. I. l''c.riii:niiii>
Ills lit 1 iiiii'i'iiim-
Ill.'C. S. l.llH'lH'i' ill
iilnal mid I'oiiils
awv. iKc. IJ. 'I'luj
III!
i nil. c.Ki AT wrsr
irth mill W'l St for
■K iM till' Kxplnllll^J
liiiii. (i. Di'l'iipiitu-
vi-ni'ir, Itisiiitp ami
Di'l'riiiiioiiai' C'eu-
: I'lirt Ciitaiaiiui... 149
iTiir. iii;i:at wkst.
li iiiuiil at t.ai'liiiio,
■ !*rifl Oil l.aki! l-'.iitj.
W.-it. T. I.a S.-illi)
|il»'.'. s. D.alh of
F.S.
loris of 111!' .Iisiiils.
■;:,|>iTRlitioll of llio
iki-s, r., iii\isioii
ii|.i ri..ior ihi' .Mis-
il,> l;>
i-plloll
il lllO
11. What
|\|ipi'iiilini'iit of M.
ll iMllr.l lOi'dlsllIlT
"i. I'ri'iinriiij.' for
Liaiiift tlm SoiK'-
llis .M-a-iin'H
..is. 1. I'l.il.st
1.-.1
his 'I'ri.aly «
illilli.
7. 'I'll II. Ii.'iy of
lii.llaiis ill lli'lallii'
|..liii.ls. III. Sii.'i'i'im
of lllC SilO'.llS.
|.| of ilii.M.iliawliS.
'I'l'iiiis ot I'l'a.'o,
..of 111.. Kr, ii.li.
I'.i. .Miaii-
.iiviUi.
1W
uHsli wiTo slow at
.lilllli.'S
I, I. I'll.
:.. I'll.. I'li^l Colo-
II .l.'llll Slllllll. H.
I ill.. I. ..11. 1. .11 I'olll-
llll. II. I''l..lllll<ll-
(ON TKNTS.
15
IngConilitioii of llif C'.iloiiy iiiuler Siiiilh. I'J. Itai.i.l (l.'iliiii' of
the Colony on SiniiliV il.|i;iruiii'. l.'l. (iovernnn'iii of l.oiil Kela-
ware. H. Gov.Tiiin.ni of Sir Tlios. Dal.', l.".. Iiii|...itaiit Chaiin.;
in lliB Tfiiiire of l.aii.l. HI. li.ii.l int.. A.-:i.lia iin.l N.'w Yoik l.y
llio Coloni,-lH. IT. 'r.vranny of Alkali i.ii.l its Coo.l liosults. Is.
Fi'iiial.. Eiiii,::raiils. 111. l-'ir»t Convi.-ls s.jiil out to Virginia. L'H.
Settl.'mont of .Marylaii.l '
rll.\l'li:i;x\\ll.
TiiK aniii.ii-ami:hii-as (■.ii..imi:s— ('<>"''"""'^-
1. First Si'lll.'iiiiMit ill N.'w i;iii;lan.l. '2. raplaiii .loliii Sniilli's Sur-
vey of N.'W ICnulan.l. :1. .Vrrival of ili.i I'liriiaiis. I. rriiiiiiiv.i
I.i''4islali..ii. .'.. S.tll.'in -nt of llosloil. i;. Ili.r. as.'.l KiiiiKrali..ii
mill n.'W S.ill. '111. 111.-. T. S..til.'iii..iil of N..W llaiii|.sl.ir>.. .s. Al-
t.Miii.l l..Sl..|. liiiiiilniatioii. 1). (■oiifcil.'rali..n of tli.. l'i..vili..|.s.
111. ri.rs.-.Mili..iis l.y llii- I'liriliiiis. II. l'.Ts..i-uli..n of llii; (Jila-
kors. Ii;. Kaiiy Iv-lalillsliiniiiit of I'lil.'.i.- S..lio..ls. 11. 'I'lii' tlir.'..'
forms of 'iovernniL-nl in tin; Colonli'S
CIIAI'-ii:U X.N.MII.
r.vGii.
Covprnor of Nova S.'olia. 5. Huil.liiiK nt I'oit I.onisliouri;. (i.
l'.;rllli^»ion to emigrate r.-fiisud tli>; A. a.lians. 7. I'luiiliar stale
ot alfaiij ^^
(■II.M'TKK M,.
AIAIHA— (l.lViaiNMrST ni' (IKMIlVI. IlIrllAllli I'llll.I.irS.
TIj.. .V.M.Iians r.'fiisi! lo .'illior t:ik.' llio oalli or l.'av.-. l;. A Colli-
niitl.... of Ci.nf.-r.'iiii. .all.Ml. :;. Tli.' Ai'a.liaiis slill ri.fiis.' toiake
th nil. 4. .Mas.-ar...ii.'s a.-i.o.inl of Uic l'ro\ in.-.', .'i. .Ma-.'ar-
eno's a.'. -011111 of Miiias. ii. I ml rai'.' at lans.. l.y Hi.' In.liaiis aii.l
cli.
1S9
Till'. ANCII.il .OiritllAN
i|..iMi:s-i,r.a^;/o(.</i.
1. Naliiral .\.lvaiila'.;.'S ot lli.' lirilisli ( ■..l.,iii. ». l'. l;.-liii.|iii-Iin..iit
..I ll... rli:iit. r ..f llic r..i..liy i.r .\lassa.lui-.-lls liay. li. Aii.lros'
Alti'iiipl I" I' e 111., lololii..-. inlo ( 'oii-..li.|ali.in. 1. l:if.'.l ot
til.' i:ii'ili>li i;.voliiii..ii of iii.ss. ,1. '111.' Hill. ■rill.-. • l..-l\HM-ii tliii
l-'.iiKli.-'li an. I Ir.ii.li ro!oiiii;8
CII.M'I'KU .\XXIV.
Sl^roM) r..lVI.IlN.Mi:NT or COINT lli;i KUNTl^N AC.
1. Si-wiiifl Arrival i.f Di-rn'iil.-iia.' at (.iin-l'.-i", 2. |)i'('alli.-ri-s' Plan
lit .\lta.-kiiiL' till' I'.iiulisli r..l..iiii-s. ;|. DLsalTi'i-lioti of ili.- Iii.li.-in
Allii--i.f til., l-'r.-n.-li. 1. I).l'r..iit.-iia.- I i.(.riiiiii.-s l.i ana. -kill.-
Kii..;lisli. .'.. railiiil .Sin ss of tin' i:.\|..-.liii.ins. i;. Ii.|.iiii.s
s.-iil I., ill.- N..Mli-\V.-sl ■|'iil..-s, 7. Sii... i-s.< .it ill.- l-:x|..-.lili.iii. s.
■111.- l-:ii-jli-li i'..l..iii.-s ri.-|iar.. t.. liiMiil.- I aiiaila. !i. Tin- I'laii ot
liiMision
rllAiTi;i! XXW.
sr.'.iMp (lovi iiN.Mi V r .'t m:i i:..Mi:vAi'— (r..ii/i»H. .n.
171
1. l-'ailiu.- of Winllirop's r\\H
.\rriviil of 111.- Ilrili>ii lli'.-t
li.-l.i
. (111. I„
;i. Il.nian.l l..r ll.i- Mirr
i-.-ii.l.-r ..f 111.- .-II V r.-ti
-.1.
A. .Mia.k "11 111.- I'iiy. r.. Il.-ir.'al ..f 111.- liriii-li. il. li.-j..i.iiiL' in
( IIAITKK XI. I.
A.-AniA— in.vi:i!.\Mi:NT or .masi-aiii:m:.
.\piio'iitnn'ii( of Armstrong'. His Siii. i.i.'. 'J. .\p|...iiiliii.'iit of Mas-
caruin;. ;i. .Masi-anni.-'s t'oin-ilialoiy l'..li.y. I. Warlikf l>.-nioii-
slralioii fr..ni l.oiiislioiir;;. a. De llaiin-zay's Siirpris.- .-t CrarMl
I'r.-. li. Sir.'iiKili of l.onisliiiiir;.'. 7. Proposal lo .Mia.-k I i —
li.iiirK. s. I)i-|iarliir.-i.tlli.- l-;.\pi-.lilioii. li. Capiliilalioii of l..iiii-.
I... 111-;;. III. (l.-n.-ral l!.-j..i.-iiii;. II. Valilabl.' I'li/.-s lak.n. IJ.
A l-'l.-..l Hi-spau-li. li to li.-rapiiin- l,.iiiisliour«. I:i. Hi-slriirlioii lo
the l-'l.'i-t l.y r.-iii|n'»ts. II. The li.iiin.-int of the I-'i.-i-i, s.-oiirn. .1
by I'i-iil.-ii.-i-, r. uirns to l-'iain-.-. 1.".. Tin- IVaoi of .Vis-lii-cha-
p.-ll.-. III. r.-ip.. Ilii-ton l!i|iirlii-il lo l-'iain-i' 191
flLM'TKl: XI. II.
<io\ MisMKST or Tin; .m mi.;i is i.i:iii:.m 1IA1IN..1S.
, I)illl.'iilii.-s ttiih 111.- il..v.-rii..r of Ni-w York. 'J. I'.uil.liiiL' of a l-'.irt
III I'limn r..inl. :i. l'r..-_'r.ss of Un- r..l..iiy in liin.-'.f p a. r. -1.
I-'aiuini-. l-:ailli.|ilakis.-iiiilsiiiall-pi.\. .'.. .\U.-liipl l..liii.i.- ver- |
laiiil I ll- lo 111,- ra.-ilii-. n. 'I'll.- I'.iiiilili.in of ei-i-l.->iasii.-al iif-
f.-iirs in IT.'i'.. 7. 'rii.-tlov.-rii..r's inl.rti-ri-in-eiii Iho cli-rii-al ipi.-ir-
i-.-l. s. Iti-.iill ..t liiipiii.<, anil ri'iisiir.' of |)i-lli-aiiliariiols. ll. 'i'lio
I l.-.-iasiiral sin-i-i-ss nnili-r l-'rein-li rule. III. Iniprovcil j.-.....!-
f.i-lilil> Willi 111.- In.liaiis. II. 1!.-. all of iK-li.-anliarnois lOfl
rllAI'lKK XI. 111.
r.i»I.MI;Ull: AM. IMIISIICV ll'.ns 1711.
.Till- l-'ilst I'l.-ils of Fisliilitf \'.-s.-ls. ■:. l-;arl.\ 'Ira.li' Willi tlie
Iniliaii" ; aii.l Kslalili-linii'iil of Moii..p..liis. ;i. 'riie I'liviii-Ki'S ot
111.- ■\Vi-st Inilia ri.inpany ; lis CollapM.. 1. l-'ormaiion of tlie
ri.ini.any of rmia.la. ".. .M. li'.Viili-iiU's lii-inarks on the r..|i.ny-
yiii'li.
i.vi-r '.111- vi.lory.
I'.ili.y of till' Iroipiois iliirini; III.
II. 'rrailini: I.|.-i>iisi>
'I'll.- Laws of Non-inli-r.-oiirsi-. s. I-liVorlm
s. Ni-w invasion l.y tli.. Iro.pt.iis. !i, r. instant rniils iliirini
till- years ir.ll'J I. 111. I!i-lniil.llli|.'i.f F.irt Fr..iil.'liai-. II. Invasioi
of 111.. li-..-iii..i-' .-oiiiiiry. I'i. D.'alli ..f Iiel-'ronleiia.'
ril.U'TFIt XXXVI.
Tin-
1, lleCalli.-r.s' liiKl ai-l.
ivriiNMi.sr 1.1' .M. iii:i-.M.[,M:iir..s.
Trial V of
pi-ai-f wi
111 till' Iroquois sli^iieil.
:i. I'.irioits eiVii-l 1 f till- r.-li-ase of prisoiieiii. -». Fort liiiilt at
iJelroit. 0.
llealh of n.-rallii-n-
I7S
(TiArri;i! xxwii.
Tin; iiiivruN.Mr.sT or riii: mmuji is niiv vriniKiit,.
1. llavam'S l.y Inillans in Massa.liii-i-il». 'J. Iniroiliii-lion ot iiiaiiii-
fii.liir.-s. :i. tl....il f.-i-liii._' of the Inii|iiol< iiii-iiii.-iiii;. I, I'lism--
i-.ssliil i-aiil inlo Ni-w I'.nulanil. n. .\l...ril\.-ail.-iiipls ill im.-i^i.iu
hy liolli Fr.'ii.'li an. I I'ln-jllsli. il. Aiiolh.-r iinasioii of (ana. la
il.i.-riiilii.-il on. 7. Sii-i'iicili of Hie inMiilers, Preparations for
• li-l'ell.
Freiii
s. liisa>t.-r lo III.. Ill-el. 11. Fi.ii-'ilv of Ihe iilU.'Hcf lliii
-il. 111. ll.'Viiiiilreiiil asks for solilii-is ami
invi.ls
II, A
p.-rlii.l of pi
I'J. .\ i-oiili-iiiporaiy view of Canaila, I7l'iI 1.
Ill a'h of ll.- Vaii.lreiill
( IIAPI'FK XXXMll.
A( Ann— Tin: last iiii;mti i.iim-;iiniiiim.
1. Poor romllllonof llie Coliiiiy. ii. Capliire of l'..rl Itoyal l>y 111.
180
llriilKh, liiiHi. :i Alimiiloiiiiieiit of I'ort lioyiil,
till- N.'U i;iinlaii.li'rs. Ti. .Sin-i-esKfiil Iiefein
SireiinllieiiiiiK Ihe Fori
1. lti-veni.e of
iirl Itoyal, il,
I'K.U'TFIl XXXIX.
Al APIA— (lllVl:il\.MI:ST 111' NHIlill.silN.
I. Flii.iliapliii-enr I'orl llo.Mil. V'. Teriiisor tlieuiplliilnlloii, ,1. 'I'lii!
l-aiulisli |iei-|iiiini.nll\ o.-i-iipy I'oit Itoyal, I, Nleliolmin nppolnteil
In imlm-e Sliiptiiiililinir. li. The Naliiri- ami N'aliieor i'..iiiiiieri-e
liefol-e Ihe ( ollipi.-sl. Ill I 111 r. ..111. I i f llie Pi.slal Sysii-m, 17:'l.
II. slavery in Canaila. I-.'. riisi..nis Iiiiii.-s: No h..iii|..| War.-
lii.nsis. I.I. The .Moiiilary Sj^liin ; lai.l .Money. II. In.pi-rl'i-.t
'rra.il- If.-liirns; sinpi.iiiy ..f nili.-ia!-. 1.1. |iiili-r.-n.-e l..-iw.-.ii
Kiiii>.'raii.iii iin.i.-r l-'r.-ii.-h ami laitlish Uiil.-
('ii.\i"i'i:it XI. i\-
r.iivr.iiNMi NT ..r iiii:
.1 s 1 i.i: i.A
.■\p|ioiiiliiienl of the Coiiiit 111. l.adallssoniere, '.', Ills aili-in|il lo
eonllne till- l-:iiiili>li t'ol..ni.-s lo Un- S.-al...aril, ,'). Normal u.-eii-
palioii of Torriiory West of the .\lli-t'liiiiiii-s. -I, Kie.-ilon anil
.SIreiiKllieiiiii);i.f Forts, ti. Il.-eall ami lieiiih of l)u l.aliaiissoii-
lerc
(■ii.\pri:i! XI. V.
fiiivi'iiN.Mrs r ui- Tin: .maiii;iis in: la-himji ii;iit:.
1. Cliarni-ler of He La-lompii.-ie. :'. II.. Ism-.h-reil to t.ik.- 1 nfenshn
ill Ihe
.. l-'..rls.
■m
iMellSlll.-H ill .\.'
.\rr.-sl of Tra.liiix' l'ii(;li-hi
Wi'st, -1. H.-iur..r.-.-iii.-iils froi
l-'ran.-e. i'aili.-il I!. -pair
r.. lie I.a. loll. pii. -re's l^iiiarri-l w itli the .lesiihs. His Ileal h
( llAPl'llIt XI. \ I.
inn nisMi-v r ni- I in: m mi.,.i is in .,.i ism:,
Iliniiiesii.. pills 111.. Mlliiia on an I'Mi-.iii.- War l-'..oiliii;. 'J, Tim
(Hii.i r-.mpaiiy, :i. Wiinl ..f Inion aiii..nHM lie- Fnulisli rol..iil.-s.
-I. \Va-liliiu'loii's liipl..niiiil.- Mi--l.-ii ill llie West. r.. Siirreml.r
ol \\ashiii.ji..ii at Fori N.-
r.iiiii II Fill. 'rill I'liioii.
'Il>. II. All .\liorlhe .Mlenij.l l.i
lielnfore.-im-nls seiil lo hotli llie Fiitf-
lisli ami Freiieh Coloiileii, s. lii-m-iiil jlra.liio.k's I'laii of liiia-
rloii of ranailii, II, ('ii[ilare of two Fn-ii. Ii \ ess.'ls. Deilaraiioii
ot War..
1
IG
CONTKNTS.
cnAi-riU! xi.vii.
AtAIilA— (idVIMtN.MKNT OK <;KM:I:At, roUNWM.I.IS.
I'Aii
1. Ill ti-iiiiin.'iii"n toCiilnnizi' \i>v!i Si'oliii. L'. Sln'ii'jtli I'f llii' Colnii-
i>l«. Arrival at Clu'l'Uctci. .1. Swi'ariiidin tlio .Ni'W( mm. il. I'Mnn
ntlitiiili' luwnnl^ lliu Aiailiaiix. ). ruiiiKlini; I'l' llaliCax. l:n|iiil
<'(im|.liMinii III' llii' IlouMH. .'.. 'rroillili- wi:li llu- Imliaiis. Iaut-
iiii nation |.r. 'jiMhcil. (1. ( ii-rnpalion (t| i li.- At atiian l.'liiinns liy ill'!
Kri'nrli. 7. 'I'ln' Abbe l.al...ijlri', ^. l'..iiiMlihf_'i.f liarl ninulli. At-
taciv Itv tin- IlnlinnK. !t. l;<■^i;.'naIi'ln of lornwnllis. lirvicw of
lii» Atliniiii^M'uliuii -
(■|IAl'Ti:il XI. VIII.
Al AKIA— flOVi:l!X.Mi:M OK MA.TIIU I.AWIiKM T.
1. Srllli'nic-nt of l.nncTilnir);. 2. Ili'p.«on i^ivcs lln' NiilnTn-r of Ac-!i-
iliaii Kaniilics a." ••l:\. :l. Ki'iluiUon of Kurlt. I'.oaii Scjonr, Cas-
|.i-ri .au, .iiicl KivorSf, .lolin. 1. 'I'licCoun.ilili/.i.lis llnil lliclimu
has roiii'- lor flu- !Ox|tnl-ion of tlio .Vrinli.aus. .%. rrrparations for
till' i:x|iiilsion. 11. Winslow's Spi'i'ih at (irnnil I'li'. T. i'lu' Km-
liarUali i tin' Mxili s. ^. Somu Tliousaml Kvihs. 'I'lio .Vinount
of I'lopoiiy |)i>lic.yi'(l. ;i, Mis'T.-ilili' r.nniiiion of i:\il-.l .\.a-
tlians. In. Irniiv iilu'il <'as<>,sof ll.-tr>l!.lii|i. II. \V:i.s tin- lli-liio\.-il
of tin: .\i',ailians .lu-l ilialili' '.' I'_'. 'I'Inir l:>'nio\ala Political N'oi'is-
sity. 1;J. No.ln.'ililn-ation for tin' M;inni-r of lvt!nu'v:il. 1 1. A l.iis-
.'on Taiii^lii by tin' liiimnal of tin; .^laiiiaiis 1
(■ii.\i-ii;i! XI. IX.
iiovi:iinmi:n T of i jii: M\in.'i i.s i>i-.vai iiiti:iii..
Aiipirlnlinnut of linVanilionii. .\ "lonifr" in (iraiii. L'. Ilrail-
ilOfK'sailv.inio on Tort Inn^nc-nn. :i. llraililock'M ti'iiiblu dofiat.
I>iinbar'.'< rnfroat. I. shiili's's iisol.sa Mairh .-,. ,lolin-on'.t ad-
viuiri'on Clown roiiil. I'. lifVanilniiii's pri .-iralionn fir il.foni'i'.
7. nifskiin's ili'fi'at .at I*'orl William lli'nry. s. .loititKon rnw;iiit
Willi a bai tiy forhis vii-tiiry. M. llruat proparaiio'is for a p
eral in\ahion of t'mnula :
( IIAI'TIM! I..
i;ovi-;UN.Mr.NT <n-' M. i»i:\ \i niM;t it,— (roH^'/ini'/).
I. ConiMii'ni'i'tni'nl of thu (■ami>;ii;;n of it.m;. J. .\irival nf .Montrahn.
Tin.' poKilion of atVairs. ;:. 'Iln' l-'rcin-li pn-piin.' to atl:n-lv Osiwi-i^o.
4. taptnro of (.iswi't-o. ."i. .\ .Inap \i.toiy. .Mas>ai ir by lliu In-
iiian)>. li. Inarlivily of tlic llritixb. (irral ri'joii ini;K in i ahaila. 7.
tiri'at snllVrinji in tjhiul s. 'I'lraly of pi-ari- uiili tin' lro<|iioit!i,
:i. 'Ilir Kii-ncli aiiai K Korl William lli'iny. In. (■.•ipitnlalion of
l-'orl William llrnry. II. .ua^sat-rt' of pi'Mtm-rrt by lln- Iniii.ans.
!_'. Hi'^lrn. lion of till! Kolt. I'.-iiiii' amongst till! l:n;.'li(.li. I:!. I'am-
ini' in < anaila. It. Ui^ot ami bis s\\ iiiiltin^ Company ;
CI-.M'TKU I.I.
A'AllI \— liO\ lliVMItN r III-' iol.o\l;l. l.AWlli:Nri;-(' ,>a/i/IMir/).
1. l'nsifn'>sfal Ailc-mpttoCaplari' l.nMi.''boiiri.'. L'. SiTr.ml .Vtlni'k on
I.oiiisliour;.', I'ri'paratiou^ lor Prffiii-e. ;i. Sitrri'inbr of I.ouia-
boMr„'. 1. Hi'inaml for a lloni'i' of .\?si'inbly. nbji'i-tlinm nf tluv-
I'liior Law o-ni'i'. •"». Mi't-linnof llir I'*ir«t I b'tioral .\ssrmbl>. li.
( ivil I'oli.y of I.a»ri3inu. 7. Di'strinlioii of l.oiilebniir»!. lUalli
if l.awfini'. H. .Statu of tilt' Colony In I7(in. U. Si:\v House of
As>.inliiy '.'.'IC
Cll.\l'li:ii 1.11.
(niviiiiSMi.s r of Tin; m Mii;i is pi;vm lniiMii.— (riia^diKiiO'
I. .MirriMomby's ailv.'ini'e on l'iiil!loii. 'J, 'Ibc l.amlliiu. 'lealli of
l.oi.l lliiiM', :i. .MiriiTomln's liifeal. I. .XbenTomby's Ki'liral.
.'■■. r.i.'iclslii'il Caplnii'H I'ort I'lonli'inii'. il. Abainloiimi'iii of
P'oit InK.iinsiii'. 7. 'I'lm Slliiaiioii al tin' ilosii nf 17.'». I'l-ain-n
.M.anilons Canaila. f. Slat.' of .MViiirs in Iln' Coloiiv. Slaivaiioii
ami li..l.bi' y 211
CIIAI'TKK I, lit.
oo\i:iiNMi Ni'iif Till MAinjrirt nrvArpiiiMir.— (Clla^■|wl.'./)•
I. I'ri'piiratloi,.- i.n Ibe Campiiliiii of I7.W. 2. I>eViiinlriiiiirn .Vppeal
lo till' Militia. ,1. .Monli'.ilm'n Plan of liefi'in'ii. 4. I'li.lianx'n
Alt.a.'k on Port Ni;i;:ara. ,".. Ii.t'.'at of h.'Anbry. (I, Capltnlali if
Paok.
F. It Ninjiara. 7. ni'Striiition of Fnrt Carillon. R. Deliouili'-
nia.iue's Posiii.in at tlie Iale-au.\-Noix .■ 240
ClIAPTPIi LIV.
(lOVKilNMfNT OP THE MAI'Jt'lS IlfVAlIiniail.— (C<m//?IMi'('1.
Sailing of till' Kritish Kleit for Qni'bei'. 2. Arrival of l ho I'Mccl. ;!.
.Mi>nli-aliii'8pri'paratii>ii8forii..>fi>ii.'i'. I. Disposition of the I'reiirli
fori'i'S. .".. .\tt. •nipt lo ili.'siroy the tb'i't by tire ships, li. I'aptiiio
of till' post nt P..inl l..-viA. 7. SnlVeriiii: in (.bieltei'. s. 'I'he eonii-
try i.liil was'.e. II. Wolfe piepar.'S lo .ilta.k .Mont. ■aim. III. Tlio
liattle.if .Montinoien. i. II. IJ.'piilse of th.' llrilisli 250
( IIAPTP.U I.V.
liovf itNMi:.\T OF Tin: .maiujii.s ihivai iiiifrii.— ifo/i/iaHi J).
, Murray's Kxpeiliiioii np the St. l.aHieiiee. 2. Wolf.: Iie.iiles to
make an .Mla.'l. abovi.' (.iiieliee. :!. Montialm's Silnalion. I.
Wolfe Coll. -enlniles bill .\rmy at Point l.eiis. ,'.. Wolfe S.'ab-s
lb.' Il.i^'hls of .Mnahani. 11. Iles.ripli f 111.' Hall le-lb'l.l. 7.
Piisilioiis..f theCnieniliiii; .Vrinies. k. IMrst Uatll.-of the I'biiiiB
of Abi.'iham. !l. llefeal of ll.e Preii.li. In. Iiealli of Wolfe,
■rowiislieii.l'.^ 'rribiile lo his Memory. It. Honors I'aiil ilie I lead
(l.'lieral. IL'. Ii.-atbof M.ml.alm. i:i. Skettliof Monl.alnrsCliar-
a.'ler. .Moiiiimenl lo his .M.'inory. 14. The I.ossi'H on Hotli Sides.
Capitulaiioii of t^ii.-be.- 255
CII.M'IPli I.VI.
(loVfllNMfNT of lllf MAKIJI IS OfV A f llllf 1 l\.—{('(llllinUi ll).
. Departure of the I'.n^lisli Fl.'et. (leiieral Murray lefi in Coniinaiul
at (.iiiebee. 2. Murray's I'oliey Inwards the Inbaliilants. Seiirvy
aiiioiiL'sl the Troops, .'l. I lespeiat.- Sit ii;iti..ii of the Fien.li after
lb. I'all of (jii.'b..'. 4. (ii'eal rejoi.iiii;siii Knubiii.l. I'n'paiali.iiis
f.ira ViL'or.iils Campnimi. .1. Ili.I.ev is pr.'pales to .MlaeU (.ni.'bee.
(1. Murniy ilelerinilies lo .Mla.'k Del.i.vis. 7. Seeoml Haltli' of
the Plains of .\braliaiii. I.asl Viilory of tlie Fren.'h. s. .Murray
prepares to wilbstaiid a Slei;e. ll. Sie;ieid' (jliiebee by lb.' I-'reneli.
111. The Si. 'L'e raised. A last slaiid lo be inaile at Montr.al. II.
A non-eotnba la Ill's .Vi'i'onnt of tin' I ip.-iationsin tin- .Nei^zhborbood
of Qu.liee 2B
cii.\pr:'.ii i.vir.
(inVr.HXMKNT OF TIIK MAIIIJIIS OIAA lllllfril.— (Coll^'HIIfl/),
. Murray's .A.lvaii.'e on M.mlre.al. 2. .Xmbersrs .\dvaii.o fioiu Os-
wi'iio. .'I. Three .VriiiiesConeimirai.'.l around Montreal. Iiefetiee-
lessstale of the lily. 4. Caiiitiilaiiim ..f the wlioleof Canada, .l.
Terns of ilie Capilnlalion 275
CII.M'TPi: I. VIII.
llll.llAUV lloVf llN.Mf NT Of (ll:XfIIAI, JII KUW.
. Siirreii.ler of tlio Fieiieli Forts in the Went. 2. Fstal.lisbmeiit of
.Mililary Itiile. :i. Deparliire of most of ihe Noble Fieii. h Fami-
lies from Canada. 4. Trealy<if Peaee. Formal Cession of Canada
to llritalii. ."i. How till' News of llie CapUiie of (Jiiebee was lle-
eeiv.'.l ill Fraine. li. The I'lrsl Newspiiper 111 Caninla. 7. The
Conspliaey of ponliiie. Capture of the Western Furls. H. Sie),'u
ofD.'iroil .... 2M
CIlAPTFl! l.IX.
(loVfllNMfNT Of i;fV rAl'l.fTOS.
I. SIntn of the Country in I7ilil. 2. Th" Pro.l.imalioii of 17«:i not ei\r-
ried out. .'t. I'nsatlsfaetory .Vdinlnistiatioii of the Laws. I, Mur-
ray's K.'port on the Uritish F,iiii;.'iaiits. .%. Miiriay's iipinioiiof
til.' Fr.'lnb Cbniisls, 11. I list;iaieflil iinlniue in MoiiUeal. 7.
(Ireat Fire ill .Moiiir. 111. s. .\p|iolniiiienl of i aib'i.'ii. His Flist
Aels. II. DilTeiei s b.'lHe.'ii the I'lviieb ami I''.iii;ll>li Laws. III.
.Mtorney-lii'iieral Tliiirtow's iipinioii on tin' i ild l.iiws. II, .Mar-
riott's lieeomm.'ii.lations for a Consliliilb'ii forCamnla. 12. Si>
liiilor-i leiieral We.liiei burn's iipinioii. Ill, The (jmbee Aet of
1771. 11^ plovlsb.ns, 11. llppositl..ii lo the A. I In bolb lli'iises
of Parliament. ITi. Petliloii of the M.nor ami ciiMvullnii of
l.on.loii ai;aliist the Aet. Iii, Hisiippioval of the .Vet in tliu 'ol-
oiii.'S 2C7
,:«'
^
rAor.
on. 8. Delimiilc-
Jlii
,al lit llio l-'leiM. a,
itiniii.t till' l-"ri'Ui-li
sliips. <i. <'.'l|ilUtU
lii'i'. s. 'Iliei' I-
iMli'.'lllll. Id. 'i'liu
rilisli L'.5()
< II.— iCoiilhniiil).
Wiilfii Doiiili's to
Ill's Sitiialiiiii. 4.
-.. Wi.ltc s.-ali'S
11' lialili-lirlil. 7.
lalili'iif ilii! IM.'iiiiB
iP.rlll, of Wolfe.
KM'S I'aiil llii> Hi'ail
r Miiiiiialnr.'iiliar-
si-s on lioih Siiios.
I II (Ctrntinidil).
I li'fi ill rnniinainl
liaiiit.-iiils, Si-iirvy
■ r till' I'l- Ii alloV
iiiil. I'i-i-|iai'atiiiii8
lii.Mlaik l,iiii'l>w.
Sri'ciiiil Il.'iiil,. i,f
"ifiirli. s, .Murray
M'l' liv till. Krciirli.
■ al Mc.iihval. II.
Ilir.\ii;;l,li(irll0ilil
2C
u.—(l it)iti)ii(ril).
'Ivailrli tinlll <l8-
Mlri:il. Ilili'in'i'-
iili'iiT Caimila. 5.
275
mi It II vv.
laMixliiiiPiit nf
■ l-'rriii h raiiii-
i'siiiii III' Caiiaihv
t^lllrlii'r was ilc-
iiiaila, 7. Tlio
I'nrts. ». ,S1«||0
IIW
• if 17ii:i mil rnr-
■ i awn. 1. '\Iiir-
l>'s (l|iiMiliM I'f
111 Miitiirial, 7.
III. lllH KilHt
l,'li>ll I.IIWH. III.
vs. II. .Mar-
'MMMila. rj. Sii-
II. I .\.'( lit
ill I'l'ili Ih'iisi.'H
Ci.riiiMatl.iii of
.\.| III llio ''lll-
ZHT
tONTKNTS.
('ii.\i''ri:K i.x.
Tin; .vMi.iiir.vx ni'.Mii.iriiix.
P.\OE.
lii'iiiTal Vli'w of till' Brlti.tli Ciilonies. 2. (Jiowih ami Pr.is|HTity
of iliii Coloiiits. 'I'lii- Naviizalioii l.;;\vtf. I!. (;liaii^:e ut J'olii-y to-
uaiiU till' Coloiii.s liv (i will. Till' .Slaniji .\i'l. 4. Imliu'lia-
lioii ill thiM'oloiiii's at llii.' I'assa^'iM.t ihi. .A.M. ."i. Ki'pi'al of llii^
St.-imp .\ft. Tax oil 'I'l-a. 'J'lii^ no.-*toii ."Massarrti. tl. 'I'lu' II0.-.1011
Ti'a I'ariv. 7. 'I'liu I'ort of liosloii (Io.-imI. JjiroUiiin Miiiuii-
Mi'ii. .s. I'irsi Mr.'iiiii.'of till' I'luiiini-iilal (■oni..riss al I'liilrnli'l-
liliiii,.-,lli S.|ili'inl.i'r, 1771. (1. Tin- I'irsi lilooilslii'il. Tlio iiailli'
of l->'\iii;:li)ii. 111. rapturi' of 'rii-oml-'io^a ami ''rowii I'oiiii.
11. Iialiii.-iif lliiiikiT Hill ■£»
(II.Vl-l'KK I.M.
iF .AMKIUIAN IN'VASIilN.
, Sati«fai'lioii ol llio I'imiicIi ('.■iiiailialis willi Ih,: (.iiu'licc Art. 2. Ail-
ilri'ssi't till' Coiuim'iual Coit^.Ti'Ss to llif l';iiia.liaiis. 3. t'arletim
siiiiiiiioi's till* lirsi t'oiniril. rri'iiaraiioiis tor liofcni'i'. 4. .Apa-
lliy of ihf ri'o|ilt>. .MoiiijioiuiT\ ailvaiii-fs aL'.'iiiisi SI- .lolms. ,'>.
.Siirn-ml.T of I'liainlily. Dif.'.il ami .ai'lur" of |;iliaii .Mluii.
Ij. ra|.|iucof Moiiinal. 'I', riii- of tli.- siirr.-ml.'r ;;(U
cii.vi'Ti;!! i.xir.
iiovi:ii'<Mi:Nr nf sin ntv iAi!i.i:Tns.— tin: sina: m- ijiii'.rr.
. Moiii..; rv's I'nmiliaiory I'omlii. I lowanls llir liilialiilaiils. '.'.
.\niol.|'s Manh 'IiiomcI, ili,- W.l.i.iiii-s. .'1. AriioM .\|.pi:iis ..ii
111.' I'lalii.-of .Miraliaiii. 4. Tli.' li.'fi'ii.i's ..ttjiu'l .",. rarl'ton's
I'i'oiiiptituilii. Stri'iiKtIi lit till' ilarri-on. 11. IJiirl foniiiilly lii-
vi'sli'il. Dislnh'tliiii ot till' liiti'iiil.'ilit's I'alaii'. '7. A Mmilli ..f
Ilia.livilv. s. .Moii1;;.iim'iy ili'l.'niiim'S on a Ni;;lil .'illaik. !i. Ko-
pulM' ..f ih.'attii.k on /')-iV<.,/,.|'i//i-. D.'.iili ol .Moniuoni.ry. 1.1.
llMrial.f .MoiilL:oim'ry. 11. Itrpiil.-^i' ..f .Xrliolil's .Mtaik. Siir-
r.'ii.l.'r .if til.' .\ii;i.'kin^' Party no.")
t'ii.\i'Ti;u i.xiii.
i..ivi;ii\Mi;Nr .11' sill my c Aiii.iins— ivMiAnnN of
r.WAitA n\' rin: AMi:itii ans.
liisr.niiilion of ih,' lll,.,'k.'i.lr. l)i..'.mrai;.in.-iil of Hi,. Aimri.'aii?.
-. 'I'll'; L'low ill- .li-lik.' of 111.' I 'ana. Mans 1.1 lli.' .\nn-ri.-nns. .'t.
.Mlinipi .'f ^.l|lu■ r.'ina. Halls to r.li.'M' 1,1111 lii'i'. I. .\rrl\ al of rr-
iiil'..i m.'iils ft'.in Kii^ilaml. lii'lr.al ..f tin' .Vnn-riians. n. \
t'oiniri'ssional 1 'oinniiltt'i' visits !\I..iilr.'nl. 1' II. "flrssiit'ss of tin;
.Ain.'rii'aii I'liiis.'. Dm' ri'sllll i.t llin Msil 7. lii'iii. .li'i'iimnls tor
till' Anii'iiians. Tin' 'rroops friuii Knulii i.l. s. r.-ipiain Kosii'r's
\li'liil'y al till' I'cilai-s. II. A llofralof llin Anii'ri.'ans al Tlin-i'
liiv.'is. III. Till' .\nii'ri. alls ill ivi'p onto tana. la. Naval \i.iory
on l.aki' ('lianiplaiii, II. I!nr'.'.ivn.''s ■nri'.n.l.'r al Saral.iLia. ll.
It.'sninpiloii of tin' s.'ssi.Mis of I'lininil. Carlulon ri'si|,'iis ar.'
I'M.U'ri'.l! ..\1V.
ti.ivri!\Mi:N r nr inMu m. iiaihhiash— i .\iri;ii ic.Mi'iin:
I.i'V Al.lsl s.
(i.'ii.'ia! llal.liiinin.rH appoinini.'ni . Filoris of Hr. Ani.'n.'aii"
lo inilni'ii.-.' 111.' I .'iiia.liaiis. J. Hal. liiinin.l's tyranny. ;i. l(i.,'o..rni-
lioii i.t till' In.l.'p.'iiil.'ii..' ..f III,. Initi'il .Slalos. 4. t lirtailimnl of
111.' I.oiiinlali.s ,,r 1,111, I,,.,.. i',,ns,.,|in.nl ililll, iilii,.s. a. P.-rsm-n-
11. II, if l.oyalisi- liy 111.. .\im.rl,'aiis. I.;nii..;nition loianaila. li.
t niii-.l l-aiipi.-ii l..,v.ilisis. s.'lili'ini'iils in Wi'sinrii I'anaila. 7.
P.'pillalion of till' Provlmi'. ..silll.'im'nt ot llin lro.|iiols on liraiiil
liivi'r. s. Ui'.all .it ilovi'rm.r Hi,l,liniaml. Passlnj; Hi.' Ilali....|s
" "i|"i>' Aet ;„-
I'll \pi|.:it I. XV.
fiiivi'.HNMi.Nt (II- i.iiini iiiiiiiin sri:ii_|,|yisi.iN- hk nir
rii.i\ IS. 1:.
K..appi'liilini.nl of (I. .m. nil Carl.. I. ,11. ;. li.p.irls of ('oniiniili.i's
nil ilii'romli'ioiiof 111.' i'.,|,,ny. :i. .SulLiHon for lirpii'si'iilalln'
iloviriiim.iil. Piissai;i' of lli,i " r,,i siiii,ii,,iial " Ai'l, liil. 4,
I'rlmipal Pri,vls|,,iis of ilii' .\il. .-,, 1 Ih lsi,,ii l.iiii' llilwi ,'ii lln'
I'Ain:.
two Puiviiii'i's. t'l'iisns
I IIAPTI:ii I.X\ I.
MivA sciiTiA— iin isiiiN or tin: I'Iiumm 1:.
fl.ni'riiini'iit ..pposliion I., II. .111.' Maiinfi.liiri.is. '_•. ll,,v,'rii,.;.
i.'ian.klln'K opinion alioiil .Maniifa.lnri's in ITiiii. ;i. I'liloriH in
Ihiluiii NoviiSiiiiialo join Hi.. lit'\,,lii'il l'i'o\iii,'L's. 4. Noii-liiitr-
ll'-_.=
course Willi till' Iti'volii'il Proviiii'i'S. .'.. Alli'iiipts to iinil,- tin'
liiiliaiislo rrvolt. 11. (iovi'riior l.i'iiL'.-'siuvi'stiKatioii iiilo linan.ial
Iiiisniaiia.L.'.'lni'iil. 7. .\rrival of I'liiU'il l-anpiri. Loyalists, s. 4'ln.
Iti'v. .lai-.'Mlail.y. His a iiiil ,.f liis app.-aiain 11 Ms lamlin.-
01 llalif.'i.v. 11. |)i^sali^laL•:i f lln' I,.,- a'ist». l>i\ isi,.n of 'In'
l'r,.viin"' '
I'li.vi'i 1:1: I.XVII.
i.rnvMt (AS \in— ii,ivi:iis'mi:n r ..f insi i;m. ai.iiii:i> ii.vkki:.
1. Fiitiii'i' i'las>iii.aii.in of Sniij.'iis ,.f ilii- Work. 2. S.-paralioii of
tin- l'ro\iiii'.'s. Uhisionof l.owor i'anaila inlo (',,iinii..'», \,.. .';.
Till' l''ir.-l Pariianii-nt. I 'oiil,'>t l',,i' Hi,, .SpiakiT-liip. 4. l.',,ililal
Opening' of 11,1' l.-irsi I'arliami'iii of l.owi'r I'ana.la. .1. I>,'liaii!nn
tin. I.annnat'i' in wliicli I'r ...linns si l.| h,. id nlnl. li. Tim
Hills I'a.-si'il. 7. J'p.roKaii f ilic ll.iu-i'. H. ioii,|iii,,ii of ih,,
I'l'iivinoe
I'HAI'l'KU l,X\ 111.
i.nwiat 1 ANAPA— (;(>vr.i;\.Mi:\ r .n' i.nin ii.nti iikstkis.
1. tJeni-ral .Salisfiii'tion at tin' Iti'tiini of l.or.l liiinliisliir. 2. Kiiiis-
sarins of I-'ri-nili liopuhlii' i;mli'avor 1., Dis.iil'.'.'t < anadians. .1.
I'ulili.' .Vi'i'onnts lirsl .Sniilnilli'il to I'arli.iim'iil. 4. I.oiil llor, Ins-
tor's .\pp.al lo lln- l.ojallyor tin. A.ssi'Nil.ly. .\llilml,. ,,f llio
I'lir-y. ,-,. .\|. Krl'li'Ssis' |.:iilo_,y of l;ii;;lisli i.'iil,. in raii.nla. li.
l'arliaiii.'ntS.'s-i.,ns, I7!i.'i. l-anliarto on 111,. I':\|.,,rl.'ili,,n of .jr.iin.
7. I.asl .-I'ssi f I'irsi I'arliaim'lil. I 'onipliimnis li,.in l.,.nl |i,,r.
.'IiPsiir. s. I'iii:il li.'|,.'iriiir.. ..f l..,iil Ii,,r, lii>i,.r. i;,iiir..il K,.ni,i
al his l.,.a\ ill;: , ;
riTA)>Ti':K k.\ix.
i..i\vi:it I'ANAiiA— inivr.iiN.MrM- ur 01 s. n. i'i:i:siori'.
;. Secoiid I'arliaini'ni opcm-.l l.y i;,.\ oriior I'risi'oit. 2. Tin' " I'li'sor-
vation of liou'riiini'iit " .\..|. .1. Tir^t I':xi'i'ntloii tor lli|,li Tna-
soll in ('ana. la. 4. .\. ilnl of III.' Kxci'illioii liy nil Ky.'-wilni'ss.
5. .Si'S-ionsof 17.SII-1I. lii'i'all ofUovi'rnorri'i'.si'oti. u. Siihstanlial
Ti'stiiilony of I.oyall\. .AK.'lr.'si t ;
I H.\P'll:l; l.XX.
l..iHi:i: I' \N Mn . ii.'V iMiMii.sr i,f sni n. >. mii.m>.
1. .App.'ililnn ,11 of tliii.ial .Milm-s. .\ .Short s.. -si. .11. 2. Passa^,. ,,t
a Hill Pniviiliii),' for a " iioyal liislitulion for III,' .Xih.iiiii.ni.nt
of l.i.arniii^'." .'1. Sossion of 1mi2. I'ji.oiirai'.'iiii'iil for ilninlinrn
of 11. nip. I. s..ssioii .,f lMi;l. .\l,oliii,.ii of .siavir.v. ,",. Si'ssioii
of l-nl. .\ i,nii,'t V,..'ir. 1;. I',,iirih Parliaimni. lii-aL.'r,'.'in..|it
of Ihi' lions, Ill,, .tail .\..|. 7. Tin' IJnislion of lnt,.|,.,,i,ii i.
(..•ilion l.i.|wi...|i 111.. I'ii,\iiii',.8. s. P,r>,',.|iii,,ii of Ih,. I'li.ss. 11.
Till. Kililor of Ih.. M.-ri-nry f..r...il lo .\ p..|..aiz... In. lliHi-r,. -s
b,.iw,.ii llnM'oniiin.r..ial ami .\i;ri..|illiir..|l Inii.ri.sls. |.:si..|l,lisli.
111,. Ill of 1.1. laiiailioii. II. Knars of a War w iih iliu l'nil..il .Sial.s.
Militia t alli'.l imi
rll.\l"l|.:i! I.XXI,
1.. i\\ 1:1; r VN Miv— i;.i\ I i;nmi:s 1 .11- sin .1 \Mi , III m;\ I I, uii.
I. .\pp..inliiii'nl of liiivi'mnr I'riii;;. His ( liai-a.-nr. 2. Ih,. Imliui-
liilily of .liiilni.s, l-'.xpnlsi f Mr. Han. :i. I'lai-^'s I'irsi |ilil..r.
I'll..!' Willi llii' .Ass.'inlily. Thi' llnusu IiIssoIm'.I. I. lir.iMih ..t
rnrlySpiril. Tlin l''ii'-l Si.'aiiili.,ai ,111 ili,. .M Lawrnin','. .",. 'I In;
Assi'inlily lii'i'larns llin lloviTiior's ( 'nnsni'i' ol th.-ii lonilmia
Ilri'iirhof Privih'i;.'. (1. Till' .\ss.iiilil.\ iilli'is to .\s.iam' Hi.' whoh'
Civil l.isl. .Imh.Mi lii'lloiiiii' i'\p,'ll,',|. 7. Thi'tlov .riior ai;aiii liis-
Holv's till' lloiisi'. liapiil lm.r..as..of Tra,li.. oil .\|.i.| i of Kiud.
p.'.'in >.ar. s. Siipprission of I.,. Cmin.li.ii. Suininary .Armsl of
Mi.iiili,.|'s of 111,' Hon-'i'. ii. .\ irii.'.'liilwii II Hi,' liovi'iiior ami tin'
Assi'inlily. 111. Aililri'ssis to llio (;ov,.rnor ,,11 his |)i.|iarluri. for
Knulaml ;
CHAl'l'l-j; I. XXII
i.uw 111 1 vNAiiA— (OH i.iivvii.N I 1,1 sill (iriiinii; I'lir.vosr.
I. .Vppoiiiii 1 of sir tii'ori!,' Pr,.v..si. drovvlinj ill-fn'Mn.; in Hm
I nii.il .Siai..- ii..'aiiisi lirliaiii, 2 Tli.. ■' Hiiiry p|.,|." Th,' inl-
l,.,| Slal,s |i,.,|ar.. War anninsi Ureal llrlialn. .1. Coni'lliai..ry
l',,',i,v r sir lii'ori;.' i'r.' v. .si. 4. I.ll.i'ial li rants hy tin' .\ssi'inlilv.
I.o.al Ciiilml ,.r Ih,. Ciiiiiiilians. n. 'I'lic .Miillia lii'lil In lli'inii-
'..ss lo li.' Calli'il Ilnl. Issii.'iit A liny Hills, II, Caiiipalnn of l.spj.
.An i:ir..n 'lowaiils I'l-rn'o. 7. ALurilvi' Ailniiipt of lii'iii'ral liiiir-
Ix.rii 1.1 Inva.l.. l,owi.|'Caiiailii. H. Si'Sslmi nf ls|:i. liooil F,,, Itnv
betuv'i'ti till' toiviTiiiir iiiiil tin. II. nisi'. II. Ciiptiirc of ilm >■ liniw-
aio
18
CONTEXTS.
Ii'v" jind " Kaiilt'.'* 10. Dt'stniriiuii of Aincriran Arsi-nals nn
I.iiki' ( 'li<'iin|i|.-iiii. II. (i('ii«'i':il II.'iiiipton'H hixiision. 12. I>i-S;ila-
in-rry's IJiillianl Vii-tnn a: ( 'liat ■ iii^uay. Hi. lin|i>arIiiiH-iit ..f
.lii<l'.'i-s Si'wt'l) anil .M<'iik. riit> A>.-i'iiili)y ami r.>iiii< il i<ii M.-nl
't'l') IMS. 1 1. Arrival •>!' small Uciiifon-t-int-hls. ( 'miiKil ul I nilians,
i:.. lTivasinn,.ni.-in*ral \VilUiiii*<.ii. li.'i.iils.- at !,af4»ll«' Mill. HI.
Arrival of hu-,''' Ut'inforri-mfiiis. Sir iii'i>r<i*: l*ri'v<>st .\f.siiiiirs
tlu- < Mri-ii.'ivt'. 17. \.'niiil>int-<l Allai-k on l'lati>l>in;rli by l.aiitl anil
Wat.r. D.'i.-at of lli*' Kh.-I, is. Kdn-at nf Un; I.mnl Immti-s.
.Sir (JcorL'i' Prrvusl's .\. count cf ihi .NHair. I'.t. IJn-all >*( sir
»li'«'r;:i' rrc\M.-;I to Im- Tiii il l»y ( '...trl-Marlial. 'JO. Appn'ipri.'L'iiiii
fi»r ("onstrnrtin;: tin- I,;i' hiiii- <a;ial. J I. Tr'iaty of I'rafo. I»i(»;irt-
II ro of Sirdi'oriii' I'n-v. i>t .'
cii-vriiMt
..Wll
i.owr.R r.wAh.v— fio\ i;iENMi:Nr i»r sue .rtin\ toAi'i; sni:u-
nituoKK.
1, Ucdi'inption of tln> Army liills. Xcw Sicann'rw on tho St. I.nw-
reiii't'. 2. SmlliMi Di.sstiluiion of rarliannMil. .'1. Arrival of sir
flohn SlitTltrook*'. His I'ronipi Mi-asiiros lo Krlifvc Siilf<TL'rs
from Failiin' of tli" Crop;*. 4. Itf onumMnlalion of aClianU'-of
Tolii-y. .'■>. Siirfp ■n>ioii of till* ('har^^■s aLiaiiL-it .Ini|j;fs S"\vi-ll an<l
-Monk. St-'>sion ol I^l7. t>. Sohion of l.sls. (■hant;e in Kiiianrial
ArriiiiL"'nu'nts of tin' I'rovhifi- ;
rilAl'Ti:!; I.WIV.
LOW Kit CAN \|)\-'(inVi:iENMi;N"J mF THK IUKI: i
I'A.
tK.
rana.lian AlTairn. 10. Sfssioii of 1S.^^. No lliisini-si* Trans
a.-tiil
l*y iliv Hoimc. 11. Appoihlniont of n Koyal i'oniniis>ion to
Visit
171
(lIAPI'KIt 1. XXVIII.
r.n\vi:i{ rANAHA— <:'Vi;ii\Mi:Nr oi- i iii: i'aki. oi- (ii>s(-i
lll>.
1 1. .\ni\.'il nf I.nni (losfuril. ^I'tri- ( '..ii« iliatorv Mf;isurt'M. •_
. The
Ass.-riiMv lli'fii^fsi" IJ ;.'ni/.f Uh- l.i-val rotniiii>!*inii. X«
Siip-
plir^ V (. ;i. Sis^icii iiC l.-:;i;. ■Iln- .\.-.-<imm1iIv !;.■>.. h.^s ii..
lo<lo
any nn^hifss iimil ilKM'oiiiiril is iiiailr l-.It'»-ii\i'. 1. 'Iln' r. i
ntnls-
*;iniicT!* lIi'iKtrt ailviTsety to atl Klfflivi' f 'uinu-il. .'. I. art s
r-lon
<tf 111*' rai'IiaiiKMit ft' Lower t'ana.la, i». Tin* Asst-nilily V
■isists
in ili* I'ri-tfnsions, ami I'arliann-nt is I>is.s"Ivril. T. A Hfti
.spi'.-
tivc (ilanci'
'174
ciiArTiiu I. XXIX.
I.nW 111 CAN MH— tin: IirnM.I.ION OK |.s;7.
1. Tim rliTL'v iipi'os.- 111.' l!.\c'lnlioLniry .Movcin.'iu. -J. Tlio
i.'Uin-
liiriiMi>M>.
1. Thr CiM-'c' of liilV.irnii- Ip.'Iv.cmi the (Iomtiioi' and the Assenil.ly.
■_'. Session of Islll. Tin) tlovernor iiiviles the .\saeniiily 1 i pass Ihe
Civil Appropiiaiions. :!. Thc^ .Vssenjlily .\s-nnie the Iti^'lit lo Ks-
aaiine the Items in the civil List. I, The Conneil Ueji'els the
House lli;i of .Snpplie-. ."i. I'roro^Miion ot tin? Ilonse. Censiiro
of the (lovernor. li. Laiec* Lmi;.'i.ilion. Heath ot the Duki' of
Uielnnoml. T. .\noiher l>i>s<iIiili<Mi of this llou.^e. .\ I'selesa
Kloelion
CIIAI'II'.K I. XXV.
Lo\vi;ii <\\NAi)A-iiovi:i!NMi:.Nf Of run kaul of iiAi.iniisii;.
1. IMr. Vai'ineau's Opinion of KneMsh I.ule in Canacta. 2. Session of
Isjn. Coniinued iPiiVer.'nee Indween the Conmil ami the .\sseni-
lilv. ;t. Crown Lands. Connneneenu'nt of Woili on L.aehine
Canal. -1. Condition of the IM-ov inee in Is-ja. .". Session of |s-ji.
The lirilish .Ministry lie. pdres ihe Lnjilisli Kule of \'oiinir snp.
plies to he .\ilopleil. (. "Ihe .\s:eMll)ly Sllll NefllSeS to Vole any
Snp; 'iei. 7. First Cnion I'lojeel. l-'inami.al I Pillienllii » wilh
I'ppercaii.iila. s. I'pperCanad.a .\ppialsto ihe Imperial I'arli.i-
nn-nl. !i. IMovisions of tl.e I'l-oposed I'nion Aei, In. Sessii»n of
l-J.l. Mipri' Temperale .\eiion of ihe .Assemhly. Supply Hill
I'assi'd. II. .Session of |sj;i. Iief:il, alion of Ihe li iver-den-
eral. PJ. 'Hn' .\sseml.ly at'ain I'lfnses lo Pass llie Snpply Hill.
1.1. linildiliK' of Larue Ships .'il l.mchei', 1 1. Scission of Isi;.-,. Mis-
Ijike of holli l.ienli'nanl-dovi'rnor and Ihe .Assembly. Supply
Hill I'a.-.sed. I.I. Kvents of ihe Vear. .Vnother lie.ad-loek in
l-'inanee.s. Census llelnnis. It; Ses^ion of \>j~. The tlovernor
Dissolves Parliament. 17. \ ioL nl .Mui-e of ihe <i,,vernor hy Iho
Freneh Parly, is. The Hover ■ liefas.-s to .Veknowledt;,!" .Mr.
I*Mpinean .-IS Speaker, and hi>solves P;u liaun-nt. p.t. .\ppeal of
the .\ssemlily to Ihe Home ( lovernnielil . '.'0. lieporl of Com-
mit I et> of II oust! of Commons. Iteparlnre of l.ord iPalhonsii! ;
cii.\PTi:ii i.x.x\ 1.
i.owi-ii lANAiiA- iniv i;nsMi N r oi siu .rvMis iii:Mi'r.
1. Session of IsL's. Supply Hill Passed l.y I hie \'ol,. of .ludyeSe-
well. '■'. Worii of Ihe Session. I'sefnl Hills Passed, a. Session
of |s:iii. Appropri:ii|ons lor Internal ImproviMucnts. 1. K.xten-
sive l".iiiij;r.aiion. .^ppoinlmenl of l.onl .\yhner ;
( ll.\P'I'l:l! LXXVII.
loHiii iA\APA-(;uM;ii\Mr.s r or c,i;m,iiai. i.oiin a vi.miji.
I. Se-sion of l.s.'ll. lnerea.se(l Itepresenl.alion. .\ (irievanee Aildresn
to Iln' Kihi;. :'.. .\sseinhlymen \'n|i. to Pay themselves .:<:' a Day.
:i. Imporiaid i;venls of Ihe Year. Larue Immiiiraiiim. 4. Con-
ees~ions m.ide lo Ihe .\ isenddy. ,".. S.'ssi..n o| |s:d. The Xssemhly
not vel Satislieil, 11. Parly Spirir. I'nforlun.'de l;lei-l i..n Iliol in
M.>nlreal. 7. Session of |s:ij. The Assi'Mihly Peillion lo hnvo
Ihe Conneil nuuli! Illeeiive. s. Session of Is.U. 'I'he o Niu.'ty-Two"
liusoliilloim, II. Appotntnicnt oF a P.'irliaineniary CeunnllUioon
;v,9
ninu of lln-.storm. l-'irsi Collision llelween I'.airiots .andConslilu-
tionalisis. ;s. l:.\eiieuient m hotl, Town .and Ctunilry I'arishes.
4. Warrant fiu- the. \rrest of Papin. an and.. thers I.ssued. .-.. lies-
ent' of Two Prisvuu'rs from the ."Milii.ai-y. (I. Prep.arin;; lo .\iiaeU
tile Insuru'eul t .'imps. 7. The l-'ir.-t Ln;ia;;i'ment. \'ielory for
the Keliels. s. Mur.ierof l.ieul.'ii;int Weir. :t. Welherell D.leals
tin' llel.els al SI. Charles. 111. \ ielory at Si. Knslai'lie. Ileslrue-
lioii of Ihe Plaee. II. The Helu'ls Plead for Men y al SI. Ueiioit.
The I.asI .Vllempl. 1:.'. Slispensi.fii of the Conslilnlioll of Lower
Canada 376
< iiAPTi;i: i.xx.x.
l.oWKll lASAIlA— lloVi:ilNMI;Nr Of Till: r.Alll. OF III HMAM.
The ;\Iission of the K:irl fd' Iiurlinm. J. .\rriv,*il of Keinforee-
in.'iits. Imiuiry into the Disposal of Crown Lands. .'1. Hauish-
iiit'iit of l':i;;hl Paitieipanis in the late lieliellioii. 4. l.'ud Dur-
liuin's Course Disapproved. Hi' Uesi^ns 3s0
clIAPTP.il LXXXI.
i.ovviu I ASAiiA— Tin; iii:iii:i.i.iiiN hf Is.'!.'*.
'I'll'' iinilirealv of l«.is. c.'ipiure ot ihc Henry Hroii|;hain nt Heau-
haiiioi-. ■_'. llepiilseof the lii.siir|,'ents hy tlie Laprairie 11 diaiis.
:i. Nelson Advanees lo Napierville. I'roelaiin.^ himself President.
4. llepulseof Ihe l.-ehels.'it l.aCdle Mill. .1. Vl.'toiy of the Mili-
tia ill llilelllown i;. The Kehellion Suppress' il. Kelali.'llillL; oil
the llislir^eiil.-.. 7. Lxt.'eutioll ot the Keheis ;jsl
cii.\pii;i; i.xxxil.
I.OW Kit 1 \\AI1A~10>\ KltSMIIN r oF l.nim SVPF-MIAM.
Arrival of Mr. 1'. Ponlelt Tli.unson. .\n lliioii 'd' the Provinees
a-1'..lio. J. llie.Veiot fnioii pass'd I'V III.- Hrilisli House ot
c iiioiis. :l. TheCimlilion of P'.rli.s al lli.' Tim.' of lie' I ni.ui
l.or.i Svdeidiam. 4. Naines ..f tlie I iovi;riiors of the Pio\ iii.-e of
l.on.'r (ana. la .ia
( IIAP'ILK I.XXXIll.
1 I'l'Dll CANAHA — CoVFIl.SMFNr OF e..|...M:i, .1. li. SIMI.iF.
tpp.'r Cana.la. 17111. :;. Tli.' Indian S.lll.'is, Tin' Pirsl ( Inir.h
Hell in rpper Cana.l.'i. :i. .\p|ioiiiliiieiit ..f c..|"iii'i .1. li. si .'
as Lieiiteiia- '.-tioveinor. l''ii St Session of Parliaiii.'iit. 4. I's.'fiil
a.'t.'.l pass.'.l. Il.'-iiamlii),' the' Dislri.ts. .1. Proro|.'alioii. Visit
of llie Duke of Iv.'iil. (i. (iovernor Sini.i.e s.'.'kmi.' a Sit.' for llni
Capilal, li"el.li's .>n Tor.'iilo. 7. llapi.l Iner.'as.'of Popnlalion.
K. (lov.'rnor Siineoe D.'sir.'s lo .Make Lou. Ion tin' Capiial. I.onl
Hor.hi'Sl.'r Hi'fiis.'s. il. Si ml s.'ssi.m ..f Parlian .iit. .Mjniili.'ii
id' sl;ivery. in. 1!. ■.■all of (o.vi'riior Sim. '...'. II. .\.lniinislralioii
of II. 'II. p.'l.'r Itnss.'ll. .Miii.MS in ilw Crown Liui.ls |i.-|..'irlni.'iii . ;!R4
I I'I'I n lANAIlA-
ClLM'I'ld! i.xxxn'.
I\ KIINMKN I IIF OIMIIAI. FIJI II IIINtFIl.
dr.. Will of Ihii Proviiii^... M-Iiilillshin.'nt of P..rts of Kntry on Ihe
l.ak.'s. 'J. .\ii .\.,'l prohil.iliiiK Ih.' Sal.' ..f Splril s Li.|ii..rs lo
tin' In.llaim. :i. Kneouraulnk' iLi'i'iiIiiin- ..f Hemp. I. Th.' l''ouii-
. lull. Ill of " the K'unlly Coiiipa.l." .".. Insaiisfa.loiy c..ii.liiloii ot
the I'roviiiee Poliil.ally 087
siiH'HK Trniisai-tfil
,171
tl, op' fiiiSKnlin.
It-Msiiri'f*. J. The
lli>silin. \n Sup-
It.'.-.. hrs ih.t i(,,|,j
. 4. Tin' ('. .iiiiiiitJ-
. .I, I..'1-i s. >>ii.ii
isscnibly I^•l>i^l.s
T. A i;.■ll.,^|i.■,•-
374
>y I.-:;;.
I. -J. run li.'irin-
iois aiiilt (Mihiiiii-
■(.uiiliy I'lU'L-h.-s.
I'S 1;.M1I'.I. -1. lil'S-
I'pai'ini; lo Aua.'k
.'lit. Vi.'t..ry f<ir
iV.'tllol'cU DrfratS
siai'lii?. Di'striic-
'H-y at St. Di'iuiit.
liliition t.f l.dwiT
376
(I, OF III HIIAM.
val ct Huiiif.,!-,.,..
111. la. :i. Uanisli-
.11. 4. I... Ill l)ur-
'nj:Iiaiii at n.-an-
:i|.i'.'iiiii.' Ii .iiaiis.
ii.-.ll'rr.>[.|,.iii.
IV ..f ih.' Miii-
Ki'lali.'iliiii. i.ii
^\ liDMIAM.
111.' I'loviiim'S
iii>h lliMi.<c ot
1.' ..r till' I'liiim
I'liniiu'i! of
.1. Ii. siMciii:.
' l-'ii'st ( liuri'li
'I .1. 11. Sim.. .11
ill, 4. I's.liil
..^'ali..ii. \'i>it
.^'.'l Sit.' fur 111. I
't I'.'iiiilall.iii.
<'a|.ii.'il. 1,1.1.1
it. .\b..lili..ll
.\.iitiiiiisii':)ii.in
.!> |i. |.,'iiiiii..|ii, ;tS4
1 1 II iiiM i:ii,
if i:iili'.\ .III til.)
II. .IIS l.i.|ii.ii's to
I. Til.' r.iuii-
iiyiHiiiUllon (it
387
■a?:
CONTEXTS.
lit
CIIAPTKU I. XXXV.
1 iri 11 . IN \llA--.i.l\ i;ilV KNT HI' .Ml!. IltWI'lS (i.llli:.
I'Aiii:.
I. ?:BlaMisliiii.iit ..f 111.' Firxt Op|i.>Bili.iii Xnwspapor. 2. Tlie KirHt
I ipt...siti..ii I'l.iii.ir tiirim Trail. ir. Kt'aMisliiiu'iit .if S.'ho'.ls. ;i.
I'ailial .\p:itliy.>f ih.' liulk .if tli.; I' ..pi.'. 4. IIa|.py ri.ii.lili..ii
.if ill.' J'.'opl... rt. Want ..f a rir<ir,itin.; M.'.iinin. The .slia.l.ivv
of « ar 3H
iirApTKu ixxxvr
ri'I'FIl CAV MiA— Tilt: AMrilTCAN WAR— IKIL'.
1. TT'.p.'S nf tlin .Anii'ricaiip invailint; Tanailn. 2. li.Mi.Tal HuIPs
li.iaKifiil I'l'o.'lninati.iii. ;!. Captiir.' of Fort Mii'liillini.i.'klna.' liy
111.' r.tili^li, '. I!.'piilst> r.f till' Amcri.ans at 111.' Hiv.-r I fuiar.l.
.'i. Itr.i.'k's l'r..mptiiii.l.\ i'.. MiiU's lli'tr.'at t.i Ki'Iniit. Kirnrt.'f
to K.'t^p Ills I'lminiiQi. -all. ins Open, 7. Surr.'ii.l.^r ..f Ji. 'troll. H.
liejoiciuj,' oviM- Iliii.k'i- Hiillinm Cnnipai^'ii 380
f'llAl'TKU LXX.VVII.
t rl'l I! . ANAIlA— TlIK AMFHIrAN WAIl— 1SI2.
1. Capture of the (lUerrier.'. 2. Tli.' .Vnierifans n.-.-upy t^n.-eiistnii
HciKliis. 3. Doalh of Ci'ii.T.'il Iiii..k whil.' Ail.iiipiii.i; to l.'.iak.:
the lli'lt;lii.s. 4. The .Viii.'Hi'aii Militia Kcfllse t.. Cr.iss Ih.' Itiv.r.
,^. I'tl.Tlt.uitaii.lSinr. iiil.'r..f th.'.Vin. ri.aiis. (i. (i.'n.Tal .M.uirii-
inj; at 111.,- Il.'ath ..f lir.i.k. 7. ll.-li.'ral Sli.'all.' .Xssiiiii.'S Ciilii-
iiiaii.l. s, ,\ ri.'.'iii Sii.'.-.'ss ..11 Lake nniriri... li.'iM-i'al Smyth's
li.imliasli.' I'r...'laiiiali.iii. !i. K.'piils.' ..f the Tliinl .Attempt lo
Iiiva.l.' rpp.T caii.'i.la. In. HisL'ra. e ..f il.'iiernl Sniytli. Kml of
the Caiupai);!! 392
CIIAITKI! l.XXXVlll.
ri'rnti canmia— riii; amtiihan WAn— isi.i.
!. The Situa'it.n ill the West at the Opening nf the f'.'iiiipai^n. 2.
Vi.'i.iry.if th." lintish at l''ren.hl..« ■. :i. I'rn.'lly of th.' Imliaiis.
Ki'l.iliatory Miasurcs Thr.'ali'ii.'.l, 4. I l.'slriii'ti.ni liy th.. r,riii>h
nf I l;;.l.']isliiiri:li, .".. M.'.'lint: of th,' [..'-islatiir**. r.. Prepjiiin;:
for till' SpriiiL'i'aiup.'ii','ii. 7. Til.' .\m.Ti.aii!> .Mta.'k T..i-.iiii.i. .",
(i. '11. Till Sli.'iilf.' It.-tr.ms iiii.l T.,r.int.i is Ciiptureil. !i. Caiiliire
of I-'.'!! II l-'i' li> 111.' .Aiii.'ii.aiis, li.'Ir.'al .if (l.'ii.'l'al \iii, .'iit.
111. Sir (.'..r^'.' I'l.'V ist M.'li'rmini'S t.i.Atta.'k Sa.'ketl's llarh.ir.
11. liiptiire .>t T»i'lv.' .\iiii'ri.'»ii ilatt.'aii.\. I'.'. I!e|>iilsi' .if the
llrilish at Sii.k.'lt's llarlior. I.'l. Ili'iii'ral rroi'tor Invests Fort
M.'iiis. 14. H.'f.'at of Ih.' .Vin.'rlians at Fort .M.'iiis. 1.",. Sll.-.'.'ss-
fiil Niiiht Atta.'k .ui the .Ain.'ri.'iiiis at Sl.niv I'r.'ek hv C.ilonel
llai-vey '. ' .in.-,
CH.U'Tl:!! I.XXXIX.
ITI'KIl CANAIIA— Tin; AJtKHH'AN WAR— ISl.'l.
1. \iii. '..'Ill's .Vnny It. 'liif.T.'e.l liy C.miino.Iore "N'.'.i. 2. Ii.'feat of the
.Am. 'ri. 'alls at I'.'av.r Hams. .'I. Ii.'stru.ti.iii of Fort s.'hloss.'r liy
th.' Itritish. 4. fnsii.'.'.'ssfiil D.'iiionslriition aniiinst Fort li.'.ir;;.'
liy th.' llrilish. ."). I i|i.Tati..ns on the l.ak.'. S. ii.l Itiirniii); of
Toronto. I). Uperaiionsof th.. Fl.'.'lson Lake tlnlari.i Diirini,' the
Siiinin.'r. 7. H.'piils.. of th.' llrilish at F.,rt Sli'pli.'iis..ii. s. (Hp-
liiri' liy th.' .Viii.Ti.iins of tli.. Iliilish Fl.'.-l ..n l.ak.t Kri.'. II.
I'r...t..r Fi-.-.'.'.l l.i IMr.al, in. H.'f.iil of l'r...t..r at M.iraviaii
Town. 11. lietrent of th.. llrilish froiii lii'lor.' F.irt (i.Mir).'.'. 12.
Till' .Aiin'rleaiis I'r.'par.-.l to iiivaih' I.ow.t (ana. la. 1,1. D.'f.'at
of th.. Aiiii'ri.'aiiH al rhrvsl.'i's Farm. It. The .Viiieii.aiis u'o into
Willi. 'r-l,niiirl. 'I'S, i."i. liiiriiiii^'of N..\vark liy th.' .\iiii'ri.'iiiis. 111.
I).-strii.'tion of l..'»is|.in, llla.'k li.i.k ami IliilViil.i hy th.' llrilish.
17. Kn.l of the I'anipiiinii of 1K1;1 ail!)
(ILM'TFU Xi;.
ri'i'i;it i'ANAiiA— Tin; ami;iiii;ax war— 1814.
1. Caiitiiie of Usw.'L'.i hy th.' llrilish. 2. Uiisiu>ees>fiil Koitt .Altaek.
:i. Th.' .Vin.'ri.'ttiis aijalii liiva.l.' I'pp.-r raiiaila, 4, Uef.'al ..f thu
llrilish III I'liiiipewa. ri. Vi.lory of th.' Ilritlsli ill I,iiii.l>'« l.aiiu.
11. Ueiiiils.iof th., Ilritish li.'foru Fori Krle. 7. Uperalioiis in tho
West. .s. l.'h.s.' ..f th.- War 40
ill.M'IFII Xrl.
rl'I'l.lt I'ANAIIA— (i.lVrHN.MI:NT .if rUANCIS .l.llir. K.«t).
1 r..ii.liii..i; ..f riiiiii.lii aii.l th.' I'lili.'.l .sialeii al iho close of Ilia
pA.ii;
■,var. 2. F,iH'(.iirn;;.-ni.'nt r.f FniiL'ratioii, ,'!. Fslat.Iishinent of
(onim.in S.'lioolH. rr.'vions I'.IT..rts loHanls K.lii.ai i..ii. 4. I'm-
tablislim.'iit of a Parliani'-nlary l.ihrary. '>. Sii.1.1. n I'i..roL'ali.'il
of rarlinm.'iil l.y .Mr. Ilore, c, lii-salisfio-tl..ii ;il tie' ArMliaiy
(•.imln.'t..f lh.'li..v.-ri...r. 7, Arriv ;il of Mr. 1 l..iirlay. IlisTliirlj-
011. ■ ijii.sti..ns. H. r.,iui'hti f li.l.'aat.'s h.'l.l at Toronto. !!.•-
call of .Mr.liore .iii«
nr.M'iFi; .xni.
Uri'ER PASAllA— fiOVERNMI'XT OF SIR I'lriFfilllXE .MAITLAND.
. Arr.'St of Mr. (i..iirlay. His .Ae^iiitlal, 2. railianieni passes an
.\i'i I'r.iliiliiiiiiL' any inor.'roiivr'iiiions. :i. .\rrt'si ..f Mr. lionrlay
1111.1. r 111.' .Mi.ii .\.l. 4 .Mr. (i.iiirlay is Kxp.'ll.'.l fi.'iii rana.lii.
Tl. S.'Ssi.iii ..f Is'jit. I'assau'i' '.f IlMjiortanl .\els. (i. Ilish.,psira-
.•hiiii. 7. Session of ls:;i. s. If.-\eiin. liitti.'iilti.'S uilii l...\\er
rana.la. 'J'h.- .-as.' .if llanial.ii.-. lii.lu.-ll. !i. l:.-\i.-u..f ili..|',.n-
.lili..ii of Ih.' ri..\iii.'.' ill Ih'.'J. 111. FITorts to liiiil.l ilie W.-Uan.l
(anal. II. I'elition to lin|ierial I'arliami'lit Ihatpart of < I.i L'y
Kes.Tv.'B he K''>eii to I'resl.ytirians. 12. liefeat ..f til.' Family
Compa.'t Party. I;>. Wiini of llatnioiiy li.'lv\e..|i Ih.' ronnt-ii imil
th.' Ass.'lnlily. 14. William l.yoii .'\lii.keni-ii'. Short SU.l. Ii of
his lan-.-r. l.'i. Iiv,-:oli h i».-.'ii ih.'ii .v.rio.r aii.l li.' .\ss..nil.ly.
Th.' Ills.- ..f Forsyth. 1.;. Th.- IP ;..-.• ass.rts its I liunity. .\;;iiii-
lioii on III.' i^n.'stion ..f rl.'ity ll.s.'rv.-s. 17. Iiiipii.s..i m ..r
the F.lit.ir .if th.; Fr.'.'iiian for I.ili.-l m
Ill.M'IFl; XI 111,
ITI'KR CANAIIA— li.lVIIlNMI. ST .iF .SIR .KllIN r.il.p. iRX F.
. First li.'liirii of Ma.kenzi' to I'arliament. 2. Tin' (l..v.'riior 1,'.-
fiisi's to I'lir.loii Collins. 2. (ip.'iiini: of the \V..lhiii.l riiinl. I,
S. '111. 'III. 'Ill of claims f.>r I.oss.'A .liirint; tin; War, .".. (li.iwih ..f
I'oliti.'iil I'iirti.s in I'pp.'r I'aiia.la. li. li.'iiirn t.. I'.nv.r ..f tli.'
Family I'onipii.l I'arly. I'.-rnian.iiI S.-tt l.Mi.iil of lli.' ri\il l.isl.
7. l).-t'aliiz.'.l .\i;ilali..ii tor ll. f..i m. 8. Fxpnlsi .f Ma.k.'ii/.i..'
from the lloir.'. Popular Ke.liii;,' in his f'lvor. !i. (hoi.'ni.
Min'k.'iizi.' a'.'iiin K\p.'ll.-.|. .IiLlne* iiia.l.' In.l.'p.'n.l.'iit ..f ilm
Crown. 111. Ii, turn of th.- l!.'f..rm Party to !'..«. -r. Th.' •' S.v.nili
(iri. -vail.'.'" U.'porl. II. Fn.lowin.'nt of Fifty -ix I;.-, lori. s. 11.-
.■all of Sir .l.iliii Collioriii. ' 41;
( ll.M'l Fli .\C|V.
rt'l'FU I'ANAIIA- O.iVFIIVMIXT l.f SIR P. n. In A II.
Sir Fran. is Il.'ii.l's .\.'.-.iiinl of his I'a-t l'..|ii i. al Fxpiri.' •. 2.
Sir Fran.is's IJ'.-.'iiliii' liili...lu.'ll f llims.lf 1,, parii; nt.
3. HilT.'r.'il.i' li,t«...'ii th.' (;..v<rnor aii.l F.M'.ntiv.' loan. il. 4.
SirFnin.ispits hiins.'lf a-aiiist Ih.' I!, form Party. .-. Diss .liiii.in
of Parliiim.-nl. Hefiiit of th.. |!..f.,rin Parly at th.' Polls. 1;.
I.or.l riiirliains Ii,'p.,rl on lli.- i-ais.' of tli.' I).'f.-ai .if Ih.' If.'r..rm-
ers. 7. Sir Fran, is ..If.'is I.. I;.sii;h ralli.'rlhnn havi- It.'sponsl-
1.1.' (o.vi-r.in I. s. Th.' Pani.- ..f ls;;7. .\.ii..n ..f ih.' It:ink>. :i.
Ma.'k.'iizi.' Pr.'par.'s f..r II.' , ■;..n. .Ml Tr.i..ps vv iih.PiivM, rr..ni
rpp.r Cana.la. in. Th.' (lull.. 'I'i ,,r ih.' I;, 4. .11. ..11 in Fpp.'r
Caiia.la. 11, The Ki'li.ls ii.h iin.'.' on Tor.inlo, 'Ih.' First 111 1-
sh.'.l. f.'. li.aihof Cloni'l .Mo.„|l,'. .Ma.-k.'nzl.. .l.'inaii.ls In.l.'-
p.'ii.l.n. e. 1:1. Arrival of •• Th.' .M.ii of (L.te." Pont of |h,'
lieli.'ls. 1 1. Ma.'k.'iizi. ''s .Mislak.' as to th.' 1..,- ally ..f th.' P.'., pi.'.
I.-.. Maek.nzi.' (i|..-aniz.s an IiiMisi,,n from lliill'al... p;. Tl,,'
U.'liels oi'.iipy Navy Isliin.l. 17, 1 1. sirii. li.iii of tli.- ( .o„/,,„ |,y
the Ilritlsli. is. Slllhi'rliin.l's iiiis.n-., ssfiil .l.'m..iistiiiti..ii a^'iiiiisl
.Ainh.'lsil.ur..'. pi. Anoth.'r .\ll. iiipl ai l;.l,i.l in\asi..ii F.ii ..1.
'211 lii'f.iil ..f Ih.' Ui'h.'ls at p.. ill, P.l,' Isliin.l ..! 422
( ll.M'l Kl! XC\.
I'
II ri'I'FR . >N\|iA— li.lVFIlNMFNT OF sill .i.lV FliX.M l:ST .IF SIR
lit. 111. it; AIMTII II.
|| 1. Th.' "('oii..tlintii'iiiil It. for rs"ask M.'i-.'V for tin' H.-Lils. 2.
Di'f.'ii.'.'s.if Ihi' Piirii.'sSir.'ii.jlh.-n.'.l Mir.ifiil p.:|i,y i.,Har.ls
ill.' lieli.'ls. .'I. S.'Iznr,' aii.l Itiirnlni,' of th.. .s.r /,'../„ ,1 /'../ l.y ih.'
Il.'li.ls. (itli.'r iniiraues. I. I'hi' last li.'h.'l Invasion. .'.,' The
li.'li.'ls atia.k Pi.'s...ii. !i,f.-al iiii.l Capnir.' at Win.linlll Pole .
(i. Th.' la-t .■ll..rt .if the It li.ls. F.v.'.'iiti,.its ami llanisl m,.
7, l':n.l.4'.\la.k.'iizl.''sCar.'.'r. ». Tin' .\ss.iiil.l> ii.l..pt r.-s.ihitioim
favorin;! Inloii. Tli.'y ar.' Hi'je.-t...l h> the ('.niinii. 11, Pn>sai;e
of til.' I'liioii Hill liy lioth Ilotis.'s. Ill i'l.'i');y ll.s.rv.'s. Last
Parliaiin'tit of Ipp.r Canaila. II. 41ii' Cnion .\. 1 Pa--,i| hv the
llrilish Parlliiiinnt ' 4-',2
'i '
20
roNTKNTS.
( ir AI'IKK X' VI.
NOVA sc ill lA— 1 HriM 17>( I'l l>li;.
Taim:.
m
Vi^il i>f rriiii-t' William lli'iiry. I in|HMiliini'iit of .?iiil'_'i?. J. Ar-
rival (if ilii> liiikf uf Kent. I.cls^ "t II. M. ship /,.» Tiil'iiii,. ,1.
Till' .MiiriKiiis. A S'.it.li of iliiii- IlintiMV. 1. liivii-w of Hi.-
GnviTiii ii "f Sir .Iiihii W.'imvi.i'ili. r.. (invcninn'iil i.f sir
Cifor;:*- I'liviisi. roriimt'iii-fiiH-iit cf Um' I'lovim-inl ItitiMin;;. (i.
Cai'tiiiu Ilrt'kc i>r<-|>iirii);^ i" l-i;;lit any .Yiinrii-aii i-"ri;:alc. 7.
IJripUr'f* Clijillt'iinc lit tin' Cirioin tih'. H. F'' ;a;;i'ini'iii: liciwi-cn
ilu^ t'/it siijn 'il:' iknil sliinniKii. '.*. 'Mil' ( "nsiiai* ■>. Iicaili nf C'lii-
taiii l.awii'ii.i'. 111. Sir .Inliii SluTliriiok.''.- I'.spoliiioii a;;aiii»l
the Stall' of .Maine. Its Sin-el's
(■ll\l"ll:l! X( All.
MlVA Sicil lA— rllliM IMT 111 1S.'VJ.
Fntiiiilaii.iii of |):illiiiii*i.'( oll.'v'i'. Ski'l. li nf tln' lii-liliilicii. 2. Tliii
l.i'lliTS i.r '• .V^'iirolil." l-'iinii.'itii'll iif llic .\i;rii-iilluial So.i.'ly.
.'I. rr.iiiii'ti'iii cif thr Karl of I lalhnlisii' t" llii' <loM'riiol>lii|i nt
Caiiailfi- 4. "ajir llri-ti'ii as a sfpaialL' t'ol.iiiy. It^ rrmiinn with
NmaSi'nlia. .5. ilnviTiiiiii'iit nf Sir .laim s Kinipt. c. Kxinilsicni
of .Mr. Harry, .\tiaik on ilio l'ri'» liy ilio .VssiiiiMy. 7 Tin'
(Jiie.slion of (Jiiii Ili'iits. s. liilVoii'ini; liotHi'.n tin' lloiisi' ami
llii! Coinnil on ilir snliji'il of tin' ]miy on liramly. !i. Ti'iiip'T-
ai Soiiilii'S- lnlroilii.'li..ii of Stcaiii. Iiipartiiro of Sir I". .Mail-
laml J III
(■ll.M'TKU X( A 111.
Nova .si'iiriA— hiioH l.x:::i th 1s:'.7.
Salaries ot .luilgi's. The Ciirreiny giiislion. ••. Tlio Civil l.isl.
Atlaik on the "Kaiiiily (oiniiail '■ ill tlie ('oiiinil. :i. Kailiireof
(■io|is. linsiin-ss Tlolllll,•^. The cliolera. 1. Setileini'ia ot tlio
(,i;ie>tioii ot (,iiiii Keiits. .'■. Stale of Kilination in Ihe rroviiieu.
Mr. Howe lirst Kleeie.l lo I'.'i; liaijieiii. li. Tin' liieaeli between the
(.'oiiii.il anil AsseiiiMy. .Mr. 1 lowe's Twelve if, 'soliilioiia. 7. .Ae-
tioll of the Coilneil. The I; sohuiim^ l!e>einileil 444
rll.M'Ti;!! XrlX
NOVA sriiriA— I'ltiiM ls:;7 to Isiii.
Trouhlo Willi re;;aril to the Fishery (Jiieti ion. .\eiioii of llio As.
Bt'inlily. 1!. Klteet ot the lanailiaii lleli.'llioh in Nova .Seolia. :i.
Kefornis itranteil hy the Home tiovei'miient. rnpopiilar aetion
ot Sir i.'olin I ainphell. 4. ionee>>ions inaile to the l'ro\iiiee.
oppi^.-iiiuii toronf.'.leiiiiion. :,. The lir-l War Steamers. First
Hallway in Mova Seoiia 447
( ll.U'lFlt (.'.
NllVA SriiriA — IIIIIM 1.S41 TO l.'<4ri.
Kesponsihle ii,.vermiieiii it'iioieil by SirColinfaiiipliell. '.'. .\ vote
ot want of Coiiliilenee in th.- Kxeeniive Ciiiineil piL-^seil by the .\s-
seinbly. ;1. Tliu .\sseniliiy ileiii:inil» Sir Colin's Keinovah 4. The
Coloni.il Seeretary's Sp eeli in ibe Imperial I'arliaineiit. "i. .\r-
rival of the First iiei'aii Steannr. \ i>ii of the loiveriior-lieneral
to the I'rovin.'e. 1;. .V roaliiioii 1 loveriuii-nt. .Mr. Il'iwe Mleiieil
Speaker. Ineoriioraiion of Halifax. 7. I lilVerelnis on Ih.'l^iies-
tion of Kilination. h. Tlie (iovemor liis-olves I'arliaineiil. The
Uefornieis lie-i^'ii from the lonmil. :i. Voie of wain of lonti-
ilenee in the (.'oiiiieil l,>ef,-,ii,.,l. .Mr- ilo\vi.''s .Mlaiks on the (iov-
eriior. In. .\!,'iiniion for a liaihvay between II,'iliia.\ ami i,mebee.
Heeall of l.onl (''alklaml 4 p.)
ni.vpii:i{ CI.
NOVA SriilTA — I'lt.lM P^r Til Is.'il.'— Ill sl'O.NMIlI.i;
IVIIINMlNT.
Hespoiisilile (iovermneni. .\ 1,'eform miiiisiry forme.l. L'. Fir^l
Toletjiaph. Centenniai liir.h.iay of ll.ilil.i.v. :i. .Visitation with
roKard lo ilie Coal .Monopoly. Consoli,laii,,n of the iiiminal Stal-
iiles, 4. «;u St Ion of an Inter-Colonial railway. •>. I be Ijiiop.an
aiiil North Aiiieriian liailway. li. Failure to obtain Imperial abl
tor the Iiiiereolonlal. 7. Heath of sir John Harvey ^
cil AI'TIMt ril.
Ni)V\ SIOTIA— I-IIDM I,-.-,.! TO I»I17— ci IMTDKII A rti iX-
The Iteeiproi'lly Treaty. Iii.isatisfaetioii in NovaSeotia. 2. First
rrolilbii.iry l.i'iuor l,aw. Iiefeat of the Howe Minislry. x. Setllo-
mciilot the Uilllenlly with the Uenuial .Miniiij; Assoelatioii. 4.
Face.
Mr. Howe reuaiiiK I'lineroii a Questionable vole. n. Visit of the
I'rii f Wale.. Tiie Howe Party ;n;aiii lleat'ii at the Polls, (i.
Dr. Tilpper's K.liieation liill. Want of Seliools in the Froviilee.
7. I onleil. 'rill ion. F;arly .Mlemplsat a I'nionof llrlli.h I'roviiieeH.
h. First F;iloris tovvanls (.'onsoliilaiiin.' Camnbi. !i. Untlireak ot
till, .'.imriean war .\llenl|it lo Fiiite tin,' Maritime I'n viiiees.
In. Canaila ibsires Conf.-ileration. Meetin„' of Dele^.ites at char-
lollelown. 11. The Conleleln'e al IJIlebec. .Vtonlrasl. IL'. The
Term- of the I'ropose.l 1 'onf.'.l.'iali'.n. 1::. Tliel!a>isof ItepreM'ii-
1 iii'ih. II. iippo.iii f New liriin-wiek anil NinaS.-oiia. I."i.
Aeii.in of I'anailian I'arlianieiit. Chande of Feeling in .Mariliine
I'lovinees. III. ,\eiion of Imperial I'arliiiinein. Confeileralion
Aeeompli.'-heil. 455
( IIAI'TKU (III.
m:\v niirsswiiK 1 iiom 17-1 To Is:;i.
1. .Vrrival of (iovemor Carletoii. Skei.h of the Firsi Co il. 2.
lie \."1 of ihe seat of Cineriiineiil to Fleiieriel.iii. Dissensions
over the lieM'ime. ;l. The .Vssemblymeii liisi-l on iu-in;; I'aiil. .\
ileail loek for Ibree Veins. 4. Carlelon's .\iimiiiisl ration, (irowlli
anil I'rosperity of the I'loviiiie. ."i- Ihe War ot Ispj-l.-i. li. Ail-
niinistraiion of titlieral Smith. Ilnpiovement of the Colony. 7.
jne}.'real l'';:-' at .Miramiehi. s Tronble aboiit the .Maine ISmiii.
ilary (Jiieslion. .!. I'ji;sli.-li I''ree Tiaile I'oliey. 'Ilirown^ open
Ibe Colonial .Markels. In. I'miio-al to.\ilinii li.illii Tiiiiber Frei)
into Kn^ilanil. (ileal 1 iis>alistaelion in liie l'ro\iii,e 4C:i
( ll.M'l'i;i! (TV.
M:\V niit N>\VlrK IIIOM Is. '.J TO MI.MT:ii|:ltATIilN.
1. I'oliliial Ciiiiilition of the ]'ro\ii 'J. .Mnises in lie' Crown
J..'iiiiis liepai imi'iit. 'Ihe Cii.nal anil 4'erriloiial llevi'iines, ;(.
Ifelorms Saiii'lioni'ii b\ l.oril (ieiielL^. 4. ( ib>l rile lion. s Throw n in
the way by the Conneil. Ti, The (iovernor IJefllses to Si;,'n The
( ivil l.isl I'lill. Hi- l;l'^i^;nation. l'a-sa;;e of the .\et. (J. The
'• A'oo.-iiiok War." Violent Feeling on Ifoili Snles. 7. Setlle-
iiieii' of the Maine FroMlier I lillieiiliy. s. Keiall of Sir .lolm
Harvey. Siiiianileiili;: the I'liblie Money. It. Iiefeat of lii'sponsi-
lile tiovernniilit a: lie' Polls. .\.i Fntiuorable Pietiiie of SI.
.lobn. Fleelion oml' In. Tl'oiible as to Mr. Ibaile's .Vppoint-
iiieiit asProviiieial Seeretary. II, Ilesponsible (;o\ernineiil !•>-
tablislieil. 12. Hrief Ilex lew from 1-Ms to Isi,;. l.isi of the (lov-
ernors of the Provinee 465
cllAPrF.l; cv.
IMtiM 1: f.llWAllll 1-1. \M1 -lioVrliSMlN r of I'M'TAIN' I'ATTKII.SOV.
I. First IM.s.overy .lIlil Sllb.-ei|Uellt Sillblnenl of thr Islaiiil. 2 Ces-
sion of llie Islaiiil lo liiiiain. l.onl l':;;ini'nfs S. heme. X The
Islanil Parii'lleil mit by l.iittery. I. Ihe I^lanll Crealiil a
Separate Provinee. I''inaiii ial Iroubles. ."i. Inelileiits IniriiiL; llio
.Vmeri.'.'in War of Imb penileiiee, 1;. Sale of l.ainls to Pay Over-
iliii.' (,mlt-reiiis. J»i>.atisfaeiiiiii of the Propiietors. 7. Thetiov-
eriior Keflises 10 obey the (Irilers of He' Home (ioverniiieiit with
Jii'naril 111 Itesiorinu the l.amls Sobl in ITsl.— >. lieiall of Paiier-
soll ami .Vp[ii'iiitiii.'iit of l.ienienanl-tioM'i'iior Faniiiii;^. .\ Slrtie-
(ile for power ■ ■ 472
( ll.\Pli:l! (.Al.
I'liiM r. inwAKti isi.AMi~i III: liiioiin or iiai.i' a rrsriiiv.
I. The Census. Carious Siatistles with llecani to Names. 2. cliaiit;.
in;^ the Name of the Islaml. .slow Projiress in Setilemeiu. .'(. 'ilie
Inline f Hie Proprietory Party in the Colonial (illiee. Com-
m mat ion of lliel.iiiit-reiits. 4. I. arise lninii).'ratloii of Iliisblaiiilers.
(iovernment of Colonel lies Itarres. a. 'i'y rannieal ( ollilllel of
(ioM'riior Smiili. Three liissolnllons of Parliaiiietit. (i- Chtu'ises
.M.iile Ai;aiiist Ibe (lovenior. Hi> .Mleinpl to .\irefi Mr. Stewart.
7. Heeall of Siiiilb. .KppoiiilmeMl of Colon 1 Peaily. s, sati>f.ie-
loiy c liiioiiof Ibe Isbinil In ls2.'i. II. Pas-ace of the calholie
l';manei|iall.iii .\.i. lleeall of ( olonel Heinly. Id. Steam Coiii-
innnieaiion w lib i'iiioii. Iiealli of t iovernor Voiinis. II. .Ailempt
to S'tile ihe I. a nil (jnesiion on an F'luilalile Itasis 476
CH.M'TI'.H (All.
I'lllMi: i;|lWAlill ISHMl— ITIoM l-H ni roMrniMIA 1 tux.
I. Ailminisiralion ot Sir H. V. Huntley, pelition for Hesponsible
(iuveriiineiil. 2. Ailmlnistrallon ot Sir J)onalJ Canipbell, Tbu
I'Ai^i:.
■lo- n. Visit oi' 111.-
■11 ;ii 111.' I'.ills. I,.
>lf in 111.' rr.i\iiic...
t'liiiii-li I'niviii.-.K.
Im. !I. Uiuiir.'iik of
nriliiii.. I'r. vim-.'a.
Il.l.';;:llis 111 rli:ir-
< .'iilnisl. IJ. Th.)
'• ll;i>isi.|' l!.-|ii.>i.n-
1 Nin:i S.-i.liii. ir..
c'l-lin;,' ill .Miiiiiiiii..
•111. CoiifriliT.iticii
■I.-.5
1 I.-.il.
Firel r.iiiliril. 2.
i.'l.ili. lliss.Misii.iis
-I I'll Ill-ill^ I'aiil. A
iiiislnui.iii. (;i-,,«Mi
ill' L-IJ-l.-i. li. Ail-
I ..rilH' Coliiiij-. 7.
II llif .Miiiiiu ii.iiiii-
y. 'IIii-..\\ II},' ..ji.'ii
li;ilii.' 'liiiibut Krct)
■l'\ilK'U .
r.lllllATI.lN.
is.'s ill ih.' ('ri.wn
liiil iii'vt'iiiics, ;t.
i-iicii..ii.i 'Jlin.uii ill
il'lllS.S t.i si;;li ■rill!
i: liii' Alt. i;. TllL.
ll .Si.l.'S. 7. S.-ltl.-.
ii'.all i.f Sir ,l..|iii
i.r.Nii ..I' i:..s|ii.ii»i-
i.i.' ri.iiii.. iif SI.
li.ll.li.'s A|.|i..ilil-
IlLMTIIIIII'Ilt J>-
I.isl of llie (li.v-
IIIMV rATIKIiSON.
Islaii.l. i;. Crs-
S. liiiii... ;i. ■111,!
•laii.l Cri.ll.il a
.l.iil- Hiiriii'.; III,!
'Is I'l I'ay ilv.'i--
is. 7. ■Ill,- i:,.v-
"\. -nun, 'III uitli
l;,-.all ..f rall,-r-
linn- ASInii,'-
Al.l- A cl:\l I liv.
iM'-s, J. I liaiiu'-
1' 111, 111. .'1. ■|li,.
ial iilli'-,-. ( <>iii.
II ot lli};lilaii.l,-i'M.
■al ( .iihliii-l of
ll. li. I har-^i'S
■I .Ml-. SI, -Hart,
ai|>. ,s, Salisl'a,--
■1' 111,- riiili,.|i,-
In. Sli-ain ( ,.iii-
iiK- II- .Ml, -1111,1
47U
Ml |i|;llATI(lN.
for lii'spoiiNllilu
laiiijihi-ll. ■i'liu
Taoe.
StniL'^I'! for I!,'sp,,iisili',c fj.iveriimi'iit. ."!. .\'liiiinistriilion of Sir
A. Ii.-iiiii,'rii).'iii. K,-s]ionsil.|<! liovt'i-iiiiifiit <-sialilisli«',i. 4. A
(ilaii'-i! at the AttL'iiipts iiia.l,' to rroiuotu Kiliicmion. r<. I'liiviT-
hal Siilfras^,.. Lun» ,.f tlif /-'.orv (^itn n. .Saii.-fa'-lory liiiaiinal
pi.sili'.iiof Ihi! ri-ovinci'. il. .\,lliiiiiislialion of Sir 1 loiiiiiii.k I'alv.
i:st.-il,li-liiii..|il of a X'.rinal S.-lio'.l. C-nsiis. 7. Tin' Colonial
,S,-<-r(;iaiy'8 .Sii^u'f^slions on lln- Kami (^lu-stion. K. Th.' I-,-[:islali' o
Coaii, il (jiii'siion.s tin- l.c':;aliiy of the l-:x,-,'Uiiv,: ('oiiii,-il as tli.-u
Con-litlili-il. !l. Tin- I'r'.p.'sal -'f llii! I'l'.pri'-tois willi U.-f.-riiii-ii
to a Coiiiiiiis.sioii ('II tin- l.aiKl t^ii.-siioii, in. Appoiiitiin-iit of a
Commission on Ih.' l.aii.l i.iii.-stion. Visit o( ihn I'riin-i! of VVali-s.
U. Cciisiis. Tim liil'li! ,\,ln.illi-,l into Iho I'liMi.- .S,-lio,.ls. li;.
Ilt'IMirl of the ('oiiiiiiis.si'.iu'rs oii lln' I.ainl {^n.'stion. i;,. Tlio
Iloniw (lovoriuiH'iit lii^all'.us llu! liills ..f tin' Ass,-iiibly, ISasod
on tlh' .Vwai'l of the t_'oiii,iiissioii,'is. 11. How tn'i l.aini t^iiu.'stioii
was linally s,'ltk'il. I."». foiift'.U'rati.ni. I'liixipiilarity of the
Slt'aa'ir*'. lii. Con*" .Icration. Klli!,-i on it of th,) Kailwny Tro-
jeet. 17. Coufcti,- -itijn. I'riiR-e ]-i<lward Island \diiiittL-d to tlio
Union 4«1>
( IIAI'TKU (VIII.
PIIOVINXE OF C.VN.VDA— OOVKItN.MKXT (IF LOUD SVDENIIAM.
1. Principal Fi!atur(!g of tlii! N'l'W Consfitulinn. 2. The Cnac of .Mc-
I,(!od, Lord Syilcnhanrs Sj'.-i-th from the Tlinnin. I*. Important
Acta I'assi!,l at 111.' Kii-st S.-ssion of the rarliainciit of Canada. 4.
Death of Lord .Sydenham 493
ClIAI'TEU CIX.
ruoviscr: of ca>'.*pa — rj,ivi:itNMic.\T.i of siit ciiAiti.K.s haoot and
i.oiin.s .Mi;r( alfe ami < atiicaut.
1. Aduiini.stration of Sir Charles Rasot. His Doalli. 2. Administra-
tion of Sir Charl'-s ^li't.alf,'. His |iisr,'(;ai-,l of his Ministers.
3. l!o.si;;iialion of th,- l!al,l\viii-l.afoiilaiiii! .Minisiiy ai',-,-pt(-,l. 4.
ACoiH-ral l-:ii!,-iioii Iti-siilis in Small Cons, 'r\ativ(' Maj'irity. Death
of l.or,l .Mel, alfe. Lar^',' Fires at Qiieliee. n. Adiniiiisiration of
Lord Caih, art. Claim for Losses IJiiiir„' the Itcliellion 493
ciiAriEU ex.
rnoVIDF.M-E OF CANAHA — C.OVKnNMF.M- OF I.Olin FI.C.IK.
1. T,'rril,l<' SiilTeriiif,'s from Ship-Fei.-. ,t tlio Iiiiniii;iaiils of IS47. 2.
S..','oii,l Fonnalion of the Hald\\iii-Laf,>iituinti Ministry. 3.
Intro,liii-iion of the Ii,-li,-llion I.o.sji(!s Dill. 4. Strong feeling
ajaiiist the IJill. Annexation Advoealed. The Bill Passed. 5.
The (I'lveriior .\ss'-iits to Ihe I!el.elli..li Losses liill. (i. The (jov-
ornor-d.'iieial Il.mt.'d ami 1', II, ,1 l,y the .M.-li. 7. liurniiiK of tlio
Parliaiiii'iit ItiiililiiiL's hy 111,- M,'li. >.. H,.ns,-s of ( ilnio.sioiis Mem-
l),'i-s Aiia,-ke'l hy the M"h. Loi,l Ll;;iii's n-i-all demaiided. 9.
Fnrihi'r Uioiiii;; by the Mob. The (lov.rn.'r a;;ain .Vlla.k,-,!. 10.
Uemoval of the C.ipital from Monlieal. 1 1 LIfjiii's Condiiet
Approved by ili,- Ibniie (iov,-ininent. 11. Cnnaila entei-s on her
Poliiieal ami c, ,111111, nial .Maiiliood, 12. Acitulion on the Clerjiy
Itcsi-rves Qiiesiion by Ihe "Ch'ar dril" Parly. 13. Larjie Fires in
Montreal. A Iiis.-oiira-iii}; I'ii-ture of the city. 11. Itailway Pro-
jeets. (lood l.\-eUii;j helweeii the United Stales and Canada,
l.",. Kemcslii' l'ro-.;ress of the Proviii,-,'. lii. Ten ■I'lioiisand Per-
sons reii,ler.-.l ll,,iii,-li'ss |,y Fire in Montreal. 17. ln,-orporation
of the (irainl Trunk llailway. The Miini,-ipal Loan Fund. 18.
.Salisfai'ioi-y Finaii, i.il i 'oniliiion of ihe I'roviiii-e. lit. The (lavazzi
Riots. Their Klfeets on Ihe liineks Goveiiiinent. 20. Charges of
Paoe.
Cornipt Prai-tiees a-.-ainst Mr. Iliii'-ks. 21. SiKnlnj; of Ihe Ueei-
jiroilty Treaty. Iiissoliition. of Parliament. '.'•-'. I )el'(!at of Ihe
liineks Adiniiiisiration. 2:i. Formation .if the First < oalilioii
(lOverniiicnt. 21. Secularization of the clergy Kcservcs. 2.",.
Passage of the S,-i::iiorial Tt-iiiire Pill. Kes!'.;iiation of Lord
FlKin 495
CII.M'TKU CXI.
I'llOVINCK OF CANAIIA — OiiM liN.Mi;NT (IF SIH F. W. IIFAD.
I, Iinprovenieiit of lnin,i;;ratioii Ijiws. Financial. 2. A French
Man-of-War visits Qin-1 f.irllie lirst lime in in-arly a Ci-ntiiry.
3. The Le^-islalive CoiiiK-il iii.ide Fli'ctiv,'. 4. Canad.-i's First itail-
way .\c,-idellt. S'.'Vcnty Lives Lost. .",. ■i"\\o Terlib!,, St»-anil„'at
.\,-,-ideiits. Nearly Tlir,',- lliindied Liv,-s Lost. i:. I'inain-ial Crisia
ol l.'-."i7. Uepn'.-cniali'iii by I'opiilaiioii. 7. 'ili,' First Vote on
l!,'pr,-seiitaii,inby l','piilaiioii. Iiefi'al of Hi,- M,-asiire. M. i.ttawa
clioscii as the l-'iiliire Si-at of i;,iv,-rniiii'iit. ;i. An .\,liiiiiiislr.a-
tion of Forty-Li;;ht JI.-iii-.h' Diiiation. I". Th,- Carlier-Macdonal.l
Miiiistrv. 11. Invitation to the t^iu-en to op>'ii the \'ietoria llridm'.
12. Pnitcction r.-t. IY,-e Trade. 13. The i;riis .\;;itate for I-',-,ieral
Covi-rnment. The i;,-vi-niie and the Pul.lie Debt. 14. Defeat of
Mr. IJrowirs ".J'liiit Authority" S'-heme. l.->. The Visit of tlio
Prince of Wales. His enthusiastic rce,-plion at tjiiebec and Mon-
treal, li;. 'I'lie Visit of the Prini-e of Wales. InaiiKiirntion of the
Vh-toria Uridine. I". The Visit of the Prince of Wales. Dis,-oiir-
teoiis Coinliiet of ll, -'Jran;;,-ini-ii. IK. The Census of L-^Dl. Ilreat
Increase in Tnciily V >.■'■». 19. It, liremeiit of Sir Ldniiind Head.
Outbreak of tli>; Southern i-ebellioii 005
CnAPTF.R CXII.
ritliVI.NCK OF CANADA— fil)Vi:ilNMi:NT OF LOIID MOXCK.
. The Trent Affair. Chance of I-Veliii-,- In Canada. 2. Defi'iit of
the earlier- JIacdonald .Minislry on the Militia I'.ill. 3. Forni.a-
tlon of the :\l.ae,l"naI,l-Sicotle Jlinistry. 4. I'.nj;lisli Fceliiin on
the Defeat of Ihe Canii'lian Militia Hill. .'',. I!,ii,li,-ial F.lTect on
C'aiuada of ih,! Ameii,aii AVar. (1. Defi-at of the Ma,-donald-
.Si<'olt,'.\,liiiiiiistraiion. An .\pp,'al to the Country. 7. I'ns.-iiisfai'-
tory Finam-ial Ci-iidilion of llic Province, k. An,itli,-r .Miiiisii-rial
Crisis. Iti-turn of .Mr. .1. A. .M.-i,-,ionaM to P,.«,-r. 9. Def,'.-il of
the Tacli(-M.-icd, maid Covcrnnient. A P,'Iiii,-al Dead-Lock. 10.
A Coalition (lov.-rnment l-'onni'd I., cairy out Confeih-ralioii. 11.
Itailway A(-cidciit at P»t-I,iil Ihi,lc,'. Ninety pers(,ns KilIt-,1. 12.
Trouhlesomo Visitors. I;ai,l on the St. Mbans' Hanks. i:i. Con-
federation Itesoliitifii ail'ipied by b,.>th lioiises. 14. 'J"lie Assassi-
nation of Piesi,l,-iit I.inco'n. I.'). Largo Fire in Quebec. Death
of Sir K. P. Tachi'. li;. A Quiet Session 513
ClIAP'l'EU CXIIL
niOVIXCK OF CANADA — OOVFnXMFNT OF LOUD MONCK (('onlilllieif).
. Formation of the Council on Comniercial Treaties. 2. .Miempt to
Ret the Itecipioi-ity Tiealy Itcnened. 3. How the Abrogation of
the Itei-iprociiy Treaty li,-lped Coiif,-,leratioii. 4. I'"iisi Threat, 'ii-
iiigs of the I-"enian Inva.- ion. 5. The Fenians. One 'Thonsainl Two
Ilumlred Stiong. Cross al Fort Frie. ti. Victory of tin- Fenians at
Itidgeway. 7. lii-treatof Ihel-'enians. H. I-:n,l of the Fenian liiva-
pion. 9. Last Scssiiin of the Pailiament ('■! the Province of Can-
ada. 10. Twenty Thousaml Persons L'linicd out at Cjuebee. Trial
of the Fenians. Confederation 519
i
!ili
I
i
^^~1
INTRODUCTION.
1. — Bi'fiiie filtering; upon an acrniiiit of the (-'\ ciit^ in lln'
lii>l(jry ol tilt: |iroviMoi's finl)raii>l within tlic lionndarii-^
I ol' till' pi'i'scnt Doniiiiion of Ciuacla.
Nwils i)t ilHs \\liirli will fari'v lis liark to llir liist iniiir-
I IntrtHlurnuu. -^ •
I li r of till' sixti'ciitli ci'iitiiry. I''t us take a
' si.iniwhal '.'I'liri'al view of llic instilntions and imln-ti it's of
tlic- coniitrv ; — a cour-i' wliifli it sfcnis to tli<' writer js
rcnilci-iMl iiri'cs^ary from the I'act that tlii-- lil-toiy will fall
into till' liamU of many rradri's in lioili tin' I'liitril Stairs
anil (in at IJiitain. wlio know i'oni|iarati\ i-ly notliiiiirof
I (-'aiiaila. ami wlio will lint faintly a|i|irii-ial(' a rccoril of
luililarv and |iolitiial i'\ iiils. liowcvir int(ri'>tiinr. iiiilfs.s in
soliiu in"a-iiri' ai'i|iiaintrd with its tiaie siifiiilioanci'.
2. — I'ntil 1SI17 lirili>h Anu'iii'a (•on>i'-tiiI of a nuinlur
of Jirovini-'c^. I'ai'li ilr|)i.'ndrnt ii|ii)n tlii' Urili^h I'lnwn. Inil
roni|iaraii\rly indi'jirnilint of rarli otliir.
Til*' lirilish \iii.T- . , I .' ,■ ,-1 / . 1
iraii rc.i,.,iios a At that date, loiir ol Ihrsr. (^iiiIjit, ( )ri
lari.i. .Noxa rM'olia ami Aiw liinii~w irk.
wci'ij I'onstitiitL'd ii F.drral riiion. imili'r the nann; of tlu'
Doininion of Canada, 'riiruc other iiiovinci's, viz. I'riiii.'i'
IM\\ aid I-land. lirilish Coluinhiu. ami llir receutly eri'cti'd
I'loviiiri' of .Maliitoha. have sini'i' heeii added to the Coii-
fidiialion. In this Canadian Confeilerai'V. whiih lov.illv
mainlained a e|o~e piilitleal eoniiei'tioii with(ireat IJritain,
— as to some extent in the in-i^hlioriiiL; Hepiililii' — while
eai'h provini'e preserves a eertain poriion of its aiitonoinv.
whatever is of I'oininon iatere-i to all i^ eiilriiNled to the
I ai'lioii of the Central ( iovernineiil. During the ten vcar-
j « liieh have elapsed sliu'i' Confederation, the voiinir nation
I ha- had a pro-peroiis evperiem-e in maliv re>pei't>. The
' ininiediate elVeet in the two Canadas. for instaiiee. has
heeii to fai'ilitate the settlement id' iiue-tions which were
hefore sources of aii'^ry recrimination. lu the I'lovince of
(Jiieht'c, a Lei;islatiire reprcM'titinj.' an eiiormoiislv t'.via's-
sive constituency of Hoinaii Catlu'lic--. conceded to the
I'rotestant minority, on a ipii'siioii of edncalioii, what
proliahly they weiild never have yielded to the iiioie
ei|iially proportioned forces, when Ontario and (^neliei'
were luider one i,nivernmeiit. I'^acli I'roviiicial I^ei^dslatun'.
relieved of the iiiore iieneral .suhjects of lenislaliou and
ilihatc. is now vigorously [nir.suing the policy of duvolop-
iiieiit. cxlendinj.' education, iiroinoting colonization-road.s
iind railways, and encourauinj,' iinini!,'ratioii.
.'i.^The ininii diali' causes leadinj: to th mt'edeiatiou
of the lirilish American rrovinces, were threefold, —
emanating, lir-t from the Mother Country,
II .• .1 I' •. 1 c.'. . I .1 ■ II.. fiiusi'ii ic.iilliij; to
secondly Irom the I nileil Siates.and tliinlly (jonfc'iU-miUiii.
fniiii within. Of tlioe, that growing; out
of the peculiar attitude of the I'nited States, at the time,
was piohalily as stronif. or striinger, than any. For sev-
eral years liefore the Confederation, I'jigland's |inlicy to-
wards Canada w.i , in elYect, a friendly warnini; to pre-
pare for a inon; independent existence. At length the
provinces were told, in vi'i-y exiilicit terms, that tliey could
no longer consider them-elves, in the matter of defence, in
the same position tiny formerly occupied towards Great
liiilain. lint not mdy did the policy of the Home
governmeiil demand confiileratioii. hut the attitude of the
I'nited Slates demanded it. 'I'he ahrogation of tilt;
Ueciprocily Treaty, the military opeialioiis on the great
hikes contrary to the provisions of the addenda to tile
treaty of is IS; the passport system, the lirojected ship
canal round the falls of Niai^ara: the wonderful exiiansion
of the American army and navy, and the Civil war, wiri^
t'eatiii'es in the policy of the ( iovernnieiit of the I'liited
■ Stales, demandiiig a union of the lirilish I'rovinces for
' pnrpoM's of mutual defence. lint a>ide from these actua-
ting causes there were internal iiilliiences tending towards
I confederation, a voice from the exiierience in tin; irovem-
j . . . .
I inent of the provinces. In the then province of Canada,
; Constitutional (iovernnieiit had touched a low ehli, when
the premier was ohiiged to confess that he had had live
adiuinistrations in two year.s. Under this condition the
House was fast losing its hold on the country. The ad-
niinistralive departments were hecoming disorgaiii/.ed
under such frei|iii'iit ehanges of chiefs and policies. These,
with many oilier causes which are more fully men-
tioned in the proper place, coiuliined with sin'h force,
thai in isi'iil. piililic opinion in the provinces was ripe for
Union. Indeed withsomecoiisideralile exceptions, in favor
of Nova Scotia and New lirunswick, there was hardly 'i
lUiiu of proininei in the whole of liriti.sli America who,
20
2t;
IXTRODI'CTIOX.
ill lM('i7. would not li:ivf liccii in f.ivor of sf)nip kind of
I'liioii. 'riirrc wiiv tliosc wlio dill iml liki' llir ]il;in ]iro-
|iii-.cii. Miid holli Nova Sriiliii and Ni'W ISninswick wtif,
in u I'onsidi'ralilc d< iii'cc. Mttcrlv opjioscd to tile sidlcinc
wliicli lin:,lly lrinni|>li('i|.
■I. — W'l' cm icfor to the qn:dity of tlir v.xcf of people I
that iidriliit the l)oniii:ioM with ]ieenliai' pride : and who
<,in:iliiy i.f inli:ii.i-
t;tlils. flfintiiii* (if
iiiiliniial yn-utiu'.-H.
will not admit, wiih WiJllani Xovia-^, Ivi
in his iiaiiiphlet. that
one ot the inn>l
natnral elemenl-- til the trri'aliic'^s of a
eoillill-y is the ipiality ot' thr raei' nt' pcciple who
make up its popnlation. Indeii .ts pfojriv.^, and well-
l)eni:; at
e wholly depi'lident ii;ion their eh;
That
I'liaraeter. wiieii tiie peo|ile are native boni. is formed liy
llu! institnlions, the soil and the eliiiiati'. Strangers are
in)t so nnieh alTeeted hy tliese ean>rs, ina~iiiueh as their
charaeler Was formed l)el'ore eoinin;; to the jilaee of their
residence. Inslitulinns of a eivi! kind, however, alfi'et the
foreigner ami the native alike; l.ait l.he latter niurli more
than the former; lint reliLrions in^titntion- taking; holil of
man as soon as reason etiniinene< , and .-it that time erealiiiir
impressions which never can be iitally elVaeed. alVect all
men. no matter where they may ri.->ide, <jr in whatever cir-
eimi>tances they may lie p! i,im|. These in>tilntions, then
alfect the pi.'ople of Canada; and. as the dill'erent sects in
the cuiintry are niimeroi,- and variniis. .1 >liort attempt to de-
scrilie the character formed liy the most prominent lieeomcs
neces;.ary, and in lhi> attempt the temporal clfrct- onlvof
(he teachinir of the diU'erent denominalion> will lie spoken
of. As to lh(( truth or falsity of sii'-li teachin;; a secular
writer has noiliin;: to do. as iliat pari ".\clii>ively lulimjj's
to the province of the I'Ccle.-lasli,'.
.'1. — -'I'lie promiiwnt denuinina i.n ^'f ('lir'-tiaiis in C'an-
iida are the lioman Calholic. the Pre- hy ti r oi, the I'im-
lestalil episcopal am' Ai'- ,Melhiiili.>t. 'I uc
KlIiM't 111' l;..lii;in- 111. / . , ,.
iHin iMiraiiailiaii character loriiied |)y Komaii ( alholie
i-haiai'tiT. , . , , " , ., , ,
leachmL,' lia> l!nis lieeii ilrsinlied liv all
ililelliiicnt (.'anadian writer: " The ijri'at fault seems to he
th(! jiliselice of self-reliance. It cultivates the heart at the
expense of the hrain, ami lirini;^ <int more feelini; than
thounht. The people, tau;;ht to rely on the Church for
III! reli<;!ous instruction, coiii(> at la^t to eoiisiilt it on their
sei'ilar iilVairs, and hence tin y lack that s])irit of enter-
prise which is the product of personal independence. This
Church foinis amialile characteri^lics. Init few forcible
traits. Anion;; its iiiembers are to be found, however,
liii'ii of power and force, but such are not strict coiiiiiiiinl-
eants. The tcni'ls ,,\' the Church, al lea~l tho-e \\ hiidi
are lauisht to the laity, are much more adaptc'd to form
feiiiale character in perfection than strong iiieii. It edu-
I'alcs the siuises by il^ majeslic music, its ;{or^eolls I'el'c-
iiioiiies, iiiiil its mysterious ritim ; ittid it ivims ut Kubiliiint;
moil through every avenue save the reason. The true
votaries of this Chnrch iire apt tn be ^nft. amiable, ^'ood
.and contemiilativi'. It is not. coii-eniientlv. siiriirisinir.
lh.it so manv of its tiiembers sin
•iVr total solitude
as many diil in the earlier ai."'S. It i-- nut a svstiin th.it
makes ti'inporal heroes: if ever one of that faith .appears,
it is more than likely that he is aiiiinafed by I'anaticism.
Iml,
■1(1 It li.is never
formed aiiv irrcat iroyeriiiii'' >tali
It may be said that Trance, mii
Catholic, but it was only in
ler the first Knipire, was
.\ centni-v of jihilos-
IV. ami the lir.st revolution, had left little Catholi
the V
rencn armies
that
coiiipiered Kiimpi
also, at oiu^ time, may seem an objection : but the cmi-
(piests of tlnit ]iower were chietly over nations of the same
faith, or the half-civili/ed people of America. 'I'lie
Catholic, tlcn, is amiable, l'ooiI. ordinaiily active and
truthful. These ipialities are ])ri(licateil of the iremral
educ.ited h.itv only. As to the pric>ts. and those stron;;
exceptional characters which no sy>teiii can keep dnwii.
they may be iiicliidi'd aiiionij lliis pi'ople. but, ihroii^h
force of character and position lliey stand apart. The u'eii-
eral bodv of the people may be. and to a certain extent
are. iiiliucnce(| by the latter cl.iss ; but the infusions fnim
which the Catholic laity derive the most beiielit are re- |
reived frmn the siirroundintr I'rotcsiaiils. ThiMr pn-li, i
force and assiduity tell, and make tin- Catholic of the
l'roviiic(! of Ontario (piite a dill'erent man from his co-
reli;;ionist of (Quebec. If. however, llii' po-session of the
moral virtues be any set-olT to the lack of those temporal
Ipialities which seciiri! justice iiml power in this world,
the Catholic imleed has the advant;iL;e." There are in the
Doiiiiiiioii 1. 1'.':i,lij'.l jii'i'sons who lielon;.' to this d<iicimi-
iiation.
(1. — The elfi'Cts of I'reshyleriani-m are most saliilarv.
The leacliinu' of tin? system develops ihi' rea-oiiin;^ powers
and siiiipressi's the emotions, and it has ,
1 ' 111' c In 111 I'l.fl.y-
lieeii triilv said that in Can:ida the I'l'— t'l' 'iiiam i.n c:,:
n..aiari rliiirui'li'r.
byteriaii examines reliifious matters with
the same exa<'tililde as secular alVaii's. Thr systian as
carried mil in this cnunirc makes stronif. riiu:,u;ed. resolute,
imlependent men, lit to do li.iitle with ami cdmpier all
obstacles in their way to wealth and power. •• Ii is ililll-
cult," says the writer last ipiolcd, " to tlndany iilinemeiit
of I'eelin;; as tin' lesiilt of it. simply becaiisi' the senses
are entirely i^nior<' I as a means of nblaiiiinL; ridiiiioiis
impressions. The comfort and prosperity. Iniwever,
which are the Usual allendalits of I'rcsbyli'i'iani-ni, make
lip to ils meiiibcrs the loss of those pleasiiri's diri\ ;ible
from culli\ alcd feelings, which, rev er liaviii;; bei'ii know 11,
are not missed. Tin' riiliiiLt traits di'vcloped by this sys-
tem of teachin;.' an' pr.aciii'aliililv and worldly mimleiU
liess. I'l'otesliililisiu of all kinds yives this inlviilitii;;e over
I
■'A
>(iii. Tlic trill'
t, :iiiiial)li', ::iiim1
iitly, .-.ur|iri>iiii.'.
■r ti)t:il scilitlldi'.
it a systi-iii tli:it
It I'aitli a]i|ii-ars,
il liy faiiatii-i-.m.
iviTiiiiii; -latcs.
int Kiiipiri'. was
iiliiry ivf [iliilcis-
itilc C'ailiulicisin
I'.uidiii'. Spain,
n ; liut tlic I'ou-
ioiis of till- ^amti
Aiiu'iica. Tlio
iiily active ami
I 111' lljr iii'iiiral
ml tliii>r ^li'ipiiir
laii i\i'i'ji (Iciuii.
lie. lull. lliriiiii;li
ajialt. 'I'lii' ;;cli-
a rii-Iaili I'Mi'llt
i- iiil'ii-;ii)ii-i iVoin
: iii'iiclit arc rc-
is. Tlii'ir |iii^li,
I C'allmlic 111' llic
llMlll iii-. CO- I
)SSCssiilll cil' |1|(!
Iio^f ti'iii|iiiral 1
ill tlii^ World,
icrc arc in llio
II lliis ilciioiiiU
iiio-t salutary,
niiii^ jiiiwcrs
;n' ■■ii'..r I'l. shy-
yr' iiiiMin imi i :i-
luiiliMii I'liuiiti h>r.
sy-tclll ilH
|n|_r,.,|. rc-lllllll>,
1 ciiiii|iicr all
" It is .lilll-
iiiy rclliiciiiciit
l-C the M'llM'S
iiiii;; religious
ity, liiiwcvcf,
liaiii^in, iiiaki-
-urcs c|cri\alili'
I .; liciii kiHiWIl,
i liy this >ys-
iirlilly luiiiili'iU
lviiiitiij;c over
INTROnUCTIOX.
('atli(ilici<in. Tlic ^rrcat iloctiiiic tliat I'aitli alone is siilli
literal iiicaniii:,' of tile Scri|itui-es I'lillowcl le>>, lint iioiwi'li- I!
rleiil lor salvalion. relieves tli.' I'rotcsta lit from those j slamiin,:,' these defects, the Mcthoilist cliaracter, liy its iii.i-
foriiiitv uiid rcspectaliility. its enterprise wilhout reckless-
ness, its piety without laiiaticisiii. its wei;;ht withoiit olisii-
iiacv. and its d lit hilarity without dcsceiidiiiLr t" vul^^ar
dcliaiichery and levity, on the one liand. or puritanic as-
Tticisiii on the other, is iiio>t likelv to he the national
expiatoiv works which an; iacunihciit upon Catholics ; and |
leave- his hand and his mind at lilicrty to secure those
worldlv u'lvantajies which are to 1 Iilaincd liy men who j
lieiid all iheir enerL'ies to the ta-k." The I'resliyterian
eharacier i- no dmilit one of the licst for new coiiiitric-.. i i
I The rcsiiliiie courage ^^hicll Usually accompany il. soon
! clianires I'ore-ts into lields. Some of the m i-t wonderful
one in Canada : and to eventually hecomc in this eoiiiitry,
what it is in the I'niled States, the noverniiii; <deiiicnt,
ihan-e- of modern time, have resiilied diiveily from its of the nation. Tl iVorls of this Cluiivli lately to incul-
I t.'achin'i- : a'lovc all. it furnidies mui with tlio-e .piali- i cate a national seiitimeut and to cultivate a spirit of
I ties whicli eive him command of his fellows and secure '\ indcpeii.lei , aiv liirninii lar;re nnmliers towards it. It
i hi- I wii worldly pro-jieriiy. aiel in a strictly temporal ha- already driven promise of its future career in Canada,
I view, seem- he-l adapted to raise the lower cla-ses to hy severin,i5 all eoiiiieclion uilli the Knirlish conference,
and enileavorinir to unite its scattered hranches. It had.
in 1.S71. wlieii ihe ceii-ns was taken, .'li'o.d'.l I inemhcrs.
The increase in the memliers of this church duriiiir tint
' coinlort liy the inculcation of industry. fni;fality and piety.
' I'lie niinilper of per-ons In loii:;in^' to this denomination in
the Dominion i- alinnt I l.'i.tJ.'iO.
j! 7.— The I'rote-taiii Hpiscopal Chiireh may he said to last ten years is greater than that of any other. Dnrinjj;
|| oceiipy a middle pi; Iii'tweeii the two jUst de-crilied. / I'l^it ''""! 'Iicy increased I'T per cent, while the I'reshyte-
I The charai-ter feinied hy it- teachiiii; is riaiis increased 1 '.) per cent, the Roimili Catholics 8.7, and
P nTiMivh "'n'l'-.'i'-' """■'■ cipiahle and relined than that of the tln' Church of I'jiL'land only ti.'J.
'■'""'""''"'"""■'■■ rresliyterian, and more resolule than the j !). — Hut aside from the character arisimj from the
Catholic. In short, the cliiinh has lieeii called, half rij.ditlv, | tcacliin^fs of the most prominent deiioininalions. the ijov-
the a-ylnin for the indilVei'eiit. All tlio-e who aspin' ti
social po-ition commence ihcir proi;ress hy joinini; il.ain
I forming; their manners after the model of its mcmliers
•■ It make- a i.'ood da-s of eiti/en-, of native Canadians, al- ' ihe-e may al-o he ailded the material iiiod-
1 llioie^h the ,ame cannot he s.aid of its effe. t- upon its forciifii ,' ilii'alions which take place liy association and political
memhers. Its ;.rreat lack is vitality. It paitakes too iniicli of ' i comliinations. One thiiiLr is certain, that every year the
the inertne-s uhlidi di-liii;;iii-lies its epeat prototype, the aniino-iiy which formerly existed amoiiL' the -eel- is ;r,-iiu.
H'jiiiau Catholic Clinridi, and it never can he the Church in;;- less, 'i'oleraiicc of each other's opinions and iloctrines
f Canada, owing to ihi- defect. On thi' whole, it creates is ohserved. more pi'ohahlv .arising from the coinmoii-scliool
eriimeiit and municipal in-tilMiions of the
connlry haven eoiisidcralile etVeet in I'orm-
iu!j;tlii' character of its inhahitants. To
iiiliMliiuints.
a character -lahle and rc-pi ctaMe." It has r.tl.dl'.l inein-
liers in ilie I )oiuiiiioii.
H. — 'J'herc can he little doiiht that the fiitiirc ;_'reat
Church of Canada i- the Methodist Chiireh. It is eontin-
sy-tem of the conntry, which educate- all -eci- alike, with
the e\eeption of the Calholies. Indeed all the har-ller
features of cliarai'ier peculiar to Canada in earlier days,
are heiiig smoothed and roiinded olT hy the heueliceiit id'-
fecls of cominim school eiUicalion. This school system is
so perfect in Canada that no fearcaii lie jelt lor llu' capa
iiallv aeM'c-sivc, and seizes on all kinds ol
i-.ir.M'i or M..iii..,i. • . ■ , , , ,. . ,. . ,,
l«Mi "11 III.' I mm- material and liy force ol itsiliseipliiie lorms
a eharacier more uniform and steady than hlliivof the pre-cnt generation of Canadians to olitam
all other deiiominalioiis. No such eMremes are to he anv de\ clopnienls of fnliire progri'ss that may come upon
found within it- ranks as those which the Uoiiiaii (hiirch . llie country.
pre-ents in the educated French and the iiiiedin'ated na- : |o. — We shall not overlook llie fact that the dilVercnt
live, or w hich the I'rote-tant I'",pi-co|ial pre-eni- in the i nation iliiies w liieh are ri'pre-eiited iii llie Dominion have
Kll'di-ll iienlleinan and the Iri-h rrote-lanl. There iiiav I much to do in foiiniie' the inw and pecii-
■ , , . . ' i . . IHHi'i'i'iii h.mImiimI-
not he anv verv exiraordinarv amount of material acti\ it v liar nalionalil v w hich i- rapid I v sprineine' iiii'» la il"' lieinii'-
' ' * ' ' I . I jnh.
among lis metuhers ; hut the Church is eontinii illy adapi- npin Canada. .Mioiii l.tiS'J.'.' hs of the pen.
\l\ji itself lo ihe growing intellectnal wants of tin people. ph. are of I'rencli origin, and of the dill'erent r s which
mid its marked success may he seen in the fad that the .1 juhahit ih lunii'y they are the lea-t tilted for self-gov-
I'^piscopal Church i- adopting it< rules and pro,. lyli/in._' 1 ernmeiil. "The conlelilmclit which desires no chaniie is
iliKeipliiie. Tli.' emotion.al tiinperameiit inav h.' in ih.' their-. The\ are eiilirelx dilfereiii from the pn-ent r; of
ascendant, hul il is never iillowed to run into fanaticism. | |."ieucli in l''r.iiii'e. Tlie\ never ileri\ei| anv lieiielii from
The inlclleciiial power might hiM'uliivated more, and llr
he iiumei'ous rcvolulious which liiive created ihe polltica
t
I
28
IXTRODCCriOX.
iictivity of Fraiicn ; ami are a coiiturv l»'liinil tlioir conn-
ti'vini'ii ill th(^ Olil World. Scciiri' in tiie silcii.^c atnl
traiKpiillity "t tln'ir suniiin'r wimkIs aiid winter snows, iIk y
scarcilv licaril tlic liimitlir of tin' niii:lity coiillirts, |)liysi-
cal anil mental, wliieli ennvnlsctl Kurope during tlie latter
end f)f tile ei;;liteenlli eentury ; and it is astonisliini; to
learn that it is only a few years asio that fendal teinire of
land was almlislieil anion;; them. .Mihoujih, however, the
rn"al French Can;idian is liackward. the French iidiahitants
of the cities are larllicr advanced in politics and jreiieral
intelligence than the KllJ,di.•^ll-speakin;,' people of the eotin-
try districts. They have no old comitry to claim a divi-
ded alli'Ljianee, ami as a consci|iieni'e ( verything is dno to
Canada. The rnral popnlation also every year is advan-
cin;; steailiiv in ])oliiical knowlcd^re. Laru'' nninhers of
these ffo to till' l'nite(l States every sninnier, lirinj^ini;
hack and imparting; to those who remain, Anieriian ideas.
Alioiit 7()l),.'Jl)'.t are of Fnj;lish origin, and form a valuable
part of the population." The national eliaracteristies of
the Knijlishman are too well known to recjiiire any de-
scription. Those of Irish orijiin numher about <SI(),l'll.
and those of Scot(di orii^in ").>0.()()l). There are also about
2.J2.l)I.'i Germans. The most eneoura;.'ini; fact iironnht
out by the last census is that .s.'i in every 100 of the pop-
ulaliini are native-born Canadians, and probably ton more
in every 100 were brouLiht to Canada so youii;; as to re-
gard it as their native land.
11. — The political institution^ of evi'ry country follow,
to a eertain extent, the pre\ailiTig religion. In this way,
and in no other, can it be said that the
Inluinii'uiJ^'nn'''"' !^tate derives any power from the Church,
cuna.lian.l.aiiic- ] f ,i„. (Inni'li and State are unite(l.
tur.
politii's and reliniiui are more akin. These
were separatecl, liowcvcr, in Ippcr Canada at an early
day, and the political insiiluti(uis of Ontario are, in eonse-
(pleni'e, inoi-e liberal, and approximate iiuu'i' to tlio.-e of
the I'nitcd States than those of any other part of llie conn
try. Nova Scotia and New lirunssvick are also advanced
in this respect. 'I"he elTect of those insiitntiims is evi-
denced every day in the case of the inimigranls who come
to Camilla. They come from the monardiical countries
of F.urope, ignorant, rude, and umnanin'rly, depiuiding on
tlu'ir priests and mini^tel•s lor religions instruction, and
on their landloids and the manufacturers for the means
of a precarious livelihood ; they are servih', dependent,
weak and irresulule. A few years' n-^e to the strengthen-
ing inllneiice of Canadian institutions, and they become
completely changed. On their lirst arrival, with hat in
hand iind s\iiinnicriii:.' spccidi, they ask lor leave to toil
ns was thi'ir wont ; but having learned what it is to own
n farn\ of their own, subject to the will and ea|iriee of no
one; having liarned lln'ir importai lis nieinliei'sof ii fl'eu
community, they hold a high head, and call nn man
master. Where there was nothing but humility and
servility, we Iind a legitimate pride, and a simple, inaidy
inile|)enilence. Where there was almost childish helpless-
ness, wo Iind a vigorous, self-reliant spirit, and the mind
that formerly bent the knee to the meretricious advantages
of rank, sees nothing worthy of its i-es[)eci but the maji"<ry
of law and the nobility of liberty and freedom. Owing to
this oileet of Canadian iujtituliuus, there an; very few of
the peasant class to be found in Canada. Some of the
ildialjitants may be poor, but this circumstance has little
induence on their independence. .V fearb'ss enunciation
of opinion, and a dread, in many instances a contempt,
forthe inllueiiee of wealth, are the eounnon cliaracteri.stics,
even of the poorest. The sense of the value of integrity,
knowledge, hoiu'sty, and all those other attributes wliicli
ennoble man, no matter in what condition of life he may
be, tend to sustain the Canadian in his jiersonal respect,
no matter what privation she may be etilled upon to endure.
12. — Tile eh.ir.acter of the surface of the eountrv also,
no doubt, has an elevating inllneiice on the jicople. There
is an education in broad rivers, boundless
prairies, hi'di mountains, and jiiilhless •"'•"''inc "'x""
1 -^ ' anil t liinah' on
woods, unknown to the dwellers in towns ' i'"ailiaii clmr-
and cities. The mind that revels in the
wilds of nature c.in never be actuated by the meanness of
civili/alioii, be it ever so illiterate. 'J'here is an expainl-
iiig inllneiice in great things that cannot long be withstood.
Little minds cannot I'xist in va-tness ; they must either
iiiereaseor become imbecile, terrilieil by the weight of their
sensations. Solitude .also begets gravity and thought —
thought forcing examination of surroundings, whether of
earth, air or water. Hence the instiuclive sagacity of the
backwoodsman. He may never have seen a letter or a
compass ; he may never have seen the inside of u school
lious(' ; but the accufiiey of his senses is wonderful, and his
mental deiluetion.s from sensations no les.sso. The climate
of a country, no less than its soil and the conllguration of
its surface, also alVcct strongly the character of it- inhabi-
tants. In tropical coiinlries, where the bounties of nature
are so plentiful, no exertion to support lil'e is necessary —
or rather the slightest evertion nbtains all the necessaries.
The intense heat of the sun aKo drbililales the human
frame, and renders man prune to inaction ; wliile nature,
as if to provide for its own defects, scatters in wild prufii-
sion food wliich supports lit'e without the ilVnrt of cultiva-
tion or thoiiglit. The prevailing characlerisiics ,,f the
in'iabilanls of tropical climates are indolence. ( )n the
whole, the eliinale of Canada, which is nearly the same
over the entire country, is belter lilted to generate those
iiualilies which sustain milioiis than warmer latitudes, and
lo prodiii.'e inhubitantH snperioi' in mind and body.
niillio
Pnpula
be sa
all K
on a
Fngl:
inariii
elaiini
here
! whicli
; .Villi
! have
! have
I
I .str.-ingc
which
they
The 11
and gi
alien ii
and is
Mr. .M
il cnll im Minn
t liiiiiiiliiy Mild
;i siiiiplc, iiiiiiily
liildiNli helpless-
t. Mini tlio niiiid
•inns ii(lv:iiilMj;es
liiit llio uiajcrtty
icjiii. Owiiii; to
lire veiy few of
. Solium of llie
.taiice liMs litlli!
CSS I'lmiii'iatiiiii
•(?S 11 CDlllflllpt,
1 cliMraclori.-lics,
line of ilJtfjii'ily,
ItrilmiL's whicli
of lifo ho limy
iPrsonal rcsiicct,
upon to ciitliiio.
!i(! country also,
JIOOplo. 'I'llLTC
InlMi.'iiii' i>i' s..il
.'in<l I'liiiiaii' Mil
caiiailian I'liar-
m'U-r.
10 inoaiiupss ot
; is an cxpaiiil-
iLjbo wilhstood.
ii'y must I'itlici'
Wl'ijrlltof tlll'il-
and lliiini;lil —
ijs, vvlii'ilicr of
saL^ai'ily of liic
I lcil<'r or a
of a school
Il rfnl, and liis
lilt' <'liiiiat(;
iiliuui'alion <if
if its iiilialii-
lii's of naliil'i'
iii'i'i'.ssai'\' —
(■ llccc>Siirii'S,
iho hniiiaii
wliilo iialiii'i',
II wild pldfll-
II of ciiliiva-
i-liiH of ihi-
li'c. ( )|| till'
riy I he Miinc
'iii'ialc lliox'
lalitiidiw, and
lioilv.
INTRODUCTION.
29
Pnpiilatirin.
l.'V — Tlio population of the Dominion is alioiit four spoken of in hiiili praise and affcctionato rcirard. whilst in
millions. \\'e have seen of what this popiilatimi is i oik of iier Universities at C'aleiitta we meet I'rof. Stevcii-
eoniposed. what races niiiki' il up. and llie i| sou of Canada. " If fortune should lake iis as far as
I'ekin." said Ileiiiy .1. .Moiiran in ISCili. •• we will see an
' Upper Canada cojleiie hoy ' who I'arried olV the |irizefor
the host Knulish poem at Oxford, Owen .Mexaiider Vidal,
son of the late Admiral \'idal of Sarnia. appointed liy
Lord ralmerstoii. a few years .since, the attache to the
Miiihiissv to I'ekiii. At Florence. Chexalic'r Falardeau.
a Canailian artist, will meet us hru.-h in hand. At '.iili-
rallar w in claim a chief-justice. Sir flames C'ockraiie,
liorii at Halifax. The recolleetioii of the loftv ami
elTects which instituticnis, soil and climate
have on its character. It only remains to
he said, that this popiil.ition occiipj* a territory as larije as '
all Europe, with iiiexhaustihli^ resources; that it carries
on a trade, in proportion to its inimhers, larLter than
Enuland or the United .Stales, and that it is the fourth
maritime power in tin; world. However, sinci' we have
claimecl so much for the Canadian peoph;, we w ill pause
here to ■.dve a few i^hiiicfs at the di>tiiit;iiislied record
which they have won in history. In truth r>riii>li I moviiii; c loipieiice of Dii l'les>is, in the Urench pulpit.
American-' have irreat reason to he proud of the men they ^
have sent forth into the world, as well as of those who i
have disliiiL'iii-hed theiii-ilve> at lionn-. .\iiil il is not
who was liorn at (^iiehec in 1 ()',•.'), is still fresh in the
relijiiciiis circles of Paris ; anil in the prayers of the .Milu'
lie lieanjeii. a Canadian, the unfortunate Louis X\T.
straiiL'e that haviiiL'.uMiued -o much disiinction for C.inada. | fiinnd that relijiiims and spiritual coiiMilation which he so
which its people have raised fi-oin h.irliarisiii to ci\ili/ati 'much i ded. Oranatt de St. Sanveiir. a Canadian.
they shniild al-o have made an eiivialiie n- mI aliroad. | I ,„.,.iipic,l the hoimralile [loMiion of French cniiMil in
The man who is not proud and jednns of the fame | IIiiiiL'ai'y. In .Mexico we ha\e at the present time ( Isi'ili)
and iireatness of his (listin;:uislieil eoiintrymeii is an jl nKire than <iiie of our native sons holdiiii: important
alien ill feelinjj and purpose. i> lilt, vedhy no patriotic love, 1 1 positions in the imperial service. In I'Minhiii-Ldi. ,i few
and is an ohjeet unlit to live. It was truthfully s.iid hy
.Mr. .Mc(iee that Canada oujilit to hi' as jealous of the
reputation of her i;re,it men as either Seotlaml. Scandinavia.
Switzerland lU' .New ICn^land : and he nienliiiiied as a
reason why the n.ame of Can,-ida stands for iidihini;,
represents no definite idea, typilies no interest, .awakens
years au;o. there died a prelate of the Church of Uoiiie,
the I{ii;ht Hev. .lames Oillies, D.I)., Iii>hop of Liinyra,
horn in Canada in ISOi', who w.is alu.'iys prniid to
ackiiow le(li:e the Land of his Iririh. In Lmidon wc will
liiid a peer (if ihe re.ilni. the Earl nf Eli;in and Kincar-
dine, horn at .Montreal in ISl'l, the head of one nf the
no associations in the Spanish. Italian. (Jermaii or I''reiich jj proudest and mo^t lionnraMe lion-es of the imhility nf thi>
mind, is liecause hatieil to Canada has m.ide no etl'mt to '.] Uiiiled KiiiKilom ; a learned ipiei'ii's ci'Iium i, lliiii\ I'di",
preserve frtun ohlivion the memories of men who have , .if .N'nva .Scotia, ai live medical practitinner and sciin-
wrniijiht for the commnn need of the province, or of 'I lilie writer. Sir < ienri;,' Duncan ( iihli, .M.I)., and a \nuiii:,
others who have acipiireil replllalinll for llietii<elves aliroad, ' proniisin;.' pni't. Uidnri' ( i. .\-c|i>'r. I i.C. I... all nf whniii lake
either in the naval or military service, or in llie w.ilks of
literature, science i r .irt.
1 I. — Indoniilahle eiierjfy and pcr-i'vcrance are eharae-
ristics of the C.iiiiidian people, and hislory contains the
reinfd of many deeds which disiiii;.;iiisli
I'mi'luliii''''' ''"■'■' "■iii"'^' ^''•"' "I'leaiis was toitnili d
hy llie Siiiir lie IJirin ille ; .Milwaukee hy
Soloiiinii .Iiineau ; <ialve>lnii hy .Michel .Meiiard : .1, 11.
Farihaiilt founded the settlement in Miiiiie>oia which hears
his name; (iahriel Fraiieliere was one of the I'ounders of
Astoria, ami crossed the Kocky Moiiiilailis loiij; hefore I''re-
mont or I'alliser; whilst Colonel Head, of .Nova Scotia, de-
mon>lraled the pr.iciiealiiliiy at an overland rmiir to India,
( ill where \M' will llirnll^hnUl llie Uol 111, we will lind a lep-
reseiilalivenf these provinces lioldinj; seme lllpnrialll pod-
tion or pel'fol'Ulini; some useful pi'ofe-.^:oli or funelion.
Towal'iU I he end n I' the I a^ I eriiliiry a h'teinh ( 'aliailian artist
was III iiii'i -hint; ill Hn^'-i.i. In India we still hear the name
pleasure in pnintinu to Canada as their nalive l.ind. The
liniior rolls of Enuli-h iiniversilies t,.]| nf prizes and i|ej:rees
carried nf hy Caiiadi.an- a^'aiu-l ihe VMald."
l"i. — Tiirnim;' hack tnr a lunini'iit to the period of
h'teiich supremacy, we lind that New I''iaiice yaM' hirth to
two relnarkahle men. wlinsi' eareers de- lil-iliiunisli,.,!
servi; more than iias-in;: iioiicr The lir-t. i'mI> I'lrinii
I t^ ' ( aiiaillaiis,
Lemoitle DTheI'ville, reputed In lie the
iiio-t skilful iia\al ollieei in iheservi if h'lai , was
horn at .Montreal in llliil. He was one of simh lirnthers,
who all played important parts in the .ilfair^ of Canada,
in the seveiileeiilh ceiiluiy. At all early aije he weni to
sea as a inaiine Hn.ud in the im|ierial ser\icr, ,'iiii| n, a
\nlnnli ii' in the inidniuht a I lack on .Sehriii'eiad\ , hi . hra-
very iiiid skill were SI nsp'cuous thai he wa- iiniiiediaiely
iifterwai'd- appointed :iii eii-ien. (iradiially ri-iii;; in his
prolV--iou. \M' Ihid him. in I I'lMl',, ih minaiidiinl llie ix-
peditinn which rei.Hifed l''nll N'el-oll flolil the ilriti-ll.
of a proiiriii'iit journali-i. .1. I{, \\ ilhy, Esip, now no more. M ami with il the control of thi' Indian comiiu'i'ce on tin
!i:i
so
INTRO' )r(TI()X.
I Ni'Isiin River. lie iiivudcil NcwfdiiMdl.iiMl. nvfrniTiiiiiiir I
I ihc \vli)li' isliiiiil. I:iUiiiLr Inrl-. Mini I'Vi ii alliirUiiiir Si. .Inlin's
] il>^i'll' ; aiiil siili-i'(|iiciillv Mi'liicvcil s<iiiii' ciiii^iil'T.-ililc vi<'-
{ tiirics ovor till' l'",ii;:li>!i in IIiiii--()n's I'.iy. wln'i-c lie Wiis I
■ iil'liTwiircls .-.liipuriTki'il. In 1 iI'.t.H |ii. \\:i> (•(iiiiiMi»iiiiii'il
liv llic l'"ri'iicli ^iivcrimu'iit to i'\|iiiiro liii' irnmli- of liic ^
' Mis>issip|ii. which h.ul nrvc r yrl hcoii ciiIitimI fi'Din llic !
scM. ami to crci't :\ Idi't mi il> liaiil\~. AViiii two lVi;;a!cs,
: two siiiallfi- vosi'ls. a ''oiniiaiiy of iii.iriiirs iiiMJ alniiil two
liiiTidrccl st'IliiTs. Ill' s.iilcil from Rochcforl. 'roiichiii^ at
I Sr. l)oillim:o. lit' pa-^cil ovrr to I'cii-ai'ol;i. whidi ln' found
' oc'cii|)ifd liy Spaiiiinis. and reached Moiiaea I~!.iiid iie.ar
Mnhih'in I'eliriiary, 1 (iO'.l. .Vccompanied li\ lii> lirotiier l)e
iSieiivilie. wlio liad heeii .'i eonipaiiioii of l.ii S'lh'. and
l'orty-eii,'lit men. lie enlei.il the .Mi^-is>ippi ini .iii- 2d
of Mai'ch and a>eended il to Mime eonsideralile distaliee.
Mrectiiii; a foit a^ a proof of l''reneh jnri-dielion, the
command of which he entrusted to his liiothcM'.
: D'lliefville sailed for I'"ivince, hnt reliiniiMl when the aii-
I
ihority of his coniitry on the river \.as endanui-red hy ;
British ai.'jjressi(iii. In the followinu yi^ar he a;fain as-
1 ceiided tlm .Mississippi as f.ir as the conn try of the N.atcliez, ]
I while his lirother explored western Louisiana, crossed the
I lied Hiver and appro.iehed \e\< Mexico. Ahainloniiii;
the settlements which iie had founded. tliriiii;.di the h.avm'
I which diseas(! had made imol,;^ ihe people, hi' planted
' inie Oil the western hank cd' the Moliilc Kiver, if hein^ '
the lir>t Knropean -etilement in Alahania. IleaKocon-
! striicte<l foi'lilicM.tioiis on .Massacr<' l-land, which hei'ame. i
I ;is it were, the centre of tl loiiy. .\t this time he w;is
attacked with yellow I'i'Ver and only escaped with his
health coiisiderahly impaired. In Id'.iK he had heeii cri^
ated a ('hc\alier of the order of St. Louis, and soon after
the e\eiits de^ciilied he was cidled to Liirope and made j
oMiimaiidant at Itocliel'ori. In ITHl! 1
command of a lar;.'e licet to elTcct tl
10 was II
ilaced
H' coniniesi ol 'he
I'",nj;lisli We-t Indic's. lie captured '.he ivlaiid-. of .\e\is
and St. Christopher, and I'ailin;: lli.it of .'amaica. In; was
on the point of allackinit Cirolimi, v, lien his career was
tl(! helwpoii the Coiiiit de fiuiclioii and Admiral ICempcti-
I'eldt. and assisted to placi' the i-lands of ( iiiadaloii|ie .and
roha;;o in a state of del'eiice. In 17ll(J he was decorated
with the Cross of St. J/Oiiis. 'J'jie hostilities which were
commcnred in l"'.':.'. and which were maintained for a
coii-ideralile period, ull'ered frecpieiit opporlniiilies for nia-
kiiij; r.ipid pro;,frcss in the ;:lorions career he had adopted.
lie allowed none of the nnmeroiis caiiipi»ij;tis in which he |;
was eii^aiicd to ]ia-s without iisMiciatin^ ids inime with '\
the ^dories of IClidier. .lounlali and llernailotte. In llSOl ;
he hccaiiie chief of liri^ade : in 18()."i j;eiieral of division, '
and a year later dire<'ior of fortilicatioiis. Rising still i
liii;lier as lii> ui'iiins and talent iiianifeste<l themselves, in :
ISOS the lir>t Consul named him iiisiieetor of fortilicatioiis
and commandant of ';fiiieers in Holland. I'lider the
di>tini;iii-lied oMicers Jn-t liaiiii'd. In' planned the wurks
and au. ced to ;i!l the measnre- of altai'k ami defence w liicli |
facilil.ilcd the dilVereiit ]ia~saL:fs of the lihiiie at I)ii>m1- :
dorfand Vanclanu'eii, and Mcnicd tin' retreat oi the army. ,
(ieiieral DeLcrv was on the Daniilic. and ai'companied
Miir.-hal .McDonald tlironj:h the dillii nil c," ;iaiL:n~ of the |
(irison. and was ]ire>ent with the ci'and ai..iy at rim and |
Aiisterlilz. lie conimaiided at the .s'ejies of llilierach
and I'hillipslinr^f. <'ondiicted tin' blockades of Cassel and
C.idi/,. and fortilied Mayetice. Kecalled from the penin-
sula, he w.is entncited with the command of the engineers
ill the creat Iviis^iaii campai'^n. and was one of the fi'W
who cscajicd the fearful disasters which overtook the
French armv on that meinor.'ihle occasion. I'"or his i.'reat"
services he had 1 II created a I'laron id' the Lmpire in
ISII. with a domain in We-tphalia. Shortly het'ore
N'apol oil's dowiilall. \'iscoiint DcLery was intnisteil
with the coiistrnetioii id' the works for the dd'eliee of
Lvoiis. Louis Win. promoted him to the rank of
lieiiteiianl-ueiieral. This eminent man attained the
yrcat WiS'' <d' threescore and ten. lie was one of the eii-
'.niieer oHicers who had iiiosi thiH-oiiL;lil> sukI'i'iI the con-
nection hetweeii fot'tilication and the art of war : he had
the rare power of making cominand au'i'cealile ; he ki
ddciih cut hliori hv his death. wliic)i
occnrii'd on lioard i how to cM'ite ami
dii I the zeal of I
lis ollicer-
i:a\i
his llau-ship on the open '.a. The other iiidivnlii.'il to ' etVecl to their exertions, foresaw their wants and could
whom we haxe refericd was Lienti'iiaiit-( ii'iieral \'iscoiiiil ' minister to them so as to add the hoiids of i;ralitnde to
f the |ii-t I''rencli militarv ou\ih rs of hi^ tl f diilv. lie to(di a li\e|y interest in the welfare
erv. one o
Del
time. Iioin at (^iiclicc in ITo I, he \vas the son of a i of those siil
I''ri'iicli ollicer who had lieeii a pupil of the ;;reat N'aiiliaii, ' to so trreat all extent that he went out of the wmld lcaviii_f
ii'dinale to him, and manifested his ircncrositv
ami w 111), II
,i\in^' I pa-siiimite
arms, naliirallv le
for the profession of \ literall\ nothiiiL,' hehiiid him, except the record of
ired to si'i'liis-on also follow it. When , spent and useful life, ulowlii^r with iiohle I'xainp
ihich
only eijilit yc;.rs of ay;e. yontis; DcLery coinmeiiceil hi:
stiidie. in I'ar's, and at liflceii was adtnitteirinlo the Schoo
,( I
ol rini.niii'<
IS. In 177.'!
lie n l\el
iciiieiianc\- ami
sei'veil III -cNcral naval espediiion^ ili
Kevoltiliiiiiary war, iiinl siihsei|iietitly took |
1 his 1
iiinu ilie .\nieri
holilil never he
i-t on the coiinll'V lie scr\eil so well, or
iitrt 111
the land of his liirili, which he loved so di'arly. In addition
to these two, New l'"r,'iiice also produced iiiaiiy other ini'ii
u ho aflei'uard^ i.'i'caily distiiiMiiished iheinsi'Kcs in the mil-
tliii Imt- ll il'ti'V iiM<l HUViil services of the Kiiipire uiid Repiililie.
.\ilnin'
and P'
ij |)eV;i
i] mii.iip'
I and .\i
I or eii;;i
tii-tiimu
1. :ii;!i'li;ii
lirtil Ki'mpeii-
i:i(laliiU|)e :iiiil
ivas (Iccoratod
■^ wliiili were
it;iiiii'il for a
iiilii's t'(ir niM-
liail :i<lci|il('cl.
s ill wliicli lie
lis iiaini' wilii
It!'. Ill l.siil
111 of ciivisidii.
Kisillir .still
llicMisclves. ill
I'linificatioiis
I'ikUt tin-
ell till! WIH'ks
li'fi'iii'f wliicii
iiic at I)ii->cl-
t (if tiif army.
:icc()iiipaiiiiil
laiiriis of till'
ly at riiM ami
i of liilicrai'li
of ('a>scl ami
Mil till' |iiiiiii-
tlic ciiiiimii's
(• of the feu
overtook the
I'"or Ills i:reaf
l''.iii|>ire ill
tly liefore
■- iiilrusiiMl
ilL'feiice of
le rank of
aillril till'
of the cu-
ll tlie coM-
II- : lie Iiail
: 111' knew
■el's ; 'fl-iM'
anil eoiiM
ralitiiile to
le welfare
l^eliel'osily
irlil leav inj
of a well-
|i|es wllic'll
tl
itl:
II.
ll
so well, or
In aiMitioii
oilier nieli
s in ilie inil-
Keiiillilie.
IN TKODrCiloX.
31
Admirals Hedniit iiml Martin, and Captains DeF/KcIielle || navi^rator of the ijlidie. ami eoniinanded an oxpeditioii in
{'elniiiiin. in the toriner liram'li.am
the I
lelielltlL'llV -
h of Sir .Foliii Kranklin : Sir Chanes D.-irliiitr. (iov-
DeN'aiidi-eiiils, llerlels and Laeoiiies, in the hiiier. till no j ernor of N'ietoria. Australia, and the late Sir William Wit
iim.iipoi
taut place ill the historical annals of the Old I nictt, (iovernor of the ( Jold Coast, are aNo Kritish .Vmer-
alirl
New World.
Ii;. — III the lJ;'itish sc.-vice there has not lieeii a liattle
or cn"ai;cmciit of any coiiseipieiice for the last hnmlrt'il '
Years ill which siinie ISiiti-h .\merican
I.i-iiiiu'uisli.a j , , t;ikeli part. We have Diiiin in the
C:i!)a.li.'in». ...
I| rampaiiiii in lt;ily in isii.'i. in the expedi-
I: tiiin to I'",;.'Vpt in ISOli, in the whole I'l/iiinsiilar campaii!!!
i[ ill islu-l 1. ;iiid ill the ,\mei'ii-an war of l.Sll'. We have
'' I'lrckw'lii at the Neville, at the Nile, and at Waterloo.
jl \V(; have.'vlmiral ^\■alt, the he|-o of a hiliidi'i'd li-lits ; we
I
I have (; 'ire >\'estphal at Tralal^xar, wounded in that
iminoralile liu'ht, his !d I niini:led will' 'I- immortal Nel-
snii. in the cockpit of the I'irfon/. Wt; have Wilshire in
the West Indies, at N'imiera. at Coriiiina, at Walcheraii.
at Salamanca, at \'icloria, at St. Sehastian. at the Nive. in
Ivilfraria, in tlii' I'Last Indies, and in AlT;rliaiiist.iii. We
lia\e l'',iiL:'land at Fliishin;.'. in Sicily, .'iiid as iinamler
of the third divisional .Mini and Inkermaii. We have
DeSalaherry as the hero of Chateaii::iiay. we have Wallis
as the c.'iptor of the ('litKdjwiiLi'.
'I'lie history of the nolil.' i|efi-i ma'.e hy Williams at
Kai-s, and the hi'roic I'ortitiidc and sli'eii'.'i li willi which he
hore lip under the tryiiiL'and almost iverw helmiin;- dilHeiil-
ties which hcset him ; as well as that which recu'iU ,,ie j^reut
Iiij.dis"s j.'lorious ai'liieveineiit at laickiiow. >vill live as lom;
as the laiiu'lia;;!' in which it is w ritteii. in the N'ictoria cross
;;allery the portraits of t wo ( 'anadians — Dunn and Ue.'nl —
will he shown as evidence of oaiiiitl -ss hrav cry and manly
devotion. l,ieiil.-('ol. \. \{. I )uiiii, a native of Toi-iuito,
liiiik pill in the celelir.iled cliarL;e of the Six Hundred
.It llalakl.iva, and w.is ohe of tlio-e who
"Sinriii ■ I ll Willi .sli.il aii.l slnU,
WIlill'iM.r.si' IIIkI iM'li'f.'ll,
'I'Ik'V lll.'ll lllhl l'<>Ul.'lll SM w.ll
I'liiiii' llini' llii' ja«s i.f ilriiili
lliK'k from I III' nioiuli nl' ImII."
Ill India and the Crimea the toiiihs of ;i niimhci' of Cami-
diatis who saci'illceil ihi'ir lives for IJiuland's i,dory s|ieak
eloiiucntly for Canadian liruvery. In tin' Crimea, I'aiker, of
Nova Scotia, fell in (he midst of the li^rlit, and Welsford. of
leans. If we turn to the Fine Arts, we have the late
(iilhert Stewart Ni'Wioii. I{. A., the I'amoiis paiiitei : the
friend of Leslie and of Washiiij.'ton Irvini; ; whose works
the latter said had •• a coloiin^' alninst unrivalled, and :i
liveliness of fancy and a ipiickiir>s of conception, and a
fariliiv and iirar'c of execution, that spread a niaj^iccharm i
over them." The same iiidomitahle spirit of eiieriry ami
pei-sevei'.ince w liii'li has char.ii'teri/i'(l all oiir ciuiniryineii
is traced in the lil'e of the Chevaiier l'"alai(le;iii. ( )rii,riii.
alh a poor Imv in (^iiehec, without iiieans and vevv little
edue.itioii, he conceived a ;;reat p.'ission for painting; ; and
at the Iriiniiiation of his day's l.alior he wmiM desoie him- ; j
self constantly and assiduously to the eiiliivatioii of thcjl
art. and smui evincidd cided marks of aliilily. Ilischer- !;
i~lied desire u.'is to ^ii'oeeed to hairope. to study In the |;
ureal sehools on lliC Conliiieiil. His poverty f(U' a lout;'
time prevented the coii-nminaliou of his desi^;!! : hnl at 1
leli:;tli. tlirou:.;li hard serapin:.' and with the assisunce of i
some frii'lids W ho perceived his i.0'owin'.; talents, he succeed- I
ed in LTi itimi toiTether sullicieiit to |iay his passiic^e across ii
the .\tlaiitic. lie took lip his I'l'sjilei in Italy, and hy 1;
dint of severe study and practice, in coiir-e of lime attained i
a hiirli position in his prol'cs^ion. and has since hail con- |
ferreilupiiii him. hy ihetiraiid Diik.' of Tu-caiiy. the title j
I which he hore. In addition to these. We posse-s live othi'r
! painters, of coiisiileralili' ahility, in Kane, Hoiirassa, I'laiii-
omlon, I l.im. 1 and Levari'.
In science we arc i's| iaily pi'oiid of our I,o;,'aii. Daw-
son, (ieiiscr, Iiillinu:-; and liell, who iipy a place with
the lii-st men of the day, and who have reiidii'ed import-
tant services, which c.iii ic ver adeipiately he rep.aid hy
their fellow'-coiinlryiui 11 of liriiish .\nii lici. In Litera-
ture Canada has pi'odii 1 a (irasset ile Saint Sanvelir,
II 'riioin.i . V '.lamll. ■■ lialihiiiton, a John l''o.-ter. Kirk, ii
.loliii Uichardson, a ••Coiisiu .May Carh'ton," a rierrc
Chaiiveaii, t liarhs .San;:sier. the popular Canadian jHiel,
11 Francois > i irni'au. a Ivo-aiina Leprohon, an < )ctave
Creiiiazie, an. I a Louisa Murray. \\'e have poets
ic Slime 11
ro\inci', hatlied the r.impart of the Kcdiii with
lis devoted hlood. In the more |ii.'ai'('fui pili'siiits of life,
\ Ill claim |)oiiald McKay, tin! einineiit shiplmilder and
■nior, and Sir Sainiiel Ciiiiar 1,
w ho iiiiyhl properly lie
d the father of Kteitni navii:alioli on the Atlanlic
in Howe, !■'
Irechette, V'adelioncieur, Leiiiav,
(iray, ItccMs, \ / 'i;;, Kat/mann and .lei. Ihlts ; novelis's
in lionrassa. l)el!oui'lier\ille, and L.'ijoie ; histin'iaiis in
Christie, l''iiilaiid. M'lrdoch and liih.iud. and ii loiiLf list
of iiiiscellai s wiilei's. such as IJoyal. Sewell, 'rachi',
Cil.sjrrain, Scaddini:. I>e(iasp.', Lemoinr. Hmliiins. M.ir
shall. Dessaulles, Harrison. Deliellrf iiille, I'erlev. ( irilliii.
-:_J
l{car-.\dminil Sir Edward Belcher, whom Capta'n Mar- Hart, Kaymond, Sonlard .and many others, Tln-e, with
ryati declared to bo tiie "first siirveyinj; oliiccr in the li Neilson, Howe, .Morlii. Vonni;. Parent, .Me I),iU'.:all, Can-
wni'ld," and who him distiiiguisli.id himself im ii cireiini- || clioii. Tope ami McCully, as joiirnalists. present ii j^jala.vy
''\
IN ri!(!i)i"(ii<)\.
ol' ii.itivc t;iloiit siillicieiit to spuiik for itsdf. Can;iil;i l):is
Ih'cm I'drtiiiiiili' ill llir ^.'ciii'r.il i-!;i.~s of [piililir men (ualivf
Mini iitlu-i'.-) will) from liiiii'io time iiiiiilcil tlic dr^tiiiit's of
our iiWAl I'oiiiilrv. M.iiiv of tlicm have cviiiifil tin;
ti'fl Statis tliiiii those of any oilur llrilisli Aincricrm prov-
iiK'f. IIowi'MMMJic I,c:;;is]atur(M'arly took mcaii> torvcjiidi
till' American M'liodlmas'.^r. A wrili'r wlio vi^itci) lviiij.'stoii '
ill IT'.l'i savs : ■• In tlii.- <listrict tlicrc arc some scliools, liiit
liossfssion of a vi-iv con-iiilcralile -liari' of (lio^r lar^'i- in il tln'V arc few in iiiiinlji-i-. 'I'lir cliililrrii arc in-triii'tcil in i
tcllcciual (|iialitics of reason ami caiiacity wliicli !.'o t<i ]] reading: and wriliiiir. ami pay caoli a dollar a inonlli. One'
make lip the slalcsmaii and the diplomaii^l /lar r.rcflli'iiri'. \. of the nia>ters. superior to llie rest in |ioiiit of leji-nintj,
Iiideecl there are several of tliiiii who. if llieir lot had taii;.dit Latin, lint h(^ has left wilhoiit heiiii: ^ni-ceedid hy
heen cast ill the I'Ji^li^li arena, wonld do credit to thi- another iii-.triic|or in the same laii;;iiai;c. In IT'.lo the ^
House of Commons. In piililic spirit and ciiteriirise, and jrovcriinieiit t.'iok some initiative steps in an educational di-
iii heiiiiT ecpial to :;"rapple u illi liillii ail lies in limes of j^reat rection, ;.'rouini.' out of a cor res pot nlei ice lietwceii (lover- ;
eiiier:;i'iicv, there are oiie or two of 4)iir statesmen who nor Siiiicoc and iiishop Moiinlaiii of (^liiehec. The mutter I
could stand in the same place with the leading men in the was referred to the I,ei;i^l..iiiire, which in I7'.i7 iiiemoriMl- j
iuljoiiiing Uepiililic or in Ivirope. j i/ed Kinir ( Jeorge JII.. -idiciiing a ^rant of l.ind for the j
We have had in many of our politii'ians a race of endowment of a i;iaiiiiiiar scliocd in each di>trict, and a ;
''j;iaiits." If we recall th" names of tin' Sewells, I)eI.,ot- university for the whole province. To this reipie^f tlii' |
liiiiiere^. Siiiarl-. I'apiiicaiis. NcImhis, Uolpinsons, Youngs, king gave his consent, ami, in 17118. the chii'f civil <diicers |
IJel>ait/.clis, rniaclics. Siillivaiis, Vallieis. I'lalilwins, of I'p|'''i' ('"lada reci.inmendccl thai .')()().000 acres of land j
Dovles, Lafoiitaines, .VrcliilialiN. Il'ncks, Moiins. und he set apart for the f-tahlislimeiil of a grammar school in i
John-oiis of the pist. what a gr.aiid and powerful clas> of each district and a Central Uliiver-ily for the whole prov- I
irieli do we not liriiig Iicfore us y Of the present we can ince. They also recoinmended a grant for a jilain hut 1
name a ^IcDonald. a lilakeand a Tup|ier. atiail. a Mc- xdid and snh.--taiitial liiiilcling for a grammar school in j
Keiizie and maiiv more whi<'h liavi' contiiliuted to our!; each district containing a school-room capahle of holding!
country's greatness ;iiid splendor — these are the men who |(l(( hoys, withoni danger to their health from too many '
liavc' helped to haild lip what in fnliire yi ars will he a heing crowdeil logeiher, and aNo a set of apartments for I
great monarchiul nation, vicing in power and rcpiire with the imi'-ter. large enough for his faniilv and from ten to
the va^t and growing rcpiililic across eiir hoii|er>. twenty hoanlers." The salaries propo-.ed to he i.riveii were :
17 — Having dwelt at coii-lderalile li'iigih upon the char- I'lOll I'nr the head ina-ler. .l'"iU f<U' the assi>laiit ina^li'r. '
iicti'i' of the inhahilaiils of the Dominion, we may now turn and t'^'iH for repairs, eli-. Kin^'ston and Niagara were rec-
to ohserve senile of their accolnplishmellt^. oiiimeiided as eligilili' sites for schools : .after which, when '
iiai''h»'i'.'f'i'iiiiar:.'! achieved I'or ihi-ir own country. .\iid llr-t the funds were siilli.'ient, schools were to he esialili-lie(l at 1
of all, let us loidv at the eiliicaiional -yslein Cornwall and Sandwicli. Toronto was n iiiinemled as
ailii -chola-iic advantages id' the provinces. W'f uijl lie laitillcd to the university, and for the e.-.tahli>linieiil and
gill wilh Ontario. Here eiliication was liist cnccniraged suppiu'l of which a sum id' at least eipial to that ui'aiii<'d
liy private enterprise. In pioneer days nearly every gar- to the four schools was iiameil. The cclehraled Uev. Dr.
I'ison cdtlier hy its chaplain or military schoolmaster aNo Chaliners was asked to taki^ charge of the .schools, hut
coiilriliiiled towards till' giaieral fund of knowledge'. Dr. deidiiiing. the place was olVered to the Ivighl |{ev. Dr.
Ilod^ins. a relialili' aiiihorily. informs lis tli.it the i'w-\ Sirachan. Itisliop of Toronto, then a schoolmasti'i- at Kittle,
sclioid opened in ( )iitario was hy the ijev. Dr. .loliii Siii.iit, .Scotland, who occupied it. liiit on his arrival at KiiiL'ston.
a I'loli staiil Episcopal cleigyman anil a riiiled Kinpire in 17',l'.i.he found that ( iovernor Simcoi' had gone to I-aii;-
Loya'i-l.who had heen chaplain lo I he prov iiici.al voliinieei'?
laml. and that the project of the colli'ge had lieeli in lln
coining with I hem as a refugee. In 17S."i. this gentleman mcanliine ahaiidoiied. In the same year an orphan sidiool
opeiied a s<'lei'l classical school al Cataraipii- Kingston, had heen opened near .St. Catlierines. It Was now dis-
Soon aflcr .Mr. Doiiov in taught a garrison s. : -d there ; coverecl that as land sidd for a shilliiii; a
hut V
lall not occupy our space with any list of lirst
chool leacl
11 acre, the grant
which had heen reconimended would do hut litlle towards
hi clo. Most of the few rural ' emlovviii'' ''ran
Hilar scliooi
and the whole project
schools ill the country in lliose e.arly d.iys were laiighl either ' ahandoned. and w lial little ediicalional cdVort was put forth
hy disci largi'd Hddii'ivs or iliiicraiit teachers from the l' idled
was due lo orivale enleri
Mr. Sir
iclian oiieneil
Stales. Il is said thai the l.iller iisccl their own sclio(d hooks, i! il private scdiool in Cornwall in IHOI. which w.as
the only si'liool of note in Cpper Canaila h.-r many years,
therehv liiicliiriiiif llnar inii
Ills Willi ilieir own political
views, '["his m.'iy account for the fail ili.il the iiiiiiiicipal in- and in this, as also Mr, Straclian's school at Toronto,
Hti tut ions ofOnUirioin'e iiiiii'e nearly like those of the I'lii- || were eiliiciitod iiiiiiiy of those geiitieiiieii who siilise(|ueiilly
•ft
•I
I
■1
,t-{
.
iiccnpii
1 promot
■;;
1 of lir.s
■■i
1 withou
1 clemeii
'
i ''or se\
1 comiiio
, then th
liiit hi
Ihid th
milieu
S2 t.oor
1' 1.S20 1 1
II
VtniTic;iii |ir(iv-
C'MIIS til I'XC'hllll'
i~itril Kili;:^lnii
lie si'liiKiIs. Iiiit ,
It iii>tnn'tiMl in
I nioiitli. ()\H}
it of !'';iriiiiiij. !
.' "iii'i'i'iilcd l)v
In 17;i.") tlic
0(llU'atii>li;il di-
et wci'ti Oovcr- I
•• 'I'ln' riiultor I
7117 iiii'iii(iri:il-
f land loi- tlic
district, and ;i '
is r('i|iii'>.t till' I
I'f civil iiliicci's
acfc-i of land
iinai' scliiiol ill
lie wliiilc jiniv-
"V a jilaiii liiit
mar sclinoi in
Ml' (if llnldillij
iiMi loo many
|iartiiii'iils for
1 fl-llln (rll til '
ic Llixiii were :
i>tant master.
i:ara uere vvc-
V wllii'll. u lien
-lalili-iinl at !
ininieinled as '
i>lniii'iil and
llial ::ranted
lid Uv\. Dr.
seliools, Iml
ulil l{ev. Dr.
terat Kittle,
at KiiiLrston,
i.'one to I'ai;.'-
1 111 ell in the
r|iliaii scliool
ivas now dis-
re. llie uraiit
illle towards
project was
iVas put forth
liail opened
wliicli was
iiiaiiv yeiii'M,
at 'ronmlo,
s.il)sei|iiciilly
i
I
i
i
in'hioduction.
33
occupied important posiiioiis in tjie pruvincc. The i ailv
promoters of education in Ontario cominitted the mistake
of first estalilishiiii,' i^raniniar schools and a university ;
without making 11113- provision whatever for piihlic and
elementary schools. This error was dillicult to overcome
'or several years af'er. .\t leiii;tli. iiow ver. in 181().
commoii schools were esfalili^hed in Ontario, liut even
llieii the attempt was made only as a douht'ul experiment,
liut ill tlie face of whatever doiilits may liave existed, we
liiid tliat the j^overnment was in real earnest, and deter-
mined to L'ive tlie sclieiiie a fair trial, as it granteil
§•_> 1.00(1 for its support. Uiifortimately, however, in
l*^-.>() the trrant was reduced to SIO.OOO. In 1.S2l'-;! Sir
Peregrine M.iitlaiid, the lieutenanl-iiovernop. siiliinitti'd
to the imperial government a plan for organizing a gen-
eral system of education for the province, ineliiiiiiig ele-
nielitary .seliools. One year later lie received permission
to estahlisli a Hoard of Ediicatinn for the supervision of
this system and for the management of t!:e I'niveisity
and school lands throii^iliout the ])rovince. Consideralile
effectixe work was accomplished by this lioard. In 1821
we tiiid tlie government encouraging eilucation liy provid-
iii;; reading hooks for the common and Suiidav schools, as
jiromoiiiig moral and religion-; instruction. .Miout the same
time an eH'orl wa- made to extend the advantages of ed-
iieaiion to the Indians, to establish a rnivi'r--ily for the
piMxinc'' and an academy for the We~leyaiis. 'i'li" latter,
under the name of the •• Upper Canada Academy." was
pi-ojicted in 18,'iO. and foiiiided at C'liliurg two vears after.
It was opened in IcS.'i.'), and a royal charter olitained for
it in the same year by Uev. Dr. Ryerson. In IMl this
academy liecame the University of \'ictoria Cidlegi'. In
1.'sL'7 the Legislature took more active steps to pinniole ed-
ucation, and grants were made to sustain both the giaiii-
iiiar and comnion schools. In lS,'i2 the prii\incial Hoard
of I'Mucaliiiii was abolislii'd, and ilie iiianagenii-nt of the
schools transferred to the crown and the Legislatiin' joint-
ly. About this period, iiowever, the schools of Upper
("aiiada did not bear a very eii\iable repiilalion. Dr.
Thos, Kalpli. who travelled in the province in IM,'j-2-.'i,
thus describes llicm : " It is really melancholy to traverse
the province and go into many of the cominon schools.
You lind a herd of children instructed liy some .■inti-Hrit-
isll adventnier. instilling into the yoiiiii:. lender mind seii-
limeiiis hostile to the p.'i'-'iit state." In is.iila female
academy was estalilished by Mrs. Croiiib and her
si. ler, Mrs. I'.radshaw. Afterwards h'ev. I). McMiillaii
aihU'd II male department to it. In IS.Kl considerable
elVort was made to improve the coininon schools, but
dining the relii'llion » hiuh deviislaled the iirovince soon
al'ler, Inn liiile attention was given to the subject of edii-
catiiiii. However, in l«;t',l, the sky brightened, and
■JoO.OOO acres of land were set apart as a permanent en-
dowment of the grammar schools, and the government
were authorized to appoint live trustees to manage each of
them. The sum of S'SOO was granted as a bonus to those
counties which .should apply a like sum to erect a grammar
school building and ]ierinaneiitly insure it. " In IS 10-1,"
writes Dr. Ilodgins, " Victoria College and Queen's
{"(diege were incorporated as universities, r.iid Congrega-
tional and United Presliyterian Theological colleges
were established. In 1811-2 the Friends ((Jiiakei-s).
at the instance of John Joseph (iiirney. of I'".iiglaiid
! (who contributed £.jOO -sterling to it), establislud .'i Semi
' nary at liinumfield, near I'icton ; and a Church of I^ng-
, l.ind Theological College was established at Coboiiri.'.
I Two years later, Knox ('oUege, Toronto, went iiitoii|M'ra-
j tion. In 18|i;, Hegiopolis (,'ollege (Kingston) was es-
I tablished ; and in l8bS, St. Joseph's Collegu (Ottawa).
In 1810 the union of the two provinces took place ; and
i in isll. the first parliameiit of United Canada p.issid an
! act dellnitely establishing a .system of educalion for the
whole I'ro\iiice of Canada, and fix. ug the annual uniiit
I for its support at tin' iiiiiniliceiit sum of SL'tHI.OUU. This
' act first enibodied the principle of separate schools. Jii
ISj;! the act was, however, re|ie.'iled. so far as I'pper
Canada was concerned, and another act applicable to
i Upper Canada (still recognizing the principle of separate
sell lols) was substituted in its place. In 1812 the loni:
projected University for Upper Canada was established
at Toronto under the name of King's College, and liishop
Strai'han was .appointed its liist rresideiit. In 18 I I Rev.
Dr. Kyerson, having made, un extensive tour in i'",uro|)e
and ill the Uniled .States, bubinitted the result of his
iiiipliries in an elaborate ' Report on a system of I'liblie
Ulenieiitary I'",ilucatiLin ' and accompanied it with a draft
of a bill which became law in 18 1(!. In 1.^17 a system
adapted to cities and towns was established. In the same
vear the I'roviiicial Normal Sidiool was opened at To-
ronto. For It few years the school law i.nderweiit a good
deal of unfriendly local criticiiiiii, which, in 1811), ciiluiina-
ted ill the hasty passage of a bill by the Legislature en-
tirely repealing all former acts. This led to an education-
al crisis; and in I80O the wdiole system of popular cdu-
tion nnderweiit ii thorough revision. A comprehensive
dialt of a bill on the subjiu^t was submitted to the Baldwin
Lro\ernnieiit by the chief superintendent and approved,
This bill was concurred in by the Legislature. :..iil b inie
law in .luiie of that year. It still forins the basis of the
present comiMon school system of Ontario. The chair of
Divinity having, in 18111, been abolished, and other
ehiinges made in King's C'ollegi — the nainit of which was
changed to that of the University of 'i'uidiito — which
were unacci'ptable to liishop .Strach n and other ineinbers
lilil
I
HI'
?A
INTIJODIXTION.
of tlu; Churcli of KnjfLuul, the veiu-rahlo proliitc (!ilthi)nt;li
ill liis 72(1 year) viitoronsly set alioiit tlic cstablisliinciit
ol' an fxcliisivo Cliiiivli of Kiii;laiiii University. In this
he was einiiuMilly successful ; ami liaviii;; in l.S.')0 secured
an act of iiicnriionitioii for it from the C'anadiiin Lej;isla-
tiire, he olitained in l.S")l a Ivoyal Charter fi.-in the
{JuciMi for the University of Trinity ('ollejie, at Toronto.
This inslitiition was formally opeiu'd in IH.ri, and the
Diocesan Tlieolo^ical school at Colxiuru; inerj,'e(i in it. In
the same year (1H.V2) St. Micuael'.s colleitc' was eslah-
lislied at Toronto, by some cleiixyinaii of the order of St.
liasil, under the j)atrona;;o of the lvi;;ht Keveieiid Doctor
do Ch.irlmiiell, second Uoman Catholic Bishop of the
Diocese. In IS.),'), some vahialile improvements were made
in tli(^ details of the common-school system. After h.aving
been di>cii>.-ed at various county school conventions (which
were held by the Chief Sii|ierint(iident of Education),
these iniproveineiits were embodied in a supplementary
school bill, and in that form receiveil ibr sanction of the
Lejiislature." The j^raniniar (^now lii!.di) schools were
much iiu]iidved in IS,").'!, and in 1S.")7 the Methodist
Kpisi'op.il Chiireh established the Helbvilli^ .Seminary,
since called Albert University, and in the same year the
liaplisls estalilished the Literary Inslitille at Woodstock.
The school for tbi^ deaf and dumb was not in motion in
]S.')S, and was snbseipii ully merged into the pre>ent line
inslitiition at I'xl.eviile. In ISIil the Wi'sleyan Female,
Colh'He was estabi'sli; d at Hamilton; in ISIi.") Ibllmutli
Collcii; ''or boys, and, in ISCiK, a collej;i? f<ir jiiils was
established by lli.shop Ilellmutbat Loudon. The Uoiu-
aii Catliolic Church has also in operation se\eral ibuirish-
iiiii Ladies' Convent Schools, in the chief cities anil towns;
whili' a ( liureh of Knj;!and Ladies' (!>i>hop Slrai'b:in)
.school lias been eslablislied at Toronto. There are .also |
a larye number of superior privali' schools, eliielly for !
yirl>, in vaiioiis p;irts of the province. In I S(1(J several
im|irovements were made in the public-school act. In
ISO,") the nrainmar-school act was furtlier revised and
improved; and, in lS71,;i still more important revision
and improvement of the yrainmar and commoii schools
laws were made. i'lie designation of these schools w.as
in the Act of 1S71 changed lo •• High " and " I'nblic "
•schools. Ontario now has one of the (inest and most
complete school systems in America, and in many respects
the most complete and eil'ectivc in the Dominion. lioth
in the elementary and biy;her braiu'hes of education there
is constantly manifesti'd a spirit of pro;,'ress and improve-
ment iti full harmony with the spirit of tlu; iij,'e.
IS. — In the rural districts of the I'rovince of (Quebec
education has made less progress than in
fii. iiiiiia ut iiii- liny other part of the Dominion, yet within
boo, thu piist lew years this condition litis
lie(>ii coiisidendily improved. Rev. Fatlier De.Ienne,
of wdioin we speak jiarticiilarly further on, was the
(irst to i)ei;in the work of ediicatioi; in this province.
In l().'f2, he commenced with two pupils — a nej;ro and
an Indian boy. This first missionary work soini s|iread
itself over a wide ran!,'e of territory, but was devoted chietly
on behalf of the Indiiins. who wert; at that time about thy
Old V inhabitants of the province outside of (Quebec. In 1 (1 17,
the Theulojfical Seminary of St. .Sulpice «as established
in Montreal; and, in 100.'?, Mirr. Laval, the hist Ivoin.in
Catholic IJishop of Quebec, set on foot the '(iiand
Seiiiiiiairi! de C^uebec," (lesij^ned for the edn<-ation of
candidates for the priestliood. In Kii'iS, at tlie sui:j,'estioii
of the ceh'brated Colbert, Iiishop Laval founded the
'• Petit Si'iniuarie," which was chielly desi;;ned to " fraii-
cizise " the Huron lails. Tlu' project biiled, so far as tlu;
Indians were concerned ; but, in 1 (iSS, the number of
French bovs at the seminary had inci eased to si My. The
bishop also eslablislied an industrial school near (Quebec
for the lidliitiiiifs. From it they were drafted either to the
(Jrand or .Minor Semiii.iiy. The only eli'ineiitary scluiols
which existed at this time were tliosi; I'oiinded liy .Sister
Hoursieois, of the Coii;.'r(;;ation of Notre Dame, and by
the Uecollet . The Jesuit ('ollei.'<' and several primary
schools Were also maintained. In 172S, the .lestiits pro-
jecteil a collei;e at Montreal; and the l''rcies Ch.irroii. of
the saim; city, proposeil to establish idementary schools in
the various parishes, as in France. In I 7.'i7, the Christian
lirothers banded thenisehes to^'etller as teachers of these
church schools, and adopted a distinctive <,''irb as such.
Tliinus remained in nearly the same state until after tlie
coiii|Uest — 17.V,I. In 177.'!, the .Sulpiciaiis established
tin; •• I'etit .Si'ininaire," or " Colh'ire di; .Montreal." In the
followinj; year tin; Jesuit order was suppressed in Canada
(as they had, iii 1702, been sii|)pressed in France), and
their revenues wen; afterwards diverte(l to educational
purposes. The Jesuit estates were taken possession of
by the Covernmeiit in ISdO; and, in IS.'JL they were
devoted to educ;itioii. In 17S7, the Lei;islatiire lirst for-
mally turned its attention to educ;itioii, and a committee
of the Legislative Council was appoiiiled " to iii(|iiire into
the best means of jiromoting education." Two years
afterwards the Committee reported, recommcndiiii,' that
an elementary school be eslidilislied in each parish, a
model school in each county, and a jirovincial colleire at
(iuebee, and that they bo endowed out of thu Jesuit es-
tates. The schools, tJcc., were to be open to Protestants
and lioinan Catholics alike, and wert' to be under the
management of ii tiiiited Hoard id' both — each Church
to provide for ridigimis instruction, and the visitation
of the college to be in the Crown, The Itishoji (Hubert)
of Quebec, and Peru Do (Jhipioii, llic e.\-Siiperior of
the Jl
— l)\
during
I stale
(^ilebil
an faiil
ediieatl
tioii ii|
! Trois
otliir
iiiiniliep
; the nil
can n :
lllelll il
Canad;
prodlle
would
1' in re;^:i
j: I"
1 forfeile
I and in
(u'easji
; III. h:
tiler Df.Iriiiic,
oi), w;i.s the
this |ir(iviiici\
— :i l]t;;n> .lUil
ik Sddii s|ii(:i(l
(IcVDtcil <lii(lly
tinu' alxmt the
llcliCC. Ill 1 (■) 17,
iVils I'.stilhlishcd
lif !ii->t K'oiii.iii
I lllc •(Jl'Mllll
1' CllllCMlidll of
the .-iii;i;(>tii)ri
1 I'diiimIimI tin;
^iidl to '• I'lllll-
(I, M> fill' a.s iht;
he iiiiiiilu'f of
I ti) .--ixly. The
)1 IR'MI' (^uclicc
I'd I'iihcr ti) till)
ll'lltMI'V scli'jols
lllllril liy SisflT
Diiiiic. mid liy
■vrral priiiian-
u .(('suits pro-
CS ('llMll'cill, of
t.'iry schools ill
. till' C'liristiiiu
iclu'l's of lllCSIl
rai'l) as siii'h.
mil afli'i' tlic
I'stalplishi'd
real." In tin'
d ill Canada
France), and
ciliicalioiial
|iossi'ssion of
il, llicy Were
lire first, for-
a coiiiinillcc
iiii|iiii't' iiilii
Two ycais
H iiiliiii; that
Il parish, a
lal coilri^c at
■ .Ii'siiit es-
I'rolcslaiits
ic iiiidcr the
ach Church
111' visilalion
lop (Iluhort)
Su|)oi'ior of
iXTi{()Dr'r'i'i()N.
'.\i
tlio Jesuits, objected to the pl.iii and tlio project failed.
— /Jr. Hii.:<iii,s. In 1 ('.••'i--'.) the li)iike de Hochefoucaiilt.
diiiinj,' his stay at (^>iieliec. thus wrote concerniiii,' the
state of education at that time: •• This Seininary of
(^iiehec * * * fdrnis the only resource fdr Canadi-
an lainilies whii wish to {;ivo their children any ilegree of
ediiratioli * * * I'pon the whole, the work of educa-
tidii in Ldwer Caiiaila is trreatly neglected. \\ Sdi'el and
Trdi> Iviviires are a few schiidls kept liy nuns ; ;ind ill
other places iiieii and Wdiiieii instruct children ; hut the
niinilier of schools is, (ipon the whole, so very small, and
the niode of iiisir'icti m so di'feetive. that a Canadian who
can read is a hit of a plieiionieiioli. The Knulish ( loveiii-
iiniil i^ cliari;ed «illi de>ii;iiedly kiepiiij^ the | pie of
Canada in ii.'iiorani'e ; lint if il were sini'erely desirous of
prodiiciiij; an a''\anlanioiis change in this n spect, it
one school in each Uoniaii Catliolic parish for every liiiii-
died families. In 1H21» an act was passed sulislilutiiijx
trustees for the Faliriipies, wliieli may l»o regarded as the
tirst general elementary school act of Lower Canada, and
the germ of the present system. It was amended soon
after so as to admit of tin; election of ministers, ecpially
with laymen, as trustees, for half yearly examination. An
appropriatidii w:is also made in IS-'tl for a deaf and duinh
iiistitiitidii. In the same year girls' schools were ]irovided
for and juizes instituted. In iM.'Jti, a report to the Legis-
lature revealeil the iiicompi'teiicy of teachers, and a
normal school was authorized for live years in Montreal
and Quehec, and certain convents were aiithori/ed to tiain
young ladies for teachers for a like p(;riod. "The school
act of l.So'i. as timiii'led, having expired, tin; As^emlily
ji.'issed a iiion; coniprehensivi' liill, which was rejected l>y
would have as great olistacles tosnrnidiint on this head as | the Legi-lativu Council. This hill I'oiitained two iinpor-
in regard id agriciihural imprciv eiiieiils."
Ill IT'.l'i I he Legi-laliire i.iade an eirort to have the
fdl'leilcd .loiiit estates devoted to educational purposes,
and in I>*n0 the malter was still furiiier pressnl. mi which
dci'M^idii the governor replied, that '• llis Maje>ly (leorge
III. has heeii j;racionsly jilea^id to give directions (as he
had done four years previously in I'pper Canada) for the
e>lali|i-llili^' df a conipeleiit liumher df free sehdiils. for
the in-iruciidii nf children in the rudiments of ii-eful
learning, and in the lOngli-h tongue ; and. also, as occasion
may reipiire. for foiiinlalioiis of a more comprehensive
nature; and his majesty has lieeii fiirlher pleased to
signify his royal intention tliat a suitahle proportion of the
laiid> of the crown should he set apart and the revenue
thereof applied to such purposes." I'lirsiiaiit to these
niches of the kiiig.a hill was passed eslalili-hing a " I{o\al
In^liliilinii for the advaiicemeiit of learning.' All schools
and ediiralioiial iiisiiiiiiions were coniinitted to the care of
this one ; iiiil owing to the fact that no grant of land was
made, and to nii>inaiiagemeiit, the project was a failure.
This aci uas allerwards from time to time altered and
aiiiiiidi'd. hut iie\er accoinpli.-,|ied much for general educa-
lioii. and tiiially heca, e the special guardian of Mc(;ill
Cnll.i;e. .Moiitieal. wlii'li Was fouiided hy the will of
ihe lldii. I'eier .Mctiill in I M | | . hut owing to a lee-al dit"-
liciilly uilli the will the royal chai'ter was not granted until
IH-Jl. Ill IS-.' I a general report on educational matters
taut I'eatures : 1st. Aiilhorily to estahli-h model schools;
and 2il. perniis-.ion to raise a school rale with the consent
of the inhaliilants. The olijections urged against tin; hill
were : 1st, That while the agL'regale ex|iendiliire fol
education diiriiiL'" the pn ceiljn^r - en years only rinioiint-
ed to Sl'Oll.lMtO, yet this hill, liy its unusually large ajipro-
prialion (SH'pO.OIIO per annum l. would havi; tin; etVect of
superseding rather than stinnilaling local ell'oit : and "Jd,
that tin; expenditure of the grant hy mi'iiihers of tin;
House was demoralizing. As in I'pper, so in Lower
Canada, the political trouliles of l.s:17-.'-l paralyzed all
further educational elVort. On the union of the provinces,
however, a comprehensive measure was ]iassed providing
for a unil'orm system of puhlie education for I'pper and
Lower Canada, and a|ipr.,priating ^r'-J()l),tMi(l a year for its
inainteiiaiice. Dr. .Meilleiir. an activi; educationist, was
appointed to superintend the Lower Caiiaila schools. In
IMl.'i this law was aiiieiidecl; and in ]H|i; it was su]ier-
1 seded liv an improved measure, which lirst einhodied a
I principle of compulsory taxation. This was. however,
inodilied in IXI'.t. soas to make il permissive. In Im.'iI
I an ahoiiive elTortWas made to establish a Noinial School.
, III IH,-),-) Dr. ."yieilleiir gave place to Hon. r. .1. O. Chau-
veaii. LL.D,, who infu-ed new life anil enerixy into the
: school system of Lower Canada. " — l)r. //m/i/ins. Mean-
while the higher eiliicatidiial institutions of tin; province
increa-ed in liumher aiid ellieiency. In ISO I, the Seininary
revealed the fact, that " in many parishes not more than of Xicolet was c^tahlished ; in ISin;. St. Hapliael Si
live or six of the inhaliilants could write; that geiierallv
not iihove one fourth of the entire populalion eould read ;
and that nm aliove one tenth of them coiiM write, even
iiupeifeclly." To meet the demands of the Catholics the
nary (which had heen huriied in ISii;;) was reooened as
the Cdlli'^o. df Montreal; in isll.ihe College of Si.
Ilyacinthe ; in IS-J U-J.'i, the College of Sle. Th.'lese de
niainville; in Isl'C. (he Industrial Collei;(; of Chalnhlv ;
Fi(Iin'(/iii act was passed in ISJl, which provided for the j in iSi'T, ihe Cdlh;:e of Sie. Anne la I'ocalii-re; in 1sl'7
eslahlishmeiit hy the Fahrii|Ues. a corporate hody under I -"JM. .Mctiill College; in iMl'S, |,a I'rov idenee Convent
the old French laws of tlie Cure lu id ehurehwardens, of at Moiitretil ; in IK.'!:.', the .McDonald Deaf and Duiiih
SG
INTKODL'CTIOX.
Asylilin, Qni'bfd ; in 1H."1;{, L'.\s-;nmj''''in Collcirc ; ill
lM-2. Ilic Cliristiaii liiollit r.^' Scliools m (^in'l)ci;; in 18 I,'!
- I "», l>isli(>|('s ('()llij;c, Lriiiicix villc, :iiiil ;i (l.issii ;il lli;;li
Scliool, (^iiclii'c; in IHIl'i, St. Miclicl ( 'ollc;;c, .loliflti-
C'ollcjjp. Indiistrjo ; in 1H17, Masson Collc^re, Terrebonne ;
ill IHtK. Schools for tlw Di'.if ami Diiiiili, at {'li.iiiibly and
Lonyuc I'oiiitc ; in ISI'.t, llic ('o]l(!,'(> de Str. IMaric,
IMoiitrcal : in IHoO, llic C'ollcj.'(" of Nolrc-Danic lii' Levis.
and Hiiiaud Ci.llcirf ; in I**-''-'. McCill ("oIIfj;(', and tlio
.irand Sfiiiinaiy of (^iirlicf. ami in l.S.'i.i, liisliojt's ('ollcjjf,
were cliartored ri's|)C(tivily as McCiill. Laval ami l)islio[i's
Coll('t;t? Universities ; in llie same year (IS."),'}) the College
of Ste. l\Iari(! de Moniioir, and the Normal and Model
Sl'IiooIs of the C'(donial and {'oiitineiital Church and
School Society, at Montreal (sulisecjneiitly transferred to
Mc(;ill Colli'.'e); in l.S.")t, the College of St. Gerinaiu
de Kitnoiiski, St. Franci.s (Hichiiiond), Laval near Mon-
treal, Sle. Marie (U; la IJe.uici! and Vercheivs ; in IH.").'),
Sherhidoke and Varciiiies Colleges ; in l.s.'ii;. La Chute
College, Argeliteuil; in IS.")f, th<i Uel'oriiiatoiy School,
Lsle aii.v Xoi.v ; in IH')\), the Colleg(! of 'J'rois-I{i\ ieres ;
ill ISliO, Longueiiil Colleg(! ; and in 18(1:?, Morriii College,
(.Juehee. In 1H72, tiie Wesleyan Methodists projected a
College at Staiistead. Hon. Dr. Cliauve.iu prepared two
important school acts, one to consolidate and improve the
system of elementary schools, and the other that of
superior (!<liication. lie also piojecteil the L. V. Journtil
of Eilucitlldii. and Ac J 'iinntl t/i- I' /iistnirfidii J'lihliffiic,
and promotecl the estalilishiiieiit, in I.S.")7, of Jac(pies-
Cartier and Mctiill Xnrinal Schools, Montreal, and of
Laval Xornial School, (^neliec, \'arious luodilications
and improvements were iiKcle in the sclioid system of
Lower Canada, no'i' (^iieliec, during the incunihencyof Dr.
Chauveau, uIki. in l.Stu, liccaine Minister of I'uhlie In-
struction anil retired in 1873.
11*. — Although not one of those provinces which led the
van in popular educational progress, X'ov.'i Scotia has,
within a comparatively recent iierioil, made
great and rapiil strides to place herself in
line with the very foremost. If the peo-
ple, considered in the mass, were late in evincing their ap-
preciation of the beiielits of general education, they,
when thoroughly aroused, have exhibited a determined
energy in compensating themselves for their previous
seeming lethargy and comparative inaction. It must be
admitted that at a period even yet (1877) within the rec-
ollection o*' inidille-agi-d Xova Scoliaiis, the " Conunon-
Scliool System " — as it was eomplimentarily called — of
that iirovince jiresented ti rather melancholy spectacle.
The tourist through the rural distiiets could seldom mis-
take the " sehool-hoiisc ; " for it was the most iiiiseemlv,
sipialid, and dilapidated structure with tlii> most repulsive
EUnr.itiuli iliNi'Vii
siirroiiiidiiigs to he seen in the neighborhood. '.'"ln! very
aspect of the ))la<'e was calculated to di>giist a child of
any innati^ ri'liiiement of feeling, with the very i,ame of
srhiiiil. So wretchedly inadcipiatc was tlii^ remiineiation
provided for teachers, that few who were really capable
of ilischarging the duties of tliat most honorable and r^'-
sponsi'ole profession could prevail upon tliemselves to enter
the calling of tcaidiers. Thus tot> often men ami women
engaged themselves in that capiicity because tlwy found
themselves unlit for anything els(^ In most cases, tr)o,
the teacher was under tlie necessity of making his engage-
ment directly with the p.'irentsof the cliildren he proposed
to teach. lb; r)ften hail to nia' e a vigonjus canvass for
the position, miserable as it w." s ; and, when successful, he
was subject to tlie caprice of his employers, and liable to
be discharged at a moment's notice. An annual grant was
made by the Provincial Legislature in aid of common
schools, to be apportioned upon certain conditions, one ol"
which usually was the raising of a certain proportionate
sum, in each instance liy the peojile ; but this condition
was often sh. -'lefully evaded. Suitable school text-books.
even for the pi -v branches of tuition, scarcely existed;
and the forming ol jaipils into classes for instrnclion was
all but imjiossible. Yet, under these disheartening cir-
cumstances, the real intidleet of the country m.anagcd to
get ediii'ated so far as to appreciate the importance of ed-
ncalioii, an 1 each generation of them to make more stren-
uous efforts for improving the educational |)ossiliilities of
their successors. The struggle upwards w;is a long and,
in its earlier stages, a tedious one. Very frcipient, hut
never very important or radical cli.-inges were made in the
provincial school law. This law merely amounted to
a ]iresin-iption of the conditions upon which teachers, or
schools, might share in tin; anneal I^egislalive uraiit.
Conntv and district boards of school coniniissioners were
appointed l>y tin/ provincial governnient, the piincip;il du-
ties of which commissioners were the e\ainiii,itlon and
and licensing of teachers, and the fair disiribiitioii,
among the schools under their jurisdiction, of the
county or district portion of the animal gr.inl. S e
of their commissioners labored manfnlly in the wav of
their duty ; but, as to examining c;iniliilates for teachers'
licenses, many of them were plainly incompetent to do
so; whilst others gave themselves little concern alioiit tin:
matter. Meanwhile the people in any "school district"'
might do as they jileased about liaviiig a, school at all.
.Many of them pleased to save their mi'ans and dispense
with a school altogether ; and thus many thousands of
childri II in the province were growing up in ignorance.
The more advanced advocates of education were persist-
ent in their elTorts to have the whole schools of the coun-
try supported by a general property tax, and not to leave
1
M
mil. 'll(^ vi'i'V
;,'ii.it u cliilil (if
! Vfl'V liHIllC (if
B remunci'iUioii
really caiii.lile
iinililo and r.>-
ispIvos to enter
ion and women
ise llicy foiiM'I
nost eases, too,
ni; liis en;;age-
eii III' j)rii|)fis('d
IS canvass for
1 successful, lie
s, and lialile to
iiiial jrraiit was
Id of coinmon
iditioiis, oik; (,7
Jiropdrtidiiate
tills condition
i)i>l text-l)o(iks,
arcrly existed;
iistinction was
icartenini; cir-
I'y manairid lo
lorlaiice of cd-
!<!' iiiiiri' sii'cii-
|ios>iliiIirics of
s a loiii;- and,
I'riMnifiit, liiit
I'e niade ill ihc
iMiiiiiiiled to
tiadirrs, or
lalive yraiit.
>iiilUTs Were
piiiicipal (In-
l>ill:lli uid
li>iiiliiitioii,
ioii. of the
I'aiil. Siiine
ill" way of
for teachers'
uteiit lo do
rn aliinit tlu!
mil district "
•hoid at all,
lid dis|icnse
hoiisands of
II iiiiiorance.
vire persist-
iif the cniiii-
iiot to leavt^
iX'ii!(.;)rrTK)X.
it optional with the peonle of iny district to liave or not
to have, a -climd. 'I'lie Li'^Msl.itMre exiiiliited iiiMch liin-
iditv ill the iii.atter. At lcii;;lh ihe law was so far nin.liliid
as Ut pi' nil it the I pic of any '" school district" — since
de-ii'iiated ■• school section " — to tax ihcniselvcs in ic
corilaiicc with certain fornialilies, for school purposes.
This I'eelile incasnre produced no a|iprecial)le results.
Wherever there was not nnivcisal spoiitaiiiily lii the
matter, even stron;.' inajoiities Wen; seldom disposed
to persist ill adopting a measure which could scarcely
fail. uIk n so adoptijd, to stir up liitternes.s and Miiiinosities
ainoi.ij; MiMjihliC'rs. L'onse(|uently few (;oniinuiiities attempt-
ed any i.i'iion in the matter ; and of those few districts
'.vliicli adoKted the taxation clause, nearly all, throuj,di the
active factiuiisni of non-eoiiteiits, soon lapsed hack into
the old way. At leiiirth .i new and very percept ihle im-
pulse was <;iven !o the cause of eomnion-school education
hy tile estalilislini lit of a Xorinal School. This institu-
tion was founded ly Le;rislative act of 1«.VI. The seliool
itself was opitiied in Truro, in the autniiiii of Is.'i.'); and
model schools in connection therewith were soon after-
wards added. I'l-ohahly iiu less beneficial was the iiilliience
upon that cause of the appointment of a Provincial Snper-
inleiidaiit of Kducation. .1. W. Dawson. V.^i\.. n.iw more
highly and widely distingiiislieil as tiie i'l'iiicip.il of .Mc( ;ill
College. .Montreal, who was tin; liist to occupy that ])osI
in Nova .Scotia ; and the untiring energy, indiistiv. ;ind
eloiiuence with which he strove, for years, and under
many disheartening circuin-tanccs, to elevate the position
and increase the usefulness of the teacher, and, at the
same timc>, to iinjiress upon the mass of the people a due
sen-e of the Iiciielits of e(lucaiioii, amply entitle him to
thai gratitude wli'ch, we helieve, is freely accordecl hv the
true friends of education in Nova Scotia. The lal. Iv.v.
Dr. Forrester, lirst j.rincipal of ilie Norn al Si'iiool. suc-
ceeded Dr. Dawson as al-o Superinteiidant of Ivlucation.
and ill that capacity \ igoroiisly proseeuted ihe work which
his predecessor liad so alily coinniencecl. It now soon he-
caiiu; apparent that there was no scarcity of fairly compe-
tent teachers in the pro\ inci-. ]'',veiy leriii of the Normal
School added largely to their mimlier. lint competent
teachers insiste(l upon soiuelhiiig at least a|iproachinL; to
adeipiato renuineration for their luolessioiial services.
The existing system afforded, at best, only tlit' most pre-
carious means of .sc^euring that end. It was, strict Iv
speaking, no si/slcm at all. The more advanced advocates
of education — now largely increased in numlK'rs and in-
lluence — insisted that genenil assessment for the support
of schools must be the basis, and could be llii> only durable
basis, for an efTedive sysirin of commui school eilucation.
Tii'-y maintained thai the connlry was now ripe for the
iutid('urti(Hi of such a system. Tlio.se still opposed to
general assessment for tlie support of scliools, consisted,
for the nio-t part, of the most ignorant classes, and
stiaii:.'!' lo say. of the pooi'cst in this world's goods, !il-
thoin;Ii as a rule the most abundantly provided with chil-
dli 11 to be educated. It was coiilcnded that, as the pro-
pO'cd tax would fall most lightly upon those disposed to
resent its imposition, and as its bemlicial results to the
country at large woidd every day iM-come more uiiniis-
takably obvious, no serious o|ip()sitii)n to a rcallv effectiv<!
school law was to be a]ipreliendcil ; — that, in short, any
such opposition would prove to be meiclv a temporarv
outburst or petulance, (Mudined to a small and not in any
way jiotent class. The setpnd showed that this view was
(piile correct. The year l.si!.1 marks the commencement
of a new era in the history of popul.ar education in Xova
Scoiia ; for in that year was enacted tlie law which, with
some slii;lit modilications. i^ still in force in that province,
and which has compleudy re\(ilutioiii/ed the coniitrv in an
educational iioiiit of view. To IIoii. ( liarles Tiipper. ( '. 1!.,
at that time head of tht^ Nova .Scoiiaii adniinistration,
is due the merit of having carried this important measure
thrill, '_'h the rrovincial I.egi-lat'ire. The pro\i^ifiii niadi^
by the new law for the sujiport of schools was deri-. ilile
from three sources. .First. — the direct provincial L'l'aiit
voleil aiinnally by the Legisi.-itiire. This grant conimeiiced
willi one huiiilred and seventeen tlionsand dollars, besides
six thousand six hundred dollars towards the support of
of coiiiitiy academies, and it has slowlv inci-eased until.
in l.s7(i. it aiuiimited to one hundred ainl seventy-three
thousand three hundred and ninety six dollars and liftv
live cents. Tlii> jiriivincial conimon-scliool granl has to
be distributed lietweeii the several coiiiilies of lilt province
according to tin- grand total number of days' alliiidanee
made by the pupiU in the piiblii iiimoii scliooU ihrou ;h-
out the ]irovince. Sccoinllv. — each county shall, for
the sup|iort of common scliools within its own bonlers,
assess u|ioii itself annually a sum which shall net tliiilv
cents fur every inhabitant of the eonnty, aceording to the
last preceding census, each school in the ciiunly being
eiitilledto [iartici[)ate in this fund ■• aei'ording to ilie aver-
age number of pupils in attendance and the' leiiglh of
time in operation." Thirdly. — the rate-payers of tlie
school sections themselves are reipiired, at their annual
meeting, to decide npoti and to assess upon themselves the
amount that shall be raised by the section to su)iplemeiit
the sums [irovided by the province and couniy ; and also
such further sums as may be reiiuisilc for the purchase,
buililing, furnishing, or improvement of school liou-es
or grounds, iind for all oihcr (lurposcs neces-ary for the
due niainlenance of the seliool. The machinery provided
for duly administering the law are^^llie eonncil of public
iiistnictioii. which is to consist of the provincial executive
S8
iNTuoDrcriox.
foimcil ; till' siipcriiit<Mi(l;uit of fdiiciitioii. who must !il-;o
lie siMTc'l.'iiv <il tlic ciuiricil (il jiuiilii' iiiNtnirlioii :iimI
iii>|ic'rti>r of schools for (Mi'li (■(iiiiity. ami for thi-
I'ity of Halifax, county boanls of school comiiiissioi]-
I'rs a|i|ioiiitcil liy iiov^Timn'iit to ro^riilatc the IioiiimI-
arics of Sections. ilisiiilMitc the provincial and coun-
ty inoncvs. receive returns, ami jieiiirally to supervise
the school alTairs of their lii-Irict. with the advice
of the iiispecior. who is a]>o si>i'retary of llu' county hoard
or hoards, ui cduinii-sidin'r^ ; la-tly. the li'ii>tees, who are
electid annndly liy the rale-payers in eaidi -chool section.
wlio>e duties are to a.-sess lor andreceiNc iIk' school nion-
evs. cMiiaLTc and pay teachers and inana;;e school property,
ami i^eiierallv to lake care of the ijiter-<~l-. of the schcMil
within their section. 'liMihei-.-, are rcipiind to pass an
exainiiriiiLT hoard hel'ore they can ohtain a licen-^i'. and are
"^railed accordinu lo ihcir aciiuireuii'nt>. It i> ^ca''eely n •>-
sary to enter into aiiy further detail of the provisions of
this law. which is nimilar iti its jfcneral character to those
ill ojieration in the other ohler provinces of the Douiinioii.
It liiav here he oh-.erved. however. — and all houi^li (Uily a
passiiii; remark, it is one which redounds much to tin.'
credit of Nova Scotia. — that, owinj: to the mass of the
people, hoth I{onian Catholic and I'rolestant. having hcuii
allowed to cherish their natural, tolerant feeliuLis towards
each other, an eilucalion act has then' Ih'cii [lut iii op-
eration which makes no piovision f(n' " separate schools"
of a ili'iioininational cli iracter ; and yet all Christian di-
: Illations there work harmoniously togelher in proniot-
iiii.' popular education. As was ;inticipated hy tliost' most
capalile of jud;;iii;:: corrtcily. the sclio(d act of ISI'p.')
pro\ci| to he highly acceplalih^ to the people as a wlioh'.
The <onniry was indeed ripe lor the measure, and set
ahoni c.irr-ying out its provisions with alacrity. Not hut
what there were clamors of discontent to ht^ heard : hut
even these were rare, considering lln' sweeping nature of
the chaiiiics demandeil. and soon waxed faint, oi' hecame
utterlv suppressed, a.s the enlighleued characti'r of the
new law hecanu; more ohvious to every com|irelieiision.
Iininediately on this law coining into operation, the iin-
proveincnt, in all that related to the cominon schools of
the country, hounded f(U\vard with amazing celerilv.
Real schnol-houses — often nolalily tasteful in appearance,
as well as commodious — sprang iip in place of the un-
sightly, wretched dens which, in m<ist parts of the prov-
ince, had long heeii a ri'proaeh to the name of school-
iiouse. Thi'se were lilted ii|i. too, u il h the inoilerii im-
provements in the wiiy of furniture, apparatus, and other
eonveiiienccs : so that the pnpil might study in comfort,
instead of linding his school hours a se:ison of loitni'e.
The council of I'uhlic Iiislruction look care to have the
eounlry amply .supplied, and at the clieiipest possihie rate,
with text-hooks, maps, and apparatus, acconlinu to a
prescrihed course ; and the Use of these was insisted on.
'['he schools Were, of course, iKKi: to all. 'I'liis fact,
coupled with the inevasihle couvictioii that everv rate-
payer had to conlrihnte to their support whether he di
rcctly availeil himself of their lienclits or not, led to the
sihools heing speedily filled — crowded ; SO that it W;is
i! I'ound oftentimes dilllcull to provide accommodation f<ir
pupils as rapidly as was reipiired ; ami this, too. in dis-
tricts where previously the greali'r inimlM'r of the childi'en
wei'i: running at large and growini; up iji ignoranci'. The
new school law has now heen ten ycirs in operation.
It is (iillirull to pi'ocnie eniirely reliahle ediieation.'il sta-
tistics of the province for, or just previcnis to. lS('i.'» — the
last year of the old ri'f/inir. We lind ih.it in ist'ill — the
first year under the new law — the nunilier of pupils reg-
isteri'il during the year, in the connuon. puhlic, free
schools, was Tl.ll.V.I. It is certain that this was a l;iige
advance upon the nnniher of pupils in attendance at
i-onimoii schools ;it any previous pi'rio(| ; hut just how
iinich of .-in advance, is mit easily discoveiahle. We find
that, in l.sTli. the registered attendance of pupils had in-
creased to '.It.Ki'J. Ill IrSCil, the proportion of pui>ils at-
tending school was. to the whole popiilalioii of the province,
as 1 in 7. In ls>7ii. tin; pro|)ortiou was as 1 in 4.1. This
evidence of progress assumes much greater siiiiiilicaiice
when we reini'iulier the improved character of the schocds
to wliieh the laler alteinlaiice refers. We find a corre-
s])on(liiiLr growth and expansion in all whiidi relates to
common school education, iluring the decade in which the
new law has lii-en in force. During that jx'riod over one
ihinisalid school-houses have heen erected — edifices suited
to ihe demands of llniage. In ls7('i. the total expenditures
for common, sectional schools, was S<iI.*.iHo.<!2. Of this
slim. s|7;i..');M'i."i.'i was voted hy the rrovineial I.egisla-
lure; Slil(;.78lt.7.") wa.s the contrihiilion of the countv
funds ; and the halaiii'e of !^."i.'is.,s;!.S..'J2 was raisetl hy
direct assessment (Ui the sections. It is not, however,
through any ne're dry statistics, however .accurate, that
We can duly estimate the henelils resulting from anv smdi
eilucati<nial revolution as tli.at which is heing effected in
Nova Scotia through the school act of ISII."). It would
lie a superllnous task for us. in these jjages. to undertake I
to inform the inlelligeiit reader what such hem-lils must ;
he. Already they manifest tliems(.'lves in a. thousand
ways, ami will conliniie to do mi — let us hope — forever;
•he more certainly since those who are in charge of tin;
education of the people's children, in that province, do
iiot preteml that their system is yet perlVct. and fully rec-
ognize the imper.itive <leman<ls of pi-ogress. I'"or higher
cl.iss education. Nova Scotia is provnled with complete fa-
cilities — perlnn).s, within certain limits, almost too ample.
In al
some
ceivill
till' \ii
classic
some
coiling
i! aiil.
ment
th.'
the II
Stillltii
— ill
of thi
a-: iii^isti'il (111.
ill. This facl.
IMt rVl'l-V nitr-
wllctlliT III' (ji
iiiii. Ifd tn rlie
so tliiil it WMs
iiimc)f]:itii)ii for
lis, too. in (li>-
of till' cliililrni
,!,'noniin'i'. 'I'lic
i ill opi'iatioii.
'(lufi:itii)ii:il stu-
to, i,sr,.-._tii,.
[ ill iscc, — ill,,
!■ oi )ni|pils n-y-
I. |Hil(lif, Irif
lis was ii liifiic
iittt'iitlaiicc at
but just how
ililo. Wi> liiiil
pupils hail lu-
ll of pupils at-
(f the iiroviucc,
: ill 4.1. This
•f si;.'iiilii'aiii'i'
■ of llir srliooK
liiJil a coiri.'-
rli rclatos to
ill uhi(;li till'
ioil over oiii'
liliccs suited
'xpendifuros
Ii2. Of this
ial I.ci;i>la-
tlif coiiiily
is raisLiI li_v
lot, however,
U'lMii-ate, that
oiii any mhIi
li effected in
'). It woulil
to unrjertaki'
leiietils iim>t
a thoiHami
II' — forever ;
har^e of the
piiiviiii'e, ill)
mil fully ree- j
I'"or hii.'lii'r
nilllplete fa-
t too ample.
IXTKODICTION.
r.n
In all eoiiiilies which do not contain within their lifirders
some coile^iipte in^titi'lion. or '■ >| ial academy," re-
ceiving provincial aid, llnie are county acadeiiiies, in
the lialure of liij;li schools, in which tie' riidinieiits of
classics, the liij;lier liraiiches of iiialheiiialics, and usually
some foreij.'n modern lalij.'ilai;e, are taii^dit ; and these
county academies are larj;ely supported hy Le^isliitive
aid. Iiv rei'eut act provision is made for the estalili«li-
uieiit of ii high school in the city ot llalil'ax. Amon;.'
the •■ special academies " uhove referred to, is iiii'luded
tin; Halifax Dv.ii and Diiinli School, a very elllciiut lie
hliliition. Nova Scoiia has no less than .six collc;;es le-
gally "iniiowiied to impart iiistrnition and confer degrees.
— incliisiie, that is, of .Mount Allison, .'^ackville, ju-t over
the New IJriinswick .lioundary,— a joint iristiiiition of iln-
two proviiu'i s. As long ago a.s 17'SS, King'n Coljc^'e
was lounded. at Windsor, in connectioii with the t liiirch
of Kiigland ; and in this lir.st horn of all iIh' I'ldti'staiit
colleges of t'.iiiada many of the most eminent sons of the
.Maritime I'rovinces reciived their ediu'ation. Kaily in
the present ceiitiuy, and in coiiseipnnci' of lieiiig ii> tliat
limr piechided from the honors of King's College, the
Dissenters, and notalily the I'resliyteiiaiis, alilv cham-
pioned liy the late lliw Thomas .AlcCiiUock. I). I)., 1«-
gaii to agitate for another college. The war which en-
sued, upon this ground, was protracted and not very deci-
sive ill its rcsiills. I'ictou Academy grew out of the
struggle, and was the ineaiis of coiil'i'iring a siibsti'iitial
education upon many youths, especially of the Eastern
part of the province. Soon, however, the I'resbyteriali
inlerrsts rather couvergeil upon Dallifiiisie College. The
last named institution was fomideil in IH-_>(.>. at llalilax.
liy the advice and under the immediate direction of the
Karl of Dalhousie, I hen governor of the pi'ovince, in
whoso honor it was named. The aiijiroprialioiis for this
pur|)o.se consisteil in part of the • C'astiiie Fund."' so
called — the proceeds of the sacking of l''ort Castiiie. in
Maine, in "the war of 1812;" and ill part of dir<!ct
grants from the I'rovincial Legislature. The early history
of this institution was not a happy one. Several attempts
were made, at long iiiti.'rvals, to carry out the objects for
which the iiistilutioii was founded ; hut they proved to be
spasmodic, and, owing to dilFercnt causes, soon came to
collapse. On the lir.st of these occ.'isious, after a delay
of marly eighteen years from the date of its founding,
Ualhousie College was fairly banished by the Provincial
Govcrmnent, but with a faculty of Presbyterian profes-
.soK. Other religious deiiomiiiations, and more esjiecially
the Baptists, stoutly remonstrated against the ilenoinina-
tional couiplexiou thus giviii to what, they contended,
was to have been a broail, rrovincial institution. The
Baptists, deejily stirred by the inspiriting ajipcals of Kev.
K. A. Cra\\liy, I). I)., pnniptly resohed to raise t. lle-
giale rank the academy which, lor some vears previoiisly,
they hail been sustaining at Wolfville. Thus was I'mind-
ed Acadiii College, \\'olf\ille, an iiistiliilion which has
ever since contiliiicd to occupy a very conspicuous position
among the educational phenomena of Nova .Scotia. Almost
immediately afterwards, in Islti, the Hoiiian Catholics
askeil I'or and obtained a charter for their ('olle:.'e of St.
.Mai\'s. at Halifax. Next, llu' Weslcyaii Meihodisls of
the .Maritime Provinces cimjoinilx set np their aiadeiiiy
at Mount Allison, Sackville ; although this in-.iintiini did
not really !ic(plire the collegiate flinclion of conlerriinr
degrees until 18f'>2 ; lastly, in I.S.')."j, the Homaii Catholics
of the eastern section of the province obtained a chailir
for their College of .St. Francois Xavier, at .\iitigonis!i.
I-.acli of these six colleges receives all annual money grant
from the Legislature. Of Dalhoilsie college, whose lor-
tiliie it Was to be till' iniliiediale cause of this inulli|ilicil V
of colleuiate iiisiiintioiis, it niiist be said that, after repe.-it-
ed failures, it was again reorganized, in ISIi.l. willi an
eiilirely new slalf of professors; ever since which lime it
has been in a highly tliurisliiiig condilion. ,\ll of the
other live colleges which w c have named are avowedlv
•• (leiiomiiiational " in iheir character ; Kin^f's. Anglican;
St. .Mary's and St. Francois Xavier, Uoinanist ; ,\cadia.
Baptist : and -Mount Alli-on, Methodist : although eaih
of them is open to all denominatiins willioiit aiiv apprca-
tioii of religions te-t. D.iIIiotisie ('ollr|.fe is Hot ill aiiv
seiisi' a deiiiimiiKitional iiistitiilion ; alllioii^h there can
scarcely be a donbl that the Presliyterians. by far the
most numerous Protestant Imdy in the province, and
h.iviiig no college peculiarly their own, contribute to its
classes more students than any other religious denomina-
tion, if not mole than all others combined. For several
years past Dallmusie has takc'i the lead in the annual
average number of its students; closely foljowin^r, .\ca-
ilia has bci'ii next ; the remaining colleges follow it vary-
ing, but more respectful, distances. During the year
lt<7G. there were eng.iged in the work of tuition, in tliese
six colleges, do professors and two tutors, givinginstruciion
to 211 regularly matriculated students, and to 12'.» taking
partial courses. At the close of the same year, tin y .ue
represented as together owning ])roperty in real cstaie
and invested in funds to the amount of §■«<>•'>, 7.')."). ."iT.
Their income for the year, from all sources, was $.'!l,',)21.-
28, of which sum §10,8110 was derived from Provincial
Legislative grant. Their tmal expemliiurc amonmed to
S.'!4.;i7 l.ll'.l. We Und that in 187(!. lie total ediicMtional j
ex|(eiiditiiri' of Nova Scoiia was as follous: — -
For Pulilic Free Schools, including County Acaleinies,
S(;ii;,ni,"i tVJ. of Wliich paid by Provincial grant S17;i,-
;i'.lfi. .").") ; Normal and .Model Schools, .S. 711. ',I7, of which
J!
40
INTUODUCTION.
were jinlil liy l'i<iviiii'i:il grant, S").IH)'.I.0I) ; Sjiccial AcaiK-
iiiii's, #."i."p,2(;',).0(). of wliicli wfii' |iaiil liy I'luviiicial giant,
S'i,^0(».o(»; C'olli'gt's. S;M.;i!t l.',l',l. dl' wliii'li were paid li.v
rrovincial grant, $10,800.00. Total. >:717..!7 ).."..S, of
whicli were paiil l»y Provincial grant, Sl'.l l,('iH.").',l.').
Tlic nMilti|ilicatii)n ol' coUcgcs.at the rato ol' six I'liartcrel
colleges to tlireu hundred tlioii-^and souls, — wliicli wasidiout
the population of the provin<'(' when the last of them
was fairly launched,— has Incn. from an early perioil, a I
matter of regret among many sincere friends of cchiciit ion ; !
and latterly even many of those who ha<l heen zealous
advocates of denominational colleges, have liegun to
entertain misgivings as to ulietlier this |iolicy luid not
i heen carried to a needless, if not dangerous, excess in '
Nova Scotia. Hut since then, they weri'. it was helieved
that their usefnlne>s would lie extended and their stand-
ing elevated hy making them all mendiers of a single '
Provincial Fniversity. It was doulitless with this oliject
in view that an .act was y.i .-d through tin' Pi-ovinci,d
Legislature in the session of l.s7(i. estahli'-hing the •• I'ni-
versity of llalil'ax," liascd upon the model of the Univer-
sity of r-ondoii. Tlu' new universiv is to take no part
in the work of instruction, its fMiiclions lieing mainlv i
those of examining for and <'onfei-ring degrees ; imt it is
hoped that the other colleges will lieconie alliliatcil with
it. aiLil that eventually <;// evaminations will lie made a. id
degrees eonfi'rred liv this new Pro\ incial in>titiiliiin. The
mcdlciil an 1 lejial jirofes.-ions ha\e already jilaccd them-
selves in aiford with liie new university; ami the Senate
lias appointed examiner^ in law and medicine, ,as wi II a.-
iii arts. It may here lie oliservcd that almost sinmlta- ;
lieoiisly with, lint a little in ad\aiice of, the f lunding of
the uni\crsity. a medical s<'liool\\as estalilislied in Ilali-
fa\. which is fairly eipiipped. and seiaiis entering upon a
1 Very vigorous cai'eer. The time appoinli'd lor holding
' the lirst examination liv the I'liiviu'sitv of Halifax has not
y et nrri\ed, at the' lime of this writing; audit yet re-
: mains to lie mmmi whether all of the six le;ichiiig colleges '
■ will liei'oini' cordially alliliateil with it, ami whether any j
of them will iilUliatc at all. I'lider the university act, I
it is entirely optional with them to do so, or not. l'.\f\\ 1
theiv annual grants from the Provincial trea-iiry are '
not suspended in eonseipienee of the fonnding of the
university; nor is the eoiiliiiuance of them "oiii||||,i||„l
upon their alliliation with it. It may i'r:iilily he Inferred.
then, that the university must — and almost immediately '
— pi'ove II \ery great success, or a signal I'allnre, ai'cord-
j ing to the I'eelilig evinced at the outset lietWeili \, and
■ he Colleges, Diiulith'ss the design with which it Was I
j founded was an inhniraliK one, es| ially uiiler the eir- I
I (amislanccs under which it was foiindeij ; and if that
'■ desijjn is judicioii<ly carried out. its success must lie liril-
\\:i\\t. However that may he, it will lie seen from what
we have heen en.ililed to state, that it is with no fe(d)le
will, or grudging spirit, that Nova Seotiii is (h'aling with
the momentous cause of education, A Deaf anil Dundi
Institution has heen estalilished in Hidifax since IS.VS. It
has heen highly successful, and is attended hy ahout fifty
pujiils from Nova Scotia and New Urunswick. Its total
cost is only ahout S'"'.-">0 per iinniim. |):irt of which is
granted l>y the Legislature of Nova Scotia, and part hy
that of New Hrunswick, in proportion to the numher of
pupils attending the scli()ol from each province. In ISl 1,
C.ipt. ISromhy estalilished an industrial school for the
poor in llalil'ax on the Laneasterian system. The school
was suhse(piently aideil hy the riCgislatiire, and ('apt.
Hromliy leci'ived ,t'200 in considei-ation of his lahurs ;ind
expense in est;dilishing the school.
2<l.— The early history of education in New l?runs-
wick is pretty nnich the same as in the |iioneer tiays
for elementary eiitic;ilion. Parish schools
were encouraged hy an act of th(> legisla .''ii,';,';,,'',;;";!! \\\l
ture in i.s-.';!. In i.so;^m. generid si'h.i.ii {;;.;;;;^;;:;;;'[ -'>'-'"
act w.is passed, anihorizing thi' rate-jiaNers
to appoint three trustees in each parish for the purpnsi!
of dividing it into school sections or districts, and to ex-
amine and employ teachers. Provided the inhaliitants
coniiilmled £.'(1 for a male iind XlO for a female teacher,
with lioai'd, and the schools were kept open for at le,i-t
six nionlhs in each year, the Lcgishilure eontrilniled ;iM
eipial sum to aid in supporting schools. The avera"e
grant of eiu-li p.arish, whieli was not to exceed i'ltiO, w.is
XI L'II. iini! the whole anioiml granled hy the Legishiture
for sihools in l.s.ll'i. was i'l •J,iil»(). In iS.'iT, an act estah
lishing a county hoard of exaininalion was passed hy
the Legisl;itiir<-. ;iiii| liy this act, the grant l<i each piiii-h
was raised to i'lsd. In ISjd another ad was p.assed
raising the com pen s.it ion to I'aclieis ; hut in IHIll.owiiig to
the grc>:it depressions of the finances of the province, onlv
i." 1, 201 1 were granled to aid parish schools; hut the sum
was sidiseipu'iiily raised to the usual amount. In I HI.") a
legislative committee hroiight in a report with a hill for
the improvement of parish sihools ; hut on tin! sugges-
tions of the committee the hill was laid over. In 1HI7,
however, 11 new act was p;issed. hy which the county hoard
were supersedecj hy the provincial hiiiinl, consisting of
the governor and his Kx ecu live Conneil. Under liiis regime
the salaries of teachers were lixed at i!lS, X-22, and J.'.'!0.
according lo grade. Hooks ami app.ar.iluses were also pro-
vided, and a grant to a parish was raised |o I''J('iO. In IH.Vi
u new act was passed creating a supeiintendciit of pnhlic
instruction, as also county supcriiiteiidanls. In Is.Vl.Si.
•lohn.N, It., had its training and model schools. and sui'h was
the progress of cchicalion in .New Ilrnuswiik that in IMG.)
«?
'S
M'll fldlll wll;it
ivitli no iVol)k'
is deal ill",' with
•;if and Dnnil)
iin.'c ls:)M. It
l>y ali(Piit iil'ly
icii. Its total
rt (if wliicli is
I. and jiai't l>y
lit! number of
ii-o. In 181 1,
cliodl for till'
'llic school
ire. and t'apt.
lis lalxjrs and
I New IJruns-
pioni'tT days
•M.iraliiiiial in-
litUtinllH ill llll'
'iinii if .Sew
truiiHvvii'k,
r the |inr|ios(!
ts, and lo cx-
i; iidialiitahls
•male li'ai'hrr.
II for at l.:i~t
nti'ilinti'd an
Ihi' avcrai^i'
d XlCid, Has
L<i;i>!aliiri' i
III act isiali
|ia->(ii liv
lai'li |iaii-.li
was |ia>S(d
8 l(l.ouiiii;to
ii\ iiici', only
Imi llll' sum
III IHI;') a
ih H hill for
ihti RU;;i;os-
. In 1HI7,
oiiijly hoard
onsistiiijr of i
liils rr^lllli' !
>'J, and X;!(»,
li' aNo |ilo-
t'.d. In |.s;ii>
Ml of jinlilii'
III l.s;i;isi.
lid such was
hat in I Mil,')
I
I\TI{(ini'CTION.
41
I!
there were 900 coniinoii schools in siiivi'ssful operation,
besides twenty-live superior schools, and twenty denomi-
national and Madras schools. In 1.S7I New Brunswick
adopted an entirely new puhlic-sehool system, similar to
that of Ontario. This act gave rise lo a serious dii;res-
sioii ill the province in rerjard to the power of the New
Brunswick J.eijislatiire " to make such changes in the
school law as deprivi'd Koniaii Catholics of the privileges
they enjoyed at the lime of confederation (in ISIJT). in
respect of religious education in tiie eomnioii scliooK."
This m liter was referred to the general government of
the Diiiuinion, when the competence of the local Legisla-
ture to deal with till! (|Uention was conliriiieil. In 1S71
the matter was referred to the Privy Council, hut the
a|)|K'al was disiiii»ed with eo>ts. Gianimar m'IiooI^ have
h. fii ctahii^lied ill nearly all tilt; counties of the |irov-
ince, each of which receives XlOO per aiiniim from the
Legi>lature, each lieing supported Iiy lees and siiliscrip-
tions in addition. The grainiiiar >clion|, of New liruiis-
wick dale back to l.SO.J, and along with the history
of their development we meet with the rise and
growth of King's College. In l.sT.i llnre were H'.i I com-
mon schools ill operation in the province, aileiided liy
10, IO."p pupils, — -J^,;!!!? boys, and |S.o;iS girls. The pro-
\iiicial grant in aid of these sclmols is aliniit S'.'I'.'IOO per
annum. The nunilier of superior schools was 1 1. atten-
ded by 2,'.l.'!0 pupils, and the number of grammar schools,
I 1. alli'iidcd by .SSI pupils. The iioniial school has an
atlendai of about 7.') students each term. Kiiii,''> Col-
Iege,at Frederickton, formerly known as the College of New
Brunswick, has an annual income of about Si;i,500, and
an atleiidaiice of alioiit seventy students annuallv. In IHt'llJ
'lie Baptists of the province establi>lied a seminary for
higher eihication. in I'"redi'rickloii.which receives an annual
grant from the Lei:i-lalure of IJl.OOO. In ISI-I, the Wes-
l.yan Methodists, largely by the eomuieiidabh' liberality
of C. !•". Allison. l'",Mi., erected the .Mlisoi' Academy for
hiiitier eihication, at Sackville, and in IH.'I the same
il''iionii|iMtioii established a female acaileiny at the same
place. The institution i eives an annual gra i. from the
Legislature of .New Brunswick of §•_'. lOO, and from liio
Li ;.'i-latilie of Nova Scotia 1?1,(100, The I're-byteriaiiR
have established a college at Woodstock, and a lloinishing
academy at Chatham. 'I'lie Ivoman Caiholics ha\ 'also
an acailcm,v at Challiam as well as St. Basil's .\caileniv,
which ri ivi's grants from the Legislaliire. There are
aNo other educational iiisiitiitioiis in the province of
hiiih merit, and in this particular, Ni w Biiiiiswi/k is keep-
ing pace with the foremost of llie provinces. The
total aiinu il grant of the Legislature for (he support of
eibicalioii in ihe province amiiiiiits to $L>00,000,
"21. — 'I'he lirst steps towards eiicoiifiigiiijf rdiieation
in the province of Prince Kdward Island
was niaile in InOl. "In that year the I'rimi' i;awai-.l
Knglish SeiM-etary of State, in a dispati'h, '"'"'"'•
gave directions to appropriate the ri'iil of the Warren
Farm (government property) towards the support of a
j school in Charlotletown. But it was not ntil the year
i ISIO that a direct appropriation of these nuts was made
ill the erection of a National .School, which was opened
] in ISlM. In ISlKS, the Legislativi' grant fur education in
the island was i'.'Ji'.S ; in IM-J'.I it was only t'.'.(|-_> ; in l,s:i-_>.
; i'.">ri.'!; in IH.W. XCiO.') ; in IH 1 1, including a grant to the
I .\cademy, it was .£l.-.»72;iii IS |."), f 1 ,72.') ; in IH.IO,
I'l.S-J.'i; ill IH.'il. .-iftcr the passing of ih,. Free I'Mucalioii
.\i't. the gi'ant was raised to the miiiiiticeiit sum of
f'.t.d.lS; in IS.")."), to £1 l,'.IO'.l, and in 1 S.h',. to I'l-J.IIDO.
On the lirst distribution of tin; lands in the island, thirty
acres were reserved in each township for a schoolmaster.
I No public school was. however, opened until IS-JI. when
: the National School referriMl lo was opened in Charlotte-
town. Some years afterwards a board of educHlion was
appointed for the island ; and. in IS.'it'i, a central academv
was also opened in Cliarlottetown. In the follnwiiig year
(lH,'i7), a visitor or siipeiinleiidi'iil of si'hools was appoint-
ed for the island. In ISIS a visitor was appointed for
; each county; and in lS,"i2 the lirst act establishing free
I scl Is in a British Colony was passed by the Legisla-
j lure. It gave ii great stimulus to education in the island.
i In IS,"),'! a visitor for the whole island was a^aiii appointed.
' III LS.'iti a normal school was cstalili-lii'd al Charlottetown.
and ill 1S,")7 an agitation arose as to the usi^ of the Bible
ill the ]mbli(' schools. In IsHj ih,, Legishiinre passed an
act to consolidate the laws relating to education in the
island, and to improve the condition of public scliools, as
Well as to authorize the use of the Bilile in tin ni. It
also passed an act to establish the Prince of Wales'
College ill honor of Ilis Ko\al IIi',;liiiess' visit to Prince
Kdward ill that year." In IH.'Ui the Legislature made fiir-
llier iiiiprovemeiils in the school syslem. and provided tor
grammar schools instead of districts schools. It pre-
scribed that grammar schoolmasters should hold a certill-
i-ate of the highest class, and also " be ipialilied lo (each
the Latin, Oreek and French languages in siieh proll-
cieiicy as the I'rovincial Board of Kducadoii shall deem
requisite," In Isdj ihe school act was airaiii amended,
and also the act relaling to the Prim f Wales' College.
In ISl'iS Ihe whole of the acts relating to educatioii in
the island were CDiisolidatiMl. 'I'lie progress of education
has been as follows :
Year. s.'l Is.
Ill 1S.'t7 there were in the island ."il all
III IS 11
III 1848
l-'l
l.'ll
I'llIliJH.
ended by l,i;,'iO
" " Ic'LV)
4,.') 1 2
42
INIItoDlClloX.
Yi'iir. ScliiMils. I'lipilst.
Ill IS.'i'i iticrc were ill till' island I.'l.'! rtthiicli il liy (."(id
111 IM.").".
Ill IStU
III is(;;{
In iscs
In ISC!)
Ill 1.S71
III 1K71
In 1872
(i
•^70
302
305
339
360
381
384
3!>2*
II. ."(till
1 2.-2(l.">
I ;i,:ir.o
14.S(i7
li'iJOo
1 •.'.•.'.!.">
1 1;,-'.")7
22. — liiitisii ('<)liinil)i;i is the yiiiiiii:c>t |)|-()vincc' in llir
Ddininiiiii t'diicatioiiiilly, and yit .--lie' liiils fair to ixci 11
in this iraiticiilar. " Tlic art oi'u'aiiizin^
Kiln.Mlion in Itrit- ' , . ■ n
isli Ci.lunil.i.i .-uiil her svstc'lll ol' cdliratioii Was olilv passed
Viini'ouvtT iMliiml. * ...
on tlio lltli (it April. l.Si2. and the (irst
report on llic condition of the sclurols was issiicil in Srp- j
tfllilicr. .lolili Jrssop, K>i|.. till' first SMpcrijilclidclit ol'
Ediicrilioii for tlic I'rovinci; of IJritisli Coliiinliia, appoint-
ed under till! new act. was fonnerly a siici'cssfiil student
in llie normal sidiool in ()ntario He li.is, as we sei' from
liis report, not faili'il to iiilroiliice into die Itritisli Coliiin-
liia schools many fealnics of the (Jntario school system,
anil the law and most of the ollicial rcu'iilatioiis .are almost
vcrliatim transcripts (as far as ihey jfo* of tlioM' in force
ill that iM'oviiicc. The te.M hooks used, aUo. are <liielly
the same as those authorized for use in Ontario. There
is a I'roviiicial lioaril of I'Mncation. which is aniliori/ed
to ex.imiiie and j;iv(! cerlilicates to pulilic-school teachers,
and to prescrihe i;enei'al reijnlations for the sclmols. I'lc.
The Leifislaliv(M'diicatioiial irraiit, for all pni|io~es, isSIO,-
1)1)0 a year. Of this sum. S.S,.'il(i were expcndrd fop school-
house hiiildini; and repairs. The trustees have no power
to li'vy rates, hut all the expenses of the schools are de-
frayed, upon ihe i-erlilicale of tlii' --nperinlendi-iils. out of
the :> 10.(1(1(1 iiiaiit. There were in r>riti>li Coliiinlii.i (and
X'aiicouver I-land) 2(1 silioid disliicis in I.S7'i; in one-
half of ihcin only schools were reported, ami lln se were
atleiidid liy .■)7.'l hoys and I.').') uirl lolal I.(I2.S. The
school |iopiilation reported is from I..S(lll to 2.(i(>(l. In
Islo \ a icoiiver Island was lirst occupied liy (lie llud-
son Kay Compaiiy, and N'ictoria. the capital, I'oiindcil.
'i'lie capital was selected hy .lames I)oiii;las. Ks(|., (lie
j:o\crnor, on hdialf of the Ilud-oii I>ay ConipaiiN . In
IH|| |li(> hoiindarydini' hi'tweeii tin' I'liiled Sl.iles ami
what is now known a-> l>riti',li Cnliiinliia, was deleriniiied.
Ill l.sl'.l N'.incoiiver NIaiid was comliiionally i;r,iiilcd hy
llic (jiieeli to the company, for the purpose of Netllemelil.
Ill the year tS.V.I c,di| was liist pnhlicly known to exi>t
ill llie valley of the l''ra^er Iiivi'r (Ilrilisli Cohinilpia prop-
er) and ill llial. \cai' the occiljiation of Vancouver I-laiid
■ liirl>Lilliij{ IIu'hi) iiri' lidiM II KiMiiiiiiiii' ni'hiniln nilli '.hi.'. |mi|'II.4, iiml <'iii'
imi'iiwil hi Ih III Willi I.' |iu|>ilii.
was resumed hy the queen. The island, with Hritish Co-
liimliia. was then erecti-d into two IJritisli crown colonies
with separate houiidaiies, hut under one government.
riioni;li private elForts were made to estahlish schools as
early as possihie. iiotliint; was doiio in that direction hy
the i;overnment until 1801), when a " Coinmon-.Scliool
Ordinance " was passed hy the i;ovenior in t'oniicil. 'I'liis
ordinance wa.s ameiid(;d and its provi ions were exteinlod
in 1870. In 1872 a uomprehensivc act was passed hy
the Leiji.slatiiro (to which we have referred i hased upon
the piililic-sohool act of Ontario. This act was sliijlitly 1
amci.ded in 187.^." — Dr. /Io(l(/iiis. Since that date ediiea- ,
tion in the Pacific provinces has been moving steadily
forward with rapid pace. |
2.'i. — Till! act upon whii'li the present system of com- ]
nion-school education in ^lanilolia is hased was passed \
dnriii;; the lirst session nf the first I'ailia- I
.. .1 . . . ,^-., ,, IMiifiition ill "Miin- I
iiieiit ot that province in 18(1. j'le- i,,,!,,, i
villus to the p.asviiii; of this act there were I
one or iiiore schools in each the Miuli^h— pi akiiiLT parishes. I
These svliools were under the direct eonlnil of the iiiciiiii-
heiil of the parish, and. with the exception of two. were ail
Chiirch of Einjland schools. Some of them were entirely
supported hy the Chnrcli Mi>sinnary Society. As to the
rest, the teachers' .sal.irics. as well as all expenses incurred
ill the erection, fnriiishiiiir of and repairiiiir of the scliool-
lioiises. were defrayed hy local collections and siihscrip-
tioiis, aided diirinij the p;i.>t lew years hy a uraiit from
the Diocesan Fund. In several of the parishes, which
alt! not coiinecled with (he (huicli .Missionary Society,
the schools have heeii carried on lor the p;ist few years
under i.'reat dilliciillies. In tlnv-e localities the sii|iport of
the school devoh I'd almost entirely upon the people resid-
iiiif ill them ; and when it is liDiiiein mind th.it these par- j
ishes, always small and hy no means weallhy. siifTeied heav-
ily from till! ravaire of the ;;r,'issliop|ii'rs. the diflicnllies ot
prii\idiim a reasoniihlc salary for ihe icaclier^ and keepiiiif ]
up the scliiinl-houscs will he easily iinder?.l 1 and apjire-
ciated. Indeed some of our scllooK lia\e liceli fleipielilly
closeil, for llie simple reason that ihe teacher's s.ilary could
not he raised ; and in iiiore than one ease the eleieynian
of the parish has nndei'takeii the school duties himself, and
dcMitcd. free of cliar;;e, a few hours each day to llie iiiipoi-
l.inl duty of iiistriicliii',r the youthful iiieinhei's of his llock
in the diiVerenl liraiiches of a coiiiiiiiiii-~cliool ediicalion.
,\s already iiitiinaleil. llie I,ei;islaliin' e-lahli>liiil a sys-
lein of cducatioii for the pro\ince in I '^7 I. and pi: Ml
iiiidcr the eoiitrol of a I'lovincial rioard of I'ldiicaliini and
iwo Siiperiiiteiidi'iils.--oiie a I'l'iili'staiil and llie olhcr a
Kiiinaii Catholic. It also ;rave to the Hoard ^C.iKill lo
assist it in mainlainiiii; the sclinols. There arc almiil 2(1
I'l'olestanl schools, allendcil hy iiciI'In S.'iII pnpiU, and
the SI
nearl
21.
al ins
Till- 111-
|irr>Bll
liillilyli
tries.*
cMcll-
.lav.
Ii Hritinli t'o-
•own colonics
jjDVcniinciit.
ish .schools ;is
; tlirectioti liy
miiioii-Siliool
'oiiiii'il. This
I'lV ('XtlMlllcd
:i~ pas^'d l>y
1 1 li;t>fil ii|ioil
; wns sliijhtly
It ihito ('(hica-
\iiig steadily
stem of rotii-
1 was passed
Inc.-itioii ill Vtin-
• ■\<A.
iiii^: pai'ishes.
it' the iiiciitii-
two, \v<'r(' ail
well' ciitil'iiV
V. As to thd
■uses inciinM'd
f till
d-
iid suhscrip-
iii'aiit iVolll
i^liis. which
[lary Society.
•^t I'evv years
e slip|)ort of
iioplo resid-
[il these pitl'-
ill'iTi'd lieav-
lillirlillies of
ami keepiiii; l
:iiid appi'e-
|l ll'ii|Uelltly
■alary coidd
c r;:yiiiaii
jliiiii-'ell', and
|> llle illlpnl-
if his llock
rillK'aliilll.
plaei'd ii
■ nalion ami
|iIh' iilln r a
ir^li.llllll III
|e alioiil 'Jll
liN, and
'i^
IXTUODUCriOX.
I the same numher of Konian Catholic schools attended hy
I nearly 7.")() jnipils.
I 21. — In connection with onr reinai-k on the ediic.ition-
' !il institutions of the Doniinion we may apjii'opriately add
' Til.' nowsp.'iii.r -•' ''■*^' "''"'■l'* coMccrniiii; the newspaper
[ pii.-s in llii' till-
ii<ii(i(.>ii.
|>re>s, which ni.ay iie rc;;,iiilcd as one of
the most jiouerl'lil ediiratiu> in all cniiii-
tiies.* The elaliorate inacliinei'y. wide circulation, and
ixleii^ivc inlliieiice of the newspaper jiress in the present
li dav. arc
lil'oiiiilv felt and sfenerally acknowled'fL'd,
that rellei'lion appears at once siiperllinnis. On hotli Con-
tinents h.is its presonce lieconic a power alike I'or the i;ov-
I'l'iiiii.'iil and discipline, as well as a faultless index of the
ad\ anceiijiiil and eulii^htenmelit of (he respi'clive peoples.
Ill ihi' I'liili'd Slates it is found in its perl'cct and coniple-
lest vi;;iii-. lioldiii;: eonspicaioiis place ainoiii;' the eliief
and iiiiiltilai'ioiis mediums of popular eihicalion, I'or which
that coiiiiliy maintains so di.--tin;;iii>lied a |irrcedeiii-e.
.Nor ilo wr lind Kurope in scarcely any ni.itcrial partiiai-
lai' lieliinil. l'Jii;laiid. with llic rest of (ircil Hritaiii. not
III spe.'iV of (iermapy. France, anil the iiei;.dilioriiiir free
cijiiulrio, has ar'.iKcd herself within the criiiiiry to ilii>
iieiielii of ,, .■-oiind and complete iiew.paper-liler,iliire, and
implied forward in the several de|)arlnieiiis with a marvel
lolls — we had almost said mai;ic — potency and speed.
refer more especially to the metropolitan pi ess. Ry
an ap]ilication of enormous ea|)i*al and eipiivalent talent,
thev have succeeded in clcvatiiij; that section of jouniali.sin
within their raiiije, to a very lirst place, not only as a fur-
nisher of news and disseminator of opinion, hut in ,1 far
more important arena, viz., the education of the masses.
.\ no insiLjiiilicaiit ipiotaof the American people make the
newspaper their chief means of <r neral instruction, a.s
Well as transient informati<iii ; these, too, are among their
most intelligent citi/i'iis, holding often respotisilile olllces
of tru<t. Nor is this matter of wonder, when we consider
' the fact that, in the average American city daily, nearly
every suliject is intelligiMitly dealt with. .Science and art,
! social and political economy, together with the thousand
other topics pertaining to a round of [lopiilar eihicatinn,
liavi' each their writer in the ediiorial stall'; each is han-
dled hy men of tried erudition and capacity ; and each is
; is presented to the less tutored leader in a plain inatter-
of-lacl style and ]iliase. devoid of 1 ■chiiicalilies, ,liat
iniLdit in vain he sought for in the poiidei,/iis voliinies and
learned diM|ni>itiniis whence they ai'c gleaiinl. And this
is well. Life, ill this age of rapid moveineiit and licrce
' commercial eoinhat generally, is toe; short for phv-ical
i working humanity to -ound all depths of learning, .vhether
• it lie of art, politics, or aught el-e. The daily paper fiir-
Closelv fnllowiiiLT in the van, is the new Doniinion of ('ana- nislies the siihstance and the ken
lel, wliicli i> all I
hat is I
il I. ISnIli.'inl I
II native inlelleeiiial material fortlie purpose ; I vcniired. AVe have touched thus long on a point t
lat
tel'llli III >llli{
iliiecl-iiialler for whalexcr nia\ lei;irnii;itel v oc-
iiay seem irrelevant, not Irom any peculiar predilceiioiis
I caipy the pen of joiiniali>m : -irong in sense ol right and ; for Ainericaii jonrnali-in over our own, hut that our own
I justice in all that pertains to her true liliertics ; rich in re- '| mav imitale it in all such as may he esteemed essential
iirces. and hroad in aire>, she has alreadv won for her- mnl d
If a name in tlu' Held of
ihi'iiirral rnei'.'iliir.'. to he em
newspaper, ami cmii Icsm
lllated if not eli\ ied. These
are fads needing only to he inve>tig.itcd to he apparent.
' )iitario. (^iiehec, NovaScoii.t and New I!rniis\\iik, coin-
ill
rserviliL;,
inform, should
To i'i!iii'iiii\ as
Well as aiiMi>e ,aml merelv
tl
le aim of our inetr
ii.iiilitan iiewsjia-
lers especi
edge anions: the nia-ses, s
ahsolnlelv demaiidi'd. .Ion
I- tl
d with the growing thir-t for knowl-
iii'li. if not alreai'v, will ■-oon he
riialism was ni ver in a comli-
pii-iiig III agurri:ale a population ol lour iiiilldiis, unh a ; tioii more prosperous throughout Canada and the D-
total area of ■.|ii;litlv over three hundred ami seven llioii-
^aiid sipiare miles, lead the way. I'rinci! I'Mward l>land,
.Maiiiliilia and llriti-h ( oliimhia — infant pro\ iiici ~. the two
latter, hut no li'ss containing the nucleus of a powerful
pic-s, follow iiiion in the wake. Ncwt'oundl.iml. nx ifii
not :i part ol ll
Do
has f
I'om e.'irlv tiini' in her
history hail her press, and we shall, for the purposes
now in hand, speak of her as one of tli'' Doiniiiion. In
no part of the world has journalism attained to a tilln' of
the grovMh and iiillueiicc that it has in the riiited States.
( >iir npnlilicaii frieiiiN have imlecil acipiaiiiled themseUcs
111 ihe fullest extent with its < apahililies for i; lore\il.
at large than at present, rroportional to our population
and extent of settled territory, it has lew or no cotnpeers.
The n
and ipialily ol the p.apris piililished, i| I'l
oi'ds are an milliorilv, are xasilv in aihance ol tliose in
if till
the I'liited States, ,at
when the two populations
were eoll.i
so lieoiili'
more eoiiip
letel
appreciate a
\ 'liaii do till
lee press
nroiile of
Caiiad
Ilia ; yet that appircialion, it may
ith triilli, h
ever lieeli jriiii
led
hv an ear am
e\e to tlie
III ell nroverliial
inoralilv of that
that
I'
slam
leliee il has long
hiijlier when
strani.'ers ahroad as an unilioritv for farts.
ind, with an eiieigelic iippreciatioti 111 Its hi iiiliis at om e "J.-i. - (aiiadian ioiinialisin found its llrsi I'ooihold in
characteristic, havi' in a inaiiner made il their idol. We (^tiiehee province, lo wliieh >eeiion. inasiiiiicli .as il was the
lir.sl lo feel the eelii:i| ha lid of ci vi li/al ion, Ill-l'ifV nrilii.
,,,,'. , , ,, , I iii'UK|tmt.'r itr-fK-.
iivnl, we are ilnhdiled liir the loiiiiding ol nearly In tlm liniiilnlnn.
' l'iiiii|i||i'il Irniii iinki'Irli nrliU'ii by .Iuiiu'h \'. Wilulit, Ksq., i>f Mmi.
44
IXTRODUCTIOX.
:ill oiir most viiliialile iiistittitioii'i. The condition of
tilt' |iic.ss licic, iiowcvcr. li.is iiKv.ivs ln'cii iiccniiar.
DilTriini; wiilcly in ta>t(' and scntiincnt from tlii'ir
Tiutiiiiic bii'tliii'ii, till- Frfncli piipulalioM have stanipcd
that (lilTcrchco in noIJiiiiLT nioic imlclilily than in that
of their ncwspaiicr.-;. I'\\v cavf to liisciiss tin- politics
of the ilay, sav(! sncii Icailiiii; I''riiich ilailics as arc, fouml
in Montreal. IJnchcc. ami a ffw IcailiiiL,' (owns. I'olitc in
idea and manner, and enlhu>iastie in leliifion. the French
Canadian vindicates ttiese, his iialional characteristics, in
the tone of his journal. I'oitry, polite I'ssays, and relii,'-
ious to|(ics, form tliu "i^encral make up " of its C(dnmns.
Among llie Enirlish iiapcrs, broader principles ohiain.
Politics are frcipicntly handled uiih vii,'(ir and actmien
hy even tln^ most lia<'k\voods weeUly ; while the Montreal
ami (.^neliec liiy dailies ■uw written in a style, and ilisciiss
every topic of the day with an aliility niisnrpassed any-
where ill the world. The same may apply to the French
papers <if tluise cilies. Tli<^ divergency of races and
langiiairc has operated not a litth' against the success of
journalism in (^ui'licc province, the circulation in cither
tongue being niu(!li retanh'd thereby, a fact by no means
encouraging to the talented men generally to be found at
their head. With the ilicrc ase. however, of Hritisb settle-
ment, matters will undoubtedly riiiht theni>elves. as the
increased inlliieiice and cinailatioii of tlii^ English press of
Montreal, since coiifecleration. sulliiaeiilly proves. Next
to (^ludiec, the iMaritime l'ro\im.^ may claim credit fur
building up ami perpetuating jniirnaliNin. Nova Scotia
had a paper in l"i;'.l, ac' New I>nin>uick ,ind Newfound-
land each pos^e^sed new^paper^ as far back as ISIIO.
None of these, however. lia\c survived to the present.
'J'lie newspapers of St. John, Halifax, ami Fredericktou.
have always been well eiliied, are at present niinierou>.
and havi^ substantial circnlalioii. 'I'heir pii-^, anterior to
coiMederation, was conducted on im specially broad prin-
ciples, iraile. shippiiii: anil agriculluri\ entirely occupying
its ccdumns. Cimt'edcration. however, ha^ given the jircss
of these proviiii'cs. in ciiinmoii with all oilier ami kiiidreil
instiliilioiis, an impetus whollv iinlndked-lnr : important
social and pulilical discussions, and selienies cd' linaiicial
ecmioniy that mav liasli'ii our national perfecting ami <'oii-
solidation. now uniforinly epMce its pages; while tlic>
general mike-up and htyle is cpiit pud to that id' its
confreres anywhere in the nominiou Ontario is the
journalist's liarvest-lield. 'I'liere, the newsp,ipc>r is racy
of the soil, and there the intelli;;rnt editor linds his snn s|
reward. .\ fr loin of sneial ami pidilical disiMissinn. an
ehistieily ill geiiei'al scntiineiii, and a lieiiehaiicy of debate
generally, ipiite unknown in the sister pro\inci>s, renders
his task at least brilliant if not directly ngreeable ; while
the stronger leiideiieies of the peiipli' liir iiewspiipi'r liter-
ature, stimulates liis circulation and augments his coffers.
The progress of the. picss in Ontario has been sonu'thing
unprecedented. .Statistics have been publisli(>d which
show that the daily ami weekly cinailatioii of the papers
in Toronto alone, in 1870. exceeded that of the entire
United Kingdom of Great liritain in 1820, if we except
the London Times in the enumeratiou. The rise of
journalism in the "garden of Canada,"' as Ontario has
been aptly termed, would lill a i liapter beyond our limits.
Thrift and industry arc the watchwords of its people ; and
piiblii! schoids being established on a ba.sis of liberalitj'
known only in the United .States and Prussia, education
i.s everywhere spread broadcast, and tlu' daily and weekly
paper finds a welcome in every home ; the |)eople think
' for themselves, read for iliemselves, and, in all things
essential, act for tlieiiisi l\es. and a knowledge of the local
and geiic'ral politics of llic^ country is known to every tdiild
from the cradle. The first newspaper in Canada, the
(Quebec Gmi'fli'. was t'oiinded in 171)1. It was in exist-
ence to williiii a short liiiK,' — the aged parent and acknowl-
edged patriarch of the press of liritisli America. The
second wis the Halifax AVeekly Rccon/cr, started in
I7t'i'.l by one Anthony I lenry. and edited by ('apt. Iiinkhv.
It has Idiigceased to exist. Xext in older is the Mmitiriil
(liizcllc, established by one Mesplets, from Philadelphia,
ill 177.S, iiml originally |)rinted in French and Fiiglish.
It may be curious liei-e to no' ■. as illustrative of the mu-
tations incident to time and circumslance. that this piiper,
I'liiefly known through the greater portion of its career
I'lU- an iinbi'iidiiig advocacy of (.'oiiservatisin and Monardiv
in their most proiioiiiiceil phases, is iiidebied fur its cninin
ami birth to an .Vmerican revolulioiiist. an .\merican
aiinexatinii inovemi'iit. and an American invasinii of
Canada. .Mesplets, m piMciical priiiti'r. came into .Moi ureal
as an allaclie of a deput.itioli sent hilher from the
Pliiladelpliia Congress directed to follow in the wake of
.Monigomery's army, which oceiipii'il ihr city in 177.').
The object (d' the deputation was to ende:i\or to eslrani;e
the (anailians from llii'ii alli'giame. and bv specious
oMTtiires lure llii'in to a peacel'iil dc'ciaralioli I'or llie eo\-
crnment id' the I'liiteil Slates. Dr. l!enj;imiii |''rankliii,
one of tli(Mlepiitatioii. and than whom none kni'w belter
the uses of the press ill slicli all emergency, suui;csted
I the bringing with them the eiuiiplele plant id a piinliiig-
, ofliee. ami. by mani<'es|iies. circulars, and s.i.'li like, to
spread bi'oadcasl among the inlialiilalits the obji'cls of
their mission and the beauiies of aniiexalioii in p.arlicular.
The experiinenl Mesplets doing llie n hallieal Work —
I was tried, and it is needless to say, failed si'.niiilly ; ihe
. depiitalioii reluriH'd lioiiie ; the printer alluded to, how-
I e\er. reiiiainiiie in Montreal, w lure h iitiiiuid tin
j iilliee, liiiMii-d ill wlial is iinw known as " ( 'us|om-| loiisi
iits liis rofrcrs.
K'CIl Sdlllrtllillir
lilisliod wliicli
of tlie ])api'i'.s
of tliu ciitiri!
, if we except
The rise of
s Oiif.irio lias
111(1 mil' limits.
ts people ; and
s of lil)erality
>sia. eijiicatioii
iy and weekly
peopl(! think
ill all tliiiiiis
'^e of the local
to every child
Canada, the
was in exist-
: and ackiiowl-
liierica. The
'»•, started in
"apt. I'liickley.
i the Mmitnul
riiihuleljdiia.
.'111(1 lOnirlivli.
ve (if the inu-
at this paper,
of its career
lid .Monarchv
for its (iiiiiiii
III Aiiierican
invaM( f
iito .■Montreal
I fr the
lie Wake of
ity in I77."i.
I' to estrange
hy vpecidiis
for the i^nv-
in l''raiikliii,
knew llcller
y, slliijicslrd
:i priiiiiiij^'-
nli like, to
olijeets of
II pMrliciiliir.
iial Work —
','iially : the
li'd Id, hinv-
iitiniied tlio
stoill-IIiilMl!
4
-k
t
INTRODUCTION.
\h
Sipiare." and a short time subsequently put forth an ei;,dit-
cdliiniii weekly she<>t calle(l the Guzdic It was Idni;
the only ]iap(U' in the province, next to its namesake of
(^nilicc. The history of these two papers, as niav he
easily inferred, is replete with interest, they having; been
pioneers in the field of provincial jdiirnalisin. a id surviving
every vicissitude of fdrtiine that falls ineviiiibly to the lot
of all who would mould and lead public o|iinioii. Itoth
journals liavt! passed through many ownerships since
i^stahlishment, uiul rupreseiited from time to time, espe-
cially the (Quebec Gazette, nearly every shade of political
and social opinion. The Oimite of .Montreal, under the
late Rijbert Abraham, an accomplished writer, first came
prominently into puhlic favor. James Moir Ferrus and
others succeeded, but with varied success, uiilil it passed
into the niana^eiiiint of the late firm of Lowe & (haiii-
beiTin. Undt^r their cuntrid it became at once the ac-
knowled_t;ed and eiieri;etic orir.iii of the t'diiservative party
in (Quebec province, and continues such, but with lari^ely
increaseil favcu', to the |ireseut time In 1.^70 the
.Messrs. T. i*c H. White, formerly of the Itamillon Sjwrta-
tiii; assumeil possession, chanudii^ ihe shape, and iinprov-
iiijj the general make iiii of the paper. .Mr. Thomas
W'liitt!, ,Jr., is the e(litor-iii-chicf. and under liiin llie Gaz-
ette has u'reatly advanced in circulation and inlliience ;
the vigor, brilliancy, and liiudi lone of its eiliidiiaK cdiu-
memling it to the res|)eclalile cla^^es everywhere, wliih
its pi'diiipt and .iccurale news rejiiuts retidiM' it of more
than ordinary value in that connection generally. Thi^
(uizi'lte is the oldest living paper in the l)(uuiiii(ui.
Following ill the onhr of dales we turn for the moment
to Ontario. In cDiisiilliiig that inlcrcsting Mpliiine by the
Hev. II. Scadding, D.I)., enlilled " TdiiHilo of Old," we
find the Xlmjtira (.''/iislil/dlinii existed in 1 7'.l',i, and was
und()iilile(||y the next paper |inlili>lied In liritish .Vinerie.i
afler the .Montreal Gazcltc The )'.///,- Gmitle fellow ed
three years later. I'he ('unstvlliititiit continued several
years, and was the only paper of general liiforinati(Ui in
t'-e then wilderness of the wcsl,kiioun ,is I'pper ( 'aiiada :
it has liHig ceased to exist. The llalili\ IJujinl Giizetle
Ciiiuo ne.vt in IHOl. It was il Hiejal organ of the
jiovernmeiit, and .as such conliimes. 'I'lic (^)iir/icr Miitiiti/
follov»s next ill cMiler, and w.is iv-iied fiisi In |,s(i,"i, |,v the
lale Thomas C'ary, father of the present proprietor. The
Mrri'iin/ hud long extensive inlliieiiee in the couniiv
previously ti lli<> union of I'pper and Lower ( iieada in
|H|(): it is still vig(U'oiis. In llie early dav mentioned it
was a coiupeiidiiim of all (hat pertainc'l lo news, polities
and ilebale. Copies of the Miiruri/. from the first niimbei
hound ill volume, are to be found in not ii lew of our
public, lilira''ies J and so curious ami valuable were the
early iiiimbei'M eoiiHidered, thai (hev have heeii ileeined
worthy a jilace in the Hritish 'Museum, l.onibui, where
I hey may now be seen. The Quebec /.e (\in'i(l!ni,
founded in I><0(). succeeiled,and still ciriailates among the
French p(U-tion of the ancient capital. Tin St. John's
Roi/al Giizelle (Did yiu-fniiiiillduil Ailrirli.ti'r w.is establish-
ed ill 1.s!()7 ; and, similar to its namesake of Y(U-k l Tor(Mito)
,ind Halifax, w.is the government od'icial organ. It still
exists. I'sherecl into being in l.'^OH and next ill order of
establishment, we find the Mi'iitinil I/irii/i/. This journal,
foumled by a wholesale merchant nameil Kay,subse(|uently,
in IHi't, Lapsing int.T the hands of .Mr. Archibald Fergus-
son, as the organ of the Presbyterian body, and the
property still later of a well known cili/i'U named Wier,
has, in common with the M(Mitreal Gazette, long wielded
\\ an important and wide influence, and nay be said to have
jjdisputecl, through a protracted e;irei'r, the palm with
■\ the latter p.aper for public f'avor. The llerahl was long
(•lilted liy a geiitleinan of distiiigiiislnd ability named
ICinnear; and to his ready and trenchant but polished
pen, may be atlrilmti'd the high position it attained
1 1 to in his day, and which, with kindreil ipialitles in his siic-
ileessors, it has never since lost. Mr. Adam Tlioin held
I the management some time previously to .Mr. Kinnear,
and his ability did con-piciious service to its columns.
The paper has long been the org;iii-iii-chief in (Jiiebec
provin if the I'".nglish-speakiiiir section of the extreme
Lilier.il party, the battles ,if whom it has fongiit tliroiigli
good and evil report, with a coiisi'-tency and liriiiiiess
I that my be said to h.ave won the res] t evi n of '
opponi Ills. The lleniiil is owned by a pulili-hiie.' coiu-
p.tny. 'I'he Hon, F. (JotT I'eiiny, novv of the I )oiiiiiiioii
Senate, and loii^' a partner in the concern, is the chief
editor. The llrnilil editorials are eon-picuous for .•m
easy ainunieiitalive style in which all sIhmIovv of ihe -en-
salional or fine writing, is rigorously eschewed. Coiii-
1 mercial topics in paitii nlar. leeeive from it a diliiiiiit ovei-
: sight which h.is rendered its coliiiniis in relation thereto
! a valuable doideralniii .■iiuoiij: nieiehatits. Its di-eus-ioiis
;,'eiierally are iiiaiked by I'aiition and a e.-ireful rei;aril lo
the truth of statements berme Using them ; an element in '
the paper, we need hardly -ay, which has had its due I
levv.ird in an iiieieaM'd coiiliilriiee ainoiiL' readers of all I
classes, and with it, ii proporlionably increased circula-
tion. Next in order of e>tablMlluellt we have the |
IviiiL'-ton, Out . t '/irmiir/r — to which has been aildid
1 ihe title of ,\'(/c,v^Hlatilig I.SIO. This paper is the oldest
that lias riintliiiteil to live in Ontario. Il is aUo the [
M'Telith olde-l ill the I )oiniliio|i. While j|, eoiiti ii|.
porai'ies one by one have dropped aw ay , the < lirmiirle
and Xeu's has stood its ground ihioii^^h all \ icis-itiide. and
I is still flesh and vigorous. .Mr. .l.-mie- Sliannoii i. ilu'
il present piopiiitor. :iiii| his paper has a suli>laiitial eimi-
40
INTUODrCTION.
itiiili. Till' lliillf'dx Ai'iiitiiiii' Hi riiniir. iin\\\y\i-i\ in ISl.'l,
; till' ni'\t (illicit liviii;; jniini:il. \\ <• iiiiu'lit >|M':ik in ;il-
(■VI
-t I'liilli'-s jciiiilli lit' |)M|ii'r>i rimmlri] Mt nil ciii'ly |ii'rii"l.
rvu lii'i'i' Irniii Oiiliiriii to Nrw riminll.iiiil, luit wliii'li
o'lisi'il uliiinst with tlii'ir liirtl
Siii'li
illll:lll
iimi('ct'<s:ii-v. Wi' IiMVi' si'iii lli;it tilt' Ni;i;:;ii;i I'mislrlhi-
H'ln (IT'.i'.l) \VM^ till- first Mt'lcr llir Moiiii-
ll (,%i:rll,'
\ sliiilT-Jivi'il piiin'r. till' (_';ili:iil;l flimnliiui. nliinl liv .Ii
[ill W
llnl ill 'rul'illlti) ill I Ml". Till'
(Mil. T
lis \v:i> ;i .■.tirniii;
M'|ili \\ iji'iix. \v:is ]iiilili-
Niaiarii S/ii-fln/ur t'ollov
|);i|ii'r ami livrii siiini' vi-ars. It was I'llitiij liy niic Rnlici'l
(iiiurjay, a stall' |iriMiiirr iiiraniiatiii in .\ia;;ar:i jail.
(iimrlay ainil with vrjiriiiiiii'i' his pnlitii-al \viiiiiu;s in llie
usrfiiliii'ss. Till' A\'i)(iil~tiM'k iN'.I'.'t ('iirlr/n/i Si)ih'iic/ ■aui]
I'iitiiii (Out.) <r'((C('W('. wi'ii' till- iii'Xt. ill l.s.'Sil. sui cdcd
liy tlic ColKirij (Out.) ,S7«f/-iii IM."!! ; tlu- Yariiiniitli (N'.S.)
llirtilil. n\\'\ till' St. AmliTw's (NM>.) Stinnldnl. i'ullowod
in l.H;!.i ; till' Slii'rliiYinki' ((^>iii'.) (inzcftf \\\\^ also I'slul).
lislii'il ir this
rural jounials
ciu'o in what is kimwii as ili<
'I'lir <i(i:ftlf is an
'11
loin: our very host
ii'iiiu' "I'll iilili'cl. ami liaviiii;- a wii
It) iiillti-
l'".a^ti'rii 'rouiislii
liraill'oi'il r>i'othi
rs ari' llu' in
ilili>lii'is. Till' KiiiL:stori
lifitish Whiij. cstalilislii'il in IS.'! I, I'ollows tlif d'uzitte,
anil with it \vi' niiipli' tlir Ili'lli'villi' /iifil/ii/ciiO'i; iitninU'il
in till' sanii' yiar. Tin' II'/'/'/ rlaiins notioti as hciiij; Me
iirst ilinh) iinper inliihU.fliiil ill (hilm-in ; \[\\i\ w^. such lias
S/iirfiifdi; ami was siilisi'i|iii'iitly liani^hril. Tlir ni'Xt |ia- tin' lii.'li lionor of hriin,' tlir I'atlirr ol' that orilei' of jour-
|ii'i' was till' Cihiiiliil ,l(/cr/('r//('. I'slalili^lii'il in T
iroiilo. Ill iiali.^111 ni tin' wi
I'slM. liy till' iiiiliiiral a;;ilalor William Lyon .Markm/ii'.
.Marki'ii/ir as-aili'il lln' Tory jxi'^t'i'mni'Ml of tin' ilay with
niisiir|ia~si'il vii'iili'iiiT. aihl for it, his pri'^si's ami ty|Tis
wt'R- thiowii into Toronlo Uay, in IsJCi. Hi; >iili-i i|iiiiii-
Iv fonmlril llu' Mi'ssiii/i\ wliii'h ilio|i|(iiI, whrii slioi'lly
afliT 111' wi'ii' iiilo liani.-hniiiil. hut risiuiu'il on his it-
tiii'ii.
.Vinonuolhi'i'jiiurnals i'>iMlili-hril Init now fon.'ottoii.\vrri'
till' Krtiniiiicr, llrili.ili Cijiniist. Caiiailian I'iriiic, Lni/nl-
isK vVi'.. Toi'ont.;. J'i/iil. Ailri'rtlscr. 'J'clfi/r'i/i/i. '/'riim^'ii/if.
ami othi'i's of ovi'u niori' oarly ilati', Mmilrral. Tliri'i'
Wivi'i's. t^ui'lii'i' ami t.lii' Marilinii' I'rovinri's lia\r all lia'l.
I siniilarlv. |ia|iris, from tiiiii' to liiiii' of noli', lint siirli livi'
onlv ill till' past. Aftrr tho llalil'av Arni/inii Kimnlir.
i ih.' o|ilr-l li\iiii; papi'f is llir llalil'a:^ < 'lii-'iiiii-h'. ami wiili
it till' III kvilli' ((liil.i /i'l-iii-i/cr. fonmli'il carli in IMl'O.
Till' c/irt'iiicl'' \^ I'lliii'il liy a ^.'riiili'man woll known iii
ii.ililii'al I'ii-rli'^ ami a ili- liii'^ni-ln'il parliimi'iilarian — ihr
Hon. Chaili's .^niiainl. Tin' Hrnrkrilh' /ii'mn/rr is tin'
I si'i'oinl olili'-l ircf/./i/ papii' in ()iitai'io. It is I'lliinl now
t liv I.ravri' ami Soulln\o!ili. (An rvriiiiii; rililion of ilir
/i'lriiri/ri- \* now in ii^ lliinl yoai'.') 'i'lio Si. ('uZ/ifrinis
,/i(/n'«((/ stamU ih'M. liaviii'^- lii-i'ii isiahli^hril in I.Sl'I ; it
lia~ now a ilaily. /." Miin'rvv, .Mon'l'cal. follows in oi'iliT,
having' hi'i'ii foiiiiili'il. in l.-^L'fi. hy llii' lali' Hon. Louis .M,
Mol'ili. ll -taliils lii:.'h a'- llli' liailiii;r oriraii of I'"l'i'nrh
i^i'i'vali^in in (^iirln'i' I'mviin'i'. Its cililorials aro coii-
spiriioiiN foi- vi',;or ail 1 poinl. Mr. Dnvrrnay. tin' cililor,
ha-- loin: lirrii known :ii ihrpoliiiral wai'fai'i' of parlir^ in
till' pi'ovinri'. Mr. Daiisifraii is also assoi'ialri! in llir
coniliirt of it- I'oliimii^. I'll roi'iinto f'//m'/('(i/i (I'linriliiin
wa- i'~lalili^ht'il ill 1 .'sl",l, aii'l i- l lir lii'.M ; it is a wnkly
ioiiriial in tin- inti'i'rst of llir \N'i'sli'\aii .Mrllioilist hmly,
ami wa- loiiif I'omhii'ti'il li> I'l'' foiimlri' of llm ()iilari'i
roniiiion-srhool sy-.ii'in. llii' \\i\ . Dr. I'lil^ii'ilon liyi r-oii ;
till' I!i'\. ]•'.. II. Drwarl i< pn'M'iil iilnoi'; llir (,'iiiiri/ifiii.
iifiiT l'iirly--i'Mii yciii's, -till pri'Hi'i'vrs il< iiiirii'iil v';j;i)r anil
~t I Dr. IJarki'r. oui' .if till' oiliest si!ttlt'rs
of Kin;;>lon, ami wi'U kiiowii in Camnla political circles,
was tl liior ami proprietor ilown to 1S71 ; il is now
comliiclid liy his iicplnw. Mr. K. .1. llarkir I'rii-c ami is
the Kin^islon orijaii of ihc licform parlv. The WliiiX eil-
iloiials are I'orcilile. ami the v|;itus of the journal lir.st
I'lass. Tlic lirllcxille /;/^7//(/i';/('('('. al-o IS.'ll, was Imnj
owneil liy Mr. McKiii/ie liowell. soinilime uraml master
of the ( )|itario ( )i'anui' .Association : it !ia> lallerlv heconie
I a ilaily. ami is piilili^lieil hy a joint-stock coinpany ; IS.'ll
I appears to have lieeii a periol of newspapci' fouinli'm, as
! the I'rescott Ti'/ii/ra/ili ami I'erlh ( 'miri'd' Wfw also siart-
eil in thai year. I'roci'iiliiiL; in orilrr, we have llie St.
; .loliii (.\.r>.) yiif.i. i'-lal)li-lii'il ill I.s.'Jl'i, ami llie Ilalifax
' Clirislian Missiinjir in the same year. In lirinu:in,i; our
review of journalism ilowii tliii- far. we lia\i' prescrveil
the ilales of e^lalili'-hment in coiiseciilive iinler as near as
' piis-ilile, link liy link, from the lirst in ITiil to the two
la.^t paper-- naineil. We w ill notice now, liiil perhaps in less
on lei-, the papers that remain. In which a^e, iVcwonlil seem
to allacli aiiv inlciesl. The (Uliiirn < VZ/rcH was i'>ialilish-
iil in IS 11, ami was loim' know n a-- " I'lell's paper." having
heel mlui'leil many years liy the lale Uolierl liell. ^I.l*.
; I', for Carleloii ('oiiiily (Out.) pri'\ ions to conl'i'ileration.
'I'lie Toionio (iliilif appeals next, ami slanils lirst, anil pre-
I'lnineiilly the prince of newspapers in the Dominion.
Kstahlishcil in IS 1 1 hy the late I'eler IJrowii in conjunc-
tioii with his sou. the pri'~i'iit Hon. (ieorfie ISrowii, as a
Iri-weekly aiiil shortly after as a ilaily, il has yoiie on in-
crea-inu in ciicnlalioii ami political power, iiiilil ils name
I has hecome a synonym of whatever is sli'iiin.'in Canailiaii
! journalism. The <>'/"/'<' from its inception, has liecn iit
the iiiieresi of the lieform parly of the conniry : .'iinl has
j heeii the means of ailvaiieiiii.' iiol a few of that shaile of
!| politics to posiiion ami prefermcnl. mil llie lea^t eonspii'.
' nous of ulioni may he naiiieil the proprietor him-elf. Th(>
I liaim' of the Hon. (Jeor^e Itrown is so eomplelely one
II witll that of the <>/iil)i; that to ilisassociate them, Woillil he
to i;l\ J
IV tlnl
veals ■
Doii,i;a
lime u|
w ritte
.lior
I N.
IXTI{(»l)r("II()N.
47
I Si'ii/im/ ntti]
iiiiiitli (X.S.)
(in/, t'olliiwt'd
IS ills.) f>tal)-
jur Vfiy liest
:l wide iiillu-
ri)\vii-.|ii|is ; "
111' Kiii;.'>ton
till' (;ii:rtti\
Hi'cr, |'imiiclc(l
IS l)ciMir till'
MS such lius
rdcr (if jour- ,
Idest settlers
iticil L'ircK's,
; it is now
'iii^c. Mild is
'iif Wlii,ir<.il
Joiii'iimI (ii'st
I. ua> ioiijj
ri'aiid mailer
h'llv lllM-dllH^
ipMiiv ; l.s;i-i
I'oiiiiili'i;;, as
re m1-(i slart-
lavc the Si.
till" Ilalilax
iiiiiifiiiif dur
r |ir('>iTVi'(l
I' MS iirar MS
to the two
'iMIi-. ill less
Uollld Sfclll
' I'slaliiish-
I'. ' lia\ iiii;
!.ll. S\.\\
rdrralillll,
I. ami |iro-
I )ll|llillioll.
I I'OlljllllC-
OWII, MS 11
III' on ill-
I ils iiaim;
('Miiadi:in
s liccn in
: Mild I1M8
1 -liaili' of
riills|li('.
l-i'll. Til,,
ili'ly Olio
wiiiiM Ii)>
III rnid ilir ialiiic. It would lie iinpfissililc in our space
to ;;;ivc ivi-n mii niiiliiM' III tile cafirr and iiiMliaiieineiit of
lllis Iiew>|ia|i( r, -lllliee il. lliat it is iliiliiedialely eoiitrnlled I
liy llie^Vi/Ac I'uhlisliiini < 'uiiiji'iii'/, oi wliicli Mr. liinun i>
manairiiij; director and iiriiicipal sliMi'eliolder. Mr. (ior-
doii IJrowii, lirolher of the former, lias liieii for many
years • of its chief writers. The I fun. William Mc-
Doiiuall, lon^' coiispicMiiiis in ('MiiMiliMii |iolitiis, ;iiid Mune-
liine LTovcriior of MMiiitolia. was alxi for years a iiriiici|ial
writer. The (,'/ii'ii' is di-ti'ii^iiislinl I'or keen and lirciliiy I
written editi.'ials ; and wIimI. iierhaps, has more than any- !
thiim else eisi'ii iis preM'iii position — the proiiiplnos, ful-
ness, and accuracy of ils telrL;rapliic news rcjiorts. No
L.lior nor expcii>e i> spaiid when a piece of fre>li news is ,
to he iilitaiiied. It lia> it» lirancli ollici's in all the princi-
depeiident stand it has taken .■since its L'stahlisliinent. On
all iiialters. social or political, the .SVi/c has exhiiiited an
III! ri.'y of discir-sion and a freedoin of opinion at once
coniineiidalile. The paper was e>talili>hcd liy Messrs,
Marshall & Co., hut almost iiumedialely after was pur-
chased liy Mr. I Iui;li (ir.iham, a youiij; man nearly eoii-
lit.'i'ted with the late I'".. H. Parsons of ihi- oM Kmiiiii/
Tili\i/rii/i/i. a writer siinicieiitly known in his day. After
lon^ connection with the linaiicial deparlnnnt of the Tif-
r(//v/y</(. Mild suhMi|iiently uf the 'Aci//,. ( iiahain cnieriil I
upon his eiiler|irise of luiililiiii; up the S/iir. ilow well
he has succeeded, the |iMper to-day tells ; I'or, after niiicli
striiixule, small liej.'iiinini;s iiid llercest rivalry, il ^taiid^
I'urth at once ihe ei|Ual of any eveiiiiii; journal in the Do- |
ininion. Thi?, is atle.-.ted liv its ciiciilation, which has so
|ial cities, and Iclcirraphic cnrrespondi-nce in all the towns ". lari;cly increaseil within the past two years. The S/n
of the Doininioii, also in I.oinlon, Kii;:laiid, calile tele-
"I'aiiis from which iiiav almost mIwmvs he seen in ils col-
is printed 011 a " I'restoliian " press, capahle of turniiii;
olT tell thoil-alld copies |ier hour. 'I'lle paper, from ihe
iiiiins. \Vilh sii. il iidjiincts, il i-; not siirpri-iii^ that tile <//.///(■ Iir~t, has conimeiided ilx'lf to tin' masses hy the curt
lakes the h'ad of allconleinporMries. Willi ihe Weforiu p.irly 1 matter-of-fact style of its editori.ils. and the viuoruiili
which it advocates the inlerc>ts of the woikiiiL'-niaii. In
a Word, the S/nr is one of a class of journals |o lie loiind
ill every larjfe metropolis, and to ihe well-heinj; of which
its presence is sullicieiilly essenlial. The Toronto Mm'/. \
estali'i>hed in l.s7l), is the secoed most extensive journal
in point of si/.e, lirciilation and inllueiice'iii Ontario. Like
its rival the G/n/ie, it expends lariji! Minis in oliiaiiiin^ j
latest news. Ii lias ai;eiii'ies in Montreal, and some nilnr
principal cities ; ami the tele;;rams and i;eiieral reports
found in its columns, are iiiMiked liy proinp'itiide and ac j
curacy. The Mul/ is the orj;aii of the ('oii>er\ alive ,
parly in Ontario ; and perliMps on no jmirnal can ;i '.'icat-
er Miiioiint of cditoriMl talent he found. Il Iims a siili^laii-
tial eircnlatioii lliroiiLihoiit the Dominion, and ils inlliniice
is daily and deservedly on the iiicr. ase. Il i> printed hy
a company, of which T. C. Patterson is manauu'; this
1,'eiilleman is also editor-in-chief. We close this sk< tch liy
hrietly reiiiMrkin:,' on the strides Ms-uined hy joiiriiali-.m
ill Canada wiiliin the last ten years. .Stali>lical lii;iiri's ^
iiiii;ht he adduced |o exliiliit what those stiide>, at once
so siihstantial in themselves, have actUMlly hecn ; such
however, Wc lielie\e linnei'e>s.-irv ; fai'ts are |iatelll elloll" li
to every oliser\er. The increase in iinini^ralion, the ;
opeiiini: lip of railway commiinicalioii, the extension and
perl'ectiii;,' of lele;.q-apliy , and, more lliali all, the coinpleie-
iiess and etlicieiicy of the scliool-sy>irins ihroimhoiit the
Dominion, have wurked challi;e^ nol to he mislakeii, l-/,rry
city has ils roiinil of dailies — every villa,i;e and hanil.'t,
its one lo three weeklies. These are the sure indices of 1
iiaiioiial |ll'o^'l•ess Mild enliu:liteninciil — ihe unerring' rciiis-
ters ihat mark our Mdvaiicemeiit as a people now, and shall
coiitiiiui! ti) do .so ill llie fill lire.
I it is needless to sav it has ever hecn the pronounced
j moiilh-piece and oracle; audio lliciii it is indeliird ill
! Iar:;i'st measure for its siici'css. The .Montreal Weekly
I(7/H(',vs commenced in li^llI, passin<; successfully into tri-
weekly in is.-ii'i and daily in isi'ai. and we .-carcely need
. sav. has attained a hiijh place aiiioii^ our Dominion news-
I papers. 'I'he H7//<('.«.s' is essentially a reli;;ioiis-temper-
i aiice dailv. and the I'onspiciiously moral lone of its col-
umns, coupled with its \ ii;or from ils inci'piinn in the
cause of li'iiiperMiici , . in larue de^r^'e secured for it
ils iirescnt [lositioii. The Ilaiiiillon S/iirta/ni; cstahlished
ill ISl^i hy the lat'.' Koln rt K. Smiley, was Imiir ihe
hading' conservative paper in Ontario : it is still \ii.'orous,
and has a larjic circidation : it is owned hy Lmusmu, .AIc-
Ciilloch ^; Co. The ilamilton '/'inns. London .li/ri'riisi r,
London III mill and London /'Vcc pi'iss. Toronto l.nn/, r,
Iiraiit'ord Cuiniii; and a loiij; list of minor papers, daily
and Weekly, weri' estahlishcd hetween IS IS and the ^llc-
ceediiiiX ilccadc. The papers named are lii'st-class in
their kind, and I'omprise some of the he.it enterprise and
talent to he hiiiiid in the Dominion. We append M few
words u|ion one or two daily papers of ipiite rei'eiit ilate,
that have taken, liolh in inlhieiiee and circulation, a lead-
iiii.' stand in their respeciive localities, in common with
their contcinporaries already nientioiied. The St. .lohn,
N". B. J)<ii/;/ Tilri/ni/i/i, cslahlished in Isi'i.'i, deserves
special inenlion, not less for its sound iiolitic.il and coin-
mercial slandiii!'- than for llie hi^li literary character il has
maintained since ils inceplion. .Mr. William Llder, u
jtciitleiiiaii of dislin^niished ciillure, has loiij,' heeii ils
chief editor and proprietor. The Montreal ICrcniii;/ Sfnr
WHS ostiihlished in IMtl'.l, and claims Hiieiitioii for tliu in-
j
^
i
1
5
E
IIISTOIi
1. Ami.
sri;
• Ksr
Ki;.\
T 1 1 !■:
TI.K
S;-;i'
•I'lii:
Siiii
Ami
1.— II,
iViiin I III'
.\nli(|iw'.,v Ml'
A u,-ii.'a.
ciicli'il ill
llli"4TiMl
llirOI.I V
cslalilislii
('\ illi'llCC.
lllf. wii ll
I'idil Aiui'
I III' cliri:!
riiii iirw 1
i.i.'. 'I'lM
iiiii i'|iiii V
anil iiwci
ureal I III
U'l'iiiim of
I 111' '^i-cal
all Ihi' Ir
'I'll!' uii'al
l)r-il I'l'^ll
tiiiii.l iiii'
I
vi<
r-
TUTTLE'S HISTORY
OF THE
DOMINION OF CANADA.
CHAPTER I.
IIISTOPvY OV THE DISCOVKWY (JF A:MEUICA.
1. AnIH.!!! rv OF AmKIMC.V. — -2. Kriinl'KANS Ix-
sriMMKN lAI. Oi; In TKUKSTKI) IN Till: F.AUI.I-
i:ST Dl-iCiiVKKV or A.MKIMCA. :'). NkKSK I-ii-
KiiAiiKK AMI Antk.mi rii:s. — I. Who wr.iii;
! TiiK Nousi:mi:n / — "). |)iscovi:i;v and Ski'-
ii.KMiCNr OI' I(i;i.ANii. — li. I)is(dvi;i;v and
S:; rri.i'.MKN r oi- ( Iiikkni-and. — 7. Siiii-s of
iiii: Noi;si:mi;n'. — s. 1!.iai;ni: iikiioi.ds tiik
Sl|n|;i;s OF AMKIMCA. — '•'. I)1K((JVFI; V OF
Amkimta hv \a:\v Kimkson.
1. lirl'iil-C till! luillicval Wiltfl'S IdUciI lllirk
I'lcnii llif [ilaiiis (if ICiuoiK'. ^ilys tlu; Icariicil Lnuis
, . ., , A"as>i/., llif ciiiiiiiiciits of America
^ " ■" ■■'• I'li^c aliovi! till! ualcrv wastes llialcii-
eireled ilie \\ IiiK' '^Icilx'. Ili'Uee, l)y a siii'^le stroke.
I le"_;'i'eai >i'li.ilar cliJii'.;!'-;. in llie iiiiuil-.or lii-; I'eailers,
liie ( >iil W'dilil lo tlie New, ami llie New lu the < )1(U
csiaMisliiie^- ihe I raiisruniinioii hy iu(lis|iiitalile
evidi'liei'. Iiill. ala-i. es'ell A'^llssiz lias lieeii iina-
lile. wiih any eerlaiiily. Id eniijeeiiire at whit |ie-
riiiil America heeame llic alMide nl' map. Ilehiiid
I he clll'laill which (alls 1)11 llie chi^e (if the telllh
eciiiiii'\-. its w riiicii history is scarce and iiuielia-
:i|r. Tiai'cs (iT a I'ivili/aiiou iiidicativi! of a lii.;]i
aiiii'iuiiy arc \isihh' in iis munnds. munMiiienis
and iiiseri|ilioiis ; hut these refuse lo nller the
^Tcat Iruihs which ihey ri']iieseni. and del'v' ihe
^■cniu■^ of even ('liiMiia- liiins-ll'. 'I'liey sland as
lheL;l'eat unsolved |iii(l)lem of the a:;-e. Nor can
all the leaniiii'^' of ihe schools di\inc their uriuiii.
1 111' ;_;real scarcity of iradilions has reinhicil llie
hc,i re, nils (if aMc research iiolhiii'4' more 'haii
, limi 1 infcieni'L's lIuiL U'lu aflur a^e, nations and
|l tribes Iiave eniitimied to rise into fjicatn ess, and
then fall and decline, and that liarhaiisni and a
riidc ciilliiie iiave held alleinalt' sway. iJiU in
another jilaee we shall speak at i^reater leiinlli on
the suhji.'ul of j)reiiistoiii: civilization.
•J.— lie s!ilije(,-t to wliii li the reader's attention
is no in ed. tlie discovery of .\meii<'a. is of
siirnassii]''' nterest, iioi onlv to
' . , , IN"|»!rH instrluiM'lit-
Ami.ii.llls, i>nt to eveiv nation of alin tin' ,li-,(,viTy
• ..I Ain. li.a.
I'.iuope. It introduces ns at once to
ihe 111'! Noi-eineii. who dwell aiiioiii^ tin; siiow-
ca|i)ieii hills of <dd Norway, and who were the
■ I |ialc-faced men who planlcd their feet on the
s. o of .\iiierica. We shall also meet tlie (icriiians,
as it will he show 11 in the e(Mirse of this iiarial ivo
thai a ! icrmaii, w ho accoiii|ianieil the Norsemen on
their first exiicdilioii to Ainerica. is ideiitiOcd with
the lirst name of ihe ! nil cd Stales: and it has hccn
aniliinilali\i ly dechircil Dial a (iiinian, throii-h
his wriliii;4s ahoiit the Norsemen, was the lucans
of ln'iii;^iii'4' valiiahle infonnatimi ahoiil America
to Cidiimliiis. The Welsh, also, have an iiileiisi
in this snhji'cl. for it has heeii held, ami sii|ipiirDd
liy eiiiiil reasoniiiLj. thai the Welshmen, nmlcr the
Icadershiii of .Madoc, made asetlleimnt in .\iiierica
ahollt the year 117": hence il W ill he seen, i hal
although tlicv Were one hundred and se\enty
\cars later than the Ndrsenieii in nachiiiy- th<'
New World, they were, IieXerlh'less, ahoni ihlce
hiindreii and Iwcnty-twoyears ahead of ('olnmlms.
Nor is oiir ihenie willioiit a vein of inleic.-i in
Irishmen, for in the vi'ar In^'.'a Noix- navi^alir,
named (iiidhif ( I udlaii'^son. male a \(i\a'4e to
Diililin. ami (Hi leaxiuLT Iri'land he inicnded i<i
s; il lo lecland. liiil he enecninlered aiUeisc winds
and was driven far to the sniil h and w est. 1 1 w a>
alreadv late in the slimmer, and the navi;^alor.
»:
50
'JlTTI.r/S IllsroltV OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
witli his L'ominiiiy. otTiMcd iiiaiiv (Mriicst inayi-is Nuisfiucii, w lio liail st ttlcuKui., aiiuuig llii.' .M)()ii
lliat lln'V mi''lit 1)L' iLiivcntl iVuiu iIk- dccau.
FiiniUv tlii;v l-imli'd ii'. a <'(i<iil liarlidr. ami wIr'ii
tlicv liai
I hi'i'U a sliort tiiin
;iiu'.s.
N(i lilaiiip ran lie att4i<lipi] tn tlic Icaniod nirn of tlio Xurtli tioraiifc
llKl'i' tllcV UU't a tlii.t nuilli'i lias nut rciciviMi eailiiT |iiilplii:Ulnii, till 'I'drhiiis iiiilili>l. Ill
|H'Cllliar ]);■(>[)
th,
;i •"/'
iii'l it
.ic ir.xhr ri
(ih
riiiiii r (ii'ih I
iin il t'l lliiin llidt
:iii ai'nmntiil it in ITU'i. Siilini, Silin'iiiii;;, l^i;;iTliiin;;, \Variii,~l>jiiiil
S.'iii(i'(li-i' anil iitlii'r> have all inrscnUil Ihr n.aiii larls in tlirir lii^ln
US |)()i
linn III Ami'lii-a, Sllli- riial wnrks. lint tlir.-i- innilui timis irciiMil im atliiili.pii 1 i i.ii.i r
iifiticins, ai
III not until l.sii
\Ih-ii llir irli-liiait (I I'litirhMir K,i;n
lil'ciiixht out liis i'..t<'i('stin;4 worlv, Aiiloii'il'il'
' A Alll' nrililtl , collit
I II. I n
I.,- s :.i
pDsfil to 1)1' situated south of the Chi'sainaiu' \\d\
iucludinj^ lin- ('ai-oliuas, (^l■(l^^■ia. ami a Jiait of ..f Mlui-sontsiili'ol SiandinaNia !"■ indiiciil to ixaminc tin' il
Florida, is in lilC Sa^a of 'i'iinllitl Karlscflic, cliaii- H"' NoiMMnm. l-mfiwor Kaln lias siMririU.l. and it niav
^., 111 rii IF ir/f-».i • /• ^ thai lir has doiii' niiiili towards I'Xiitiii'.; oiii' ilitiri^t ill Noim lit' la
t.T 1.., called - /,7,„/,/ ,;lh Mukht, that is. ( .real ,,„.,, tIhis il is tliatsHiolars of otl,.,- nations liav imntK 1...,;m i: ■
llelaml. Il is elaiiueil tlial this eouillrv waseolo- study of Noitlinn .\iiti.|uitii's, Nuitlnni I.aiijna.tusand luston. (i\
Ilized loll- hufore (iudlauu^soirs visit. In ,h' Irisll, f'"'' ■""I •■'"d.ndj.M-. in i:n;:land, Lav., laili an lr,.|a.idi,i.iol.>^n,-
iiid tliri'f Aiiii'iiian I niM-rsitiiv, ( chiicII. in Niw Joik. and llii
uiid that they, " coniiiii; i'roiu their own j^'reeii xii.lii;;aii and Wi;
islu to a vast coutiueiit ]iossessiii;4 many of the fei- iaii^iia),'cs.
iisin LiiiM-'isilii
asliiii tloii in Noill;c:li
tile (iiialilies of their own native Miil. the apiiella-
liou was natural ami a|iiiro|iiiali'."' Ami there is
iiotliiiin' iiii|inilial)le in I his eonelusion, for the Irish
who inhahited leelaml towards the close oi' the
ci!.,dilh century, havini,' crossed the sloriny ocean
to the extent of ei^lit iiundred miles, and who, as
early a> A.j). T-"), were found u[ion the l-'arne
Isles, and whose voya.;('s lietweeii lielaml and Ice-
land, ill the tenth century were of fre'iiient occur-
rence, were certainly capulile of iiiakiii;^ a voyaoe
across the Atlantic Ocean.
•!. — I'litil very recently it has lieeii su]i])oscd
that Aiueiica was altonethcr unknown to Imuo-
X..ISO iiorahir.. 1'^''^"^ idcvioiis to tlic voya-cs of
aMdaMiiquiii.soi, (^i,,isti)|)h(,'r Coliimliiis, hut learned
nil' i|is.-i>\.-iy ol I
■^""''"■•'- invest iu'ai ions ha\c cxiiiodcd this er-
ror. It is further claimed, tlion^^h not so well es-
lahli^hed, that some of the nations inliahit ino-
^Vmerica at the time nj' Colmnluis" visit were de-
suendauls of iMirojieans. Within the jiasl lew
years investioation as in the disenvcry of Anierica
lias iieeii turned towards the Nnrih of Kiirope,
and in coiise(|Uence the linlil which this olisciiie
inirtiou of l^iirope contains is just hreakin^' iijion
■American history. It is now clearly shown that
the aiitiiiulties of this sectiiiu furnish inenntesti-
lile e\ideiice that the easlein shores of .North
.\iiierica were discovered and explored in the lat-
ter |iail of the tenili ccniiiry. nr cliisel\- fnlhiw-
iii'^- the discoMiy of (li-eenland liy the .Nnisemeu.
This source of ill forma I inn further reveals that the
saiiii' cnasi was visited re|ieatedly liN'the Nnrse-
iii'ii ill the elevcnlii ceiiliirv. iiml a'^aiii in
the twelfth cenlury. and auain in the thir-
tiriilh and I'liiiileeiilh I'eiiluries, and also, that
Wl... "r ,. 1|„;
N"i>' nan '.'
I. — We must naturally emiuire as tn the oiiuiii
and hi.stoiy of those Xoiseuicn, who weii' the liist
to discover the western wnild. The
i|Uestinii is easily answered. The
Nnrseiiieii Wire the descemlaiils of a liram h
of tin; (ioiliic race that in caily limes emi-
grated from ,\sia and tiavellid mut liw est. and
■ M'ttli'd in what is now the ceiiiial iiortion nl' ilic
I kiiiL;dom of Norway. They simki' the old Nnise
' ]a!i;-;'uao'e, the same as is ^l ill prescrv eil and spukrii
in Iceland, upon which are founded tlu' modern
Nor.--e. Danish and Swedish laiiL;uaoes. 'i'he early
Nor-ciucn Were an eXeeediiiL;ly Imld and inde-
pendent jicople, and were indeed a free iicnplc.
They elecled their rulers hy the pnimlar Miiee. in
a Liciiera! asscmhlane nf the masses, where all jiuh-
lic matters of importaiiee weir deeidid. I'lcc and
tintrammclled at home, they lircame the mn^t dar-
iiii;' adventurers ahroad. as sunn Iinanie knnwn
I ill almost every poitinn of the civili/ed wmld hy
I their dariu!,' feats of soldiery and iia\ i;jai inn.
i Spreadiiii;' themselves alont;' the .slmris nf Murnpi'.
ihev made many cnmpiesis, and csiahlished nii-
! nieroiis colonics. In these expediiinns liny suh-
dued a laroe porticn of Filmland. ca|ituri(l Nnimaii-
II d\ frnlil the l'"reneh, cnlnpieled a laiue pnilinli nf
I liel'^iiim. and sorely hariassed the ("pan ia ids. 'I ley
' made themselves possessors of Siiily and lowir
llal\' under iJohert (iniscaid. in the ele\euih eiii-
\\ liirv, where they maintaim'd siiio-einacy for many
' years. l,eadiii!4' the van of the chi\aliy nf I'.iiinpe
diiriii'^ the ( 'riisades. and iiiled n\rr Ant inih ^md
Tiherias und -r llarnld. i'assino' the Pillars nf iier-
cllles. the\' desnlated I lie classic lields nf( i recce, and
lied I
le wa
lis of ( 'nllslail! ilioplc. i'llsliili'.'' into
'"t
laviir.
•• Swinl
si reels I
tic le;
and tl
Uhii
in,' <
di--i
N
ne rill
nrsi .111
( liii.sli.inily was inirodiiceil into .\iiiciica hv tic the far I'last, from w lienci'. ihe\ came, we Iiml tluu
history.
plISSl'S-.!
tic iif I
'4'rand-
wliii-h I
Il is a!
which c
iVolll cni
Nnrt hiiii
:..— r.,
Nniselll'
Iiiscov'TV a
ii.'iiiciii of r
estahlidii
i>!icd ah(
of the N(
cause wd
llarald I
hilll-i'lf t
had its 111
l!a-na A
llclcm.i
she m.iri
'\\{^' colli
he wnllh
suhjic^al
lor I Wei'
of Hafi-
N'orway
coni|ueii
caused a
leiiiireo
ri-'iit w;i
ihc (in.
tyiann\'
' Kefusin.
they rcsi
liceii, ill
IIISTOKV OK TIIK DISCOVKUV OT AMKlilCA.
id
' ilu' Aliiiii-
rl;in.<iiiil,li-l.i,l
n- \\anii>l;j,,;,|,
s ill t!ll-if lii-In-
lioii iKiiii ..i;.ir
I'liifoMir K.i.ii
'nnt\ fniiM tl.i II
II' the I'liiiii;.- 1 f
it iiNiy lie !■: Ul
ill N'liM' KiiKi-
Mltl.\ lii'UIJI 1 •■
III lii>li.r>. (i\-
iiiilii- iiiiifoM.r,
V..ili. i.ii.l t!ic
III ill Xiiilhi.:ii
) tllU (ill'^lll
TO till' lir.st
\V1h> \\o\-p ;Iio
N"i>tiiiiii V
11 lil'lllli ll
liiiics ( iiii-
liwcsl. and
liiiii 111' ilic
(i!(l .\iiis(!
Itllil .s|>(il;('ii
ic lllixli'MI
ln' cailv
niul iijilr-
fi' Jiriiplr.
r Aiiii'i'. ill
(■ all ],iili-
1' ire ami
iiiii^I (lai-
II' l<lln\\ II
\Miriil liy
a\ i'jaiinii.
I' l-lmii|ii',
i>liiil 1111-
lIliV Mlil-
Niii iiiaii-
U'llnli III'
s. 'IlirV
111 lower
111 ll Cfll- i
11- many j
l'!llln|ilj I
iiH'li ami
III' llcf-
rci'. ami
liii'.'' iiilii
ml llu'iii i
laviir^f till' l'omi(l;itloii of tlic Iliissiau Kiiiiiiro, i tlii'ir fainilifs for n new dwi'lliiiy; ]il;u;e. !^« mo
•• SuiiiLiiii^' tiicii' t\vo-iMlif(j(l liiuili'-iixcs ill llio i wciil lo llic Ilclniilo, uiIrts to tin; ( )rl;iR'y J>]t's,
slii'cls 111' ('i)ii>taiitiiiii[)Ii', wlici'o llicy si'i'vcil as Miiiif to llir >lu'tliUi(l and l-'aiiu' J>l('s ; iiiaiiv w t iit
th ' I'a'lii-i i<( the (irci'k I-^iiiperor".s l)ody-'j,iiar(l, as vikings to Kiiglaiul, Scullaiid and Fiaiu'c. Imt
i and ill.' iiiiiii sii]i[ii)it of liis totteiiiig iliconi'.'' j llie grcaliT niinilicr went to tlic more distant
: It \va-> ill.' old N'orso Vikings wlio sa'led 11)1 tin.' : .--iiores of Iceland, wliere a giealer i-liaic ol' seciuiM-
j Itliiii.'. the Selieldt. tlio Seine and Loire, eo'iiiuer- j from opjiression seemed to offer itself. Id land
iii'4 ('oio'j;iie and Aaelien, where limy turned tlie I had l.i^.,,,, discovered hy tlie cclilnatcd iN'oise
Kiii|M'ior'> [lalai'e inio a staMe, sem iieg lerior and | viking, Naddodd, in SiiO. and liv hiin iiaiiHii .'^now-
disiiiay iiiio til" lieart of the great Cliarleiiia'giie. 'land; four years Liter it was le-discoverc dliy (iar-
The rulers of Kiiglaiid are deseeii(Uiiits of ilie ihir, of Sweili>ii extiaeti aficr ■i\imm i"^! was
N'orsi.ii, ;i. Cmgir i;„lf, tl,,; Rollo of i:,';disli ; called ••( iaidar's II(dm."' Ii \\ as again vi.-iu d liv
history, invadrd France in the year Oil', and two Norsemen, Jngoifr and Leif. in hTO, Ly v\ h. m
l.o.s,',.;,'d Xorinan.iv. and mi lOCtl, at the hat- it was called Icelaml. This iniigi at ion fn m Nor-
th' of ill. lings Willi nil tiie, ('omim'ior. a greal- i way to Iceland Ingan in hT-I, mine than a ihou- i
•^•r.iieKon of (ianger Uolf. .•omiurnd Kiigland. in sand years ago. and it was noi long hefoie the |
whii'li ev. II ih,' glory of Knglaml look its origin. ' island rontained a iioimlalion of i'd.MJd. ami lliis |
ll i> also irih' thai the nio.l si iihlioni oppoMi ion |it,l,., ,.,,1,1. (,iu-,,f-ih(-way ishiiid is, as Me ^llall i
"■''''■'' 'tVonicd William tin ('oni|neror, was .see, the Iiingo niion which' the di.or s\\ ings m hi< 1
fioiii cohinisis of his own race who had settled in
Noli hiiinliiia.
■ >. — lliii ihi' onier])ri>ing voyages fif the liojd
Norse I
■Semen ;\i'ri' li\' no means ei
opened America to Kniojie
This iritiii'l li.i.l lifiii \i.ii..,l l.\ i'Uliiiis. :',|(l Mills 1 ifi'if. (In |v( ;
.lllil .■icciildill;,' to till' hi^li liMiilli Hi. mill.-, wlii) wn tr il ;;(c ;;lii| by ill
mlini'd to r'urooc i """ ^ ''■"■ **-•''• '' !'•"' l"'!' \i-it''l l.v m mc liL-li jiii.-t.- iiill.i. miii't;.'-..
, . , ,. ' 1 i' '; «:i.<tlii'srtll.' lit i.f l.-iliiiMl ly til.' X. i.-.ii:, II. 111,1 ll.,' ,,.„ft:ilit
Iiir.,'nv..rv .111.1 H'l- '" ""' .^■'■•"' ^"" ""■.\' 'll-COVei'cd ami . v,)yni;('s lii-twii'ii tliis i>l.',ii,l i.ii.l Xc.noiy. tl,.'it I.il l<, the <II.M„\,.,y,
il'.ii.'.ii..n.vUii.|. j,|,^^,...^,.,| 1, .,.].,, 1,1. and soon aflcr ''">' "f '■1''im1:iii.1;iii.| llini ,.f Ainni.-ii.
estalili-lii'd Oil this island a Ui'imlilie which Hour- ■\ ''• — ''"' '1"' Norsemen did not (iiiline ihim-
i-!ii'l aliiiiii I'.iiir hiiiidrrd years. Large nnniiieis ^i-'lves to leelaml. hut. ad iiated l.y an i;(i\ i ntinoiis
of the Nor^ciii'.'n ciiiigiali'd lo this i-laiid from a i^pi'it, tin v mmhi ]Minred west ward to
cause wliiili ri']ire>i'iiis their iiidi'iiendent spiiii. ^'rcenland. which they peo]iled in ii. nM.nmVijiii.ii-'
Il.iiald llaarfa'^cr had sworn th.il he would make ■■^I'itc of its wntched climate, it has
him-i'lf ihc inlcr ofail Norway. This hold aUem]il heeii well said that the discovery of (Imidand
had itxnijii in the (hinanils of the fair and proud was a h'gitiniate cnnse(|uence of the set 1 1, mini of
li.iuna .\ilil-.|,iiti'r. whom he loved and courted. Iceland, just as the di.-co\ eiy of Aimiica was a
11.' d.'iii.iiidi'd her hand, hut she declared the man lcv;itimale result of the scttlenieiit nf ( iiccnland.
she m.iirii'd would he the King id" all Nor\va\'. Heiwccn the western limits ol' leeland and the
I lie conditions were accept cd. with a ple<lge t hat eastern liordeis of ( ireenl.iiid I here is a distance of
li.' would neiiher ciu nor eonii' his liair until he had only ahoiit I'orty-live mih's. I''i..iii ihi- it w ijl icadilv
sulijii'^aled the eouiiliy. Tlieliold Ilarald foiiehi 'h' si'cii how so-iie i, ih,. ships thai sailed from
lor twelve years, and liiially. in ><~'2. at the hat lie Norway to leeland. could, in ease o|' a \ iolent east
of Ilafrsfjor.l. the tliirty-one small licpuhlies of \\iml. scarcely avoid aji|iroaeliiiig the coa.^ls of '
.Norway Were inciged into one kingdom. Thehold .('icenland Miflieieiiily to ealeh a '_;linipse of its
coiiiinei'or had ^iilidiied or slain hisopponents, and i iigged shores. Ii is said that < ■ iiiiiil.juni saw-
caused a law t.i he passed aliolishing a'l freehold l.md lyiiiL'' in the oeeaii west of Iceland u Inn, m
ill line of property iisiirping it for the crown. This the \ ear ^~>>. he w as drixcii in that dii ect ion li\- a
li^lit wa~ ret iiriied to the people hy Kingllakon, sloriii. Similar reports were sounded IVoni I iiiie to
'he (iuiid. le>s than a ci'iitiiiy aficr. To this time, iii.iil alHiui a cent ui\- afterwards a leiiain
t\iauiiv the pnuid .Norsemen would not suluiiil. man. named I'.iik the Ued. h. id lied from .Noiwav»
Kcliisin^' to yield thciiiselvcs lip as mere snlijccls. on account id' man-IaU'^hler. and had seltled i
they r.'soUed to lea\e the 1
liecii. in part, wroled f
oliles w lllell
had
tliiis
ll
le Western
piirt of leel.ind. Ilele 1
le was also
roll! iheiii. and set out w iih oiillawid hy the puhlie a>.-enililv for ll
anie
o2
rnri.Ks iiisioky ok tiiI': dominion of canada.
Ships. .r III.- Nur.-.
fiiiiir iiinl coiidcmiicil t ) biiiiisluiii'iit. His llioro-
fdii' tillc<l mil liis slii[) iiiid scl oiil in scarcli of
tliis hiiiil wliii'li liiid liiTU si'cu ill llii' wrsl. This
was ill '.IS4. II,. Iduiicl tlir l.iinl us ixjici-tiMl, yavi-
[ il till- iiaiiii'ot' ( ii( •filial 111. ami rfiurinil to IcclaiKl
} alter ail alisciictMif I wo yc.irs. llrLi'avrit its iiaiiu'
I ill till' hope llial liy this iiicaiis in- ini'^lil iittiiwl
si'lticrs. w liicji scfiiH to liavt' iiad llic d('sii-('(l ic-
. suit, i'or many Iri'laiidii^ and Norsciiii'ii ciiii^^fatcd
I ti» (irfciilaiid, and a lloiifi^iiiirj' colony was cstali-
I HsIkmI, with (iardaf iis the chit 1' capital. In IJtil
j this colony lici-ani.' >uliji'ct to the cidwn of Xoi'-
\ \\a\. w iili which il iiiainlaiiicd a illation of dc-
I jicndciici' for four hiindrcd years.
7. — We may ilivcrt, for a iiioiiuiit. w itii judlit,
to iioiice the early t'arilities for Norse iia\ i^al ion.
'1 liesi! hold voya'^crs iiiiisl have heeii
aiileto'iuildsiilistanlial crafts, as well
as known how to iii.\ inaU- them, in onler to over-
come the d.iiiLjers ol the Atlantic. Bill we tind
thai ihev had ;4ood sea-i;'oiiii;' vessels, some of
whiih were of laru'i' si/e. In <)laf 'rrye;^va>oii's
Sa'^a, we have an iiccoiiiil of one that was, in many
respects, remarlcahle. That part of tliekcl wliich
reeled on the uround w.is 1 Id I'eet loic^'. an<l none
liiit the choicest materials wi're used in its con-
striiciioii. It contained thirty-four rowiiin'
iieiiches. and its stiMii and >lerii were overlaid with
e-old. •• Their vessels,"' says a relialdo authority,
"would compare favorably with those of other
nations, whi( h have hecii used in later tinn'S in
L'Xiicditions round tlii! world, and wore in every
way adapted fiir iiii uceaii voyage." It is ([itite
ceiiain that these siiips were as well fitted to eross
the Alliiiilii^ as those which ('oliiiiihits used, four
eeiitiiries after. From the Sa^as we learn also, that
the Norsemen were fully alive to the study of
navigation. They knew how to calcithile the
eoiirse of the sun and mooK and how to measure
time liy tiie stars: in short, they must havi? had a
high degree of naiilical knowledge, to have exe-
cuted their voyages to I'.n^land, I-'raiice, Spain,
Sicily, (ireeee, Iceland and (ireeiiland.
.'^. — Let lis now glance at the chain, link after
link, in the discovery of America liy the Norsemen.
In the vear OSti, the same vear that
lijitni • li.-li..M^ 111.. • .
sii.ir."..r Ain..ii.;i. he returned iV<im (Ireeiihind. I-'.rik
A. |). !.m;.
the iicil nio\ed frcuii Iceland to
(ireeiiland. IK' was aceom]ianied liy numerous
friends, among whom w a^ an leelaniler. named
llerjiilf. The latter had a son named Iijariie. ii
man of considcrahle cnterprisi', the owner of a
merchant .--hip. and a con>idcralile foiiiine. He was
on a Voyage to .Norway when his father mo\cd to
(iret'iilaml, and oil his return heroolvcd to follow
him without unloading his ship. His men were
eager to accompany him, so away they sailed ami
soon lost sigiit of Iceland. IJiil the wind faih d.
Siihseiiiiently a noil h wind and a liea\\ fog set in.
and they knew not whither they were drifting
This coiiditimi of the weather continued many
days, during which the alarmed crew diil'tcd far
out into the sea. to the solllh-west. At hle^lh the
sun appeared, the stcuiii siihsiihd, and lo I in tin-
horizon, not many leagues distant, the\ licheld
the Well delined oiilliiies of an Unknown laml, lie?
eoiiiinent of North America. .\[i]Udaching nearer
they saw that il was w iihoiit mountains, and cov-
ered with wood, r.jarne was sati>lied that this
was not (ireeiiland : he knew that he was too far
to the south, so Ik! left the land on the larlioard
side, and sailed northward for two days, when
again he discovered land. I>ul still this was not
(ireeiiland: lurning tln! shiii from the land, they
conliniied their course northward for ihrei' da\s.
Then land was seen for llie third time, liiit Hjarne
refused lo go ashore, knowing that it did not an-
swer to the deseription of (ireeiiland. So they
sailed on. and after four days they reached (irecn-
land, landing not far from wlu'ie the father id' the
unfortunate navigator had settled. It issuiipo>ed
that the land Hjarne saw on tiiis involiinlarv voy-
age in lisi; was. tirst. tlie presenl Naniiickct, mie
degree south of IJo.ston, second, Nova Scotia, and
third, Newl'oundland.
!•. — lljarno was eeiisiired hy his countrymen id'
! Norway, for not going ashore and exploring the
land, to which tlic tempest had diiv- _
en him. Nevertheless the imiierlcct i. m i.v 1 1. 1 iiik-
' , ►..", A, I), limii.
dcscrijition which he was enalilcil to
give seemed to arouse the' mind of Fief V.\]k-
son. who determined to make fiirtlier investiga-
tion. He hoiiglu IJjariie's ship, set sail with
tliirt v-five iiKMi. and found the lands just as tlu-y
hail lieeii deserilied to him, \. D. 1<>'">. I'likson
hiiided his crew in Ilellerland ( New fmindland i.
and in .Markland (Nova Scotia), explored these
countries somewhat, named them, and then pro-
ceeded to discovei' the land which had iirst heen
seen liy lijanie. .\fler two days (hey came to liind
■^
N
and
chh
did
into
ti'.iii
lake
I'.IV
th'
a.!i
W.I.;
th'
a.i .
in I!
pre
i[Uai
leu;
Lief
thu
lijaine. a
i\\ iHT dl' a
lit'. I If w as
lllll\Cll ttP
(1 111 I'dUow
iiini well!
sailt'il aii<l
I iiid I'aili il.
I'dj^' set ill.
•(' <lril'tiiiu'
iiicil many
(Iril'lfd far
]cll-lll llif
III ! ill llii'
icy liiiifld
II land, till.-
Iiiiii;' nearer
s. anil eiiv-
l lliat tiiis
was tiHi I'ar
le lai'liiiai'il
lays, wlieii
lis ^\as not
land, tiny
three da\s.
lilt r>iariie
id not aii-
So they
d (ileeil-
ler dl' till'
sn|ijiiise(l
iitary Miy-
lleket. line
■euiia. and
Iryiiieii (if
KiiiiiL;' the
'vi-r\ *'f A iiH'i-
'\ l.i.l 1,1 ik-
A. n. liiiMi.
,ief F.iik-
iiivestiua-
sail with
si as they
jj iksiiii
iidland i.
lied tht'M'
hell |il(l-
lirsl lieeii
lie to hiinl
IIISTOIIV OF lllH DISCOVKUV OF AMFItlCA.
h
ami sailed into a sound, whieli was so shallow at 1
ehl) tide lll.lt their ship ^nilllldeil. FniL so llllleli
did ih 'V de-ire III reach the land that they sjiraiiu
into lli.i water and waded a-lioro al a place, as the
traii^arioii has il. •• when! a river lluws init of a
lake." Thi-- lake is iiii(h)iil)tedly iMmiiil Ilojie
lliv. Al ll.io I tide they hroii-lit their ship into
ih • liav. and ea-t anchor. Takiii.^ their skin cots
iV'h ire tiieysooii raiseil tents, after which aenuni'il
w.i-i hi'ld.it whii'li they resolved I ) remain ihroii-h
tliL' wiiitc'. and liuild a lar^o house: they ohtaiiied
iiii .iliiiiidaiiee 111' hue Salmon lioili in the river and
ill the liay. From ilie aeeoiiiiL of this cNpedition.
pres.'ived hy till' Norsemen, wi; learn that they
([iiaiteieil ill laliliide 41 ' 1^4'. ^\ liieli )ilaees their
iciiis a! the month of |-'all Uiver. Ma>saehiisclts.
liief |-hiI;son called the country N'inland.
All ill iaciit I) I'liri'i'il wjiii'li rati-ioil l.icf F.iil;s<m tn niinic tlio i min-
try Vi'.i.aii 1. wii'li mIihv; t!rit a liiTiiiaii was in tlir iciiii|iaii.\ c.l ia-
i)loivi"i. Il.-i iiiiiii' wM-i 1\ ikiT. Ill' was il piiiiiin'r (if »:ir. iiiit liail \
iii"ii:ii ' I.'i'l's s!ii"i:il laviirit". Oiii' dav alter the main part\ letiinieil 1
tiM 11 an e\;i .iriiu e\;ielilicia, '!'> rlier was missiim ami tin' Nmimuhii
l)i":laie verv aii\i 1 1. |e.| lei inii^lil lie Uiilea li\ llie lnilian~ or wilil
lica-t-i. l-a'i ;-ii'i ^et nat in iiersmi. witii a lew men tn seareli ii.riiim.
To.v mis eveniii,' 111) WM* ni't nil liis wav I') i'aiii|i in a \ery e\'iteil
stito .ii luin I. II ' iMin " rannin,'. Iiuliliii'^' ii|i in caili liaiiil a lae^e
i|ii met ■ 111 I'rait. an I slniiiiiii,; at tile tn|i nl liis Miiee, " Wi iii'ian-
li"a I Weaitraalieii I !" Tiie si-ht ainl taste of tliis fruit to vvjii.li lie
III I 11 'e 1 a • Mstiaieil ill liis ,nvii native (ieniianv. Iiail eM iteil liim to
»a 'il aa eMent tlial lie seemeil to lol-^et lo|- llie time liis liosilioll. l'o|-
a Ion,; wliile lie Will I it I iioiliin,; lint laii.;li. ile\oiii- mape~ aihl tall;
(i Til 111. w r.eli l.in; ia,'e the N'orseine'i niahl Hot iini|er>taiiil. at l,i,-l
111' < llie N' 1,'se tilt he. to his ^ real joy lia<l loiiiul \iiies,aiiil ma|ies
ill ■^i-e It all IM.I m.-c. !-"foni this eii-.-iiiiistanei', America was ealleil
Viiilan I. 1 1 1 lii.-l)ry iveeivt'il tin; iiii|ioitaiit lai-t tliat a (jfiiiiau was
intaeiiaity.
C [I AFTER II.
III.STORY OF Tin-: DISCOVKUY OF A:\[KIMCA.
1. 'riiiii:w.vi.i) F.i:ik.s(»n"s Di.scovkiuks. — 2. V .:-
siccivssi.-ri, Fx['i:i)i rtoN' oi' 'riioii.sri'.iN
I>:;tKS(i\._:l. IOximODITIoN' <il' 'riKUtl'lNN'
AM> (JiDIMI). 1. l)i;sri!lI'TH)N' Ol'" Till-:
Fxi'KDi riov. — "). Otiii:ii I'.xim:i)1 rniNs nv
Tii:: Ni>i;skmi:n- — i!. CoNNKcriM; i.ink.s hk-
TU'i:i:\ TIII-; Di.scoviMiv iH'' AMr.i;i<'.v r.v
Till': Ni)i:si:mi;n- and iiy C'ui.imius.
I.— Farly in the Sprint- of lOUl. Fii f Friksnu
rel iriieil to (ireeiilainl. where tlu' news of his dis-
covery created j^reat coinniotioii. 'riiorwald. Lief's
Tlmnvni 1 Krik- hiotlicf, (lesiii'd to explore the land
lii'v'inTi.'ir.v.' n. """'' cxti'iisively, and solicited his
'"''-'■ lirother's ship for that purpose, which
the ^^ciieroiis Lief readily L;raiitcd. .Viiother ex[i(.'di-
lioii was aecordiimly titled out in 'he year iDllii. liv
riiorw.ild 1-iiksiiii, whiisalle'l to \ inland, w hi rt'
he remained t hi ■ e year.->. and w here he fell in a hat lie
with the Indians, pierced liy an arrow, lie was
liiiricd ill \ inland, and two erossi'> were /aiscd
aliovf his grave. The exaei ImMtion of this i;rave
could not now lie asccriaiiicd. Imt it is indeed hal-
lowed ;4rouiid thai conlains the diisl oi' the lir.-'t
l>iiiopean who died and was liuiied in America.
In F'^-'il there was iliscoMied. in tin •>i«li;ily ol
Fall Iliver. Massaclmsetts. a s-ki leioii in armor, and
man V dl' the cireuiiisiaiiee< ciiuiieci ed with it are
such as to leave room for. at least, the ednjectiiri:
that il was the skelet in iif this very 'I'liorwald Frik-
siiii. This skelcliui was the ^ulijeit of iiiiich
learned discission at the time, and the American
poet. I.oimfell iw, wrote a poem oil il, years alter.
l)CL;iiiiiiii;,4' will: these words:
I •• Speak ! Sjicak ! I tlinil fearful eurst."
The poem niak 's the skelelon tell the story of his
adventures as \ viking, sini;' oi' the pine {'uresis of
Norway, of '.lie voyaL;e across the Atlantic, and of
the discycry of America. The followiie^ is one ol
the • laii/.as :
'• 'J'lirce weik- we wi-^lwaiil Imre,
Ami when ilie ■.tmiii u a^ nir
C'liiinilike We sau llie sliiire
Slj-eleliili;;' In leeward ;
There for my knly's Imwcr
IJiiih I llie liifty tdwer,
AVhii'li III this very liuiir
Staiiils juiikiiio' seawaiil."
The tower referred to in the almve is the famous
Newport tower, in IMmile Island, which was iin-
ildiilitedly hiiilt hy the Norsemen. This cclclnati d
poem closes with these two stanzas :
•■ Still '^\-f\\ my I m llieli
Slill as a slau'iiMiil fen,
Ilatifiil 111 me were men
Till' siiiiliejii lialefiil !
Ill the vast liircsi jnic,
(lad III my warlike eeai-,
Fell I iiniiii my spear.
Oh, .1: ilh wa- orateftil !
"Tims ^( aiiieil wiili mai'v scars,
Iiiir^liiiif llii'-e |irisiiii liars,
l"|i 111 il- unlive stars
M\ -mil a-i eiiileil.
Tllele fr nil llie lluw ill;: l"i"l
I)i'e|i ihiiiks llie Wi.rriiir's mhiI :
Skdil lo llu' Niiitlilainl. Skoal !
'I'lill- the t. ■ einleil."
TUTTM'/S IllS'lOIfV OV IlIK DOMINION OK CANADA.
W'llrll lllO Niiiscllirll iiiiil 1
iiirifd llicir cliicr Mini nlc
N.
ili^liii.l (if llicso niL;;4r(l '-liri's.
Icilit,'!-,
I'll >iw, lid. liii\ rcliinird to I lirir iciils iii iiinl MKiw-clad liilU. I'"iflils uf \\;i\iii
the liay. loailcil ilicir >lii|i, uiih liic jU'idui.ts uf and i\ c iiistrad nf iii(iss-io\ end nicks and saiulv
till- laiul, ami icliiiiicd in (
ii'cciilaiMl III
Inn,"
il. 'i'lccs iar;^-
(' riioii'^h to Kiiild JKiiixs am
d
-Ni^M
wi' ail' tiilcl liv till' >a''a>. lliai I linr-
|'rf»n<'fi'S!»flll I'xpf-
iliiiMti ..nii..rsi.'
llrikSMii, A. I).
Ill|i
I'lrik ilic mill
iii>ii'ad i)\'
MlllllW lhl>lll
■s, thill
iiT I'll for
•itciii, till? \ ()iiiiv;t'st sun
lied, ri'sulvi'd to \i--ii \'iiilaml. iiml w
iii'4' cMi'iit to savi' oiir lattlc fioiii starvation
irii t lie hay (Toll runs out
licsnlcs loii''('r siin-
lilC llO(
Iv ol his
ludiliiT sliiiic 111 w iiiicr. ami more L;ciiial
wanulli all tin
Tliofwiild. "lie was niaiiicd.
till' Sa;_;iis, vcar loiiiid. instead of liowliii'^' winds
ami 111' ami
inil \\i)i-
"tD (Jiidriil. 11 wiiinan icniarkalih' for her hi-aiity, snow. Truly I think this coiintiy has
liiT din'iiily. her iinidcnci; and her '^ood discoiirsc. fully iiii>nanird when liny callrd il (iirriiland.
Tliorsirii, liili'd out a vessel, nianii'il il with -I. — 'I his e\[ieiliiion \\a-.oiia iiiiieh laru'er seal
twoniy-livc iii'ii, selected for their sireiiuil
statltfc, hesidi's liiiiisi
I ami tliai
I any that ineeeded il. !i is ]ilaiii that l.ief
jiill to sea, and w en
If aiiiHiiidiid." This |iarly and Tliorwald and 'i'lioisiiin had i"'"''"!''.!: •'
-non far froni < il eeiiland. iiiit not intended to make ihi
litiii ;n'
■I'- PXpi'ilil
.fll...r-
1 oiiiiiias
lieiii'r Dverlaki'ii li\' a storm. Ilie\' were io>s('(t ami maiieiii alu
driven. Ilie\' UlleW iml wlilllier.
;iia'lv llie\- leached laml, w
for many a da
lliell |iro\i(l III he I
de ill N'inlaml. Ihey liidiiL;hl neither
k
v. Women nor Ijoci^s imr lieiils w
le lie .,ml
illl tliclll. Karsef-
(imlrid, on the oihci' liand. came I'mth
wi'steiii i'()a.>l of their own (iiei'iilaml. Mere I hoi
stein ami sevci'iil of his turn dietl, and (iiidiid i(
Iniliei
Willi all the ei|iiiiia.;i
or coloiii/ation.
1
paiU eoli>i>lei| III one
hundred and III
1 \ -one men
il
I lliiks fjord.
lortinn Kaiisifne was
ami seven w oineii. A niimlier of eai i le and --hi
11
ic nio>t di--iiM- Wen
liroiiiiht to America with this eNiiedii
loll.
i:\|..'.ii!i„n„r
nii.-liei
1 e\|ilorer of \ inland. Ihiii'4 They all iirriscd safe, and remained in \ inland
A. II. hi
111 Kiiiis, fii.' a u call li\- ami iiilliieiilial i
nan. and three \ear.--. when the lio>iiliiics ol' ihe Imli;
devcemled II oiii the nio>i l'anion> i'.ini- coniiielled them to uivc iiii tl
•^ of the Xorili. Il
e was a
lile t-
) comniaml tlic Ins iliree \c,m> siav in \ iiiiaml. Ilioijinn was not
p tlie colonv.
1
Dnriii'j:
means ncee^s 'a Io a .viicee^-fiil eA|iedii imi. Ill the iiiaciu ('. ( Ml I he Clint rary. he com 1 net id an e\i en-
fall of Himi, he eiiiii;iiil(d from Norway to (iiccii- si\ c ami inolitaliletradc w iili the liidiiiii>.aml liceau
land, wiih iwo>hijis. whereat l!iik>lionl he nni to dc\ cloiie the resoiirees of the (■oiinlry. Ihe year
i.i"f Ml ik>iin, w!h' offered i he Norse iia\ iuaior i he al'icr I heir arri\ al a son w as liiirii to 'Ihoi tiim and
lio-.|iiiaIiiie. of lii.iiahlid diiriii'^' winter. Thoi- ( iiidrid. w ho was iiaiiied Siiorre Thoi liiin^on. ilf
linn soul M .;aii lo ireal wiili l,ii f for the hand of was horn within the limits of the pieM'iil State of
(iiidrid. Lief liciii^- ihe per-oii to whom the ri-hi Massaclinscti.-. al r>ii//,ard"s Ihiy. i'l the \ear l<i(i,S,
of liei roihiii'iil helon^ed. In the course of ihe and was the lir>l man of I'',iiro|ieaii lilood. of w Iiom!
w iiiier llie\- were iiiariieil wil h due ecrciiiony. (in- liirili in .\nierica we have any iccoid.
ill id. full of I II ill I resohe, iirLCcd her second liii>liaiiil ."i. — The Saigas ei\ e elalioiale iiceonnl> of ol her
111 nndeiiake an expedition lo X'inland. in which e\|iediiion'> hy the Norsi men to \'iiiland. There
her li;>i hiisliaml iiad peri>hciL .\ceoiiliiio|\ in ihe is one liy l''re\di>. in lull, and in ,„|„.|. ,.,|„,|,n.i»
spring' of ImiT, I'lioilinn aecompanied hv his wife, ilic year lliil the Bishop. l'",rik I'lisi, '> I'l' >>"■»" '•
sailed 111 N'inlaml, w liei e he leiiiaineii ihice years. came a> a missionary to the colony. There aro
The I ;as eniphasi/.e the I'ai i thai (indiid wa--ilie al>o aci (iiiiils of e.\|iedilions. Ii\ tiie Norsemen, to
lieart and Miiil of this eN|iediiioii. and reproeiit (ireal Irland i .Noiih and South Carolina. (icoi;^iii,
her as addressiiin' Jiei' hn-Jiaiid in the followin'^' :ind l'"lorida >. 'ihe la-l nicnlioncd wa> in I". IT,
hiii^iia^i' ; •• I wonder that \oii. Thorlinn. wiili Iml litis was in the time of the I'lhick rhi;.;nc,
jjood slii|is and many stoiil men, and pleiiiv of which ra'^ed ihrmiehoiil Mnrope w illi iinielentinii^'
111 Mil-., ^.holllli cliiMi-e to ii'inain in ihi- hairen spot fury from I'll" lo l:l."il, ami al-o reached ieclaiid.
instead ol' searciiiii'^oni lh"l',iiiioiis X'inhiml and (irecnland. and \"iiilaml. ami eiil olV (•oiiiniiiniea-
liliikiii'^' a setlleiiieni there; jiisi think what a 1 ion liel ween these coiintries. This phmne icdiiecd
s|ili'iidid eoiinlrv ii iiin-i lie, and what ade--iralile the popiilal ion of Norway alone from two iiiillioiis
cli.im^i' for lis. thick and lc.if\ w U lil<e ihose of Iti iliicc hnmlied ihoiisaml : and this fact L;i\es n.s
i A:
sia
(',.11
li;.i
'
el ills.
;' ,ui:i>s
1 Minily
I-; ;inil
111 I'nr
rvaiidii
'vr siin-
'ill ill.'
ice mill
(11 VMM- 1
ami. ' ■
el- scale
lat I-i. r
i.Ti-.f-riinr-
CiiilriM .1
■ ■11.
luiilicr
Kalsrl-
HIsroRV OF TIIK I)IS('()Vi:i{Y OF AMFIUCA.
s'lni' i'ir.i iif til.' irirililc ravages ni' this IV'arl'iil
, i'|pi<lriiiii', wiiicli may lie rc^arilcd as ilie iininrdiate
(MUSI' for th,; witlnliawal ul' ^s'orsu .solllriiiciil.s in
Aiiii'iiiM.
(i. — Wi; may iinw tracL! llic cliain (if circum-
stances wliicli cdiiiiccL iIk; (lisc(i\ cry (if Amciica
OmTi.M-iiii:; link-* l,v i|,,j N()|>c|iic|i with ihal livClllis-
h !t.v.; '.I til' a(>- ' ^
.•i.v -ry In III ■ l()|llli.T ColllmlllW, wllicIl is lllnrc
N'.r-.H -III Ml a. Ill by ^
(j.ii.iiii.as. rcuciiL ;iii(l liciicr kiniwii. In W'a-^li-
in^iiiii Irviii'.fVs !ii)4'iM[iliy of ( 'uliiiiiliiis, wc jraiii
fnt.ii a li'iliT, wriiii'U liy tin' cxiilorcr liiin>cll', tiiat
w'lili' ill! (IcM^ii dl' al!( iniiiiii.;' tin' iliscovcfy in
j til • W'o^l was matiuin^' in iiis miinl. lie made a
V i/a; ■ Id Il-'Iiiii'I. 'i'liis \\M^ in llic siuin.;' nf 1 ITT.
\V,; li ivo th; li^h'^ tn a-.snni.! iliai in his cmivcrsa-
tiiin-i wiiii ill ! liisho;) and dtiici' learned men (if
I lo.d.ii I. h ' iiii-l lia\(; In'cu iiifnriiied df the dis-
e ivei'v- (if \'i.il in 1. It will lio reinemliered that
this visit df ('dliiin'iiis tn Iceland was duly lifieeii
yi- i;'s h •:' );-,• h ' di -e i\e;-e I .Vllli'liiM, and only (ilie
h I I !;■ ' I ,in 1 l!iirl \- \e II' .il'ier the la>t Norse ex-
ji'ltiii t) \'in!,in I. .\iidther link' is fiirnislied
in 111 • fa •[ ihr. (i i hi 1. th ; wife nf 'I'Ihu linn, after
lii • d ' itli df th • l.i' I '!•, Ill ide a iiil'^riiiiam' Id lldiiie,
wii -ri! sli ; wa-i Wi'Il received, and where she eer-
t linly rela'.e I th > >i iry of h n' trans-. \tlatiiie voy-
a;-' to \'inl.inl, iitid her thiee years' residence
ill ■:•.'. li 1 II ! [i.ii 1 iiia.'h atleiiiidii to L;cii:;ra|ihical
di-c iverie-;, an I In il; [la.in to eolh'el all new ehaits
ilii" w ■!(! Iii'iin^dii there. They miisl have iieaid
df \'iii!.i'i I hifire, 1)1! (Iiidiid liKiii'^hl lliem ]ier-
so:i il evi 1 'ii;!!'. .V'^.iin, that N'iiielaiid w a^ ael iially
kii r.vi I I ill' V.iiiein is iiianifesi hy liie fuel that
I'lji' I'.i'il li.. in th; ye.ir 111:2. ii|iiidiiiled I'hik
[J|>-i. UI>li I I III' I.' '1 I'l 1, (ireeiilaiid, and N'iiihiiid,
• III ihi-; -Ml' UNIi i[i vi--iied the latter |ilace in
I 1-1. Il sli ) i!d, df (.'iiiirse. III! hdriie in iiiiiid that
' ' ''a 111 n li^-e I ill sill ii,'t' df discdveiy ; Fnuland.
l''iM 1 •■', I'lirln^Ml. an I Spain were \yin;4 w ith e.ich
dh'r in thiir discoveries. jlinee it wniild he
a«Mnisliin,' to lielieve that Cdlinnlnis. in the mid-i
of ih'.e cviil'liee-;. wilh his nailliiMl kllduled-v.
did not 11 'ir of \meriiM years lii.fdre liis N]|i|i left
I'.il IS. We have also II remirkahle reeord of the
I Uiirly ilisi;overv of .\mei'iea hv ihe Xor-eiin'ii. in the
■ wi'itiiirsof .\damdf nremeii. He ^ isited Denmark
I iin I i)'.\ his return lioine lie wrote a hook- "On the
I I'l'iiju ration of the ("liristiati I'eliuidii in the N'orlli
of Kni'iilie." illiil, Ml till' end of this hook, lie added
II Ki.'iK^miiliiciil ski'teh nf llii! t'oiiiitiy of the N'ni'se-
iiieii. In his treatise he speaks of Ninland at i
L'dtisideralile length, elosiiio' with tlu' remark, "'riiis
wo know, not l>y f.iluilons cdiijectnro, Inii iroiii i
]idsitive statements dl' the Danes." .\daiii of :
llrcnieii's W(irk was first inilili^hed in the \car I
InT;!. and was reail liy intelli;^ciit men in iiiaii\
■ p.irts of |-jirope. ('oliiiiil)iis lieiii'^- all cdiieatcd '
man. and so deeply interested in ;^i'on'raplii( al
si lldies. es|ieeially when llieV treated of the .\ll, Ill-
lie Oi-caii. must lia\i' read and studied lliis work. '|
I lie>e are faels. and the liionraphy of ( 'oliimlnis
will show that he always iiiaintaiiieil a linn eon-
vieiion that there was land in iIk! W'e-t. and he j
hoiioily adds, that he liased this eon\ietion on !
the ailthdiity df the learned writers. lie staled. !
liefdfe he left Spain, thai he expected Id liiid land |
soon alter sailiii;^' iilioiil se\eii liiindred haunes: :
hence he was aci|iiailileii wiih the lireadlh of the
ocean. A day or two hifore eoiiiiii'4' in siuhi of
the New World, hi' auiced wilh his iiiiil iiion>
crew that ii' he did not discover land within ihice
(liiys he woiiM return. In fact the whole lii-ioi\
of his (liscdNcry is fraii'^ht wilh t'sideiice of lii>
[ire\ idlls knowledge' of .Vnieliea.
ClIAPTKK III.
IIlsniRVOF TlIK DiStOVKIiV Ol' .\MKKI( .\.
I. CiiiMsriii'iii;!; ( '(ii,i miu s .\mi ms I'i..\n nf
DiscdVf.iiv. — -2. I''ii;sr \'«iv.\(;i; ni' I)i>-
<'ii\i;i;v liV ('(ii.i'Miii s. — :l. ('(ii.iMiiis Dis-
('iiVK!;s S.\N S.\I.V.\|Ki|;. — 1. riif. I, .whim;
(IN S.W S.M.V AlKil;. "). ((il.lMlll.s Dl.s-
(iiVKCs ('rii.\, ll.wii. i:i('.
1, — ('hiistoplier ( 'oliinihiis, whose dixov ct ics
were the iminediale ciin-e of dircctili'4 theallili-
tioiiol' the '.^rcal powers of Fitroiic ei, isi,.| ii,.| i ninin.
, ,,. ■ ' , , '. I'"' Mii.i III. |, hill 1. 1
Id the \\ esleril Wnlld, was Iidfli m .IIm "m i,\.
fieiKia, a seapdrt town in Ndrtheiii llaly. iifdiii
.\.D. I 111. lie earlv 111! a led ill l.l>lidn. W hele lie
desiilcd liinixlf to ma kill',;' map-, '.ildlies, iiiid thr
stiiil\' of the lii'jliei' liraiiihes of g('de'ni|ih\' and
na\ i'jalioll. He is said to ha\e heeli lllelil>t to
adopt rules for the ealcnlation of hii il nde and lon-
'iiliideal sea. ill atli'stiii'4 the iicetiraey of w liii h.
he made several voyn'^es aloiiu' llie coast of .M'liea.
tlu'i'i'liy lieeoming aci|iiainle(I wiih the .Vtlantic
TtriJ
:ii
5
od
'irilLKS TIIS|'()i;v OK rilK Do.MIMnX oK CANADA.
Oci'illl. 'I'llf ]ir(i;,Mcss of ni'<i^,'i;i|iliic;il l<li(i\\lt'(l;^('
\v;i> now rxriiiii'^- i^riMi L'mii(>ily in ilic niinils of
tlu! li'iirni'd iiirn nl' ICm(i]i('. Alrciidy it li.nl Keen
Wfll iiscL'itiiincd llnit a vast ma'an lay m tlic cast
of Asia. A kni)\vleiln(! <it' ihr wondcil'ni disco vci'ii's
liy liic Norsemen. I'.ii- to ilic \\'c-l. rcaclicil tlic
minds oi at least a lew of iln' nio>i noied INntii-
jjfiicsc navi^atofs. anion'.x w lioui ( 'iilnnilnis was piir-
sniii'j; liis sindii's. Suipii-ed and deliulilcd willi
tlic news, tlic hold man. in \ i' ' . made a xoya^^i;
to Iceland, wlicic lie i^ainccj valnalilc inroinialion
t'oneernin;^' N'inland. Sonn al'ier lie was |iossessed
willi a |pro)cct id' diseovcry. the c\aei cliaracter iil'
wliicli is LTi'iicrally nii>iinderstood, and will |iroli-
iilily lu'vcr lie I'uilv l<nown. It i> '^•eiicralK" held
that he conceived the idea of feachin'.;' India 1)\- a
direct course to the \Ve>t, liasin'^ his conclnsions
on a rel'.iiai i'.;: "I' ilie I'loleinean s\stcni. then in
univci.sil crcdi', regard;:;',' the shape of the carih.
and h ildiiiu' the ( 'o>iiio'^'ia|ihic themy. lint as ihc
li'^lil if hi^ioiiiMl know li'il.;!' ^he(|s its lays n|iini
t hi- , lieinx'. it lades as do the stafs lie lore the colli iiiip
of 1 he 111 nil i 114' s nil. Ii is pretty clearly aseeitaincd
that ( 'olniiiliiis c\| I I'll to lind land ili.il \\;is hy no
tiieaiis idi'iilieal wiili India. I'nll\ as >oon as he did.
I)e this as ii may, ii is ndi oiir pro\inei' |o speeii-
laie oil a theory tli.it seems lo h,i\e had a full
deliiiiiion only in the -oiil of the tinlv L;ieat iia\i-
e;ator.
:2.— Colnnilnis inip;!ried mi miii h of hi^ plan as
seemed ni'cc>-.ary nndei' the ciienin-ianees, |o
Flint v..va^,., ,1,11- ,I,i|iii II.. Kill-' of I'oihi'al. piavine-.
iiii.-, .V ii ii.ij. I, lit ill vain, for u few \. ,.e|s to jno-
Sl'ciile his colli empiii led elil er|ili/e. Ila\ ill'.;' failed
ill thisalleinpl he inriicil louanls Spain, makiiie'
a ioiinies- lo Madrid, willi his son. Dii'eo. in
IHI. wlere he laid liefoie I''erdiiiand and IsalicUa
propo-als similar to tliosi^ which .lolin had lilnntly
fcjceled. They Were disposed al>o lo treat Ills
plans w ii h lint liiiii' i'on>idei.ilioii, Inil the ereal
man wonhl not lie overcome, and for ci^hi \cai's
he pressed his ea-e llpoll the allelllion of I he I'OII-
joinl niiim'.rchs. wiih coii>iaiill\ iiici'easine' ciiihn-
siii>m Who -hall lell n- tin' slorv oj' ihcsi-
iiidcfalieahle cffoiN ' When llii> nndiinnicd
("oliiinhiis 111 ■! the Spaiii-li tl hr^ians in solemn
(lelilieratioii. w h 're. in \ain. it was alleinpteil to
rel'nie or e-iaMi-h lii> hold lie mies hy Holy Writ.
r>.il while ( 'olnmhiis w;is jipe-sine' his cause ill
S|iaiii. his hiolher Wii> la\ in.; the -,,nie pi, in hefore
the contemporary riders of Iln'^laiid ami l'"riiiice.
with rcmaikahlc siieccss. Ihil .'s|i,iin xiehlcd in
his ur^iimeiits. and placed at liis disposal a lloiilla
iif three small vessels, called eara\(ls. onl\ one of
which, the ••Sania Maria." was decked. 'I'hi' s( a-
porl of i'alos, siinaled on the sonih-we-l coasi of
Spain was selecteil a^ the place of cinharkal ion.
Here iwii hrothcrs. n.inied Pin/nn. evpendi'd llicii-
forinnes in siipiilyine' the vcs>eU for 1 he \ nyaui'.
Stores were piocnrcd snlliineiii to la-t thcei-cw.
which coii>i>led of one hundred and tweiiiy men.
foi' one yi'ar. .M'icr many sore di>appoiiiimeni-
and vexatious delays, the liiile licet was ready for
sea. and on the :lrd of .\iiL;ii.>t. N'.':^. ('oliiinhii>
set sail on his liisl voya'^e to tin' Woieiii World.
He reached one of the ( 'aiiary Islands on I he '.M h of
the same month, where he remained, makine re-
pairs until I he till I of Sept em her. w hen he scl sail.
dircctine' his course <nit over the \a-l ,\tlaiilic.
The sliips sped ia|iidlv onward for several da\ s.
hefore the steady tiaile winU. and the anxious
crew were soon far away from land. .\nd now
their hrca>|s were lillcd with anxieiy and alarm.
The nn\ar\in'4' course <if the wind, the L;ieai
lelie'th of 1 hi' \ o\ a'4c. and a dn/eu oiher oei'iir-
reiices heeaine suhjects of allillialed discn->ion h\
the alarmed voyagers. The di ni.iniU upon ('nlum-
Inis hy his crew to iciiirii hecauie mole iinperalivc
daily. .\l last ihey openly threalciied toihiow
him inio the sea. and lake the mana'^emenl of the
ships iiiio their own liamis, i'liii in ilie midst of
'all these da 11 '^e is ('oliinihiis was jniu in hispm-
I pose to eo I'orw ;;rd. How ca'_;eil\ the cvcsofihe
ercat na\ i'^alor si'aniied ilie Wcsiein Imii/on. Inii
only the dcccplive cloiid-hank appeared to mock
till' weary waieher. The empty days and ni'^hls
w ore on. and ( 'olumhus w ,!s fdiccd lo ciiiieliiilea 1
treaty with his rehcllious crew, siipiihiliiie- that if 1
land was not discovered within three da\s. he i
Would ahandoii the voya'.^e. \\ leiiuih the dav
! arrived, and the ureal heart of ('olnmhiis heal
with deep caioi ion.
•\. — .\sihc (|o\i' aniiouiieed the appearanei' of
land to the eicai iia\ ieator of .Mosaic hisiorv. so
was it the sielit of land-hirds thai r..iiiiMi.ii..ii>i-
, , ,, , i-(i\rij. SUM
lll'sl sent the w,ives ol emollon s:il\ii.l..r,
coiirsiiie' tliroU'.;li the >^vv\\{ siuil of ( dliimhiis,
'i'hesc fealliered inessemi'ers proclaimed his mar
iippriiaeh III land hy the silent c!oi|nenee of
I their illspilin'4 presellec. Then came the si-hl of
i.L
1 mill l''iiiiii('.
lill \ ifl(|c(l III
|Ml>;tl il, lltllilhl
Is. nlllv (ilic 111'
\t'(l. 'I'lic scM-
i-W c^l rii;i>t 111'
i'iiiliai'l<al inn.
\|irHilri| ihrir
III' I III' \ii\aui'.
hl>t till' rlrW.
1 I w ciil y iiiiii.
-a|i|iiiii!liiiri]iN
was icaily fur
!•:.'. ( 'iiliiiiiliii>
rslrril W'lillil.
S (III till' '.till (if
• 1. iiiakiiiL; ir-
lil lir srl sail.
\a-l Ailaiiiir.
■ si'M'ial ila\s.
1 llir aii\iuiis
il. Ami iiiiw
y ami alarm.
Ill, llir uiial
iiilii r iici'iir-
lliM'IIS>iil!l ll\'
■ ll|"IM Cllllllll-
ni' iiiijirial i\i'
'lliil In llilnw
U'l'llU'llI III' llir
I I III' miiUl III'
III ill 1 1 i-^ I III I'-
ll' i'\ I's 111' I lie
I Imi i/iili. lull
lllril 111 murk
ys ami lui^liis
III I'lillrl lull' a
ilalini;' that if
iii'i' (la\s, |ii>
ii'^ili lilt' ilay
nllimlills llrat
a]i|ii'araiii'i' nl
lii' liisiiiry. so
I I'liinilMiMillii.
I'llM In Mill
S:ilMl.|.ir.
if ( 'iiliiml-iis,
iiii'il Ills mar
('Iiii|lU'llrr 111'
ir llli' si''lil III'
Mi
IIISTOHV OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.
.07
•^ea-wecd as 11 coniirination of tliat wliicli the hirds
foresliadowed, at wliicli the heart oi' ('((luinbus
beat still faster. As iiijj;ht came on the keen eyes
of the great couuiiaiKhT were t^reeted hy the faint
n;liniiner of distant iijjjhts. In these last and dii'ad-
fiil hours of suspense, he was not left without a
siijn by da\' and by luifiit. The birds, sea-weed,
and faintly <rliinineiing lights wei'e indeed, to the
heart of Cohiinlins, as full of assuranee as were
the pillar of eloud and the pillar of tire to the
weary Israililes in their long and jiainfiil marches
to dis(!over tlie Land of I'miiiise. At length, as
the raoviung twilight advanced, jo\' filled the hearts
of the whole erew : and the lisiiig of the sun on
the ever memorable eleventh of Oetober. 14'J-,
was greeted with continued shouts of -land!"
" land I " from the little Spanisii lleet. Hefore the
weei)ing eyes of Coiumlms, w hose heart could not
keep from sending its crystal tokens of joy n|)-
ward, there lay in all liie grandeur ('' tropical mag-
niticence, the Island nt San Salvaiior I
4. — On landing, Cnlumims bowed with due
revereiu;e, and kissed the soil with deep nligious
TlM'lii..Mn"..ii felVIU'I Nul' should wc too lightly
s,.i.SHiv,i,i"r. ,,.,,,,, ,|,j^ ceremony. Well nught
till! lips of the great discov<'rei' press the virgin
soil of this island of the Western World! lie
raised the Hag of Spain on the I>hnid : ami. in a
spirit of thankfulness for \\ hat had been achievid.
the congregaieil (.'rews chanted (he Ti ftfiiiii. 'l\n;
aborigines of the ccuintry were not less moved by
the appearance (rf the Spaniards than the voyagers
themselves, thougii in a dilVerent way. .Almost
iniked, they llocki d around the explorers, being
struck with awe and curiosity at the odd ceiemony
emicled before them. It is no great wonder that
these simple nalives regarded tin" strangers as
children of the Sim. on a visit to the earth. Hut
wiiile the Indians were astoni>hed. the Spaniards
were overjnyed ; they belicbl the animals, the
trees, the ]ihniis, which were so dilVcrent from
any they had seen in l'!lurope. 'I'he toil was plainly
fertile, bul nowhere was there a single trace of
etiltivatioii. .M'icr making (Hiile an exteinled stir-
vey of the Island. ( 'nlinnbus w iilidn \v to his ships
to continue hi'- discoveries.
;"). After visiting sev I'l.l Islaiiils. iu' rcai'hcd
Cuba, where hi' also took possession in the name
c..iMii.i)MH,ii«,.,.v.-ri."'' '''t''i' Spanish Majesiics. After
'•"""•"">■"•""■• exploring tir. Islaml for some time.
and obtaining all information ])ossible from the
natives', Columbus weighed anchor ami saih^il
eastward, d'scovering Ilayti, where he was kindly
received by an Indian chieftain. While on this
coast om; of his shi|)s was wrecked, and out of tiie
pieces of the wreck he construeteil a rinle fort, to
protect his crew ami iiis new native allies against
the lieice Caribs. He nn)unted tin' little fort with
the guns of the shijt, and Jeft a considerable [lortion
of his crew to garrison it. Siiortly after he sailed
for Spain, and reached I'alos on the loth of .March,
\VX). There was great commotion and rejoicing
ill Spain ou the arrival of Columbus. IK- was en-
nobled by the momirehs, and treated with great
respect by all the peo[)Ic. lie made three other
voyages to America, but we have already followed
his discoveries ([uite far enough for the purposes of
this work.
CITAPrER IV.
niSTOUY OF TIIK DISCOVKUY OF AMERICA.
1. l)is(;uvi:i!ii:s iiv Amicuki's Vksi'I'cii'.s. — 2.
\()V.\(ii;s nv Tilt: ('.Mil Its. — :{. C.vitTi:i;i:Ai/s
V(>VA(;i:s. — l. Vauku s oriiini VovA(ii:.s. —
"). \'i:tt.\ZZAM".S VoVAOK.S. — ti. FlK.ST VoVAGK
(IK .1 A«i^ri:s( '.MiMDii. — 7. ( ".\i; i ii'.u's Si'.conm
VoVAdi: .AMI l)is(iivi:i;v ()!•• riii-: Sr. I.AW-
1!i:n('i;. — s. ('aimiku ai- Stadaco.va. — !i.
Caktikiis VtiVA(ii': kuom (^t i:i;kc to llo
(UIKI.ACA.— 1tt. CaUTIKH AT lluCHKLAGA.-
11. IIl.S JtKTfliN TO FwA.NCK.
1. Anu'ricus N'espin'ius. a distinguished I'loren-
tine navigator, followed ('ohMuinis in the work of
Western dist'overies, imiking four
voyages to .America, lli' claimed, .\inr.i.uH\.K|,u-
in an elaborate wiuk on his discov-
eries, to have been the (irst lMiid|iean who set fool
U]ion tli(^ mainland in the western winld. 'Ibis
was stealing Columbus's hoinus : but thinuj^li his
inllneiu'e the Western world took his name, and
began '<> be called America.
-. The news of the great discoveries in llie
West no^v reai'hed I'.ngland, which was then (Uily
an inferior power. However, in v,.vntf,.„ m u,..
lint;, .b,hn Cabot, a Vein'lian „„.,- <"''""'• ^'"t"'-"-
chant residing at Fristid, being filled with a
desire to virtit America, obtained a coiumissimi
ri rrurs iiisroirv of riii: dominion ok caxada.
from Ilciiiy ^'II. I'or timf j>!:rii()sc'. Ai-conliiv^ly,
in .Iuiu>, WM, Ciilxit, witliliis son Seiuwliaii, sailed
fniin liristdl on ii VDvan'c dt' discovcrv. After a
snecessfiil V(ivaL,'c he icaclied tlle coiisls of New-
fi)nii(llaii«i anil Nova Seotia. He i> said to liave
named tlie latter I'linia N'ista. Or. St. .InluiV day
lit; diseoveied I'linee Hdwaid l.-land, w liicii he
called St. .loliii. In 1 I'.tS, Sehastia!! ('al)ot made a
second vo\ aLje to Amci-ica, rcaeliiii'4 Hudson's
I>a\, in an attempt to lind a [lassai;!' to China.
lU.'in;.^ Irustialed in this (lesi;4n, he Inrned his
eouisc! southward, and sailed as far as Florida,
touchiuL,' Newfoundland in his voya'.;i'.
y. — (iasjiard CarU'real was sent out IVom Lishon,
in 1500, hy tiie Kinj^ of I'ortujrid. He discovered
(.'ikTtorearnv.yii'iw I'Uhrador and (ireenland. He made
iu A.D. !.>■ :: •• ,^ ,s,,,.,„„l voya.^re in l.')Ol, hut per-
ished at sea. ( )n his reliun honi the lirst voyaijjo
he carried with him fifty Indians, w iiieh he sold
as slaves. It is said that his hrother Michael pei-
ished in l.")02, in a voya-^o tc rescue his lirother.
'!. Tlu! valuo of the cod fisheries was already
attracting; considerahle attiMition in lOnropc. espe-
ciallv in I''r.inee, and in l.")(Mi I)envs,
Viirioinvoya','i'« .• I'l ,1 , 1 .1 <> 1,' c
fr.iMi .\.1>. i.-jpii to ot llonlh'ur, cxplorcil llie (luit ot
St. Lawreiiee. In tiie followini^
year /.nliert of I)ie|>pe, made a similar voya'_je,
and it is well authenticated ihat, in these years, a
numlier of I'lcneh lishcrmen vi.>ite(l the coast of
Newt'ouudlaiid. In l')i>!, the liarou de Lery
made a vovai^e to .\meiica, tour!iin_f at Salile
Island.
o. — In IVJK John Vcra/zani. a l''li riMiline iiavi-
fjator, made a voya^^c 'u .\merica with four l-'rcneh
Vo.az:',niir«viiy- Vessels, , .kI in the lollo\vin_f year he
aii.M.A.i). i.',;;i-.-,. ,„^^,i,, .^, „,,)„,,. v,,ya;4e, under thi!
patroiia.'.f(! of I In; ivini,' of France, and explored
alioat two thousand miles of the eastmn coast of
America. He returne<l to France the sami; year,
and is .said to have made still another vova;,'(! the
same year, hut iiothiuLf was ever heard from this
expedition.
Tlin next v.ivnaii wnn mil, int.n.I.Ml to riviili tlm Nnrlli I'l.lo. It wn«
coiiilii.i,.,! Iiy u It ■rh.inn'. nf liri IdI, iiiiiliT llif lull nil, :i..,. ,,f U.-iiry 1
VIII. Til., .•xi.iMlllliiii. ■■.iiisi»ilin(,,f iwn |il,i,,B, Irft Hi,, ■riviiiii.s 111 Mny, I,
15j;. Ill July tliiiy WIT,) nnrliiki'i' by n vloliiit Iiiirrl. «i„>, «1\.mi nii,i I
or lliii »!il|i«, til.) SiiiiipHon, W119 li.Bt ttliliiill ,,ii liii^iil. 'rt,,' ,,lli,'i I'll \.
I'll int,T„.l linii'ii'lrabli, 11,'IiIh nf 1.,, iiii,l «h» "oiniKillKil t,) turn licr i
I'OlirW' NllltllWIIl'lt. I
<>• — Nine yt>ars elapsed after thi> last cxp(>dilioii i
by Vtrazzani lieforu the French took further !
active steps to prospciito discov-
. . , , , , I-'i:yi \,n!l«;,* of
cries in America, nueh was the .in, iu. "i aniir,
sad effects of his siijiijosed fate.
However, in l.VU, I'hilip ('hahot. Admiral of
France, ur;j;ed the l<in!.j, I-'rancis I., to cslalilish a
colony in America. He pictured the successes of
Spain and I'ortULral in the new worUl as a means
of exeiiin;^ the monarch'.s jeahnisy. 'i'lic adniiial
also reeommendeil .laeipics ( 'artier, a distiiii^ui.-hcd
navigator of St. Malo. as a snitaMe jierson to com-
mand the expeilition. Aecordini;ly, on the lifMli
of Ajiril. in the same year, ( 'artier left St. .Malo
with two ships, and in twenty days k ached a cape
on the coast of Newfoundland, to which he yave
the name (d" Hona Vista. Passintj thidii;.:h tlie
Straits of Uelle Isle, he reached the enast of New
Hrnnswiek, where on the tUh of .Inly he entcnda
hay, whieli on aeeoiint of the intense heat w l.'ih
he I'Xpinienceil, Ik; named '• I>aie des Chaleuis.''
On the "-Mth of .Inly he passed to the North
out (d" the l)ay, and romidiiii^ he In adiaiid of
(iaspe, he landed and took jiossession <d" the coun-
try in the name (d' the KiiiLj of I'"iaiice. He ciccltd
a cross thirty feet hiyli, on whiih he jilaeid a
shield hcariiiLf the lleiir de lis. and an iiiMiiptioii
eml)leinal'e <d' the sovereignty of Fiance in
.\mciica.
7. — On his rptnrn to I'lanee, ('artier li.nk with
liim two Indians, from whom he <;aiiicd t niisideru-
lile information eonccrnint;' the river
St. I.awreiiee. The na\iL;alor felt
anxious to cxjilore so nohlc a ri\('r
as the natives descrihed it to lie. and in the follow-
in '.,' year. May I'.llh, I.V!"), he auain left St. .Malo,
eommandin;.^ three ships. After a tt iiijiestiioiis
voya;^!' he iirri\ed at Newfoundland on the Tth of
Julv. He then ]iidc led to explore the ( i iilf id'
St. Lawrence, wliiih he had visited the \iar he-
fore. On the Kith of .Aunnst he < ntered a hay,
at the month of a river now tidlid St. .lohn. to
which he gave the name of St. Law n ine, from
iiaviiiij entered it on the festival id' that saint. U
nsnal custom. Tliis name has since hcen ajiplicd
to the j;nlf and river which Caitier was llie lirst
to discover and exidore. On the 1-lh lie uinlnd
Anticosli, ami en tlic Tirst of ScplembiM- he pas.-icd
tlie mouih of (lie Siiijiienay. reacliini,' the Isle td'
Orleans (Ui llie Tth. < 'artier found this islantl
coveretl with wild !,n-ai>cs, and named it IhiechiiH.
Here he sent his two (i.ispe Indians ashore to iie-
!.',! Ii, I'S !,'• I'lllt
\, M'L*- III ,1 'li^-
,,■;,!> ,1 ll„' M.
l.alM, iMt'.
HISTORY OF THE DISCOVKIIY OF AMKlilCA.
,VJ
goliate a fiivoralilo ii'ci'ptioii amou;,' the savages of
llial ii'^iiMi. Mil tin; lullowiir^f tlay lit- was kindly
recuivL'd by Dniiacona, an Alj^oiKiiiiu cluil".
8. — He imieofikMl a sljoiL di.-stancu up tlio St.
LawivMcc, uid fstal)lisli(.'d his vessels for tln! uiii-
,. , .^. , ter ill a liasiii funned hv ll»o jiiiiclii)ii
r.ir'.iiT at sta la- .J
ciiii, .v.i). 1."-.. of the St. Charles witii the St. I..a\v-
renco. Hi're stood the Indian viila.;c of Stada-
cona, to whieh ('artier had lueu made wcleome
1)V the ehief already luentioneil. C'artier admired
the sriiiinv of the country, and was greatly struck
wiih till' m iji'>ti(j a[)[>earaii(;o of the hold capi; or
headl.nd which rose (piite pcr[)i;nilicularly along
the Morihi'rn hank of the grand river, to which, at
its narrowest [joint, the Indians liad given the
nanii- of Kc[)cc, or (^nehcc.
!•. — Al'icr thoroughly refreshing and resting his
men. ( 'artier, having heard of a laigi; Indian vil-
rarii.r- vcva-.- ''''-T''' '*'' I'^aunata. located some seven
ii'/i!V'K s.'l'ii., days" journey iij) the river, lie re-
'^•"•'■""^' solved to visit it. With a view of
iin[ir(rssing tiio Indians with the power of the
Ivtrop .ans, he caused, liefori^ starting, several of
his cauiion to he discharged, 'i'liis [icrformance
filled till' savages with awe and astoiiishmeiil. As
the thunders of the arlillery rang luit over the
water, the wouilering natives shrank with alaim.
Taking one of his siii[)s, and two hoats, C'aitier
set oiii on the lUth of Septcmher. He freiiucutly
ui't small parlies of the natives, who greeted him
kindly. " l?old. and loving advi'iiliire I'or its own
sake, and at tic saui" time strongly imhtied Mutli
religion-; enihusia-iui, ('artier wateheil tin' shifting
laiKUiMp) hour after hour, iis he ascended tiie
river. wi:h feelings of liio deepest gratificalioii,
whiili w.re h i^hteutMl liy the relleetion tiiat lie
was the pioni\'r of civilization and Cliristiaiiity in
that unknown cliiii". Xiiliiro presented itself in
all its priiiiiliv(! giamleur to his view. The nohle
river, ou whose broad bosom he lloaleil (uiwanl
d,iy al'iei d IV. disturliiiig vast llocksof walci-fowl ;
the [iriui'val forests of the North, wliicli here and
there presented, amid tiii! liixiiiianee of their
foliage. Ihi^ parasitical vine, loaded with ripe clus-
ters of lii-.iious grapes, and from wlienee tlie
strange iioirs of the wliippoorwill, and other birds
of varied liuie and plumage, such as he had never
before si'cn. were iicanl at inler\als: the briLilil
sunshine id' a Canadiiii autumn, tin; iinclinidcd
mooidigiit of ils calm and peaceful nights, wilii
I the other accessories of I lie occasion, made a sub-
lime ami pri)fiiiiid iinpies.sion ii|ion the mind of
; the ailvenlnrcr."" — MiiMulh n. On the second of
1 October he reached Hoclielaga, an Indian village
sitiiateil on a huge and ferlile Island near the site
of the present <ity of .Montreal.
^ 10. — The adventurer was kimlly rccoiveii at IIo-
' ehelaga, by over on(! thoiisaml Indians; supplies
of lish and maize were received from
. ... CarliiT .at lloilii-.
the natives in exchange lor knives i.itia. o.i.,a.I).
anil l)eads. However, ('artier and
his followers thought it pruilent to remain on
board tiieir shi[)s during the iiigiit, lint on the fol-
ij lowing morning, dresscil in full uniform, the
Frenchmen maile a ceremonial visit to (he inhabi-
i lants of the town. ,\goliana,an ageil and leeble
chief of the lliirons. regarded ( 'artier as a snpciior
being, and im|ilorcd him to renew his yonlli. and to
' heal the >ick of the village. Indeed, many <if the
sick were brouglil to the di>coM'rer. over whom
he approprialcl\ riad portions of St.. b>hn"s gosptd,
anil pra\ cd iiiakiiig at the same lime the sign of the
cross. 'Ihis village, ('artier iiil'omis us, was \\i>cly
laid out and slioiigh I'ortiticd. I'atchcs of corn
Were located near the town. The town itself con-
sisted of some fil'iy wooden duellings, each lifly
paces long, and from twelve to fillcen broad. I he
houses Were roob'd with strips of bark sewn to-
geilicr, and the whole village was surrounded by
a stout palisade. "Tiiere existed in several jilaces,
, toward the upper end of this enclosure, raised |ias-
'! .sageways. with ladders placed for ascending : and
heaps of stones lay near by. to serve for de-
fensive missiles, in the cent re of the village was
' a large area, or public sipiare. Thither were Car-
tier and his followers conducted at first. The
accustomed salnlatioiis. native and French, being
conclndeii. the Indian woiiii n laid mats upon liie
grass for the strangers to sit u|ion. I''orlliwiih
there appeared the (ii/nii/niiinit, borne by twelve
men, wlio scaled him in a bearskin they sjircad for
him upon the gionnd. This personage was about
fifty years of age. and decrepit in every limb. A
cap of red fur eiiiircled his temples. .\!'ler salut-
ing hi> \i>iiois. he made signs lu express his pleas-
ure on seeing iheiii all : and. as an ailing man,
held up his leg- and leached out his arms toward
Caitier. as if lie disind biiii to loiich lln in. This
the latter .it once did. rubbing tlie shrunken incm-
, beis with both liaiids, I liciiiipon tlie grali lid
Ml,:
00
TLTTLKS HISTORY OF THE 1)()^H^'I()^• OF CANADA.
patient took his hcutl-tirc iiiid [>n'si'iitt(l it to Car- ji(>>si's.sinii of tlio coimtry in briuilt' of liis kin,^
(Ilt; 111 tin; saiiii.' lime a iiuiiiiifi- of pfi-soiis iaiiie ' ami on tiir lilii of tiic same luontli. iiaviiiL;' ra|)-
or inliiiM [Hfssi'd aimind llu' iattiT, sffkini; to l>e liircil Donacona, two oilier cliicfs, and eii^iil wiir-
toiieiiecl; liciieviiiL;', (lonl)tless, tiial lie was a l)eing ;, liors, lie sailed for France, reacliinix St. Malo on
8th of July, l.");;(i. The Iin'ians thus taken to
ICnrope a^jainst their inclinations all died soon
)f
«)i rare endownien
lis." — G
larnvivi.
n.
After the ceremonies of Carlier's recei)-
tion were over. Ik; repaired to the lofty hill, near
ifl.
itler reachmif l-ranci
F
Cartif^r wintnrHiii
I ein.'iJ.'i, .V.I>.
the vil
native-
aL;t
ill
wiui a III
d f
imlal
Ion o
f th
roll! Its eiuiini
iiid
111''
lunMu.rnin,-,,. ^,|,,,,„ii J,,. t,,()k a view of the j;ran(l
prospect around him. From tlie Indians he learned
that tlu; St. Laurent
e was a tnrec; inontlis journey
ntii:
loiiLC. and that its course lav throiiL;h several vast in-
land
d ih.il hevoiid these tiiere was s
till
another miL,diiy ri\i'i' Jiowini^' toiliesonlh. ('artier
called the place .Mount IJoya!. and early in Octo-
iier, retnnied to (Jiiehee, or to the siie where (^ne-
liec was afterward-; founded. The Indians ex-
pressed liicir reL;iet at the shortness ol' his visit,
accompaiiii'd him to his lioats. and followeil tlieiii
some dislaiice on the Iiank of the river, iiiakin'j
tl
ii'ir curious siuns of farewell. Hut the natives
were not all so fiieiidlv. ( )ne ni'jlit while ( 'arlier
d I
mil nis (tompanv were
in their tents on the hank
CIIAITEK V.
EXrLOKATIO.N A.M) SKTTLKMKNT OF THE
DO.MI.MO.N.
1. E.\IM-.[HTli>N' (U-- (AltriKU AND UOUEUVAL. — 2.
Ti;.Mi'oiiAi:v ,\nAN!>i>NMi;NT oi' Canad.v. —
.'5. La I!(hiii;"s I'nKi'AitATii'X iok an
Kxi'KKiTioN. — 1. La IIociiio's RovAi. Com-
mission. — ■». Faimui-; ok La IJociik's
K.M'KDiriON. — ti. Fur.NCH CoNVUT.S ON
Saiii-k Island.
L — ('artier on his retnrii to France found his
counlrv eiiLra'j:cd in war. hence hut little attention
>f th
tl
ot 111;! river, tliey narrowly escape
d
iill lieinn' nias-
\\\
pail
I to his projecls for tin; col-
lacred. Till! commander liimself only escap>cd hy oni/ation of Can; da until ir)40. In
llXlirdilll'im of
I ail iff (iiiil liol>-
irviil. A.I).
I lririi(!d retreat to his hoats. Fearinu' ho^tilitie.-^
the latter vear lui exindition was or-
h,' m idi! astroic; enclosiiro near his ships at Stada- j^anized under the direction (d' the Sieur de Ifohcr-
C'.ma, and placed <'auiion in iiosiiimi to defend it. , val, a rich nohleman of I'icardy. As a leinuneiatioii
H 're the Frenchmen spent the winter of liVJo-ti, {! for heariiiL; the c.\iicnscs of the expedition, aid
whoro thi^y were treated with ureal kindness hy | clVeclinu^a permanent settlciiien! in the new coiui-
tlio
3 natives.
Th
winter was inU'iiscIv co
Id, and • tr\', IJohcrval was created a lientciiiint-ecncial, and
the crews siilTored indeserihahh . Deccmher had appointed viceroy (d" all the territories claimed hy
not pa-; 'd whcui the scurvy, in a violent dejj;roo, li the French in .America. ('artier Mas miinid
l)eLj;vn iis ravaifes auioiijf the sailors. Very soon \\ second in command. Hoherval lia\iii^ hccii de-
ls at tacked with !| taincd, he phued Cartier in comm;uid of the expo-
f live sliiiis, -who .'-ailed in Mav,
everv in in in th') th
snijK w
till
e (lise,i>e, wliK
in conii
iiiction with a disorder \\ dition, consistiii!' o
coiiinu
ted I
>v
iialives, (sarriei
1 oil'
twelil V-llVe
hef.
ore spriiiLT ariivci
survivors, oniv
for their comr;ulcs, th
crawl, deposited the dead liodics under
It is prol»;iiile tlnit ne;iilyall the men vvoi
utioii-i intercourse with the | l')4L Keac.hiiiif the St. Lawreme. he cast anchor
their niimhcr in the ncii;hliorliood of Stad;icoiia. Here simie (d'
the colonists landed and hegan clearinjr spots (dTaiid
for a set I lenient. They were kindly received hy
the liidians, who ex|iected that lie had hronejit
1. W
ik t
o open ''r;ivcs
to
snow.
dh
il- luck tl
ans i)rep;ircd iIh; mcdieim
spriico-lir wdiitrh restored tliein. When the lo
I)onacon;i, and the other cliiefs
liom the French had taken away.
from the hark of (he On heariie.^- of the dciilh of these, they refused to
leii violims to this lerrihle dise;ise h;id not the Indi- and wa
icir cliH
rrioi's w
hold
iirtlier intercourse wil
h III
le colonists.
winter h;id ended, and tlie ice had disappeared and stroiii^ly reni(mstialeil a;.,'ainst Iheir inakinj,'
i from the river. Carlier prepared lo return home, any setllemciit in the coniilry. Carlicr. fearinjf
( ►u the third of May he creeled a cross with the | the hostilities of the Indi;ins, on account of Ins
;irms of l''r;iiice upon il. in token of Iia\ini^ lakeii . Ireachery lo Iheir chief, reiuovi d up the river lo
EXl'LOKATION AXU JSETTLEMKNT OF Till!: DOMINION.
Ul
i ('ai)i' lioii^'i'. Hill' ;i lnilt! t-lllcliiiiil \Mis flVfct-
! <•<!. I'liltllii'il liy IWu iDits dl' >t(n l,.icl(S. uliieh was
iimiiumI ('Ii.hIoIhmiil; Uuval. riiitiii;^ IJciimn (/ in
eomiii.iinl, lilt' fXiil'Mcr sailcil up tliu livur lu il<j-
(.•in'liiL,M anil 111. nil' an atiriiijit U> lia>s tlic Sai.ll St.
Louis— l.acliiiir Ua|ii. Is— 1)111 liciii:,' tliwiulud in
his I'lnli-aviii- In- rclminil to Cain- IIimi:,^' wIl to he
spent lie- wiiiier. In llie i'ulli.win,^- year, l.Vtii,
llie Indians wiMe still iiiiii'- liDsiile and (ailier re-
tniiifd to FiMuee. At Xewffnindland, lie \\.i>
in.'l \>y Hiilierviil, whi) ori.Ljinaily de>i.;ii(d aei(Mii-
panyiii.,' llie expeilitimi. The vieeiny ordered
Carlier i(j return lu Canada, wliieh the iaiier
aviiicjiMJ \>y \vi i.;liini;' anilior in iIh- nielli, and emi-
liiiuin^ his voya;,'e. So(Mi at'ier iirii\ iif^' in Fiance
III' iliiil. RolnTval eonliniieil ids voyai^i' tu ilie
plarc wiu'i-e ('artier iiad spent tin- winter ol' l.")4:i~!.
anil ill liie ri)lhn\in;4- SI 1 miller he explored the CI HI 11-
tiy of tilt; Sa;^'ueiiav, and is said to iiave failed in
at teiiip;in.,r (,, (MunliK-t an expedilioii to the wi >t.
.\l'ier siill'i-rin:.,' many h.ird-iiips he leiuriied lu
France in tJie auiiiinn ut' ilii> year. |
We nri> "oinowli.-it nnalilo to |iri)|ifrly niithciitii;iti' :ill Hip st.ito-
MiiMit* ill t;i.- .iIbim' |«iim,t;i|i1i. \ct lli.'v foiiic'i.jc witlillii' lH>t :(iillii>i-
itiiM. M iiM illiMi. \vlinM'iiiiii|iil:ill..ii iii;iirliil in il.isilciiinn of fiirts.
;;iu-< a >iinii'i\h:it (liiTi'iriil arniiint.if llirsr vii\iii;(>s. l\r >,i\s 'hat
t:ii' lihli.iiH, on Icaniiii,' tliat thi'lr i.iclliicii wiTr imt rftiiiiinl, «c'i>-
vrry li >-tili'. aii'l t'.iat I'lrtiir. limliii,' lii^.i iK>sitinii at Stailaiona liv- .
oiiiiiiii iiiMii' ami inori' iiniilra>aiit. imni-.l lii;,'lirr ii|illii' iImt In Capo !
K 111,'r, wlieie lie laul 11]) tlirci' of liin vessels, aiiil M'lit llio ot!nT livo [
bark 1 1 KiaiifL', witli letters to t!ie Kin,' ami It ilnTval. statin^'tjie :-ne-
I't'ss ol Ins vo\;i4e anl asking' lor sMiiplies. His 'lext |iroi lin.; was
to ere t a fort, will ii lie lalleil Cliarie-lionrx. II re, alter an nnsm-
rewfiil atteaiit to na\i,'ate tlie neiiils alioie II uliehe^'a, lie passed a
imi't nnroiiitort ilile winter. |i nin.' tlieensililii.' sun r li 'ii|>ie<l
liiai-ell in exaniiimu tlie connlrv ni every ilireition. ami inseareliin,'
for a il I. Ii It .if wiiieii lie only |iii).iim I ;i lew irilliii.; s|peiiiiieiis in tlie
lieils of some .Irieil rivulets. \ fe.v small iliaiiionls were iliN.o'.eieil
ill a lie I Han I near .St il I .?ri. wliieli was tlierelor.. .alleil ( ipe I»ia-
111. >ml. II II nil ' wliieh it still retains, the |iidinise.| sii|i|ilies ii.it hav-
ing' arrive.l. an it'.ier severe winter ioni|ili.ie!y clislie.irtene.l (Vrtier.
:iii I lie;ieiiinlMi.;l> resolu'i] to retarn h. I'littin,- into the li.irlior '
of St. .loliii. Ni..vroiiil iii'l. he eii-oantereil U ilieri.il. V ho w.is now 1.11
Ills way t'l I 'ill nil. Hit:i a new eonioany of ailveiitiiiei . amlaii almml- j
I nil ■eiif st lie, ami iirovisioiM. Tlii! viei.roy cnileavoi. .| to |,ersiia>le !
Cirtier I • ret irii witli lii'ii Irit willeeit eTiit Mean. I hiseoiiipanions |
were alilie (lishi-arteiieil « jih the extreim .,1,| anil |iroloii.,;c.il iliinitioii
of a t'.iiiiili.iii winter, ami tliU eireiinisl ime in eoniieition with the I
other liaiil<lii|n t i wli h they hail li i e\|Hiseil. e.iii.eil them to lom; \
e.ariio.-tiv to ret irii I ii 'ir own siiiuu l-'niiieo. Toavniil fiiilherini- '
liort iiiity, a |Missil)le i|ii-irr..|. and fonille detciilion. ( artier ea used
I his Kaiiors to weiu'li iiti -hor d'lriiii; the ni..;lit, .\lter a i..leralily (|iiii-U
passa'.'e lie arrived safelv in his iiativ uiiitry. where he died shoitly '
lifter his ret nil. Iiaviii : like m my iitlier« sierilleed health and foiliine
j to . 'I passion for iliseovery, and a desiie to anpiiie noil, Kolierval
Wliled lip t!ie ,St. l/iwreiiee ti ( ■|iarN-l..iiri;, w liieli he stieiiu'lhened
by il Iditi.iiial fortithatioiis. and where I e passed the ensiiin.,' Hintir.
l.'-e 111',' a .,;arrisoii ol thie iiieii lie'.iiid, he returned in the following
Hpriii.: to I'' ranee, where he «as detained hy his ,o\eieii;ii to assist in
tlie war ayiiiiist Charles V. Tin' I'ea f Cressy eventually teriiii-
iiati d hostilities. Meanwhili- ISoherval hail imt (iir;:nttiii I aiiada.
In .onipaii\ witii In.-. Inther .\< hiile ami a iiiiiiieioiis nam ol ailxiii-
liirers, heaxain proiieded to this i iiiiiilrv with se\eial ships Tlii*
Ihet wa.< iie\er heard ol alter it put to sea, and was supposed to have
foiiiidi'ied, to the re;;iet of tlie peoiile nt I- ram e, w ho (;ieallv adiiiiii il
the Itrothers Kolii r\al lor the ;:aMaiit maiineriii wliii h the\ liad honie
theniselves in the war. Their loss eoiiipli tely i|iseoiira;:ei| l|eiir\ II.,
now Kiii^ ol '. rancc, who uiailu no liiilln:r attempts to elleita Mltli-
ineiil 111 CaiiaUu.
'-. — Dnrini:; liie next fifty years raniid.i was
illniosl elllirely aliaiidoiicd. The !'"iench dlllinj^
this periud atteiupte.l to fslal.li.-h .,.,.„„„„„„ „,,„„.
eoliuiies in l!ra/il ami Florida, luiC'' "'">"* "H'"'"-
wiihout suceos. The jiarlial failure of Itolierval
and the fury of a lelieious war in I-'raiice. causetl
(anada to he in a lueastiri' forj^utli u. in llie minds
uf I he French rulers and iiuliiemen : hul lliisiiiil
not I'Xlcml to the French iKiiple, •■Tlie Normans,
the Iiastpies. ami the Hreions eontiniietl to lish for
the cud. and juiii in piiisuil of the whales which
fre([lienled the elllii(nichlll c uf the St. i.aw Icllce
and it^ iiei'^dilioriie.^ waters: evi'r inditsiiiuu.sjy
pl\ inn' ihcse calliipjis a.> if their native hind eniu\ ed
iiniiroUeii peace. Year liy \ear. these hardy iiiari-
I Hers widened the circle uf their navitralion. In
l.")T.^. a liiimlreil and tifiy l^'icnch \ es.-,cl> re|iaircd
to Newfuiimllaml alune. Anoilier specie-, uf in-
dustry, iilmo.sl as piuliiaiile as the dee|i-sea lisliiiiL;s,
namely, a leoiilar liiitlie in pelfiy with ihe ii.ili\es
of the sni luiindin;.,' ur eunlieuuiis Ma iiuaid, was
estalili>heil diiiine the same space of time, h'rcneh
tr.itlickcrs in furs. vVc.. in liieir searches fur selhrs
of these euiiiiiiudities. nii:.;hl he fuuiid w iilcly spreail
over jia rl s uf the iiiarit iuie rcyiuiis of the eun lint nl,
and a]unt,r ili,. haiiKs uf such id' its ri\ ers ;i> fill
into the ocean. They even ascended ihe St. Law-
rence to places lijoher np than (^)ueliec. and i uasied
the inlands uf the l; I ilf and its eiiviidiui^^f. Null and
Chatoti. nephews and heirs of ('ailier, wcru en-
fja'.;i'il in the |ielfry tiallic. and were so successful
in their dealinj^'s as to excile the jealousy uf ii\al
traders." — Gnrii- iiii.
■\. — 'I'hiis i' liecame kidwii that a ]irulilalih;
conneciiuit Willi Canada could he maiiilaineil,
Ileiirv ihe I\',. had ascended to the
• . I«l llnelie « prepn-
tlirone. and !•" ranee was unce mure ' '' ' "'ei "iiexi"-
.1 . .\.i)., i.>'.i.
tramptil. The wav was iiuw u[ ti-
ed fur new ex| ediliuiis to .\meri(a, and llie aitcii-
tiun uf the French (iuvernmcnt was liiriieil lu the
task nf funmlim^r a culutiy in llie Weslein \\'uild.
Sir linniphrcy (iilliert had, in }.'>><'■'<. \isiiid Xew-
foiimllaml. and i.iken possession ul' the luiilior and
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33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WHSTIR.N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
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OJ
TUTTLES IIISIXJIIV OF TIIK DOJIINION OF CANADA.
jiiirt of St. JoliMs, by iui imposiuy; cficiuony, on
beliiilf of lliu Englisli. U was iiuluotl liuit' lliat
Fiaiico reiuiwuil lior cuunuciioii witli Aiiieriea, iiiiil
ill l.VJH tlio Marciiiis do hi Ilcolif, a iiobliMiiaii of
Brittany, having obtained a coianiission fioni the
French King, equipped a hirgo expedition, '.vliicli
convicts were pennitted to join, since it was ([nite
impossible to oi)taiu a sutficient number of volun-
teers, owing to the influence of previous disasters
to expeditions.
4. — La Roche ol)taiiied a royal commission creat-
ing him Lieutenant-Gcneral of Canada, Acadia,
i.a i{.),iii-'s kovmi fi'iid lands adjoining. He was also
™„>,ni«.si»„. ■■ enipoweri'd to prevent the iishing
and fur trade the. carried on by the merchants of St.
^lalo, with the.'c ])arts of .America. lie was author-
ized to impriss. in every port of France, all ships,
with all hands on board, needful for his ex]ic(lition,
and not onl\- that, but having reached America,
he was authorized to bring troops, to declare war or
peace, to build towns, establish colonies, within the
limits of his viceroyalty, to frame laws and execute
them, tograntlandsaiiil to regulatecommeree. 'I'hus
was he prepared to control tor his own j)ersonal
ends, and for the glory of his king, all the interests
of tliis new country, but, alas! he was destined to
exercise but a feeble play of these powers.
5. — The .Manpiis sailed for .America in InSO,
liaving on board about fifty French convicts.
Faiiiirflofi.ii 'J hcse he landed on Sable Island,
to found a colony. Immediately after La h'oche
encountered a violent storm, peculiar to that
dangerous region, and was driven far to the east-
ward. Discouraged and dispirited he returned to
France, leaving the unhappy convicts on the island.
Owing to the failure of tliis exi)edition, anil his
efforts to furnish a second being overthrown at
Court, La Hochc became despondent, took sick,
and died soon after his return to France.
t). — The miserable convicts left on Sable Island
were completely forgotten for several years. Col-
„ , ,. lecliiig some drift wood thev erected
1"i') ' ivll'"'' " ''" ^'"'l''"'' hefore the severity of
winter overlo(d\ them; but their
clothes were soon worn out, and their provisions
exiuuisti'd. They covered their nakedness as best
tiu\v could with the skins of the sea wolf, and
subsisted ujion the scanty supplies of Hsli which
thev were eiuiblfd to obtniii. Famine and cold
gradually reduced their number to twelve. After
a residence on the island for twelve yeais the sur-
vivors were found in a most wretched condition,
by a vessel sent out by the I'arliamcnt of Kouen,
to rescue them. On their return to France the
King pardoned their crimes in consideration of the
hardships which they iiad endured.
.Mr, Duncan Ouniilicll, in liis wmk, ^ivosus tliis liritt sliPtcli of
UnhW Islanil : It is sliaiioil lilic a l)i)\v, isaliont twenty-six Miilcs lun^;,
ami MO wiicri> nindi civcr a mile wide, liavin,;; in its ccntrp a sliallow
lakr alioiit thirteen miles in Icnutli. Us siirlacr ciinsists entirely nf
sand, wliiili lias been liirnieil inti) liillsand ridges l>y foiee nf wind
and wave, and wliieli in snnnner are jiaitiidly I'overed witli venliire
Alon;,' tlie lieaeli may lie seen fragments of vessels, lialf biirieil in the
saml, wliieli tell of de.illi to many a liar.ly n^iriner. There are no
trees on the islaml, the venetation "(insisting; mainly of limy rank
Krass. The lieaeli, lieinu exposed on all sides to the liillows of tlie
Atlantic, |iieseiilsa scene of almost nninlervii|iteil eonnnotion. Wla'ii
a stin'ni is a|>|>roa>'liini;, the liillow.-, even in the alisence of wind, iis(!
lii^di and lireak witli a [lecnliar moan on tin' lieach. .\t ni;;lit, when
tlieeleinenlsare fiisl iniisterinL,' I'or strife the ocean .seems in a blaze
of phosjiliorelic Hulil, ;iiiil when the wind blows mine violently, in-
ereasiin; everv inoiiieiit, the waves take a wider sweep, and eiested
witli foam, partially driven in spray before tlio liliLst, erasli on the
beach with terrilie force.
CHAPTER VI.
EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE
DOMINION.
1. Eauia- Fi!i;nc[i Tr.ADKUs ix Amehica. — 2.
VOVAGE.S AND OiJ.SKUVATION.S OF DlPONT
CiHAVK, A.D. 1(10:5. — o. Eaiu.y PiuuiitKss of
Entoi'EAX Colonies in Amekica. — 4. De
IVIoNTs Keceivics Kovae Commission to
Visit and Tuade in ,\mei!u a. — o. Noisle-
MEN AcOOMPANlEn EaIM.V FitENCIl EXPE-
DITIONS. — (). De AIonts' E.xpedition to
Nova Scotia. A.r. 1(104. — 7. The E.xpe-
piTioN IN Annapolis Hasin. — S. De
MoNTS AT St. CUOIX.— 0. DfPONT (illAVl .
AT Pout Royal. — 10. Pot TUiNcoiirr an:)
Lescarhot at Pout Royal.
1. — Hii t while the Ciovcrnment of France was pi o-
secuting discoveries and endeavoring to jjlant
colonies in America, the French ,,.,„,,,.,..,,,,,„,, „.,„).
merchants wer.! also full of /cal i„ -■•"' ■^""•"•».
conducting the fishing and fur trailc in Canada,
which afl'ordrd them large profits. Not only diil
FreiH'h lishcrmcn coast along the shores of Ncw-
fonnilland, but, su|)i)ortc(l by his King. Du]iont
(•rave's a wcallhv merchant of St. Alalo. and
CI
EXPLORATTOX AND SETTLE^IENT OF THE DOMINION.
G3
Cliiiuvin, a distingiiislifd navij^iitor of Hoiieu.
made seveial voyii^L^es to 'I'lidoiisae, pinciuiiitr val li-
able cargoes of furs. It is authoritatively stated
that a stone storehouse was erected tliere, which
was the first ever erected iu Canada. The fur
trade at this point was very ])rofital)le for some
time. At len;:jth De Chaste, Governor of Dieppe,
formed an extensive coni[)any of merchants of
Houen and olher places, by whom the fur trade was
enlaru'ed and conducted withstdl <freater ]irofits.
2. — For the pnr()(>se of eonductinj^aii exjiedition
to Canada DeChaste, in ItiK^!, secured tlie services
Vi'v.TTcaiiii iiiiscM-- of Samuel Ciiamplain, who had just
pi!uiranVn\n'i!"nt retumcd to France, from a vovaye to
uravo, A. 1). iou:j. the West Indies, and to whom the
founding of the first permanent settlement in Can-
ada was entrusted. Tins adventurer already held
a captaincy in the French navy, and had distin-
guisiied himself in the service. Aecom[)anied by
Dupmit (Jravi^ who had been associated with
Cliauvin, Ciiamplain set sail, with three small
bark's, in the same year. llcaching the St. Law-
rence, he stopped for a short time at 'lliree Rivers,
to examin(! its fitness for a tradinn' port, and then
pushed forward to Ilochelaga, which he found de-
serted, except by a few scattering Algon(|i!ins.
With some of these Indians as guides, heattempi-
ed to pass the I^achiue Ra!)ids in boats, but found
the current much too strong. From the Indians
lie obtained considerable information, regarding the
country to the West, and by their aid made rude
maps on pieces of bark, descriptive of the St. Law-
rence valley above the rapids, .\fter taking obser-
vations of the country from the top of Mount
l^oyal, Ciiam[ilain and Duiiont (have returned to
France.
o. — More than one hundred years had now
elapsed, since Columbus discovered America, yet
in no part of the present Dominion
Kiiilv prniross "f ,.,,,, ,
Kiiroiuiui .■.iiuiii.s ol C anada bail anv iiermanent settle-
in AliLurii.u. , ^, 11, 1 .
nient licen enccted. IJiit this cannot
be said of other portions of .Vmerica. Ciutez in
lolit landed in Mexico, and before two years had
passi'd away, that vast country was brought under
the King of Spain. In short. Spain and Portugnl
hailnlreaily divided much of the Soutln'in portion
of Norlii .\iiierica between lliein. under Papal ap-
proval ; l''.iiglan<l had established settlements in
Florida; Holland had founilcd the New Nether-
lands, afterwards culled New York. In short, all
the nations around France seeined to be gaining
greater headway in America than the French
themselves. Tliis was partly due to the wars witli
whicli that nation had been harassed, and mainly
to the fact that most of the French exjieditions,
sent to this country, absorbed their energies for
personal aggrandizement. 'I'liere was either too
much religion or too iniicli fur in the earlier
French attempts at American Colonization, for
great success; and, indeed, these a>pecls run
through the whole history of New France, with-
out ever becfuniiig fully reconcilcil to each olher,
or to the common weal.
4. — The Sieur de Monts, Govi'inor of Paris. i.s
the next French explorer who conducted an ex[)e-
dition to America, to \^ hom Kiii<f,,„,, , ,
llcnrv accorded a monopolv of the i!">;ii ;""i"ii»i"ii
1 • 1" visii mill uadu
fur tiade,in all parts of North Amer- '"■^""^^''^■''•
ica, lying between Cape de Raze, in Newfound-
land, and the SOth degree of North latitude. Ho
further decreed that all French Piotcstaiits were
to enjoy in America, as they then did in France,
full freedom for tlii'ir public worship, while the
charge of converting the 'iidiaiis was reserved ex-
clusively for Catholics. De .Monts was a man of
more than ordinary ability, distinguished for his
intense loyalty. As the successor of DeChaste at
the head of the fur trallie, he seemed e<inal to his
laborious task. He increased and fully revived the
association or fur company, by inducing some of
the princiind merchants of Rochclle, and other cit-
ies to come forward with their means. Four
ships were manned and iirovisioiicd ; two of these
were designed for the fur trade at Tadoiisac,
whence they were to search the entry coast, and
seize all vessels found eiicroaehiiig upon the mo-
nopoly, in violation of the royal comniission ; ihe
two other vessels wei(^ assigned to liie work id'
bearing tlu; colonists to suitable places, for csiali-
lishing settlements. There were in these vessels,
not onl\ skilful artisans, b-it gcnlleinen of posi-
tion as Well as soldiers.
o. — It should be observed that freiiiiently young
men of distinguislied families accoiii[)anicd these
expeditions. Such were to be found
,1,1 !• / 1 . • 1 i> NcMi'llli'll !l Ill-
in all the voyages or ( artier and Ro-imniiiiiinh I'r.i.di
I . r|.'| , 1 , l'\|>l'llLill|lH.
Iierval. " Mie restless and adven-
turous spirit whieli hiid largely nianifestrd ilsrlf
among Freiieii scions of nobility in the niiddb'
age.s, during which time it originated warlike ex-
il
64
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DO.AHNION OF CANADA.
ploits in hiittle fields extending fi'Dni the fogs^y
coasts of England to the aiid locUs ul)uut llie
river Jordan, — the adventurous spirit, we say, of
the young nobles of olden Franet in the time of
the erusailes seemed to revive insuehof tlieirsueees-
sors as songlit, in America, a new and wiiler lield
for its exercise. lUit there were otlier iulluences
afc work, in some cases, which impelled men of
the gentle lilood to self-expatriation at this time.
Nunihers of noliies and gentry had been ruined
during recent civil wars iu France or by the vicis-
situdes of the time: while other nobles again,
whose fortunes remained to them, desired toprolit
bv the chance now pi'esenlcd,of escaping from the
heavy pressure now laid ui)on their exorbitant
caste, through a constant inci'case of the royal
l)ower, for tin; abridgment of its i)rivileges and sup-
pression of its disorders. I'o the latter class we
may assign baron Jean de I'outrincourt, who cm-
barked with ("hami)lain, intending to settle in
America with his family." — iT((nivau.
G. — The siiips which were now read}', sailed
from Havre-de-Onice in March, H)04. De Monts
ijrcfcrring Acadia to Canada, .sailed
no Monts' oxp ai- ' . , ^ , . . , ,.
auioiiio Ni.vii- with two ships, in tluit tlirection.
Scoiiii, v. U. li; 14. „. ,. ^ , , ,
Ills preiercnce was liascd on the
supposition that the climate was milder in that
region. Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was the chief
centre of Freni;ii .Vin;'ricau trallii', at (iiat lime.
Ill these ships were lioinau Catholic priests, Pro-
testant ministers, artisans, agriculturalists, and
soldiers. Siimiiel Champlain, a distinguished
French navigator, and M. De Foutrincourt, a
gentleman of wealth, who intended to settle in
.\incrica, also accomiianied De Monls on this im-
jiorlant exprdition. After crossing the Atlantic
De Monts entered the harbor of Liverpool, Nova
Scotia, where ho found one Rossignol engaged in
the fur tralFi !. In virtue of iiis royal authority
De Monts confiscated the vessel, calling the port
by the name of ids unhappy victim. Proceeding
soul hward, the explorers entered the bay of St.
Mary. At this point a large number of the colonists
landed and began to niak(! obsiu'vations nf the
country. Among them was n priest named Aiihry,
wlio. having separated from his friends, was lost,
but alter wandering fov sevi'iiteen davs and suh-
«i-*liiig on wild fruit, he was rescued. T?e-emharl?-
ing, De ^^()||ts sailed up the Bay of Fnndy, and
entered the Strait of Digbv.
7.— Passing through this Strait into Annapolis
r>asin, the voyagers were charmed with the mag-
niliceiit scenery on either hand. •• We .,.„^, „,,,,,„„„„ ,„
can imagine the day one of uncloud- Ani.ai«,ii» uasin.
ed splendor, the heat of summer being tein2)ered
by the cooling sea breeze. Fleecy clouds may
have occasionally lloated across the sun's disc,
causing a tem[)orary shadow on wind and water.
Alternate glimpses of .-ihade and sunshine producing
by contrast a i)leasing Aariety in the variegated
colors of the primeval forest. Or we can fancy
the ves.sel wafted in the evening thnuigh the Strait
by a gentle breeze, and when fairly within the
basin, the wind to have died away, leaving the
sails hanging loosely and the surface of the Mater
resplendent in the distance, with the reflected rays
of the declining sun. Towards the cast, islands
repose on the bosom of the deep, their forms being
vividly mirrored on its placid surface, and from
which canoes may have been seen darting towards
the mainland, with their paddles lit fully Hashing
in the sunlight. * * Jn silent admiration the
voyagers gaze on the enchanting picture, and par-
ticularly Poutiincourt, on whom the impression
is such that he resolves to make the jilace his
home." — Ciitiijihill. I'oiitrincourt made an exten-
sive examination of the land in the neighboihood,
and being conviiiced of its good quality he ri'-
solvcd to make a settlement, and obtained a giant
from De Monts for that i)nrposc. 'I'his grant
afterwards received royal eonlirmation.
8. — De Monts, turning from Annapolis IJasin,
sailed in the direction of Hoiton, thence crossing
the bay, he entered the river St. n,. M,„i'snt .si.
John. "lie ascended this river a con- < '"i". '^i'' '««•
siderahle distance, being charmed with the scenery
and delighted with the abundance of lisli which
swarmed its Avators. Sailing to the southwest
some twenty leagues, De Monts entered the Pay
of Passainaquoddy, wlierc he came upon an island
which he called St. Croix, upon which lie landed,
and commenced the erection of a fort, preparatory
to s])ending the winter, which he acconiiilished
through great suffering from the intense cold, from
the Indians, from the proat scarcity of wood and
water, and from the scurvy which carried olT thirty-
six of his men. The return of spring was hailed
with joy bv these sufferers, ami De Monls. as soon
as the ice had broken ii)). started in seareli of a
more favorable location for u settlement, iuing
~ll
Ainiapulis
til ilie niati-
rile exptflitioii ill
iiiiiapuiiii liaeiii.
g tempered
clouds may
sun's disc,
and water.
ej)rodiieino'
! variegated
e can I'ancv
li tlie.'^lrait
witliin the
leaving the
f the water
ilected rays
iist, islands
'ornis being
'. and from
ng towards
lly flashing
iration the
e, and par-
impression
J jilace his
i> ill) exten-
^hliorhood,
ity he re-
led a grant
rhis grant
olis ISasin,
;e crossinu'
Jlmi'.s nt -SI.
»x, A.it. mn.
be scenery
lisli which
southwest
d the IJay
1 an island
he landed,
reparatory
'(implished
cold, fiom
wood and
olTthirty-
raa hailed
ts, OS soon
'arch of a
t. beincf
X
>
i
, HbK'Avt(( ! VDR
H^'^t' ■ 'KG .iiv;-
EXI'LOIIATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION.
60
unsuccessful be returned to St. Croix, where his
heart was gladdened by meeting Dupont Grav<5,
who had arrived in a ship from Franco, with fort}'
men and extensive supplies. The whole i)arty at
once returned to Annapolis, which tliey called
Port Royal, where Dupont Grave was left in eliargc
of the colony, and Ciuimplain instructed to nialvc
further exploration, while De Monts himself sailed
for France.
9. — The coloii'sts spent the winter of IGO.VO at
Port Koyal rather pleasanth', suffering hut little
from the cold or tlie want of tlie neces-
Pupoiil Cirav(! lit . p tp nii 1
PortKoyai, A.i). sarics ot lit( . 1 licy Opened a suc-
cessful traflic with the natives, and
began to be quite attached to tlicir new home, and
its surrouiulings. Nevertlieless, spring had no
sooner ojiened tiiau Dupont (jrave set out to look
for a more pleasant location. Encountering severe
storms, being twice driven bach, lie, however, soon
al)ando'ied this enterprise. Meanwhile De Jlonts
and Poutrincourt, Avith Marc Lescarbot, sailed
from Kochelle, May likh, IGOfi, reaching Port
lioyal on tiie 2Gth of July, during the absence of
Dupont Grave, and finding l)ut two men, who had
been l"ft in charge of ihe settlement by the latter.
At Caso, Dupont Giave heard of the reiurn of
De Monts, and hurriedly retraced his course to
Port I'oyal, when tiiese adventurers held a sort of
re-union. Lescarbot informs us tliat Po itrincourt
opened a hogshead of wine, and tliat the3-all made
merry for several weeks. The two latter at once
set th(!mselves at work cultivating tiie soil, and
were, ere long, gratified by seeing the seed spring-
ing >;p vigorously.
10. — In August, De Monts and Dupont Grave
sailed for France, leaving Poutrincourt and Les-
carbot to promote the Miterests of
Po'ltrinooiirt nnd , , , . , , , , r,,, ,
i.tBi'iirbot ut I'uit tfie little colouy. llie latter was
entrusted with the inr)()rtant work
of Christianizing the natives. Soon after Pout-
rincourt made a short exploring voyage along tlie
coast, touching Cape Cod and otlicr points. He
was several times attacked by th, natives, at one
time losing tlirc; or four of his men. The colon-
ists found the second winter comparatively mild,
and as soon as the spring was sufhciently advanced
tlicy busied tlieniselves sowing the seed. Having
put in a small cro]), Ihey next erected a rude water-
mill, to the great delight of the Indians, who de-
test ed the old-fashioned iiand mills.
Wliile the colonists were .lotively pnrsiiiiiK every industry r.il('ii-
I.itC(i to promote tlic interests ot tlie colony, news rejulii'd tlieni tliiit
tlie ili.irter of De MoiiLs' had Iweii revolved, mid tliat the aswiciatiou,
under wliicli tlie colony had iM'eii sent 01. t, refiued to 1h^ at any further
expense. liiit one tliini,' now reinaiiied to Imi done ; that was to aban-
don the ooloiiy. Noni? were more grieved at this sad alTair than tlie
Miiniai's ot Nova .Scotia. One ot their prinii|)al chiefs, Meinlieiton,
iss;iid to have wept when he received infornuuion that his I'.uioiiean
friends were fioin^' to leave. DistriliutiiiH a quantity of provisions
anions these Indians, the colonists left the lountiy, siiilin^ for I'lance
in IIKI". We shall return to eveiiLs in Nova Scotia a^aiii. alter carry-
ing forward f>nr rc>:oi'd ot what was tr.uispiring in the valley ol the St.
Lawreucu to a eorrespoudiug date.
CHAPTER VII.
EXPLORATION AND SI<:TTLEMENT OF TIIE
DO.MINION.
1. ChAMPLAIN'S VoYACiETO CANADA, A. D.IOOS. —
2. Chami'I.ain Founuino Queiikc, A.D. 1008.
3. conoitiox ov tiik auouicinesof the
LowEii St. Lawuence, A.D. 1008. — 4. The
WiNTEU at Queue(% A.D. 1608. — f). Cham-
I'i.ain'.s First Exi'eoitiox against the
luoQiiois, A.D. 1009. — 0. Ciiami'lain's
First Uattle with the Indians, A.D.
1009. — 7. Champlain's Despotic Power
as Governou.
1. — Leaving Nova Scotia for a short time, let us
again turn our attention to the St. Lawrence Val-
ley, to which De Monts, Iiaving in
^ ,>rt- , , , -vT L. • Chninplnin's
1007 al)andoned Nova Scotia, now voyuKc to caimiia,
directed liis etiorts. Ol)taining a re-
newal of his charter for one year from the king, he
was influenced, by Cliainplain's representations of
Canada, to undertake a settlement on the St. Law-
rence. Fitting out two vessels he placed tliem
under the command of tlie latter, associating with
this experienced navigator Dupont Grav<; as lieu-
tenant. One of the vessels was designed for the
traffic at Tadousac, tlie other vo carry the colon-
ists to their destination. This expedition sailed
from Ilarfleur on the 13t i of April, 1008, and ar-
rived at Tadousac on the 3d of June. Here
Dupont Grave remained to trade with the natives,
while riiamplain proceeded up the St. Lawrence,
carefully observing its banks, and looking for a
suitable place fo plant tlus colony whicii lie had
been sent out to eslablisli. He arrived at tiie site
of the Indian village of Sfadacona on the 3(1 of
July. II /e, after a careful scrutiny, his choice
OG
TUTTKES insroilV OF THH HOMIMON OF CANADA.
full upon a bold piomoiitoiv, (u)veii'il by ii hixuii-
iuit giowth of vines, ami ^liailfd li}- lurgu wiiliiiit
trees, I'lilled ')}' the natives, must of wlnuii had now
deserted tliu place, Kehee or (^iielx'e. Neai' the
place Cartior had erected a fort, and passed a win-
ter sixly-threi) years hi-fore.
2.— At this place, on the Md of Jnly, ItiOS, Cliaui-
i)laiii laid the fonndation of the iiresent Citv of
..'II
(>nel)e(!. First of all,rnde l)nildin'4s
('liaiii)>];ihi fn 111(1- , 11'"
iiiKt^iubo.:, .v.i>. were crcctctl on the elevation to
lUtM.
serve as a temporary protection to
tiie colonists ; " Nature herself would seem to have
formed the table land, whose bases are bathed by
the Rivers St. Lawrence, Cape lloii^e and St.
Charh.'s, as the cradle, first of a colony ; next, the
central point of an after empire. It was not to
be wondered at therefore that the tact of ("ham-
plain led him at once to i)iteh upon this locality as
the i)ro|)er licadcpiarters of the projected establish-
ment. Ilavinj^ fairly set his liands at work, Chaiii-
j)lain soon saw rise before him a fort, of some ex-
tent and icspectablo slreni;tii, while several
laborers were busied iu ch'arinj^ conti;^uons land
for tillai^c!, or in other nsi^fnl and urgent works.
The foundations of a town, yet to become one of
the most famous cities of the New World, were
now beingf laid in tiie jiresence of wonderin;^ red
men of the woods." — Ganicaii. When the tem-
porary buildings were erected, an extensive em-
bankment was formed securely above the reach of
the hi<fhest tides, where Mountain Street was after-
wards located, on which the more permanent dwel-
lings and the fortifications were built.
The founding of Quebec is reninrksibic in history, since it was tlie
tir.st |ieiin:iiieiil .scltloiiieiit esbililislied, witli the cxce|itiui\ of Jiuiii'S-
towii ill Virginia, in the tenitoiics now einliraccd witliin tlie boiiiiilii-
ries of tlie Doiiiiiiioii of ('iiii;i(lii ;in(l tlie I'nitwl Stiite.s. An incident
is related liy (Jenieaii, connected witli tlie early history of Quebec,
ba.sed on the authority of Clianiiilaiii and l^escarbot; the latter was
one of the most reliable chroniclers of the early events in New France.
Hardly li;ul tli'^ Fi(^neli Kaiiuula fiHit-hold on a Jiart of the Canadian
soil, and made be,i;iniiiiij;s to clear it, than a plot was got np which
menaced the settlement witli ruin. The severe discipline inaiutaincd
by their chief served for a pretext to .lean Duval, a Norman lock-
smith, to cut him olT. This man, who was both violent and courage-
ous, and had distinguished himself in war against the savages of .\ca-
dia. drew in several colonist,s to take part in the proposed murder of
their governor. The conspii-ators proposed, when ho was thus dis-
posed of either by cord or bullet, to iiillage the stores and Uike refuge
in Spain with the booty. .Soniedavs before the prescribed time for
putting in act what had been proposed, oiii' of the party, stung with
reuiorse, confessed (■vei\thln,'. and named his accomplices, as indeed,
niMin the tri.il, all the others did, yet were they severally sentenced to
death ; but Duval only was exoculed : the rest were sent as felons to I
France, where the king pardoned llieiii. The oxainple thus made,
however, HUlllced to keep down a spirit of mutiny among the colonists. ,
8. — It .should be observed that the native popu-
lation of Canada, in the neighbor- coiHiitiou of ti.e
b.ood of Quebec and Mount lioyal, iV/wlT^.sr'i.Mw.''''
was no longer what it was in the "^^'"" -^ "• "•"'•
days of Cartier. The thrifty villages of Stadacona
and Ilochelaga had fallen into ruins. The brave,
athlete warriors no longer darted with nervous
agility through tiie woodlands bordering the great
riv(u-, but in their places, a dwarf, shrunken, suf-
fering, coiKjiiered race stalk('(l moodil}' in desultory
bands. It was plain that during the absence of
the French, the furies of a barbarous warfare had
raged in many quarters along this fertile valley.
The Algonquins had been sorely defeated by their
old enemies, the Iroquois, and were glad to find in
Champlain a possible redress of their grievances.
When closely pressed regarding the country to the
south and west, and urged to act as guides to an
exjiloring expedition to that region, they shrank
with terror from enteiing a country in which they
would be sure to fall under the merciless weapons
of (heir enemies, (^hamplain was not long in dis-
covering that his Indian friends were living in
mortal terror of tlrj Five Nations who inhabited
the country to the south and west of Lake Ontario.
I'tterl}' unable to hold out against these fierce
enemies, they sought the aid of the French colon-
ists against them. Champlain, unaware of the
strength of the Irocpiois confederacy, and unac-
(juainted with the possibilities of an Indian war-
fare, entered into an alliance with the Indians
whom he found inhabiting the Lower St. Lawrence
against their foes, perlKqis the more readily since
he hoped to be able thereby to establish a lasting
j)eace with tiie native tribes nearest his coloin'.
Hilt in this the great ])ioneer committed a grave
error, for which he is hardly to be censured.
•L — The coloni: ts passed the winter at Quebec,
but hai)|)ilv without exi)eriencing the
,,.',,,. , „ The wiiitiu- at
hardships ol their iireilecessors. Ikit ou.Ih-c, a.i>.
tiiere were siinicient reasons tor this
difl'ercnce. They had much belter dwellings,
warmer clothing, an abundance of good provisions,
and perhajis a more enthusiastic commander. But
little of importance occurred during the winter.
Friendly relations were maintained between the
whites and the natives, not only among the .Algon-
quins, but even the distant Iroipiois sent a di'iuita-
tion to the fort soliciting the friendshij) of Cham-
plain. and offering him in return, all the aid
ilivc poim-
[Hlitioii of the
ni'tj-iiM'S of llio
rtiT Si. I.iiw-
l('(^ A.l>. liiiis.
Stadiicdiia
riie l)iiive,
h iicrsoiis
^ the great
iikoii, siif-
II desultory
ibsencc of
arfare had
ile valley.
;d by their
I to find in
grievances,
itry to the
ides to an
ley shrank
ihieh tlii'V
s weapons
ing in dis-
living in
inhabited
e Ontario,
lese fierce
leh coloii-
e of the
uid uiiac-
dian war-
Indians
^awrenee
ily since
a last ill!;'
colon} .
a j^ravc
d.
Quebec,
'he winttT at
iii'ljoi', A.l).
JUB-'J.
\vcllinj4's,
•ovisions,
er. liut
i; winter,
reen the
Al-on-
i depiita-
1" Ciiani-
tiie uid
EXl'LOUATION AND Sin'TLKMKNT OV TlIK DOMINION.
G7
wiiiiin tlieir [hj r in exploring the country of tlie
west.
M;i. Million tolN r)f the farninpaniDiifr tlip liiiliansdnrins tlio win-
ter. si,\ in;.', tliatalii.iil iIk' iiiiclclle oI I-i'liniary. .-i.-iaiiilv i>f f I In-
dian t'< piinall aiiiniiL; tliciii. Smiic ultlirM' pi'.i|il( tl |i]i<isiti' siilo
iif till' ri\iT wcri' ii'iliKTil to;;rrat fxtrciiiitiiv^, aii<l iisipUciI t'MT.issit
at all liazaiils, ill tlio (>.\|nTUiti(iinif ifci'ivin- a,>>i>taiiii' at tlii' fmt.
I>i'atii ^tal•l•ll llii'Mi ill till' faipim I'itlirr liaiul, ami tlicv hail mily tu
iliiiiisc till' iiiilili'sl alli'i-nativc. The hiii,'r llm's of ii'c tliat i rashcil
a;;aiii.-t raili ntliiT, a.H tlioy iliiiM' hithi'i' ami thither with the tiile,
t'lreateiieil instant ilestiiieticiu til tlieii frail eainpi's, wliieli, neverthe-
less, Mere Imlilly laiiiii-heil in siiecessiiiii, death hy ilniwiiiin; heiiii;
lircfeiahlc til that .if liii,;;eriin; starvatiim. I'reseiitly inid-ehannel is
;;aim'ii. Vasts tielils iif iie eiieircle tho laimes wliiili arc sjieeilily
enisiieil tii pii'ies. The Inilians seeli to save themselves liy jiMn|iiii';
(111 tiio iee, whiili fiir'iinately lliiats to the slinro. Hut Chainiilain
I'liiilil iilily spare tliPiii i: xery seaiity supply i>f fniiil. anil the nnfiirtii-
nate peuiile were iililii;eil tii sulisist for a time on the putrid cariasses
fimnil ill tile nolghliorhoiid,
."). — As soon as tiie spring, wliich was unusually
early, liad lieen snniciently advanced, C'liamplain
ciiaiiipiaiirs Hint ^^^ '>nt ou au exploriiig expeditiiui
ue^'lni.iuolsJ'Aia' to tile wcst, inteinliiig t.^jiass beyond
"■"''• tlie LachiiH^ IJaiiids. ami examine tlie
nature of tlie country in that region. lie. had
jtroceeileil not more tliau twenty-live miles west-
waril when he came in contact with a large body
of AlgoiKjuins, wiio were resolv' 1 upon marching
against the Iroquois, in wliieli tlioy urgently solic-
ited the Frenchmen to join them. Yielding to
their tirgent demands, (^haniplain returned to
Quebec, and even to Tadousac, where he met
Dupont Grave, who had just arrived from France
with two ships, and a large numbcof men for tli
colony. Here he received reinft)rcemeuts, aiii
maile the necessary arrangements for the expedi
(ion. On the 2<Sth of May, with a small force •
French, and a respectable number of Indian allies,
he retraced his course up the St. Lawrence, and
turning into the Iviciielieu Iliver, his progress was
brought into confusion by the rapids in that
stream. Finding it impossible to cut a road
through the wooils, he resolved to resort to the
canoes of the natives, and pursue the journey in
Indian style. liut this bold stroke was too mucli
for the courage of his white followers, only two of
whom could be induced to undertake the risk of
such a procedure. The others were permitted to
return. The light bark canoes of the Indians were
soon carried beyond the rapids, and Champlain
and Ins bold comrades were soon gliding on the
surface of that beautiful lake which still bears his
name. On entering Lake George tlie enemy was
discovered. Here, on the shores of this lake,
Cliamplaiu fought his liist liaille with the natives,
eiVecting an easy victory liy tlu^ sii|ieiiur advan-
tages of lirearnis, killing several Indians, and tak-
ing some twelve [irisoners, all of whom were put
todeaiii l)y their Algompiin coniiuemrs with the
usual tiutnit's.
ti. — Pretty good authority places this batlle on
the -I'MU of July. It was in thi; year 1(i(ll>. The
fight is said not to have taken iilace riiamniain'n tirst
... , ,• ,1 • 1 T liallle with ihe Iii-
nntil the day loilowmg tlie diseov- .n.-ms. .\.i>. i >■
erv of the enemy by the I"'reneli. Meanw bile both
sides [iiepared for action. During the night the
Indians, in tlit; opposite camps, indulged in the
perfoiiuance of the war ilaiici! in all its excesses,
making the night hideous with their wild howling.
At the dawn of day the bold Irotpiois were the
first to advance for action. They came in force
about two hundred stnuig, headed by three chiefs,
wlio showed their eonliileiice of success by a steady
step. Champlain formed Ids allies, iilacing himself
at their head, and waited to receive liis foes.
When williin thirty paces of this force the Ii-oi|uois
halted in astonishment at behohiiiig the jmle-faces
among their enemies. Hut, nothing daunted, they
discharged a llightof arrows and received a deadly
volley from the French iirearins in return. Two
of the chiefs fell dead, another was mortally
wounded, and the entire force tied in wild confu-
sion. Many other.* were killed ami taken prison-
ers in the retreat, while only fifteen or sixteen of
r'''am[)lain's allies were wounded, none of them
illy. After destroying the camp of the Iro(|uois,
■ French and their allies returned to (Quebec.
1. ,e Champlain received unfavorable news from
France. De Monts' charter had been once more
revoked, ami the founder of (Quebec was forced to
return to his king in the autumn of the same
year.
7. — The powers with which Champlain liad been
invested as CJovernor of the colony embraced un-
limiteil executive, legislative and nnunpiaiirs .le-
. . ' , . Bpniie power as
judicial sway, constituting a real (iovenmr.
despotism. Hut few restraints were appended lo
his instructions, and these soon became inoperative
from the force of custom. All these powers were
transferred to his successors. The curb or restraint
sought to be exercised over the governors by the
council was of little value. Its members were
nominated by the governor; and still more, when
these nominations were coufirnied, the governors
Ill
i,1 '
1'
r i ■
:
;ii
1 '
, 1
68
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
were by ao means expected to obey or even respect
the oj)iuions of this council. At these early stages
in French American colonization it »vas necessary
thus to invest the chief ruler with despotic powers,
but as the settlements progressed, the colonists,
who were, for the most part, lovers of freedom,
threw off this yoke by degrees, until the govern-
ing power was nearly equally divided between
themselves and their king.
CHAPTER VIIL
EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE
DOMINION.
1. — Difficulties between De Monts and his
King ; Ovektmuowing Acadian Coloniza-
tion. — 2. Poutiuncoukt obtains a koyal
Confiu.mation of iiis Guant to Pout liox-
AL.— <}. POUTUINCOUUT KE-ESTABLISHES PoRT
Royal, A.D. IGIO. — 4. Poutrincourx en-
deavors, BUT in vain, to avoid THE
Jesuits. — 5. Hurtful Influences of
Jesuits at Port Royal. — 6. Capt. Argall
Invades Nova Scotia, A.D. 1613. — 7.
Port Royal Burned by Argall, A. D.
1613.
1. — We will now return to Nova Scotia, and
trace the events that transpired in that quarter
nifflcniiiea be- fi'om its abandonment by the French
imUhJianTover- ^" 1^^^' ^o its first couquest by the
cVCi^aVio"!!"" English in 1613. It was on ihe 3d
of September, 1607, that Poutrin-
court, Lescarbot, and the colonists under them,
sailed for France. This, as we have already ob-
served, was in consequence of difficulties existing
between De Monts and the King of France, which
resulted in the withdrawal of the former's commis-
sion. The seat of this difficulty was with the
merchants of St. Malo, who, jealous of the asso-
ciation having a monopoly of the peltry trade, un-
der the superintendency of De Monts, iind by vir-
tue of his charter, sought occasion against the
valuable interests thus vested in a few, to the ex-
clusion of others, and succeeded in having them
withdrawn. Besides this, the little colony at
Port Royal suffered another embarrassment.
While the colonists, in the spiing and summer of
1607, were busily engaged putting in their crops
and imjjroving their condition, thereby laying, as
they hoped, the foundations of a permaiu'iit sttth;-
ment, a sad misfortune occurred to them on their
own side of the Atlantic. A party of Dutchmen,
said to have been conducted to the storilinuscs of
the C(jlony by a vagabond emigrant, seized the ac-
cumulated furs of a wliole year, and carried them
off in mean triunqih.
2. — Reaching Paris, Poutriiicourt, who may be
regarded as the one most interested in the settle-
ment at Port Roval, hastened to „ . .
present liimself to the Kinii-, at whose l"'"" ■( r..>iii ..m
command he exhibited in the royal J/J"!,','" ^'"'^
presence samples of his transatlantic
crop of wheat, rye, barlej' and oats, which he lu.d
carefully carried with him. The King was much
pleased with tliose evidences of the fertility of
the soil in liis American jiossessions, and was
easily induced to renew the eliarter of De Jlonts
for one year. De flouts was instructed to estab-
lish colonies in New France, which comprehended
both Canada and Acadia. As we liave already
seen, the royal command Mas faithfully carried
out in the founding of Quebec. The reason for
De Monts now changing his i)reference from Aca-
dia to Canada no doubt has its origin in the repre-
sentations and arguments of Chanqilain. But if
De Monts had lost sight of Nova Sciotia, Poutrin-
court was becoming more and more filled with a
desire to renew the colony so unfortunately with-
drawn from that peninsula. For the accomjjlish-
ment of this, he resolved to be himself the chief
instrument. He petitioned the King for a con-
firmation of the grant of land made to liim by De
Monts, wliich was promptly ajjproved by His i\Ia-
jesty, with the appended stipulation that he was
to be accompanied by Jesuit missionaiics. 1'his
qualification did not please De Monts, for altliough
he was a staunch Roman Catholic, he was also a
bitter enemy to this particular order.
3. — Early in 1610, Poutrincourt, through the
patronage of two wealthy merchants of Dieppe,
named Dujardin and Duquene, was
, , , , . ,11 I'oiitiiiicoiirt re-
enabled to equip a respectable expe- esiawisinsi-ort
,.,. All 1 • 1 I. -1 1 Kojal, A.]). 1010.
dition. All being ready, he sailed
for Acadia, taking with him a goodly number of
colonists, including competent artizans. lie also
took with him a Catholic priest named Fleche,
avoiding the Jesuits, with a determination of
EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF TlIK DOMINION.
61>
proving to his King tliat they were not needed.
To thi.s end he toolc aggressive nieasnres to
Christianize the natives. Arriving at Port lloyal
he not only found the Indians, with the aged eliief
Meniberton at tiieir head, waiting to greet iiini
with a hearty welcome, hut was rejoiced to find
tlie fort and every otiier building, with all that
they had contained, just as lie had lid't them three
j'oars before. This old chief and hi^ family 'vere
the first who were baptized, the ceremony being
performed in the presence of all the coloiusts,
and many of the natives. This served as a favor-
able inauguration of the Christian religion among
the Indians, for there was little difiiculty lii per-
suading the Micmacs to follow the example so
timely set bj- their worthy chief.
But nnlmppilv Ilfiirv tlio Fimrth was assassinated soon after Poii-
trilK'Diiit saileil fur I'mt Unval, in (■<>nsO(|UCMie of wliirli, j; l)li:;lit
spreail over till! wliiili' iif Kranio I)cs|](ptisni ami intr.cno were tlic
chief cliaracteristii's uf tlie ailiiiinistralidn ni tliu Qiicen-duwaf^er and
lier iniiiister Ciinciiii. As s<iiin as tlie latter was raised to the cliief
power, throii;;h lii-i intriyne the .lesiiits were forced npon I'ontrin-
eoiirl, as we shall see, whieli, had not the colony lieen overthrown by
the !'.n,'lisli, must soon have caused its ruin. Thus the oveithrow of
Port Uo.val having; Ijeen secured, as well hy the misrule of France an
by the invasion of au enemy, its ruin was soon accmnplished.
•I- — Port Royal now stood in nee<I of supplies,
to obtain which Hiencourt, son of Poutrineourt,
pouiria.nurten- was dispatched to France. He was
il -aviirs, hut iu , i_ ^ y • l^ i c ^i
vain, to avoid the also entrusted With a record or the
baptisms which liad taken place
amiing the Indians, with instructions that they
should be laiil before the King. Hy this means
Poutrineourt hoped to prove to His Majesty that
the spiritual needs of the colony would not be
more effectually provided for by sending out
Jesuits. Rut, as we have seen, Henry the Fourth
had fallen, and through the influence of the Mar-
chioness Guercheville, a firm Jesuit, the objects
sought to be attained by these records were frus-
trated. It was thereupon reso'ved to send two
Jesuit fathers, Pierre Baird and Enemonde Masse,
to Port Royal in company with Biencourt. The
latter set sail for Nova Scotia with these too tru-
ly unwelcome passengers,on the 2r)th of January,
A.D. 1611, arriving at Port Royal on the 22ikI of
June. Some of the merchants, jiatrons of the as-
sociation under which Poutrinconr*^^"s colony was
sent out, strongly objected to the embarkation of
the two Jesuits, but the Marchioness, who had
now proclaimed herself the patroness of the Ameri-
can missions, furnished the mone}' requisite to
indemnify these merchants to the extent of their
investments in the entt'r{)rihe, an(I is secured
the passage of. the Jesuits. Whei. Rieiicourt
rcacht'd Port Royal with the Jesuit priests, Pout-
rineourt was disgusted, and this found expression
in bitter denunciations when he learned that
these fathers were to receive a certain portion of
the prfdits of the peltry trade for their sustenance.
Already the little colony was under the tax (d' this
enthusiastic sect of the Church of Rome. In July
Poutrineourt sailed for France, leaving his son
liiencourt in comniand of the cdloiiy.
0. — Two Jesuits would have been enough to
overthrow Port Royal bad mi oilier calamity vis-
ited it, for with their arrival came i„„.,t„i i„ii„^nee
dissensions, and in the tracks of these 1'.!,11''|!;!;T.i',''a.u.
(piickly f(dl<)\\cd measures of host ili- "'"'
ty. "The Jesuits, ill the name of their jiotent
patroness, seizing Poutrincourt's trading vessels,
and originating imjirisoniiigs and lawsuits wliii-h
effected his ruin. This reduced the peojile of
Port Royal, to wliom lie could not send sujijilies
of provisions, to starve through the whole winter
upon acorns, beech-nuts, and such wild rciols as
they could grub up. After having thus crippled
Poutrineourt, the Marchioness ceased to be a jiart-
ner in his association, and withdrew with her Jes-
uits to other localities, leaving Port Royal deso-
late. Champlain did all he could to avtrt this
catastrophe, by advising the lady to join with M.
de Monts in carrying out the enterprise she thus
ai)andoned; but this she refused to do, because
the latter was a Calvinist. Resides the obstacles
thus assigned, the members of the Society of .Jes-
uits were bent upon forming in Acadia an estab-
lishment similar to that they had in Paraguay, in
order that the French colony should be entirely
at their devotion likewise, but this attempt of
theirs had the most unfortunate results, as the
sequel proves." — Garneau. Biencourt who had
been left tit Port Royal got on poorly with the
Jesuits, and after repeated quarrels, the latter
withdrev. to Penobscot, where a new settlement
liad been made by their patroness, the Mar-
chioness de Guercheville.
We are informed by the authority last quoted that, in tlie mean-
time, the JIarchioness de fliiercheville. the )iationess of the .lesiiits in
Xova Scotia, caused to be fitted out at Ilarlleiir an armed vessel, and
(rave the cnniniandof ittoLaSaussaye,oncotherfavorites. lie sailed
for Port Ttoval willi a view of removing: the .Ir.iuits. Unt he proceed-
ed in the first place towards the river Penolwcot, the valley of which
1 1 !
Tl I TICS IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
sti-fiini Father lihirt liail (>x|il(Mvil tlm yoar lii.'foro. His i.'imrsc lii'iii;,
iin|iiMlivl liv ;iii.>ty ucatlicr lie wascii'niM'lli'il 1 1 iliscinliai'k his |>oci|ih'
attliiMslaiiil (il .Miiiits-Dcsi'its, wlicii' hi; (■iiiiiinciiinl a srtlii'iiii'iit
wliii'h 111.' tiaiiu'cl M. l-aiuoiir. Auiist lliis sclilciiicnt thiiMMl licvuiiil
liis cxiKiiUitioiis, hal it was uM;illii()ttii In tlif i;ii.^lish witli I'lirt
K.nal.
i). — Mcimwliilo t'lio Eii;^dis1i s( ■ tloinciit in Vir-
ginia was i^rowinij; in sticnu'lli and iniiioitanci', and
from it tlm Fit'iu;ii coionists in Nova
I'lipt. Art-all in- . , , . , ■ i\ a ,-
vaii.'s Nciva s,(>- Scotia wiM'i' sooii to ri'ci'ivo the iirst
tia, A.n. liiW. , , „ , . ,. • ^ • •
blow ot a loiiijj series ol intermit ting
contests between the English and llie Freiicli colo-
nists, wliicii may be said to have cihIimI with the
fall of (Quebec, a century and a half afterwanls.
In 10 1-'), the settlement referred to contained over
sesen hundred inhabilants. In tin; snmmer of the
latter year, ('ai)t. Ar^idl sailed North i'roin Vir- ;
ginia, with an armed vessel of fourteen sriiii: . and i
a lleec of lishing vessels. It should be observed
at this point, that ICngland claimed the whole |
of the territory of Nortii-I^astern America, from !
its Sonthein Sea-board Nor.h to the 4")'' of lati- i
tilde, includiiig, of course, a portion of Acadia. ;
France, on the other hand, claimed that her i
American ])osscssions were limited on the southerly
by the 40th parallel of north latitude. In accord-
ance with the claims of iMigland, Captain Argall,
having reached tlu; settlements in Nova Scotia, pro-
ceeded to cx[)t'\ the French from their possessions.
lie first attaekei' La Saiissaye"s settlement. After
capturing a French vessel off the coast he landed
in the settlement, where a slight show of resistance
was made, whereupon he assaulted and sacked the
place without mercy. Father Gilberl-dii-'l"het
was killed in this attack. lie made tlie members
of the colony prisoners, some of whom were taken
to .famesiown, and others allowed to retire in a
sloop, to search for a vessel in whiidi they might
take passage to France. The latter fotind a vessel
of St. Malo, at La lleve. uml were thus rescued.
Those who a(u;o)iip;Miied ,\rgall to Jamestown,
however, did not iar(! so well. 'I'liey were east into
prison and treated as jiirales, and finally con-
demned to die.
7. — 'I"he (iovernor of Virginia now rcsf)lved to
drive all tlu; French cohniists, in Nova Scotia, be-
I'liri liinai iiiinii'.i voiiil the 4"ith parallel of north lati-
liy Arnall, A.li. ' , i !• i .1 1
iiii:i. tnde. .\ccor(Miigly three armed
vessel; were fitted out. and set s;iil lor Acadia for
that purpose; the ]irisoners, whose i.entenee of
death had been anniilled thnnigh tiic influence of
CHAPTER IX.
EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE
DOMINION.
L Cfi.\mpt,atn's Exi>i;i)iTinx to Ajitrica, a.p.,
ItilO. — 2. Ciiamim.ain'.s Datti.k with the
iHOQrois, Kilt. — :'.. Ciia.mi'Laix Pi!i:i'AI!i:.s
t;ik Site I'ou Monthioal, a.d., 1(111. — 4.
Chamim.ain Si:cii!!:s a SrccKKsoii to Dr.
MoXT.s. — '}. lli.s FiTiLE Kxi>i;i)rnr)N to thio
North. — G. Champlain in Canada, llJlo-
1. — Althongli, on liis return to France, Cham-
plain was received with great favor by the reigning
sovereign, yet De Monis was unable
, ' ' 1 !• 1 I Clinin|ilMli''i< I'xiiu-
lo procnrea reiiewiil ot tiie nionopoly (II11..1, icinianiii,
1)1 the peltry traliie. 1 he interests
of coinnieree and religion were largely against him
at Court. Hoyal |)alroiiage being thus cut off. Ik^
could now only rely upon the pecuniary resourees
of the fur trade, which were bound to suffer a
.\rgall, being sent back in one of the vessi-ls.
Argall first landeil at St. Croix, when he demol-
ished every vestige of ei\ilizatioii. Then |)i()eecd-
iiig to I'ort Royal, there a similar sceni! wa.s
enacted. He refused all conditions to Uienconrt,
who, rather than yield himself into tin; merciless
hands of his adversary, fled to the forest and lived
with the Indians, wln'ie. it is said, he died in 1(1:24.
Wln-n Argall arrived at Pcn-t lioyid, the inhabi-
tants were mostly engaged laboring in their
grounds, souk; five miles distant. He set fire to the
town an<l the fort, and in less than two hours iIh;
whole was in ruins. i"hc I-'rench, observing the
llaines, hastened to the scene of disaster before the
work of (h'striiclion was complete. 'I'liiis was
Port Iioyal destroyed again, and this time it was
completely wiped out. Many of its inhabilants
took refuge >vilh the Indians, others Ibiuiil their
way to tjnebec. In the following year I'oiitrin-
court arrived at Port Hoyal, which he found
a scene of desolation, whereupon he resolved to
leave Acadia for ever, which he did. He fell,
fighting bravely in the service of his country at the
siege of Mery-sur-Seiiie, in the inonili of Decem-
ber, 1015.
lie vessels.
lie (leiiiol-
eii ]iroeee(l-
sceiie was
Hieiieonrt,
; ineiciless
1 iiud lived
ed in ItiiM.
lie inlialii-
iii tlieir
: (ire to iJie
> hours the
i'l'villtf till!
liefore the
'I'll IIS was
inie it was
idiiihitaiits
Mind their
• I'oiitiiii-
he foiiiid
isolved to
He leil,
(it at the
d' Deeein-
OF THE
i<;a, A.n..
Till THK
KKI'Alircs
Itlll.— ^.
U TO l)K
S' TO TlllO
)A, iGir,.
e, Cliatii-
n'i,Uiiiiiu-
I'lllif'scxp,,.
I" eiiniiila,
iiisl liiin
It of!', he
esoiirei's
sid'l'er a
Drawn aud engraved l'Xl)^OB^ly lur Tuttk-'ii IliAtiiry of tlic Uutniitioii.
TllOinVALD KIUKSONS BATTLE WITH THE INDIANS, ABOUT A.D 100.'!. (I'lific Ki.J
11
Diiiwit tind cntfrBn'il i>xpri>tiity fur Tultlu'« IlUtory of t)u> l)tiitiiiil>M).
i.A.NDiNi; t»r COM ..lur.' a.d. una. (I'iiro ot.)
EXPLORATION AND SI-yrTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION.
reduction under tlu; competition wliicii was sure
to follow tiie aljroj-iition of liis connnission. De
Mouts seems to Iiave been more enthusiastic for
the welfare of tin; colony than for the profits which
might accrue from a prosecution of the fur tiade ;
hence he was enahled to complete arrangements
with certain merchants of Kochelle, who were
by no means actuated by the same motives, by which
they were to have the use of his store-houses at
Tad(jusac, for purposes of trade, in return for
which he received pecuniary aid for the infant
colony of Que])ec. ile was thus enabled, in KjIO,
to equij) two vcssels,which hedcspatched to Canada,
under the connnand of Champlain. The latter
^^■as accinupanicil by Diipont Grave. After a de-
lightful voyage of eighteen days, this expedition
reached Tadousao, where they came in contact
with rival fur traders. This was not counter to
tiieir expectatimis, as the monojioly had been over-
thrown, and the right of trailie was free to all.
15ut Champlain did not long remain here. Caring
more for tiie exi)loration of the upper St. Lawrence,
he pushed on to Quebec, ^'eanwhile the natives
were becoming exceedingly anxious for his return.
Once living in mortal (head of the Iroijuois, they
had followed Champlain in a victorious attack upon
t.lii'se enemies, and were now longing to repeat
this invasion of the country of the Five Nations.
And now, upon the arrival of their great chief, as
they fully recognized him, they at once urged the
necessity of the exi)eilition. Champlain too readily
complied with their retpiest, and set out at the
head of a body of Algoniiuius to attack a hirge j
band of lro(piois who were known to be encam[)ed
lu'ar the embouchure of the Richelieu river.
-. — rpon his arrival near the camj) of the enemy
Champlain learned that his foes were strongly in-
,,.,., trenclied and well prepared for a
Vi)' ',|V, .''■"''""'''■ better contest. Having experienced
ihedeadly effects of fire-arms the year
Itefore, they were now in a measure sheltered from
their deadly action. "An Indian brought the in-
telligence tiiat one hundred of the enemy were so
strongly intrenched in the neighborhood, that with-
I out the aid of tiio French it would be iinpossil)le
to dislodge them. The Algoiuiuins imprudently
advancing to the attack unsupiiorted had been
repulsed with h)ss, and compelled to fall back and
await the assistance of their less ini[ietuous allies.
.Vs soon as Cham|ilaiu came ujt he proceeded to
10
reconnoitre the Iroquois' position. lie found it
very strong, and formed of large trees placed clo.se
together in a circle. Thus piotected, the enemy
continued to pour forth showers of arrows, one of
which wounded liim in tlie neck. His annnnnition
soon l)egan to fail, and lie urged the Algoncpiins
to greater exertions in forcing a wjiy into the bar-
ricade. He made them fasten ropes roinid the
trunks of single trees, and apply all their strength
to drag them out, wliile he undertook to protect
them with his fire. Fortunately at this crisis a
party of French traders, instigated I)}' martial
aidor, made their a]ii)earance. Under cover of
their fire tiic Algonijuins jjulled so stoutly, that a
sullicient oi)ening was soon effected, when they
leaped in and completely routed the enemy, most
of whom were either killed, drowned, or taken
prisoners. Of the assailants three vere killed
and fifty wounded. Champlain, before taking
leave of his allies, Avho were too well jjleased to
refuse his rcfjuest, readily i)revailed on tliem to
allow one of his people to remain among their tribe
to learn their language; while lie, at their reijuest,
took a native youth with him to France, whither he
went soon after." — MucMullen.
5). — Champlain returned to New Franco in the
spring of 1011, bringing the young AJgoiujuin
with him, and on the tiHth of May
he proceeded to search for liis allies. pj;;i"'','!!l!"il'.''i"„r
Not finding them according to their »;;','|'f^"i. '^•"•
agreement, he began looking for a site
for a new settlement further up the river than
Quebec, with a view of having a more easy access to
the Ottawa and neighboring trilies. After a careful
survey he fixed upon an eligible spot at the base
of Mount Ro3al. Having chared away a con-
siderable space of ground he fenced it in by a kind
of earthen ditch, planting grain in the end "re.
He called the new settlement iVf/cf /An/rt/r. At
length on the 18th of June, long after the time
agreed on, the Indians made their appearance.
They were much pleased at meeting their country-
man safely ri'turned from France, who gave them
a favorable ri;|)ort of his reception in Europe, and
after making Champlain a liberal present, they
explained the reason of their delay. " 'I'liey
slated that it was altogether owing to a prisoner,
who had escaped the previous year, spreading u
report that the French, having I'csolved to esimiise
the cause of the Iro([iU)is, were coming in great
;i i
72
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
force to destroy their nation. Chainplain coin-
pliiined of tlieir having paid attetition to such an
idle rumor, the truth of wliich all his actions he-
lied, 'rhey protested that it had nevor hcen
credited hy themselves, and was believed only by
those only of their tribe who never had an o])por-
tunity of beeominj^ personally aeciiiainted with
the French. Ilaviny; now received solenni i)ro-
testations of friendship, and beinj^ satislii-d with
('liamplain's sincerity, they declared tlieir firm
determination of adiieiing io his alliance; and of
proniotinf;^, to the best of their ability, his projcicts
of penetratinjT into the interior. As an evi<lence
of their tjood will they imparted nnieh valuable
information respectinjf the geoj^raphy of this con-
tinent, with which the}' seemed to be tolerably
well ac(juainted as far south as the (Julf of Mexico.
They readily agreed to his proposal to return
shortly with forty or fifty of his people to jirose-
cute discoveries, and form settlements in their
coimtry if he thought proper. They even made a
recjuest that a French youtli should accompany
them, and make observations upon their territory
and tribe." — Mac Mullen.
4. — The tragic death of King Henry now threw
the colony into confusion. News of this event
reached Chamiilain, which caused
a Kii(<'.s!i.)r t . 1)0 hnn to hasten to 1< ranee, where he
Mollis. .
nugiit at! end to the interests ot the
colony, wliich were likely to be negliiclcd in the
midst of national vicissitud(!S of such moment.
Arriving in France, ('hami)lain found I)e Monls
fully dislieartened. The fur tiade was no longer
jtrolitablc since it had been thrown open to the
widest competition, and both Ik; anil his asso-
ciates had di'cided to abandon furtluu- entcM-prisi? in
that direction. Thus the Licutenant-Cicntnal of
New France reliiKiuished his honors. Seeing no
hope in his old ])atron, ('hami)lain at oiuio endeav-
ored to form a new company. His ]ilan embraced
tlu! idc.i of putting (Canada nndcir the protcustion
of some high j)ersonage cai.able of securing the
favor of the Court. He was probably led to this
eonehisioii by the demonstrated infhuMict! of the
Marchioness Do (Juerchcfville in the affairs of
Acadia, which wo have already briefly noticed.
Among those most likc^ly to suit his ])urpose he
eiiose Charles Dc^ IJoiirbon, Count l)e Soissons.
On ajiijlication that nolileman consented, and by
lellcrs patent, dated October, 1(11-, Imsuceeded M.
De Monts, as Lieutenant-Gcneral of New France.
But Champlain's troubles were not over. Noseoner
had this business been effected than the cou.ii die(i.
However, Chami<lain was not long in susjic:. e.
The Prince De CondC was prevailed upon i.>
aecejjt the function which had fallen froui ihe dy-
ing De Soissons. These privileges he conferred
upon Champlain. They included amono|ily of the
fur trade, but this gave great dissatisfaction to the
merchants. Tlieir objections, however, were
effectually removed by Champlain, by ])cr!niltii-g
as many of them as chose to accompany him to
the New World, and engage; in the peltrv tradi'.
This liberal offer not only had a salutary elVce'
upon the discontented, but resulted in inducing a
number of merchants to accompany him. Three
from Normandy, one from HochcUe, and one from
St. Malo came out with Champlain, on I lie condi-
tion that for the jirivileges of the fur trade they
were to contribute six men each for purposes
of discovery and exploration, to give one-t wentielh
of their profits towards defraying the expenses of
the colony.
f). — In the beginning of March, 1613, the exjjc-
dition sailed from Haideur, and on the Tlhof May
arrived at Quebec. Champlain now chaniiiiiiiirB r».
entered upon an expedition to the i^'u" n,',','('i'i','''
North on a rather w'ld project of a.d. kih.
discovery. A person named Vignau, who had
sjient a winter among the Indians, n jiorted that
the river of the Algoncpiins — the Ottawa — took
its rise in a lake connected with the Arctic Ocean ;
that he had visited the shores of this ocean, and
there seen the wreck of an English vessel. The
crew, he said, eighty in number, had reached the
shore, where they had all been slain by the na-
tives, except a boy, whom they wck; now willing
to give uj). D(!siring to have this wonderful re-
port as Well authenticated as possible, Chiinipiain
caused Vignau to ccmnni' his statement to writing,
and to attest it with an oath, warning him. at I lie
same time, that in case his statement were false he
would be exposed to capital punishment. IWit
Vignau was to all appearances unmoved in his
persistent declarations, and finding that s(une
English vesstds had r(;ally bccui wrecked on tin-
(U)ast of liabrador, Champlain began to think the
report worthy of i;redence, and resolved tosiiend the
season in ex|iloring the northern regions. Selling
out at oii'HS he arrived at the La Chine rapids < n
r
i!
ii'
l:h
}%
EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE DOMINION.
the 21st of May. From this point, with two canoes
coiitaiiiiiii,' four of liis coiintryniun and one Indian,
he proceeded on liis voyaj^e up the Ottawa. In
this journey he ex[»erienced numberless hardships
and encountered many difficulties. They met, of
course, with a series of cataracts and rapids, which
{^ould he overcome only by carryinjj their canoes
and stores overland. In some instances, however,
this coulil not he done owing to the great density
of the woods, in which cases the party were com-
pelled to drag their canoes through the agitated
current, exijosing themselves to the danger of be-
ing carried down in the dashing foam. IJut this
was not their only danger. Scattering bands of
hostile Iro(|uois were wandering in the region.
These fnMce natives were now settled enemies
to the French, and longed to make them caj)-
tives and subjects of such tortures as were
measured to their Algonijuin jjiisoners. As
Ihey ascended the river the ilifficidties of navi-
gation were increased, and they resolved to
leave their provisions behind, and trust only to
their guns and nets for the necessaries of life.
Reaching the abode of a friendly Indian chief
nanu'd Tessonant, whose village was eight days
journey from tliat of the Nipissings, where the
siiipwreck was said to have occurred, Cham{)lain
was well received, and favored with a solemn
council on the subject of his projected explora-
tions. He re([uested the chief to grant him four
canoes as an escort into the country of the Nipis-
sings. The Indians were unwilling to grant this
re([uest, but the chief complied after the most earn-
est entreat}-. When the council had broken up
Chainplain discovered that liis plans were still re-
garded unfavorably by the Indians, and upon in-
vestigating the matter he found it quite impossible
to g(!t any of them to accompany him. Demand-
ing another council he reproached his supposed
deceivers with a breach of faith. A circumstance
now occurred which induced Champlain to call in
his informer, Vignau, who after being examined
and confronted by the Indians, was compelled to
confess his deception. Champlain had not only
suffered much to no purpose, but had sjjent the
season in vain. Leaving Vignau with the Indians
as a ijunishment, Champlain returned to Quebec,
and thence to St. Male, in August.
0. — In France Chanii lain found the affairs of
the colony in a favorable condition. The Prince
de Conde was still powerful at ('ourt, ci.n.npiai,,-, ..,.
and the founder of New France had ir;.!;;.';;;;,;;-- ■',';'l,,,
little diniculty in preparing for an- «'!», a.i>. u;ir. i«.
other expedition. A small fleet was e(iuipped in
IGl-t-L") to carry out settlers and sui)plies from
Rouen and St. Malo. On board tlie ships of this
fleet three priests of the Recollet order came to New
France, in Itilo, as missionaries to the Indians.
These were the first Catliolic priests who came to
Canada. Their names were Fathers d'Ollteau,
le Caron and dn Plessis. The first mass ever cele-
brated in Canada was performed l)y d'Olbean and
le Caron at the river du Prairies, in June, 1<!1;").
Champlain arrived at Tadous.ac with this expcMli-
tion in May, whence lie pushed forward to Quebec,
and not long after to Plane Royale, whwa he found
his Indian allies. Four chiefs waited upon liim
at once, filled with projects of war against their
old enemies, whom tiiey proposed to attack among
the lakes of the west with a force of two thousand
fiffhtins; men. " Alwavs desirous to einbaik in
any enterprise which promised to make him Ix-tter
accjnainted with the country, Champlain laid down
a plan of operations which he offered to aid the
Algompiins in carrying out, and at which they
expressed tlie utmost satisfaction. He accom-
panied them in a long march, first up the Ottawa,
and afterwards over small lakes and portages,
leading to lake Nipissing. The Nii)issings, about
700 or 800 in number, who inhabited the shores
of this lake, received tlie party in a friendly man-
ner. Having remained with them two days, the
Algonquins resumed their journey along the
course of French River to Georgian Bay, which
they crossed near the Great Manitoulin Island, and
entered Lake Huron, which Champlain (lescrii)es
in his travels iis a fresh water sea, 800 leagues in
lengtli by 50 in breadth. After coasting this
lake for several leagues, they turned a point near
its extremity, and struck into the interior with a
view of reaching Cahiagiia, where they were to be
reinforced by adetachment of the Algonquins, and
some other friendly Indians. On arrival at this
place a large body were found collected, who
trave them a iovful welcome, and stated that thev
expected oOO additional warriors of other tribes,
who also considered the Iroquois their enemies, to
join them. Wliile awaiting the arrival of these
warriors, several days were spent in dani;ing and
festi it}-, the usual prelude to Indian expeditions.
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Tlu!S(i over, aiul tlie allies not iiniviiijr, tliey again
set out, and occasionally t'in|tlovL'<l themselves in
hunting, until they came to Lake St. Clair, near
the prtisent city of Detroit, where they at length
descried the Ir.Kjuois i'ort, which, in expectation of
an attack, had l)eeu rendered unusually strong.
It was (h'fended hy four rows of wooden jjalisades,
with strong parapets at toj), and enclosed a pond,
whence water was conducted to the different
(puirters, to extinguish any tires which might
occur. The Irocpiois advanced from this fort and
skirmished successfully against their assailants for
some time, anil until the fire-arms were discharged,
when they retreated precipitately." — MacMullen.
Tiie Iroquois, true to their history in war, fought
persistently behind their defences, j)ouring forth
thick showers of arrows and stones, which forced
the Algon({uins, notwithstanding the reproaches
of ("hamplain, to retire beyond their reach. Com-
ing to their relief, Champlain taught them how to
construct a cavalier, a sort of enclosure of planks,
by which they could command the enemy's forti-
fication. It wa-; calculated that the discharges
from this contrivance would drive the Iroquois
from their parapets, and enable the allies of the
French to set fire to thuir defences. The Indians
worked actively in constructing this fort, and
when done two hundred of the strongest warriors
moved it close to the palisade of the enen' From
this the allies were enabled to drive the Iroquois
to the interior of their stronghold, but this by no
means prevented them from discharging missiles
of various kinds. The fort might now have been
set on fire, but Champlain found it impossible to
control his native allies. The}' would not obey
his orders, but furiously discharged their arrows
against the strong defence. .\t length they be-
gan to thiow pi'jces of burning wood, but this
they did so carelessly as to have but little effect.
Meanwhile the Iroquois diew water from their
reservoir so copiously that the fires were put out
as fast as started. Several of the allies were killed
in the contest, and Champlain was himself twice
wounded. Finally the Algonquins resolved to
retire and await an expected reinforcement, but
the attack was not vigorously renewed. The ene-
my, in consequence of this lack of energy on the
part of the invaders, taunted them with the charge
of cowardice. At length, the Indians persisting
in inactivity and pressing Champlain to retire, a
retreat was effected with some difliculty. tlie Iro-
quois following and harassing them for a eon.-id-
erable distance. Champlain suffered much in this
brief campaign, having to be carried for over
thirty leagues in a basket, being unalile to walk
from wounds received in the attack. On reaching
the country of the Ilurons, he found the natives
unwilling to accompany him to Quebec, and con-
sequently he was compelled to s])end the winter
with his now treacherous allies, entering with
them upon the chase, and indulging in many of
their forest pastimes. Early in the Spring of Kilt!,
Champlain, in conquiny with a few friendly Ilu-
rons, secretly started for Quebec, where he arrived
early in July, and soon after sailed to France.
CIIAPrER X.
FRANCaAMEUICAX COLONIZATION.— 1C27.
1. DiSCOURAGKMENTS AND ZkAL OF ChA.AI PLAIN.
— 2. ECCLKSIASTICAL Ol'KKATlONS AT QUK-
BEc. — J}. Heligiois Zf;al Overcomes Com-
mercial Entekpuise. — 4. Champlaix and
the Indians. — 5. Discoctiiaoemknt to the
Colony. — G. Champlain Overcoming Dif-
ficulties. — 7. Ventadoir's Colonial
Policy. — 8. Champlain's Fitile Attempt
to treat avitii the Iroquois. — it. Indian
Hostilities— Condition of Canada, 1627.
1. — On his arrival in France, Champlain found
the interests of the colony tottering to the fall.
The merchants of nianv of the prin-
ilisronracpindnts .... , ' . , , ,
ami zeui of cimm- cipal cities Were Clamoring loudly
'"''''"■ for a revocation of the peltry mon-
opoly, and the company, who now enjoyed the
rights granted in De Condd's charter, were so ma-
terially weakened by the disgrace into vhich that
prince had fallen in his connection with the seditions
of the French Nobles, that they would have aban-
doned the enterprise altogether had not the per-
suasive zeal cf Champlain restrained them. The
opposition which they encountered aggravated
the discontent felt at the poor returns accruing
from the fur trade, and the founder of Quebec
was forced to appeal to considerations of peisonal
interest, patriotism, and honor. It should be re-
membered that while Champlain's jjatrons were
FUANCO-AMKKICAX COLOXIZATIOX— lt)27.
(•>
canffiil only to secure tlit- profits arising from the
pcllrv triillic. In- was lilind to tliis interest, carin;^-
only I'or tlic ij^rcatfr interests of eoioni/atioii.
Hence we in;iy easily understantl liow it came that
while ('hain|)lain was preparing; to re'nirn to
Canada, the leadinLj nienil)ers of the association
nniler whose patrona.^'e he was aclincr, were ar-
rani^'incr to deprive him of the (lovernorshipof Xew
France, in ordi-r that they might entrnst it to a
man who WDiild enter more eomph'tely into their
selfish interests. It was proposed to Champlain
that he should be engajjed to proseuute a grand
scheme of ex[)loration and discovery in the Xew
World, in which case lie could hardly afford to
tax himself with tiie perjilexing details of the
colony; and Dupout CJi-ave was nienlioued as his
successor — a iniui who eared nothing for coloniza-
tion, and whose ambition touciiing enterprises in
America arose only to the peltry traffic. 'I'liis
[)roposed ciiange soon became the subject of a
heated discussion, and for awhile the ciiaiices of
the fiovernor seemed to decline, but the affair
h.iving come to the notice of the King's Council, a
royal decree was confirmed, continuing Champlain
as acting (Jovernor of Xew France. Hut even this
confirmation did not enable Champlain lo I'ctnrn
to Canada at once. The Prince de Conde was yet
in pri>on. and to the clear min<l of the Governor
it was plain that some other influential protector
was necessary to enable him to prosecute his plans.
After some difficulty he induccul the ifarquis d(!
Thcmines to accept the office of Lieutenant-fJen-
eral of Xew France until the Prince should be
released, upon the condition that h(» was to share
in the prolits of the peltry traffiii. This was in
liil8, when the anangemeut was no sooner com-
pleted than a terrible op[)osition broke out against
the new organization from the merchants who
were desirous to share in this traffic. Negotiations
continued for over two years, during which the
merchants became steadily more opj)oscd to the
Marquis, and the affairs of the coloiiy conlinncd to
decline. Champlain became convinced that liis
lioi)es could not longer rest in Themines, iind
seeking anotfier and more powerful patron, he se-
cured the protection of the Duke de Jlontmoreiicy,
High Admiral of France,who purchased De Conde's
viceroyalty for 11,000 crowns. In IGllI, after this
arrangement had been completed, we find the mer-
chants, who were interested in the expeditions to
be sent out. industriously seeking (^hamiilaiu's re-
moval from the govcrnorshi|), and it wis only
tinough the i)o\verful inilueiici- of the new N'iceioy
that lie was enaliied to triumph over hi> opponents,
Champlain was eonfiinied in all his former func-
tions, and .M. Dalu, a ciiief oficcr in theChancery
of France, was ap[)()inted home agent tor the colo-
ny. .M. d(! Montmorency now took ■>. lively in-
terest in the atlaiis of the colony.
2. — After a difficult voyage Champlain reached
Quebec in Jidy, lt>20, where he found the colonists
suffering woefuUv from his long ab- ..,,.,,
sence. 'J'lie coionv now numbered •■'•|"'|""". V'"^"-"'^'
A.O. '-t»LM-Ji,
but sixty souls. He at once laiil
the fonndationsof a (iovernment house, afterwards
known as the Castle of St. Louis, locati'd on the
snnunit of the bold promontory. This building
became celebrated as the residence of the succes- I
sive (Joverno'.s of Canada, standing for over two
centuries, being (U-stroyed by fire in ls:!4. Xot- |
withstanding thesmallness of the colcny. the Iie-
collet Friars, who had come as niissionaiies to the
natives, as we have already seen, were now en- i
gageil. by loyal permission, erecting a convent on
the banks of the rivei- St. Charles. " Hut -uch
was the devotional spirit of the time that different I
monastic orders were enabled, thiough the liber- \
ality of the pious in France, to found, amid the
Canadian wilds, vast establishments of education
and beneficence, which are still the boast of
French Canadians.'" The foundations of a Hecol-
let convent chapel was laid in ItiiiO. (iarneau,
whose compilation we are disposed to trust in
matters pertaining to Frencii records in ( anada.
except where his native enthusiasm leads him into
unfair criticisms, informs us that six years before.
as we have already noted, Hecolletsof the Provini'e
of Paris had been invited to Canada. 'I he four
who came in 161"), as noted in a previous chapter,
lie says, visited the Ilurons in company with
C!hami)lain; ami one of them went, in Itiltl, among
the neutral Indians. In lOlH Poi)e Paul IV. ac-
corded, at the earnest solicitation of the French
Ambassador, the charge of missions in Xew France
to the IlecoUets of Paris. Several of those zeal-
ous Catholics lived, labored, and died among the
natives. Father Xicholas Viel was drowned b}-
the Ilurons. "These Friars," says tin; autluuity
last mentioned, " were only missionai'ies in the col-
ony till l(i-J4. In that year Father Tremens Le Plat
IfHH
70
TUTTLKS UlSTOUV OK TIIK IMjMINIUN OF CANADA.
fTivvi! an invitiilion thilluT to ii few Jfsuits. Al
first tile associatcil miTcliaiils opposed the jikkhhmI-
iiii,': hilt, iio'wilisstaiiiliiii;;, ill si; t'allu'is set out,
I'or Caiiaila, Init wIk-m tiny arrived at (^diehec llii!
R(!uollnts would not jiciirit, (lam to land nntii
\]u'.y had iheniselvcs foniid an asylnni in the in-
fant city. In tlu! seijuel tin; KeeoUels sold tlu'r
oonvont, to wliidi tlioy had j^iveii the ([iialificatioii
of Notre Dar.u; (h's An,!j;('s. Jt heeanie an hospital.
Louis XlV.ijfavo them, in 1(>Sl, tlu; locality when;
was previonsly liic Seneelialsea of t^nehcc, facinjf
the Castle of St I.ouis, for the site of a hnildin^r.
.\s the Reeollets weie the earliest missionaiies
known to ('anada, so were they the first to disa|>-
pear from it." 'I'hiis we see tlu; intant t^nv^'hec al-
reaily an e(;elesiastical town, 'i'he first linildinjf of
iiiiporlanee in the colony was the home of a con-
ventual institution. How dil1'eri;nt from the Anj^lo-
Ameriean (lolonies. Here '.he first ifreat nndertalv-
iiii;s were not ecclesiastical, Init indnstrial.a eliarai!-
, teristii; dilVi'renee not as much of the two races, as
the two,^neat liramlies of ( liristiaiis. Protes(ant-
i^iii ist'vereharacteri/ed ljy an advance movement in
coiiiiiierce and po|iiilar (Mliu'ation ; Catholicism hy
coinentiial entt;rprisi; and t;ommercial inactivity.
While (he early settlers of Canada were I'ariiestly
at work creel inL; nionast(;ries, and securely chain-
inLj the future eommercial ami political interests
of the (;oiintry to tlu; papal power, tlu; provinces
of New I'<iii,'laml wen; pressinif forward in pursuit
of ai,nii;nltiire. ami Imildim^ ships liy which they
were to estahlish commercial relations with (;very
nation on tlu* i;1olie.
•\. — In ItJJl, tlu; iiihahilant.s and cljief ollieers
and clcrify of the town made a formal application
to l''raiu'e lor aiil, stipiilatiiu'' I'or tlu;
Ul'liUidllS /IMll . . 11 1. 1
"vciinin.s I- iiistrnction and <''nulanei; ol llu;
iiM'irlal fnli'ijnlHi'. i ■ i ,v • i
home colonial ollu <;, certain plans
for cohmi/ation and for the conversion of the iia-
ti\es. i"'allier (ieorLjc I,eliaillif was (iommissioiied
to carry this dociimeiit to France. l"'ollowiiijf
upon these dclilieratioiis Champlain issiie(| a proe-
hiination, in which he pi'(minl,<j;ate(l rrdiiianees I'or
the maintenance of order and the irovernmeiil of
tlu; colony. 'I'liis lirst code evei\u'iveii to Canada
was prolialily never printed, and has lieeii lost to
history. 'I'lie l''reiieli, while ciirefiil of their im-
portant re(!ords, must he lilamed for their nei^lecl
of literary enterprise ; it eiinnot he spoken except
to liieir disen dit, that the art of jirintim^' was
never intrcxlueed in Canada diirin<f the whoh;
period of French rule. A i'cw of tlu; colonists had
turned their attention to auricnltiire, and hy this
time several were support ini,' their families from
the laiuliicts of their own farms. 'I'lie earlv re-
cords present the names of iht; Coiiillards and the
llelierts as aiiionj;- the earliest farmers of Qiiehei;.
Louis Ilcliert hroiinht his family to Canada in
It) IT. lie was an ajioiheeiiry hy profession, and lirst
settled in Nova Scotia, hut afterwards removed to
Qnehec, where he cleared and cultivated a portion
of tlu; land on which I'pjier tiiiehee now st.iiuls.
L'nlii lU2H, however, the cultivation of the soil
was carried on exclusively hy hand. At thai time
the use of o.\en was introduced, hut still thcic was
only a slij;ht attention ])aid to aerieiiltnre. The
niostr enlightened and ciiteriuisin^' portion of the
colonists were too much ah.sorl)(;(l wiih projects of
religion to enter into sympathy with eommercial
or ai:;ri(;nltiiral industry, except to coiiIkjI it for
tlu; uses of their creed; and the few wi'li whom
thesi! jinrsnits wen; entrusted were so carried a 'A ay
with the ]iellry (rallic as not to hccome deeply in-
teresteil in at^ricnliiire. At this liiiu; the four
principal fur factories were; at 'I'adoiisac, Qiichee,
'I'hrce JJivers. and the Sault St. I oiiis. These
places, aside from (^iiehee, could lianlly, at this
time, he iri^ardcd as settlements, yet they
wen; rallyintf points fnim whiidi the fur tnuh; was
controlled.
4. — III lti21, the Iroiinois made a descent upon
(ineliee, caiisiiii,' much alarm, hut aceomplishimr
no {frciit evil to tlu; colonv. After
a hriel contest tlu'v wen; reiiulscd, iiiv in.iiiin^, a.d,
, ' iiiji J.
and soon after they retired from the
iieiijhhorhooil. This W..S the lirst of many attacks
which the l''r(;iich siifl'ercvl at the hands of tlielio-
<piois, whos(; country Chaiiplain had mon; lliiin
once invaded without a siillieient caiisi;. and for
wlii(;h he was caused to pay dear in blood and
ti'easure hu' many years after. However, hcfon;
lliese fierce foes were to renew their work of \en-
geiuii;e the l''reiii;li wei'i; (lcstiiie<l to enjoy a sea-
son of peace. The Indians had had their fill of
war. l''or many, many years tlu; .Muomiiiins and
lliiroiis on the one hand anil the lroi|iiois on the
other, had w le^'ed an inei ssant and destructive war.
in which the former Irihcs had hccii liiimhied and
oppressed, hilt the iippearaiici; of the l''reneh seem-
ed rather as a deliverance I'or this despondeiil mi-
I
FriANCO-AMERTCAX rOT.OXIZATION— 1027.
tion, ivnd mow that the Tiwiiiois were (iiiile uiiiilik!
t(i overrdMic tliiMU or thi'ir Kiiroipciin iillies, they
ii'^ii-cd, ill \i>±2, to ii sohMim ticiity of \h',\vv..
•,. I'.iii whili' Cliamphiin was si'ciiriii;^ peace
amniii; lh(^ iiativi'sof Caiiaihi, a war was raging
among tlic dirt'ctors and sliari'lioliUMS
[.MrnC:'!" of tins assodation of nu-rchauts,
'""■ •■^■"■"'-'- ,„„lcr whosf patronage the cohniy
was supported, and 1)V wliosc; direelion the peltry
tialhi; was carried on. Ivival eoniiianies were
pressing their claims to the American trade. Karly
in Itii'O. a conip;niy controlled hy Thomas I'oree,
composed eiiieily of citizens of Uoni'n and S(.
.Malo, invi!sted with chartered [irivileges, which
expired in It!- J. were pleailing in the courts
against, the (;xclnsiv(! rights of the .Manjuis dt;
MonlmoreniTi and several promini'ut niemhers of
llie association. A dillicully preventing an inune-
(liate ileeision, the King i>ermitted tlu^ niemhers of
the contesting comiiany to carry on iIk; fur tni(h(
conjointly with I hi^ .Vdmiral's association. Hut in
1li22, a royal edict ruled that.Montinorency's com-
pany should have an uninterrupted monopoly of
the fur trallic, on (he conditions that all the King's
trading snlijects who chose could join it within u
year. This decree also provided that an inilcnuiity
of lO.iMXIlivres should l)e[)aid to I'oree's company
for tills aliridgemeiit of its (diartereil time and also
to (nmipensate for expeiis(! ineiirrcd. I'pon this
adjustment I'oree and his principal associate's took
" teii-t well'tlis " of the Mont moreniry company.
'I'his very reasonahle adjustment of the dillieiilties
and the timely union of the rival eonipani(!s prom-
ised to disjiel till? clouds that darkened I he sky of
Cainida. Previous to this, howev(!r, in 1(121, ow-
ing to ('hamiilain's rc|>rest!iitiitions that the com-
pany, in their eagerness after the gains of the fur
trade, was negl(>cting (he wants of (lie colony, the
associated merchants were, for the time lieing, de-
prived of all their privileges, and the superintend-
ence of the colony was eiitrnsted to William and
I'aiieric Dc; ('aeii, niicle and nephew, lioth llngue-
iiots. William l)e ( 'aen proceeded (o Canada in
ItrJl. where his |iroceedings were of a most arlii-
Irary nature, lie seizi d the vessels of (lie asso-
(Ma(cd merchants, Ihen in the Si. Lawrence lliver,
wiiii'li had a very injurious iiil1iienc(> upon the
colony. Several left it in disgust, and at tlie eIos((
of 1(121 there were not more than forty-eight
iMiropeaiiH in all Canada.
tJ. — It would seem that all these difficulties must
have shaken the courage and iiersistence of even
Champlain ; but not .so. Providence .immpiMin ,.,.■.-
had called the right man to ^ ,lif- '""""« '""'''""''■"•
fieult task. In much patience, hravery and endur-
ance hi! stood liinily hy the colony. " I'atient,
self-denying, ho[)el'ul and courageous ; desirous of
founding a colony, and coiisi'ions that he jiossi's-
sed the (pialities necessary (o accomplish the ar-
duous task, he did not permit himsi'lf to he turned
aside from liis ohject for a iii<micnt. No sooner
had ihedilliciillies produced hy the indiscretion of
De Caen hei'ii partially arrangeil than he gave
his altcntiou to settlement ami discovery in the
interior." 'i'lie energy of Champlain revived the
colony, and in 1ll2;l, a few additional colonists ar-
rived at t^uehec. lie now availed himself of iIk!
opportunity, during the hrief peace among (he In-
dians, to make his positii n more secure. In tlm
year last meiitioned lie commenceil I tie erection of a
stone fort, hut thi! distressed condition of the colony
soon ohiiged him to ahandoii the enter|)risc, and re-
turn to i"'rance hir sn|i]ilies. Meanwhile, as we have
seen, dillirulties among the rival companies in
l"'ianc(! were operating against his chances of sue-
cess, for tlm diniculties were not all oveicome in
the consolidation of I'oree's assoeialion with the
Monlmorcni'v company. The admiral had now
become thoroughly wearied out by I lie trouble and
vexations to which his lieutenant-generalship ex-
posed him ; hi? Iransferri'il iiis fnnclions to his
nephew, thi! Duki! de Ventiidonr, for a moderate
peeniiiary consideration.
7. — This was indeed a blow to the colony of a
charaeler to which it afterwards became only too
well acinistoincd. The new vicerov
, , , . • 1 I* 1 • ' \'''H1JlilnlIl'H ii'ltdl-
had long since ictircd Irom the noise lui |...ii,.) uh.i i.pi'-
111 1' I ■ 1' 1 »• I'Mllmif*.
and bustle ol iih'. to (he retreat ol a
monkish order, intending to pass the rest of his
days in religious exeii'ise. A lit subject indeed
to superin.end the alVairs of a cohmy alrcadx' suf-
fering from loo mucli ecclesiastical regulation, and
pining for the redress that ciuihl come oidy with
coninicrcial enterprise. The duke was not slow to
declare himself nuu'e int crested in the spirit uii I than
the ti ni|ioral interests of New I''raiice. This an-
nouncement tilled the l''rcncli proleslanis with
disgust. Many of the oppressed of (his class
already looked I'm ward (o( he colony as a ncai' refuge
from unbearable iierseciition. Hut the duke was
M
li
^
78
TUTTUrS IIISTOUY OF THE JX:)MINIU\ OF CANADA.
true only to tliis plan, which was to provide
Canada witli addilioiuil niissionaiies. " During
the first year of his gubernatorial sway, he sent
out to Quebec, at his own cost, live Jesuits;
among Avlu)ni were falliurs Lallenumt, IJreboiuf,
and Masse. — Ciianj[)lain, meanwliile, attentive to
liis secular duties, watched over the colony as a
protecting angel ; and if lie was not able to secure
for it progressive ability, he at least saved it from
falling into a decline. Hccuming impatient, how-
ever, at the habitual inditference for its material
interests manifested by th' members of the society,
lie entered a formal accusation against them, ad-
dressed to the new lieutenant-general, depicting
in lively colors, tlieir neglect of a country whici.
only wanted a very moderate amount of aid to be-
come a nourishing possession. His compUiints.
regarded or not by him to whom they were ad-
dressed, reached the ear of the CardiiuiUluke de
Uichelieu, lately (1(324) become master of the
destinies of France." — Gnrncau. But let us glance
at the ojjerations of this duke, as we shall have to
becom-; familiar with the mail plans of Catholic
z'wlots tiuoughout our narrative. In answer to
his invitations for emigrants for Canada, most of
the responses were fiom those who liad renounced
their blind allegiance to the Homan (^itliolic faith,
but after mueh searching he found officers of his
own creed to connnand liis shijjs. but he was un-
able to prevent tlie fact, lamenlabie to his I{omisli
loj-alty, tliat two-thirds of the crews were staunch
Protestants. This monkish lieutenant-governor
could not permit these mixed crews to leave
France without throwing restraints agreeable to
Iiis mind upon those whom he was pleased to term
heretics. They were not to be allowed a free
exercise of their religion, and particularly " they
were not to sing psalms on the St. Lawrence,"
which liad no doulit lieen, by proxy, consecrated
hy his holiness, the pope. These mai'iners Itetook
tliemselves to psalm singing wliile on the ocean,
knowing that wlien thoy entered the French
waters of Canada, they would have to resort to
some more inofl"ensivi> part of tlieir ritual.
8. — Tlie conversion of tlu! natives was the
heart and soul of the duke's policy. It had
already ongiiijed his pious mind for
rimni|.1ftin'M futile! " i i i i
iiiii'iMii' In iniii years, and now tliat lie was armed
Willi ill ! lliHllllllK. • • 1 1
witli ampU' powers, and proviileil
with necessary facilities, it reinaiiied only to put
into practice, thr ideas which had liecii fostered so
long in his bosom. Like many others of the
French nobility at this era, the Jesuits had ac-
quired undisiiuted control of him. Having pro-
vided him with a confessor, the\- were, in conse-
quence, fully acquainted witli his plans, witli
which they were in heart}' co-operation. Having
confidence in Cliamiilain's loyalty to the Komish
faith, as well as in his ability to look after the
temporal interests of the colony, the duke con-
tinued liiin in all his functions as governor of
New France. AMieii Cliamplain returned to
Quebec, in 1020, he found the fort at Quebec still
unfinished, and the population of the colony
dwindled down to about fifty-five souls, of whom
not more than twenty-four were fit for labor. 'J"he
Lidiaiis were also becoming hostile, and a war
was preparing between the Iroquois and the
Algonqnins. Cliamplain did all he could to pre-
serve peace. Tiie Algonqnins held several Iroquois
captives, wiiom he advised should be returned lo
their nation, with presents to compensate them for
the losses they had already suffered. Accordingly
one of the captives was sent back, accompanied
by a chief and a Frenchman named Mogiian.
However, this course ended disastrously for liie
colony. "An Algonquin who souglit to jnodiiiea
war, in which he expected that his nalion. aided
by tlie French, would be compU'teiy vicloiioiis,
persuaded the Irocpiois that tliis mission, tlioiigh
professedly friendl}', was devised wilii the most
treacherous intent. Regarding tiie stianiicrs
accordingl}' as spies, the latter prepared to take
the most horrible revenge. The unfortunate men
found a cauldron boiling, as if to prepare a repast
for them, and were coiirteously invited to seat
themselves. The chief was asked, if after so long
a journey he did not feel hungry? He replied in
tlie affirmative, wlien iiis assassins rushed on liim,
and cut slices from his limbs, whicli they Hung into
the pot and soon after presented to liini lialf
cooked. They aft(>rwards cut pieces from other
parts of his body, and continued their torture until
he expired in tiie greatest agony. The Frenchman
was also tortured to death in the usual manner.
Another Indian, more I'ortunate, while atteni|itiiig
to escape was shot dead on the spot; a third was
made jirisoiier." — MivMiiUi'ii.
!t. — When the news of tliis outrage reaeiied
the allies, they rose with one accord fully bent on
osterecl so
I's of the
s had ac-
iving pro-
ill eoiise-
uiis, willi
Having
ic lioniish
; aftt'i' the
duke coii-
)vciiu)r of
turned to
uebec still
le colony
, of whom
iihov. 'I he
md a war
; and the
iild to pre-
[il Iioijuois
etiinu'd to
:e them for
ecordiii<;ly
comiianicd
Moguan.
sly for the
jiroilucc a
on. aided
ielorious,
1. though
the most
si I angers
d to take
nate men
e a repast
1 to seat
er so long
replied in
d on him,
Hung into
him half
rom other
ture until
renchmaii
manner,
ttempting
third was
(• reaehed
y bent on
'if-:,
M
FRANCO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION, 16-29 TO 1G35.
79
war. The Iroquois captives held
Indian hostilities— , i » i ii •.!
imiiiiii..n oi ( an- auioiig tlicm wei'c put to death with
ada, A. . 0.',. _^jj possible cruelty. Champlain
thought himself also forced to resent this tragedy.
Since a Frenchman had been deprived of his life,
the French colony could no longer hold a place iu
the respect of the natives unless his death were
properly avenged. But his hands were, iu a great
measuie, tied and helpless. The colony was too
weak for any attempt at war, with a poi)ulatlon of
less than sixty souls, housed in miserable dwel-
lings, wuliout supplies, dispirited, and unaccus-
tomed to the hardships to which they were
eveiy day exposed, they were in no condition to
uiidtMtake an enteri)rise in which their circum-
stances would be certain to become more aggra-
vated. The little settlements at Montreal, Ta-
doiisac, the Three Rivers, and two or three other
points along the St. Lawrence were in a still more
wretched condition. And now, besiUes the war
into which this act of their enemies had forced
them, they were themselves suffering from inter-
nal dissensions between the Catholic and Hugue-
nots, liut another foe was soon to advance from
another tpiarter and of anotiier character. Cliam-
phiiii was soon to receive a suminons to surrender
his colony to the British.
CHAPTER XI.
FRANCO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION, 1629
TO 1G3.J.
1. Richelieu and his Plan of Colonization.
— 2. Siege of Ql'ehec, lt.29. — 3. Fall and
REsroii.vrioN ok Canada. — 4. Champlain
in Queuec, lG;io — His Death.
1. — Cardinal Richelieu, now Minister of France,
was quite ready to heed the i)atriotic representa-
tions of Champlain. He had by this
Ulflii'll.'ii anil lil< , I ,. I , 1 ,
iiiiinotooiiHiizu- tiuie (irmly established Ins indiienco
with his king. The Duke urged
upon hiinthe religious interests of tlie colony more
than its temporal wants, and as the appeals of
Ciiamiilain found the eaiof Richelieu only through
the lips of the Duke, we may suppose these to
have largely lost tiieir oiiginal force in transit,
since Ciiainpliiin was, though a staunch Catiiolic,
tl
by no means blinded to tlie fact tliat his efforts
were already becoming a boon of religious conten-
tion. But even aside from tlie persuasions of tlie
Duke, Richelieu had a burning desire to crush the
Huguenots who were now, under tin; k^adersiiip
of the De Caens, exercising considerable inllueiii:e
in the colony. The Cardinal, revoking all existing
charters, set at work upon a new organization l)y
which both the colony and the peltiy traflic were
to be governed. His plan aimed at the organiza-
tion of a new company composed of men of inllu-
ence and wealth, and in tliis he was successful.
To this company a charter was granted by wiiich
it was given the title of " The Company of One
Hundred Associates." To this company the King,
Louis XIIL, eonve3ed the fort and settlement at
Quebec, and all the territory of New France, in-
cluding Florida. Thus in 1027-8 a company was
organized for the government and colonization of
New France, " witli power to appoint judges, build
fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and take what
ste[)s they might think proper for the juotectionof
the colony and the fostering of commerce." One
of the most important features of the organization
was a monopoly of tlie fur trade. This the King
granU'd to liiis powerful company, together with
all other exclusive privileges connected with the
country, reserving to himself and his heirs supre-
macy in matters of faith, fealty, and homage as
sovereign of the colony, andstipulating thatacrown
of gold was to be presented at ever}' new accession
to the throne by the colony. The Kiir'^ also re-
served the cod an<l whale (isheries for the benelit
of his subjects. No one will deny that the privil-
eges of this extensive company were ample, but
they were to make some return for these valuable
concessions. They were to supply all si^tllers
with lodging, food, clothing and farm inqplements
for three years; "after which they would allow
them sufficient land to support themselves, cleared
to a certain extent, with the grain necessary for
sowing it ; secondly, that the emigrants should be
native Frenchmen and Roman Catholics, and that
no stranger or heretic should be introdiiced into
the country: and, tiiiidly, (hey agreed to settle
(liret- priests in each settlement, whom they were
bound to provide with every article neeessiiry for
their personal comfort, and to defray the exiienses
of tlieir ministerial labor for flfleeii years, after
which cleared lands were to be grunted by the
! .li
I
hi
80
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CvVNADA.
Sk'se of Qiiobee, ^f Koinailisill.
company to the clergy for inaintiviiiing the Roman
Catholic Church in New France." This plan of
Richelieu was bold and broad, and,considering the
great enmity existing at tiie time between the
(Jatholies and Protestants, the religious intolei'-
ance manifested is rather to be expected. It might
have been more rigid and still found entiiusiastic
support. However, it was, even tiuis liberal, des-
tined to meet with difBculties well calculated to
overthrow its higliest aims.
2. — Sad indeed is it that for so many years, nay,
even to the present day, Canada was destined to
rise and fall with the changing battles
' The imprudent
zeal of the Catholic attendants of tlie
queen of Charles I., in connection witii Riclielicu's
persecution of tiie Huguenots, had aroused the
liostility of tlie English people ; and tlie Duke of
lUiekingham, to gratify a i)rivate pique against tlic
Cardinal, involved tliem in a war witli France.
Tiie concpiest of Canada was at once resolved upon
at the English Court, and Ciiarles granted a com-
mission for that purpose to Sir Daviil Kirlc, one of
tiie numerous Huguenot refugees tluni in Eng-
land. Aided by his two brothers, Lewis and
Tiuunas, and the j^ounger De Caen, wlio vowed
vengeance against his native country for tiie loss of
liis exclusive privilege, he speedily ecjuipped a
squadron, and sailed for the St. I^awrence. On
arrival at Tadousac he sent a formal summons to
Quebec, demanding its surremler. Ciiami)lain
inunediately called a meeting of tlie inliabilauts to
consult what was best to be done. On learning
tlu.'ir determination to sup[)ort him, lie returned so
spirited an answer, that Kirk, ignorant of the weak
state of liie defences, gave up liis intention of cap-
turing the town, and contented liimself with seiz-
ing a convoy on its way thither witli settlers and
stores of all kinds. Hut Cluiniplain and his com-
panions gained only a brief respite of a few months
by their courage. The f(lllo\^■ing summer, in the
month of July, the English ileet again ascended
the St. Lawrence. A portion of it under tiio Ad-
mi I'al rcmaiiKid at Tadousac, while the vessels
conmianded by his brothers sailed up to (^ULl/ec
to demand it8 surremler. Ciiamplain distressed
by fiiniine, owing to the capture of his supplies,
and the settlement being severely harassed by the
liostile incursions of tlie Iroquois, at once resolved to
comply with the suinmonaof the Kirks, andaceord-
ingly surrendered the tow n and fort on the next day.
The terms granted him were of the most honor-
able character. The inhabitants were allowed to
march out with their arms and baggage, and weie
to be conveyed to France if they desired it; but,
owing to the kind treatment they experienced from
the English, very few of them left the country.
Leaving his brother Lewis in command of (Juebec,
Sir David Kirk, accompanied by Chami)lain, sailed
for England in September; and arrived safely at
Plymouth on the 20th of October."' — MacMullcn.
We liave seen by this authority just quoted how
when Kirk first arrived in Canada, failing to effect
the capture of Quebec, he seized an extensive
convoy of provisions and settlers on its way to
Quebec. Tliis convoy was the first movement in
behalf of Quebec under the patronage of the new
t.jnq)any. Several vessels had been eqnip|)ed,
extra iirovisioned and [uit under the command of
Bo(pienioiit, one of tlie associators. A large number
of families and artizans took passage for Canada
in these vessels, which set forth from France in
1G28, but, as we have seen, were fated never to
accomplish the oiijeet of their mission.
(iair'oaii in his work fjivi'.'* lis some iiaiticiilars concorniiis; tlip relii-
tioiis cxisliii,!; betwei'ii Kiifiliiml luul France atUiio time, wliicli wo
cdiisiiler wditli ri'piiiiiiu'ini; lii'ie. As we liavo alremlv s(,'('n. after
Arnall destroyed Tort lioval Uie I'.n^lisli lel't Acadia. " In lll'Jl, Sir
William Alexander (afterwards lietter known as Karl of Stirling oli-
tiiiiieil a uraiit of the pro\iiioe fiiun .lames I., Kiii^id Kiiv;lanil. iiiti'iid-
ili.i; tliere to found ii seltlement of Sc'ols I'olonists. The terms ami the
ilocunieiits of eoncessioii delined Alexander's lordsliip as inclmliii.i;
all the territories east of a Hue drawn from the river St. Croix to the
St. Lawreik'e, in the direction id' the north. This rc'jioii received Iho
name of 'Nova Scotia,' or N'ew Scotland, lint what amount cf
territory the aiipellatloii was meant to cover was never )pro|ierly as-
certained during the following' times : the Kiii'lish allerwards coii-
teiidim;' that Nova Scotia aiid Acailia were one ; the I'rench maiii-
taini'i.^ that Acailia was a separati^ part of the peiiiiisiila. witli dis-
tiiu't limits, formini; a portion of New Kraiice. Meantime (lii'J'J)
Alexander emharUeil a liody of enii,i;raiils to lieiiin a selllement witli;
hilt they arriveil so late ill tlii^ year, tli.it they were ohli^ed to winter
In Newfoniidlaiid. In spring, ltl'j;i, they set sail a^aiii, touched at
Cape Ilrc'toii, coasted Acadia, visiting; some of its havens, and at
length reai'hed Cape .Stilile. There lindiii.L' the rrcncli in full posses-
sion of the place, they turned lielni and sailed liaeU to iiritaiii; on
their arrival, Kiviii;; a H;lowiiij; account of tlie lieaiily and leitilily of
the entire cinintry. Neither this year nor tin! next was aii< fmiher
attiaiipt made, ilaiiies I. dyin^ in lli'-'.'i. Alexander applied i.i hissiic-
eessor, Charles I., for aconllrniation of his rights, which wasi;ranled.
The latuKiii),', who had, in Kill, ostalilished a minor order of llritisli
noliility called !)ii)V)Hc(,s', desijjiied, towards tha close of his life, in
confer that title on as many persons as could purchase it and form
estates In the new colony of Nova Scotia, .\fter the return of tho
emigrants in lli'JIl, iiotliiiij; was done in the matter till Charles as-
cended tho throne. When that KIiik:, in Hi'-S, •;iaiilcd to .\le\ander a,
charter of ' the lordship of Canada,' he nraiited ceilain tracts of land
III Acadia to various persons, who were to Ih^ called ' A'»'i/c.v.vc,' to
dIstliigiiiHil them from Kii.l;IIsIi and Irish nieinhei'H of the pre-e\lstln){
baronctH u( Noyii Scotia." In tho {oieyuiiig iiuto wo havo givcu
iiL'xtilay.
)st lionor-
llowt'il to
aiul wei'e
I it ; but,
need fiom
J coiiiiliy.
f QiiL'huc,
aiu, sailed
jsaft'ly at
lacMullen.
loted how
isr to effect
exteii.sive
ts way to
vemeiit in
1" the new
e(inii)])od,
inunand of
■genuinlier
)!■ Canaila
Fiance in
[ never to
miiig tlip reln-
iiiie, wliicli wo
ilv seen. iittiT
'■ 111 KI'Jl. Sir
f Stirling) iili-
|ii;l:ili(l, iiiti'iiil-
Icniis mill tlic
as iiu'lii(lin.<{
I. Croix til tlie
1 ii'i'i'ivi'il tlie
.■it IMIlDllllt I'f
r iirii|ii'ilv iis-
ri\v;iri|s I'liii-
Iri'iii'li iiiain-
iil;i, with ilis-
iiitiiiid (Uil'l)
llniiiiit with;
I'll to wiiitor
|iii, toiii'licil at
vi'iis. anil at
II I'lill possi's-
1) lli'itaiii; on
III ll'ltilitV of
|s aM> lllllllIT
iinl i.i liissiii'-
WMS lifMlllCll.
llTof lilitisll
if Ills lil'i', t<)
it ami t'oi'in
vtill'il of till)
I Cliaili's as-
1 Alr\aiiiliT 11
Inu'ts of laml
Snhh-K^r,- to
|iii'-i'xistin;{
liiivc ylvcii
FRANCO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION, IGiiO TO lO;.
M
lioU's translation of riamoaii, in wliiili are several valualile corree-
tioiiH of the oriitinal, for wliii'li tlie translator is cntitleil to duerreilit.
Hell's Carneau fiirtlier st;ites that at this time, " intestine war be-
tween Catholii's anil Iliinnenots w.. va^iii^ in France. La Uoelielle,
the last liiihvark of the latter, beiiii? closely besieged, an Knu'lish
lleet. coinniaiiileil by the iircsiini|itiioiis yet incapable Villiers, Diike
of lliickinirliani. was sent for their iiitemleil relief. The ill-iiianai;eil
attempt utterly faileil: Carilinal Uichelieii took l,a IJochelle, ami the
jiosition of l'rotest.'intisni ill France became one of abjec'tion. .Stiinir
by his ilefeat, ratlier tli.in nioveil by patriotic feelings or by rei;aiil for
the cause of reli;;io,is freeiloni, l!iickin>;ham persiiaileil his master to
declare war a;,'ainst Louis XIII. Hostilities between their siibject.s,
forthwith be^jiin in Kiinipe, soon extended to those of America. A
fleet of war vessels was ecpiipped in F.n,;;land to invade the settlements
of New F"aiice, and in parti'Milar to attjick Quebec. One of tlicships
was coinmaniled by David Kirk, .1 master mariner of Dieppe, and an-
other by Captain Mitchell, both boiiifr French I'rotcstants. In inid-
Riimnier, KiiS, the Kn;;lisli ships reached the gulf of St. Lawrence,
where they captured several Frendi vessels, engaged in the fisheries
and peitry tralllo. Kirk, arriving at Tadonsac, wrote a very
civil letter, dated ,Iiily H, to (.'haiii]>lain. ailmonishlng him, that as a
famine reigned in Qiicliee, and no supplies could reach it by sea, the
entry of the St. )-awience being blockaded by the F.nglish fleet, it
were best for all parties that the pliicc should be yielded on favorable
terms being accorded.
"(niamplain. judging from the disfcineo between him and Kirk
that the latter was not so ready to put his threats in execution as he
aimoiinced, sent a deliant reply to the summons ; althongli, had
Kirk lilted at once, rather than lost time in parley, he might have at-
tained bis object easily, for the garrison of Quebec was •hen in help-
less extremity. In order to disguise the nakedness of the land, the
wily governor osteiitationsly feasted the impressed llasqnea whom
Kirk sent to deliver his minatory missive ; although the inbabitants
then had no resources whatever, and lived upon seven onnces of
bread per he;id daily, served from the governincnt stores, the latter
eont.iiiiing, at ihis time, not more than 51) lbs. oi gunpowder. When
the messengers returned to Kirk with Champlain's letter, and an-
swered the ipiestioiis tliat were probably luitto them, that olflce.-, dis-
trusting the reports he had previously received of thestjiteot Quebce,
dfc«lioyed all the vessels he had at Tadon.sac, mid returned to the
lower Laiireiitian waters.
" Shortly iifterwards, Uoqnemoiit arrived in the gulf, and was er-
roneously informed, as he entered it, by natives whom he met, that
Quebec had been taken by the Fnglish. Doubting the evil news,
however, peace having been re-established when he left, he des-
patched eleven of bis men, in a light vessel, to (Juebec for more reli-
able inform.ition. Scarcely had this bark set out, than the people in
her sighted six ves.sels bearing Fnglish colors ; and next day they
heard a brisk cannonade. It |iroeeeded from the guns of Kirk's and
Koiineniont's ships, then in close action. The latter had been chased,
and were easily captured after a short opposition ; they were, in fact,
iilnioi-t nnmanagealilc in tight, being loaded to the gunwale with sup-
plies, iind neces.sarily crowded with nnwarliko iiassengers. It ap-
peared that Koipiemont rather sought than avoided this irreparable
calamity, for such it proved, us being the real mediate ean.M' of the
surrender of (Quebec, allhoiigh that untoward event did not Uikeiilace
till next year.
" The governor having had his in ind prepared (ortlio intelligence
brought him of the capture of Uocpiemont's ships by what he already
knew, bore the shoik witli his accustomed eipianiniity, and set about
ni.'iking the means of subsistence still lelt go as far as possible. I'n-
fortunately, the year's return from the small patches of l;ind under
cultivation proved unwontedly scanty, lie desputcbed ag.'iits to buy
as much provisions from the natives astliey were willing to part with;
and sent a number of others to winter with the Indians, so that there
would be fewer mouths lo ,onsiime the almost exhausted gov eminent
stoles. After every precaution taken, however, the sulTering from
privation by the inhabitants of Quebec, during the following live or
six months, must have been very great ; tor it is recorded that no
piviner had the snow disappeared from the yroiind, than luimbcrsof
those whom want had not ([uite prostrated, went forth to the contlj;-
nons wildenicss. to searcli for roots, &c., to keep life iu their own
bodies or in tho^e of their families.
" In the midst of this di.stress, Clianiplain seemed to rise superior to
evil fate. I'ersonally, lie set the exanijile of patience under extreme
luivation, while ho gave eiiconraging assurances, which ho could
hardly have put trust in hiin-elf, that plenty would soon return ; as
doubtless vesselSifreighted with abundant supplies would soon arrive
fioin France. But days, weeks, months glided on, and they came
not The .season of starvation contiiined through |iart of the spring,
with nearly as much sulTering as in the previous winter, and was now
being prolonged during the first months of summer. Fvery wood,
for many le.'igues round the eity, having been thoroughly ransacked
for petty edibles the sufferers hud become utterly despondent, when
all were roused into glad expectation on hearing that three inward
bound vessels were near and liad been signalled behind I'oiiito Le'vi.
The joy of their presence was short-lived. They were Fnglish shi) s
of war, eommanded by Louis and Thomas Kirk, sent on by the Ad-
miral, their brother, who sailed from Fjigland with a second expedi-
tion, but had tarried at Tadonsac with a larger number of vessels. No
thought was entertained now in the mind of any one, but to give np
the city, on the most favorable conditions tliatits foes would be per-
suaded to make. They entered its gates and took possession on the
'J'.itli of .Inly, KiL'll. Louis Kirk, who installed himself as the Fng-
lish governor, treated the citizens with kindness, and it may be pre-
snuied supplied the more pressing bodily wants of the people whoso
ruler he had become. However this may be,it is certain thatii major-
ity of the colonists concluded to remain intheeonntry."
3. — Thus was the fust fall of Quehec effected
in 1020. Fi-aiice had been atrivinof for a century to
establish a colony in America .ind
now in a single year the resu^s of {iS!,'„?'^^J,';,:;'.°'''^
all their efforts had passed into the
hands of their enemies. IJut the fort and settle-
ment captured by Kirk was soon to bo restored
to the F'rench, that it might be retaken -with
greater glory to the British Crown in a cciitnrv
and a quarter afterwards, when, on the Plains of
Abraham, the great Wolfe, was to consecrate with
his blood a victory for liis conntr}- and Protestant-
ism. Kirk, acooinpanied by Champlaiii, pro-
ceeded to Tadonsac, there intending to take pas-
sage to Europe, which lie did. In dt-scending the
St. Lawrence they met De Caen, sailing toward
Quebec with a ship well loaded with provisions.
After an obstinate rcsistcnce Thomas Kirk cap-
tured this ship also. Chamiilain was condticteil
to England, wiiere he at once held a conference
with the French ambassador at London on the
affairs of New France, lie urged upon tlie am-
bassador thenecessity of demanding the re.it it iition
of tiuebec, since it had been captured more than
two montiis after the close of tlii^ brief \\\w be-
tween tiie two nations. " The ambassador, like a
niinieioiis parly in France, had no very exalted
ojiinion of Caiiiida ; and seemed to regard its res-
toration, as one of tiie eoiH'itions of the proposed
pence, as a very uuimixirtan, matter. Champiain's
representations, however, iirevaiied at the French
'M
i
■I I
J.
82
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Court. He clearly proved llie vast national im-
portance of the fur trade and the fisheries ; and
that the latter formed an admirable nursery for
seamen. These facts, backed by his strong solici-
tations, induced Richelieu to negotiate for the res-
toration of Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton,
which, by the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, again
became appendages of the Froneli crown. The
establishment of peace i)laced the company of One
Hundred Associates in possession of all their for-
mer privileges. They promptly reinstated Cham-
plain as governor of Canuda, and commenced ex-
tensive preparations for a fresh expedition." — 3Iac-
Mullen. These were completed, and in the spring
of 1633, Champlain once more landed in Quebec
with supplies and new settlers.
4. — In 1G33, wlien Chami)lain arrived at Que-
bec he found the little colony in the same de-
lected condition in which he had
Champlain nt Que- ', ^ . . , .
bee, i«M.-ias leit it, unimproved in numl)ers and
comforts. He busied himself im-
|,roving its afl'airs, and negotiating friendly rela-
tions with the savages witli consideralde success.
He afterwards turned iiis attention to the estab-
lishment of a college, or seminary for the educa-
tion of the youtii of the colony. Tiiis project
found its origin in a scheme of the Jesuits, and one
of them gave six thousand crowns to aid in carry-
ing it out. The erection of this institution w.as
commenced in the autumn of 1035, and was the
means of inspiring the inhabitants witli new hopes
and new energies. C haini)lain, however, was not
to see its completion. He died in the following
December, his loss being deeply mourned by the
colonists and by his many friends in France. VVe
refer llie reader to the biographical department at
the close of this work for a sketch of this truly
great man.
CHAPTER XII.
ACADIAN COLONIZATION.— 1G13 TO 16G8.
i. Operations of thk De la Tour.s. — 2. Dis-
posal OF Acadia hy Treaty of St. Ceu-
MAiN. — 3. Civil War in Nova Scotia. —
4. La T(njR"8 Boston Reinforcement. —
T). Bravery of Madame De la Tour. —
6. La Tour Marries the Widow of his
Enemy. — 7. English Ascendency in Aca-
dia. — 8. English Occupancy and Restitu-
tion OF Acadia.
1. — Turning our attention once more to the
shores of Acadia, let us observe the events that
were transpiring in that quarter, operation, of the
After the English had defeated the i>" i^' i""™-
French, and destroyed Port Royal, in 1613, they
retired from the country, taking no steps to colo-
nize it until 1621, when King James the First, of
England, made a grant, which included Acadia,
New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Prince Edward
Island, and i)art of Lower Canada, to Sir William
Alexander, a native of Scotland, a poet and dram-
atist of considerable reputation. In 1622 Sir
Willi.am chartered a vessel, in Mhich a number of
emigrants embarked, for the purpose of settling in
Nova Scotia. Tlie vessel sailed in August, and
approached the Island of Cape Breton about the
middle of Scptcniber. Here he encountered a
violent storm, and was driven to Newfoundland,
where he landed, and decided to spend the winter,
sending the ship back to England for supplies.
The vessel set out on her return trip in the fol-
lowing spring, but did not reach Newfoundland
until the middle of June, before which time most
r>f the emigrants left on the Island, despairing of
her return, engaged themselves to the fishermen.
While these things were taking place, Charles tlie
First ascended the throne, from whom Sir William
Alexander not only received a confirmation of
iiis grant obtained from King James, but an addi-
tional extent of territory, wliich led to the forma-
tion of a company called "The Merchant Adven-
turers of Canada." Tiic celebrated Sir David
Kirk, of whose operations at Quebec we liave al-
ready spoken, was one of this company, and
in those transactions was supported by tiiis com-
pany. It seems that in one of the vessels cap-
tured by Kirk, in the convoy previously spoken of,
was Claude de la Tour, a French Protestant, who
had previously obtained a grant of land on the
river St. John. This man was taken to England
witli (jjiamiilitin. Meanwhile, Charles, a son of
tliis De la Tour, commanded a French fort at
Cape Sable. Wliile in England tiie father had
married a lady of rank, and having been created,
in 1620, a Baronet of Nova Scotia, entered into an
arrangement by which ho hoped to seduce his son
ACADIAX COLOXIZATIOX.— 1G13 TO 1C68.
from liis loyalty to the king of France. In ac-
cordan'^'^ with his plans two men-of-war were fitted
out, and .vith La Tour on board, sailed for Cape
Sable. When he arrived he had an interview wiih
his son, to whom he set fortli in bright colors the
advantages he would derive from surrendering the
fort to the English, and identifying himself with
interests loyal to the British. His son's reply did
credit to his loyalty. lie said that to conifjl}- with
his father's wishes would be treason to his king, \
rather than which he proposed to defend the fort
to the utmost, and even to sacrifice his life.
" Finding his son resolute De la Tour ordered an
attack on the fort, which was continued for two
days, and which resulted in the defeat of the at-
tacking force. I)e la Tour now found himself in
an r.wkward position. To return to France was
deatli, and to England disgrace. He therefore
requested his sou to permit him to settle quietly
with liis wife in the neighborhood, to which the
young man consented, on the condition that his
father was never to enter the fort. Dc la Tour and
his wife with two valets and two female servants,
accordingly landed, and the two men-of-war re-
turned to Engliiiid. Haliburton says that in the
following year De la Tour joined a party of emi-
grants who landed at Port IJoyal, and built ii, fort
at Granville, tiie remains of which were visible
when he wrote, being known by the traditioiuiry
name of the Scotch fort. yVccording to Deuys, as
related by Murdoch, he was found at Cai)C Salile
in 1635 ; but Ferland's account seems to exidain
the matter satisfactorily by representing De la
Tour us having gone to Port Royal with the Scotch
colonists, and returning by invitation, on his
son Charles being appointed Lieutenant-Governor
of Acadia, in 1G31. A number of the emigrants
having died during the first winter at Granville,
and the extensive colonial speculations, in which
Sir William Alexander was engaged, not proving
profitable, induced him in the year 1(330 to transfer
all Nova Scotia, except Port Royal, to his friend
Claude De l.t Tour." — CampbvlL
2. — In 1032, however, peace was concluded be-
tween England and France, which was the first
„, , , , „ piihlic treaty which settled the title
Plapnsnl of Acmllft ,-, , ,
«fiur iiie Tiunty of to Canada aud Acadia, notwithstand-
St. Uuniuilna' • i c
ing that Sir Daviil Kirk, in conjunc-
tion with Sir William Alexander and others, iiad
forced the French from the Valley of the St. Law-
rence, and taken Quebec, Port Royal, St. Croix,
and Peiitagoet, — all the possessions France then
had in America. Yet, liy an article of the Treaty
of St. Germaius, all these places were restored to
the Crown of France. Thus the English returned
to the French what they had, at much expense,
t.akcn from them; and this wholesale transfer of
American possessions gives us a very good idea of
their value as then estimated by the advisers of
the English Crown. When the Prime Minister of
France stipulated in the Treaty of St. Germains
that Acadia was to be restored to the French, it
is not likely that he had any serious thoughts of
colonizing it. It was, says Garneau, tacitly under-
stood that it should remain at the disposal of the
individuals who already held it by grant. 'J'hese
persons left to their own discretion in its wilder-
ness, where they swayed a despotic power over
traders aud natives, took up aims against each
other, mucii in the same style of the battling feud-
ally of the middle ages.
3. — Acadia was apportioned into three prov-
inces, and put into the possession of as many pro-
prietary governors. These were , i,„ „nrin Nova
Knight-Commander Isaac de Uazilli, '*™"''' """^ '•
Cavalier De la Tour, and M. Denis. Razilli was
given the comiuaud of Port Royal, with all the ter-
ritory to the south west, as far as N(;w England,
which of course included New Brunswick. La
Tour had the whole country from Port Royal tt)
Canso, and Denis had the rest of Acadia from
Canso to Gaspc. Razilli was appointed Governor-
in-Ciiief of all these colonies. " La Tour applied
for and obtained roval letters patent in Fiance,
recognizing the val lity of a concession of lands
on the river St. John, granted to his father
in 1027, by King Charles L King of England; aud
in 1034 he obtained, besides the Isle de Sable, ten
square leagues of seaboard territory at La Heve,
and ten other square leagues at Port Royal, along
with islands adjacent. But Commander Razilli
was so taken with the natural beauties of La Heve,
so struck with its fitness for a harbor, with its
capacity for admitting a thousand sail of vessels,
that he engaged La Tour to cede it to himself.
He there fixed his residence, after taking posses-
sion, by royal (uder, of the country beyond, as far
as the Kennebec river. A frigate which he had
sent on took possession of a i)etty fort at Penob-
scot, which the New England colonists of I'lymouth
1
84
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
II
■f:i
hiid erected, ami therein deposited their peltries as
a i)iace of safety. The French phieed a garrison
in it." — Garneau. In IGoo Hazilli died, wiiere-
iiI>on liis brothers succeeded liini, one of whom.
Charles de ^Menon, Chevalier de Charnizay, was
named chief governor of all Acadia, in 1047. 'Ihe
first act of the latter worthy of notice was the
abandonment of La Ileve, where Razilli had formed
a prosperous settlement. Charnizay moved its
inhabitants to Port Royal. Soon a difficulty grew
up between him and La Tour, probably from their
rivalry in the peltry traffic, or the uncertain limits
of their several territories. These haught\' spirits
could settle their dispute short of nothing but a
resort to arms.
4. — Louis XIII., King of France, undertook to
reconcile these, his American subjects, but in vain.
La Tour's no«ton ^^^ defined the boundaries of their
reiiiforwment. sevcr.il govcmmcnts, fixiug the limits
of Charnizay's at the New England frontiers on
the one side, and at r. line drawn from the Bay of
Fundy to Canso on the other; the country west of
said line being assigned to La Tour, excepting La
Ileve and Port Royal, which the former was to
possess in exchange for tlie fort at St. John's river,
held by the latter. But these efforts of the King
did not pacify the rival commandants. Charnizay
succeeded in conquering his enemy at Court, M'here
he received orders to arrest La Tour and send him
to France a prisoner. But this was not so easy to
accomplish. First of all Fort St. John was to be
taken, which Charnizay proceeded to invest. In
this extremity La Tour appealed to his Boston
neighbors for aid. At that time England and
France were at peace, and Governor Winthrop of
Massachusetts could not openly aid the api)licaut;
nevertheless the Massachusetts colonists were
eager to protract a war that would be sure to
weaken Acadia, and the Governor was induced to
permit La Tour to raise and equip a small force in
his province. With eighty men thus raised in
Massachiiselts, together with one hundred and
forty French Protestants, La Tour not onl}' raised
the siege of Fort St. Johns, but ch)sely [jursued
the retreating Cliarnizay to his fortifications.
Charnizay i)rotested against the aggression com-
milted by the English in time of peace, in which
he was heartily joined by a numerous body of tin;
peojjle of Massachusetts, but Governor AN'inlhrop
observed, in justification of his action, "that the
doubt with us in the matter was this, wliether it
were more safe, just and honorable to neglect a
Providence which put it in our power to succor an
unfortunate neighbor, at the same time weakening
a dangerous enemv, than to allow that enemy to
work out his purpose. We have preferred the former
alternative." The English Governor followed this
justification by proposing to Charnizay a treaty of
amity and trade between Acadia and New England,
an offer wliicli was promptly accepted, as Char-
nizay lioped thereby to obtain advantage over La
Tour. The treaty was signed, October 8, 1646,
at Boston, and was subsequently ratified by com-
missioners of the confederated colonies of Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, Ne^v Haven, and Plymouth.
5. — La Tour's Massachusetts forces had now
been sent home and Charniza}', learning that he
was absent from his fort, enjo3ed the
belief tluit he could take it by sur-BruW.^"""'"""
prise ; " but Madame de la Tour, an
heroic woman, took charge of its defence and
played her husband's part so well, that the be-
siegers were fain to retire, after having lost 3o of
their number. The garrison was also stronger than
Charnizay expected, for the Bostonians still ex-
tended succor, underhand, to his antagonist. The
former, chagrined at the repulse he had received,
imputed it entirely to the above-noted practical
violation of the treaty lately entered into. Dis-
daining to remonstrate, he threatened severe re-
prisals, and began l)y seizing a New England
vessel. This act had the desired effect. All
further aid to La Tour was witnheld by the Bos-
tonians. Charnizay re-invested Fovt St. John, and
plied the siege briskly ; but Madame de La Tour,
with a mere handful of men, repelled his assaults
three several times. He began to despair of suc-
cess, when a traitor in the garrison let him into the
body of the place at an unguardtd entrance on
Easter-day. Madame de la Tour had time to take
refuge in one isolated part of the works, and stood
so stoutly oil her defence, that Charnizay was fain
to subscribe to the terms of surrender which she
demanded. When Charnizay saw the smallness
of the number to whom he had capitulated, he re-
gretted the concession he had made; and pretend-
ing that he had been deceived or misunderstood,
he had the ineffable baseness to hang every man of
the faithful band; obliging the heroine who had
been their leader to be present at the execution.
1
■ ^
ACADIAN COLONIZATION.— 1613 TO 1G68.
r of Maiiame |
our.
witli a halter round her neck." — Garncau. This
iiiifortunate lady was so mucli affected by the ex-
I'iteiuent of the contest and the suhsequcnt execu-
tions that she fell into a decline from wliich she
never recovered.
(J. — Shortly after La Tour became an exile,
being escorted to Quebec in 1G4G, wliere lie was
received with military honors, and
i^^l^oml^no!^ entertained at the Castle of St.
Louis, lie remained some time in
Canada, entering extensively into the fur traflie
in the Hudson's Bay territory, lint in 1031, he
learned of the death of his old enemy Charnizay,
whereupon he at once set out for Acadia, and
where, strange though it may seem, he married the
widow of his own wife's persecutor, entering upon
full possession of all the estates of the latter, with
the consent of the heirs. This gave a new lease
to the troubles in Acadia. France had now
learned to doubt La Tour's loyalty, probably from
his connection with the New Englanders. One
Le Borgne, a creditor of Charnizay, was empowered
to attach certain property left by his deceased
debtor in Acadia, and to use, if necessary, force
to obtain possession of it. Le Borgne, putting a
new and wider meaning to his commission, at once
determined to possess himself of the wiiolt pro-
vince. He began his operations by attacking M.
Denis unawares, mastered his establishment at
Cape Breton, and sent him a prisoner, manacled,
to Fort Royal. He then burnt the settlement at
La Hevj, not so much as sparing the chapel, and
was preparing to attack La Tour at St. John, when
a more powerful expedition, sent out by Cromwell,
put a stop to his progress. Cromwell, in 1G;j4.
sent out an expedition to repress Acadia. His
forces expelled those of La Tour from St. John,
and drove Le Borgne from Port Royal, taking the
latter prisoner. At the same time the Massachu-
setts colonists attacked La Ileve, then under the
command of Le Borgne's son, and one Guilbault,
a merchant. After a desperate conflict, in which
the invading party lost their leader, the little fort
was capitulated, tlie garrison receiving honorable
terms. After accomplishing the ruii. of Acadia,
the English retired from the country, and its pos-
sessors, a loose, roving set, were pretty much left
to themselves, with but little rule, sometimes re-
cognizing the King of France, sometimes the King
of England, and sometimes both.
7. — After the war had ended M. Denis re-
turned to Chedabouctou, where he maintained
friendly relations with the Englisii.
This excited the envy of his neigh- KS i"'*'"'''"'^
bors, and he was attacked a second
time. "A person named de La (liraudiere had
obtained, under false i)retences, as was said, the
concession of Canso. He proceeded to capture
Denis' ships, took possession of his factory at
Cape Breton, and beleagured the fort there. The
damage resulting from these aggressions, the cost
of law-jirocess thence arising, and the conflagra-
tion of his establishment, conjoined to eiTeet his
ruin. He had to leave the country soon after-
wards, where his presence hud been really bene-
ficial. Benig a public-spirited man, he liad
established fisheries, factories for tlie peltr}' traffic ;
an<l (lei)ots for lnnil)er, which he hirgeh- exported
to Europe. LaTour finall\- throve best. Being a
Huguenot, iiu all the more readily put himself
untler the pi'otection of the English, wiien tliey
succeeded in bringing the country under their
sway. In IGoG, Cromwell granted to La Tour,
Sir Thomas Temple, and William Crown, con-
jointly and severally, territorial rights over all
Acadia. La 'J'our afterwards ceded his part in
tlie same to Temple, who spent more than jC 10,000
sterling merely for putting the forts in order. The
recorded annals of Acadia, from this time till it
was re-transferred to Fn, "ce in terms of the treaty
of Breda (signed June liU, 1007), are of little sig-
nificance. Despite the constant representations
and humble re(][uests made to the authorities in
tiie mother countr}- by the inhabitants, the colony
had been neglected at all times, for reasons we have
elsewhere detailed, but which may be again biiell}'
expressed here. Mistress, as Franco was, of im-
mense forest territories, her rulers feared to encour-
age colonization therein, lest the kingdom itself
sliould become emasculated ; again, whatever num-
bers of people it was thought tlie old country
could afford to part with, were in the first place
directed to Canada, as having the best claim to be
served. The intention of colonizing Acadia, in-
deed, was never abandoned; but constant post-
ponement became virtually the same through its
malign influence upon the affairs of the few resi-
dent French subjects. It must be allowed, how-
ever, that the inferior soil, and the exposure of
Acadia to alien intrusion, made it less attractive
! '• I
80
TUTTLirS 1II8T0RV Ol' Till-: DOMINION OF CANADA.
to piiviitc settlers than Caiuula ; bill the geograph-
ical ii()sitii)ii of llie eouiilry, willi its range ol'
sealioard and inagiiiliceiit liaveiis, iiukU; its aequi-
siti')ii and retention of gi(';it iniportanee as tlu;
bnlwark to sneli a potent colonial empire as that.
l)roje>'te<l by the more lofty-minded among its
founders and protectors from occidental France.
The .Miormous selfishness of individnals, as well as
national snpineness, worked in an adverse direc-
tion to that of progress for Acadia. Thns those
ingrates who obtain concessions of immense tracts,
as territorial scignioi's paramonnt and as lordly
traders, desired to have no commnnities of sturdy
colonists in their way as ' runners of the woods.'
Ilenee every efl'ort made for extensive land-culti-
vation was systematically thwarted by the succes-
sive patentees, both French and English. Ilenee,
it was, too, that the truculent Ciiarnizay, from
motives such as wc have just staled, forbade any
one to come within liis bounds except by Ins
license. Worse still, he kept colonists, whom he
arbitrarily removed from La Hive io Fort Koyal,
in a state of slavish compression; besid(.'s discour-
aging all efforts, whetiier made by them or others,
to ameliorate the physical condition of the coun-
try. No wonder was it, all things taken into ac-
count, that Acadia was so late in taking its due
rank in jiublic estimation, as an imjiortant i)ro-
vince of New France. So far from founding set-
tlcmculs of any importance within its borders, or
promoting industry on its lands or in its wa* :rs,
successive Ministers of ' .ate in Old France
scarcely used means eirectmd enough to vindicate
the nominal sovereignty of their masters over the
neglected Acadian territory." — Garufiiu. 'J'hus
through the negligence of the ruling, spirits of
France, the conllicts of religious intolerance, and
the seUisli ambition of the connnandanis, Acadia
was doomed to receive but little attention from
the nation whoso authority held nominal sway
over it.
H. — England iuaintainod nominal possession of
Acadia from the jieriod of (Cromwell's expedition
„ „ , in l(l.")4 to 1070. Wluiu peace was
nMiriii.uuiUmiof concluded between France and Eng-
land, at the treaty of Westminster,
Cromwell carefully cvailed the (daims of France
to the restoration of Acadia. Ho proposed to
refer the matter to the consideration of commis-
sioners, but purposely neglected to do this, and the
(incslion was not again debated until Itiiiii, when
M. d'lvslrailes, then ambassador in I^ondon from
tlu' Frtncii Court, renewed, on belialf of his King,
the demand for rcslilntion. At tiiis time conunis-
sioners were appointed by King Charles the
second, and the rights of the two Crowns to tiie
province were lully discnssod in the king's prcseiu'c.
However no decisive njciusure t)f State foilowi'd.
New England had already been ai'ouscd to the im-
pcutance of securing Acadia to the Hrilish Crown,
and, on hearing the demand of the Ficnch, they
immciliati'ly transmitted a i)etition to the ICnglish
King anil parliament praying that Nova Scotia
might not again be restored to the Frencii. This,
together with other mailers, had tlit^ i'lTci^l of de-
laying the action of the (bjvernmenls. However,
in 11)07, by the treaty of IJreda, Nova Scotia and
all Acadia were restored to the French. This act
was somewhat in violation of tiie rigiits conferred
upon Sir Thomas Temple ami his associates, who
had been to huge expense in placing the forts in
a defensible, condition. This eni;roachmcnt was
tiie cause of renewed troubles in Nova Seot.a. M.
Nourillon du Hoiirg was commissioned undei the
great seal of France, in October, Ititi.S, to receive
Acadia from Sir 'I'homas Temple, then (lovernor
of the province. Du Hourg landed and presented
the (jovernor with liis ciunmission and a Ictti-r
from the King of England, dated I)ecend)er ;51,
1007, under his signct,containing his order for the
surrender of the territiuy. lUit Sir Thomas re-
fused to give up the province, giving, in justilica-
tion of this act, the reason that tiicre was too nnich
ambiguity as to the boundaries of the territory to
b(! ceded. Du I?>.urg now riiached the ear of the
English King through the French ambassador, and
so shrewdly rei>rcsi'nted his case that Sir Thomas
received a de(;isive order to evacuate all the forts
held by him. Being thus overthrown by his own
King, the English '■ommandant surrendered Acadia
to the Cavalier Orand Fontaine, who had been ap-
pointed Frcnidi governor of tho province. Thus
once more this maritime country passed into tho
hands of a people who were but poorly qualified
to establish commercial or agricultural colonies in
America.
li
CIVIL AM) KHLKilorS ( UNDITK^N OF tilKliKC, 111;!!.
M
CIIAlTKli XI 11.
CIVIL AND KKLK.IOUS CONDITION OF
(^I'F.llKC, ic.;m.
1. Civil Aikamis at Qikhkc, lti:>--;V). — -.
IIisi!AM>i:v. Snuiv Kaisinc, inc. — :>. Di:-
SCKiriKlN OI' (ilKIIKC. lti;M. J. I.i; .1 KT N K,
Sui'KUiou OK TiiK Mission ap C^LKMKt'.
1. — IJi'liinrmt: to (iufl)t'C. let us ;j:lanc(' at its
ilfi'iicral cDiKliium. to'^cllicr witli tlial nf Canada, al
llic (Icalli of Cliamiilaiii. Kiom
''b'!:'!!:!^^!""" takini;tliissurv('v..i..-\villlH'tli.'l.ot-
tcr jircpari'd to ciitfr upon tlic ail-
niinislraliou of liis siu'i'cssor. Clianiplaiu's wilV
ivsidcil at (^>iicl)i'c, l)Mt slio was tlii^ iirst, and, at
tilt! time, tilt' only latly ri'sidt'iit of tiii- foloiiy.
At. this tiiiif tilt' I'olony coulil lianlly liavf lii'i-ii
ivirariifd as tstalijislifd witli siinififiit stiTiiu;tli
iiiitl ifrowlii to I'lisiirt! its pi'i'inaiu'iit siii'iM'ss. In
lli:!;! tlii'i'ii wi'if prolialily from out; liiiiuliftl and
fifty to oiif iinntiri'd anil fii^lity ai'tiial rfsidi'nls
iit (^ui'lioi', or in its viiinily. Most of tlipso wpro
workiiit'ii tMiiployi'il in tlit- fort, or at. thf fai:torifs
of till' fur Iraiicis. lU'siilt's llicrc wito liii- t'oiu-
jiany's an't'iits at 'I'ailoiisati and Tiirt't' Kivt'rs. At
till' lallfr placf llit-rt' liail lui'ii cri't'lftl soiiii' riiiit'
Imiitlini^s, dfffinli'd liy two small pit't't's of artil-
Ifiy. In tlio suiiuiu'r season tliis nuiiilKT was coii-
sitieialily iiicreasfd by traders helomring to tlie
vessels of Kreiieli mereliaiits, hut tliest^ i^enerally
retin-tl from tlit> eouiitry in llieautmnn, anil eoulil
not llierefore lie ealled residents. 'I'liere were also
ii numher of raiiLjers and liaii-lireeils amon;^ the
natives, wlio are not eoiinted in tliis eiiiiiiieratioii.
In It!:!!', four years after Clianiplaiu's death, the
population of {.ijiii'hi'i; was only two liundreil anil
fifty. Ill tilt! suriduniliiiL!; eountry thert) wantlor-
eil somt! hundreds of savay;es, Ali^oiuiuins, oslah-
lished at Sillerv liy Laleiiiant, anil f;overnoil hy
the .lesuils. I'isli was very ahunilant, hut the
|)roiluels of the soil were searee, and there were
not, ill fael, eolonists of siiHieieiil numliers, or
sunieieiitly settled on the land to raise the footl
rei|uire(l even for their own support. l''rom l(!l!"J
to l(i;>."), while Cliamplain lived, tin! eompany of
( (lie 1 luiiilreil Assoeiates w ereqiiile aetive in pro-
motiiiLC the interests of tlie eoloiiy, tlioui;li, how-
ever, more from the undent appeals of the Miivern-
01" than from their own ineliiiatioiis. They e.s-
12
talilished and maintained, under the style of llixi-
JiiitrK, four or five esial)li>limeiits in New Kraiiee.
'I'liest! were at Cajie Hretoii, .Miset>u, l^iiehee,
'I'lirei! IJivers and Shonatira, anioiii,' tlie llurons.
MesiiK
th
tl
le eompany
lainlained fort^
Iniilinj; marls, and ilwelliiii;s for the aeeommoila-
tioii of the eolonists in various plaees. l.e.leiine,
of whom we shall speak at leiin'tii preseiilly, i^ives
11 verv tlear aeeoiint of the eoluiiy at this time,
and expresses miieh joy at the eonliiiiied iuerease
of numliers, speeifyiiiij two families in parlieiilar,
which alone eompreheiiiled forty-live jiersons. lie
piously remarks, "what ii snhjeet for ihankfulness
it is to see, in these eoiiutries, delieale liodies of
ehildren of teiiiler i\\j;v, lantlini^ from their wooileii
prisons liki! the lirii^ht day issiiinj,' from the daik-
iiess of iiij;ht, and after all eiijoyiiii^ siieli exeel-
leiit lieailli, not willistandiiiL; all the iiieoiiveii-
ienees of these lloatin;^ lialiitatious, just as if they
had imrsued their route eomforlalily in a ehariot."
Le .leiiiie prolialily overdraws this matter of tho
eoiufort. of emii,Mation, luit he was too mueh iiiter-
osteil in tile jiron'ross of the eohuiy not to oiicour-
aLje his eoiintrymeii to nnilertake the voya;j;e. Le
•lenne had many quest ions to answer eonferiiin;j;
the eondition and resourees of the eoloiiy from
his sui>eriors in l'"raiiee, in all of wliieli lit! took
i^ootl eare to make tlii! most eiieouiai;iiij^ state-
ments consistent with llii! truth. .Miout the timi!
of Cliamplaiii's death this zealous eccl'';.iastie sums
up till! reconinienilalions of tlit! colony in four
divisions, viz.: the e.\eellence of its soil, its foiti-
lied posts, the niinilier of its inlialiilants, anil what,
he not iiiaiipropriately terms " //.x ririi itiiif frrlixi-
(tstlral f>olio\"' III Iti;!!, Le .leiiiie thus writes of
tilt! i!olony in the iliree aspects first nientioiied:
".As to the iiihaliitants of New I'' ranee, they ha vt>
inereaseil lieyond exiiectation. NN'lienl came first
then! was only one family ; now, every season wt;
witness the arrival of a j^oodly iiumlier of highly
lionoralilc persons, who "oiiie to throw llieniselves
into our vast forests as into a iicaeefiil retreat for
piety and lilierty. The sounds of ]ialaces, and
the thunders of seiD^eants-at-law, pleaders, mil
solicitors, eoiilil only reach lis liert! from the dis-
tance of a thoiisaiid leai^ues ; and it is oiilv once a
year that the pa|ieisaiiil gazettes, which some liriiit;-
from Old Kraiiee, ajiprisc usof the existence in the
world of i\v<iiiiiinx,,fr<iuth, rtibliirirx^iinirilirx, and in-
milirs. t)f course we art! not without ourmuladius,
I
I
m
m.
' '^
i'
TUTTLIiS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
but they are of easy cure ami iuexpeusive. Thank
God, tlie amiable souls in this country can experi-
ence the sweetness of a life far remote from thou-
sands of superfluous compliments, from the tyran-
ny of legal processes and the ravages of war. . . .
Here we liave lionorable gentlemen and soldiers,
whom it is a jileasure to boliold going througli
warlike exercises in tlie midst of peace, and to
hear the reports of musketry and cannon only on
occasions of rejoicing re-echoed from our grand
forests and mountains. The otiier inhabitants
consist of a mass of various artisans and a number
of honorable families, notably increased of late.
Even our savages are astonished to see so many
of what they call ' captains and yoiimj captains.'
Wiien they tell us at Quebec that there is a num-
ber of persons at 'J'adousac, and that nothing is
to be seen below but men, women, and little
children coming to increase our colony, and that
amongst tiiem are young ladies and young children
as bright as the day, I leave you to judge lio w joy and
surprise take possession of our hearts. Wlio cares
now for the difficulty of crossing the ocean, when
sucii young children, and girls, and women, natur-
ally timid, make nothing of the long sea-voyage ?
As to our civil and ecclesiastical police, I
have already intimated we have no practice; here
for cavillers. All our disagreements hitherto h;' e
(piickly disappeared ; every one is his own advo-
cate, and the first person one meets is a judge of
last resort without appeal. But if there be any
case which deserves to come before the Governor,
he disj)oses of it in two words. It is not that we
cannot have here any judicial process, but as there
are no great occasions of dispute, so there cannot
be great lawsuits, and consequently in that respect
all is mild and agrecaljle. Of course in all socie-
ties tliere are some discontented spirits to whom
tiie very mildest form of restraint seems odious.
All such are provided for here ; for, on the 2yth
December, 1635, notices and prohibitions were
affixed to a pillar in front of the church specify-
ing the penalties for blasphemy, intem[)erance,
neglect of mass or of divine service on fete-days.
.\lso a pillory was attached to the same, wiiieh
was had recourse to on the 16th of January to
punish a drunkard and blasjjhemer ; and on tlie
■2'2t\ one of our peo[)le was condemned to pay a
line of fifty iivres for liaving supplied intoxicating
lii]ii(irs to the savages. As to ccelesiastical jiui -
diction, this is only exercised as yet in the he.irts
and consciences. At first when we came to this
country we had only a wretched little hovel in
which to celebrate divine service, and which now
would make us ashamed ; then we had an apart-
ment in a house ; next we built a chapel, and now
we aim at converting this into a church. The
first services held in this large chapel or little
church were so attended that the place was filled
from one end to the other. ... I have forgotten
to say that the establishment of a College serves
much to benefit the country, and a numlier of hon-
orable people have intimated to me that tiiey never
would have crossed the ocean to New France, but
that they knew there were here already persons
able to guide their consciences and care for their
salvation, as well as to instruct tiieir children in
virtue and learning."
2. — Some animals — cows, slicep, swine, etc. —
had been imported to Canada as early as 1608 ;
and in 1623, it is recorded that two
thousand bundles of fodder were 'S'tSfefi.'"""''
brouglit from the pasture grounds at
Cap Tourment to Quebec for winter use. The
company of associates were bound by their charter
to bring to Canada two or tiu'ce hundred st ttlers
every year. In order to carry on the work of
establishing settlers on the land, several subordi-
luite comjianies or associations were formed in
France. Among the many leaders in these sub-
ordinate enterprises was M. Gitfard, a piiysician,
who is said to have spent over thirty years of his
life in earnest service for the colony. In return
for tliis service he received an extensive grant of
land at Beauport, near Quebec. Here he employ-
ed a number of '•" mi clearing the land and erect-
ing a dwelling tor his family, which caused a set-
tlement to grow up at that place.
3. — The general appearance of Quebec at ihis
time has had many curious descriptions. "One
who, in the summer of the j'earl634,
stood on the margin of Point Levi {.'Jif^fiSH"" °^ '^•"^■
and looked northward across the St.
Lawrence, would have seen, at the distance of a
mile or more, a range jf lofty cliffs, rising on the
left into the bald heights of Cape Diamond, and
on the right, sinking abruptly to the bed of the
tributary river St. Charles. Beneath these clifls, at
the brink of the St. Lawrence, he would have des-
cried a cluster of warehouses, sheds and wooden
'•■'"
hi
t 1
t
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w
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i
li
telle;
of a
of a
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only
ccssi
and
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were
plain
or CO
lattei
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liim
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colon
the a
incipi
way.
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groui
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and V
as a
purpc
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ed ai
liiiij-l
substi
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when
for j(
Jesuit
lltMICIl
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at liai
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the lii
riyht.
and. 1
swept
CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS CONDITIOX OF QUEBEC, 1034.
89
tenements. Immediately a1)ove, along the verge
of a preeipice, he coulil have traced the outlines
of a fortified work, witli a flag-staff, and a few
small eannon to command the river, while at the
onl\- point where Nature had made the heights ae-
cossihle, a zigzag path connected the warehouses
and the fort." — Parkman. Here, ascending and
descending this height, might liave been .seen the
rather odd looking inhabitants of tlie town. These
niiglit have been divided into four classes, each
distinguished by a peculiar kind of dress. Tiiere
were the officers and soldiers of the fort ; the
plain I'rench inhabitants of the town, the rangers
or courenrs de bois, and the priests. Among the
latter Father Le Jeune, Superior of Quebec, was
of course the most prominent figure. Around
him centres considerable interest, and the more
so, since he largely controlled the destinies of the
colony. " And now that we may the better know
the aspect and condition of the infant colony and
incipient mission, we will follow the priest on his
way. Mounting the sleep path, he reached the
toj) of tlie cliff, some two hundred feet above the
river and tlie warehouses. On the left lay the
fort built by Chamjilain, covering a i)art of the
ground now forming Durham Terrace and the
Place d'Armes. Its ramparts were logs and earth,
and within was a turreted building of stone, used
as a l)arra(:k, as oflicers' quarters, and for other
purposes. Near the fort stood a small ehajiel,
newly built. The surrounding country was clear-
ed anil iiiirlially cultivated ; yet only one dwel-
ling-hone wortiiy the name appeared. It was a
substantial cottage, where lived Madame H6bert,
widow of the first settler of Canaila, with her
daughter, iier son-in-law Couillard, and their chil-
dren, good Catholics all, wlio, two years before,
when (Juebec was evacuated by the English, wept
for joy at belioldiiig Le Jeune, and iiis brother
Jesuit, De Nou6, crossing their threshold to oifer
beneatli their roof tlie long-forbidden sacrifice of
the Mass. There were enclosures with cattle near
at hand; and the house, with its surroundings,
bet(d\('ned industry and thrift.
" Tluuice \jQ Jeune walked on, across the site of
the modern markel-i)lace, and still onward, near
tlie line of the cliffs which sank abruptly on his
right. lU'iieath lay tlie mouth of the St. Cliarles ;
and. beyond, the wilderness shore of IJeauport
swept ill a wide curve eastward, to where, far in
the distance, the Gulf of Montmorenci yawned on
the great river. The priest soon passed tlu; clear-
ings, and entered the woods which covei-ed tlie
site of the present suburb of St. John. 'I'hence
he descended to a lower plateau, where now lies
tlie suburb of St. Roch, and, still advancing, reach-
ed a pleasant sj^iot at the extremity of the I'ointe-
aux-Lievres, a tract of meadow land nearly in-
closed by a sudden bend of the St. Charles. Here
lay a canoe or skiff; and, jiaddling across the nar-
row stream, Le Jeune saw on the meadow, two
hundred yards from the bank, a scpiare inclosure
formed of palisades, like a modern picket fort of
the Indian frontier. AN'ithin this enclosure were
two buildings, one of which liad been half burn-
ed by the English, and was not yet repaired. It
served as storehouse, stable, workshop, and bakery.
OpI)osite stood the principal building, a structure
of planks, plastered with mud, and thatched with
long grass from the meadows. It consisted of
one stor}', a garret, and a cellar, and contained
four princijial rooms, of which one served as
chapel, another as refectory, another as kitchen,
and the fourtli as a lodging for workmen. The
furniture of all was plain in the extreme. Until
the preceding year, the chapel had had no other
ornament than a sheet on which were glued two
coarse engravings ; but the priests had now decor-
ated tiieir altar with an image of a dove repre-
senting tlie Holy CI: ~"*^, an image of Loyola, an-
other of Xavier, and three images of the Virgin.
Four cells opened from the refectory-, the largest
of w liieh was eight fet.'t square. In these lodged
six juiests, while two lay brothers found shelter
in the garret. The house had been iiastily built,
eight years before, and now leaked in all parts.
Such was the Residence of Notre-Damo des Anges.
Here was nourished the germ of avast enterprise,
and this was tlie cradle of the great mission of
New France.
"Of the six Jesuits gathered in the refectory
for the evening meal, one \\as cfuispieuous among
tlie rest, — a tall, strong man, with features that
seemed carved by Nature for a soldier, but wliieh
the mental habits of years had staiiqied with tlie
visilile impress of the priesthood. This was Jean
de lirelieuf, descendant of a noi)le family of Nor-
mandy, and one of the ablest and most devoted
zealots whose names stand on the missionary rolls
of his Older. His comiianioiis were Masse, Daniel,
I
90
TUTTLK'S inSTOltY OF THE DOMINION CF CANADA.
i' ,!!.;
ii
I:
Davonst, De Nout' and tlio Fatlior Siipoiior, Le
Jeiine. Masse was llie saino piii'st wlio liad been
the coiiijianion f)f Fatlicr Hinid in tlie abortive;
mission of Acadia. V>y reason of liis useful ([ual-
ities, Le Joune nicknamed ]iim "hi Pere Utile."
At prcseiit, his special function was llio care of the
pis^s aiul cows, wliicli lie kept in the enclosure
around the buildinujs, lest they should ravage the
neisThboring fields of rye, barley, wheat, aiul maize !
De Nouc had chari,a' of the eij^hi or ten workmen
employed by the mission, who gave him at times
no little trou'ole by their re[)iniiigs and complaiuts.
They were forced to hear mass every morning and
prayers every evening, bc-'des an exiiortation on
Sunday. Some of tlieu; wee for returning home,
while two or three, of a ditferent complexion,
wished to be Jesuits themselves. The Fathers, in
their intervals of leisure, worked with their men,
spade in haiul. For the rest, they were busied in
preaching, singing ves|)ers, saying mass and hearing
confessions at the fort of Quebec, catechizing a few
Indians, and striving to master tiie enormous difli-
culties of the Huron and Algoncpiin languages.
" Well migiit Father Le Jeune write to his Su-
perior, ' 'I'he harvi'st is jjlentiful, and the laborers
few.' These men ainunl at the conversion of a
continent. From their hovel on the St. C'liarles,
they surveyed a ticM of labor whose vastness might
tire the wings of tliougiit itself; a scene repellent
and appalling, darkened wilii omens of peril aiul
woe. 'IMiey wi'i'c an a<lvaiice-giiard of the great
army of Loyola, strong in a discii)liiie tiiat con-
trolled not alone the body and the will, but the
intellect, the heart, the soul, and tin; iniuost con-
sciousness. The lives of these early Canadian
Jesuits attest the earnestness of their faith and
the inleiisity of their zeal; but it was a zeal
bridled, curlii'd, and ruled by a gi! ding hand.
Their mavvellous Irainiug in ('(pial measure kin-
dled entliusiam and coiitri)llcd it, ror.sed into ac-
tion a miglity juiwer, aiul made it as subservient
as those great material forces wliicli modern science
has learned to awaken and to govern. 'I'liey were
drilled to a factitious humility, jirone to linil utter-
ance ill expressions of self-depreciation and self-
scorn, wliieli one may often judge unwisely, when
he condemns llieiu as insincere. Tliey were de-
voted lielievers, not only in tins fundamental <log-
mas of l{ome, but in those lesser matters of faith
wiiieii heresy des[iises as idle and puerile supersti-
tions. One great aim engrossed their lives. 'For
the greater glory of God' — ad mijorem Dei i/ln-
rifim — they would act or wait, dare, suffer, or die,
yet all in unquestioning subjection to the authority
of the Superiors, in whom they recognized the
agents of Divine authority itself." — Parlnnan.
4. — But we have promised to say something of
Le Jeune. In Itvii, when New France had been
restored to the French, this devout
priest embarked tor ( aiiada. He was "t ui" Miwdon at
joined at Koueu by Dc iNouc, witli a
layman named (rilbert, and flie three sailed together
in April. He first met with tiie natives at Tad-
ousac, where about a dozen highly painted war-
riors invaded the sliip's cabin to get a glimi)se at
the new comers. Here the good priest learned
that on that same evening these Indians wen; going
to burn a number of Irocjuois prisoners. He used
his best influence to stay their wretched work of
death, but to no purpose. Le Jeune and his com-
panions reached Quebec on tlie ath of July. Here
he said mass in the house of INIadanic Hebert, and
then repaired to the two shanties built by their
predecessors on tlie St. (Tiarlcs, which had been
well uigh wrecked at tlie bauds of the iMiglish.
"The beginning of Le .leiine's missionary labors
was neither imposing nor promising. He descriiies
himself seated with a small Indian boy on oiii> side
and a small negro on the other, the latter of whom
had been left by the lOnglisli as a gift to Madame
Hebert. ,\s neither of the three understood the
language of the other, tlie piijiils made little pro-
gress in siiiritual knowledge. The missionaries, it
was clear, must learn AlgoiKiiiiii at any cost; and,
to this end, Le Jeune resolvtsd to visit the Indian
eneamiimeiits. Hearing tiiat a band of ]\Iontag-
nais were fish'ug for eels on the St. Lawrence, be-
tween Cape Diamond and the cove wliieli now
bears the name of Wolfe, ho set forth for the 'ipot
on a morning in October. As witii toil and trepi-
dation he scrambled around tlie foot of the cape, —
whose precipices, with a ciiaos of loose rocks,
thrust themselves at that day into tiie deep tide-
water, — lie dragged down upon himself the trunk
of a fallen tree, which, in its descent, well nigh
swept him into tiic river. Tiie peril [uisl, he pr(>s-
ently readied his dcslinalioii. Here, among the
lodges of bark, were stretclied innumerable strings
of iiide, from which hung (o dry an incrediliie mul-
titude of eels. A bov iiiviled him into the lodge
BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS.
01
of a withered squaw, liis ^''-t"!'""' ''*''"' ^^'"^ 1'"^"
teiu'd 1(1 olTcr liim fi)ur smoked eels on a pieee f)f
liiieli liailc. wliile otlier squaws i)f tlic liouseliold
instructed liini how to roast tliemon a forked stick
over llie eiiihers. All shnred the feast tnj^ether,
his entertainers usini,' as na])lvins their own hair or
that of their doi^s: while F.e Jeune, intent on in-
creasing^ his kiiowled;;(! f)f AlLjonqnin, maintained
an active diseouisc of liroki'U words and jninto-
inime." — Parkman. Hut this mode of aeijuiriuf:; a
knowJedLje of the Indian lanL;naiie was aJtoj^elher
too lain rioi.s. '1 here were a nundiev of French al-
ready in the country, who spoke the Ali^onquin
tongue fluently, liiit these were mostly I'rotistants,
and haters of the Jesuits, and w<iuld therefore
render them no assistance. Hut Lcfeuiie had one
resort. 'J'iierc was an Indian at the fort called
Pierre, whom the Hecollets had taken to France
and educated, lie spoke hotli French and Indian,
and would he of inealeulahle vidue to the mission.
Hut he liavin;^ lieen iiaptized, and onci; reckoned a
good Christian, had fallen away from his first love.
In this way he had taken a strouL^ ilislikc to the
jniests, and unless this c(ndd he overcome, Le
Jcuiie could hope for hut little. Tint L;ood priest
invoked the aid of the saints, and the etVect of his
prayers was to l)rini,' them to his rescue s[)eedily.
Pierre had quarrelled with the French command-
ant, who now closed the ihxu's of tiie fort against
him. He next paid his addresses to a young scpiaw
whom he loved, an<l met with a decided rehuff
from her. Thus thrown upon the W(U'ld, unfiited
hy his French education for tlu' chase, he directed
liis steps towards the mission house. Le Jmine
aeceptcnl him, of course, as ii direct, answer to his
prayers, and at once installed hi,) as his teacher.
Seated on wooden stools hy a rude tal)le, the j)riest
and the Indian pursued their studies.
The wliitor nf lOTO-.l, lit Qiiol)Oc, \\n» iiitPlisoty cultl, iiml Hii> settlers
siilTereil much. The niilc iiils.sicm Ikuisc, alreaily (h'sriilieil, \v:ih well
lii^li hiirieil in the xii^t diifts of sin^w. The inie^ls ,i;:\lheii'(| elnsely
iiniiiliil llie cil(l-f;ishlniii>cl ■■hijiiiiev lin'|l:ii'e, iiiiil lni>Ueil eiij;erly hlti)
the liiiniiii,:,' lu;; tire, while thi' I'lo-t hms eraeUiii;,' liiiiniisly ji, the
trees wilhinit. lint In the midst nf tliese |iinrl;inL; eiivnmst.itiees,
witli tnizen inlv, I.e .IcMine sui'eeeclecl in tninsl.-itiiin the I'aler Niister,
ete., Iiiti) piKir Al«iiiii|iiin. Ity ilav the priests ollen prii(ti>eil nn
Hlliiw-shoes, which, MS with nil he;;innerH, resiiltiil in luiuise nl fur
tlin liatlveH. All Inilian inaile I.e .leune a present nf two small chil-
dren He w;is much i|elii;litiMl at this, and at mice set hi wnrk leachlli«
his adopted chililren tn pray in Latin. When ii lar-e party of
natives, fur piirpn.ses (if trade, iir fnim iither causes, encamped near
the inisshm Imuse, which freipi(iiitly (leeinii'il, I.e .leiine wnuld rini; ii
laiK" hell, at ii cert.ain hmir every day. This iIitw the children
aruuiid him, tn whnm hu e.vpouiideil the declrincs nf the (hispel in
his rude schoolrooin, teacliiiif: tlioin tlie si.un of the rrnss, and ( aiisin;;
lliem til repeat a prayer, in their (iwn lan,£;na^;e.\\liich had lieen tran>-
lated iiiti) Al;;iiliipiili hy the jnilit schnlaiship of I.e .leiine and
I'ierie. Then followed the catechism, the exercises closim; «itli
siii^in^; *hp I'ater Xoster, which this jiriest li.ad translated into a hind of
Indian rhyme. At the close of these daily sessions, I.e .leune, hy
way of seciiriiii; the reappearance of his amllcnee on the follow in;;
day, distriliiited to each a ]iorriii;;er of peas. Thus the winter passed
away, and when the end <if May. lil.i:'.. liad come all witliiii tlie fort and
tow 11 were i;laddenrd hy the arrival of C'haiiiplain. lie hroiieht w ith
him four more .Tesnit priests, amoiii; whom was Itrelienf, who went
as mi.'isionary anion;,' the Ilnrons. "I.e ■leniie. ficin the lirst
turneil his eyes towards the dist,int land of the llurons— a field
of lalior full of peril, lint rich in hope and |ironiise: tail his duties
as Superior lestniined liim from waiideriiii;s so remote. His apostle-
ship must he limited, for a time, to tin? va'.;ahoiid hordes of .Mi^on-
cpiins, who roamed the forests of the lower St. Law rem <■. and of
whose lanu'na;;e he had lieen fo sedulous a stiiih nt. Hi- ditli.ulties
had of late hcen iiicre.i.-ed liy the ahsence of rierre, who hid mil olT
as Lent drew iie.ir, standim; in dread of that season of fasting.
Masse hroii^ht tidin;;s of him from Tailousae, w hither he harl ;;iiiie,
and where a party of Kimlish had L;iven liiui liipior, destroyin',' the
last trace of Le .leniie's exhort.itions. 'God hiruive those.' writes
the lather. ■ who introilnceil he sy into this country I If tliis sav-
.i.ne, ciiiTiipted as he is hy these miser.ilile heretics, had any wit, ho
would he a Kieat hindrance to the spre,ail of the raith. It is plain
that he was yiven us. not for the ;;ciod of his soul, hut only that wo
ini.uht extract from him the principles of his laii;;uai;e.' I'ii'rre h.ad
two hidtliers. One, well known as a hunter, was named .Mestinoit ;
the other was the most noted ' medicine-man,' or. as the .lesnlts
{■ailed him, sorcerer. In the trihe of the Montaun.ais. LiKe the rest of
their people, they were aeenstoinc-d to set out for their w intiT hunt In
the autumn, after tlie close of their eel-lisliery. Le .leune. despite
the experii'iiceof l)e .\ou(', had Ion;; h.ad a mind to aeeoiupany one of
these rovlm; li.iiuls, partly in the hope tli.it. In some hour of distress,
he ini.^'lit touch their hearts, or, hya timely drop of lia]itismal water,
dismiss some dv in,;; child to rar.adise, hut chiclly with the ..l.j.>,t of
masterin,;; their l.an';n,a;;e. I'ierre had rejoined his hrotliers: and.asthe
huiitiie; sea.son drew near, they all heu^ed the ml>sionarv to maUe
one of their party.— not, as he tliou'.;lit. oiii of ;inv lo\ e hir him, hut
solely with a view to the pnnisions with which they doiihled not he
j would he well snpplic'd. Le .leune. distmstfnl of the soiriaer, de-
murred, lint .,: length resolveil to yo. "_/',(;■/ iiKoi I.e .leune spent
the winter with the Indians, sulTcriii'; much, enjoy he; little, and
^'ainin.;; only a small de;;reeof hiiowleih;e for his pains and en lur-
nnce. While Le, leune was toilin.i; amom; the .\l,;;onipihis, attention
was hein;; turned tow.ards the more di-t,'iiit llurons, who dwi'l' in im-
ineroiis and tixed popnlations alon;;the shoies of the l.-ihe .hat still
hears their name. It was helie\ed, li.\ the Fathers, that if ilie llurons
eoiild heeonvened to the faith, their nation wnuld lii'come a liieat
rallying; point from which the (iospel could he carried to ,all the
neiyhboiiiig trihes in lliu We.st.
CHAPTER XIV.
HRIKF SKKrC'Il OF TIIK INDI.WS.
1. — INDIAX T!!ini;.s. — '1. Indian X.niions and
Tkkimtoimks. — :h Tin, lirudNs. — \. Skill
(IKTIIK IltltONS. — .'). 'I'll!', Hll!(lN-Il:(H.)r()LS.
(1. — TlIK IkmcJIOIS, — 7. TllIO llilKJl'dLS, OH
Fivi; N Am INS.
1.— We have now hroiiijlit forward our narrii-
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92
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
tive to a point where we may enter upon some-
thiii2r l)esides mere exi)e(Utions across
Indinn tribes. " . . '
tlie Atlantic, or into the wiUlerncss.
The colony lias taken a permanent aspect ; and.
wit li its growing industries, its enlarged political
existence, its expanding ecclesiasti(,'al interests,
and its rising destinies, we are introduced to the
more legitimate subjects of the history of Canada.
But before we introduce the reader to Chauiiilain's
successor, or follow the Jesuits in their zealous
adventures among the natives, we must pause to
take a brief glance at the Indian tril)es of Canada
and Acadia, — to notice their national and tribal
divisions, and to look in upon some of their odd
customs and curious traditions. This done, we
shall revert to the labors of the missionaries, and,
interweaving these with events of exploration,
politics, and social life, cany forward tlie general
history of the eountrv. Our notice of the Indians
must be brief. Francis Parknian, one of the best
aullioiities concerning matters of Indian history,
tells us liiat, when America first became known to
Europeans, it was, and had long previously Ix'en,
the stage of a raging and wide-spread ri.'voliition.
North a'. I South; tribe was giving place to tril)e,
language to language. In the northern section
of the continent, this war of tribes was especially
effective. The Indian population which Cartier
found at Quebec, in loof), was wiped out soon
after by hostile invasions ; and in less than a cen-
tury its place was occuiiied by a race entirely dif-
ferent, in both language and customs. At this
time an Indian combination was rising in the ter-
ritory now included within the li. nits of the State
if New York, which, had it not been eiiecked by
the Eui'0[)eans, must have brouglit under its merci-
less subjection eveiy otiier tribe east of the Mis-
sissii)pi river.
2. — The vast country extending between the
Mississipj)! and the Atlantic, and from t lie Caiolinas
111(11,111 Xntimis to Hudson I5ay, was divided between
"'"' '«"•"'"'>''• two great nations. That portion of
the United Stales, included within these bound-
aries, together witli Nova Scf)tia, New Brunswick,
and Lower Canada, was occupied by various tribes
of the Algomiuin nation, sjicaking various lan-
guages and dialects, yet all of tlu; one great family.
Tiiese Indians also extended along the upi)er lakes,
and into the vast country around them. In the
midst of this great nation, liki^ an island in the
sea, lay the Iroquois, or Five Nations, occupying
the central portion of the State of New York.
To the south roamed the Andastes, along the Sus-
(|uelianna ; westward the Eries, along the southern
shore of Lake Erie, and the Neutral Nation, along
its northern shore from Niagara to Detroit; while
the towns of the Hurons lay near to the lake, to
which they have left their name. The Algonquins
had their densest settlements in New England;
were the Mohicans, Peqiioiis, Narragansetts,Wani-
panoags. Massachusetts, Pennacooks, etc., dwelt in
prosperous villages. Thev were the best speci-
mens of the Algonquin nation. Having cultivated
habits of industry, and especially that of agricul-
ture, the}' were saved from the oppression and
pinching want, which were the sure wages of the
chase. They also derived great advantage from
their nearness to the sea. Fish were plenty, their
crops prosperous, and hajiiiiness abounded. But
these Indians, with all their [)rosperity, were under
the Iroquois yoke. They had beiii subdued, and were
paying tribute to their conquerors, A single Mo-
hawk war-cry was sufficient to send terror into a
whole Ihige. But it is needless to speak further
of the; _ Indians. Thej- do not figure in the an-
nals of Canada. Leaving these tribes, passing to
the north-east, and crossing the Penobscot, a
gradual descent in the scale of liumanity was
visible. Eastern Elaine and the whole of New
Brunswok were occupied by an Algonquin race,
called Etchemins. These savages knew nothing
of agriculture, but their maritime position lighten-
ed the sufferings usually endured by such, since
they enjoyed an abundance of fish. The Miemacs
of No'.a Scotia were much the same in habits and
condition as the Etclu'iui! ,. From Nova Scotia
to the St. Lawrence, there was no fixed [lopulation,
the territory for the most jtart being the scene of
wandering bands of depressed Algonquins. The
same was true of all the territory, on the sinith
of the river St. Lawrence from the Gulf of that
name to Lake Ontar'.i, To the north, from the
Gulf to Hudson's Bay, were settled the Algon-
(jnin trilies of Pajiinnchois, Bei'siainites, and others
included into the general appellation of Moiitag-
nais. "When in the sining tiie French trading
ships arrived and anchored in the port of Tadou-
sac, they gathered from far and near, toili'g pain-
fully (hiongh the di.'solalion of forests, musteiing
liy hundreds at the point of traffic, and setting up
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BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS.
00
their bark wigw ams along the strand of that wihl
liarhor. Tliey were of tlie lowest Alujoiiqiun t\'pe.
'I'lu'lr oidinary sustcnanee was derived from the
chase, though, often odaded In" deadly famine, ihey
would subsist on roots, the bark and buds of trees,
or the foulest offal, and, in extremity, even eanabal-
ism was not rare amon^' them." From Tadousac
to Quebec the traveller would meet only now and
then a desuitDry band of these scattered Aly^on-
(juins, while at the latter point they were j^ener-
all}' lioverinn^ onnd the fort and settlement in
large numbers. .'Vt Three Kivers, a noted place of
trade above Quebec, one would also meet consider-
able numbers of a tribe called Atticamegues.
.■\t Montreal, during the early summer, the savages
of this scattered and broken nation were in the
habit of congregating from the interior populations,
where, for purjjoses of trade, they pitched their
tents. " To-day there were dances, songs and
feastings; to-morrow all again was solitude, and
the Ottawa was covered with the canoes of the
returning warriors." Everywhere among these
natives there was the appearance of decline.
"Along the Ottawa, a main route of traffic, the
silence of the wilderness was broken by the sjilash
of the j)assing paddle. To the north of the river
there was indeed a small Algonquin band, culled
La Petite Xatlon, together with one or two other
feeble communities; but they dwelt far from the
banks, through fear of the ubicpiitous Iroquois.
It was nearly three hundred miles, by the wind-
ings of the stream, before one reached that Algon-
quin tribe. La Nation de I'lsle, who occupied the
great island of the Allumettes. Then, after many
a day of lonely travel, the voyager found a savage
welcome among the Nipissings, on the lake which
bears their name; and then circling west and
south for a hundred and fifty miles of solitude,
he reached for the first time a people speaking a
dialect of the Iroquois tongue. Here all was
changed. Populous towns, rude fortifications, and
an extensive, though barbarous tillage, indicated
a people far in advance of the famished wanderers
of the Saguena\,or their bss abject kindred of
New England. These were tiie Ilunuis, of whom
the modern Wyandots are a renniant. IJolh in
themselves and as a type of tiieir gene;ic stock
they demand more than a passing notice." — Park-
man.
3. — The Ilurons, once a prosperous and warlike
people, inliabited the small district embraced with-
in the peninsula formed by the Nottawassaga and
Matchedash Rays of Lake Huron, the River Severn
and LakeSimcoe, in Ontario. They were a populous
tribe, and, in IG^O, when they were enumerated
b}' the Jesuits, they had thirty-two villages and
hamlets, with seven hundred dwellings, about four
thousand families, and a total population of over
twenty thousand. Their country consisted of
meadows and dense forests; dotted here and there,
at frequent intervals, with their curious villages,
a few oidy of which were fortified. These villages
were of curious construction, covering a space of
from two to ten acres. The buildings were hud-
dled together without an}' orderly arrangement,
being about thirty feet in length, breadth and
height each. Some were much larger, and a few
were of surprising length, being from two to three
hundred feet long.
Tlie fiillowiiif; lUwcriiiUoii of the Ilurnn vill:ij;('« is from tho pen (it
Friiiuis I'aiUiiiiiii: " hi ^liape llii'ii' dwellings witc niiu'li like an arlior
over-ai'i'liiiiu' a f,'aiilen-«all(. Tlioir frame «as nf t.-ill and ^tr(pn}; sap-
linf.'s, planted in a doulile nnv to form tlie two sides of the Imnse,
Ijent till tliey met. an<l laslied t«)netlier at the ti>p. To these other
poles were lioinid transversely, and the whole was eoverr 1 with laii;e
sheets of liarli of the oak. elm, sprnce, or whiti cedar, overlapping;
like till! shinyle.s of a roof, upon wliieh, for their better semritv,
split poles were iiiadi' fast with eords of linden hark. At the erown
of the areli, aloii^' tlie entire !en;;tli of the lioi.se. an openini; a foot
wide was left for the a''.inissiim of li-lit and the escape of smoke.
At each end was a close porch of similar construction; and licro were
stowed casks of hark, filled with smoked fish. Indian corn, and other
stores not liahle to injury from frost. Within, on liotli sides, were
wide scallolds. four feet from the Moor, and e.xtendiny the entire
Ieuj;tli id' the house, like tlie .leats of a colossal omniliiis. These were
formed of thick sheets of hark, sniiportcd liy posts and transverse
|«'les. and covered with mats and skins. Here, in sunimer, was the
8leepin.i;-place of the inmates, and the space beneath served lor stor-
axeof their tirew 1, The tires were on the t;roiiiid, in a line down
the middle of the lioiisc. Kach snillced for two families, who in winter
slejit ehisely packed around them. Above, just under the vaulted
roof, were a K'reat nunilicr of poles, liki! the perches of a hen-roost,
and here were suspended wea|ions, elothinj;, skins and ornaments.
Here, too, in harvest time, the .sipiaws liiii;e the ears of nnshelled
corn, till the rude aliode, tliroimh all its len-tli. .seemed decked with a
fjiilden t:ipestry. In general, however, its only linini; was a thick
coating; (it .soot from the smoke ol tires with neitli r draiiKht, chimney,
nor wi-dow. So pnnuent was the smoke, that it produced inllamni.a-
tionot tne eyes, attended in old aye wilh freijiient Ijlindness, An-
other aiinojance was tho lleas; and a third, the nnliridled and nn-
riily children. I'rivacy there was none. The hoii.se was one cham-
ber, sonietini(\s lod^in^' more than twenty families. He who entered
on a winter lii^lit beheld a stran.ue s|iect;icle: the vista of tires lii;lit-
iii',' tlie smoky concave, the bronzed uronp enciivlin;.; e.tcli,— cookini;,
i^atinn. KamblinK, or ainnsmj; themselves with idle badinage;
slin.elled s(iiiaws, hideous with threescore years of hardship ; ;;rlsly
old warriors, scarred with Iroipiois war-cliibs; joiiny aspirants,wh(iso
honors >' . re yet to be Wdu; damsels ki>.v «illi ochre and wampiiin;
resth .<s children pellmcll with restless do^s. Now a tonyiieof resinoiiH
ll.'i. lie painted each wild feature in vi\id li;;lit; now the litlul f;leam
expired, and the ;;roup vanished troin si;;lil,as their natinii li.i.s van-
ished from hi.stiiry. The fortilied towns of the Hiirons were all ou the
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94
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
side exposed to Iroquois incursions. Tlie fortifications of all tliis
family of trilics were, like tlicir dwellings, in essential points alike.
A situation was chosen favorable to defence,— tlie bank of a lake,
the crown of a difflcnlt hill, or a lii^li |)oiiit of land in the fork of con-
lliient rivers. A ditch, several feet deep, was diifj aronnd the villafie,
and the earth thrown up on the inside. Trees were then felled by
an alternate process of hurnin;; and hacking the burnt part with
stone hatchets, .'ind by .similar means were cut into lengths to form
palisades. These were planted on the embankment, in one, two,
three, or four concentric rows,— those of each row incliniuj; towards
those of the other rows until they intersected. The whole was lined
within, to tlie hci;;ht of a man. with heavy sheets of bark ; and at
the top, wliere the palisades crossed, was a gallery of timber for the
defenders, toi-'^ther with wooden gutters, by which streams of water
could be |M)ured down on (ires kindled by the enemy. Majjaziues of
stones, and rude ladders for mounting the rampart, completed the
provision for defence. The forts of the Iroipiois were stronger and
more elaborate than those of the Hurons; and to this day large dis-
tricts in New York are marked with frequent remains of their ditches
and cmbanknieuts.
4. — In some respects the Iliirons were very skill-
ful. They spi^n twine from lienip hy the primitive
process of roUiiiij it on their thiuhs,
Skill of the llurons. , ^ .1 • , • ,1 1
and troin tins twine they mtule nets.
From fish they extracted oil, as also from the seeds
of the sunflower. The latter was used copiously
for purposes of the toilet. In their breast-phites,
pipes, and in the contrivance useil for grinding
their corn, no small degree of ingenuity was ex-
hibited; their dress was chiefly of skins, usually
very plain. In the summer they wore little or
nothing, and in winter the severity of the weather
made the warmest furs necessary. Female life
among the Hurons, according to tlie records of the
Jesuits, was r cuiicas combination of license and
oppression. ^Marriage existed, and polygamy was
tolerated only among the higher ranks. However,
with much ease and informalit}- a Huron savage
divorced his wife, which he accomplished at
will. They also had a custom of experimental or
temporary marriage, lasting a dti}', or a week.
" The seal of th o compact was merely the accei)t-
ance of a gift of wampum made by the suitor 'a
the object of liis desire or his whim. These gifti
were never returned on the dissolution of the
connection ; and as an attractive and enterprising
damsel might, and often diil, make twenty such
marriages before her final establishment, she thus
collected a wealth of wampum with which to adorn
herself for the village dances." This provisional
marriage, though often abused, was not attended
with any damage to the reputation of either party.
In fact, it was greatly to the advantage, in one
sense, of the Hurtiii lady to prolong tliis series of
trial or experimental marriages ; for, once wedded
witii a reasonable degree of permanency, sh.e became
a drudge. The Hurons were, in no small degree,
a commercial nation ;exchanging wampum, fishing-
nets, and corn fn- fish and furs with the Algon-
quins of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, and ex-
tending their commerce to the tribes of the upper
lakes, and even as far south as the Illinois, they
became, in a distinguished degree, a commercial
people.
5. — So much has already been said, and so much
still remains to be said, concerning the Ii'oquoisin
their conflicts with the French, that .^.^^ uuron-iro-
it is quit".' necessaiy to speak of ''"'"°-
them in this brief notice of the natives of Canada
and theailjoiningterritor}'. In this very remarkable
family of tribes occur the fullest develoi)nients of
Indian character, and the most consjjicuous exam-
ples of Indian intelligence. In the broad wooded
valleys of the Blue Mountains, south of Notta-
wassaga Hay of Lake Huron, and al.iout two days'
journe}' south of the frontier Huron villages, stootl
the nine villages of the Tobacco Nation, or Tion-
nontatos. These people, in both language and
customs, closely resembled the Hurons. They
had, in earlier days, been the foes of the Unions,
but were now on friendly terms with them, and
in 1G40 entered into a confederacy with them. In
their original seats, among the Blue Mountains,
they ofi'ered an example extremely rare among In-
dians, of a tribe raising a crop for the market; for
they traded in tobacco largely with other tribes.
Their Huron confederates, keen traders, Avould
not suft'er them to pass through their country to
trafiic with the French, preferring to secure for
themselves the advantage of bartering with them
in French goods, at an enormous profit. Journey-
ing southward five days from the Tionnontate
towns, the forest traveller readied the border vil-
lages of the Attiwandarons, or Neutral Nation.
As early as 1G2G, they were visited by the Fran-
ciscan friar. La Roclie Dallion, who reports a nu-
merous population in twenty-eight towns, besides
many small hamlets. Their country, about forty
leagues in extent, embraced wide and fertile dis-
tricts on the north shore of Lake Erie, and their
frontier extended eastward across the Niagara,
where they had three or four outlying towns.
Their name of Neutrals was due to their neutral-
ity in the war between tlie Hurons and the Iro-
quois proper. The liostile warriors, meeting in a
>7KS7^',
BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS.
0.3
Neutral cabin, were forced to keep tlie pence,
though, once in the open air, the truce was at an
end. Yet this people were abunihiutly ferocrous,
and, while holding a pacific attitude betwixt their
warring kindred, waged deudly strife witli the
Mascoutius, an Algonquin liorde beyond Lake
Michigan. Indeed, it was but recently that they
had been at blows with seventeen Algonquin
tribes. They burned female prisoners, — a 2)ractiee
unknown to the Ilurous. Their country was full
of game, and they were bold and active liunteis.
In form and statui'e they surpassed even the
Ilurous, whom they resembled in their mode of
life, and from whose language their own, though
radically similar, was dialectically distinct. Their
licentiousness was even more open and shameless;
and they stood alone in the extravagance of some
of their usages. They kept their dead in their
liouses till they became insupportable ; then
scraped the flesh from the bones, and disjilayed
them in rows along the walls, there to remain till
the periodical Feast of tlie Dead, or general burial.
In summer the men wore no clothing whatever,
Lut wei'c usually tattooed from head to foot with
powdered charcoal. The sagacious Ilurons refused
them a passage through their country to the
" French ; and the Neutrals had not sense or reflec-
tion enough to take the easy and direct route of
Lake Ontario, which was probably open to them,
though closed against the Ilurons by Iroquois en-
mity. Thus the former made excellent profit by
exchanging French goods at high rates for the
valuable furs uf the Neutrals.
(.!. — In Central New York, stretching from the
Hudson to the Genesee, dwelt those natives who
have lent their name to the tribal
family of the Iroquois, and stamped
it indelibly on the early pages of American liis-
toiy. Among all the barbarous nations of the
continent, the Iroquois of New York stand para-
mount. Elements which among other tribes were
crude, confused, and embryotic, were among them
systematized and concreted into an established
polity. The Iroiiuois was the Indian of Indians.
A thorougli savage, yet a finished and developed
savage, he is perhaps an exanijjle of the highest
elevation wliieli a man can reach without emerg-
ing from tli(! piiniilive condition of (he hunter. A
geograpiiical posiiion, conunanding on the one
hand tlie portal of the (ireat Lakes, and on the
1^
The Iroquois.
other the sources of the streams flowing both to
the Atlantic and the Mississippi, gave the ambi-
tious and aggressive confederates advantages wiiieli
they perfectly understood, and by which they
profited to the utmost. Patitiiitand politic as they
were ferocious, tliej' were not only coiHiuerors of
their own race, but the powerful allies and the
dreaded foes of the French and English colonies, —
flattered and caressed b}' both, yet too sagacious
to give themselves witlioufc reserve to either.
Their organization and their history evince their
intrinsic superiority. Even their traditionary lore,
amid its wild puerilities, shows at times the stamp
of an energy and force in striking contrast witii
the flimsy creations of Algonquin fancy. That
the Iroquois, left under their institutir ns to work
out their destiny undisturbed, would ever have
developed a civilization of their own, cannot be
believed. These institutions, however, are suffi-
ciently characteristic and curious to merit notice
liere.
Our Bkulch of the Iroquois, as alsoUiatof the Indians in uciieral, is
oonipilfd friini tlie reliiilde ':Vorl\ri of Kram-is rar)<ni;iii, from whose writr
insB we have selutned and grouped to^otlier tliose features bearing on the
subject.
7. — The Iroquois, or Five Nations, consisted of
the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and
Tiie Iroquois, or Seiiccas. Their traditions indicate
KveNa.ions: ^],.^(. ^],py „,^.,.g Q„j,g .^^^ undivided
peojile, but that through internal revolutions they
became separated into five distinct nations. " There
was discord among them : wars followed, and they
livi.'d in mutual fear, each ensconced in its pali-
saded villages. At length, says tradition, a celes-
tial being, incarnate '^i' earth, counseled them to
compose their strife, nuC anite in a league of de-
fence and aggression. Another personage, wholly
mortal, yet wonderfully endowed, a renowned
warrior and a mighty magician, stands, with his
hair of writhing snakes, grotesquely conspicuous
through the dim light of tradition at this birth of
Iroquois nationality. This was Atotarho, a chief
of the Onondagas ; and from this iionored source
has sprung a long line of chieftains, heirs not to
the blood aloiie, but to the name of their great
pretleeessor. A few years since tliere lived in
Onondaga Hollow, a handsome Indian boy, on
whom the dwiiidJed remnant of the nation l,)uked
with pride as their destined Atolarho. Willi
earthly and celestial aid the league was eonsum-
■ I.
I ' 11"
i
mated; ami tliroiigh all the land the forests trem-
bled at tlie name of the Irocinois. The Iroquois
Iie<)i)le was divided into cin'iit clans. W'lieii tlio
orii^inal stoek was snndereil into live parts, eaeli
of tliese elans was also sundered into five parts ;
and as, by tlie prinei^ile ahead}' indicated, tlie
elans were iiitiinately mini;led in every village,
liandet, and cabin, each one of tlie five nations
liad its portion of each of tli(> eiijlit elans. Wiieii
the league was foiniecl eaeii portion readily re-
sumed tlieir ancient tie of fraternity. Tlnis, of
the Turtle elan, all tlie members became l)iotliers
again, nominal meml)ers of one family, wlietlier
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, or Sene-
cas ; and so, too, of the remaining elans. All
the Iroipiois, irrespective of nationality, were
tlierefore divided into eiglit families, eaeii tracing
its descent to a common mother, and each desig-
nated by its distinctive emblem, or tutcm. Tiiis
lonnection of clan or family vv'as exceedingly
strong, and by it tlie five nations of tlie league
\»'ere linked togetlier as by an eightfold chain.
The clans were by no means equal in numl)ers,
influence, or lionor. So marked were tlie distinc-
tions among tliem, that some of tlie early writers
recognize only the three most conspicuous, — those
of the Tortoise, the Bear, and tlie Wolf. To some
of the clans, in each nation, lieloiiged the right of
giving a chief to the nation and to the league.
Otliers liad the riglit of giving three, or, in one
case, four chiefs; wliile others could give none.
As Indian clanship was but an extension of the
family relation, these chiefs were, in a certain
sense, liereditaiy; but tlie law of inheritance,
thougli liindiug, was extremely elastic, and capa-
ble of stretcliing to the farthest limits of the elan.
Tiie chief was almost invarial)ly succeeded by a
near relative, always through the female, as a
brotlier by the same motlier, or a nephew by tiie
sister's side. But if these were manifestly unfit,
tliey were passed over, and a chief was chosen at
a council of the clan from among remoter kindred,
ill these cases, tiie suceessov is said to liave been
nominated liy the matron of tlie late cliief's iiouso-
liold. Be this as it. may, the choice was never ad-
verse to the popular iueliiiatioii." Tiie new cliief
was solemnly installed, or inaugurated liya formal
council of tiie sacliems of the league. On entering
upon his office lie dropjied Iiis own name, and was
kiowii by that whicli, since the formation of tlie
league, liad belonged to the chieftainship. We
might carry our remarks on the Irocinois to almost
any lengtli, as tliis people affords us a rieli tlieme.
'ihcir government was founded in no small degree
of intelligence, and their observance of fixed rule
was Iiighly commendable to tlieir character.
Wo her k'^" t''f I'Piidcr iiii account of tlifso iipoplo, coinpilfd
from the «.itin;,'.s of Francis I'arUnian, wliii'h arc not hssreniarlcalile
for their Interest in jiortraits of tliis cnrioiis sava;;e nation than for
tiie aliillty ami spleniior witli wliidi janiiuai^e is nta'le to jioitray
tlieni. Tlie nuniher of tlicse sachems, or |irinci|>al chiefs, varied
in the sevenil nations from eli;Iit to fonrteen. The saclienis of tlie
I'"ive X.'itions, tiftv in all, asscnililcd in council, formed tl.e ;;overn-
ment of the (jmfederacy. All met as eiinals; hat .a iiecnliar (li^;nity
was evi'r attached to the Atot:irho of the (liinndau'as. Tlierc wa.s u
class of sniiordinate chi(\fs, in no sense hereditary, lint rising; to
olHce hy address, ability, or valor. Yet the rank was clearly delineii,
and the new chief in.stilled at a formal cmmcil. This class emhodied,
as miijht lie snppo.sed, the liest talent of the nation, and the most
|>rominentof the warriors ami orators of the lro(|nois have lielonned
to it. In its charaiter and f mictions, however, it was [inrely civil.
Like the sachems, these cliiefs held their councils, and exercised an
inllnence proportionate to tliiir niMiihcr and .•iliilities.
There was another council, hetwecn which ami that of the sniior-
dinate chiefs the line of demarcation seems not to have lieen very
definite. The .lesnit Lalitiiii calls il ''the senate." I'amiliar with
the Iroqnois at the heii;lit of their prospeiity, he de.scrihes it as the
central and controlling' power, .so far, at least, as th(! se|iaiate nation.s
were concerned. In its character it was essentially poi.nlar, lint
jiopnlar in the liest sense, and one which can lind its ap[ilicatioii only
in a small coinmnnity. .Vny ni.m took part in it whose ai;e and ex-
perience ipialilied liiin to do so. It w.as merely the gathered wisdom of
the nation. I.alit;ui c.mipares it to the Uoman Senate, in the early and
rnde ai;e of the Kejiiihlic, and .■illirms that it loses nothing; liy tlii! com-
parison, lie thus di'scrilies it- " ';, i.- a .greasy assenilila;;e, sittin;;
ttiir h iir il' I iv'c'/v, crouched like a|ies, their knees as hi,L;li as their ears,
or lyin^^ some on their hellies, some on their hacks, each with a pipe'
in his month, discnssin:; alTairs of State with as much coolness and
f;ravityas the Spanisli .liiiiti or the (irand Council of Venice." The
youm^ w.arriors had also their councils; so. Uio, had the women; and
the opinions and nishes of each were represented hy means of depu-
ties hefore " the ..senate," or council of the old men, as well as he-
forc t,.'. ^'rand Confederate Council of the sacheins.
The government of this nniiine repnlilic resided wholly in councils.
Ily councils all qnesiions were settled, all re;,'nhitions estahlislicd, —
jocial, political, milit.iry, and religious. The war-path, the clia.<e,
the council-lire, ^in these was the life of the Iroipiois; and it is hard
to say to which of the three he was most devoted. The (ireat (.'ouncil
of tlie fifty s.ichems formed, as wc have seen, the j;iivernment of the
I.ea^'ue. Whenever .a sahjcctarose liehire any of the nations, of im-
portance enough to demand its a.sscmhlin;;, the saclienis of that nation
mi;;lit summon tlieircollca.nnes liy means of runm'rs. hearing; niessaucs
and heltsof wam|inm. The usual place of mectin;,' was the valley of
Ononoaua. thepolitical aswellas ;;eof;raphical centre of theConledera-
cy. Tluthci', if the matter were one of deep and general interest, iiottlio
sachems alone, hut the greater part of the popnlatiou, ;;atliered from
cast and west, swarniin;; in the liospiLihle lodnes of the town, or
liivonackeil hy thousands in the surroundiui; fields and forests. While
the sachems dclilierated in the eonucil-house, the chiefs and old
men, the warriors, and often tlie wdinen, were holding their ri'spective
eoimciU apart; and their opinions, laid hy their deputies hefore the
council of sachems, were never w itiiout inllnoiice on its decisions.
Tlie iitmo.st order and delilieralion reigned in the council, with
rigorous adlierence to the Indian notions of piirliamentiiry propriety.
The conference opened with an address to the spirits, or the chief of
all the spirits. There w.as no lieat in deliate. No speaker iiiterrujited
another. Each };ave his opinion in turn, snpiKirtiiiK it with what
reason or rhetoric he cuuld command,— lint not until he liad stilted
iisliip. We
lis to almost
ridi tlume.
iiiiill degree
lixed rule
leter.
'ople, coin|iilfd
less rcniaikiible
iiatiiiii tliaii for
iia'ic t^» j«>rti-:iy
; rliiff.^, viiHc'd
snilicms (if the
I'll tl'.(^ ;;<>v«'rii-
iwuliar (lif;iijty
There was ii
, lint risiii;; to
ili'arly di'lnu'd,
•lass I'lubodiecl,
I. and tlie most
; have lit'lon;;«l
as piiroly civil,
lid exercised ail
it of tlie siibor-
lave hfcii very
I'aiiiiliar vvitli
scrilies it as tlie
cjiarale nations
V iMiimlar, l.iit
iliplication (jMly
se ane and ex-
Licd wisdom of
II the early and
11^' liy th(^ coni-
inljla;;c, sittini;
li as their ears,
li w illi a pipe
1 coolness and
eiiice." 'I'he
wo:iieii; Mud
leans of depii-
8 well as be-
in councils,
olalilishcd,—
h, the chase,
lid it is hard
(ireat (.'ouilcil
ninent of the
itions, of ini-
f that nation
rinu nicssaues
tli(! valley of
heConledera-
tcicst, not the
athiK'd from
the town, or
iire>ts. While
iel's anil old
eir respective
es betore the
decisions.
nncil. with
iry propriety,
the chief ot
■r interrupted
it with vvluit
he had stated
il
iim
i
ill
-) '
llii !
i =3
-St.r«V'U FX^R'SilVHR 'l:'"ir' "l'.-M«' i" ■H '/JMINIl'N - TOriNi' lnOtKAPIICIb ;.tt lUlllX
nil iiumAHii ■:■ ■jHUI'*!". iiTHO 'jiMi'
till
m
BRIEF SKETCH OF THE INDIANS.
thr finlijopt of ilispiission in full, to prove tliiit he umlerstood it. re-
|ii'atin^' ;i1m) the art;iiiiieiit,<, pronivl run, of provioiw speakers. 'I'liiis
tliiMr debate.^ were excessively prolix; ami the eonsiiniptiou of to-
liaeco was iiiiiiioilcrate. The result, liowevcr. was a thoroiijili silting; of
the matter in liaml; while tlin iira<tisecl astuteness of these savai;e
politieians was a marvel to tlieir eivilizeil eonteuiporarii's. "It is hy
a mo.st sulitle i)oliey," says I.aliUin, " that they have' taUiMi the as-
eendant o\i'r the other n.ations, diviiled and overcome the mo«t war-
like, made themselves a terror to the mo.-t remote, .and now liold
ii peaceful neutrality between the French and Kn^hsh, eoiutcd ami
feared l)y both."
Uidike the llnrons, they rec^nired an entire unanimity in their de-
cisions. The e.a.se and frecpiency with which a recpiisition seenduuly
Ko clilHcnlt was fnllilleil alTord a striking illustration of Indian natiiri'.
— on one sidi', so stubborn, tenacious, and impracticable; on the
other, .so pliant and accjuicscejit. An explanation of this harmony is
to be found also in an intense spirit of nationality; for never, since
the <lays of Spartii, were iiulividiud life ami national life more com-
pletely fused into one.
The sachems of the leat;ue were likewi.se, as we have seen, sachems
of their res|iective n.'iliojis; yet they rarely spoke in the councils of
the sLlborilinate ehiefs and old men, except to presi'i;t sniijectsof dis-
cussion. Their iullueni'e in tlie.se comi.ilB was, howevi'r. jjreat. and
even |i.aramount; fiU' they commonly sucreedi'd in securing to their
ie.tcresls some of the most dexterous and inilnential of the conclave,
tliron.;;li whom, while they themselves remained in the baeUground,
thcv mana;;cd the ilebates.
There was a ela.ss of ine-i amonj; the Irorpiois always put forward
nil public 'K'casions to speak the nnnd of the nation or defend its in-
tere.st.s. Nearly all of them were of thennniberof the subordinate
ehiefs. Nature and trainin.y; had lifted tliem for ]inblicspe.ikin!,', ami
they were deeply versed in the history ami traditions of the I.ca^'ue.
They were in fact professed or.atois, hi^h in honor and inllneuc(>
nmon: the |ieople. To a linue stock of conventional nn'tiphors. the
use of which requireil nothini; but practice, they often added an as-
tute intellect, an a.stonisliin;; memory, and an eliu|uence which de-
serveil the n.ime.
In one partii'idar, the trainiu;; of these sava^-e politicians was ne rr
surpassed. 'I'liey hail no art of writing; to record events, or presiu" e
thi,' stipul;itious of treaties. Jlemory, therefore, w.as tasked to the
ntmost, and developed to an extraordinary i|e;;ree. Tliey had various
devices for aidini,' it, suidi as bunilles of sticks, and that system of
siuns, endilems, and rn^le |)ictures, which they shared with other
tribes. Their famous wanipum-belts were so many mnemonic sinTis,
each standinu' for ■■ionn^ act, speech, treaty, <ir clause of a treaty.
These reprocideil the public archives, and were divided anajm; va-
rious custodians, each charu'ed witli the memory am) interpretation
of tho.se .-issiuued to him. The nR'.'iliin;,' of the belts was from time to
tiun" expounded in their Cc>nncils. In conferences with them. nothiUL,'
more astonished the I'reni'h, IJutch, and K.nj;lish otllcials than the
precision wilh whii'h, before replying to their addresses, the Indian
orators repeated them point by point.
It was only in rare casi's th.it crime anion;; the Iroiiuois or Ilurons
was punished by pnblii: authority. Murder, the mokt heinous <illence,
except witi'heralt. recognized amon;; them, was rare. If the slayer
and the slain were id' the sanu' honsehold or clan, the alTair was re-
;,'arded as a family ipiarrel, to be settled by the immediate kin on
both sides. This, under the pressure of pnblie opinion, was com-
monly elTected without bloodshed, by pre.sents uiven in atonement.
Hut if the murderer and his victim were of dilTerent clans or dilb'rent
nations, still more, if the slain was a foreigner, the whole commiinily
beeanu' interested to prevent the discord or the war which miuht
ariiie. .Ml directed their elTorls. not bibriUL; the nnirderer to pnmshmeiil,
but to satisfy the injured parlies by a vicarious atonement. To this
end. contrlbniions were made and presents eollected. Their nundier
and value were determined by established usa;je. Amou'.; the Ilurons,
thirty presents of very considerable value was the price of a man's
life. That of a woman's was llxed at foily, by re.ison of her weakness,
and becunse on her depended the cmdinuance and increa,se of the
population. This was when the slain belon.i^ed to thi> nation, If of
II lorei^ii tribe, liiri death demanded ii hifjhur cumpeiisatlon, uhiee it
involved the danger of war. These presents were olTered in solemn
I oniicil. with prescribed formalities. The relatives of the slain nii^ht
refuse tlu'm. if they choose, iind in this case the mni'derer was ^iven
them as a slave; but they miu'ht by no means kill him. since, in so
doim;. they would incur public censure, and be compelled in their
tuiii to make atonement. Hesides the principal ^ilts. there was a
;;reat numlierof less value, all symbolical, and each delivered wilh a
set form of words: as, " liy this we wash out the blood of the slain:
liy this we ele.-inse his wound: liy this we clothe his corpse with a
new shirt: Ily this we place food on hisyrave;" and so, in endless
prolixity, throu^-h particulars without nninber.
The Ilurons were notorious thieves; and perhaps the Irorinois were
not much betier. thou^di the contniry has been as.-ierted. Amon^
both, the robbed was permitted iiz-t only to retake his jiroperty
by force, it he could, but to strip the roliber of all he Inul. This
apparently acted as a restraint in favor only of the .stron;;, Icavin;.;
the weak a prey to the iilunderer; Imt here the tic of family and ehiii
intervened to aid him. Relatives and elansinen espoused the quarrel
of him who could not rieht himself.
Witclies. with whom the Unrolls and Iroquois were grievously in-
fested, wereobjects of utter alioinin.ation to both, and any one ini:;ht
kill them at any time. If any person was Knilty of treason, or by lii.s
diameter and conduct made himself dane;eroiis or obnoxious to the
imlilic, the council of chiefs and old men held a .secret session on his
case, condemned him to deatli, .and :iiipoiiited some youiii; m.an to
kill him, The executioner, wiitcbim; his opportunity, bniined or
stabbed him unaw,'ires, usually in the dark ivireh of one of the houses.
Actins by authority, he could not be held answerable; and the rel.a-
tives of the sliiin had no redress, even if they desired it. The council,
however, commonly obviated all ililllcnlly in advance, by char^jiii;.;
the culprit w ith witchcraft, thus alienatin.i; his best friends.
Tlie milibiry orLranization of the Iimpiois w:is (!xceedine|y imperfect,
and derived all its elllciency from their civil union and their per-
sonal prowess. There were two heredit:iry war-chiefs, both beloii;;-
iin; to the Senecas; but, except on occasions of nnnsnal importance,
it does not appear tinit they took a very active part in the conduct of
wars. The Iimpiois lived in a state of chronic warfare witli mvirly
all the surrounding' tribes, except ii few from whom they exacted
tribute. Any man of sulllcient person.il credit miiiht iiii.se a war-
p;irty when he choose. lie proclaiineil his purpose thriaiu'li tlio
village, san^' his war-souijs, struck his hatchet into the war-post,
and (lanced the \var-d:ince. Any who chose joined him; and
the party usually took up llu^ir march at once, w ith a little piirclied
corn-me.il and maple suuar as their sole provision. (In i;reat occa-
sions, there was a concert of action, — the various parties meetim,' at a
rendezvous, and imrsuiie,' the ni.arch to:;etlier. The leaders of war-
parties, like the orators, beloneed, in ne;irly all eases, to the class of
snborilinate chiefs. The lroi|Uois had a discipline suited to the d.'irk
and t.'iiejied forests where they foiiu'hr. Here they were a terrible
foe; in an open country, a^'ainst a trained I'.uropean birce, they were,
despite their feroi'ious valor, far less formiilible.
In obscrvin;,' this sini;ular or^'ani/.atiou, one is struck by tlie Incon-
i;ruity of its spirit and its form. A body of hereditary oliyailhs was
the lie:iil of the nation, yet the nation was essentially democratic.
Not that the Innpiois were levellers. None were more prompt to
iicknowled;;e superiority and ilefer to it, whether established by
nsa^e and prescription, or the result of per,«onal endow ineiit. Yet
each m;in, whether of liii;h or low dei.'rce, had a voice in the conduct
of alTairs, and was never bir a moment divorced from his wild spirit
of indepeiiileiii'e. Where there w;is no propertv worlliyihe n.ame,
aulhoritv had no fulcrum and no hold. Th aislaiit aim of sachems
and chiefs was to exercise it without seeminu' to do so. They had no
iiisimiia of olUce. They were not richer th.an others; indeed, they
were often poorer, speiuliu;; llieir snbsliince in lari;e«ses and bribes to
strengthen llicir inllueiice. They liiinled ami llshed bir subsistence;
they were as foul, j;reasy, and iiiisa\orv as the rest; ,\et in them,
withal, was often seen II native diynitv of be;irin'_'. which ochre and
bear's Ki'casc could not hide, and which coinpoitcd well with their
Htroni;. Hymmetrical, and sometimes niiijestk; proportions.
To the Insliliilions, traditions, riles, usages, and festivals of the
leagno the Iroquois wero Inseparably wedded. He clnnt,' to thein
si:i|
4' i
98
TUTTLKS IIISTOUV OF Till-: DOMINION' OF CA^■ADA.
witli Iniliaii ti'iKU'ity. and lie cliiiiis tn tliciii still. Mis iiolitical fabric
was Diiu (if aiK'iciit ideas and praitirps, cnstiilizcd into iT;;iilar and
enduring' forms. In its roniponpnt parts it liaii nothing' (iwaliar to
itself. All its oleni 'nts are fonnd in other trilies: most of tliem be-
long; ti) the whole Indian race. Ijndoiilitedlv tliere was a di.stin<-t and
deliniteelTortof legislation; l>nt Iroipiois le;;islati(in invent<!il notliinLX.
[.iUe all sonnd lpf,'islation, it is liuilt of materials already propareil. It
oriianized the chaotic past, ami fjave concretes forms to Inclian natnre
itself. The people have dwindled .and decayed; Imt, liandi d by its
ties of clan and kin, the lea^'ne, in feeble miniatnre, still snbsists,
and the de^jeneratu lri)(|nois looks back with a niouinfnl pride to the
t;U>ry of the past.
Would th(! lroi|nols, left nnilistMrbed to work out their own destiny,
ever liave emended from the savai;e sfciUt ? Advani'cd as they were
beyond most other American tribes, there is no indication whatever
of a l< iidcncy to overpa.ss the conlines of a wild hunter and warrior
lil'e. They were invi'ti'ratcly atUiclied to it, im|>racticabl(^ conserva-
tistsof barbarism, .ami in ferocity and ernelty tliey matelied the worst
of their race. N'or did the |iower of expansion a|>parontly belon^int;
to their system ever produce much result. Itctween the years 1712
and ITl.'i. the Tnscaroras, a kimlreil people, were admitti'd into the
I.eaijne .'is a si.vth nation; bat they were never admitted on equal
terms, l.onn after, in tin' period of their decline, several other tribes
were announced as new members of the l,eaj,'ne; but these admissions
never took elVect. The Inupiois were always reluct;int to receive
other tribes, or |)arts of tribes, collectively, into the precincts of the
" fjoii^' lliaise " Yet they constantly practiced a system of adoptions,
from which, thoui;li cruel and savage, they drew fjreat advantiiyes.
Their pri.soners of war, when they had burned and butchered as many
of them as would serve to sate their own ire iind that of tlicir women,
w; ve divided, man by man. woman by woman. and child by child, adopt-
ed into dilTerent families arid clans, and thus incorporated into the na-
tion. It was bv this means, and thi.s alone, that they eoald olTset
the losses of their incessant wars. Karly in the ei.i;hteenth century,
and even lon^ before, a vast proportion of their population consisted
of adoiittd prisoners.
CHAPTER XV.
THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES AND THE
INDIANS.
1. M. nR ]\IontjMagny. — The ITunox-TROQuois.
— 2. Jesuit Mkasuuics for the Conver-
sion OF THE IIiuoN's. — -J. Journey OF Bre-
HEUF AND Ills Companions TO THE Huron
Country. — 4. Recei'tion of the Fathers
AMONG THE IIURONS, A.I). l(i;14. — 5. BrE-
ueuf and the iiuron mission, a.d. ictoi-
5-0. — 0. Curiosities of the Huron Mls-
SION. — 7. I'UOMINENT JkSUITS. — (jrARNIER.
8. CllAUMONOT, CllAllANEI>-Jo«UEH, EI'U.
1. — We hiivi! scull how, (in Christinas Day, 103"),
aftor a horoio caroor in tlio sorvioe of his country,
, .. Siiiiuicl Chimiiiliiiii, who linil "■ov-
:M. dn Menlmauny. ' , ,. ,
--The llurimlro. (>1'1UmI ( illuidil Irolll t MC Cstlll liisilincil t
quills war. ,. r, 1 ... 1 ,
ol (^lU'ln'c 111 i()08 to that (lalt;, a
period of twonty-sovcn years, came to liis dealii.
lie was succeeded in the gubernatorial chair liy
M. de Montniagny, but during tlie interim between
Cliamphun's death and Montmagny's arrival the
affiiirs of the colony were controlled by M. Ciia-
teanfort. Le Chevalier Charles Huaiilt de "Moiit-
niagny was a Knight of Malta, lie arrived in
Canada in May, 1030, when De Chateaufort was
placed at the liead of local affairs at Three Rivers,
which had now become a permanent settlement.
The new governor found (he colony in a very un-
satisfactory condition. Tlie com[iaiiy uf One
Hundred Associates had become careless of the
true interests of colonization. In their selfish
efforts to monopolize the gains of the peltiy trailic,
they had become indifferent towards tlic higher
interests of the Government whence they derived
their charter. The necessary troops and stores
for the defence and sustenance of the colon}'' were
no longer brought out, in eonse(iuence of which
the temporal interests of Canada suffered consider-
able decline. But trouble was also springing up
in another dejiartmeiit. The Iiuliaus, in the early
days of Canada, were over a fruitful source of an-
noyance to tlio colony. The Algonquins and
Iliirons, no longer led by Chaniplain and sup-
ported by their French allies, were fast .sinking
beneath Iroquois oppression. The latter, from
their intercourse with the Dutch and Fnglish, were
fast ac(|uiring proficiency in the use of lire-arms,
and ill coiise(pience were making the nortiiern
tribes feel their power in measures of fearful ex-
termination. They had already comi)letely over-
come the Algonquins, wlio had now lost what little
prestige they had gained through the wise or un-
wise generalship of their French Fatiier, and were
quite stittled down into tlio wreteiied depemU'iice
which charaelerized them when Chami)lain hist as-
cended the St. Lawrence. Nor did the Five
Nations stop here, but ever seeking for ik^w helds
in wliich to display their power, they were sorely
pressing the Iluroiis, rendering the voyages of the
latter iq) ami down the St. LawriMiee dangerous
and iiiquofitable, frecjuently capturing their canoes
laden with furs. Nor, indeed, were their acts of
war confined to the Ujiiier St. liawrence. 'I'hey
hovered around Three Rivers in hostile clouds and
even appriiaciied, in an attilude calculated to ex-
cite susi)icion, under tin! very guns of the fort.
The colony was weak from the causes already
mentioned. Hence the Governor was not only
^^
THE JESUIT :\IISSIOXARIES AND THE INDIANS.
Pit
unal)le to quell tl.e clisturliancc!-; amon.fj the natives,
but lie feared lest tlie forces at liis coniiiiaiid
would not lie sufficient to overennie an IriKjuois
invasion whicli was now quite imminent. Mean-
while a savai^e warfare continued with all its fear-
ful coiise(|ueuces, which were felt in unstinted
measure by tlie colonists. The Iro(juois, ever
more subtile than their native enemies, employed
a series of stratacfcms by whicli they sou2;ht 1o
annihilate the Ilurons, or break up their ])ower as
a:! iudeiiendent nafion. One of the steps in this
tieaclierous policiy was a hollow ])eacc which they
concluded with tlu-ir enemies only (hat they mi^ht
invade their settlements the more unex[)ectedly.
Tills treachery becauu,' apparent only \\hen the
ouslauc;ht of a terrible war burst like a thuudcr-
storm upon the astounded sense of the Huron
nation. The scattered tribes of the latter were
wholly uui)reparcd to meet this terrible invasion.
Their leaders were disconcerted, and a fearful
slaughter prevailed iu the nu'rciless course of the
Inxpiois through tiic Huron country. It was now
jilaiu to the colonists that the company of One
Hundred Associates, which had promised to do so
much to maiulain tlie peace and promote the
prosjicrity of New France, was both incompetent
and indisposed to do either, aiul everywhere, both
in Canada and in France, wlicre the peopb^ inter-
ested themselves iu colonial affairs, diMinnciatious
of the policy or failures of the Association were
s[ioken wiliiout hesitation. It was in ItJoO when
the Iro(iuois first invaded the country of tlu>
Hurons with tli'> destructive conse(piences briefly
mcnlioued. Fcur years after tlie Five Nations
renewed tlie war with even greater vi.n'or, but the
Furoiis, who liad beeomo ex|)crienccd throuLjh
llicir defeats, were found to be liettcr [irepared for
the contest than the invaders sup[ioscd. They
fou,i;hl with a eouraj^e and presumption true to
the Huron charai'ter, and although th(>y were
s(U'cly [iresscd, they [rained solium signal vietiuies.
"Soiuewhat disconcerted by the spirited resistance
of the Ilurons, which they had not anticipated,
the wily InKpiois set about separating,' the former
from tiieir French auxiliaries, so as to have only
one iiody of enemies to cneounter at a time, 'i'lic'v
detached ;!(M) warriors, divided into several bands,
who were directed to take prisoner as many of the
Hurons as they could lay hands on. T]w\ were.
'At the same time, to capture a number of tlie
French ; the latter to be kindly treated, the for-
mer to be cruell}' used; tlu; design of this marked
contrast in treatment lieint;' to make the Hurons
liccome jealous of their French allies! This ])o(n'
invention, born of savage subtlety, liaving failed,
its devisers fcicj^iicd an intention of attaekiiii^ the
post of Tiir(;e ]{ivers, commanded by M. de Cliaini)-
fleurs ; then suddenly sceniiuf,' to relent they sued
f(n- peace and iiave up tiie French prisoners tlu'V
had taken. ]\I. de Montmai^ny iu persmi came to
Three Rivers to meet the Inxpiois envoys : l)ut the
Governor penetrat.e<l their design and broke off
the negotiations ; for thoun'ii hi' could not deal
tlicse Indians, when hostilely disposed, any heavy
blow, he always sought to jireseiit a iiold front
towards tlu;ni. His situation, nevertheless, was
really very disquieting. With liis scanty garri-
son, he could only bo a passive witness of the
struggles of the savages, not always esca[iing in-
sults from both of the contending parties. Tlie
French Hag they hail ceased to respect, daiingly
advancing to the mouths of tiio cannon mounted
on the works. Tiie forlorn state in which the
government left this important post was a subject
of astonishment to all." — (iunicuii. At the con-
ference spoken of by (iarneau, the Iroquois de-
maudcd as one of the conditiiuis of iieaee. that the
Flench should abandon the .Mgonquins and
Ilurons to their mercy, which illustrates the hnld-
ness of tiiose savages, as well as (he dilliculties
which confronted the French goverimr in his
efforts to aeeiimplish a [leace among (he native
tribes surrounding the settlements over which he
presided.
2. — Ihit notwithslauding all this depression it
must not be supposed tiiat thi^ spiritual intercNts
eitherof the eolonvor of the natives
, ' Jl'Kllll llli'MMIllCH tur
were negleetijil. i he "One Hun- 'i'"' v. r»i,m „c
,,,,'.,. , till' lllMiiMS,
(Ireil, 111 llieir mad chase alter
lu'ltries, might overh ok the higher interests of
colonization if they would, but it was not for the
.lesuits to falter in their zeal. Theirs was a hoi v
calling. Nor did they fail to bring their religious
enthusiasm to bear u|ion (he fur-trade, but ever
keeping in view tempiual ends to he aecomplished,
they permitteil llieii' unparalleled devotement to
break forth into heroic actions. Le .leune, Supe-
rior of till! .Vlgonquin Mission, of whom we have
already given our readers a eonsiiieiable sketch,
was carnesdy combatting the diiriiMilties at his
' i|
I
I 1
I
I 1
l;.:J
1
*S'
100
TUTTLE'S IirSTOl'vY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
field of labjr .at Quebec. But anotlier, Jean
Brebeuf, wliose life of devotion and adventure
was to add new lustre to tlie glory of bis Order,
bad already turned bis course toward tbe distant
Ilwrons. "Tbe way was patbloss and long, by
rock, and torrent, and tbe gloom of savage forests.
Tbe goal was more dreary yet. Toil, hardsbip,
famine, filtb, sickness, solitude, insult, — all tliat is
most revolting to men nurtured among arts and
letters, all tbat is most terrific to monastic credu-
lity; sueb were tlie j)romi;,e and tbe reality of tbe
Huron mission." In tbe estimation of tiie Jesuits
tbe Huron country was the very centre of Satan's
strongliold, but this by no means restrained their
zeal. Bold to carry the Cross in tbe midst of
merciless foes, they never faltered. Tlieir lives
were a noble example of Christian heroism ami
self-sacrifice. We nniy write them down credu-
lous, su|ierstitious, enthusiastic, but who shall
dare to lay tbe charge of hypocrisy or unholy am-
bition against them. " Doul»tloss, in their propa-
gandism, tbe\- were acting in concurrence with a
mundane policy; but, for the present at least,
this policy was ratiomil ; nd humane. They were
pvomotiiig tbe ends of commerce nnd national ex-
pansion. Tbe foundations of French dominion
were to be laid deep in tbe heart and conscience
of the savage. Ilis stublxirn neck was to be sub-
dued to tbe 'yoke of the Faith.' The power of
the priest established, tbat of tbe tempoi-al ruler
was secure. These sanguinary hordes, weaned
from intestine strife, were to unite in a common
aib'giance to God and the King. ^lingled with
French traders and Frcuuth st'ltlers, softened by
French manufu-s. guided by French prie.its, ruled
by Frencli officers, their now divided bands would
beeium,' tbe constituents of a vast wilderness em-
pire, wbieli in lime migiit span tbe continent.
Spiinish civilization crushed the Indian ; I'-ng-
lish eivili/.alion scorned aim imgleeted him ; Freiieh
eivilixation embraced and cherished him." — Park-
muH,
;i. — Tro(|uois invasion bad left open but one
path from (Quebec to tbe Huron country ; this
.l.mrnoy of Kri'- ^^''^^ '''•' '"'I.U' i""' tl'<lioUS OUt-of-tlie-
l;;i','t,;;ii't,''n,''""" way route first exi)lored by the
a'.1)'.''1u-i'i'.''''''^'' iiitlomitablo Cliamplain cigliteen
years lifl'ore — up ibe Ottawa b'iver,
across Lake Nipissing, down Freiu;b Hiver, and
along the shores of the great Georgian Hay of
Lake Huron. At every turn in this wilderness
way dangers crowded thick and fast. But tbe
dangers of the journey to the Huron eoimtry were
by no means the oidy barriers to Jesuit entliusi-
af-m. Nearly two years passed after the brave
Brebenf resigned bis life into the perils of tbe
Huron ^Mission work before these savages would
consent to his residence among them. Having
already bled beneath the Iroijuois tomahawk, they
feared to provoke the consequences tliat would
surely follow from admitting these Frenchmen to
their country. For these and other reasons they
stoutly refused to permit tbe Jesuits to accompany
liicm in their return trip f ai Quebec, in ItJiJ^.
In l(i-U. when a large deleg.i ion of tbe Ilurons
were at Three Ilivers for purposes of trade, they
again refused to escort the priests to their western
homes. On this ocitasion Du I'lessis Bocbart,
conunander of tbe French fleet, called them to a
great council and to a great feast, made the- a
grand speech and many valuabb; presents, buu all
to no purpose. Still they woidd not receive the
Jesuits. Finally, in private, some of them con-
sented, but soon after changed their decisions.
At length they again consented, and when the
hour of eml)arking arrived, they once more
declined to receive them. In this extremity
Brebenf resorted to his last source — a vow to
St. Josei)b. Immediately, be says, tbe Indians
consented, and tbe three fathers, Brebeuf, Dan-
iel, and Davost, embarked, and amid salvos of
cannon from the sliips, set out for tbe wild stage
of their labors. "They reckoned tbe distance at
niiu) hinidred miles ; l)ut distance was the least
repellent featin-e of this most ardin)us journey.
Barefoot, lest their shoes sboidd injure the frail
vessel, each eroii<;hed in bis canoe, toiling with
unpractised hands to i)ropel it. Before him, week
after M'eek, h(! saw the same lank, unkem]it hair,
the same tawny shoulders, and long, naked arms
ceaselessly plying the paddle. The canoes were
soon separated; and for more than a month the
Freiu'hnu'ii rarely or never met. Brebeuf spoke
a little Ilm'on, and could converse with his es-
cort; but Daniel anil Davost were doomed to a
silence unbroken i-ave i)y tbe occasional nnintel-
ligil)le complaints and menaces of tbe Indians, of
wiiom many were sick with the epidemic, and all
were terrified, desjioiuling, and sidlen. T'u'ir
only food was a pittance of Indian corn, crushed
W
THE ,IE-^riT MISSIONARIES AND THE INDIANS.
101
ilerncss
Jut the
ry were
entluisi-
e brave
of tlie
s would
Having
,'k, they
t WDUlll
linien to
ins they
;onipany
in llioa.
Hurons
tie, they
western
Hochart,
em to a
the- a
i, bui, all
eive tlie
em eon-
leeisions.
lien the
le more
tremity
vow to
ndians
', Dan-
vos of
1 .stage
imee at
le least
journtn'.
le frail
ig with
n, week
I hair,
(l arms
OS were
nth the
f spoke
liis cs-
•d to a
minlel-
ians, of
and all
Their
erushed
between two stones and mixed with water. The
toil was extreme. Brcbeuf counted tliirty-five
portages, where the eanoes were lifted from tlie
water, and carried on the shoulders of the voyag-
ers around rap'd.; or cataracts. More Mir.n fifty
times, besides, they were forced to wade in the
raging currents, j)ushing up their empty barks, or
dragging them with ropes. Hrebeuf tried to do
his part, but the boulders and sharp rocks wound-
ed his nak(!d feet, and compelled him to desist.
He and his companions bore their share of the
baggr.ge across the portages, sometimes a distance
of hcvoral miles. Four trijis, at the least, were
required *^o convey the whole. The way was
thrf)Ugh the >.lense forest, incumbered with rocks
and logs, tangled with roots ..nd underbrush,
damp with perpetual shade." The Iiulians were
often exhaustt'd from the iiardships of the jouruev.
All of the Jesuits, as also the Frenchmen who
accompanied them, suffered from the insolence of
their Indian companions. Davost's Indian robbed
him of the most valuable part of his baggage,
threw another i)art into the river, ineluding most
of the books and writing matciials of the three
priests ; and, as if this were not enough, left hira
behind, among the Algonquins of AUumette
Island. But he found it po,ssible to pi ,ue his
journey, and, after many bitter ojipressions, reached
tiie Huron towns, c(»mplet(;ly cchausted. Daniel
was also deserted, but falling iii with another
|)arty he was assisted :;i the completion of his
journey. Several of the Frenchmen who went
with the missionaries were either robiied or left
behind in some way-side Indian town.
4. — Although we do not intend to c.irry tlie
Ho«.„uo„ofF„,i,. '■'^"'^'^'•^o any groat extent into the
i'Jl^ImlOimmi'''"" ^'^1'^''''^"'^'-'*^ "^ ^'"-'•'^'^ JoSllits aiUOUg
»"V;;7,J,',';^ '""•""»■ the Ilmons, yet we must glance
at the manner in which they were
received, and note some of the dilHeullies of
their labor of love. When I'.reboiif's comi)an-
ions landed him in tluMr eonulry they tiirew big
baggage on the ground and left iiini to iiis own
resources, and dciiartcd to their rcspoclive ^•illagos.
The good father did imt tVol ovoiconie even bv
this base In iin.ent, but kiiroling in prayer, inslcml
(if imploring help he devoutly lliauked the Vio\[-
ileiici! which had thus far s[)ared liis life. lit
I hell rose to his feet and jioiidered as to what he
shonid do to establish himself among the Indians.
He was well acipiainted with the sjiot. It was (in
the borders of Thunder Bay. In the neighboring
Huron town he had lived three years, preaching
and baptizing. He hid his baggage in the woods,
including the vessels for the mass, and started out
in search of the town. He passed the scene of his
former labors, the ruins of a town called Toanche,
where he saw the charred poles that had consti-
tuted the frame of his little chapel. Evening was
fast ap[)roachiiig when he came in sight of the
town of Thonatiria. A crowd ran out to meet
him exclaiming, " I'^chom has come again ! Ecliom
has come again!" They of course readily recog-
nized the stately figure robed in black. ^le was
enthusiastically led to the town, where the whole
IKipulation swarmed about him. Procuring his
baggage ISieiieiif was received into the house of a
native calleil A^ andoay, a rich and hospitable
Huron, where ' j anxiously await(id the arrival of
his coiii[ianioiis. One by one they came in, iMch
with about the same tale of hardship and I'ainine
andsulfering to unfold. But now that the jdunicy
was over they soon forgot its siilfcrings and busied
themselves in preparing for the work which had
called them hither.
o. — We must tarr\- in these wilds of the West
a little longer, to notice the Huron mission-honse,
its inmates, its furniture, its guests ; iir.ii.'ut .m tim
to look at the Jtisuit as a teaoher, as am. kw-,-..
an engineer; to note the baptisin.s. and to wonder
at Huron village life, all of which, though it be
partially a digression, since we have decided to
content ourselves with a mere referenci! to the
natives in this work, rather than to give any lengthy
treatment of their curious customs, cannot fail to
be entertaining. The first (piestion for tl'e fathers
to settle was wir.'re the}- should make their abode.
For some time it seemed to he that the choice was
to fall on a place called by the French Ror/irlli;
llu; largest and most important town of the Huron
Confederacy, but Brelieuf thought otlu'rwisis and
resolved to .'cmain at Thonatiria, where he was him-
s(;lfwell kno'. ,. and where he trusted some seels
of the faith had already been iilanled whieli only
needed inojier care to bring forth glorious fruit.
The next thirg to be aeeomiilished was the tu'ec-
tion of a mission-house. This was not so dinienlfc
a thing among the llurons, wl 're the whole popu-
lation of the village joined in building one, when
such was found to be an imperativo necessity to
!
10::
TUTTLKS IlLsroUV OF THE DOMINION' OF CANADA.
aiiv one anidiiL^ tliiMr ihiiiiIkt. And now tliiit tliis
want liail falliMi to tlic lot of lu, less a ])oi'.sonaj^i^
Uiaii Father Brcbouf, ,iot only all the inhabitants
of 'Phonafiiia, hut thoso oi" (lit! nciuhhoiiiiif town
ol" WcTiit also took an ai^livo i)ai't in tiui woiU.
'I'ho only coiiijuMisation they oxpocteii was such
prosiMils as the priests wen; ahii; to hcstow, l>o-
foro tho 011(1 of S('[)l('nil((!r tho task was fully
nceoinplisluHl. Tin; followinijf diistuiiition of this
(Mirioua structure is taki'ii from Parknuui : 'Vho
house was const rui;teil after tin; Huron model. It
was thirty-six feet loui^ and aliout twenty feet
wide, fiMuied wilh strong;" sapliuif ])oles [)lanted in
lli(! earth to foiui the sides, with the ends hent
into an arch for (lie roof, — the whole lasiied lirniiy
loi.|'ther, braced wilh cross-poles, and c^losely cov-
ered with ()verhipi)ii)!jr sheets of bark. Wiliiout
tlu^ strnclun! was slriclly Indian ; but within, the
]iriests. wilh tlu^ aid of tlieir tools, made innova-
Ijous wiiich wci'c the aslonishmeiil of all the coun-
try. They (livide<l ihcir dwclliui,' by transverse^
partitions into three aparlnients, each wilh its
wooden door, — a wondrous novelty in tin; eyes of
tiu'ir visitors. Tlu; first stu'veil as a hall, an ante-
room, ;ind a place of storaije for corn, beans, and
dried fish. The second — the larn'csl (if the lhrc( —
was iit once kitchen, workshop, dining-room, draw-
iiiij-room, school-room, and i)t'd-ehaniber. The
third was the ciiapel. Here they made ihciraltar,
and lii^re wi'.vc. their imat^cs. pictures, and sacrt'd
vessels. TJMur lire was on tlu! ground, in the' mid-
dle of the seiumd aparlmeul, iIk^ smoke escapiui,'
by a hole in tlu; roof. At the sides wcri! placcil
two widi^ phUhunis, after tin? iliiron fashion, four
feet from the earlheii lloiu'. ( )u Ihese were chests
in which they ke[it their I'lolliiiiLf and vcslmeiits,
and beneiilli iheiu they slept, reclinimf on sheds
of bark, and covtu'cd wilh skins and liic garments
they wore by diiy. Ivinle stools, a liandmill, a
hiri;e liiiliaii morlar of wood lor crnshin^' corn,
and a clock, completed IIk^ furiiilure of IIk^ room,
tl. — Now, since the lioiisi' of ihc priests con-
tained irauy ihinn's that were? indeed miirvcdbuis
<"iiili«iiirH ..r 111.' '" ''"' n;ilives, there was, of course,
lluxm Ml.-,,,,,. „„ ,,,,.|. „|>„„,,^,^, 'p|„, |',,„„, ,,(• ,1,,.
]»hiee iicciinie soimdi'd IhronnlKuil the Icnulli and
brc;idlh of (he Huron ii;il i(Ui, and the curious —
iind wliiil Iiidiiiii is not — Hocked fiiuii every vil-
laH'c 'o bcliold I he lliiiii;s woiidcrfMl. None auioULj
the lalicr asloiiished (lie liidiaiis so iinich as tin'
clock. They would often sit for hours in jtro-
foiind silence to hear it strike. 'J'hev really be-
lieved it to be alive, and inqiiirt-d what it ate, and
tlu! priests by no means disabused their su[icr-
stitioiis minds by eiMiiiuaiidinjjf it to stoj) when the
last stroke of the bell somidiHl, thereby nsiiij^, in
this case, their intellii^eiice to make tin; ij;:iKuaiiee
of the natives more profound. The mill was
another woiidtu-, so also was tho ma,i;nifyiiitr-
L^lass, wherein a Ilea was mad(! to ajipcar a monster,
and a mulliplyinj;; lens, which preseuled the same
object eleven times reiieated. Hrcbcuf tells us
that, " all this serves to gain their allection, and
make them more docile in respect to tlii^ ad-
mirable! and incoin])reliensible mysteries of our
failh ; for the opinion they have of onr genius and
capacity makes them believe wdiatevcr wt! tell
them."' Mrcbi uf betrays, all inscusibly, a sad
tiulli ill this brief jiassago above (]Uoted. How
true it is, not only with rcfcrcnci! t their opera-
tions amoiiLj the natives, but amoniir all naliiui-
alilies and in all countries, thatr tlii; success of
priest-craft is made most ih<U()UL;h and lasting « lieu
the implcinculs of it.s success are most deeply
shrouded in inystery. The three missionaries
hilxu'cd lianl in the Huron field throughout the
years of Itlo.Vti-T, but with no great resnlls, their
baptisms were for the most j)art eonliucd to the
children, the dying, the healthy adult populatiiui
not yielding to the chiiins of tin' (iospel.
7. — As it will be impossiblo to avoid not icing
the ojK'iations of tin; .lesuils, wdiich constitute no
c„.n,in..nt.i..snHK ^"':dl part of llio caily hist(My of
""'"'''''• Canaila, we may as well pause licie,
to look at some of llu! dislinetivti t^haiiu^liMistics
of sojc of th(! (Oiicf Canadian Jcsiiils, who wcri:
the principal actors on the religious stage in these
early days. W'e will lirst notice thosi; belong-
ing to til Hiiidu jMissiou. A\'e have just been
spcakiug of lircbcnf, whom rarkmau styles tin!
" Masculine Aposlbs of the Faith — llu! Ajax of Iho
mission." ami ailds that "Nadire had given him
all I he [lassions of a vigorous manhood, and religion
hail crushed Ihem, (iirbcd them, or lamed iheni
to do her work — like a dainmed-up torrent sluiced
and guided to grind and saw and weave for Ihc
good of man." Charles (iarnicM-, the co-hiborer of
Ilri'beuf, nas like him only in that they were bolh
of noble birlh. He had ever manifested a delii ale
and sensilive nalure, ii tender eonselciicc, ami in
L
IIIK JKSlUr MISSIONAIJIKS AND TIIK INDIANS.
lo:;
inclination to rcliijioiis emotion. His life hotli in
Fraiuu' anionij^ scimics of wcallli and ri'lincnicnt,
and in Canada, anionij I lie wilds ol' mission lil'c,
l)oro constant, testimony of Iiis |)icly and tcndcr-
lieai'ti'ilncss. He has Icl'l licliind liim twcnt y-l'oiir
letters, written in Canada, to his lather and hi'otli-
ei's who \ver(^ in l^'ranee. 'I'hese inanMscrii)ls
hreaihe forth a spirit of intense Catholi(^ piety.
His whole lite was one t^rand demonstration of tiie
fact that he had reiionnced ail that the world calls
dear, and that he lived only lor Heaven. His
alTeetions, rolilieil of eai'thly olijeets npon which to
j)our iheir ardor, were taken up with an intense
adoration of the Vi;ij;in Mary. He had no (jnali-
lleations for that, enilnrance so nee<ifnl in the mis-
sion lield, yet he entered the self-saiM'ificinij labor
with none the less readiness, and thi'onqhont all
his eart'cr his lack of physical strenijlh was more
than conntcrlialanccd hy tin; (hn'olenient of hi.s
sjiirit. Hi) was looked n|)on as the sainl of the
mission, ami was, no donl)t, in his way, and in
sc :.<' respeiMs in di>e(l and in Irntli, a pious priest..
He was one of those peculiar characters, seen only
in (he mysterious arena of l{(unaiiism, who, \\hVn\
liis life was a writhini^ martyrdom, could vaiidv
boast, that, he baptized and sent mori- souls to
lieaven than the other .lesnits.
S. — .Iose])li Marie Chaiimonot is also a [iromiinuit.
name in the list, of (\iMadian Jesuits eolemporary
(imum.miii.cimi^ ^^''"' Hrebcuf. He was of hnnible
"""'• ■'"'='"'''• '■''• ori.nin, and ufteran eventful boyhood
he was admit ti'd to the Jesuit. iio\ itiate. At ilsidose
he came into jiossession of a small volume of
nrebenf's /{ilntionn of the Canadian mission, which
determined inunediately iiis course of action. Ask-
inij to b(> sent, to Canaila, his r<'(inest, was granted.
" Uefore einbarkiuLj," says a reliable author, " he
set. out with the Jesuit. I'enect, who was also des-
tined for Canada, (ui a pili^rimatxe from Home to the
shrine of our Lady of Lorclto. They journeyed (Ui
fool, bcLiirinii' alms by the way. Chaumonot, was
soon seized with a |iain in the knee so violent, that,
it. seemed impossible to proceed. At San Severino,
where they loih^^ed with Ihi- |{arnabites, he be-
lhon!;lil liini of a.skini( (he intercessions ofa certain
pi or woman id' that |)lace, who bad diei! soim' time
before with the reputation of saiiclily. Acconb
ini;ly he addressed In lu'r his pra\er, promisini;' to
publish her fame on every possible occasion if she
would obtain his cure from ( Joii. I'hc intercession
w.as accei)fed, the ofl'endin;^ limb became sound
iij^ain, and the two pilijrims pursued their journey ;
they reached Lori'tto, anil knccliuLj before thi'
Queen of Heaven implored her favor and aid ;
while ('lianmom.t, overllowinLj with devotion to
this celestial mistress of his heart, conceived the
purpose of buildinij in C^aiiada a chapel to her
honor after the exact model of the Holy l!iuisi> of
Loretto. These two Jesuits arrived amou!^ the
Hurons early in the autumn of Itl.'i'.t. Noel Chab-
auel did not. ri>ach the mission till llilo. He did
not reconcile himself to the Indian life, and was
sorely ti-miitcd to return to I'"ranee, lint bound
himself by a solemn vow to remain in Canada to
(he day of his dealli. He spen(. liveycjirs in faith-
fully endeavoriiij; to learn the Huron languai^e but.
without, any success, and was in no particular u
suiu'cssfnl missionary. Isaac .IoL;fnes was not very
unlike (Jainier. The v)ther priests of (he missions
were (d' ordinary tyjii;.
Tliori' art' siiiiu' lliinits ill tlio lives of llii'!>(> Ji'Miiit:), |inifi'ssoil,
but iviil 111- iiiiauiiii'il, us tii -.vliicli tin- iv.iiliT will ri-uilily ili'iiilc
fur liiiiisi'lf, wliiili »M' jtivi' Its worlliv Id lii- |iii'si'rvoil in lii.s|iir\ .
'I lu'irs Wii.s no failli of alixIractiniiM ami niMU'ralilirs. Kur llicin
licavi'ii was vi'iy iioar to rarlli, loiicliiiii; iiml iiiinHlinc with it
at iiiiiny poinl.s. On liii^li, (ioil llit Kallicr >^al riilliniiM'il ; ami
iii'jinr lo liiiiiian »\ iiipalliics, Divinily iiii'aniati' in Ilii< Snii, willi
llic iM'Tiifjii fonii (it Ills iiiiinai'iilali- nioilu'i', ami lirr .•.pon^ii'. Si.
.tii'-i'ltli, (lie cliosrn patron of now Kraiifi'. InlrrriMlitif; HainlsaiKi
ilrpai'li'il frii'mls lion- lo llio lliroiu" of ^nici' llic pi'lilinns of llici«i>
vi'l linni'iinjr in moiijil lioiiilii;^!', aiul fmiiiril nil a.ii'iMuliii); cluiiii
fioiM carili lo licavrii. Tlu'w pricsis livi'il ill an aliiiosplii'ro of
siipi'inalni-.ilisni. Kvciy ilay liail il.» miiarlc. Dlviiio powiM- dc.
clarcd ilsrlf ill arlion ininii'iliali' ami ilin'i'l, conlrollinj;, j.'uiilinn,
or nvi'isinn llir laws of Naliin-. 'Plir inissionaiii's iliil nol njeil
tlio onlmary ciiri's fm- disra-xo or wiiiiiuls ; Init llicy rclinl far
iiiori' on a pia\ cr lo the Viririii. a vow lo Si. JuM'pli, or lln- prom-
i>.i' of a mioci/in', or iiiiit' (layx' di'votioii. lo Koiiir olln'r I'i'li'.slial
pc'rson..inc" ; wliili' tlio loin. Ii of a rr.'i);iiii'iit of a loolli or lionc of
senile dcparli'il sainl »asof suverei);ii ellleaey lo eiire siekiie^s,
.scijai'e pain, or relieve a HiilT^riiif; sipiaw in llie lliroes of idiild
liirtli. Oiiee, Cliaanicaiol, having a lieadaelii', re'iienilieriMl lolnive
heanl of a siek man wlio regained Iiis lie:illli li\ enininrndiii^' liM
ease lo Si. I|;iialliis, ami al llie naiiie liiiie |ii|iiiii^ aniedal slaiiip
ed with liis iiiiaj;e iiilo his imiiilh. Ai'eordiii(;ly he tried a similar
uxperiinent, pnlliiin into his iiimiiiIi a iiieiliil hearinn; a repii'seii-
lalioii of Ihe Moly l'",.iiiiily, which was the ehjeet of his especial
devolion. The iiex morning fmiiid liliii I'lired.
'I'lie relalioii helweeii lliis world and the next wan Koiiieliiiics
of 11 nature curiously intiinale. 'I'liiis, when Cliaiiiiiomil I rd of
(t.irnier'H dealli he iinniedialely inhln'ssed his deparleil eollea);ue
and pnnni'.ed lilni Ihe henelll of all llie nooil works which he,
I'liaiinionoi, init!ht perforin dnriii); Ihe next week, provided llie
dcfuiicl missionary would make him heir lo his kiiowledi;e of the
Mine. 11 |on){iie. And he iisimiImmI lo ihe deci'ased (i.ii hut's in
lliiciiic llii> nnislery of lliat laiiKiiane which he aflerwar.ls
iicipiired.
'I'lie efforts of lie ini^-Moiiaries for Ihe eoiiversion of Ihe rniv
iiiii
II
104
TUTTI.KS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
ages were powerfully seconded from the other world, and the re-
fractory auhjeot who wai deaf to Iminan persuasions softened he-
fore the superhuiuaii agencies which tlie priest invoked to his
aid.
It is scarcely necessary to add, that si^ns and voices from
another world, visitations from Uoll and visions from Heaven,
were incidents of no rare occurrence in tlic lives of these ardent
apostles. To Brebeuf, whose deep nature, like a furnace wliile
hot, glowed with the still intensity of his enthusiasm, they were
especially frequent. Demons in troops appeared before him,
sometimes in the guise of men, sometimes as hejirs, wolves, or
wild eats. lie ualled on God, and the apparatioJis vanished.
Death, like a skeleton, sometimes menaced him, and once, .as he
faced it with an iinquailing eye, it fell powerless at his feet. A
demon, in the form of n woman, assailed him with the temptation
wiiicli beset St. Benedict among the rocks of Suhiaco ; but lire-
beuf signed the cross, and the infernal siren melted ii:to air. lie
saw the vision of a vast and gorgeous palace; and a miraculous
voice assured him that such was to be the reward of those who
dwelt in savage hovels for the cause of God. Angels appeared to
him, and more than once, St. Joseph and the Virgin were visibly
present before his sight. In these enthusiasts we shall timl strik-
ing examples of one of the morbid forces of hmnan nature; yet
in candor let us do honor to what was genuine in them,— that
principle of self-ahnegatiou which is thelif- of true religion, and
which is vital no less to the highest forms of heroism. — l\iikm<in.
CHAFrER XVI.
MONTMAGNY'S ADMCTISTRATIOX.— QUEBEC.
—MONTREAL.
1. montmagny dkmonstuates his romanism.
— 2. Rise of Catholic ix.stitutions in
Canada, A. D. 1G39-40.— 3. Montreal
FOUNDED RY M. DE MaISONXEUVE, A. D.
1(342. — 4. ViLLE JIarie-Montueal, A. I).
1G43-4. — 5. Montmagny's policy fou the
progress op the Colony. — 0. Trouisles
WITH THE Indians, A. D. Ili4t. — 7. The
Company of one Hundred a.ssociates —
Life at Quebec A. D. 1040.— 8. M. de
Montmagny's Ad.>...nistration — rrs close,
A. D. 1G47.
1. — After Chainplaiii's deivtli, and before the ar-
MontnmKny de- I'V^l "f Moiltinajriiy, Le Jeillie,
ilh'umnun- Siiperioi of the mission at (Jiiel)ee,
'"'"• was imicli exereiseil fioiii a fear tiiat
tlie man who was to l)e sent out to rule Caiiachv
miirht in some way eiirh or interfere with his
relij^ioiis plans. liut these fears were hapi)ily
destined to be overthrown. It was in June, ItiJiO,
when the ship conveying the new governor to
Canada anchored in tlie basin below Quebec.
Le Jeiine hastened to the landino-place with liis
companions, and was there met by the governor
with a train of officers and gentlemen. As they
: 11 climbed the steep path together, Montmugny
chanced to see a crucifix near the way and in-
stantly fell on his knees before it ; the nobles,
soldiers, sailors and priests imitated his extimple.
Thus it is seen that no sooner had the new gov-
ernor placed his foot upon tlie soil of Canada than
he gave evidence of his devotion to the Roman
Catliolic Churcli. The Jesuits pleased with this
demonstration, sang Te Deum at the church, while
the cannon roared from the adjacent fort. Rut
they were not likely to rest contented with this
mere reverence for the cross. Montmagny had
scarcely been installed as governor when an en-
thusiastic Jesuit rushed in and requested him to be
god-father to an Indian about to be baptized. He
willingly consented, and at once repaired to the
hut of the convert, with a company of gentlemen
in full court dress, where he bestowed ui)on the
dying savage the name of Joseph, the patron of
New France. But the Jesuits were to try him
still further with, if possible, still greater success.
Three days after he wiis informed that a dead
Christian Indian was to be buried, whereupon he
left the lines of the new fortification which he was
tracing, lighted a torch, his cxiimple being follow-
ed by De Lisle, his lieutenant, Repentigny and St.
Jean, gentlemen of his suite, and with a band
of soldiers, followed the corpse, borne by two
priests, to the place of burial. The Jesuits
were now at rest, they had already seen him bow
before their timely erected cross, ma<le him ii god-
father to a dying Indian convert, and induced hiin
to [larade with his suite and guards at a funeral.
This was enough, and they said from the bottom of
their catholic hearts that M. de Montmagny was
just the man to rule Catholic Canachi. And why
not? Rotii tlie governor and his lieutenant De
Lisle were half ehurehinen, for both were Kiili/lita
of Malta, therefore, the sword was almost in
priestly hands. In a word, the Jesuits ruled New
Fiance, though at litis time there was but little to
rule except unruly hordes of thankless savages.
Authoiity completely absolute and without apjieal
" was vested in a council composed of the gov-
ernor, Le Jeune, and the symlie, an official ^\\[i-
posed to represent the interests of the inhabitants.
i\v Quebec,
ce witli his
ic governor
1. As they
yiontiiiagiiy
?ay and in-
the nobles,
is exiimiile.
e new gov-
'anadii than
tlie Roman
.1 with tliis i
urcii, while
fort. IJut
I with this
nagny had
hen an en-
d him to be
itized. lie
ired to the
gentlemen
i upon the
i patron of
to try hiiu
;er success,
lat a dead
ireiqion he
lich he was
iiig follow-
ny and St.
th a band
le by two
10 Jesuits
1 Iiim bow
him a god-
ducod him
. a funeral.
! bottom of
lagny was
And why
tenant De
re Kniijlits
almost in
I'lilcd New
ut little to
s savages,
out ajjjieal
f the gov-
flicial suj)-
habitants.
[ '1
III
■;'
.1 ;•
I
I
'■■■ ;|
i 1
it
i' \']
n
¥1
I i
2.—
pects
MONTMAGNY'S ADMINISTRATION— QUKBEC— MONTREAL.
10')
There was no tril)nniil of justice, and the "(overnor
I)ronounee(l sunmiiuily on all eonijilaints. The
church adjoiiifd the fort ; and hefore it was pliintcd
a stak(! lieaiuii,' a placard with a prohihition aj^'ainst
blasjihemy, drunkenness, or neglect of mass and
other relij^'ious rites. To the stake was also at-
tached a chain and iron collar ; and hard hy was
a woollen liorse, whereon a culprit was now and
then mounted \)y way of example ami warning.
In a communit} so absolutely jiriest-govern ;d,
overt offences were, however, ran.' ; and, except
on the annual arrival of the ships from France,
wlien the rock swarmed with godless sailors,
Quebec was a model of decorum, and wore, as its
chroniclers tell us. an aspect unspeakably' edify-
iug." — I'arkman. New France now needed onl}- to
grow and develop in i)opuiation and resources to
give the pope a new jjossession, and we have lived
to see the results of that growth and develop-
ment.
2. — We liave already spoken of the general pros-
pects of the colony when -Montmagny arrived,
Kise oi ciitho'.ic ''^'"^ •^'^' ^'"'' ii'differciice and neglect
!"u,;',i'I!tI." of the '• Company of One Hundred
'*'"■'""'• Associates " into whose manage-
ment the care of the colony had been entrusted
by royal charter. It was this condition of affairs
that induced the governor the more readily to ac-
cept and encourage a plan for the settlement of
the Island of Montreal, since he hoped that such
a course would be the means of putting a check
on Iro([uois invasions from that direction. This
plan, however, did not originate with the " As-
sociates," who were content with any condition of
the colony that would most conduce ,,■> the promo-
tion of the fur traffic ; and, indeea, whatever
piogress Canada was making generally, at this
time, we must place to the credit of its private
members, or individuals not in office. Thus by one
of the latter, the commander de Sillery, at the
reijuest of the Jesuits, — for nothing was originated
and carried forward without their sanction or so-
licitation, the "habitation" which took his name
was founded on the banks of the St. Lawrence four
miles from Quebec, in the year 1637. The Jesuit
('ill lege, endowed by Rend Rohault, was establish-
"A at (Quebec in the previous year. This place, Sil-
lery, still bears the commander's name. De Sillery
was one of the "Associates," but he had been
induced to become a member of this body from
religious motives rather than mercenary ambition.
Hence his activity could not be accredited to the
Company. In the Sillery institution only savage
converts, or those asking to become such, were
received. They were placed under the chargt; of
father Le Jeune, who represented M. de Sillery
in Anuuiea. 'J'he latter transmitted considerable
sums of money with which the buildings of tlie
institution were constructed. The Hotel Dieu for
the sick, and the Ursulines" Convent for training
young girls, were also standing proofs, says Car-
neau, of that inexhaustible generosity to which
Canada owes almost all the great establishments of
edui.'ation that she possesses. The former institu-
tion was founded at (Quebec in IG-jOby the Duchess
d'Aiguillon. It was in the same year that the
young widow of high rank, Madame de Lapelliie,
commenced the erection of the convent of Ursu-
lines, into which when finished she retired for the
rest of her life. " The reli'ffieunes who were to
iiduibit the new foundations, arrived at Quebec
from France in one vessel and landed on the; same
day. Tl.e occasion was observed as a holiday by
all the people of the city ; labor was suspended
and the shops were chised. The governor with an
armed escort received the heroines: of the day on
''he quay ; they left the ship while the cannoneers
of the fort were firing a salute. The first conijdi-
ments paid, M. de Montmagny led them to the
High Church, amidst the acclamations of the
people, and Te Dcmn was chanted in thanksgiving
for the two-fold benefit wliich heaven had now
conferred upon Canada." Garneau informs us
that the Hospital was at first nl'iced at Sillery ;
but from fear of the Iroquois it w^as refounded at
Quebec, in 1644.
3. — In 1640, a society under the name of La
Compagnie de Montreal was formed in Paris having
for its object the promotion of re-
. • /~, 1 ri.i Montreal founded
ligion in Canada. Ihe company by M.do Maison-
consisted ot over thirty persons of
wealth and influence. They at once entered
into a plan for establishing a permane.it settle-
ment on the Island of Montreal. The Company
of "One Hundred Associates" had ceded the
Island, several years before, to Jac(iues Girard,
seigneur of La Chaussde, wlio ceded it to Jean de
Lauzon, intendant in Dauphin}', soon after. The
Missionaries had repeatedly urged the Associated
pai tuers to occupy the Island, for protection
(:• ' t
I
106
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
■■:
■I '
against tlie hostile Iroquois, and for a central point
from whence to extend missionary operations.
However, the island was deeded to the new Com-
pany in 1640, and one of its members in the siime
year arrived at Qnehec fnjin Fiance with several
immigrating families, some soldiers, and an arma-
ment valued at 2.">,000 piastres which had been
equipped at La Roclielle and Dieppe. The im-
porlant work of [)lantiiig a brunch of New France
on this island was intrusted to a gentleman well
qualified for the task, M. de Maisonneuve. Not-
withstanding the ''let that Governor Montmagny
had encouraged the project of the settlement
of the Island of Montreal, when Maisonneuve
arrived in (Quebec with his colonists and soldiers
he tried to persuade him to make the settlement
on the Isle d'Orleans, a locality then quite out of
the reach of the hostile Iroijuois, but the com-
mander, nothing daunted, pushed forward to the
fulfilment of his mission; and in 1642 he laid
the foundation for the settlement of Montreal.
Erecting such buildings as were necessary to the
immediate wants of the settlement, he named the
infant city Villa Marie, which was solemnly conse-
crated by the Jesuits on the seventeenth of May
of that year. The site of this little settlement
w.as near the slope of Mnunt Royal which had
been named by Jac(pies Cartier one hundred and
seven years before. Such were the beginnings
of the present metropolis of the Dominion, tiie
Cit}'^ of .Montreal. The founder of the settle-
ment, M. de Maisonneuve, demands a place in
history. " He was a man of unquestioned cour-
age, experience, and piety, besides liuing [)()ssessed
of considerable wealth. When ai)i)lied to, he
oflfered his services without any regard to self-
interest, declaring his d(!sire to devote his sword,
his jiurse, and his life, to the work for llie glory of
(lod." — Mill's. At the same time that he was select-
ed, the Moiilreal Conq)i'ny sought the services of
a woman of character who would resign iierself to
the fortunes of Canada and take charge of the
hospital arrangements of the new settlement.
Several noble ladies of France interested themselves
in the affairs of the New Cunqtiiny, and finally
Mademoiselle Mance was selin;ted, who came to
Canada under l\w\r auspices, and wlio liecamo the
foundress of the Hotel Dieu of Mdutreal. Shortly
after the first colonists arrived, a reinforcement
came out, led by M. d'Ailleboust, who was accom-
pjinied by his wife and sister. He was also a man
of rank and wealth, and soon after became the
governor of New France.
4. — We may as well linger at this point for a
few moments to notice the early struggles for
existence of the new settlement of vine Mario-Mon-
milc Marie, ^yhlch from this time tf«»i ^- "• '•^■'-'•
will afford us another central point for watching
the events as they occur in the early history of
Canada. For the first two or three years the
little settlement barely contrived to maintain an
existence. M. d'Ailleboust, who was acquainted
with the arts of war by reason of his pievious
military exi)ericnce, was charged with the duty of
preparing the necessar} defenses against the in-
vasions that the settlement would be sure to meet
with from the Iro([Uois, who were prowling the
country, in hostile bands, for many miles round
in almost every direction. It was a fortunate
circumstance for the French that their presence
was not discovered on the island until the si)ring
of 1643, by which time the colonists had forsaken
their temporary bark cabins, and taken possession
of buildings of a somewhat permanent character.
No sooner, however, did the Iroquois ixjcome aware
of their presence tiian they besieged them. Foiiuing
in small bands, they lurked in every Sliding [)lace
about the little settlement, picking otf stragglers
and making occasional ca[)tives. In short the
colon.ists vvere in a state of siege during 1643-4.
Maisonneuve remained on the defensive, until at
length, when charged with downright cowaiilice,
he marchi'd out at the head of thirty men, but was
quickly repulsed by over two hundred savages.
The comniander was the last to retire from the
field; witli a jiistol in each hand he covc^rcil the
retreat of his frigiitened baud until safely within
the palisades of tiie settlement. "A number of the
French were killed and wounded in this encounter.
During the years 1643-4 the losses of the French,
through the vigilant hostility of their enemies
and tluMr crafty modes of attack, were such that,
notwithstanding considia-altle reinforcements from
France, the total number of colonists on the island
de(!reased, while it was found iinpossii)le to pro-
vide adequ'.ae accommodalions fiu' llu; sick and
wounded." — Mlli'n. Thus was Montreal founded ;
thus it cMtercd upon its t'areer nf trouble, fightings
without and fears williin. Its sDJenin consecration
could not prevent this. However, on the 17th of
MONTMAGNY'S ADMINISTRATION— QUEBEC— MONTREAL.
107
May, 1642, when the Superior Vimond commended
the colony to the protection of Heaven, likenin<^
it to a grain of muatard-seed whence would spring
a tree which would grow until its branches over-
spread the earth, his thoughts were not astray,
although it does not appear that these grand re-
sults were hastened by the performance in the
evening of that day, wlieu numbers of fireflies were
caught and strung into a glistening festoon which
was hu'ig upon the altar. As we have noticed,
Mdlle. Manee came out with the colony. Siie was
accompanied from Quebec by Madame Peltrie. Tiie
latter eventually returned to Quebec.
5. — But we must see what M. de Montmagny
MnntmaRuy. pol- ^^^^^ ^'^"'5? ^OT the gOod of NcW
lyihe'colo.lyT"'" France at his head<iuarters in Que-
bec, before we turn to the deeds of
his successor. In .lune, 1G3G, he landed in (Quebec
and took cliarge of the affairs of the colony. His
first care was to look after the defenses of the
settlement. " Champlain, before closing his event-
ful career, had ordered tlie reconstruction of the
palisade which formed tiie outworks of the Fort,
and had also erected a battery of guns in the lower
town, opposite the wareliouses, to command this
part of the river. De Montmagny resolved to go
much further ; a plan of a new fort to bo built of
stone was prepared, and his artificers, witli pick and
shovel, might have been seen actively engaged in
hewing stone out of the quarry — burning lime —
baking bricks. Tiie irregularity of the streets, at
first narrow foot-paths, where the forest iiad stood,
next claimed his earnest attention. To ensure
regularity in the highways, a new plan of the city
was ordered. De Montmagny's example and ideas
of progress were not lost on his follow 'u-s. Private
dwellings, as well as jiublio edifices, underwent
raiiid transformations, to such a dcgreo liiat tiie
olil residents marvelled at tiio pleasing appearance
of the city generally."— Z,t! Moine. But we sliail
see tiiat Montmagny iiad iiis share of trouiilo wilii
tiie Indiaus.
0. — Wiien Montmagny first arrived in New
TrouMo, will, ii,B Enince, tiie Iroquois were comiiara-
in,uu„».A.i.. iwi- tiveiy pacific; but in 1041 tliey
commenced to carry terror tlirougii-
out tiio Icngtii and lircadtii of tiie colony, wugbig
u war of extermination against tiie trilies allied
witli tlio Frencii. Tlieir great fear of Freneii fire-
arms no longer held (iiem back. Armed witli
deadly carbines which they had received from tlie
Dutch in exchange for peltries, the Mohawk war
parlies penetrated to Lakes Sacrament and Cham-
plain and the Riciielieu river, or spread themselves
in ambush on the southern bank of the St. Law-
rence, and in the isles of Lake St. . eter. They
even descended to Three Rivers and Quebec, while
others hovered about tiie isles of Lake St. Louis,
waiting to capture tlie Hurons on their way down
the Ottawa in tiieir canoes, laden with furs for
tiie annual trade. The other nations of tiie Iro-
quois confederacy, the Oneidas, Cayugas, Onon-
dagas and Seiiecas, crossed the eastern extremity
of Lake Ontario and invested the Huron country
liy way of Lake Simcoe ; and ascending tlie Geor-
gian Bay of Lake Huron to French River on Lake
Nipissing, they carried iiavoc and desolation
tlirougiiout the wliole region of the Upjier Ottawa.
While tliis condition of tilings lasted not only tiie
Frencii settlements were in danger, but tiie Jesuit
Fatiiers were exposed to every sort of indignity,
and sometimes to capture, and with it tiie worst
types of torture. One Father perisiied in a snow
drift. Father Jogues was captured liy a l»and of
Moliawks, and carried to tiieir village, wiiere lie
was treated with great cruelty. However, iiy tiie
aid of a Duteii officer lie escaped and made liis
way to France. This suffering did not cool liis
ardor ; again he came to Canaila and cast Ids lot
with liis in-other missionaries. Fatiier liressani
was also captured by tiie Irociuois, at wliose liands
lie suffered ail l)Ut deatii. M. de Monlinagiiv's
cmiiarrassments from tiie Indians were now increas-
ing. The colony was still very weak. Tlie
settlers did not begin to sow wheat miti! 1(!44 ;
very little was done to promote any (Uqiartment
of agricultural industry, and tiiey did not reap
enougii of any product to suppcnt themselves
tiiroiighont tiio year. Heneo tiie governnient,
weak and uncertain though it wa.s, had to partially
sul)sist as w(!ll as protect its eitizmis. We ought
not to condemn the Frencii too iiarslily for tlicir
lack of agricultural industry in these early days,
since tiie colonists, insecure as tiiey were amidst
tiiousainls of prowling Indians, iiad but fc!w o]>por-
tunities for sowing (m' planting. "Tlie Inxpiois
Iial)ilnally made intrusions even to liie environs of
Queitcc, and spread alarm among (he French resi-
dents on tiio banks of tiio St. Lawrence. The
audacity of these savages over increasing, it be-
ii
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I
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108
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
I'liino necessary at last to resort to eiierj^etie
nieasures for i)iittiuff astoj) to tlieir eiicroaeluneiits :
and as a preliminary' measure, the foundations of
a fort were laid at the month of tin; river Iliehe-
lieu, in view of dt'barring tlicir descents to the
lower waters. Discernini;' the intent of this, an
armed band of them, 700 stroni,'. suddenly attacked
the builders unawares, by wiioni the treacherous
assailants, however, were rc^pnlsed." — Gdnicuii.
Defeated in this effort, the Irocjuois turned upon
the Hurons with increased fury. I5y this time
the hitter were reduced to great extremity. They
saw the extent of their territory inirrowing each
day, and tlunr frontiers mercilessly pillaged.
Having thus hnmbleil their native enemies, the
Iroquois in 1044 laid a plan, on a greater scale
than ever before, to overwhelm the Frencli colony
by means of strategy. They divided tlieir forces
into ten armies, and subdividt.'d these into small
bands wiiich were posted at certain distances from
each other, extending in a wiile circuit entirely
around the coloin-. At a certain time in the fol-
lowing spring they made an assault at all points
simultaneously. Two bands were located at the
portage of Les Chaudieres, a third at the foot of
the L(nig-.Sault, and a fourth took post above
.Montreal. Five other bauds were distributed on
the Island of Montreal, tin; region aiiout Iliviere-
des-i'rairies an<l Lake St. Peter and in the neigli-
borhood of 'i'liree Rivers and Fort Richelieu. A
solid force was also stationed at a point where
destruetion could be the soonest carried into the
Huron connlry as somi as the actions should iiegin.
'I'lie Indians posted around Montreal were dis-
covered and routed by the garrison with somii loss,
a few of their warriors iieiiig caiiturt'd by the
A!giMii|uins .md liurneil. Those near Lake St.
I'eter captured Father hressani, who was al'ler-
wanls rescued. Several of his eoin|)anions were
killed or tortureil. Struggles were progressing in
other points, iiiid in nearly every i>art of .New
France the Iro([iiois wiire felt either in terror or
bl((od>l!ed. The Uiehelieii Fort was altaekeil but
the garrison was able to repuls(! the assailants,
though it was fur a long lime siu'cly besiegecl. At
length, tlirdiigli the gMod oHiees of the (ioVi'riiiM'
of I'olt iiieiielien, a treaty of peace waseoneluded
nt Tlireo Rivers between the French ami the Iro-
(jiiois, but it was so(Hi i)rokeii.
7. — Wiiile battling as best he (tonld with these
affairs, M. de Montmagny, the Governor of Can-
ada, found some time to give his Th« ..ompanv of o„e
attention to other matters. He " 'uf,™l, q.X-c""'
caused an accurate account of the *•"• ''''»•
condition of the colony to be drawn up and sent
to France. Of course this could not fail to show
how sadly these Inxpiois Incursions were inter-
fering with the affairs of the One Hundred As-
sociates. The company had suffered immense
losses, having ex[)ended over 1,200,000 livres, be-
sides spending the revenue of the colony. They
now seized upon the fust ojiportunity which this
teini)oraiy peace with the Indians presented, to
divide their chartered rights with the inhabitants
of New France. The company conceded their
privileges, which was confirmed by royal sanc-
tion for a yearly rtmt of one million beaver akiiis.
The company was not only dissatisfied witli their
invest nieiit but the colonists were sorely discoii-
lented with their lack of energy on behalf of the
colony. The company was bound by its (iharter
to bring to Canada four thousand colonists before
the year l(i4;3. At the same time it lacked both
the means and the inclination t(j perform this
task. Mauv of the members were willing, and did
make great sacrifices on behalf of the religions
welfare of tin; settlements, while others thought
only of the fur trade and lost all their interests in
Canada when the profits from this traffic were no
longer forthcoming. The latter class ruled the
affairs of tlu; .Associates, and diligiiiitly sought to
evade the fulfilment of every obligation that was
calculated to ruin their fiiianeial sm:cess. " In-
st eail of sending out colonists, they granleil lands
with the coiidilion that the grantees should fur-
nish a certain number of settlers to clear and till
them, and these were to be ercilited to flic com-
pany."' The granlces took the land, but rarely
I'nililled the conditions. Senile of these grants were
i eorriipl and iiiiipiitous. Thus, a son of Lauzon,
I president of the company, ri'ci'ived, in the name
I of a third [lerson, a tract of land on tli(> south side
I I of the St. Lawrence of sixty leagues front. To
! this were added all the islands in that river, ex
' eepling those of .Mmitreal and Orleans, togttthor
with the exelnsiv(^ rigid of fishing in it through
its whole extent. Lauzoii sent out not a single
cobniisl lo these vast concessions. There was no
real motive for emigration. No persecution ex-
pelled the cohuiist from his home ; for lunie but
i:
Drawn iiii.l L-li)fruti'il vtl'liMly r.'i 1 >illl< » M>.t.<i\ .>! Iliti Ii.mihui.mi
CIIA.MIM.AIN'S KlUsr llAI'Tl.!'. Willi rUll IMHA.NS, A.D. lOO-.i. (Pngi' 67.)
mI fii|!r«»i ,1 . >| Ii f, I I iillli'i IIi.Imiv ..| II' ■ II Ii.ll.
II IUUMM; UK I'lIlM' lidVAI. iNS). AD. llll;i (I'liKr 7(i '
I. ,ii
iii
i
GOVERNMENT OF M. DAILLEBOUST— THE IROQUOIS WARS.
100
good Catholics were tolerated in New France.
The settler could not trade with the Indians, ex-
cept on condition of selling again to the company
at a fixed price. He might hunt, hut he could not
fisli ; and he was forced to l)eg or l)ny food for
years l)t'f()re he could obtain it from that rude soil
in sufficient quantity for the wants of his family.
Tiie company ini[)ortcd [jruvisions every year for
those in its employ ; and of these supplies a por-
tion was needed for the relief of starving settlers.
Oiffard aiid his seven men on his seigniory of
r>eaiip(n-t were for some time the only settlers —
(■xc':i)ling, perhaps, the Herbert family — who could
siiDport themselves tin'oughont the year. The
rigor of the climate repelled the emigrant; nor
were the attractions which Father Le Jenne held
forth — •' piety, freedom, and independence " — of a
nature to entice him across the sea, when it is re-
menil)er.d i\vit this freedom consisted in subjec-
tion to the arbitrary will of a priest and a soldier,
and in the liability, should he forget to go to mass,
of being made fast to a post with a collar and
chain, like a dog. Aside from the fur trade of (he
Company, the wliole life of the colony was in mis-
sions, convents, religious schools, and hospitals.
Here on the rock of Quebec were the appendages,
useful and otlicrwise, of an old-established civiliz i-
tion. AViiile as yet there were no iuhaltitants,
and no immediate hone of any, there were institu-
tions for the care u. .:;idren, the sick, and the
decreiiit. All these were sui)ported by a charity
in most cases precarious. The Jesuits relied
chiefly on the company, who, by the terms of their
piitent, were obliged to nnxintaiu religious wor-
sliip. Qiu'bec wore an aspecr, half military, half
monastic. At sunrise and sunset, a squad of
soldiers in the pay of the company paraded in the
fort; and, as in Ciiamplain's time, the bells of the
church rang morning, noon and night. Confes-
sions, masses, and penances were punctiliously
ol)served; and, from the governor to the meanest
lai)orcr, the Jesuit watched and guided all. Tiie
social atmosphere of New England itself was not
more sulVocatiug. liy day and night, at home,
pt eliun^h, or at his daily wo''k, tlie colonist lived
under tin; eyes of l)usy and over-zealous priests.
Ai times tluMlenizens of Quei)ecgrew restless. In
IH.'jO, I'opulies were covertly sent to iieg relief in
France, and "to represent the hell in whicii the
consciences of the colony were k.'pt iiy the union
1 j
of the temporal and spiritual authority in the same
haiuls." — Parkmnn.
8. — M. de ?>Iontmagn3' administered the affairs
of the colony with singular ability, winning the
respect of both the Indians and the
colonists, and the praise ot the A.iiiiinistriiii.ni-iiii
trench court. His administratn)n
was signalized by many important events. A
settlement had been founded at ^lontrcal. The
great Huron nation had been partly broken ; had
fairly entered upon its decline ; the Jesuits hail
extended their explorations far into the north and
west, and made calculations on much more. One
Father Kaimbault formetl the design of jienetra-
ting as far as China, Christianizing all nations l)y
the way, and thus completing a circle of Romish
mission stations around the globe. In 1047 Mont-
magny was succeeded by M. d'Ailleboust. The
cause for the change lay not in the former's unfit-
ness but in the orders of the French King, limit-
ing tiie adniinistratioii of all colonial governors to
a certain period, which in Montniagny's ease had
expired.
CHAPTER XVII.
GOVERN.AIEXT OF ]M. D'AILLEBOUST-
lUOQUOIS WAK.S.
-TIIE
1. Social and Rkligious Condition of Qukbec
IN Kill. — 1. TiiK R.VNGiui.s— y. Houujus
or THE luoQuois Wau. — 4. The New
England Colonies — I'ljorosEH The.aty —
5. I'EIilLS OP THE COLOXISIS.— (j. UsEAXI)
AiiusE OK LiQious.— 7. M. De Lauzon.
SUEEEKLNGS OE THE CoLONIST.S.
1. — As we hav(! already observed, M. d'Aille-
boust succeeded -M. de Mtuitmagny as(iovernor of
Canada in 1047. He was a man of s.i.iai nmi ri'iiuiomi
consulerableabihty. well acquainted a. n. ii;i7.
with the wants of the colony, having already re-
sided in Canada for several years, during which
time he commanded the fort at'l'iiree Rivers. He
found the settlements in a condition of compara-
tive peace, and enjoying a small measure of pros-
lH!rity. If, however, the jn'osperily of the colony
was to be measured by its religious devoteuient,
then it was in<leed prosperous. Every other in-
i i
^i
%
110
TIJLTI.H'S IllSrOllV OK TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
IciTst vfinisluHl liefore this one. At (Jiuibec tlio
Jesuits n^ufiirdcd tiio atin()s[)IuMO iis CL-li-stiiil. 'I'iu;
])i(>iis t'iitlioi's would ii()t(! (lt>\vii in tlicir loiiif,
tedious journals, tl.at, "in tlic i-liniati' of new
KraiKte one learns pi.'rreelly lo seek only (iod, to
have no desire hut (tod, no purpost^ hut I'oi- (iod."
Wo helieve lliis to have heen tine of one elass, hut
of anotiier we must nt'cds elianijt^ the word "(Jod"
to " Kiir." I'arknian tells us that the very ainuse-
ineiils of this pious eomnuinity were acts ot" re-
li,i;ion. Here is a deinonstralion of the trtithful-
noss of this statement. On May-Day, in 1(J;57,
M. do Montmai^ny, who was tlu^n governor of the
colony, planted a May-polo heforo the church, sur-
mounted hy a tri{)le crown, hone; '• which vere
three symholieal circles, docoratct' " wreaths,
and heariii!,' respectively the names • u.<, .' •ia,
Jo»ei>h ; the soldiers marched up in tin eforj i , ir
full dross, and saluted it hy a volley of muskoti;,
We mii;ht lill volumes with descriptions of these
!-omi-relit;ious [)erformaiices hy whieii it wassoiiijht
to in<;ratiato tho Catholic system with the savaijes.
It is the wonderful |>eii of I'raneis I'arknian wliieli
};ives us this n'iinipse of the scene; in the chiirch of
Notre Dame do la Uet'onnaissanee al'ter vi's|)ers :
"It is full to till! very porch ; ollii crs i.i slouched
hats and [ilunies, musketeers, jiikeiiien, mechanics
and lahorers. Here is Moidmu.;;.y hinisclf ; Ue-
]i<'iili;4iiy and I'oterie, n'entlcmen of i^ood iiirth;
damsels of niirtun^ ill fitted ti the Canadian
woods; and, mingled with tle'sc, the nioiinn
less Indians, wrapped to the throat in cndiroid-
ored moose-hides. Lc .leunc, not in |iriestiy vest-
ments, hut, in the common hlack <li'css of his
Order, is hcfort! tiic idlar ; and on eiiiiei' side; is a
row of small rcd-skiniicd cluldren listrniiii^ with
exemplary decorum, while, with a cheerl'iil, smilini;
faci!, Ik; teaches them to kneel, clasp their hands,
iind siifii the cross. All tl.o [)rincipal mcmhers of
ihi; zealous community aropresent, at once amuse<l
and edilie(l at tho yravo deportment, and tla;
prompt, shrill replies id' the infant catechumens;
while their parents in Iho crowil i^rin delJL^lit at the
gifts of heads and triiik(;ts with whiili L(! .leune
rewards his most prolicient jmpils."
-. — Thert! was a class of men anions I he |iionecrs
of Canada who refused to live in this slate of |em-
Thi' niiiiKifH. poral and spiritual vassalai^e. These
knew no other home hut Ihi! forest, and no com-
panions exce[it the Indians. They followed or
led them in their rovings; lived with and like
them;hecamo familiar with tiieir language: took
wives from among their women, iind sometimes
hecame distinguished as inlluential leaders among
the native trihes. Among the most distingnishcil
of these wen; .lean Nii^ollet, .laccpies Ilcrtell,
l'''ran(;ois Margueric;, and Nicholas Marsalet. " Ni-
collet and otluM's were; at times settlcil as inter-
preters at Throe Ilivers and (^iiehec. Several of
tliem were men of great intelligence ami invincilih;
courage. I'rom hatri'(l of restraint, and love of a
wild and adventurous independence, they en-
countered privations and dangers scarcely less than
those to which the; .lesuit ex|)osed himself from
motives widely dilTerent, — he from religious zeal,
charity, and the hope of Paradise; they simply
heeause they liked it. Some of the hest families
of Canada (;laim (hjscent from this vigorous and
hardy stock." — /'arknuni.
;?. — It was not long hefore D'Aillehonst found
himself surrounded liy the dillicidties of an Indian
war. The Irocpiois had rc-eom-
1 , 1 • t* . • 1 • Uovrors nf tin' Iro-
mence(l their war tu extermination ,,i„,is «ars.
against tin; Iluroiis with increased
furs. They lia<l now formed a scheme for their
utter extinction. The; fourth of .Inly, 1(!-IS, wit-
nessed the lirst- outl.rcak in this great chapter of
I horrors. ()ii that meinorahh; day they h'll like an
'! a\ahiliche upon tin; defeiic<'lcss settlement of St.
I .loseph, destroying the whoh' po|iu!at ion, niimhcr-
'i ing seven hundred, livery Init was hurncil. They
M set the church on (ire, anil as a special mark of
their revenge iigaiiist. the l''reiuh fiu' iirotecting
liielr enemies, they threw the mangled and hleed-
ing hody of l^'allu:' i)ai:iel, the missionary of that
settlement, into the miilst of the (lames. They
then siiildeiily withilrew, leaving the surrounding
native vilhe.'i's, during tin; ri'st of tla; year, lo siif-
f(;r the iiileiise alarm (;onsei|uent. upon the hourly
oxpectalion of another licMjuois invasion. The
places when; the I'^reiich priests had mission stiitions
wen; in a state of continual panic from fear. N(U'
wen; the alarms grounilless. Marly in the follow-
ing Mar<'h a strong hand of Iroipiois warriors hiirst
like .1 thunder storm upon tin; settlements of St.
Ignaee and St-. Louis, hoth Huron settlements near
lh(! east(;rn slnu'c of Lake Huron, :ind put over
four humlrcil natives to a lionihh; death. "At
St. Louis tin; veteran Un-helif iind the gentle Lale-
inand (,wli(» for t wenty years hail suhje(;ted them-
i
I and like
ii;v;j;t' ; touk
sonii'timcs
Ids iiiiii'iiu;
tiiif^iiislu'd
•s ilirtcll,
ilct. " Ni-
(1 as iiiliT-
Scvi'iiil (>r
I iiiviiii'ililo
il lovi' of il
. tlii'V ("Il-
ly li'ss t lull I
iiisi'lt' tVciu
iL;i()iis zeal,
icy siiniily
•sti families
;()r()iis and
oust round
r an Indian
trrors of tliti h*o-
nirt wars.
(' lor their
, Kits, wit-
elia[)(er of
fell like an
iieni of Si.
Ill, niiiulier-
leil. 'i'liey
mark of
irol eel iiii;'
lid hleed-
rv of lliat.
■Jliey
rroiin<lin;4
ar, lo siif-
he lioiiily
ion. 'I'lie
Ml slations
car. Nor
lie follow-
liors liiirst
Ills of S(.
neiits near
]ni(, over
.111. -.\l
eli(i.'l,ale-
(ed tliem-
GOVKRNMKNT OP" M. IVAILLEHOrST— TIIH IROQUOIS WARS.
Ill
selves to everv kind of lianlsliip as Jesuit niis-
sioiiivries) were |Mit to death with exeriieiatiii;^
tortures. lOaeii siieeessive settlement, was \ i.^ited
ill like manner, and with a like result. Soon, in
self-defence, llie hunted Iliirons stood at bay; am!
for a time allernale siieeess and defeat followed
each other with fatal rajiidily, intlictin;.^ on tlieiii
lerrililc lossis. At leiiijth, in a tinal sii-iiv;L;le for
their very existence and lor (he possession of their
homes and hiiiilin;^-i;rouiids. tlicy were defeated
l>y ilie liiisjiai inij Iro(iiiois. rileriy ronte(l, the
linh i|>|iy liiirons, aeeompaiiied liy some of tlicir
missiojiai ii's, lied to the ii]i|ier lakes, and at lenL;lh
found a iestini;-]ilace on the island of St. .Iose](li.
Here, during' the winter, disease anil want of food
riijiidly rciliiecd their alreaily thinned ranks. Some
oflheiiilied to the shores id" Lake Superior, and
sounlit the powerful protci'lion of the ()jil)was.
Mere a decisive iiallle took place on a spot which,
from this circumstance, was named Point Iroi|iiois,
or I'iaee of tiie iroijnois hones; ami for a short
limi' till' Muroiis were sheltered. Others also
isonnht the proieclioii of the Ottawa Indians, lint
were, even with them, a^^ain pursued and dis-
persed. .Many of the survivors were, after the old
Roman custom, incorporated into tlu> Iroijuois
trilies, « liiie ollicrs llcil to Montreal and (^>iic1m>«'
liy the circuitous route of I,aki' Nipissiiiij and the
Ottawa, and for years remained encamped within
the walls of C^uclx'c, or were elsewhere jilaced
under l''rcnch |U'oteetiiui." — Hik/i/Iiik. 'I'lins wei'e
the Iliirons, once a prospi'i'ous and ]iowerfiil
nation, lirokcn and dis|)crse(l hy the invincihle
lroi|Uois.
■1.— .Mioiit tliis lime, IC.IS, the New Kiii,'land
('olonies scut |.^reelinL!:s to Canada with proposals
NcH iiiiBiiimici,,- '"I'll" iilliam!!'. Oonsiderahle setlle-
iii.>. i'n.|..„.,.,i „„.„|s hiid t^M'own lip in that (jiiarter.
Siiii'c the landing; of Ijie eelelualed
I'ilLiiim l'\illiers at I'lymoiilh in Decemlier, lll-JO,
and since the second hand id' pili^riins had founded
Salem in Ili'JS, several other cohmies had taken
rise in their neii;hl)orhood. These e(doiiists had
sutVercd much, liolli from the Indians without and
from dissensions within. 'I'he Puritan KalluTshad
lied from Knnlaud to .\mcrica. to enjoy civil and
religious iVeedom, yd Ihey drove from their miilst
with almost, unparalleled perseiuition those of
liieir luethren who atteiiipt»Ml to exercise lihertv
of eoiLseience. Tliu nutiiiid prodiiel. of this perse-
eutiiui was the estahlishment of the colony of Pro-
vidence in 111.")!!. Time passed on, the several
colonies of New I',n;j;land, despite all oiiposition, in-
creased in the niiinlier of their inhaliilanis and llie
importance of their iniprovements until, in lti4.'>,
in order that they mii;;lit ho \\\o heller |>roteeted
aLTainsl the Indians and the I''re. eohuiists of
.\cadia, tlic\ hunied a union eallei ■'The I'liited
Colonies of New ICnuland." This 'uion emluaeed
the Provinces of Massaeliiiselts May (inclndiinj
.Maine and New Ilainpshire) and Plymouth, New
Haven ami ("(Uiuecliciit. .\nd now in ItUS, these
colonies proposed lo the ( ioveriior-( ieiicral (d ( 'ii-
nada, a i,'eiu'ra] alliance whereliy there should ho
free tratlc ;ind perpetual amity lictwi'cii them and
Canada, even in the e\enl of l''iinland and I>'raiiee
lieiiii;' at war. .M. d'.Mllelioust was much |ileased
with the projiosal. and took the necessary stejis to
ellV'ct treaty wi:h his l^nj^lish nci^hlMUs. Wo
sent . .ieh lie to li(iston. and iicljoI iat ions liciian.
They i\ er several times interrnpted and liiially
liro. n olValioi^elher. This unhappy terminalion of
111" afli'ii was caused hy 'he demand of i)".\ille-
lioiisl that tin I"'reneh and I'".iiL;lish sluuild join in
a war lo hunihle the Iro(|nois. The Mni^lish dc-
ined to helray the trust id' their allies, and ]ui'-
i-ed seiiaration from the I''reneli rather than the
anL;eranil revenge of the Iroipiois. When infor-
mation of this alVair reached the camp of the latter,
they resolved to slay the allies of the I'reneli, and
we have seen, in the |treeedinL; paraur.iph, how
<'om|ilelcly they carried out this resolve.
T), — .MthoiiLjh the fury id' the Irtninois was not
aimed directly at the French, yet, j.^,,,,^ ^^^ |,_^,
they fell its deadly power in sutler- '■"i""i'<i»
inc;s and famine and in the n'l'iieral deelino of
nearly every industry. 'I'he hostile Indians usu-
ally invaded the country in hands. Mvcrv rock,
tree, or hush, each hillock or ditch, hecanie u
liirkiiiL;-plaee from whence the deadly aim was
taken at the iniproteeted colonist when eni^fai^i'd in
tilla,i,'e or |)lanlini,^ " Siuiie of their scouts," savs
(iarneaii, " huind place I'm- es|>ial in lops of tret>s
around the houses, ready to i,dve the sii^'iial to
their followers when hest to attack the settlement
1^ they were lyiiii;- in wait lo snr|iiise ; and if no
i| propitious moment supervened, they would remain
Il there posted for days toi^cl lu'r." Prowliii;^- hands
of these ventlliesonie Indians threaded the forest
paths even hclow (^ueliec. Thev killeil lhe(iov-
11.
TurriJ'/s iiisroiiv ok tiih dominion ok (wnada.
criiiir of Tlin^n Kivcis. M, Diiplcssis-Boiiliiinl, in
nil ;ill:i<-k wllirll ili:il iilliriT llinl. II|I()M llli'llt. Illl<!
rcpciilctliy ;iltiick('il liic ciiiuiiisls in Ihcir liclds,
iiimdi'icd isi)l:i(('(i imlividiials, ;iiiil sciil, tin; iior-
rors of ii lirsiilliirv warfare liirnii'^lioiit. liie wIidIc
(•(iliiiiv. i'licv |iiirsii('(l lliis sNslciii of liost iiilifs
witli miliiiii^' |»frsisli'iicc, iiiilil it was no Iom'^'it
safe fill' llic colonists to L;d aiioiit. tlicir liiisiiicss
without cariviii.Lj liii'-aiius for self-protcdtioii.
Kiciiui'iitiy the iiiiiaiiilaiits liail to iiit iciicli tlicin-
sclvfs ill tlicii'ilwciliii'^fs, or leave llieiii aUoLjiUlier.
Nearly everv source of |iros|ieiit y had hecoine dry.
Till! licavers were allowed to hiiilil their dams in
)peace. The lliirons no lon'^cr descended from
their eoniitry uitli loads of furs for tradiie^f, and
still worse, the |)o|iiilation of the colony was |)er-
ceptihly diiiiinishiii'^-, through the iinmher of indi-
viduals who were talceii unawares and kilh^l or (;ar-
I'ied awav into a horrid caiilivily. Hand to hand
ooiillicrts het ween small |iailie^ of the (Milonisis and
lianils of Indians were of daily occiirrencn!.
ti. — The adiiiinistrat ion of M. d'Aillelioiist. is
I'K.t mill ni.us.i of marked hy the appearaiKH! of int.oxi-
"''"""" catiiii^ liipiors amoivj^ the Indians.
" The I'^nnch traders ha<l already distiovered iho
fondness of I he Red .M;in for fermenti^l li(inors,
anil now inlrodiiiM'd it as an article of eominen;!!
amontf (he .Moiita'^^nez, a small triiie oecii|iyin^ |
the neit^hliorhood of Tadonsa(^, and the other
Indians who freiineiilccl that post. Drunkenness,
and the inaii'j;iiaiit. passions in its train, apart, from
tiie diseases it. originated, soon produced the
Ljri'atest disorders amoie^ the impulsive natives,
'{'he chase was forLJotliMi for tlic^ time; they had
oilier cxciteiiient. Tiie lodjfe of tln^ Indian ill iink-
ard was soon visited hy poverty and want, as widl
as the iioiise of the while inehriate. Society was
disijiiiclid, rude as were the reslrainls it imposi^l
anion':; the alioritjines of t lie St. Lawrence, and (he
Monta;;ne/, chilli's solii;itcd the (Tovcrnor to erect
a prison to restrain the disorderly and criminal.
Much to (heircrcsdit the clerical order steadily set
(heir faces a'.,''ainst. I he inlroiliK^lion of liipior
anion;.;' (lie Indians; lint, the trallh^ soon Iiimmiiu^
loo liicralivc to \n\ seriously inlerriipti'd liy their
endeavors, I''or tiin present, however, they saved
Three {{ivers from the evil, and the converts there
for a lirief spaci; loie^er were sjiarcd (hi^ hlielilin^'
inlliKtiKu; of inloxicatim; drink." — Mar Mall vn.
We arc; iiu;lin(;d to (hink that, no ^n-eat amount of
credit is due to any order, clerical im' otherwise,
for its persistent opposition to the introdiiclion of
stronjj drink amoii'^ the natives. It came l>y de-
;4r(H's, lint none the less certainly. The priests
may. in a few ins(ances, have opposed its use as an
iirtich* of merchandise, hut this o|)posilion cannot
lie reckoned very hi'/hly when we reuicmher the
manner in wiiich lhi;y eonntenauced and eii-
conra'.;ed its ])rivale iisi; amoiiL; (hcinsclves and
the (Miloiiisls.
7. — .M. de lyan/.on siiccecded D'.Aillehoiist as
(tovcrnor of New I''ranee. lie arrived and took
possession of his oHice in lt!."il. He.
.,,,.. . , M.ili' l,.iii/.iin. Siif-
as oik; oI the I'hiej inemliers ot the f'lin::'' "i "m wl-
, iinlHlH.
ci)m[)iiny ol One llundrcd .Associates.
had exerciseil the Lfreatest inllneiK'c in tin; niana;.xe-
meiit of its .ifTairs in ^^•ance, ami was a man of
integrity, with an extensive aci|uaiiitam>(! with tin;
wauls of the colony; yet, with all these ipialilies
he was unsuccessful. He found the situation of
danaila worse than he expectiMl. Distress and
famine prcvaileil in every ([uarter, and every set-
tlement hail entered upon a decline which was
dilliciilt to arrest. Tlu; lroi|iiois wwi) alike; (he
((;rror of Indians ami I'^cneh. " In the open field
the sudden holt of death sometimes s(ruck the
laliorer, and with a loud yell of triumph, th(!
Iroipiois warrior lied into amliush with the trophy
of his savai^i; onslaui,dil. In those days of trial,
the stren'j;th of the people of < 'anada lav in I heir
r(;li<;ious fervor, .\nnalists say (hat (hey displayed
an in((".;ri(y that ((Uitrasted lirii,ditly with Ihcir
conduct in later days. Then; wen; no (;ourts of
jiisdce in (he province: then; was no need of
(li(;m. I''raud and dishonesly wen; unknown, and
it seemed as if all thiiii^s wen; in common. \
niimher of -lesiiit missionaries, whose licld of
lahor had heen narrowed hy (he <leslriic(ion of
(he Huron Mission, now left Canada, lint then;
still r(;inain(;d not a ft;w, who, hravini,' every dan-
l^rer and hardship, won their way aiiioiit; the trihes
of the far west and of tin; frozen regions of 1 1 iidson
Hay. Their mission was relitfious and secular.
They madi; known to the heathen the name of
('lirist; they extended the cinpire of l''raiice over
distant nations; they |)roiiiolcd comiiicrce hy in-
dnciiiL!; their sa Naif' neophytes to carry llicir peltry
to the maj^azincs of Tadoiisae, (^iiehec. Three
liivt;rs, and .Montreal." — Arr/nr. I''urther still,
tlii'se pious .lesiiils penetrated even to (he thickest
I
l' -^-
THE I'KIMl.S OF INDIAN WAKKAHE.
11:1
illicrwiso,
iiclioii of
10 priests
list! ilS ill)
>!) (Miiniit
mhiT tlio
ami fu-
el vfs iiiiil
iihoiist iis
luid took
• l,.'iii/.<ni. Siif-
!iH .>1 llm •cil-
H\ iiiaiiaiX'"-
ii mail ot"
I! Witll tilt!
1! (jiialitiiis
ituiilioii of
stress ami
(;vfry sct-
ivliicli was
alike tin;
open liclil
itiiK'k till!
iinpli, till!
I lie Iropliy
s of trial,
ill llicir
isplayiMl
III liicir
coiirts of
iiimmI of
()\\ 11. aii;i
mull. A
iirhl of
iii'lioii of
iiit llicn;
vriV I la II-
lllf Ililu'S
f illldsoll
1 siMMilar.
name of
nice oviT
■(•(■ lpy iii-
icir peltry
e, 'I'liref
lier slill,
le tliickcst
(liiiiijers of the Ironiiois country iiiul strove to i^aiii
a foothold ill that [iiarler.
CIIAITKK Will.
TllK I'KlilLS Ol" INDIAN WAKKAKK. — AU-
(il'.NSON.— I.AV AI-.
1. Till; riMMi.s or .<N Inihan \v u;. — -. I'mmuk
OK iiii: MISSION aMom; iiii; iuotjl'ois. — In-
niAN \vai;k\i:i:. — :>. VicinitiKs oktiu: Iki»-
(jiois. — I. D'Akcdnso:: — iii|.; Inihans. 1tt.")H.
— ."i. MoNi i;i;ai„ liit!!-!. — C. 'I'm; I'liisr Cana-
tiiAN iJisiioi'. — 7. Tiir. Ki:i;n<ii in loNsrASr
■n;i:i;oit oi.- tiik Iuoc.uois. — S. BntNiNd or
niK \Voi,i', IliiKt. — '•>. Daii.ac s iii;i;oic i:X-
i-KimioN, liido. — |(i. Dai'lac's Indian i:i:-
KNroUCKMKNT. — II. DaI'I.AC AND MIS CO.M-
UADI'.S SKI.I. rllKII; MVKS liKAVKI.V.
1. — We have already Iiiiiled iliat the eoloiiislK
under I.au/.iin's j^overnmeiit suffered many reverses.
Tiic|..iiis uf nil In- ^^ ^' shall now run Ihroiiijli tlu!
''"'""'"• chain of evenis whieli const iliites
this chapter of trial in the early history of ('aiiada.
.As wi' must, rely chielly upon the jcniiiials of the
.lesnils for the liuhi reipiircd, we are compelled (o
t^ive our recunl a soniew hal relij^ions lone. No
doiilil the reader will many times wish to hreak
away from these records of priestly sanetily, and
missionary adventure, into ihe nalilies of colonial
hislorv narrated from a piireh polii ical slandpoint,
Iml it is ditliciill to lind ihis i<iiii| nf hislory w hcri^
reliijion is (he pnljiicsof ihe Lrovcrniiieiit and tln^
chief occiipalioii of the people. However we may
hope to pass into a more ai^rccalile almos|)here liy
and live ; iiol al present. In the biimmer of |(!.">:'i,
I'arkman lells lis ihalall < 'aiiada I iinied lo fasl-
Iiil; and |ienance, processions, vows ami siipiilica-
tion.s. I'raycr lo llie Saiiils anil the N'ir^in went
up in one I on '4 and lonl innoiis strain ; Ihe I'olonisis
\ver<^ sick finui slarvalion, tired of rcstiaini, and
weak from cunslanl fear. .\l .Moiil nal. I hen the
western oiilpost of ihe sell leiiicnis, which was
held hy aho.il lifly half famished l''iencliiiieii, who
were said loexisl hy Ihe inlcrveiilioii of Ihe Saints,
danj^ers were ever e;allicriiii,' thick and fast. Ahoiit
Iwcnlv-six Kreiielimen w ciu! allacked hv over two
hiiiidred Iroipiois. There seemed to he no ehaiiee
for their lives, lint, says a .Icsiiil historian, the
tiuecn of Heaven came to their succor, and tln^
Iroipiois siilVcred a liloody defeat. .\t Threi^
Rivers, which was not so iiiiich exposed as .Mon-
treal, the daiiL(cr was not less iminiin nl ; the hostile
invaders defeated and loniahawkcd the I'om-
mandaiil, and liclcaijiicrcd the fort for may nioiilhs
ihereafler. i'lvcn al (^>iicliec which was less ex-
posed I hail the other I wo set I li'incnls of Ihe colony,
tlieie was no safety. In I he nei;4hl)oihi>od of I his
]ilaee, it is staled, individuals w ere ci I her ca pi u red or
shot down liy the InikiiiL;' savai^cs. .Meanwhile tlii!
Mother of (iod was acliieviii;^ new victories at
.Montreal. The |iioiis chronicler idls us thai in
.lime Ili.V), a parly of sixty of the < >nondai;a
Iroipiois visited thai place, dcclarin;_j that ihev
came on a mission of peace. ( Jnns, scalping knives,
tomahawks were laid aside, and a dcpnlalioii of
chiefs, with fl coiilideiicc that was heroic, walked
into ihe fori. The I'^rcnch were Icmptcd lo sci/i;
and punish ilieiii for jiast ollciices. Iml they re-
fr.iined, lielieviii;.^ that ihis slraii;,'!! conduct was
an evidence of saintly inlcrvcnlion. To Ihe prac-
tical mind, however, I Ills was easily explained. The
Iroi|nois had hccome involved in a war with the
ICrics, anil one eiii'iny al the lime was siilVnicnl.
Their policy was to make friends willi the I'lcncli
for ihe time heiiiLT. A peace was ccmcliidcd and iht;
chiefs deparlcil. .An ( linida dcpnlalioii soon fol-
lowed with like results ; al Icnulli, after sulVerinijf
many defeats, the Mohaw ks, w ho hail lieeii Icadini;'
in the waraLjainst the l'"icnch. siicil l'i>r |icacc also.
.A ^land council was held al (^uclicc, ihe custo-
mary speeches were made and the usual wampum
hells exehane;eil. " The Iroipiois Icl'l some of
their chief men as ]ilcd;,'cs of siiiceril \ , and two
youiitj soldiers olVc'cd llieiuselvcs as reciprocal
pledges un the pail of the l'"reiicli. The war was
over; al least ( 'aiiada h;id found a iiioiuciil lo lake
hrealli f(U- the next slruu'i^lc. Tin fur trade was
restored a'_;aiii, with promise of plcnl\ ; for the
licaver, prolilini^ liy the .piairrls of then human
foes, had of late ^really niiilliplied. It was a
chaie^c IVoiu death to life; fur ( 'an;ida li\cd on
the lic;!\cr, ami ruMied i>( this, her uiilv siistc-
nance, had lueii iInIiil; sluwly since liic strife
hei^'aii." SomeihiiiL',- had heen achicxed ami the
.!csuits dill not fail to credit heaven with that
soiiiclliine;. '* Yesterday," writes oiicof the I'alhers,
I I
m
t*
114
IITI'M/S IIISIOItY OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA.
" all was (It'jcctioii and Lclnimi ; to-day, all is smiles
and j^Mvcty. On Wi'din'sday, niassacic, l)iii'nini,'.
and jtilla;,'!; ; on 'I'lnirsday, i^il'ls anil visits, as
atndn;^ friends. If llic IriKpinis liave tlieir lii<l-
di'n desii,fns, so, loo, has (Jod." ( )n tin; day (if
tlitj Visitation of tlu! Holy VirLfin, llie eliiof, li^lit /«/^-n/.;- to he eonslrneh'd. .As soon as this
to pass nn|imiislied. 'riio Oiionda'^a mission had
s(;ar(!eiy lieen I'onndiid wIkmi it was diseoverecl to
l)(! in a very critical iwindilion. M. Dnpuys, tlii^ com-
mandant, of the |io,-.t, licin^' infiirnied llial there was
a cons|)iracv on foot, to di'slrov it, ordi'rcd several
Aontarisati, so re^^relti'd hy the Iroqnois, was
taken prisoner liy onr Indians, instrneled liv onr
fathers, and hapti/ed ; and, on the same day, lieini;
put to fleath, he aseeiideil lo lii-aven. I doidil not
that he (hanked the \'iri;in for his misforlnne and
the IdessinLC that followeil, and ihal he jtrayed lo
task wa-i aeeDinplished he ma<le a ;^rcat feast, at
whieli he dealt onl liipi"!' lo tiie sava;^es so freely
that they all lieeanie drnnken. When (hey were all
fas( asleep, (he l''reneh. in (he dim lii^ld of (hi;
morniii'^', made (heir eseapi' Ity way of ( iie Chona-
.l^en Kiver. 'i'he liiinins on (he isle of Orleans,
alarmed a(. (he eap(nre of lln'lr lirediren, and con-
treal made a siijemn vow (() celehrate pnhlicly (he 1 siderin;^' (hem>elves no Ime^er safe, took sheUer j
frti' ol' (his niodier of all lilessin;^fs ; whereiipoi
lh(! Inxphiis came (o ask for peai^e. I( was on
Ciod for I
Hs eoiiii(r\ men.
11
le peoiile o( .Mun-
.M.
w
(hin ( he enelosiire of (,>i
Here (ll(^ l-'reneh
lenly confessed ( heii' iiiaiiili(y (o prole('(, (hi'm.
th(^ ilay of (he .\ssninp(ion of (his (^neen of amjjeis i 'i'he I! nrons, despair! iil;- of any lon;_(cr mainlainiiiLr a
and of men thai (he ilnrons (o(d< a(. Moii(rcal (hat jj separa(e nalinn. now seii( secri'l niessen;^'ers lo (he
oilier fanions ii'oipniis (tliief, whose eap( nre i'anse<l \\ iMohawks ami olTercd lo nni(e with Iheni, and ho-
the Mohawks (o seek onr alliance. ( )n (lie day I come one people; (,o (liis proposition llie laller
wlu'ti (he ('hnrcli honors he Nalivily of ihe iloly
N'iiLjin, the Iroipniis L,Man(cd l<'a(lier i'oncel his
lite; and he, or rather the lioly N'irijin and (he
holy anifcis, laliore<l so well in (he work c)i' peai-e,
tiia( on S(. .Michael's Day it was resolved in a
conncil of (he elders (hat Ihe fadier shonhl In;
ccHirlncled (() (^iieiiec. an<l a last in;^' treaty made
wilhdie I-'reneh." Wir iiavi; no spa<'e (o di:Vo(i;
to i*'a(ner i'oncel's in(eres(ini( adviuitnres amon;^
the iroipiois.
-. — In ICi.Vl, a(, (he c'lrimsL solicitation of Ihe
Ononda'_,Ms, and al'ler i"'alher le Moyne had ma<lc
F.iiun- .,f n,.,MiH. ''■ 'lip '"I' "'■ dan-rrs lo dn^ir
"iV,'i'.i''«''k7''"'ii.'.'iiui eonntry the ( iovi'rnor ( ieneral en-
via.i.i,., ii.-.i-.-,. ,,,|,,.,| ji,,,, ,^ |,|.^|| ^,/|||, ,1,,, ,|,..^i,its
for c'slaiilisiiin;^^ a mission in their settlements. 'i"o
caiiy (his plan inloeU'eiM I'^admrs Mercier, l"'remin,
.Me>nard and Daiihon, wi(h aj^niird of lif(y soldiers,
w
1)V the .Mohawks, Iml I he enemy v as fivercome will
ere scn( forward, 'i'his expi>(li( ion was a(lai'ke(|
die lo.-,s only of a few (;ano(;s. Shortly after, liow-
frvcr, this .Mcili.ivvk iiand were repayed fur their
mi-.|'()ri MiMs i)\ fill ill'' on to a iinmi
li
nroii
mrii, women and children, who were cn;4ai;iMl ii(
work on \\\i- I.Je of Orleans; (hey killed six oiil-
ri'4li( and look the rest captivi!. While passiie^
(^lielicc. uilli these, (hey cailseil (heir prisoners lo
sinj' aloud and challi'iiLTecl (he ( Jovernor-' li'iicral
lo di
'lied I'
(hini if h
.1. M. di: I,
l(, asal^
in /on was
pc 11 II 1 1 I lii-< uc^iiK, as also manv ol hers
readily a'^reed, lni( soon af(er (he I liiions rcpenled
(d' dieir liai'^'ain, wliereiipon Ihe .Mohawks look
measures (o enforce <'ompliani'e. Scon I iiiL,' pari ics
spreail I hcinsi'lvcs around (^iicliec in evcrv point
where the sli'^hlest sliel t er conld lie foiiild, pickili;^'
oil' every iinr<in who cami' oii( of (he for( ; and when
ihey had aecomplisln'd all (ha( could he done in
(his way (hey sent depiides (o Ihe ( lovernor-( ien-
eral demandiii;^' the immediale surrender of sindi
as still look rel'iii,'e within the fort. 'I'liest? depn-
(i(!s were impiidcnl, in (he ex(renH'. DemandiiiLr
((» lie lieard in an assemlily of (he i<"rcncli and
lliirons, (o which M. de Kan/on consciHed, (he
idiief spokesman in <ipenim^ (he conneil, said:
'' ijil'(. np (hy arm, Onondiilo, and allow Ihy
ehildreii whom (lion lioldi;s(. pn'ssed (o Ihv liosom
(o depar( ; for, if (hey are t;'nilly of anv imprn-
denee, have reason (o dread, les(, in comiii;.^ lo
chastise (hem, my lilows may fall on (hy head,
i know," continued In', after presen(in;_j a licl(, of
waiii|iiim, '''lha( (Jie Huron is fond of prayers;
dia( he coiilc>seN mill adores die Author of all
lliiii;j;s, to whom in his lislress he lia.s iceonrse for
succor. 1 1, is my desire (n do (he same. I'ermi(
die missionary iheicfoie who ipiilted me to rcliirn
with the Iliiroiis; and a> I liaAc not a snllicienl
nnmliei of canoes to cany so lai'nc a nnmlier til
people, do me die I'avor lo lend nie lliine." 'I'he
coinici! Iiioke np wilhonl reai liiie,,' any resnll as
lo (he l.ite of I he 1 1 II Id lis. ( >nc liaiid, howcvir, Ai'-
Illi: I'KIJII.S OF INDI.W WAKKAIMC
11."
CK
Icil to aliiilc liv lliiir CDiilrarl and ilc|i;iiti'(l will
K;itluM- If Mmiic 111 the Muliawk cniiiil iv.
Till
(itiVfni()r-( iciuTiil was scvfrcly criliciscd tor liis
want 1)1' ciiiiiaLtt'. 'I'ln- IiiMjiiois, fiii^a'^cd as llicy
■ic ill a war willi tiic Im!
fs, wo
liil iia\i' Im'i'H
11
Iroiiuois uiuKt the very cannon of tin- luit. w ln\«'
they Ixildly nninlort'd sniiu" Ali^inijnins. Tlu' in>\v
LjDVcriU'i' started in piiisiiil willi two liiiiidrcd
siildicrs l>iit liis iiiDVi'iiiciils wcrt' tmt slow to over-
take tlie enemy. " Sliortly al'ler this oei'uren''e ii
tlerly iiiialile to \viliis(aiid llie l''reneli and tlieir stroiiL^ loree ol" tlie Moliawks apiiroaejied '{"Imci!
lilies. Hence lilldiii''' ll
d I.
allies. Ileiiee lliiillii'^ lillilsell sorely eelisiireil
llie i-i)|oiii-;|s, and lieiii^j liimsi'll' I iioroiiLjiiiy siek
iveis, de>iL;ninL,' to siii|iii
that post il' \h
• 1.
Uiveis, (ie>i
Under preleiiee ot' hoidiiiL,' a eoni'ereiiee willi the
of the |io>ilioii, and, no doiilil. eonseioiis of his eniniiiaiidanl, they sent eiu,^hl nun to aseertaiii tlio
want ol ahililv lo mei'l the e\i;^eneies of the olliee, I'omliiioii ol" the eariison; liiit tliese, in-lead of
he lel'l \i\:\ |mi>1 wit hull I wailiiejf lo lie reealli d ; re- Ixiiiu' Ireali'd as le^iliiiiale de|iiilies. w ere |iniiii|H ly
liiriiini^io l''r.iiiee in disi,Misl. and leaviiiLj M. tie plai cd in |iiison. l>isa|>iioiiiled in iheii olijeet
.■\illelionst in li'in|iorary ehaii,'! of the eolonv. lliey reliealed from the eoloiiy, which for a luief
;!. — Meanwhile the Iroijiiois were cMeiidinv; space eiijo\etl repose. ( tf this ihe lui^ion.irieH
their eoni|uesls in every direction. 'I'hcy had prompily availed ihemselvi's lo iiroseciiic their
piisiieil Ihe war against the ICries willi L;reat vii;or, liliors anions' the northern trilies, and now dis-
vi.inii.K ,.f th,' '"ipti'iiiiiX •""■!' "I''''' '"" I' nntil Ihcy covered several routes lo llinlson's Hay."
''"'""""' reached iheprincipal slron'_;hold of ■>. in the >aiiie year in w hii'h I he new (iox ei nor-
the eoiinlry. This Ihey stormed with a force of < ieiieral came oaM he Island of .Mon- ,|„,„,,,,,| „:,.,h ,
se\cii hundred of llieii warriors a;_;ainsl a force of Ircil ami scllleiiieiil of \'ille-Marie, |
over lifhit'ii linndred. w ilh complele Micce^s, which to the i;reat salisl'aclion of the eolonv was trans-
was the i;nindaiiiiiliilalin;;str(d<e at^'ainst the 111 ics. lei red lo the sii|>eriors of I he SeiiiiiiaiN of ."si. .Sul-
'I'liose who were nol killed, or lakeii with ihe I ro- 'iciiis, a society of j^real repiilcaml power. IndiT
(piois liihcs, lied west waril anil norlhwanl, i'li' ir I heir auspices, I/. Milie dc l^>iicliis fiMindcd the in-
nalioii was forever Inoken up; iiolhini;- reir.ain- slil iition. and under the siipci iiilendencc of .Mar- j
iiiLT to remind one of their existence, excejii tluhikc i;nerita iJonri;cois, the insi ii lU ion of I he I'illcs de '
which hears llicir name and washes the shores la ( 'on^jreeaiion was opened lo L;i\ e religion- ami
of llieir eoiinl ry with ils walcrs. " ihe I roi|Uois ; superior secular I r.iiniiii;' lo tin" \ oiiiii;' L;irU of I he '
idiiuil I his period likewise I iiriied I heir arms a^'aiiisl ! eolonv, in the same \car.
the ( Hhiwas, a iuaihli of Ihe ;;real Al;;oiiipiin race,
w hose hiinl iii;;-;;rouuils lay aloiii;- 1 he ( )| law a, from
ti. — in lti.)'.i. cci lain aluiscs lia\ in'4 appearcil, it j
was decnu'd prudeiil lo make cerlain eliani;es
Ollawa Cilv upwards. This lril>e did nol make' in I he uoveriiiueiil of the church. M. .,., .,
' I ■ I lu' lir)*i t ;in;i
the sli;;lilc-,| r.'sjslancc, and soichl shelter amid i'"iali(iiis de i,a\al. i/Alihe de .Mcui- ''''," '"-'"'i'. •>■
llie m.ii:-lii's aloiii; I heir ii\ cr, or lied lo llie isl.inds ti;;iiy, N'icar Aposlolic and til ular
ol Lake lliinui. w lieiice a p(U'lion of llieiii sniise- i ilishop of I'elrca. was ap|ioinled I'.i'clcsia-liial
ipienlly pc'iielialeil lo Ihe soiilh-wesl, where llii'y Superior. Se\cral persons in tuders aicoiupaiucd
joined llic Sioux. A i;real part of Lower, ami all i; him lo Canaila, On tlii'ir arrival a regular parish
I'l'l'"''' •'■' ki. wen- now I'oMiplclcly in Ihe posses- II prieslhood, enlilled lo one I hil Icclil h of all the
sion of the l''i\e Nations." 'i'hcy had liccome the I iialiiral and arlilicial pnnlucis of ihe couiiii\ as
terror of all Ihe Indian Irihes of the iiorlli, and llitlies, was csiaMi^hed. i iow ever, on acccuiiil of
even in New l'',ii;;land a sin;;le Mohawk wari'iy ! the poverty of llie coiinl r\ , I he I il lies w ci e aflcr-
seiil terror and alailii I hioii-hoiil all of ihe i'lmilish j wards reduced lo one Iweiin -Mx;h, on coiidilion
''"'""'•''^- that they slioiild lie paid in ijrain, and iioi iii llie
I.- 'i'he X'iscoiinl d' Ar;,;ciisou,w ho had liecii ap- sheaf. The kin;;- supplemcnicd llicscl>\ an annual
l>'>»^x.-Mi...i. ri„. I"'i'il<d tiovciiior (iciicial of Canada I'.ranl of T.tH'll |i\ res from I he ro\ .il Ii.msui\. ilie
'"'"'""■"■"" lo Miccced M. de l.auzon, an i\cd al , annual allowance oi' llic cures wa-> lixed .il iUK
<v>iielie.' in July, i'l.-S. Ihe morniii;; al'ler hi. ,,li\;es. l'.le\ cu \ i mi ■• alici . i he . Inn , li of Kome in
arrival M- was lhoiou;;lil\ inilialcd iiilo ihe d iu;;crs |l ( 'aiiad.i w as ci, cUil iiilo ,1 lM-.hopi I.-, in depeiuleiice
of iiis ollice liy Ihe cry "loaiiiis:" which w as i' rii I he I'apal See. and M, de 1 .,i\ ,il Let .iiiie I he lirst
>,'iv»Mi ill uuiist'iineneo of I he approach of a hand of || liishop.
i
ilUil
M
ItG
TUTTI.KS IIISI()|;V OF Tin: DOMINION ( K CANADA.
7. Cimiula Imd now siifTi'ieil for iniiiiy yeius iiii-
Tho Kr.Miili in ''^''' '■'"' >'l!<"ll"r!" '>f il" FrcKlllois WIIT.
u^ii?;;^.;;;";;:;' i^"nn- tii.. -n.it.T iM.rti..., ..f this
ln'iiixl tiu! Krciicli |ii)[iiil!itii)ii of the
coh)iiy was less tliaii tlirc(( lliniisaiid. Xotliiii'^savcil
the sftlltMiiciits iVoiii destruction Imt tlic fact lliat
tlicv were i^roiipcil aroiiiiil (lie furtiffd j)ost of
QiH'hfc, Thri'i; Rivers. smkI Montreal, wliieh in the
hour of <Ian<4er i^ave a snllieient slieiter to tlie in-
lialiitants who were forlimatt! (Mioii'^h to esea]ie
witliiii the palisades. Hnt even tli'se eireiiin-
stanees wonld have lieen overeome. a id tin; entire
Freneli popuhilion anniliilated, liad it not lieen for
the (list raetin'4 wars witli llie nei;4iii)orin'^ Irihes in
which the Iroipiois were (Constantly eie^M'^i d. This
fact directed tiieirattenMon I'roni an earnest attempt
to destroy the Freni;h; and then a;4ain the French
were iiidispensahle to tiieni. I-'roni Canada t!iey
oht^uued ihuir sn]>piies. They woidd tanni, harass,
tortnre the colony, hut not. destroy it. A son of
(ioverniir l.aiison. was snrprised and Uilleil on the
Isle of ( )rleans, with seven companions. Soon after
a similar hite hefel the son of ( iodefrov, one of the
chief inhaliitants of (^iicliee ; in short theric was no
safety beyond the reach of tin; ;^nns of the fort,
'i'iie people everywhere were seized with alarm.
" A eoiiiel a|.pej red above (iueliic, and they saw
in it a herald of destruction. Their excited imaif-
iiiations turned natural [ihenomena into portents
and prodiijies. A hla/Jn^r eau'ie sailed across the
.sky; coid'used cries : ii ! lamentations were heard
in tin? air ; ; ud a voic(,' of thnudcr sounded from
luid-heaveu" — I'lirkinnii. In the midst of these p(M--
teiisions the Jesuits desj)aired ol' their llocUs. Their
sii|)erior writes : " ICvery where we see infants to he
saved for Heaven, sick and dyin^,' to he baptized,
adults to be inslritet(;d, but every where we see the
Jroiinois. They haunt us like perse(nitiii^f enblins;
they kill our new-Miade Christians in oni- arms. If
they meet usoii the river, tiiey kill ns. If they lind
us in he huts of our Indians, they burn us
and them t(i,i,'etlier." .And this I''ather urecntly
appeals for troops to destroy these enemies as ti
work needful for the iflmy of (iod. Canada was
not only still a mission, but its inhabitants Irusteil
quit(' as iiiueh in religious nsa,:.;es fiu' their preser-
vation, as in material defeiiees. 'i'he war was
re.rarded as one between the children of (iod and
the hosts of Satan. The settlers' cabins alon^ the
shores of tliu St. Lawrence above ami below Que-
bec were, in many instances, supplied with a small
iron cannon, made by the blacksmiths in the colony.
Hcsid(' these they had protectors that were sup-
posed to shield them when cannon eoidd not; one
of these was an imaife of the V^irt^in ; the inmates
were not safe without this. lOvery morning;' the
pious settler knelt Ix'fore it to implore the ]U'otee-
tion of a celestial hand. There are many (Mirions
and int(M'estinj^ memorials of these early times still
extant, amoni,' these we <j;ive two letters written by
FraU(;ois Ilertel, a youth of ei,i,diteen, who was
aaptured at Three Rivers, ami carried to the Mo-
hawk town, in lt!(!l. lie bcloii'^ed toadistinenished
I family of the colony and was ihi' most beloved
child of his mother. It was to her that he addressed
one of these letters. TIk; othei is to the .Fesiut
Le Moyne, who had visited Onondaeathat vear to
elVcct, 'f possible, the release of French ]uisoners,
in aeconlance with a truce. |{(»th letters were
written (ui bireii barli, the current i)aj)er of the
hu'est of that day :
Mv l{i:vi'iii;\() I"Ariii;n :— Tin- very il.iy wlicii ymi li'ft Tliri'i'
KiviTs 1 ivMs caiiliircil, m aliniit thrrr in llic iiflcriiodii, \i\ fiiiir
lr.i(liic.i< (if llic .Moliiiwk Irilic. I wiiiiM imt h.-ivo Ih'i'II tiikcii
alivi', il', Id my sciidw, I li.il iioi fcari'il lluit I w.in iini in a fit
state 111 ilii'. If yijii cainc lure, my KatliiT, I coiilil liavo llic iiap-
|iiiii>s>> (if ciiiifcssiii); til Villi ; ami I iln ii<it lliinii they (vmilil iln
yiiii any harm ; iiiiil I lliiiik that I cniihl rctiini liniiic with ymi.
I |iray ymi In pity my pnnr iiMlhcr, who is in (jtcat Inmlih'. Vnii
kiiiiw, my l''athi'r, limv funil xhc is nf inc. I liavc hcanl fnim a
Kiciiiiimaii, will) was taken at Three l{iver.s iin llic l-l nf Aii.unsi,
thai she U »ell, iiihI eninl'iirts herself with the linpc that I shall
sec yim. 'I'liere ari' Ihrc; nf ns Krenehnieii alive here, I enni«
incnij myself ti> ymir ifiinil prayers, ami particiilarlv In llie llnly
.Sairiliie of the .Mass. 1 pray ymi, my Kallicr, to say a mass fur
im-. I pray ymi >rive my iliilifiil hive In my [i iiir mnlher, ami
eniisiile her, if il pleasis ymi.
My h'allier, 1 licjr \ niir lilessini; mi the liaii<l thai \\ riles in ymi,
'.vliieli has mie Ih k!er liiirneil in the linwl nf an iinlian pipe, In
satisfy the Majesty nf (iml which [ liave nlTcinleil. 'I'lie lliiimh
nf the niher hami is cut niT ; hut ihi nm tell my ninlhcr nf it,
M; I'allier, I pray ymi tn liniinr im^ with a wnnl frmii ymir
liami ill reply, ciel tell me if ymi shall ( e here liefnre ninler.
Ymir iiinsi hiimlile ami nmst nheliciit scrvaiil,
rilAMllIK jlhinii..
The letter to his mother, sent very likely with
the other to the eare of I.eMoyue, was as follows ;
Mv Mosi iii:\ii AMI Miivoiii 11 Miiriii.ii : — 1 knmv very well
that my I'apliire mnsi have ilisiii'.,,,.,! ymj v,,|.j niiicli. 1 ask ymi
In fnii;ive my ilisnhcilieiicc. Il is my sins tliat have placcil me
where I am. 1 nwe my life tn \mir prayers, ami llinsc nf M. ile
Saiiil (.^ilcntin, ami nf my sislers. I hnpi> lo see ymiaU'iin hefnie
winter. I pray ymi tn tell the unml lircthren nf Nnlrc Ihime tn
pniy tntiinl ami the llnly Virnin fnr inc, my dear mnlher, as for
ynii ami all my sisters.
Vmir pnnr
Kakciiov.
9
I Irft 'Pliri'e
iKin, liv fiiiir
Ih'i'II taken
I iiDt ill II tit
|iVL' till' lia|>-
WDIllll ill)
Willi ynn.
il.l,'. Vim
vA I'niMi II
.r Aiiu'iisi,
I I slinll
I CMlll-
III!' Holy
1 tua>?« Inl*
itlii'i', ami
ilis III villi,
iaii |ii|<<', l<>
II' lliiiiiib
■i.f il.
fiuiii viiiir
rtliilrr.
I.
I III i:l..
■Iv Willi
I'ollowrt :
vi'ty Well
I aik Villi
|ilai'<"l nil'
s,. .if M. ill'
jjaiii liil'iiu
H' DatiH' III
llnT, a< fur
I*
THK PERILS OF IxNDIAN WAUFAIU:
111
" Fanclioii " was no doiilit tlu; iiaiiu! by wliicli
Ills mother fainiliiiily aililresscil liiiu wlieu a boy.
Tliis is till' same Martcl, who, Iwi'iity-iiiiiii years
after, led a baml of Freiie.h and Indians in an
'; attack against, Salmon Falls, in New Kni^laiid,
' and who, when the retiiiiij; vietois were sorely
[ j)rossi.Ml by an overwheliiiiii;^' force, sword in hand,
I held the ]inrsiiers ill cheek a( the hrid^-e uf Wuosler
Ikiver, and |irotected Hie retreat of his men. 1I(^
died at the a;.,'e of eighty, the founder of a very
I disliiiL,'ui>':ed ("anadiaii I'aniily.
S. — ^in .May, ItitiO, a p.irty of French .\lLtoni|nins
itiitiiiitf if 111.! ea]ilnri'd a Wolf Indian who had
^^'"' "''"' been n.itnrali/.'d ammiL;' the Iroquois,
' carrii'il him to (^uelcc and buriieil him there with
the n>ual tnrlures. Perhaps the .lesuits could iiol
have saved this Indian. .V recent Catholie writer
makes this claim, but no one acijiiainted with the
history iif that- jMiiod will receive thu .statciuenl
as trnihful. .V protest, from the Bishop would
more than likely have put a slop to this pro-
eeedini^. The truth is they did not care to preveiil
the tortures of |iris(Uiers of war, not because they
took any pleasure in such rcven;.;e, but wholly,
perhaps. IV. lui idi'^ions motives, 'rorlnre was to
I hem a blessrn;;- in dis^;iiise. They belic\cil it, to
be the salvati.iu of m.my a soul. One of them
writes : •■ we hav(! very rarely seen thi; Ituriiinj^ of
an Iidiiuois without feelin;^ sure that he was on
the path to Paradise; ami we iievt^r knew one id'
them to he surely on the iiatli to Paradise without
seeinij him pass tJiroiij;h this licry punishment."
l''r.Hu some such motive as this, after the proper
iii>trueiiori and baplism. they consented to let the
Wolf dii' the d.'uih of the stake. " Is il ikiI," adds
the writer last iiuolcd, "a marvel to see a wolf
e}ianj,'ed al one stroke into a lamb, and enter the
fold of C'hriil. which he eauK' to ravu^^c." This
Indian before his death disclosed a plan under-
lakcii by the lidi|iiois to capture ih.' three I'"ri'iiih
settlements iiiid luiissivori! the inhabilaiits, staliii;f
that 11 luriTc force were already hovciiiii;' around
Montreal, waitini^- an opjiort unity to e\eeule these
bold desi^nis. 'I'his news threw ih.' w hoi.' settlii-
iiieiit into intense exciieuient and alarm. The
inhaliilan! s bclonk Iheniselvcs wilhiii I he palisades
of the furl, ami day aflcr day waiid ,iii\i.iu>ly
for till' eueiiiN, but the Iroiiuiiis did not present
themselves. Th.'y were prevented as we shall see
by a bold delachinent .sent out from .Montreal.
Hi
9. — In A[)ril, IijIjO, ayoungoflicer named D.iulai;,
commandant of the Lfarrison of Moii- ii.iii:.n''8ii.'r.ii.' ..i-
, 1 » f • 1 I'liliiiiiii, IKiii
treat reiiiiesteu Alaisoniieuve, the
(ioveruor of that place, to eivo him iiermissioii to
lead a iiarty of volunteers a,i,faiust the hostile
i Iroiiuois, suspected as beim,^ ambuM-aded at no
distant jioinl. " His plan was bold to .Icspciation.
I It was known that Iroqiuiis warriors in i^reat
I numbers had wiulcrcd amoiiv;' the forests ol the
Ottawa. Daiilae proposed to waylay them on
' Iheir descent of the river, and lluhl ihciu wilhout
{ regard to ili>parity of fiuce. The settlers ol .Mon-
! Ire.il had hithcrlo acted solely on the defensive,
for their numbers had been too small for au^ressi\ e
war. ( »f late their streie^th had been somewhat
increased, and .Maisoniieuve, judj;;injf that a display
of enterprise and boldness mi,t;ht act as a check
on the aud.icity of the enemy, at leiijjjlh pivc his
eon>cnt." Si.Mcen of the young men of Montreal
had siruek hands with Daulac, and bound them-
.selves by oath to aecouipany him on the bold
Venture and to ask no ([uarter. Being now in
readiness to leave the fort, they made their wills,
eoufcsseil, and received the sacrament. As they
knelt bi'fore the altar in the little chapel of the
Hotel I)ieu, they Were regarded wilh a kind of
envy. Some of llic chief men of .Montreal, among
whom was Charles Le.Mnyne, urged I hem to wait
till the following spring, that they might join this
band, but. Daulac, knowing that if I.eMoyne
accompanied them he would not have the com-
mand, stoutly refused. He was alike jealous of
the glory and the danger. " The names, ages, and
occupations of the seventeen young men may still
be read oil the aiH'ieul register nf the p,ili>li of
.Montreal; and the notarial acts of that- year,
pieservcd in the records of the cily, I'oiiiaiii minute
accounts of such properly as I'aeh of iliciu pos-
sessed. The three eldest were of t w ciily-eiglil,
thirty, and tliiil\-one years respectively. The age
of the rest vaiicd from I w eiil \ -one to t w cut \ -seven.
They w ere of various callings, — •soldiers, armorers,
locksmiths, limc-buriicis, ur set tiers w itiiout trade.
The gi'calcr number had com.' to the eiilnny as
parlof ihc reinforceiuciil luiiughl by MaiMUincUNe
in l(i."i;'.. .M'icr a Milciiiii farewell they embarked
ill .M'Vcral can. MS well Mipplied willi arms and
aiiimiinilion. They wci.' \.iy in.lill'crciit canoe-
men ; and il is said that llu lo.^l a week in vain
atteiiij)ts to pass the swift eurrcnt of St. Anne, at
i
^iii
lis
TUTTM'/S IIISTOIIV OF TIIH DOMINION OF CANADA.
tlm head of the ishuul of Montrciil. At loiii;tIi
tli(!y wcri! more successful, iiud eiiterin;^ the mouth
of tlie Ottawa. (MOssed the Lake of Two Moun-
tains, and slowiy advanced aL,Minst tlie current."
— I'i<r! .iiiii. We must now pause to notice an
Indian reinforcement wliicli joined Daidac.
l'>. — Fiv(^ warriors of tlie llui'on natinti who '.
still lini^ered at. v^ueltec set out mi a war ex|iedi- ■
l.anW.,.', h.,lw.ur.,- «'""' ''''' ' 'X ""' '"■■'^■" <''''*'f|
•.i.r..r.MHn,i. Aunahataka. At Three IJiveis they I
were joined liy chief MitunemcLT with a small hand.
I{eachin;4 Montreal tliey were informed cif Daulac's
ileparlure, and at once solicileil M.iisDimeuve's i
permission to follow and oscrtaki! them. The '
chief desireil a letter of iut roduet inn to Daulac.
The governor, not jilaeiiiLj a very liiLjh esliniate on
Huron valor.al first declined, hut afterwards con-
seiited. lie t,Mve the chief a letter intro(lu<inn
liim to Daidac, hut leavin;,' the latter to his own
jud'^menl nu the ([ueslion of accept iu;4(U- reject iiii^
the prolTcred assistance. Tlie Iii(Uans started out
in liii^h sjiirits. and aftiT a tedious journey (lame
upon Daulae and his party at llie foot of \\w.
Loui^Saull, ahout the first of May. Here just l)elow
the rapid, where the forests slo|icd gently (o the
shor( . amoii;^' the hushes am! slumps of the rou^li
cleariiii,' made in const ruetini;- it, stood a palisaile
fori, the \Mirk of an .Mj^ouipiin war jiarty in the
pa^l autumn. It was a mere enclosure of trunks
of small trees planted in a circle, and was alreaily
ruinous. Such as it was, the i-'niirlimen look
posx's^ion of It. Tlii'ir tirst care, oiu' would
think, should have; heen to repair and streiiulhen
il ; hill this they seem nol to have done ; po>silily,
in the exaltation of theirii iiids, tlu'v scoiiicil such
ineciiution. They made their liics, ami slniii,'
t heir kettles on the neiii;hh(Mine shore ; and here
they Were soon joined hy the Iliironsand Ah^on-
(luins, Daiihic, it seems, made no ohjecli(m to
tiieir I iim|iany, and they all hi\()uaeked |oL;elher.
Morniii;^' ami noon and nielli Ihey prayed in thre(!
dilVercnl loni^'iics ; and when at sun.set the lon;^
reach of forests on the farlher sIkmi; hasked peace-
fully in the level rays, the nipids joined their
hoiu'se music to the notes of their evi'inn^ hymn.
11. — Not many days passed liclore the scouts
eamc in with the inlelliecnce ihal two Iroipiois
canoes were eoinine; down the Saiilt.
I iinilju- nui\ iti. t'om- 1111 1
n<'i'><'-' II iiMir Daiihn^ planted ii sinali dclaclimenl
llMn Liaviiy. liHio , ' , , , ,
at U piuiit where he expected they
wotdd land. The Iro(iuois made the short; at the
calculatetl place and met a volley which cut them
all off except one, who made his escape; and
rcjiorted the ilisaster to their main hody, over two
hundred strouLT, on the river ahove. Not lon^f
after a licet of canoes were seen approaching;' down
the rapids, tilled with warriors ea'^er for reveie^i;.
Daulac hastened to tin; lort. Tlu; Iroi|iiois landed
and mad(! an attack, hut were (iiiiekly repulsed.
I'^ailiuLj to accomplish anylhini^ hy a parley, they
set themselves to hiiildin;4 a rude foit not far ilistani .
Thisijave tin; Frenchaii oppcutiieity lor streiiL^lheii-
iii;_; their fort which they improved. Ihey planted a
row of stakes to form a doiilile del'en>e and tilled the
iiileiveuin<^s[)aee with earl h ami stones tot he hi'it,dit
ol'>ix i'l'ct, Icavinv,^ some t weiily loopholes, at each of
which three mal■k^>lllen were slal ioiieil. They had
this work scarcely (iui^-hed when ihe Iioipiois were
a^ain upon them. TIicn had hrokeu up the canoesof
the French and their allies, and. kiiidlini; the hark,
rushed olT to sci (ire to the fort, hut they were met
hy a lire hoth steady ami hrisk, and were compelled
to ri'coil. They maile asecoud attempt with a w orse
result to themselves, for tin; principid chief of the
Senecas fell dead. Some of tin; Frenc'h went (Uit
under cover of the j^iins of the fori, and (uit oil" hi.s
head and si lick it on the palisade, whiidi caused
the Irixpiois to howl with raL;e. They madcanolher
allack.and wen' a third time repulsed. They now
sciil a canoe to call to their aid live hundred of
their w.iiriors who were miisieiid near the Iviehe-
lieii. These Were the Indians whom ihey weii" on
their way to join when iulcrrii]ited hy the I''reiieh.
and with v.hoiii they were to have mad" a eiaiid
oiislaiiLjht ii'^aiusl (^uehec, Moiil real, and Three
|{i\ ers. I'"or live days tliey conliiiued to hesien'c I ho
little fori, while they were waiiini,' lor reinfiuce-
meiiis. Hunger, thirst, and want of sleep
w iiMiiiht fatally lUi the slrciii^lh of the I''ri iii'li ami
•heir allies, who, pent up to'^clher ill llieir Marrow
pl■i^on, loiieht ami prayed h\ turns. Deprived as
they were of water, tliey could mil swallow ihe
crushed Ii.dian corn, or "iHuniny," which was
their (Uily food. Some of them, under cover of ii
hrisk tire, ran down to the river :ind (illcd such
small vessels as they had; hiil this pilli.iire only
lanlali/eil thi'ir Ihiisl. They {\\\ir ,i ||,i|,. ji, ||||.
lort, weie rewarded at last hy a little mudd\ water
oozing thrcui^di Ihe chiy. There were a niimher
of iliirons iimoii;^ the Iroipiois who had heen
shore at tlie
li cut tluMU
esciijx! iiiid
V, ovtT two
Not loiiir
ijIuMLf down
or rt'vciitijt!.
iiois laii(li'(l
y r('i)iilsi'(l.
>arl('V, tlicy
far (lislaiil.
slri'iii^tlicii-
'V jilaiitcilii
III tilled llu'
otlic licinliL
s, a( cat'li of
llicy had
H|uois Were!
lie canoes of
II,' llif liark,
V WflC Illl't
(' <'oiii]iclU'd
il li a worse
•liiff of llic
Il wciit out
: lilt otr Ills
il 11 causi'd
idi' aiioihcr
'I'iley !loW
illidlrd of
liic Itlrlw-
y wrii' on
11' i'Vi'lirli,
I" a uiaiid j
lid 'riii'cc
csH'^c 1 lie
reillfnice-
o t s ! e I ' 1 1
'I'l lu'li and
•ir 'lanow
r|p|i\ed as
allow the
Ahiell was
■over of II I
iiled sllih
i.liie only
lie i>| the
dd\ water
iiilliilier
had liecii
r
'Vi
TIIK TKRILS OF INDIAN WAHFAliK
nil
(lopted liy iliein. and wi're now ti^htiiiLT on llieii
side. 'I'liese shouted to their (ioiiiil ly iiii'ii within
tile fort that a lai'Lje force was a|i{proacliiiiL;' and
their only jiossihlc chance of escape lay in their
joining,' the Iio<|iiois, \\lio would even now accept
iheiii. Aii'ialiatakas followers, half dead witii
thiist and fa mi lie, answered to these calls, seal iic'' the
in. Daiilac had craiiiined a lari,'e miisketooii witli
|iowder, ami plii;,"^'ed up the iiiii//le. l,ii;hlinLr
the fuse inserted in it, he tried
to throw it ovi
the liarrier. to InirsI like a ijienade aiiioii;^ the crowd
of sava;,fes without : hill il struck tlierai,"4ed top
of one of the palisades, fell hack aiiion;^ the l"'ren(di
men ami exploded. killioLf and woiindin^j several
jiali-adc ill I WHS and threes until nearly all had i of I hem. and neaii v lilimliiiL; oi lieis. In thecoiifii-
(icsi'rted. Ipiit their chief stood liiiii, and even (lis- ■ sion tli.J followed, the Iroipiois t,'ot possession of
chai'^cd his pi>tol at his in phew. I, a ^louche, while the loopholes, ami, thriistiiii,' in t heir i:;iins, died
111! w;i'^ ciiniliinL,'' oiil of till' fort. Tin' Mi^ompiiiis on those within. In a moment more tliev hail lorn
who coiihl hope for iiotliini^'fiom the IicKpiois stood a lireach in the palisade; hiil nerveil with the !
fa.sl. I he\ lould do iioihini;- else. On the lifth eneri,'y of desperation, Daiilae and Iiis followers
day se\eii hiiiidreil aiiditional Inxpiois a|ipearcd. spran'.,Mo defend il. .Another hieaili was made,
Hcini; lold of the \/eakiiiss of the French liy ij and then another. Daulac was struck dead, Ini,
'lie Huron deserters, they expected an easy i the survivors kcjit up the tielit. With a sword
vi(ioi\ and marched lioldly to the attack. The or a halchci in i hand and a knife in the other
French were at their posts, and every loopdiole they threw themselves ay:aiiist the I hroiit^ of ems
8eni lorlh its mcssaj,'e of sudden death thick mies, sti ikine and stahliiiiif with the I'nrv of niad-
iind last. licsidcs iniiskeis they had heavy mus- men; till tin' lroi|Uois, despairing,' of takim,' them
k, 'loons, which, si'aiteriiii,' scraps of lead and 1 1 alive tired volley after volley and shot them down,
iron amoiii;' the enemy, did fearful execution. 'I'he .Ml was over, and a Imist of triumphant vell.s
IriMpioks III Icie^lh t'ell hack tilled with wonder at proclaimed I he deaidnne^hl viclorv. Searcliiii'4 liie
tile persistence of the l''reneh. 'i'hree days more pile of corpses, the victors found four Freiieliineii
woreawav, dnriiii,' which time the Iimpiois were ' still lireathiii'^'. 'riiree had scarci'lv a spark of life,
ipiairi lliiiM' ;,i u ihemselves as to what- course and. as no time wiis to he lost, "hcv liiiriied i hem
lliey should puisne; some were for i,riviii,:,' Up the j on the spot. 'I'he foiirtii, less fort iinate. seeineil
siee-e, oiheis would not (hinkof a rse so ine;lori- |' likely to survive, and they reserved liiin for future
oils. They were too proud of I he name t hcv liini
already won in many a well contested liatlle.
Diiriii;;' all this lime Daulac and his men. leelint,'
I tornicnts. As for the Huron deserters, their
j cowardice prolited them little. The lroi|iiois. re-
I ^'ardless of their promises, fell upon llieiii, huriieil
wiih exhausiion, foiiMln :iiid |uayed hy turns as ! some at once, and carried the rest to their villages
hefoie, feeliie.,' sure of death as their reward. At j for a similar fate. Imvc of the niimher had tlie
ienirth the iiiKpiois a'.,'reed to make a i,'eneral as-
pioil fortune to esiape, and it was lioni them,
'*'^"''- "I"' Noliiiileers were c. died for the lead. aided hy admissions made huii,' afterwards li\ i he
" .\liei I he custom on swell occasions, hiindles of ; lroi|iiois themselves, that the French of ( anada de-
sniall slicks were thrown upon the j,'rounil, and | rived all their knowleilire of this trhuioiis disastei."
those lacked ihein up wiio dar 'd, thus aeeeptiiii,'
the ua'^c of lialtle, ami eiiiolliin,' themsehes in the
foiiiun hope. No precaution was iie^'lected. laiiee
iiiid heavy shields four or live feet )ii''li were mad
J'nr/ciiiiiii. The sacrilii f this hiave hand proved
the sal vat ion of the colony. The lio(|uois weieipiiie
conlellt with their war experience for the present.
If this hamlfiil of T'leirh ami Indians ididd keep
h.y lashini,' (o-elher three split lo-s with the aid them in el k so Ion- in siidi a weak fortilication
ol cross-hars. Coverin- themselves with these what mieht tliev expect Ironi the i e siihslan-
innnteleis. the chosen hand advanced, followed hy ;ial forts' With feeling's of hnmiliation Ihev
the motley throne of warriors. In spite of ii hrisk
lire, they reached the pidisade. and, croiiehiiifj he-
low the ran'4:e of shot, hewed furiously with their
lialchets to cut their way tliiou^^h. The rest foi-
lowed close, and swarmed like aiiLtiy lioniets
around the liiihj <')ri, iiuekiiii; anil tearing to get
returned to their homes to plan new evils for tliu
French.
120
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
CHAPTER XIX.
GOVERNMKN'r OF I)/i >/AUGOITR.— CON-
Dmi/.N OF 'WW. ( <)r\TRV.
1. d vi.itvoB D'AvAUOorit. — PAKTiAii Trace
WITH TliK IliogiOIS. ItiOl. ± Puor.KESS OK
Oanapx — HEi,i(ii(»-P<ii,rrir.Mi QiAi!iiKi,s. — 3.
ECOLKSIASTICAI- Aki'Aius — Lavat.. — 4. Thk
Oovi;iiNi»i!-(!i;N'i;uAi,s ok ("anaoa, 1008 if)
\C>C>->. — IUkmm; oi' nil-: HotsK ok th'o Urjsi-
MXKS AT QUEHKC, l<iJO. — WoNOEUKUli PHE-
NOMENA.
1. In HIi'il, two yoais before the establishment
of the Royal (iovi'iiinicnt, d'Ar^enson was suc-
Govenior If \vnii- ct'oded in (lie trovcrnnient hv
I^X^;^^';;^:.!::;;" Ran.n .rAvan-<Hir. He ..ec-npied
'*''"'^' llif first few weeks after his arrival
in Canada in visitini^ the several jiosts. and niaKinjj
liiniself aeqnainted with the alTairs of the eolony.
After he had linished his e.\|il(prati(ins, and ae-
(piainled himself with the eonilition of the eolony,
he expressetl iijreat astonislnnent tliat hi.s prede-
cessor shonld have heen altle to hear up so loni^
under siu'li diseouraLjini; eirenmstaiiees. TIk; deso-
laiioa that pi'rvaded the eoi ntry was almuf.1 I'dui-
plete. Many of the Kreiuh colonists were iiiidei'-
m'ini;' I'ruel siiiVeriiiLrs in captivity in the Iimiuiiis
eoiinlry. Tiic foitilicalidiis were weak, and the
resourctis for a war, even of defense, were i)y no
means relialile. i'iie colony, in fact, was on the
hrink of ruin. In tiie midst of these discouraLfiie^'
affaiis tlie jn'ospeet was snddeidy liiiijiiteued liy
llie uuexjiected a|iiieiuain;e, at C^uehee, of depu-
ties from two of the lroi|Uois nations — t! , Onon-
da;;as and Cayugas. They presented tiieniselves
with four rreiicii prisoners, and lieiirinif a llai^ of
truce, re((in'sted to he admitted. Their olijeet
was, in tin^ first place, to procure the release of
eijfht of liieir peoph; who weie iield in captivity
by the Kicncli. The eiiief of llu; emiiassy, who
was a former friend of the Fremdi missionaries,
declared his wisii of havinjj one of tiie priests
accompany him litick to iiis country, and then' open
lU'j^otiations for a ^^cnciai peace, lie also desireil
II mission f(ninded amonj; them. The (Jovernor
usseinh'. 1 the iidniltitanis and laid these proposals
hefoie tl't«»n. 'l"he .lesnii!; had never yet lieen
proveiited from eurryi;i.' the j;dspcl into Indian
strongholds from pif)sp(!Ct'' if pcrsteut'on. and in
the present case, eomplia i<> witii i.Ln ij'oot.ois'
demand was simply exposure lo er>rtain fl;.'iger.
Rut in the face of all th' 'he dei)utl s ;uv.' liiem
clearly to understand, that nii].-s.s ti.elr proposals
shoidd he acce[)ted there woidd be no jieace, and
the lives of the French eajitives already in their
villages would l)e taken, with the usual tortiu'es,
shoidd they return with an unfavorable answer,
h'ere was truly a difficult (piestion; hut one .hat
the French were compelled to dccid(>. I hey were
reluctant in placing any of their coni.;.yinen
among these savages, \\ ho had alrcaily moi ; than
a hundred times broken their engagements in bold
treachei'}' ; yet such \\as the extremely critical
state of their condition, that the. decided Ujion
releasing the eight captives held at the fort, anil
sending a missionary to the settlements of the
Iroiiuois. "Simon le .Moyiie had the honor to be
called upon to t'xpose his life" in ihe Irocpiois
country, to which he eagerly responded. This
brave Jesuit had visited their settlements on four
former occasions, each tiiiu; at the risk of his life.
He was well known to several of thi'i" chiefs, who
wci'c his peri-onal friends. After the I'leliminarics
were com bided, chief Karakonthie, 'J-i; leader of
the dcpulalion, with Le ^. >\ne, and his band
started out for the Inilian scttle;iients. Le Moyne,
after a peiiloiis journey among these savages, re-
turned to (Quebec in Itjdii with several leleased
captives.
'2. — During LcMoyne's al) ece among the
Indians the cohuiy enjoyed a partial respite
from savage incursions, during ,.,„^,,^„, .-.nn.ia
which they considerably improved ^//;r'^!fj;';'iwll':'''''
the. ; >iiiiilion. Other events also
ocoUM-cd 1 1 l(j(l2 which greatly nnived the iiopcs
of (lit! colonists. "On the arrival, in lt)()2, of a
company of regular soldiers from France, wiio
weri! des])atchcd by the King as an earnest of his
good intentions, the inhaiiilants had de])uted M.
Roiieher, commandant of Three Rivers, to follow
up the ajipea' through Le Jeiinc. aiid afterwards
by D'Argeiison. on his return to Frimce. and to
implore llia> Majesty to fiuni.'-h immediate assist-
ance. The King promised, al the same time, to
Hi'iid out a whole I'egiment tln^ following year, tor
the purpose of attacking the Iroipiois in their own
t|narters. The troops, dcsiniteiied in advaiici!, were
embarked in two vessels of wa.', and were placed
t
;utioi). and in
t.Ln iroqi.ois'
•ftain fli'iger.
■i ^avo liit'in
.air prnj.osals
no jii'iice, and
ready in tlieir
siial IdrtiU'es,
ral)le answer,
but one .liat
'. 'I liey Were
• com,; .ynii'ii
(iy )noi : tiian
nieuts in hold
iMneiy eritieal
decided upon
tlu! fort, and
nicnts of tlio
e lionor to lio
I'le Inxinois
londed. 'I'liis
nients on four
sii of his life,
I'v: chiefs, who
[ueliniinaiies
tliB leader of
iiid Ills hand
<. J,e Moyne,
e siiva<j;es, re-
,'eral leK-ased
anionj^ the
iiiial respite
•roijrt'sn of Cnimila
U<'ll|.'l»-l'Mlili>'U|
[uarrrli,, ItltiJ.
I'd llie iidpes
llKi
>( i\
l''iaiiee, who
artiest of hi.s
ilcpnted iM.
ers, to follow
d afterwards
larice, and tu
eiliale assist*
same time, to
!ii;_j year, I'or
in I heir own
idvanee, weris
1 Wire placed
t
s
n
:
'i
M
I 1 1
li
1 1 J
GOVERNMENT OF D'AVAUGOUR—CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY.
1:21
under the command of M. Hiimont, who received
directions to investicjate and report on the state of
the colony. On hoard tiic siime siiips npwards of
two hinuh'ed colonists sailed for Canada, in charge
of M. Bonchci'. The arrival of the troops and of
this considcrahle hody of emigrants inspired tlie
inhahilants with great joy. Another source of
encouragement was the diminished activity of the
warfare within the territory of the colony. The
Mohawks anil Oneidas continued, on a smaller
scale, to harass thrm with hostilities; for the
negotiations which had hccn carried on with the
Onondagas and Cayugas had not hound the other
cantons to a state of peace. At this time, however,
the majority of the Iroquois warriors were engaged
in making war upon other trihes situated in the
south and west."' This draft upon Iroquois forces
prevented them from waging a successful war
against the French, and, not only so, hut they liad
been, in not a few instances, hunihlcd by defeats
in these wars. It would have been a good event for
the colony could the governor have crowned this
favorable circumstance with a signal defeat of the
enemies of his country, l)ut he lacked the resources
to accomplish this. He was a man of great
energ3', with an obstinate will ; and when the
promised reinforcements and supplies failed to
arrive from ''"rauce, his disappoimment, together
with other diflicnities within tiie colony, so far af-
fected his temper as to render him quite unfit to
discharge the duties of his now diiricult position.
Dissensions of a grave nature now sj>rung up
between the governor and the ecclesiastical
authorities. This was the beginning of a conflict
l)etween civil and religidus autluuity in Canada
which is still unsettled, and whi( h will be wiped
out only when the civil goveninient of Quebt c is
delivered from the papal grasp. One of the dif-
ficulties of the time in question >vas regarding the
sale of intoxicating licjuors. The disagreement
between the governor and M. Laval on this and
many other <iuestions, induced tlie latter to visit
France in h\&2 and lay his complaints al the foot
of tin '.iiroiie. liillucnced by his representations,
King Louis recalled the governor and appointed
M. de Mc^y in his stead. D'.Vvaugour retired
without discredit and returned to France.
a. — Let us now pause to glance at the progress
wo have made in the history of Canada, to note
tlie condition of the colony, and review some of
the events which we have been nar-
rating, and then pass on to affairs as K-^^j^'J,';"' «"»'"•
we shall find them under the Royal
Governm(!nt which was established in lGti.3. First
as to the religious side of our narrative. We have
already recorded that the first teachers of rcligioi:
who came out to the colony were of the Franciscan
Order of RecoUcts. In 16.55 Jesuit missionaries
joined them. The Company of One IIundre<l As-
sociates, aiul afterwards the iidiabitants, were bouiul
to maititain the clergy in consideration of being
allowed the advantages of the fur trade. In 10.")8
a head was appointed in the person of M. Laval,
uruler the title of Vicau .Apostolic. He was
nf)t formull// installed as Bishop of (Quebec until
1G74, but from his first arrival in Canada he ex-
ercised episcopal functions. Before Laval's aj)-
pointment M. de Queylus, the founder of the
Senunary of St. Suli)ice in Montreal, had been
empowered by the I5ishopof Rouen to exercise the
functions of chief ecclesiastic in Canada. On
Laval's arrival he refused to recognize his author-
ity, but was eventuallv interdicted and ordered
home to France. Under Laval the .lesuit mis-
sionary system as an iiide])en(lent institution in
Canada was abolished, .md tin; settlecl jiorlions ot
the country ilivided into parishes. In l(i:'>i', when
the country Avas restored to France after the first
English concpiest, the Hecollets were excluded from
the country, and the Jesuit Order alone was given
the charge of the religious affairs of tlieeolouv;
many years elapsed before the former society obtain-
ed a footing in the country. Laval, as chief ecclesias-
tic, promulgated a system in virtue of whicliall the
offices of religion were ]ierfornied by the secular
l)riesthood under his own supervision. When he
visited France in l()(i2 he secured authoritv to
found at Quebec an institution called the
"Seminary," destined for the preparation of
young men for holy orders, and to fuini^h
II supply of cures or priests to the pari>lies.
For the maintenance of the seminary, as well
as for the suiijiort of the priests the inhabit-
ants were laxe((. The amount of tax, wliicn was
imposed under the name of til/irs, was at first mii'-
Ihirtceiith of all the revenue derived from labor and
from tlie natural products of the soil, forest, and
waters. There was subseiiuently a rcdu(ii(Mi in
the amount to one-twenty-Hixth. as alrcaily nolic|L'//.
Another matter necessarv to be nicniioiie.l here
M!
lii:
Tirni.HS IIISI'OIIV OF I'llK DOMINION oF CANADA.
Wiis the ('Dimncrfc in iiitdXiiiiliiiLj lii|nnrs, or, as il
has li('<'ii St vied, llu' liijihir triiljh'. I'liis was, pcr-
li:i|is, I lie iiiusl I'l nil I'll! (pf;!!! soini'i's of dissi'iisioii
luMwccii llic(i\il iiiiil i'ccli'^i;isl ic.il :nil liorilics ol'
till' |)ni\ iiic'c. ( 'liaiii|>l;iiii liiniM'H' IiikI wiliicsscil
Sdiiii' III' I 111' cs il ioiis('i|iiiiii'('s w liicli I lie iiil rmliic-
liiiii III' liiaiiily ami iillirr anlriil spiiils aiiiiiiiL^'sl
llir sava^rs was I'alciiJali'il In |iiih1iici' ; ami, witli
liis ciiaiai'li'iislii' Ihiu'v mIiiicc, ami ili'('|i m'Msc of
virliii' ami icIiijiiMi, aclii|'liil mcasincs iij' [iii'vcn-
linii. Mill, ill cciiirsr ul' tiiiir, t>|icriall v liiiriiiL;'
r (,)iii4irc li\ I he I'lirjivji iimli'i-
iiiciirsidiis li\ lliat tii rci' |irii|i|c ul' wlilili we liavi'
iv a lii'irrai'i'iiiiiil. < 'liaiii|ilaiii was sue-
\i\\v\\ oiilv
I'lfdi'il liv .M(iiiliiia;4ii\ , wliiisr cliaracliT is sillll-
iikmI ii|i rii^iiU'iiily as a man wlm " Irt'l licliiiiil iiiiii
ail clcnial inriiinrv «'!' Iiis |H'mli'iici' ami sa'^acily."
II
f w as II
iiiiiii>alilc' Jul his ri'li''iiiiis (ii'MPlciiiciil, as
'II as I'lir Ins I'liiii'.i'.'i' anil ili'Miilii'il ili'imam
I III' iii'i'll|ial inn n _
Kii'k, ihc imlians lirciiiii' raniiliar wilh llii' iim' ul'
" i'ail-ili'-\ ir." Ill (III' lill.rs ttt I )' A I ;_;i'li-.nli ami
D' A \ aM^iMir, I lir i\ il allaiiiril Id a i,'li'al lii'i;;iil,
sii ilial i'\iis,i\ I' ilniiiKriiiii'ss was |irriiiam'iil ly
aihlrii III liii' nlhi'i' iiilrni|ii'i'al(' haliils ol' tin'
sava;_;i's I hriMiLjIiiiiil (';iiiMila anil Nrw Fnijjaml.
Laws w.ii' niaili' |irniiil>il inij tin' sali' ul lii|Mip|'.--,
wliii'h I liiisi' ( iiiVi'l'lliil's I'lilinil ilillirilll III rlllniri'.
L;i\j1 ami his I'lclLjy cXi'llril I lirlllsi'h rs sllrlill-
iiiisiv ill ravipiiirilm laws, iiulji as ri's|ii'i'li'i| lln^
I''iriii'h (:ii|iiiii.'';ls ami I he Imlians, Iml wrii' nut.
al w ays ('(tniiall y sii|i|ii)i hil li\ llir i'i\ il anllnnil ics.
Disscnsidiis iin llir miIijitI :;ri'w ii|i, ami D'Aij^rii-
siiiTs |iriiii'i|ial iiniiivi- fur irliiini; liipiii Ilir i;i>vrr
mirsiiiji w a ., ilmilil ii>s, fiiiiinlrii lui liiis laiisr.
D" A * auL;'iHii raiiir III an ii|pin iii|iliiri' wilh I, aval
ii'>Mi'< liii;^' I hi! Iii|iiiii- liallir.
I. —My way nf iria|iil iihil inn wr mav lakr a
Till' iiiiv.rii"i li.ii ^laniT al ihr (iuNi'iiiiir (iinrrals of
^•llll^ nf lltllllilH, 1 ■ , .11
iiiiiH i.iii.i. iNt'w I'lancrlroni lliUSiu jdi).,. | hry
wrir nun of i^rial i'iiiiiai;i: ami aliilily, pi rsiiliii'^
iiM'i' I III' a flail's of I III! i'oloii\ . iliii ini; a jiii loil w liirh
has Im'cm . ipio|iiial»'ly sInIiiI liic licruic iiL;r of I
Canaila. I'liljiuviiii; an^ llir iiaiiii'S of ihr (iovri'-
iiois anil ihi' ilali's of lliiir ailniinisi i al ions : —
I'hniliplillli ll^ii" HI.'."
rlilili liiifi.ll /.ni/imill» UM, lli.:il
UmiliiiilKny .. Ill.'lll HUH
li'Aill.l »l HUH |iir,l
ll.'Ulil/i.ll lli.M IIIMI
Ili'l jni/.iiii (KMii) I' mfunniii Iiyili llifi?
li'Alll.'l I I, III iHiiiuii Ili.v; li;,'.H
|i' Aiui'MKcm llhiR li:iil
irAi.tiinciiii niia iiiii.i
( )f ( 'liaiiiplain loo III mil praise caniiol In' spnKrii.
Mr was thi' f Ii'l' of Ihr loloiiy, ilMil ils fllilllflll
( Jii\ I'l nof 'or I w inl \ si'mh yi ars. 1 1 is only im-.laKi'
|iro\ ('(I as i,Mi'al as his want of I lir nrrrssary inloinia-
liiiii III pi'i'Vi'iil il was p.ii'ilonalilr, \ 1/ : his assault
upon Ihr Iioijiiois. I his Iril lo all tin' \r\alions
III' liiiill i'orl Ikirhrlii'ii in liil'J. in oi'ili'i- loihi'i'k
ihr inl'nl'-^ions of ihi' Iioipmis. Mr ailniinisi I'lcil
t ho affairs of Ni'W l''ranii' for Iwilsi- \iars, in
spi'akiii'^' of whiih ihr .Icsiiit Lc Mi'irirr wrote:
"All the prill, iiial pi'isoiis 111 onr eolony honor
I sirllle lull' liolils her head ili'.dl. Is
religion, am
il not a hi'_;hlv eommelidalile si;;lil lo liehold sol-
diers and artisans, I'"i eiiehliieii ami sa\aL;es, dwell-
illi; toLjelher peaeealilv , and elijoviiiL; llie L;oiid-w ill
of eaeli oilier'.' This .sort of ini'.aele has lieeli
ln'oii'ihl alioiil li\ the prmh lire and sa'^aeily ol M.
Mmil inaiL^nx , onr < ii>\ ei nor : and. in sa\ ini; I his, 1
lielie\e I e\ple>s the senlilllellls of all under his
;4o\ ei nnielil . We owe \eiy ;;ieal olil i^at ions In
our ereal Kin.LC- '" 'I"' Cardinal, and lo ihe ineiii-
liers of the ( 'onipaii\ , lor lia\ iie^ L;i\ en ns a man so
valiant and so eoiiversanl with all kinds ol kiiowl-
eilLje, so tilled for loiiiniaml, and almM' all, so
eieallv inleresiid I'll- ihe ejoiy of (iud. Ills ex-
ample draws all afli'l him. .Iiisliee reii^lis here,
insoleiiee is I la lii^liei !. and impmleme daie no|.
raise her head. Mil I \\ Inn I his oni ( iowi nor leaves
us, we know .'ol who iiia\ smeeed him; so, may
(iod preserve lillli for lis a loll',' lime, as il is e\-
IrenieU impoilaiil to inliodiiee t;oiiil laws and
virlnoiis eiisliiiiis in these early lie^iiiiiiiiijs, and
those who are to eoiiie allel' lis will easily follow
in our fooisteps the examples we afford them,
w hei her of e^ood or evil." .Mont ma'.'jiy was siie-
(leedi d li\ D" A 1 1 lihousl . He was liisl eonneeled
with ('aiiada as a intnilier of lln- ('onipany of
Monlreal. He lironvdil out a small Imdy ol eolo-
nisls in 111 t."i and set I led on tin- island. Me was
(Jovi'inor (ieneial from liils to |ri..I.lnit after-
wards, liel ween 111.")? and Ili.iS he drehareed the
fiinelions of l.ieiil ( iovei nor until the ani\al of
I )■ Aioeiison, Me w as an e seel lent military olliier.
lie made an iin-^meessfiil ell'oil to eslahli^h a
lieal\ lielwieii ( 'aiiadii and tin- New I'lie'laml
eiiliilili'S. In l^.'il he W as slleeeediil li\ M.del.ail-
■/oii, when he relired to the Island of Monlreal,
where, diiriii'; llie nliseme 111 the eoniinamlant, he
I aeled ill thai eaiiaeilN. Some \ears later he \\\v\
IV ('
llllVC
\
as
SlU'-
1
is
III
siim- j
tiini 1
!
«
(ioVKHNMl'.N r OF I»' W MMIOl'IJ ('ONMU'I'ION' OI" llli; Col N rUV. \1
a;^.nii calUil
Caiiaila. al ll
t lull. i>r a
I'IMIIlt l'\ .
n' 1 iu>r 1
III acl a I .irni ( t<i\ n iiui' ot
>r M. ill l.an/iin's ailniiiiislrii-
II
I'liM- l.aii/iHi ■^ Mill liail ii'tinil rnmi llic
M. 'Ir l.air/iHi was an inlliiriilial nii'iii-
iil I lir iiilii|iaii\ 111 ( hir IIiiikIiiiI .\>-- n'lal i'S.
IS a|i|iiiiiil iiiriil as (i.iM'iiiiir was iiiailr al
liisiiwii iri|iii--l, lor 111' sii|)|iiiM'ii llial li\ |uo(iii|
ill'.; Ill ( all Ilia Ml jirlMM III' I oillil irslmc llii' li'l
(iiiiis 111' liii' inliiiiN. Oil Ins aiii\al in <)('liilirr
|)i.ii. III' I'll II III I il> alV.ii|s ill a mill 1 1 w ihm' iniiilit lull
till. II III' li.iil Mi|>|>iisi ll. rill' anilariU i>l llir
liiiiliiiiis, ainl lliiir ai'lixi' liiisii!ii\ a'.;aiiisi llir
l''iri'i'ii, liail I'i'ai'liril llicir liiL'lir-^l jilili. ami al
all llir luiinipal |mi-.Is llir ilisi i rssnl ruluiiisls
I'liiilil >A\f llii II li\rs Hilly li\ iriiiaiiiiii" ni a siati-
iif sir'.;i'. ' W'r liavr aliriiK '^iMii an .iiruiinl ul'
I III' I' ililliiiill ii"-. I >"A i'.;i iixiii siii'iTiili-il In till'
i;ii\ ri iiiiiriil ill lii.'iT, ami aniviil in (aii.iila in
lii.iS. ■• rill' alViiiis III' till' i.'li.nx. .Is lias luiii
aliiailv sl.ilnl. Will', iliiiiii'; iIm' nili i \al. adiiiiiiiv
liiril li\ I )' A ilii'linii-l. lie w as a \ iiiiiii; m.iii uf
I llii I \ I w (1 III- I Ini I \ I liii'.' \ rars 111' .i",i' al I lu' I iiiii' ul'
liis aiiival III' 1 1 |iiil.il mil lur rum j'r. ailili rss,
anil saL;aiil\, was lii",li. Siisiaiinil li\ an ailii| n.iii'
nillilaiy I'lHi r. Ik iiii'lil lia\i' si'iiiiril In llii' |.|ii\
nil' |ir.iri' aiiii |M I iii.inrtii |'iu>|:inl\. I>iil I'lanri'
11'"', li'i'li'il III liii ni'^li SI ill lit' I s, (III' 1 11 II I III lis IIM'. ran
I III' I'liiiiii I \ . aiiil I III' iii'w ( iii\ rniur siiuii ilisiuvn-
I'li llial 111' wa. |iii\\rl|iss In |i|nlrrl llir Inis ami
|i|n|irll\ nl I lii' I'nliin |s|.s. Alllnli'.; lIli' CVi'llls nl
immii i.i w llii ll iiii'ii II I'll ilni III", llii' ail mi nisi ml mn
111 l> Al'iii-ni, will' liii' (iiiinii'; mil nj I/. /,.)/',(/,
a I lliraiiis.il III' vrr\ > niisiili'i;ili|i' mi|i|i| us ami
llilialill.iiils Inr llli' islaliilnr Mnl.llr.ll, III llir \ rar
I'i''' Ainiil lllls I mil', .11 .11, llir llni||inls Will'
III. ll, III'.; llli II |ii I'l'aial iniis Inr a liiiai .mil ilriisiNc
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lion liniii iniii III llli' lii'ioi'.iii .mil iIi-n oliun ol
I'oll.iiii, ,11. 1 ill,. iimII riir,'(. iiiiilri Ins 1 niiiiiiaml."
Mil' ■■< III . siicci'siir n'Avnii'.'i in, an im il in 1 1 ill I ;
111' Ills .iiliiiinislialioii we liiivi- ilirailv s|niki'ii.
■'• "n I )rii'niln'r .'iH, Min, llic Imnsf nl' iln'
Ihsiiiiiii's al ii Ikt was ili'siioMil li\ liii' llir
„ , ,., , I M III I III r\\ ,<t !'liiiini <>\ ir I 111'
liiiiiiiiiK«>f III', ii.ii ...
..I lli.'l i.iillii. . nl «|,n|,, ,.nlnll\. 11 li' ll t i • 1 n nio ■ o 11 1
1^111. 1 , tlhUl.
al'ii'i' all liail i< i iinl lo ir i, ami " li\
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prlli'il llli' inin.ili". lo i'si.i| ,i . ili,.\ lic.i ronM
ill llit'ir iiii^liI iliilli. .. Vi'l no Iims wi rr losl. I he
ilil
1 1 w iili
wi-al Inr w as \ «'r\ lolil ami I lir .m oiiml ro\ I'ln
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lull llii'N wiTcirirrwaiiis t'lialiU'il lo ri'lniilil. llir
ollii'i' rt'li^imis limlit's, us ulsn llir i,'o\ ri nor. assisl
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riir (ioMrnoi liiiiisiir .III
M,
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i I'nniiri. as li'ni|inial I'.il Inr ol' I In- roinnumii \ . ilni
all 111' I oiilil low. mis tlir irsioralioii ol'iliiii iisi'ln|
[', I'sl.ililisliiinnl. ( )iir ol' till' most loinliiii<4 ini'iilrlits
I'omi.rliil Willi llli' ili-.isiii of llir 1 i sul iiiis oc-
iililiil a slmil Imii- allrr llli- till'. ^^ Inn llii'X \>rii'
liiii|ioraiil\ lnil'.,'iil in llic iinli'l hiiii. wlnii' iln
; ll'ispiliilii' fi » ii'itiMil llnni Willi ill'' nliiinsl mimI
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llli' III i'lilioni liooil ol llli' liosjiil'il. lAii'llril nllirls
III lliis ii's|ii'rl. Tlii'N lirlil a rniiln ll. ami liinlmi;;
llial llii'ir iilmosi wr.illli cniisisiiil in I lir |iiis-.i's-
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llli' ilolil l>ii'ii, anil oH'ir lliisr ;is .i |i|i'm'|iI. .iloii';
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mil miii'li In l.imnil. ami In raiisr n-., wiilmni
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ii'iiiw .nl 111' mir allliri imis. lo srrili.il ln.ini i Inl
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23 WIST MAIN STRIET
WIBSTER.N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
I
I
VIA
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DO.MIXION OF CANADA.
to attacli 3'our feet to tlie soil of this countiy, so
that no rej^ard for your own friends and native
land will be strong enough to tear you away. Our
second present is to desi.n'nate the laying' anew
of the foundations of an edifice which siiall again
be a house of God and of prayers, and in which you
can again hold your classes for the instruclion of
our little Huron girls.' The fire is known as the
first fire of the house of the Ursulines of (Quebec,
for the seconil eilitice, erected on the same founda-
tions as the former one, was subsetpiently burnt
down in the year 1072.'* — Miles.
(J. — 'J"he Jesuits give us accounts of singular
occurences in 1(JU;5. They inform us that heaven
wonaortui Ph. no- iipl't^ared visibly to display its anger
""■'"■• against the sins of the times. "At
Montreal a globe of fire was seen to detach itself
from the moon, burst in mid-air with a report like
that of a cannon, and disappear in blazing frag-
ments behind the mountain. In llie month of
January, a strange mist rose from the river, and
three suns stood parallel with the horizon, eadi
encircled by an iris which momentarily clianged
its varied hues. Twice was this strange appear-
ance seen. These portents were the precursors of
a fearful earthquake. On the Itth of FebruaiT, a
mighty rushing noise was heard throughout
Canada, and the jit^ople rushed in terror fromtlieii'
houses to see the walls cracking, the chimneys
swaying to and fro, the roofs falling in, and to
hear the bells of the churches ring ou(. 'I'hcy
were attacked by a strange giddiness and qualmish-
ness: when they essayed to walk, the earth seemed
to rise and strike the soles of their feet. The
Accounts given (mainly on the authority of the
•' habitans " and Indians) of tiie convulsion of the
land are very extraordinary. A huge mountain,
llu^y said, was torn from its place and cast into
the river, where it took root and became an island ;
a forest slid from the banks into tlie St. Lawrence ;
fearful chasms of unknown depth disclosed them-
selves; several rivers disappeared, others changed
their beds; gentle streams were changed into falls
and rapids, uiul falls and rapids in to genth!
streams. The Jesuit Fathers, who give anaeoiuit
of these too Strang" incidents in their letters, state
tiuit not a single soul perishe<l during (lie torriiile
eonvnision ; and they dwell with satisfaction on
the salutary elVects of tin; tiu'ror it created in
calming dissension and rechviniing many from their
evil courses." — Archer. These accounts may be
considerably exaggerated, nevertheless, wonderful
and singular phenomena ^jresunted themselves.
CHAPTER XX.
CONFLICTS BETWEP:N CIIUKCII and STATE.
1. — Thk Qu^krel of Quebec — Hack for
JJisnoi'Ric — 2. Qi EYH s' Vktoky and De-
feat — ;3. Difficulties Between Laval
AM) THE Governor — 4. Laval and his
OPPONENT APl'EAE TO THE ColRT OF
France — 5. Conflicts between the Reli-
gious AND Civil Powers — (J. The Tri-
umph OF Laval — Royal Government.
L — Having reached a point in our narrative
where tlie ciiartered company of " The One Hun-
dred Associates" was sui)erseiled yimrrets of Queiwe
^ —liiuu fur till! Uisli-
b\' the Royal Government, we may oinic.
pause not only to review some of the events which
we have hurriedly recorded, but to look into the
religious, political and domestic life of New France
diu'ing the six years preceding lOGiJ. It would
naturally be supposed that the colony, suffering
from the merciless ravages of an Ircxiiuiis war,
would have but little time or ojiportunity l\)r in-
ternal conflicts; not so, for wliiie thti war cioiul
gathered blackness without, to burst with thumhirs
upon a half defenceless [jcople, domestic (piarrels
were raging with intense fury within. Tlie coii-
ilict between Montreal and (Quebec was a standing
discord ; the one was jealous of the other, and that
jealousy found modes of expression by no means
creditable to the opposing parties. Then there
were the quarrels of the priests, one with the other.
These were numerous and always bitter, tlie greater
the jiiety of a Jesuit priest, the smaller would be
his forbearance. Then again there were the quarrels
of the iiriests with the Governor-General, and after
tiie establishment of the Royal Government, of the
GoveriKU-CJeiieral with the Litendant. 'i'heso
were only tlie prominent (piarrels, which stand out
in the foreground ; liehind them the student of
Canadian history will see ceaseless wrangliiigs of
rival fur traders and inorchants. Parkman gives
us an account of one of these quarrels wliicli to
^
W
%
3 niiiy be
A'oiuleiful
iselves.
D STATE.
At'K FOIi
I- AND 1)K-
N Laval
AND HIS
'oruT OF
THK UELI-
TiiK Tiii-
SMKNT.
iianative
One II un-
ri'ls ot Quebec
vu I'ur lliu UisU-
oiits wliieh
ik into llie
L'W France
It would
sutlViiiig
tuiis wiir,
ty Tor iii-
Wiiv cloud
tliundi'i's
10 (luairels
The eon-
a staiuliuff
I', and that
no means
lien there
the other,
the greater
would be
le quarrels
and after
nt, of the
These
stand out
Indent of
nglings of
man gives
which to
CONKLK IS r.KTWEEN CIIUllC'II AND STATE.
125
this day has left a root of bitterness behind it.
•' The association of pious enthusiasts who had
founded Montreal was reduced in 10u7 to a rem-
nant of five or six persons, whose ebbing zeal and
overtaxed purses were no longer equal to the de-
vout l)ut arduous enterprise. They begged the
priests of the Seminary of St. Suli)ice to take it off |
their hands. Tlu; priests consented; and, though '
the conveyance of the island of Montreal to tliese i
its new proprietors did not take efl'ect till some ;
vears hiter, four of ihe Suljiilian fathers, (^ueylus, i
Souart. (ialinee, and ^Vliel, cauie out to the colony
and took it in charge. Thus far Canada had had
no l)isii()p, and the Snlpitians now aspired t(j give
it one from their own brotherhocjd. Many years
before, when the Recollets had a foothold in the
colony, they too, or at least some of tlieni, had cher-
ished tiie hope of giving Canada a bishop of their
own. As for the Jesuits, who for nearly thirty
j"ears had of themselves ci'iistituted the Caiuulian i
church, they had been content thus far to dispense :
with a bishop; for, having no rivals in the field,
they had felt no need of episcopal sniqiort." The
Sul[)itians now put forward Queylus as their can-
didate for the new bishopric. The Jesuits saw in
this action an infringement of their rights. The
right to nomiiuite the new bishop clearl\' be'onged
to them ; they had borne the heat and burden of the
day, the toils, privations and martyrdoms ; while,
as yet the Snlpitians had done nothing and suffered
nothing. Not oidy this, but they had the power
to do this as well as the right, the}' were stiong at
court, and Cardinal Mazarin consented that the
.lesuits slunild name a bishop after their own
choice.
■J. — As we have seiui, ships bound for Canada
had usually sailed fi'om ports within the jurisdie-
Queylus' Vietory *'"" "' ^^l"-' ArchbisllOp of UoUCU, aud
muuiefeat. ^1,^. t,,„l,.iiking missi(uniries had of
course received their ecclesiastical powers from
him. From this practice he had been brought into
close contact with the Canadian mission, until he
had leariu'd to regard Caiuida as an out[iost of his
<iwn diocese. He now made Queylus his Viear-
(Jeneral for all Canada, thereby clothing him with
episcopal powers, and jilaeing him in aulhorily
over the Jesuils. Queylus now left .Montreal in
the spiriluid charge of Souart, went down to (Que-
bec ann(Uince(l his authority, and was permitted
to assume the curacy of the iiarish. The Jesuits
17
received him with a good grace, knoodng that one
more to their liking would soon take his place.
Queylus was a man of nuuiy virtues and devoted
to good works according to his understanding, and
possessed of considerable wealth, but he lacked
prudence. He preached two sennons against the
Jesuits, in which In; presented himself as Jesus
Christ and they as the Pharisees. " Who," he
supposed them to say, "is this Jesus, so beloved
of the [jcople, who comes to east discredit on us,
who for thirty years have governed church and
state here, with none to dispute us? " In short he
succeeded in setting the Jesuits thoroughly against
him, and persisted in abusing them until, on being
shown certain papers which indicated tlie probai..o
loss of his position, he subsided. At length the
(iovernor jiersuaded him to return to Montreal.
.Meanwhile Father Le Jeune, who was now in
France, was invited to name a bishop for Canada.
It was not an easy task. No Jesuit was eligible,
for the policy of that society disqualified its mem-
bers for that position. The signs of the times por-
tended trouble for the Canadian church, and there
was need of a bishop who would assert her claims
and fight her battles. It was desirable that the
man should be in full synqiathy with the Jesuits
so that his progress might not he hindered by con-
flicts with the juiests of that order. They made
a wise choice, Le Jeune presented the name ot
Francois Zavier de Laval, Montmorency, Abbe de
^b)ntigny. When Laval received this appoint-
ment, two great parties divided the Catholics of
France, the Callican, or national party, and the
Ultranujiitane, or pai)al party. 'I'he first held that
to the King, the Lord's anointed, belonged the
temporal, and to the church the s[)iritual i>ower.
It held also that tiie laws and customs of the
church of France could not be broken at the bid-
ding of the Pope. 'I'he papal party, on tlie contrary,
maintained that the Pope, (.'hrist's Vicegerent
on earth was supremo over earthly rulers, and
shoidd of right exercise jurisdiction t)ver the clergy
of all the world, with full powers of ai)pointinent
and removal." Hence tiiey claimed for him the
light of nominating bishops in Fraiu'o. This had
anciently been exercised by assemblies of the
French clergy, but in the reign of Francis I. the
King and the Pope had e(uuiiined lo wrest it from
them by the Coiu:ordat of Pologna. L'nder this
compact, which was still in force, the Pope up-
m
m
\\
;!!
..II'
126
TI;TTI,KS IIISIOItY CF Tin: DOMINION OF CANADA.
I
pointed Frciicli bishops on tlie noniinivtion of tlie
king, 11 plan whicii (lispleused tlie Giilliciins, iind
did not satisfy the ultnimontanes. 'J"he Jesuits,
then as now, were tlie most forcible ex[)onents of
ultramontane principles. The chnreh to rule the
world; the Pope to rule the clnireh ; the Jesuits
to rule the I'ope : sneh was and is the simple pro-
gramme of the Order of Jesus, and to it th(!y have
iield fast, exee])t on a few rare oeeasions of mis-
understandiniT with the Vicegerent of Ciirist. In
the (lucstion of pa[)al suprciiiacv, as in must things
elsi!, Laval was of one mind with I hem. Those
versed in siieli histories will not be surprisi'd to
learn that, when he received the royal niiiiiinatiou,
humility would not permit him to aeceiit it ; nor
that, l.ieiiig urged, he at leiigtli bowed in rcsigua-
tioii, still jirutesting his un worthiness. Nevertheless
the royal nomination did not take efl't'ct. The I'lt.ra-
moulaiies oiitlhinked both the King and the (Jal-
licaus, and by adroit strategy made the new [H'elate
completely a creature of the papain'. Instead of
appointing him Hishop of tiuebiic, in aeein-dance
with the royal initiative, the I'ope made him his
Vicar Apostolic for Canada, thus evading the king's
nomination, and afliiining that Canada, a count ry
of inlidiil savagi;s, was excluded from the concordat,
and un(h:r his, the Pope's jurisdiction, pure and
simple. The (iallicans were enraged. The Arch-
bishop of Rouen vainly opposed, and tin; parlia-
ments of Kouen and of Paris vainly protested.
The pajial Jiarty prevailed. Tlu; king, or rather
Maxarin, gave his eonsiriit, subject to certain con-
ditions, iIh! chief of whicli wasan oath of allegian(;e;
and Laval, grand Vicar Apostoiii:, decorated with
the titb) of IJishop of Petraia, sailed lor his wibler-
ness diocese in the spring of lii.V.l. lie was l)ut
thirty-six years of ag(!, but even when a boy he
could scarcely have scemeil yoinig. <,)ucylus, for
u time, seemed to accept the situation, and tacitly
admit tlie claim of Laval as his ecch^siaslical sui)cr-
ioi' ; but, stiniulat(!il by a lettisr from the Arch-
liishop of Rouen, he soon threw himself into an
attitude of opposition, in which the popularity
wlii(th his generosity to the poor had won lor liim
ga\c him an ail vantage! ('ver annoying to his adver-
sary. The (puiirel, it will Ixtsccn, was three-sided,
— ( iallii:an against I llraiMontane, Siiipit Ian against,
.Fesuit, Montreal against (Quebec. To Montreal
tiie recalcitrant Abb(^, after a brief visit tn (Quebec,
had again retired ; but evi'u here, girt, with his
Sulpitian brethren and compassed with partisans,
the arm of the vicar apostolic was long enough to
reach him. l?y temperament and conviction Laval
hated a divided authority, and the very shadow of
a schism was an abomination in his sight. The
young king, who, though abundantly jealous of
his i(jyal power, was forced to conciliate the papal
l)arly, had sent instructions to D'Argenson, thegov-
ernor, to support Laval, and prevent divisions in
tin; ('anadian eliureh. These instructiiuis served
as the jiretext of a procedure sullicienl ly suinuiary.
A S([uad of soldiers, commanded, it is said, by the
CioviMiior himself, went up to Montreal, brought
the indignant t^ueyliis to tjucbcc, ami shipped him
thence for France. \iy these means, \\ rites Father
Lalcuiant, order reigned l'(U- a season in the church.
It was but for a seasoii. (^ueylus was not a man
to bide his dci'cat in lran([uil]ily, nor wcrc^ his
brother Sul|iitians disposed to silent ai'c|uie.>^cenee.
Laval, on his part, was not a man of half mcasuri'S.
He had an agent in (''ranee, and partisans strong at
court. Fearing, to biu'row the words of a Catholic
writer, that the return of (^ucylus to Canada would
[irove " injurious to the glory of (io(l,"" he bestirred
himself to pri^vcnt i*. The young king, then at
Aix, on his fanions journey to the frontii'rs of
Spain to marry the Infanta, was induced to write
to (iucylns, ordeiing him to remain in I'lance.
(^ueylus, however, repaired to Rome; but even
against this movement jirovision had been made :
accusations of Jansenism had gonebclore him, and
he met a cold W(dcome. Ntiverthelcss. as hi- had
powerful friends near the Po[ic, he succeeded in
removing these adv(U'se impressions, and even in
obtaining certain bulls relating to the establish-
ment of tin; parish of .Montreal, and ra\or;ili!e to
the Sulpilians. Provided with these, he set at
nought the king's letter, embarked under an as-
sumed name ami sailcil t(i (Quebec, w here he made
his apiii'arant'c on ihe Ihtl of August, ItKil, to the
extreme wrath of Laval. A ferment ensued.
Laval's partisans charged the Sulpilians with Jan-
senism and o|ipositicMi to the w ill of the P '\>r, \
preacher miu'c /ealous than the rest denouiu'cd
them as ])riests of Anliehrist ; and as (o the bulls
in their favor, it was alliriucd that (^)ueylns had
obtained them by fraud from the Holy l'"ather.
Laval nt luiec i.ssued a mMidate I'orliidding him to
proceed lo Mcmtrcal till ships >lioMld arrive with
instructions from the King. At the wn.ie lime he
1> imitisiins,
J i'iii)\ii;h to
ii'tioii Liival
y sliiuldw of
siglit. Tlif
y jealous ot"
tc tlie pa pill
soil, tlu'gov-
(livisions in
tioiis st'i'vcd
ly siiiiunarv.
said, 1)V tilt!
I'al, liroiiLjlit
shipjicil liiiii
iiili's I'^atlitT
1 tli(^ clmicli.
^ iiol a man
ir wt'ii! Ills
(•(|lli('Sl'l'lH'l'.
lit' measures.
ins slt'oni;' at
pf a Catliolii;
aiiada would
lie liesi iireil
iiii,% then at
IVontiei's of
;'d to write
in l''raiiee.
lull even
•en made :
lie liiiii, and
as lie had
■eeeded in
lid even in
estalilisli-
avDiidile to
lie set at,
der an as-
'I'e he made
IlKII, to the
lit ensued.
with .lan-
I'lpe. A
denounced
the hulls
ueyliis hail
liv l'"atlier.
iii'.f him to
anive willi
iiuj time ho
{^ONFI.K^rS BlVrWEKN CIUTRCH .VND STATK
demanded of the LTovonior tliat he should iiiteipos
the civil power to prevent CJueylus from leaviu
(.)
.\s DA
rirensiui, w
ho wished to aet as
peaeemaUer lietw<'en the bellitjereiit fathers, dii
not at (uiee take the sharp measures retiuired of
him, I. aval renewed his demand on the next day,
eallinn' on him, in the name of (Jod ami the Uiiijj,
to eoiii|)el tjiieyliis to yield the ohedieiiee due to
him, the viear apostidie. .\t the same time he sent I
another to the olleiiding .Milii', tlireateiiiuq; to ^
suspend iiim from priestly fiinetioiis if he persisted
in his reliellioii. The iiieoriiLrihle t^iieylus, who j
si-ems til have lived (or some mouths in a siiiiiiier ,
of iM)ntiniial indignation, set at noiij^ht the viear j
apostolie as he had set at noiit;ht the Uiuij;, took a
hoa. that very nij;ht and set out for .Montreal
undercover of darkness. (!reat was tin- ire of
Laval wlu'ii he heanl the news in tlie moriiiui;'. ij
lie despatched a letter al'icr him, declariiiy; him |
suspended i/itid/iiftii, if he did not instantly return
and make his suhmission. This leilcr, like the
rest, failed of t lie dcsireil elVect ; lint the !j;overnor,
who liad rcecivcil a second iiiandale from the kiui;
to siippiut I, aval and prevent a sehisni. now relnc-
taully interposed the secular arm. and t^neyliis
was a^ain eompellcd to relnru to l''rance. tjuev-
liis' removal was, in t'aci, a defeat of tln^ Sulpitians.
Laval hail a slioil time previous, taken steps to
(Uiish what he re<;arile<I as a step towards iiide-
peiideiiee at Montreal, lie had named for the
fniiclion of cure the one least disoliedient anioiii;
them, anil it was in relation to this very eiiracv
that *^)iic\liis had olitained the I'ujjs tVom IJiuue.
'This, ill no small dcuree, distiirlicd the mind of the
■>iear aposlolie and he wrote to the I'ope in regard
thereto as follows: "1 pray your holiness to let me
know your will coneerniiij; the jurisdictiiui of the
Archliishop of Uoiicn. ^\. I'.Milie de (Jiieyliis, w ho
has come out this year as vicar of this archliishop,
has tried to deceive lis liy surreptitious letters,
iliid has olieyeil neither our prayers nor our re-
pealed coininands to desist. i?ut he has recei\eil
orders from the kiiii;- to return iniiiiediatel\ to
I'laiice, to rendi'i' an aeeiuint of his disoliedieiiee.
and he has lieeii conipi'llcd hy the governor to
conlorin to the will of his Majesty. What 1 now
fear is I hat, on his return to i'Vance, liy iisiiu;- e\ ei\
kind of means, cmployiii);- new arliliccs, and falsely
leproeiitiiiLC tuir alVairs, lie may ohtain from the
coiiil of Kome powers which may distiiili the
peace of our church ; for the priests wh;MU lit
hrouiiht with him from France, and who live in
Montreal, are animated with tin
same spirit of
disohediencc and division ; and I fear, with Ljood
reason, that all l)elou<:;iiii;- to the seminary of St.
Stilpice, who may come hereafter to join them,
will he v)( the same disposition. If what -s said is
true, that hy means of fraudulent letters t!;e ri;4ht
of liatronayc of the pretended parish of Montreal
has heen t^ranted (o the superior of this seminary,
and the rii;lit of appointnu'iit to the .Vrelihishop of
Iktuien, then is altar reared aijainst altar in our
Church of Canada; f<n-(lic clerL;y of Montreal will
always staml in opposition to me, the vii'ar apo.s-
(olie, and to my successors." — I'itrkman. Hap-
pily, however, the olmoxious hulls were annulled,
and the .Vrelihishop of IJoueii renounced his
claims, where upon Cjiieyliis found himself with-
out support. Some time after, when l.aval was
(Ml a visit to {''raiu'c, he and (^iicyliis w; re recoii-
I'ilcd to each other, ami the latter returned to
Canada as a missionary. 'i'hiis the victory of
l.aval and the Jesuits was complete.
;!. — Milt no sooner had the didiciilly hctween
I, aval and l^)iicyliis heen settled, and even liet'ore
that liaiipv event took place, a more
. ' 1 , , . I'illi.llllt.s W
serious IriHilile, perliajis, was spriiiL;- ih.m'h i.:i\:ii ami
iiil;' up lielween tlie tormer and the
(iovernor. Much has heen written lor and auaiiist
this \'icar .Vjiostolic, hut we must at lea?.t i^ive
him credit for sincerity. lie tinnly helieved
that the |ninces and rulers of this world oii^lit to
he sulijecl to the I'ope. Mill he himself was the
Pope's N'icar. and, so far as Canada w as concerned,
he was, to all intents and juirpox's, the N'icar of
Jesus Christ, lie di'cmcd it his duty to hrim;- all
the jiowers of the colony under sulijuv;atiou to his
will, lie was of a thuuiiieeiiiii;; dis]iosition. which
caused him many a s(M'e conllict. 'i'lie coloiiv was
now r.ipidly approaehiiit,' a ehaujic Hitherto
priestly intluence had swayed all hefore il . i'he
Jesuits had ruled the colony not oulv spiiiiuallv
hut leiii|«uarily as well, i'he ijovei nors were hut
lillle iiioie than executive ollicers iiiidei ilirei'tion
of till' priests. Hut Canada was now rapidlv
ihidwiiii;- olV the i;arh of a missionaiy or iradinn'
station, and takiiii;' on thcdios and fnnciiousof
a colony. Ci\il !;iiverniiieul was fast asscrliiiji;
it.-^clfon the hiMiks of the St. i.awii'iice, and sooii
the power of the priest was to sull'er a decline.
I
f
I/!
128
TUTTLF/S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Laval saw tho ajiproachiiig storm, and ho siini-
moiied all his strcntfth to meet the tempest. His
()]ip()n('iit was iioiM! otiicr tliaii the statesman Col-
bert, who, althoiif^h in I'lanee. was l)e,<ifinnini^ to
make himself felt in Canada. As we have already
seen, D' A I'L^enson was tjovcrnoi' wlien Laval arrived.
The former was an earnest Catliolie, hnt he owed
some duties to his kin<^ as well as to the priest ;
and in exereisiiiif these, as well as in assertini:^ his
self-respeet, li(! elieitcd the hitterest antagonism of
the Viear Apostolie. Thev first fell into an open
quarrel toueliiug the relative ])ositions of tiieir
suats in ehureh — a question which caused much
trouble between Laval and several of the succes-
sive governors. This lime tiic ease was referred
to the ex-(iovernor. D'Ailleboust, by whose arbitra-
tion a temnoi-ary settlement took place. " A few
weeks ; on the fete of Saint Francis Xavier,
when tin; .Jesuits were aeenstomed to ask the dig-
nitaries of tht! colouy to dine in their refectory
after mass, a fresh difficulty arose — should the
goveriu)r or the i)ishop have the higher seat at
table? The (piestiou ddifd solution; so the fa-
thers invited neither of them. Again, on C^hrist-
mas, at the midnight n;ass. tlic deacon offered in-
cense to the bishop, and tl en, in obedience to an
ord(>r from him, sent a subordinate; to offer it to
the governor, instead of offering it himself. Laval
fui'ther insisted that the priests of the elioir should
receive incense before the governor received it."
D'Argensou resisted, and, of course, fresh grounds
for quarrel were afforded. I'p to this time it was
customary for the (lovernor to hold the oflice of
church warden I'x-nffinin, which was considered an
ailditiou to his honors. Now, Laval deelaretl that
D'Argenson should hold the position no longer.
Soon after, the (lovcimu' attended a meeting of
the wardens, anil being informed that he had been
dismissed, he resisted the j)ower of the bishop,
and another ipnirrel followed, in which the vicar
apostolic is represented as having lost his temper.
On the occasion of "solemn catechism," the bishop
insisted that he should be saluted before the (Jov-
ernor. D'Argenson, being informed of this ecclesi-
astical order, rcjfused to attend, wheretipon a com-
promise was hail in the contrivance that, when the
rival dignitaries entered, tiie children should be
80 deeply engaged in some exercise as not to notice
either. However, a cou]ile of boys, probably set on
by their parents, saluted the Covernoi' first. On the
following day they were whipped for this breach
of orders. Hut there were other troubles still.
Laval jironounced a sentence against a heretic to
which the Governor took exception, and a dead
lock was the consequence; therefore, when Palm
Sunday came, there could be no j)roeessii)n and
lu) distribution of branches, because 'he governor
and the bishop were disagreed concerning their
relative positions. "On the day of the Fete Dieu,
however, there was a grand jjrocession, which
sto])ped from time to timi; at temporary altars, or
ri'pondirx, placed at intervals along its course. One
of these was in the fort, where tiie soldiers were
drawn up, waiting the arrival of tiie jjrocession.
Laval demanded that they should take olT their
hats. D'Argenson assented, and the soldiers stood
uncovered. Laval now insisted that they should
kneel. The (rovernor rei)lie(l that it was their
duty as soldiers to stand ; whereupon the bishop
refused to stop at the altar, and ordered the pro-
cession to move on." — I'urkman. Such disputes
as these continued, and although they may appear
to some as trivial, they were by no means so; for
the question as to whether the bishop or tho gov-
(U'lior should take the highest seat on any occa-
sion was simply a jiolitical quarrel, for it ])resenteil
the position of church and state in their reJatious
to government.
4. — In the midst of these difTiciiltios, l)othof the
aggrieved parties had recourse to the sovereign pow-
er in France for redress. D'Argcn- ,„,..,, „,„, j,,,
son drew up a memorial, addressing ',',',''','i'".''','-(,u't'ot'
the Council of State, asking for in- ''''■'""■''•
struct ions when and how a governor. — the repre-
sentative of a king, — ought to receive hol\' incense,
lioly water and eonseerated bread ; whether the
said bread sliould be offered him accomjianied by
the sound of drum and fife ; what should be the
position of his seat at church, and what place he
should occuiiy in various religious ceremonies;
whether in feasts, assemblies, ceremonies, and coun-
cils, of a piirrh/ civil character, he or the bishop was
to hold the first place ; and, finall3% if the bishop
could cxeonnuunicate the inhabitants or others
for acts of a ci\il and political character, when the
said acts weri; jironounced lawful by the governoi".
A reply to this memorial denied the bisho[) the
power of exconun'inication in civil nuitters; as-
signed to him the second place in meetings ami
ceremonies of a civil character, but is silent on all
"or liiis lii'pacl)
troubles still.
ist a lieix'tic lo
in, and a (load
re, when Palm
)r()cession and
e Mu! governor
ncerninjT tlieir
the F'cte Dieu,
'cssinn. which
)iii!y altai's, or
ts course. One
soldiers were
he jirocession.
take off their
! soldiers stood
it they should
b it was their
on the bishop
dered the pro-
Snch disputes
ey may ajipear
means so ; for
^[> or the gov-
on any occa-
"or it presented
their relations
es, Imthof the
■iovereign pow-
I.nv.'il nml lils
f 0|i|ioiitMif. uppcnl
■ ti) the Court of
France.
)r, — the repre-
2 holy incense,
whether the
conipaiiied by
should he tiio
kvhat ])laee he
ceremonies ;
ues, and eoun-
lie bishop was
if the bisliop
its or others
!ter, when the
the governor,
le bishop the
I matters ; ns-
meetings and
s silent on all
i
lb! i
^ 'Si
'■ ^i
1 Nt.lMVi II t <('«:--■ iV 1,1k' HjIIiJ '.HiMiiWV III lilt lillMiNHIN liMiNU Hull HAI'Mif, ■ I I '-Hi'
IMI i<lit;i .VNIi '?> MJAiMI'. 1 i'''t' LJMt "
n
i
i ■ ;l
11 ^1
t!'-
m
w
CONFLICTS BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE.
129
other pdiiits. >r.'iin\vliilo. tlio liislinp .ippealed to
tlic aiitlioiitics iilso. I In wrote to tlio ;Lroveriior's
bnithcr. ii counsellor of state and a firm friend of
the Jesuits— •> Your lirotlier," he says, "received
me on my arriviil with extraordinary kindness;"
but he proceeded to state that the t;overnor had
entertained a groundless distrust of the Jesuits,
and that he had given him, in private, a candid
warning, which ought to have done good, but
which the governor had taken amiss." The gov-
ernor himself wrote to the same brother at the
same time in this manner : " The Bisliop of Petraia
is so stiff in opinion, and so o*'ten transjiorted by
liis zeal beyond the rights of his position, that he
makes no ditlieulty in encroaching on the func-
tions of others; and this with so much heat tiiat
he will listen to nobody. A few days ago he car-
ried off a servant girl of one of the inhatntants
here, and jdaced her, by his own authority, in the
Ursuliue convent, on the sole pi'etext that he
wanted to have her instructed; tluis depriving
her master of her services, tliough ho had been at
great expense in bringin;- her from France. This
inhabitant is M. Denis, who, not knowing wlio
liad carried her off, came to me with a petition to
get her out of the convent. I kept the petition
three days without answering it, to prevent the
affair from being noised abroad. The levcrend
Father Lalemant, with whom I communi ted on
the subject, and who greatly blamed thi Bishop
of Petrtca, did all in his power to have''' rl
given up quietly, but without the least si so
that I was forced to answer the petition, .m
niit M. Denis to take his servant wherever he
should find her ; and, if I had not used means to
bring about an accommodation, and if JF. Denis,
on the refusiU which was made him to give her
up, had brought the matter into court, I shoidd
have been compelled to take measures which
would have caused great scandal ; and all from
the self-will of the Bishop of Pctrtca, who says
that a hisJiop can do what he likes, and threatens
nothing but excommunication." We might con-
tinue our narrative of special differences between
Laval and D'Argenson to almost any length, but
it will be necessarj- to draw this matter to a close.
5. — This life of conflict between tlie religious
and civil authority, so characteristic
Coufllrti between « , . i ■ • , ', •
the reiigiouB and 01 lus admuiistration, was in sorry
I'lvll powers. ii.ii' i- t ii
contrast to his reception by the
pious fathers on his arrival to take charge of the
affairs of the government. On that occasion the
Jesuits asked him to dine; then followed vespers,
after which they conducted him into a liall, where
the boys of their school, dressed uj), one as tlie
Genius of New France, one as the (lenius of the
forest, and others as Indians, made him s[)eeehes
by turn in prose or verse. These performances
were not without interest. " First. Pierre dii
Quet, who played the Genius of New France, pre-
senting his Indian retinue to the (Jovernor, in a
complimentary harangue. Then four other boys,
personating French colonists, made him four flat-
tering addresses, in French verse. Charles Denis,
dressed as a Huron, followed, bewailing the ruin
of his people, and appealing to D'Argenson for aid.
Joan Francois Bour(h)ii, in the character of an
Algonquin, next advanced on the platform, boasted
his courage, and declared that he was ashamed to
cry like the Huron. The Genius of the Forest
now appeared, with a retinue of wild Indians from
the interior, who, being unable to speak French,
addressed the Governor in their native tongues,
which the Genius proceeded to interpret. Two
other boys, in the character of prisoners just
escaped from the Irotjuois, then came forward,
imploring aid in piteous accents; and, in conclu-
sion, the whole troop of Indians, from far and
near, laid their bows and arrows at tiu' feet of
D'Argenson, and hailed him as their chief." But
this ovation was not an ap[>ropriate introduction
to the discoril that followed. Aside from his
troubles with Laval, the independent spirit of
Montreal gave him groat uneasiness. In speaking
of this difficulty he said: "Besides wanting to be
independent, the Montrealists want to monopolize
the fur trade, which he said, if the King did not
interfere, would cause civil war." Surrounded
with so many troubles it is no wonder that he
wrote, "I am resolved to stay here no longer, but
to go home next year. My horror of di.ssension,
and the manifest certainty of becoming involved
in disputes with certain persons with whom I am
unwilling to quarrel, oblige me to anticipate these
troubles, and seek some way of living in peace.
These excessive fatigues are far too much for my
strength. I am writing to Monsieur the President,
and to the gentlemen of the Company of New
France, to choose some other man for this govern-
ment." And again, " If you take any interest in
!!;
M
i
1
i' :,;
I'll
h.
l:?0
TUTTLE'S HISTOIIY OK THE DOMINION OF CANADV.
Iliis ciiinitiv, sec tliiit tlio ])ors(in eliDsni to (•oni-
iii;iii(l lit'ic li;is, hi'sidcs tlu? triic iiicly iicci'SSiiiT to
a ("liristiiiii in cvciy coiKlitiiiii nt" life, grciit firiu-
iiess (if ciiiiracttT atnl stroiiL; liddily lifallli."
Wlieii tlio (Invfiiior was n'licvcil, Imth Ik^ and
Laval fi'lt easier. !?iil (lie lattt r was U> liave new
battles to fiLjliI with llie new ( Jovei'nor. D'Avan-
gour had a dislii<e fur tlie Vicar from tlie first,
nevertlieh'ss lie wisiied to lie on ij;ood terms witli
the Jesnits, and placed smne of tiiem on llu" eonn-
eil, lint in liis attem|il to inaiie a hreacii hetween
Lava! iind the jnicsls, he failed utterly. He dis-
solved the council and a]>]iointe(l a new one. The
trouhle was fairly inaui^urated. C'liur(di and State
were once more clamorinij; for siiproniaey one ovit
tile other in ("annda. 'I'lie ijuestion at issue on
this occasion was one amoii!^ {[\(\ many dinienlties
hetween AiLjcnson and tile N'ieai', and it continued
for many years after, as we shall see, to distnrli
tile peace of tlie colony. It was tilt! teminiranee
(inestion, and |)arliciilarly witii reference to tiio
Indians. 'Iheir appetite for l)iaiidy iiad already
caused many disorders. " Tiiey dranlc expressly
to fj;et dniniv, and wiien drunk (iiey wiue like wild
heasts. CriiiK! and violence of ail s(U'ls ensued ;
tiie priests saw tiieir tcaeiiintfs (U'spised and their
flocks ruined. On tiie otiier iiand, tiie sale of
liraiidy was a chief source of profit, <lire(;t or indi-
rect, to all tiiose interested in tiie fur trad(>, in-
cludinu; tiie ])riiieipai persons of tim colony. In
DWrifcnson's time, Laval launciied an excominuni-
catiiMi aijainst tiiose enyan'cd in tiie aliiiorred
trallic ; for nolhin^i; less tiian total proiiiiiition
would (iontent tiie clerical parly, and liesides tiie
spirit ual penalty, they demanded tiie piinisiunent
of dealii a.t;ainst the contumaeioiis olVender.
Deatii, in fact, was decreecl. Such was tiie pos-
ture of aH'iirswlien D'Avaiii^oiir arrived ; and, wiii-
int^ as lie was to conciliate tiic Jesuits, lie permit-
ted the di creo tii take el1'e(!t, altiiougii, it seems,
witii <i;rcat rc]>u^nan(!e. \ few weeks after his
arrival, two men were siiot and one wiiipped for
seiiiiiL; liiaiidy to Indians. An extreme tlioiii>'li
partially su]ipi'cssed exiateiiieiit sinxdv tlie entire
settlement, for most of tiie colonists were, in luic
(|,iu|(.(. Of anotlier, implicated in tiu; olVence tiiiis
punished. An ex|)iosioii soon followed; and tiie
occasion of it was tiie iiiimanity or good nature of
tiie Jesuit Laiemaiit." — l'arkm<in. Soon alter a
woman liad lieeii senteiii'cd to imprisonment for
the same offence, and oiieof the juicsts visited the
( Joveriior and solicited her pardon. I'lie (iovernor
liecame w rotii, anil answered I lie father, "' You and
your iiretiircn were tiie (Irst to cry out against the
trade, and now you want to save tin! traders from
punishment. I will no longer lie tiie sportof your
contradictions. Since it is not a crime for tiiis
woman it siiali not. Ix* a crime for aiiylmdy."
D'Avaugoiir stood lirmly liy tiiis declanvtioii, and
from iienccforth tliere was full iiceiisi! to si'll
iiipior. Tliis soon produced a sorrowful condition
of society. Tiie ungodly drank to sjiite tiie
priests, and tlie Indians who iiad given soiih; (ivi-
deiices of ( 'iii'istianity were soon victims to tlieir
passion for strong drink. Laval was distrai^ted
witii grief and anger. He poured foitii his fiery
indignation from the pulpit, and launelied excoiii-
munieations against the ofl'eiiders, iiut such was
tiie popular fceiing tiiat lie was compelled to revoke
tiiem. riu! N'icar could liear it no longer, and
sailed to Eiance, to urge tlic removal of the (iov-
ernor. It was (luring Laval's ahsence tiiat the
eartlKiuake and otinn- wonderful jilienomeiii". is
said liy the priests to liave occurred, as a manifesta-
tion of tiie wratii of (Jod against tiu! guilty peo-
ple. 'I'iie Vicar was sui^eessful in iiis mission, not
only in so far as tiie (iov(Miior's recall made it a
success — as D'Avaugour was siimnioned iiome —
lint in a wider stMisi;, as we siiall see.
ti. — Some time previous to Laval's departure for
France the Company of One Hun- t,,., ,h,„„.,„ of i,«-
(ired Associates, iiaving failed to v.|i,-ii">"it!"v«rn-
receive tlie annual stipulated num-
ber of bear skins from tiu; iniialiitants wiiicli had
been jiroiiiised wiien tiie peltry traffic was yielded
to them, sent out to the colony an agent — IN'-ronnc
Dumesnil — invested with powers of Coiitroller-
(icnerai, Intendant, anil Supreme Jiidgi?, to enqiiire
into tiie state of afTairs, and to ent'orce compiiamie
witii the contract biitween the colony and the
Associates. His o[)erations created griiat distnrh-
iiinei!, wiiicii gave tiie Vicar anotlier cause for
grief, and it was a jiartof Laval's mission at court
to restore tin' tnuKpiiility wdiicii niimesnirs actions
iiad distiirlied. His success was comjilett!. Not
only did he procure tiie removal of D'Avaugour, but
lie was askt'd to name ids siicc'cssor. Nor was this
all, for lie succeeded in working a complete ciiange
in the goviM'iiment of the colony. The AssiKiiatcs
were called upon to resign tiu^ir claims; and by a
r'
kisitcd the
' (iovtniinr
" You anil
isjiiiiist the
ulers from
)it of your
n for tliis
aiiyl)o(ly."
iitioii, and
se to sell
I condition
spite tlie
some evi-
ls to their
distracted
111 Ills fiery
ed exeom-
sncli was
1 to revoke
) lister, and
f the Gov-
3 tliat the
nonu'iia is
manifesta-
];iiilly peo-
issioii, not
made it a
d lionx! —
)artiire for
riuniph of I,ft-
tuyiii gnv«rn-
iii( h had
is yiehU'd
— IN'ronne
ontroUer-
eiKjuire
jinplianiie
and tiie
it disturh-
cause for
1 at court
s actions
ete. Not
ii;our, hut
r was tiiis
te change
Vssotiialcs
and liy a
MKZYS GOVKllNMKNT— cmUCH AND STATE.
l;'.i
royal edict, (hitci! April, I(!t!l5, all jiowcr, Ici^islativi
ndicial anil executive, was vested in a con
neil.
composed of tiie (iovcinor, whom I. aval had
)f L
iiiseif, and of live Conncillor.-
cliosen,
an .\tturiiey-( Jeiicial, and a secretary, to lie .'hoscn
hy Laval and liu^ (iovcrnor jointly. l5rin;^inLj
with them Itlank eoiiiniissions to he lillcil with tiic
names of the new fiinclionarii's, Laval and his
(Joveriior sailed for Canada, where tiiey landed at
Qiiohec on the l.'>tii of Sc[iti'ml»cr, 1(1(1;!.
ciiAPTKu xxr.
.Mi:ZYS (iOVKUXMKNT.-ClIinU'lI AM)
srATK.
1. — KST.\I!I,1S1IMKNT Ol' .V l{()V.\L ( JoVKHNMKN P.
— 2. I'ltovisioNs 111' riiK 1{()V.\(, (i()vi:i;N-
MKNT. — ;5. I'ltKcrioN (IK TIIK Col NCII,. J.
l)i.s(ii:.\('Ki.-ii. Ai'i'.Mit iii;r\VEi;\ rm: Coin-
(•II, AM) DrMKSNII,. i"). PkIISKC.- riliN OK
DlMKSNII,. Mis KSCAI'K. (1. VOMINISTKA-
TioN OK Mi:zv. — 7. Mi.zv vs. Lavai,.
t. — The killer of l''iance havim;' licen liesieged
from all (iiiarleis with in'titions, memorials, remon-
strances, etc., coiieeriiiiii;' the iiii-
l'XiiMif*lini»'n' »if
H ){u,\:il lliiVlM-l'
nu'iit", A. i», i)ii;;t.
.1 ii...M.i (i,.viin. h:ip|)y condition of Canada, and
lieiiii; ]Monipted thereto liy the iir-
,H-ent policy of the N'icar .Apostolic, resolved to re-
voke the charier of the One Hundred Associates
entirely, and take the colony into immediate con-
nexion with lh(\ crown. Tiiis meant nothiiiL,' less
than the eslahlishinent in Cana<la of a royal gov-
ernment, iiiider the control of a supreme council,
similar to the [larlianieiit of I'aris. Hitherto,
with the exception of a trihunal liavint; jurisdic-
tion only over trivial case;, no court of law or
eipiity existed in Canada, and the governors exer-
cised authority in all matters according to their
pleasure; hut provisimi was now to he made for
the regular administration of justice, in aceordanci"
with the laws of Krance, and a sovereign council,
or c(Uirl of appeal, created. The demands made
upon the .Vssociati's Iiy Ihc king were readilv as-
sented to, siiiei! the fur trade no longer presenlcd
siiirK'ieiil attractions to hold thcin to Canada; he-
sides, they had failed to perform more than half
their ohligatimis to tlie crown in helialf id" the
colony. As soon as the trnnsfc- was completed,
and the lux-cssary arrangemei: - u- the esialilish-
iiicnt of the new order of things completed, a new
governor, of the vicar's choosing, was appointed.
'I'his was M. de Mozy, ex-major of the citadel ot
Caen, in Normandy. His respoiisiliilities wen;
unlike iiis predecessor's, liiliiertoihe ( iovcrnor, al-
thiuigh, in his military eapaeitv , a king's ollieer, was
: virtually the head agent of ihi' .\ssociates in the
colony, and appointed liy the king on llnir nomi-
nation. The indomilalilc l.a\al. ha\iiig now fully
accomplished his project at the l''reiuli eoiill, set
iiut on his reluru to Canada, accompanied hy the
giiveliior of his ciMiiec, together with M. dc (iail-
dais, w ho came out as the king's commissioner lo
lake posscs>ion of the colony, and to icport on its
general condition. Tlu' (io\i'iiior also liioiight
with him four hundred troops and one hundred
families of eiiiigianls, with cat lie. horsi's and every
descii|ition of agiiculi iiral ini|ilcnicnts. As the
(Joveriior was indclileil to the liishop for his jiost,
the .lesnils supposed that he would he pretty fully
iindii' their control, and that they would virtually
govi'in the colony ; hut. as we shall sec, they soon
discovered their mistake.
•J. — No sooner had the N'icar Apostolic and his
host arrived at t^nelicc in Septeiiilier. liiii:'i, than
I he coninieiice(I. ioiiith with the (i<iv-
1 i !• ' ■ • 1 '■'"' l'r"^i>'i"»■' of
crnor, the wurU ot oigani/iiig ilie tiu- i.nni goMTn-
i I ' I ' I 1 1 I ,' I i"''"i.
I government, which included the lol-
lowiiig provisions: (^1) a sovereign (supreme)
eouiii'il, eonsisliug, in the lirst place, of tlie gov-
ernor, liishop and royal iutendant, with live c<iiin-
eillors, altorney-geiicral and secretary. (•_') The
governor, lepii'seiiting the king, to have ahsolute
control of the military force; to have special
charge of the external relations of the colony, and
to he thi> recognized organ of I'oinmiinication he-
tweeii the colony anil the iiareiit state. (:'>) The
liishop, as head of thi' Chnrcli, to govern in all
mat lets spiritual and t'cclcsiastical. (I) The royal
inteudant to he charged with the regulation and
conduct of afl'airs aiipcrtaining to tiiiaucc. police
and justice, (."i) The five councillors, to he chosen
annually, or \o he conlinued in olliei' as might
seem liest to I lie governor and liishop, to sec that
the oriiinances of tin; snprenie council were dulv
execu
led.
am
I t.
act
ud..
in jietly cau>
((!) The supreme eoniicil. in ils collecli\t' capa-
city, to have control ovir all alVairs and piusons
m
p
1
1
1 f
f
!
i
1
^
i
1
1 '> 1
'
t
■
1
) .<
il
132
TUTTLES IIIS'J'OliY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
in the colony, and especially to be the highest law
tribunal and a court of a[)peal ; but the execution
of its decisions and measures to rest with the offi-
cers to whose departments they might refer. The
supreme council had the disposal of the revenue
of the colony. " It is remarkable that while the
council was invested with sovereign authority in
many respects, yet, in regard to the important
matter of taxation, it liad no power to levy imposts
except by the express permission of the king, who
reserved this privilege in his own luuids. Nor did
the new arrangements comprise any provision en-
abling the i)eople lo exercise a direct influence
over the proceedings of the council or of its three
chief officials. In all its enactments relative to
the administration of justice, the council was
bound to keep in view the laws, custom^ and pro-
cedure established in the kingdom of France, and,
as heretoftu'c, no perscnis professing oi)iMion8 hos-
tile to tlie established religion of the kingdom were
to be tolerated in the colon}". The supreme coun-
cil, constituted as has been described, was vir-
tually a triumvirate of the chief funotioiuiiioj —
for all real power was lodged i'l the hands of the
governin-, bishop and intendant. It will be seen
that these three officials figured conspicuously in
tlie annals of Canada during a century up to the
period when it ceased to be a French colony. M.
de M6zy and M. Laval, when the council was first
established, filled two of those high offices, but
the first Royal Intendant never made his appear-
ance at Quebec." — Miles. We shall see that the
relations of tiie Governor, IJishop and Intendant
w<:ie not so clearly defined as to prevent misun-
derstandings of a grave nature.
•\. — Tlie new government was initiated with due
{(!,y„V;'".v;., ,',',',;;.,,.. i^'ilt^nmily. ^l- (iamlais, the Royal
-itiii.V'' "'"""""' Commissioner, took formal posses-
sion of the country in the king's inune, administered
the oath o! allegiance to the inhabitants, and
established the procedure of courts of judicature;
aft( r which he returned to France to report the
condition of the colony. In the construction of
th(! government, the liishoi) hail every advantage
over the (loveriior. The latter knew no one in tlu'
colony, and was l)y this completely under Laval's
influence. Tlii! nominations were therefori; viitii-
i;!ly the wiu'k of Laval, in whose hands, rather
than ill those of the (Jlovernor, the blank com-
missions had been placed, 'i'hus the vicar had
reached, for the time being, the point he liad
worked so ha"d to gain : the complete control of
the government, — and now the Church was mis-
tress of the State in Canada. But this was not to
continue without conflicts. Laval formed the
new Council as follows : — Jean Hourdon, for attor-
ney-general ; Juchereau de la Ferte, Ruette d'Au-
teuil, Le Gardeur de Tilly, and Matthieu Dainours,
for councillors; and Feuvret de Mesnu, for secre-
tary. Meanwhile, Dumesnil, the agent of the now
defunct Company of Associates, already referred
to as creating disturbances in the colony before
Laval's visit to Fiance, was no idle spectator to
these movements. He laid his statements before
the Royal Commissioner, but that functionary
promptly rejected them.
4. — The councillors appointed by Laval were
unlearned men. Tlie Royal Commissioner before
referred to, in defending them from nisKracefuiaiTair
, , , liotweeii Uio ('i)uncil
grave charges, tleclaros tinit they ami i>umu8iiii.
were "unlettered, of little experience, and nearly
all unable to deal with affairs of importance." This
condition of the council could scarcely have been
avoided under the circunii Lances, as, aside from
the priests, educat'.tn was unknown in the colony.
Rut jraver charges than mere incomi)eteiicy were
justly laid at the doors of these oflicials, who were
the tools of the Vicar, who, although excusal)le
for calling unU'arned men into the government,
must be censured for making men charged with
crime prosecutors and judges of their own oft'euces.
Dumesnil charges the Vicar, and not without some
foundation, with making the council expressly to
shield the accused. 'I'ho two j)ersons under the
heaviest charges preferred by Dumesnil, received
the two most important aiipointmcnts: Rourdon,
attorney-general, and Villera}", keeper of the sealt*.
Parkman writes of Laval's council and their dis-
graceful difficulties with Dumesnil, as follows: —
" ].,a Ferte was also one of the accused. Of Ville-
ray, the Governor, D'Argenson, had written in
lOiV.t : ' Some of his qualities are good enougli, but
confidence cannot be placed in him, on account ot
his instal)ility.' In (Ik- same year lit; had been or-
dered to France, ' to purge himself of sundry crimes
wherewith he stands charged." Ho was not yet free
of suspicion, having returned to Canada under an
order to make up and render his accounts, which
he had not yet done. Dumesnil says that he flrst
came to the colony in lOol, as valet of the gover-
I ii
MHZVS (iOVl RN.MHNT— CIIUUCII AND STATE.
133
IK)]-, Laiizon, who had taken liiin from tlic! j.iil at
liouliiilk", wliere lu- was imprisoned lor a debt of
seventy-one fraics, 'as appears by the record of
the jail, of date July eleventh in that year.' From
this modest beginninij^ he became in time the rich-
est man in Canada. He was stronij in orthoiloxy,
and an ardent supporter of .e IJishop and the
Jesuits. He is aUernatel_\ jiraised and blamed,
according to the partisan leanings of the writer.
Hourdon, tlKUigh of humble origin, was ix'rhups
the most i'ltelligenf man in Ihc council. He was
ehiclly known as an engineer, but he had also been
a baker, a painter, a syndic of the iidiabilants,
chief gunner at the fort, and collector of customs
for the company. \\'hcllu;r guilty of embezzle-
ment or nol, he was a zealous devotee, and W(Mdd
probably have died for his creed. J^ikc Villciay,
he was one of Laval's slaunchest suppoiter.s, while
the rest of the conncii were also sound in doctiine
and sure in allegiance. In virtue of their new
dignity, the accused now claimed exemption from
accountability ; but this was not all. 'i'he aban-
donment of Canada by the company, in leaving
Dumesnil without siijii)ort, and dejjriving him of
official character, had made his cliargcs far less
dangerous. Nevertiielcss it was tlu)nglit best to
sup[ircss them altogether, and the first act of the
n(!\v government was to this end. On the twen-
tieth of September, the secoiul day after the estab-
lishment of the conncii, IJourdon. in his character
of attorney -general, rose and dcinanded that the
papers of Jean Toronne Dumesnil sliould be seized
and seijuestered. 'J"hc council consented, and, to
complete tiie .scandal. Villeray was eoinmissioiu'd to
mak(! the seizure in tiie [jresence of Hourdon. 'J'o
color the proceeding, it was alleged that Dumesnil
had obtained certain papers uidawfuUy from the
///•«;//'-■ or record office. '.\s he was thought,' si.ys
Ciaudais, Mo b(i a violent man,' Hourdon and
Villeray touk with them ten soldiers, well armed,
together with a locksmith and the secretary of the
council, 'rims jncpared for every conliiigeiH-y,
tlieyset out on their eiraiid, and appeared sudden-
ly at Duinesnil's li()Us(! between seven and eight
o'clock in the evening. 'The ahncsaid Sieiir
Dumesnil,' further says Oaudais, 'did ii()t ri'futc
(he opinion entertaiiu'd of his \iolenec; for he
made a great noise, shouted /•')///-('/',s.' ami tried to
rous(! the in'igliborhood, oulrageoiisly abusing (he
aforesaid Sieur de Villeray and the attoriiev-<>'on-
18 '' "
eral, in great contempt of the authority of (he
council, which lie even refused to recognize.' 'I'hcy
tried to silence him by tlireats, but without effect ;
upon wliich tliey seized him and held liim fast in a
chair; 'me,' writes tlie wrathful Dumesnil, 'who
had lately been their judge.' The soldiers stood
over him and stopped his mouth, while the others
broko open aii'l ransacked his cabinet, drawers,
and chest, frr.m which they took all liis i)ai)ers,
refusing to give him an inventoiy, or pi'rmit any
witness to enter the house. Soiik; of these i)ai)ers
were private; among the rest were, he says, the
charges and specifications, nearly finished, for the
tiial of r.ourdon and N'iileray, togetbei' with the
[jioofs of their ' peculations, extortions, and mal-
versations' The pajjcrs were enclosed under seal
and deposited in a neighboring house, whence they
were afterwards removed to the council chamber,
and Dumesnil never saw them again. It may
well be belii'vcd that this, the inaugural act; of tlic
new conncii, was not allowed to appear on its
records.''
T). — Immediately after Villeray made a full re-
port of the seizure to his colleagues, „
ni)on which, owing to the resistance ""'»"" - "m c»-
ot Dumesnil, he was ordered to be
put under arrest. This operalion was prevented
by the Koyal CommissiiMier (laudais. However,
I the i)crsecnted Dumesnil continued the war.
[ Though unsupported ami alone, he demanded his
pain'i's, and opiMily (hrcatened to arraign (he guilty
Councillors before the King. At this (hey again
decreed his arrest and imprisonment, but resolved
to keep the decrei; secret until (he last of the
returning ships, in which it was known that
Dumesnil was to embark, was ready to sail. Then
they proposed to arrest him unexpectedly at the
hour of embarkation, that lie might have no op-
portunity to prepare and dispa(ch a memorial
to the French C^iurt. Thus a whole year would
elapse before his complaint could reach France.
Hut as fortune would have it, Dumesnil received
a (imely warning of (his foul design, and went on
board another ship which was then to sail iiiinie-
<lia(cly. The Council caused the si.\ gnus of the
batlery in the Lower Town to be pointed at her,
and threatened to sink licr if she left the harbor,
but she disregarded (he cowardly ihri'als, and
sailed out unmolested. On his rc(urn Dumesnil
laid his complaint before the Minister Colbert, but
134
TUTTJ.irS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
.,, •* I :
aecomplislied nothing more than the institution of
in(jiiiiifs wliicli came to Tiaught. Meanwhile new
troubles appeared at Quebec, and amid the excite-
ment of tliese, the war with the old Company's
ai^erit was foi'ffotten.
("). — INIezy, the first Governor under the new
A.iimnistration of government, altliough selected by
'^''''■^' Lav.al, as we have seen, turned out
a very different man from what the Vicar liad
iiopcd. He applied himself vigorously in tlie dis-
eliarge of liis duties according to Ins own view of
the powers delegated to him by the King. He re-
appointed Maisonneuve local Governor over the
Island of Montreal, and established M. Boucher
connnandant at Three Rivers. With tlie deputies
of the Iroquois wlio came to Quebec to sue for
peace lie assumed a defiant tone, affirming an utter
want of confidence in tlieir promises, and his in-
tention of establisliing a lasting peace with them by
chastising tliem severely for past offences. He had
liroughtout a reinforcement of troops from France
and expected more, and therefore felt able to pros-
ecute an offensive warfare against them with good
results. The Jesuits saw in these firm declarations
of the Governor a spirit that was not likely to bow
to their over-bearing policy, and already the Vicar
began to fear. He soon had cause for more than
fear. The Governor had become dissatisfied with
the conduct of Bourdon, Villeray and Auteuil,
Councillors wlio saw nothing except through La-
val's eyes. In February, 1(304, lie determined to rid
hin)self of these obnoxious persons, and accord-
ingly sent his friend Augoville, major of the fort,
to the Bishop, with a written declaration stating
that he had ordered them to discontinue tlieir atten-
dance upon the Council. He declared that advan-
tage had been taken of the facility of his disposition
and his ignorance of the country to sui'iirise him
into assenting to their nomination. He asked the
Bishoj) to assent to their expulsion, ami join him
in calling an assembly of the people to choose
otiiers in their place. The Viear stoutly refused,
at wliich the Governor caused tlic declaration to
be placarded about the town and proclaimed by
sound of drum. Tlie (lovernor's desire of appeal-
ing to the people for choice of (\)uneillors was
fatal to his cause, and gave Laval very nuieh the
advantage in the contest. The idea was wholly
contrary to the government of France, and at
variance with the edict establishing the new gov-
ernment in Canada. M^zy was now dealing witli
an enemy who could ply more weapons than liim-
self. A threat soon reached the Governor's ears
of closing the church against him, and refusing
him the sacraments. This threw him into great
excitement and increased his difficulty. Yet he
would not re-instate the objectionable Councillors.
The people began to clamor at the interruption of
justice, for which they blamed Laval, whom a re-
cent imposition of tithes liud made unixipnlar.
M^zy thereupon issued a proclamation, in which,
after mentioning his opponents as the most subtle
and artful persons in Canada, he declares that, in
consequence of petitions sent him from Quebec
and the neighboring settlements, lie had called the
people to the council chamber, and by their advice
had appointed the Hieur de Charlier as attorney-
general in place of Bourdon. Bourdon rei>lied
with a bold remonstrance, whereupon the governor
declared him suspended from all public duties
until the king's pleasure should be known. Thus
the conflict between church and state continued.
7. — Another source of trouble came in the elec-
tion of a Mayor for Quebec, which at the first
session of the council was erected Mezy vs. Lavni.
into a city, although its inhabitants at the time
did not exceed one thousand. Repentigny was
chosen mayor, and Madny and Charion aldermen.
This choice was not agreeable to the vicar, and
they, influenced by the priests, refused to serve. A
resolution now passed the council that a mayor
was needless and the people weredirected to choose
a syndic in his stead. After some delay an election
took place with the choice of Charion, and now
the question arose as to whether the new syndic
belonged to the vicar or to the governor. It soon
appeared that he was on the governor's side, and
the bishop insisted that the jieople were dissatis-
fied, and a new election was ordered, but the
voters did not attend. The governor now sent
messengers to such as he knew to be in his interests
and succeeded in electing a syndic to his liking.
Laval protested but in vain. The councillors held
office for a year, and the year had now expired.
The governor and the bishop, it will be reineniber-
ed, had a joint power of «p[)ointment ; but agree-
ment between them was inijiossible. Laval was
for replacing his jiartisans, Bourdon, Villeni}',
Auteuil, and La Fertti. M^zy refused; and on
the eighteenth of September ho reconstructed the
/I
J . i'
ealiiig with
3 tlian liiin-
iinor's ears
id refusing
into great
y. Yet lie
councillors,
rruption of
vliom a re-
unpojiular.
, in wliich,
nost subtle
res that, in
)in (i>iiebec
1 called the
.heir advice
,s attorney-
Ion replied
lie governor
blic duties
\vn. Thus
continued,
n the elec-
it the first
Mtey Vfl. I.avil.
t the time
tigiiy was
idderinen.
icar, and
serve. A
a mayor
to choose
I election
and now
i\v syndic
It soon
side, and
dissatis-
but the
now sent
interests
is liking.
Ilorshcid
expired,
'incmlicr-
ut agiee-
iHval was
Villt'iay,
; and on
icted the
I
CHURCH AND STATE— GOVERNMENT OF COURCELLES.
135
council by his sole authority, retaining of the old
councillors only Amours and Tilly, and replac-
ing the rest by Denis, La Tesserie, and Pcionne
de Jk'zy, the surviving son of Duinesnil. Again
Laval i)rotested ; but Mdzy proclaimed his choice
by sound of drum, and caused placards to be
posted, full, according to Father Lalemant, of
abuse against the bishop. On this he was exclud-
ed from confession and absolution. — I'arkman.
On the following Sunday the puljiits resounded
with dcn.iiiciations. But the governor became
bolder still, aud still more indiscreet. He banish-
ed Houidon and Villeray and ordered them home
to Fiance, 'i'liese persons took with them letters
from the Vicar to the French Court, praying for
Mi^zy's recall. Again Laval triumi)lied. The gov-
ernor was peiiniiptorily superseded. The Vicar
Apostolic had now made one governor and dis-
missed two, and was of course tlie foremost power
in ( ';iiia<la. lie had great power at Court, and the
pciinnicncy of his position in tlie colony gave liim
a double advantage. Tlie governors were named
for three years, and could be recalled at anytime ;
but the Vicar Apostolic owed liis appointment to
the Pojie, and the Pope alone could revoke it.
Thus he was beyond reach of the royal autliorit}',
and the court was in a certain sense obliged to
conciliate iiiiii. As for Mezy, a man of no rank
or influence, he could expect no mercy. Yet,
though irritable and violent, he seems to
Iiave tried conscientiously to reconcile conflict-
ing duties, or what he regarded as such The
governors and intendants, his successors, received
iluring many years secret instructions from the
court to watch Laval, and cautiously prevent him
from assuming powers which did not belong to
him. It is likely that similar instructions had
been given to iNIez}', and that tiie attempt to fulfil
them had aided to embroil him with one who was
probably the last man on earth with whom he
would willingly have quarrellud. — Parkman.
M. de Courcelles was appointed to succeed
M<''Z\', and a commission was named, probabl}* at
the solicilalioii of Laval, to inquire into the con-
duct of the latter ; but he died before the arrival of
his successor, and was therefore spared the morti-
iicalion to which he would otherwise have been
subjected.
CHAPTER XXIL
GOVERNMENT OF COURCELLES.
1. Canada and Colbert. — 2. The Company's
sounces of revenue. — 3. royal nomination
OF Courcelles. — 4. Arrival of DeTracy at
Quebec. — o. DeTracy's reception at Que-
bec. — 6. Arrival of Governor DeCour-
CELLEs and Talon. — 7. Measures against
TME Iroquois. — 8. Expedition against the
Mohawks and Oneidas. — D. Failure of the
Expedition. — 10. Good results op the Ex-
pedition. — 11. Second Expedition against
THE Mohawks. — 12. Defeat of the Mo-
hawks. — 13. DeTracy's operations and
policy. — 14. DeCourcelles AND Talon, 1GG8-
9. — 15. Impartial conduct of the Governor.
— 10. Small-Pox amongst the Indians. — 17.
Salutary Labors op the Missionaries. — 18.
A trading-post established at Catakaqul
— 19. DeCourcelles' icesignation. De Fron-
tenac succeeds him.
1. — Scarcely had the royal government been
established, when Canada again fell into the hands
of a monopoly. With the commence-
ment of the reign of Louis XIV., [U;;"'"""""^'"'-
France entered upon a series of gigan-
tic commercial operations which largely affected
Canada. Jean Baptiste Colbert, the great French
statesman of this period, was the originator oi
these projects; and it is in his commercial, indus-
trial and colonial policy that the great defects of
his system are principally shown. Actuated by
the desire to promote the welfare of France and
the public good, he took the most arrogant and
imperious means, in some instances, of attaining
his ends. His jiolicy merged individual jirospeiity
into tiiat of national jirosperity ; and in that it
resembled the laws of Lycurgus, the Spartan,
whose object was the subservience of the ciiizens
to the welfare of the state, forgetting that national
prosperity is only an organization of individual
prosperity. He wished to make France; a great
commercial nation ; but fearing that the individual
enterprise of her merchants would not accomplish
this, — or, at least, not fast enough to suit him, —
he created vast monopolies in the sliape of trad-
ing corporations, who were to found new colonies,
improve old ones, and to wlioni the greatest i)os-
i-iM
M
i
i:i
136
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
sible power, both civil and militury, was given.
One of tlie most prominent of tiiese corporations
was the Company of the West Indies (Compar/nie
des Indes Ocuidentales), tlie royiil edict for which
was signed May 24th, 1G04. Tliis company was
granted extraordinai'y privileges, and had control
of an extent of teriitory wliich made the parent
country look insignificant in comparison with it.
The whole of New France was bestowed on it,
from Hudson's Bay to Virginia and Florida, as
well as Western Africa from Cape Verd to the
Cape of Good Hope, Cayenne, the West India
Islands and all of South America between the
Amazon and Orinoco Rivers. The edict set forth
that tlie chief object of the company was the glor}'
of God, and tberefore it was required to furnish
its possessions with a good su[)ply of priests and
to exclude heretics. It was granted a monoj)oly
of trade for forty j'ears ; and endowed with sover-
eign rights within its own dominions, so that it
could make war or conclude peace, build forts,
appoint judge;- etc. The grant was made for ever
on the simi)le condition of faith and homage.
2. — The principal sources of tiie expected revenue
of the company were furs from New France and
sugar from the West Indies and South
The ('omnaiiy"8 . ' . , . , ii i ,^i
BomcMsof America; and to produce tlie latter
slaves were imported from Africa.
The company at once commenced to exercise its
monopoly vigorously, and Canada suffered heavily
from its effects. The colonists found themselves
in the hands of a corporation, wliich monopolized
all tlicir trade and le''t them entirely subservient
to it in commerce, polities and religion. The com-
pany alone bad the right to import the articles
needed by the colonists ; and these were of poor
(juality, and charged for at exorbitant rates; and
it also monopolized the right of trade. This state
of tilings could not last long, an<l tlie merchants
remonstrated against it, and obtained a partial
relaxation of the severe rule. The company re-
tained its monopol}' of the carrying trade, allowing
none but its own ships to carry furs; but it
granted the right to trade in furs, reserving to
itself, liowever, the Tadoussac, then the richest
fur country, as it iinbiaced all the tribes of Indians
between the lower St. Lawrence and Hudson's
liay. '1 lie company also levied a tax of one-fourth
of the beaver and one-tenth of the moose skins;
but in consideration for this paid the governors,
judges and all colonial officials out of its rev-
enues.
3. — Although Louis XIV. had nominally tran.s-
ferred all authority over New France to the West
India Company, he shortly changed
his mind as far as the appointment ot ','''" <'f '«""•-
a governor w.is concerned, and the
company knew better than to oppose the royal
will to appoint Daniel de Remi, Sienr de Cour-
celles, governor, and Jean Haptiste Talon, intend-
ant. The king had, previously to this, appointed
the Marclial D'Estrodes Viceroy of all his Ameri-
can possessions; but as D'Estrodes was also ambas-
sador to Holland, and could not attend to iiis
duties, the Marquis DcTiacy was appointed as
lieutenant-general, who shortly after his appoint-
ment sailed for his new command.
4. — De Tracy brought a numerous following of
young nobles with him, who were anxious to
explo.e the mysteries of the New
World. He iirst visited the West TiVuVau^ucUoc,
Indian portion of the dominion over ' "'""
which he was appointed, and spent about a year
there before proceeding to New France. He arrived
at Quebec on the 30tii June, 1(305, and was received
wi.h the highest honors as the rei)resentative of
royalty, salutes being fired from all the forts, and
the people turning out en masse to welcome him.
He had with him a portion of the regiment of
Carignan-Salieres, and the pomp and display of
liis arrival and landing were such as (Quebec had
never before seen.
5. — The reception was one of great state and
ceremony. The procession was headed by twenty-
four guards in the King's livery, fol-
1 1 1 p I • 1 i ni-'rracv'B re-
lowed by tour pages and six valets, .rpiioiratyue-
after whom came DeTracy, with tlie '"'
Chevalier de Chaumont by his side, and followed
by a large number of young nobles, all dressed in
the handsome and showy costume of the period.
The sight, as the procession made its way from
Lower Town to the Square between the Jesuit
College and the Calludral, was one to set the
Frenchmen half wild with pride and enthusiasm,
and to fill the Indians with surprise and astonish-
ment. DeTracy was at this time sixty-two years old,
a fine-looking veteran of great height, and stout.
Mother Mary writes of him as "one of the largest
men I ever saw." Hut at the time of his landing
he was suffering from fever and the effects of a
Ss
of its rcv-
iially trans-
o the West
{oyal nomiiia-
\n}\ cif <*oiir-
luUes.
3 tlie royal
ir de Cour-
lon, iuteiid-
i, appointed
. liis Anieii-
also aiiibas-
teiKl to Ills
ppoiiited as
Ills api)oint-
following of
anxious to
Ariiviil «( De
Ti :u-y at (Quebec,
A. 1)", liii'O.
ibout a year
. He arrived
ivas reeeived
!sentalive of
ic forts, and
L'leome liiiii.
rej^iinent of
I disjjlay of
(^iiebee liad
it state and
by twenty-
Di'l'rai'.v's re-
c'lilion laijuu-
fc, IliU'i.
il followed
dressed in
tlio period,
way from
the Jesuit
to set the
enthusiasm,
id astonish-
vo years old,
, and stout.
■ the largest
ids lauding
effects of a
' ^ 4<
' ] I M
I i
^
ii
GOVERNMENT OF COURCELLES.
137
long voyage, and looked s.illow and worn. Laval,
in full iioiitifieals, surrounded by priests, stood in
the s(iiuvre to receive and welcome liini. No doubt
Laval was anxious to gain some insight into the
e'-iracter of the representative of the king, and
hit, first act, one of humility, must have been
gratifying to him. A prir-dieu had been jjrovided
for the lieutenant-general, but declining it, and
a cushion which was offered him, he knelt on the
bare pavement and prayed with much earnestness
and devotion. A Te Dcum was then sung and a
general da}' of rejoicing followed.
6. — The people considered that they had good
cause for rejoicing, for the appearance of the
. , .„ king's reriresentative amongst them
Arnval of Cover- ° ' , , . , ,
nor courcenes augiire ' that the king did not inten<l
andTali.ii. , , , , , ,
to al)an(lou tiiem altogether to a trad-
ing company, but desired to build up a new France,
to add to the glory of the old. l^ouis seemed to
be determined to infuse new life into the colony,
and before the close of navigation over two thou-
sand persons, soldiers, settlers, and young women
for the wives of previous settlers, had been landed
at Quebec at the expense of the king. He also
sent quantities of horses, sheep, cattle and provis-
ions, so that affairs in the colony began to wear
a much brighter aspect. " At length," writes
Mother Juchereau, " our joy was completed by
the arrival of two vessels with Monsieur de Cour-
celles, our Governor ; Jronsieur 'J'alon, our intend-
ant, and the last companies of the regiment of
Carignan." There was another grand reception,
for, as Mother Juchereau tells us, Courcelles " had
a superb train ; and Monsieur Talon, who natur^
ally loves glory, forgot nothing which could do
honor to the king. The voyage, however, had
been long and trying, the vessel in which Talon
was, being one hundred and seventeen days at
sea, and many of the soldiers and sailors were ill,
and the hospital was crowded as well as the church
and some neighboring houses."
7. — DeTracy, the Viceroy, immediatelj- upon his
arrival, ajjplied Inmself vigorously to carrying
MeasiiireB ftgaiiiBt out tlic iustructious lie had received
UiB IroquoU, A. 1)., , , .
Hill.'-.. with regard to checking the depre-
dations of the Iroquois. Hi had ample force to
repel their usual summer incursions, and the har-
vest was gathered without trouble; but in order
to repel future inroads, and to make more advan-
tageous disposition of his troops, forts were erected
at Sorel and Chambly and at a point above the
rapids of the Richelieu River. These vigorous
measures somewhat intimidated the Irofiuois, and
the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecasseiit deputies
to Quebec to assure the French governor of their
friendly feeling.
8. — The two tribes, however, who had done the
most injury to the colony, the Mohawks and
Oneidas, maintained their hostile Kxpfiiuion aKnimt
. ^ the Mobiivvks and
attitude; and it was determined to om.iiia«, iuwmj.
undertake a winter campaign against them. De
Courcelles commanded the expedition in person,
which consisted of 300 soldiers, and left Quebec
on tUh January, 16(36. The march was a very
arduous one, the weather being very severe, and a
number of men were lost. Most of the journey
was jieiformed on snow-shoes, and it was not until
the iHh February that the expedition reached
Schenectady, where a portion of it was decoyed
into an aini)ush and ten killed and seven wounded.
9. The English at Albany, hearing of the pres-
ence of the expedition, sent three citizens to in-
quire the cause of the invasion of Failure of Uie kx-
English territory. DeCourcelles »»"""'"'•
stated that he was ignorant of being on English
ground, and offered to pay for provisions, and for
permission to send his wounded to Albaii}', while
he pursued the object of his expedition, which was
the punishmeni of the Mohawks. His reiiuest was
comi)lied with ; but when he found that he was
still three days' march from the nearest Mohawk
village, and that it was strongly fortified, he
thought it most prudent to retreat, and, accord-
ingly, on the l"2th February, he began his return
march to Quebec, which was made in such good
order, that, although the Mohawks pursued him,
he only lost eight men, five of whom died from
cold and hunger.
10. — The expedition, although a failure, had one
good result in showing the Indians that they could
be retaliated upon, and the next (,^,, „.,uii8 of H.e
spring all the tribes, except the i^*i"^'iii''"'-
Mohawks, sent deputations to Quebec to renew
their offers of peace. 'J'he Mohawks not only re-
fused to go, but took effectual means of preventing
jieace by murdering three officers near Fort Anne,
and carrying oft" a number of prisoners. To
avenge this outrage. Captain DeSorel, with three
luuidred men, made a rapid march on the Mohawk
villages. He was met, however, by a deputation
!
; ii
138
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OP THE DOiMINION OF CANADA.
which gave up the prisoners, offered reparation
for the murder, and sued tov poace. DeSorel was
so well pleased with theii' offer that he took the dep-
utation to Quebec, where tiiey wre well received.
Unfortunately, however, while the dej)iitation was
being entertained at dinner, one of tliein boasted
of having killed one of the French officers; and
UeTracy, in a moment of passion, forgetting his
character as an ambassador, had him hung.
11. — After this act a council of war wJis held,
and it was determined chat the only course to
scTond Kxpi.iiiiion iiursuc, was to make a vigorous
SRalnst the J!< - ' , a, , . , ,
I'awks. attack on the Moliawks, who would,
doubtless, be greatly incensed at the death of
their chief, and endeavor either to externiiinite
them, or reduce their power to do 'iiisehief. An
expedition on a larger scale than had hitherto been
attempted was prepared ; and in September, 16(36,
a force of 1,200 regulars and militia, and 100 In-
dians, assembled at Fort Anne, and started against
the jMohawks under the commaiul of DeTracy
and DeCourcelles. The troojjs suffered greatly
during the march, and were almost reduced 1o
starvation when they reached the villages of the
Mohawks, which had been deserted.
12. — The expedition was entirely successful.
The Mohawks had never before had their country
invaded by the French, and they fled
at their aj)proach. In only one place,
which was fortified, did the}'^ attempt
to make a stand ; but they fled as soon as the
B'rench brought two field-pieces to bear on tliem,
leaving only women and old men. DeTracy burnt
their villages, destroyed all the corn they had pro-
vided for the winter, and, satisfied that famine
was the best ally he could have, rested content
with the success of his expedition, and returned
to Quebec, where he was received with great
rejoicing, and a grand Te Deum in the Cathe-
dral.
18. — DeTracy now turned his attention to pro-
viding better protection to the settlers against
future incursions of the Iroquois, and
nerraov'8 opera- ^
Uoiis aiid policy, for tliis puriwse streno'thened the set-
A. 1)., l(l«7. ^ ^ °
tlenients on the St. Lawrence. A
royal edict was also issued, commanding the [)eo])le
to assemble as much as possible in villages ; but
this was found to bj impiacticable, on account of
the manner in which the clearing had been made.
The Viceroy tlien departed; but previous to his
Defeat of the
Mohawks.
leaving he confirmed the West India Company in
all the privileges previously enjoj'ed by the Com-
pany of One Hundi-ed Associates, so that Canada
was again in the hands of a monopoly, which
affected her injuriously, and of which more is said
further on.
14. — The chief authority of the colony now de-
volv ' • Courcelle.s, and he assumed command
und tavorable circumstances.
mi /.IT • DeCmircellii
The power of the Iroquois was broken, and xaion.
, * . \ , ., A.I). l>6K-9.
and they were suing for peace; wnile
in civil afl'airs he was ably supported by the In-
tendant Talon, who never lost an opportunity to
further the interests of the colony. Everything
now apj)eared so prosperous in the colony that
nearly all the officers and men of the Carignan
regiment determined to settle, and the Govern-
ment sent out several hundred women from France,
to supply them with wives. These women were,
many of them, of obscure families ; but women
were so scarce in the colony, and the demand for
wives so great, that all of them were married
within two weeks after tlieir arrival.
15. — The peace with the Indian tribes, now
well established, was very nearly ruptured in 1670
by three soldiers robbing and murder-
." Impartial con-
ing an Indian chiei wliile on his way duct of theooT-
, . ' ernor.
to market with his furs ; but De-
Courcelles acted with great promptness and just-
ness, and so prevented the impending war. He
went to Montreal, had the men tried, and they
being found guilty, were hung in the presence of
the assembled Indians. By thus showing his im-
partiality he gained the good opinion of the In-
dians, and the Ottawas and Senecas, who had had
some differences with the Government, sent depu-
tations to Quebec, where they were kindly re-
ceived and all differences settled.
16. — The year 1670 witnessed the appearance
amongst the Indians of the most deadly foe which
had ever visited them — the fearful
11 m, . Small-pox
scourge or small-pox. Ihe great amongst the in-
, ,. . t'v \ V. t aia»».A.n. 1U70.
trading-post of \ adoussac, where trom
twelve to fifteen hundred Indians usually assem-
bled every year, was entirely deserted ; Three
Kivers, which used to be crowded with Algon-
quins, was not visited at all ; and many of the
small tribes north of Quebec were almost totally
swept away by the fatal disease. This was not
the only year that this scourge visited the Fiidians ;
detracy'S civil policy.
l:VJ
learance
\>e which
assem-
Three
Algoii-
of the
totally
Kvas; not
[ndiaiis ;
it remaiiieil with them for some time, and a few
years later nearly all the Indians of Tillery, some
fifteen hundred in nuniher, were carried off with
it. Tliere is, prohalily, no race of men amongst
whom small-pox is so fatal as the Indians, one
reason being that their skins being toughened by
exposure, the pustules seldom break through, until
after death, when the body quickly mortifies, but
strikes into the system and almost always causes
death. The Indians had an idea that the small-
pox was caused by the white men, who wished to
• lestroy tliem, and many depredations were at
times committed in reprisal for this supposed in-
fiiction. This idea that small-pox is caused by the
white man has not quite died out even in the
present day, and still exists amongst some of the
Indians in the neighborhood of Quebec, where
small -pox sometimes breaks out amongst them
with great violence.
17. — The effect which the success of the expedi-
tion against the Mohawks had on the Indians,
was not only to keep them in check.
Salutary labors , i i i t-» n ii • ii
of the Mi.-Bioii- hut ciialjlcd DeCourcclles, ui the year
lt>(l, to eirect a peace lietween tlie
Senecas and a western tribe called the IJuteon-
atamis. In the meanwhile the untiring zeal and
energy of the .Jesuits had been causing the rapid
spread of Christianity, and thousands of the In-
dians, of all tril)es, were becoming converted, and
an influential French party was being built up
among the Onondagas and Ca3ugas, as well as in
the more distant tribes. One of the most zealous
and untiring of these Missionaries was Nicholas
Perrol, who penetrated to the region of the upper
lakes and took possession of them in the name of
his sovereign. Understanding their language per-
fectly, he not only converted many of the tribes,
but persuaded them to recognize the King and
send delegates to meet his representatives at the
Falls of St. Marj'. Here they were met by repre-
sentatives of DeCourcclles, and witnessed the
erection of a large cross with the arms of the King
of France on it, in acknowledgment that he had
taken possession of the country.
18. — DeCourcclles, although at peace with the
Iroquois, knew well that he could not trust his
wil}' foes, and the safest barrier he
eVabiii'iiwFat' couUl crcct agaiust tlieir future inroads
cataraqui. j,j^^ Canada was to build a fort at the
head of the St. Lawrence and the foot of Lake
Ontario; he, therefore, selected the site of Cata-
raqui (now Kingston)i and had a personal inter-
view with a deputation from the Iroquois, whose
consent he gained to his establishing a trading-
post at that point,
19. — De'CoLircelles, liowever, could not carry on
Ins plans himself. Failing health for some time
past had compelled him to send in „g (•o,ir'-.ii,'s'
his resignation, and, on his return i:.™';;;:;!^^':.- -.!'"■
from Calaraqui to Quebec, he found ™"""''"'-
his successor there in the person of Louis De
linade. Count DeFrontenac. He strongly im-
pressed on DeFrontenac the importance of estab-
lishing a trading jiost and fort at Cataraqui, and
shortly after sailed for France, deeply regretted
by the people to whom his good (jualities, and his
wise and moderate government, iiad greatly en-
deared him, although he was not in very good
odor with the clergy, and esi)ecially the Jesuits,
to whose views he was generally ojjposed.
CHAPTER XXIII.
DeTRACY'S CIVIL POLICY.
1. Condition OF THE Colony in 10(57. — 2. The
West India Company. — 3. Encoukauemknt
OP Agiucultuue and Commerce. — 1. Laws,
Customs and Tenuue of Land. — a. Heavy
Loss OF THE Colony. — 0. Talons' Chakac-
teu, and his Effouts for the New Colony.
— 7. Rapid Growth of the Colony, lGGrj-70.
1. — After his successful campaign against the
Iroquois (1G07), DeTracy turned his attention to
the objects of his \isit, other than
.1 • r 1.1 f • CoiuUtlon of the
the suppression ot the Iroquois, toiony in iw,7.
These I'elated to agriculture, com-
merce, the re-organization of the Supreme Coun-
cil, and the general arrangement of all affairs re-
lating to the general welfare of the Colony. The
Council was speedily re-organized, and re-enacted
its former prohibitions of the sale of litjuor to the
Indians, making it a criminal offence. In com-
merce and agriculture he found that the Colony
was still suffering greatly from the effects of a
trading monopoly, and he endeavored to encour-
age both as much as possible amongst the colo-
nists.
:
II
1
140
TUTTLE'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
2. — The Colony liad been relieved by being taken
out of the hands of the " Company of One Hun-
dred Associates," but only to be
company."""'' placed Under the control of the
" West India Company," which had
even larger powers (i;rantcd it than its predecessor.
The affairs of this company were rej^ulated bv ten
directors in Pa-is ; but, in spite of its vast privi-
leges it was not successful ; and its charter was
revoked in 1G74, on the ground that it was not
able to afford sufficient protection to the King's
American sulijects. The company sank over
three and a half million livres in the attempt to
monopolize the trade of the French American
Colonics, and exercised no permanent beneficial
effect on them.
3. — DeTracy paid great attention to developing
the agricultural and mining wealth of the Colony;
and his efforts in these directions
KiicoiiraffoiniMit of , , i i , ^ r n, i
Auri.iiitiireaiia Were ably seconded by M. lalon.
llie Colony enteretl into a new ex-
istence and began to be really prosperous. No
longer in dread of the Iroquois, the settlers soon
found tiiat they could raise an abundance of grain
far exceeding the wants of the Colony, and more
attention was paid to commerce. Some of the re-
strictions on trade had been removed, and a con-
siderable export trade sprang up between Canada
and the West Indies, the principal exports being
salted fish, salmon, eels, lic. ; an porpoise antl
seal oils. About this time the first effort was
made in what has since proved the mainstay of
Canada, — the lumber trade, — and samples of oak
and other woods were sent to France to show
tiiat New France could supply the royal dockj-ards
of Old France. This improved state of things of
course materially affected emigration, and the
poi)ulation speedily doubled, while wives for those
officers and men of the Carignan regiment who
wished to settle, were sent out from France, as
mentioned in the last chapter. A register of births
and marriages, which had been commenced in
Qu(l)ec as early as the year 1G21, was continued ;
and in the year 1670, it showed 700 births in
Quebec. The mission of M. DeTracy was emi-
nently successful ; and when he left the Colony' in
tile fall of 1GG7, he left it firmly established on a
good and solid foundation.
4. — The parts of the feudal system then in exist-
ence in the mother country, were introduced into
New France. The administration of in»». i''""<m\»
, , , , antl the teliurti
the laws was matle the same, and <<i lami
many of the customs of the old land
permanently introduced. The sftgniorial system
of the tenure of land was also introduced, and
large grants of land were made to military officers,
and persons of good quality, under the titles of
»et;ineurs, and great inducements were held out to
soldiers and others to settle on these lands.
o. Governor DeCourcelles and liitendaiu Talon
left for France on 12th September, 1G7'2, and the
colony had scarcely ceased to mourn
for their departure, when it suffered STj!"*"""'^
two very lieavj' losses in the death of
Madame de la Peltrie, the founder of the Ursuline
Convent at Quebec, \vlio died in November, 1G72 ;
and Marie Guyart, the tirst Lady Superior of that
Convent, more generally known as " Mother Maiy
of the Incarnation." The first of these two noble
women, who did much for the early settlers in
Canada, was a lady of beauty and refinement,
brought up in luxury and ease, who finding her-
self a widow and very wealthy at the early age
of twenty-two, determined to abandon the pleasure
and gayety of Parisian life, and devote herself
entirely to the task of educating the j'oung French
and Indian girls in the new and distant colony of
New France. Madame do la Peltrie arrived in
Quebec in 1G41, and founded the Ursuline Con-
vent, which, from that time, up to the jiresent, has
been the leading educational establishment for the
higher classes in Quebec. " Mother Maiy," the
coadjutor of Madame de la Peltrie, was of humble
origin, but a woman of great power of mind, and
indomitable courage and perseverance. She is
thus described by Ferland. " Her soul, strong and
great, seemed to elevate itself naturally above the
miseries which assailed the infant colony. At a
time when most people were fearing that the
French would be forced to quit the colony, she
quietly pursued her work and the study of the
language of the Hurons, in order to be useful to
the young girls of those savages, allowing herself
to be neither hindered by fear nor carried away by
enthusiasm. She wrote a prodigious quantity of
letters. One is astounded to find in her composi-
tions an accuracy of perception and of stjle, and a
solidity of judgment, which inspire a lofty opinion
of this truly superior woman. Equally skilful in the
use of the needle, the scissors and the pen, she was
I
I
f
ml til** It'iiuru
I litiiil.
ial system
liiced, and
,ry officers,
le titles of
lelcl out to
lids.
[lam Talon
'2, and the
loavy lost toUie
oloiij.
e Ursuline
iber, 1072 ;
•ior of that
nher Mary
two iioi)le
settlers in
•efinenient,
nding lier-
early age
le pleasure
3te herself
|ng Freneli
colony of
arrived in
line Con-
esent, has
nt for the
aiy," the
of humble
mind, and
She is
troiig and
above the
ny. At a
that the
olony, she
dy of the
useful to
ng herself
d away by
lantity of
composi-
yle, and a
y opinion
Iful in the
n, she was
DkTIJACYS civil polk V— I'OI'ILATION AND MAUUIAGE.
141
also qualified to oversee all the work connected
with the construction of the buildings, inside and
out. She was charged with all the affairs of the
convent. She learned the two native languages,
Huron anil Algonquin. She composed, for the
use of the Ursuline teachers, a dictionary, sacred
history, catechism, and a collection of prayers in
the Algonquin, as well as vocabularies and cfite-
chisms in the Huron and Iroquois languages."
Her corresj)ondence is full of matters of interest
pertaining to the colony, and in it are some very
entertaining sketches of the early governors who
were accustomed to visit the convent.
6. — Talon, the Intendant, who retired at the same
time as DeCourcelles, was in every respect an
Talon's ciinr- extraordinary man, and has frequently
Su foMhe '^'^*^" styled " the Colbei't of Canada."
New Colony. jj^, differed, however, greatly from
Colbert, inasmuch as he was opposed to trading
companies, holding justly that the coloiiistL,, who
desired to build up houses for themselves, would,
if unrestricted in trade and commerce, do more to
build up the material prosperity of the colony,
than a trading conqjany whose only object was to
make money. He never lost an opportunity of
encouraging agriculture and commerce, and he laid
the germ of manufactures in Canada by fostering
the growth of flax and hemp, and in one of his
letters — which are voluminous and well stocked
with intormation, even to the minutest details, of
tiie progress of the colony — he boasts that the
l)easants of New France could clothe themselves
from head to foot in garments of their own manu-
facture. He also encouraged the manufacture of
salt and potash, and the building of ships, and
proposed expeditions for extending the boundary
of New France on the North and "West, which
afterwards resulted in the discovery of the Missis-
sippi and its tributaries. To Talon is due the
credit of first encouraging iron mining at Three
Rivers ; and it was no fault of his that, although
ti\e iron was of good quality and easily got out,
this industry was neglected for some years, owing
to the apathy of the mother country. The founda-
tions that he laid were solid ; and the system for
the management of civil, political and commercial
affairs, introduced by him, lasted, with little or no
cliaiige, up to the time that the colony was wrested
from France by the English. Talon was a philos-
opiier, a ripe scholar, and an upright, honest and
19
loyal gentleman, who did his duty to liis king and
the colony over whose aftairs he had the super-
vision, which is much more than can be said for
some of his successors in the office of Intendant.
7. — Under the wise government of DeCourcelles
and judicious Intcndantship of Talon, the colony
had made rapid strides, and the
five years, from 1005 to 1070, were ffiyf\S^'_ro°' ""
amongst the most prosperous of its
existence. Peace was maintained with the In-
dians ; agriculture, tr.ade, commerce and manufac-
tures were fostered, and the population in that
period doubled, rising from three to six thousand.
Quebec was fast rising to be a place o*^ importance,
and was already styled a city, and presented a
very picturesque appearance with its church and
religicjus edifices, wood and stone houses inter-
spersed with the wigwams of the Indians. These
Indians were mostly of the Huron tribe, and about
this time were removed to St. Foye. Five years
later (1075), they were given a reservation at
Lorette where their descendants can still be found.
The settlement at Montreal (or Ville Marie, as
it was then called) was also flourishing ; and
when M. Perrot, a nephew of M. Talon, was
appointed governor in 1672, it had about seven
hundred European inhabitants, was laid out in
streets, and was surrounded by a wall or enclosure.
CHAPTER XXIV.
POPULATION AND MARRIAGE.
1. Remarks on the social and moral con-
dition OP THE colony 1061-73.— 2. The man-
ner of colonization. — 3. Where the colo-
nists came from. — 4. Talon's request for
MORE colonists. — 5. MILITARY SETTLERS. — 6.
Providing wives for the settlers. — 7.
Getting wives for the oi ficers. — 8. Supply
op peasant girls. — 9. LaHoutan's account
OP the new wives. — 10. Boucher's account
OF the girls' characters. — 11. Certificate
OF eligibility required. — 12. How the
GIRLS were sent OUT. — 13. HoW THE GIRLS
WERE DISPOSED OF.— 14. PREMIUMS FOR EARLY
MARRIAGES. — 15. BACHELORS FORBIDDEN TO
142
TUTTLES IIISTOKY OF THE DOMINION OK CANADA.
i I
FI.SH, HUNT, TRADE, OR GO IN THE WOODS. — 16.
I'liuvisioNS FOR A Canadian nobility. — 17.
ijounties offered for children. — 18. fe-
cundity and longevity of the women. — 19.
The peculiarity of the e.migration.
1. — Ileru, at tlie close of DeCouicellos' adiuinis-
triition iviid before < uteiiiig upon an account of
ueiiiaTkBontiiB ^''^ .ixlniinistiation of Count De-
.tl'nlmi'm.'.r'nm Frontenac, liis successor, we may
loion.v, i«.ii-t;i. Yinunti to uoticc, at some length, the
social and moral condition of tlic colony. In these
remarks we shall confine ourselves to the period
embraced between the years 1001 and 1073, The
greater portion of tlie population of Canada was
due to the colonization schemes of I^ouis XIV., as
carried out by his minister Colbert ; and the
efforts of 'J'alon, and others in the same dii'cction.
At tlie time of Louis' ascension of the throne the
population of New France did not exceed twenty-
five hundred Europeans, and emigration was al-
most at a standstill ; but almost immediately after
ho became king, Louis XIV., began to send shii>
loads of colonists, at his own expense, to New
France, and the population rapidly increased.
The Sidpicians, at Montreal, and one or two other
seigneurs also attempted colonization on a small
scale; but the bulk of it was due to tlie govern-
ment.
2. The king bore the expense of tiiis coloniza-
tion ; and in a letter to the cardinals of the Pro-
The innnner of «oi. I'-igauda, dated 21st Octobci', 1001,
spent over two hundred tiiousand livics, in tiie
past two years, in promoting colonization ; tliat he
had sent out three hundred men a year, and i)rom-
ised to send the same number eacii year for ten
years. Eacli merchant ship was required to bring
a certain number; and they were divided into two
classes, tiiose wlio came out as colonists, and those
who came out as assistants to colonists already
established. These latter were known as c)tga<iiU,
and were paid wages for tliree years, after wiiicli
time they were at liberty to take up land for
themselves and become colonists. Mother Mary
tells us that it was also the custom uf some i)rivate
persons to bring out these ciujt((j('» for their own
use.
3. The great bulk of the emigration took place
from Normandy, I'icton, Pays d'Armes, Brittany,
Picardy and Paris, those from Paris where ti,e coio,u.u
being principally sent from the <•«"'«''•<""•
houses of charity. The shipments took place from
Dieppe and Roehelle, and at first a number
f)f Huguenots came from Kochelle itself and its
neighborhood ; but they were objected to as here-
tics, and also because tliey did not make as good
citizens, and their emigration was discouraged.
The emigrants, as a whole, seem to liave been a
very decent class of peasantry, although some
writers have been very severe on them ; and even
Mother Mary, who is usually kind and gentle in
her remarks, sayS they were of " very mixed char-
acter;" but she refers principally to the Huguenots,
as she continues, " it would be better to send a
few who are good Christians, rather than so many
who give so much trouble." Quite a number of
the emigrants could read and write; and some of
them brought money and provisions to start tliem
in the New World with.
4. Talon was most anxious for the increase of
the population of the colony, and his demands for
more men were so constant that at ,.„„„.„ .equesu for
last Colbert replied that the king >"»•« ^lomBU.
could not afford to depopulate France to people
Canada ; that men were needed for the army, and
that tlie colonists must take care to increase their
bwn population. The sliipments did not, however,
cease ; and it would appear that the king liad sent
out more men than he had promised, as the popu-
lation rose from 3,418 in 1000, to 5,870 in 1080, a
very large portion of which was the result of emi-
gration, although a heavy percentage was also at-
tributable to natural increase, which had been
very great in those years owing to causes which
will be hereafter explained.
i"). Although the king was alarmed at tlie con-
stant demands of Talon for colonists, ho not only
continued to send a few, but took
. . , .1 » Military Scttlori.
Wise measures to induce tliose of
liis soldiers who were already in Canada to remain
there. A portion of the regiment of Carignan-
Saliores was ordered home, only four companies
being retained in garrison, but great inducements
wore offered to both men and officers to remain as
colonists. Tliey were not absolutely ordered to
do so ; but they were informed tliat the king
would be pleased with all who did, and rewards
in money, land and provisions were given to tliiiso
who ado[)ted Canada as their future home. La
POPULATION AND MARRIAGE.
J-l;:
Motte, who liad nianied in Canada and signified
his intention of remaining there, was presented
with fifteen hnndred livres bj' the king; and six
thousand livres were set apart for officers and
twelve thousand for privates who wished to re-
main. Every soldier who remained was given a
grant of land and one hundred livres in money, or
lie could have fifty livres in money and one year's
provisions if he preferred it. This lii)erality on
tlie part of the king caused the settlement in
Canada of a strong military body which had much
to do with the future of the colony, and of which
we slmll have more to say further on.
G. — So far the emigration, except that of the
nuns, had been almost entirely confined to men ;
ProviaiuK wives tor but uow, with the large accession
thesettiu™. of settlers from the Carignan-Sa-
li^res regiment, the demand for wives began to be
very gieat, and means were taken to supply the
want in a manner which had previously been tried
with success by the Sulpicians of Montreal. The
king determined to export girls on a large scale,
and Mother Mary tells us that one hundred were
so sent out in the year 106."), and two hundred
nnne [iroiuised for the next year. 'J'liese girls
were sent from the hosi)itals of Paris and Lyons —
which were not so much hospitals in those daj's
as almshouses, or houses foi- the poor — and were
all married immediately on their arrival. They,
liowever, did not suit the colonists ; they were
not accustomed to the sort of work they were
required to perform, and complaints were soon
made that they did not make useful housekeepers.
The export of hospital girls was, thereupon, par-
tially stopped, and peasant girls, who hiid been
accustomed to hard work and farm life sub-
stituted.
7. — Another difficulty, however, had to be over-
come ; the officers required wives as well as the
men ; and to meet this requirement
Of'tdtiff wivoB for 'i^„i „ i. 1 i 1 1 ■ !_ i?
uiHoiucers. 1 alou rcquestcU the sinpment ot a
lot of young ladies, suitable as wives
for the officers. He was soon accommodated, and
in 1G67, he writes : " They send us eighty-four girls
from Dieppe and twenty-five from Rochelle ; among
them arc fifteen or twenty of pretty good birth ;
several of them are really demoigelleg, and toler-
ably well brought up. The young ladies ajipear
to have been nither displeased with their treat-
ment on the voyage, and complained to Talon of
neglect and liardship." He .says: "1 shall do
what I can to soothe their discontent ; for if they
write to their correspondents at home how ill they
have been treated, it would be an obstacle to j'onr
plan of sending us next year a number of select
young ladies." The supply of young ladies a^)-
pears to have very nearly met the demand, for it
is three years before we find Talon again asking for
a supply, and then he only asks for three or four,
and complains that fifteen wei'e sent liim.
8. — The supply of peasant girls, however, rarely
seems to have exceeded the demand; and, in 1672,
we find DeCourcelles' successor,
Dt.i , 1 • • ^ i? „ The supply of
el' rontenac, comphiining or a peasant Ijiria.
short supply. Only thirteen girls
were sent out that year, and DeFrontenac writes :
" If a hundred and fift}' girls and as many servants
had been sent out this year, tiiey would all have
found husbands and masters within a month."
The scarcity this year was due to some extent to
Talon, who desired to build uj) a native populiv-
tion, and who advised Colbert not to send many
more girls at present, as a number of the old set-
tlers had daughters who were marriageable, and it
would be better for them to get husbands before
any more girls were sent. The king, however,
sent sixty the following year, 1673.
9. — Among the large lot of women thus col-
lected, it is, of course, only natural that some
should not be of irreproachable char- , .
^ . , I'" nontnn's .\c-
acter; and writers have not been «i"iiiottiie«Bw
wlvei.
wanting to point the finger of slan-
der at them. One writer, Lallontan, who v.rote
about twenty years later, ga\re the following
sarcastic, but not over-true account : " After the
regiment of Carignan was disbanded, ships were
sent out freighted with girls of indifferent virtue,
under the direction of a few pious old ducnna.s,
who divided them into three classes. These ves-
tals were, so to speak, piled one on the other in
three different halls, where the bridegrooms chose
the brides as a l>utcher chooses his sheep out of
the midst of the flock. There was wherewith to
content the most fantastical in these three harems ;
for here were to be seen the tall and the short, the
blonde and the brown, tiio plump and the lean,
everybody, in short, i'ound a shoe to fit him. At
the end of a fortnight not one was left. I am told
that the plumpest were taken first, because it was
tiiought lliiii l)eing less active, ihey were more
11
i|
I-
144
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
likely to keep at home, and tliat they could resist
the winter cold better. Those who wanted a
wife applied to the directresses, to whom they
were obliged to make known their possessions and
means of livelihood before taking from one of the
three classes the girl whom they found most to
their liking. The marriage was concluded forth-
with, with the help of a priest and a notary, and
the n"xt day the Governor-General caused the
couple to be presented with an ox, a cow, a pair
of swine, a pair of fowls, two barrels of salted
meat, and eleven crow s in money."
10. — Boucher, on the other hand, who may be
considered a good authority, says that great pains
Boucher'8 accent ^ere taken to secure only good girls
of^hegiru'charac- to suud out; and that any of loose
character were returned to I* ranee
as soon as they were found out. One case of a
girl being sent back is mentioned by Rigensen as
having occurred in 1658 ; and Boucher states in
his book, 166-3, that a certificate of good character
was required from the friends or relations of the
girls who wished to go to Canada. That some of
them, at least, were carefully selected may be seen
by the following extract from a letter of Colbert's
to the Archbishop of Rouen : " As, in the parishes
about Rouen, fifty or sixty girls might be found
who would be very glad to go to Canada to be
married, I beg you to employ your credit and
authority with the curds in thirty or forty of these
parishes, to try to find in each of them one or two
girls disposed to go voluntarily for the sake of a
settlement in life." This referred to farmers and
others who had large numbers of children whom
they wished to provide for ; and that they were
not always poor, is shown by a letter of Talon's,
in which he says : " Among the girls who have
been brought here have been some who have large
anu legal pretensions to property fi'om tlieir par-
ents.
11. — Although considerable pains were taken to
secure desirable females, still it was found that
nuxrricd women who desired a
bmtfre^lriirod"'''''' cluvuge of sceuc, or husband, would
sometimes come over ; and the
priests began to be doubtful about marrying all
the now arrivals, of some of whom Mother Mary
says: "Along with this honest poo[ile, comes a great
deal of caniulli\ of both sexes, who cause a great
deal of scandal." To prevent attempts at bigamy,
Colbert ordei'd that every girl who desired to
seek a husband in Canada should be provided by
the cure or magistrate of her parish, with a certifi-
cate that she wivs free to marry ; and further than
this he paid considerable attention to their phys-
ique and ability to increase the population of the
colony as well .is to their personal appearance ;
and in one of his letters he writes : " The girls
destined for this countr}', besides being strong and
healthy, ought to be entirely free from any natural
blemish or anything personally repulsive."
12. — The young women sent out were placed
under the charge of a matron, who was employed
and paid by the king, and thej'
sometimes had trouble with their ."enTouf.^'''"'"
" Medley of merchandise " («we
marchandise melee), as Mother Mary in one of
her letters calls them. Madame Bourdon brought
out one lot of one hundrevl and fifty ; and Motlier
Mary sivys of them; "They gave her no little
trouble on the voyage ; for they are of all sorts,
and some of them are very rude and hard to
manage." Madame Bourdon, however, was not
disheartened by the conduct of her first charge,
but saw them all married ; and afterwards super-
intended the distribution of the arrivals each
summer for years, and was chief of the '' pious
duennas " to whom Lallontan refers.
13. — The mode of allotting the girls was very
simple. In Montreal the " King's girls," as they
were called, all lodged together in
one house, of which Marguerite XToscu S'" ""''*'
Bourgeoys was matron, and she
says : " I was obliged to live there myself, because
families were to be formed." Which means that
she superintended the selection aiul hasty nuptials.
Marguerite Bourgeoys taught the girls their cate-
chism during the time they were with her, and in
many ways endeared herself to them in a way (hey
remembered long afterwards. In Quebec, where
the demand was much larger, the girls were divid-
ed into three classes and were submitted to the
inspection of the suitors who readily found a nuite
amongst the anxious candidates for matiimony.
The girls, on their part, had the right of rejoo-
tion; but they seem to have rarely excreiseil this
when tlie candidate could satisfactorily answer
the question whether he had a house and farm,
v'hich was usually tlie one first put.
14. — The desire of the king for the increase of
4«s
lesired to
ivided by
h acertifi-
rther than
heir phys-
ion of the
ipeaiance ;
•The girls
strong and
,ny natural
e."
ere placed
employed
the glrlB were
out.
in one of
an brought
nd Mother
r no little
F all sorts,
id hiud to
r, was not
rst charge,
vrds super-
ivals each
tie
pious
was veiy
," as thej
the j?lrl8 were
>8ud of.
f, because
noans tliat
y nui)tials.
lu'ir cate-
tr, and in
I way they
)ec, where
were divid-
ted to the
nd a mate
fiatrimony.
of rojcc-
ciscd this
ly answer
aiid farm,
n crease of
POPULATION AND MARRIAGE.
145
the population of his domains was not confined
to providing wives for new set-
manialse'.'''''''"'^ tlcrs ; but bouuties were offered for
early marriages. All youths who
married before the age of twenty, and all girls who
married before the age of sixteen were given
twenty livres, besides the dowry which was given
by him to every girl brought over his borders.
According to Mother Mary this dowry varied,
being sometimes a house and provisions for eight
months ; and sometimes fifty livres in household
sui)plies, besides a barrel or two of salt meat.
Colbert was very anxious that the children of
colonists should marry young. On one occasion
lie writes to Talon : " T pray you to commend to
the consideration of the whole people, that their
prosperity, their subsistence, and all that is dear
to them, depend on a general res .lution, never to
be departed from, to marry youths at eighteen or
nineteen years, and girls at fourteen or fifteen;
since abundance can never come to them except
through the abundance of men." Talon was not
slow to follow this advice ; and an order was
issued that every father having unmarried boys
and girls of twenty and sixteen, should be fined
unless he could show good cause why they were
not married, and he was obliged to present himself
to the nearest magistrate every six months to
account for the delay.
15. — Bachelors fared hard in those days, espe-
cially old and obdurate ones. Orders were issued
B,.ohoior,for,.i.mo„ ^^'^''^^y ^'^f^''^ ^hc arrival of each
to iiBii. imnt, trade lot of girls from France that every
or go In the woods. o ''
bachelor should marry within a
fortnight of their arrival ; and Mother Mary says :
" No sooner have the vessel s arrived than the young
men go to get wives ; and by reason of the great
number they are married by thirties at a time."
Talon issued very severe orders against bachelors,
decreeing that they should not be allowed to fish,
hunt, trade with the Indians or go into the woods
on any pretence whatever, this latter clause being,
probably, intended to prevent them intermarrying
witii the squaws instead of taking French wive;.
Colbert goes even further, and says : " Those who
may seem to have absolutely renounced marriage
should be made to bear additioiuil burdens, and
be excluded from all honors ; it would be well
even to add some marks of infamy." Still the
tribe of old bachelors was not quite extinguished,
although nearly so, and there were some cases of
fines being inflicted on those who were obdurate.
Still the prevailing desire was towards matrimony,
and so great was this that one instance is given of
a widow marrying before her husband was buried.
16. — The desire of the king to promote, and even
force, early marriages amongst his Canadian sub-
jects was not confined to the lower
dc 1 • i. TT „ „. „ ProviBlonB for a
er Ot colonists. lie was anX- Canadian noWlity.
ions to create a Canadian nobilit}',
and promoted, as much as possible, early marriages
amongst the officers and other settlers of good
birth. The Intendant carefully watched and re-
ported these marriages; and in October, 1667, he
reports that two captains are already married to
two damsels of the country; one lieutenant has
espoused a daughter of the governor of Tliree
Rivers ; and four ensigns are in treaty with their
mistresses, and already half engaged. The lieu-
tenant here referred to was Rene Gaultier de
Varennes, who married Marie Boucher, daughter
of the Governor of Three Rivers, when she was
only twelve years old. One of the offspring of
this marriage was Varennes de la V<irendrye, who
discovered the Rocky Mountains.
17. — The king had certainly been assiduous
enough for the matrimonial accommodation of his
colonists ; but he was not content
with that, he was not satisfied with Fonhildrmv''"''
providing for the present generation,
but he desired to see good provision made for
future generations, and he therefore offered
bounties for children. A decree in Council was
passed, " that in future all inhabitants of the said
country of Canada who shall have living children
to the number of ten, born in lawful wedlock, not
being priests, monks, or nuns, shall each be paid
out of the money sent by his Majesty to the said
country, a pension of three hundred livres a year;
and those who shall have twelve children, a j)en-
sion of four hundred livres ; and that to this
effect, they shall be required to declare the num-
ber of children every year in the months of June
or July to the Intendant of Justice, Police and
Finance, established in the said countiy, who,
having verified the same, shall order the payment
of said pensions, one half in cash, and the other
half in the end of each year." Tills was intended
to apply to all classes. A previous order of Col-
bert's had offered twelve hundred livres to those
i:
: I
Mi: :
146
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Fecuiulity iind Ion- , i , ^
gevily u£ the woiaun. tllilt
of the better class of colonists who had fifteen
chiUlren, and eight iuindred to tliose wiio had
ten.
18. — Tlie desire of tlie king to increase the pop-
ulation was amply repaid ; and in 1670, Talon
writes, apparently in gi'eat glee,
nearly all the young women
sent out hist summer are pregnant
already;" and in 1671 he says that between six
and seven hundred children had been born in the
colony during the year. The climate seemed to
be particularly favorable to the fecundity and
longevity of tiie females — two qualities wiiieh the
French Canadian women retain to this day; and
DoUier de Casson, writing of ^lontreal, says:
" Tile first reflection I have to make is on the ad-
vantage tiuit women have in this place over men ;
for though tiie cold is very wholesome to both
sexes, it is incomijarabl}' more so to the female,
who is almost immortal here." Talon was de-
liglited, as were his successors, at the fecundity of
the women, large families being the rule instead
of the exception as in France.
19. — The periou of wliieh we are writing was,
undoubtedly, the most flourishing one of Canadian
immigration ; but there wi.s one
i^myuigraUoVj"^"'' peculiarity about it. Nearly all
the immigrants were single men and
single women, who came out from France at dif-
ferent times and were mari'ied here. A very
noticeable feature was that few families emigrated;
some were brougiit out by the seigneurs, but they
were very few. Tiie new settler was furnished with
almost everything by the king. The king sent
him out ; the king gave him land ; the king sent
him a wife, when he wanted one — and sometimes
made iiim take one whether he wanted her or not;
tlie king sometimes gave him a house, and of-
fered bonuses for his having children. What
more could be desired? Louis XIV. really earned
tlie title of " Father of New France " wiiicli was
accorded him ; iiut his efforts were spasmodic, and
after the breaiiing out of tlie war with Holland in
167'2, the regular sliipments of colonists almost en-
tirely ceased, altliougli soldiers were still encoiir-
nged to disband in Canada and settle there.
20. — After seeing the immense pains wliieli Louis
took to colonize New France and provide for its
increase of population, and the large iiuml)ers of
vottug men and women who were sent out to be
married, it is somewhat surprising tliat fifty years
after the population did not number more than
twenty-five thousand ; but the reasons fortius will
appear fur'.'ier on.
CHAPTER XXV.
EARLY HOMES IN CANADA.
1. Peculiar Natuue ov the Coloxizatiox. —
2. Talon's Plan ok Seigniouies copied from
THE Romans. — 3. Poou Seigxeuus. — 4. Forma-
tion OF Coves. — 5. The Building of Mills. —
6. Efforts at Concentrating the Popula-
tion. — 7. From Tadous.sac to Quehec. — 8.
Quebec in 1672. — I). From Quebec to Mont-
real. — 10. Montreal and Points above it. —
11. On the South Shore of the St. 1.,aw-
rence. — 12. The Colonist's Lines.
1. — Before turning to the p(.litieal events of the
administration of the Count DeFrontenac, let us
inquire a little further into the Peciiiar imtme of
internal condition of the colony at ti'«coim.i/.;aion.
the jieriod ahead}- meiitioued. We have seen, in
the last chapter, the settler landed and married,
let us follow him to his new home, and see what
kind of place it is. A peculiar sort of coloniza-
tion had been instituted under the government ot
DeCoureelles and Talon, a semi-niilitary, semi-
agricultural one. The highest point of the colon}'
at this time, and, therefore, the most exposed to
the attacks of the Irocpiois, was the island of
Montreal ; and although iiominallv at peace with
the Lidiaiis, both DeCoureelles and Talon were
too well aware of the treacherous nature of their
red-skinned enemies not to oppose all the barriers
they possibly could to prevent a sudden and dis-
astrous inroad into the colony. For this purpose
large tracts of land about Jlontreal, and along the
Richelieu, were divided into seiifiicurifs axd given
mostly to those officers of the regiment of Carignan
who proposed to settle. These oflicers, for the
most part, re-granted small p(U'tioiis of their land
to the soldiers of their regiment who wished to re-
main in Canada, reserving a certain part of the
seli/ni'iirics to themselves, and reipiiring a certain
amount of cominand over the soldier — a sort of
feudalism, wliicli left the soldier to some extent a
I
.t fifty 3-ears
more tliiin
for this will
DA.
nZATIOX. —
»PIED FKOM
-4. FORJIA-
F Mills. —
[E Poi'ULA-
UEBEC. — 8.
I TO MONT-
liOV'E IT. —
St. Law-
ents of tJie
^iiac, lot us
linr nature of
uloniziition.
e seen, in
1 married,
[ see wiiat
[' coloniza-
rnment ot
ary, semi-
llie eoloiiy
xjioseci to
island of
)eace with
lion were
e of tlu'ir
le barriers
and dis-
s i)nri)ose
along the
i>"d given
CarigiKin
i, for the
heir land
hod lo re-
I't of IJie
a certain
-a sort (if
extent a
« •
m
m
I
I
Uruwu aud vugrovi'ii exprvaoty for Tutlle'i Uiatury ol tiie Uomiuiuu.
QUEBEC IN 1640.
Uniwn niu! I'lisnivtil fxprefHly fur Tiittlu'B Iltntory of the Domlntoa.
MONTREAL IN 1720.
■
EARLY HOMES IN CANADA.
147
vassal, but which formed a very effective cordon of
men wlio could be either soldiers or farmers, as
occasion required, to protect the other portions of
the colony from tlie savaj^es.
2.— This phin of semi-military seigneuries was rec-
ommended by Tiilon in imitation of tiie Itomans,
Taimrx plan ..f ,^,7;- as he acknowledges in a letter to
thuKoiiians. Colbcrt, lu which lie says " ine
practice of that politic and martial people may, in
my opinion, be wisely adopted in a country one
thousand leagues from its monarch. And, as the
peace and harmony of peoples depend above all
things on their fidelity to their sovereign, our first
kings, better statesmen than is commonly sup-
posed, introduced into newly conquered countries
men of war, of a])proved trust, in order at once to
hold the inhabitants to their duty within, and re-
pel the eneni}' without." In pursuance of this
policy the discharged officers and soldiers of tlie
regiment of Carignan settled in seioneuries, princi-
pally along the Richelieu and St. Lawrence, be-
tween Lake St. Peter and Montreal ; and the
Sulpicians, who were seigneurs of Montreal, fol-
lowed the same plan and surrounded, as far as
they could, their island with semi-military settle-
ments, so that a line of outposts, so to speak, was
drawn around the colony to give warning of im-
pending danger. In the neighborhood of Quebec
the settlements did not so much partake of this
semi-military character, as they were protected by
those above.
3. — The allotment of these seigneuries has given
the n.imes to most of the flourishing towns on the
Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers
below Montreal ; Sorel, Cliambl}',
Saint Ours, Contrecoeur, Varennes, Vercheres, and
other important places take their names from the
ancient lords of the soil ; but it must not be sup-
posed that these towns or villages sjirang up at
once, or that the " lord of the soil " was a very
princely personage in point of wealth. In most
instances he had nothing but his sword, his land,
and what money tiie king gave him for taking a
wife. Chambly and Sorel were two exceptions to
this ride; but the others, foi' the most part, could
scarcely manage to build their seigniorial mansion,
and but few could afford to build a fort, a chapel,
or a mill, three tilings which were considered al-
most indispensably necessary. In many instances
the lords of the soil and tlieir vassals were obliged
to build their houses together, for protection, and
surrounded them with a palisade, thus forming a
little fort, or fortified village. The king assisted
these seigneurs, for he continued the pay of tlie
soldiers while they were clearing the land and
building their homes ; and it was only after tiiis
was accomplished that they were allowed to take
wives.
4. — The seigniorial grants had a river frontage
varying from half a league to six leagues, and a
depth of from one half a league to
two leagues. These seigneuries Formation of cdtcs.
were subdivided, as has been al-
ready stated ; and as, in the districts least liable
to attack from the Indians, the settlers naturally
preferred to build their houses near the river,
which served as a highway, the settlements as-
sumed the shape of a long fringe of houses near
the banks of the rivers, and were called, in local
phraseology, cotes, a word peculiar to Canada, and
still greatly in use here, particularly in the neigh-
borhood of Montreal and Quebec. The seigneurs
were in but few cases able to build a chapel ; and
most of these edifices were erected by the semi-
naries of Quebec and Montreal, mass being said,
in the mean time, by a missionary priest, who was
taken from cote to cote in a canoe.
5. — One of the most important objects to be
attained in a new seigneurie was the building of a
mill, as it was intended to serve not
b, I i? • 1 • „ Tlin building of
' the purpose ot g .nding corn, miiis.
but as a sort of fort, or place of
defence. It was built of stone and pierced with
loop-holes for muskets for defence. The great
mill at Montreal was for a long while its chief
means of defence against the attacks of the Indians.
It was one of the duties of the seigneurs to build
a mill for the convenience of their tenants grind-
ing their corn, and they were entitled to one-four-
teenth for the service ; but there were very few of
the seig7ieurs, except the ecclesiastical bodies, who
could afford to build a mill ; and even amongst
those who could build them it was many years
before the one-fourteenth left would pay the ex-
pense of emi)loying a miller ; and a large number
of the settlei-s were therefore compelled to prac-
tice the Indian method of grinding their grain by
hand.
C. — Talon endeavored to concentrate the popu-
lation to a great extent ai'ound Quebec, so that a
1 i
I I
I 1
i t
148
TUTTLtS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
cannon shot from the Chateau St.
EffnrtR of concen- i i i
tratiiig ibe popuitt- Loui3 misjht sumiuoM a hiise body
lion. ^ ,
of men to the defence of tlie capital.
For this purpose he bought a track of hind near
Quebec, and haid it out as wliat he considered a
model seifjnevrie, thus hoping to have other seiff-
neurs follow his example. He also established
three inland villages near Quebec, which he called
Bourg Royal, Bourg La Reine and Bonrg Talon,
which he provided with a blacksmith, mason, car-
penter and shoemaker each ; but somehow the
inland villages did not flourish, and the settlers
preferred to stretch themselves out in long thin
lines along the rivers ; so that by sailing up the
St. Lawrence and Richelieu one could have seen
almost every house in Canada, excejjt Talon's
three villages. This was felt to be a very unfavor-
able arrangement for either a strong governraer t,
for ecclesiastical control, or for a good defence ;
and the king several times ordered the concentra-
tion of the inhabitants into the villages instead of
cotes ; but it was found that this would involve so
general a cancellation of grants, and cause the
abandonment of so many clearings, that the idea
had to be abandoned.
7. — Before closing this chapter we will take a
hurried glance at the colony of Canada as it ap-
peared in 1672. Coming up the St.
Lawrence the first settlement was
at Tadoussac, at the mouth of the
Saguenay, where the West India Conv any had a
trading-post, and v' jre a great portion of the fur
trade with the Indians was done. From this
point until past the huge mountain of Cape Tour-
niente no sign of civilization broke the vast mag-
nificence of the solemnly silent grandeur of the
primeval forest, except the occasional bark hut of
some wandering Indian. Above Cape Tourmente
began Laval's vast seigneurie of Beaupre, which in
1607 contained a population of 656, or 208 more
than Quebec, which had then only 448. The land
here was mellow with wheat, and the solid little
\o<y cottages of the settlers relieved the siimeness
of the forest scenery for a long distance. Above
this came primeval forest again until the seigneurie
of the ex-physician Gifford, one of the earliest
settlers iu Canada, was reached at Beauport ; and
the neiHiboring island of Orleans, which also
belonTcd to Laval, and contained a population
of 529 in 1667, was also fringed with houses,
From Ta^loussac
tu Quebec.
and showed many large and flourishing clear
ings.
8. — Beyond this towered the promontory of
Quebec, crowned with church, fort, convents,
seminary and chateau. The Upper
Town was principally occupied by Quebec in i672.
the priests, nuns, government officials
and soldiers, while trade and commerce was car-
ried on in the Lower Town. In the midst of the
trading portion of the town, at the foot of the
cUff, was the magazine of the West India Com-
pany, with its two round towers and two project-
ing wings. Here all the beaver skins of the colony
were collected, sorted and shipped to France. Iu
the Upper Town, the Chateau St. Louis, which
was an indifferent wooden structure, occupied the
magnificent site now known as Durham Terrace,
and commanded an unbroken view of river, forests
and mountains. The governor lived in the chateau,
and soldiers were on guivrd niglit and day in the
fort which stood in its rear, and of which it
formed one side. At some distance was tlie mas-
sive but unpretentious convent of 'he Ursulines,
and beyond that wivs the Hotel Dieu. Between
them were the massive buildings of the Jesuits,
which were all of stone and very substantial. The
collegb was commenced in 1647, and the walls and
roof finished in 1649. The church connected
with it was begun in 1G66. On the op})osite side
of the square stood — and still stands — the great
church of Notre Dame, the corner stone of which
was laid in 1647, and the first Mass performed iu
it iu 1650. This church is celebrated as contain-
ing some of the finest paintings in Canada. Behind
the church was Laval's seminary, with its extensive
enclosures, and these with the court house, the
tavern of Jjvcques Boisdon and a few private
houses, on what is now the line of St. Louis Street,
composed nearly all the Upper Town of those
days.
9. — Leaving Quebec and proceeding along the
North Shore of the St. Lawrence, there was a
small settlement of Cap Rouge, and
further on the beginning of some new Moiarau.*"'^" *°
seigneuries; while the settlements
grew thicker as Three Rivers was neared, a for-
tified vilLage surrounded by a palisade and used
as a fur-trading depot. Above Three Rivers
came the semi-military settlements of Captain
Laubia, Sergeant Labadie, Ensign Moras, Captain
ling clear-
lontory of
convents,
uebec in 1672.
ie was car-
idst of the
oot of the
ndia Com-
.vo project-
the colony
ranee. In
iiis, which
cupied tlie
11 Terrace,
.'er, forests
le chateau,
diiy in tlie
wliich it
IS tiie mas-
Ursulines,
Between
le Jesuits,
itial. Tlie
walls and
connected
)osite side
the great
of which
'ormec' in
contaii;-
Heiiinci
extensive
ouse, the
V private
lis Street,
of tiiose
ilong the
re was a
im Quebec to
ili'eal.
ed, a for-
iiid used
Rivers
Captain
Captain
■-M
EARLY HOMES IN CANADA.
140
I'm rtliier, Ensii,'n Raudin and Lieutenant La Val-
ti ill", all ex-olTicers of the Carignan-Seliers n"^i-
incnt. who were just establishing seu/rmurien ; and
thfse settlements extended so rapidly that in a
few years tiiev almost formed a chain of houses
from Quebec to Montreal.
10. — The first point of attraction on nearing
the island of Montreal was the fortified mill at
Point Aux Trembles, built by the
pui"trai!o?"'it. Sulpicians, and beyond it the newly-
bu'lt chapel of the Infant Jesus. A
few more settkineiits followed ; and then rose the
great fortified mill of Montreal, long since fallen
into decay and until quite recently used as a dead
house, the Corporation of Montreal being some-
what derelict in providing a decent morgue. Next
came into sight the long row of wooden houses,
the Hotel Dieu and the rough masonry of the
Seminary of St. Suljiice. Beyond Montreal there
were a few more clearings to Laehine, where La
Salle had his teigneurie, and beyond tliat the wil-
derness was unbroken, except by one small trading-
post on Isle Perot.
11. — (Jro.ssing Lake Louis at Laehine to the
south shore of the St. Lawrence, we come to the
seianeuries of Lontrueuil, Boucherville,
On Uie south '' '^ '
Biiore ot iho St. Vareiines, V ercheres and Contrecceur.
Lawreiieo.
Prom the fort at Sorel extended the
military i)e(V/«e;«m'8 along the Richelieu, and con-
tinuiug along the St. Lawrence we see the begin-
nings of the aeigneuries of Lassaudiere, Becancour,
I^otbiniere and others ; while below " the frowning
citadel " a few cabins and clearings as far as River
Quelle showed the spread of civilization.
12. — Such is a brief and rapid outline of the
colony at the time of which we write. As for the
life of the colonist, it was for the first
The colonists' c , , in.
lives. iG\y years a hard one ; but after that,
with care and thrift he could get
along easily and comfortably enough. A few
acres would yield enough to support his family
with tiie aid of his gun, if lie was a liunter, and
the assistance of the bountiful sujjply of eels with
which the St. Lawrence abounded, and which,
smoked or salted, furnished his larder for montlis.
By turning his attention during the winter to
preparing timber and shingles for the Quebec
market lie was sure of being able to supply him-
self with such necessaries as he needed. Still, in
a great many cases, the settlers were not happy.
20 '■^■'
There were two main causes for this; first, the
former habits of the military settlers unfitteil tliini
for the dull routine and constant hard work of
tlieir new life, and they grew sick of it as soon as
the novelty had worn off. Secondly, their do-
mestic lives were frequently very unhappy ; for
married as they had been, we may almost siiy bj'
lottery, it was not surprising that many of them
had drawn blanks, as is always the case with all
lotteries, of which matrimony is said to be the
greatest. Still, if ihey did not flourish in every
respect, they certainly fulfilled the king's wish
in being fruitful, and they multiplied rapidly.
Mother Mary, in one of her letters, gives the follow-
ing graphic account of some of them. "A poor
man will have eight children and more, who run
about in winter with bare heads and bare feet, and
a little jacket on their backs, live on nothing but
bread and eels, and on that grow fat and stout."
Neither the food nor the clothing seem to be any-
thing superfluous, and many of the weaker chil-
dren died ; but from those who withstood this rough
nursing sprung the hardy bush-rangers and bush-
fighters of a century and more ago, and their no
less haidy and tough descendants in the habitants
of to-day.
CHAPTER XXVI.
GOVERNMENT OF FRONTENAC. — DIS-
COVERY OF THE GREAT WEST.
I. PioNEEii Priests. — 2. Efforts to o»taln
THE North and West for France. — 3.
First View of the Mississippi. — 4. Check
to the Exploring Party. — 5. Explora-
tions IN the Hudson Bay Region. — G. De-
Frontenac's Character. — 7. Dissensions
Between the Governor, Bishop and In-
TENDANT. — 8. DeFi{ONTENAC"s DESPOTISM —9.
DeFrontenac Censured. — 10. The Liquor
Traffic. — 11. Building of Fokt Catakaqui.
1. — At the time of whicii we write, little or
nothing was known of the Great West, except the
very scanty knowledge of a few mis-
sionary priests, for the priest was Pioneer priest*.
always the pioneer of the soldier and
li
til ■
[S .
!Im
i ■ !
150
TUTTLE'S IIIST.)1.Y OF THE DOMINION oi- ( ANADA.
trader. Fiith"r Mesnard had, some thirty years
before, visited the shores of Lake Superior in com-
pany with a hand of Ottawa Indians, and had died
of starvation and ill-usage. Fatiier AUonez, un-
deterred by Father Mesiiard's fate, accompanied
another hand to tlie straits connectinj^ Lakes
Huron and Superior, which he named Sault Ste.
Marie. He then skirted the eastern shore of Lake
Superior as far as the Ishind of Ciiagouamigon,
afterwards calh'd St. Michel, where he met a band
of Christian Hnrons, who were being chased by
the Iroquois and other tribes. He erected a chapel
here, and continued his exi)lorations. At Lake
Nipegon he found the remnant of the Nipissing
tribe ; and afterwards founded two missions, the
Algonquins being settled at Sault Ste. Marie and
the Hurons at Michillimackinac, on the south
shore of the strait between Lakes Huron and
Michigan.
2. — The soldier and the trader soon followed the
priest ; and great efforts were shortly after made
to take possession of the North and
Effortg to obtain the -. , . ,
North and West for Nortli-west lu the name ot the
France. i-x , •
King of Inance. hor this purpose
an experienced traveller named Nicholas Perrot,
who spoke the Indian languages perfectly, received
instructions to follow Father AUouez, and call a
meeting of Indian delegates to hear a iressage
from the Great Ononthio. He reached Chicago,
the head-quarters of the Miamis, and called a
general assembly at Sault St. Marie, where in
May, 1G71, delegates from about twenty tribes
met M. DeLousson, the Royal Commissioner.
DoLousson explained that he desired to take
possession of the country in the name of the
French king; and on this speech being trans-
lated into Algonquin, he was greeted with cries
of "Vive le Roi! " a piece of spontaneous loyalty
into which the delegates had been specially
instructed by Father Allouez. A solemn chant
was then sung, and a cross, with the royal arms
attached to it, erected, after which DeLousson
declared the country under the protection of the
King of France.
3. — It was at Sault Ste. Marie that the first
tidings were ever heard of the great Mississippi,
which the Indians called Mechasepe, or Mississippi,
and described as a mighty river which flowed
neithei to the North nor to the East. Talon at
once observed the great importance of discovering
where this mighty river had its outlet; for whether
it flowed South to the Gulf of Mexico, or Wist
to the Pacific, it was of equal importance as a
highway to the sea. He therefore instructed
Father Marquette and M. Joliet, a prominent
merchant of Quebec, to make discoveries. They
reached Green Bay, at the extremity of Lake
Michigan, and there the Indians atternjjted to dis-
suade them from their journey by describing the
immense dangers they would have to face. The}'
were not to be deterred, however ; and launch-
ing two canoes, with a crew of six men on Fox
River, they, after great trouble, made their way
across the country to the Wisconsin, which they
followed to its confluence with the Mississippi,
and on the 14tli June, 1673, the two canoes
reached the main stream of the Mississippi, bear-
ing the first two white men who had ever float-
ed on the broad bosom of " The Father of
Waters." When we look at the Mississippi of
to-day, with the splendid cities along its shores,
adorned Avith hundreds of church spires, and
the wharves crowded with vessels which take
millions of tons of freight, the produce of the
rich country washed by its waters, we can scarce-
ly realize the fact that it is barely two centuries
since Religion and Commerce — in the shape of
a priest and a trader, in two birch canoes not
big enough to accommodate a modern Saratoga
trunk in addition to the living freight they
bore — first broke upon its grand solitude, and
witnessed the majestic grandeur of " The Fa-
ther of Waters " before the cry of the raftsman,
or the whistle of the steamboat had awakened its
echoes.
4. Both the explorers give glowing accounts of
the niagni. . .it and fertile country they saw, with
its flowevy meadows, grand forests,
and majestic prairies, dotted with [il'J'paAy!"^ ""'"'"
herds of buffaloes. They continued
down the Mississippi past the mouths of the Illi-
nois, Missouri and Ohio rivers to the mouth of the
Arkansas, at which point they were forced to turn
back, as Marquette's knowledge of the Indian
dialects, which had helped them greatly so far,
was of no further use, and the Indians were grow-
ing hostile. They had, however, learned enough
to show them that the river did not flow into the
Pacific, as they had hoped, but into the Gulf of
Mexico ; and they feared that if they continued
GOVERNMENT OF FRONTENAC— DISCOVERY OF THE GREAT WEST. VA
)rwliether
, or West
iince n» a
instructed
)roiiiiiit'iit
es. They
of Luke
ted to dis-
ribing the
ee. Tliey
d launeli-
in on Fox
their way
k'liich tliey
lississippi,
fo canoes
lippi, bear-
ever float-
Father of
sissippi of
its shores,
pires, and
hich take
ce of the
can scarce-
) centuries
shape of
imoes not
Saratoga
fjit they
tude, and
The Fa-
raftsman,
ikened its
;count8 of
saw, with
totlieexplor-
Briy.
f the Illi-
uth of tlie
ed to turn
le Indian
y so far,
ere grow-
d enougli
r into tlie
e Gulf of
continued
on to tli(; Gulf tb.ey would fall into the hands of
the iiostile Spaniards. They were, thereture, re-
Inctaully oblii^td to return ; and Father Maniuette
reinaine<l aninngst the Mianiis at Chicago, while
M. .Iiiiift proce.'ded to Quebec to make his n'lxirt.
5. — While I'urthoring explorations in the West,
Talon also took care to further the interests of
France in the region of Hudson's
iTaVSrarregion. Hay. lu accordaucc with instruc-
tions issued by him to endeavor to
find a short route to Hudson's Bay by way of
the Saguena}-, Father Albanel aiul St. Denys
and de Simon ascended that river to its source in
the Lake St. John in 1671. They encamped on
the shores of the Lake that winter, making friends
and converts amongst the Indians, and in the
spring explored Lake Mistissin, and descemled the
river Memisccau to its mouth. At this point they
were met by delegates from twelve neighboring
tribes, jnid in their presence Father Albanel took
formal possession of the territory in the name of
liis king.
0. — Count Louis de Buade Frontenac, who
succeeded DeCourcelles in the governorship of
Canada, was a soldier of high reputa-
citrra "I'Jr""'' ' t'""' ^^''^0 ^"^'^ ^^'"" ™"^^* credit for
himself and done good service for liis
king during the thirty years he had been in the
army. He had many brilliant qualities which
fitted him for exercising a strong personal in-
fluence on the colonists, and his force of character
caused him to be both respected and feared b\' the
Indians; but he was haughty, imperious and of a
quick, inflexil)le temper, and he soon came into
difficulties with the other officers of the govern-
ment. At the time of his assuming the governor-
ship Lavcal was absent in Paris, and on Talon's
leaving, before a new Intendant had arrived, De-
Frontenac claimed and exercised nearly all the
j)owersof the Supreme Council. On the return of
Laval, however, and the arrival of the new Intend-
ant. II. Dueherneau, these officers resisted his pre-
tensions to supreme command, and a state of
dissension ensued which lasted throughout the
whole of DeFrontenac's administration.
7. — The cause of dispute between tiie Governor,
Bisiiop and Intendant were their relative powers,
Diswpnsinin iin- '1"'^ "l^o the liquor traffic with the
lK.r,''uisiunra»d Lidians, which was growing to a very
intciiuai.t. gj,gj^j. extent ; and, finall}', complaints
were made by the Bishop and Intendant of the
very arbitrary and tyrannical conduct of the Gov-
ernor. The royal edict aj)pointing a Governor
and Intendant very clearly explained the duties
of eacii ; but DeFrontenac claimed the right to
exercise nearly all the functions delegated to the
Intendant, and hence these two ofiicials were
always at variance. With regard to the Bishoii
and clergy, DeFrontenac appears to have repudi-
ated altogether any claim of theirs to j)articipate
in civil administration — a right of which Laval
was very jealous ; and while he favored the
RecoUets, who had lately been admitted to Canada
by royal edict, he was severe on the Jesuits and
opposed to tiieir missionaries.
8. — At this time the evils of the liquor traffic
with the Indians were represented to be excessive,
and Laval was constantly and strongly
urging a prohibitory law ; but i)e- {Jeli^ulnr''
Frontenac belittled the tixtent of the
evil claimed, and charged tlie advocates of a
prohibitory law with exaggerating the facts of
the case to further their own views. Tliey, on the
other hand, were not slow to accuse DeFrontenac
of acquiescing in the abuses and even protiting by
them. As the disputes grew warmer DeFrontenac
grew more despotic, and exercised the power which
he had, with the army at his back, very freely.
Several of his opponents in the Supreme Council
were banished, as well as a priest named Fenelon,
and M. Penot, a nei)hew of Talon's, who was
connnandautat Montreal, was ariested and inqiris-
oned in Quebec for a year, on a charge of having
insulted one of DeFrontenac's officers, and after-
wards sent to B^'ance, where the charge was
overthrown, and Penot was, in 1684, sent out to
Acadia as Governor.
I). — Such grave differences between the Gover-
nor, Bishop and Intendant could not, of course,
continue long without royal inter-
ference, and the causes of complaint rjmr'"""' '"'"
were referred to France. Both par-
ties had strong friends at Court , Laval went to
Paris to sustain his own views in person ; but De-
Frontenac had a strong friend in the Prime Min-
ister, Colbert, who always showed a disposition to
(limiiiish the power of the clergy in civil matters;
ami DeFrontenac was [)artially sustained, at least
so far as the liquor traffic went, Laval failing to
get the prohibition he desired. DeFrontenac was,
I
I!
I
\i
d
152
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
liowever, censured, although in amiUl form. Tlie
exiled members of tlie Council were all sent back,
except one who had died, and DtFiontcnac was
informed that altliough it was his duty to preside
at the Council and submit subjects for deliixr-
ation, he had no further control over tiie actions
of that body. Tiie Intendant was also sustained
and his powers enlaiged, and DeFrontenac was
generall}' rebuked for his despotic conduct. This
did not by any means, liowever, end tiie discussion,
which continued as long as DeFrontenac and
Duchesneau were in oflice.
10. — Laval was not satisfied with the defeat of
his prohibition scheme, and he made another jour-
ney to Paris to urge liis views. His
The liquor tramo. sccoiid visit resulted in orders being
sent to DeFrontenac, in 1676, to
investigate inWy, willi a committee of twenty-four
citizens, the evils of tlie liquor traffic. A major-
ity of tlie committee decided that as long as tiie
Englisli and Duteii continued tiie traffic it was
necessary for the French to do so or all tlie trade
with the Indians would be diverted from them.
Tliis report was forwarded to Paris wliile Laval
was there, and lie made one more effort to carry
his pet sclieine Ijy getting the wiiole matter refer-
red to the Arciii)isliop of Paris and anotiier eccle-
siastic. Tlie result was a sort of compromise, an
order being sent outprohiliitiiig liquor being taken
into the woods or to the habitations of the Indians ;
but not j)roliibitiiig its sale in the settlements;
with this l^i.val had to bo content, and returned to
Quebec; but he continued to urge his clergy to
advocate proliilntioii.
11. — Despite his arrogant assuniplion of power,
DeFrouteiiao showi.'d hiius.'lf an effi(;ieiit and
energeti(! officer. He entered lieart-
nuUdingofFort.a- j]^. ;„[„ ,i„, ..ehomes of liis piede-
eess(jrs DeCoureelles and Talon,
for the security of the colony against the lio-
(juois, esjiecially the building of a fort at C'alara-
(pii, now i\.iiigstoii, ariaugements for wliieh had
been made with the Indians by DiCouieelles be-
fore his dejiarture in IGT'J. He undertook the
work vigoroiLsly in the summer of 1673. Halteaux
anil canoes with artillery, ammunition, provisions
and everything necessary for liuilding the fort
were forwarded, together with four hundred men,
to build and garrison the fort; and the [ilaee
sprang into existence as if by magic, being finished
and ready for occupation in a week, and twenty
acres of land in its vicinity enclosed for cultiva-
tion. The plans for drawing towards Quebec the
traffic of the northern tribes of Indians, included
the building of a ship to navigate Lake Erie, the
erection of a fort at Niagara, and a more thorough
exiiloration of the north and west. In all these
undertakings DeFrontenac had a very able assist-
ant in the person of M. Robert de La Salle,of whom
we shall speak at length further on.
LaSallo.
CHAPTER XXVIT.
GOVERNMENT OF FRONTENAC. DISCOV-
ERY OF THE GREAT WEST.
1. La Salle. — 2. The Sulpicians of Montueal.
— 3. Settlkmknt at Lachine. — 4. La Salle
REnuiLDs Cataraqui. — 5. The First Vessel
ON Lake Erie. — 6. La Salle Secures the
Commerce of the West. — 7. La Salle
Reaches the Mouth of the Mississippi,
A.D., 1682.— 8. Death of La Salle.
1. — LaSalle was a young gentleman who had
been trained in the severe school '^f a Jesuit Col-
lege, and had even taken some of
their vows. He was intelligent,
daring, and filled with an aml)itious desire to find a
road to Japan and the East Indies by the way of
the Great West, then a trrra hwngnita. He was
possessed of indomitable pluck and perseverance;
was grave, earnest and enthusiastic, and well lil-
ted for the work to which lie aspired. No diffi-
culty could daunt or disappointment depress
him.
2. — The island of Montreal, which was at that
time on the outskirts of the colony, was held as a
isrijiwurk by the Seminary of St. tir. sui|,i.iun« ..t
Sulpiee; and they, being in con- ■^'"'"■f^^"' •
slant dread of inroads from the Indians, desired to
form a line of semi-military settlements urouiid
their scii/neurie to protect it from the Irocpiois, who,
although they hail received a sharp les.soii from
Governor DeCourcelle.s, were still very trouble-
some. They were at the time of La Salle's arrival
granting land on the outskirts of their Hetllemeni
on very easy terms to settlers; and the Siipciiiu'
■eek, and twenty
3sed for cultiva-
'iinls Quebec the
Indians, inelnded
e Lake Erie, tiie
a more tiiorougli
St. In all tiiese
very able assist-
La Salle,of whom
on.
IT.
fAC. DISCOV-
WEST.
s OF Montreal.
c. — 4. La Salle
ieFikst Vessel
E Secures the
-7. La Salle
HE Mississirri,
. Salle.
Lleniiin who had
f a Jesuit Col-
bf
La Sallo,
IS desire to find a
by tlie way of
Hjnita. lie was
I perseverance ;
ic, and well lil-
ired. No dilli-
itnient depress
lich was at liiat
■, was iield as a
Tho SulpliiniiH uf
Muiitruul .
ilians, desired to
Icnieiils ariMiml
le InKjiiois, whd,
,rp lesson from
1 very trouiilf-
vii Sidle's airi\al
(heir sctHcuicllI
id the Sii[)ciiiir
m
I '
I
t: I
I'iM
'hi i
GOVERNMENT OF FRONTENAC— DISCOVERY OF THE GREAT AVEST.
153
of the Order, Queylus, made La Salle the gener-
ous offiM- of a larr,'e tract of land, about nine miles
from Montreal, wliich is now known as Laciune,
on mere nominal terms, La Salle and his successors
heiuif made feudal lords on the condition of pre-
senliujr a fine silver medal, weighing one mark, to
the Seminary on the occasion of every ciiange of
proprietorsliip. La Salle, who had some small
means of liis own, at once endeavored to attract
settlers, and offered them very advantageous
terms.
3. — After passing what is now Point St. Ciiarles,
there was then scarcely any settlement up to the
Settlement Ht La- I'^'ad of the Lachinc Rapids ; and it
'^^'''"«- was here, at tlie widening out of
the river into Lake St. Louis, that La Salle laid
out a fortifad village after the fasliion of the In-
dians and the early settlers. The village was en-
closed by a higii palisade, and within tiiis each
settler was allowed a tiiird of an acre, for which lie
paid a yearly rental of lialf a sou in money, and
three capons ; lie was also allowed sixty arpents
outside the village at a rental of half a sou per
annum for each arpent. A common of two hun-
dred arpents was also reserved ft)r the settlers at
a rental of five sous each per year. He reserved
four hundred and twenty arpents for himself, and
began to clear tiie land and erect buildings.
4. — But LaSalle was not long to remain inactive
at Lacliine. He studied most assiduously, and
La saiio rebuiuis "'iistercd eight Indian dii.'^jcts.
ciiuiiaqui. 'piu, ^.^\^, „f ii,y discovery of tlie
Mississippi by Father Manjuette and M. Joliet
induced liim to attempt a [)lan of reaching the
East by way of tiie great water tributaries which
he felt convinced flowed that way. He consulted
DcFroutenac, and at once gained hia good will by
offering to rebuild Cataraqui with slone, increas-
ing its size and so making it as strong as it was an
important post. De Fi'outenac gave iiim letters of
reconunenihition to iiigh personages at ccnirt, and
he visited I'aris, wliere, througii tlio inlluence of
the Duke of Conti and M. Saignelas, tlie Minister
of iMarine, he was granted the Heljnc.iii'ie of Catara-
(jui, given iinliinited liberty to make discoveries,
and awarded the exclusive right of conwuerce in
the West and any new countries lie might discover.
I Living gained these privileges he rcturiu'd to
Canaila, accompanied by the Chevalier Tonti, a
veteran ofliccr. Father Hennepin, a Flemish priest
of the Order of Recollets, and thirty men ; and for
about a year busied himself in rebuilding Fort
Cataraqui, trading with the Indians and building
ships above the Falls of Niagara.
5. — At last his i)re[)arations for a voA-age of dis-
covery were completed, and on the 9tii August,
1079, he entered Lake Erie, accom-
panied by Father Hennepin, in " The ^'nlakoKrir''"'
Grifrin," the first ship which ever
rnttled the waters of that lake. Passing through
the whole length of the lake he reached the Detroit
strait and entered a calm and beautiful lake which
he called St. Clair. On Lake Huron tiie " Grilfiii"
encountered a severe gale which almost wrecked
her, and greatl}' alarmed the sailors, but she
reached Michillimackinac in safet}', and obtained
a rich cargo of fi .s in Green Ray, with which
" The Griffin " was sent back to Niagara, but she
undoubtedly foundered in another storin on the
lakes, as she was never heard of afterwards.
G. — La Salle did not lose sight of his great enter-
prise, alllunigh for two years he employed himself
chiefly with securing the trade of tiie
I.ti Sflll6 Bficurcfl
West, and established fortified trading- tiio'.oinincrcoor
Ti /-I 1 n ""* West.
posts at i'ort Creveeour, on the Jl-
liiiois river, at St. Joseph, Chicago, Sault Ste.
Marie, Michillimackinac, Detroit, and liis regular
forts at Niagara and Cataraqui. The Clievalier
Tonti had gone to live amongst the Illinois tril)e,
and secured their good will. La Salle dispatched
M. Deccan, accoiiqianied by Father Hennepin, to
discover the source of the Mississijijii, but they
were stopped by the beautiful falls of that river,
\\liicli Father Hcnneiiin named "St. Antiiony."
The expedition was not altogether a successful one,
as it fell into the hands of the Sioux, who kept them
captives for some time. I^.i Salle was not without
his enemies. Many nierehants were jealous of his
trading privileges and called hiin a mere creature
of D'.'FrontiMiac's ; while scuue of his own men
mutinied and attemjited to poison him.
7. — La Salle at last started on his grand voyage
to discover the nu)uth of the Mississiiipi ; launched
his canoes (Ui tlu^ Illinois river, and lbsbiIb ronch™
on the llth FebruaiT. KISii. entered !>'i';;Z1m^^^^^^^^^
the Mis>issipi)i. He proceeded ilow:i- ""-•
wards past the mouths of tiie Mi.ssouri, Ohio and
Arkansas, wliei(! I'^atlier Miii(iuett(! hail been
checked, and nas soinclimcs received in a friendly
manner by the Indians, but as often greeted by a
m^
V
riii:;
i:)4
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMLNION OF CANADA.
volley of arrows. Passing through the country of
tiie (Miickasaw, Taenca, Natchez and Quinii)isa
Indiaiis. the country was flat, ilreary and disheart-
ening; hut he pushed on, and on the 19th of
March, 1(382, thirty-six days after entering it, he
reached the month of the Mississipjii. La Salle
fully recognized the importance of his discovery,
and celebrated the event with great rejoicings.
lie erected a cross with the king's arms on it, and
formally took possessioji of all the country drained
by the Mississipj)! in the name of his king, calling
it, in honor of him, Louisiana. lie then commenced
his return journey to Quebec, but it was long and
arduous, and he did not reach the capital until the
spring of 1G83.
9. — The news of La Salle's great discovery caused
a profound sensation in France, and lie was re-
ceived with great consideration at
Death of La Salle. Court, and entrusted with the task
of founding a settlement at the
mouth of the Mississippi, lie was given command
of an ex|ie(iition of two hundred and jighty men,
and left Rochelle in 1G84 to find the mouth of the
Mississippi by sea and found a colony ; he was alsc
accompanied b}- his nephew, .Moranger. La Salle,
however, had miscalculated his hnigitude, and
sailed two hundred miles jiast the mouth of the
river. When he discovered his mistake he en-
deavored to retrace his steps ; but provisions ran
short, as tlie vessel bearing his chief sui)i)lies had
been wrecked in the (Jul*' of Mexico, and his men
grew mutinous. He landed to explore the in-
terior, but the men, wlio were sutrering from
hunger and exposure, rebelled against the haughty
and arrogant tcmi)er of Moranger, and, in a fit of
exasiicration at his conduct, murdered both uncle
and nephew. The (,'hevalier Tonti desceniled the
river to meet La Salle, but it was not until long
afterwards that he learned his sad fate.*
CIIAl'TER XXVIIL
THE -lESUns ON THE LAKES.
1. Failures ok tiik Jesuits.— 2. CriANGEs ix
TltE ReI'OKTS of tiie JeSUIT-S. — n. 'J'lIE
Seaucii or THE Jesi'tts fou Coi-pkr. — 4.
• Tills is ill iiccoriliiiicu Willi I'aikiiiaii,
Superstitiox of the Indians. — ">. Princi-
pal Stations on the Upper Lakes. — 0.
Division of the Mission at La Pointe. —
7. Visit of the Superiob of the Missions.
— 8. Throwing Down an Idol. — 0. Fa-
vorable llECEPrlON OF the MISSIONARIES
BY the Micmacs. — 10. Indian Mormons. —
11. What the Missionary Sermons were
Like.
1. — We may here stop to briefly notice, distinct-
ively, the operations of the Jesuits, from the stand-
point of their own order, during the
1 /• 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■.■ Fjiilurea of the
period 01 wliicli weiiave been writing, de»,,its.
more especially the years 1670-1-2.
Since the ruin of the great mission of the Ilurons,
a perceptible change had taken [ilace in the Jesuits.
They had put forth exertions of an almost super-
human nature; had defied famine, disease, suffer-
ing and death to build u^) a Christian and Jesuit
Empire by the conversion of the stationary tribes
of the lakes, but they had failed disastrously.
Through no fault of theirs; they had lived with
the self-abnegation of Saints, and died with tiie
confidence and devotion of martyrs ; but a very
demon of havoc seemed to have been let h)ose on
them; they had seen their incipient cliurchcs
crushed, their convents slaughtered, the po[)ulous
communities, on which they had rested their hopes,
uprooted and scattered, and the only tribe left in-
tact was the Irocpiois. which, like Aaron's serpent,
had "swallowed all the rest." Tliey might have
attem[)ted the conversion of this powerful race ;
but they eonsi(h;red them too niiieli under Dutch
aiul English inllueiice to afford a fruitful field for
their labors, and I'. cy turned their attention to
the north and west.
2. — We find them on Lakes Huron, Superior
and Michigan, laboring as assiduously as ever,
actuated by the same motives, the
greater glory of (lod, and the bene- pmT«uVtiii'liUuiu.
fit of the order ; but we find a slight
change in them, inasmuch as they pay more atten-
tion to the increasing of the wealth, power and
influeiiee of their order, and the imjirovement of
the colony in a pecuniary way. They work as
zealously as ever in the service of God, ami are
fre()iieiitly fanatical for their own order as well
as their own faith, and claiming a monopoly of the
conversion of souls, (piile content to endure the
accom})anyiiig hardships; but we al.so find them
I
•If
:#
•"). Pi:i\ci-
Lakks. — ().
POINTK. —
: Missions.
.. — 9. Fa-
SSIONAHIKS
lOUMONS. —
IONS WEltE
ce, distinct-
il the staud-
Failurt;9 of the
Ii'.' Unions,
tlie Jesuits,
most siij)er-
,'ase, sufl'er-
and Jesuit
luiry tribes
isasti'ously.
lived Willi
1 witli tlie
i)ut a very
ct loose (111
. cliuiuiies
i IiOlHlloUS
leir hopes,
)e left iii-
s serpent,
niL;lit iiave
•it'ul laeu ;
ler Diiieh
field for
Leiitiou to
, Sufierior
as ever,
i,v. in tlifl ro-
uf the tlL'HultH,
ore atteii-
ower and
.einent of
■ woik as
mil are
r as well
oly of the
dure the
lid thi'iii
THE JESUITS ON THE LAKES.
loo
looking more sharply after niuudane affairs, and
thus their reports instead of heing mere reeords of
conversions, baptisms, and matters relating only
to the church divine, begin to contain matters of
int( rest to the church militant, and to contain
much valuable information on the winds, cur-
rents, and tides of the Great Lakes ; speculations
on the subterranean outlet of Lake Su[)erior ; ac-
counts of its copper mines ; surmises touching
the Nortli Sea; reports of the great river men-
tioned by e Lidians as flowing South, and other
matters.
3. — 'i hey paid great attention to the search for
copper in Lake Su[)eiior, and at wonderful pains,
and with great hardihood and enter-
ji'lius' fo"! o wor. l>i'i^«' preiiared the map of the Lake
which api)ears in tiie Relation of
1071, the correctness of which is truly wonderful.
The surveys were made with great care and exact-
ness, but while working at them the Jesuits also
keiit a sharp look out for copper, and Father Dab-
hui rep(U'ts that it was found in greatest abun-
dance on I>le .Minong, now Isle Hoyale. He says :
" A day's journev from the head of the lake, oij
the south side, there is a rock of copper weighing
from six hundred to eight hundred pounds, lying
on the shore where aii}' who pass may see it. '
He also speaks of great copper boulders in the bed
of tlie Ontonagan.
4. — Father Dalilon comjilains of the averseness
of the Indians to give any information about the
locality where cojiper can be found
Suiiprstition f»f the • ' .•.• i i ■ ^ i /■ i
in.Uiiiw. Ill quantities; anil lie gives the lol-
lowiiig Indian tradition as the rea-
son for their superstitions fears with regard to it.
They said that eo[)|)er had first been found on an
island near the north shore, but the island did not
stay there, it floated about, and no Indian darcid
to land on it fiu' fear of the Manito who kept
watch over it. The story was that four hunters
onee landed there, and wishing to cook their food
heated four stones to throw into the water, when
they discovered that what they sujiposed were
stones were lumps of cop^ier. On leaving the
island they took these stones with them ; but the
moment they left the island a voice like tluinder
sounded in their ears " who are the thieves who
steal the toys of niy ehildreii." I, vas the (iod
of the waters, or siuiie [lowerfiil iManito. Of tho
four hunters onlv one lived to reach his vilhme,
and ho died immediately after telling his people,
and warning them not to land on the wonderful
island.
'). — There were two principal missions on the
ujiiier lakes, one at Sault Ste. Marie, at the outlet
of Lake Superior ; and the other at Th.,' iTiii.ipai sia-
... , tioiia .,]i ilio l'ii|M!r
l.,a 1 oiiite, near the western ex- Lakts.
tremit}' of the lake. The permanent residents at
Sault Ste. Marie were a band of the Ojibways ; but
hosts of the Algonqnins and other tribes resorted
there in the spring and summer, on aeeount of the
excellent fishing, the rajiids being almost alive
with white-fi.-'h. These parties usually scattered
into the forest in winter in hunting parties. La
Pointe was inhabited by remnants of the lliiions,
and the Ottawas who had fled from the Iroijuois,
and was besides frequented by the Illinois, Potta-
wattamies, Foxes, Menomonies, Sioux, Assiiii-
boins, and other tribes who came to trade, and it
was from the Illinois and Sioux that Marquette
got his first information of the Mississippi River,
of which, and his visit to it, we have already
written.
G. — Marquette determined to visit this river, but
before he could put his plan into execution the
Mission at La Pointe was broken up Divisi,,,, „f ti„. xna-
by the Siou.\-— whom the Jesuits ""■> "i '-» i'"i»iL'-
called " the Iroquois of the west '" — making war
on the tribes at La Pointe. This frightened the
Iliirons and Ottawas, and they left the place and
descended to Lake Huron, the Ilurons slopping at
Miehillimaekinac, and the Ottawas at (Jreal Maiia-
toulin Island. This divided the mission, Father
Marquette remaining with the Hurons, with his
headquarters at St. Ignace ; and Father Aiidrd
beginning a mission for the Ottawas at St. Simon.
In the winter Father Andre made a missionary
visit to the Nijiissings and oilier fiihes who had
ventured back to Lake Huron after their fear of
the Iroquois had been removed by their treatment
au the hands of the Fremh. Andre had a rather
hard experience, having to live on acorns and a
sjieeies of lichen for most of the time, and was
even so far reduced as to have to eat moss, the
bark of trees, and boil his moccasins to furnish
him food.
7. — Another mission was founded at (ireeii Pay,
in the neighborhood of which several tribes were
located. The first attempt to found vi.it„f .hosupmtor
a mission was made in ItJU'J by "*■ ^''" '"^''-'i"""'
II
\i
I
lo6
TUTTLFS HISTORY OF THE D )MINI()N OF CANADA.
Father Allouez, but was unsuccessful. In 1670
Father Dablon, superior of the missions on tlie
upper lakes, joined him and they held a council
with tlie tribes at St. Fran^'ois Xavier, as they had
called the mission at Green Bay. The Indians
received them well, and, wishing to do them honor,
a band of naked warriors walked up and down
while the discourse was going on, in imitation of
the manner in which they had seen the troops on
giiard in Montreal, which rather excited the risi-
bilities of the priests, and Father Dablon quaintly
says : " We could hardly keep from laughing,
though we were discoursing on very important
subjects ; namely, the mysteries of our religion,
and the things necessary to escaping from eternal
fire."
8. — Dablon was delighted with the country ; but
quaintly adds : " The way to it is as hard as the
path to heaven." On the banks of
iTiirowing down j^^^^ Rivcr the missionaries found an
idol, which was a hideously painted
rock somewhat resembling a man, and similar to
the one found by Dolhir and Galinee at Detroit;
this thoy threw into the river, and continued their
way across Lake Winnebago to the cown of the
Mascontius and Miamis, which they reached on
loth September, 1070.
9. — The two tribes lived together in one palis-
aded village, and numbered about llnee thousand.
Favonbierccp- fhey received the priests kindly, and
BioImrU''by'^iue Were greatly attracted by a picture of
. laniis. ^jjg Last Judgment whici\ they liad
with them. Dablon praises the conduct of the
chief of the Miamis greatly, and says he was
'.•onored by his subjects like a king, and his
demeanor towards them had no savor of the s.avage
in it. He told them of the wonderful river
Mississippi ; and when they left they left behind
them the reputation of being wonderful medicine
men.
10. — Allouez visited the Foxes next winter, and
was greatly shocked at what he saw. Their
lodges contained from five to ten
nuiiaii MormoiiB. families, and some of the chiel's had
as many as eight wives. lie gained
a hearing, however, and on a succeeding visit
niiide a great impression on them. It happened
that a war party was going out, and it occurred
to him that he would tell them the story of
the Emperor Constantine and the cross. It had
a great effect on them, and they daubed their
shields with a rude sign of ihe cross. The party
was successful, and highly extolled the virtues of
the cross as a great war medicine. Dablon re-
marks with regard to this circumstance: " Thus
it is that our holy faith is established among these
people ; and we h.ive good hope that we shall soon
carry it to the famous river called the Mississippi,
and perhaps even to the South Sea.
11. — The missionary stations were almost all
alike, and of course simjile and primitive in ai>pear-
ance and construction. Tliere was a
, , ,, ... • , , What theMis-
CluilJCl, USUalh' OllogS, wit ll one or two Biun.iry stations
, ^ . ^ . were like.
Iiouses, and in some nistaiices a store-
house and workslioi>. Tlicse were surrf)unded by
palisades, and, in fact, fdiined a stockade, outside
of which were the clearings and cultivated fields.
Of course the priests could not accomplish all this
work by themselves, as llic}- re([iiirud men accus-
tomed to forest life, hard work, and able to paddle
the canoes, fell trees, build huts and cultivate the
ground. In the earlier days of the missions there
were a number who joined them voluntarily,
either from enthusiasm or as penance, and the.se
were known as donnes; or "given men;" but
these soon grew scarce, and their j)laces were
filled by hired men, or ev<ja<jes. These were
employed in all the hard manual labor, hui'.ting,
fishing, i'c; and it is even charged against them
that they traded with the Indians for the benefit
of the missions. This charge of trading was made
from the first establishment of the missions, and
was vehemently reiterated by the enemies of the
missionaries, including DeFronteiiac, who com-
plains of it in his dispatclies. It is not pos-
itively denied by the Jesuits, and if they confined
themselves solely to supporting the missions with
ciie profits of these trading transactions, there
cannot seem to have been any liarm done by them.
CHAPTER XXIX.
GOVERNMENT OF DE LA BARRE.
1. Recall of DeFkontenac and Duchesneau.
— 2. Appointment of M. De la Bakre and
M. DeMeules. — 3. A Council called tocon-
SIDEU THE STATE OP THE CoLONY. — 4. A MOCK
. I: J
iihecl tlu'ir
The party
I virtues of '
Dablon re-
el "Tims
morig these
e shall soon
Mississippi,
almost all
e in appear-
Wliat the Mis-
Bioiiiiry Stations
were like.
rounded by
ade, outside
vated fields,
[ilish all this
men aceiis-
)le to paddle
niltivate the
issions there
voluntarily,
!e, and these
men;" but
places were
'I'hese were
)or, hurling,
[gainst them
the benefit
ig was made
iiissions, and
Imies of the
who corn-
is not pos-
liey confined
issions with
lions, there
lie by them.
GOVERNMENT OF DE LA BARPE.
15"
iRRE.
JCHESNKAU.
liAKKK AND
|L1:I) Tf) Cf)N-
-4. A MOCK
I
"4
Alliance. — o. Preparing for War. — 6. De
LA Baukk's Unstccessfi'l Attempt against
THE Senegas. — 7. Recall of De la Barre.
1. — The Governorsijip of Det'rontenac extended
over a period of nearly ten years ; and tiie strug-
gle ix'tween himself and the In-
rrindi/Xrau. tendant Duchesneau continued
very bitter to the end. It might
be said to have been a struggle between State and
Ohurch, to some extent, for DeFrontenac strong-
ly opposed tile interference of the clergy in civic
affairs ; and Duchesneau favored the Church, .so
that he had all the Jesuit influence to support
him in Paris, and they gradually gained so much
that he bi.'gan to be looked on as the aggrieved
party. At last the struggle grew so bitter that
the Piinie Minister concluded that the wisest
course would be to recall both, which was done,
j)arlly as a concession to the Governor's friends,
and i)ariiy because he saw that the prosperity" of
the Colony must suffer as long as its two chief
olficers reinained at such variance.
2. — The successors of Count DeFrontenac and
M. Duchesneau were M. De la Barre, as Gover-
. ,,, nor, and M. DeMeules, as Intend-
AppolntmoMt of M. ' '
j)oiaiurreaii.i.M. ;y,t i„ KJSii. The i)eriod was a
critical one for the colony. The
close of the war between Holland and England,
and the transfer of the Dutch settlements in New
York to the latter power, had raised a formidable
rival to the French colony for the trade with the
Indians. The Ind'vns had already learned that
their white brothers would cheat them in trade, if
they could, and that the English traders cheated
them far less than the French. The Iioquois, who
were the first to discover this, and who had a
deadly animosity to the French, endeavored to in-
duce the Indians of the North- West and along the
St. I.,awrence to trade witii the English at New
York and other trading-posts; thus striking a
death blow at the Canada fur trade at its very
source. Tlie Iroiiuois were fast getting over their
fear of " Ononthio ; " and the murder of one mis-
sioiiii.ry by the Senecas, frequent, inroads into the
hunting-giounds of tribes friendly to the French,
and occasional collisions with French trapjjers,
sliowed that it would not require much provoca-
tion to cause another Indian war.
3, — De la Barre had been instructed by the king
to use every means on his arrival to place the af-
fairs of the colony on a more satis- ^ co„„di oaiie.i to
factory basis than they were at 't',7J''^.'i",;';,;j.';"^'""''
present. For this purpose De la
Barre called a council of the principal men of the
colony and requested them to report on the con-
dition of the colony, stating the causes .vhich had
led to the unsatisfactory position in which it was,
and suggesting the best means for restoring it to
prosperity. The report of the council attributed
the unprosperous condition of the colon}- to the
crafty and selfish polic}' of the Iroquois ; and sug-
gested as the best means of restoring j)rosperity, a
campaign Jigainst them. Tlie council, however,
acknowledged that to insure a successful campaign
it would need more troops an I men than the
colony had, and involve a greater expense than
the colony could bear. They reconmiended the
building of vessels to navigate Lake Ontario, and
the erection of additional forts and magazines.
4. — De la Barre fully eiulorsed the rejiort and
forwarded it to Fiance; but it did not meet with
the response he liad expected.
Louis appears not to have been a mo.-k alliance,
thoroughly aware of the critical
condition of his colonj'of New France ; and thought
that a temporary alliance between the French
and English colonies in America would serve to
keep the Indians in check. He therefore obtained
an order from Charles II. of England, to Governor
Dongan, of New Yoi'k, to maintain a good under-
standing with De la Barre, and the matter was
left pretty much to the two governors to settle.
Dongan was very profuse in his professions of
good intentions '. vards the French colony ; but
he never had any iiiLention of allowing the west-
ern trade, which was now growing very important
to New York, to be rediverted into its old channel
to Quebec. He therefore contented himself with
corresponding with De la Barre, and so confident
did the Irociuois feel that they need not fear any-
thing from the governor of N'nv York, that they
there seized a number of Canadian traders, took
away goods, and attacked the French trading-post
on the Illinois river, while negotiations were pend-
ing between tlitt two governors.
5. The Iroquois were not content w'lli these
oviut acts of hostility; but secretly prepared for
wai', and sent deiiuties to the Vir- „ . .
*■ Preparing fur war.
ginia tribes to secure peace with
1 ^i
158
TLTTLF/S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
tliein in tiie event of a war witli tlie French.
De la Barre kuowint; this, (lotenninecl tiiat it
would he he^t for liini to take tlie initiative,
and at once cany tiie war into tlie enemy's country
by striking a blov at tiie Senccas. He also endea-
vored to make terms witli the Moliawks, On(!idas
and Onondagas to induce tiieni to rei.<ain neutral ;
but they refused to do more than to consent to me-
diate between tlie French and the Senecas, and
openly st.ited that if the latter declared for war
the}' would join them, in which case they were as-
sured of support from the English at New York.
0. — De la IJarre now determined on taking the
initiativein acjve operations, and gathered as large
a force as possible at Montreal, with
Buiiexsfuiaiuiiiiii tile iiitentiou 01 going to Niagara,
agiiiimttlieSenuras. o o o
anil Irom tliat jiost penetrating the
Seneca country. F^rom the French trading-posts
in the North-West he was able to gain some assist-
ance, and mustered nearly 500 warriors of tribes
in tliat section, friendly to the F'rcnch, to assist
him. On tiie 21st July, 1084, he left Montreal,
at the Iiead of an army comjiosed of 130 regular
troops, 700 militia and "200 Indians, fn route for
Niagara. He readied IA)rt Frontenac (Cataraqui),
but his troops were sufTcring so luuch from want
of provisions, and had l)een so decimated by sick-
ness, that he was glad to conclude a peace with
tlie delegates of tiie Cayuga, Oneida, and Onon-
daga Irocpiois, who, amongst other humiliating
conditions, r('(]iiired that he siiould leave tiie fort
on the following day. Dela IJarre saw that there
was nothing for liim but comjiliance, lie therefore
veluriied to Montreal at once, leaving his Indian
allies from the North-West to get home tlie best
way they could, — an act which did not particularly
phrase tliem, or increase tlieir friendly feeling to-
wards tlie F'rench.
7. — Louis had foi aied a very different idea of the
result of a war witli tlie Iroipiois from what was
the actual result of De hi liarre's
unsuccessful expedition. This was
probably based on two false prem-
ises ; firstly, the snp[)ort of the English governor at
New York, which was not given ; and secondly,
the very common, but very foolish mistake of un-
dervaluing the power of one's enemies. When De
la Barre arrived at Quebec after concluding his
disgraceful peace with the Irociuois, he found a re-
inforcementof 300 men sent out by Louis, wiio was
lieinlliifDc la
Unrro.
under the impression that De l^i Barre was con-
ducting a successful war, with instructions toeitiier
exterminate the Irn(piois or render them powerless
to inflict harm on the colony in the future. To
assist this latter 'iew the king inercifully sug-
gested that as tlu! Iroqnois were stout and robust,
th V could be niiide very useful on his galleys;
JvndDela Barre was therefore instructed to take as
many of them as possible prisoners and send tliem
to F'rance for that purpose. De la Barre was very
much embarrassed by this order, as instead of catch-
ing any Iroquois, the Iroquois had very nearly
caught him, and his rejiort of his failure was a
great disappointment and source of displeasure to
the king. The report of M. DeMeules, the In-
tendant, was also very unfavorable to De la
Barre, and the latter was immediately declared
unfit for his post and recalled.
CHAPTER XXX.
THE
GOVERNMENT OF
VILLE.
M. DeDENON-
1. AlM'OINTMKNT OI' TIIK MaUQUIS DkDiCNON-
viLLK. — 2. His MKASUUtcs Aoainst thio In-
dians.— 3. The Stuength of the Iuoqi'ois.
— 4. Protest OF CiovKUNOR Dongan, of New
YouK.— 0. DoNOANs Treaty with the Iro-
quois. — 0. Seizure of I']ngi.isii Trading-
I'osTs. — 7. Treachery of DeDe.nonville. —
8. (Ienerous Conduct of the Indians in
Retaliation. — U. DeDenonville advances
against the Iroquois. — 10. Success of De
Denonville's F^xi'EDiTioN. — 11. Ketamation
OF the Senegas. — 12. Goveiinoh I)nN(;AN Ke-
MON.STRATES. — 13. InROAD OF THE MoilAWKS.
— 14. Ei'forts for Peace. — lo. The F'rencii
Agree to Terms of Peace. — 10. Opposition
to the Peace hy the Indian Allies of the
French. — 17. The Peace-Killer. — 18. The
Massacre at Lachine. — 19. Abandonment
OF F\)rt F'rontenac. — 20. Recall of De-
Denonville.
1. — The king determined to send an active
oflicer to succeed De la Barre, and appointed the
•e was I'on-
)nsl()L'illK'V
11 powerU'ss
lit 11 re. To
cifiilly sui,'-
iiiiil rohusl,
his ;j,iillt\vs ;
(1 to take as
I senil tlu'iii
ro was very
:m\ of cat ell-
very nearly
,11 II re was a
spleasiire to
ales, the Iii-
: to De la
ly declared
DeDENON-
ST TIIK 1n-
■: luoguois.
AN, OF NkW
III Till'; Iiio-
'i'KADlNCi-
soN villi:. —
Indians in
advancks
CLS.S OF J)k
KTALIATION
)(lN(iAN l{i;-
AIOUAWKS.
UK Fkknou
Opposition
LIKS OF Till;
u.— 18. The
\NIiONMKNT
VI.L OF I)E-
1 an active
[ipointed the
THE (iOVERN.MKNT OF .M. I)i:I)KN(»N Vil-LK.
l.V.)
... Maniiiis !> nrimiiville, a well-
.Mni.|uis i>.'i)«uo:i- (lied olHi'er of distinction; and
at the same time the veteran soldier
DeCalliers, Cajitain of tiio retjinu'iit of Xavanc,
was appointiMl to the tjdverninent of Monireal.
The (•oMiinand of the latter was descrihed as ex-
tending^ to Lid\f Si. I'eicr, and he soon cndeart'd
liiiiisflf to the (Mdonists iiy his ahle and jinlieioiis
adiiiinistratidii of 1 he affairs entrirsted to him. De-
Deiioinille was a(.'coiii]iaiiiod hy a reinforceiiu'iit
of troops ; and although his voyage hud hecn hoth
long and lioisteroiis, on his arrival in (iiiehee, in
1(18.'), he allowed neithcrhinisclf ikm' his men niiieh
time for ri'iiose, hnt juished forward at oiiee for
Fort Fronteiiae to ascertain llie true stale of af- ||
fairs. He applieil himself very zealously to gain- ■
iiig a tine iinderslanding of the diilindties he- ''
Iwecn the Frtiich and Inxjiiois, ami sent a very
full and Ituiil report of llu' condition of atVairs to
France. -
2. — He held that it would he most condiuive to I'
I
the prosperity of the Colony to maintain peace-
able relations with the Ir(i([iiois;
Uie luiliaiia. ''lit tllOIIgllt that tlicir COlKUlc't
had of laic grown so insolent
that an immediate war was iiiiavoidaMe. lie
jt;itcd that it would ))c iiet'cssaiy f(U' the suc-
cessful proseeiilion of ilie w ar lliat Fort {"'rontciiiic
should hi! greaily .-M.euglheiied ; also that a new
and large fort should lie hnilt at Niagara, and gar- ■
risoned hy oOO men. 'I'his would give the French |j
(•onii)lete command of Lake ()ntaiio, ki'e[) the |
Seiiecas in cheek, and prevent llie French ami -
Indian trap^iers of the Xorth-W'esi from trading
M'iili the Indians. The gre.it olijeciion to the
Kclieme would lie the expense of niaintaiiiing the
posl. lie ]iroposed lo rent it. ii plan which at (Uice
met with the licariy co-opeialion of llie merchants
of Quelicc, who oll'ered to pay a rental of ;)(J,OUO
livres a year and siipjily the fort with provisions ;|
for nine years. |
;5. — To carry (uit his plans Denonville rcijiiircd ,^
large reinforcements from France. lie made such ;
extensive reparations that cme
The Btreni;th of tht» i 1 . 11 i
iroquoiB. W(Hil(l naturally suppose he was
aliout to attack a very numerous
tribe of savages. I?ut Ih," was not about to .:ltack
a numerous people, for the Iroijiiois nations
scarcely contained 7,000 souls ; but the Iroijnois
can scarcely bo fairly classed as savages. Ihey
were men of finer ]iliy.'-i(iue, greater intclligeiiee,
and more indomilable pluck llian ihe jieasantrv oi
Europe, and they had a far greater natural love of
eonntiy, for the I'-uropeau pal riot ism of those days
mainly consisted of the love of coniiuering oilier
nations, while the Iroijiiois' love of country was
the patriotic devotion of dcfeinling tlnir own
soil from the polluting ste|) of the invader. The
wh(»le fighting force of the Iro([Uois scarcely ex-
cee<led J.UOd men, divided as follow : Seneca 1, '200,
Onondaga ;:tH>, ,M(,liawk 200, Cayuga 200, Oneida
150; but they were infinitely superior to th"
French in thi'ir thorough knowledge of the conn-
try, and far more practised in dcsultcuv warfare ;
besides which, although they eonld not move with
the niililarv precision of regular troops, nor per-
form the evolutions which, by making union
strength, reixlered them formidable, the Inxpiois
were fai bcKer marksmen, having greatly im-
proved I lieu ''lief aciinaintaiKX' with the rille, and
could endure much more cold and faiigue than
their enemii's.
-1. — liOiiis ajiproved of the projiosed plans of Oe-
Dcnoiivilb', and tht; year 1(I8() saw him bu.sy with
his lireparations. Troops were re-
. , \. ,, . . . I'n.l 'St i.f (Icivi'inor
ci'ivcti iroui r ranee, i)rovi.->ions in ii..ni;;iii ..i .Niw
, • • ,• 11 ,, ^"Ik-
large (inantilies torwardeil to r ort
Fronti'uac, and preparaliuns made ftu- bnildiug the
fort at Niagara. All this did not take jilace with-
out tlie cognizance of (iovernor Doiigan, the
English (iovMiKU' at New ^dl•k, and he >aw tli.iL
if the l''rench were sueces>ful against the Irixinois
it would wri'sl from New York and .Albany the
great advantage in the fur liade which freedom
from monopoly hail already given llicm. and seri-
ously alTect the trade of the I'higlish colony
generally. 1 le therefiue protested to (lnveriKU'
De la Uaire against any attack on the Irii(|iiois,
whom he claiiiH'd asl>riti>h snbjetts; and stated
that the large collec'tion of stores at I'ort l''roiile-
nac, and other prepaiations, led him to fear that
a war (ui tlu^ Five Nations was inleiHled. De la
Ihirre I'eplieil by refu.>-iiig to aiknow ledge the
claim of England to the sovereignly id" the Iro-
(piois, claiming that tin: French hail taken |iosses-
sion of the soil long befoi'e the I'jigli>li : but, at
the same time, ilisclaiming any inlenlion of mak-
ing war on the Iroquois, and staling that llie
eciicction of supplies at Fort Frontenac was only
intended as a supply for the garrison.
Ill'
i'
ir-
W'' ■
m
I
160
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
o. — So flimsy an explanation was not iit all likely
to mislead the English f^oveinor, and lie very
cltarly saw tlirouj^h the anihitioiis
wUh^t1!«'iroqu^.. designs of the Fi-cneh to monopolize
the fur trade; and he proceeded to
frustrate that design, although he had to he very
cautious on account of the instructions he had
lately received from his government to preserve a
good understanding with the French. Dongan
held a council of tiie principal chiefs of the Five
Nations at New York, and proposed a closer alli-
ance with them. The terms that he ])roposed
were, that the Iroquois were to cease all inter-
course with the French ; to make a peace with the
Ilurons and other North-\Vest tribes with whom
they were at variance, and to induce them to give
all their trade to the Hritish ; to coinjiel the
Jesuits to withdi'aw, and to receive the mission-
aries he would send; to recall the Ciiristian
Indians of their tribe who had settled at Caughna-
waga, and to assist him in establishing a post at
^lackinaw. In consideration of these concessions
Dongan offered that should the French attack the
Iroquois he would assist them. The chiefs were
too politic to agree to all of Dongan's demands,
for they did not desire to break entirely with the
French, but they thoioiighly satisfied him that
they would comply with the greater numbc r of his
demands, and so a nnitual understanding was ar-
rived at l)etween them.
0. — DeDenonville promptly received information
of this coui[)act between tiie British and the Iro-
quois, through the Jesuit mission-
S"-S''''' ary to the Onondagas, Father Lam-
berville, who learned of it on the re-
turn of the chiefs from the council at New York,
and who immediately informed DeDenonville, an
act wiiich very nearly cost him his life afterwards.
DeDenonville was greatly incensed at tiie action
of Dongan, and determined to continue his prep-
arations more actively than ever, so as to sliow
that the threat of Ibilish support could not deter
him. As a sort of act of rejirisal he caused the
seizure, in the spring of 108:i, of all the English
trading-posts at Hudson's Bay, exceiit Port Nel-
son, which was in direct violation of the treaty
shortly before entered into between England and
France, one clause of which read to the effect that
whatever might occur between the mother coun-
tries, the American Colonies should always re-
main at peace. These factories were recovered
by the British some seven years afterwards, and
changed hands several times before the final ces-
sion of Canada to England by the French.
7. — DeDenonville having received large rein-
forcements from France, and completed his ar-
rangements for the campaign, pro-
ceeded to Fort Frontenac, where he 'uencmiilio"^''"
met a deputation of about fifty cliiels
from the Oneidas and Onondagas, who had been
persuaded by the Jesuit missionaries of their tribe
to meet him. Here DeDenonville was guilty of
a most cowardly and treacherous act, which throws
a more unpleasant light on hihciiaracter than any-
thing else he did during his adininistiation. When
tin, ciiiefs arrived he kept tlicin for some days in
suspense as to the nature of his proposed negotia-
tions, then suddenly had them seized, handcuffed
and sent to Quebec to be forwardeu to France to
work in the galleys. This was a novel way of
obeying the king's orders, which were to capture
all the prisoners he could, in war, and send them to
France to work in the galleys. But DeDenon-
ville had not been alile to capture anj- piisoners
in war, and so he preferred to meanly and treach-
erously entice the chiefs into his jiower under a
pretence f)f peace, and then capture them. This
action of DeDenonville was strongly o[)j)osed by
yi. DeCalliers and the Marquis DeVaudreuil, who
had arrived with the last reinforcement from
France ; but DeDenonville was obstinate and had
his own way.
8. — The conduct of the Indians to the mission-
aries through whom DeDenonville had received
the information wiiich had excited ,, , .
him to this act of treacherv, and of ih,. imimiisinre-
through whom the conference had
been arranged, was in marked contrast with that of
the so-called " civilized " governor. Their rage was
very great on learning the treachery of Delienou-
ville, and the Oneidas seized the missionary and
ordered him to be tortured and burnt, thinking that
he had [lurposely lietrayed the chiefs into the power
of the French governor. He was, however, saved
by one of the Christian women of the tribe adopt-
ing him as her son. Lamberville, the missionary of
the Onondagas, also very narrowly escaped death,
but was saved by the generous conduct of the
chiefs, who had a far finer sense of honor and jus-
tice than DeDenonville, as shown by the sjieech
i
ere lecoven-d
terwards, unci
the final ces-
•encli.
(1 huge rein-
leted his ar-
TreRcheiT of De-
Ueiioiiville.
ho had been
)f their tiihe
va.s guilty of
ivhicli tiirows
ter than any-
ation. Wiien
lome days in
ised negotia-
, handenfTed
to France to
level way of
e to capture
<en(l them to
t DeDenon-
ly prisoners
and ticacli-
fer under a
iiem. Tiiis
opjK)sed \>y
Klreuil, wlio
nient from
ite and had
he mission-
td received
lorouH cundiict
li«' nuli!iii8 ill re-
atiuii.
villi that of
ir rage was
DeDenon-
ionarf and
inking that
the power
!ver, t;aved
ibe adopt-
■isioiuiry of
ped deatli,
let of the
r and jus-
he speech
' 1,1:
I 5
I! m!.
^■Ssl
1
tNSBiVlO tXWSS'jlVfOH' lunil SHISIIIHY Ul l"l i;OMINIl)N ID HNI1 fUlli.RJI'Mlf ■; -iu mou
nil BURiAHO uLSIiABA;'. LiIHOCOMP'
i I
H ■'•■'
THE GOVERNMENT OF M. DeDENONVILLE.
IGl
of one of their oriitors. When the news that Di-
Duiionville hud treacherously seized tiieir deputies
and sent them in chains to France readied the
Onondagas they called a council of war, and Lam-
berville was summoned before them. lie had
heard what liad occurred, and expected nothing
but torture and death, although he felt innocent
of any int<;nt to entrap the delegates DeDenon-
ville had seized. He was mistaken, however, for
the red man had more true nobility, and a greater
sense of justice caliout him, than his white brother.
One of the chiefs addressing Lamberville said:
"There can be no question that we are now in
every respect authorized to treat thee as an
cnemj' ; but we cannot resolve to do so. We know
thee too well not to be persuaded that thy heart
had no share in this treason, of which thou hast,
in some degree, been the cause ; and are not so
unjust as to punish thee for a crime of which we
believe thee innocent." They then ordered him
to depart immediately ; and, fearful that some of
their band might do him injuiy when they could
not protect iiim, gave him an escort of tried men
to guide him by unfrequented paths to a place of
safet}'.
9. — DeDenonville having now collected a force
of 2,000 regulars and militia, and 000 Indian allies,
nonenonvuie n,i. tl^itt-rmiued to advance against the
rro'luoii*''"''' "'" Ii''><l""i«- Ho started from Fort
Frontenac, crossing the lake in a
flotilla of boats and canoes, and landed at the
Genesee River, where he formed a temporary fort,
btft his ])rii,'iMons and 400 men to protect them.
lie then bad lifteen days' provisions served out to
the remainder of his men, and on the 12tli Jidy
nnirched towards tiie first village of the Seneeas.
He was not molested the fust day, but on the
second day was caught in an ambuscade, and
would have been almost totally destroyed had it not
been for the loyalty and bravery of his Indian al-
lies, especially the Iroipiois Christians, by whose
valor the French overcame their enemies. Some of
the North-West Indians from Mackinaw were not
content with killing and scalping their enemies, but
ate some of them also.
10. — The Senecas being foiled in theirattem])t to
destroy the Frenoh, — thanks to the Indian allies
of the latter, — attempted no furthei
SlUMM'BS of ni'lliltl-
Vlllu'lllCxpuUitlDII.
resistance to tin
advance o
f th
French, aiul, after having destroyed
their villages, retreated to the forests. DeDenon-
ville now thought to follow the policy of DeCour-
celles a few years previous, and destroyed the
large crops of corn which he found growing, and
also killed a number of pigs belonging to the
Senecas. Having accomplished his task as far
as possible, he returned to Quebec, leaving a gar-
rison of 100 men at Fort Niagara, which he had
strengthened and provisioned.
11. — The Indians, however, were not slo\.' at
r(!venging the injury done them by the French.
Scarcely had DeDenonville return-
ed to Quebec befi)re the Senecas. Jf^,',f ;;.'"" °^ '''°
maddened with their loss, and
thirsting for revenge, encompassed Fort Niagara,
and after a close blockade of some months reduced
the garrison i)y famine and ca[)ture<l the fort. Out
of the hundred men left by DeDenonville only ten
survived, the remaiinler being carried off by
famine, disease, or the bullets of the Indians.
1'2. — (iovernor Dongan, of New York, was not
slow to take advantage of the action of DeDcnon-
viii ': and an angry correspondence
took place between the two gover- renmnlirraVj's''''"
nors. Dongan saw very clearly
that the idea of the French was to gain absolute
control of the whole country, and if liie English
colonies wished to exist they would have to light
for it; he therefore eneourage<l the Inxpiois all
he could, gave them arms and provisions, and
incited them to revenge. At the same time he
wrote to DeDenonville assuring him that the Five
Nations would never make peace with the Freiu'h
except on the conditions that the deputies enlrai)-
ped and sent to the galleys in France sluMild be
returned; the forts at Niagara and Frontenac
demolished ; the Seiu'cas reimbursed for the diiiiiiige
indicted on them by the French; and the Irniiuois
l>roselytes at Caughnawaga returned to their tribe.
l:!. — DeDencMiville had iiiten<led to nudce a see-
on<l inroad in the summer ; but a pestilence swept
over Canada which so weakeru'd
bis forces that he was"'" "■■-' '■■ '"'"'"i "f "'" >'■
o
remain inactive.
compelled t
so, however.
liawks.
the
Ii
l(i(plols.
Not
In November the Mohawks up
il
red 111 the iieighbdibood of Fort CliamM
\'. tllH
althougli they tlid not capture the fort they l)iiiiied
all the farm houses, and either killed ov eaiiied
to captivity all the inmates. This inroad
\\i
charged by the French to have been instigaleil by
III
I I
li
i
:i ;':!
162
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Doiigan, and he hastily fortified Albany, and con-
centrated a body of Indians tiiere, fearing reprisal.
14. — The ill-feeling of the Five Nations against
the French rather increased towards the spring of
1088, but still they deteriiiined on
Efforts at peace, pcacc, if the French would agree to
the terms proposed by Governor
Dongan. They backed up tliis pacific offer by
most hostile demonstrations, and over 1,000 war-
riors established themselves at Lake St. Francis,
within two days' march of Jlontreal, while tiieir
delegates confeired with DeDenonville at that
place.
15. — Nor wert! the Iroquois content with th'^ hos-
tile demonstration at Lake St. Francis ; about
500 warriors appeared in the neigli-
?oTma»'oi'',"'ice? l^o'liuod of Fort Frontcuac, sacked
and burned the farm-houses, killed or
made captive the inmates, and blockaded tlie gar-
rison in tiieir fort. DeDenonville finding he could
not withstand tlie storm wliicli his own treachery in
seizing the delegates and sending them to France
had raised, was forced to agree to the humili..l;ug
terms of peace proposed b}" the Iroquois, which in-
cluded the reUi.n of the deputies. i'lie peace was
to be ratified by delegates from all the Iroquois
tribes, and was to include all the Indian allies of
the French. A cessation of hostilities at once
took[)Iace; and the Iro([Uois left five liostages in
Montreal as a pledge of their good faith; it being
also agreed that any hostile skinnishes that might
occur while negotiations were pending, should
make no difference in the ultimate ccunpletion of
the treaty.
10. — I)iit DeDenonville had new and powerful
eneni'es to contend with before a peace could be
(i|.i.oMii(iiit<. iiie cDiicluded, and these were his own
^n^iul^il'i'rVS lixli^in allies, ehiefly tlu' Abenaqnis,
who inhabited wiiat is now the
State of Maine, and the Ilurons, who had en-
tered 111)011 the war on the express understanding
tliat the Iroquois were to be exterminated. The
AliciuKpiis made an inroad along the river Uielu;-
lieii, surjirised a body of Iiixjuois and their allies,
the Mohicans, and committed some outrages on
tlie settlers.
17. — Ihit the most determined foe to a peace was
Kondiarak, the chief of the Ilurons, known as
"The Itat," or "The Maeliiavel of
The I'cBoc-Klllcr. , iiri , <i n i , ,. ,,
the W ilderness. He deeply lelt
the injustice of the conduct of DeDenonville in at-
tempting to conclude a peace after engaging his
nation in war, for he felt that the vengeance of the
Iroquois would be visited on his tribe ; but he
was crafty and cunning and souglit by artifice to
destroy the peace which was still in negotiation.
For this puii)ose he waylaid tlie delegates of the
Iroquois on their wa}- to Montreal to conclude the
[)eaee, and killed or captured all of them. When
the i)risoners were brought before him and stated
that the}- were delegates to conclude a peace with
the French, he exi)ressed great surprise, and staled
tliat he had been instructed by DeDenonville iiim-
self to waylay them He showed deep regret at
the part he had ijc induced to play in the trans-
action, and reb'ased his pris(uiers, gi\ing them
arms and ammunilion, and advising them to return
to their people and say how the French governor
had broken faith with them. He, however, kept
one delegate in the place of a Iluroi' chief who
had been killed bj^ one of the d nties. He
took this chief to ^lichillimackiiiae and gave him
up to M. Durantage, the French officer in charge
of the po^t, wlio not having been inl'.)rmcd of a
truce ineviously completed, had him killed as a
sj)}-. Kondiarak then released an aged Iroquois
who had long been a captive of his tribe, and let
him return to liis own jieople to tell them of the
perfidy of the French. 'I'hese acts, of course,
greatly enraged the Ir()([uois against the Freiieii,
and e'^'ectually killed the peace.
18. — DeDenonville, as soon as he lieard of the
treatment the Irociuois delegates had received, dis-
claimed all kiiowleilge of it, and
offered to renew negotiations, prom- ScViur''"''''"
isiiig to hang the Huron chief as
soon as he could catch him; but the Iroquois were
too deejily olTcnded, and, urged on by Oovernor
Dongan, determined on a terrible revenge. Ou
tin; night of the 5th of August, 10811, amid a storm
of hail and rain, fourteen hundretl warriors of the
Iroquois confederacy crossed Lake St. Louis.
They landed without being seen or lieard, at La-
chine, the upper limit of the island of Montreal.
Favored by the elements and by the darkness,
they moved rapidly and noiselessly to the points
w liiih had been marked out beforehand ; and ere
the sun rose next moining, they had surrounded
in platoons every dwelling within a circle ot
sever.l leagues. At n signal from their chief the
I
lr<
ill!
dr
cr(
w
no
ini
bu
th
hi(
iiville in iit-
igagiii--- his
Jiiiice of tiie
e ; but lie
r iU'tifife to
leyotiiitit)!!.
jiUes of llie
iiichule tlie
.'in. Wiion
and stiitfd
peaue witii
, and staled
jnvillc iiini-
[) regret at
II llie traiis-
iving them
ni to return
li govei'iior
Aever, kept
ciiief wlio
iities. Ilo
.1 gave him
i" in charge
irnied of a
killed as a
d Irofjuois
l)e, and let
em of the
if course,
le French,
rd of the
•eiveu, dis-
unssat'i'c at
iiiu.
uois were
(Jovernor
■nge. On
ill! a storm
ors of the
't. Louis,
d, at Lu-
Montrcal.
darkness,
le jioints
and ere
irrounded
ciicle (il
chief the '
It
thp: axcjlo-ameiucan colonies.
163
Iroquois commenced their work of deatli. Break-
ing in tiu-ough doors and windows the savages
dragged the sleepers from their beds, and massa-
cred them indiscriminately, old and young, men,
women and children. Where the tonui'-awk could
not cleave through the torch was applied, and the
inmates, rushing oiit of their liurning houses, were
butchered on their own thresholds. The fury of
the L()(iuois was demoniac. Not content with the
hideous license of an unsparing and unrestricted
slaughter, f'ey piled mental torture uiioii physical
suffering- and f'wced jiareiits to fling their own
offspring into the flames. Up to within a short
distance of the city of Montreal, the countiy was
lighted ]>y fire nnd reeked w itli blood. Everytliing
that could yioUl to the tomahr'vk or to the flames
was swooped within the red radius of destruction.
Two hundred human beings were burned alive;
numbers were put to death, after having been sub-
jected to every t(U'ture which diabolical ingcnuit}'
coalil d(!visc ; and many were reser' .'d for the tor-
ments of the fagot and the stake, in the laud of the
Loijuois. 'I'iii; enemy fiUivUy retreated laden with
spoils and having only lost three men.
lit. — This terrible swoop of the hoquois, the
most disastrous the colony had ever expiMieiiced,
filled the colonists with terror and
i?in F™m:"i:' alarm, and so frightcnea the garri-
son at Fort Frontenac that they
deserted the post without wailing for the approach
of the )!ro(iuois. and lied in such haste that many
of tiiem were drowned in attempting to shoot the
rapi(l> wiiliout taking proper jirccaulion.s.
:20. — i'liis virtually closed the government of
DeDeiiouville, for the king, who had looked for the
coiuplele subjugation of the ho-
viiio. qiiois, and the manning oi liis gal-
leys with their captive chiefs, was
so aniioyi'd at DeDeiionville's want of success that
he leealled him, and the Count DeFrontenac was
ap[ioinle(l in his place. Commencing with an act
of peilidy, DeDcmjiiville's govcrnineut closed in
disgrace and most overwhelming misfortune, with-
out any bright or brilliant achievement to ligiiliii
its ''loom.
22
CHAPTER XXXL
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONn:S.
1. The Eauly English Sktti.k.mi:nts. — 2. Why
THK English werk slow at Colonization. —
3. GuANT TO Siu Thomas Gates hy James L
— 4 The Poweu of the Companies under
THEIR Patents. — 5. The First Colonlsts. —
G. Settlement of Jamestown. — 7. Cattain
John S.mith — 8. Slow Progress of thk
Colony. — 'J. New Charteij to the London
Company. — 10. Five Hundred more Emi-
grants sent out. — 11. Flouuishing Condi-
tion of the Col-ONY UNDER S.MITH. — 12.
Rapid decline of the Colony on Smith's de-
parture.— 13. Government of Lord Dela-
ware. — 14. Government of Sir Thos. Dalu,
li'). Import .nt Change in the Tenure of
Land. — 1',. Raid into Acadia and New
York ry the (Jolo.msts. — 17. Tyra.nny of
Argall and its Good Results. — 18. Female
E.migrants. — 1!). First Convicts sent out to
v'lRGINlA. — 20. SeTTLE.MENT OF MARYLAND.
1. — As our narrative now approaches a recital of
the life-or-death struggle between the English and
French colonies for supremacy on
this continent, it will be well for us LmcmiJlu."*'""
to pause and glance at the rise and
progress of the small seaboard settlements of the
English which were now coming into more promi-
nent notice. After the abortive attempt at colo-
nization in the regions of the continent near New
France, the English, as a nation, ceased to attempt
to increase their empire in America. Their fish-
ing and whaling fleets frequented the seas, along
wiiii those of other nations, but they made little
or 11'. efl'ort to establish colonies.
2. — Tiie chief rca.seii why Fiance was left almost
alone ;i\ her efforts to establish a great empire on
tliis continent, and why so little ..,, „ „ „,
, , / Wiy tlm Kngllsli
etlort WIS made by the Eii"'ish "'.■iv »iuw at coioni-
•^ ' zaltun.
was, tha! ..le early [lart of the seven-
teenth century was loo much occupied with civil
and religious dissensions, ending in civil war, to
allow the r^nglish niueii time to think of extend-
ing their empire in foreign climes. 'J'hey needed
all ilieir nieu and money iu home. And yet these
very civil and religious diflicultics were eventu-
■ r.
li
I
m
JH }
164
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
ally the means of causing a large emi<,natioii fioiu
Eiigluiid, which rapidly built up the English colo-
nies in America and made them formidable rivals
to the French settlement. The royalists left Eng-
land under the Commonwealth to find that civil
and religious liberty Ihey could not find at home,
and built up the colonies of Virginia and Mary-
land. The Puritans, on the other liand, emigrated
after the restoration of Ciiarles II., and founded
what are known as the New England States.
3. — On the 10th April, ItiUO, King James I., of
Great Britain and Ireland, granted letteis-patent
to Sir Thomas Gates and otheis,
oli^i^iy jJm^r granting them all the territory on
on the North American continent
between the 34th and 4oth degrees of north lati-
tude, with all islands within 100 miles of the shore.
At tlie re<piest of the patentees they were divided
into two companies, known as the London Com-
pany and tlie Bristol Company. The London
Company was located between the o4th and 38tli
degrees of North latitude, and the Bristol C^ompany
between the 41st and 4.jlh degrees, the mid space
from the 38th to the 41st degrees being held in
common.
4. — The patents gave these companies the right
to send out as many British-born subjects as they
TiieiK,«,r..f 111,! chose, v.lio, willi their descendants,
tuuirp'a'um'!!.'"''' «l'o"hl always enjoy tlu; same rights
as British subjects. Tlie lauds of
the " plantations," as they were called, were to bo
held of the (^rown ; and were subject to a royally
of one-fifth of the gold, silver, or copper mined in
th(;m, the right of coining these; metals for the use
of colonists being, however, given to the com-
panies. The administration of the affairs of t'..e
future colonies was vested in a Ijoeal Council, the
members of which were, or might be, nominated
by the king ; but the whole supervision of the
affairs of the [ilautations was vesteil in a l>oanl of
Management resident in London. This Board was,
in (sffcct, almost a department of the general gov-
ernment, as its members wl'vo. oiigiiuiUy nominated
by the Crown, and they suggested to the govern-
ment the names of colonists to appoint to the
Local Councils. This did not leave any of the
representative liberty of which both England and
what were tiien her inci[)ient colonies, are so proud
to-day. In religion there was no more freedom,
for the Anglican Church was alone recognized,
and was alone entitled to endowments. The laws,
civil and criminal, were generally those of England.
■"). — 'l"he first shipment of colonists made l»y the
com[)any left England on lOth Dec., ICOt), in
three small vessels, the largest of
which was not 100 tons. The colo- The iirst coioniHts.
nists only nund)ered lOo, and were
about as bad a lot as could well have been got to-
gether for the purpose of hjunding a new colony,
as they were nearly all adventurers, and not at all
suited f )!• the hardships and privations incident on
building up a new colony.
(!. — 'I'he expedition was unsuccessful from the
start, being 145 days on the voj'age. And it was
not until the 13lh May, 1007, that
they landed on the banks of the ^jf.il.tTowL.'"
river Powhattan, which they re-
chrisvened James IJiver, in honoi' of the English
monarch. Iliey selected a site for a settlement
about fifty miles from the seaboard, and erected a
few huts and a stockade to serve as a fort, and
named the place Jamestown. 'I'his fort was in-
tended as a i)rotection against the natives; but
they .were inclined to be friendly and would have
remained so, had they been well treated by the
colonists.
7. — 'I'he expedition soon beganto fare l)adly, and
would have been utterly lost had it not been for
one of the patentees, a man of hum-
ble birth named John Smith, who s,",'!!".'." •'°''''
was at first excluded from the
council, but who was afterwards forced by circum-
stances to take command. Tin; provisions iirought
out from Englan<l were soon exhausted, or s[ioiled
from want of care, and tin; colonists were too
heliiless and shiftless to provide themselves with
more. During the summer nearly all the jiarty
were taken ill, and before winter had set in more
4ian half had died. In this strait Captain John
Smith, who had shown liimself the only capable
man in the expedition, was put at the head
of affairs, and set out at the head of a jiarty
of exploration. 'l"he colonists had, howevei-, ill-
treated the Indians during their short stay, and
the latter set on Smith's jiarly and killed all
but the leiidi;r, who was saved at the intercession
of the daughter of the chief, a little girl twelve
years of age, called Pocahontas. SmiiJi wasallf)\ved
to return to Jamestown, wlieie he found that the
number of the colonists had been reduced to about
The laws,
)f England,
lado by the
., 160(5, in
! first COlolliHtB.
)een got tn-
lew colony,
(1 not at all
incident on
il from the
And it was
lli'mPiitof
lltJISlUWll.
he Englisli
settlement
id elected a
a fort, and
Fort was in-
latives ; bnt
would have
ited by the
e Inully, and
Kit been for
>lMin Joliii
III.
by circum-
ins lironght
, or spoiled
s were too
selves with
liu! j)arty
set in more
plain John
nly cajiable
the head
of a party
wever, ill-
t stay, and
1 killed all
iitcrccssion
ill twclvi!
\\asiilloweil
nd that the
ed to id)oiit
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES.
1(3.-)
forty, and they were then preparing to set out in
the piiniace. Smith dissuaded them from this,
although at the risk of his life.
8. — Shortly afterward.s the company sent out
another lot of 100 colonists, but they were of (juite
as poor material as the first lot,
^im.r^""'"'' '"" l)i-ing nearly all gentlemen adven-
turers and goldsmiths, tiie cause of
the coming of the latter being the discovery of
some shining earth in the James River, which the
ignorant colonists mistook for gold. During the
sca^oi; of 1008-9 about seventy more colonists
arrived, including two females, the first in the
colony, and wiio nia}', therefore, be called the very
fust of the " First Families" of Virginia. At this
time there was not a child in the colony. Smith
was greatly annoyed at the want of judgment in
tiie company in the quality of the innnigrants
sent out, and said he would rather have " thir-
ty carpenters, husiiaiidmen, gardt'ners, fishermen,
lilacksmiths, masons and diggers of roots," than a
thousand men such as had Ijcen sent liim. He did
not despair, however, but made the best use lie
could of his bad material, setting them to cultivate
the soil ; but although a good stock of imjilements
had b(>en sent out, the men did not know how to
use them, and the}' had to rely almost entirely on
the natives fov supiilies, Smith taking good care
to keep on good terms with them. The colony
now numbered 'IQO and the people were strong
and in good health.
'J. — 'J'he London Company was greatly disap-
pointed at not finding tlie gold which the first
settlers had reported to be in the
New olifirtfT tt> tlif j -,1* i , ii ..ii i ,
London comimnj. Jauies l\iver; l)Ut tlicy still deter-
mined to ijcrsevere, and on 2:3d
May, 100!), obtained a new charter, which gave
tiiein increased jiower, enlarged their territory, and
added a number of nobles, merchants, tradesmen,
&c., to the proprietary, thus strengthening the
company. The liberties of the colonists were,
however, still furtherinfringed, for tlie Local Coun-
cil was abolished, and the ab.soliite control vested
in a Hoard of Directors, resi<lent in London. This
JJoard appointed Lord Delaware (Joveriior and
('aptain-(iene)al for life, and made provision i'ur
his having a body-guard. The company was now
known as "The Treasurer and Company of Adven-
turers of the city of Loiulon, for the first colony
in Virginia."
under command or Sir ^ran'.,. «.nt out.
10. — The company under its new auspices be-
came popular, and 500 willing emigrants were
soon found who were sent out in
nine ships
Tiiomas (iates. Captain Newton and
Sir Georgii Somers. This expedition was also
unfortunate. These gentlemen were to act as a
triumvirate until Lord Delaware arrived ; but the
vessel in which they were, and which carried the
greater part of the stores for the colony, was
wrecked in the Rermiida Islands ; and tiie other
vessels which reached the colony did not much
improve it b\' the colonists they brought, who
were, for the most part, (juite as unsuited for
colonial life as those whit had preceded them. A
contemporary writer says of them, that they were
mostly "iimiily sparks, jiacked off in- their friends,
to eseaj)e worse destinies at home."
11. — The new governors not having arrived, and
the cause of their aliseiice not being known, some
of the new arrivals strove to form a Kionrisiiiiii; iwHii-
goveriiment of their own, and ig- umiersilliiii!''''''^
iiored Smith ; he, however, seized
the ringleaders and imprisoiieil them, and sent
about 200 of the "sparks" and other useless mem-
bers of the community into the woods to found
settlements for themselves if they could. Tiie
colony now began to thrive for a while ; but the
200 who had been sent into the wilderness had so
imitated the natives that Smith was forced to go
to their assistance, and on one ol' these ex[)edi-
tioiis he was so seriously hurt that he was obliged
to go to England to receive medical advice and
assistance. He left the colony in a prosperous
condition. There were about 500 residents, 100
of whom were soldiers; they had three siiips,
seven b'uits, twenty-four cannon, plenty of small
arms and ammunition, a good sup[ily of live stock,
fishing and farming imi)lements, and a lot of goods
suitable for trade with the Indians.
12. — The colony without .Smith was, however,
lik(! an arch without the key-stone, and im-
mediately fell to piece.?. Everv- „ ,,, „ ,,,
body wanted to be master, the < "i"iiy.n,siniii,-»
^ ' (It'piirluro.
Stores were wasted, no [irovision for
the future was made, andsoon a season of privation
set in which was for long afterwards known in the
iiislory of the colony as " the starving time." In
six moiitiis after Sniitii's departure the 500 cohui-
ists he left had been reduced by disease, famine
m
! t
1
166
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOJIINIOX OF CANADA.
and other causes to 60, and tliese would, undoubt-
edly have soon perished but for the opportune ar-
riviil, on the 24th May, KilO, of Gatos, Somers and
Ne\v[)oit, wiio had been rescued from Bermuda.
13. — ^^imultaneously with the arrival of Gates,
Newton and Somers, came Lord Delaware, bring-
ing ample sup[)lies and a large
SSre'"'°"'°"' body of emigrants. Eord Delaware
proved an able administrator, and
under his wise government the colony began to
reassume the prosperous ap[)earance in which John
Smith had left it. He induced the Europeans to
appl}' tliemselves to agriculture, and the useful and
industrial arts; and by his honest and u])right
dealings with tiie Indians forced them to respect
the English character.
14. — It was unfortunate for tlie colony that ill-
liealth i)revented Lord Delaware from remaining
more than a few months, when he
^C.TDail?'^'' was forced to seek a warmer climate,
leaving a i\Ir. Percy in charge of the
government. His administration did not prove a
successful one, and the \;olony fell into such a
state of anarchy and disorder, that, on the arrival
of Sir 'I'homas Dale, '.lie new Governor, on 10th
May, 1611, he was cniipelled to put the people
under martial law to save the colony from utter
ruin. Tlir(!e months afterwards Sir Thomas Gates
arrived to supersede Dale. He had a licet of six
ships and brought out oOO emigrants with a large
supply of stores.
15. — Under Sir Thomas Gates' administration,
a very great and salutary change was made in the
tenure of land, wliicli had iiitlierto
te'reonTa" been held in common, for the com-
mon good. Captain Joiin Smith
and liis successors had held that all land should
be cleared for cultivation and worked in common,
each man doiiig s hours' work a day, and all the
produce was to be tiirnetl into a common stock
out of which all were to live. This plan had not
worked well, and iiad been the principal cause of
the disasters of the colony, for the idle " sparks "
and others would not work, and the few who
were willing to do so had to support the idlers and
loafers, two classes wiiich very rapidly increased.
Gates changed this, and allotted to each man a
few acres of ground, which he was to use to the
best advantage lO supjiort himself, and he was,
also, to give a small percentage to be laid up in
the public stores for general use in case of great
need. The good effect of this svstein soon began
to be felt, and the colony was soon able to depend
on its own productions for food.
16. — In the year 1613, the " Company of Ad-
venturers of the city of London, for the first colony
in Viriiinia," made a practical at- „ .,, , . ,.
" ' ^ Haul into Aradin
tempt to assert the rights granted ;>nii New y„ik by
them under their charter of the
whole American coasts, by causing a raid to be
made by tlie Virginia colonists, under command
of Captain Argall, Into the French settlement of
Acadia, and also on the Dutch settlemont at New
Amsterdam (now New York), where tlie (iovernor
was compelled to acknowledge the English king
and promise to pay tribute. But as soon as he
got over his scare he refused to pay, and no furtiier
attempt was made to sustain the claim of the
company to the whole seaboard. The cultivation
of tobacco was first commenced in Virginia under
tlif. government of Sir Thomas Gates in 1613.
17. — Sir Thomas Dale was appointed to succeed
Sir Thomas Gates in 1614, and he was succeeded
by Mr. George Yeardley in 1616,
who only served one year, when 21\,u""^,,o'ue»uiu>.
Argall was appointed Governor.
Argall was extremely despotic, and rode rough-
shod over the rights of the colonists. He was,
liowever, a brave soldier and a firm, if tyrannical
administrator. Among his despotic orders was
one that every person should go to cliurcli — the
Established Church of England — every Sunday,
under a peiualty of imprisonment for one week for
the first offence, one month for the second, and
one year for the third. ArgaU's tyninny drew
forth strong complaints from the colonists to the
company, and Argall was recalled, and Mr. George
Yeardley was re-appointed governor, with instruc-
tions to look into the alleged grievances. This
inquiry resulted in the first establishment of any-
thing like representative government in the Brit-
ish colonies, the power of the Governor being
restricted by the appointment of a council to re-
strain him ; and the people being autiiorized to
send deputies to a tree Legislative Assembly,
which met Jit Jamestown on liHh June, 1619.
18. — U}) to this period the emigrants liad been
almost entirely males; but now the company began
to send out women for wives to
, , . 1 • 1 Fcmilo emlgrniits.
tlie colonists, somcwliat in the
■'#'"
e of greiit
0011 Iji'jfiin
to depend
liny of Ad-
lirst colony
into Ara<lin
New York by
utulU8L8,
raid to be
command
tlement of
;nt at New
.> (ioveinor
isilisli kinij
won as he
no furtiier
lim of the
cultivation
;inia under
I 1G13.
to succeed
succeeded
miy of ArRftll
its good ri;HUltB.
ode rouffh-
II
tyr
)rde
urc
Y
;h-
\V(
icon
nn)
sts
r.
c was,
iinnical
s was
■the
unday,
eek fur
lid, and
ly drew
to the
George
instiuc-
ics. This
it of any-
the Brit-
lior being
cil to re-
lorized to
\ssembly,
1019.
had been
my began
e (jmlgraiits.
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIKS.
it;i
I'Mshion that the French king afterwards sent
wives to his colonists in New France. In ItjiiO
tiie iirst lot of ninety women and girls were
sent out to Virginia and sixty more were sent
the following year. Some chroniclers say that
many of these women were sold for their weight
in tf>baeco, varying from one hundred to one
hundred and fifty pounds ; but this is apocryphal,
and as tuiiaeeo was not yet grown in sufficient
quantities to be used as an article of 1-irter, —
altliough it was so used later on in the colony, —
there is not much ground fur believing that "the
mothers of Virginia " were originally valued at no
mure than their own weight in tobacco.
19. — .\bout this time England began to impose
lier convict classes on her American cohmies; ami
the first lot of 100 were landed in
mlr^vi;;iimr" Virginia ill l(5::i. These men were
l)ut the forerunners of many thou-
sands who were afterwards sent to the American
plantations. The first lot pros[)cred well; re-
moved from temptation, and obliged to either
work honestly or starve, they, for the most part,
preferred the former, and after the expiration of
their terms man}- of them settled as respectable
free colonists.
20. — We shall now leave the " Old Dominion,"
as Virginia is called out of respect to its antiijuity,
and glance for a moment at the
Settlement of JI.iry- ..i t. „c -\r i i i*i
i;,n,i. settlement 01 Maryland, which was,
in fact, but an outgnjwth of Vir-
ginia, as the second charter of the London Com-
pany included all the territory now known fvs
Maryland. This territory was founded by Sir
(leorge Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Hoinaii Catholic
nobleman, who left England with a number of his
co-religionists to escajie the persecution which was
then going on against the Roman Catholics, and
was called ^i.'ryland out of honor to Ileiirietta-
Maria, Queen Consort of Charles I. The charter,
granted in 1033, vested the seigniory of the
country in Lord Baltimore, holding of the British
Crown, on feudal payment of a nominal rental,
and a royai'y of one-fifth of all the precious metals
found; and Leonard Calvert, a brother of Lord
Baltimore, with about 200 Roman Catholics, sailed
for the new country in November, 1033. Sjieak-
ing of Lord Baltimore, Bancroft, the great Ameri-
can historian, says : " Calvert deserves to be ranked
amongst the most wise and benevolent lawgivers
of all ages. Ho was the first ;n the history of the
Christian world to seek for religious security and
peace by the practice of justice and not b}' the
exercise of power ; to plan the establishment ot
popular institution!!, with the enjoyment of liberty
of conscience ; to advance the career of civilization,
by recognizing the rightful equality of all Christian
sects. The asylum of papists was the spot, where,
in a remote corner of the world, on the banks ot
rivers which as yet had hardly been explored, the
mild forbearance of a proprietary adopted religious
freedom as the basis of state policy."
CHAPTER XXXIL
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES.
(Continued.)
1. First SETTi.EMKy in Nkw Exgland. — 2.
Captain John S.mith's Survky of Nkw
England. — 3. Ariuval of the Puritans. — 1.
Primitive Legislation. — o. Settlement of
Boston. — 0. Increased Emigration and new
Settlements. — 7. Settlejiknt of New Hamp-
shire. — 8. Atte.mpt to Stop Lmmigration. —
9. Confederation of the Provinces. — 10.
Persecutions ijy the Puritans. — 11. Perse-
cution OF THE Quakers. — 12. Early Estab-
lishment OF PuiiLic Schools. — 13. The
three FORMS OF GOVERNMENT IN TDK COLO-
NIES.
1. — The first steps towards effecting a settle-
ment in the States known as " New England " were
taken about the same time as the
settlements in Virginia. The first Sl^'K-'illnr""'
body of emigrants landed at the
mouth of the Kennebec River, and founded a set-
tlement which was called St. George, in honor of
the leader of the expedition. Sir George Poi)hain.
The two ships which brought out the emigrants
returned to England in Decemlier, leaving forty-
five persons ; but tlun' suffered so ni.icli from cold
and want of provisions during the winter that they
al)aiidoned the place in the spring, the leader of
the expedition. Sir George Popham, having died
in the meanwhile.
2, — In the year 1014, Captain John Smith, who
.1 • '
liiii
108
TUTTLES IIISroHY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
had made himself famous hy his conduct in set-
r,.pi.,in.roi,ns,nin,-B<li"S <''« colony of Vir.ninia, ex-
f,;',^,Y;y "f •'>'"^'"-"«- idoved tlie ivjjion from Pcnohscot
to Cajjo ("od, and j;ave the new ter-
ritoiy the name of " New Eiinhuid." A cliarter
was obtained for settiin<; the country Smith had
surveyed ; but as tlic <^i\u\t covered an area which
Deluded more than half of what is now tlie United
States, and the whole of Canada, its v«'rv extent
made it too unwield\- to be used to any advantasre,
and it became a dead letter in the hands of tiie
patentees.
!5. — The two first altemi)ts at settlements in New
England were failures; and the settling of tliat
colony was due to a class of dis-
"rurimVi"''" seuters from the Englisii Protestant
Ciinrch. This sect had arisen
during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, James I.,
and Charles I.; and to tliem was due mainly tlie
establishment of the Commonwealtli in England,
and the beheading of Cliarles I. Tiie iiraiich of
the Puritans which euiigrated to New Englaiul
were called " Brownists," from their pastor in
Leyden, Holland, where they had gone to escape
the persecution of the Church of England. After
some difficulty these exiles obtained from the Lon-
don \'irginiau Company an assignment ot land
within the limits of that com[)any ; and two ves-
sels, the Jfti/floiciT and Speedwell, were chartered
to convey thi." colonists to their new home. Both
vessels were .small, tlu; former being only one
hundi'cd and eighty tons, and tlie latter but
sixty. Tiie aecoiumodation was so scanty tiat all
the "Pilgrims," as they called themselves, could
not emi)ark, ami the pastor of the congrega-
tion, John Robinson, remained at Leyden with a
poitioii of iiis flock, wliile the remainder embarked
from Deifiiaven, on '2'M July, 1()20, undercharge
of au elder named Brewster. Tlio sliips were k(;pt
by stress of weather in the British Channel until
till' Oth September, when tlie wiiole party em-
l)arked on tlie M<iyflower and stood across the At-
lantic towards their intended settlement in liie
New Netiicrlauds, near wliat is now the city of
New Yolk. Tliey were, however, deceived by
tlu'ir captain, wiio conducted tliem to the Massa-
cinisetts shore, and they entereil (Jape Cod Bay on
tiie itth of November. Not being satislied witli
the site they coasted for sometime; and it was
not until tlie -JOth of December, lOliO, that they
landed on the rock inside the liai!>or which they
had named "New Plymouth," after ilie iMiglish
town of Plymouth, from which they had last
sailed.
4. — The colonists arranged a form of government
for themselves before landing. It was a Republic
of the most [irimitive stvle, all the
male members of the party (101 Jiol;"""" '■''^"''"
souls in all) acting as legislators ; and the execu-
tive was comjiosed of a governor and five assist-
ants to be elected aunnally. Mr. John Carver was
the first governor. This st' le of government was
not found inconvenient at lirst, as the colony pro-
gressed slowlv, and only iiUHibered three hundred
ten 3'ears after its foundation; but as the popula-
tion iu:;reased it was found necessary to resort to
representation.
a. — In 1(522, Georges and Mason took a patent
for colonizing a territory they called Laconia, and
which was bounded by the Atlantic
Ocean, the St. Lawrence, IMerrimac ^^^"''""''""'f "<«-
and Kennebec rivers. Under this
patent Portsmouth and Dover were settled in
162^3. Ill 1G28, White and Endicott, with a num-
ber of other Puritans, settled Salem, which is tiie
earliest permanent settlement in Massachusetts.
In the same year Thomas Graves, and about one
hundred emigrants, founded a settlement on the
Charles river which tlie\' called C-'harlestown, (this
is now incorporated as part of the city of Boston.)
Two j'ears later (1G30) a portion of the settlers,
who had been reinforced by immigration, crossed
to a place called Sliawmut by the Indians, and
there founded the i)rescnt city of Boston. This
colony was governed for three years in the same
manner as the settlement at New Plymoutii ; but
in 1034 the representative style was adopted, this
being the second instance of the introduction of
representative government on this continent, the
first having been at Jamestown, Va.,on llUh June,
i011».
0. — The emigration from England of the Puri-
tans continued for some years, on account of tlK-ir
iieiseeution, and many new colonies
were settled. In !();!;>, over 3,000 tionnnumm mih.-
emigrants arrived in New England,
amongst them HeniT Vane and the Rev. Iliigii
Peters ; both of these gentlemen figured consiiicu-
ously under the Commonwealth, and were exe-
cuted as traitors during the reign of Charles the
r whicli tlu'v
llu' Kiii;li!-li
liey had Last
if government
•IS a Republic
Primitive I.egisla-
:lon.
1(1 tlie execu-
iid five assist-
in Carver was
/ernnient was
e colony pro-
liree hundred
IS the popula-
•y to resort to
took a patent
Laconia, and
Spttlement of Bt»8-
Lun.
re settled in
:, with a uum-
which is the
lassacliusetts.
lul about one
ement on the
lestown, (this
;y of Boston.)
f the settlers,
ation, crossed
Indians, and
Boston. This
in the same
lymouth ; l)ut
adojjted, this
itroduction of
continent, tlic
on null June,
I of the J'liii-
icount of tlicir
nicronscd I'mi^in-
tioii aiiU iiuw M.-ii1c-
e Rev. 1Im,i;Ii
ired cons|iicii-
md were vw-
f Charles liic
n|"l
it
li
&v
; ■ S:
I
i
Vt
11';
'I 1 ;
! i
i
I
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES.
169
i
SccoikL In 1G38 a small settlement was made by
the Diituli at what is now the city of Hartford;
and in l'!:'.') John Winthmp fonnded Saybrook,
Conn. Thice years later New Havt-n was founded
by Eaton and Davenjiort.
7. — Wiiile some of the New England colonies
were flonrisiiing, other attempts were not, at fust,
so snccessfnl ; and the altcniiit to
iilmX'.'e.''^ ^''■"' ^e^llt-' tl'^' tnict of eonnlry now
known as New Ilamiishire, whicli
was commenced nnder a charter granted in Iti'ii),
proved so slow that three years after the founda-
tion of Portsmouth it oidy contained sixty families.
8. — The continued persecutions of the Puritans
tended to increase emigration from England to
such an extent that in 10o7 a Hoyal
^miKni'ilo'n/'"'' prochunation was issued restraining
tiie Puritans from emigrating to
America. At the same time an order in council
was pul>lished prohibiting all non-conformist
ministers to emigrate without the leave of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, or the lUshop of Lou-
don. It was also reported that a governor, with
very arbitrary powers, would be sent out; and the
" Company of iMassachusetts Hay," was declared
by English judges to be an illegal association, and
the New Plymouth patentees, nnder whom ihe
company held their rights, were outlawed. A
s(piadroii of eight ships bound for New England
were stopped in IG^jH by order of the Privy CA)un-
cil, although allowed to go on in a few days ; it is
slated by some historians that Oliver Cromwell
ami IIaui[)den were to have end)arked in this
licet — which woidd have changed English history
considerably ; but there does not seem to be any
fouiidatiiui for the statement.
i). — New Hanii)shire was annexcl to Massachu-
ietts in 1G41 ; and in 1G4:] iigenenvl confederation
was eft'ectt.'d under tl.j title of " the
liullwl,™"''' United Colonies of New England."
T'hese coloiues consisted of Massa-
cliUM'tts, New Plymouth, Connecticut, anil New
Haven, ilhode Island, which was loundeil in
lil;!S, refused to join, and Maine and Providein;e
were refused admission because the religious views
id' llie people did not agree with those of the other
slates. The colonization of .Maine i)rogresseil very
slowly ; and in IG.Vi it was iiniu'.xed to Massaehu-
M'llS.
1". — After till eoMiiuesI of .laniaiea by Cnuu-
well in 165"), he offered the Puritans a settlement |
there ; but they declined, according |
. • 1 • i. • * 1 rersfciiliona by U>.e
to an American lustoiian, on tlie i-iirUinw.
ground that " they wotdd have
considered it a sijccies of sacrilege to abandon to j
the savages the consecrated as\ am of their pecu-
liar belief; for religion was with them an affair of
state, and to preserve its jiurity was considered
the paramount authority of the civil magistrate."
But, although tenacious of their own rights to
religious liberty, no jieoiile were ever more intol-
erant than they; and nuMubers of other sects were
sternly persecuted. Thus when the " Antim)mian
controversy " arose, Anne Hutchinson and her
disciples, who held dissentient views on the sul)-
jci't of free grace, were expelleil from the colony ;
Mr. ("lark, a I5a[)tist, was fined for preaching at
Lynn; a -Mr. Holmes was publicly whipped for
preaching what was not considered sound doctrine
by the Puritans; and any difference from their
own faith was visited by fine or imprisonment,
while all persons were obliged to attend church
or be fined. The writer above i|uoted says "The
very men who had fled Irom England to gain an
asylum for religious freedom, were refusing the
slightest toleration to an\' religious denomination
but their own."
IE — The worst persecuted sect was, strange to
say, the Qmvkers, and the bluest of the " Blue
Laws" were passed, and enforced
against them. Two (Quaker ladies ,7;jr,';.'.''''' ''^ '''"
who arrived in Boston in l(5.")d,
were imprisoned for five weeks, am! afterwards
banished; and a law was passed prohibiting ai.iy
more Quakers from entering the colony on pain
of liiu^s. imprisonment and even death ; and some
who dared to enter the olony were hanged. Citi-
zens were also fined for harlioring Quakers.
\2. — Although tin: people of N(;w iMiglaiid were
terribly bigoted, and |)crsecuted all believers in
eri'cds other than their own, tliey
soon saw the importance of estab- S'^libirSi"!'"
lisliitig place's of j)ublic instruction,
and a law rei|uiring one public school fur exciy
township of fifty houseliolilers was passed in IG IT ;
and in towns of one huiHlred families, or niurr.
grammar schools where boys were to lie eduiated
for college. The first collegia in New iMigland
was that of Harvard, eslablished in lG:i(i by the
vole (if the Li'gislature, granting a sum eipial to a
I' '
,
170
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
whole year's income of the State ; hut tlic college
would scarcely have attained its great growth hut
for the niiinifieence of Mr. .lolin Harvard, an
English gentleman who arrived in tlie colony in
10t58, and who, dying shortly after his arrival,
gave half his property (and a valuable lil)rary) to
the new college, which then assumed his name.
The establishment of a college in Massacluisetts
created emulation in the other portions of New
England, and public schools were very rapidly
establisiied.
Iti. — There were three distinct forms of govern-
ment in the English colonies; tlie Royal govern-
ment, such as Virginia, where all
Till' Ihroe forms (if , , ., . . ,. ,
KovcriiiiiMitiii Die tiic lunctionancs were, ilirectly or
mtlirectly, named by the king ;
secondly, a constitution founded on charters
granted to companies id' adventurers, such as in
New England; and, lastly, the proprietary govern-
ments. In the chartered governments, the i)eoi)le
really had full control of the government through
their rejii-eseulatives. "'J'lie general court of the
colony of Massachusetts Bay" was composed of
the governor, sid)-governor, ten magistrates and
two deputies from each town, all elected annually.
'I'he governors and the magistrates sat in one
chamber, the de[)uties in another. This court was
absolute, and there was no appeal from it. The
court only met once a year, and the public business
was in tiie mean w liile administered by the gover-
nor in council, who gave audiences twice a week.
The proprietary governments hail soinewiiat of a
feudal comjilexion ; Ijeing so many seigniories, or
lord.^hijis, granted for particular considerations, or
from pure; favcu', to certain individuals. Tims
the pioprietorship of Pennsylvania was vested in
William I'enn and his family. Maryland was held
on a proprietary patent by liord Raltimore; and
North and South Carolina, New Jersey. Delaware
and (Jeorgia were also proprietary governments.
( IIAPTKK XXXIII.
-{Con-
THE AN(H.0-A.MEI!K;AN COLONIES
(iiiiii il.
1. NaT11;A1. ADVANTAdKS (iK Till'; I5l!iriSlI ('()!,( )-
NIKS. — -J. Ri;i.in(,ji'isii.mi;nt <n- tiih Ciiaktkk
(IK TIIK (iiLo.NY (JK Mas.S \( IIUSKTTS I5AV. —
3. Anhhos' Attkmpt to Foucktiik Coloxjks
INTO C(JN\S0MDAT10N. — 4. EfFIX'T OF Tllli ENG-
LISH REVOLUTION OP 1G88. — a. Tm: Diffku-
KNcic iu:r\vi:i:N tiik English and Fjikncii
Colonies.
1. — The great stretch of seaboard, fine, navig.able
streams, with numerous large bays, together with
a fertile soil and a mild climate. Natural n.ivjintaj'iij
gave the Hritish Colonies many ad- ^'^fjj'"'"""'''' <^»To-
vantages which were shown by the
ra\nd increase of trade and commerce, which speed-
ily attained greater importance than their pros-
jierity in other matters. The trade of the mer-
chants was not clogged by the many restrictions
and taxes then common in England and the Euro-
pean countries, and it llourished amazingly, esjieci-
ally under the Commonwealth ; bnt an attempt
was made to restrict it, soon after the accession of
Charles II. to the throne, rarliameiit passed an
act re(iui)'iiig " That all merchandise be imported
in Hritisli bottoms, except wliat comes from the
plac! of its growth or manufacture, and liiat three-
fourths of the seamen bo Englisii ; and tiuit shijis
loading in the plantations bring tiieir merchandise
direct to England." In 1G7-, a measure was
jiassed, imposing duties on produce sent frcjm one
colony to another. These laws were not, how-
ever, stricll}' enforced ; and any attempts to do
so led to strong remonstrances from the colonists,
so that ships from various countries could fre-
(pK^ntly be found trading in Boston and other
harbors.
2. — The cohmy of Ma.ssachusetts Bay was the
one which most firmly resisted and evaded the pay-
ment of fiscal duties and resti'ietive |j,.i||„|,||„ii,||,,„t„f
ti'iulo regulations passed by the Eng- ,'l\';/,„';'',',f''MaUi.''
lish rarliameiit. The Governor of'"""^^"" "»>•
Virginia reported in 1071, that the colonists liad
resolved to conform to the Navigation Act,
although it would destroy tlii'ir shi[)-buildiiig, then
(Uie of the chief industries of the colony. This
was followed by other cohuiies; and, in KiSI, the
jieople of Massachusetts Bay wert! eomiielled to
relin(lui.■^ll their charter. Charles the Sticond had
intended to abolish the franciiises, political and
commercial, of New lOngland ; but he died before
Ids intent was carried into elVeet.
;l, — I'he next governor appointed after the death
of Charles was Sir William Aiidro.s, with full
Colon IKS
THK EnG-
DlFFKU-
EllKNCH
navigable
illier Willi
al atlvftiitaiies
Urhish CoTo-
licli speetl-
lliuir pros-
[ the mer-
esliietions
1 the Euvo-
<4ly, esiieci-
lui atteinjit
ccessioii of
passed an
)e imported
s fiom the
that threc-
l that sliips
iierehaiidise
as III' e was
t i'riiin one
not, how-
iipts to do
le eoloiiists,
CDiiid fie-
aiid othir
lay was the
cd the [lay-
iniiniHlinii'iit cif
rlilliliT nf Hit'
iinv cil' !Mu»»a-
im-ilB lliiy.
liinists had
ation Ael,
Idiiig, then
my. This
I, ICSl, the
impelled to
Second had
)liti(al and
died helbl'O
(T the death
s with fnll
53
SECOND GOVERNMENT OF COUNT DeFRONTENAC.
171
. . , , , i)o\vcrs to make laws and levy taxes
AndroB' attempt to ' i • , i
f<ir.'etiio<<iionii's ^xi discretion. Immediatelv on his
iiitu vonsoUdatiun.
arrival ho revoked tlie eharttu' of
Rhode Island, and attempted to revoke tliat of
("onneeticnt ; i)nt tlie people resisted and seoi(!t(Ml
the eliarter. He was tyrannical and avaricious,
and amassed a large fortune for himself. Frost,
in his History of the United States, sums up Ids
ciniracter very clearly and briefly when he says :
" His object seems to have been to amass a fortune
for himself, to break the charters, and unite the
several colonies in one, for the purpose of ell'ectu-
all}'' resisting the encroachments of the French
from ("anada."
4. — Tlie news of the revolution in England in
1G88 was most joyfully received Ijy the colonists,
Kir.>.t..f 111.' Kii"- especially those of Massachusetts
lis., .x.v,.la.io„oT jj.^^,_ .|'|,^ j,^.^^j,j^ ,,j. i}„^io„ ^^i.j.^^1
and imprisoned Andros, with fifty of las adherents ;
and magistrates who had been displaced b^- him
were re-inst^Ued. This example was followed by
Rhode Fsland and Connecticut, and a restoration
of the old eliarters was applied for. This was not
attained until ItJiU, when Massachusetts obtained
a new charter, containing not quite so great priv-
ileges as the old one, but granting the same
sj)e :ies of governuKMit as existed in England. On
tiie arrival of Sir William IMiipjis as Lo^al (Jover-
nor, in l(Jl)2, the eliarter was accepted. By it New
Plymoutii, and Acadia, which had passed under
British rule after the capture of Port l{oyal in
1000, were annexed to Massachusetts.
5. — Tins brings us down to the last decade of tlie
seventeiMith century ; and, although t)ur sketch of
„., „_ , the Anglo-American Colonies has
rill' iiiiTiTi'iiic lie- '^
t«.'.'ii Hi., iinuiisii been, of necessitv, l)rief, it will, we
and 1' rLMiidi ( oltiiiirit. ^ ^ _ • ' '
think, be suflicieiit to give an out-
line of the diil'ereiiee between tlie two colonies
before we enter more fidly into the history' of the
struggle between tliein f(U' supremacy on this con-
linent. The ICnglish colonists were, for the most
part, self-exiialriated, either to escape political or
religiiuis persecution ; and, having lied IVom tiieir
own ediintiy to seek liiierty, liiey naturally be-
iMine jealous (if the sudden and stiiuig development
of a rival colony antagonistic in faiiii, in nalional-
ily aiid in loyally; bu' while the ICnglisii c(donists
iiescr loved llieir king any uku'c than tlie law re-
Huired. tlie {''ri'iicli loved liieirs with a deep-seated
luvallv eonstantlv strengthened by the priests.
At first tlie English colonies paid but little atten-
tion to their French neighbors ; for under " The
Company of One Hundred Associates," and the
'• West India Compau}'," — as we liave already
shown, — emigration languished, trade and coni-
meree made comparatively little progress, and
there seemed nothing for the Englisii to fear from
their neigldxn's. But theco Mpiests and ambition
of l^oiiis XIV., and tlie cobuiial policy of Colbert,
which was peopling Canada with a military and
laboring population, roused the jealousy of the
English colonies. They found that the cordon of
military seigniories and forts which was being
drawn in New France might be used with eipial ef-
fect against them as against the Iroquois on whose
account they were, osten.sibly, erected. 'I'lie
Englisii colonii.'s, at last, determined to attempt
the subjugation of Canada ; and, in IGOO, offere I
men and money to England for tluvt purpose.
This brings us down to the ciu.se of DeDenon-
ville's government in Canada.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
SECOND GOVERNMENT OF COUNT
DicFRONTENAC.
1. SiX'OND AltlUVAL OF DkFroI.TKNAC AT QUK-
nicc. — '2. Di:Calmi:i!i:'.s Plan of Attacking
Tiiio En(;i.isii Colonies. — :>. Disaffkction of
TiiK Indian Alliks of tiik T kkncii. — 4. Dk-
FuoNTKNAC I)i:ti:umini;.s to Attack tiik Enc-
Lisii. — ."). Partial SrccKs.s of tiik Expfdi-
TioN.s. — 0. Dfittihs sknt to tiif Noktii-
Wkst TiiinFs.— 7. SrccEss of the Exi-edi-
TioN. — 8. The English Colonies PitEi'AUE
to Invade Canada. — U. The Plan of In-
vasion.
1. — To return to the events in Canada we find
tluit tiie Count DeFronteiiae. who was re-appointed
to sueeeed the Maripiis D(d)enoii-
ville, arrived at t^iiebreon the l.'itii s,'"'""iti'rriv.iii.f i>,.
*• iTniili'iiac at tju.lii'i',
October, lti,S7. 'I'lir Ciniadian an-
tlKuities had noticed wiihsiune alarm thcgrowing
inlluenee of the English traders with the Iroipiois;
and, after the unsuccessful campaign of DeDeiion-
I
i
?
! !
L.
1 It 1
,11
J hi ;. '
172
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
ville, M. DeCullieres, comnmncliuit at Montreal,
l)ecainc convinced that as tlie lMij;;lisli at New
York openly avowed an alliance witii flu? Five
Nations, the most effectual way to crush the Iro-
quois would he to attack the settlement of theif
friends, the EnfjHsh, first, and for this iniri)ose he
visited France to ur^re his views.
2. — The Chevalier proceeded to France in the
fall of 1688, and his views were accepted by the
T^ f. 11. . 1 . Government, and the Count De-
DeCalliero's plan of
atta.-kii.« the Ei.n- Froiitcnac ordered to carry them
out. His plans were substantially
as follows : — He proposed to take an army of 2,000
regular troops, by way of the Richelieu River and
Lake Champlain, into the country of tlie Ii'oquois
with the avowed purpose of attacking them ; and,
when lie should reach the neighborhood of
Alban}', he would suddenly attack and capture
that scttlcuient, which he stated had only a popula-
tion of al)out three hundred al)le-bodied men, and
a garrison of one hundred and fifty. The place
consisted of about one hundred and fifty houses,
and had only one earthen fort, mounted with a
few cannon, and a wooden palisade. He then pro-
posed to march along the Hudson to New York,
which he represented as an open town, containing
two hundred houses, and having about four Iiun-
dred men cai)able of bearing arms. He urged in
sui)port of his plan, that it would put the French
in possession of the finest harbor in America; that
it would cripple tiie Iroquois by cutting off tiie
supplies of arms and ammunition which they were
olitaining from the English; and that, unless some
decisive steps were taken, the Iro([Uois would de-
stroy Canada, whieii would entail lite loss of the
jiostsat Huilsou's Ma}', the fur trade;, Acadia and
tlie fisheries of the (iulf of St. Lawrence and
Newfoundland, which would cause the loss of
scvtiial millions of livres annually to Fiance.
Authority was given DeCallieres to carry out
his plan ; but DeFrontenac found on his arrival
that till! blow to the I'rench iiad been too si!vcre
i'or iiim toattcini)t anything more than a defensive
|iolicy for the present. Although DeFrontenac
had a large supply of trooi)s and stores, lie was too
|)olitic not to lake advantage of the fact of his
having the Irocpiois chiefs, who iiad been i)etrayed
liy DeDeiionville ami sent to France, and who
were being returned in the same siiii> with liim ;
and, he tlierefore tried to conciliate tiiem. He
gained the confidence and good will of several,
especially Oureouhare, who was of great use to
him afterwards.
•!. — DeFrontenac concluded that the season
was too late, and, besides found it necessary to
proceed to Montreal to encourage
, 1 . , ■ . . . , ', DisaffeoUon of the
tlie inlial)itants, who were greatly iiKiianaiueaof uw
discouraged from the cruel massacre ™"'" ''
at Lachine, and to revive the confidence of the
Indian allies of the French, many of whom were
now disposed to join the English and Iroquois.
The Ottawas sent deputies to tiie Seneeas offering
to return the Seneca prisoners they had captured,
and to make terms of peace. They laughed, and
taunted the French missionaries when remon-
strated with for this act, saying that they had
lost confidence in " Ononthio ; " that they had
borne their late disasters very tamely, and instead
of avenging their defeats, tried to get by treaties
what they could not obtain by war. They also
claimed that tiie French had made a dishonorable
peace, and were willing to sacrifice their Indian
allies ; an(' that they could trade more profitably
with the English than with the French.
4. — On DeFrontenac becoming aware of this
serious disaffection he determined to strike a blow
at once, at all hazards, ai tlie Eiig- „ „ .
lish colonies, or he saw that Fiencii niin^ t.> auaok u.o
influence amongst the North West
tribes would be lost. He, accordingly in .fanu-
aiy, 1690, organized exiicditions at Montreal,
Three Rivers and (iuebeo to invade the English
colonies, and sent to assure the Ottawas and
llurons tiiat the French would soon reassert their
supremacy. The Montreal party consisted of about
one hundred militia and one hundred Indians,
under command of De St. Ileleiie, and were des-
tined to attack Aliiaii}'.
;"). — When tin! expedition had been five days on
its way a council was held ; and the Indians so
ridiculed tiio idea of so small a
body attacking so hlrong a place as {h"'«xp""iui','mH'.''
Alliany, that it was determined to
abandon the idea and attack tiio smaller ])ost of
Schenectady. They attacked this place on the
night of the 8th Feiiruary, and took tiie phiee
entirely by sui'prise, most of tiie inhabitants wrw
in IkmI, and little or no resistance was made.
Aliout sixty nuui, women and ciiildien were
butchered in cold blood, and twenty eight cariieil
of several,
;reiit use to
the season
lecessaiy to
afTei-tion of tlie
11.111 allies of t)iu
nicli.
ence of tlie
whom were
d Iroquois,
icas offerins^
d captured,
luglied, and
len remoii-
.t they liad
t tliey had
and instead
by treaties
They also
ishoiiorahle
lieir Indian
J profitahly
I.
are of this
rike a blow
'rontoiiac tlotor-
to uMaek Ihu
h.
in Janu-
Montreal,
Eiiglisli
iwas and
issert tlicir
I of about
Indians,
were (h-s-
.'e days on
ndians so
al KUf'l*l>88 of
itlitiollti.
cr ])ost (il
,('t; on tlic
tllC pllllM'
mils Wric
.us ni:l<b'.
len \\t re
lit v'liiiicd
SECOND GOVERNMENT OF COUNT DeFRONTENAC.
173
into captivity, while the entire settlement, consist-
in,!T of some sixty houses, was reiluced to ashes.
The French captured a good deal of pliindcr,
inclndiiii:^ sixty horses, and but for these the
expedition would scarcely iiave bf^en a'.le to reach
Montreal, as they ran so short jf food they were
obliged to eat tiie horses. A body of Englisii from
Albany, and a party of Mohawks pursued them
almost to the gates of Montreal, and succeeded in
cutting f)ff twenty-five of tlie pnrty. The party
from Tliree Rivers consisted of only fifty t \ o men,
of whom one half were Indians. Tliey made a de-
scent on the village of Salmon Falls, on tlie Pisea-
taqua Ri\er, burned nearl}* all the houses, cattle
etc., and carried off fifty-four prisoners, tlie majoritv
of wiiom were women and children. Tlie party from
Tliree Rivers was met h}' the third party from
Quebec, and together they took a fortified English
post at Casco Ray, Maine, ai"' killed or captured
nearly the whole garrison.
G. — DeFrontenac was, however, convinced that
something more than these successes was neees-
saiy to regain fully the confidence
NoiUi \\\«i tribes, ot the ^ortl^ Wcst tribes; and ac-
cordingly he sent a convt)}- of goods,
with one hundi-ed and forty sohliers and a few
Indians under command of Lonvigny, from '*-on-
tieal for Mackinaw with pr(>sents for the Hurons
and Ottawas; the great point he was endeavoring
to gain being to break the commerce of these
tribes with tin; English, and divert tlie fur traile
once more to the St. Lawrence. Lonvigny was
also iiistrticted to supersede Dnraiitaze, the com-
mandant at Mackinaw, the principal reason for
whose recall was tliat he was consiilered too favor-
able to the Jesuit missionaries, against whose iiifiii-
eiicc DeFrontenac was as bitterly opposed as
during his first term as governor.
7. — The ex])eilition very nearly failed, for, on
the second day out from IMontreal tliev were
attacked by a hotly of Irotiuois and
SiicrrnH of the expo- . . , i i» ' . i , , /» , ,
.utioii. very neai'ly tlefeated, but hiialiy
siict;eeiletl in reacliiiig .Mai;kiiiaw in
safety. Their arrival was most ojiportiine, .(,r the
Ottawas were on lh(> eve of semliiig deputies to
(he Iidtinois to tionelutle a peace ; wlien, however,
they heartl of tlie late sueee.sses of the Freneli and
saw the value of the goods sent, and the niiiiibrr
of the presents for tliemselves, they immediately
deelaretl their renewed allegiamie to " Ononthio,"
anil the next day one hnndreil and ten canoes,
manned by tliree hundretl Intlians, and bearing
furs to the value of over one hundred thousand
crown.s. left for Montreal. DeFrontenac, who
chanced to be there, received them very graciously,
matle them many presents, and tliey departed
highly pleased, renewing their pledge of friend-
ship towards the French. Still the settlers were
constantly aiiii03eil b}* the inroads of the Iroquois,
anil their war-whoop was iieard in many isolated
posts and small villages.
8 — The greatest danger to the French was yet
to come, however, ami it very nearly succeded in
sweeping them from the St. Law-
,,,, ,, ,. , , . The English oolo-
rence. llie J'^nglisii colonies were nies pivpnre to in-
i , ' '-I . , , vude Canada.
now determinetl on avenging the
injuries done b}' the Freneli during the previous
winter; and the authorities of Jhissachusetts issued
an invitation to the nearest governments asking
them to meet at New York to devise means for tlie
general safety. This first American Congress
met on May 1, 1()9(). when the invasion of Canada
was detei'iiiined. The contingents of the ilifl'er-
ent states were arranged, levies oitlered and
general preparations for an invasion made. A
deputation was also sent to England to ask for
help in the way of arms and ammni.ition, and
• lie co-operation of a fleet of English frigates. But
the English government was too bii.sy with tiie
war then waging for the restoration of Jamt'.s, and
the colonists were left to their own re.sonrces.
0. — The English were not, however, tlet erred,
but deierniiiied to prosecute their enterprise
alone; the scheme being carefully
concealed from the Canatlians. The ™,";.'''"" "' '"'"-
plan was that (leiieral Winthroii,
with eight huinlred men and five hnndivil Indians,
was to advance on Montreal, while an attiiek was
matle at the same time on Qiieliec by thirty fciir
vessels mannetl by fifleeii huinlred sailors, anil
carrying thirteen hiintlretl militia. Sir William
l'lii[)ps was ill chief commantl, ami so well were
the preparations concealetl, lliat DeFnuitciiac
knew nothing of tlm threatenetl invasion until
August, at whicli time he was in Montreal.
m
I
!ff
n
'is
174
TUTTLKS IIISTOHY OF 'IFII-. DOMINION OK CANADA.
CIIAPTEIl XXXV.
SECOND (JOVKUNMHNT OK Did'UONTK-
1. FAILUUEOF WlNTHUOP's KXl'KIMTION. — ± Au-
ItlVAIi OF THK IJUITISH FIJOKT IIKFOIIK QUKIIKO.
— >]. DkMAND I"(»U TIIK SllilUONDKIt OK TIIK
CITY KKl'lSKU. 1. AlTACK ON THK CITY. — 5.
RkTKEAT of the BlUTISII. — (3. UlCIOICING IN
QlIEItEO OVKIl TIIH VICroliY. — 7. I'oLlCY OF
THE IllOCjUOlS DLUINU THE WAU. — 8. XeW IN-
VASION IIYTHE lUOQlOlS. — !). CONSTANT RAIDS
DUKINO THE YEAKS 10'J:i-4. — 10. l{EIU;iM)lN(i OF
Fort Frontenao. — 11. Invasion of the Iro-
QUoiscouNTRv. — 1± Deathof DeFrontenac.
1. — ^\'llen DeFionteiiac ifceived iiifi)nuiition
from ill! AlyoiKjiiiu that tlio Eni^liish luid Indians
wore construct injj; a large fleet of
Failure nl Win- . i 1 / ' • 1 1 < i
throps .•.xp.-.iiiioii. canoes on l^ake Cieoige, with the
evi<lcnt intention of inviiding Can-
ada, he lost no time in collecting all the friendly
Algon([uins, Hiirons and ("luistian Indians to his
assistance ; and, altliough he was over seventy
years of age, he took a tomahawk in hand, ehaiuited
the war song, and danciid the war dance with tiiem
to insi)ire them with eonrage. IJiit their bravery
was little needed ; had management, and a worse
commissariat, (■omix'Ued Winthro[) to retreat to
Alhany without making an attack. Major
Schuyler, however, who led the advance guard,
and who was not aware of W'inthroii's ri'treat,
pushed on to l.apraiiie, and easily ea[itiired tlu;
fort, as it was only defended hy a small hody of
militia and Indians. The (Canadians retreated
on Chaniltly closely followed hy Schuyler ; but
supjiort arriving from the fort, the [)ursucrs lialte<l
and in turn attackeil Schuyler, who was defeated
with a loss of thirty men kilh.'d and wounded, and
hi; was forced to follow the ictreat of W'inthrop.
This closed the invasion of the Hritish, as far as
thc! attack hy land was concerned; and DeFronte-
nac had every reason to coiigiiitulate himseii' on
his (!asy success, wliiili \ould doubtless have great
weight with I hi! Indiuns.
2. — Del''routenac was unaware of tiu; faitt that, a
British fleet liiul left Boston for tiucbei!. and there
■is no douiit but, that " 'I'lie Ancient
Aiilviil iif ll\i' ItilU •, 1 ., ,11 1 1 1
Miii.'.'t hifcM.) (sipital woulil have been taken by
y""''"^'- • 1 II 111'
surprise and captiire<l l)y the Isrit-
ish, seventy years before; it actually was, had it
not been for a friendly Algonquin who ran all the
way from Piscatacpia to Montreal in twelve days
to apprise DeFrontenac of the approaching danger.
Even as it was he only reached (inebec two days
before tiie British fleet ajipeared before it, and had
they [jossessed good charts of the St. Lawrence,
or not have ex[)ericnced bad weather in the (iulf,
they would have captured (Quebec while DeFron-
tenac was still awaiting \\'inthroi)"s attack on
Montreal ; but the failure of that expedition, and
the delay of the fleet in the (iulf. gave DeFronte-
nac lime to concentrate all his forces at tiuebee,
and when the fleet did arrive, they found it garri-
soned by nearly four thousand men. Thus out-
numbered, the New ICnglanders had no chance of
carrying by storm so strongly fortified a place as
Quebec; and to attempt to reduce it b\' siege at
that advanced period of the year would have been
to risk a long and severe winter. 'I'he citizens,
therefore, felt tolerably safe; yet we can look
back and picture with what anxiou.s, watching,
wondering eyes the citizens and soldiers gatlu'it'd
on tlu! ramparts on that menioralile morning of
I the r)tli October, l<t;MI, and gazed at the liritish
licet as it roiiiideil I'oint Levi and anehori'd in the
stream, the BritiNh flag th.aiing deliance at the
royal standard of Fiamte which flung itself proud-
ly to the brei'ze from tlu; IVowiiiug and fortress-
capi)e<l lieighls of Capi; Diamond.
;5. — The Brilish contented themselves that day
with furling the white sails of their vessels and
ffettin'' them into liiihting (uder;
f '^ , . .. I ■ I •• O'lmiiHl f.irUi.-Hur-
iMit on the moining ol the <>th, bir nn.i.r <if UuM-iiy
,,,.,,. ,,, . ' ,,. iilimiil.
>> illiani 1 liipps sent an otlieer on
shore;, under a flag of truce, and deiiianilcil tin;
surrender of the i)lai;e in tlu; name of King Wil-
liam. DeFrontenac had tin; messenger bliiul-
fohlcd, to prevent his getting any i<lea of the
slr(;ngth of the fortification or the nu'nln;r of its
(k'i'enders, and received him in the Council Cham-
ber, in the presence of the Bishop, Intendant, and
ni'arl}' all the council. The demand for surrender
was couehed in somewhat riule language ; and, after
reading it, tiic iiearer of it laid ins \\ati;h on the
talile and said that In; had been iiistructetl to wait
only (Mie hour I'or an aiiNWer. .\t this tlu; liery-
tempered and haughty old <J()vernor sprang to his
f(;et and exclaimed ))assionalely, " I do not ac-
knowledge King William, and well know that the
^if:
lis, hud it
an ill! tliu
I'lvc tliiys
ig (lunger.
two (lays
I, and iiad
[>awrencc,
tlio (lulf,
i Dt'Fion-
attack on
litioM. and
DcFrontf-
it Quebec,
d it gani-
Tlnis ont-
cliance »)f
ii jilaco as
ly siege at
liave been
le eitizcnis,
! can look
watciiing,
s galluTi'd
noiiiing of
iu! liiitish
orcd ill tlic
lee at tlie
■If [irond-
I'lirlress- j
tiiat day
i;ssels and
itiiil I'.irl 111" Kur-
il llio illy
.1.
;nuk'il till'
King Wil-
gcr lilind-
It a ol' tiie
ii'i' ul" its
iieil ( 'liani-
iidanl, and
smicndcr
; and, alter
•li (in till'
t'd to wail
lli(! liery-
ang to Ids
111 not ae-
i\v llial tlie
SECOND vSOVEIlNMKNT OK COINT DicKUONTENAC.
175
Prince of Orange is an impostor, wiio lias violaled
tli(! most sacred riglits of iilood and religiun. I
will answer your m;ister at the month of my can-
non I " Tills siiiiiied answer greatly pleased tlie
Council, and the messenger was innnedialcly con-
ducted from liie room and returned to ids eliicf.
4. — Sir William Pliipps at once determined on a
joint attack liv land and water, and during tln^ day
lie landed his forces and advanced
Atia.k.iiiiiiKdiy. to t he St. Cliarlcs Kiver. 'I'hey met
witii very little opposition except
from aliont tiiree hundred milili.i who were anihush-
eil amongst the rocks and hushes, ami whose sudden
and uiu'Xpecle(l attatdv tin'ew liui iiritisji advance!
into monuMitary confusion ; lint il< soon I'eformed
and sne^ceeded in dislodging tlie militia. This was
all the lighting done on shore that day; lint in the
afternoon tlu' four largest ships advanced boldly
nplheriwr and opened a brisk lire at the fort.
This was returned as warndy as it was given, and
a general cannonade kejit up ; it soon became
apparent, however, that the guns of the ships were
useless against Ihe fort perched on its liigh emi-
nence, the siiot scarcely reaching it, ami then !
having little or no cll'cct. On the other hand the
lire IViim the city was tciiibly elVcctive, and the
four ships sulVcred severely. I'luiijis ordci-cd the
action to rccommcnee next morning, and with
more valor I'laii piinlrnce kejit up a vigorous, but
inelVectual c. ;iiade, and at noon he saw it was
useless to coiHinue (lit- light and ordered the
vessels to droii down sti'eam out, of lire which they
did in a very cri|i]iled condition.
.1. — Ma,or W'alley, who was iu command of
the land forces, was iiistrnclcd to commence an
attack at the sanw time as the
Ki'tn-nt of tlio 11 . 1 ...- I.I II 1 11*
iiiitiHii. licet ; out, altliougli lie had his men
underarms at daybreak, he did not
advance uiilil noon, for some unknown reason
which lie failed to explain in the account heaftcr-
wanls wrote (if the exp''diliiiii. There were several
skirmishes during the d,iy which geiieialU' resulted
niifaviiralily lo the Ibit isli, and with Ihe retire-
men! of the ships, the alteiiipt on (^)uebec was
virtually aliaiidoncil. A comieil was held on
board I he .Vdiiiiiars ship, at which i(, was deler-
miiied to abandon the enterprise; and on tlienii;lii
of till' II III, (he Iroops were re-embarked, and the
vessels stood down \\u' river. In so much haste
and eoiifiision was the embarkatinn made, thai a
iarge (iiiantily of ammunition and stores, and live
gnus weri' abandoned, and fell into the hands of
the French. .And so ended in defeat and disgrace
the invasion of Canada by the Ibitish. The
(lag which was in after years destined to wave
over the batllements of (Quebec, ri'iiri'd now from
before (he city in humiliation. There is an inci-
dent rclati'd with regard to one of the Hags worth
reiiealiiig. The Hag of one of the ibilish ships
was shot away during the engagement, and as it
(loatcd down stream a Canadian soldier bravely
swam out to it and carrii'd it in triumph to the
shore, where he w s n-ceived with great acelania-
tioii. This (lag was hung up in the parish church
and remained llu're for many years as a trophy of
the successful repulsi! of tlu! Ibilish. Nor did the
disasters (o the invaders end with (heir repulse,
for nine of their ships were wrecked in the .St.
I..awrenee, and it was not until the llhh of Novi'in-
ber that I'hipps reached IJoston with the remain-
der, by which time the men were almost in a
stale of mnliny on account of not having been
]iaid. The 'I'reasury, however, was em|>ly, and it
was at this time that the lirst issue of continental
paper money look phu\'.
{'). — (J real was the rejoicing in Quebec over Ihe
completi; overthrow of the invaders. .\ memorial
eliurch was built in !.iOWt'r Town
and an annual b'slival established lly^;^^l;;!\X^u^i^'!""'
lo eommemorate the event. 'Ihe
gallant old ( biveriior wrote with his own hand the
despaUdi which inlbrmed his king of tliedi>aster
lo the Mrilisli: and so highly did I)id''roiileiiae
speak of the courage and loyally of llu' militia,
(hat Louis ordered a medal to be struck lo coni-
niemorate the victory of hissiibjecis in the valley
of (he St. Lawrence. .Vl the lime l)el''ronlenac
heard in .Montreal of the intended alt.udvon (^iits
bee, he had despalehed a niiiubcr of (leet canoes
down Ihe river to warn any (•'rciicli ships which
luiglil be coming up to gel out of the wav: and
the arrival of these ships, all safe, added greatly lo
the general rejoicing. They had been informed
ill lime, and made good their escape ii\ running
lip the Sagiienay. 'I'liere was one drawback to (he
rejoicings, however, and that was the scarcity of
provisions, for the newly arrived vessels brouglil
bill scanty stores, and the IiiMiiiois had so devas-
tated the crops that there was great siill'eriiig in
tinebce that winter for want of food; Imt the
■t 'I
r^
1 '
1
M
1
176
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
people bore it with cheerfulness and patieiir';,
beiiit,' amply repaid for tlieir sufferings by the . e-
feat of the enemy.
7. — The Iro(piois did not enter very heartily
into the expedition ai;;ainst the French ; not
that they liated the French less
duri.?gtte waV."^'""' than tiiey had done, but their in-
stinct of self-preservation became
more developed. Tlie confederation of the Five
Nations was not only a brave and warlike race,
but they were a politic people also. It was all
well enough for them to ravage the French set-
tlements, burn or carry off the crops and kill the
settlers; but tliey were not anxious that the Eng-
lish should coiupier Canada, '''hey Lad loticed for
some time, witli alarm, the ra ''• increasing immi-
gration to tiie English colon. . ^rd 1. y trusted
the English no more than the rent li , fcv tiiey
argued, with a prophetic foresigiit wIul i ; . hse-
quentevents have shown tohavebeen only too true,
that if the English conquered the French they
would then turn their undivided attention to the
destruction of the red men ; and they, therefore,
gave but a lukewarm support to the English during
the war, sending only one Ir.indred men, instead
of five hundred as tiiey had pro.iiised, to support
Wintlirop ; and it was to th's devection on their
part that his sudden and 'lisgrac^'ful retreat was
due. Hul on the termination of the war their experi-
ence sjiowed llieni that the raw undisciplined New
Enghiiiders, led by inefficient and inexperienced
leaders, were no niatcii for the well-trained semi-
military French colonists, led by some of tlie best
and most ex|)erieii<'ed soldiers of France; they,
therefore, conchuled that the French need fear
nothing from the N(!W England colonies, and at
once re-conimenced their marauding expeditions
against tlie former.
8. — No sooner were they satisfie<l on this point
than they commenced preparations for a new in-
road into Canada, and, accordingly,
rroquuis""'"'' ''*' '''*' '" ^^'^y'l ^'^'^1' '^'''^.V appuiU't-'d in
large numbers in the vicinity of
Montreal, and along the Richelieu, burning, killing
and destroying as of old. 'I'iie militia was Jiastily
called out and a temporary cheek given the In-
dians, by a iiunilier of tlu.'in being surprised on the
Riilielieu, by \'2i) of tlu? militia, and all the Indians
but five who escaped, were killed, tiie prisoners
being first brutally tortured. One party of twelve
made a gallant resistance, and it was to them that
the five who escaped belonged, 'i'liey took pos-
session of an old farm house and held it until
fired by tlie French ; they then determined to
cut their way through their enemies, and making
a bold daslifor it. tomahawk in hand, five of them
succeeded in doing so, the remainder being killed
or captured. This misfortune did not, however,
long deter them from making another inroad ; and
in July a large jKirty of Iroquois, accompanied by
some English and Aloluiwks, made their appearance
near Montreal with the intention of destroying the
crops, wliich would entail famine on the colony.
By a bold dash they captured the strong post of
LaPrairieand slew nearly all the garrison; they
tiien fell liack into the forest, when they met and
destroyed a small French detachment. Shortly
after they encountered a strong force under M.
DeVaireiies and boldly held out for over an hour
and a iialf, killing and wounding one liundred
and twenty men. In this figlit the Indians be-
haved with the coolness ami courage of trained
troops, and showed that they were fast learning
tiie arts of war from their Europe m enemies.
9. — DeFronteiiac on hearing of these outrages
hurried to Jlontreal, and succeeded in getting the
harvest in in safety ; but he did not
attemiit anv i)uiiislinient then, r"";!",",' "■"'''?,''',".■
While in Montreal lie received an
offer from the governor at New York, proposing a
treaty of neiitiiility for tin; coloniesandan exciiange
of jirisoners, aitlioiigh tiie mother countries were
still at \>ar; but DeFronteiiac placed no confi-
dence in the sincerity of the offer, and the negotia-
tions soon fe'l i!irough. Tiie Iroquois soon re-
covered from their defeat by DeV^airenes, and
knowing the injury they iiad infiicted on tlie
French, and under tlieir ciiief. Black Caldron, made
several successful raids, while at times they re-
ceived severe chastisement. This stati; of affairs
was kept up throughout the years lt!y2-5i-4 ; and
the Canadian settler may be said to have been
almost ciiiiipelled to go into his fields with one
hand to his plough and tin; other on his rific ; or
tliat the Iroquois iiad almost carried out their
threat, that their enemies sliould have no peace
save in the grave, 'liiere was no security from
tiie Irotpiois except beiiind stone walls and forti-
fications, and even tiiese did not always prove
sufficient to keep out the marauders. Nor was tiie
:'.
It tlioir
jicace
ity from
1(1 foi'ti-
s prove
r WHS tlie
SECOND GOVEllxNMENT OF COUNT DeFRONTENAC.
177
war all on one side, for while the Iroquois wore
hiviuLj; waste liie Western portion of tiie eolony,
Massiieliusetts was suffering as hatlly from tiie
frtM[Uent inruails of the Freneh, aided l)y tlie Ai)e-
naipiis, the natural enemy of the Iroquois; and
DeM.mtel, in liJ!*-!, invaded the .Mohawk eountry
and indieted considerable damage on them, while
parties of Canadians swept the beautiful hunting-
grounds of the Iro(iuois on the Bay of (^ninte and
greatly annoyed tliem. At last the Iro(juois
seemed to get tired of the war, and sent messen-
gei-s to Montreal to know whether deputies
would be reeeivfid to consider terms of peace.
They received a favorable answer ; but when the
deputies arrived they were met evasiveh', owing
mostly to the intrigues of the Abenaquis, and
they departed dissatisfied, and hostilities were re-
sumed. The Irocpiois again ravaged the unpro-
tected jioints, and when asked if they would send
deputies to treat for peace, iiaughtily answered
that it was now llie turn of the French to send
deputies to tiiem to treat for peace, not oidy wii.
them, but with their allies the English.
10. — DeFronleuac was not the man to quietly
brooU tlie cool insolence of this reply, and he di3-
termined on taking more r, ive
Reli'iiMing (if Fort . • i. i • • *" i i i
Frojitoiiac! steps agaiust Ins im[)iacable .cs.
He determined on the rebuilding of
Fort Frontenac. as the most effective means of
checking the Iroijuois, and, although the home
government ordered him not to tlo so, and he was
advised against it by the council on account of ;
the great expense the fiuMuer fort hail incurred, he
was too obstinate to jield his views, and in July,
lG9o, sent the Chevalier Crisasy from .Montreal,
with four hundred troojjs and two hundred In-
dians, to rebuild the fort. Tiiis yci>r was an un-
forluiuite one for tlie Irtxiuois, as far as their ex-
peditions were concijrned, but what they lost in
war they parti}" made u[) for in diplomac}'.
They concluded a peace with tlie Iluroiis and Ut-
tawas, the two powerful wcslern allies of the
Frencli. In revenge for the rebuilding of Fort
Frontenac tiiey inaile anotiier swoop on tiie island
of Montreal, but the iiihal)itants had had timely
warning, and were so well prepared to give them
a warm reception that they were terril)ly defeated.
In the west and north-west they also suffered de-
feat from the Freiicli and Miamis ; and tiie Ot-
tawa and Ilurons made an incursion, at the
instigation of Cadillac, commandant at ^lackinaw,
into their country, intlicted much damage and
carried away many prisoners.
11. — DeKrontenac now determined to carry the
war into the country of the Five Nations. The
treaty of peace between the Iro-
1 .1 r\i i. • IT InvaHtun of the Iro-
quois and the Ottawas i llii- ,,uuis country,
rons annoyed him greatlv, Mid lie
endeavored to regain liu "r entire confidence,
but did not meet with much encouragement.
They had become veiy much dissatisfied witli the
high prices charged b}' tiie French in comparison
with the English, and had grown weary of war
with their powerful neighbors. DeFrontenac,
therefore, thought the best way to gain them back
to French interests was to strike a decisive blow
at the Iroquois. In July, 1(51)0, he started from
Montreal with about fifteen hundred regular
a-oo])s, militia and Indians, and reached Fort
F; tenac on the 18th. Here he remained a week
i to "cruit liis men, and reached Oswego on tl.e
I 2<Sili. The Iroquois were not to be taken bv sur-
I prise, however, fo.' when they reached Lake Onon-
' daga, and launched their canoes, they found two
bundles containing fourteen hundred and thirty-
four rushes, which showed them that the spies of
the Irotpiois had been so vigihiiit, that they had
counted the number of the invaders almost to a
man. An entrenchment was thrown up on the
left bank f>f the lake, where the army landed, and
a guard of one hundred and forty men remained
to protect the stores and provisions left there,
while the remainder of the force proceeded towaids
the fortified villages of the Oneidas and Onon-
dagas. DeFrontenac commanded the centre in
person, although lie was now so old, being over
seventy-six, that he could not bear the fatigues of
the march, and had to be carried in a chair. De
Vaudreuil commanded the rigiit wing, and De
Callieres the left. The Oiiondagas, satisfied that
tlie\' could not successfully withstand so strong a
force, adopted their old plan of inirning their vil-
lages and retreating to the forest ; and tlie only
prisoners taken were an old man and a lame girl.
To DeFronteiiac's shame be it said, that although
he himself stood on the verge of the grave, he had
no mercy for this aged chief, but gave him over to
his Indian allies to torture. The Oneidas fared
somewhat worse, losing thirty five men, together
with their crops and ilwellings ; but the Cayugas
..'111
•'■'n
s in
m
1
178
TUTTLE'S UISTOUY OF TIIL: DOMINION OF CANADA.
iuid Seiieciis remaiiieil untouchetl ; iiiiil as the Iro-
quois knew the Fieiicli '.voiikl not permanently
occupy tlie country, tlioy may be considered to
liave received hut lis^lit punislunent.
12. — The Irofjuois followed the French in their
retreat, and cut off many slrajjfi;;lers ; tior did the
♦lie ex[iedition have any serious ef-
Snuc!"""^™"" feet on them, for they continued to
harass the Freneli frontier; but
they found these raids i,'rowin<; more and more
unprofitable as the frontier became stronger and
stronger. They could no longer swoop down
and carry off rich booty ; tiuiy more frequently got
haril blows than plunder; they therefore, in 1097,
made overtures of peace. The war between Eng-
land and France had just been terminated by the
treaty of Kyswick, and the (iovernor of New York,
getting the first intimation of it, sent a deputation
to (Quebec to propose an exchange of j)iisoners,
both English and Ii'ixpiois; but DeFrontenae
was too wary to admit the sovereignty of the Eng-
lish over till' Iro(iuois, and preferred to treat
separately with the latter, knowing that they were
very jealous of their independence. In the follow-
ing year, while sliil engaged in this and other af-
fairs for the benefit of the colony, DeFrontenae
died at the ripe old age of seventy-eiglit, retaining
to the last the great energv of character which had
successfully carried him through his long and
eventful career. He died, as he had lived, loved
bj' some for his courage and military virtiu's, hated
by othei's for his cruel temper and proud but over-
bearing manners, but respected and feared alike by
friend and foe. and with the credit of having, with
very little aid from France, supported and in-
creased the strength of a colony which he had
found, on his re-appointment, at the brink of ruin.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
THE GOVERNMENT OF M. DkCALLIERES.
1. DkCai.likhks' fikst act. — 2. Tiikatv of
I'KACK WITH TIIK lUOQlOIS SIGNKD. — .'5. Cuiil-
()i:S KKKKCT OF THK IlIOLKASK OF I'KISONKKS. —
4. Four nuii.T at Dhtuoit. — 5. Dkath of
DkCafj.ikkes.
1. — The successor of the Count DeFrontei:ac
was the Chevalier DeCallieres, who had been
appointed Commandant at Montreal
at t lie same time that DeFrontenae ilSur"' ""'
had been re-appointed Governor,
and had filled tiiat office during the whole of the
Count's administration, with great credit to him-
self and benefit to the colony, as well as the town
he immediately ruled over. He received his com-
mission as Governor by the first ship from France
after the opening of navigation in the spring of
1600, and the aj)poiiitment was one which gave
the greatest satisfaction to the colony, he having
proved liimself " brave in war and prudent in
council" on many trying occasions during tlie long
period he had commanded at Montreal, and en-
deared himself to the hearts of the peojile by his
courtesy, mildness and justice. The first task
which presented itself to him on his appointment
was one of diplomacy, and he showed himself
quite equal to the occasion. DeFrontenae had
not completed the treaty of peace with the Iro-
quois at the time of his death, the trouble being
that the English Governor at New York, the
Earl of Bellamont, claimed that they were English
subjects, stating, " that the Five Nations were
alwaj's considered subjects of England, can be
manifested to all the world ; " DeFrontenae, on the
otlier hand, claimed that the French had first occu-
pied the land, and sought to induce the Inxpiois
to acknowledge the sovereignty of the French
king ; while the Iroquois, on their side, were not
disposed to acknowledge the sovereignty of eitlu'r.
This was the state of affairs when DeCallieres
became Governor.
2. — DeCidlieres commenced his task of diplo-
macy by (lattering the Iroquois. He sent agents
to them inviting them to send
deputies to Montreal to conclude a ^uriVoquKilmeu!
peace ; and when the deputies from
the Senecas and Onoiidagas arrived in Montreal
in the summer of 1700, he received them with great
distinction. Cannon boomed in friendly welcome.
Hags fluttered gayly in the breeze. DeCallieres
greeted them with marked warmth of affection,
anil tlie whole town put on a festive appearance,
as on the occasion of some great and happy event,
a nioilc of reci']ition which drew from tiie jealous
Huron Chief, Kondiarak, the sworn foe of the
Iroquois, the caustic remark : " The French
showed more respect to their enemies, through
p '
aixentrf
TIIK r.OVEUNMENT OF M. DeCALLIERES.
179
fear, than to their friends, through U)ve." The nes^o-
tiations were rapidly completed, and DeCallieres,
takiiijf advaiitiiifu of the rtowerv style of the
Iiidiiiii oiiilors. saitl to them in their own lanfjna(^((,
" I hold fast the tree of peaee yon Inive planted,
and will lose no time in despatehinij .'.n armorer
to Fort Frontenac to I'epair 3'o;ir arm.-., and will
send merchandise tlieve also snited to yonr
wants." The Indian allies of the French, the
Hnrons, Ahcnaiinis and (.'hr.stian Irotjuois also
expressed thi;ir assent to the pe-iee and promised
to lim-y the hatehet. A written treaiy was then
made and the deputies attached to it the symbols
of the tribes then represfMited. The Senecas and
Onondai;as drew a spider; the Cayngas, a calu-
met; the (Jneidas, a forked stick; the Mohawks, a
bear ; the Hnrons. a beaver ; the Abenaquis, a
deer; and the Oitawas, a hare.
3. — The general exchange of prisoners next
took place, all on both sides being given permis-
sion to return to their homes ; and
Curious efftM't of tlio i • mi i. *.• f ii
release of prisohure. '"'rc a curious illustration 01 the
effects of a free forest life was
shown. The freed Indians, almost to a man, at
once returned to their different tribes ; not so with
the Freneii prisoners held by the Indians; very
few of them to(dv advantage of their liberty to
return to their homes. .Many of them had mar-
ried amongst their captors, and nearly all preferred
to adopt the free, semi-savage life of "the children
of the foicst," with whicii they had become im-
bued. Efforts wei'e niaile to induce them to re-
turn, and the king even issued an order tliat they
should do so ; but neither orders of kings, nor
entreaties of friend j could induce them to forego
the wild pleasure of the forest life, once they had
tasted of it. It was far easier to turn the civilized
man into a savage, than to turn the savage ijito a
civilized man. DiCallieres was not slow to com-
municate to his government tiie conclusion of this
advantageous peace ; and to urge that advantage
be taken of it to strengthen Freneli inHuenec! with
the Iro(|iiois. lie recominended as a solution of
the vexed questions of territorial boundaries and
of the sovereignty of the Iroquois, that their coun-
try should be declaretl neutral ground, and that
while both nations should have the right of trading
with them, neither the French nor the English
shouhl make any settlements in their territor\-.
In the matter of religion he suggested that they
should be left entirely free to choose for themselves,
feeling confident that the influence of the Jesuit
missionaries was so strong, it was in no danger of
being seriously hurt b\' the English.
4. — The news of tiie successful conclusion of a
peace between the French and Iroquois gave rise to
great indignation in the English
colonies, and esjjecially in New {^It'^J"'" "'
Vork, which would be most seriously
injured if the fur trade were diverted to the St.
Lawrence. The indignation was mainly directed
against the Jesuit missionaries who were accused,
with considerable justice, of having been the prin-
cipal instruments in bringing aljout the peaee, and
their wrath was so great that the legislature actu-
ally passed an act. making it a crime punishable
by hanging, for any " Popish, priest" to come vol-
untarily irit(j the province. This sounds badly from
a Christian people, who, only a few 3'ears pre-
viously hac voluntarily expatriated themselves in
the cause of '•eligious liberty, and calls to mind the
well know, aphorism, '• There is nothing so il-
liberal as liberalism." UeC'allieres wasdetermined
to lose no opportunity of strengthening French in-
fluence in the West, and resolved on building a fort
and trading post at the Detroit river; and in June,
1701, ore lur.iiJ'ed men, under the command of De
Cadillac, and ac;eompanied by a Jesuit missionary,
were despatched for that purpose. The Iroquois
protested against this, but DeCallieres replied,
"That as Detroit belongetl to Canada. itssettlement
could, in justica, be (q)posed by neither the Five
Nations nor tin English; tliat his object in build-
ing the fort there was to j)reserve peace and tran-
quillity among all the western tribes." He also
added, that aUhough he was master of his own
government he was only so with a view to the
happiness of his children. With this reply the
Iro(iuois we;' lorced to be content, and so the fort
was built at Detroit, thus making Michigan rank
second in age amongst the Western States of
America, Il.inois being the oldest.
5. — The two following 3-ears were, with one
exception, comparatively uneventful to Canada,
directly • but indirectlv they were
of grc.u importance to her, for Eng- "^Xrl"'
land and France were about again
to engage in a desperate war, which was destined
to shake the crown of Louis XIV. almost from his
head, and materially alter the future of both Eu-
;
r^i
P|:.
Mi
i
180
TUTTLE'S IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
rope and Amoriciv. Tlic dciitli nt" Jiiiiics II. of
Kiiy;laiul, at St. (lennaiiis, in 1702, liail laiscd liopes
tliat his picteiitiniis to (lie tliniMC of EiiL^laiid ; Imt
tlio I'L'L'dLiiiitioM of liis son liy Louis XI\'.. as •• King
of the Tlirce KinLjdoins," so exasperatfd William
III. that, altlioii<.''h ho was on his (u'ath IumI, hi> (h'-
tfiniim-d on anothuv war with Francu, which should
liiiniMi' tiif power of Ztf Grand Moiianjiii', and his
di-aili in .Maich, ITDJ, did not affci't his jilans,
uiiiih well' ahly caiiit'il out, uttcily hrcakin^; the
power of France in Ivirope and (greatly lossonin;^ it
in Anieiica; but with the wars durini^ tin; rcij^ni of
(^ueen Anne, wu will deal in tlii' next i-liajiter. the
l)rt!Sfnt one concluding with the one exception
mentioned aliove, as directly affecting Canada, and
tiiat was the death, on May liO, 170:3, of the (,'liev-
alier DeCallieres, who was deeply and trul^- re-
gretteil and mourned for by the people of the
colony. M. DeCal ieres had only been governor
for four years; but he had been so long com-
mandant at Montr.'al, and was so identified witli
the administration of De Frontenac, that he had
liad great oj)portunities of displaying his many
good (inalities, and he was deeply loved and re-
spected for them. His great courage, honorable
conduct, calmness and sound common sense had
not oidy gained the love of the people, but the
respect and confidence of the Indians, who felt
that they had lost a friend in his death. With the re-
ligious bodies he had been on terms of cordiality,
and had a perfectly good understanding; but De
C'allieres was too politic a man not to see tlie evil
which was threatening the future of Canada
through the growing power of the chnrcli, and to
endeavor to put a mild restraint on it. The re-
litrious bodies were becoming formidable on account
of their wealth and numbers, and were fast absorb-
ing all the land they could possibly accjnire, either
by grants or by jjurchase ; and DeCallieres was
far seeing enough to view with alarm tiie prepon-
derating inliuence which the church woidd gain if
some limit were not put to its voracity ; and he
obtained an edict from the Crown limiting tlie
acciuisition of real estate by leligious bodies to a
certain amount. The wisdom of this measure we
can more fully appreciate when we look at the
iiiiniense amount of untaxed property stdl helil iiy
the religions eommnnities in the province of Que-
bec, ami especially in the cities of Montreal and
t^nebec.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS
DkVAUDUECIL
1. Ravages iiy Indians in Massachusetts. —
•2. iNTliODUCTION OF MANITFAC TUUES. — 3. GoOD
FEELING OF THE lUOQlOlS INCUEASING. — 4. Un-
SUCCESSFUI. KAID INTO NeW ENGLAND. — .').
AnouriVE ATtEMI'TS AT INVASION liY BOTH
Fkkncii AND English. — (!. Anotheu invasion
OF Canada di:teii.mined on. — 7. Stuength of
THE invaders. I'liEPARATIONS FOU DEFENCE.
— 8. DlS.VSTEU TO THE FLEET. — 9. FIDELITY OF
THE ALLIES OF THE FUENCH. — 10. DeVaU-
DRIJEIL ASKS FOR SOLDIEIiS AND CONVICTS. —
11. A PERIOD OF PEACE. — 12. A CONTEMPORARY
VIEW OF Canada, 1720-1.— 13. Death of De
Vaudreuil.
1. — The Alarquis DeVaudrenil was appointed the
succes.<or of M. DeCallieres. He too was a distin-
giushed soldier who had served
with destinction before coming to i^T/attu."*
Canada, and had done good service
under DeFrontenac and DeCallieres, the latter of
whom he succeeded in the command at Montreal.
He was exceedingly popular, and it was at the
request of the colony that he was appointed
Governor. He assumed the government just at the
time of the breaking out of another war in Europe,
and soon had a difficult task to preserve peace
i with the Indians, who were urged on by the Gov-
ernor of New York to renew their inroads into
French territory. To tlie credit of the Indians,
however, be it said, the Iroquois refused, and the
Onondagas even went so far as to admit the
sovereignty of the French. This was accomplished
by the exertions of Sieur Joncaire. who had been
adopted into the Seneca tribe, spoke their lan-
guage, and had resided for a long time amongst
them. The attempt of the English to stir up
savage warfare on this continent was, however,
terribly visited on them ; while the French had
persuaded the Indian allies of the Englisli to re-
main neutral during the war, the English had
been less fortunate, and the frontier of New
England was laid waste by the Abenaquis, who
were assisted by French troops, and openly urged
on by the Jesuit priests to kill and destroy all
thev could in heretic Massachusetts. If the new
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MAlMillS DkVAUDREUIL.
181
Eiirjlaiulers liiited tlie Jesuits and piisscd a law to
\iiiu<r cvcrv " I'ii|iisli Prifst," tin; Jesuits (m riaiiily
rutmiuMl till- liatifd with iiitcirst, and u.aiiy a
New EiiLrlaiid home was laid waste, many a
lliiiviiig villat^o sacktMl, and nn'ii. wonien und
LJiildiTii killed, or canied into captivity at their
iiisti;,,'ati<)ii during the next few years. Indian
warfare with all its barbarity was resumed ; but
this .ime it was the English that suffered, not the
French, for while New England was being laid
waste New France was at peace, and quietly
enga-," d in agriculture and commerce.
2. — The intervening years up to 1707 were peace-
ful ones for the French; and although the\- show-
ed so great a disposition to indulge
miuufacli."",?' ill liiw suits that M. Uandot, tiie
Intendant, liad to interfere and
endeavor to j)romote amicable adjustments, still
they prospered and more attention was paid to
agriculture. One great hardship under which
they labored was that they were not allowed to
manufacture even the coarsest and most common
goods. Talon, the first Intendant, had indeed
encouraged mantifactnres, and once boasted that
his jjcasants could make ever3'thing they needed
to wear, but the policy of successive administra-
tions, had entirely changed that, and the colonists
■were compelled to wear only goods imported from
France. They grew considerable quantities of flax
and hemp, but were compelled l)y law to ship it
all to France where it was made into the coarsest
and most worthless cloth — " shoddj- " in fact — and
returned to the colony, where it was sold at enor-
mous profits. Randot tried to rectify this, and get
permission from the Home Government to allow
the colonists to make their own cloth ; but he was
refusi'i' for a long time and would, most probably,
have failed altogether had not a vessel laden with
goods for Quebec been wrecked, when he wrote
that owing to this fact, and the great risk of capture
on account of the war, prices had gone up so much
and cloth was so scarce that the poor were quite
unable to suppl}' themselves with proper clothing,
and were almost in a state of nakedness. On this
1 presentation the government yielded, and in
ITot) permission was given to the colonists to
manufacture coarse cloths and druggets, but only
in till ir own houses and for their own use. This
scanty privilege they gladly availed themselves of,
and soon became quite exjiert.
?). — The long quiet with the Indians was row to
b(! broken for awhile. Ill feeling had lieen grow-
ing for some time between most of
the western tribes, and in 1707 the ['"?,'I„1i:li"n.lliI,'i!
Illinois made war on the Oitawas,
one of the tribes friendly to France. DeVaiidn'iiil
at once ordered an expedition into the eoiintiy of
the Illinois, an<l Cadillac, at the head of four liuu-
dred men, invaded their country and succeeded in
restoring peace. The Iroijiiois observed a strict
neutrality during thest; troubles, and, indeed French
influence was fast gaining ground with them, and
the British saw it with bitterenvy. This influence
was mainly due to .loneairo who lived with them,
and was grcatl}' loved and respected. His having
been adopte<l by the Seiiecas, living with them and
speaking their language lluentl}-, adiled to his dar-
ing courage. His great iilierality and affability made
him a great favorite ; but the Jesuit missionaries
also exercised a great deal of influence anil turned
it to good advantage against the growth of English
influence.
4. — As an offset to this growing popularity of
the French with the Five Nations, the I']nglish
were steadily gaining ground with
the Christian Indians which was iV,to'Nc>rKnLM'ami.
greatly aided by the aid of rum,
the sale of liquor amongst them having again as-
sumed large proportions. To check this influence
DeVandreuil determined on attacking the English
colonies; and at a council held in -Montreal in the
spring of 1G08, it was determined to send an expe-
dition, consisting of one hundred picked men of the
militia and a party of Indians into New England.
The command was given to DeChaillons and
Hertel DeRouville, and the expedition started
with the intention of making a descent on Ports-
mouth. The Hurons and Iroquois, however, soon
deserted and the Abenaquis failed to join the expe-
dition as they had promised. Finding their forces
so much reduced DeChaillons and DeHouville de-
scended the Merrimac river to Haverhill, which was
a small and unprotected post, which they could
easily sack before returning to Canada. They
reached the jilace early on the morning of the 2l>th
August, and easily overpowered the small garrison ;
ai'd then the Indians began to murder and burn.
Tile smoke of the burning village, however, raised
the surrounding country and the French had to
beat a hasty retreat ; thev fell into an ambuscade
li '
182
TUTTLE'S IIISroIlY OF THE DOMINION OK CANADA.
Ix'fore tliey had proceeded a mile and lost tliiity
llirli.
."). — This is only one instance of the sudden iind
cruel destruction which tVeciuently fell upon tiie
New England settlers of tliose davs,
nu^st,?."'''!"!;!,''' and it called fortli the following
Fr.n,iu>mii.:.,«iish. ^^^,jj ,„^.,.itj.,i ,.^>i,„i.^ f^.^^^ Coloucl
Scliuyler, of Albany, to DeVaudreuil : " My heart
swells with indignation when I think that a war
between Christian princes is degenerating into a
savage and i)oundless butchery." But the people
of New England could not remain passive while
these savage acts of butcherv were l)eing con-
stantly enacted on thcni. For some time a desire
for tlie eon(jucst of Canadii had been gaining
ground, and it h;;<l been reconunended to Queen
Anne as the only means of protecting her more
exposed colonies. At last slie sent out Colon. 1
Vetch, who was well acipiainted with the St.
Lawrence, to undertake an ex[)cdition against
Montreal by laiul, and Quebec l)y water. He
arrived in New York on od May, 17(('.). He at
once ccimmenced prt'parations for an invasion by
way of the Ivichelieu, the attack on (^lU'bec to be
made simultaneously by a tleet iVoui I'-nglaud. As
a check to this luovenuuit, DeVaudreuil determined
on a >unter invasion; aud in -Inly sent (ioveruor
DeHamsay, of Montreal, to attack the r»ritish en-
campment near Lake Chaniplain ; but, hearing that
the enemy was live thousand strong, and his Indian
allies destiMig him. iu; was obliged to return to
.M'.)nlreid. The English invasion was eciuaily
abortive, for the lleet from Enghiud did not come,
and the force cami)ed on Lake Cininiplain retired
in Sepl-'Uilier, being decimated bv disease. 'I"he
cause of this illness was for some time a mystery;
but it was found to have been pnriioseiy eausiid by
the Iro(|Uois allies of tiie lMe^li>h, who had no wish
to have the English comiuer Canada; and, seeing
that they had strength enough to take Montreal,
they used a littb; Lidian stralegy to cause them to
abanilon the enterprise. A stream, from which
the men drank, ran through the camp, ami into
this the Indians threw the skin of the animals they
killeil; the hoi sumnu'r sun soon i.'aused tliem to
pulefry ami poison tlie water, and many men were
killed and m<u'e rt-ndered useless by illness, with-
out any suspicion attaeiiingto liie Indians.
I'l, — Tiie next attempt made by Englaiul to
wrest from France her possessions in the New
World was more successful. It
Another iiivnoliiii iif
was the attack on Port lloyal, now cmiiuia Uotcrinin.d
on.
.\nnapolis, Nova Scotia, a full de-
scription of which appears in its jiroper placie in
our history of Acadia. Elated by his success m
capturing Port Royal, Nicholson, who connnanded
the expedition, i-eturned to Enghind and strongly
urged tiie capture of the whole of Canada. Other
rei)resentations as to the necessity for the capture
of Canada, besides those of New England were not
wanting. The peo[)le of New York began to
grow jealous of tiie increasing jjopularity of the
Fremdi witii the Indians ; aiul Colonel Schuyler,
of All)any was a^jpoint/d to present an address to
Her .Majesty on the sul)ject. Amongst oilier
reasons set forth, the address said: "Tiie Frencii
{jcnetrate tlirongii rivers and lakes at tlic Itaek ot
all Vonr Majesty's plantations on this continent
to Carolina, and in this large tract of country live
several nations of Indians wlio are vastly numer-
ous. ^Vmong these tliey continuall}' send ageuls
and priests with toys and trilles to ingratiate
tiiemselves into tlieir favor. Afterwards they
seiul traders, tlien soldier.s, and at last build forts
among them." Schuyler was aecomiianied liy live
eliiefs of the Iiixpiois wlio were granteil an audi-
ence and wiio presented her witli splemlid wamit-
um belts, and avowed their devotion to iu'r cause,
.Vnotlier invasian i)y a force sullieieiit to sulidiie
the country was determined on for the next sum-
mer, and IJolingbroke iiimself drtjw u[) the plan of
the campaign.
7. — It is an easy tiling to draw up a campaign
in a country one never saw, anil knows noliiing
of, i)Ut it is anotiier tiling to stm.mi.of u,-i,,.
carry it out, and so it provi'd willi 'i;;;';;;,};.,',™;''''''"''''''
Holingbrolic's. The arriingemciits
weri! most ample and tiie whole armament left
Hostim on the IiOth.Iuly, I'll. 'I'lie whole popu-
lation of Canada at tliis time, was alioiii liiiriy
tiiousand French, men, wouu'u, and ciiiiiireii, ami
six tiiousand Indians, and the streiiglh of tlic ex-
pedition very nearly eiiualied tliat wilii wliicii
Wolfe afterwards captured t^ueliec. Tlie Heel
consisted of filHci'ii sliips of war and forty-six trans-
ports and stiu'c sliips, under liie eimimaiid of Sir
lloveiiden Walker. Tlie force to lie iiseil on iaml
was miller command of Brigadier (ieiieral Hill,
and consisted if five veteran regiments from Marl-
biuough's armv, and two colonial regiments. Ill
nnthfr invasinii nf
liiimla dotcriniiit'tl
Dper pliKio ill
is success 111
) commaiidL'd
ami strongly
Hilda. Otlicr \
r the caiitiire ■
land weru not !
rli began to i
iilarity of tlio j
iiel Scluiylcr, j
an aildress to j
louLfst oilier i
- Tiie Fieii.li I
it the liaek m
Lhis continent
f couiitiy live
,astly nunier-
f send aj^a-iits
to iii,i;ialiate
erwaids tliey
1st build forts
li;iiiied by live
iited an audi-
h'lidid wainic
to licr cause,
nt to subdue
he next suiu-
\[i the plan of
) a eanniai^u
lows nolliiii||
rrnulli <•( 111'' 111-
.111-. l'n|iaiHiiiiiii
.rilcf.iifL'.
iniauicnt left
w hole )Mi[iu-
aliiuit thirty
ehildreii, and
ill of the ex-
wilh wiiich
The fleet
ity-six tvans-
iiiiaiiil ot Sir
used on land
ieneral liilh
its from Marl-
iiueiits. In
-li
.;
iil"
i'i
m ».
\.
If I
! 'Ix
i:
,,
Jil
[IE (iONEKNMENT UF THE MAltQL'lS I>i.V AUDKEUIL.
18o
addition to this General Mcliolson was to iidviuieo
on Mdiitmd from Allmny witii fo-ir tl->i'.. ;.a(l
militi;iand siK lr!;idifd Indians, wliile a diversion
was caiiSMl in tlio Went i*y the Fox Indians de-
clarin;^ thfjuselvcs ailief- of Er "ind ; so ihi t De-
Vaudrenil liad enoiij^ii to do to jjrepare nie;ins for
detense. He liad been well informed of tlie in- j
tended movement, and his first care was to keep
on good terms with the Iroqnois. In tliis he \
partially- sneeeeded. The Onondat,'a"s remained I
true to their promised allegiance, and th(! Scneeas,
tiiroujjh the influence of Joneaire, at^reed to main-
tain a strict neutrality, the other trii)es sided with '
the Enjjflisii. DcIJoncourt was placed in command
at (Jueliee, and pioceedcd to strengthen t'le forti-
fications, while DeVandreuil proceeded to Mon- 1
treal to make arrangements for its defence. He
col ; Jted three thousand soldiers, militia, and In-
dians, and hail them encamped at Chamhly, under
command of DeLongueuil, to await the coming of
Niciiolson ; he then returned to (.^'•'-''•'-''^ to awiit
the English lleet.
H. — Hut all i)reparati()ns were uiiiiecessary.
The Hritish flag was not destined to float for the
second lime helow the walls of
iiUaaterof the licit. Quelicc, uor a single IJriti>ii red-
coat to he seen across the horder.Mif
Canada. Inconii)eteney and mismanagement again
did their work, and the wiiole expedition retreated
without ever seeing an enemy or fning a shot.
The Mritish fleet reached the St. Law I'cnce on tiie
lllh August, an<l was detained a few days hy
stress of weather, after w iiich it proceeded iiji the
river, until tiie 2:2d, wiien a ilense fog set in v\iih
nil easterly wind. The English knew little or
nothing of the liver they were navigating; and
Admiral \Valki;r seems to have been as ignoianl
as he was obstinate, lor lie acliially thought that
a river with the current ar.d depiii of the St.
Lawrence froze solid to the bottom, and sagely
suggested that in such an event as the vessels
remaining the winter, the wisest course would be
" to secure ihein on the dry ground in frames and
cradles till the thaw." On the nunning ofthe^-'ld
the English ai'd French pilots both thought llie
snftrst plan for keejiing mid chain. ! was to In ud
to tlie soutlnvanl, whijh was doin', and the vessels
stood on .safely all day. In the evening the eaj)-
tain of the Admiial re[iorted land in sight, but
Walker wi.s just yoing to bed, and ordered tlie
fleet to head to the north, witlioct i-iki'jg the
t .-iibleto go Oil di.'cl'.. 1 w'cc the A'hn.ral wa>.
sen*' 0/1' li" the jjilot to e^inie on dcjk but ret i.--ed,
until at length an army officer, iiaiM i! iii«hlard
rushed in and said they v,«.e siuounded by
breakers. The Admiral a'hn ■•eu ili> bifikers,
but, still obstinate, said •' I ■ • ic h.i'd t ) ilic lee-
ward." I'res(Mitly the mn' i' .-howe .lirougli the
I mist and he discovered his er:' r ar.;l at last allow-
ed I'aradis, the pilot to do what he had all the
! time been trying to be allowed to do, head to
I the southward and make for mid-channel. Hut
' th(» obstinacy of the .\tlmiral had its fatal results,
ami eight ships and eight hundred and eighty-four
I men were lo.A on the reefs of tlit; Egg Islands.
; A council of war was held as soon as the ships
could be got together, and the leaders, evidently
thinking they had had enough of Canada, unani-
mously agreed, *' that it is impossible to proceed,
and that it is for the interests of Her .Mi'jesty's
service that the British .)ops do forthwith return
to England and the Colonial troops to lioston,"
and so Her Majesty's ships turned sail and went
■ hiune. 'I'lie failure of the licet, of course, compel-
led Nicholson to retreat, and so the second attempt
to conquer Canada einled in an ingloii'iiis failure.
'.•. — The Fri'iich could scarci'ly believe ihenew.s,
and it was not until a scouting parly sei'l out to
ascertain the truth of Nie'ioNon's
retreat, return.'d with thiee ;;„!( :,.is linlul'f-r.',,!';;: ''''"''
who had bet'ii released by Niciiol-
son when he retired, that they MlKiwed themselves
to bvlieve that the_\ ic>.<! bt'i.-ii .so isisily delivered
fioin the enemy Br . pu .i \\ jie now ;;eiit down
the St. Lawrence •> a.'jeri.iii. whether liie report
of the disaster 'o ■ ,e iieet was eoireet, and IouikI
lilt! hulls of eight liuge vi sels, from which the
guns (Sec, had been luken on shore at the Egg
islanils, and th ue v' .c. sirewtid with dead
liotlies. Til n: .ous loss that thieatenetl the
French was in tiit; \N t>i, wliere the Fox Indians
besiegctl Detroit, and niiiible to takt^ it by storm,
pitched their wigwams near the fort, and deler-
miiied to burn it. 'l'hi.s was a most important
post, as it opened tti the French the highway ot'
till! .Mis.iissippi and hud they lost it, with it wtmhl
have gtme the grtater p' rlioii of the fur trade;
but their Iinlian allies lemaineu fuithfnl to them,
anil the l'"oXes were in turn besiegctl antl loreed
li tti hUireinlcr. Tiiose taken in aiin.-^weiu iimssa*
11
! ii
MIJ
II'
il{
\h i
h
184
TUT'JI.KS lllSIOIJY OK 'I'll; DOMINION r.V CANADA.
iTcd in the usmil lii'uUil nianncr, and tlic rc.-<t i peiicnecil willi tlii'm. Ai1)iiiil;Ii tiny liiid received
caiiicil into eiiptivity. 'I'lins did liie l''iencli,
lliiiiiii^li liie L;()iid failli of tiieir alli<'s, retain jjos-
M'»ii)n dl' tliis nmst iiniMirtant [npint.
ic. — Nil I'mllier attcnijit on Canada was iniiile
l>v iln
II liilter losun at D. tmii in ITl-tiu-y eontinned to
■innoy tin' Fieiieli lrajp|iers, and Du\'andrcuil dctei-.
mined to pnnisli tliem. ami sent a stmnLT lorcu
aL;ain-t tlimi. Siuit np in their t'ort, and tiirealened
l".n;4li>li. and [uaee was eoiiclndeil tin- ■ with t wo lieiil pieces, iliey >nliinitled ; Init as .soon
t'oliowiie^' \ear. I>v tlie treatv of a.i tliev were sale, hroke t lie ucai v ami a! wa\s con-
i..ri<>i.ii.iiiiin.i.iin- Cncijii Louis Was dohoiled ol'a tinne(l to anno\- tlie I'"iencli on their wav down the
porti(Mi of liis ( 'anadian [lossessions; Mis>i>>iii|ii to l-oni>iana. In 1717 very si rini;i'nt
in' strove hard to retain tlnin intaet : l)nl lieateii reL,Milai ions were maile w iih regard to notaries \\ ho
at every jioint, old, I'eehie. wiiii a
iiiiirnjit trea>-
lad liien ver\ remiss in tiiiiidnties. ami canx'd
urv, he was i;lad to have [leaee on anv terms, e\ en mmh I roniile wit h re^anl to titles. Aside I'rom this
if they were hniiiilia'in|4', and so he was I'oreed to the eouniiy enjoyed that ea.-y. even sort of
gi\euipNo\a Scotia, the Newfoiindland li>heries existence widrh aH'oKl-- the hisloiian no >alient
ami liic llndsoii Hay territory. Although the war jioinis to lay Imhl on. ami which is. |ierha|is, al'ier
had not serimisly alTcctcd Canada, the retniii of all tin- most hapiiy condition in which a conntry
jieace caused iVA'aiidri'nil to turn his at tcniion tn can c\ist.
emi;4ration. ami a steady cl'i'ort to Iniild iiji and 1 -. < 'liaiievoix. one of the early historians of
stii le^then the colon\. Tin' fnr trade had noi Canail.i. spent aliont a yi.ir in ( 'ainida visitini^ the
iiniiroNcd. for allhon-h the Indians liked tin' dilVerent points of interesc. and a re\\-
Krciich verv well as '•omoanions tlie\ did not like cxt riO'ts iVinn his ionriial will ui\e our >i'" "i < "na.i.i.
' . " . . IT '" I
to trade with them, for they char^dl too lii;4h lor readers a fair idea of the country
their floods, and gave jxior ([iiality, while the at that time, as seen hy a conteinporary writer.
I^nu'lisli sold liettcr i;oods and cliar'j:iil less for thriii. lie L;i\ cs the populai ion of (^Mic'liec at sc\ en t hon-
so till I'lr trade was still mostly directed to New sand, and it vvas then, as now. divided into I |iper
Yoik. DiA'andreiiii now made an iffort to i.idiice and l,ow er town, lie found the liest society, coni-
ihe Home ( iovi'iiinicnt to act on the tlieoi\ "in jioscd of military olhcers and noMcs, id \\^■ ex-
times of peace prepare for ivar." lie represented tieinely ii;.;reeal)le. and says that iiowhcic had he
that at the tirst rupture lie ween France and I'jil;- heard the l-'rcindi laie^iia'^c more jnircly spoken.*
land there was no doiilit 1m!I that aneffipil would I Ic sa\ s. •• The < anaili.iiis say. ' I he Fn^lish know
li.' made to capture the ■..■mainder of the I'leiich |hetler low to acciimiilaie wealth, Inil we alone
jiossi ssions in Canada; ami drew a eomparistui r are aei|iiaiiiled with the most ai,neealile way of
iielweell the two cohinics to show lioW lllialile s|„.i|dint; it.""" The oiliy employment Sliiteil io
New l'"raiice was to [irolect itself from tin- Mn,i,'- i their tastes was the fur trade, ihe loviing and ad-
lish. lie e-ave the total numlicr of jieisoiis in ' \entiiroiis character of which ihey liked. 'I hey
Canada hclwecn the a'^cs of I'onrleeii ami -' ly. ', m.ide money liy ii occasionally, which was usually
capahle of hearinj,' arii.s, as four thousand four I soon siinamUiid a;.:aiii in |ileasiire ami display,
liiindred and eii^hty, of whom only ;.iiout .six inin- ' .Many who made a hamlsoiiie liu'iire in society were
died were soldiers; while the Fnulish colonies iiow siilVei in;,' pecuniary distress ; still, while ihey
could iiinster sixty tlionsand men eapalile of hear- eii/tailcd lln^ luxuries of their tallies they coii-
i III.;' arms. Ileadvoiated the i^eiidim,' out of more .imicii as lon<r as pn.ssilile lu he rielily dressed.
troops, and reeommeiided tlii't one humlicd and '
lift v convicts a vear should also he sent us colouisti*. • Tiiis i« r.iiiuT ij,i I'ipiiinist wiiii tin- KtMii-iniiit nf tiic iMUor nt tlni
Fortnnatelv llli"s hitter novice .vas mil aeled on. •/"'"•""'./..« /U,„m. -.min^;.!... |n..,.i,t .la>, «xh.i «HMn.vHlin>;
, ■ I'l ( iiiiinla l:l^l HiiiiMiirr ( IHih). iihil «riilr MMiii' M'r\ ;iiiiii?.||iji Klii'trlii'S
and Canada has never In • n a ee.'ivic: selll'iie'iit. j , (iiMiavi'iK i.i his j.iiinia; In ..m' nf tin-.. ii«. iii.„ nii.'s ili.' .lim-
11. The six vears, riM-2"l. Ijo.sscs- 'd few stiik- ''""> '"' ''''l"'ii''ii>ol in iiMlfrp.1 Iim; III!' KiiMi.h <iiiiii(lhiii»
',.., , I iii'iiiieil 111 till' ililTi'ii'iil IK' 'i'iilii:ilioii Ihi'v uIm' to wnrN fviMii tlir
in-- teatlires. I lie eoimny was at pea e and pros- [..n-hm ■ nml allm iltnMial ni^ l,i^ ..i.-.ui'.i^ l.> u\uw^:iv„mvr,.Mum
pered (lllietU'. ^\ 'ill the eXCeplidll I ln' lii"l "• lii" lu'li'l. I"' ihMiIiiiIim, "l am tiilil that llii.-i> t'anailmim
, , , , f , ' • '.,11' I i-<Mil\ iiiMi'li l,.iliM iia'l III k al till r I'lilli'iii'i. : I lliunuhl an I wnit t<i
A, „.,l.„.„r, ,.,.,.,. of one cami.al:/n a-au, : 'he I-OX ,„„,.„.,„ i.at'l,.-.' Canailian. wm.l.l .ti„l> I..hh Latin «..,! .;..>..
Indians, ill ITIo, iio tioiihle w.is ex- I'rainli. ' "— i;ii.
'ft
J
'•>]\
w
m
Im
if- \yi/ SfA--- .-=•'• -/vd
Drawn anil iii«nivt-(i « .\i
I ttl. 'o 1!; l-r> .1 til. h , .n
(.i;.\. .KillNSdNS XKKilJV. M;.\l; ( IKiWN I'l UNT, IT-V.
{ll'Utll './ Ilh.'l..f,i.)
Drawn tiiiil 1 11^
il . M I.v I." I ulll. 11:1. qi ..1 llu li, ..u:ii,.ii
(ii:M;i!.\i. iii!,\iii)((K s i)i;ri..\i', i;.%.-)
{1,1111,1 .■/■/.<' Uilh II" )
! i
I
II
(.1'
ill
fa 4
tl
tl
I'"
I "
tilt'
ACAOIA— TIIK LAST FRENCH GOVEUXORS.
l»u
Au'iiriiltuic riMiivfd very little atteiitiini, mid the
tinilitr triide was as yet in its infancy, i'lie banks
(if the St. I.;i\vi(Mi(i\ below (iiiei)ee, were laid out
ill seiniiioiifs, and liartly cultivated. Some of the
fanners were in easy circiiinstanees, and lielier
than their hmdlonls. whose necessities uoiiipelled
them to let their land at low iiuit-rates. At one
point he found a baron, holdiiiy; the oili: o of in-
spector of lui,diways, who lived in the forest, antl
derived his support from a tialfie witli the neii'li-
boriii;,' Imliaiis. Tliree Rivers was an agreeable
place, cdntiiiiiii.'^ eighl huiidreil inhabitants and
surrounded l)y cultivattHl fields; its fur trade had
been in :\ L,'ieat measure removed to .Montreal, ami
the iron mines had not been worked. He found
the eountrv tliinly peopled as he a>eeu<Ied tiie
river, until he arrived at the islaml of Montreal,
of wliieli he speaks in ijlowin^ terms. He iloes
Hot stall' the pojiulaliou of the town, but it was
about four thou-ind at that time. ,\fter leaviuj'
Montreal he oidy imi wiiii a few |io.«is creeled for
defein'e or trade. 'I'iiat is Canada one iiundred
anil i'orty-iwo years au'o. It would do liic old liis-
tiuian's iicari i^ood if he could go over ihi- same
grouml to-day.
1-1. 'rbe_\cai.> rolled on quietly and peaceably
mid trade and populalion steadily increased, so
nun li tliai.in ITJ-!, nineteen vessels
l><>iitlM>r n<-\'ati- I 1 i" . 1 r 1-1.*
j^^iij, cleaiiil lor the ocean. In lild,
some attempt was made to have
Quiliec and Moutrra! put in a thorough sliic of
defence, iini nothing was done to any extent until
1721, « lien Work was regularly coiimirnccd.
Montreal, uhiili iiad iiitherto lieell defelnlrd oiih'
by paiiades. was proti led by stone walls, l)ul
they wcie not <d" a very formidaMe eiiaracter.
Tile cost of the work was tliree iiundred thousand
livres, whicii was advaiii . il iiy the king, one half
to lie returned iiy the city, at the rate of si.\ thou-
sand iivics per annum: four thousand of which
the citizens Were reipiired to pay and the remaiii-
iiig two tliou>anil ly the Seminary of .St. Snlpiee.
'I'he .Maii|uis l)c\'audreuii .^ed on Oclobei 10,
\~-'), to the '."'iit sorrow of the population, wlio
deeply and .-NiiM erely mourned him. l-'or the long
jieriod of iweiity-one years had lie di-iliarged his
important duties with great loyalty, ability, and
coinage. His vigilance, tiiuiness. and good eou-
ducl had preserved ( 'anad.i to Kiaiice through a
disa.sirou^ war, aiel he went to rest from his laliors
with the iilessiugs and regrets of a grateful people,
who had enjoyed all the peace and pro.sperity pro-
vitled under his rule.
CH.VPTER XXXVHI.
AC.VDl.V — TIM-: I..\.Sr FKKNCII GUVr.UNOR.S.
1. Poor Condition' of tiik Colony. — 2. Cai'-
•rviiK i)V \'^)li\• Royal iiy tiiio Hkiti.sii, lli'JO.
— o. .\ii \ni)on.mi:nt of I'oicr IJoval. — 4.
Ri;vi;Ntii; m' riii'; Ni.w Esolasdkks. — A.
Si(xi:s.sFt;i. Dicfkm i; of I'ukt Royal. — (J.
Stkengtiilnixu Tin; Foitr.
1. — Tlie reader must have been some time anx-
iously expecting us U) return to Acadii.n affairs.
We have not done so until now,
except by way of casual reference Jii: cZny!'™ "^
where siieii was indispensiipje to the
completeness of our i econl, partly because the
jiresciil course cuid'orms to our jilan, and mainly
because during the jieriod since wc last treated of
.\eadiau allaiis, there has been little or nothing to
record in tiiat department. We have already seen
how, in the year ItJT-l, the (iovernment of Cape
Breton was made siiiioidinate to that of (Quebec,
wliieh was the lead (piarlers of tiiij Commaiider-
iii-Cliief ofall New France. During tiie seventeen
years following the signing of the treaty of Hreda,
France appointed allogeilicr live governors, all of
whom devoted themselves more to amassing pri-
vate fortunes, by trading with the Indians, than
to any elloits to impri>\e ilie colony ; so that it is
not surprising to lind, that in I'istl, the Province
only contained nine hundied and twelve souls, in-
eliuling thirty soldiers, and that this number was
afterwards reduced to eigiit humlred and six. The
only [lart of I lit! I'rovinee whore any attention was
paid to deve'n: ing its resources was in Cape Hre-
ton, where Nieiiolas Deiiys, who had obtained large
grants of land liy royal letters patent, was making
some attempts at agrieuliure and mini 4-. About
this time the coal-mines iiegan to .ittract alleiitioii,
as an order was issued in lUTT, by which Deiiys
was authorized to collect a tax id' twenty sous per
ton on all coal exported.
2. — I'hus afl'airs remained in an unsatisfactory
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186
TUTTLES HISTOIiV OF 'J UK IJO.MINIOX OF CANADA.
! I
condition until the Ijroiikinfr out of tlu; wiir be-
tween Entihinil and France on tlie
rapturi' of I'nit . ,. ,,T.,i- 1 Af
nciyni In- the Kilt- acccssiou ot 'AiUiani and Marv m
isli ill KilKl. ^ > ^ ^ rill i • • i i ■
ItjSi). 1 lie iSi'itisli colonists, too,
now uiunl)eved some two hundred thousand, deter-
mined to make an efTort to gain possession of the
French coloides, and selected Port Royal as the
first point of attack. The expedition was fitted
out at I'.oston, and tiie command was given to Sir
William I'hipps, a man of Iiumhle origin, son of a
lilacksniith, who lived about sixty miles west of
Fenohsiot. l'liii)ps was ap|)renticed to a earjjen-
tei', and at the expiration of his time built a vessel,
which he navigated. He made two unsuccessful
attempts to recover treasure from sunken shi[)s,
one in the Biiliamas, the other near Fort-de-la-
Patal. lie made a second attem[)t at the latter
five j'ears h.ter, the Dnke of Albemarle, then gov-
ernor of Jamaica, furnishing the means. This
time he was successful, and recovered about three
hundred thousand pounds in bullion, for which
service ho was knighted. The squadron consisted
of one frigate of forty guns, one sloo[) of sixteen
and one of eight gnus, and four small vessels, with
a force of about seven hundred men and boys, and
sailed from Boston on the '28ih of Afjril, 1(190. The
fort at Fort Royal was in a most dilai)idated con-
dition, the guns not even being mounted, and M.
de Menneval, Governor of Nova Scotia, who was
ill command, had only eighty-six men. On the
fleet entering the bay, a demand was made by
I'hipps for a surrender at discretion. Ue Meuiieval
ki.ew that resistance would be useless, so he sent
M. i*etit, a priest, to offer a conditional surrender.
To this l'hi[)[)s agreed, and a verbal agreement
was entered into tiiat the governor and soUliers
should be sent to Quebec with llieir arms and
baggage; tiiat the iiihabitanis should retain their
projjerty, and that they should have free lixercise
of their religion, tlio church not to be injured.
When Fhipps saw the heli>hss ccndition of the
fort, which could Iiave made no resistance what-
ever, he declared that ho had been tricked; that
the terms had hwn obtained under false pretences,
made to him by the priest, and refused to abide by
them, as llicy were not in writing,
'6 — Fhipps took the Governor and soldiers to
Boston as [)risoueis, as well as the two priests,
Almmlonm.MLt ot i'*''''' Hud Tl'OUVC, aud luivillg (lis-
I'ori uojiii. mantled the port left it witliout u
garrison to defend it. It is a curious feature
of the history of the Province that the forts
often changed hands, and were as often aban-
doned, the object not being permanent occupation ;
but the destruction of the fort. The Chevalier
de Villebon, Do Mennevars successor, arrived a
few days after the departure of Fhipps, and had an
opportunity, of putting the fort in a state of de-
fence and retaining it as a French stronghold; but
he preferred to retire to the St. John river, where
he remained during the remainder of the war,
inflicting great damage on the New England
fisheries.
4. — By the treaty of Rj'swick in 1097, Nova Sco-
tia was again transferred to France. In 1700
Villebon was recalled and Brouillan
was aiipoiiited Governor. lie not xmvT'lftjiaii.'iBM.
only proved an enemy to the fisher-
men, but actuall}' gave [)rotection to the pirates
who preyed on the trade of Massachusetts. It was
no wonder then, that the New Englauders hailed
with [)leasure the declaration of war with France
wiiich followed the accession of Queen Anne in
1702, for they had a long arrearage of grievances
to redress, and were anxious for an oi)portunity
of driving the French from the Province. Accord-
ingly an expedilion was fitted out in 1704, con-
sisting of one shi[) of forty two guns, one of thirty
two, and a number of transports and whale boats,
with about five hundred men. This expedition
was under command of Colonel Cluireli and his
instructions were to destroy as much ijrojjorty as
possible and take all the [irisoiiers he could. Ho
carried out his instructions very fidly desolating
the fertile region of Miuas, which was inhabiled
by a thrifty agricultural people, able, according to
Brouillan, to export eight hundred hogsheads of
wheat annually and possessing large (luantities of
cattle. The expedition also visited Port Boyal ;
but found it well fortified, and it was thought
l)rudent not to attack it.
o. — The Acadians were allowed a res[iite of
nearly three years before they were again attacked
by the New Englauders, and in the
meanwhile Brouillan died, aud M. ^"';';''''''"^ ■i.tcnoo
Ol I'lIlL lill.VUl.
Subercase wasa|ipoiul(!d Governcu'.
'I'he New Englauders, however, had not given up
the idea of coiupicring Nova Scotia; and, accord-
ingly, iu May 1707, another ex[ieditioii was sent
from Boston to attack Port Royal. It consisted of
^
)?!■
HIS feature
, the forts
)fteu alnui-
jcciipiitioii ;
3 Clievalier
I', avi'ived a
and had an
state of de-
itj,h()ld; hut
liver, where
(if the war,
w England
7, NovaScn-
e. In 1700
veiiRe nf tlio
w K iiglaiulciB.
tlie jiirates
setts. It was
nders haihMl
with France
fen Anne in
)f grievances
Dliportunity
leo. Accord-
1704, con-
ic of tliirly
whale hoats,
(sxpedititin
cli anil his
pro[)i'rty as
could. IIo
di'solaling'
s iidiahitcd
iccording to
ogshcads of
[uantities of
Tort IJoyal ;
vas tliou'^lit
,r
\
I resiiite of
iiin attacked
ssflll lll'fl'llOO
ll'url Uiivul,
■ill given up
liiul, iiecoi'd-
[n was sent
Iconsislcd of
ACADIA— THE GOVERNMENT OF NICHOLSON.
187
twenty-three transports and the Province galley,
on wliicii were two regiments of militia under
Colonels Hilton and Wainwriglit, the whole con-
voyed by a fifty-gun frigate. A landing was ef-
fected on Glh June; hut Suhercase had had inti-
mation of their coming and put the fort in a
thorough state of defence, and, after losing eigiity
men in a vain attempt to carry the fort, the New
Englanders re-emharked their men, and retired to
Casco Bay, where they sent to the Governor of
New England for instructions. The Governor
was greatly annoyed at the failure of the expedi-
tion, and sent a reinforcement of one hundred men
to Hilton and Wainwriglit with instructions to
attack the fort a second time. The expedition,
accordingly returned to Port lloyal and landed a
sec(Hid time; but while they were waiting for
instructions, Suhercase had been strengthening it,
and it was now in a far better condition for de-
fence than on the first visit ; and after a siege of
fifteen days the English retired, having lost sixteen
men, while tlie French only lost three.
li. — Suhercase now proceeded to i)repare for a
third attack, which he expected. He built a bomb-
stn.nstuonint' u.o I>''<»'>f magazine capable of holding
'''"''^- sixty thousand pounds of powder,
added new outworks and ollu'rwise grc.'atly addc;'
to the strength of the fort ; but the third attack
was not made ; the New ICnglamlers had had
enough of Port Royal for the present, and it was
left to enjoy iiiMice for a brief [jcriod. Suhercase
was the only one of the French governors who
made any real effort to induce the Home Govern-
ment to colonize the country on a largo scale. He
was delighted with the soil, climate and resources
of the Province, and made frequent appeals for
cohinizatiou, blithe met with little encouragement
und less suiiport than any of his predecessors; the
fact being that Louis XIV. was too busy just then
with his unfortunate war against England under
Anne, to give any attention to his colonies; he
needed all the men and money he could raise at
home, and the colonies had to look out for them-
selves.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
ACADIA.— GOVERNMENT OF NICHOLSON.
1. Final CAPTURE OF Port Royal. — 2. Tkrmsof
THK CAPITULATIOX. — 3. THE ENGLISH PERMA-
NENTLY OCCUPY Pout Royal. — 4. Nicholson
APPOINTED Governor of Nova Scotia. — 5.
BuiLuiNG OF Fort Louisbourg. — 0. Permis-
sion TO EMIGRATE REFUSED THE ACADIANS. —
7. Peculiar state of affairs.
1. — No further attempt was made on Nova
Scotia until 1710, when preparations on a large
scale were made for the reduction
of the Province to British rule. [^I;;?' Koj';lr" "'
Colonel Nicholson commanded an
expedition which sailed from Boston for Port.
Roj^al on 18*:h September, 1710. This was the
largest ex[)edition ever sent .against it, and con-
sisted of thirty-six vessels, including five transports
from England, bearing over three thousand men
of the New England militia. A di'iiiand for the
surrender of the fort was made, and no reply being
received, Nicholson landed his forces. The fort
was ill a very poor condition for defence; Suher-
case, who commanded, liad only three hundred
men, and on these he could not fully deiiend, as
they were without pay, and short of jirovisions.
Suhercase had been greatly neglected by the
French government, and he complains in a letter
to the French Minister, asking for assistance, as
follows: "I have had means, by my industry, to
borrow wherewith to subsist the garrison for theso
two years. I have paid what I could by selling
my movables. I will give even to my last shirt,
but I fear all my pains will prove useless if we arc
not succored during the month of March or early
in April, supiiosing the enemy sliould let us rest
all winter." Nicholson, however, had no such
intention, and made a peremptory demand for
the surrender of the lorl, or he would assault
it. Superease, finding his garrison disorganized,
opened communications for a capitulation.
2. — The terms of the cajiitulation were soon
agreed to, and were much more; favorable than
Suhercase liad expected to bo grant-
ed, considering the slate of his cui'.It'uiuiion!
garrison. They provided thai the
garrison should march out with their arms and
I'i
I 'X :
I :i
188
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
l>agg.agc, (hums hciitiiig and colors fl)'ing, iuul tli;il
they should be coiive3ed to Roehelle; and that
the inhabitants wilhin two miles of Port Iloval
shonlil be allowed to remain on their lands for
two years, with tiieir coin, cattle and furniture,
if so disposed, on t/o'ir tdkiii;/ tin; oitth vf alU'ijiann'
to tfii' Qiifi'ii of Ginil lin'tdiii. * Tiie appearance
of the soldiers iis they marched out, tattered, hun-
gry, and half mutinous, was iin ample excuse for
the quiet submission of Subercase, and Nicholson
must have regretted that he granted such easy
terms to such a disreputable looking lot. They
brought out their colors with tluMu, and with them
the French flag passed away from Port Royal for
ever, for it was never again taken from the Eng-
lish. Four hundred and eighty men in all were
conveyed to Kochelle.
•5. — The ICnglish had now become fully con-
vinced of the badijolicy of their previous conduct in
abandoning Port Royal iis soon as
The ?;ii(»lish porina- . , i i , • i ,
iioiiUy uocupy i'<ut it was captured, ami determined to
leave a garrison of two hundred
Kojn
marines and two hundred and fifty New England
volunteers, under command of Colonel Vetch, as
Governor, the squadron tiien returning to New
England. The Acadians, who expected the fort
to be abandoned as usual, were greatly alarmed at
a i>erin.inent occupation, and acted with such hos-
tility that \'etch had to take severe measures to
convince them that as long as they remained they
must act as faithful subjects of the British Queen.
Ardently loyal, these restraints were veiy galling
to the Acadians, and they wrote to DeVau<lreuil,
who was then Governor of Cauiida, asking him to
assist them to gain a country wliere they could
have absolute freedom. DeVaudreuil sent mes-
sengers to the Jesuit missionaries to stir up the
Indians against the Englisii, and the result was
that the garrison was, in a measure, blockaded iu
their own fort, it not being safe for thcni to go
into the woods; and a party of eighty were sur-
prised by the Indians and thirty killed. De
Vaudreuil was preparing an expedition to endea-
vor to recapture Port Royal (which was now called
Annajiolis in honor of Queen Anne), but the
threatened invasion of Canada by Admiral Walker,
♦ Tliif is mi iinportant claiisp, an tlin Tioiity of tJtrcilit, nij^iicil in
l"t:t, dill not ciiiitMin it; unit tlio .\<'ii(1i;iiir< clfilinod tlipy «('rn not
I'diiipcllocl txi tjilvi' it, nil olistiiiai'v wliicli (liiiilly led to tlieir expulsion,
lis will l)c sliowii furtlier on. Ki>.
particulars of which we gave in chapter xxxvii., pre-
vented him from doing so; and the treaty of
Utrecht, in 1713, ceded the whole of Nova Scotia
and Newfoundland to Great Mritain, leaving France,
however, the island of Ca[ie Hreton.
4. — In accordance with this cession General
Nicholson was a[)[)ointed the first Governor of
Nova Scotia, in 1714, and received
, . . , , p 1 1 Nioliolson appoint-
on ins appinntment a graeetul letter .■■nirstdi.v.iin.r of
,, ,, , .' 1 • 1 1 NovaSi-uUa.
Irom (iueen Anne, m whicii she
said that, in consideration of the King of France
having released a number of his subjects, who had
been confined to tiie galleys for jirofessing the
Protestant faith, at her request, she wished to
show her ap[)recialion of the kindness, b}' ordering
that all Frenchmen who desired to remain in
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, should be allowed
to retain their pro[)ertyand enjoy all the privileges
of British subjects; and if they preferred to move
elsewhere, they were permitted to sell their prop-
erty. On the ariival of Governor Nicholson, he
at once required the Acadians to take the oath of
allegiance to the (Jucen of Great Britain ; but
this the\' positively refused to do, owning no sov-
ereignty but that of France, and saying they would
rather leave the country than take the oath. Now,
although it was not positively stated in the treaty
of [Jtrecht that they should take the oath, it was
fully implied by the conditions on which they
were required to leave the country within a year,
unless they desired to do so.
;"). — Cape Breton being secured to France, Ihi!
government saw the necessity of having a strong
fort to rei)lace Fort Ro\al, and
protect the North American fish- l!;;,','i:![,";;;f/''"'''
cries; and, after some delilieralion
on the matter, the site oi Bonisbourg was select-
ed, and a fort built. Tiic (iovcrnor of Ca\)o
Breton was ve:y anxious to have the .\cadians and
the French settlers in Newfoundland come to
Cajie Breton; but the former did not like to
leave tiie fertile plains of the Annapolis valley to
build new homes ii> Ciipe Breton, which was not
so well suited for their purposes of agriculture.
Many of the Newfoundlander.s, however, took ad-
vantage of the offiM' and ri'inovcd to Louisbourg,
ami about this time a young French oilicer who
had been serving in the navy, named He la Bou-
lardie, obtained the beautiful island which now
bears his name. The French authorities at Boui.s-
J
XXVll., plf-
tii'iity of
Dva Seotiii
iigFniMce,
II Gciienil
)vcrii()i' of
olson appuint-
rst (Inviiriiur of
of Fiiince
s, who liiul
fi'ssiiin' the
wislied to
)y ordering
reniiiiii in
l)e iiHowi'd
e privile;j;'es
d to niovo
tlicir prop-
(•holson, hi!
tlic OiUii of
riliiin ; hnt
ing no sov-
thoy won hi
nth. Now,
I the tre;ity
)iifh, it was
ivliich tliey
liii 11 yeiir,
'"ranee, the
a strong
iliii'.'nt Fort
.-bouri!.
was seleet-
r of Caiie
adians and
1 eonu! to
ot like to
s vaUey to
eh was not
grieulture.
\\ took ad-
Diiishoiirg,
lilicer win)
Do la Hon-
rthieh now
L's at Louia-
)
ACADIA— GOVERXMENT OF C.ENEIt.vL RICHARD PHILLIPS.
\-u
honrg continued to urge the .\cadians to leave
their country, hut in vain, until it was too late to
do so without peruiission, the year allowed hy the
treaty having expired. It appears, however, that
perniission was asked hy the government of Cape
Breton, of the Governor of Nova Scotia, for the
Aeadians to emigrate, and that this permission was
refused. 'I'lie recpiest was emhodied in a letter
from the Minister of Marine, at Paris, to the French
Amhassador at Loudon, dated 7th Novemher, 1714,
and oil fiic in the State Pajter office, LoiKhui.
0. — 'l"'iis letter was finally handed to Colonel
A'eteh, who was in London at the time, and his
aiis\Aer to it, dated 24th Xovemher,
r*'rniission to onii- ^ _ ^ , . ,, . . , ,. i
Riuii- n'fusudaio lil4, givesa very lair idea ot tlie
condition ot tlie /.ca<uans at that
time. He says that the nnmlier of French families
in Acadia and Nova Scotia, as near as he could
ascertain after three years' residence, was about
five hundred, which, at an average of five each,
would give a poi)ulalion of twenty-five hundred.
fie estimates the population of Cape Breton, not
including the garrison, at alxnit the same as Nova
Scotia, it having been greatly aiigmeuted hy emi-
gration from Newfoundland. He strongly advises
that permission shouhl he refused, as the whole
population would leavii, there being no I'.ngli-.h
except those in the garrison at Annapolis. He
further urges that; it would not only greatly
strengthen the French in Cape Breton, and in-
crease a hostile population, in too close jn'oximity
to Nova Scotia, hnt would give all the fur trade
to the French, as many of tiiem had intermarried
with the Indians, and they would nndoulitediy all
go tr Cape I>icton to trade. He estimate's the
number of cattle owned by the Aeadians at five
thousand, with alxmt the same number of sheep
and swine. He states that nearly all the families
were under a written agreement to remain, and
would have been quite content to do so i)ut " that
they were importuned, and thiealeiu'd by the olli-
cers to be treated as rebels unless they removed."
7. — The jiosition of affairs in Acadia now be-
ciuue a peculiar one. The English goveiiimeni
did not absolutely refuse to allow
poo«iiar.utoof ^j^^ Aeadiaiis to go; but they did
not enforce their taking tlie oath
of allegiance, and so they remained n(mnnally the
conquered subjecta of Queen Amie, but not ac-
knowledging or recognizing their allegiance. This
course of the British Government was eaiwed,
jirobalily, by the condition the country would lie
in if all its inhabitants left, which they would 11
the oath was insisted on, while on the otlu'i- liainl
they were willing to stay if it was not. And again,
undoubtedly the French <fOvernment was sati>lied
as huig as the Aeadians I'elained their allegiaiu'e
to France, as in the event of a war they e(.(ild
(h.'pend on a strong assistance from them in an
attemi)t to captun; Port Royal. .\nd thus the vae-
cilatiiig policy of the two governments left the poor
Aeadians neither entirely Frenchmen, nor {juite
Englishmen. An insight into the condition of all'airs
at this lime may hi; gained from the instruclions
at the time of the proclamation of the asiiension of
George the First to tin throne in 1714, on the
death of (iueen Anne. The ollicers were sent to
Shekiiccto, River St. John, Passannuinoddy and
Penobscot, and were instructed to st e •■ how the
inhabitants staiul affected to the English Crown,
the nature of their occupations, and the reasons
why they do not, as usual, come into these parts
and vend their commodities." 'i"hc oaths of alle-
giance were also to be " tendered to .such as are
willing to take thciu," but nothing is said about
compulsion.
CIIAP'JER XL.
ACADIA.— GOVKI{N^^•:^•T of GE.NERAL
RICHARD PIHLLH'S.
1. Till'; AcADr.AN.s ukfiwk t.) lariiKii takk tiik
OAril oil LEAVIC. — 2. A CoMMirTKK OF ('(IN-
FKKKNCK CAI.l.Kl). — :!. TlllO AoADlA.N.S .SIMM;
IIKFL'SH TO TAKIO TUK OATH. — 4. .M ASOaUFN K's
ACCOUNT OF TIIK PjlOVINCK. — ."). M A,S( AUKN KS
accofnt of MiNAS. — U. Oltuauf at Canso
r.v TiiF Indians ani» Fkfnch.
1. — 'I'homas Caullield, Lieiiteiiant-Ciovcriior cd'
.Annapolis under NielR)lson, in making his report
of the iiroclamation, savs that the
rill' Ai'iiill^nKr^'rimu ' .1
i.MiiiiiTmkuiii,) oatiiswcre rclused as was exi)ectcd,
..iillior liiivu. 1,1 , . I,
and asks how ho is to act. He
al>o recommends that the French be induced to
leinain, or, in other words, that the oaths should
not be h)rced, and says that the next generation
would, proliably, grow u[) loyal to the British
i'h
- ifi I
I
i
I I
! ■
i
100
TUTTLF/S IIISTOIIY OF TIIF DOMINION OF CAXADA.
Crown. IIo j,nves as the reason for the Indians
ht'ini; attached to tiie Freneh, tliat the hitter had
stores establislied for the cxcliaiige of fnrs, anil
recommends that the English do the same. In
1717, General Riehard Flnilips sneeeeded (leneral
Nicholson as Governor ; and Joim Doueet was
appointed Lieutciiant-Governor in place of Caul-
lield. Writing from lioston, before he reached
Annapolis, Phillips recommends that more troops
be sent ont, as the French are gro\vin<f ver}' inso-
lent, anil are led on by their priests, two of whom,
Felix, and Vincent, had assumi'd the functions of
governors of Chignecto and Minas, and were par-
ticularly bitter in their denunciations of the Brit-
tish. lie also states that the French had refused
to either take the oath or li.'ave.
2. — On his arrival, Phiili])s found matters in
quite as unsatisfactor ' a state as had been rejire-
sen to him in Boston. lie
cou™re" c ■' uii'i kd. estimates the number of families as
four hundred, and lecommends that
they be resolulel}' dralt with immediately, as in
a few years they will be greatly increased. In
another letter he says the Acadians " are settlers
on a fertile soil, raising a great store of cattle and
corn, and trafficking in furs at pleasure with the
neighboring Freneh colonies at Cape Breton and
the Island of St. John, yet refusing sui)[)lies to the
ganison in the greatest necessities." He also
accuses them " of inciting the Indians to robber\-
and murder, to tiie tlestruelion of trade and hin-
drance of settling tlu; countr}'." The first council,
after the arrival of Governor Phillips at Anii.ipolis,
was held on lUlh April, 17:10, and it was resolved
to issue a proclamation to the inhabitants requiring
them to choose six jjcrsons to represent the v.hole
people at a conference to be hekl with the joun-
cil on the subject of the oath of allegiance. The
conference met on the 4tli May, but on account of
the ineligibility of two of the mer.d)ers for want
of pro[)er property qualilieation, nothing was done,
and a proclamation was issued for the appointment
of two new mend)ers.
3. — The Acadian side of the story is somewhat
different. In a letter to M. St. Ouide do Brouil-
lon, (Jovernor of Cai)e Breton, they
rciuse to take the state that General 1 hilliiJS insists
on their taking tiie oath or leaving
the country; but, if they leave, will only allow
iluMu to take two sheep for each family, unless
Mnst'nrene'B account
Tovinoe.
they leave within four months. They still pro-
fess their steadfast loyalty to the French king, and
declare that they will never acknowledge any
other. They commenced preparations for depart-
ure within the specified time, and began to build
a road to Minas b}- which to drive off their cattle ;
but were stopped by order of the Governor. This
action so alarmed them that deputies were sent in
to the Governor promising submission. In his
report of these circumstances to the Home Gov-
ernment, Phillips charges that the Acadians pay
rent for their land to the Lords of the Manor at
Cape ]5retoii, which is a clear violation of the
treaty of Utrecht.
4. — In the year 1720, Paul Mascarene — who was
afterwards Gmernor of the Province, at the request
of the Board of Trade, made a report
on the country which Governor Phil- X""
lips endorses as "the most exact iiud
perfect account of the Province which has been
given," and from this report we propose to make some
extracts. He gives the boundaries of the Province as
from the limits of the Government of Massachusetts
Bay in New England, or Kennel)ec River, about
the forty-fourth degree of north latitude, to Cape
Hosiers, on the south side of the enlrance to the
Ikiver St. Lawrence, in the same latitude ; its
breadth extending from the easternmost part of the
Island of Cape Breton to the south side of the
St. Lawrence, out of which tract the French had
yielded to them the islands situated in the gulf
and at the mouth of the river. He next describes
tiie nature of the soil and its quality for agricul-
ture, the different kinds of woods and minerals.
The mines at Doiv, he says, had been worked, but
not found to pa}- on account of the great exjiense
in getting the copper out. He reports good coal
mines at Chignecto, and an abundance of white
marble at the St. John River, which made an ex-
cellent lime. He gives five large settlements on
the south side of the Bay of Fundy, wiiich were
inhabited by Freneh and Indians, of whom about
one thousand were capable of bearing arms. He
re^jresents the fort as situated about two leagues
above Goat Island, on a piece of rising sandy
ground, on the south side of the river, at a i)oint
formed by the British River, and another small
one called Jenny River. " The lower town lies
along the first, and is comnianded by the fort, and
the upper town stretches about a mile and a half
i.
;iulo ; its
art of llie
of the
jiicli liad
:lio gulf
esjcriln's
iigricul-
iiinerals.
<t'll, l)Ut
exj)ensc
ood coal
of wliite
(' an ex-
iR'iits on
ich wi're
nil about
ins. llo
Ii'agiu's
li^' saiiily
t a point
er siiiail
own lies
foit, and
il a half
ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MASCARENE.
101
south-east from the fcnt in scattered liouses,on the
risiiiQj nrouiid hetwecn the two rivers. From the
risiiiL,' (ground to the hanks of each river, and on
the other bank of the smaller one, lie laiLn'
meadows which formerly were protected from the
water and produced ,u;ood frraiu and sweet ,i,n-ass.
but the "dykes" beiiij^ iiroken down, they are
overflow^'d at every sprint^ tide to five lea,i,nies
above the fort. On both sides of the IJritish
River are five farms inhabited by about two hun-
dred faiiiilies, the river not being navigable more
than two leagues above the fort by any otlier than
smail boats. 'J"he banks of the river are very
pleasant and fruitful, and produce wheat, rye, ami
other grain, also pulse, garden roots and splendid
cabbages. Here abound cattle and fowl, and if
the several good tracts of land ahnig this river
were well iini)roved they would serve for a much
greater niimlier of inhabitants.
5. — He states that the chief employment of- the
inhabitants is agriculture, and that they eiiii)loy
their spare time in hunting, while
ofMuiaa!'^ "''''°'^' in the summer some of the young
men go fishing. " Manis has its
name from the copper mines which are said to be
about it, especially at one of the Capes which di-
viiles the Bay of Fundy, and is called the Bay of
Mines or Cape Dore. This town lies thirty leagues
by sea, and al)out twenty-two by land, east north-
east from Annapolis Royal, on the same side of the
Bay of Fundy ; the harbor there is very wild and
insecure. The vessels trading there, which seldom
exceed forty or fifty tons, take the opportunity of
the tide which commonly rises from nine to ten
fal horns, and run uji a creek to the town, where
when the tide leaves them they lie dry on a bai k
of mud which stretches five or six miles before it
reaches low-water mark. The houses, which com-
pose a kind of scattered town, lie on a rising
ground along two creeks which run betwixt them
and the meadow, which is thus formed into a kind
of peninsula which has a great store of cattle and
other conveniences. The inhabitants liere are
more numerous than those of the I5ritish River."
He estimates that Cobequid, Truro and Onslow,
with the surrounding country, had al)out fifty
French families. Chigiieclo he descrii)es as
situated on the westernmost branch of the Bay of
Fundy, almost at the mouth of it, and had about
seventy or eighty families. He says that this
region abounded more than any other with eatili'
and a very brisk trade was carried on between it
and Cape Breton.
(i. — The Indians now began to give trouble, and
in August, 1720, they attacked the English fisher-
iiu'ii at Canso while they were
asleep, killed f^.ur and carried off a ilir^T-uUF™:';?:
large quantity of fish and other
valuables to the amount of about one hundred
thousand (h)llars. They were assisted by the
French ; but a portion of the fish was recovered
through the energy of the eai)tain of a sloop which
had just entered the harbor. Sinne of the Indians
on their return to Minas found a trading vessel
belonging to a Mr. John Alder, wliicii they plun-
dered in the presence of the French population,
who did not offer to interfere. The Council met
in Septemlier and re[)oi ted these outrag(!s, sug-
gesting that a sufficient force be sent out to keep
the French in subjection, as the}' show no resj)ect
for British authonty beyond the guns of the fort,
still refuse to take the oath, and show no indica-
tions of any intention of leaving the country. The
Board of Trade reply that there si'ems to be no
course left but to remove the French to some
other country; but directs the Council not to
talce any steps in that direction except under
positive orders from His Majesty.
CHAPTER XLI.
ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MASCARENE.
1. — Appointment of Aumstiiong.— His Skkjidk.
— -2. Appoint.mknt of Mascauionk. — ;!. Masca-
kknk"s CoxciLrATOUY Policy. — 4. \\'aulikI':
Dkjionstiiatiox from LoiJisiiouiu;. — .'>. 1)e
RaMFZAY's SUKPniSE of GltAND PltK. — ti.
STiiFNGTir of Louisijoiiui. — 7. PuoposAi. to
Attack Louishouug. — 8. Dki'autiuk of the
EXPEOITION. — y.CAPITFLATlONOFliOUlSnOfllC.
— 10. CiENEnAL Re.)oicix(;. — 11. Vai.uaiu.e
PiuzE.s Taken. — 1± A Fleet Despatched ro
Recai'tciie LouisitoritG. — l-"!. DESTUucrioN to
the Flket itY Te.mpest.s.— 14. The Remnant
OF THE Fleet, scourged uy Pestilence, ke-
T. i!Ns TO France. — lo. The Pkace of Aix-
LA-( HAPELLE. — It). CAPE BuETON RETURNED
TO France.
i
1]
lit,
: !' il '
1
iil-!il
1 '! I ; II
ill!
192
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF TIIH DOMINION' OF CANADA.
1. — The adiniuisti'iitiou of the affairs of Anna-
polis were adniinisteretl by Lieutenant -Coloi. el
^ .. Armstrong, who was apijointed in
Aproliitment of
Armstroins-nisani- 1722, Piiilliijs liavliiEf resided in
EnLfland from that time to ITo'J.
Phillips never returned to Annapolis eAce[)t for a
period of about two years, 1729-31, althouj^h he
nominally remaint'd Governor, and drew the paj'
as sueh up to tiie time of his deatii in 1819, at the
advanced age of ninety. Tlie Ijieutenant-Gover-
nor administered the affairs of tlie Province with
the aid of the Couni'il, and, as ]>ad Phillips, de-
voted most of his attention to inducing the
Acadians to take the oath. In this he was par-
tially successful, as a sort of compromise was ef-
fected, some of the Acadians taking the oath with
a marginal note in French to the effect that they
would not be required to bear arms. Armstrong
was a ver}' nervous man, who let little things worry
him, and he brooded so much over the difficulties
of his position tliat it caused a slight mental de-
rangement, and on the Ctli of December, 1739, hj
was found dead in his bed with five wounds ui
his chest, and liis sword by his side.
2. — During the visit of Governor Phillips in
1729-31, he wrote to the Duke of Newcastle to
say that he hud induced all the peo-
Appnintment of i ■ j.! • i i i i c k _
Miiacareiio. V^^ 1" the neighl)orhood ot Annapo-
lis to take the oath unconditionally,
Ui .' afterwards, in 1730, in a letter to the same
nobleman, he announces that he had induced the
people of the other settlements to do tlm same. On
the d(!ath of Armstrong, Paul Mascarene suc-
ceeded him. Mascarene's father was a Huguenot,
residing at Castras, in the South of France, when
Paul was born in 1084. On the revocation of the
edict of Nantes, his father had to fiy, and Paul was
brought up by his grandmother, until the age of
twelve, at which time he went to school at Geneva,
and after having graduated, emigrated to England,
where he became naturalized in 1706. At the age
of twenty-four he was appointed second Lieuten-
ant in Lord Montague's regiment, and in 1710, he
obtained a commission as Captain and was ordered
to America, when he joined one of the regiments,
being raised for the attack on Port Royal, wliere
lie commanded the Grenadiers of Colonel Walter's
regiment, and was the officer who took formal pos-
session of the fort.
3. — The policy of Mascaren ■ was the same as
his predecessor's, inasmuch as it was intended to
load tlie Acadians to take the oath
of allegiance ; but it went furthei- Jl'ii'r^/'pXy.™"''''"
tlian this and endeavored to pro-
pitiate and make friends with them. He was a
far more able man than either Phillips or Arm-
strong, and his statesmanship stood England in
goofl stead some years after, when anothei \. .ir
almost lost her Annajjolis. Soon after his appoint-
ment, Mascarene opened a correspondence with
Fatlier Desendaves, who had been Puiish Priest
at Annapolis for many years, and during his ad-
ministration he kept on .as friendly terms as possi-
ble with ihe clergj-, knowing the great influence
they had over the Acadians. In 1743 he wrote
to tl'.e Secretary of State on the prol)ability of a
war witli France, stating that in that event he
was afraid that much confidence could not be
placed in the Acadians ; and that the two princi-
pal places in the Province, Aninipolis and Canso,
were not in a proper state of defense. Men were
sent from New England to repair the fort, and
while they were at work on it in May, 1744,
assisted In' some of the Acadians, a galley arrived
from ]\Iassachusetts to announce tiiat war liad
again been declared between England and France,
and as soon as the Acadians heard it they left tlie
fort. The news soon spread, and tlie Indians, at
the instigation of the French, began to make de-
monstrations.
4. — Tlie hostility of the Indians vas noi very
violent; tiiey ap{)roached near the fort, l> ', did
not offer to attack it, contenting
^, , •,! 1 -ii' i Warlike donioi ?trii-
tliemselves witii killing two men lion from i-oui»-
who left the place to visit some ""'^''''
neighboring gardens, contrary to orders. Shortly
after the outbreak of the war an attenii)t on
Annapolis was made from Louisbourg, but the
party waited for an expected squadron from
France to assist them ; and as it did not come
they retired, after reinaiuing a few weeks near the
fort, without risking an attack alone; although it
is doubtful whether or not the}' might have carried
it, for it was not very strongly defended. Mascarene
now reaped the benefit of his judicious policy to-
wards the Acadians, and his friendly uuderstand-
ing witli the priests, for although the Acadians
would not fight with the English they would not
fight against them, which was more than Mascarene
had lioped would be the case. On the retirement
iiiteiulL'(] to
iflrareiiG'8 coiu'ili-
3ry polity.
lie was a
ips or Aiiii-
Eiifi;land in
inolhei \,.iv
Ids appoint-
ideiieo witli
'arisb Piiei^t
I ling his atl-
ims as possi-
■at influence
'43 lie wrote
liability of a
at event he
Duld rot be
two princi-
> and Canso,
Men were
;he fort, and
May, 1744,
idle}' arrived
at war liad
and France,
they left the
e Indians, at
to make de-
vas noi very
lort, b :••, did
arlike denioi strii-
)n from i^ouis-
lury.
;rs. Siiortly
attempt on
irg, but the
adron from
id not come
!eks near the
; although it
have carried
1. Mascarene
us policy to-
understand-
!ie Acadians
'.y would not
n Mascareno
le retirement
h :. j
lili
I. Ill
ill
I'M
H
i)
'-•f^
I
,.tK
(NSRAVIU [XORESSLYfOR'lUlTLI'S HISrjRV OF fHI OOMINIOM - 10 FIND BIOGRAPHIES b[E INOtX
THFBURI4N0 DF5B4HAI5 LiIHO COMP'
i
i
l!t*:i
ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MASCARENE.
193
(if tlio (^xpt'ditioM from I^oiiishour^, M,i.-.c:uoiio set
liiiii'^L'lf vii^iiroiisly to work to sti'tMi'^lIu!!! llic fuit,
for lio iuiti'ji[)iite(l another expedition would eonie
from Louishoiir;^ witli greater stroiii^tli. He liad
also a promise of men and ammunition from New
En5;land, and he thought he eould hoUl tlie plaee.
Slill he did not cease his conciliatory jioliey to-
wards the Acadians, and it bore good fruit; for
in May, 1745, Lieutenant Marin, with three
hundi'cd militia and three hundred Indians, ar-
lived in the vicinity of the fort, and endeavored
to get the Acadians to join in an attack on it;
but tiny steailily refused to do so, in spite of
Marin's entreaties and his threats. The people
were strongly impressed with the friendliness f)f
tlie Governor; and, besides, the}' knew the extent
of Mascarene's preparations, which Marin did nut.
While Marin was in doubt what to do, orders came
for him to go to the relief of Lonisbourg, which
was besieged by the English. This he did with
four hundred of his men, but liis vessels were
chased by English cruisers and he did not reach
Lonisbourg until a month after it had surrendered.
0. — The next demonstration against Annapolis
was made by DeRameza}', in the winter of 1741,
with a force of almost seven luin-
i'rise''oi'l'"ana i-rtj. drcd Canadians ; but Mascarene
having received a reinforcement of
two hundred and fifty soldiers, and the fort hav-
ing been very greatly strengthened, DeRaniezay
thought it most prudent to retire to Chignecto
(Cumberland) and await assistance from France,
which was expected in the spring. While there
he heard that a body of New England militia
was wintering at Grand Pre, and determined
to attack them. This party consisted of four
hundred and seventy men, under command of
C.)lonel Noble, and formed jxvrt of one thousand
men which Mascareno had been promised by New
England, to assist him in driving the Fremh
entirely out of the Province. They reached
Minas on 13th December, 1740, and as they found
there was ample corn and cattle to support them
for the winter, without inconveniencing the iidiabi-
tants, they determined to remain there until the
spring, the men being quartered at Grand Pre.
DeHamezay left Chignecto on the 23d Januar}-,
1747, with two hundred and forty Canadian
militia, twelve officers and sixty Indians, and
reached Grand Pre about 2 o'clock on the morning
26
of the 4th Ffbi iiary. The English were entirely
taken by surprise, they being all in bii! but a
gallant resistance was made and fighting lU the
houses went on until 10 o'clock, when terms of
ciqiitnlation were agreed to. The English were
to leave within twenty-four hours, with the hon-
ors of war and six days" rations, the prisoners
taken to remain in the hands of thi! French.
Colonel Noble, commander of the English, was
killed while fighting in liis night diess, and
Coulon, who coiumanded the French, was severely
wounded. The French arrived at Heaubassin on
the 8tli March, from which the whole French force
was shortly after withdrawn.
0. — We will turn asiile here, for a few moments,
from Nova Scotia, and take a hasty glance at how
Cape Breton had been prospering
• »i i... .... I* y. 1 . 'I'l Strength of Loiiia-
smce tlie treaty ot Ltrecht. I he bourg.
retention of Cape Breton by France
under that treaty, and the permanent accession or
Nova Scotia and Newl'ouiulhind by the British,
proved of great advantage to the colony of Cape
Breton, as also many of the French from Newfound-
land. The impoitance to them of having a strong-
hold to protect their North American fisheries,
which were very valuable to them, had been
j)ointed out to the guveriinient, bv M. Randat, In-
tendant of Canada, in 1708 ; and, after Port Royal
was permanently lost to thinn, a harbor was sought
for in Cape Breton whieh would suit their pur-
pose; and after careful consideration of the ad-
vaiitiiges offered by various harbors, that of Havre
a lAnglais was selected as the most suitable, and a
fort erected which was calletl Lonisbourg. The
intentio'i was to erect a fort which was impiegna-
ble, and the work was prosecuteil on a vast scale,
and with all the I'ligineering skill of those days.
For a (piarler of a century Lonisbourg retained
its re[)iitation of impregnability, and was reganled
as the strongest fort in America, except Quebec.
The ramparts of the fortress were about two miles
and a quarter in circumference, and were mounted
with one hundred and sixty guns. The entrance
to the harbor was guarded by a strong battery at
what is now Lighthouse Point, and about half
way up towards Point Rochfort, on the op{)osite
side of the harl>or, was another battery on a small
island. The defenses were eciually good on the
land side, and, if bravely defended, Lonisbourg
seemed to be really impregnable.
i ;i
ill *fi
ii !«
i,l:
W
I 1
194
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION' OF CANADA.
7. — Several persons la}' claim to tlic honor of
having first proposed an attack on I>ouisl)ourg, and
urged its feasihility. Mr. Rrown,
LoiiiBbourg. Ill Ins lustory ot t ape lireton, as-
cribes tlielionor to Lieut.-Governor
Clarke, of New York, and Dr. C;dlaghan, in his
" New York Documents," gives a letter written iiy
the (governor to the Duke of Newcastle, in 174o,
r.dvocating an attac'c. In the Gftitlcmans Mii(j-
azlnc for Jnlv, 174."), there is an iuticle by Judge
Anchinnly, Jndge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of
Massacluisetts, on the possii)ility of taking Louis-
bourg, and giving a plan of attack; but, whoever
might lirstiiave suggested it, tJie honor of carrying
it out uii(loid)tedly belongs to Governor William
Shirbjy, of Massachusetts, who, in November, 1744,
addressed the British minister on the subieet,
showiig its importance and the possibility of the
foi-t being taken with aid from New England.
Without awaiting for a reply, Shirle\' called a
meeting of the Legislature, and, in secret session,
luider an oath of secrec}', proposed the )>lan to
them. It was voted down; but one of the mem-
bers who had great trust in the Lord, and was
blessed with excellent lungs, prayed so loud for
the success of the enterprise tiiat he was heard
outside the council room, and the secret was soon
no longer a secret. Sliirloy wa;; defeated by the
Legislature, but not beaten ; he had a petition got-
ten up which was signed by nearly uU tlie leading
merchants, praying the Legislatiu'e to reconsider
their act ion, and tlie result was that the motion in
favor ! f llie exi)edition was carried by a majority
of one.
8. — Tiie enthusiasm became very great in all
the Provinces as soon as it wa. known what the
object of the expedition was, and
EXPC.UUO,,!" ""' the necessary nuniljer of four thou-
sand miMi was soon raised. The
expedition had sn^iewhat the air of a crusade
about it, for Louisbourg was looked ujjou as t!ie
stronghold of Romanism, and the Puritans hated
Popery rather more than the}- did the devil ; and
it is even reported of one worthy pastor tiuit ho
carried a hatchet in his belt for the purpose of
eutting down the images lu; found in tlie cliurchcs.
Wliitlicld, the great preacher, who was in New
Enghuul at the time, gave the expedition tlie
motto: '■'■Nil desperandiim Christo diicL'," After
the expedition had been determined upon, Shirley
sent to Commodore Warren, who was in command
of the West Iiulia squadr(Ui, asking him to co-
operate with him ; but Warren refused to do so
without orders from England. Shirley was greatly
disccniraged, bu*; not disheartened, and lie wisely
kei)t the refusal to himself and Generals Pepperell
aiul Wolcott, the former of whom was an ex-
pcM'ienced militia officer and was in command of
tiie expedition ; and so the men left Boston in
April under the impression tliat Walker would
join them at their rendezvous at Caiiso. And so
he did, very much to Pepperell's surprise and
pleasure. After refusing to join Shirley without
orders from London, he received instructions to
go to Boston ; and, tliiidcing he knew [U'ctty well
what he was wanted in Boston for, he bore up
direct for Canso, the jilaceof rendezvous, reaching
it just in time to join the ex})edition.
U. — The lleet left Canso on the iOth April, and
iirriveil at Garabus Bay, near Louisbourg, on the
day following, causing great con-
steriuition in the town when it was uSlsbomB" "'
known that an English fleet was
ciuning to attack tlicm. Tiie (ovt was in excellent
condition, well supjiiicd with stores aiul aimniini-
tion, and ought to have been able to stand a long
s'ege; but the men were mutinous, and clamored
for their pa\ , which was long overdue, and Shirley,
who was aware of tliis, iiad hurriiid hispicparations
on that account. Governor Dncliambcau, however,
managed to infuse spirit into his men, by calling
them together and <leiivcring a telling address, in
wliicli he reminded them that, wliutever tlicir
grievances, it was tiicir duty now to unite and
re[)ulse the co nmon foe for the sake of their king
and country. The address had the desired effect,
and the men returned to their duty; but their
defence was a half-iiearted one, and IJune is little
doubt but that had tiie besieged i)osr>essed the
pluck and courage of the besiegers, Louisbourg
woulil not then liave passed undcu' iMiglisii con-
t;'ol. No opi)osition was offered to tiie landing of
the English at Flat Point, witiiin lialf a league of
the city, at which point they estalili^hed tliem-
selves. On the nortii-west arm tliey found im-
mense (juantities of naval stores, including bran-
dy and wine, which were set fire to; but, iiii-
lortunately all tiie brandy was not burned, and
the victors gave themselves up to dniiikenness on
it after the ciipitulaiion. Half a mile nearer the
I hi
ACADIA-GOVERNMENT OF MASCARENE.
19.j
city, and nearly opposite to the centre of tliC open-
inij of the harbor, stood the grand hattery; hut, to
tiie j^reat surprise of the Englisli, it was abandoned
on their ajiproaeh without a shot being fired. It
was inimedia'.eiy taken jmssession of by the in-
vailers. who were thus witiiin gunshot of the city.
Tiic guns were spilved, but in a fe\\ i\'s tIio\' were
(hilled out and. fire opened on the city. The siege
was kept up for a month, when a simultaneous at-
tack by land and water was determined on ; but
bi'fore t!ieas.<ault commenced, Duehambeau sent to
rilTcr to make terms of capitulation ; and, terms
being agreed to, the fortress was handed over to
the Hritish on the ITtli June. This great victory
was chciiply bought by the English, they only losing
one humlredand thirty men during the siege; the
loss of the French was never correctly ascertained.
10. — Cireat were the rejoicings in both Old and
New England, on receipt of the news of the fall of
this renowned fortress, and the i)eo-
Oi'iieinl rcji'liing. , , xt t- i i , ,
v.iiii.ihie iiiizfs pie or INew England w^nt nearlv
Wild witii joy at the sueci'ssot their
arms; there wen; grand illuminations, bonfires,
and a general jubilee. l'ei)[)('rell was made a bar-
onet for his conduct, and Warren an Admiral.
So much for glory ; but there was something for
profit to come. l'e[>perell and Warren acted as
joint (iovernors, and they ordered the French flag
to lie left flying in order to decoy nierehantmeii.
In this ruse they were successful, and shortlv
caiitured two East-Indiaiuen, whose cargoes were
worth over seven hundred and fifty thousand dol-
lars : and a few days after, a grand prize was
taken in the shape of the shi[» "Deliverance."
wiiicli, under an ostt'iisil)le cargo of eoeoii, had gold,
silver, and Peruvian dollars, to the value of four
millions of dollars, one half of which was claimed
by the ollirers and crews of the fleet as prize- I
iiumey. Not long after this, English cruisers off
the Azores captured two consorts of the "Deliver-
aiiee," laden willi spec'-j which it required forty-
three wagons to carry from Uristol to London,
and when the prize-money was distributed each
common sailor got over four thousand dollars as
his share.
11. — The victors were not wise in their victory,
What the French could not effect, mm did. and
liundreds were carried olf by fever
A llpol ,lei«imti>li«(l . ,.,.,.
ton^-nipiuru causcd l)y exccssivc driiikiiig. I'ep-
Loulsboii rg. " , r . 1
perell reports that twelve luindred
men died of fever; and Admiral Knowles, who
succeeded Warren, says it was nothing unusual to
see a thousand drunken men in the streets in one
day. The result of this was, that imniense stores
of liquor were found in the place, and pro])er pre-
cautions were not taken to secure it. Warren
gave orilers that all the rum should be placed in
the casements of the citadel, and one thou.sand
hogsheads were so stored ; but the order must
have been very caielessly executed, for veiy large
quantities were left where the men had access to
it ; and they drank to excess, thus sull^'ing by
debauchery an otherwise splendid victory. It was
with dismay and nioitifieation that the French
Government received intelligciiice of the fall of
Louisbourg, and the capture of so many rich prizes ;
and it was at once resolved that Louisljourg must
be re-taken at any cost. A large fleet, consisting
of eleven ships of the line, twenty frigates, thirty
transports, and two fire ships, was collected and
placed under the command of the Duki; D'An-
ville, while the Viceroy of Canada was instructed
to co-operate. D'Anville's instructions were of
the most alarming character; he was to " re-take
Louisbourg, capture Annapolis, and leave a garri-
son in it ; destroy Boston, ravage the sealxiard of
New Englanil, and attack the British islands in
the West Indies." He set sail on June 22d, 174G,
escaping an English fleet under Admiral Martin,
which had been sent to watch the movements of
the French. When the news that the French
fle(,'t had saih^d reached England, a sipiadron of
eighteen shii)S was sent in pursuit, under com-
mand of Admiral I^estoek, but, being baffled b}'
contrary winds, was obliged to return.
V2. — T!ie Bostonians were terribly alarmed at
thi'ir jiromised destruction, and the ministers, in
their prayers from the jnilp.it, were
more pointed than polite in their ,VoKby''tl;,';;,l';;!"'
references to D'Anville, All the
preparations ])ossibIe were, however, made, and
the place put in as good a state of defence as could
be done. The preparations of the Bostonians
were, howe\er, unnecessary ; for a greater jiower
than they fought for thein, and the elements and
the plague did what they would, probably, have
failed to accomplish — a fact wiiich the wortiiy
pastors of New Iviglaiid did not fail to turn to
gooil account afterwards, in their discourses to
their congregations. D'Anville's fleet hud an uii-
'Ill ;
I^I.m!-,,
m
:m fm
um
■MM\
X 'imiw':
"M
1 1 ' 1 '1
1
I'll
'
ii
196
TUTTLE'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
fleet, scoiiineil by
peBtilenee, return
to France.
usually long passage, and contrarj' winds all the
way. While off Sable Island they encountered a
tremendous gale, several tianspoits were wrecked
on the island, other of the s]ii[)s had to run to the
West Indies, and some put back to France, while
it was net till the 10th September, that D'Anville
arrived at Chebucto (Halifax), the place of ren-
dezvous, with only two ships and a few transports.
'J'his overwhelming disaster so preyed on his
spirits that he died on the IGth, of ai)oplexy,
brouglit on, it is said, by excessive drinking. Vice
Admiral D'Estournelle then took command and
held a council of war, at which he proposed to
return to France.
l!5. — In this, ho>vever, he was opposed by all his
officers, who maintained that they had still force
Theremmmtof the enough left to Capture Annapolis,
which they insisted on doing. The
Admiral, angered at the obstinacy
of his officers, grew delirious, and suddenly draw-
ing his sword placed it to his bi'cast and fell on it,
the blade passing through his lieart. Almost im-
mediately after this second ' agedy a pestilence
broke out amongst the men. Accoiding to Ilali-
burton it was small-pox. It spread with great
rapidity, cariying off thou.<ands. On the 11th of
October, a French cruiser put into Chebucto witii
an express from Governor Shii'ley to Admiral
Lestook, at Louisbourg, informing him of tlie state
of affairs, which had been captured i)y the cruiser,
and the information that Lestook was so near them
so alarmed the French officers in their crippled
condition, that they determined to make all sail
i'nv France at once. The crews were hurried on
board. 'I'hosc which had lost their crews — for some
had had their wiiole crews swept away — scuttled
and sunk, and the plague-stricken, shattered rem-
uant of the great expedition returned to France.
Not deterred by this great disaster, the I'rencli, in
the sjiring of 1747, sent out another fleet of four-
teen war ships and twenty transj)ori,s, under com-
mand of M. do la Jouquiere, for tlic same purpose.
Uut the English learneil of the expedition and
sent a fleet to intercept it, and the two fleets met
(ilV Cape Finisterre on Jid May, when a flerce
engagement ensued, resulting in tiu; cajiture, by
the English, of nine ships of war, several trans-
ports, six East-Indiamcn, and property valued at
iieai ly eight miliious of dollars.
14. — Moth sides had by tiiis time become tireil,for
awhile, of fighting, and desired breathing time be-
fore beginning again. Negotiations -rhepeaeeof .\ix-ia-
for peace were, therefore, opened in li'Xn'raurnlu to
1748, and resulted in the famous *''*"™-
(or in-famous) treaty of peace, signed at Aix-la-
Chapelle, by which England gave up nearly all
she had gained by the war, and made terms more
befitting a conquered than a conquering people.
All tliat France lost by war, and more too, she
recovered by diplomacy, and it was no wonder
that a howl of disapproval went up in England,
and that it was speedily evident tiiat the fire ot
enmity between the two nations had not burned
out, but still smouldered, and would soon again
burst forth to burn more fiercely than ever. 'I'he
terms of the treaty stipulated " that all conquests
which had been made since the commencement of
the war, or since the conclusion of the preliminarj'
articles, signed in April last, either in Europe, the
East or West Indies, or any other j)art of the
world, should be restored without exception."
England also submitted to tiie indignity of liaving
Lord Cathcart and the Earl of Sussex retained as
hostages in France until authentic advices were
received that Cape Breton and other concpiests
had been restored. The restoration of Louisbourg
was bitterly felt by the New England States,
which had suffered much during the war, and were
justly indignant at the little respect for their
safety shown by the mother country. Louisbourg
was a constant source of danger anil annoyance to
them, a regular thorn in their side, and it was a
bitter pill for them to swal'ow to think that this
place, wori by their valor, was to bo rejjlaccd in
the hands of their enemies to be used against them
again. The feeling of discontent was very wide-
spread, and there is no doubt but that the signing
of this treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, was one of the
primary causes of that ill-feeling between the
colonies and the mother country which eventuated
in the War of Independence.
CHAPTER XLH.
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS De-
IJEAL'HARNOIS.
1. DlFFICULTIKH WITH TllK GoVHHNOU OF NkW
YOKK. — 2. BUILUINU OF A FOUT AT CUOWN
GOVERNMENT OF THE MAIUil'IS DeUEAUHARNOIS.
107
Point. — 1. PitoGiiKss of the Colony in timk
OK PKAOK. — 4. Famink, Eauthqiakks and
Smali,-Pox. — ."). Attempt to find an oveii-
LAXD KOUTE to THE PACIFtC. — tJ. ThE ( 'oX-
DITrON OF ECCLESrASTICAL AFFAIRS IN 172(i. —
7. The Goveknou's interfeuence ix the
clerical qttakuel. — 8. recall of dupuis,
AND ('ENSURE OF DeBeAUHARNOIS. — 0. TlIE
ECCLESIASTICAL Sl'CCESSION UNDER FUEXCH
RULE. — 10. Improved good-feelixg with the
Indlvns. — 11. Recali, of DeBeauhauxois.
1. — The INIarqiiis DoBeanhariiois was the next
Govuruor of Canada; and was ajipointcd to iill
„ , tlie vacanev caused hv tlie dealli of
Ditlii'ultios with Uio - •'
ouviiiim oc.ww tlie Alar(inis De V uudreiiil. He
anived in ]\[ay, 172l!. and found
liimself almost immediately involved in a contro-
ver.sy wiiii tlie Governor of New York, witli refer-
ence to a fort wliicli the Eutjflish had erected at
Oswe^'o, for the double purjiose of enlar^ino' the
ful'-trade wilh the Indians, and of i)rote(;tion from
th(i inroads of tiie French and Indians in case of
war. lU'aiiiiarnois i)rotest(Ml against this as a
hreacii of the treaty of Utrecht, and a warm con-
troversy ensued, in tiui course of whieli Beauhar-
nois threatened to destroy the fort by force ; the
answer of Governor Brunet, of New York, to this
was to stren^'then the garrison, re-victual it,
and su[)iiiy it wilii arms and ammunition. This
settled the niattcM' for the time beinLf, as neiliicr
Governor was wiiliui^' to striki; the lirst i)low in a
trial vi rt armin. As an offset to Oswego, how-
ever. Governor Beauiiarnois applied to, and re-
ceived from, the Oiiondagas permi.ssion to erect a
stone fort and trading-post at Niagara. This per-
mission was gained mainly through tiie inllnence
of the Jesuit missionaries, and the connuencemeiit
of the fort so annoyed Governoi- Brunet tliat he
persuaded the St'uecas to claim thi; land as be-
longing to them. This they did ; but the French
paid no attention to the protest, and the building
of tlu! fort was continued, the Seneeas not making
any forcii)li' interference owing to the powerfid in-
lUienccofJoneaire, who still resided amongst them.
-. — Beauiiarnois was not content with tlie erec-
tion of a fort at Niagara, lie desired a jilaee more
convenitMit for tapping the fur-
IliillilliiKa fort lit 1^ 1 <■ XT \' i i i ' i
Crown I'oiiit. trade ol New lork, and winch
would command one of the great
water highways of that state in tlie event of war ;
lie therefore, in 17:U, commenced the erection of
Fort Frederic (so called after the Count de Mau-
repas. Minister of Marine at the time) at Crown
Point, on Lake Champlain. ^I. de b> Corne was
the first to call attention to the importance of such
a position, as it would menace both Albany and
Oswego, in ease of war. and was in such close
proximity to the Hudson and Connecticut River
settlements as to make descents on tliein from it
an easy matter. Governors Belcher, of Massa-
cluisetts, and Vanilaru, of New York, became
alarmed at what api)eaied to them so liostile a
dei'-.onstvalion, and sent a joint deputation to
Beauiiarnois to protest against the building of the
fort; but the nations had Ikhmi at peace; so many
years now, and tiiere seemed so little prospc-ct of
war, that the protest was not very energetically
pushed, and the French were allowed to continue
the building of Fort Frederic without further
remonstrance.
o. — A long period of jit'ace now intervened,
which was used by Bi'auharnois for improving the
condition of the i)eoi)le and en-
, * I'ronri's? nr tlio
couraging agriculture, and man}- <ni..iiy iii-.imi;ot
large farms began to spring into
existence along the banks of the St. Lawrence and
its tributaries. But the progress of Canada was
far inferior to that of the British coloniis, some
of the reasons for which were that emigration
scarcely amounted to anything; the peojile were
more fond of pleasure than work, i id had an ex-
cessive number of holidays; while the plan of
settling only along the livers, and using them as
highways, as there were no roads made into the
interior, caused the faiiiis to be very iiaridw by
considerable depth; thus they generally had from
two to three acres frontage by froiii sixty to eighty
depth. Another point against rapid increase was
the freciuent snbdivision of lands, as the law was
the same as that of France, which gave the ]irop-
erty in eiiual shares aimuigst the children, and. a-<
the families were mostly large, the seigniories and
farms soon got cut up into small portions, thus
operating against the I'learing of new lands, as the
jieople were too indolent to clear a large Hack ol'
wild land, while they could get a small piece el'
land alveaily cleared. Tliesi! t'vils gri'W so great
at last that, in 1711, the king directeil the Bi>iiop
of Quebec to sui>i)ress a number of holidays, whieli.
! W|
il
! I
];ii ■ I
108
TUTTLK'S IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
instead of being kept as religious occasions, nmtc
only used for dniukennefes and dissipation ; and
also by an edict forbidding liie subdivision of
land or tiie erection of dwellings on lots smaller
tliau one and a lialf acres frontage, by a deptli of
forty acres, under a penalty of one hundred livres.
4. — The period of peace was not, however, one
of unbroken prosperity. During the twenty years
cessation from the din of arms.
Famine. E.irtli- ,^ i i i i i • • ,. i •
quakes and Small- C aiiada luui to strivc agaiiist dis-
'"*' ease, floods and famine. In 1732,
there were veiy iieavy floods on the St. Lawrence,
and a vast amount of property was lost, wiiile an
earthquake not only damaged but terribly fright-
ened the people. The year 1730 was long known
as the "famine" \'ear on account of the great
scarcity of bread, and it was in this year that the
Di(iue du Palais, at Quebec, was constructed to
give employment to the starving people. It was
a sea-wall forming a winter harbor for one hundred
vessels, and the site of it is now occupied by the
wharves. It will seem curious to the modern
reader to know that one of the greatest har(lshii)s
the poor had to endure that winter, 1821)-30, was
having to eat potatoes instead of bread, so little
was that now necessaiy vegetable either known or
ajipreciated then ; the poor in many cases prefer-
ring to eat hounn'ouit, and (luite a numb.;r are saitl
to have died of hunger in (Quebec. A great scar-
city of food also prevailed in the two following
years, although not to so great an extent, and the
year 1733 was marked \)y a return of that violent
scourge, small-pox, which earrieil off the inhabi-
tants, and especially the Indians, in large iiuinbers.
i"). — It was in this [JCiiod of peace that the first
attempt was made to reach the Pacific by land ;
the subject had been mooted as
Atlennit to lliiil nil \-,^,, . i .. . • ,
iivisianii route to early as liln, but the lirst iiractical
till! I'aillli'. ■ 1 • I -m 1
attt'inpt was made lu 1<31, by
Pierre Oauthier de V^arennes, Sieiir de la \'i<ren-
dryis who received considerable eiicoiiingenient,
but no material support, from .M. Deneaiiharniiis.
M. Veiendrye received orders to take jiossession
in the king's name of all countries he may dis-
cover, and the right to trade, v.wvX forts, &c. ; but
he reettiveil no aid from the goveriiiiieiit, and asso-
ciated himself with a trailing company formed in
Montreal ; so that, as gain was one of the main
objects of the exidoiations, they were not very
vigiuously prosecuted, and M. Vtjrendryo never
got any further than the foot of the Rocky Moun-
tiiins. The party established a number of forts
and trading places at the Lake of the Woods, Lake
Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba, on the lied and Assi-
nibol'ls Rivers and at other points. The explora-
tions spread over a number of years, uji to the
death of M. de la Veiendrye in 1719 ; but he never
received any support from the government, and,
after having incurred a debt of forty thousand
livres while prosecuting his discoveries, he was
just ordered by the government to resume his
journey when he died. His heirs laid claim to the
right of continuing his discoveries ; but Bigot, the
Iiiteiidant, set their claim aside and formed an
association to prosecute the discoveries. This
association, however, was only a trading specula-
tion, and was composed of Joiniuit^'re, the Gover-
nor; Bigot, the Iiilendaut; Breaid, comj)tiollerof
Marine ; LeGaideiir de St. Pierre, and Captain
Lamanpie St. Marin. The two latter had com-
mand of the two ex;^editions sent out, at govern-
ment expense, one professedly to ascend the Mis-
somi River to its source, and from thence to follow
the liist river which seemed to How towards the
Pacific; and tlie other to pass byway of Lake
Manitoba, and join the first exiiedition at a given
latitude on the I'acific. IJiit fur, not science, was
really the prime object of both expeditions, and
they penetrated no further than the Rocky Moun-
tains, near which Fort Jonquitjrc was built in
1752, and from which so good a traile was done,
that Jontpiiere is said to have received three hun-
dred thousand francs as his share of the plunder.
0. — This scheme for reaching the Pacific has led
us a little beyond the period of the goveriiineiit of
M. de Beauharnois ; we will now
return to his term of office, and iv, l,.|^lll^ueul uiiai™
glance at the ecclesiastical condi-
tion of the country, and the struggle betw(!en the
C'liurch and the Intendant, M. Diipuis, which oc-
cu[)ied much time and atttMition during tiie gov-
ernorship of .M. de Beauharnois, and for the fullest
jiarliculars relatirg to which we are iiiilebted to
(larneau. The origin of the dispute was in the
Church itself; and it was only after matters hail
g-jiio to some length that M. Diipuis appeared on
the scene. The cause of the diirereneo was the
death of M. de St. Vallier, the second Bishop of
Quebec, who succeeded Laval in ItJHS, and died
in December, 172"). M. do Moriiay, (irand Vicar
rAVWl
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeBEAUHARNOIS.
199
ami Coadjutor of the late IJisliop, was in France
at the time of tlie prelate's tleatli, anil the trouble
arose as to who should take charge of tlie body
fur interment. M. de Lotbiniere, Archdeacon of
the Dioeese, had charge of it ; hut it was claimed
by the Chapter, lu-adcd by M. Poulard, on tiie
ground that as the functions of the Granil Vicar
and Coadjutor ceased on the death of the Hishop,
it was for them (the C"hai)ter) to take charge of
the remains. The Archdeacon paid no attention
to the Chapter the Chapter insisted ; the Arch-
Juiicon ap[)caled to tlie Intendant, who sustained
him; the Chapter refused to obej- the Archdeacon
as (irand Vicar pro tern, and its leader and nu'm-
hers were summoned before the Supreme Council.
They refused to obe^-, denying the riglit of any
civil tribunal to try them on a charge which came
within ecclesiaslieal jurisdiction only. Now M.
Diipuis laid great stress on formalities, ami .vas a
firm believer in the jjower of Parliament ; and he
held that the Supreme Council had the same func-
tions as the Parliament of Paris; he therefore re-
minded the Chai)ter that before any appeal could
he made to the Council at Paris (which api)eal
they had notified tluMr intention of making in the
event of an adverse decision), the case must come
before the Supreme Council of Quebec. The Chap-
ter jiaid no attention to this; and the Supreme
(^ouiicil, at the instance of M. DuiJuis, passed a
decree declaring that tlie see of Quebec was not
really vacant, as M. de ^Iiu'iiay, though absent,
was not defunct ; and, such being the case, the
Ciiapter was rightly inhibited from exercising any
iiiteriiu act whatever.
7. — The Cha[)ter, however, would not recognize
the decree. M. de 'I'ounanconrt, one of the canons,
from the pulpit of the cathedral,
'riu! (lovprniirV ill- ,. n ■ .. , , . ,
lorf«riMi™ in tlio Oil tilC toiUnvillg SuilllaV, Wllicll
I'luiUal quiirrol, i, • , ' i ' i
was l'ipii)iiaiiy, read a mandamus
])rotestiug against the intervtuition of civil power
in what was purely an ecclesiastical matter;
and every parish priest was instructed to read a
cojiy of the mandamus after the sermon on the
following Sunday. For this open deliance of him-
self and the Supreme Council, M. !)ii|iuis ])ioceed-
ed to prosecute Canon 'I'ouiiiincouit. It was now
that M. de H(<auliarnois took a part in the dispute,
warmly supi)ortiug the Church against the Su-
preme Council. He had tin (Mtliuance read to the
Council, restraining tlio members from taking any
further action in the matter of the quarrel amongst
the clerg}'; and requiring the revocation of any
orders already passed on the subject. The Coun-
cil objected to this high-handed proceeding, and
M. Lenoullier, one of the members, stated that it
was an insult to the Council as the Suineiiu! Court
of the colony; and declared that the Council
would appeal to the king against the govermu-.
neaiiharnois replied that the Council as a body
was absolute over every one in the colony exc( pt
himself, and that he was absolute over them. He
next had the interdict read at the head of com-
panies of the troops, regulars and militia; and
further ordered that no decrees of Council should
be received unless sanctioned by him. The Coun-
cil then passed the following counter-ordinance:
"The colonists have long known that those who
have authority from the prince to govern them
have no light, in any ease, to cross their path while
striving to obtain their legitimate ends ; that, on
occasions where there is a diversity of sentiment
among state functioniiries respecting things or-
ilaiiied in common, the provisional execution of a
measure variously viewed, belongs to the depart-
ment it regards ; therefore, if there be a difference
of (qjinion, as to acts affecting the community, be-
tween the (iovernor-(ieneral and the Intendant,
the views of the former are to prevail, suppo-.ing' the
matter in question to be one falling within his
province as administrative ehiei" — such as the oper-
ations of war and the regulation of military dis-
cipline ; on these subjects it is comiietent bu' him
to issue ordinances without consulliug any one,
but in no other ease wiiatever. Simihuly, the
ordinances of the Intendant are to have force, pro-
visionall}', in matters properly belonging to his
olliee — such as law pnx'cdure, police, and tinaiices.
The parties when dissident ((lovernor and Intend-
ant^, to account to the king for their se\ i-.d
modes of action in every case, in order that nis
Majesty may deeid(! between them. Such is the
nature of the goverumenl of Canada." Mr. (lar-
neau adds tiiat this first, and only, tormal <h' 'lara-
tioii of rights enunciated during the whole of the
French rule in Canada, was justiiied by a regula-
tion of the vi'ar IdS I, signeil by Louis XIV. and
Colbert.
8. — After this the struggle between the (lover-
nor and the Inteiidaiil — for so it had now become
— grew liercer. 'i'he Council were not iinaiii-
j i
\i
1 .;];
;
,1
■■ 'Hi
Hi
h il
h V %
4^>.-^ ^
li-
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200
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Reran of Dupuis mous, b'lt liiul .1 iiKijorit v, aiiil tliev
and censure of De . ^ • ,-, i i* 'i
ButtUharni.iH. SCIlt to pllSOll tliose wllO I'etusi'd
to obey their orders. On the other liaiid,
tlie Governor liad the military, wlio poked tlieir
swords tliroiigh the oi'ders in derision ; and
wiien the Council had any one arrested the Gov-
ernor released him, and those so arrested were
treated somewhat as martyrs, and favored by
the Governor. At last DeHeauharnois had
gained over several of the Council, and only
needed the absence of two members to re-
duce the Council roll below the number neces-
sary to grant decrees. At this time he was in
Montreal, and he sent a sealed order to Qiicbec to
have the two leaders of ihe Opposition in the
Council, Messrs. D'Artigny and Gaillard, arrested
and sent into exile. Dupnis on his si<le, as Pi'csi-
dent of the Council, was equal to the occasion,
and ordered the members to remain in their places
and disregard the orders of the Governor. This
brought matters to a square issue, and the whole
case was submitted to France for judgment. The
clergy were about equally divided during the con-
test; the secular clergy supported the goveriu)r.
the RecoUets sided with the Chapter, and the
Jesuits remained neutral. Pending the decision
of the ministry, the Governor forcibly preventcnl
Messrs. Gaillard and d'Artigny from taking their
scatj at the council board, and it was not until
some time afterwards that they were allowed to
do so. The decision of Cardinal Fleury, then
nrime minister of France, was, on the whole, ad-
verse to Dupuis, as he was recalled; but it also
slightly censured DeHeauharnois. An order was
sent to the Supreme Council to disseize the tem-
poralities of the cathedral Chapter, whiuh had been
kept under provisional setpiestration by the law
authorities during the contest ; and M, de Maure-
]).is, minister of marine, under whose jurisdiction
DeHeauliarnois was, blamed him for his arbitrary
interposition in the j)rocess begun against the
chaiiter and clergy. He was also severely rei)ri-
manded for exiling Messrs. Gaillard and d'Artigny,
as being an exercise of the royal prerogative dele-
gated to no rei)resentative.
9. — As we shall not have occasion again to refer
directly to the ecclesiastical affairs of the Colony
for some time, we may as well
conion unUei French HUISU tlie SUCCCSSlon 01 bishops
"''''■ down to the time of the conquest
by the English. M. de Movn.ay, who had been
ai)poiuted coadjutor of M. de St. Vallier ii 1714,
was ajjpointed his successor on his death in 172.5,
and ranks as the third Hishop of Quebec ; Init, as
we have already stated, lie was absent in France
at the time of M. de St. Vallier's death and lie
never returned to Canada. He retained the title
and authority until 1733; but the ecclesiastical
affairs of the Provinte were administered by three
grand-vicars, elected by the chapter and confirm-
ed by the nominal bishop, who, with the d( an,
governed the see. This ecclesiastical i'lterregnum
lasted for some years, as M. Herman Dosipiet, who
succeeded 31. de Mornay in 1733, as fourth IJishop
of Quebec, oul}- visited Quebec for a short lime in
1734, and, returning to France the same year, re-
mained, nominally, bishop until 1739, when he
resigned. His successoi-, M. Pourr.ay de I'Aube-
riviere, was appointed by Pope Clement XII. ; but
arriving in Qiiebto while small-pox was raging
there, in 1740, he caught the disease and died be-
fore he had entered upon his functions as bishop.
In 1741 ]\I. Dubreuil de Poiitbraiiit was apiiointed
by Pope Benedict XIV. as sixth Bishop of Que-
bec ; and he was the last bishop under French
rule. During the period when there was no resi-
dent bishop, the cathedral clergy became rather
severe towards the inmates of the nuirieries ; and
the Ursuline 'luns v, -re threatened with excom-
munication if they confessed to any one but M,
Boulard, Corypluvus of the high clergy, or some
priest selectcil by him; and seven of the sisters
were actually debarred confession andconimunion
for a while because thev [ireferred to confess to
the Jesuit priests. This conduct of the canons
was afterwards, liowever, disapproved by the
court. An early writer on Canada states that about
this time the Ursuline nuns became rather lax with
regard to their vows, and mixed very freely in
society, for which they were reproved by Cardinal
Fleiiiy.
10. — During the peaceful governnont of De
Beaiiliarnois, the friendly feeling between the
French and Indians greatly im- i„,,,rov.MiRon,if,...i.
proved ; and trade was consider- li:!:.;:,l":,|'7,X;\;har.
ably enlarged from two causes ; ""'"•
first, be'jause many restrictions and monopolies
were removed; and second, bi'caiisea large annual
fair was cqiened at ^lontreal, where the Indians
could come and dispose of tiieir goods, and buy
lio I'iid been
llier ii 1714,
L'iith ill 172.5,
*3l)ec ; l)iit, as
nt in Fiance
leatli and ho
iiied llie title
eccleisiastieal
eri'dby tiiroe
and coiifiini-
tii tlie d( an,
i'ltcireynt.ni
[)o.sqiiet, wiio
'ourtli I5isl\i)i)
sliort time ii<
line j'ear, re-
rSO, wliun lie
I}' de I'Aulie-
liut XII. ; but
: was laning
and died be-
ins as bishop,
■as appointed
hop of Qne-
;nder French
was no lesi-
t!canie ratlier
levies ; and
with exei>in-
one but M.
i
)V(m1 good fcrl-
tli till! IiKlinns.
of Di'Hcauliiir-
III
[1
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Ir
1
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6
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III
to
I
COMMHItOH AM) INDI STItV, lt;ns.l774.
201
wliiit they wanted in rctiini ; iiiul tlicv sdoii lie-
tfiiu to prefer coniiiij^ to Moiitreiil, instead of ^oiiij^
t(i .Mhany, since so many of i lie Frencli iiad intci-
married witii tliein, adoi)te(l lin'ii- cnstoms and
followed tiieir wild Iinntin;^ life, that they fell
more at home with them than witii the exclusive
and tradini;' I'vie^lishman. 'I'lie Colony vemaineil
in a prosperous condilion up tolhetinn;of tlie
outl)reak of war between Enj^lami and Franue, on
tlie accession of Maria 'J'heresu to the Crown of
Austria. 'l'li<' l-iUropean compliealions soon spread
to America, and the stronghold of tiie Fr(!neli in
Ca])e Hretoii, Louisljour;^, was captured hy the
New l'hi;_;ianih'rs, as already related, ^f. DidJean-
harnois was hlamed for iiis want of co-opera-
tion iu the first attempt to retake this fortress,
and recalled ; and his successor. Admiral La Jon-
(piiere, a man of sixty, iiad tiie mislorlune to lie
ca[ituri,'d on ids way to Canachi, hy the Imi^HsIi.
The ileet, wliicli was intended to rc-ca[)ture l.ouis-
bourg, was del'eated off Ca[)e Finisteure, ami the
new (Jovcrnor of Cana(hi was auKJUnst the numer-
ous captives. During; his cajitivity the Count De
le Galissonnibro was appointed to act until liis ex-
cliange could lie effected.
1.
CIIArTEIl XLIir.
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY, 1008-1744.
Tirio First Flkets of Fishing Vessels — 2.
EAIHA' TltADE WITH TIIE INDIANS; AND Es-
TAMMSIIMENT OF MoNOPOMES. 3. 'J'llE PltlV'-
II.KGKS OF THE WkST InDIA CoMI'ANY : ITS
Collapse. — 4. Fohmation of the Company
OF (Canada. — 5. M. D'Auteuil's IJemaiiks
(IX THE CoLONV. I'l. TUADING LICENSES. — 7.
The Laws of Non-intercouuse. — 8. Efforts
TO induce Snip-ijrn.DJNG. — \). The N.vtuke
and Value ( f Commeiice refop.e the Con-
quest. — 10. Introduction of the Postal
Sy.ste.m, 1721. — 11. Slavery in Canada. — 12.
Customs Duties; No Honded W.VREiiorsEs.
— 13. The Monetary System ; Card ]\I(inev.
— 14. Imperfect Trade Returns ; Stupidity
OF Officials. — L"i. I)iffi;i;ence retwkkn
Emigration under French and English
L'ULE.
1. — .As we are now approaclnng the close of
French adndnisl ration in Canada, we will pause for
a while to take a "general view of tiic
connnerce and in<lustrv fd" the coun-,i8'hiny"v,'»'8li!»."
try from tin; si'ltlement of Quel)ec
to the tinii; of the conciuest. In doing so we will,
of necessity, be led into some partial rejjetitions,
as the state of trade lias been incidentally nu'U-
tioned umler several gubernatorial periods, but
we think it will bebettiir to sunnnarize tin; whole
!' subject in one chapter. The earliest efl'orts at
i eonimei-ce, as far as Caiuida was concerned, were
/ conlined to the li.-,lieries in the neit;'hl)orliood of
, Newfounilhnid ; and we find the French engaged
l[ in this trallic in the early part of the sixteenth
i eentury, the 1i^hermen being from the Norman,
j liascpie and Breton rrovinces. The English did
j not engag(; in the business until some years later,
and then they found al)out fifty French. Spanish
and Portuguese vessels eni[)l()yed in cod-fishing.
The Ileet of French fishing vessels steadily in-
creased, and, in l.").")S, in addition to the cod-fishers,
they had about thirty vessels engaged in whale
lishing. At this time there were less than a dozen
I'higlish vessels engaged in the Newfoundland
fisheries; but the number rapidly increased until
101;"), when tliere were nearly three hundred Eng-
lish vessels engaged in the trade, as against about
four hundred of otlier luitionalities, only one-half
of which latter were French.
2. — From coming to cateh fish the French soon
learned to look also for fur; and the fishermen
soon
bewin to trade with th
Karly traile witlillio
natives, and after a while f\ietori(;s {/;i;ii;:;;;t' of'n^loj!:
were established for the greater "'"■"■
convenience of both French and Indians. It was
not long before this trade became valiudjle, and it
was at once attempted to monopolize it. The first
license for a monojioly of the peltry trade was
granted to Caj)tain Charwin, early in the seven-
teenth century; but the merchants of Rochelle
strongly o[)[)Osed it, and very little attiuition was
paid to his nominal right to all the trade in furs.
In the year lf)37-S, the "Company of One Ilun-
died Associates" was fornuid, with Cardinal Iii^li-
elieu as its iniininal head. 'J'his Company was
granted very extensive powers, to colonize, found
missions, l)uild ships, mcjiiopolize the eniire fur
trade, and all the import trade of the colony. The
fisheries were, however, left free, and the Com-
'111
i!
l;
I '
■^\
•I l'
1
202
TUTTLK'S !IISroUV OF Illi; DOMINION oF CANADA.
piiuy after iiii iiiisiiecessfal cxislciuu! of tliiity-six
\Liirs, l)i'caiiK: extinct. 'I'licy did iint. how I'Vcr,
initiiitiiiii till! entire foiiti-ol of tiie |iiltry tradf. Imt
o[)ened it, in ItU"), to liie (•oi()iii>is o)i [liiyiiiciil of
a royally. Still tiie ( diiiiiany ilid not prosper, and
after its extinction tiie trade of tlii' Colony was
o|)en, for a short whili', i>ut only to lie .L;i\cn u[) to
a greater monopoly known as '• Tiie West India
('onipany," whieii was started in Itllit, anil liad a
yrant of monopoly for fort\- years.
o. — This gigantic monopoly had control not only
of the whole trade of New Francis Imt of the
Tiieiirivii....»,,[ wliole Atlantic suahoai'il of Africa.
r.'mHy;,';!:''''.',';' i»i"l all the French possessions in
"'""■'»•• the West Indies. The ca|)ital of
the company was one million livres, and they had
over a hundred vessels enga';cd in th(;ir traffic,
which consisted of almost everything, from im-
porting negroes into the West Indies, to exporting
all manufactured goods to he nsc'd in the colonies,
from France. The privileges of the comjiany
were very great ; according to Smith "this com-
panv was to have the light to all mines and min-
erals, the ])ower of levying and recruiting soldiers
in Fiance, huilding forts, and the right of waging
war against the Imiians or the neighlioring colonies.
Distinctive armorial hearings were allowed to the
association, suiiuounted by the royal arms of
France; and to encourage immigration, all colon-
ists, jiresent and to come, being Caluolics, jre to
have the same rights in France iis his Majesty's
subjects at home. In addition to the above hand-
s(uue list of privileges and innnunities accorded to
this favored eiuupany. its stock or shares were
made transferable; and the revenues or profits of
them akme could be attached lor debts owing by
the holders, even to the king himself. His Ma-
jesty also agreed to advance one tenth of the stock
without interest for five years, subject to a pro-
jiortion of all losses which might be incurred by
the conii)any during that period." The effect of
this monoiioly was to raise j)rices to such a height
that the colonists protested and Colbert had to
interfere. The company then partially opened
the trade in furs to the colonists ; but claimed a
royalty of one for.rth on beaver, and one tenth on
all other skins. This state of things existed up to
ltj74, when the affairs of the company were wound
up. It spite of its great concessions it was over
three millions and a half livres in debt, and, as the
debt had been mostly incniicd I'm war jiurposes
with the Knglish. Louis XIV. paid the dcbi ;in<l
ab(ili>hcd ilie privileges of ihi' ((uupany.
4. — liut ('.inada was not ti' be allowed free
trade in furs yd. The king retained the royally
on skins inipo.-cd b\- the I'ompany,
an.l lar.u.d this out to M. Oiuli- !;r;:'l™/;^una,i...
ette, who had a monopoly, all the
beaver skins being delivered at his factories, ;ind
[laid for at a fixed rate of four francs, ten sous, per
pound (about eight_v-rive cents), 'i'his monopoly
existed until the year 1700 when the colonists again
protested against the enormous exactions of tlie
moinipoly, and a now company was formed in
which Canadians were allowed to take shares.
This company was known is I he Cnmpaiiy of
Canada, and was also a moiio])oly, as none but its
members had a right to trade in furs. This com-
pany had only an existence of six years, and
transferred its debts of nearly two millions of
francs to Messrs. Aubert, Nerot and (liiyot in
1706.
o. — What may be considered a fair exhibit of
the commercial condition of the colony was made
in 171."). by M. Kuette d'Auteuil, in
two menuiriuls .in "The Present ;::;li;^«;;:'a:;,^,„„y.
State of Canada." He states, in sidi-
stance, that the trade with the Indians had greatly
diminished ; ship-building was brisk, and a great
deal of hcmi) for cordage, and llax for linen and
thread, were grown. He complains of the neglect
of the timber trade. France using no Canadian
timber while F'.ngland got much of hers from her
American colonies. He also complains of the neg-
lect ol the Huron copiier mines: and charges the
monoiiolist eomiianics with having failed to com-
plete their contracts to colonize the country. The}-
were bound to procure from two to three hundred
immigianlsayear, whereas very little had ever been
doiyj in the way of iniinigration, and nothing what-
ever since 1008. He charges the Governors and
Intendants with not intending to stay in the
colony, but merely using it as a means of prefer-
ment at home, meanwhile enriching themselves at
the cost of the colony. With reference to the
card-money (of which we will speak further on in
this chapter) he alleges that two niillioiis of livres
of it were in circulation in 1714, and suggested
that an investigation should be held with regard
to its veiilication and regulation, as the issues had
'li!
COMMElttK AM) INDUSTRY, 1008— 1774.
•20:5
I ul l>L'iii sc.'vi'iiiUy coinmiiinli'il liy spccilii' loyal
(Iccri'es. Ho ,siiLj;.,a'st('il tlial, llit' (idViTiini's iiinl
liilciidimts shiiuld bu cliiinL;'(^(l e\ci'V Uin'r nr >ix
Vi'ius, iiriil tlial 11 royal ('(iiiiiiiis>ii)ii nIhuiIiI lie ap-
iKiiiiteil to ii'ci'ivo coniplaiiil^ fioiii colonists, llr
ustiniivteil the annual vahu' of tin; iidtry traijc at
tlu! time III' wrote (I71.'i) at two millions oriVaius
(.■i!o7.>,0U0) ; l)iit it is diHicnlt to I'oini any cotri'ct
estimate of its I'Xacl vahn: (Im'in;^' any ptiiod of
Frcncli nilc.
0. — Tilt' nioiKipoly oi' .Aiiliei't & Co. v.iis siipi'i'-
seded, in 1717, liy the W'cstnii Coiiiiiaiiy, wliiidi
was al'ti'iwai(is inefvii'd into Law's
Trillins iKi-n.-is. Mississippi sclii'iiic ; and, al'tiT tiie
L'Xiilosioii of that notorious swindle, I
lii'ld a monopoly of tin; pultry tfadi; for ii fi'W yeai's, I
w Ih'ii it ii^iiiu passed iindiT regal sway, and so |
riiiiaiiied until the compiest, ii monopoly to the
last. Till) trading-posts of Ficinteiiau, Toronto
mid Niagara were taken into the hands of the
government, and trading lieensi'S issued, for the
avowed ])iir[)ose of enaldiiig the colonists to give
better pricLS to the Indians, and so i.'oiinteraet the
growing trade with the English. Some idea of tin;
profits derived from the trade, at this time, may
he gathered from the following [lassage from
Smith: "The amount of trade allowed to eaeh
license, usual cost of which heing six hmnlred
crowns, was merchandise valued at one thousand
crowns. To carry on the trade, and to conve}" the
returns, the license-holder was hound to ein[)loy
two eanoes. six men in eaeh. 'Jin; si;ller of the
license had the right of furnishing the goods used
in barter, at a price fifteen per cent, higher than
the market rate. A successful adventure, under
such a licensi,', generally gave to the UKU'chants a
profit of four hundred per cent, on the nierchaii-
tlise, and six hundred crowns to each of the eaiioe-
luen. The latter were not only entille'd to pro-
visions and clothing, but interested in the results
of the adventure, by having a legal right to divide
the surplus of the returns, after the cost of the
license, merchandise, and four hundred per cent.
profit to the merchant, had been reimbursed."
7. — Up to the time of the treat}- of Utrecht
(t71o) the French had done the bulk of the peltry
trade, in spite of the rivalry of the
English, and the antagonism of the
Iroquois; but the taking from them
by that treaty, of the Hudson Bay territory, was a
'llie Inwo of non-
iulL-icourHe.
great blow to the volume of their trade; besides
wliiili. the eom|iilitiiiii n illi the I'.nglish beeaine so
keen that the French found they could not import
goods from France, and ln'iter them with the In-
dians on niMiiv as good terms as the Fnglish could
olfcr. tliev ihcri'fore bought large (|uaiitities of
the goods tliey needed from the ICnglish. and a con-
sideraiile lontraband trade was kept up between
■Montreal and .Aliiany. 'I"i) stop this, (io-.-ernor
liiirnet, of New York, induced tin; Assembly to
pass a non-intercourse bill, in 17:i0, to last three
years, preventing Canadians from bartering their
furs in Albany for I'^uroiiean goods, and in 17-7
the law was made permanent. This caused an
iniincdiate increase of prii'es in Canada, and cloth
for barter rose from twenty-five to fifty per cent.
As a sort of retaliation for tiiis act. I^ouis XIV.
issiieil ail edict, in 17:i7, forbidding all intercourse
with the Hritish. The system of nn.noiioly oper-
ated against the general interests of the public;
the licenses were iisuall}' issued for three years,
and the holders, as a natural result, tried to make
as much money as possible in that time, and were
not veiy particular as to the nu-aus used. l{um
was luought freely into operation, and played a
very conspicuiMis part in tiade, the Indians being
freipienlly well plied wilh liquor before beginning
to trade. Some strange instances of curious bar-
ters are recorded, amongt them a purchase of
beaver skins, in 17o4, at a western trading-post, for
four grains of pepper each ; and another of a jiound
of vermilion being retailed in small quantities
so that it netted nearly one hundred ami fifty
dollars.
8. — In view of the immense importance of the
lumber trade to Canada in later days, one is sur-
prised to find that it was almost
entirely neglected up to tin; time '^"ilX^^iillg'''''
of the conquest. Whilst the New
j Englanders were exporting lumber, fish and pro-
j duco of various kinds, the French were confining
themselves almost entirely to the fnv-trade. ami a
little agriculture and fishing fordiune 'ie pur[)oses.
The fishing interest, however, improved after the
jieaeeof Uirecht, and, in 17--, there were fourteen
fishing stations below Quebec, engaged in seal and
porpoise catching, the gulf and river being then
much frequented by them. Later on, the expor-
tation of salted fish to France became quite an
important item of trade. The Canadians never
i- i
mm
m
1
II
1 1;
i ll|i'
204
TUTTLE'S IIISTORV OF THE DOMLMON OF CANADA.
paid nuu'.li attention to ship-bnililinjjr. except for
tlieii' .)\\ii iinnuHliate use, alllioui;li eiicouianeiiiciit
was olTcied li}' the lionie government, and in ll'-A
M. de JMamepas, tiien Minister ol Marine, j^raiited
a prennuni of five hundred fi'aius for every vessel
of two luindre(l tons or more, l)ni!t in the eoh)iiy
and sold ill Franee, or i. lie West Indies, and oni'
hundred and lifty francs for every liarLfe of from
thirty to sixty tons, lie also intimated that if the
niercliant siiips were satisfactory, tiio colony would
be given a contract to huild ships of war. An
eiTort was made in ll'-\'2, and ten vessels were
built: but tliey were not nearly so good as those
made in New iMigland, and cost nnich more, and
a large number of vessels used in the colonial
trade were bougiit from New iMigland.
•J. — Sonu! attempts at mining wvvv. made, but
were not very suceessfid, liie coal mines in Cape
liretou, already referred to in our
Tlio n:itiirn .^n^^ i , 4 i- i • .1 t
vniiuM.iimninirio chapters ou Acadia, lieuig tlu^ most
niip(U'tant nulu li-)i, wlieu a com-
pany was formed to work the iron mines at Three
Ivivers, a iirauch of Canadian industry which lias
greatly enlarged and inereas(!<l ; and the Tiiree
Hivets of t()-(hiy can bf)ast of having the oldest
Ibi'ge and smelling furnace in Canada. Copj)er
was known to exist in Canada before Cartier dis-
covered the country, and the aborigines showed
iiim sampli's of it on his \i>iting I>ake Superior,
and the Jesuits were always on the look out for
11 large de[)osit of tlu! ore in the n'gion of tiiat
lake— -nu'ntioned more fully in our chapter, ', 'l"he
Jesuits on tlu! Lakes ; " — but tiie few attemiits that
were nnule at mining the veins discovered proved
too expensive to |)ay. Considerable exeilement
was caused in ITlti by tlie discovery of tiie
"(■iiuseng" plant, wiiieh promised, at lirst, to be
of gi(!at value to the colony as ati ail icle of export
to China, wiiere it was in great demand, ami worth
from four to live dollars a pound, while it could
l)e bought in tiuel)ec for iifty cents a pound, and
less; but the eagerness to realize on it defeated its
own objei.'t ; the plant was not properly pi'epared
hu' mariu^t, the Ciiinese would not have it, and
the trade died oul. (Quebec was not only tiu'seat
of governmeut, but (ho centre of trade, aiul em-
ployed about thirty vessels in lier trade with
France. ^V cousiderabhi iiusiness was also (huie
with Cape Hrelou and the West Indies, iheexpoils
being llour, vegetables, staves, lumber, &e. ; wiiile
thertiturn cargoes were coal, sugar, rum, coffee,
and molasses ; aliout half a dozAMi vessels were eu-
gagi'd in this trade, and about as many more went
IViun Quebec annually to the .seal fisheries. A
writer ou the eoiulilion of Canada at the lime of
the war, which terminated in its con<iuest by the
English, t'stimates tiic value of its exports at about
two million and a half of francs, while tiie imports
were placed at eight millious ; included in this
latter item is a large amount fiu- arms, ammunition,
and naval stores, which wvve imiiorted in great
quantities, and part of wiiieh were used and part
— a considerable jiart- — stolen and misapplied by
the lutendaiit and other oflicers.
10. — As we iiave already noticed, all attemi)ts
at mamifactures were discouraged after Talon's
encouragemeut of industry in 1(171,
I n I 1 1 . 1 • .1 Inirciluotitin of tlio
and all goods had to be imported iK.ami sy.-um, n;;!.
from Fiance. This monopoly of
nianufaetnres coiuinued until ITU!, wiieii the Can-
adians were allowed to make coarse cloths. &c.,
for their own use — as already meiitioued in our
eha|)ter on the governmeut of the Maniuis do
Vaudri'uil ; but this manufacture was ('onliiied to
eaeli house, and was in no way allowed to form a
]iait of the eomiiierc(! of tlu; country. Salt was
also made, but only to a limited extent, and the
only jieriod in wliieli it is mentioned as iieiiig of
any importance was in 1T4(!, when works were es-
tablished at Ivamouraska, during war time when
salt was scarce ; but they were abandoned after
they had supjilied the immediate necessity. To
Inteudaut Migot belongs the credit of inlroducing
tiie pusial .system into Canada, and the tirst mails
were carried bt'lween Quebei; and .Montreal in
17-1. 'i'iio posting was, of eoursi\ a monopoly,
and the right was given to M. Eanouiller for
twenty years, the rates ciiarged being according
to the distance tiie letter was carried.
11. — The (question lias often i)eeii mooted as to
wlietiier there ever were any slaves in Canada,
and many writers have claimed that
there were, wiiile others have as stuvery in cuimiirt.
stonily maintained that there were
not. The facts of llie I'ase st'cm to be that there
wert^ some slaves, but lliey did not pay as a sjiee-
ulation, llu! climat(! beiii!'; uusiiiled to the blacks,
and. as negro slavery was (Uily a matter of buying
and Helling ju'djilable aiiiiiials, llu; race sooii died
out. (i.irneau admits thai there were some slaves
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. (1G08— 1774.)
20;")
ill tlie province at tlio coiuiiiest. ; aiul Sir I>. M.
l.afoiilaiiu', wlio publislu'd a [lainpiilet on tins snh-
jt'L't in iMiV.I, says: " Tho citizens of Montreal prc-
tjLMitcil re(piisiii()ns to I'ariianicnt tending' to cause
tlie icLjislatiiii^ to vintlicati' llie ri^iits of masters
overtlieir sla\t's. Tiie applicants invoi^i'il in favor
of their demand an ordiiianei' rendiMed hy Jaeiiues
Kaiidot, nintii Inlendant. dated Ajiri! |:!, 17011,
wliieii etliet was, tliey nrL;-ed, in forei^ wiieii tiie
definitive treaty of peace was signed, and hy eon-
su(puiice I'ornieil jiart and parcel of the laws,
usages and eiistoins of Canada, recoifiuzijd l»y the
Act of Q',iel)ec. Three hills on the sulijec^t wm'e
introduced, in 1800, ISOl, and 1S(.):!; hut none of
them passed. Since that time no local leni.-lature
sanctioned this matter, and if the act of Imperial
I'ailianu'iit of 17!t7 had the effect of aholishini;'
slavery in IIk! I'uitish plantalions, thest! would, of
course, ineliid(( Canada." One fael, howevt'r, is
noteworthy, that, on the passage of the Emanci|)a-
tion Act of 1n:U), freeing the negroes in the West
Indies, there were no slaves in ("anada to liberate.
lii. — Under French <lomination, Canada was
almost entirely frci; from customs duties until
17;")'), the only taxed articles being
Ik.iuI.mI wiiii'ii .,i>LS. inpiors, w Incli paid ten per cent.;
and tobacco, which \\;is eiiarged
live sons per |)o;ind. In i7r!;j all im^reiiandise,
with a (vw exceptions, was taxed three per cent.
(Ill vdlonnu \^■llether imports or exports, and a
s[ifciiic (hit y of thirty-four livres a tun was placed
on rum, and twenly-four livres a \<.v>^ on brandy.
'I'here were no bonded warehouses in thos(! days,
inid merchants had lo pay their duties on arrival
of tin; goods. The customs receipts immediately
before! the ciuniuest arc estimated at about three
Imndied ihonsand livres pi'r annum.
to, — The monetary systimi of Canada iiinler
iM'onch rule was lu'ver very perfeiit, and what
would b(! calb'd in modciii parhour
*' a suspension of specie paymt'iits,''
was rather the rule than the excep-
tion. A very larg(^ portion of the trallii! was al-
ways done by barter — so many skins for so much
rum, (H' other ccunmodities, \c. — but the amount
of coin in till' I'olony was alw ays small, and various
expciliciils were, I'rimi linu' to tini", resorted to.
The West. India (!ompany, in lt!7(', under royal
permission, coined small coin for circulation, to
the amoiinl of one huiidieil ihoiisaml livres ; this
Till' iniiMi'lary «.va-
tum, Caril-moiiiiy.
coinage was originally intended for the West In-
dies, but it nearly all got into circulation in Can-
ada, and soon rose to a iiremiiim id' fit'teeii to
twenty per cent. After Louis XIN"". had discov-
ered the ready ex[H'ilicnt of issuing paper money,
" redeemable by the government, and good as gold,''
it did not lake long tor tin- colonies to follow suit ;
and, in 1(1S."), the colonial government began to
issue jiajier money, in the shape of eNcheiiucr bills.
Thest! bills were in great favor I'lU- a while ; but
the treasury at I'aris being empty, and payments
growing, "'like angels \isits. lew and far between,"
a sort of state bankruptcy followed, and a com-
position was arrived at. under the government <>(
the Mar([nis de N'audrcuil. by which the holders
of coloidal i>aper received three-eighths of its value
in coin. I''or a time Canada had again a specie
basis, and ihe issue of paper money wassiispeiided ;
but the ■' cireulating medium " was siieedily ab-
sorbed, and the issue of '• card-miuiey,"" which had
been abolished in 1717, was again I'csoitod to.
'I'he cards bore the royal arms of !■' ranee and were
signed by the (lovcrnoi-(ieneral, the Intendant
and Coiitiollei'; they were in sums of seven, ten,
and lifleeii sous; and one. iliree, six. twelve, and
twenty-four livres ; and sinne, I'm' local ciiciilat ion,
were issued as low as one centime. The total
issue of this eiirrency was about one miilioii of
dollars; but it was subjecl to another .-yslemid"
inllatimi, which liaynal describes as follows:
"When this ainouiit became insnllieicnt for the
[iiiblii! wants, the Intendant was permitted to dis-
charge stale obligations wilh I lansferable bills,
signed by himself only, and wilhoul limit as to
([uantity. The nominal \alue of the.'-ii ri'.nged
between one ami oni! hundred livres. These eir-
culatcd in the colony every year until ()ciober
came. Then they were converleil inio lulls of
exchange, to be cashed at the Iveasury in i'aris.
lint the (|nantity soacciimiilalcd that, in I7b). the
French linances being embarrassed, llieir reilemp-
tion had to be deferred. An unfortunate war,
which bidke out two years al'lerwards, greatly
addetl to the amount of undischarged bills, while
it lowered the cNcliangeable value of all. Com-
luoilitics rose to a ransom price for those who
could pay only in eiirrency. ,\s w ar expendil ures
had to be maintained in the colony, the amount (d'
paper issues had liei'ome asloiiiiding by the year
17.V.t, when the I''iiiance .Minisier dccliinil to pay
']
•i
■ ' 1
1
1
1
mM
i;
m
iv. ^
20G
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
any more of the coloiiiiil bills until tlieir origin
iuid proper value could bo ascertained and tested."
The discount to pui'chasers who paid in coin was
usindly from ten to twenty per cent.
14. — It is difficult to tiet at any exact estimate of
the value of the peltry trade up to the time of the
Connuest, as the returns were all
Tmperfcct trnile rp- , ,, , i !• , /■ i
turns, cupiiiiiyof iiadly kei)t, aud little conticleuce
can be placed in tlieni. D Auteud,
who has been already (juoted in this chapter, esti-
mates fliat the value of exports from Canada had
lisen from half a million of francs per annum in
IdTT, to two million francs in 1T1"> ; and the most
reliable estimates for the }iars immediately pre-
ceding the Concpiest put the export value of
peltry bet ween tliree and four million livres per
annum. (Jovernor Murray, after the ('on([uest,
fouinl that the Customs Register tor lTiJ4, showed
an export value (d' one million and a half of livres,
and tiiat I'or 17.")."), one million two hundred aud
sixty thousand livres: but the returns wi'r(! very
incomplete, and but little reliance can be jjlaced
on them. The trade of the country \\as aluays
moiiiipojized in out; way or other, aud, of course,
it w.is n)t to till' interest of the monf)polists to
make known the large proiits they wci'e maldiig. It
was, also, to the interest oi' the governuieut olllicei's
to say as little as [lossible about the amount of
trade, for tlu'V were nearl}' all, frf)m tlii^ (ioxcrnor
and Intendaut down, engaged in traffic of some
kind to enlarge the sniidl salaries they received,
and maintain the amount of State show they were
expected to exhibit. 'I"he salary of the (lovernor-
(ieueral, I'or instance, was about twelve hundred
dollars a year, and he was exi)ected to keep up a
retinue of twenty-seven servants on that j)ittaiu!e;
so that it is not strange that the officials sent from
France, looked on (\inada only as a temiiorary
restiug-|ilaee, where they could make sonui money
to enjoy at more leisure when they returiu'd to
France, and. iherefure. used their power to actpiire
what wealth they coulil, sometimes by foul means,
during their terms of olVun^. Nearly all tlu;
immigration in later years was that of a horde of
adventurers who nu'rely eame out for a \\hile to
tiy to replenish their impoverished jioekeis, aud
they were not very piirlieular whether tlu^ moiu'y
eame out of the' imblic treasury or the pockets of
the colonists, so long as it weid into theirs, 'i'he
public service was, at first, cheaply admiin.^tt'red.
not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars a
year, up to 17-'J ; then it steadily increased, and,
in 1T4'J, liad reached over one million seven hun-
dred thousand livres, and, according to Kaynal, it
"knew no bounds after that epoch." The last
Intendaut, Bigot, drew two ndllions aud a half
livres during the last year of French donnuation
in Canada, and asked for half a million more which
he did not get.
1.'). — The history of the commerce and industry
of Canada, up to the time of the Conquest, may
be likened to the earlv da^'s of Cali-
n . 1. , T e 1111 miTerenoe between
lornia and Australia, after gold had iimniKratioimnii.i-
1 1 . , , , , Freiieli anil I-'nirlish
been discovered, wlien many thou- mie.
sands madly rushed thither to wrest what wealth
they could from the earth, aud then go somewhere
else to enjoy it. So it was with Canada ; except
the regiment of Carignan and the emigrants sent
out by Colbert to Talon, there was very little real
emigration to the colony; an(l taking into consid-
eration the death-rate from war aud small-pox, it
is not surprising that the i)opulation, in spite of
the fecundity of the French Canadian women (a
(piality they retain to the present day), did not
reai'h one hundred thousand at the time of the
Con(iuest. AVhen we cou^■ider that Canada had
then been settled nearly two hundred years, and
that not a century and a (puirter intervenes be-
tween the Canada of IT.")U, undtu' French ride, and
the Canada of ISIT, under English rule, with its
four millions of inhiibitants, its largo industries
and its immense trade, we can form some idea of
the difference of the two systems. We may briefly
summarize the difference to be this: Under French
rule, peo])lo came to Canada to make money to
spend elsewhere: under English rule, people came
here to find cheap homes, aud build up the for-
tunes of till! country at ihe same time that they
benefited themselves.
CHAPTER XLIV.
(iOVEllNMENT OF THE COUNT DE LA
{JAL1SS()NNIEI{E.
1. Ai'1'()intmi;nt ok tiiI': Coint kk laC.aijs-
SONNIiaii:, — "J. ills ATTKMI'r TO t'ONKIN K TIIK
E.Ndl.lsIl Coi.oNllOS TO TlllO SlOAtlOAUI). — ii.
dollars ii
ised,
and.
veil
llllU-
{iivn
d, it
Tho
last
id a
lialf
GOVERNMENT (JF THE COUNT DE LaGALISSONNIERE.
201
Normal Occupation of Tkuuitoky Wkst
OF THE AlLEGHANIES. 4. EUECTIOX AND
SrilESGTHENING OF FoUTS. — 5. RecAI.L AND
Death op De laGalissonnieke.
1. — The c.aptiiic of the Maninis de laJonquicre,
the appointed siieccssor to tlic Marquis de Beau-
. , ., iiainois, on ids way to Canada,
A|)iMiiiitnieiitnt the _ •' '
(.\>iini .le laOiiiia- caused the aiiiioiiitiiieut of tlie Couiit
de laCialissonuiure, a naval officer
of some distinetion, who acted as governor for
ahout tuo years. He was a very small man and
deformed; l)iit an alile and hrilliaiit officer, and a
scientist of no iiiran ahility. Immediately on his
arrival, he applied himself to a eomprehension of
the climate, soil and resources of Canada; and so
oreatlv was he impressed with the imiiortance of
not only retaining but enlarging and streiigtheiiing
New France, tliat lie very strongly urg ■ 1 on the
ifovernineiit at I'aris the necessity of sending out
about ten thousand emigrants to people the valley
of the Oiiio, which he claimed as French territory ;
and he also obtained a subsidy f(U' the removal of
the Acadians from Nova Scotia (of which we shall
treat more fully in ouv next chajiter on Acadia).
2. — He early turned his alteiition to the fron-
tier question, and he certainly took a very broad
iiis.,tt,.mi.t(o™„. view of the question, claiming all
li::;:,:,l" !^'iiio'».u. the region west of the Alleghany
**"""'• Mountains, and all the mainland
north of New England, except the peninsula of
Nova Scotia, which had been ceded to Britain.
He claimed the Acadian isthmus, and set on foot
a scheme for inducing the Acadians, who still
refused to take the oath of allegiance to England,
to emigrate there, and on the May of Ftindy, and
so build iq) a living wall of delciice against the
rapidly increasing province of Nova Scotia, which
was being colonized at a rapid rate. His idea
was to C(Hirine the English entirely to tlie sea-
board, and make a conqilete chain of lerrilcny
around them, t'xtending from the St. Eawii'iicc to
1-ouisiana. He was very jealous of the immense
strides which the English cohuiics were making
in immigration and settlements ; and hi! foresaw
that if they penetrated the lake eountry and the
Ohio valley, tiiere would soon be an end to I'^ri'iich
iloinination in those regions. He wrote to tlu!
French ministry as to the great inqiortanee of the
settlements on the Illinois, and said. " Tlie coun-
try once well settled, we wiuild become redoubtable
(HI the Mississippi side. If in the border war we
had had four hundred, or five hundred well armed
men among the Illinois, not only should we have
been undisipiieted, but we should have led into
the heart of the enemy's settlements tho very
tribes which have so often insulted us."
•■?. — M. de hiGalissniiniere to(dv active measures
for retaining the Ohio valley to France, and, as
the English continued to trade in
, .'' ^ — , ,1 AC 1 !»• Ml Formal 'KTiipjilidii
it, lie. 111 l(4n, sent M. tlelJienviUe, of leriitory west ot
, , , I -t ^ I the Alli'^hiinuts.
With tliree Jiundred men, to take
formal possession of the country, and erect
limitary poles, at tlu; bases of which were buried
leaden plates bearing the arms of France. This
was usually done in the pre-^eiice of the aborigines,
who, however, by no means freely consented to
the proceedings, but claiiiuid, with much justice,
that the land belonged iirither to the l''reiicli luu' the
English, but to themselves. Deliiciiv ille. however,
paid no liee(l to the ]>rotests, but had /jroei's-ver-
• \ liiiiix drawn iin, signed and read, and aftevwards
ll wrote to (iovernor Hamilton, of Fennsylvania,
inforining him that he had taken formal possi'ssion
of the eountry in tht; name of tln' King of France,
and requesting him to [ireveiit all peisons under
his jurisdiction from trading beyond the .Alle-
ghanies, as he (Bienville) had orders to arrest all
siu.'li, and confiscate their goods.
■1. — M. de laGalissonniere did lujt coiifino iiini-
self to these preiiaralions for holding what jiortion
of this continent he claimed as
, . X' !•< 1 J 1 Kr'i'linii mill
helonging to rsew rranco; Imt he KirnKihiuiiiauf
111 • !• I \ tolls.
strengtliened the garrison ot De-
troit, caused forts to be built at Green Bay and
Otidensburg, and one of stone at 'I'oronto. 'I'he
erection of the fort at Ogdensburg was protested
against by the iKxpiois, who sent delegates to
Montreal in tT4S to claim tin; land, denying tiiat
they had ever gi\en the Freiieh any right to it.
The fort was, however, carried forward. The
Governor-General also turned his attention to the
militia, and had an exact muster-roll made for
each parish, by which it was found that they
numbered about twelve thousand men. 'I'he
whole of tlu! count's brief adniiiiist ration was
marked by a restless activity for tiie defence of
New France; ami showed that he fully ap[ireeiated
the increasing danger to which she was constantly
exposed, from the rapidly increasing I'higlish
mn
■ m^.
1
■!
11
I: I
i;
i:
i
208
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
settk'inonts to lier south. Had tlie bold views of
the count hoen ciirried out, it is possible tliiit
New Friinco ininht not have been conquered by
Englimd so soon as it was, possibly not at all.
T). — The peace of Aix-la-Cliapelle liaviiii;' fi'eed
the Mavquis de la.Tonciniire, lie arrived in Au-
e;ust, 1740, to take the position of
Drhl!i;:;i:lo;;Mll^e' Governor -General of Canada, to
which he had been appointed in
174(5, and M. de laCalissonniere returned to Paris,
where he served as one of the frontier connnission,
appointed by tlie English and Fi'cnch (iovern-
nients, under tlie treaty of Aix-la-Ciiai)cllc, to de-
fine the boundaries of the French and English
possessions in America. He continued to take a
lively interest in Canadian affairs, and addressed
two memorials to the jjjovernment, reconnnending
a large emigration and the strengthening of the
forts between Canada and Louisiana, especially at
Forls Frederic, Niagara. Detroit and Illinois. The
count, who was naturally of a feeble constitution
died at Nemours, on ■Jtith October, 17.j(), while on
his way to Fontaineblcau. He had been entrusted
with the duty of conveying troops to Minorca,
and on his return met the English fleet under
Aduiiral Hyng, whom he defeated ; but the victory
was (if a negative character, as the light was a
running one, and not an English ship was cap-
tured.
CHAI'TER XKV.
GOVERN^IENT OF THE MARQUIS DE
LaJONQUIERE.
1. ClIAUACTKU OF Dk i-a.T(inqtui:ui;. — 2. Uk
IS OUDIOIIKI) TO TAKK OlM'lCNSIVl': MkASIIIKS
IN' ArADiA. — :]. AKi{i:sr ()i.''i'i!Ai)iN(; Excii.isii-
mi;n in tiik Wkst. — 1. Rkim'ohcjkmknth
FROM FlIANCK. I'AUTIAL RkI'AI liS T(» FoRTS.
— O. 1)K IiA.I(tN(il'lKl!i:"s QlAHRFI. WITH THE
Jesuits. His Death.
1. — Tiic government of the Marquis do la
Joiiqiiieie was neither a long nor a brilliant one,
and the most important events
Iium'i'uifcro" '" ' connccti.'d witli it come more prop-
erly under the affairs of Acadia, as
thty relate more particularly to that I'rovince.
The mar([uis was a naval Oificer of some distinc-
tion; but he was old (over sixty) and terribly
avaricious, not to say miserl}-, so that he paid
more attcntiini to angnuniting his «)wn fortunes
than to pronroting those of the colony. He and
the Intendant Bigot — the worst of all tlie bad
Intcndants — kei)t nearly all the peltr}' trade in
their hanils, and, besides, almost monopolized the
brandy traffic, which had now grown to be enor-
mous. De laJonquiere was, morcovt'r, at heart
a miser, and, although lie had approi)iiated over a
million livres during his three years of oilice,
denied himself almost the bare necessaries o( life,
and died, miserably, at l^uelxic, on 17tli Jlay,
1702, where he was iiuried in the RecolletCliurcli.
His trading and swindling was of tin; most open
and barefaced kind, and, together with Bigot, he
also swindled the Home Government out of large
sums drawn for the strengthening of the forts,
but which his avaricious nature would not allow
him fully to expend for the jmrposes for which
they were granted. He did little for the good of
C^inada, and much for himself in the way of hcaii-
iiig ii[) riches which he was not allowed to live to
•J. — De laJonquiere on his arrival declined to
carry out the aggressive views with regard to
Acadia which had been advocated
by the Count de latialissonniere, /.ll^^^!:;;^^:,!^!;"
Iiolding that the boundary question '" ^^""''"•
would shortly be settlcil by the Commission then
sitting in Paris. His timidity, however, drew
forth a rei)rimand from the French Court; and
he was ordered to su[ii)ort the Abb(S leLoutre in
his cihuts to induce the Acadians tolea-.c English
and settle in l"'rench territory. He, therefore, in
obedience to instructions sent the t'hcvalier de
laC^orncs with about eleven hundred French and
Indians, to take possession of the Acailian isthmus
and build a fort at J\Iessagouclie. 'I'liis led to re-
taliatory measures by (iovernor Cornwallis, of
Nova Si'otia. and acts of ri^prisal on both si'l.'s,
which will be found more fully referred to in our
next chapter on Acadia.
o. — The Acadian diiliculty was not the only
one, however, with which De laJonquiere had
to deal. He was instructed by the
Honu' (iovernment to maintain the i;nJ,'iTi!'iimuM"i'ii'itio
pretensions of the Count de la ^^*"''"
: ;
GOVKIJN.MENT OF 'IIIK MAliQUlS DuQUESNE.
20!)
Giilissoniu re to tlie exclusive rij^lit iit' tlie Freiicli
to all territory west of the Alk\nluiny nioiiiitaiiis,
ami to prevent any British traders (jperatiii;^ in
that region. These instriietior ■• he was the more
willing to obey, on account ot the large trading
interests he held, togetlier with Higot and otlicrs;
and in 17;Jl three ICnglisli tradeis in th(> Ohio
valley were seizi'<l and sent, togetlier with tiicir
goods, to INIoiitreal, wiu're they were detained for
some time, and only released after an angry corre-
spondence between De laJominii'ie and tiie
Governor of New York, aiul an act of ri'inisal by
the British in the seizure of three Frenelnnen.
While the English were eneroaehing in the Ohio
vallej'' and endeavoring to array the native
tribes against the French, the latter were no less
active amongst the Irocjuois in exciting them
against tin; English ; and, j)rineiiially through
La.Fonquiere and the Jesuit piiest l*inni't, succeed-
ed so well that it needed all the personal iidhience
of Sir A\'illiain Johnson — who lived almost as a
prince amongst the Mohawks and was greatl}^
loved and esteenu'd by them — to prevent that
tribe from openly joining the Freneii.
4. — I)e laJomjuierc clearly saw that in the
event of another war, which now seemeil inuni-
nent, the battle-iield would, to a
great extent, be riMuoved to this
continent, and a determined I'fl'ort
made by the FjUglish to conquer all the I'^rcni h
colonies in America; he then-fore urged the vn\>-
strnction of shi[)s, building and rc-sdengtlicning
of forts, anil the sending out of more troops. 'J"o
this the government responded as well as the
crip[)led condition of the treasury would allow,
an<l French war vessels again apiieared on Lake
Ontario, while Fiu'ts Frontenae, Toronto, and
Niagara were partially reiiaired ; but Oc; laJoii-
quiero's avarice jireventcd his expending all the
money sent him on them, and the Home (Jovern-
ment was constantly eoii.iihiining of the heavy
drain wiiich Canada was on tin- public purse, so
nuich so indeed, that it was siu'iously contemplated
to abandon the colony altogether. A (luanlily of
military stores, with corps of nnirines, and recruits
to replace invalided soldiers were, howi'ver, ^.enl,
and tile garrisons in the forts strengthencil.
5. — The trailing mania hail now grown to lie,
epidemic. All the government ollicers dealt,
abnost shamelessly, in furs, spirits, trading
Ui'inforccnuMits
fl.illl I''111I1TO.
I'artiul repairs to
Fulls,
licenses and everything by which J^;;„i.';;;i';;'}tf, ■•,';;,"
they could realize money, or nion- •'"■'"'"'• uudratii.
ey's worth; aiul the Jesuits were charged by
De laJompiiere with using their mission stations
as trading-posts, not only with the French, but
with, the iMiglish at Albany. The specific charge
against them was that at their mission post at
Sank St. Louis, they used the name of the Misses
Desauniers as a cloak for trading pui'poses, and
sent large quantities of beaver-skins, &c., to
Albany. De laJonqniero was too deeply inter-
ested in trading on his own account to brook any
opposition he could forcibly suppress; and, the
West India ("onqiany having made a formal com-
plaint, the Desaunier establishment was shut up
by order of the Ciovernor. 'J'he Jesuits were not
slow at retaliating, and preferred such charges of
null feasance in ollicc against Do laJonquiere that
the Court was forced to take notice of them, and
the go\v'rnor was called on io explain. This he
refused to do, entering, instiiad into a longaiieount
of his j)ublie services, w liich he thought had been
poorly requited, ami ended by temleiin >• his resig-
nation. 'I'his was accepted, and the Idarqnis Du
t^nesne appointed in his place ; but Dc laJon-
([uieic died before his successor arrived. De la
Jonqnic-re is credited with being the only F'rench
governor who ever expressed any desire to intro-
dnce the art of printing into the colony ; but it
was not with any iih'aof establishing a ncwsj)a]ior,
but only to save the luimerous ri'petilions in the
public accounts, and so enable him to niitke
moiu'y ; the idea, however, was never carried out ;
and it remained for the Anuuicans to bring the
first [)rinting-i)rcss into Canada.
CIIArTER XL VI.
GOVERNMENT OF TIIE MAllQLTS
DuQUESNE.
1.— DlCJUKSNlO in TS TIIK MiMTIA ON AN El'-
I'KCTivK War Footinc. — -2. Tiik Ohio ;\)M-
I'ANV. — ;5. Want of Tnioh amoncist tiik
Enoi.isu Coi.oniks. — I. WASIllNOroN's DlIT.O-
MATKJ MiSsntN IN Till', WksT. — O, Si HKKNDKU
oi'' Wasiiinoi'un at FoitT Nkcks.sitv. — (>. An
AUOKTIVK AtTK.MPT TO FOUM A I-'KDlCKAli
\M
ir
I
■~ t
i: ii
<f 'A
, !
sn I
i I
I li
:io
TUTTLI-rS IIISTOIiY OF THE DUMINlOxN OF CANADA.
Uxroy. — 7. Reixfouci;mii;n'ts sknt to hotii
THE English AND Fuencii (cl inies. — s. Gen-
eral BiiADcocu's Plan of Invasiox of Can-
ada. — 9. Cai'tuue of two Fuencii Vessels.
Declahation of Wau.
1. — The Miirquis l)e liuJoiiquiere wassuoceeded
by the Marquis Dii(2ik'siic (UMemievil'.e, wlio ar-
rived ill Quebec in Aii"ii.st, 1T.V2.
niiQiiosnc piitstho ^. , i p /-< i
miiiiiiiiiii.-meituctr He was a ciesceiKhiut or (jraiid
ivo war footing. a i • i i-» / \ i
Adniual DiiCjuesne, ana was a cap-
tain of marines at the time of his appDintment.
lie was highly recommended by ex-Governor M.
I)e la(ialiss()iiniere, and proceeded to carry out tliat
eiiergt'lie officer's jirograinme, being fully persuad-
ed that the Boundaries Commission differed too
widely as to the respective claims of France and
England ever to reach a peaceable solution of the
matter, and that (he sword, not the pen, must
settle tlie question of boundaries, and, with it,
tiiat of French or English supremacy on the con-
tinent. During the interval from the death of
Dc laJonquicre, in May, to the arrival of Du
Quesne, in August, the aifairs of the colony were
administered by the liaroii deLongueil, as senior
officer of the colony. His first efforts were turned
towards preparations for war, as his instructions
on the frontier question were so stringent that
they left no hopes for peace, lie had tiic militia
of Montreal and Quebec formed into eoinpanies,
and had the country militia called out and thor-
oughly drilled. He complained that these troops
had been badl}' trained, and were sadly wanting
in disci[)line; but he managed, after all, to show
a good body of men when the English again at-
tacked Canada. The Inteiidant, Bigot, opposed
the heavy training to which DiK^uesne suiijectcd
the militia, and claimed that tillage was neglected,
as the cultivators were always under arms.
'2. — AUhoiigh afi'aiis on the Nova Scotia frontier
had for some time assumed an alarming character,
it was in the West that tlie first
I III' (i\no (ninit.Tiiy.
iMK.iu.siii'foriiii.!, blow was struck which ended in
Uif wculuni tnmlirr. ,
(he lermination of French rule in
Ccinada ; and, singular to say, George Washington,
aftowards the active inslrument of atlaiiiing
Aiiiciiian inilfpeiideiice, was in eoniiinind of the
company engaged in the first act of the war. The
Siale (if N'iiginia laid claim to llie Ohio \alk'y,
as forming jiart of its western boundary; and,
in 17o3, the Ohio Cimipany was formed, under
charter from tiiat State, and made a settlement at
Shortee's Creek. The commandant at Detroit
promptly expelled these traders; and in an en-
gageiiuMit wliich ensiii;d with the Miamis, who de-
fended them, one Englishman and fourteen Miamis
were killed. Early in the spring of 1753, Du
Quesne determined to carry out his instructions
with regard to fortifying the West, and sent M.
Pean with a strong body of troops and Indians to
reinforce the western posts, and establish new
forts in the Ohio valley ; and Forts Pres(ju'ile and
JIachaul were erected between Lake Erie and
the Ohio, both of which were garrisoned. The
Irocjnois became alarmed at this appearance of an
armed force, and informed Sir William Johnson
of the state of affairs, while (heir envoys met the
French at Niagara and at Erie, and warned them
to retire. The officer in command, however, de-
clared that the land was his king's, and he would
hold it against all comers ; and, in proof of his
assertions, he fortified Erie, Waterford, and Ven-
ango.
3. — We must pause here, for a moment, to con-
sider the condition of the English colonies at this j
period. Althotigii numericallv very
^ :^ . , . \V:u\t, ot iiiiinn
strong, the colonies at that time anioni,'si ih,; long-
° . i-< , li»li loloniua.
had no union. Each colony was
dependant on itself alone, except what assistance
could be got from tlie mother country, and (hey
were not very much disposed to help each other.
Still, some efforts at a union of the colonies were
made ; Receiver-General Kennedy, of New York,
who had had many years' experience, advocated
the aiipointmcut, by the British Parliament, of
commissioners from each State to meet every year
at Albany or New York, to devise means for the
general defence. On the other liand, Franklin
opposed the appointment of commissioners, and
advocated a federal union at once. He said : " It
will not be more dilficnlt to bring about, and can
be more easil}' altered and inqu'ovcd as circum-
stances ma}- recpiire and ex[)crience direct. It
would be a strange thing if six nations of ignorant
savages should lie ea[iableof forming a scheme for
such a union, and be able to execute it in such a
manner (liat it has subsisted for ages, and appears
indissoluble, and (hat a like union should be im-
practieable for ten or a dozen English colonies, to
whom it is more necessary, and must be moro ad-
GOVERNMENT *^/ THE ^J.\I{gUIS DiQUESNE
211
viiiitageoiis." So it was tliat Virginia, the State
claiming tlie Ohio valley as [)art of its territoiy,
was left aloi; to take the initiative in repelling
the advances of tli' French. Governor Dinwiihlie
aijplietl to the English Government; but, beyoml
a decision tliat the Ohio valley formed part of
N'irginia, and a few pieces of cannon, no assistance
was received from the mother country.
4. — Governor Dinwiddle now determined to
send "a person of distinction to the commander
of the French forces on the Ohio,
WnpliiiiRton's iliplo- p ■ i-
malic iiiiBsioii in llie to KUOW IllS rcaSOUS lor UlVadlUg
the British dominions while a solid
peace existed." Tlie iiivoy so selected was
Captain George Washington, a young man of
twenty-one, wh'o was accompanied by the agent
of tiie Ohio Comi)any, an inter])reter, and four
attendants. His tri[) was made in tiie winter of
17ot3, and cannot be said to have l)een very suc-
cessful, although some historians dwell with ful-
some tediousness on this "first ap[)earance in pnl)-
lic life" of "the father of his emiutiw." It is
certain that Washington endured some personal
privation during the journey ; but it is also cer-
tain that he accom[)lisiied nothing. He attended
a council of the Delawares and Shawiices, and
proceeded to Venango with deputies of those tribes,
to give the French notice to (jnit, for the third
and last time. But the French olHeers announced
that they had no intention of (piitling ; and the en-
voys of the Delawares were so much imi)ressed with
the re[)orts of the fortifications at Waterford, Erie,
Niagara, Toronto, and Frontenac, that they con-
cluded they had pressing business at home, and
went to look after it. Washingtcui next visited
Waterford, which he found strongly fortified with
cannon. M. leGardeur de St. Pierre, who was in
command, received Washington courteously, but
refused to discuss the (luestion of the right of pos-
session; he answered simply: "lam here by the
orders of my general, to which I shall coufoiiu
with exactness and resolution. He has ordered
me to seize ever>' i.,nglishnian in the Ohio valley,
and I will do it." Washington, finding he could
do nothing, returned to Vii'ginia, and made his
reiiort of the i'^titude of the I'^rench.
5. — Governor Dinwiddle again a[)pealed to
the British Government tor aid, and also to the
Rurromiorot wnsii- otlier Provincial Governments, but
H:^^' "''"' '''"" without effect ; and, in 17r.4,
Washington, now a Lieutenant-Colonel, was
engaged raising a I'ogiment in Alexandria, Va., to
go to the fork of the Ohio River, where the Ohio
Company was building a fort. (This site is now
the city of Pittsburg.) Ilefore Washington
could reach the partly completed fort, however,
Contreconr, who was now commanding in the
West, attacked the foi't, drove out the workmen
engaged on it, and finished it himself, calling it
Fort dn(iuesne. Shortly after, hearing that
Washington was advancing against him, he sent
Junionvilh' and thirty men, to remonstrat(^ against
this invasion of French territory. Washington
attacked liis small bodj- — although it is alleged
by French historians that a trumpetcn- made a sign
that he was a messenger — and killed, or captured
the wholi! iiarly. Contreconr, who had meanwhile
fortified and pi'ovisioned Fort duQuesiK!, on hear-
ing of this attack, sent against Washington six
hundred French and one hundred Indians, under
eonnnand of M. deVilliers. Washington, hearing
of this force advancing against him, hastily con-
structi.'d a stockade at Great Meadows, on the
Monongahela River, which he called Fort Neces-
sity, and which was defended by nine pieces of
artillery. The French had no cannon ; i)nt the
fort being badly constructed in a hollow over-
looked by two hills, their marksmen soon pickiid
off thirty of Washington's men, and he was forced
to surrender. The surrender took jjlaee on the
4lh July, 1754, and the English were allowed to
retire, leaving the French in undisputed [losses-
sion of the whole region west of the AUeghanies.
Fort Necessity was razed to the ground and the
guns destroyed, and so nded, inglorioiisly for
Washington, the first Idow m the struggle which
was to wrest Canada from France; and, ultimate-
1}', the English colonies from England.
t]. — Tiie iMiglish colonies now became fully
alive to the fact that the French intended to main-
tain their possession of the Ohio val-
ley ; and a meeting of Commission- ;o'f"'r!'T;«i";;;'i''''
ers from seven States was held at ^'"'""•
Albany to endeavor to form a Federal Union ;
and to make a treaty with the Iroquois. The idea
of a union was not then carried out. A union
was proposed for offensive and defensive pur-
[loses ; but the members could not agree as to
terms, tiie colonists being jealous of vesting too
much powrr in the king, and the loyalists fear-
'iff
Im
m
!' I
la i|
it |l ■
irf
212
TUTTLE'S IIISTOllV OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
■ r. r
ing to trust as much power to the Federals as tliey
wislieJ to have. The only detorniinaticu, tliore-
fore, arrived at was tliat each State sliouhl call
out a certain quantity of militia, arm, equip and
train them in readiness to assist the forces sent
from the mother country. A deputation from tlie
the Six Nations was admitted to the Conference ;
and one of the Mohawk chiefs berated them rather
soundly for their want of unity and action. "Look
at the French," he said, "they are fortifying
everywhere. But we are ashamed to say you are
like women without any fortifications. It is but
one step from Canada liither, and the French may
easily come and turn 3-ou out of doors." The Iro-
quois were very doubtful as to the issue of the
war, aiul a large portion of the Onondagas joined
the French settlement at Ogdensburg; this, how-
ever, was to some extent due to the large amount
of presents liberally distributed by the French,
Avho were very an.vious to retain the good-will of
the Indian tribes.
7. — The mother country came forward at once to
the relief of the colonies, on hearing of the cap-
lieinforoements 8.-nt turc of Fort Ncccssity ; aud seut
;^>iFl^l!:^^&. General Braddock— an officer of
more bombast than brains — to
command the forces ; a squadron under Admiral i
Keppel being also sent to co-operate. Still war
was not formally declared, and the British Gov-
ernment continued the most friendly assurances of
an amicable settlement of the outstanding difficul-
ties in the Colonies. After the affair of the Ohio
in which Washington figured, DeQuesne receiviHl
a despatch from Paris, part of which read as fol-
lows : — " The disposition which the British Cabi-
net continues to manifest for maintenance of
peace, do not allow us to believe that it can have
authorized the movement so much spoken of on
the Ohio; and there is yet less appearance that it
has sanctioned any hostile demonstration on the
other frontiers." The indications of i)reparation
for war were, however, too clear to allow the
French to remain long in ignorance of the medi-
tated attack on Canada; and, after General Brad-
dock, with two regiments of the line, !iad sailed
from England, the French Government assembled
a fleet at Brest and sent six battalions of veteians,
numbering about three thousand men, to reinforce
Louisbourg, and strengthen the garrisons in Cana-
da. Tlie fleet was under command of M. de la
llotte ; and the land forces destined for Canada
were connnanded l)y Major-GenerJil Baron Dies-
kau, an officer who had greatly distinguished him-
self under Marshal Saxe. Two of the battalions
remained at Louisbourg and the other four came
on to Canada.
8. — (uMieral Bi'addock left England early in
January, 17oo, and reached New York about the
end of February. He at once sum- „ ,„,,,,
moned the irovcrnors of the differ- pimi ot invasion ot
ent colonies to meet him at Alex-
andria, Va., on the 14th Apiil ; and a plan of
operations was there agreed on. A simultaneous
attack was to be made on the French in four dif-
ferent quarters. Biaddock, with his "regulars,"
was to capture Fort DuQuesne and drive the
French from the Ohio valley; Sir William John-
son, with Militia and Iiulians, was to attack Crown
Point; Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, v/aa
to capture Fort Niagaia, and Colonel Monckton,
with a body of Massachusetts militia, was to assist
Governor Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, in driving the
French from the Isthmus and St. John's River,
and capture Forts Beausejour and Gaspereau.
Geiiei'al Biaddock was a great martinet; and had
already made himself slightly unpopular in the
colonies by disparaging the militia, and saying he
had no confidence in any but rcgula.- troops ; he
also disrated the colonial officers, causing the
generals and field officers of the pi-ovincial forces
to rank below the royal subal^Hirns. This caused
great dissatisfaction, and Washington and a num-
ber of other offi;;ers resigned ; but mattei'S, in this
respect, were afterwai'ds smoothed ovei', and
Washington accepted a staff appointment under
Braddock,
9. — The fleet of Admiral Dubois, bearing troops
and supplies for Canada, left Brest late in A^jiil,
175"); but about ten days previ- ,, , ,,
' .^ i ( .ipturo of two
ously an English fleet of eleven uiMlVutmit'.^'''''
sail of the line, under Admiral
Boscawen, was sent to intercept it. Still the Eng-
lish Goveriiment continued its pacific assurances,
and the Duke of Newcastle, liarl Grenville and
Sir T. Robinson assured the French ambassador
that no oidcrs had been given Boscawen to as-
sume the offensive, and that " certainly the British
will not begin the war." Boscawen must, how-
ever, have either misundei-stood his instructions,
or they were different fVom what the Duke of
li I
ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF GENERAL CORN W ALUS.
21;?
Newcastle represented tlieni to the French anihiis-
siiclor to be, for he eiicouiiterecl tliree vessels of
the French fleet otl' the banks of Newfoundlaiul
and captnred two of tlieai, the Z^sand the Alciilc,
the third escaped, and the remainder of the French
vessels being liidden by a fo;^ reached their desti-
nation in safety. This ca[)ture was tlie immediate
cause of the declaration of war by the Freneli,
although several other acts of hostility had taken
place on both sides previously; but as soon as the
news of this capture on the iiigh seas reached the
Court at Versailles, in July, 1750, it at once re-
called the French Ambassador to England, and
declared war against that country. j\Feanwhile
the Marquis DuQuesne, seeing that war was in-
evitable, had asked for his recall and ai)pointnient
in the Navy, and the fleet of Admiral Dubois
brought out his successor in the person of the
Marquis de Vaudreuil, third son of tiie former
Governor of Canada of that name, who arrived
early in the summer of 1755.
CHAPTER XLVIJ.
ACADIA — GOVERNMENT OF GENERAL
CORNWALLIS.
1. Dktkrminatiox to Colonize Nova Scotia. —
2. STUliNGTH OF THK COLONIST. AltltlVAL AT
CuKBUcro — 3. SwicAitiNG IX TiiK Ni:w Coun-
cil. FlKM A TTirUDK TOWARDS TIIE ACADIANS.
— 4. FoaNDiNG OF Halifax. Rapid comple-
tion of the Houses. — 5. TuouiJLE with the
Indians. — Exteumination proposed. — 0. Oc-
cupation OF the Acadian Isthmus hy the
French. — 7. The Aiibe LaLoutre.— 8. Found-
ing OF Dartmouth. Attack nv the Indi-
ans. — t). RESKiN.VTlON OF CoUNWALLIS. I{E-
viEW OF HIS Administration.
L — On the confirmation of Nova Scotia to Eng-
land by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, and the res-
toration of Ca|)e Bretiui to France,
<"i"iiizo Nova it was urged on tiie Untish Govern-
ment by Governor Shirley and oth-
ers, tJiat the most effectual way to counlerbalance
i'"i('ii('h influence in Nova Scotia was to build up
an extensive English colony there. It must be
remend)ered that at this time, although Acadia
was an English possession, tiie entire ijopnialion.
execiit tiie garrison at Annapolis, was French,
and tiiat the Acadians still refused to take the
oatii of allegiance to Great IJril.iiu, altiiougii they
iiad been fifty years nominally liritish subjects.
Tiie scheme met with success in England ; and an
advertisement appeared in the Jjomion (riizillf
signifying His Majesty's approval of it, and giving
details of the scheme. A free passage was to be
given to all emigrants, and provisions for one year,
as well as arms, aunnnnition, fishing-tackle, &c. ;
togetiier with a very lil)eral grant of laiul which
was to be free from taxes or rent for ten years,
after which tlie rate was not to exceed one shilling
for everv fifty acres. The grants were to be, fit"ty
acres to eveiy soldier and seaman, with an addi-
tional ten acres for every member of his family ;
to all army oflieers under the raid^ of ensign, and
navy ollicers under the rank of lici;tenant, eighty
acres, with fifteen acres in addition for every mem-
ber of his family; to ensigns two hundred acres ;
to lieutenants, three hundred acres; to captains,
four hundred acres; and to all officiMs of higher
rank, six hundred acres, with thirty ami's in addi-
tion for every meud)er of families in all these latter
classes. A civil government was to be established,
and the new colony was to be allowed all the
privileges of the estal)lislied plantations.
2. — The scheme was mainly addressed to the
army and navy, as it was suj ^loscd that as a large
nundier of discharges from both
services took place at the close ot (•(iiiinism. Anivai
. , p i 1 T at ClKbiu'to.
the war, many oi those so ilis-
charged would gladly avail themselves of the
oitportunity of securing homes in a new country ;
but very favorable terms were also offered to
farmers, mechanics, artisans, &c. Tlie scheme
rapidly became popular, esjjccially amongst the
retired army and navy ofFicers, as may be judged
from tlie fact that out of the twenty-fivt; hundred
and seventy -six souls who enugrated, there were
two majors, six captains, nineteen lieutenants of
tlie army, three lieutenants of the navy, twenty-
three midshii)men, and fifteen sui'geons. Tlie
exjjedition consisted of thirteen transports and []\e
sloop of war Spliinx, and was in counuiind of the
Honorable Ivlward Coriiwallis, tliird sou of Raron
Cornwallis, who was also aiipointed (iovernor of
the new colony. The tlestination of the colonists
r i
li!i
ii
:!■ k
214
TUTTLK'S lIlsroiJY OK THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
was Cliebucto (now Iliilirax), whoru Cornwall is
airivecl on the -1st of Juin-, 174!>. For sumo
years the date of the roiindalion of Halifax was
l>lac.;il iis the eighth of Jiine. on the sticns^tli of
the foUowlni^ nieniorandiiin found on tlu; liaek of
the mess-hook of the settlers ; " Sjihinx sloop of
war anived Sth of June, 1711', with (luneral Corn-
wallis and his suite. 'I'hey landed on (ieori^e's
Island soon after ; " hut the letter from Lord Corn-
wallis in a note helow, leaves no room for dout)t
as to the exact date, and also contains some inter-
esting iiarticulars.* The trans[)orts arrived in
Jidy, and the colonists were deli;4hted at the har-
bor, and the site for the proposed settlement.
Halifax was then a perfect wilderness, the trees
growing down to the water's edge ; the French
liad a settlement at Merligreche Bay, ten miles
distant, where the fleet came to anchor, but had
never made any settlement at Chebueto ; and when
D'Anville's fleet rendezvoused there no rliai'ance
was made, only enough wood for use ln'iiig cut,
and the troops camping on the beach.
3. — Immediately on their arrival the emigrants
* CiiKnucTO, 22d Jimc, 174!).
My I.imiis,—
I .iiiivcil liei'C ycstorcttiy. This iiiciriiiii); .a slnop .Triivod fnitn Mr.
Hoiisuii, wliii'li I iiiii (ilili;;('il to sciiil to lin.-itoii. 1 write to voiir l.ord-
slii|is liy tliis sloop inca.sc tliure slioiilil lie any vessel there, lioiiml for
Kii,i;l:uul. We met tlio " Vairyliiml." storeslii|i, .Tt sea, the lllh. after
we liacl lieeii four wi'i'U, from KiiL,'laiiil, who toM lis that the trans-
ports hail •■irrived at .Spitlieail tie." day after we sailed, and had proli-
alily eonie into the ehannel the .same week. We were thi'ii idV the
l.sland of Sable, and. e.\eept the lirst eif;lit ilays, liail met with ci ' -
trary winds all tlie passa.:;e, l!esl<les, w ■ had steered our course for
Cape Kaec, lint had lieen forced olT the i,.inl<s liy a ,';ale of wind from
the northwest, so that I liad reason to lielieve the triiiisports iniu'ht he
soon at Cheluieto. We had noliody on board that knew anything; of
theeoast or the Day of Fiindy, so we had to oriii.se olV the coast until
we should meet with a pilot.
We made the land of .\cadia the 14th. but met no pilot till the 'JlHIi,
when we met with one of tlie I.oiiislionr^' sloops with two pilots.
The wind did not then serve for tie' Hay of Fiindy. and the ollicers
assured me that, in ea.-i^ of fou'u'y weather, we mii;lit be a fortniu'ht
;;ettiii;,' to Aniiiipolis. The winil was fair fur I'hebiicto, .so I thoii;;ht
it aih i.sable to u'o in there, rather than risk the liein.u so loie,' alter the
arrival of t hi! .settlers ; besides, I eoiild save the ;,'arrison of l.oiiis-
lioiiii; the trouble of the bad navigation to .\nnapolis, so I wrote to
Jlr. llopson, Covernorof I.oiiisboiiri;. that 1 was uoin,;;- to Chelnicto,
ami desired him to brin;,' the garrison thither, ini.ininin^'he had trans-
liorts ready. His sloop, that came in to-day, had orders to wait for
mo to the IKtth. and he had sent another to .\nnapolis. liy his letters,
I lind he is iiifireat perplexity ; the l''rencli have arrived and lie li.-is no
transports. The council of war. it seems, was of o|iiiiion that the
orders from the secretary of war did not empower liliii to liiie traiis-
|ioits, but that he was to await my arrival, and have, from iniN the
transports that should brin:; t!ie setlleis here. As I cannot know-
when the transports will .arrive, or in what condition they may be,
nor how- many I can spare, I think it absoliitely necessary for Ihe
service to send the 'oops to llo>ton. with orders (to Apthorp ami
Hancock, whom Mr. llopson reconnnended to me as per.sons thathnve
were landed, and two of the transports sent to
louisbourg— which was then being swenrinRiniiH.ncw
evacuated by the Knglisii in ac- ;;;;'i',:'i',',„„',..i"';i,e'"'
eordance with the treaty of Aix-la- •^'■'"''»"■'•
Chapelle — from whence the}' brought two regi-
ments to reinforce the colony; and, on the arrival
of Colonel Jlascarene, with a quorum of the coun-
cil, a meeting was held on the 24th of July, and
Governor ('(uiiwallis read his commission, and
took the oath of oflice. On the following day a
new council was ai>pointed, and sworn in on boaid
one of the transi)orts. The members of the new
council were, I'a'il IMascarene, Hugh Davidson,
John (iorham, Heiijamin (ireen, and John Stilis-
bury. The lirst business that engaged the atten-
tion of the council was the administration of the
oath of allegiance to the Aeadiaiis, which they had
olislinati'ly refused to take for the past I'orty years,
without the in.sertion of a clause that the}' would
not be required to bear arms against the Frencli.
A dei)utation of tlieso Acadiaus from difl'erent
sections, waited on the council, and expressed
their willingness to take tlie oath, with the .isual
always .served the (lovernmcnt) to liire vessels, with all expedition,
for the transportation of the troops and stores from I.oiiisboiirj; to
(.'liebiicto.
I send a letter by t' e sloop In case she shonld meet with .1 vessel
•loiiii; t<i Annapolis, for ('olonel JIascarene. I likewise send a French-
man that knows the country overland to Mina.s. I have desired
Colonel .Mascarene to come here as soon as possible with a (pioriim
of the council, that I may open my comnii.^sion, take the oatlis. and
appoint .'inot'ier council, according to His Majesf' 's instructions
This Frenchman will be there in three or four days. It is twenty-tive
lea;,'iies hence to Minas. and there is a path that the French have
m.ade by driving; their cattle over there.
I am giving your l.oidships little information a.s yet as to the
country. The coasts are as rich as ever they have been re|ire.scnted.
W(^ have cau;;lit plenty of lish every day since we came, within fifty
or sixty lea:,'iies of the coast. The harbor itself is full of iish of all
.sorts. All the ollicers say this harbor is the best they have seen.
The country is one continual wood — no clear spot is to be seen or
heard of. 1 have been ashore in several places. The nndcrwciod i^i
only yoiiiif; trees, so that with some dilllculty one may make his way
anywhere. The D'.Vnville's licet has only cut wood for present use,
but eh'ared no f;roiiud; they encamped their men upon the beach. I
saw a few brooks, but haM not found the navi^-able river that has
been tJilked of. There are a few French families on e.ach side of the
bay, .about ten leagues off. Several have come on board. We came
to anchor in Meilif;reclie l!ay, ten leaitncs to the westward, where
there is a I'rench settlement. I sent .ashore for some fresh provisions,
and to see their houses and m.iuner of livim;. The f.amilies they
f(uind there h;ive very coiufortiilile wooden houses covered with bark,
a ^'ood many cattle and sheep, and clear .mnund more than serves
themselves. .\s to the number and disposition of the French and
Indi.ins 1 shall be able to give your lordships a full a 'coniit as soon
as I have seen Colonel Mascarene.
I nin, &c.,
[Siu'iied] Kl). CouNWAi,l.i.s.
To Tlie Lords C'omniissioners of j
Trailes and I'lnntiitions. j
1
ACADIA— GOVi:i{NMKXT OF (JKNKHAI, (•()|{N WAIJ.IS.
21i
reservation. This Coniwiillis fliitly refused to al-
low, ami told tiieiii tlic\ must eitlicr take the oatli,
iincoiiditii)iially, or picpare to leave the colony, as
it was ridiculous lor them to snj)[)ose that they
could own iiouses, land and stock in the I'rovince
wiiile they owned olieilience to a t'oreiixn })owjr;
and that it was not for tiieni to dictate the terms
on which they would take the oatii. Tlie deter-
mined attitude ot" tiic (iovernor scared the Aeadi-
ans, and they sent ain)tlier (lepiitation to endeav-
or to make some coni]iromise ; and an addri'ss,
sii^ned by over onelhousand inhahilants was after,
wards presented, sii;'nifyin<f their wiliini^ness to
lake the oath, with the old (iroviso; and statini^
that they feared to take the oath without that
reservation, on account of the close rt^lalions exist-
inn' between the French and the Indians, which
wiudd open them to the attacks of the latter in
the event of their knowinij that the oatli had been
t;i]<eu witliout the non-bearintf arms clause being
inserted. Cornwallis assured them that in the
event of their becoming His Majesty's subjects,
they should receive tlie same protection from the
Indians as other sui)jects; but they were peremp-
torily ordered to take the oath by the 2i')th of Octo-
l)ur. When asking whi!tlier. in the event of their
leaving, they woidd be allowed to sell their property
or take it with them, Corinvalli.; answei'cd at once
in the negative, saying that tlu-y had had that privi-
lege accorded them, for one year, under tlie Treaty
of Utrecht; but as th(;y had not taken advantage
of it tliey woulil not be allowed to take anything
with them.
4. — Inunedialely on their arrival the colonists
set to work with a good will to clear the land, and
lav out a town, and so well did
l'.>Mi\.liii!;rif Hull- ,' l j i ,. i ^ i i ei\ ,
fax. iM|.i,i.i)iniii» thev work tliat by tiu^ entl oiOelo-
liun ot* tliu huu»L'3. . ", ii.i'i i -ii
bcr they iiad three huiulrcd houses
roofed in ; aiul a stockade had been built round
the town to protect it from the Indians. At this
time the (iovernor's house was tiiiished, ami the
new town was called Halifax, in lunor of Lord
Halifax. There is a tradition tha: the present
I'rovince building stands on the site of the (iov-
ernor's house, which was defended by cannon
mounted on hogsheads liJled with gravel. The
selection of a site for the lu-wtown was excellent ;
Point Pleasant was first thought of, but it was
aftt'iwards determined to build Iiigiier up the
harbor, and the selection has certainly proved to
have been a wise one. The jilan of allotment was
characterized by the greatest fairness, 'I'he land
was divided into blocks of three hiindreil and
twenty feet by om' hundred and twenty, which
were again subdivided into sixtetiu lots of forty
feet by sixty each, ami lots were drawn for loca-
tions, so that no jealousy could lie felt on that
score. The hil)or of clearing was very heartily
undertaken, and in aliout a month over twenty
acres were cleared. Tiie houses were, of course,
of wood, timber for building ]uirposes being
brought from i'oston, and some of them were very
substantial; but many, owing to the inexpeiieneeof
the builders, were very imperfi'etly constructed,
and not at all adai)ted foi' tlu^ severity of a Cana-
dian winter, which, to some; extent, aeeounts ftu-
the heavy mortality the lirst winter: but intem-
perance was also a vei'v fruitfid source of disease,
the new colonists being too I'oud of "[louring the
spirits down to keep the s]iirits u])."
T). — On the first ariival of the i'iUglish tin; Indi-
ans seemed disposed to l)e friendly ; but they soon
beijan to evince signs of hostiiitv,
,?..,,,, , , '. ■I'l.Mil.lc with th.'
llCing incited thereto l)V tut! .leSUlL Iniliana IM.-nni-
. V . , ' • 11 1 iiali'in i.r.ipoaiil.
nllsslonarlc^^, and especially by
Joseph LaLoutre, who was exceedingly po])nlar
with them, and whose oveiY-eal led him to extreme
lengths, anil <lrew down on him at last, the dis-
pli^asure of his i.ishop. A formal treaty of peaeci
was signed wil'.i the Indians by (iovernov Corn-
wallis, but it was almost imnuMliately broken by
them, for in October, 1T4!>, they set upon six men
who were cutting wood near Dartmouth, killed
four and made one a prisoner, the other escaping.
Other outrages were also committed, which so
exasperated Cornwallis, that he resolved on the
extermination of the race, and offiued a reward for
every Indian scali) brought him. This jiolii'v ot
extermimition was not, lioivever, very vigorously
carried out, as the L(>rds of 'i'rade did not approve
of the proposed wholesale destructiini advocated
by Cornwallis, and in a letter to Jiim, dated Itlth
October, 174i*, they say: "As to your opinion,
however, of never hereafter making peace with
them, and wholly extirpating tliem, we cannot
but tliiidv that, as the in'osecntion of such designs
must be attended with acts of great severity, it
may prove of dangerous consecinenee to the safely
of His Majesty's other colonies on the etuitini'uf,
by filling the minds of the bordering Imlians with
■f
1
M
' 1
A
1
i
■'■It
I'.
> . 1 1
fii'li!
■I ■I
;i i
.!■:: !
i li
216
TUTTLK'S IirSTOllY OF TIIK DOMINION oK (^WADA.
ideas of our enielty, and iiistiLfivting them to a
(liiiitjcroiis spirit of resciitiiu'iit."
<). — The (jiu'stioii of the frontier of Nova Scotiii
early eiij^ai^ed this attention of Cornwailis, for ini-
niediatelv after tlic aiinointment of
Occiipntion of the ' . ' . ,
A.aiiiiiii istimiiis by tiio i\lar(iuis I)e hi .lonciniore as
the KreiuU. i f / , i
{iovcriior-<«eneral ot ( anaihi, a;4-
gressive measures were taken to claim the Acadian
isthmus, and the Ciievalier Do laCorne was de-
spatched to erect forts and hold the country as
French territory, lie was aided by the Abbe La-
lioutrc who induced many of the Acadians and
Indians to join the Fiench, and a body of eleven
liundred men occupied the isthmus, and erected
forts at Ik'au Sejonr, Hay Verte and St. Johns
River. On hcarini;' of this Cornwailis despatched
]\Iajor T^awrence with four hundred men to dis-
lodge De lat^orne ; but on his apjiroaching Chig-
necto the hitter withdrew to the North Ijank of
the river, which position he declared himself pre-
pared to hold. " My orders," he t>aid, "do not
permit of my crossing the river, and there is
plenty of room at tlie other side for 30U." Law-
rence, finding himself not suflTiciently strong to
dislodge so strong a force, liad to be content with
erecting Fort Lawrence and sending to Cornwailis
for reinforcements. Meanwhile the Acadians at
Chigneeto, urged bj- DehiCorne and the Abbe T.n-
Loutre, liad taken the oath of allegiance to Louis
XV'., and when De hiCorne crossed the river
they went with him, but some ])referred to remain
in their homes ; these De laCorne woitid have
permitted to do so, but LaLoutrt; with his own
hand set fire to the church and the adjoining
houses, and so forced them to join the French.
No further acts of hostility wii" then committed,
both parties a. \ ailing the action of the Frontiers
(A)mmitlee then in session. About this time the
British sloop Alhamj captured a French war sloop
which was taking supplies from (Jnebec to St.
John's Uiver, and carried her to Halifax, where
the Admiralty Court condemned heron the ground
that she was taking supjjlies to an unlawful mili-
tary post ; and this tended to cause more ill-feeling
between the two races in Nova Scotia.
7. — The most active foe to British ride in Nova
Scotia, and the man who might be called the evil
genius of the Acadians, was the
TheAbMLaLoutro. Abb^ Joseph De hiLoutre, who was
sent as a missionary to the Mic-
macs in 1740. lie was a bad sample of the politi-
cal priest, bold and unscrupulous, cunning and
vindictive. To his evil innuenee the Acadians
owed much of tlnsir future misfortunes, for it was
mainly at his instigation that they so stubbornly
rcf'i-ed to take tlu; oath of allegiaiiee. He also
induced large numbers to emigrate to Isle St. John
(Prince Edward's Island), where tliey suffered
great iiardshi[)S, and finally many returned to
their old homes ; and he was the instigator of the
occupation of tlie isthmus and the cause of the
Acadians joining in that movement. lie was
lii)erally supplied with moiii'y by friends in Paris,
and travelled a great deal amongst the Indians,
making handsome presents to the chiefs and
inciting them against the English. Cornwailis
issued an order for his arrest, and in his instruc-
tions to Captain Sylvanus Cobb, says : " I have
certain information of his being the author and
adviser of all the disturbances tlie Indian.! have
made in the Province." He is also accused of
having been the direct means of the murder ot
Mr. Edward Howe, a member of Cornwailis' Coun-
cil, by enticing him into an ambuscade Avhere ho
was shot by tiie Indians. As was to be expected
from a man of his character, he deserted the Aca-
dians in their hour of greatest distress, and escap-
ing, under a disguise, from Fort Beau Scjour, made
his way to Quebec, where, however, he was very
unfavorably received, the Bishop liaving disaj)-
])roved of his actions ; and on one occasion wrote
him : " You have at last got into the very trouble
which I foresaw, and which I predicted long ago.
The refugees could not fail to get into misery,
sooner or later, and to charge you with being the
cause of their misfortunes. It will be the same
with those of . :. Island of St. John whenever war
breaks out. They will be exposed to the English,
ravaged without ceasing, and will throw the blame
ui)on you. The court thought it necessary to
facilitate their departure from their lands, but that
is not the concern of our profession. It was my
opinion that we should neither say anything
against the course i>ursued, nor anything to induce
it. I reminded j'ou long ago that a priest ought
not to meddle with temporal alTairs, and that, if
he did so, he would always create enemies, and
cause liis people to be discontented." LaLoutre
did not long remain in Quijbec, but sailed for
France ; war had, h(3wever, been declared in the
i «
f thu iMiliti-
unniiit;' iiml
Ai'iidiiin^*
, for it was
stubUonily
. Ho iils'o
[sle St. .IdIim
ley suiTfi'id
•etiu'iuMl ti)
^ator of tlio
ause of tlio
Ho was
Ills ill Paris,
;ho Iiulians,
oliiofs and
Cornwullis
his iiistnie-
,s : " I iiave
aiitiior mid
iidiaii.i have
accusod of
c inurdor ot
wallis" Conn-
do where he
be expeetod
;ed the Aea-
s, and cscap-
Scjour, made
le was very
aviiitf disap-
casion wrote
very trouble
L'd long ago.
into misery,
th being the
je the same
henevor war
the English,
3W tiio blame
necessary to
nds, but that
It was my
ay anything
ing to induce
priest ought
and that, if
iiemies, and
' LaLontrc
It sailed for
hired in the
'iS;
i -H
r
\
i
i
1
i^!
Hilil'
i!i
■:'i
iiiil
II
'I ,
i
I i:
i I-
U I
it I
iii
'&.
4
>i II'
M
aiu
tiif
wiw
Foiiiil
muiul
the 1|
em II
Aik
anil
IL
ACADIA— (iOVERNMENT OK MAJOR LAWRENCE.
217
meantime, and the vessel he was iu was captured,
and lie remained a prisoner for eight years until
the peace of 1763, when lie was released. He re-
turned to France but rapidly .sank into obscurity.
8. — The most important event of the year 17oU
was the founding of the town of Dartmouth, op-
posite Halifax. In the autumn of
FouiKliiiKof Dart. i- ,,^ • i
iiiDuiii-Aiiack by tluit year the snip Alacniei/ arnvcd
the Indians. -i, , , , , i«^
with about three hundred and fifty
emiLirants, who were located on the opposite bank
of tlie river, and founded Dartmoulli, and Mr.
Aikins says that the first feriy between Dartmouth
and Halifax was established in December of that
year, John Connor being apjioiiited ferryman by
an Older in council. Mr. Aikins also says: "In
the following year the Indians surprised the little
vilhige at night, scalped a number of settlers and
carried off several prisoners. The inliabitants
fearing an attack, had cut down the spruce trees
near their settlement, which, instead of a protec-
tion as was intended, served as a cover for the
enemy. Captain Cla^iham and his company of
Rangers were stationed on Blackburn Hill ; and,
it is said, remained within liis block house firing
from tiie loop-holes (Uuiiig tiie whole affair. The
liglit of the torches and tlie discharge of muskcliy
alarmed the inliabitants of Halifax, some of whom
put oft" to their assistance, but did not arrive in
any force till after tiie Indians iiad retired. The
night was calm, and tiie cries of the settlers and
wiioops of the Indians were distinctly heard on
the west' rn side of tiie harbor. On tiie following
niorniiig several bodies were brought over — tlie
Indians having carried off the scalps. Mr. Pyke,
fatiier of tiie late John George Pyke, lost ids life
on tliis occasion. Tlioso wlio lied to tiie woods
were all taken prisoners but one." Mr. Aikins
says tliat from tlie first settlement of Dartmouth
lliere was a guanl-liouso and a small military sot-
tleiuent there ; and that a gun was mounted on
llie point near the saw-mill in tlio cove in 1750.
U. — Cornwallis resigned his position in 1752
and returned to Ei gland. In the short space of
Uc'BinnaiioMi.f tiiree years he hul converted a
l.i'mr;:,i,i"i,,i'';;a'.'"' "liowllng wilderness," if not ex-
"'""■ nctly into "a smiling plain," yet to
a very near appro nil lo it. He iiad established
courts of law ; organized a militia of eight liiiii-
dred and forty men for the public defence ; had
erected forts at U .iml I'rd, Piz6quid, Chignecto
L
and fortified George's Island. He also established
a j)ublic school for orphans, and by his wise but
firm sway proved himself a man of rare executive
ability ; tliat he did not succeed in conciliating
the Acadians was through no fault of his ; he tried
every gentle means of persuasion possible; but
they allowed themselves to be swayed by the evil
counsels of LaLoutre and others, and the severe
punishment which fell upon them under the ad-
ministration of his successor, was brought on tlieir
heads by themselves. In his last address to them
he compliments them on their industry and tem-
perance, and on the absence amongst tliem of any
vice or debauchery. He reminds them tiiat they
had not in any way been interfered with in the
full and free exercise of their religion ; and that
they possessed the only cultivated land in the
Province, which jiroduced enough for the support
of the whole colony. At the same time he firmly
insists on their taking the oath, and refuses to al-
low them to strengthen the French colonies b}'
retiring to them in a body, even without their
property. He points out that the French were
illegally taking possession of territory ceded to
England by treaty, and that in the event of war
they would be forced to take up arms cagainst
England. He concludes by promising that if they
remain peaceabl}*, when the country became more
settled, he would grant passports to those who re-
quireil them.
CHAPTER XLVIII.
ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MAJOR
LAWRENCE.
1. Settlement ov Lunenburo. — 2. IIorsoN
GIVES THE NlMHEU OF ACADIAN FAMILIES
AS 1)73. — 3. Reduction of Fouts Beau
Sejouu, Gaspekeau, and RiVEii St. John.
— L The Council decides that the time
HAS COME FOR TIIE I-X1'II,S10N OF THE AcA-
i:)ians. — 5. PiiEPA rations for the Exruii-
sioN.— 0. WiNSLow's Speech at Grand Pre.
— 7. 'I'UE E.MM.MIKATION OE THE ExiI.ES. —
H. Skven Thocsand Exiles. — The Amount
OF Property Destroyed. — !>. Miserable
Condition of Exiled Acadians. — 10. In-
M
I I
I
iip
'I'-
U8
TUTTLKS HISTORY OF TIii. .>0MINION OF CANADA.
DiviDiAL Casks of Hardship. — 11. Was
riiK Uk.moval ok thk Acadians .Iistifi-
AIJI.i:? — 1-J. TlIFli: JiKMOVAL A PoMTICAL
N'kckssitv. — l;!. No .Jistumcatiox roii tiik
Mannkr of JiKMovAi.. — 14. A Lksson
I'AIC.IIT I5Y THK Uk.MOVAL OF THK Ac.\-
KIA.NS.
1. — I'mcyrine 'I'liiiiinis Hoiisoii, wlio li;iil Ixmmi in
I'diniuiiiid of Louislioiiii;' diiiini; its (lecupatioii by
the EiiL;lisli, was iiii()oiiitt'il to suc-
i.uiuiiburi!. ceed CoiiiwiiUis 111 imz; but ill-
lieiilth coinpi'llfd liiiii to lesign,
iiiid, ill Noveiulicr, IT"):), liu was siiccuedcd by
Majm- Charles Lawrence. The most important
event diirint; his brief adininistialion was the
setlleincnt ol" Lunenburjj^ "'■■ !i!'te<'ii iimidred (ier-
iiiaiis. In the Spring of ITol, nine liuiidreil and
fifty-eight German settlers had arrived at Halifax,
and about one thousand more followed the next
year. This emigration, aliiiongh veiy weleome,
was greater than there \\as iUH'oinniodation for,
and temporary' barraeks had to be erected. In
the S])ring of 17o;5, it was thought iiest to form a
new settlement at Merli'i'iesh (now l.uneiiburg),
and lifleeii hundred of the new eiiiigrants were
sent there, with building niaterial, provisions, &e.,
to form a. new town. They were aetompaiiied by
^lajor ( Jiiiham. Lieiil'-nanl Cifighton, and a eoin-
]iaiiy of the Itaiigers.* The remainder of the
(u'linaii emigrants settled in the north suburbs of
Halifax and formed Dutch 'l"o\\ n.
'2. — During (he short adiiiiiiislration of (rdvernor
llopson, no termination (if the existing diilieiilly
willi the .A radians was rearhed.
Ildpsnll 'jivi'S tllft ,,, . . , ,
iiiMiiiiir.ii A.iuiiaii Iwopelitioiis Were iiresented, but
fiiinilii'8 118 lP7y. , ' ...
they were merely repetitions nl
those already received. 'I'he .\eadiaii- would iml
take tiie oath, unless they were allow id to swear
*.\ni(mu'>t tliR si'ltlrrs wild iiniM'cl wiUi Cnrnw.'illis \\:is l.ii'iitiii-
iiiit .loliii CriM^ilitdii, llic Sdli of 11 ;;('iilli'iiiMn ill tlip MUitli (if l',ii'.;l:iiiil,
\vlicM'iilcn-cl tlio:iriii\ rally in life, and Wiis at llic liattli' nf I'ijiiUiimv.
Ill' was aniiin:,' tlic olliii'is iliMliar;.;i'il al llir |n'ai'i' of Aix-la-riia|iiili'
in 17IH, ami was iilaccil mi tlic liair-|«iy of (.'oloiicl Warliinlon's
iciiiiiii'iit of foot. (Jrc'iulilon was si'iit to iMi'ilii|iirsli wiUi llio (iiT-
iiiaiis, ill ITo'J, and tooli a li'adlii;; jiart in tlir sillii'ini'iil of lainr'.i-
bin;;. wlic'ir lii' loiitiiincrl to i'('-.|dn till Ids cli'atli in ISI17. llr was
np|ioiiitrd l.ii'iili'ii;iiit-(.'(doni'l of Militia, a .liid^c of llii' Coiiit of
Con.inon I'Icas, and, I'li llii'litli .M.iv, ITTii, a nii'niln'i'cd' His .\lajt>l,v's
Coiini'il, wliirli olMc'C he .'iftcvwards icslniii'd. Mr. ( iiiulilon was
fatliorof till' lati' Colonel .losi'idi Ciri^jliton, and KrainllatliiT of tlii!
lion. Jolin ('i'i'ii;liton, id' l.nni'idnir);, now a nii'inlxM' of tin' l.i';;isla-
ti\ I' Oanuil of No\a .Si'otiii.-t'(iiii;/()( //'s llmtoiy o/' A'ncii *iv7«i.
that they would do just as they iileascd. and the
pnsilion of things was not materially ehaiiged,
except that both tiie Houu! and Cohuiial (iiivcni-
mciits were getting more and more convinced thai,
as tiie .Acatbans would not swear to liecoiue loval
subjects, the time was fast a|)proaeliiiig when it
would be necessary to send them to some jilace
wliere their avowed dishivally would be less dan-
gerous tiian it was in such close proximity to a
powerful French settlement. In a dr>]iatch sent
to tiie Lords of Tratb' by llopson, under dali> liild
of July, ITo;!, he gives the number of .Acadian
families at Annapolis, Minas, I'izeqiiid, and ri\cr
Canard as nine iniiidred and ten, and limsi' at
Tatamagouehe, Cobeqiiid, Cape Sable, and I»im-
eliitpie as sixty-tliree. Tiie number of Indians lie
jilaces at three hundred families, and estimates
that they had not more tiian two hundred warriius
amongst them. He states that the Freiicli were
strengthening Fort Beau Sejour, and gives it as
Ids o[)iiiioii tiiat the Engiisii colonists can never
rest in jieaeo until tiie French flag is removed.
In asking for reinfori'emeiits he half apologizes,
saying that their lordships wdl doubtless think
it strange that he sliould re([uire more force to
subdue so small a niimber id' peojile, but aceoiints
for it by the i'acts of a large number of soldiers
being retpiired to guard the forts, and the jieeiili-
arities of Indian warfare.
• )• — .Major Charles Lawrence, wlio succeeded
Hoiison as governor, tui November 1st, ITo!!, wcs
major in Wurburtoii's regimeiit, ii,.du,.ti,.n„tf,.r,8
w liicli formed jiart of the garrison
of Loiiisbourg during its oceiipa-
tioii by the Eiiglisii ; and he came to Halifax in
July, 1T4'J, when two regiments were transfcrrcil
thilher on the evacuation of Louisbmirg. He
was siioilly after ap[)oiiiled a menher of council,
and pidveil an active and eiicrgetic, dllicei', being
engaged in Jiolding the French in check at Beaii-
bassin and Cliignecto. and also in founding tlie
(lermaii colony at Lunenburg. Amongst the first
siilijeets whicii engaged the attention of the
new governor was ihc expulsion of the French
from Fort Beau Sejour. 'i'he eiieroaehmeiits of
the French on the .Xcadian isthmus had aroused
the jeahuisy of (l(i\ciiior Shirley, id' iMassaeliii-
sclts, and a eonfciciice was lu Id al Boston be-
tween him anil Cohiiiel Mdiicklon and Captain
Scott, who liad been delegated by (Jovernor
Hi'au Sijiiiir, Oa.s-
IMTfaii, anil rlvur
SI. -lolMl.
ACADIA— GOVEllN.MKNT OF MA.IOIl LAWIIHNC^E.
•IV.^
Liiwveu i'. Tlie confuri'iice eiidod in a (leleniiiiia-
tioii to make a strong and coiuliiiioil altauk on the
Ficncli I'oils at litan l^ijour, (jasjiican, and
liver St. John, and jtreparalions were s[)eedily
and seeretly made. Tin; expedition eonsisted of
tl)irty-si.\ vessels witii aliont two thousand \e\v
England militia, and was nn(h>r command of
Colonel Monekton; it sailed from lioston on llie
•2-")d of .May and readied Fort Lawrenei!, oi)posite
Fort l>ean Sejoiii', on llie 2d of Jane, when tlie
troops were landed. The commandant at Fort
Beau Sejour, Vergor, had only one hniidred and
fifty men. and was taken quite by snr[)rise. lit,
liowever, hastily summoned the Aeadians, and by
threats, and throiigii the inilnence of LaLoiitre,
iiidiieed about three hundred to join in the de-
fence of tiie fort, tlieir families being sent iidand.
Tiie siege lasted fonrlecn days, when, on tiie
morning of the sixteenth, a shell fell on the prison,
killing three Fremhmen, and an ICnglish ofliciir
who was eonlined there. 'Ihe defence of the
garrison had never been very sjiiriled, and Vergor
now olTered to surrender. lie was allowed to do
so, and the Freneli troop.s wore sent to Louisboiirg,
while the Aeadians were allowed to go free, on
the ground that they had Ixicn forced to take up
arms by the French. 'I'liis is only another in-
stance of thi! lenient manner in whicii tliese peoi)lo
Avere dealt with, until leniency ceased to be any
longer possii)le. On the fall of Heau Sejour, the
fort on the (laspercau surreiulered, and, on the
fleet arriving at river St. John, the French ollicer
in connnand blew iii) the fort there and retired.
'I'he object of the expedition was thus easily
accomplished with veiy small loss. i>eau Sejour
was garrisoned, and was aflerwartls called Fort
Cumberland.
■1. — We now come to that poilion of the history
of Aciidia which some historians have not hesi-
'i'ho cmiii.ii .i.tI.Ii'h tatcd to characterize as one of iin-
n,m,'!wu"'.'«imi- exauipled tyranny in modern days,
»iouoni.oA,mii,m8. ,|;i„„,iv, (1,,! hu'cible expulsion \)f
the Aeadians iVom their homes, the confiscation
of their proiierly, and their distribution over the
other English Colonies. \\'e shall I'esei've any
comments until tin' end of the chajiter, contenting
ourselves, at prcseiil, with a recital of the events
as thev Iranspired. 'i'he c(Hilinued obstinacy of
tlio Aeadians, and their open iiostility, as shown
by three imndred of tiieni being fiuind in arms in
Fort IJeau Sejour, addi'd to the fact that war
between iMigland and 1'^ ranee coidd no longer be
avoided, maile tlu; presence of these peo|ile in a,
IWitish [)r(ivinc(; a constant menace, and it was
ilelcrinined to take steps to remove them. On the
3d July, IT.")."), a council meeting wasiieldat Hali-
fax, at which were jiresent (iovernor Lawrence,
and Councillors Benjamin Ciieen, J. Belcher,
William Cotterell, anil John Collins, to consider
a memorial from the inhabitants of Minas and
ri7.e([uid, with regaid to the order lo them to
deliver up their aims. The menioiial was about
the same in sid)stanee as its predecessors, com-
plaints of injustice and oppression, vvithout any
specilications and the usual refusal to take the
oath. A portion of the memorialists were brought
before the council, and, after the nu'Uiorial had
been read over anil discussed with them, they
wei'c asked to give a single instance where the}'
had been unjustly treated by the English, or
where they had suffered any hardshiii, and they
were forced to confess that they could not point
to a single instance, and to admit that the laws
were just and fairly administered. On their refus-
ing to take the oath they were given a day to
consider it; and, on their again refusing the next
day, were ordered into con(inenient. The gover-
nor now called another meeting of council for
the l."ith of Jul}', at which he invited Admirals
IJoseawen and Mostyn to be j)resent, and the
whole council, including the admirals, were of
tiie opinion that the time had come \\hcn the
Aeadians must either take the oath or leave the
country. Lawrence embodied this resolution in
his report of iSth of July, to the Lords of 'I'rade,
and expressed his determination "to bring the
iniiabilauts to a compliance, or rid the I'rovinee
of such perlidious subjects.
;"). — Aiuither ap])eal was made to thi! .Aeadians
to send new deputies to consider seriously the
position they were taking; and,
aecordinglv, amither meeting of i;i''i'nniii"ii»for
couiHiil was held on the 2.")th of
July, at which those of (he dep'ities who had ar-
rived were present ; they declared that the iidiabit-
ants well' unanimous in their deleiuiinalimi not to
take Ihe oath. 'I'he council reasoiu'd with ihem;
and, in ovdi'r lo give them a la.st chaiu'c, adjourned
till' meeiing until the 2J<lh, iiy which time Ihe
other deputies W(Uild have arrived, ami the\ Uduld
il
■ ' i
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1
I'M
i
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'! J
ill'
220
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
have liiid ivu oijportuiiity of consulting togetlier.
On the 28th, all tlio cle])uties appeared before the
council, and firuih' refused to take tiie oatii, saying
tliat the people were unanimous in their deter-
mination not to do so. After tlie deputies liad
retired it was agreed by tlie council that tiie only
course to be pursued was to send the Acadians
out of the province, and distribute them amongst
the otlier colonies, and ;,hat arrangements should
be made for doing so with as little delay as possi-
ble. For this purpose Governor Lawrence wrote
to the Governors of the various colonies, explain-
ing what he intended doing, and asking tlieir co-
operation in providing for the exiles and preventing
their returning to Acadia. He also ordered trans-
ports from Boston to rejjair to the various porta
where the embarkations were to take place ; and
sent instructions to Major John Handfield, com-
manding at Annapolis ; Colonel Monckton, at
Beau i^ejour, and Colonel Winslow, at Minas, to
prepare lor having the people removed. The in-
struct' '.IS were very severe, and tiie ofScers were
ordered to use force, if necessary, to get the people
on board tiie transports; and that if any escaped
to the woods, their houses and crops were to be
burned, so as to deprive them of means of sub-
sistence.
t5. — It was September before tlie preparations
were completed, and tlie Acadians had gathered
their crops, and were perfectly ig-
arc'in.narrlif*'"^ uoraut of the arrangements lieing
made for their removal. At Anna-
polis and Cumbcrlaiul the people got some intiini;-
tionof wdiat was al)oiit to lake phue, and many lied
to the woods, ami at the latter place some resistance
was made. Keferiing to the latter place Mr.
Sabine says : '* Two hundreil and fil'ty-three houses
wvvo set on fire at one time, and their owners
lieiield the awful calamily from the neighboring
woods in unspeakable agony; when, at lenglli, an
attempt was made to burn the church, (liey. sud-
denly emerged from the forest, slew and maimed
about tliiity of their enemies, and quickly returned
to 'GoiTs first temples.'" At Minas the people
were taken entirely by surprise. Tlie commanding
olTicer issued an order to the inhabitants of tlie
di>tiict to meet liiin at the church at Grand l*re
(wJiere the scene of Longfellow's "Evangeline" is
laid) to hear the commands of the king cdiicerning
them. Ill answer to this summons four iiundied
and eighteen heads of families assembled, when
Colonel Winslow,* standing by the altar rail sur-
rounded !)}• his officers, addressed them as follows:
"Gentlemen, I have received from His Excellency
Governor Lawrence, the king's conmiissioii, which
1 hold ill my hand ; and by his orders you are con-
vened together, to manifest to you His Majesty's
final resolution to tlie French inhabitants of this
his Province of Nova Scotia, who, for almost half
a century, have iiad more indulgence granted to
them than any of His Majesty's siil)jects, in any
part of his dominions ; what use you have made of
it, you yourselves best know. The path of duty
I am now iijjoii, tlunigh necessaiy, is very disagree-
able to my natural make and temper, as I know it
must be grievous to you, who are of the same
species; but it is not my business to animadvert,
but to obey such orders as I receive, and, therefore,
without hesitation, deliver to you His Majesty's
orders and instructions, namely, that your lands
and tenements, cattle of all kinds and live stock of
all sorts are forfeited to the crown, with all your
ether effects, saving your money and household
goods (id you yourselves to be removed from this
his pi .nice. Thus, it is peremptorily His Ma-
jesty's orders that the whole French inhabitants of
these districts be removed ; and I am, through His
Majesty's goodness, directed to allow you liberty
to cany off your money and liouseli,)ld goods, as
many as you can, without discommoding the ves-
sels you go ill. I shall do everything in my power
that all these goods be secured to you, and that
you are not molested in carrying them off, also,
that wliole families shall go in the same vessels,
and make this remove, which I am sensible must
give 3'ou a great deal of . ()ul'le, as easy as His
Majesty's service will admit; and ho|ie that in
wliatsoever part of the world you may fall, you
may be faithful subjects — a peaceal)le and liappy
people. I must also inform you that it is His
.Majesty's iiU'asure tliat you remain in securit\
under the ins[ii'ction a'id dii'eclions of the troops
liiat I have the power to command."
* WiiisIiAv, wlioso liocili iiiij JDiiiiinl, wliile ni'^iijipil in tlio rnnovnl
(if tlie Ai':i(li:iii!<, lire in tli(' |i(isspssi(m of tlio Miissiiclnisctts insturiciil
iSiiiit'ty, lit liiistdii, \v:is ii smi "f ls:iiu! Win^ldW. of Mai'.sliliulil, in
MMSsiicluifctts, ami t;n'at-j;riin(lson (if r.ihvard Winslmv, (ine of tno
lirst riynioiitli si'ttlcrs. He was a laptjiin of l'rii\ incialu in tlip nnfoi'-
liinalc ('.\|i('(lition to Cuba, in 17>l(l. ami attciwanln an oHlc'r in tin?
Hiilish aiin.v, and a Major-tiincral ol Militia. So uro;'' wa.'f liis
liopiilaritv iliat he ralsi'd, for tli(! exiiedition nnder MoncUton, two
thousand men in the space of two imintlis. lie died at iMarshlield, in
I'lTl, ayed te\enl)-tliree jeai's.— f.'iii/(;i6i'(ra ///s^oij/ iij' Jfura ,'iculio.
ACADIA— GOVERNMENT OF MAJOR LAWRENCE.
221
7. — Tliis announcement fell like a thunderbolt
on the as.seml)liige; although they had long known
that tliis would be the inevitable
The embarkaUoii of j-csidt of their obstiiiacv, they had
tha exiles. _ j i j
no idea the dcnoucmciit was so near,
a.ul its suddenness for awhile paralized them. Win-
slow 'vas true to his promise to do all he could for
tiiom, and allowed the prisoners, ten at a time, to
visit their families and make wliat little prepara-
tions were needed for their departure. They were
kept in the church severivl days until the trans-
ports were ready (r oceive them, and on the 10th
of September, all preparations being completed,
the embarkation of the men commenced. An old
writer thus describes the scene : " The prisoners
were drawn up six dee}), and the J'oung men, one
hundred and sixty one in number, Avere ordered
to go first on board the vessels. Tliis they instantly
and peremptorily refused to do, declaring that they
would not leave their parents; but expressed a
willingness to obey the order, provided they were
permitted to embark with Iheir families. Their
request was immediately rejected, and tlie trooj)s
were ordered to fix bayonets and advance towards
the prisoners, a motion Avhich had the effect of
producing obedience on the part of the young
men, who forthwith commenced their marcii. The
road from the chapel to the shore, just one mile in
length, was crowded with women and children,
who on their knees greeted them as they passed
wilii tlieir tears and their blessings ; while the
|)risoners advanced with slow and ri'luctant steps,
weeping, praying and singing liymns. This de-
tachment was followed by the seniors, who passed
through the same scene of sorrow and distress.
In tins manner was tlie whole male population of
Minas put on board five transixn-ts, stationed in
the river Gaspereau, each vessel being guarded
by six non-commissioned officers and eight}' pri-
vates. As soon as the other vessels arrived, their
wives and eiiiiilren followed, and the whole were
transported from Nova Scotia.
8. — The total niiinl)er of persons removed was
about seven tliousau'' ; and, according to Mr. Mnr-
sevBii thouBand docli tile number of cattle was seven
ot'^miJir"""""' thousand eight huiulredand thirty-
.lestroyod. t,^,.^,^,^ Ill t he district of MiiKu the
whole numlier of i)ers<ins Iransportedwas nin(;teen
Inindred and twenty-three souls, consisting ot four
hundred and eiglity-three men and tiiree hundred
and thirtA'-seven women, heads of families; tlieir
sons and daughters numbering five hundred and
twenty-seven of the former, and five hundred and
seventy-six of the latter. 'I'lieir stock was upwards
of five thousand honied cattle, four hundred and
ninety-three Iiorses, and twelve thousand eight
hundred and eighty-seven sheep and swine. The
destruction to property was immense; llaliburton
puts the numbers in the district of ]Minas at two
hundred and fifty-five houses, two hundred and
seventy-six barn.s, one hundred and fifty-five
out-houses, eleven mills, and one elinrch ; and a
number of liouses and other property were de-
stroyed in other parts of the country. All the
transports, however, did not reach their destina-
tions; one of those which sailed from Annapolis
lioyal was seized by the passengers, numbering
two hundred and twenty-six souls, and taken to
tlie St. John River; and another was driven into
the West Iiwlies, through stress of weather.
9. — The unfortunate Acadians were distributed
amongst the other Provinces, where they were not
wanted and not liked, as they
were ot a dilterent laitli and spoke of the exikd A^a-
a (bllerent language. Alioiit one
tiiousand were sent to Massachusetts, a number to
New York, Philadelphia, ('oniiectieut, and other
points. Their condition was, for the most part,
utterly wretched; strangers in a strange land,
they iiad no one to help them, and the majority
could not Iiel[) themselves ; even those who could
wiu'k, and were willing to do so, could not find
any employment, as it was too late in the season
for agricultural labor, and they under.stood little
else. As a natural coiise([iiciice, they became a
burden on the various colonies to which they had
l)een sent, and their governors a])plied to (ioveinor
Lawrence for means to support them. He, how-
ever, was only too glad to have got rid of such
troul)lesomo subjects, and seems to Lave given
himself little anxiety about wliat becaine of them,
his only aesire being to keep them away; for in
Jul}-, 1756, when Governor Phipp.s, of ilassachu-
s(-tts, informed him that seven boats, containing
Frenciimen for Nova Scotia, had been seiy-ed in
one of the southern harbors of tiiat state, he im-
mediately addressed a. circular to all the governors,
asking them to use every means in tlieir jniwer to
I)ievent"so pernicious an undertaking as tlieir
i'.'(;;i'ii to Nova Scotia." The F.oids of 'I'rade ap-
i ',
1 ■
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1
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222
TUITLKS IIISTOIfV OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
provt'il of tlif course piirsiicil to prosciil tlirir
retni'ii, iiiid said, in a IftliT datcil Maicli, IToT :
" riicrc WHS no atti'm|iU liowi'vcr dcs]u'ratt' and
cruel, which uii;4iil nol lir cxprctrd from persons
exaspcraled. as tiicy iinisi jiavf in'cn, by tiic IriMl-
nuMit liicy Iiad nicl witli." Sonu; of tiie cohiuics
woidd liave imtliin^;' in do witli tin' I'xilcs. and
siivcial limidird were sent home to Fn^iand from
Virj^inia and Somh Carolina. 'I'lic hulk of them
either died or reinaineil in the Stales to which
they liad lie/n sent, and n'l^ulnally lieeame alisoclt-
cd in the j^Tcat liody of tlu; people ; and many of
tlie French families in New Voik. I'liiladelphia,
&c., are liic descendants of ilie Acadian exiles.
10. — ('as(>s of nniH'cessary liarshncss and of
i^'reat individual suffering' were; not nnconinion.
Whether liy accident, oi' l)ecaiis(!
Int)ivi<lii:il rasrg of " ^ i ■
h.ini'iiip. no more care was taken in trans-
jiorlin^- them than woidd have l)een
in shippin;4- so nniny cailh-. families were nol onlv
separated by hein^;- put into <'id'ferenl". ships, hnt
were, in sinin' cases, sent to different Slates — Inis-
liands were separated from t heir wives and chil-
dren, fathers and mothers from their offsprine;.
On(! of th(! exiles put the c;ise with ninarkalile
force when Juisaid : -II was the hardest which had
happened since our Saviour was on earth." ( *nc
particularly iiard case wiis that of a Notary Pidilic;
(who li^aircs in Lcuc^t'cliow's " I'^ann'cline ""), who
was over seventy \ .'irs of a'40 at the time of his
removal, lie' had taken (iio oatli of ullc:4iaiice
when .\cadia was first ceiled to l']m;iaiid, and hai]
jiaid ihe |)cnalty hy four years' imjiriscmuu'Ul hv
the French ; after which he liad returned lo his
former allc^ia .and remained lirm in il. lie
was the father of twenty children, and ahoul <un' I
linudred aud fifty g-randehildren and ureat-^rand- '
ciiildren, aud Colonel Wiuslow prcuuised hiui ihai
the family shoidd he kcjit lon'clher; hut this was
not doue- he, wilii his wife aud two youngest
children, were sent lo New York, while the re-
maiuderof the family were scattered ai)out thcolhcr
Slates. At last he heard ihat lhrc(! of Ihe family
were iu Philadelphia, aud, aflcr endui-iu'4- snfi'ciiu'^
aud hard-hi|i. sm-('ccded iu reachiuL;- them there.
All Ihe .\cadians, howevei', were not ]io(U' : niauv
of them had for ycai's hceu carefully hoardiii'^' up
what moiuw they i;()|, in anticipation of (his dav
of sorrow; aud this Ihcy were allowfcl lo Like
with them. .As I'ar hack as Scptcnihcr, ITh".,
Governor l.eauharuois wrote to the Count de
Maure[ias: "The .\e;iiliaus are exin'UU'ly covet-
ous of specie. .'~^:iice ihe settlement of Isle IJoyal,
they have drawn from Louishouri;' almost all the
spciie the kiuij annually scut out : it never makes
its appearance a^aiu — they ai-c particularly careful
to iMUiceal il. What ohjeei can they have except
to secure lor themselves a resource for an evil
day ? ■■
11. — 'The ipu'.-tiou now arises — Was the lirit'sh
(^fovcrnment juslilied iu usiuL;' >neh har>h nu'asurcs
lowari's these simple pcoiilc'.' I,ca\-
' ' . ' W.is Uif r.iii..v!lliit
iuL!' poelrv aud scuiiuu'Ut — two u^' A.ii.iian.H jusii-
thing's antaniuiistic lo |:iiiiiieal (■ciui-
omv aud history — oui of the (|ncsli(u., we Ihiidc
that the noverumeut was perfeeily ju^t died in re-
moviuL;' the .\cadiaus, hut not iu the manner iu
which it was done. The Acadiaiis ha\e hceu
rcprcseiilcd as living' in a state of most primitive
simplii-ily ; .\cadia as a second (Jardeu of Ivlcn,
'•ori a lU'w aud cnlar^iHl plan," with thousands cd'
.\dams aud ICvcs, wcarini,^ jiretty Ljdod clothes in-
stead i>( the orii;inal lii;-lcaf, which would iloidil-
less have provcil rather loo li;.;hl ajijiarcl for llu;
climate: hut we ojiiue Ihal alter all they were
verv much like oilier peo[ile. I'cuuived. to a L;i-eat
cxicul, from the tcmpialiims of a more hnsy, hust-
liuLj lil'e. In a far away cmncr of the world, they
hatl almost, as it were, alii lie wnrld to themselves,
aud were, without douht, an industrious, soher,
(U'llerly, anil cmiuently moral peojilc: and I.ontf-
fcllow's dcscri|ilion iu "■ I'AauL;'eliuc "" may he a
prcMy c(urcct one :
" Alike wrrr tlir frcr- from
I'l'.'U-, (li:il ri'iuiis v\illi itir (v iMril, mill envy, (lie viee cif re{iiil)li('.'<.
Neilliei- Icii'Us li:el lhe\ Ici llieir ilci.irs. mil- l);iis In llieir wiiiilnws ;
Itiil llieir ilwelliii'^s were (ipeii as ilav iumI the liearls of the owners —
'I'iieie llie lieliest was poor, and llii' pooie.-l liveil in aliiiiiilance.*
* I.oimlell.vw's 1m aniifnl pocMii is eviilenllv liaseil, to a yre.-it extent,
if iiof inliiely, on Uic Ahlie Kiiynal's (leseri|ition of llie Aeailians,
L'iven in the lUth volnnic^ of liis '• IMiilo-opliiial anil I'oliliial History."
Ilesiiys: "'I'lienMVere twelve or ihiileen Inindiiil Aeailians sellleil
ill till' capital; the rest weii' ilisperseil in the iiei^hlioiinj,' eoiinlry.
No liiayislrate was ever apjioinleil lo nile over Ihem, ami tliey were
iieuT aei|naiiileil w ith Ihe laws of Kie^laml. No reiic oi laxi's of a' y
Uinil were e\er exaeteil from them. 'I'lieir new sovereii^ii seemed to
have foi'uotien llieni, and Ihey were eipially slran;:ers to him. Ilnnt-
inu'. wliieh had formerly liieii the deii.^hl of the colony, anil inl'.4ht
still h.ave supplied it wilh sniisisleiice, had no fnrlher altr.actioii font
simple and ipiiet people, and i^ave way to le^iii iilliiie. Il liad lieeil
heyiiii in the marshes ill tin' low lands, hy ivpellini; the sea and Ihe
riM rs which covered Ihese pl.-iins wilh d\ hes. 'I'liese ;;|-oiinds \ ieldeil
lilly times as niiicli as ludorc. Wheat ami oals succeeded licsl ill
them, but they liKewi.-e piodicid i.m'. harley, and maize. 'I'iieiii
('t)iint do
c'ly covct-
slc Hoviil,
>st all tiie
viT makes
ily caiffiil
>r an evil
he I'.rilJsh
1 mcasurus
In' rrinov.'tl of
• mlians jdhU-
\vi' lliiiik
licil ill IV-
laiiiK'i' ill
a\L' llCL'M
luiiiiilive
of IvI-ii,
iisaiids (if
Idt Ill's ill-
Ill (Idiilit-
■1 for liio
I icy wcro
lo a, L;rcat
iisy, hiist-
>iiil. tlicy
ciuscl vcs,
IS. solicr,
111 1.0111;-
iia\- 1)1' a
CI' fnim
■iiiiiilir.-i.
iiiilows :
111' iiwiirrs —
MJuiicr.*
L;ii':it I'Vti'iil,
r Ai'MiJintiM,
■.■illlisli.ry."
Ii,'lll.'< SI'llll'll
llf,' (■ullllllT.
Ill tliry wrip
l.ixc's of ir y
II si'i'tni'il to
lilll. lllMll-
. .'iikI iiiiulit
iMi'tioM for 11
It h.'iil lii'i'ii
sr:i iiliii (111'
Mills yii'lili'ii
ili'il lirsi, III
l/.o. 'I'lll'll!
J '»
f ' f
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r-ii.
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>.
.il .n.-iav, .1 1 x]i,o>>ly fur TuttltV llWi.ry i.l tli.- I)..i.iiMi.in.
CAI'l ILLATION' Ol' OSWEllCj. ITuli.
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Still
CO II III
tliclll
Lawii
Irt'iiiil
one
tlioni
.SolIU
ic'ir
tl
tilL'Ill]
en l)(
mcntJ
acai)ia-(;()vhi{NMi:nt of major lawkexce.
Still, tliey wei'C! iKtl iiii;4i;ls ; mid the i^Iowiii;^ ac-
foiiiit of ix'iiue ami lianuuiiy existin;^ amoiij^sl
tlit'iii must 1)0 tiiki'ii cii/ni/nino mliii, as tlie evidence
ot' Governor Aniistroii;^ in IT^U, and of Governor
Lawrence in IT-'jI!, shows them to have heen '•ex-
tremely litij^ioiis amoMjj themselves," and the only
one tliin;^ on which they aijpttar to have been
tliorou^hly united was their hatred of the English.
Homo of the other fancy pictures of them are not
haseil on solid foundations, for, with reifard to
tlieir dwellini;s, Ciovernor liiniuharnois says of
liieni, in 174."): "Their houses are wretched wood-
en hoxes, without convenience and without orna-
iiicnt, and scarcely containing; the necessary furni-
ture;" whili! the " eighteen thousand souls " and
" sixty thousand head of cattle," mentioned by
wore also pdt^Uncs in creat iilciity, tlio iisn of wliidi was liocoinn cniii- '
inon. At the same time, tlie iiuineiise mi'ailDWS were covered witli ]
iiiiMUTDiis IliH'k.s. Sixty tliousaml liead of cuttle were eoiiipiited I
there, ami most of the familiis had several horses, thounh the tillage
was earried on by oxen. The lialiit.ntions, built entiiely of wood,
were extremely convenient, and furnished as neatly as a substjinti.il
farmer's house in Kuroiie. The people had a ^rcat deal of poultry of
all kinds, which made a variety in their food, which was, in general,
wholesomi' and plentiful. Their connnoii drinU was beer ami cider,
to which ihi'y sometimes added rnm. Their usual clothinv; was, in
;;eneral, the jiroduce of their own llax and hemp, or the lleeces of
their own sheep. With these they mi. le common linens and coarse
ehiths. If any of them had .iny in. lation for articles of greater
Inxnry, they jirocured them from Annapolis or I.onisljour;;, and ^'ave
iu exclian;,'e torn, cattle, or tcrs, 'i'lic nenlnil Vreucli had few a.iti-
clcs to dispose of amonj; their iiei;;hbor.s, and still fewer amoni;st
themselves, because each separate family was able to provide for its
want.s. Tlie> therefore knew nothiui; of paper currency, which was
.so lonnnon thnni','hiiut the rest of North .America. Kven the small
qnantity of specie which had stolen ipito tin' colony did not pmnnite
that I'ircidation, which is the greatest advant.ijjes that can be derived
from it. Their manners were, of course, extremely simple. There
never was a cause, either civil lU' crimin.al, of import;uice enough to
III' carried before the court uf judicature :it ATinapolis. Whatever
little dilTereuccs ar.'-e innu time to time amoni; them were ;imicably
iuljustcil by their elders. All their public acts were drawn by their
p;istors, who had likewise the keepin;; of their wills, for whiih, and
their relii;ions services, the inhabitantu voluntarily ;;ave them a
twenty-seventh part of their harvests. These were plentiful enoni;li
to supply more than a sulllciency to fulfil every act of liberality.
Ileal misery was entirely unknown, and benevolence preventeil the
demamls of jxiverty. Kvery misforSnne was relieved, as it were, be-
foH' it could be felt: and fo<id was nniversally disjiensed without
ostentation on the part of the f;iver, and without hmniMatiu;; the jier-
soii who received it. These people, ,-imountin.ir to eighteen thousand
sonis, were, in a word, a society of brethren, every individual ec|ually
ready to f;iveand to receive what he thou;,'ht the connnon rij;ht of
mankind. Such perfect harmony naturally [nevented all those y;al-
lantries which are so often fatal to the peace of families. There
never was an instance in this society of an unlawful commerce be-
tween the sexes. This evil was (ireveuted by early marria;;es: for no
one passed his youth in a stiite of celib.'icy. As soon as a \oiin;; man
I'ame to the proper ai;e, the conununity built him a housi', broke up
the lands about it, sowed them, and supplied him with .'dl the neces-
saries of life for a twelveniouth. Here he received the partner whom
he had chosen, and who bidu^ht hiin her portion in Mocks. This new
fauuly {jrevv and prospered like the others."
29
liayiial. dwindle down by ai:ttuil count, tit the
lime of the removal, to about seven thousand souls
and less than eight thousantl liead of cattle. Still,
that (h)es not affect the tjuestion — "Should they
have been removed '.' " and the answer, " They
should," is not bastid on their numbers nor tlieir
quarrels amoiiLjst thems(!lves, but on the ground
of lK)litical necessity, brought about by their own
obstinacy, and their continued misconduct towards
the Euglisli. Haynal may write tliem angtds, in
prose, and Longfellow print them as martyrs, in
Ifoetiy; Imt that (hies not alter tlio facts that, for
fcrt3--two years, these people were allowed to hold
their possessions in coiKiucred territory, witliont
inol(,'station or annoyance, and without ptiying
taxes, rent, or anything whatever; that they were
permitted to enjoy free exercise of their religion
without •estiictions, and without even an efl'ort to
obtain a .ungle jiroselyte amongst tiu'iu ; that tlujy
lived under the full protection of Bl■iti.■^h law, and
were allowed all . privileges — except those of
contributing to the revenue or deftniding the
crown. Aiul what return did they make '/ They
did not content themselves with refusing to take
the oath of allegiance to Great Britain, but con-
tinued, during the whole forty-two year.s, secret
and, at times, open enemies of England and active
allies of her enemy, France. They supplied the
French with information concerning the move-
mi'uts of the British forces; they traded with
Louisbourg, anil sent all their surplus produce
there, while they refused to sell the bare neces-
saries of life to the half-starving garrison at An-
iKipolis; they ;iiid their priests incited the Indians
against the English, and even joined or counte-
nanced them in plundering an Englisii vessel and
killing British subjects; they paid the Seigniors
of Cape Breton rent for the land they held in
British territoiy, under the British fliig ; and bust,
but not least, three hundred of tliem were taken
in open rebellion, with arms in their hands, fight-
ing against that Hag, when Fort Beau Sejour was
captured.
I'J. — Justified in removing them, we should
think so ; even had there never been any overt, or
aeiual acts of hostility, still as a
1 • i • 1 .. :. T"* 1 1 11 'rhcir removal .a
political necessity, hngland woukl political necessity,
have been justified in riinioving so
dangerous an element from such close proxiinily
to the French Colony of Cape Breton, as long as
.' ''* \
Mi
I, -
I ;; ;■
II
l-2[
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
llif luiijili: iifiiscd tu siiltinit ti British rule, iiiul
tiikf the oiitli of iiUcuiiiiiee to England's Kiii^^ It
iniisl lie ii'mcnilicrctl that these were diini^erous
times for En^ii^li sniueiiiiuty in Anieriea. I'^rance
iiad taken a lidld and deteiiiiined stand in the
West, and di'elaii'd lier intention of eonlinini;' liu-
lCnL;lisli eolonies to the scahourd ; slie had uieatly
slrenj^tlieiicd iicrsi'lf in Canada, and was liuil(lin;4'
n|i a stroiiLj colony in Caiie IWcton : slie had wit-
nessed witii envy tiie rapid growth of Ilalifiix. and
the sudden jirospciity of No\a Siotia under tiie
IWilish, i'liul she loidced with yiei'd}' ,_,e on the
fair |iossei.sions torn from Iut liy tlie treaty of
Itreclit. and ionu'ed I'or an o|>iHirt unity to endeav-
our to wit'sL it a;4'inii from F.ie^land. Is it any
wcinder then tlial England lo(d;i'd witli snsjiieion
on liu'se olistinate Aeadians, wiio lost no op[ior-
tuniiy of showin;^' tiieir hostility, and deterniine(l
that if they would not lieeome L;dod IWitisl. sub-
jects, ihcy. at least, should not join her eiienues,
and swell the power of France in Aj'.ierica hy tlu^
accession of a population id' nverscv, n thousand,
lu'atlyoiu' (juarter of whicdi w;.s jaiiahle of li ar-
ini;' arms.
l;i. — 'I'here is no douht in our niitids that Imil:;-
land was justiiied in rcmoviiii;' the Aeiulians; we
wish w (! eoidd say as much for the
Nn.jiisiilic nli.m for .■ i • '•■ i i i.
u.,' iiiiiun.i ..1 1.^ nianiu'r ol doing it, hut we cannot,
in luniesly, do su. ICiigland w as not
justified in suddenly sweeping down up'Mi tiiese
s(!ven thousand }ieople, like a hawk on atdv'.', and
sending tlieiii, without means of ■•u|^p;,irt, to a
country wlu'ic their language was not spoi;eii,uud
where they were iooktd on with su>picioi) ,ind dis-
trust on account of their religion and nat^niality.
England at tiiat lime had i he liomu' ('.') of Ic.d-
ing the other nations in the hoiiilile slave-trade;
but no act of atrocity coniiuitted under the lliig
in thiit nefarious trallie, ever excelled in inhuman-
ity, tliis awful iiprootiim- of ^evt'ii tlnmsand souls
and throwing tJH'm, iielpless. amongst a peo|ile
who did not waid thi'iu. and w here they coultl not
work for a living, no matter how willing tlii'y may
bo. The negro slaves were happy in I'omparison,
for although they too were torn from their homes,
separated from those they loved and made to work,
still they were fed and clotiied and taken ciire ui\
while the unhapjiy Aeadians had to care fortliciu-
sidves. As the removal had to he made it could
just us well have been done with some I'egard lu
humanity ; there was no necessity for removing
the i>eoi)le late in the fall, when they could not
ol)lain work in the Slates to whieh they were
going; more care should have been taken that
families were kept together; and proper ])rovisioii
for the inainlenance of the i!xiles for aw bile, until
tlii'v eoidd obtain work, should havj been made.
This jiiteii-forking them into otiier colonies to be
pitch-forked out again was cruel, unjust and iii-
iiuman to the last lU'gree ; no wonder Colonel
Winslow, in his address to the unfortunates in tlu!
Church of (Jiand I're. siiould have spoken u( his
diit" as "very disagreeable to my natural make
and ttniper, as I know it must be grievous to you,
who art; of the saim? species." It. has been urged
that, as the people had to lie expclK'd from .Aca-
dia, they might have been sent to bouisiana; but
this would hardly have done, as they would un-
doubtedly have almost iiiinu diatcly returned— as
some of them eventually did : or, failing tiiat, thi'V
would have foi'.icd a tine body of recruits for tht!
I'^-ench army, whicii was then wanting men, w hieli I
would not very well have done I'or iMigland. Per- I
haiis the best thing that could havtibeen done with
them, would have been to iiave distributed them i
amongst the Freneli West India islands, where
they would have been with people of tiieir own
religion, who spoke their language, and where
there would Iiave been less cliance of tlii'ir recruit-
ing the French army, or returning to .\cadia. The
removal was all right; but the inanuer of doing it
all wrong.
II. — ISefore leaving tliis subject of tlit! removal
of t!ie Aeadians we may revert to two eircum-
st.ificcs wliieli operated very un- ^ ,,,^^,„| ,,,1,^,,, ,,j.
favorably against tiie Aeadians, and j^^li.Iualir' ''^'' "^
led to the inevitable result oi' their
expulsion; the lirst was tlie vacillating jioliey of
tiie Mritisii (uivernmeiit at the expiration of the
yi'ar of grain' given by tiie treaty of I'reeiit ; and
tiie oilier Aviis tiie loyal but mistaken devotion to
the i''rcneh cause shown by tiie piii'sts. wlio really
conlr<illed the [leople, and w hieh led tiiein to sup-
pose that tiiey could keep " jiiitl ing off." taking
the oatii until l''rance was able and ready to make
an elforl to icgain her lost territory in Nova Scotia,
w iieii it would he very convenieni to have a large
iiody of loyal .\eadiaiis ready and willing to assist
in expelling tiie lieretii! I'iiigli>li. On thissnhject
ixaynal — u iio, iiijiidieioiisly [iraisefiil of tlio Acii-
111
Il^:
iir
m
iNuBAvin fnPOCSivtOR' ijiiut ■; msruHy oi imi dominion iomno Rinr.RAPHiis:-,Fr inoi
IMF BIJUlANO 0l3l4»«''' I'tMO.OMI'-
•m
(;
n :
ii;
hi i 1 1
i
•■
i-:
I .
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DkVAUDREUIL.
diiu:" thenij^elves — is unjust iiiid uutiutliful with
i-c'gai'd to tlieir mishioiiiuies: while iiis desciiptiou
well applies to LiiLoutre, it tnidiices others.* If
Sir Richard Phillips had firmly insisted on the
people either takinc; the oath, or qtiittiiiL^ the
colony, — and have eitiier expelled, or made prepii
rations for oxi)elliii!jf one sn.all settlement as an
examjjle, — there is hut little doiiht hut that the
Acadiaus would havi; listened to reason, and the
terrible tragedy of their expidsion would not have
been enacted ; but tlie wavering policy of the
Government deceived th.; ,irie>ts and the people
into the bi'lief that tlie threat of exjiulsiou was
only held in trrrorcm over them, until the threat
was ciirrie 1 out — id'ter forty-two years waitinjj^ —
and the calamity fell >>n them. The terrible pun-
ishment of the Acadiaus was not w..;,out its
salutary lesson, however; for it tauu'lit the priests,
and throuLih tiiem the pe()[ile, that a coii(|iU'red
people must submit quietly to the ride of the
conqueror, at least as lousf as it is mild and just;
and to the misfortuiics of these uidiapiiy peasants
we owe it that the Canadians submitted so quietly
to their fate, when it became their turn to iiave
to submit to British rule ; and to the wiser and
more tem[)erate teaciiin,y;s of the Church is due
the fact that there is not to-da}' a more loyal body
of men in Canada than the French Canadians.
CHAPTER XLIX.
(JOVENMEN'i'OF'niE MAIiRQUIS I)i>
VAUDREUIL.
1. AlM'OlNTMKNT OK 1 )i;VAm)UKlJIL. — A " Cou-
NKIl" IN OKAIN. — ± RltAUUUCIC'S ADVANCK
* Kiiviial wiys ; — "TliP missionai'ii's I'iisil.v iiisiniiatod tliciusclvcs
iiiiiciiii; tlii'Mi, — tlin liiilians, — iiiiil liMil so fiir incnl ■iitcil tlicir tt'iicls as
liMiiaUi'. ciitlinsiiists 111' llicin. Al llii' saiiir liiiii' that tlic.v taiiijlil
tlii'iii llicir rcli;;iiiii tlii'.v iiis|iii'i'il tlnMii with llial lialrod wliicli llicv
tliriiisclvcs cntrrlaini'il fur tlin Ijiulisli name. I'liis fiiiKlainiiilal
artirlo iif llioir iii'w Wdrsliip. liciiin tliat wliicli iiiadc lli.' slniii;;('sl iiii-
lncssiiin nil liiciisi'iisi-. anil ilio nnls iini' tliat laMirnl llii'ii' jiassiim
fur war. Ilicv ailn|ili'il « itii all tlio rayr (hat was ii;itiaal to tlii'in.
'riic.v iiiit imly ri'fiisc'il tn iii.iko an.v cM'liaii^;!' willi tlic Kii,:;llsli, ImU
iilsii fri'i|in'ntly (listiirliiil uiiil lava^ii'il tin' fnintii'rs of tlial natimi.
Tlii'ir aUai'lis howiiiii! nnm' frc'i|iicnt, mure olislinatr, ami ninn' ri'-
KUlar after tlioy liail i'hn.<rh St. Oasslnis. furmrily ('a|ilaiii In llii'
ri';;imi'nl (if (.'arinnan, fur thi'jr CDininanili'r, who liail siltleil anion','
(Ih'iii, liiul inarrk'd onii of thuir .1)111011, mid conlormi'd In ovi'iy ro-
ON Four DuQuesnm:. — 8. Braddock's teu-
RIHLE DEFEAT. DlJNHAU'.S KEIUEAT. — 4. Snilt-
LEV'S USELESS MaRCII. — r). Jo1IN,SON"s ADVANCE
ON CuowN Point. — (1. DeVaidueuils ruEP-
AUATIONS FOit DEFENCE. — 7. DiKSKAU'S DE-
FEAT AT Fort Wilf.ia.m Henry. — 8. Johnson
KEWARDED WITH A IJARONEHA' FOR HIS VIC-
TORY. — !•. GniCAT I'REPARATIONS FOK A GEN-
ERAL INVASION OF Canada.
1. — The year 1755 was a busy one forl)oth the
French and Enolish colonies ; and one of the events
of special importance to Caiuida
,1 • 1 ,. , ^ • . T-. Aiiiioiiuiiieiii of De-
was tlie arrival ot the Mar(iuis De \auiiriiiii. a
■rr , ., . , ,. " Corner ill Rr.iiii."
Vaudreiiil as ojovernor, iii place ot
DuQuesne, who had asked to be relieved in order
that he mij^ht rejoin the navy. The Manpiis I)e
Vaudieiiil DcCavagnal was the third son of the
Marquis DcVaudreuil — thy best governor Canada
had under French rule- iiid the people, remember-
ing tlie twent^'-two yjars of prosperity they had
enjoyed under his father (170o-2.y), recpiesteil tliat
the marquis should be transferred from the gov-
ernorship of '.ouisiaiia, where he then was, to that
of Canada. The re([uest was granted, and the
Canadians were delighted, and gave him a warm
and iiearty r(.'ceptit)n. But the new governor was
a very diiferent man from his father ; he had seen
too much of the corruption of the French Court,
and brought with him to Canada a keen desire to
improve his personal fortune at the exptuise of the
peoiile, which ciiaracti!rizi!d nearly all tiie new-
comers to Canada during the last days of French
sway. Sliortly after his arrival he iiecamc inter-
ested in the trading conqiany (if which I5igot, the
lutciulant, was the head, and in which Dc.FoiKiuicre
iiad made so much money by iiioiiopoli/.iiig trade;
and, at tiie instance of Migot a "coinci- in graiu "
was got up which would have done credit to Ciii-
cago of the ;."csent day. It will be remembered
tiiat during i'hi(^ucsiic"s aduiiiiistration he en-
deavored to muhe tlie militia as eiVeetive as pos-
sible, and that IJigot prolcsted that Dul^uesne
kept the men aw y to much i'roin agriiMiHure, and
that crops woul.' (onseiiueiitly be short. Crops
were a little siiort ; but Bigot determined to iiii-
sjieit lo tlii'ir iHode of llfo. When the lOiielish saw thai, all elTort.s,
eillicr to reriiiii'ile llu^ sava^'cs or to destroy llieni ill their forests,
W""e iiiefl'ei'tiiiil, Uiey fell i'|. HI the Aeadians wlioiii they looUed
ii|H''i, Willi ri'iixon, ait tin; only ciuisu ot nil their ailainitiuH."
1;!
m
226
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
prove the opportunity, iind his company bongiit
np nil the fluur that couUl be had and ran the
prices up to famine rates. Not content with tliis,
liowever, Bigot, undtr the pretence tliat the fann-
ers had caused the increp.se in prices, issued an
ordinance tliat tliey sliould be compelled to sell at
a fixed price, which he took care to place low, and
then sent one of his creatures, named Cadet,
tlnough the country to buy up all the grain.
Tills he did most effectually; in many cases using
force to obtain the grain, and, although numerous
com])laints were made, no notice was taken of
them, as both DeVaudreuil and Bigot were " in
the ring," and the poor swindled farmers could
get no redress. Swindling was done in a very
high-handed manner in those "good cM days."
2. — We will now return to the four expeditions
against Canada, ]ilanned by the English colonies
and assisted bv the moth,r coun-
SXTnuy'L^r try. The oxpe.lition, under Colonel
]\Ionckton, against the French forts,
on the Acadian isthmus and river St. John, we
have already seen, in the last chapter, was entirely
successful, and tlie French were driven from both
places; but while these events were occurring,
Braddock had been meeting with a most disas-
trous defeat in the West, which again gave tin;
French full command in the Ohio valley. Brad-
dock joined the main body of his army at Fort
Cumberland on the fifth of ,Iune, and found him-
self in conunand of twenty-three hundred men,
including two regiments of the line, the 44th and
48th, and twelve pieces of artillery. He left Fort
Cumberland on the 10th of .June, and, learning
shortly afterwards that Contrecour expected re-
inforcements at Fort I)u(Jnesne, he left Colonel
Dunbar in charge of the main body, to advance
more leisurely, and, taking the 44th and 48th
with ten guns and some eomjianies of militia, in
all twelve hundred men, he struck boldly out
through the AUeghanies, hojiing to reach Fort Du
Quesne before the reinfoicements could arrive
there, and, piobably take the French by surprise.
Contrecour, however, who had been kept perfectly
well infornu'd t)f Braddock's movements, waited
until the '.Uh of July, when he was within a day's
march of the Fort, and then sent DeBniujeu, with
all the force he could spare — two hundred ami fifty
soldiers and six huudred Indians — tooc(!upy a de-
file about six miles' distant, tiirongh which Brad-
dock must pass. Tiie general's march had been
most loosely conducted ; he was a brave man ; but
conceited, and knew nothing of thesort of warfare
he was engaged in. He had no confidence in
any trooiJS but '* regulars," and snubbed Washing-
ton, who commanded some Virginia militia, and
served on the general's staff, because he ventured
to suggest more caution, and sent him to the rear.
3, — Braddock soon paid the penalty of his rtash-
ness, for DeBeaujeu had scarcely got his men into
position before the British van-
' 1,1 • nrficMock's torrible
uuard ai)iieared and the action com- ii.'fiat. uunUiir's
retreat
menced at once. The flanking
parties were speedily driven in, and then Braddock
advanced at the head of the 44th, but his " regu-
lars " had never before been engaged in Indian
warfare, and the terrible " whoop " so demoralized
them that they wavered, and as the steady fire
from their itiiseen enemies in the covert swept
away the head of every foi'nnition they became
panic-stricken ; and, in spite of Bi.iddock's utmost
efforts to rally them, they broke and retreated in
the greatest confusion on the 48th, which was now
advancing to their assistance, under Colonel Bur-
ton. Meanwhile the artillery had pushed on, and
all the olTicers and nearly all the men were shot
down at their guns. Braddock now formed the
48th and advanced to the attack of a hill on which
the French were posted ; but, securely hidden in
the thicket they easily repulsed him, although he
led on his men again and again, with useless cour-
age, until wounded in the arm and lung, when
he was taken to the rear by Colonel Cage. On
Braddock's falliiig the remnants of the 44th and
48th turned and fairly ran for it, leaving their
dead and wounded to be scalped, and all the
artilLry and baggage. Washington, wb.o was in
command of the rear-guard, and who had taken
little part in the action, held the enemy in check
until tl; lisordered troo[)s had crossed the Mon-
ongahela, and managed to retire in pretty fair
order. As for the " regulars," their scare was too
great to be easily overcome, and they lied precip-
itately until they had reached (-olonel I)uid)ar's
force fifty miles behind, having made the distance
in less than twenty-four hours. Colonel Dunbar
took connnand and continued the retreat, Brad-
dock dying on the third day. Ho was terribly
chagiincHl at his dtsfeat, but took the whole blame
to himself, dictating a desi)atch shortly before his
(JOVEllNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DicVAUDHEUIL.
227
death, in wliieh lie entirely exonerated all liis
oflicers, and recommended them to favor. l)nnl)ar
continued to retreat as last as possible until he
reached Fort Cumberland, where ho oidy paused
to leave two companies of militia to strenq;then the
j^arrison, and continneil iiis march to Philadel-
phia, from whence the ronuiant of the army, six-
teen hundred stronu^, was transferred to Albany by
order of (leneral Shirley, wlio l)ecan;e commander-
in-chief on Braddock's death, 'i'his was a most
terrible defeat to the British, and a cheap victory
for the French. Of the twelve hundred men
Braddock took into action, barely four hundred
returned, and sixt}' four officers were amoni^st
tliose lost. Out of fifty four women wiio accom-
jianied the expedition, only four returned. Tlie
French on their side suffered very little, losiuEf
only sixty men, includini^ their commander, I)e
Beaujeu, and their Indian allies lost very little
more. This was (he most crushinijf defeat ever
inllicted on the iMiglisii, and left the French in
mid- puted possession of the Ohio.
4. — The tliird (ixiieilition determined on by the
Council of Alexandria, was for the capture of Fort
Niaijjara, and was under command
shWey'B useless ^,f (],.„eial Shirley, who left Albany
ill the middle of July ; but it ended
in a fizzle, for the Pro\incial troops heard of
i5iaddock's defeat and deserted in companies; but
Siiirley pusheil on to Lake Ontario, which he
reached late in August ; but as he found that the
Iro(iuois, on whom he had depended, refused to
assist liiiii, and the season was late and sup[)lies
running short, he was obliged to abandon his
intended attack on Niagara and returned to
Albany, after leaving seven hundred men at
Oswego. The Iroijuois on this occasion, again
showed their politic nature. Tiiey too had heard
of Braddock's defeat, and not only refused to join
Siiirley, but protested against his iiiarehiiig through
their country, and the garrisoning of Oswego, say-
ing that tlu^y only allowed the fort there as a
trading-po 't. Tliey were; doubtful as to tlie issue
of the war, and were careful not to eomniit tliem-
si'lves too fully to tin; interest of tlui IJritish until
the,' were sure the French would not win.
0. The only one of the land expeditions which
was successful, an<l redeemed to some extent the
defeat of (ieiieral Braddock, was
on' eirn A'^t'.''" the campaign of Sir William Joliii-
son on Crown Point. John.son was an Irishman
by birth, ami had emigrated at an early age, —
for emigration fro ii I ilimd was even then con-
sideral)le, — and commenced life as a private soldier.
He was one of iln men, however, who is " bound
to rise," and soon won his way to wealth and po-
sition. He was at this time Superintendent of
Indian Affairs in the Mohawk Valley, where he
had been settled many years, and was a great fa-
vorite with tile Indians ; indeed he has sometimes
be(!ii termed "Tiie Tribune of the Six Nations."
The Iroquois had carefully alistained from assist-
ing the expeditions under either Braddock or Shir-
ley, but three hiindreil Mohawk warriors joined
Johnson, led by their ciiief Heiidriek.* The
militia of New York, Massachusetts, Jind other
States, to the number of about five thousand, as-
seinliled at Aliiany earlv in July, and, under com-
mand of General Lyman, marched to the poitiige
between the Hudson and Sorel and bnilt Fort
Edward. Johnson joined the army with his In-
dians, and leaving three hundred men to defend
the fort, .uitl [)retect his supplies, he marched to
* lIiMiilric^lc .111(1 .lolmsnii were warm friciul^, the laUer piittinK
f;i'c'iit liiitli in tlie jinl'^iiii'iit iif tlie cliii f. t)ii one (ici'asiim .IdIhisom
was |ir('|«irin,i; a small fnixc Id rein-l an cxiici'ti'il invasinii, and askcil
llcniliii'U'soiiiniim df tlicin. " If tlioy are to li^lit, tlicy arc too lew ;
it tliey are ti) lie Uillcil, tliey an; too many." laionically re|iliuil tlie
cliief. Tliere is a story tolil of the maiini'r in whirh .loliiiMUi aciiiiii'cil
a lar;;ii tract of lanil in what is now Herkimer County, .New York,'
whiolwHK// 1)0 true, lint it has a eonsi.iuralile spice iif the romantic
and iiii|irolial>le alioiit it. On a certiin occasion, Sir Williiim was
imiiackiii',; a laii^e liox of clothim; whidi had just .irrived from Kng-
laiid. Hendrick ha|i|iem'd to he in the room, and was partii'iilarly
.ittrai'ted hy a riclily cmhroidered coat wliich he saw hroie,'ht forth
and shaken out in all its i;liUeriM;; splendor of c;old lace ami gilded
bnttons, and liriuht silk trimmiiii;. The Indian's eyes s|iarkled, !ind
he could scarcely keep his hands from the coveteil prize. liiit ho
held hack, and kept his peace for tlie time. (In the followinj; niorn-
iii;;. however, the chieftiiiii w.'iited upon .lohnson forapiirpo.se, as was
evident from the intensity of his look. " Sir William," he said, " nie
have a yreat dream last iii^;lit ; me dream that yon say to me, ' flood
Hendrick, yon have hcen my friend, and now I will leward yon,' and
yon i;ave nie the new coat, with the liriijht ^'old on it, tlwil rame in
thiMiox." 'llie haronct rellectcd a few momems, and (inallysaid;
"It is true, Hendrick, yon havelicen my friend ; the coat is yonrs."
The chief went away fairly lieside himself with dcliijlit. A few days
after that Sir Willi.-im said to him, "Hendrick, 1 had a dream last
ninlit." "Ah! and hat did my white limther ilieam?" "I
dreamed that you took mo hy the h.ind and said, ' Sir Willinm ,?ohn-
soii, yiii have heeii my true friend, and I will nive yon a iiroof of my
love for yon,' and yon nave me the trait of land ontlie;;ieat river
ami Canaila Creek." dcscrihinu; ii sipiare territory emhracini; nearly
oni. liimdicil tlionsand acres of clioice land. The chief was for a lit-
th' lime conlonnded. This was the fairest part of his domain, lint
he was not to lie oiililone in generosity. "My pale-f,iccd lirothor,"
he said, "the land is yours." Afterapanso he added, with a nod,
" Sir William, we won't dream any more. Yon dream too lii(; for
nie." The land was afterwards eonlirmed to Sir William by the
llritish (iinernnient, and called the Koyal (jr.iiit.
! i;
i -i ■'
f-m
I
:J
!•
2-lii
TU'JTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
tlio soutlierti slioiu of Lake (io()i\m', tlifu callcil
tliu Lake of tlio Holy SacniniL'iit, uiul eslablislied
liis camp there, aiul, altlioiigli this was his first
oainpaigu, he selected a very stniiiu- position, liav-
iiig l>ake Georrje in front of him, Fort Edwanl in
his rear to fall l)ack on if necessar}', and his lh\nks
■well jirotected hy wooded swamps. The place
was then utterly wild, and .Johnson says, " I found
a mere wilderness : never was house or fort erected
liere before."
(i. — DeVaiulreuil was preparing to follow up
tlie advantage gained in tlie West by Hraddock's
defeat, wiien he heard of the ad-
I><'\'midn'Uirs pr»'i>- • t i
araiiDhsf.iriii;- vauce ot Joluison, and at once
turned his attention to the defence
of Crown Point, sending IJaron Dieskau with
seven hundred ti'oojis, lifteen hundred mounted
militia, and seven hundred Indians to its relief.
Dieskau was a brave and experiencicd officer, and
very anxious to gain <listine(ion ; ne tlierefore de-
termined not to wait I'or .Johnson to attack liim,
but leaving half his army at Crown Point, he took
three hundred regulars, and twelvj hundred Ca-
nadians and Indians, and pushed i,n to attack Fort
Edward ; but when ho g( t within four miles of the
fort they refused to atti'ck i*, but offered to go
against the army on the laUe, and Dieskau accord-
ingly turned tiiat way. During the night of the
7th 8<!pteml)er, Johnson was informed by his scouts
that a large body of French and Indians were
advancing on Frrt Edward ; and he, next morning,
sent Colonel Williams with one thousand militia,
and Ilendrick wilii two hundred Indians, to its
relief. Tliey were not aware of Dieskau's change
of plan, and that he was advancing against the
canij) instead of the fort ; and he having been in-
formed by liis scouts that a [lai'ty was advancing
to the relief of Fort Edward, had time to ambus-
cade his forc't's anlong^ some brushwood in a
rocky defile, and would, undoubtedly, have cut
off the whole detatdnnent iiad not the Christian
Iroip-iois of Cauglmawaga, disliking to fire on the
Moiiawks, given them warning as soon as thi'v
entered the defde. Tlie militia and Indians under
Williams fought well, antl managed to elTect their
retreat to the camp, which was thi'ce niiics distant,
and into which Dieskau designed to follow them,
pushing his men rapidly on, so as to enter with
the fugitives.
7. — .Meanwhile .Fohnson had not been idle: he
lieard the firing, and, being unaware of the sti'cngth
of the enemy, began hastily to throw
up breastworks, for the camp was F,\nwnMa\nii\'n'ry.
not fortified. The wagons antl
baggage cars wore placed along the front, and a
.lumber of trees felled, while three guns were
brought up from the lake ; and by tlie time Dieskau
arrivi.'d, he was pretty well prepared to receive
him. It is a noticeable fact that the New England
men had not a bayonet amongst them, and were
armed with fowling-pieces and rifles, very good
weapons to use from behind breastworks, but
scarcely suited to withstand the veteran French
troops in an open field ; it was to Johnson's expe-
dition, therefore, in throwing up some defences,
that his victory was due. Dieskau was surprised
to find Jolinson entrenclicd, but brought his reg-
ulars up gallantly to break the centre, the Cana-
dians and Indians having (piailed at the sight of
breastworks, and trailed off to the right and left,
wdiere they ke[it up a fire on the British Ihiiiks.
The action lasted about four hours, and the havoc
amongst the French regulars was very great,
nearly all of them were killed, and Dieskau was
mortally woundeil. At last the French wavered
and gave way, and the New England men, leaping
over the breastworks, put them to flight. The
pursuit was not kept up, and the Canadians and
Indians, on reaching the scene of the fight of the
morning, stopped to scalp the dead and wounded,
when they were attacked by a body of New Hamp-
shire men, under Captain Macginiiis, and again
defeated, after a fight of two hours. The French
now made the best of their way to Fort Ticon-
deroga, where the troops left behind by Dieskau
on his march on Fort Edward were intrenched.
The total loss to the Hritish during the day was
two hundred and sixteen killed and ninety-six
wounded; while t)ie loss to the French was much
heavier, some accounls placing the figures at one
thousand, but it probably did not much exceed
one-half of that number.
8. — Johnson was wounded early in the action,
and General Lyman took command. Although
he had successfiillv riMiulsed the
■' .Idhnsoii rcwnnloil
eueinv, Johnson showed much can- wiiiiftimr<iiu4.'yf()r
, . , ,. l'l» victory.
tion III not allowing liimselt to be
flushed by victory, and wisely dctennined that his
raw, undisciplined militia, allhough good enough
to fight behind breastworks, where rapid firing
Wt
(iOVKIlN.MKN r OF IHE MAH(MiS Di-VAIDUKCIL
0.)()
ami ;4()()il iiiiu were tlic cliit't' reiiiiif-itcs, weie no
niiitcli (or tlie well-diilled vett'r.uis of France, or
for att;u'kiii<;' fortified jxisitioiis ; and, tliei'efore,
having i'onnd tliat tiie French, aliont two tluni-
siind strong, wert; strongly intrenched at Ticon-
dcrogii. and that the place was delLnded liy artil-
lery, he determined not to ventnro iin attack. He
therefore contended himself with hwilding Fort
\\'iliiam Henry on the scene of thi^ liattle, and
gairisoiiiiig it\\itii a icginuiit of militia. He then
strengthened Fort Ivlward, and set out on his re-
turn to Aliiany, on the lilth of December. The
Ilritish (rovi'rnnu^nt was greatly pleased at the
victory, although it was not prodnc^tive of any im-
portant results, and rewarded Johnson with a
haroni'tcy, and a parliamentary grant of live thou-
sand pounds.
SK — 'l"he French were not slow to take advan-
tage of their success in the west, and Pennsylva-
nia felt the fidl effect of IJraddock's
f..ra;;iiiiTMi iiiva- (lelcat aud Duubar s retreat. 1 he
wiiole irontier was ravaged by
French and Indians, who were plundering and
massacring in every direction, advancing along
the Susciuehanna to within eighty miles of Phil-
adelphia. It was only then that the Quaker
legislature began to take measures to repel the in-
vaders — they having previously steadily refused
to grant any money for war puiiioses, aiul an a|)-
propriation of sixty-two thousand pounds was
voted. The Knglish colonies now began to be
seriously alarmed, and a gi'and eoiuicil of war was
held in Xew York on the l-th of l)eccnd)er, at
which the governors of nearly all the States were
present. It was determined to appeal to the
mother country for aid, and a grand general cani-
jiaign for the next year was determined on. Three
expeditions were to operate simultaneously, one
to attack Qui'bee li way of the Kenneboo and
CliaudiC^re; another .o carry 'i'iconderfiga and
Crown Point, and nuMia"e the settlements on the
St. Lawrence and Hichclieu, while the third was
to start from Oswego, caplur(( l"'oils Frontenac,
Niagara and Toronto; and Fort DuCiuesno and
Detroit, thus cut off from Montreal, woidd be
forced to surrender. The mothei country agreed
to the campaign, and Lord Loudon was appointed
C'omnnindcr-in-Chief of the American armies.
CiLVPTFU L.
C.OVEIiNMENT OF M. l)i:VAUDUEUn..—
(Vontiniiid.)
L CoMMKNCKMKNT Ol' THIO C'AMl'AUiN OK IToC). —
'2. AuinVAI, OK MoNTCAI-M. THK I'OSITION OV
AKKAiits. — :5. Till-; Fui:n«'H ruKi'Auio to at-
tack Oswixio. — 4. C'AVTl KK OF OsWKCiO. — a.
A CIIKAP VK'TOKY. AL\.SSAC1{K «Y TIIK IN-
DIANS. — t). Inactivity of tiiI'; Uurrisn.
GUIOAT IMvlOlCINCS IN CANADA. — 7. (JKKAT
SUFFKUINCi IN (ilKIiKC. — H. TltKATY OF I'KACK
WITH THK lUOQfolS.— ;». 'IIIKFUKNOH ATTACK
FollT WlI-MAM HlONItY. 10. ("Al'ITfL.VTION
OF FouT Wii. 1,1AM Hknuv. — IL Massac'Ui:of
i»iMSONi.i;s nv THE Indians. — 12. Destruc-
tion of the FOUT. Panic AMoNcisr the Eno-
LisH. — L>. Famine in Canada. — 14. Hioot
AND Ills SVVINDIJNC CoMl'ANY.
1. — It seems almost incredili. ; that during these
two years — '74-5 — of war in the colonies, and hos-
tile acts of both nations bv sea and
, -, , in' C'Diiiini'iiiTincMil of
land, iMigland and France re- tiu- laniinuKn <>£
I'll 1 • i"!^'
niauicd mnninally at peace; aud it
was not until the 17th of May, 17.")(), that war was
formally declared, although, in the meanwhile, not
only had Ailmiral Pioscawen captured the French
men-of-war vl/c/'/c and /.//v, but over three hun-
dred trading vessi'ls had been taken by the l''ng-
lish, thus dejiriving France of nearly eight thou-
sand sailors. Tlie French ministry contented it-
self with protesti.ig against the act of the Ibilish,
and the English mini'^try replied lirmly, but po-
litely, that the acts committed wcie only those of
reprisal for the conduct of the I''rench in North
America, and that no further satisfaction could be
given as long as the French maintained a chain of
forts along the Allcghanics, and so the matter
rested again for a while with the two nations
nominally at peace, but actually at war. At last
matters in I">uro[)e began to get comjilicated, and
the French cajitured Jiinorca, shortly after which
war was formally declared, as already stated.
Preparations for the summer campaign wi>re ac-
tively pushed on in the colonies, and DeN'audrenil
commenced oiierations on the 17th of March, by
despatching Lieutenant DeLery, with two hun-
dred and fifty French and eighty Indians, to ile-
Am
imAf^'
\v
\
i
(
1
ii
1
2;i0
TUTTLKS IIISIOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
sti'oy some small loits which had Iuhmi I'lectfil 1>y
tiie Rriti.sh to protect Oswego. Tliis wu.s iloiie,
.111(1 iiii unfortunate little p^arrison of twenty men
in one of them wlio resisted, were, with tlie exee[i-
tion of two, all killed and sealped by the Indians.
DeVandrenil also despatehed Captain DeVillier
from Frontenac with three hindred men, to es-
tahlisli a fort near Oswej^o, and if possible, make
11 sudden descent upon tlnit post and captuie it.
He erected a f )rt in the Iroquois territory, to which
they strongly ol)jeeted, and sent a dei)utation to
DeVaudrenil to demand its demolition. DeV'au-
dreuil refused, but gave the chiefs ricii presents ;
and promised that if the Iroipiois lemained neutral
they should be protected.
2. — About the middle of May, 1756, the Marquis
deMoutealm arrived at Quebec to take connuand
of the French armies in Canada, in
Arrival of Mont- „
calm, iheijosi.ioii i)lace ot isaroii Uieskau. lie was
accompanied liy tlie C hevalier tie
Levis, M. deliougainville, M. del5oiirlania(iue, M.
deMontreuil and others, and fourteen hundred
men. lie also brougiit a supjdy of uius and aui-
juuuitioii, and some provisions, which were sadly
needed, as thecolony was suffering greatly from
want, partly on account of the lands not being
tilled, and partly on account of the rapacity of
IJigot and his satellites. The Marquis was forty-
four years old, was descended from one of the best
families in Uouerque, and was already a very dis-
tinguished soldier, having distinguished himself at
the battl'i of Placentia, and at the siege of As-
siette, receiving live wounds in the two engage-
ments. Ht! had also taken jjart in the celebrated
retreat of the French, under Marshal deBelleisle,
and had been promoted to a major-generalshii)
shortly before leaving France. He found himself
in command of about four thousand regulars, and
nearly twice as many militia, and hastened to
confer with DeVaudrenil at Montreal, as to the
best means of prosecuting the campaign. The
jiosition of affairs at the opening of the year was
decidedly in favor ot the French ; they had entire
control of the Ohio, and their chain of forts was
unbroken down to Mom real, while they held
strinig p(isitions at Crown I'oint anil Ticonderoga,
and menaced Oswego. Still the English colonies
were preparing, although slowly, to put nearly
twenty-five thousand men in the field; and it was
evident that the campaign of ITotJ would be a
warm one ; Montcalm, therefore, lost V" lime in
>trengthening his position as much .is possible, be-
fort! the Ihitish attacked him. He highly a])-
proved of DeViiuilreuirs action with regard to
Oswego, and sent JI. delJourlamaiine to reinforce
DeVillier and taki; command of the frontier. He
forwarded one battalion to Niagara and two to
Frontenac, while he ollected about three thousand
men at Ticonderoga, under the command of the
Chevalier DeLevis. M. Dumas was jjut in com-
mand of Fort DuQuesne, and M. IJellestre of De-
troit, Avhile about three thousand five luindred
men were on duty along the frontier, ''he whole
force in Canada at this time, accordi'ig to Gar-
neau, was only about twelve fb-rusand men,
stretched along a frontier line extending from the
Illinois river to Cape Breton ; and considerable
deduction had to be made for the militia who,
from time to time, had to be granted furloughs to
attend to their crops, or agriculture would have
been abandoned altogether.
3. — The British, meanwhile, were not idle,
although not so active as their opponents. The
House of Commons voted one
hundred and fifteen thousand watuckoswlsr"
pounds to aid the colonies in call-
ing out and arming their militia, and Lord
Loudon, who had been appointed commander-in-
chief, being detained in England, Major-Gener.al
Abercrombie, with the ooth ana 42d regiments
was sent to take command until his arrival, and
reached Albaii}' about the end of June. Aber-
crombie declined the responsibility of carrying out
tlie campaign determined on, until the arrival of
Lord Loudon, and contentcul himself with sending
Cieiieral Winslow to Fort William Henry, in
anticipation of the attack on Crown Point and
Ticonderoga. The greater portion of the summer
p.assed away in inactivity, broken only by a small
engagement near Oswego, between a force of
French under DeVilliers, and a convoy leturning
from victualling Oswego, under Colonel Bradstreet,
in which the latter was victorious. If the British
were slow, however, the French soon took the
initiative ; and, finding he was in no immediate
danger of attack at either Crown Point or Ticon-
deroga, Montcalm determined to carry out De
Vaiidrenil's liuig conceived idea of attacking
Oswego. Montcalm did not enter very warmly
into the scheme, seeming to see too many difficul-
GOVEHNMKNT OF TIIK MAI!()riS I)i;VAri)!ti:riL.
2:11
ties attoiuling it; he writes, "The ohject wliich is
ill vii'w in my passajfe Id Fronteiiue ii|ipeiiis to
me possible enouu^li, in ii militiiry sen-e, if all the
details l)e well eoniliiiied ; hut I .^iiall set out to
effect it, without hein<^ assured or convinced." In
a.iother place he says : "There are no routes otiier
than rivers full of rai)ids and cataracts, or lakes to
navigate so storm-vexed as to be often impassable
hy bateaux." Still this did not prevent his enteriiicf
rigorously on the cam|)aiL,ni. He made his appiiar-
ance, rather ostentatiously, at TiconderoLja, to
give the liritish the idea that an attack would be
made from that quarter, and then suddenly re-
paired to Frontenac, where a force of thirteen
hundred and fifty regulars, fifteen hundred militia,
and two hundred and fifty Indians had been
assembh'd. The vanguard left Frontenac on the
1th August, and arrived within a mile of Oswego
on the night of the 10th, and, having nnirehed
oidy at night, their approach was unknown until
they appeared before Ontario, a small f(jrt which
served as an outpost to Oswego.
4. — Oswego, beside the fort j)roper, had two
defences named Fort Ontario and Fort George,
both of which from their positions,
carturo of Oswego. ^.,„„,„.^,„i^.a ^1,^ |-„,t. 'p],^, garrison
consisted of about seventeen
hundred militia, consisting of Shirley's, PepiJcrell's
and Schuyler's regiments, and was in command of
Colonel Mercer. On the 12th, Bourlama<iue, who
had charge of the siege, had advanced his wc.vks
to within two hund'cd yards of Fort ()ntario, and
opened fire from six cannon, the besieged return-
ing the fire briskly until their ammunition begiiii
to run short, when Colonel Mercer s[)iked the
guns and withdrew his men. Montcalm innnedi-
atel}- took possession of the abandoned fort which
was mounted with eight guns and four mortars,
and working all night, had his parallel extended
down to the river, and i)y daybreak had nine guns
pouring a destructive fire into the main work at
point blank range. Meanwhile M. DeVaudreuil
(a brotlnn- of the governoi-) with a force of militia
and Indians luid crossed the river, and thrown
himself between Oswego and Fort George, cutting
off all conunnnication between them. Colonel
-Mercer was killed at eight o'clock, and succeeded
in his command b\' Colonel Litllehayes, who, two
hours after\\ards, offered to capitulate. Mont-
calm was very glad to allow him favorable terms,
.<?0
as he was expecting an attack from General Webb,
who witli two thou^and men was at \Vi)od"s Cheek,
a i'cw miles distant, and he was anxious to finish
tin; siege of Oswego bef<U'e Webb arrived. Webb
never came, however. M'ncer had written him in
the morning to come to his relief immediately, but
the messenger was interce])ted b\- Montcalm's
scouts and AN'ebb did not receive the order.
When he heard of the fall of Oswego, he fell back
and left Montcalm in undisputed possession.
o. — '{"his was a fortunate and cheaply bought
vicbny for (be French, who had only eighty men
killed and Wdundei'. The English a pIk-.-ip victory,
loss was about one hundred' and ?,',Sr ^- "'''
fift}-, including thirty who were
massacred by the Indians after the capitulation.
The garrison, numbering some sixteen hundred,
with one hundred and twenty women and chil-
dren, were made prisoners of war ami sent down to
Montreal. 'I'lic booty was considerable, consisting
of seven sloops of war, carrying from eight to
eighteen guns each, two hinidrcd bateaux, one
hundred and twenty cannon and mortars, seven
hundred and thirty muskets, seven stands of
colors, and large quantities of ammunition and
provisions, besides the government chest contain-
ing about seventy five thousand dollars in gold.
The only stain on this victory was the conduct of
the Indians, who plundered and murdered many
of the prisoners, and even broke into the hospital
and scalped the wounded there. Montcalm has
been blamed for this, but he seems to have done
all he could to ri'strain the Indians, and finally
succeeded in stop[iing the butchery by promising
the Indians rich gifts. In his des[)atch to the
in!iii.^i.er he saj's : " Tiiis will cost the king some
eight or ten thousand livres ; but the gift will
assure to us more than ever the affection of the
savage tribes ; and any amount of money would I
have sacriliced rather than that there should be a
stain on French honor resulting from this busi-
ness."
0. — The fall of Oswego ended the campaign for
IToO, with the excei)tion of a few inroads into
Virginia, Pennsylvania and New i„BPtiviiyof the
^■ 1 1 T, 1 1 I T 1 milisli. Gloat rts
1 ork by J'reiich anil inthans, who imdngs in cimaaii.
s\\(io[>ed down on unprotected
>eUlements and detached forts all along the
iVonlici', and did innnense damage, killing or
taking prisoners the inhabitants, and carrying oft
1*1
1
i,!.|i
lip' '' '
Mi
HI
f
^^mf'
T-
■I
'
V
'. ilk m
i 1^'
'• M
' I'l
W
1
A
JL.
A
ii
f 1
t'V
!>I
■ I
ii
i V)
TUITLHS IIISTOKV oF ) UK DoMlMoN OF CANADA.
or (It'stidviiiL^ ciiiiis, dwellings, etc. Lord Ldudnii
(IftiriiiiiiL'il not to iittemiit any offensive ojiera-
tions this seiisoii, ;iii I, ili>iiii>sinj; tlic militia.
iiuiirtered liis regulars on tlu; jicoplc f)f New \'ork
and All)any. Winslow was ordcicd not to attack
'i'icondei'ot,M, Imt to cntrencli liini>eif so as to
eomniand tlie routrs to Lake Clianiplain and
Oswego; the expedition liv way of the ("handiere
was given nji. and th(! altaid< on l''ort l)u<ine>ne
postponed. .Montcalm razed Oswego to the
ground in the presence of the Iroiinois chiefs;
this was done for two reasons, first, lie could not
afford to spare enough mcMi to garrison it properly ;
and next, heeause In; wislied to propitiate the
Iroquois, and indeed so great an effect did tlie
successes of the French liave on tlie Six Nations
that it needed all the iulinenee of Sir William
.Tohnsoii to prevent the Mohawks from joining
Montcalm. Tlie French militia were allowed to
go home for awhile to gather tlieir crojis, and the
pcoi)le gave themselves up for awhile to great re-
joicing over the victory achieved. The stands of
British colors taken were paraded through the
streets of Jlontreal and deposited in Notre Dame,
where a grand Tn Dmim was sung, as well as in
all the other chiirehes throughout the colony.
The oidy person who did not seem to he thoroughly
well p ed about the matter, was ^[ontealm him-
self; anci he was not displeased at what was done,
but at the manner of doing it. which was contrary
to his ideas of warfare, ami in one of his letteis he
says: " Never before did three thousand men, with
a scanty artillery, besiege eighteen hundred, there
being two thousand other enenii(.'S within call, as
in the lake all'air; fiie party attacked having a
sni)erior marine, also, on I^ake Ontario. 'J'iie
success gaineil has been contrary to all expecta-
tion. The conduct 1 followed in this atTair. and
the dispositions I made, were so much out of the
ordinary way of doing things, that the audacity
we manifested would be counted rashness in
Europe. 'I'herefore, Monseigneur, I beg of you,
as a favor, to assure his Majesty that if he should
accord to me what I most wish for, employment in
regular camiiaigning, I shall be guided by veiy
different princi[)les."
7. — The French and Indians were by no means
idle during the winter ; although no serious en-
gagements tookplace, constant raiils
yueblc:'""'"'* '" were being made into Virginia,
New York, and Pennsylvania, one party penetrat-
ing to within twenty miles of theciiy of I'hiladel-
phia. Still the French were snifering greatly for
want of provisions; all articles of food were at
famine prices, | aitlv on aceount of scarcity, partly
on account of tiie ra[iacily of i'.igot and his fellow
plunderers, w liom no amount of human misery
could dissuade from their deliberate! robbery ot
the sulfcring poor, and it was diflicnlt to supply
the gai'risons, indeed it would iiave been almost
impossibh; to do so, but for the large stores of
provisions captured at Oswego. In Quebec, IJigot
& C(j. held a monopoly of bread and meat, and
made the nnfcntunate inhabitants pay thirty and
sixty cents jier pound for what only ci^st three and
six. During this winter many hundreds died of
starvation, and small-pox also added its ravages
amongst both whites and Indians, especially
amongst the Abemuinis, who were decimated by
it. A large number of Acadians also came up
from Miramichi, and added to tiie general suffer-
ing. So reduced were the people that horse-flesh
had to be resorted to for food. Some of the Aca-
dians died of small-pox, some settled in the neigh-
borhoods of Three Itivers and Jloiitreal, and
founded the ])arishes of Acadia, St. Jacques,
Nicolet and H^cancour, while the remainder hung
about the towns and cities for awhile and gradu-
ally became absorbed in tiie general population.
Ill I'\'bruaiy Montcalm ])ro])osed to make a sudden
descent on F\)rt William Henry, which was said
to contain immense quantities of provisions, and
to send M. dellourlannupie with eight hundred
and fifty men for that purpose. DeVaudreuil
entertained the proposal, but sent fifteen hundred
men. consisting of four hundred and fifty regulars,
eight hundred militia, and three hundred Indians,
under eomniand of his l>rother, .M. Itigaud de
Vandrenil, an appointment which gave; umbrage
to some of the regular officers, between whom and
the militia officers considcraiile jealousy existed.
8. — M. liigaud started on Sikl February, and,
travelling nearly one hundrci; miles on snow-
shoes, reached Fort William Ileiirv
on 18tli March, intending to talus ^II^'S.S^l!™;;^,^.
it b}- surprise, but the vigilance of
the sentries prevented this, and the jilace was
invested by the French, and the commander,
.Major Fyres, summoned to surrender. This he
refused to do, and after investing it for three days,
irty i»enetiat-
.■ of IMiiliidel-
;,' ,t,'i'ciitly for
'oi)(l WL'io at
iiicity, invrtly
rid liis fellow
iniaii misery
?. robbery ot
It to S11{1[)1\-
been almofit
^e stores of
iiebec, liii^ot
il meat, and
ly tliirty and
'st tiiree and
eds died of
1 its rava,t;es
, espeeially
ecimated by
so came up
iieral siiffer-
t liorse-flesli
of the Aea-
n the neigh-
ntreal, and
t. Jacques,
linder hung i
iiiid gnidu- I
pDjuilalion.
vc a sudden
h was said
isions, and
it hundred
eVaudreuil
II iiundrcd
ty regulars,
\ Indians,
liigaud de
e umbrage
whom and
' existed,
uary, and,
on snow-
ly of poaoe
tlie n-uyuois.
jihice was
innnander.
This he
hree days,
i
iiii
li
i
Ml
I
m
i!
II
fi
i lit n '
m \i
M. Rigiuid
to be tiikei
maiul, iiiid
storehouse!
considonil)'
teen q'liiis
tlie storeli
leaving on
rounded \>
then retire
says : " So
enced a sir
temporary
glare of 1
experience
tlie sandy :
tlie I'orniei
(quarters, l
ontinniMl
'with \viii(
siifierior n
them in lii
rehitions -
qiiois, in
William .
where tiic'
sings, Ah
and frien(
the Freni
but that
during lit
indicted o;
laid wasti
v<(iuare mil
I'^nglish S(
French inc
9.— Men
Lord lionc
The rriMvli al
Koil Wllliaiii
Hoiiry.
two or til
cent rate o
as the firs
left New
Lord Lou
acconnt ol
will be fo
seon as t
Montcalm
GOVERNMKXT OF THE JIAIIQIJIS DkVAUDIU:UIL.
M. Rigaiid concliuled tliiil tliu fort was too strong
to be taken by a.ss:inlt willi the force at liis eoni-
mantl, and contenleil liiin.self witli ileslro3'ing tlie
storehouses, etc., near it. Tliis destnicliDn was
considerable — four armed vessels, of ten to four-
teen guns eaeli, tlu'ee hundred bateaux, and all
the storehouses and out-iiiiildings being burnt,
leaving only the main buildings, which were sur-
rounded by (ire for nearly four days. Rigaud
then retired. Speaking of the French, (larneau
says : " Some of the lalter, on their retreat, exi)eri-
enced a singular alfecMion of the eyes, involving
temporary jirivation of sight, from the eontiniied
glare of the snow ; similar to the ophthalmia
experienced by many of the Frt-neh wiien erossing
the sandy regions of Fgypt by Nai)oieon. 15nt in
the fornu'r ea>(', two days alter reaching head-
(jnarters, the stricken men's sight ri'turned." The
onlinucil successes of the French, and the ease
'with which tlicy held their forts against the
sn[ierior ninnbcrs of the I'^ngli>]i, greatly raist'd
them in the estimation i i iluf Imlians. and friendly
relations were ci-'.-.cnted with them. 'J'he Iro- |
(juois, in spit(! of the strenuous efforts of Sir
A\'illiam Johnson, sent deputies to [Montreal,
where they were met by deputies from the Nipis-
sings, Alg(ui(juins, I'ottowattaniis and Oltawas,
and friendly jnotestalions renewecl. This made
tlio French feel more secure on their frontier;
but that iiad not been assailed by the Indians
during the war. all the binder warfare being
inflicted on th' other sidi!, where' the frontier was
laid \\aslt', anil at imh! lime as mui'h as sixty
s(piare miles in I'eunsylvania was deserted by the
English settlers on account of tiio Iinlian and
French incursions.
9. — Meanwhile the Ib'itish were not inactive,
Lord Loudon called a nu'cting of the governors
of r>oston in Jannarv, IToT, and it
nioFrPni'liiillii.'k , • , , , ,
Full William was <le(idi'il to aiiaiidou (he i)lan
lloiiry. . , , 1 ,. 1 • ,
previously adopted, ol sinking at
two or (hre^ jioints simulliiiieonsly, and lo eon-
cen(ra((! tni one jilaee, I^onisboiiig lieing selected
as (he first stronghold to attack. Tiie expedition
left New York on 'JiMb June, iimler eiunmand of
Ijord London, and procei'ilcd to Halifax; a full
neeonnt of the expcditi(ui and its want of success,
will be f(Mind in our next clia])(er on Aea<lia. .As
seoii as (he depart nre of L(Uidon was known,
Monteiiliu determined to atlaek Fort William
Henry, which was strongly fortillcd and dcfendeil
b}' two thousand men under ('olonel .Miinroe.
'I'he English colonies had been left by no means
defenceless by Loudon's dei)arture, for Colonel
Stanwyx was left to guard the Western frontier
with two thousand men; General Webb had
f(jur thousand men to defend New York, and
Colonel Roiuiuet had two thousand on the Caro-
lina frontier; besides these, there was the reserve
militia to draw on. Montcalm gathered ids army
at Tieonderoga, about the end of July, and found
himself at the head of three thousand regulars,
three thousand militia, and sixteen hundred In-
dians. This was the largest Indian force ever
allacheil to (Uie Fremdi army, and there wt'rc
representatives of thirty-two trilies in it, including
the Oneidas and Seneeas, who eoiild no longer
resist tlu^ temptation of throw ing o(f their neutral-
ity and joining what seemed to be the winning
side. I'rovisions were very scarce; the cr i[)s had
been a failure, and in order to get provi>ii ns for
(he army, the militia had to bring maize and
vegetables with them. DeVaudreuil says of them
in one of his letters. " They had neither Hour nor
baciui to use; they denied themselves ordinary
food, with ei[ual zeal and generosity, for the king's
sake." Several foraging parties went out from
Ticoiuhn'oga, while the Irooiis were being gathered,
and were generally successful, iiientenant Main,
willi a body of militia and Indians, surpris(>d a
party of English near Foi't Ivlward, and took lifty-
five seali)s. Rigaud attacked Colonel Parker and
about three hundred men, while tiiey were di seimd-
ing Lake (leorge, and killed about one-half, taking
(Hie hundred and sixty prisimers. One of the
prisoners said to Monlealm, >' 'I'o-morrow, oi next
day, (ieneral Webb will be at the fort with fresh
troops." Moii(ealm answered, "No matter; in
less than twelve days I will have a good story to
tell about (hem."
10. — On account of a scarcity vf boats the ail-
vaiiee was made by i)oth land and water; l)(d.,(\vis,
in command of twentv-eighl hnn-
, , , • i' 1 ■ ''.■iiiltnlnllnn of
drcil men, advancing along the east i""ri wiiiinm
aidi! of liake George. He left on
the :'<Mh July, and was juiiicd the following night
by Montcalm and the balanci' of the army, llicy
liaving coiiie lip the lal<e in two hiindied and (ifly
boals, preceded by the Lillians in their war
canoes. On tiie secmid the fiuci' showed itself
iiiff.
i-
I
' I !l1a
ill.-
thr
WItr
\a
all;
llr
CVi
Hi;.
his
1)111
lie
to
tcr
h.'
mill
i vvo\
of ^
K.l\
In.l
perl
frail
boii
Son
iilar
iiisii
.•ail-
anil
ami
wlii
GOVEHNMHNT OF Till': MAKQIIS nKVAl'DUKriL.
ioo
lilt' lattiT, whicli wiis iilimit si\ wooks sii]i|ily lur
tin- victors, brill'.;' coiLsidfrcHl ihc ^Tculcsl prizi', in
till' sliirviiii;' fiiiidiiioii dl'tlit' ('inniirv. .Moiiicalm's
loss was only liriy-l'our, while that of I he lCiii;li>li
was over two !iiiiiiln'il. Tlic iiitciiiioiis of De
\':iliilliiliK and Ills oiilers to .Moiitcalni. were to
ailark Korl I'Mward on llic fall of {•"ort William
Ili'nr\', and W'clili, who (•(iiiiniandcd llirrc, iiiadi'
every lU'eparation for an inL;lorions i-eireat lo the
IIi;4hlaiiiis of the Hudson, and had ;ilready sent
his hai^uau;!' to the rear in antiripation of lli'.;ht ;
l)iit Montealiii^never siipposinn' tiiat Weliii, whom
lie knew had i'oui- thousand men, was so anxious
to iiin — coneliided that " iliserelion was the hel-
ler pait (d" valor," and, eonleiit wiih the \ietor\
he had aehieved, thought it heller to allow his
militia lo return home and t ry to L;al her in liie
ero|is — if ihey could find any — than lo ri^k a sien'i'
of so stiini;4 and well i^arrisoned a plaei' as l''orl
I'Mwarcl, whieh was almosi certain I le nliescd.
Indi'cd ihe fall ol' Fori William ileiiry eau>ed a
perfect panic in \ew \'oik and Conncctieiil, and
frantic ap|ieals fiu- 'elpwere made to the iici^li-
l)(Miiii;' Slates, and all the niililia was called out.
Some of the oilicers ai Alhany were so much
iilarmeil that they even aniici|ialcd an attack on
New ^'ork," ll is inconceivalile. "says liiilcii-
ilisoii, " how lour (M' fl\e ihousand eliemii's could
,'ause such a panic." DcX'audrcuil was greatly
annoyed at his orders not ha\ iii'4 heeii carried out,
and the ineach heiwcen himsell' and Montcalm,
which ha<l heeii ;.4rowiiiL;' for some time, seiisihly
widened.
{'■'<• — So eiuh'd the campainii of ''u with more
reverses for the l''n^lish. and iiku-c miiilary
triumphs lor the l'"rencli ; one of
i''iiMiinc iiiciiim.ift. liriton"s str(niL;liolds on tlie lakes
iiad lieeii demolished, and t;'reat loss
inllii led, at. cimiparali\ ely lillle cost |o the
French, and omi' nnue the l''iciicli Ihe^' lloaleil
triiimphantl v from ('ape liieioii lo llii- Illinois;
hill it, after all. was only ihe linal liickeiiie.;- up
of llie candle hefore liieli'^hl weni out for e\cr.
I.oril Loiiihm reliiiiied from lii-- lio(Ule-.s eriani'
to l.oiiislioiirn', iml look no aciiiui auiiiiisl the
Freiieli, pnd'erriii;4 to iViller awa\ his limctpiai-
I't'liini; witii the rroviuciai aiilhoiiiies ahont
i|iiarters for his iroops. nml ihe IJoyai prero^ai i\ e,
Wlliell (lid not lend to improve llie feilill'4 cd' the
colonists tciwaiils till' moilier coiinli\, which was
! now t;rowiii^' very hitter. But while victory
pcK hed on the haniier> o( I'"ianee, L;aunl i'ainiiu!
j stalked ihroir^h Canada, and the winter of 1T.">7
I was even more severe tli;in the previous year.
I The crops iitlerly faileil, and what provi>ioii.s
j there well', were eagerly seized hy Uiuot and
; his sw indliiiL;' " Society " and held for enormous
i prices. Sc\e:-al aliemptsio niuliny on aecoinil of
the ralious — or rather want of raiiou^ — lo(d< place,
and il was only hy ihe ulmosi pi'isoual cxerlioii
thai Did.evis rc^iiained the nieii finm hreakiii;.;'
I out into open revolt, (iarnean sa\s: •• In several
parishes, hardly ciioic^h L;r.iiu was reajicd to pro-
, vide for next crops. t'ercals, which prtuiiisi'd
Well as they ui'cw . ^ave small piinns or none,
owiiiv;' to the tloodin'4' summer rains. ll was feared
that the country wiuild have no hread al all hy
the comiML;' uioiilh of .lauuary. l'"or precaiilioii
aj;ainsl the W(ir>l. two hundred '/ihir/s uf Ihmr
were ki'pl in rorrve. to sup|i|y the wauls of the
i sick in hospital till May. In ihe religious houses,
' the daily |iorlion was reduced lo half a pound
each pers(Ui; and il was proposed lo supply (o
each of the townspeople one pound id" inef or
Iku'sc-IIcsIi. or cod-llsh. aloui;' with I he '/"'"'''''"" <d'
hread allowed, hui which was iiid;.;-ed insiinicieiit
n( itself. The lulclidaul iioie^hl up iwelve lo
■fleeli iholisaiid hiuses i'lU' liie shaiilMes. Slcrcil
silhsist' nee failing', the troops were (|uail<icd
Upon ;he people ill rural disi ricls. as lln'se were
lliiHii;'lit to lie the hesi provided in a lime of
Ljeneral dearth. Only a few soldiers were kepi in
the tow us to do uarri^oii duly." « ♦ * «• h'.'U'ly
ill .\pril. the daily lalioii for the (^nehec people
was retluced a'_;aiu, and lixed al two ounces of
hread daily, with ei_;iil ounces of iiaccui or cod-li-.h.
.Men he;4au lo fall down in ihoireeis w iili hiiiiijjer.
More than thret? hundred Aeailians died from
prival i(Mi al 1 his 1 iiiie."
II. — liiil in Ihe inidsl id" all lids mi-~ery and
wreleliedness there were some who " farc(l siiliip-
luouslye\ery day." ami .^rew ial
aiid rich on liie slarvalnui ol u,,^ i ,,in|.,Mi\ .
others. l"'oreiuo>i auioii;;sl these
was I'li'^ol, ihe luleiidaiil. the e\il Genius of Ca-
nada, who rohlieil hoih Willi;' and people wiihsiieli
nuhliishiiiL;' effronlcry that e\en the eorin|il eoy.
ei'iiment al I'aris al la>l hecame alarmed al his
ever-^^'idw iiio' demands, and CI ied •• I'.iiou'^h." The
expenses id' ihe Colony, alwa\s lica\\, hecame
■ill
I
236
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOAUNION OF CANADA.
friLMitfiilly so under his corrupt iidiiiiiiistratioii.
From about two Iniiidrucl tliousaiul dollars tliey
rapidly rose to millions, aiul in t7o7 — tlit," year
of which we are writiirjf — he drt!W for over two
millions and a half of dollars, whih; at the time of
the conquest lu' liad ahoiit twenty million dollars
worth of ])aper money alloat, reprt'sentini^ a /)('/•
capita indchtedness of alioiil two hundred and fifty
dollars. Wiicn tlu' famine was at its liei;4ht in
Qiielieo the French rruverniuent was compelUnl
to send out provisions for distrihiition ; but this
was too ti^ood a cliance for Bij^'ot to lose, so one of
his c" -atnri!s opened a store next to liie Intend-
iints and sold the i^^oods to the peo[)le at most ex-
oibitant rates ; indeed, so i)alpal)le was the cheat,
that tiie peojjle nicknamed tlu; store " F^a Fri-
2)onne," ami a similar establishment in Montreal
was also so called and the street where the store
stood is still called Friponnc! street. It is some
satisfaction to know that on his retnrn to France
to enjoy his ill-irot jj^ains lie was im|)risoued for
fifteen months in th cllastile, then tried for fraud,
and senti'iice(l to banishment for life, to pay a fine
of oni! thousand livres, t) refund one million and
a half of livres, and to have all his projiei'ty con-
fiscated. Seven of Jiis associates in crime were
tried at the same time and found guilty ; and some
idea of the amount of the peculations of the pre-
cious crew may be fornu'd from the fact that the
total amount ordered to be refunded by them
amounted to four millions and a half livres. I)e
Vandreuil, if not actually implicated with l>igot,
was certaiidy very remiss in his duty in not en-
deavoring to stop such barefaced swindling.
CHAPTER LI.
ACADIA — GOVEIJX.MENT OF COLONEL
LA \V 1{ !■: N C !•:.—( (hntinurd.)
1. UXSUCCKSSFUI, .Vn'KMI'r to ('.VI*TIIK!3 LoflS-
iiouiKi. — 2. Skcond .\ttaciv o\ Loiisiioiiu;.
I'rki'Akations roi! DKFKNn:, — ;5 Siitiir.NDi'.ii
OK Loiisiioiiui. — L D!:>r.\M) riti; a lloisio
OK ASSI'.MIII.Y. ( )H.Ii:<'T10N OK (ioVKItNOIl LaW-
UKNCK. — ."). MKirriNi; ok 'x^w. Fiusr (li;NKi!Aii
ASHKMUT.Y. — tl. Civil, I'OMCV OK li AW liHXCK.
7. Di;sri;i'( rioN OK I.ofisitoiiu;. Dkapii ok
Lawrence.— 8. State of the Colony in
1700. — I). Ne\v House of As.sembly.
1. — After the removal of the Acadians the next
event of importance in Nova Scotia, was the at-
tempt to capture Louisbourg in 17")7. ,.
*■ *■ "^ Lnsiicccasful at-
As we liave already seen, war was {.•nipti..,;.ii,uire
ileclared between England and
France on 18th Ma}', 17.jG ; and vigorous meas-
ures against the French Colonies of America were
determined on at a meeting of governors held in
Boston ill January, 1757. Louisbourg was selected
as the first point of attack ; and a large army and
powerful fleet were concentrated at Halifax for
the attempt. Admiral Holborne left England in
April with eleven ships of the line, and fifty trans-
ports, having on board five thousand regulars,
under command of General Iloi)son. On the 20th
.Tune Lord Loudon left New York with six tliou-
saud troo[)s embarked in ninety transports, and
joined the English fleet at Halifax on Olh July.
Hefore the ex[)edition left port, however, intelli-
gence was received that Admiral de hiMolle had
arrived at Louisbourg from Hrest, with a fict of
seventeen ships of the line aud tiiree frigates; and
that the town was gari'isoned by six thousand
French regulars, three thousand militia, and twelve
hundred Indians. vV council of war was held, and
it was unanimously determined that, under the
circumstances, tin; force at hand was not snflicient
to warrant an attack on Lfiiiisbonrg; the troops
under L(U'd Loudon, therefore, returned to New
York, and .Vdmiial llolboine, with fifteen slii[)s or
the line, four frigates and a fire ship, stood towards
Louisbourg to reconnoilre. Ailmiral de laMotte
offered liattle ; but Ilolborne decliue<l, as the
French outnumbered him, and returned to Hali-
fax. There ho was joined by four more ships of
the line, and in September appeared iigain off
Louisbourg; but this time the French Admiral
tluuight it prudent to decline an eugagemeut, as
the ICnglish had now a superior force, aud he had
ree(ived strict instruetinus not to risk, against
odds, tiu; best ficet {•ranee hail been able to ('(piiji
f(U' half a centuiy. Sluuily afh'iwards a storm
destroyed part of the I'liti.sh licet, and the le-
mainder eitlu'r returned to i'liiglaiid, or put into
American ports lor repairs.
2. — 'i'lie return to power in iMiglaiul of Tilt
caused new life to be infused into the war iu
iii • ■-
GOVKUXMKNT OF THE IMAKQI'IS DKVAUDIiKriL
237
Tin* P«Tninl utta.'k
nil l."iii>-\iuuru'.
ileteiice.
Genera
Aincrii:
illU
1 tl
10 Ciiinpiii^ii o
1 Al)
1T").S was oiieiiutl willi threat vii^or.
Lord London was I'o-ealli'd and i tempted ; and on that morninL!'
n. — Ii was not until the Stii, tliat tlie sea suli-
sidcd sulHeiently to allow a landing to he at-
icrcronihio apjioii
ited
eoniniaiMler-m
seven frigates hauled in sh
on; anil
Siirrt-iul.'r «>f
chief, (leneral Andierst, wiiii Woll'e, Wliitniore, i opened fire on a Freneh l)attery,
and Lawrence as l)ri,nadiers, were appointed to
connnand the land I'orees in anothei' allaelc to l)e
made on Louishoiu;;'. Admiral IJoscawcn was
despatiiicd to Halifax wilii a lar^e lleet, and was
I wiiieli had heen erected at Cormorant Point, to
j cover the lanilin;^ of the troops. 'J"hc troojis were
I in tiu'ee ilivisions of hoats, Wolfe eommandin;^ the
Icfi, and leadinij' La\\ rence and Whitmore. 'I'he
ijiere joined in" (inicra! Amherst with tiie land ' Freneh opened a hrisk lire as tiie hoats neared the
fiirees. 'i'h(! sriuadron eoiisisted of Iwenfy-two i shore; hut Wolfe, sprinnini^ into the water, cheered
shi[is of tlie line, lifieeii fri'^ales and one hiuidred ' on his nuMi, and led them i;allantly ui) to the
and twenty transports and small vessels, havini;- j breastworks the French had erected. A stulil)orn
elevju thousand six hundred soldiers on hoard, i liiiht ensued here, luit the works were finally ear-
The fleet arrived off LouishourL;- on the lid .June, vie(l and the French retreated to the fortress, after
an 1 was detaiiu'd live <lays hy had weather, before '■[ havini;- lost seventy men. On the l:ith the siei^e
a iandiiiL;- could be atlemptcd. 'I'iiis Ljave the |; ;4>ins and heavy artillery were landed : and Wolfe
[•'rench an opport unity to prepare for a defence, J! pushed forward and took iiosses.-.ion of several
and they made ihe best use of the linu! so i^ained. j "^vorks which the French iiad dest'rtcd. He was
AL Driieonrl. who was in command, had Ihirly-foiir I thus enaiiled to open fire on the town, to whicli
hundred re.nuhns, with about seven hnndreii mili- , Drneourt had retired, 'lliree of llic Freneh tVi--
tia and some Indians, in the fortress; while six i ates had been suidc across the mouth of the liarlior.
ships of the lim-, and seven frigates and small ves-
sels, earryint;' in all live hundred and sixty-two
H'lnis. defended the harbor.* 'J'he fortifi<-ations
had been allowed to ,i;'el- into a vt'iy dilajiidaled
condition, the revetments and curtains were in a
crnmblin''' coudil ion. and onlv one casemati! and
to keep out the l'".n;4li>h fleet. On the lilstasliell
set lire to tin,' French line of battle ship luilri-
jiniiiint, anil the flames coi.nuunicatcil to Ac
Cdjirlcieiix iUid Lc VrlrJifi'. totally destroying;' the
three. A l)oat party, under connnand of Captains
Lafaroy ami lialfonr. entereil the harbor al nii;lit.
I,
luui-iiroi
the magazine wert
uncle, dated liTth .iiu ■ , iT
" Louisbiuirn' is a lit t le |
casemate in it, hardly b
Li a letter to 1
us
")S, (iciH'ra
1 W
•h t.
one says:
^ but one
!:old tl
ten. Onr aitillerv made hav(
le
anioUL!- them
tnrei
iiul broun'hl iHit
one
!•
reiH'h ship am
1 set
another on lire; thesis were tlu^ la>t Uien-of-war
the French had. as the oiln
d all 1
leen SIIUK to
protect the harbor. ( )ii the JtJth of .Ldy, Driiconrt,
findiii'i; further rcsislaiu'c usi'less, was forced to
(ll
le garrison) ami si.on opened liie ramjiait; ii
two da\s more,
\\v.
should ceiiaiidv ha
ve ear-
ri((
111.
' CmiiiiiIicII, ill Ills llistiii-ii nf \ui-ii Sriitiii says; " Tlic ^.■inisnii nf
i l.i>iii!-lHiiii:; wlii'ii till- l''.n;;lisli liiinlcil iini.'-istril nl':
IvMiitv-foiii' i'iiiii|i:iiiit's of inlMiilrv iiml twn cuiiipiinii's <>)'
submit to an uneoniiilional snrreiid
er. no
letter
terms
bi'iu'.
olilaMialile
■|'
le vietor\' was an un-
portant oni', for with Loui>boiire' fell the whole of
(. ape lireton. and tiie islam
l^'rciieli were left without
d of Si. .1,
thi
~l roe
11
MrlilliTv, ill ill
'lollil luitlllllollul tl
Ir irmilli
iiti'l \'iil.iiil.iirrsi;tr
All. .is
lliir;,'..\ III'
('li:iiiil.i>e
I.'.'IKI
4,"iO
.\ll
ll
aiitii
lousand six
and the way open to
hiindi
(^iii
d
hold on the
. Five
siildiers and sailors were
Tutiil,
,|IHI
inai
le prisciiiers ; fifteen tlioiisaiid stands of an
eleven pairs o
f coll
in immense amoiint o
milit
ii\' stores ami provi^ion^
into I he hands
led was eillier
'rillTC WI'll' Ills., ill till' l..\VM S.'M-II llllll.lri'll lilimlliT lllillli.l illllj I
nilliilii'l' I.I' lliiliiiii-. iiii.l ill li.i' Ii:ir1...r III.' |..||.iuiii:: >lii|.s i.r »:ir:
I.I' I'niili'iil -
I.' Km
1.1' (
ri'ini iiiiiit -
:l|.llrll'll\
1.1' Ci'li'hi-i' -
I.I' llirnriiisiiii
l.'A|.,,ll,,ii -
- Ill
- Ill
lit
l..'l I hi'M'O
l.a llli'lin
I..' li.lilr
I.' Kill, ,
l.:i Iti.'llli'
1. ArillillM'
of the victors, while all the I'"rcm
eapliired ordislroyed. .\s the i'iii^jlish had Hali-
fax for a naval station, Loni>boiii"4 was not needed.
Ill yiiii;
- Hi
It was. iherefon
demo
deserted.
and
hoilh aflerwaid
li^lied. The news of this viiMory, aeeoiii-
plislicd willi I he ciiinparali\ely liillin;^ loss of four
liundred men, was received with nieat denion,-,iia-
11
i i
;!■
V
h ;;i
ii'
238
TITTLI/S llisronv OK TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
tioiis of joy ill Eiinliiiiil. tnul it was felt tluit tlic
days of KiiMiL'li nili' in Cniaihi wi-n- iiiiiiilKMfil.
Tlie I'lcvi'ii sliiiids of caiituicd coiois were taiccii
to Kiigiaiul l)y Captain Aiiiiicist, a lirotlicr of tiif
(ii'iu'ial, and laid at tliu iVct of the iciiii;', wiio
comnuiiided tlicin to he taken to St. I'auVs ( 'iiiiieii
iu tiiinniih. Wolfe gained <^roat credit for his
conduct during tlie .siege, and to liini was entrusted
command of the force which was sent against
Quehec during the following summer, and of whicli
we sliall treat in our next chapter.
4. — We will turn now from the military to the
civil events of importance which occurred in the
i)iiiiaii(itiTan..iiso colony during the administration t)f
illil'^,ns"t'liovcn'ior ^'iiveiiior Lawreucc. The m<"^l im-
lawn.n.'c. poitant of these was ■ , •? f .tal.l.sh-
ment of the (Jeneral Assemlily, \ ' ■ t ii 'ook
several years toaccomplisli, owing to tli ■ ipob ii m
of ( ioveinor Lawrence wlio did not like ■;.; jiowi '
to rule the colon}' lakin from the governor ami
council. The [U'oclamalion calling for emigrants
liad guaranteed llu'm the same form of government
and rights as the oilier colonies; but, owing to
dilliculties in the way of electing an Assemlily,
none had yet been (diosen, and the afl'airs of the
colony were adnniustered by the governor ami
council. In 1T.")4, Jonathan IJelcher, second son
of (iovern(U' lielclier, of Massachusetts, was ap-
pointed chief justice of Nova S"oiia: and the
following year he raised the (piestion — in a letter
to the Lords of Trade — as to tlie ccnstitutionality
of several laws jiassed by the governor and coun-
cil, without the emhirseiiK'nt of an assembly, 'i'lie
question was sulimitled to the attorney -general
and solicitor-general, w ho decided that the gov-
ernor and council alone had not the right to make
laws, and that any so made wi'ie unconslilulional.
The Ltird> of 'I'rade infoniii'il Lawrence of this.
and advised him to eimvcnc an assembly at once,
and get the laws already parsed conlirnu'(l, bidorc
it was known that they \YVi\' illegal. Lawrence
re[ilicd that the dilliculties in the way w I'lc unsiir-
nnnintalile; and urged as one objection the fear
that the nieichanls of Halifax Wduld lia\e loo
great an inlluciice in the .\ssembly, to the detri-
ment of the country peojile, whose interests were
of a more lermancnt character. The people also
got lip a pilition to the Crown praying for a
Le';islalive Assemlily, and this matter was again
urged on Lawrence by the Lords of Trade. Still
Lawrence managed to find excnsi's. and the matter
was put off for that year. In December, IT.'ti,
lielclier look his seat ill the council; and I,aw-
reiice then laid before the House a proiiosal for
calling a House of Iiepresentatives, which Uelcher
had iianded him the iirevious year, wiiile chief
justice, and which had been submitted by him to
the Lords of Trade. On the -id of Jamiary,
1757, another meeting of council was held and
it was agreed that the House of Hepresentatives
should consist of twenty-two members, twelve
to be elected for the rrovinee at large, until
it could be divided into counties, four for the
township of Halifax, two for that of Lunen-
burg, and one each for Dartmoulli, Lawrence-
town. Annapolis Koyal, and Cumberland ; sixteen
members to form a quorum, and only freeholders
to be entitled to a vote. Still Lawrence neglected
to call an eU'ction, and wrote to the I^ords of
irade that an assembly was not necessary at
present, and that all the persons to whom lie had
spoken were opposed to calling an .\ssembly
imme<liately. Their lordships reiilicd, rather
curtly, that he knew their desires on thi^ subject,
and, as he did not seem disposed to giiitify them,
they were obliged to order him to do so; adding
that they knew that many had left the Province
and gone to other colonics, on account of the dis-
content at the delay in calling an assembly.
5. — Lawrence could not very well evade such
direct instructions, and, accordingly, at the coun-
cil meeting of -JOth of May, IToS, M,,.tin«.>t ti,.> iirsi
the matter of calling an assembly "••>»n,i A^.u,nbIJ•.
was again brought up. and a resolution to the fol-
lowing effect passed : That a House of Iiepresen-
tatives of the inhabiiants (>f this I'loviiice be the
civil legislature thereof, in conjunetion with the
governor for the time being, and the council ; that
the first house shall be known as the General .As-
sembly, and shall be convent'd in the following
manner; sixteen members to bi; elected by the
I'rovinct! at large, until such lime as it should be
divided into counties; four by the township of
Halifax, and two by the townshi]) of Lunenburg;
and that as soon as l*i/e([iiid. Minas. Cobecpiid, or
any other township w hieli might be erected, liad
fifty electors it should be enlitletl to elect twd
representatives to the assen;bly, as well as having
the right of voting for representatives for the
Province at lar«re. Eleven memlnrs, besides the
COVKUNIMEKT OF THE IMAUQT'IS DkVATTDREUIL.
2:10
■-IMMkt'r, to form a (jiKiiuiii. 'llie first Assuml'ly
of Nova Scotia mot on tlie Tlli of October, 175.S,
at Halifax, and I'lectcd Itohiirt Sanderson, Sja'akcr.
A nnmher of tliu laws passed l)y the governor ami
council were passed with slii^lit alterations; antl
ihe Assembly, on tlie ([Ueslion heinjjj put whether
any moniiV should lie paid tliem for tlunr services,
unanimously resolved that the memhers should
serve witlioutany remuneration tliat session. The
usual speech from tin; tJu'one was made, and a com-
plinuMitai'v address in reply moved ; and the gov-
ernor and his new assenihly got on better together
than he had expected, for he had written to the
Lords of Trade that some of the men elected were
not remarkable for promoting unity or obedience
to His iNIajesty's Government in the Province.
0. — Lawrence was an active and al)le titlicer, and
paid great attention to deviiloping the nisource.s of
the Province, and promoting the
il«r!'me? °' Welfare of the people. He op[)osed
the gt)vernment scheme of making
the colony a military settlement ; and was per-
niitteil toinvitca more desirable class of emigrants,
fanners, mechanics, ifcc. A [iroclamation was issued
and enquiry soon followed as to the inducements
offered settlers. Tlie terms were liberal. Tlie
townships were laid out at twelve square miles, or
one hundred thousand acres eaeii ; and each set-
tlor was entitled to one liundred acres for liimself,
and fifty acres for (svery member of his family, on
condition that he cultivated the land within thirty
years ; and each township was to iiave th<! right to
send two representatives to the legislature as
soon as it contained fifty families. Agents from
parlies in Connecticut and Khodc Island visited
Halifax in IT;'!), with a view to ('migration, and
selected Minus. (Jhigneeto and ('obe(piid — which
had formerly been set tied by the Acadians— as sites
ftu' townships. ICmigration soon set in steadily
towards the Province: six vessels, with two hun-
dred settlers, arrived from l>oston ; foursciiooners,
with one hundred, came from l{hode Lsland ; New
London and Plymouth furnished two hundred ami
eighty, and three hundred came from Ireland,
under the miinageinent of Alexander MeXiitt.
"• — Ihe year ITiID was marked by two notable
events in tiie history of tlie colony, the deslruetion
,, , ,. ,, , of Louislxnirg, and the death of
i"'ia.. iiiHih.,! (iovernor Lawrence. After the
l.iiwrini't".
capture of this stronghold of the
32
French, two 3eais before, it liad been abandoned
excejit by a small garrison ; but it was so identi-
lied with French rule in Acadia, that the English
(ioveinmcnt concluded that s(j long as it existed
the Frencli would bo always making efforts to
regain it, and, therefore, determined to demolish it
'ltog( tlier. Accordingly engineers were sent from
England to entirely destroy it, which w speedily
and skilfully done; and now only a f. v houses
remain to mark the spot which coso '''ranee so
many millions and so many lives to maintain, and
Englaiiil so niucli to capture. 'J'lie destruction of
l^ouisbourg was a great relief to the Nova Scotians,
as the}- regarded it as a constant source of danger
in time of war. 'J'lie death of (lOvernor f^awrence
look place on the lUlJi of October, 17(!l), from
inflammation of the lungs, brought on by a cold
taken at a ball at (iovcrnment House, lie was
deei)ly mourned liy the colonv, and his loss severely
felt. He as accorded a jjublic funeral, and the
Legislate ■; or ed a moniimcnt to his memory to
be erected in Paul's church, Halil'ax, as a mark
of tlieir .'iise ol the many important services he
had r( ndered the Province. Lawrence was a wise,
upright .'•id impartial administrator, and zeal-
ous and indefatigaiile in his endeavors f(n' the
l)iil ^ good ; even his opposition to calling a gen-
eral .isscmbly made him few enemies, and his
strongest opponent in the matter. Chief Justice
ilelciier — wlio succeeded him in the Administra-
tion — leinaincil on good terms with him. Hali-
bnrton says of liiin " Few men ever gave so iniieh
satisfaction to t!ie government by whom he was
employed;"" and Mr. Murdoeii adds, " Ht; was a
man inllexibl(i in his purposes, and lield control
with no fecl)le hands ; earnest and resolute, he
pursiii'd the olijeet of estalilishing ami c(<iifirming
Piritish autliority iiere witii marked success.'" 'I'iie
one stain on liis memory is Jiis treatment of the
Acadians, in the manner of tlujir removal, wliich
— however necessary — was performe.l in a more
harsh and cruel way than was recpiired.
8. — The Honorable Jonathan IJelclu-r succeeded
liawrence, and we cannot give a lietter account of
the condition of the Province at the
end of thi' year ITi'iO, than by quo- ^',",'^,V,;^ "'" ''"'""y
ting from his letter to the Lords of
Trade in Deeemlier of that year. He says : "I
have the satisfaction to acquaint your lordsliips
tliat the townships of Horton, Cornwallis, and
i ' . i;
!;! 1
;: 'j
k
, I it
I
i
11 I
I
240
TITTLKS IIISTOKV OF IIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
Fiiliiioiitli, iiro so well estiiblisliod that everytliiiij,'
heiiis a ht>i>t'l'iil appearance; as sjoii as those town-
ships were laid out by the surveyor, palisaded
forts were erected in each of thcni, Ity order of the
late governor, with room to secure all tlu! inhah-
itants who were formed into a militia, to ji)in what
trooi)s could be spared to oppose any attempts that
miL^lit be formed a,i,'ainst tiu-m by Indian tribes,
which liad not then surrendered, and bodies of
French iuhabitauts wiio were hovering about the
country. After this necessary buNiness, tlie prop(>r
season coming on, they were emi)loyed in gather-
ing liay for winter. One thousand tons were pro-
viiled for Ilorton, five hundred forCornwallis. and
six hundred for Falmoutii, and about this time
they put some corn and roots in the ground, and
Ix'gan to build their liouscs. In the month of
August, the late governor having returned from
Liverpool, made a i)rogress into tiiese settlements,
where, after having regulated several matters, tlic
great object of his attention were the Dykes, of
which the breach made in that of the river Caiuird,
in the township of Cornwallis, as it was the great-
est, was his first care. For this purpose the inhab-
itants, with their cattle and carriages, together
with those hired from Ilorton, at their own ex-
pense, were joined with some of the Provincial
troops, and Acadians, who were best aciituiinted
with work of this kind, to make a collection of the
necessary materials to repair the breach. A con-
siderable quantity was accordingly got ready,
when the inunilation usual at this time of the year
put a stop to the work for this season. However,
tiie materials were all secured against the next
undertaking, and care was inunediately taken to
protect as much of the dykes in this and the
neighboring townships as would enclose land suf-
ficient to raise bread corn for them tlu; next year,
except at Falmouth, where the u[il!ind is in very
good condition for that purpose. The late (Jov-
ernor having observed how necessary it was tiiat
a good road should be made from 1 lalii'ax into these
settlements, inunediately on his return ordered all
the tl'oops that could be spared from duty to be
eni[>loyed on this work, beginning at Fort Lock-
ville. It was, at this time, very dillicult to l)e
passed in many places, on account of swamps and
broken bridges, but it has since been iinisiied so
as to become a good horse road, by which it will
be an easy day's journey in the summer time thence
into the settlenu'nts. The greatest j)art of thr
expense of this will be defrayed out of a sum of
money aiiproiu'iated from a seizure of molasses.
Many of the iniiabitants are rich and in good cir-
eumsliuices. Al)ont one hundred have transported
tliem.-xlvcs and their elTects, at their own expense.
and are very well al !e to provide for their own
sujiport. As to the poorer sort tiieri! is provision
made for them, until the month of .Vugnst. In
the township of Liverpool, they arc now employed
in building three vessels for the fishery, and have;
laid in hay for the winter fodder for their cattle.
and have raised a considerable quantity of mnts,
and erected a grist and saw mill. They have
sixteen sail of fishing schoomrs, aiul although
several of them came late in the season, they have
caught uea; five hundred quintals of fish; the
prinei[ial owiuns of which have gone back to the
continent to dispose of it, and will return in tiie
spring for a further supjily of stock for their lands.
From these circumstanct's, I flatter myself, your
lordships will entertain a favorable o[.inion of
this settlement. In regard to the townships of
Aiinai)olis and (iranville, about thirty proprietors
are settled in each ; as they came late in the year
they did not bring all their families, but are pre-
paring against their arrivals in the si)ring, at which
time the rest of the proprietors arc expected. Of
the townships of Chester and Dublin as they tlid
not contract early in the year, but a few propri-
etors are yet come to each of them. However,
]iersons of considerable substance are engaged in
tlu'ui, who are making piciiaiations to come to
their lands as early in the next year as the season
will permit. In th.e engagements entered into for
carrying on the s(;ttlenu'uts, no promises were
made of transportation or care to any but the
grantees of Ilorton, C(uuwallis and Falmouth, and
although the latter grantees have readily and
cheerfully engaged themselvtis, yet tlujy pleaded
much for such encouragements, and ha"e found
themselves partly obstructed for want of these
ailvantages. As the perfect establishment of the
settlement depends in a very great degree on the
repairs of the dykes, for the security of the marsh
lands, from whence tlie su[)port of the iniiabitants
will become easy and [ilentifid, necessary measures
for cIVectiug this great point hav(t b(!en fully con-
siilered, and I humbly conceive that the dykes
may be put into very good condition, if, with your
(JOVKHNMKNT OF THE MARQUIS DkVAUDREUIL
•241
Lordship's approliat ion, one luiiulrcd of tlio FnMuh
inliiibitants may ln' ciii|>l(iy»'(l in clid'crcnl jiails of
the Province to assist and instruc't in these ri'pairs.
the now selth'rs liaviiiLj come from a cininlry in
whicii no sucii works art; wantin;^. I must not
omit to mention to yonr hirdships, that the set-
th'ment of Liinenhnr;^ is in a very tinivii'„' condi-
tion, and tliat none an; in want tju're. except tiio
sicldy and iniirni."
'.t. — Tile ihatii of (Jeory;e the Seeon 1, wiiieh oc-
curred in October, 17t!0, dissolved the first House
of Asseiiddv ; an<h as i;reat clian^es
SIT"' •" •'"' l'"i''diition haii tai<en pl'.i'^e
since tile eh'ction. tiie manner of
electinn was altered. 'I'he jm sident and council
decided to allow the counties of Halifax, Luncn-
heiL,', Annapolis, and Kini,'"s two UKMuhers each ;
the townships of Luuei.ltert^, Annapolis, Horton,
("ornwallis, Kalmoulh, and l^iverjiool two niem-
hers each, and the township of Halifax four niein-
hers. niakiui^ a total of twenty-four niendiers, and
aholishiuLf representatives for the province atlart^e.
Till! first nieelini,' of the new assenddy was lield
on the first of July, ITHl, and Mr. Xeshitt, who
liad been elected Speaker in \~.')\\ was re-elected;*
and the House aijfain a;j^reed to y;ive their services
ifratuitously. 'I'he most important act during,' this
session was the formal treaty of peace with the
Indians, who buried the hatchet with threat cere-
mony, in tlie ])resence of the ijovernor, council,
assend)ly, maj^ist rates, and public ollicers. Nova
Scotia was not trouided with the " horrors of war "
durini;' the eonlliet then f^oini^ on between France
and Kngland, although Halifax did L,'et one pretty
j^ood scare after the surrer'der of St. Johns, New-
foundland, on the twenty-fourth of June, 170:2, to j
* Mr. Williiim Xcsliilt was a iiiiiiiliiT nf tli. tirft Assinilily clccti-il ;
ill l""iH. "Ill' :iri'ciiii|i.'ini<'il liiivi'iiinr ('i>rii»;iilis In llic rrnvimi' in ^
17411, as (Hie ol' the yoMTniiii'iit rlrrks. ancl ;t|>]>t-ars to lia\c iHTfttriiKuI,
Imomii'iiion with Aiilillialil lliiiclicl«i«iil, the duties of tlio sr.ir-
tiirv's cvirirr fill MM'iai vcars. Ili'aftiiwaiils iiraitisod as an attmni'V
liiiil sulicitural ItalifaN. wlu'ri' iiiany of tin' ili-iils and ciiiui'uiin-cs of
land apprar In liis liandwiitin;,'. He siicicrdid Mr. I.iltic as attnr-
lii'>-f;cni-i-al ol till' I'liliiny. wliirli dlllri' 111' held for iie.irly tweiity-liM'
years, lie ociuiiied tlie eliair of tlie llonse of A.sM'iiilily, witli tlie iii-
terinissliin of tlie sesM'.n of 177-1. till 17S.'t, wlnii lie retired on ,-1 pen-
sion of one liiin.lrril |,,.iiiiils jier annnm. He died in the follow in'.;
year, liiirin;,' the period of Ids spe.-iUersliip. the House wit foniteen
years wilhoiil a dissolution, ;ind was thus the l.on;; r.irlianient of
Nova Scotia. Mr. Neshilt's house was in Crafton street. Halifax.
He is snppo.sed to have lelt no male heirs in the louiitrv. His daimli-
ter, Mrs. Svv;iii, died in Die old hon..<e in (inifton street alniiit thirtv-
ei;;ht \ears af,'o. The portraits of Spi';iker Neshitt and liis lady are
ill the lil'Riry of Kiiik's (;oll<'j,'e, Wiiul.sor."— t'((my/')i //'* llinturij nj
A'otu ic'ud'u.
foin- French men-of-war. When the news readied
Hiilifax it caused threat excitement, as it was fearetl
that a descent would be made on that place. A
boom was stretched acidss tlie north-west arm;
the XiiithumherlanJ, the only nian-ol"-war in the
hiirbor iit the time, was anchored in iiiid-chaiiiiid,
and other jirepaialions made for defence . but the
French vessels did not appear, and the only efl'ect
of the j^care was the banishment of one hundretl
nnd thirty of the Acadians who yet remained in
the province. It w;i.s feared that there would be
a risinjjf of the Acadians if tht> French appeal. mI,
and, to prevent this, the militia of Kiii};'s County
coUectetl one hundred and thirty of them, broiit^ht
them to Halifax, and they were shipped to Massa-
chust>tts. That colony, however, had had enou;j;li
trouble with the Acadians sent them by (Jovernor
Lawrence, and would not allow this lot to land,
and the tninsjiorts conveying' th.em had, therefore,
to take tliem back to Halifax. Peace was declared
on the eiLijiith of November, 1T<>'J, and by the
treaty which followtjd, all the French possessions
in Canada — Nova Scotia, Cajie Hreton, and the
ishinds in the ;j;ulf and river St. Lawrence — were
ceded to (Jreat Britain. In ITCi-H'olonel Montiij^ue
Wilmot was appointed lieut(Miant-<;overnor in
place of Mr. Helciier ; and in tlie foUowinu; year,
Cajii! Itreton and tlie island of St. John were an-
nexed to Nova Scotia.
CHAPTER LII.
COVEPvNMENT OF THE AL\RQUIS De
VAUDREUIL.— (('..«///*».■</.)
1. AliKHCKOMHY S .DVANCR ON CAI!lt,l,(>N. — 2.
Tilt': i-ANDiNc. Dkat'i UK Loud Howi;. — :5.
Alif.lM'ltUMIiV's DkFEAT. — 4. AllKllCUOMIiY's
Rkti:1';.\t.— ."). liuADsruKicT Caitirks Fort
FK<tNTi-:NA(;. — (). Ai!Ani)onmi-;nt or Four Dir
(^ri'-.sNi':. — 7. Till'; SiTr.VTii>\ at thk ci.osk
Ol'" HoH. FiiANCK Ahandons Canada. — s.
StatI': ot'' Ai'i'Aiits IN THE Colony. Star-
vation AND KoilIfKUY'.
1. — The failure of Lord Louthin in liis attack on
Loiiisbourg in 17.";7, and the capture of Fort Wil-
Ml ^i
I 1
n
1
i'l
I
242
TUTTLKS lllSTOUV OV TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
Alwrii .nliy'K ml-
vauce i>n CuriUon
liain Ileiiiy by tlio Frciu'h in tluit
yeiir, ciuisi'd j^icat oxciteuiuiit in
Eiii;liiii(l. Till! iiiinistrvof tlio Duki;
ol' N(.'\vciislle had jii.>t retiii'd, and I'ilt, tlic "f^icat
Coninioiicr," was at tlic liulin ol' [uililic alTairs. lie
siiw tlic iiicomiu'luiioy of Lord London, and re-
ciilk'd liini, j^ivin;^ connnand of the Hnj^disli foiccs
in America ti; Lord Ahururoniliy, wliilo (ieneral
Andier«t was jilaci'il in eonuiiand of tiiu forces to
attack Lonisboni'n', wilii wliat snecess we have
already st;en. I'itt tried to inspire eonfidenee and
aiiinuition in the colonies by addressin;^ eirenlars
to the tjovernors, pruniisinif trooiis and war mate-
rial in ahnndance, provided tiu' colonies wonld
raise snch additional men anionj^st themselves as
might 1)0 needfnl. As a mark of favor and eneonr-
agement, provincial colonels were raised to the
rank of l)riLjadier-iL;'('nerals, and lieutenant-colonels
to that of colonels. Thei.e circulars were veiy
heartil}' responded to, and i i less than two months
nearly twenty thousand men had assembled at
Albany. The plan of the campaign was to attack
Ticonderoga and Crown Point, while a simul-
taneous attack was made on Fort Dnt^tuesne.
Abererombie commanded in j)erson the force des-
tined for Tieonderoga, and had the hon(M' (d" being
at the head of the largest army whicii had ever
assembled in the English or French colonies. It
consisted of a strong detachment of tin; royal artil-
lery, six thousanil three hundred and liflv regulars,
un<l nine thousand militia. This vast army left
Albany at iliv end of June, and iiiarcliing to !,ake
(Jeorge, encamped on the ruins of Fort William
Henry, where it remained until the fifth of July,
when it was embarked on one tlioiisiuid and thirty-
live boats, and jiroceeded towards Ticonderoga.
The cannon were mounted on rafts, and formed
lloatiiigbatterii's. The sight was a grand and impos-
ing one. Mr. Dwight records it as follows: "The
sky was serene and the weather superb ; our flo-
tilla sped its way in measured time, in accord
with inspiring martial music. The standards"
folds floated gayly in the siiiishine ; and joyous ex-
pectations of a coming triuinjiii bciiiiied in every
eye. The firmament above, the earth below, and
all things around us, formed together a glorious
spectacle. The sun, since his course in the heavens
began, rarely ever lighted up a scene of greater
beauty or grandeur."'
2. — Ticonderoga, or Carillon, as it was called
by the French, was situated on the left bank of
the river which eoiiiu'cts Lake
(Jeorge with Lake Chami)lain, on ii 'on.!:"nZ.!'''''^'
high i)lulV which was washed by
the waters of the lake and river on the east and
south, and protectc-d by marshes on the north ;
the west was, therefore, the vulneraiile sidi;, and
this was nniiroteeted at the time the ICnglish
landed. The English pulled u]) the lake all day,
but went on shore in the evening, and built large
fires, in order to deceive Montcalm into the iilea
that they would jiroceed no further that night.
AiK)Ut midnight, however, the troops were re-em-
barked and jMished on up the stream ; and by tiv(!
o'clock on the inoining of the sixth the advanced
guard of two thousand men, under command of
(icneral Hradstreet, was landed, much to the sur-
prise of Montcalm, who did not expect them so
soon, and remarked : " Tlu;sc people move; cau-
tiously, l)iit if they give me time to gain the posi-
tion I have chosen on the heights of Carillon, I
shall beat them." The whole army being landed,
was formed into four columns and jinshed forward.
The forest was very dmise, and marching dillieult,
the troops often impeding each other. They ha<l
not proceeded far when the right centre, led iiy
Lord Howe, encountered a body of three hundred
French, led by M. de Trci)czce, whicli had been
sent out to reconnoitre, had lost its way, and was
endeavoring to regain the main body of Mont-
calm's army, which was then falling back on Car-
illon from LaChnte. A short I'ligagement ensued,
but the gallant little band were (Uituumbered ten
to one. and were all either killed or captured.
Their first fire, however, had been fatal, for a
bullet had struck Lord Howe in the breast, and
he died almost instantly.*
o. — The IJiitish spent all night in the fori'st, and
so gave 3Ii)iitcalni time to fall back on Ticon-
deroga and prepare for defence.
This he did by felling trees across Ai».rer<.ruby'8 .ic-
the western base of the triangle,
[ilacing them with their large branches towards the
• I.iinl Howe w.iH spniiid in coiniiiand, iiml. iiltlioiiKli only !i yiimi);
ciHiciT, .liMil ilistini;iii«lii'(l liriiisclf. iiml it \\:is mi liis iihiIiii'ss ^iihI
.jiiclL;m('nt lliiit I'itt <l>>|K'ji(l('<l mini' tliaii cm Alu'iiinmliy. Yimiii;, i)f an
I'Xii'llcMt ili!*|iiis ticiii, iiiud, liravc, ami liclun^iii;; to one of tlio lii'st
raniilics ill Ijijilaml, lir «as uriMlly liclnvcil, ami liis ilralli was !>in-
I'l'ii'ly imiiirncil liv lli^' iiiiii|iaiii"ii!< in anus. Tin' l.r;;islaliir(' iif
.MassadiiiM'tt." artcrwanis caiist'il a nniiiiiiiMnt tu lii.s nu'niuiy to bu
ci'citi'il ill Wislniiiisti'i- Aliliiv.
I'l liiink of
Iniiilliiir. Duath
inl Hunt'.
10 I'list iUld
llic north ;
'■ si(l(,', and
II! ICiij^lisli
kc nil (lay,
liiiilt liiry;e
) tlic idea
liat iii^lit.
cic ri'-cin-
11(1 hy live
' iidviiiiL'fd
•iiiiiiaiid of
to the snr-
:t them so
move caii-
1 the posi-
"aiillon, I
11!,' landed,
d turwai-d.
,' didicidt,
'i'licy had
re, led hy
! hiiiidied
had been
. and was
of .Mont-
k on Car-
it oiisiied,
hered ten
captiiriMl.
tal, for a
east, and
urest, and
11 Ticoii-
omby's do-
vards the
Illy .1 voiiiiK
"iliiiss ;inil
ViMiiii;, iifaii
f till- IjCKt
iMi wiiH piii-
;;isl:iliiro of
euiory to bo
(}()Vi:i{Nmi:nt ok tiik makquis dkvaudukuil
24:i
ei'ciiiv, so as
to fo
irt of
flliV(tllX-l
i-f
rix»\ ai
id
throwing'; »!• earthwoiUs. lie had altnnctli(!r aljoiit
four thousand rcijjiilars and militia, and (•oniiiKiiided
tl
le (•(
1 1 1 re
I person.
while DeLcviri eonimanded
.. I
the ri,L;ht and 15()iirleiiia(|ue the left. On tlu; morn
\u'^ of the Nth •Aliercroniiiy sent Colonel Cler
chief of the eiiijineers, to reeoniioitre, and he re-
[Hirted the French works to lie of lii;ht and llinisy
•roiiLj ill a]i|H'araiice only.
construction, aiK
from their intrenchnieiits. l{e<.;iiiient al'Ur re;j;i-
nient was liroiiLjht up to the support of tin; lli;^di-
landers, lint only to iiitet the same faie, and tor four
hours the assault was continued wiilmut efiVet.
As MacMiilleii says, "the val
or o
f th.
ese liravo
men, thus sa('rili(;ed liy an incoiiipctciit I'ominander,
was unavailiii'' ; and a'jaiiist that rude harrier so
easily tuiiied, and which one 1
Kiiir o
f well-plied
(1 ordered an attack without
the •' prolessionil, ami ordered an
even availing iov his arlillciy to coiik; up. This
he was parti}' uri;('d to do liy the false information
criveii him liy a iirisoncr, caiilured that morniii.n',
that .Montcalm had six thousand men and l)(di(!vis
was marchini; to his support with three thousand
more; while the triilh of the matter was that De
Levis had already JoIikmI .Montcalm, hut had only
hrouj^ht ei;4lit hundred men, half of whom wore
militia. '1 he French works were liy no means so
iiisiLTnilicant as Colrniel Clerk had represented
them, for Montcalm had had his men at work from
dawn, and the jiosition was stroiii; in tlui centre;
hut the (lanks were iiiiprotcclcd, a fault which
Montcalm had not had tiiiu! to rectify, and one
which Abcrcroiuliy never discovered. 'I'he attack-
iujf force was fornu'd into three columns, and at
one o'clock the attack liej^an. The llankinjf col-
umns convernini^ towards the centre, made th,e
mass in front of tiie Frcncli very dense, and as
Montcalm had j^iveii orders not to fire until the
liiilish had hecome eiilannled in the trees in front
of his position, the first lire, poured in at aiioiit
twenty jiaces, was terril)ly destructive, the British
liciiiu,' mowed down like ^rass. The fi^remidier
companies of the line now moved to the front, sup-
ported liy till i2l ilii;lilaiidcis, led liy liord John
.Murray. The i^rcnadicrs were checked by the
abatis, and the llii;lilaiiders, an.xious to join the
fray, could not In; held in reserve, as they should
have been, but pushed forward, and, for a while,
liroko thromfh the abatis, but only to die before
the eailliworks Ik^oikI. A,i;aiu and anain were
they s-ept down and forced back by the steady
and coi. -taut fire of the French; and ati'ain and
artillery would have swept away, the flower of
British chivalrv was crushed and broken
Th
Many of the iirovincial (ini(!ers dilVered with lie
eni^ineer, but Abercromby inclined to the view of troojis were now recalled fur a breathinrj spell.
d after a rest of an
(1 and h
ami alter a re St oi an Hour, were massed and liurled
a;4ainst the centi(? ; but the French still stood
" firm as a rock," and this last charije was as iiii-
availiii;4 as the ollu'rs. 'I'he reninieiits u;ot jammed
toL;;ether. ami, in the conriision, one rci^iiiKMit fired
into aiioihcr. which caused a panic, and in a few
minutes the wlioli! I'orce was in llii^ht. Findiiej^,
however, that llu; French did not piiisiie. the
troops rallie(l on a few iiiilirokcii battalions which
had been ke[it in the rear, and ^\■oulll soon have
recovered but for the order of Ahercroiiiby to re-
treat to the landing; place. This caused another
panic, the troops thinking; that the French were in
pursuit and that they were to embark at once, and
a (general scramble for the boats ensued. IJrad-
street, however, still had a few men in control,
and throwiiicj them across the landini;', he held
back the disordered mass of fugitives until they
had time to recov(!r themselves, and the army
encamped on the lake shore that iiinlit.
4. — .\.lthoui;h .Abercromby liad had all nii;lit to
get over his fright, and althougli he still had four
times as many men as tin,' French,
still he showed no disposition to re- Abf|r,:rn,i,i,y'8 re-
new the attack, as .Montcalm ex-
[lected he would, but embarked early next morn-
ing, and was not hap[)y until he had put the lake
between himself and the viitors ; indeed so bad
was his scare that he sent his artillery and animii-
nilion ahead, for fear it should fall into tin; hands
of the French, lint Abercromby had nothing to
fear from .Moiitealni, for that general was too brave
himself to do his adversary the discourtesy of
thinking him such a coward as to run away from
a force not (iiie-(piaiter his strength ; he therefore
again did they, with desperate courage, return to '' spent the night — after having served out refresh-
tliea'.taek but without avail; over half of them, ' iiients 'o his men, and personally thanked eaili
and iieai'i\ ,i
Wo
11 their olfieers, were killed
or
nerely
regiuieiit for its biaveiy
,• — in streie'tl
iiiiii'.
1"
iiiided. and still the r'reiich could not be driven 1^ silioii, fully believing that the British wdiild
11
n
!
i
i
I
1 ,
n
i»t
I I i i
Ml
n !
i)
i
•I
244
TUTTLES HISTORY OF TllK DOMINION OK CANADA.
I'ft'oi'iu at (lie landiiiif and renew llie attack next
iiiDniiiiL;. Ilatl he known the true stale of tlie
case, and have pnrsiu'd. the shiiii^htef wonhl liave
heen immense, as the liritisli wen' thoron.i;lily ile-
nioralized: even as it was, tlieir loss was nineteen
hundred and til'ty men killed, woMnde<i and miss-
ini^, inelnilin;4 a larije projiortion ot" ollieers. 'i'he
loss Tell almost entirely n[)()n the rei^nlars, the
:....:..i . ...I.: i.... iwii i :.. <i ,.,..
provincials ;akin;^ hut little jiarl in tin; enj^ai^e-
ent ; and althonijh Sir William .lohnson had
...: 1 .1...^ : ...:.i. i- i I....I I r.i:..
Mieiii ; ami iiiiiiiiii^ii on itiiinini •mmiiisimi iiiui
arrived that morninij with four hnndred and lil'ty
Mohawks, they were not in the lii;ht .vt all. Noth-
• . t 1 1 : I ii ii i....t ..»'
1 contrast than the condn<'t oi"
Montcalm, with his
inij; coiiid lie more ii
the two opiiosin;.;; ijcnerals
overcoai otT — for it was a hot day — waseveryw hei
alonj^ his lines. enconra'.jinL;' his men 1)\ his pres-
t'lice, voici^ and exr.mple; .Miercroniliy «as all
day safely posted at the saw mills in the rear of
his army, and the only example he sei them was in
his i'a;.;iMness to reach I he landing;'. I'he spirits of
the two men seemed to infnse theuiseUcs into
those of their respeclive armies; the spirit of the
hrave man Lcave Iiis men new courage; the spirit
of the cov.ard insinuated itself into the hcai'ts of
the liravo men liclecl, and made them, for a while,
almost as cowardly as liiuisell'. The loss to the
i''rincli was four hundieil and Idly nu'n, of w hom
no less than ihiny-ei'^hi were othcers. Moniealm
said afterwards, llail I to liesieLjc I""ort ('arillon.
1 would ask for hut six mortals and two pieces of
ar! iHcry."
"). — .MierciMunliy. s. Tciy hack at i'"orl William
lleiirv, t'on'''nt(d liimMlf with spendiiiLj the sum-
mci' hiyini; out the lines of a new
r::;';'r";;;l,Mm:'.''"" l-'it. mnl .udcrin- Oeneral Amherst
iVtini I.ouislionruf to join him. Am-
herst lamleil in IJoston on the i^ltli of Septend)er
with foity-tiv(^ humlred men, ami proceeded to
.Mliany; hut the season was too far ndvam •' tor
action tiieii; and it fell to the lot of Colonel ISrad-
street to perform (he oidy a(^t which in any way
rcdouni'' I the isanipaiifii of Ahereronihy from dis-
j;raco and utter lailnre. Knowing,' that Del-evis
had left I"'ort Fionteuac! to come to Montcalm's
assistance at Carillon, he induced a majiuity in the
council of war to favor his attack on that place,
iiiid with three thousand men ami eleven ;;'uns,
lauded near the fort on the li-'ith Aui,nisl. The
iittacU was a complete surprise, and the plai'c al-
most dcfeni'dess, hu' M.dcN'o; an, the eomniander.
had oidy one huiidreil and twenty soldiiu's ami
foity Imlians with him; still ho held out, in the
hope of heiuix relieved, until the shells of Hrad-
strcet rendered the place untenahle, when hi; was
forced to surrender. This was a hloodless victory
for IJradstrcet, who did not lose a man, and the
plunder was inniuMise, this heiiifj the pi'incipal
fiif.Y/iiU of the French in that section. Sixt\' can-
non, ciL;hteen mortars, an innnensc! sup|ily of ani-
innnition and provisiiuis, and all the shippini;; on
the lake, fell into his hands. The latter was a
valualilc! prize, as it included seveial lich cariboos
of furs. He loaded twi) of the vessels with the
furs anil what other material they \vonld hold, and
destroyed evcryt hiu;,,' else. Th" |)risoncrs wort!
released on parole, and Hiadst reel reliied after
haviiiL; dcinoli-.hcd the fort. This was a heavy
Idow to the l''reueh, as they needed the provisions
and ai imnnitiiMi hadly ; hcside which Fnuileuae
was the key to their posiiicui on Lake ( )i!tario, and
the lossof the shippint; i;reatly crippled their trade.
Di'Noyan was so severely reprimanded for not
haviii'4' had the txarriscui streni^t liencd (hat he was
forced to retire from the sei'vice. In the followini^
sunnncr. l'"rontcnac was rehuilt liy DcN'audreuil.
0. — TIk' destruction of l"'ron(eiiac closed (In-
eampai'^n in the north, exci'pt that .Montcalm
kept up a coirstant succession of
rai.ls al.ont Ahcrcr.unhy's army i^^^nlu""!
and cut olT several small parties, on
(Uie occasion e;i]iluriii;4' one hundred and twenty
wic^cm loads of provisions, almost under the {^iins
of i''ort I'",dward. Major I!oi;;crs was scn( out with
a party of live hundred men to intercept tho
! raiilers ; and (ui the ci^^hth of .Auirust ln^ met an
(Mpial party a. id ilefeated them with a loss of oiu!
hundred and tifly, his own loss l)cin;_' oidy forty.
In (he Wes( (he cainpaii,'!! of the Mritish was suc-
cessful. ( )n the :!nih .iune, IJri^'adier Oeneral
Follies, left I'hiladelphia at tile head of lifteen
hundred regulars, and live thousand militia,
amoiiirst the liMtcr licin-^ Colonel \\'ashiie4;loii,
who was in command of the \'ire;iiiia troo|is. The
march was loin,' and tiresome, and it was llui
middle of Seplemlier liel'oie the army arrived at
Haystowu, ninety miles from l''ort l)n<^)ucsiio.
The march had lieen uneventful, except that ii
new road to the (>hioliad lieeii luiill. l-'orlies
determiiicil to rest his army at l{ayslo\Tn for
awhile, liut- sent Colonel Mouijuet and two
(iOVKKN.MKN r OF TIIK MAIU^l'IS DlcVAl DUIUIL.
1-ift
tiii>iisiiii(l iiii'ii ruiUiiiil to l^iiyiil !I;mii:i. lliTc
H{)U(|in't Iciiriied from some Indiuiis tli.it Koit
DiKiiii'siie WHS ill ii very \vc;ik i.'oiiilitioii, iind
oiilv LjarrisoiiiMl liy iilioiiL I'liilit liiiiiilrc(l iiicn. jiikI
he llioii'^lit it would lt(! ii fine tliiii'^ to iMpt iii'<>
the I'dil witlioiit waitiii;^ tor Korlics to cnmc up
with till' iiiiiin liody. He. liicrt'torc, sent Major
(iraiit with lii^lil liiindicd lli>j^ldandci's and i\
cotii|iaiiy ot" ViiLjinia militia to rccomioilrc. Now
(iraiit u'ot into liis licad tiiat it would Itc a Ljrciit,
tiling lor liiin to lake the lort wiliionl. waitiiii^ for
Uou(|U('i ; anil so. instfad of rcturniuLT to Loyal
ilanna, as iu> had lu'cn dii'cctcil to do, iic postt'd
liis men on a liill lu'ar tlu' foit andl'cat a clialK'nj^o
tv) tlic garrison. M. df LinnitTcs. who was in coin-
iiiand, promptly ai'i'cptcii ilit; clialli'ULic, and sent
M. Auliry with nearly his whole ^^arrison, to drive
(Jrai'l from his position. 'I'his he sueeeeilcd in
doiipj;; and when the I'^m^lish had reai'hed tiie
jiiain, and were reformini^ foi' an attaek, :i liody
of Indians, which were prudently situated airross
the river to wateh the course of events, seeinfj; the
Kreuehii;ct(inLj the liesl of it, suddenly joined lliein,
and the rout of the lOie^iish was eomiilele. 'I'Ik;
hiss of the lOie^lish Wiss aliout three hundred killed
and wounded, and al'out om; iiuudred prisoners,
iinionL,'st whiun was (irant. 'I'he Kus^lish fell liaek
(in Forlies, who now ordered the whole army to
ndvanee on l"'ort DuQuesiie. I )»; l.i^nieres
harrassed them all he could on tlu; iiiareli ; liiit>
knowiui^ it, would he impossihle for iiim to stainl
a sie;j;e with his small yariisiui and scanty pro-
visions, he did not await l'"orlies' arrival at the
fort. I'laclnLT his artillery and ijarrison in liat-
eaux he dr<ipped down the; Ohio river, towards
tile friendly settlements on the Mississippi, liaviii,ij
lirst lilowii lip the fort. 'I"he llritisli took posses-
sion of the ruins and prmieeded to reiiuild the
fort, whiih liny named h'oit I'itt, in eomplimt'iit
to the <4icat sialcsman who was then ifiiidinj;
pulilie alV.iirs in I'lie^land.
7. — 'I'liuselosed the campaiv;;u(if IToS, decidedly
in favor of the Urili^h, liciiii;' the lirsl year of the
wai' which closed with anv advan-
rill~lln-''s'Vnu'':; l"^'' I" ll"'ii'- 'I'lnee hcavv hlows
'""""''■""""""'••'■ had heen strucl< at l''rance, in the
caplure of LouisliouiLf and the destruction of
Kiuls {''routeiiac and I)n((>nesne; and the Icrmin-
alioii of Kieneii ruli! in Camilla was only a matter
of Olio or two mori! eampaieiis. The Kreiieli
.Ministry fully recoeiii/cd this fact : and, in answer
to a letter from Montcalm sayini^ that the l'',n'^lish
would surely con(|ucr Canada in the campai^;n of
ITiiO, if not in tliat of IT.V.i, unless larL,^' reinforce-
ments Well' sent, as they had sixty thousand men
in the licld ai,Miiist the ten thon>and of the l*"rench,
the minister of war wrote, nmlcr dale I'.iili l'"i li-
riiarv ITol', "not only would additional troops lie
a means of aL;'L;'iavatin'.^ the evils of the dearth
which has loo IoiilT idllicted the colony, lint llie
chances are i^rcat that, if sent thilher. they would
lie captured liy the lliilish on their way to you ;
and as the kini;; I'auiiot |irctend to scud fnrces in
any ci|ual proporlion to those which the I'liilish
can oppose to ours, the only result of our increas-
iiiL;' the latter would lie. that the caliind of Lon-
don would aii'^^ment tlieiis in an ii\ cr-pro|iortion
nil iin (ii nniiiit'iiil l/ir xiiprinrlfi/ ir/iii/i lirllitiii hii»
iii-i/iiirii/ ill lli'it jiiiii III' f/nir I'liiiliniiit." 'I'his was
tantamount to sayiiiLj that l'"'aiicc did not want
Canada any liiiiL;;er, and did not intend to spend
any more moiicy, or risk any more lives in tryiiiij
to kei'|) it as a l'"rcnch colony. 'riieM'i|ucl showed
this to lie the case; for the I'ollowiiiLj year all the
assistance which was derived from the Mother
eonntry liy Canada, was six huiidicd troops, and a
dozen eai'Ljoes of provisions, nearly all of the latter
lieinij for llij^ot. The lireaih liet ween l)e\'andreuil
and Montealm had also •^'really widened, and each
was openly accnsin;.i' the other to tlie Home (iov-
ernmeiit and askin;^ his recall. Montcalm ayain
and aij;ain lien;j;ed to he recalled: in his letter to
the .Minister announciiijf the victory at Carillon
he says; " .\s for me. I ask tor no other i;nerdon
than my recall from the Kiicj;. .My health is fail-
in;.^, my purse is >,'ettin^' thin ; hy the \ car's end I
shall owe ten thousand iinwns to ihc inlonial
treasurer. Worse than all, what lielwccn the
unpleasant ness and couiiarleiics I lia\c to endure,
aloiivT with my impotence to do eooil or to prevent
evil from heiuL; done — all tliiie^s, n\ short, impel
nil' to supplicate earnestly that His Majesty would
let me return to l''rauce, I'or that is the only royal
ij;race I covet."
S. — Mean while the in tenia I alVairs of I he colony
were rapidly er,)win;4 wiusc. l'ro\isions contin-
ued scarce and at exorliilant piices.
11111 1 • 1 • ■*'■"'' "' •■iiiii" III
rnoil li.iil nail lo he impol'leil III iIm c,.|..i,( . simvii-
. , . , tl"ii aiMi I'llibirv
I (oS, anil even more was •.■■iinired
for the etiminy .year, it lieiii;^ estimalcd liiat at
i i
r I
five :
(lir<l
liiv
lii'iii
k every
>l JHlSl-
tlic re-
ivaders.
liiketi,
1 1 II III lit'
lirieell
ll'^CS ctl
hill lllll
'Iho
. seven
lliel 111'
Dis.
j
..• I ll..kl
;niy.
I'l
iiid Siio-
L'litli with
■ •lovctiili
rcp'Isi'd.
il by the
Is to th(!
■ liiirrisdii
ell '(I way
rlllll tlie
roiitciiac,
' I'Viiiiiig
Kit ill tho
nt'd (•(nii-
iiK'fssaiit
Itfii'd to
villi liali's
■^'■
<j; as.siiio(
I
Ik'ltcrs
at Fort
"f lirAiiliry,
■ trcacli-
itt'ivicw
Id meet
liniisaiid
U'j; I'roin
KM and
a laiLTO
■ iVoiit,
lliilisli
> I'lirllicr
Idll!
ii'ii, and
Ic tlicy
d their
Iny, l»()
• lak
of thi
Kcii
llcil. A
i'liocho-
iMrurin-
il airaiii
at first
! l'\\
I
I !,
i^iri
'li
■II
Ill
Hi
111
Ir
■| -I
iiicreduloii
Witll SOIIK!
tliiit fiirthi
ca[iitiiliite.
'I'lii! Fi'onc
war iiiiil '.
Wdincii ail
porl in I-'r;
drud stiiin
stores, ])i()
Jolinsdii
tilt! Jiuliaii
fall of Nia
; as it ojK'i
i Dutroit ai
I striii[i(!(l
, army ; ainl
|i tlu'iii licai
tliuir lulls
\v\x iVoni
tlii'iii. A
left at Osv
tilt; prolan.';
UllSllCCt'Ssf
fiflli t)f Jul
sixlli, liiit
iTiiif.
ti.— Grii
of Jiiiiu foi
Dcslnii'licin .if
K>n I urlMuii.
tdt^cllicr, a
aiiij)l(s ; bi
Ifuviiiif.
( M'OI'HC Wll
liaiii lltiii'
Ills ariaii;^f
liarkcd liis
ciiiuinns.
tliiiiisaiid I
ilifd wt'it;
pit'ces of a
AhtU'croinl
Olll'l" to ll
tll'ft!llllud 1
nuMi. Did
llii' place,
lii'ilisli up
third, niitl
GOVERNMENT OF THE MAUQIIS DeVALDREUIL.
2411
incredulous; hut, after bciu'^ iillowcd an iiiti'ivicw
witli souio of tilt! (M|)tiii'i;(l Ki-L-ucli otlicors, lit; saw
that further resist aiico was useless and iii^Ttnul to
ea[)itulato. Jnhuson p^rauted very liheral terms.
The Fn'ueii were to march out with the hnuors of
war and lay down their arms at the lake ; th(!
women and children were to he scut to the nearest
port in rraueo, and the j^arrison, ahoiit five hun-
dred striuii^. was to \h'. sent to New York. All
stores, provisions, &e., were to he [jiveu up, and
Jolinson Ljuaranteed the French i)rot»'clion from
the Indians, wliii.h in^ siieceeded in givin<^. The
fall ol XiaL;;nii wa^ a heavy IiIdw to the French,
as it opcnecl the lakes entirely to the ISritish :
Detritit and tin; nlhcr Western pDsts had hcen
stripped of their i^^arrisons to furnish DeAuliry's
army ; and when tin; ollieers left in command of
tlicni heard of DcAuhry's defeat, they hurued
their iurts and retreated on the advance of Stan-
wyx from I'ittslmrj^, and he took jiossession of
tlu-m. A demonstration a,i;ainst the detachment
left at Oswej^o was made hy De laC'ornc; during;'
th(' proi^rcss of I lie, siej^e of Niagara, hut proved
tinsuccessful. He made an attack on it on the
fifth of July, hut was repulsed; and again on tlie
sixth, hut was again easily repelled and forced to
retirt!.
<). — Gemial Amherst left Alhany on the sixth
of June for Lake (jcorge, wIkm-c he assemhled the
main a. my for the attacdc oii (,'rowu
K.irit aiiii.m. i "uit and ( aiillon. He had great
difliculty in keei)ing the militia
together, ami had to shoot four deserters as ex-
amjiles ; hut even that did not deter others from
leaving. On the twenty-second of June Fort
(leorge was traced out, near the site of Fort Wil-
liam Henry ; and on the twenty-first of July, all
his arrangements heiiig com[)leted, Andnrst em-
harked ids men and iuovimI down the lake in lour
columns. His army consisted of over eleven
tiiousaml men, of whom live thousand seven hun-
dred were regulars, and he had also fifty-four
liieces of artillery. He landed near tlu; scene of
Ahi'icrondiy's llight of last year, and advanced at
(uu'c (o the Freiicii eulrenehinents which were
defended hy DelhiurleuuKiuc with thrci! thousami
men. l)(d!ouriema(|ue never intended to defend
the place, and fell l)ark on the fort as soon as the
liiilish appeareil on the morning of the l\vent\-
third, and evacuated the fort that night, leaving
four hundred men to keep up a show of resistance;
until he was well away. So cfTectually <lid they
do tiiis that it was not n!>til the twenty-sixth,
after they also had r(,'lire<l, that .Amherst knew
the fort had Ix.'en evacinited. Uefore leaving,
however, tlie FrtMich iiiiiu'd the fort, and it blew
up shortly after tiiey were away. Amherst took
po.ssession of the place and hegan to repair the
fort, while Cajitain Loring, of the navy, raised
some hoats the French had sunk and i)uill a hrig,
to strengthen the IJritish navy on thi' lakes.
7. — ,\mherst next turned his attention to r'rown
Point ; hut it was found that Dciioiirlemaipie
had liloun that up also, and re-
treate(l to tin; Isle-aux-Aoix. Am- ii.isiiii.n at ihr i«ii..
, , . , I, aiix-Noix.
jicrst here laul out a new tort
(which is said afterwards to have; cost the liritish
two millions of iiounds sterling) and then turiu'il
his attention again to DeI>ourIemai|ne. This
oftieer had assumed a very sti'ong jxisition at the
Ish-;iu\--\oix, which conunandcd the entrance to
the Itichelieu River. Here lie liad aliout thirty-
tive hundrc<l men ami (uic hundred pieces of
artillery, and was (h'tcrmineil to make every effort
to jui'vt.'iit Andu'rst freun forming a junistion with
Wolf(! before Quebec. From the position held by
DelJourleiuaque, Amherst had to make a choice of
two iH'ccssities, either to cut Jiis way through the
woods to Montreal, leaving Deliourlcmatiue in
his rear, and endeavor to join Wolfe that way ; or
to obtain command of the Lake and drivts De-
Rourlema<|Ue from his pf)sition, before proceeding
further. He determined on the latter course ; but
in order to attack UelJonrlemat^ue lie nnist have
vessels and boats, for without them his force was
of no avail for attacking an island. He there-
fore had to wait; but it was the 10th of Oetolx'r
ludiu'c iu' obtained a brig of eighteen guns from
Ticouderoga, and a slooj) of sixteen guns. He
then embarked his army in boats, and proceeded
to attack the Isle-aux-Xoix ; but a storm arose
wliicli nearly destroyed his boats; and although
most of the French licet was destroyed, the season
was so far ailvanced he was forced to abandon the
enter|iri>e for the present season, and take his
tro.ips into winter-quarters ; which was rendere(l
all the more necessary as there was a great deal
of sickness amongst the I'rovincials. 'J'iie force
which had ca]itnrc(l Niagara accomjiiislicd nnihing
more this scasoji I'ithcr. (Jencral Ciage, who sm-
'1
i m
1
1 li
i
'1
I'
, • li
i
' 'i
iii'-
'iii
h 'I
i i I I
- ;l
■>r,o
TUTTLES IIISTOIIY OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA.
cet'dt'cl (loneml I'litk'imx, was onli'itd In- Amherst
to iittiick I/rri'>tiitiiti(>ii (now ()i,'(UMisliiir^'li), hut
lie th'hiyeil so hniLT tliat tliiit inojcet luul also to
hi' pustiioiied until tlie loHowiip^ year. And so
two armies lay inacti\f awaiting summer to hegin
the llnal campaign in Canada.
CIIAPTEIl LIV.
(lOVKIJNMKNT OF TIIK MAIM^riS Dk
VA UDUKl'I I..— (^- '""''"'"'/•)
1. Sailint. or TiiK PiKiTisii Fi,i:i:t roi; (Jii-.nKr;.
• — ± Alll!IVALOl''TIII-: Fl.KKT. — :'.. .M<>ntcai,.m's
I'UKl'AUATIONS iOIl Di:i-KN«i:. — 4. 1 )l.sI'MSrn( IN
Ol'TIlK FKKNfir IVHtCKS. — ."). AtTKMI'T T(II>I:-
STIH ' TlIK ILKKT ItV FIUK-Sllir.S. — t). CAlTlllI-:
OF THK I'UST AT PolXT LkVI.S. — 7. SlFl'KUING
IN (iUKIlKC. — S. 'rilKCOlNl i:V LAID WASTK. — !».
WoLFK I'HIM'AUKSTO ATTACK MnNTCAI.M. — 10.
THK HATTLK of MuNTMOKKNCI. — 11. ilKl'ULSE
OK THK UuiTISir.
1. — We now eome to tlie most interesting period
of (."auaiUan history — the siege and capture of
Qiichee l)y (leneral Wolfe, a victory
iBii iiuti loiyu.iwi.'. wliicii set tied t lie (] nest ion ol rrcncli
rule in Canada and changed the
destinies of a continent. (uMieral James Woll'c,
to whom the eommaml of this cxpcditiuM was en-
trusted, was a young oflieer, heing only thirty-two
years of age, lint an old soldier, and liad already
greatly di.' nguished himself in llurojie. The pre-
vious year iie had commanded a hrigade at the
capture of Louishotirg, where his gallant ((iiidiict
gained him so much praise that he was ]iromol(<l,
and I'itt selectcid him, in preference to oldii' olli-
eers, to undertake the capture of (|)iielicc, a seivice
which he knew re(inired courage. >kill and old-
ness unmixed with ra.ihness, ipialities \\ hicli Wolfe
eminently possessed. For hrigailieis he liaiHJen-
eials Monckton, Townsliend anil Murii.y. wimm he
was allowed to seli'ct himself. Tiie army consisted
of aiiout eight ihousand men, mostly those who
hail taken part in the capture of i.ouishonig, iVom
which jiiu't the exi)cdilion sailed (Ui the Tth of
•lune. The (leet consisted of twenty-two lii\e-
of-hattlo shijis, carrying fourteen hundred and
ninety-four guns, five frigates, carrying one hun-
dred and forty-eight guns, ami seventeen sloops of
war, carrying two hundrc(I ami forty-four guns,
making a total of eighteen hundred and eighty-six
guns, and was in command of Admiral Saunders,
who sailed in the \i'jiti()ii; a ninety-gun sliii).
The fleet sailed up the river without any accident
or olistruction ; fiU' although tin; French hail
removed all tht! liuoys, land-marks, \c., early in
the spring, the iMigHsh had some exeelleiit charts
of the river, found on hnani of two Frciuh vessels
captured in liie gulf, and so exapcd any of those
accidents w hich iicl'rll I he expedition of Sir Wil-
liam I'hipps ill lt'i',10, and that of Admiral Walker
ill 1711.
'2. — The (leet arrived ofl' the Isle of ( )rleaiis on
the 2(!th, and for the third time the hostile flag of
Fiiuland iloated hclow the liattle-
' ... , ,,,, , f Arrival of tlic (Iwt.
meiits ot C^'"-''"^'''' 1 he advent ot M..niiaiiir» |.r.[.ar-
le Fiiglish was anxiously watched
with great disfavor hy the colonists, and csjiecially
the clergy, who stirred the people up to lesistance
hy every means in their power, so much .so that,
according to (iarnean, there were thirteen thousand
comhatanis assemhlcd in and alioiit (^uithie for its
defence. An incident is related hy Smith in his
" History of Canada,"' which will go far to show
the powerful feelings .iwakcned in the hreasts of
the clergy hy the invasion. Admiral Durcll, who
led the advanee-giiaid of the fleet, carried French
colors until ou Uie, to deceive any merchantmen
that might he on their way to or from (^uchcc :
and the inhahitants were almost wild with joy at
the idea that a large fleet had come from France
to hell) them, and sent information of its arrival to
Qiiehee. Opiiosite Hie, however, the French flag
was hauled down and the English run up in its
l>];nv ; the suihlcn dashing to tlu' ground of their
hopes so shocked a priest who was watching the
fleet through a telescope that he fell down and
almost immediately expired. Miuitcalm had ex-
hausted every lueaiis in his power for the defence
of the city. The city itself not being judged to
he impregnahle, it was decided to protect it hy
an entrenched camp. The entrance to the St.
Charles River was closed hy masis and hooms an-
I'horcd across it; protected in front hy live haiircs.
each iiaving one gun, while in the nar mcieliaiit
vessels had heen sunk, and plat I'oiiiis eit'cted on
them hearing heavy guns, which commanded the
g()Vi:i{NMi:nt of thk mauqiis DkVai dhki'il,
liiiy. A l>rii1i;<' ()t' Ixmts, (Itfcnilid \<y ii small biit-
t<TV ill cai'li rinl, fni^-('(l tlit; St. Ciiailf.s ill the
lie. If fill! (if llii; IJciuiiiiiii and Cliiirlcslmurg miids;
and llii! ii.iL,dit I)aiik nf ilir river iVoni tiiis l.rid'j;!'
to Palaii; (iatu was drt'fiidcd hy iiitrciicliinciits, i
nioiiiited with lieavy artillfiv, to pievfiit llic
lici^Iits l)C'iii'4 t^aiiifd l)y way uf St. Kocli siiliiirl)s.
Till; army was placed in intrenchnients runnin.; |
iVoni till! bridijc of bouts, ulonj^ the left iiunk id'
the St. I/iwrenec, to >[c)ntniorfn(i : and every
ailvanUiLje dlYered by the forniatioii of the tjrouiid ,
was taken advaiitai^eof for the erection of redoubts j
;;iid batteries, wiiiie a battery of twelve gmis was j
moored at the i.ssiie (d" tlie Ueaiiport stream, 'i'he
sm;dl fleet, consistini,' of two fri;4ales, some bailees
anil five ships, was in eonimaiid of Captain \ an-
j^ueiin ; a siniiU redoubt with two cannon i,'nardeil
thi^ steep ascent to the I'laias of Abrahani fiom
Aiisedn Foiiloii (Wolfe's Cove), and sentinels wi;re
placed at various intervals along the shore to give
intimation of the movements of the enemy. Hav-
ing completed his arrangements, Montcalm had
nothing to do but to await patiently an attack,
uican while the governor-general retiied to .Mon-
treal, and most of the liot families were sent to
'I'liree Kiveis, where the arciiives of the colony
had previously iieen conveyed.
:'). — Will; regard to l!i>' arrangement of the field
forces, (iarneaii says: ".Montcalm's ri;;ht wing,
eoni[")sed ot the militias nf (Quebec
ni>,«.-iii..„nrtho .,,,,1 Three llivers districts, hnir
tlinMsanil three hnndred and eighty
strong, under Missrs. I)e St. Onis and I)e!>cinnc,
occupied La Canadicre ( " iring the city); lln
centre, composed of two thoii ihd rcgnlar.s. under
lirigadicr Sciinezergnes.guarded thespace between
tile lower St. Charles and Beanport ehiirch ; the
lift, c(>m[)oscd of the militia nf .Mdiuieal district,
niiiubcring three iboiisand four hiinilred and (iftv
null, under Messis. I'rnd'homme and Dllcibin,
extended fium the ilinich to the river .Moiil-
inorenci. General l)eLi'\ is cominandeil tiie whole
left, Colonel DeHoiigainville tin entire right, of
the general iiositiin ; while .M. De^r'Htcalm.
taking eliaige of lue c utre, there established his
hu,id-(piarters. A corps in reserve, eomiiosed of
one thousand four hundred colonial soldiers, three
hundred and fifty horsemen, itml four hundred and
fifty savages, under M. Delli — ii berl (an ofTicer
jusL retnnied iVoni .\ idi;i), limk up a iiosilinn
iiehind the centre of tin; army, on the heights of
Heanport. If to these forces we add the sailors
and six liiuidnd and lifty others in Quebec gar-
rison (the latter being armed citi/iiis), ninler M.
DeU;ime/,;iy, there is a resulting total of thirteen
thousiind combatants." Tlie enthiisiiisin of the
people was intense, and "the cradle and the grave"
were robbed to furnish dcfeiidi'rs. ( )ne who was
in the city at the time writes: '• Wo laid not reck-
oned on reidizing so huge a force, because so great
a number of Canadians was not expected to be
pi esent ; tliosc only being called on who were
most able to bear the fatigues of war ; bill there
was so great an emulation among the people that
there arrived in camp even octogenarians and lads
of twelve to thirleeii years of age. Never were sul>-
jects of any king more worthy of his favor, whethei
regard be had to their constiiney in toil, iir to their
patience in siilTerings which have really been ex-
treme in this country. In the army itself, every
heavy burden was laid upon them."
4. — 'I'he I'lritish landed on the JTth, on the Isle
iVOrlcans, which had been aliaiiiloiied by the
inhabitants, and \\'iiiri r(iiiiii..'ncc(l
reciiiinoiinng tor a vulnriiilili! mi.% tii.' ii.-,i,
place tliroiigli winch to pierce the
city. 'I'he army took np ii position at the ujiper
eiiil of the island, and the tied aiiihoicd under its
cover. An exaininatiijii of llie lia>iii ;ind outer
port was made by boats, one of which was com-
manded by .lames Cook, then sailing-master of the
" I'embi-oke," line-of-batlle-ship, and ;il"terwards
reiinwned as ii discoverer and circnmiiavigator id'
the woiltl. It is also wiirtliy of remark that the
French had iilso on their side one who subseipicntly
disiingnished liiiii.-.elf as ;i cinuninavigator, .M. Dc
IJoiigaiiiville. A storm sprang \\\> towiirds evening
which sent some of the smaller vessels ashore,
swamiied others, and almost forced the men-of-war
from their anchorage. As night closed in, Mont-
calm sent seven lire-shijis, of three to four hun<lred
tons c;icli, down the strciim to.ards the British
ileet, which caiu; >oine confusion amongst the
IWitish, ;is it was thought the French were about
to make an attack in force ; but a few boats put
oil', and grappling the bin iiing vessels towcil them
ashore and allowed them to biii'u themselves out.
Captain John iuiov, in his Juunnil, givaa the fol-
lowing description of the appearance of these
infernal niarliiucs : " Xothing could be more I'or-
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TUTTLE'S IIISTOliY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
ini(liil)le tlian tliese iiilcnuil eiigiiios wore on their
first appciiriinco, with the dischiiriio of tiioir guns,
wliich was followe<: by the hurst inif of greniules,
also placed on boar I iu oi'dcr to couvcv terror to
our army; the eneiuy, we are told, formed san-
guine expectations from this j'l'ojfct, but their
hopes were happily defcatinl ; some of these dread-
ful messengers ran on shore, and the rest were
towed away clear of our fleet b}' the seamen, who
exert (!d themselves with great sjjirit and alertness
on the occasion. They were certainly the grandest
fireworks (if I may be allowed to call them so)
that can possibly b(! conceived, every circumstance
having contributed to their awful, yet beautiful
appearance ; the night was serene and calm, tliere
was no light but what the stars produced, and this
was eclipsed by the blaze of the floating fires issu-
ing from all parts, and running almost as (juick as
thought up the masts and rigging; add to this
the solemnity of the sable night, still mor(;ol)scured
by the profuse clouds of snnjke, with the firing of
the cannon, ilie bursting of the grenades, and the
crackling of the otlier combustibles ; all which
reverberated through the air, and tlie adjacent
woods, together with the sonorous shouts and fre-
quent repetitions of " all's well " from our gallant
seamen on the water, allonled a scene I think iiiti-
nilely superi(U' to any adccjuatc description."
a. — lnune(liately after his arrival Wolfe issued
a prochunalion to the inhabitants, offering safety
to jjcrsons and property if they
Capture of Uio pust • i i i i i. i» i*
aiiviiii Levis. remained neutral; l)ut tar trom so
doing they and their Indian allies
constantly annoyed the British, cutting oft' and
scalping all stragglers from the camp. Some of
the light troojjs, and others who were accustonu'd
to Indian warfare, soon began to make reprisals,
and Woil't! permitted it as far as Indians, or
Canadians dressed like Indians, wi/re concerned ;
but forbid, on pain of death, that the peaceable
inhabitants should be disturbed. Admiral Saun-
ders, finding the anchorage at the Isle d'Orh'ans
neither safe nor convenient, determined to pass
up to the harbor of (Quebec, ami reipH'sled Wolfe
to take poss(.'ssion of the headland at Point Levis,
where the French had a small force, and a batt(M'y
which would seriously annoy the ships in passing
itp. To Hrigadier .^^)nekton was delegated the
duty of dislo<lgiug tlie French, and he aeeord-
ingly crossed to i'oint Levis on (he night of the
2nth with one regiment and drove out the Fremdi
and Indians, wlio occupied the place, after a sharp
engagement. Montcalm felt that tliis was a
serious advantage gained by the IJritish ; he liad
strongly urged on DeVandreuil that Levis should
be well fortified, and defended by three or four
thousand men ; but the (tovernor would not be
guided by liim, and did lujt see his error until it
was too late. During the night of the 12th-13lh
July, Montcalm endeavored to carry the British
position at Levis by surprise, and sent M. Dumas
with about two thousand troops for that purpose ;
they were divided into two columns, one of which
getting in advance, the rear column fired into it,
mistaking it in the daikness for the enemy ; the
fire was returned, and then both columns made
for tlie boats where the mistake was discovered,
but it was fatal to the eiiteri)rise, and the ex[)edi-
tion had scarcely re-embarked before the English
were advancing on it, aroused by tin; firing ; it,
however, got off safely, the only loss tliey encoun-
tered being that inflicted by themselves, which
amounted to about smenty killed and wounded.
On the same night fire was opened on the city
from the Levis batteries, and on the sixteenth a
shell set fire to a hos'se in the Lower Town,
which, fanned by a strong west wind, spread
ra]>i(lly and destroycnl nniuy houses and other
buildings, amongst them the church built to
commemorate llie repulse of Sir William Phipps
in IdlM).
(). — Wolfi^ tried in vain to find a favorable place
to cross the Montmoicuci, where he could meet
the French on anvthing like fair
, . • ' » 1 111 SiilTerinc in Que-
terins; l)ut in vain ; Abuitealm had i"'.'. •riio.ountiy
,,.,,, • 1' •! , I''''' waste.
lortitieil (!veiy point lor miles, and
Wolfe was col. tiained to look elsewhere. On
the night of the IStli he, with a small sciuadion
of four war vessels and two transports under
command of Cai)tain Itous, passed up the river
above the city Avitluuit being noticed by the
French sentries, two of whom Montcalm had hung
on the following day fcu" carelessness. AN'olfe
made a careful examination of the land above the
city, but found it quite as un])roniisiiig as that
below, high precipitous biiiiks everywhere, and
intreiichmeiils thrown up at any point which
ajipeaicd a little weak. Unalile to find any land-
ing iilaee above the town, Wolfe returned to his
aiiii\- and deleiiiiiiied to trv an attack on the
s
I.'
G()VKIIN.MI-:NT OV the MARQCIS DKVAUDKKriL.
25:5
extreme left. lie, however, sent Colonel Ciirle-
tou to Pointe-aux-Trembles, wliere lie niiide a few
prisoners and intercepted some letters which gave
a very gloomy report of the condition of aiTairs in
(Quebec. One letter said: "Hut for our priests
and the dread of the savages, we would sui)mit; "
and another stated : " We are williout hope and
f(]0(l; since the English liave passed the town, our
communication with Montreal is cut off. God
iiath forsaken us." Hearing of the distress of the
city, Wolfe ordered tlie country to he laid waste;
to cut off all possible sources of supply, and force
on a capitulation. (larueau gives the following
exaggerated account of the destruction : •' He
burned all the dwellings, and cut all the fruit-
trees, from Montmoreuci Falls to Cape Tormente
(;!U miles below (Quebec), on the left bank of the
St. Lawrence. He did tiie same at Malbaie (90
miles), and the bay of St. I'aul (tiO) ; also
throughout the Isle d'Orleans, which is twenty
miles long. The parishes on tiio right bank of
the flood, from Uiithier (-4 miles) to tiie Ilivic're
du l^iup (!S0 miles"), a range of twenty-three
leagues, were ravaged and burnt in their turn, as
well as those of Point Levis, vSt. Nicholas, St.
Croix (•>:!), etc. Wolfe chose the night-time for
committing tliose ravages, which lie per})etrated
(111 botii sides of the St. Lawrence, wherever he
could obtain a footing; he cariied ofl' the women
and children, the victuals and cattle. As the
season advanced this war of brigands extended
itself, for Wolfe indulged in it to avenge himself
for the checks he received, as well as to terrify the
inhabilanls. A detachment of three hundred men,
under Captain Montgomery, having been sent to
St. Joaeiiim, where some of the people stood on
tiieir defiMice, committed there the greatest cruel-
ties. The prisoners taken were coolly and most
barbarously slaughtered.* M, de I'ortneuf, curate
of the place, who stuck by his parishioners, in
view of ministeiiiig to their spiritual needs, was
*TliiH atiitonipiit is miidi' on Uio luitlioiity, so a focit-iiiito in M.
(iiiriii'iin'H worii iiifiiriMs ns, iif a iiiiiiiiisi'ii|it jimniiii of tlio oiioni-
tioiis licfm-i) Qiiclii'i', licpt by l.ii'iilcii.uit M;ili'o[ni Knizor, of tlio "Hill
lli«liliuiilc'rs ; lint wlicu it i.i Isnowii tli;it Iho (.'ii|itiiiii Moiitnomory
lii'ii' rpl'cricil to wiiH tli(> ticncnil Moiitiiionic'ry wlio iifti'rwarils fell
liel'oro QiioImm! iliiriiia; tlio AiiiiTii'.-iii inviisioii, ami wlio wim noted
for liiH lininanity, tin; stiitcnii'nt of tin; l-icntoMiiMt innst In' taUcn
<'»»( i/iiiiKi xdlin. Imli'i'il tin: wliolo |iai'aKra|>li i.s a ni'"''*'' niisi'i'iire-
ci'litiitioii ; foi' altlionfjli Wolfo was I'omiii'llcd to tiko stroll); nioasiiri's
111 Ki'i'ii snpiillt'M out of Qiii'lii'i', lio was naturally of too liiinianii ii
dis|iosltlon to inllii't pain or loss iiniiLHi'ssariiy, cspooially on non-
uuiiibutiuitB,— ICli.
attacked and hewn to pieces by sabres. From
the Beau])ort camp was seen, simultaneously, the
llaines rising from l>eaui)re, and from the Lsle
d'Orh'ans, also from sundry parts on the riglit
bank of tiie Hood.''
7. — Six weeks slipped away without "Wolfe
being able to discover any vulnerable spot in
Jlontcalm's defences ; skirmishes
fi i 1 • 1 Wolfn Mi''I'ar<'!' to
almost ilaily occurrence, aiia.k Mcliuuiui.
and the fire on the city had beiMi
so effectively kept iij) that the battlements were
almost destroyed, and the greater portion of the
town in ruins, still Wolfi; was no neaitu' to his ob-
ject than wiien he landed. At last he determincil
to try an assault by way of Heauport flats. On the
night of the 2Sth .July, the French again sent
down a fire-ship to destroy the ICiiglisb fleet, but
it was towed oii sliore as the others had been, and
Wolfe informed Montcalm that if any more were
sent down he would tow them alongside of the
ship used for detaining the French prisoners.
This hail the desired (effect, and no more were
sent. "As tiie left bank fif the Montmoronci,"'
says Garneau, "just beyiuid its I'lnbrociiure, is
higher than the riglit, Wolfe strengthened the
batteries he already had there, the gun range of
which enfiladed aliove that river the Fieiieli
intrenchments. The niimlH'r of his cannon and
pieces for shelling was raised to sixtv. lie caused
to sink, on the rocks level with the flood below,
two transports, placing on each, when in position,
fourteen guns. One vessel lay to the riglit, the
other to the left, of a small redoubt which the
French had erected on the strand at the foot of
the Courville road, in order to defend, not only
the entry of that I'oad wliieii led to the heights
occupied by the French reserve, but also tlit; ford
of the Montinorenci below the falls. Cannon
shots from the transports crossed each other in
the direction of the redoubt. It becanu! needful,
therefore, to silence the fire of the hitter, and
cover the inarch of the assailants, on this access-
ible point of our lino ; therefore tin; OfiitKriiui, a
sixtv-gun ship, was sent afterwards lo aiuOior op-
posite the falls, and as near as might be to the shore,
to protect the ford wiiicii tin; Ihitish forhn'ii hope
was to cross, as soon as the attacking force should
descend from their eam[> of L'Aiige (iardien.
Thus one hundred and eighteen pieces of ordnance
were about to [ilay upon Montciilm's left wing."
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tuttl'j:>' histoky of the dominion of Canada.
8. — " Towards noon, July 31st, all this artilli'iy
began to play; and, at the same time, Wolfe
formed his C(^hinnis of attack. More
IiuiitmoJuiid. than fifteen hundred barges wt'ie
in motion in the basin of Quebee.
A part of Monekton's lirigade, and twelve hnn-
dred grenadiers, enibark(!d at Point Levis, with
intention to re-land l)etween the site of the CVn-
turian and the sunken transports. Tlic second
column, composed of Townshend's and Murray's
brigades, desceiuled the iieiglits of L'Ange Gar-
dien, in order to take the ford and jf)in their forces
to the first column at the foot of the Courville
road, which was ordered to be ready posted, ami
only waiting for the signal to advance against tlie
adjoiiung French entrenchments. These two
columns numbered six tliousand niv-n. A third
corps of two thousand soldiers, charged to ascend
tlie left bank of tlie Montmorenci, was to pass
tiia*^ river at a ford about a league above the falls,
but which wiis guarded (as alreadj' intimated) by
a detachment under M. Deliepentigny. At one
P.5t. the three Britisli columns were on foot to ex-
ecute the concerted plan of attack, whicli would
have been far too complicated for troops less dis-
eiiilined than Wolfe's. Montcalm, for some time
doul)lful about tlie point the enemy would assail,
had sent orders along his wliole line for the men
to be ready everywhere to oppose the British
wherever they came forward. As soon as the lat-
ter neared their destination, DeLevis sent five
hundred men to succor Repentigny (at the upper
ford), also a small detachment to es]iy the man-
a'uvres of the British when ai)out to cross the
lower ford, while lie sent to Monteulm for some
battalions of regulars, to sustain himself in case
of need. The general (Montcalm) cann; up, at two
P. M., to examine the posture of matters at the
left. He proceeded along the lines, approved of
the dispositions of DeLi'vis, gave fresh orders,
and returned to tiie centre, in order to be in a
posititni to observe all that should ])ass. Three
battalions and some (Canadians, from Tiois Rivie-
res, came in opportunely to reinforce the French
left. The greatest part of tlitjsi! troops took post,
as a reserve, on the iiighway, and the rest were
directed on the ford def<'iided liy M. Dellepen-
tigii}'. 'I'he latter had iieen already holly attacked
by a British column, but he forced it to give way,
after some loss of men. 'J'he retreat of this corps
permitted that sent to succor Repentigny to has-
ten l)ack to the arena of tlio chief attack.
9. — " Meanwhile, the barges bearing tiie Point
Levis column, led by Wolfe in person, after mak-
ing several evolutions, meant to
deceive the Frencii as to tlie real uruiaiu" ""
place for landing, were directed to-
wards the sunken transports. The tide was now
ebbing, thus, part of tlie barges were grounded
on a ridge of rock and gravelly matter, which
stopped their jn'ogress and caused sonn; disorder ;
but at last all obstacles were surmounted, and
twelve hundred grenadiers, supported by other
soldiers, landed on the St. Lawrence strand. They
were to advance in four divisions; and Monci'-
ton's brigade, which was to embark later, had or-
ders to follow, and, as soon as landed, to sustain
them. From some misunderstanding these orders
were not punctually executed. The enemy formed
in columns, indeed ; but Monekton's men did not
arrive on time. Still the van moved, music play-
ing, up to the Courville road rt.'doubt, which the
Frencli at once evacuated. 'I'lie enemy's grena-
diers took possession of it, and pre[)ared to assail
the intrenchments beyond, which were within
musket-shot distance. Wolfe's batteries had been
pouring, ever since mid-day, on the Canadians
who defended this part of the line, a shower of
shells and bullets, which they sustained witiiont
flinching. Having re-formed, the British advanced,
with fixed bayonets, to attack the intreneliments;
their showy costume contrasting strangelj' with
that of their adversaries, wrajiped as these Avere
in light cajiotes and girt round the loins. Tlie
Canadians, who compensated their deficient dis-
cipline only by their native courage and the
great accuracy of their aim, waited patiently till
tiie enemiiis were a few yards distant from their
line, meaning to fire at them iioint-lilank. At
the ])roper time, lluiy discharged their pieces so
rapidly, and with such destructive ett'ect, that tiie
two ib'itish eoliiinns, despite all their oflicer's en-
deavors, were broken and put to llight.* Tiny
sought shelter at first against tlieir foe's fire be-
hind (he redoubt ; but, not iKung allowed to re-
f(nni ranks, they continued to retreat to tlie main
* "Tliolr (Mini of) «miitl-iini;.<, in tlio tioni'lios, liiy cocil till tlioy
wore KiM'ii of tlii'ir iiiiirif ; llicy tlii'ii poiinMl tliolr shot like hIiowci'w of
Imii, wliii'li cjiiisi'il our biMvii Ki'i'iiinlicTH lo I'ltll vory f:ist,"--i/c)H/'/ni/
of a UriiiHli (ijlii-ii:
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQlTIS I)EVArni{EriT>.
• )0
liody of the army, which had deployed a little
riirtlii'i' back. At this critical time, a violent
thiiiiderstorm supervened, wliieh hid the view of
the comljataiits on both sides from each otlicr.
while the reverberations of successive peals rose
far above tiie din of battle. Wiien the rain mist
cleared off, the Canadians bclield the British re-
embarkin;i; with their wounded, aftc' setliuLj fire
to tlie sunk.Mi transports. Their army finally drew
off, as it iiad advanced, some corps in the bar<i^es,
otiiers marched landward, after recrossinjf tiie
Monlmorenci ford. Tlie fire of their numerous
cannon, however, continued till night set in ; and
it was estimated that the British diseliartfcd three
thousand cannon-balls during the day and even-
ing, while the French had only a dozen pieces
of cannon in action ; but these were very service-
able in iiarassing tlie disembarking British. The
loss of the French, wliich was due almost entirely
to artillery fire, was inconsiderable, if we remem-
ber that they were for more tiian six hours ex-
posed to it. The enemy lost about five hundred
men killed and wounded, including many ofl[i-
cers."
CHAPTER LV.
GOVERNMENr OF THE MARQUIS DE
Y AUDliEUlL.— {Continued.)
1. Murray's Expedition up the St. Law-
KKxcE. — 2. Wolfe Decides to make an At-
tack ABOVE (JUEHEC. — i!. MoNTCALJi's SITUA-
TION. — 4. WOLEE CON'CENTRATES IlIS AllMVAT
Point Levis. — 5. Wolfe Scales the Heights
OF AllRAHAM. — (5. DeSCUU'TION OF THE BAT-
tle-field. — 7. positions of the contending
Armies. — 8. First Battle of the Plains ok
AiuiAHAM. — !). Defeat oethe Fuen<;ii. — 10.
Death of Wolfe, Townsii end's Trihute
to his Memory. — 11. Hondhs Paid the
Dead General. — 12. Death of Montcalm.
— 1;}. Sketch of Montcalm's Character,
l^rONUMENTTOHIS MEMORY. — 14. ThE LOSSES
ON Both Sides. Capitulation of Queiiec.
1. — The repulse at Montmorenci was a sad dis-
appointment to Wolfe, and the worry and anxiety
of it brought on a fever, the germs
f 1 . 1 ""i 1 • , 1 Mnrrav'a Kxpmlt-
ot wnicli liad previously appeared, u.).. up uio st. i.aw-
and for weeks tlie brave soldier was
confined to a sick-lied, witii iiis energies prostra-
ted, and his life in considerable danger. Still ho
was not whollv idk>. The fleet aliove the town
had been strengthened by a scinadron uii 'er Ad-
miral Holnies, and Brigadier ]\Iurray was noa' sent
up the river, with 1,200 men, to destroy the French
ship[)ing which liad escaped up the river, and open
commnnication, if possililo, witii General Amherst
at I>ake ('hami)Iain. The vessels escaped, by land-
ing their guns, ammunition, etc., and running into
shallow water, witli the exception of one brigan-
tine, whicii was burned ; and Murray found the
landing-[)laces along the river so well defendiid
tiiat it was only at Deschambault, o'J miles above
Quebec, that ho was able to effect a landing, after
iiaving been twice repuls(>il at Pointe-aux-Trem-
bles. Deschanibault \\as defended by a 1\'av inva-
lid soldiers, and was easily captured. Here lie
found some letters which informed liiniof the cap-
ture of Niagara by Sir William Johnson, and the
occupation of Carillon and Crown Point i)y Gene-
ral Amherst. Finding that he could not effect a
junction with Amlierst, and that lie could not ac-
eomi)lisli anything by going furtiicr up the river,
he returned to Quebec to convey to Wolfe tiie
good news of the success of the liritish aims in
otiier parts of Canada.
2. — Wolfe had not recovered from his fever wlieii
Murray returned; but he saw clearly tiiat if Quo-
bee was to lie takt;n lliat season it
. , > 11' 1 Wi>lfi> ili'i'iilra to
must be done by Ins army alone, as ni.ik,uiiiii(aik
he was not likely to reeeivi; any as-
sistance from either Aniiierst or Johnson before
the winter s(!t in. Ill as lie was lie laid out three
[ilans of attack on Monteainrs army below the
town, and sulimitteil them to iiis lirigadiers, Mur-
ray, Towusiiend and Mon(!kton. I'hey wero
unaiiinious in rejecting all tliree, and recommend-
ed instead a ]ilan of Brigadier Townshend's to
make an attacic above tlie town, landing on the
right bank of the St. Lawrence, and tliercby draw-
ing Montcalm from his strong position. Li this
re[)ort of 20th August the brigadiers say: " If we
can maintain a new position on that side, wo
should force Montcalm to light wherever wo
choose ; wo sliall then be not only situated be-
!:l )
"'■• ti'i
I
250
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF TflH DOMINION OF CANADA.
twcen liiin and liis inasjiiziiics, hut also hetweeii
liis camp and tlie forces opposed to Andierst. If
lie offer us battle, and lie should lose the day,
then (^ueliec, prohahly all Canada, would fall into
our hands — a result far jj;reatcr than any that
conl.I accrue from a victory at Beauport ; and,
ai;aiu, if he cross the iJivcr St. (.'harles with forces
enough to confront us in this jjositiou we have
supposed, the Heauport camp, thereby weakened,
niij^ht be all the more easily attacked." Before
acct'diug to the desires of his brigadiers for a
" change of base," Wolfe a^ain examined carefully
the approaches to llu! citadel by way of the Lower
1'own — which was almost entirely in ashes from
the heavy fire of his batteries — and was accom-
panied by Admiral Saunders, who was williu'^' to
give all i''e aitl possiiile from the llect ; but Wolfe
was f . to confess that attack fi'oui that side
seemed nopeless, so well had Montcalm def.'n(lc<l
all the passes to the Up[)er Town ; he therefore
agreed to the plan api)roved by his brigadiers. He
was by no means sanguine of success, however, and
in his despatch to Pitt, dated "Jil Se[)teud)er, lu;
says: "I have accjuiesced in their proposal, and
we are preparing to put it into execution. There
is such a choice of dillicidties that I am myself at
a h)ss how to determine."
o. — Hut if Wolfe was somewhat daunted at the
obstacles before him, Montcalm was nearly dis-
Iiearlened at the almost insurmouut-
tion.'™''" "'"'"'" "''1'' -lifBculties with which he was
snrroun<led. Slowly but surely he
saw the cordon of British troops being di'awii
around him, which nuist, ultimately, ci'ush and
overpower him. lie knew that he was fighting
without hope or chance of s,ic.:ess, and that the
utmost he could do was to warti off the culmiua-
tive disaster as long a^, possible, and die bravely
and honorai)ly. He knew that, even if he could
keep Wolfe at bay during the winter, liie armies
of Amherst and .loliuson wiuiid iidvancc; on him
in the spring ; and, with the three English armies
combined, the small force he coidd concentrate to
oppose would be almost powerless to resist them.
This idea is very fully conveyed in a letter of his
to a friend in which he says : " Of one thing I can
assure you, I shall not survive the probalile loss
of the Colony. There are times when a generars
only resource is to die with honor; this is such a
time : no stain shall rest on mv mcmorv." He
knew that ho need not expect any succor from
Fiance; the French ministry had clearly intimated
itsd(!terniination to leave Canada to her fate; and
even if that policy had been changed and helj)
sent to (Quebec, the strong Ih'et riding at anchor
below the city was an elTectnal bar to the needed
aid reaching its destiiiati(Mi. Monti aim had, also,
other dilTiciilties to contend with; ther(i w;is great
want and [nivation in the cami), and the militia
would dcseit to look after their long-deserted
farms; and although he hung some and wliipjied
others, it did not deter them, and he was at last
obliged to grant short furloughs to about two
thousand, thus materially weakening his strength,
just as he was about to need it most.
4. — It was necessary for the carrying out of the
newly-proi)Osed line of attack to concentrate the
British forces at Point Levis, and
,,r , ,. , ,. ■.11 1 ■ Wdlf.M'oii.'eiitiateB
Wolie tlieretore Mitlidrcw Ins i.is.inny nii'oint
troops from the Montmoreiici on
the ?i(.\ of Sei)tembcr. Montcalm endeavored to
attack them while embarking, and threw forward
two strong columns for that i)ur[)Ose; but Monck-
ton, from Point Levis, observing the movement,
embarked a strong detachment in boats which, as-
sisted by some frigates and light-draught vessels,
made a feigned attack on the Beaujiort camp,
which ol)liged Montcalm to recall his trfjops, and
the British were allowed to cross without moles-
tation. For several days after the concentration
of the British army at Point Levis the fleet, under
Admiral holmes, maiHCUvred above the town,
threatening various points, to annoy and confuse
the enemy, while Wolfe and his brigadiers were
searching for a favorable spot to effect a landing
by which access to the Plains of Abiaham could
be gained. At last Wolfe decided on landing at
a jHiiiit about three miles above the itity (now
known as Wolfe's Cove), where a narrow jiath,
scarcely admitting of two men walking abreast,
led to the i)!ains aliovc Once there, Montcalm
must fight (Ml about e(|ual terms, and Wolfe deter-
mined to take the risk of getting there. One fact
which led to this determination was that the i)lace
was only slightly guarded, — being considered in-
accessible, — and he judged that not more than one
hundred men defended it. Montcalm had been
over-confident of the natural strength of his posi-
tion on this side, and had differed greatly with I)e
Vandreuil with regard to the necessary defence.
ipcor from
.• iiitiiiiati'd
I' late ; unci
I and Iielp
at anclior
lie needed
1 Iiiid, also,
! wa?! nfi-en,t
lie militia
i,i;'-(leserted
d whipped
■as at last
il)out two
s strength,
out of the
nitrate the
! TOiicentrateB
my III I'oiiit
•avored to
w forward
ut >[onck-
uovement,
whieh, as-
lit vessels,
ort camp,
roojis, and
)ut iiiolcs-
centration
eet, under
the town,
d confuse
liers were
a landing
lam could
anding at
•ity (now
■row i)atli,
g abreast,
^^olltcaln]
oll'e deter-
Oue fact
the i)lace
iidered in-
3 than one
had been
F his posi-
y with I)e
f defence.
PI
I If
I I
I
, I.!!,
1
■ In
'T 1 1
, 1
Vi
111
I
It !
i
INtRWIO IVPRtbslYIOH lumt !^ HISTORY OF tilt OOM:NI11N - lOKNtl BIOGRAl'HItS SEC INDtX
iMt liuRlAND 0ESBABA15 IITHO COMP-
\'}'
!'!-M
■ \-
■Lk.
Ill
I i
GOVKIINMENT OF TIIH MAHQUIS DkVAUDUKUIL.
In a letter diited 29tli -riily, lie siiid : " Ndin; Iml
God knows .)\v to effcut llie iiiipossihK,'. You
know, sir, tlie I'oruo of llii' iiriuy. It' you wi^ll for
u strong ganisou in tiie city, you iiavu !)Ut to i^ive
the word, and llie lliinLj will he ilone ; but in i liat
ease you must j^ive up tiie position you now oc-
cupy ; I yield, in advance, to your opinion in tlie
matter, for I can neither ijivine nor ijc answerahie
for events wliich mav follow in a case so uncer-
tain. Every night yon incur as many risks as you
are exjiosed to in tlii' present. According to M.
DeLi'vis, tlie enemy musters as strong at the falls
as usual ; and it is certain that he has set eight
hundred men at work to make fascines to fortify
his eam[). Yon have, besides the (armed) iniiahi-
tants, 500 men in garrison in the eit\', l,oOO on
the batteries, and lOU armed laborers. Vigilant
patrolling is all that is wanted in addition ; for we
need nut suppose that our enemies have wiiu/n to en-
able them, in one niijht, to crosa the flood, dinemhark,
ascund broken-iip sttep-tvajja and resort to escalade ;
an operation <dl the more unllkeljj to take plaee, an
the ansailaiita would have to hrimj ladders." We
have italieizt'd these last few lines, because what
Montcalm said the enemy ci dd not do, was very
nearly just what they did do.
5. — Montcalm, however, somewhat changed ins
ideas after Wolfe had moved his army to Point
J^cvis, and the IJritish fleet seemed
S;i;lhuo?Ai.Jah.,„. t'>.l'^' sprea.ling itself out in ■> men-
aeing line, from the city as ir up
the river as rointe-aux-Trendjles. He iii:- si •
DelJongainville, who was in command or
side of one thousand men, which force
I crefised, from time to time — as the movements
the British became more menacing, threatening to
cut off the supply of provisions — until his army
nund)ered about tiiree thousand ; the guard-houses
between the city and Cape Rouge were also rein-
forced ; and Bougainville was charged to keep a
strict watch on all the movements of the British,
who seemed to be threatening simultaneously the '
Beauport eamp, tiie city, and the provision stores
of the army. Wolfe liad been informed by two
French deserters that an attempt would be made
during the niglit of tiie 12-13th to bring provisions
into the city by way of the river, as it was becom-
ing almost impossible to convey them by land, as
only old men, women and children were left for
any other than military service. The countersign
by which tlic convoy w.as to l)e known was learned;
and used to good advantage afterwards. On the
evi'iiingof the 12lli a feint was made on the Beau-
port camp, by the heavy sliii)sof the line drawing
in slioie, as if to attack, while th(! smaller vessels
set sail and swept past the batteries to join the
fleet al)Ove t'.ie town. Monckton's and Murray '.s
briga<les were, at the sainc! time, pusheil U]) along
the river from I'oint l^evis, and embarked w ithont
being observed ; and, aliout nine o'clock, the first
division, about sixteen hundred stnuig, silently
removed to llat-bottom boats and awaited orders.
The advance took place about one o'clock on the
morning of the l^lth, Wolfe connnanding in person.
The lirst troops to land were the light companies
of the TiSlh Highlanders, and they had scrabbled
some way up the cliff before they were discovered.
To the French sentry's challenge ^^ Qui vive?" the
answer w.as promptly given '•'nefaites pas de bruit,
ce sont les vivres (say nothing, this is the convoy
of I)rovisions). 'I'he sentries were satisfied for a
few moments ; but soon discovered their error and
a i)rief struggle took place; but the British iiad,
meanwhile, landed in nnmljcrs; the small guard
was quickly over[)owercd, and, by daybreak,
Wolfe stood on the Plains of Abraham at the head
of his army, drawn up in order of battle, ready to
engage in that memorable contest whi(di was to
decide the fate of Quebec and Canada.*
• l-'or many yoiirs tliore was considerable s|iocnlation as ti) tlie
soiirLT, from wlKMice tlicsc! celi'lirati'd plains ilorivcd tlicir naiiio ; and,
eviMi ill tlie present day, it is eoinparatively little Known tliat tliey are
called alter a Scotriinian — or descendant o£ a Scotchman— named
Andrew Martin, who owned tlio land during a portion of the lirst
half of tlie seventeenth centnry. Lt. Col. Heatson, Koyal lMij;inePrs,
who was stationed in Qnebeo from ISl!) to ]S,")4, and spent all his
spare time dnriiif,' those years in historical research, };ives in his liixdj,
"The I'lains of Abraham," the followini; iiiteiestinj; aeconiit of the
man from whom they tike their name; " N'otwithstandinj; the worht-
wide celebrity of these I'lains, it was not until very recently that the
derivation of their name was discovererl; and, ii.s it is still eoinpar-
iitively unknown, even in Cana<la, the followiiii; explanation of its
origin will donbtle.ss pos.sess attractions for such an are fond of tracing
to their soiiives the names of celebrated hioalitie.s, and who may he
snrpriseil to learn that, upwards of a eentuiy iircvions to the linai
cniuinest of Canada by the liritish arms, the scene of the decisive
stru^'^le for national su|ireniacy in the northern ilivisioii of the New
World had derived its name from one who, if not a Scotchman by
birth, would .seem to have been of Scottish linea;;e This apparently
improbable fact will, however, appear less extraordinary when it is
known that he was a seafarini,' man, and when it is considered how
close was the alliance and liow frecpient the intercourse which for
centuries before th.'it period, had subsisted between France and
Scotland. This individual, whose name was Abraham Martin, is
described in a small leii.'U document, dateil loth Aiii;u.st, ll)4li, and
preserved among the archives of tlie Ilisliop'a I'alace, at Quebec, as
(tlie Kiiig',s) i^7(i( "/(/«; .S7. Luirri:ni-e ; an appointment which prob-
ably conferred on its possessor cousiderablo offleial rank; for we find
: iJI'it
I I
I :
TUTTLE'S IIISTOUY OF IIIH DOMINION OF CANADA.
t). — Hinvkiiis, in his " i'icliin! of Qiicoec" (piih-
lislicd ill lS;!4) siiys : " Any out! wlio visits tlu;
ccli'hnitcd I'iiiiiis of Alii'iiliiiin, tlic
b:itUi-iii-ia. scene ot tins ijloiioiis ii;4lit — e([U;ill\
litli in natnnil IxMUty :uul liistDiie
recollections — will iulniit that no site conkl be
found Ix'tter adapted for di>i)layin;_r tin,' evohitions
of military skill ami diseijirnm, or tiie exertion of
physical force and determined valor, 'i'iu; battle
tfround presents almost a level surface from the
l)rink of tiie St. Lawrence; to the Sie. Foye road.
Tiie driduli: Alli''<\ov road toCape itoiiLje, rnnninL,' '
parallel to that of Ste. I'oye. passed thronnii its
centre — and was connnanded liv a Held ledouht,
ill all pidhahility the foiir-n'iin liallerv on the
I'aii;lisli left, wiiieh was captured hy tlie liL;la
infantry, as mentioned in (leiieral 'rownsh'-nds
letter. The remains of this haltery are distinctly
seen (18-j4) near to tiie [)r(,'sent race stand. 'I'iiere
were also two other retloubts, one upon the risiuj^
ground, in the rear of Mr. C. CainphcU's house
(now M. Connolly's) — the death scene of Wolfe
— and the other towanls the Ste. Foye road which
tlwit .I;u'(iMr8 (iiiarticr, or OirtiiM', tlip eiitorprisii".; iliscovncr iiiiil ox-
lijiiriT (if tlii^ St. l.uwriMii'c, wIumi iilxiiit to priu'i-cil, ill 1.'>K), mi liis
tliiiil viiyii;,'!' tci Caiiiiila, was :i|>{>i)int(»l liy t'rain'is t. ('iii'i'iin-<!< ii' nil
aii-l yfiisl'i- I'ii'it ot tlio pxin'ilitioii, wliicli i'iMisi>t('il nf fmir vrsscls.
Tliat Martin was a person of i!(iiisicli'ralil(: iiiipoibiiiic in tlie tlwu
infant coluny «f N'l'W I'raiuH' may also lie iiifcrieil frcnn tlic fact tliat,
ill tile .liMirnal of tlin .li'siiits and ill tlio [larisli ri'^istcr of (Jiiclicc, In-
is nsiially il('si,i;nat('(l liy his Cliristiaii name only, M<iilr^ .Virulnun:
as well as from tlie eireiimstmce of Cliainplaiii, tlie ilistiii^iiislied
foiiiiiler of IJnelicc and fatlier of Xew I''raiU'o. Iiaviii;; liceii ;,'odfatlier
t<i oneof Aliraliain'sdaiinliters (Heloiie), aiictof ('liui-lrs Ih SI.Etii'iiiif,
Sxi'iir I)e Ln Tour, of Aeadiaii celebrity, liaviii^ stood in the same
relation to Xlartin's youngest son, Charles Amador. The earliest
mention of Martin's name occurs in the lirst entry in the I'arish
register of tinehee, viz., on the ;;4th Octolier, lii'Jl; when his son
Kiistiicho, who died shortly afterwards, was liaptizcd hy lather
Denis, a Vraiici.scan friar. Tlie sec. nl liapti.^iii therein recordeil is that
of his daiinhter SIari;iierite, wliich took place in lli'Jl; ;uid it is st.ited
ill the reijister that these children were horn of tlie legitimate marriai;e
of .Vliraliain Martin, siirnanied or nsiially known as " T/n- Svni (Dirt
I' K'-Dsniiis)." To the above Mr. J. M. I.emoine adds the followin;;
paragraph: " On referrinsi to the parish re;,'ister of liiiebec, from l(i21
t<i ITIM), oneindividiialoiily .seems to have borne the name of Abraham,
and tliat person is .Vbraliam Martin, to whom, under the appellation
of .Vii/dT *l'<m//"m, repeated reference is maile both in tlii^ register
and the Jesuits' journal. Abraham .M.irtin, aceordin.:; to the doe-
umciits quoted by (Jul. Ileatson, owned in two separate lots -one of
twenty and the other of twelve dc/ic/irs— thirty-two r/c/i. »^^• of land,
coveriiij; a ;;rcat portion ot the site on which St, .lolin ami .St. Louis
suburbs have since been erected. .\hraham's property occiiiiied, it
would seiuii, a portion of the area — the nortliern section — which, for
ii Ion;; period, also went under the name of .Vhruhain's I'lains, It
adjoined other land the frsuline ladies then owned, on VnUtin .S7.
hiiii.i. close to the city, when in liiliT it was purchased by them; at that
time, thy whole tract, aecordinj; to t)ol. Ileatson, went under the gen-
eral iiaiiie of I'lains of .Vbraham. Such appear to be the results ot
recent researches on this once very obscure iiiicstion."
it was intended to command. On the site of the
country seat called .MarchiiKint (the property of
John Gilmoro, Esq.), there was als,) a small re-
doiiht, commanding the intrenched patii le;i(ling
to the cove. This was ttikeii possessiiHi of iiy the
advanced-guard of the light iul'antry, immediately
on ascending the, heights. At the period of the
battle, the plains were without fences or enclos-
ures, and e.vtended to the walls of the St. [>ouis
side. The surface was dotted over with bushes,
and the woods on either llauk were more dense
than at present, atrording shelter to the French
and Indian marksmen."
7. — .Montcalm woidd scarcely give credence to
the information, brought him early in the nioin-
ing, that Wolfe occiiiiied the Plains
... 1 1 • 1' 11 It I rusilions nf tlio
ot .Vlirahaiu in loice. It can be conicndinnaimio.s.
but a small party come to burn a
few houses and retire," he said ; but when as-
sured that it was an army which had reached the
plains he remarked : " Then they have at last got
to the weak side of this miserable garrison ; we
must give them battle and crush them before mid-
day." lit left DeVaiulreuil, with fifteen hundred
men, in command of the camp at IJeaiiport, and at
once took the remainder of his- army, numbering
aliout seven thousand five hundred, to meet
Wolfe.* Hurrying his troojis across the valley of
the St. Charles, over the bridge, and along the
northern ramjiart to the battle ground, which tiie
main bodv reached about eight o'clock, he at once
* The strenurth ot .Montcalin's army on tlio l^tli September, ITolt,
was as follows :
UKlllT COMMX.
('oloiiy troops - - -
Kejiiuii-nt of I.a Sarre
Kenimi'iit of l.aiinnedoc
.Militia
Rcjliment ot Beam - -
Regiment of ("iiiicnno -
Militia
4(10 2,000
- .Tf.0
- ;((«
- 1,200 1,020
LKFT C0LU5IN.
Rosiiiiciit Roy.al Roussilloii .--.-.. fi.'iO
Cohiny trooiw ...----..-.- (BO
Militia 2,;H)0 .1,000
Grand tutal,
',520
Of those .1,020 were rcKuhirs, and 3,0U0 uiUitla. Montuiilm Imd also
abuiit 400 IiidiuiiH.
r\
GOVEHXMKXT OF THE MAIUjUIS DkVALDRKUIL.
2r)9
iite of tlie
■operty of
siniill Fe-
ll IcMiling
of liy the
intidiatoly
3il of the
or enclos-
St. Louis
Ii bushes,
ore (k'nse
French
jdeuce to
lio iiioni-
119 r>t tho
liii;; aritiit3rt.
when as-
elied the
iL last <x(>t
■isoii ; we
'fore niid-
luuulred
rt, iuid at
uniheriiig
to meet
valley of
loii^- the
rhieh the
e at once
smber, 1759,
l>
I) 2,000
) 1,020
) 3,000
7,5'JO
Ini had also
i
l)e;;an to form in line of hatlle, without waitiuif
for his troops to rest, or to he sure iliat DelSou-
gainville, who had three thousanil troops with
him, was nuninsr to his support. It was about
ten o'clock when Montcalm ordered his army to
advance, aiul Wolfo had then occupied the plains
for about four liours, and had Ids men drawn up
in line of battle, the Botli regiment Ix-ini; on the
extreme ri;^ht, and the Louisboui-^ grenadiers on
the left, conunauded l)y Monekton and Murra}-,
respectively. The ^Sth, l-'.d, oHth, TMth and 47th
rei^inieiits, under Wolfe, completed the first line.
The second line consisted of the Luh regiment
and two iiattalions of the ()Oth, under eoumiand
of 'i'ownshend ; and the 4Sth under Colonel Bur-
ton, formed in four columns, actecl as a reserve,
while the light infantry, under Colonel Howe,
covered the left Hank and rear, tlie right Hank
being effectually [irotected by the precipice. The
total streiigtli of the Hritish, as shown by Wolfe's
field-l)ook, was forty-eight hundred and twenty-
eight men ; but they were all well-trained soldiers,
and th(i uiajority of them veterans.
8. — There were two noticeable features about
the battle of the Plains o( Abraham ; first, thai
Wolfe had put his army in a posi-
el-ali'of'AbLham. tion where they vuist win, or be
almost entirely annihilated, for to
retreat down the nariow pathway b}' which they
had gained the heights and re-embark would have
been next to impossible, if pursued by a victorious
enemy ; and second, tluit it was fought very nearly
without artillery, Wolfo having only one field-
piece, and Montcalm two guns. Jlontcalm's first
effort was to outflank the Hritish and crowd them
towards the precipice and the landiiig-i)lace ; and,
therefore, he began the battle by throwing for-
ward a large body of Canadian and Indian skir-
mishers ivgalnst Colonel Howe's light infantry,
wliich i^rotected the British left; and, under
cover of the smoke raised by the quick firing of
the Canadians, to hurl the whole force of his
right wing (consisting of sixteen hundred veter-
ans and four hundred militia) against Howe's
light troops. Tlie position was critical for a few
minutes; but Townshend promptly came to
Howe's aid witli the loth regiuient and two bat-
talions of the 60th, and the French were repulsed
with heavy loss. Failing in his attempt to Hank,
Montcalm now made a general attack on the right
and centre, and endeavored to force Wolfe back
by mere force of numbers. Thio.injr out a long
line of skirmishers, the few ll^ troops \\hieh
Wolfe had to cover the f'ront of his centre and
left were soon driven in; and ilie French ad-
vanced rapidly towards the I'.ritish lines. At one
hundred and fifty yards they began firing, and
great damage was doiu^ to the Biitish, but not a
shot was returned. Steady ami solid as if on pa-
rade the English stood, with their arms at the
shoulder, never moving, except to fill up the
ghastlygaps made in tluir ranks by the fire of the
French. Wolfe had ordered the men to put an
extra bulht in their guns, and not to fire until he
gave the word. (Quickly the French iieared the
British lines until they were within forty jiaces,
when the conimaud " Fire I "' was given, and a
deadly volley, at almost pistol range, was poured
out from the whole British front, and the battle
of the IMaiiis of Abraham was as good as ^on, for
the French wavere(i, halted, and it was only by
the greatest personal efforts of Montcalm that the
regulars were induced to re-form; the militia fled
and could not be rallied again. 'I'lie volley was
one of the most deadly ever fired b}' IWilish gnus;
battalions were almost entirely swept away, and
some of ihem wer(; left with scarcely any officers.
M. de St. Ours was killed, and M. DeSenezergues
mortally wounded. Montcalm displayed the ut-
most valor in endeavoring to re-form his men, and
rode along the shattered ranks encouraging the
men by his voice and presence.
0. — Wolfe ([uickly took advantage of the con-
fusion in the French ranks, and, after .allowing
time for the men to re-load, ordered
the whole line to advance with i.'n^'ui'l,!''"'"
fixed bayonets, he leading the
charge at the head of the liSth regiment. It was
at this moment that he was mortally wounded.
In the early jiart of tho engagement he had been
wounded in the hand ; but he tied a handkei<hief
round it, and continued in command ; now he was
struck in the body, and almost immediately after
received another bullet in his breast, which he felt
to be fatal.* He turned to an officer near him
and said, "Support me, let not my brave fellows
* A sergeant iif tlic (iOUi ret;iiiient, wIid had l)eeii recliiiH'd to tlie
raiiUs by Wolfe for eiiielty to a solilier, and who had afterwarJ.s de-
seiti'd to the I'leneli, is generally credited with having fired the fatal
shot.
i *
1^1
.'-(
! .1
•2tJ0
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
see nie fall." lie was tak(!ii to the rear, and water
given liinj; but the wound was niurtal, and no
hope of his recovery was entertained. The troops
did not see Wolfe fall, and jjressed steadily on-
wards, and in vain Montcalm galloped amongst
his veterans and endeavored to keep them steuily;
on the right the tJoth swept all before them, while
on the left, where the struggle was fiercest, the
iJ8th and the 'i 8th Highlanders overcame a stub-
born resistance and forced the French to fly. The
latter regiment, burning to revenge their defeat
at Montmorenci, fought like demons, ai'd when
the French broke, the Highlanders tluew away
their muskets, and drawing their terrible claymores [
followed in j)ursnit until stop[)ed by the gnus fiom ;
the ramparts of Quebec. As quick as the French
endeavored to rally, the head of their formalion !
was swe[)t away by ilie steady fire of the liiitish; |
and, Montcalm being mortally wounded, a second i
charge of the British utterly routed the Freneli
anil sent them Hying back in confusion towaids
the St. Charles.
10. — ^Meanwhile Wolfe's life was fast tbbiug
away. With his head supported by one of his oOi-
eers, he la\", conscious, but fast
nontli of Wnlfe. ', .. I 1 , • , ,1
To«ii.iii.n,i'stiib- (iving, on tin. iield his valor had
won lor his country. His eyes
were closed, his cheek already ])aling tinder the
hand of death, and his labored breathing alone
gave evidence of life. A sad and solemn silence
fell on the little group, anxiously watching their
dying general, which was broken b^- the oflicer
who supported him, exclaiming, "They run, they
run!" "Who runs?"' asked Wolfe, opening
his eyes and speaking distinctly, but with great
effort. " The enemy, sir ; they give way every-
where," re])lieil the ollieer. " What ! do tluw run
already?" said Wnlfe. and then continued, " Fray,
one of you go to Colonel Hurton, and tell him to
march V, ebi/s regiment, with all speed, down to
St. Charles River, to cut ofl' the retreat of the
fugitives from the bridge." He paused for an
instant, and turiu'd a little to gain an easier posi-
tion, then a slight ilusli passed over his face, his
e_\ e brigliteueil. and lie said fiiiully but distiucily,
" Now (iod be praised, I die happy I" and almost
immediately afterwards expired. So died, at the
early age of thirty-two, one of the most gallant
and promising generals that ever wore the British
uniform. Brave, courleoiis, gentle, humane, and
of a highl}' poetic nature, Wolfe had endeared
himself to the whole army, and his loss was deejily
felt. Brigadier Townshend, writing a few days
after the battle to a friend in England, sa}-s : " I
am not ashamed to own to you, that 1113' heart
does not exult in this success. I have lost but a
friend in General Wolfe. Our country has lost a
sure support, and a peri)etual honor. If the world
were sensible at how dear a price we have pur-
chased Quebec in his death, it would damp the
public joy. Our best consolation is, that Provi-
dence seemed not to promise that he should
remain long among us. He was himself sensible
of the weakness of his constitution, and deter-
mined to crowd into a few years actions that
would have adorned a lengthy life." Wolfe was
of a highly poetical teinperaineut, and on the
night before his death, as he iloiited in his Imat
below tli(.' frowning baltbineu': of (Quebec, with
the bright stars of an autumn night shining over
him, his mind, distracted for a moment from the
stern realities of the scene about him, roamed into
the realms of poetry, and he quoted many [)assages
from his favorite poet, (jray, and declared that he
would have preferred the honor of being the
author of the "Eli«gy in a Country Churchyard "
to the glory of beating the French in the coming
struggle, and, with almost prophetic foresight, ho
quoted the lines:
" 'i'lic liDiist of licnililry, tlie pomp of power,
Ami all that l)i'aiiiy, all that wealth e'er gave,
Await alike the inexorable hour,
Tlic pal/is of ijtori) kail but to the ijrtii'p'*
11 — The remains of Wolfe were embalmed and
taken to Greenwich, where they were interred
beside his father, who had died a
few months previously. I'arlia- ";;;a'".u"mi!'''
ment voted him a niomiment in
Westminster Abbey; a joint monument to Wolfe
and Montcalm was erected in (inebec in l<Si!7, by
subscription, headed by the Earl of Dalhousie,
and a sim[)le moiiniuent i)laeed on the spot wheie
Wolfe fell. In iS-ttt this latter was replaced by a
handsome column beaiiiig the simple, but signili-
cant and ex]iressive inseripliou :
H E U K DIED
WOLFE,
V I (J T U Jl t u u s .
This fitting tribute to a great soldier was erected
te was
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Drawn and cnt:raveil expressly for Tuttle'a History of the Dniiiiiilon of Cnnaila.
GEXERAL WOLFE AT THE SIEGE OF EOUISliOUHG, A.D., 1758.
llniuii nil. I i.|i„.iiivcil n|iri'ii«ly fur riiltli.'i UMnry nf thr Diimllllon of Cnnnila.
JiA T'l l.E OF rAI!Tr,T,n\, A.n., 1758.
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GOVERNMENT OF THE MAEQUIS DkYAIDIJEUIL,
261
b}' the soldiers stutioiiecl in Canada at the time,
and the inception and execution of the idea is due
to Lord Aylnier. With retrard to tlie aullienticity
of the locution we coj)}' the followinf:^ from Mr.
Lemoine's Quebec Past and Present : " The spot
consecrated by the fall of General Wolfe, in the
charge made by the Grenadiers upon the left of
the French line, will to the latest day be visited
with deep interest and emotion. On the highest
ground considerably in advance of the Martello
towers, commanding a complete view of the field
of battle — not far from the fence which divides
the rear ground from the enclosures on the east,
and opposite to the right of the English — are the
reniiiins of a redoubt against which the attack
was directed, which Wolfe so gallantly urged on
by his personal example. A few ye.ars ago a rock
was pointed out, as marking the spot where he
actually breathed his last; and in one of the
enclosures nearer to the road is the well whence
they brought him water. It is mentioned in the
statistical work of Colonel Bouchette, that one of
the four meridian stones, placed in 1790 by Major
Holland, then Surveyor-General of Canada, ' stood
in the angle of a field redoubt wliere General
Wolfe is said to have breathed his last.' As he
hiid been convened a short distance to the rear
after being struck \yith the fatal ball, it must be
presumed that this redoubt had been captured,
and that the grenadiers were pressing on when
he received his mortal wound. This is corrobo-
rated by a letter which we have met with, written
after tlie battle by an officer of the 28th regiment,
serving at the time as a volunteer with the Louis-
bourg grenadiers under Colonel Murray. lie
^.peaks of the redoubt in question as 'a rising
ground,' and shows that Wolfe was in possession
of it previously to his last wound; 'upon the
general viewing the ))ositiou of the two armies, he
look notice of a snuill rising ground between our
riglit and the enemy's left, which concealed their
motions from us in that quarter, ui)oii which the
general did me tiie honor to detach me with a
few grenadiers to take possession of tliat ground,
and maintain it to the last extremity, which I did
until both armies were engaged, and then tlie
general came to me ; but t'lat great, that ever
nieiiKMable man, whose loss can never be enough
regretted, was scarce a moment with me till he
received his fatal wound.'"
12. — While Wolfe was dying on the field of
glory, Montcalm was being su])ported from the
field of battle, mortally wounded.
He was first struck by a musket nenth <.f MontcRim.
ball, while fighting in front of the
French left, and was afterwards wounded by
the only gun in possession of the English. Still
he did not at once retire, but continued for some
time to direct the retreat of his troops, and it was
only after he had taken every measure for their
safety that he retired from the field. He was still
mounted, and, sui)[)orted by a grenadier on each
side of his horse, rode down St. Louis street,
where some women seeing him, exclaimed, " My
God, my God, the Marquis is killed ! " to which
he replied with a smile, " It is nothing, it is
nothing. Do not trouble yourselves for me, my
good friends." He was taken to the Castle St.
Louis.* When his wounds were being dressed,
he was informed by the surgeon, Arnoux, that
they were mortal. "How long have I to live?"
asked the marquis. " Ten or twelve hours," was
the reply. " So much the better," he said, " I shall
not live to see the surrender of Quebec." A
council of war was hastily held, at which lie
showed how all the French troops could be con-
centrated, and the British again attacked before
they could intrench themselves, Out his counsel
was overruled, the hope of :«iving Canada seemed
to be dying with him. M. DeUamezay, who com-
manded the garrison, asked for orders for the
defence ; but Montcalm answered, " I will neither
give orders nor interfere any further ; I liave
much business that nnist be attended to, of greater
moment tlian your ruined garrison, and this
wretched country. My time is very short, so pray
leave me. I wish }ou all comfort, and to be
happily extricated from your present perplexities."
Shortly afterwards he said to one of his attend-
ants, " Since it was my misfortune i .m discom-
fitted and mortally wounded, it is a great
consolation to me to be vanquished by so bravo
and generous an enemy," and one of his last acts
was to dictate a letter reconunending the French
prisoners to the geneiosity of the victors. His
•Tlicro is sumo (loiilit as til tlio cN.'ict |il:u'o of Moiitnilin's (loath ;
aiul it is not oloarl.v (IctiTiiiiiuMl wliotlicM- lio ilicil at tlii' ('astlc 8t.
I..)iiis, lit llio liimse of M. Ariicuix. .Siii-hciiii, .St. Liniis .Stivct, at tliu
Horn woi'li, 111! tlio St. Cliarles, at liis own residfMco, on tlie rani-
paito, or lit tUo Ursulini; Convent.
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262
TUTTLprS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA,
cha])laiii and the Bishop of Quebec passed the
iiiglit with liim, and administered tlie hist rites of
his uhuicli. He died about five o'cloeiv on the
morning of tlie 14th.
Vi. — Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm, was
forty-seven years old at the time of his death ; and
Sk..t.ii..f Monfc. ha(l gained laurels in campaigns in
w-mmnrnutoWB Italy, Ocrmauy and Bohemia before
memory. comiug to Canada. In Canada he
had shown his true power as a general, and had
gained three signal victories over the English at
Oswego, Fort William Henry, and Carillon, be-
sides repulsing Wolfe at Montmorenci, before hi;5
final defeat on the I'lains of Abraham. Even
(iarneau, who is terribly prejudiced against Mont-
calm, is constrained in justice to say : " Wliatever
the general's faults may liave been, his deatli would
seem to have suflieiently expiated them ; and in
presence of his tomb among us, we wish to be
mindful only of his valor and his triumphs. His
contemporaries, French liorn and Canadians alike,
deplored his death as a public loss. He had ac-
quired an ascendancy over the minds of both, as
much by his energy, as by his skill in turning their
courage to account. None but he was supposed
to be capable of risking a battle (against odds)
with a certainty of gaining it." His personal
bravery was beyond dispute, and was the main-
spring of liis influence over his army ; where he
led they were ashamed not to follow. At Oswego
he had inspired his men with new courage by seiz-
ing, with iiis own liand, a color from an ICnglish
officer ; and wherever the fighting was most severe
lie was always in the van, Ifadhuj his men, not
ordvrhuj them on. In his Continental campaigns
he had received five wounds — three at the battle
of Plaisance, 13th June, 174G, and two at Assiette,
8th July, 1746. He was a remarkable contrast to
the majority of French officials in Canada at that
time; for, while they were self-seeking, grasping
and cowardly, Montcalm was self-denying, lalio-
rious, just, and spent all Ids own means in reliev-
ing the want and suffering around him. He was
buried in the Ursuline Convent in a furrow made
in the wallsby a bomlKshell ; and nearly seventy-
five years afterwards (in IHJJiJ) the spot was iden-
tified by an aged nun of the Convent (tlien over
eighty years of age), who was a little girl at the
time of his deatli, and liad followed the tiineral
procession out of curiosity. A search was made
for the remains, and some bones were found, but
the only part which was intact was the skull — on
which the marks of two wounds are visiij'ie — which
is now preserved under a glass case in the apart-
ments of the Chaplain of tlie Convent. A tablet
to tlie memory of Montcalm was placed in the
Convent a few years afterwards;* and a joint
monument to Wolfe and Montcalm was erected in
Quebec in 1827, by the Earl of Dalhousie, with the
following inscription : —
IIUNC I-APIDEM
MONUMKNTI IN MEMOUIAM
VIOOKUM ILI.USTKIUM
WOLFE ET MONTCALM,
Fundameiitum
P.C.
GEOKGIUS, COMES DE DALHOUSIE,
In Septentrionalis America) Partibus ad Brittanos
pertinentibus, sumniam serum administrans,
OrUS PER MULTOS -ANNOS IMtUiTKUMISSUM.
(QUID DUCI ECUEGIO CONVKNTIENTIUS ?)
AUCTOKITUATE PROMOVKXS, EXEMPLO 8TIMUI.AN8, MUNI-
KICENTIA FOVKN?
Di'! Nover.ioris XV., a A.D., JiDCCCXXVn.
CEOIIGE IV., BRITONNIOIIUM REGE.
(^Trandation.'y
THIS FOUMDATION STONE
OF A M0NUM1:NT in the MliMOUY OF
THE ILLUSTRIOUS MKN,
WOLFE AND MONTCALM,
Was laid by
GEORGE, P:ARL OF DALHOUSIE,
Governor in Chief over all the Britisli Provinces
in North America,
A WOUK NEGLECTED lOll MANY YEARS.
(WHAT IS THERE MOIIE WORTHY OF A GALLANT
GENERAL?)
HE PUOMOTED DY IIIS INKLUKXCK, ENCOUIIAOED KT 1118 EX-
AMPLE, AND KAVOIIEI) IIY HIS MIINIFICENCB.
15th November, 1827.
GEORGE IV., REIGNIN(i KING OF GREAT BRITAIN.
• Seo note, on opposito piigc.
III
rovinces
(JOVERNMENT OF THE MAIJQUIS DeVAI'PREUIL.
20;
14. — The casualties to the British in the battle
ot the Plains of Abraliani, as given in the Official
Gazette, London, were fifty-eisht
riio I1.SB..8 on both , ... ' , , , , ...
M.iiR. caiiitiuatic. kulou, iive lumtirecl and ninety-six
ot yuebci;. . . " ,
woiinded, and tliree missing; mak-
ing a total of six hundred and fifty-seven laid
hors des combats. The list of killed reads, one
general (Wolfe), one eaptain, six lieutenants, one
ensign, three sergeants, forty-five rank-and-file,
one gunner. Wounded, one general (Monckton),
four staff officers, twelve captains, t\venty-;jix lieu-
tenants, ten ensigns, twenty-five sergeants, four
driinuners, five liundred and six rank-and-file, one
* The erection of this tiblet w.is originated by SI. de Hong.iinville,
wliii was warmly attjielied U) Sloiitwilm, mid had served under him,
witli distiiiilion, for two years in Canada. M. de Uoiigainville wasi
Ncaiiely twenty years of age at tlietime ot tlie capitulation at Quebec,
al.licMiLjh lie was in conuuand of aliout two tliousand troops. He
altcrwards jiiinod tlic French navy and circumnavigated the globe,
gaining a.s much distinction in tliis direction as Captain Cook, wlio
was opposed to him at Quebec He was killed by a revolutionary
ninb in I'aris on the lOtli Augu.st, 17!1'J. Tlie tablet to Montcalm's
menuu-y was subsi'ribed for Ijy tlie soldiers wiio had served under
him in Canada ; and tlio following correspondence passed be-
twciii M. de liougainville, and the English I'rinie Minister (the lireat
I'ilt) on the (pu'slion of its being erected in Quebec: — " Sir,— The
honors paid, umler your ministry, to Mr. Wolfe, assure me that you
will notdisaiiprovo of tlie grateful endeavors of the French troops to
jierpetiiate the memory of the Marquis de Montcalm. The body ot
*hat(!eneral, who was honored by the regret of your nation, is in-
tcricd in Quehec. I have the honor ot sending you an epitaph made
for him by the Academy of Inscriptions. I beg the favor of you, that
yon will he pleased to examine it , and, if not improper, obtiun leave
for nie to send it to Qm^liec, engraved on niarlile, that it may be
pl;iccd on the Maiipiis de Montiailm'stonib. Sliould such leave be
giarited, may I presume, sir, that you would be so good as to inform
uic of it, .Mid, at the .same time, to send me a pa.ssport ; that the
niiirlile. willi the epitaph engraved on it, may be received into anFhig-
lish .ship ; and that Mr. Murray, tlovernorot Quebec, may allow it to
be placed in llu! L'rsuline Church. You will be pleased, sir, to par-
don nie tor this intrusion on your iinporbint occupations ; but en-
deavoring to imiiKU'bilize illustrious men and eminent patriots is
doing honor to yourself, lam, with respect, &c. UeHoiigainville.
I'aris, ;;4tli .March, ITtil." " Sir,— It is a real satisfaction to me to
send yon the King's consent on a subject so affecting as the epitaph,
composed by the Academy of Inscriptions at I'aris, for the Maripiis
de .Montcalm ; and which it is desired may be sent to tiiiebec, en-
graved on marble, to bo placed on the tomb otthat illu.strions soldier.
It is perfectly beautiful ; and tlie desire of the French troops which
served in Canada to pay such a tribute to the memory ot their liene-
nil whimi they ,«aw e.f piro at their head in a manner worthy ot him-
self and of them, ia truly noble and pniiseworthy. I shall take a
lilcasure, sir, in fiu'ilitating, in every way, such amiable intentions ;
and on receiving notice of the ineasuves taken im shipping this
marble, will not 'ail to triinsmit to yon imniediately tlie passport ymi
desire, and to send directions to the (lovernorof Quebec for it« re-
ception, I withal bog of y<in, sir, to be persuaded of my just sensi-
bility ot that so obliging part of the letter with which you l;.ive hon-
ored mn relating to myself ; and to believe that I embrace, as a hap-
piness, this opportunity ot manil'esting the esteem anil particular re-
gard with which I have the honor to be, &e. W. I'itt, London,
April l()th, 1701."
■').")
engineer, one boinbadier, one gunner, five matros-
ses ; missing, three rank and file. Tiie loss of the
French was about fifteen hundred, including pris-
oners. DeVaudreuil, who was mareliing to the
supjjortof Montcalm from Beauport, as soon as he
heard of the victory of tlie British, withdrew the
fifteen hundred troops under him to the Jacques
Cartier river, leaving his tents, ammunition, bag-
gage, etc., at Beauport. DeLc'vis, on whom the
command fell, but who was in Montreal at the
time of Montcalm's defeat, joined the army at
once and endeavored to rally his forces for another
attack on the British. But he was too late.
Townsliend, on whom the command fell, after
Wolfe's death and Monckton's serious injuries, at
once began to entrench his troops, and pusli on
the eredtion of liis siege works, and the mounting
of his heavy guns ; so that by the seventeenth he
had sixty-one heavy guns and fifty-seven light
guns in position, ready to batter away at the
already almost ruined walls of Quebec ; besides
this Admiral Saunders had moved liis whole fleet
into the basin, and was ready to begin a general
bombardment of what was left of the Lower Town.
L-^nder these circumstances, the citizens of (Juel)ec
forced on M. de Ramezay, Commandant of tlie
garrison, the necessity of capitulating ; and he,
finding further resistance was useless, did so. On
the evening of the seventeenth the terms of capit-
ulation were .agreed on, and early next morning
they were fully ratified and the city surrendered.
Shortly afterwards the keys were delivered up, and
the Loiiisbourg Grenadiers marched in and took
possession, while a body of seamen, under Captain
Palliser, at the same time occupied the Lower
Town.
CHAPTER LVL
GOVEI{NMENT OF THE MARQUIS De-
VAUDREUIL.— (C'y/i^mMerf.)
1. DETAIlTtTKE OF THE EnCI-ISH FlEET. GeN-
EIIAE M run AY LEFT IN COMMAND AT QuEHEC.
— 2. Mukhay's Pomcy towahos the Inhab-
itants. Scurvy amongst the Troops. — 3.
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TUTTLE'S HISTORY (iF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Desperatk Situation of tiik French after
THE Fam. of Quebec. — 4. Gkeat Kejoicixg
IN England. riiEi'AUATio.vs lou a Viuoiious
CAMl'AKiN. — ."). DeLeVIS I'KEl'AKES TO ATTACK
(iUEHEC. — G. MUliUAV DKTEllJHNES TO ATTACK
DeLevis. — 7. Second Battle of the Plains
OF AlillAHAM. I/AoT ViCTOUY OF THE FUENCH.
— 8. MUUKAY I'UECAKES TO WITHSTAND A
Siege. — 'J. Siege of Queiiec uy the Fuench.
— 10. The SiECiE raised. A last stand to
BE made at Montreal. — 11. A non-combat-
ant's Account of the Operations in the
Neighborhood of Quebec.
1. — The terms of capituation granted 1)y Towns-
heiul were very favorable to the Frou'jh, only one
neimrtiireofthe proposal — that the t'aiiison should
KiiglislHlect. lien- r ,, , . . , ,, ,
era! :\iurray left in be allowed to loiii the ^reiicli army
coniuiaud at Quo- , . , .
i)ec. at the Jacques Cartier river — being
modified so that the troops, amounting to about
one thousand, should be allowed to march out
with the honors of war, and afterwards be con-
veyed to the nearest port in France. The inhab-
itants were to be protected in person and prop-
erty, and allowed the free exercise of their relig-
ion on laying down tlieir arms, and churches and
convents were to be guarded .so as to preserve
them from insult. The terms were made as liberal
as possible, as Townshend was anxious to get his
men under cover before the cold weather set in ;
and Admiral Saunders was desirous of getting his
fleet to sea ere the ice began to form in the gulf.
On the eighteenth of October, Saunders sailed for
England, leaving only two small vessels, tiie Race-
horse of twenty and tlie Porcupine of eighteen
guns. Brigadier Townshend also left with the
fleet, taking with him three companies of Louis-
bourg grenadiers and five companies of the Koyal
American rangers. Brigadier IVIoncktoii went
to spend the winter in New York, to recover
from liis wound, and Brigadier Murray was left
in command at Quebec, having between five
and six thousand men under him.* The sick
• Mr. Snuth, in bis History of Canada, say.s 5,000 ; altliongh the
aiitlunn wlioiii he followed tcxtnally, Knox and Monte, wiy "more
than 7,(K)ll niPii." The Ari'liivPH of tlie I'rovindal Secretiiiy, at Qiiu-
licc, contain a resistor for the order tor payment of Murray V troopo,
the dat'i in whieli on(;ht to be sure means for settliUK this questi.)n in
future. These orders testify the exact number of men and non-com-
niissioneil officers iu each regiment uccoiiing to the returns, Decem-
ber •J4th, 1769.
and wounded who were not likely to speedily
recover, were also taken away, as well as the pris-
oners.
-. — Murray at once set about repairing and re-
building the liouses which had been injured or
destroyed during the bombard- Murray's poii,-v
ment, and about five hundred were luuws.'" iclirvy '''^
made liabitable for the troops dur- "nionj-st u.« tmop..
ing the winter. He also destroyed the redoubts
on tlic plain, and repaired and strengthened the
fortifications of the city, and erected eleven new
redoubts — facing the I'hiins of Abrahap> — of
heavy timber, mounted with artillery. A., several
points in tlie neigliborliood he establislied out-
posts, which not only served him in collecting
provisions, and keeping him 'nformedof the move-
ments of the enemy, but were also very useful iu
gaining over the inhabitants, to whom he liad ad-
dressed a proclamation setting forth the inutility
of further resistance. So convinced were the un-
fortunate habitants, who had had very little choice
between being starved or shot during the past five
years, that it was useless to resist any longer, that
eleven parishes submitted, and took the oath of
allegiance to England. Skirmishing was kept up
on both sides during the winter, but without any
serious results, and the oaly heavy loss sustained
by Murray was from sickness. Fresh provisions
became very scarce., an'' scurvy broke out amongst
the troops, caused by the constant use of salt
meat. Between Christmas and spring nearly eight
hundred men were carried off Ijy this disease, and
I'vice as many wore rendered totally unfit for
duty.
3. — The situation of the French was now becom-
ing desperate. After the capitulation of Quebec,
DeLevis fill bach to the Jacques
,T .. . , . II. Desperate aiiuatloii
Cartier river, and concentrated Ins of the French after
, ,| , ., T\ tr 1 •! the fall u£ yuebcc.
troops tiiere, while DeVaudreuil
went to Montreal. No attempt was made to re-
capture Quebec; and, as the season advanced, the
47th regiment.
;«th
43d "
58tb "
78th
" (Scots
Highlanders. )
MEN.
- 680
- 87(>
- e!)3
- 653
■ 1,377
2d battalion of Fusileers.
3<l
28th regiment.
48th
15th "
MEN.
- 871
. i):fO
- t>23
- 882
- 019
8,204
Garneau'B Bis(ory of Canada.
li
cely to speedily
well as the piis-
L pairing and re-
leeii injured or
Jlurray's polii-v
iiiwiiiils thi- iiiliab-
il.-iiii». Siurvy
amongst Uiu troopa,
1 the rodoiihts
rengthuned tiio
fd eleven new
Abruliai" — of
3ry. A ., several
istablisliod oiit-
n in coUectinfr
led of the niove-
) very useful in
horn lie had ad-
th the inutility
(I were the uu-
ery little choice
ing the past five
liny longer, that
ok the oath of
iig was kept up
')ut without any
V' loss sustained
"resh provisions
ke out amongst
uit use of salt
ng nearly eight
liis disease, and
itally unfit for
vas now becom-
tion of Quebec,
Pespernte aiiv.ntion
of tliK t'reiKli after
the fall of Quubuc.
as made to re-
1 advanced, the
MEN.
f FuBlleers
-
- 871
t.
-
- o;!0
.
- S«2
.
- 01!)
S,204
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GOVK IfNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDHEUIL.
205
luililiii Wiis (lisbaiided, and tlie men iiUowed to ^n
lioino, and the i'eL;iilai's wen; witlidruwii to tlie
iR'ii^lil)orh()()ils of Montreal and Tliiei; Rivers for
the winter, Icavinjr only six hundred men at
.Taeqiies Cartier, under M. Dumas, to annoy the
British outposts. The troops were also withdrawn
from Lakes Ontario and Champlain, except small
jjariisons of three luindred men at Fort Li'-vis i
(situated on a small island a little below Ogdens-
burg), four hundred men at the Isle-aux-Noix,
and three liundred at St. .John. And so the winter
set in in darkness and gloom for the prospects of
the maintenance of French power in America.
Shut off from the sea by the fall of Quebec, from
Lake Champlain by the destruction of Carillon
and Crown Point, and from the west by the loss
of Niagara, the French now found themselves
penned up within the Montreal and Tliree Rivers
districts, with scarcely a strong post to defend.
They still held Detroit, Mackinaw and other west-
ern forts, but, cut off from the rest of Canada, the^'
were useless, and must fall at the first attack.
The onl}' hope; was in re-capturing Quebec, and
receiving aid from France. Shortly after the re-
tirement of DeVaiulreuil to Montreal, and the
sailing of tlie British lleet from Quebec, a vessel
was despatched for France, which succeeded in
running past the batteries of Quebec without be-
ing noticed (owing to a thick fog), and arrived
safely at its destination. On this vessel was M.
LeMercier, commandant of the artillery, who bore
despatches from DeVaudreuil, DeLevis and IJigot,
explaining the desperate condition of affairs, and
imploring aid. But Louis XV. had no aid to give,
and no disposition to do so, even had he possessed
the means; but with an empty treasury, an ex-
pensive continental war, and a host of Court par-
asites fattening on the spoils wrung from an over-
taxed and down-trodden peasantry, Louis had
neither men nor mone}' to spare for Canada, and
so she was left to her fate. All the help sent in
the spring was nineteen small vessels loaded with
provisions and four hundred soldiers, convoyed by
one frigate. But the aid never reached Canada,
for the frigate and her convo}' were chased into
the Bay du Chaleurs by a squadron, under com-
mand of Captain Byron, wliich was cruising in the
St. Lawrence, and there either captured or de-
stroyed. Meanwhile, the condition of the poor
habitants daily grew worse. Every hamlet had its
sick or wounded, and fiimine again added to their
otlier misfortunes. Provisions became terribly
scarce as winter progressed, and it was with difli-
culty that Bigot could obtain any supplies for the
army, even by force. The farmers were starving
and would not part with what scant stock of pro-
visions they had.
4. — Wiiiie the news of the capture of Quebec,
and the destruction of Forts Nia;^ira, Carillon,
and Crown Point, was received (irentr.joi.inaiii
with apathy in France, it was the ^::::!:';:;lJi^:i:^
cause of great rejoicing in England ''■""i""«"-
and the liritish colonies. London, and nearly all
the large cities, presented congratulaiory addresses
to the king, extolling the government and its
prime minister, Pitt ; illuminations and bonfires
on both sides of the Atlantic signalized the vic-
tories, and King George- ordered a general thanks-
giving service in all the churches throughout the
British Empire. Parliament was in high good
humor ; and, besides pasaing a vote of thanks to
the commanders of the naval and military forces,
and ordering a monunieut to be erected to Wolfe
in Westminster Abbey, granted with alacrity all
the appropriations asked for by Pitt to enable
liim to push the conquest of Canada to a success-
ful issue during the next campaign. In the colo-
nies, also, the war fever was at its height ; sup-
plies of men and money were freely voted, and
every preparation made to insure the next cam-
paign being "short, sliarj) and decisive." Am-
herst's army was strengthened, and a fleet, with
reinforcements, sailed to the relief of JIurray, at
Quebec, who was ordered to ascend the Lauren-
tian Vallc}', and meet Amherst before Montreal,
towards which point the army of Brigadier Ilavi-
laiid was also to converge, from Lake Cliamplain.
o. — DeLcvis was not idle during the winter.
Trusting to receiving aid from France in the
spring he prepared for an attack on
Quebec as soon as the breaking up toVtalk yueCc!"
of the ice should oi)eii a passage
down the river. The reneh vessels, which
had taken refuge up the river from Sannder's
lleet, were refitted, and galleys were built to trans-
port the stores, ammunition and guns, the bulk of
which were withdrawn from the forts at St. John's
and Chambly. He collected all the stores and
provisions possible ; and DeVaudreuil assisted his
efforts by an inflammiitory address to the people.
■i
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2(36
TUTTLirS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
grossly misrepresenting the cluiractei' of Murray's
governmeiit at Quebec, and eluirging cruelties to
the British, which they never jjerpetrated, while
he held out hopes of early succor from France.
Bishop Pontbriant, in iiis pastoral, also threw the
power of the Cluiveh against the British, and en-
deavored to exei.e the colonists to further resist-
ance by appealing to their love of country and
religion. 'I'liese appeals had the desired effect ;
and on the seventeenth of .\pril DeLcvis left
Montreal to commence his spring campaign, hav-
ing determined to endeavor to recapture Quebec
before the breaking up of the ice in the gulf would
admit of Murray's receiving ai\\ heli) from Eng-
land. Part of DcEcvis' army was conveyed from
Montreal in two fiigates, while a number of small-
er vessels conveyed the siege guns, annnunition
and stores. The river was still so blocked with
ice, however, that the troops had to be landed at
Point-aux-Trembles. On collecting his forces,
DeLcvis found himself at the head of four thou-
sand five hundred regulars, six thousand militia
and about two hundred Indians. DeVaudreuil
had tried hard to induce all the friendly tribes to
join him ; but the wary Indians held aloof, they
knew that the power of France was broken, and
they either openl}' joined the British or remained
neutral.
t). — DeLrvis liad hoped to surprise Murray, and
for that purpose had circulated several false re-
ports during the winter as to in-
i^'M^kUouir tended attacks on Quebec, in the
hope of deceiving him wlien (I'e
real attack was made ; but, on the 2Tth of April,
a French aitillerynum, who had fallen overboard
while disemliarking at Point-aux-Trembles, was
rescued by the British from a piece of floating ice
to which lu; clung, and gave information of the
approach of the French in force. He estimated
the ariuy at aliout twelve thousand, and it was to
be sujiporte(l liy a fleet from Fiance, besides tho
frigates whieli had escaped up tiie river, and one
which had wintered at Oaspe. Murray acted
])roniptly on this information, and during the day
succeeded in efl'ecling the safe retreat of all his
advanced guards at C"a[)e Uouge and other points,
with the loss of only two men. By day-break on
the 28th, DeLi vis had taken j)ossession of the
Plains of Abraiiam, and had covered the cove
where Wolfe had successfully landed his men, and
where the vessels bearing DeLcvis' siege guns and
ammunition had been ordered to rendezvous. No
sooner had Murray collected all his forces in the
city than lie determined on a sortie of the whole
garrison on the advancing French before they had
time to intrench. This determination seems almost
unaccountable when we consider that death and
disease had so decimated his troops that he had
scarcely three thousand five hundred men available,
and when he marched out on the morning of the
28tli he left only about one hundred men to garri-
son the city. He had with him, however, twenty
field pieces, while the French were only able to get
four into action.
7. — Al)out nine o'clock Murray commenced his
forward movement, and DeLevis could scarcely
believe that he seriously contem- second i.nttio on
l)lated attacking such superior num- u!un'^''"iMsfvtJ'J,ry
bers. The army of the French had °^ t»i« *>«">••'•
been marching nearly all the previous night, which
had been very rain}', and were just halted to rest
and clean their arms, when Murray appeared and,
endeavoring to take advantage of the unprejiared
state of the French, pushed forward so raj)idiv
that DeLdvis' right was thrown into temporary
confusion and forced slightly back by the British
ligiit troops, who, however, advancing too fai', got
in front of their own artillery and reiulered it use-
less foi' a while. The success, however, was but
momentary; the French grenadiers si)eediiy ral-
lied, and \\ith their sujiports drove back the Eng-
lish light trooi)s. By this time DeLevis hiul got
his aruiy into line of battle, and an obstinate
struggle of nearly two hours' duration ensued.
Th(^ English artillery committed great havoc, and
materially thinned the French ranks; but their
steadiness, rapid and deadly firing, and superior
numbers, at length prevailed. The British left
broke and 11<h1 ; the right was thrown into confu-
sion, and Murray was forced to retreat, leaving
nearly all his guns and one hundred wounded in
the haiuls of the enemy. The latter were given
over to the fury of the Indiana, and only twenty-
eight were taken to hos|iital, tin; rest being killed
and scalped by the savages. The British lost over
three luindreil killed, ami about seven hundied
wounded, being ni'arly one-third of the force
which went into action. The loss to liie French,
although not so nuieh in pro[»ortion, was also great,
al)out eighteen hundred being placed hors de coin-
I ■'.i I 1 '
(iOVKltXMHNT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDRKUIL.
2t)V
I
h(tt. riie confusion of tlie English was so great
timt ihe ramparts were left unmanned and the
gales open for some time ; and Knox says that had
the French continued the pursuit into tlie city,
it would, undoubtedly, have fallen into their
hands ; but DeLevis did not push his advantage,
and Murray had time to re[)air his error in risking
a battle by making preparations for a vigorous re-
sistance to the siege which DeLcvis at once insti-
tuted. This was the last victor)' gained by the
French in Canada, and was one of the most bloody
battles of the whole war.
8. — If Murray was incautious in venturing to
attack a superior force, he atoned for it by his
active preparations for a vigorous
^iS.i^i;i^c.'° resistance. On the evening of the
28th he issued a general order to
the trooi)s in which he said : " Although the action
of the morning has not been favorable to the arms
of his Hritannic Majesty, our affairs arc not so
discouraging as to deprive us of all hope. I know
by experience the bravery of the soldiers under my
conmiand, and I am sure that they will strain
every nerve to regain what has been lost. A licet
is expected, and reinforcements are already on the
way. I ask the officers and soldiers to bear their
fatigues with patience; and I beg that they will
expose themselves with a good heart to all perils :
it is a duty they owe tiieir king and country, as
well as to themselves." His garrison was now
reduced to twenty-two hundred men ; but they
worked with a will tostrengtlien the fortifications,
and even the wounded, who could walk on
crutches, busied themselves making sand-bags and
inutridges, while the soldiers' wives, of whom there
were nearly live hundred, were of great assistance,
attending to the wounded, and doing the cooking.
So zealously did the men work that in a few days
the works were all thoroughly strengthened, and
one hundred and thirty-two guns mounted on the
ramparts.
!l. — Delicvis conimenced operations on the
evening of the *28th, beginning Iiis parallels at
eiglit hundred yards; but his pro-
tiie 7th of May tliat he opened fire
on the city, and then he had only thirteen guns
and two mortars, whicii were so poorly snjjplied
with annnunition ihat he could only afl'ord to lire
about twenty rounds from each during the twenty-
four hours; besides which the distance from the
walls madeliis shots of little effect, wiiile Murray's
numerous artillery played on his troops with great
effect and almost silenced his fire. Still the main
hope of both sides was in relief from sea; both
generals expected aid fi'oni their mother countries,
and they felt that whichever side receivtul that
assistance first woidd control the fate of (Quebec.
On the 'Jth of May, a frigate entered the fort with-
out displaying any coh)rs; the anxiety on both
sides was intense, and every eye was fixed on the
mysterious craft in hope and fear, until the English
flag was run up, a salute fired, and all doubts dis-
pelled. Captain Knox, in his Journal, thus dc-
sci'iljcs the scene in Quebec : " Such wcire tiie hopes
and fears of the soldiery, that we remained long
in suspense, not daring to look fixedly in the fate-
ful (piarter ; l)Ut soon were we convinced that the
stranger was from Britain. Not but that some
among us, willing to seem wiser than their neigh-
bors, sought to cloud our joy by oi)stinateIy main-
taining a contrary opinion ; till all doubts were set
at rest by the frigate saluting the city with twenty-
one guns, and by her men launching a boat and
making for the siiore. No tongue can express the
intensity of jileasure whii'h ])crvaded tlu! minds of
the whole garrison at this time. Officers and
soldiers both mounted the ramparts facing the
French camp, and during an hour hurra'd contin-
uously, throwing their hats up in the air! The city,
the enemy's camp, the port, and the neiglibning
country for several miles around, resounded with
our acclamations and the booming of our can-
non; for the soldiers in the deliriiim of their joy,
did not tire of salute-tiring for a long time. In a
word, it is impossible to give a proper notion of
the exaltation of the time, to those who have not
sufTered the extremities of a siege, or to one w ho
has not found himself, along with dear friends and
brave fellow countrymen, exposed to the risk of a
cruel death."
10. — iJesiegers and besieged retained their rel-
ative positions for nearly anoliier week; DeLevis
still, "hoping against hope" that a
r rcncli lleet migiit he on its way to IiikihiiiucIiuIh. mniio
Quebec ; nut on the hlteenth two
more iCnglisli frigates appeared, under conimand of
Commodore Swainton ; and on the following day
the Englisli fleet attacked tiie few French frigates
and arnicil .essels above the city, and captured or
Pi
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2G8
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
dostioyed the whole of them. This was a dea'h-
blow to DeLevis' hopes ; duiiiicf the nig;ht of the
16th-17th, he hiivriedly witlidrew his army, leav-
ing his artillery, baggage, etc., and retreated to tlie
Jacques Cartier river. Murray pursued for a short
distance, but only succeeded in capturing a few
stragglers. The army of DeLuvis melted away
very quickly; the militia would not remain with
him any longer, and nearly all of them returned
to their homes, leaving only about fifteen hundred
regulars, who were placed under the connnand of
M. Dumas, and posted between Point-Aux-'l'rem-
bles and the Jacques Cartier river to watch the
movements of the British, while DeLevis himself
repaired to Montreal, wluire the lust stand was to
be made. So ended the first and only siege of Que-
bec by the French ; and the ilag which then waved
proudly before them has never since been dis-
placed by that of any other nation. Murray
turned to good account the retreat of DeLevis,
and the numerous desertions of his militia, by
issuing a second proclamation on the 22d of May,
in which he briefly stated tliat the peaceful inhab-
itants would be fully protected, as well as those
who at once laid down their arms, and remained
neutral. He rejiresented that France, with her
fleet destroyed and her treasury empty, could
give them no assistance ; that the bills of exchange
drawn during the preceding year, in redemp'tion
of the paper money of the colony, were \et unpaid,
and likely to remain so, which must entail great
loss to the colonists, which they could only avoid
l)y adhering to a rich and powertul nation like the
British; and concluded by promising the inhab-
itants tliat " if they withdrew themselves from the
army of M. DeLi'vis, and gave it no assistance,
further injury should not be done to their liomiis or
growing crops, and tiiat thus the evils of another
famine would be averted." This proeliimation was
widely circulated, and had the effect of causing
nunil)ers to di'sert and swear allegiance to (»reat
Britain ; some copies even found their way to
Montreal, wiiich so exas])erated DeLevis that lie
threatened to hang any person found with one in
his possession. This threat, liowever, hail little
effect, and the unfortunate! colonistsspeedily began
to find out that they luul had enough ofrol)bery
and niisride, and that they could (Mijoy more peace
and liberty under tlie English than under tlie
French (lag.
11. — Art this comprises all the actions which
took place in the neighborhood of Quebec before
A iion-wmhaunt's the final caijitulation of Canada, at
aocdunt of tliH
operations in the Montreal, wc Will couclude tins
nui):lil>oihuO(l of , ...
Quubuc. chapter l)v giving a non combat-
ant's report of the five years' war, which will, we
think, prove inteiesting to our readers. It was
written by a nun of the General Hospital, Quebec,
to a religious community of the same ordjr in
France, and was first published by the Literary
and Historical Society of Quebec: "My very
Reverend Mothers, — As our constitution requires
us to consult the other establishments of our con-
gregation in any difficulties that may occur,
tending to impede the progress of our hoi}' insti-
tution, it must also give you the same power, I
imagine, when necessary to promote our edifica-
tion. The simple narration, which I am about to
give you, of what passed since the year 1755,
when the English determined to use every effort
to acquire this colony ; the part we took, by the
immense labors which were consequently imposed
upon us, will be the subject. The General Hos-
pital is situated in the outer limits of Quebec,
about half a mile from the walls. The fire *
from which our sisters in Quebec have lately
suft'cred, having rendered it impossible for them
to continue their charge of the sick, M. Bigot, the
Inteiidant of the country, proposed that we should
receive them in our hospital. We readily agreed
so to do; being desirous of rendering service, and
zealously fulfilling the duties of our calling, the
sisters lost no tinu! in entering upon the sacred
work. His Majesty, attentive to the wants of his
siilijt'ets, and being informed of tiie preparations
making by the Iviglisli, did not fail to forward
succor to the country, consisting in numerous
vessels laden with munitions of war and jtro-
visions, of wliiiih we were entirely destitute, and
several regiments, who landed in a dijplorable
stale, unfit for service, a great many men having
died soon after. 'I'liey were suffering from inalig-
iiaiit fever. All the sick, officers and privates,
were conveyed to our hospital, which was iusuflt-
cient to contain them ; we were therefore coni-
])elled to fill most ]iarls of the building, even to
the churcl , having obtained the permission of tlie
•The Hotel Oicu (>^iiiiiier.v) liiul been rocoiitly ilcdtroycj liy flro,
cnnminiilcatiMl liy an liucndiary.
GOVERNMKN r OF TIIH MARQUIS DkVAUDHKITIL.
2G9
late Bishop Pontbriant, our illustrious prelate.
He whose zeal and charity iiU must readily
acknowk'dye, bein;^ desirous of partakin;f in the
labors of the almoners, passed days and nights in
ministering to the siek and dying, exposing his
life in the midst of infection, which coiitribnted
materially to affect his health and to abridge his
days, lie had the misfin'tnnc to lose four of his
almoners, who perished in a few days from the
pestilential infection they inhaled in their atten-
dance upon the sick. He ministered to them
liiiuscil', and his charitable attentions were readily
bestowed upon his flock generally. The heavy
duties with which wo were charged seemed to
toncii his noble heart; the loss of ten of our
youngest nuns affected him most sensibl}'. In
tlicir last moments they were not without conso-
lali(in, consciinis of liaving done their duty, 'i'hey
pr;\yed that (nid wonhl be pleased to receive them
as acceiitable victims in api)easnig His wrath; but
this was only a snndl portion of the bitter cuj) of
aflliction prepared for us. The loss deprived us
of the power to attend to all the calls upon us,
arising from our numerous patients. The liishop
caused ten nuns to conn) to our assistance from
the Hotel Dieu of (Jnebec, who, full of a sense of
their duty, really edilied us by their exertions
and indefatigabl(! zeal in attending day and nigiit
uiion the sick. Our gratitude towards their
cnnnnunity increased from day to day. Tlie
povrrty of our eslaltiislunents did not aibnit of
our assisting them in tlu'ir di;lress as we desired,
their li(ius(! liaving been desti'oyed l)y lire. Let
I us now, dear motin'rs, endravor to give yon some
I details of a war ami captivity, which our sins
I have drawn njioii u..;. Heaven, so far favorabh; to
our siipplieatiiMis, ])rest ivcd us on several occa-
sions. 'J'he most Holy \'irgiii, ])atroness of this
Cdinitry, having ballled llie elVorts of lln^ enemy,
eiial)led our vessels to escape tiieir vigilance, and
the tempests and storms of the ocean. Ibit, alas !
want of sndiident gratitude deprived us of a
continmition of her jjrdleetion. Still, during the
first attacks of our enemy, we continued to enjoy
it; eveiywheri! they appeareil, they were beaten
and rei)ulsed with eonsi(leral)le lo.ss. The taking
of Fort St. George and several others, of which
tluy wer(( deprived, are proofs. Tins victories we
■ olitaiiied at Helie Riviere and at(^arilIon were most
jgiiiiidus; our warriors returned crowned with
L._
laurels. Tiiey probably did not return thanks to
the God of armies, to whom they were indebted
for success, as it was miraculons ; their small num-
bers, without heavenly aid, could iu)t so complete-
ly have accomplisiied it. Thereupon the (Mu^my,
despairing of van(piishing us, ashamed to retreat,
determined to fit out a formidable fl(!et, armed with
all the artillery that the infernal regions could sup-
ply for the destruction of human kind. They dis-
played the English flag in the harbor of Quebec on
the 2Gth June, IToi). On the receipt of intelligence
of their arrival, our troops and militia came down
from above. Our generals left garrisons in the
advanced posts, of which there are a great number
above Montreal, in order to prevent the junction
of their land forces, which it was understood were
on the nuirch. Our generals did not fail to
occupy most points where the enemy might lainl ;
but they could not guard them all. The sick-
ness suffered by our troops, lately from France,
and the losses tbey sustained in two or three
recent actions with the enemy, thougli victorious,
weakened us considerably ; and it became
necess:iry to abandon Point Levis, directly
opposite to and commanding (Quebec. The enemy
so(m occuiiied it, and constructed their bat-
teries, which commenced firing on the 24th
.luly, in a manner to excite tlie greatest alarm
in our unfortunate connuunities of religions
lailies. The Reverend Mother St. Helen, Superior
of the Hospital, wrote to us the same day,
supplicating admission into our house for her-
self and her sisters. Although we could not doubt-
that our buililing would be speedily filled with
wounded from the siege, we received onr dear sis-
ters with open arms. Tin; tears which we slii'd,
and the tenderness exhiliited towards them, made
il eviileut that we were happy to share with them
the little condbrt that remained to us. W'v sur-
rendered the ro(nns to tluun, and confined ourselves
to our dormitories. Wu were not long before an-
other dislodgment took phuje. Next day, at six
o'clock in IIk' evening, we beheld in our nu'adows
the Reverend ladies of the Ursuline ("onvent, who,
seized with fright, oeeasioueil by the shot r.nd
sliells, which had [lenetratcd the wails of tlieir
dwelling, wen^ hurrying towards our asylum. It
be(!am(! lu'ccssary to liml plain; for upwards of
liiirty sisters, who were received with un less ten-
derness and affection than was exhibited to the
IIP
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TUTTLES IIISVORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
liidii's of the Ilospitiil. It now became necessary to
iisceitiiin how we should accouinioihite ourselves.
Oil the arrival of the English fleet, all the fami-
lies of distinction, merchants, etc., capahle of
maintaininjjf themselves, were removed to Three
Rivers and Montreal, thereby relieving the garrison
during the siege. Several members of our fami-
lies and others whom we could not refuse souglit
shelter with us, being at hand to succor their iius-
baiuls and sons who might be wounded. As our
liouhc was beyond tlie range of the enemy's artil-
lery, the poor people of tlie city did not fail to
seek refuge there. All the outliouses. stables,
barns, garrets, etc., were well filled. The only
consolation we enjoyed was that of daily seeing
our Hishop, though in a dying state, exliortiug
and encouraging us not to relax in our good works.
He was ir.dnced to retire from his capital. Ids
I'alace and Catliedral being reduced to asiii's. He
would not quit iiis flock while any hope remained
of saving them; he lived with the Curate at
CliaileslxMirg, tiiree miles from (iuel)ec. He per-
mitt(.'d the several almoners to celebrate mass in
our choir, the church being occupied by the
wounded. Most people of the neiglil)orliood as-
sisted at mass, so that we were extremely crowded.
It was consolatory to us that we were enabled to
have divine service during the siege, witiiout in-
terfering with the attentions to the sick and
wounded. The only rest we partook of was dur-
ing prayers, and still it was not without iuterruiv
tion from the noise of shells and shot, dreading
every moment that they would be directed towards
us. Til ■ red-hot shot and shells tei'rilied thf)se
who attended tlio sick during the night. They
had the atllietion of witnessing the destruction of
tlie houses of the citizens, many of our connec-
tions being innncdiately interested thei'ein. During
one night, upwards of filty of liie best houses in
the Lower Town were dest.i'oyed. The vaults
containing merchandise and many precious arti-
cles did not escai)0 the effects of the artillery.
During this dreadful conflagration, we could offer
nothing but our tears and prayers at the foot of
the altar at such moments as could oe snateh(;<l
from tlie necessary attention to the woundi'd. lu
addition to these misfcu'tunes we iiad to (ioutcnd
with more tlian one enemy; famine, at. all times
inseparable fVom war, llireatened to reduce us to
the last extremity; npwa.rds of six iinndred persons
were in our building and vicinity, partaking of
our sniiiil means of subsistence, supplied from the
gover;.inent stores, which were likely soon to he
short of wliat was required for the troojis In the
midst of this (b-solation, the Almighty, disposed
to humble us, and to deprive us of our substance,
which we had probably amassed contrary to His
will and with too great avidity, still mercifully
preserved our lives, which were daily perilled
from the present state of the country. Our enemy,
informed of our destitute condition, was satisfied
with battering our walls, despairing of conquering
us, except b}'^ starvation. The river was the only
obstruction we could opjjose to the enemy ; it
likewise interfered to prevent our attacking them.
Tlu!y remained long under our eyes, meditating a
d'iscent ; finally they determined on landing at
Heau[)ort. Our army, always on the alert, being
apprised by theadvancedguard, immediately rushed
to the si)ot, with that ardor natural to the French
nation, without calculating upon the many causes
likely to wrest the victory from their grasp. The
enemy, more cautious in their proceedinga, on
observing our army, hesitated in landing all their
forces. We drove thein from our redoubts, of
which they had obtained possession. They became
overwhelmed, and left the field strewed with kill-
ed and wounded. This action alone, had it been
properly managed, would have finally relieved us
from this invasion. We must not, liowcver, at-
tribute the mismanagement solely to our generals ;
the Indian tribes, often essential to our supj)ort,
became prejudicial to us on this occasion. The
hideous yells of defiance tended to intimidate
our foes, who, instead of meeting the onset, to
which they liati exposed themselves, precii)itately
retreated to tlieir boats, anct left us masters of the
field. \Vc chiiritably conveyed their wounded to
our hospital, notwithstanding the fury and rage of
the Indians, who, according to their cruel custom,
sought to scalp thein. Our army continued con-
stantly ready to op[)ose the eneir. They dared
not attempt a second landing ; but ashamed of in-
action they took to burning the country ])]aces.
lliidcr shelter of darkness, they moved their ves-
sels about seven or eight leagues above Quebec.
'I'liere they captured a great number of prisoners,
including women and children, wiio had take"
refuge in that quarter. Then again they cxpeu-
enced the valor of a .'.mall garrison of invalids,
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDREUIT.
:i
cnnnnaiuled by an officer, hiiviiig one aim only,
placed tiiere in cliarge of military stores. The
enemy, after a sever'' struggle, succeeded in cap-
turing them. After remaining in vain nearly
three montlis at anchor iu the port, tlie}' appeared
disposed to retire, despairing of success ; but the
Almighty, whose intentions are beyond our pene-
tration, and always just, having resolved to sub-
due us, inspired the English commander with tlie
idea of making another attempt before liis depart-
ure, whieli was done by surprise during the night.
It was the intention, that niglit, to send supplies
to a body of our troops forming an outpost on the
lieiglits near Quebec. A misei'able deserter gave
the information to the enein}', and persuaded
tliem that it would be easy to surprise us, and
2)ass their boats by using our countersign. Tiiey
profited by the infoimation, and • the treason-
able sehenie succeeded. Tliey landed on giving
the password ; our officer detected the deceit, but
too late. He defended iiis post bravely with his
small band, and was wounded. By this plan tlie
enemy found themselves on the heights near the
city. General D>;Montealm, without loss of time,
marelied at the head of his army ; but having to
proceed about half a league, the enemy had time
to bring u[) their artillery, and to form for the re-
ception of the French. Our leading battalions
did not wait ilie arrival and formation of the other
forces to support them, they rushed with their
usual im[ielui)siiy on their enemies and killed a
great number ; but they were soon overcome b\-
the artillery. They lost their general and a great
number of officers.* Our loss was not equal to
that of the enemy ; but it was not the h'ss serious.
General DeMonlcalm and his princi))al officers fell
on the occasion. Several officers of the Canadian
miliiia,fatliersof families,s]iared the same fate. We
witnessed the carnage from our wimlows. It was
such a scene tliat charity triumphed, and caused
us to forget self-preservation and the danger we
were exposed to in the innneiliate presence of the
eneni)'. AVe were in the midst of the dead and
the dying, who were brought in to us by hundreds,
many of them our close oonneetions ; it was neces-
sary to smotlier our griefs and exert ourselves to
relieve them. Loaded with the inmates of three
* The bnUlo liero rrfoi roil to i« lliu fust IxiUlo on the I'laiiis ot
Abraliam. lISUi Soptoinbor, 17")U.
•Mi
convents, and all the inhabitants of tlie neigh-
boring suuurbs, which tiie approach of the enemy
caused to fly in this direction, you may judge of
our terror and cnnfusion. The enemy, masters of !
the field, and within a few paces of our house, ex- i
I)osed to the fury of the soldiers, we had reason to |
dread the worst. It was then that we experienced
tlie truth of tlie words of Holy writ: ' He who
places his trust in the Lord has nothing to fear.'
I5ut though not wanting in faith or hope, tiie ap-
proach of night greall\' added to our fears. The
thi'ce sisterhoods, with the exception of those who
were dispersed over the house, prostrated them-
selves at the foot of the altar, to implore Divine
mercy. The silence and consternation which pre-
vailed was suddenly interrupted by loud and re-
peated knocks at our doors. Two young nuns,
who were carrying broth to the sick, unavoidably
hai)pened to be near when the door was opened.
The pallor and fright which overcame them touch-
ed the officer, and ho prevented the guard from
entering ; he demanded the appearance of the
Superiors, and desired the '> assure us of pro-
tection; he said that pa.o of the luiglish force
wouhl en tour and take possession of the house, iij)-
])rehen(ling that our army, which was not distant,
might return and attack them in their inti-ench-
inents — whieh would certainly have taken place
had our troops been enabled to reassen.ble before
the (%tpitulation. Soon after we saw their army
drawn up under our windows. The loss we iiad
sustained the day before led us to fear, with
reason, that our fate was decided, our people being
unable to rally. General DeLevis, second in com-
mand, who became chief on the death of DeMont-
calm, had set out, some days previous, with about
three thousand men, to reinforce the uinier j)osts,
whieh were daily Irvrassed by the enemy. The
loss we had just sustained, and the departure of
that force, determined the Manpiis DeVaudreuil,
Governor General of the Colony, to abandon Que-
bec, being no longer able (o retain it. Tiieeneni}*
having formed their intrcnchments and their camp
near the jirineipal gate, their lleec commanding
the fort, it was impossible to convey succor to
the, ga!ris(ui. M. DeRamezay, wiio commanded,
with a feeble garrison, witiiout i)rovisions or muni-
tions, held out to the last extremity. 'I'ln; princi-
pal iidiabitants represented to him that they liad
readily sacriOced their property; but with regard
.1 H
'Pi#
I !
!
\
272
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE I)O^^^TON OF CANADA.
to tliuii- wives and cliilclren, tliey could not niiike
up tliL'ir minds to witness tiu-ir iniissiiuie, in tlie
vinit of tiie iiliico beinj^ stoi mud ; it was, tiierc-
tbie, necessary to determine on eiiiiitulation. Tlie
En_i;lisii ri'adily acuordcd the articles demanded,
religions toleration and civil advantages for the
inliabitants. HaiJpy in liavingaciinired possession
of" a country, in wiiicli tlu-y liad on several previous
occasions failed, tiiey were the most moderate of
conquerors. We could not, witliout injustice,
coni[>lain of the manner in wiiicii thty treated us.
However, tiieir good treatment has not yet dried
our tears. We do not slied tlieni as did the good
Hebrews near tiie waters of JJahyion, we are still
I in tiie laiul of promise ; but our Canticles will not
again be heard until we can shake off this medley
of mitions, ami until our temjjles are re-estabiisiied ;
tlien we will celebrate, witli the utmost gratitude,
the mercifid bounty of the Lord. After tiie capit-
ulation of Quel)ec, all tliat remained of tiic fami-
lies of distinction followed the French iirmies to
Montreal. His Lordship tlie IJishop liaving no
j)lace to dwell in was compelled to follow tlieir
example. Hefore his departure he uuide all neces-
sary arrangements in ins diocese ; he appointed
M. Briand, Viear-(ieneral, wlio is justly considered
a godly man, and of sucii establislied merit that
our enemies could not witlihold their approliation,
and, I may say, their veneration of him. He main-
tained liis riglits and those of liis curates in sueli a
manner as to meet with no obstacles from the
linglish. Tlie Vicar selected (uir iiouse f i r iiis
residence; beholding us charged with an intiuile
number of people, without resources, ex[)osed to
many evils, lie did not consider us safe but under
liis own eyes. He was not mistaken ; anil in tiie end
we were much indebted to him. The reduction of
Quebec, on the Ibtli September, ITo'J, produced no
tramiuility for us, imt ratlier increased our labors.
The I^ngiisii generals came to our liosfjital and as-
sured us of tiieir protection, and at the same time
requested us to take cliarge of their wounded and
sick. Altliough we were near the seat of war, our
establisliment liad nothing to fear, as tlie well un-
derstood rigiils of nations protected liospitals so
situated; still tliey obliged lis to lodge a guartl of
thiit\ men, and it was necessary to prepare food
and bedding lor them. On iieing relieved, they
eariieil oiV many of the blankets, etc., tlie officer
taking no measures to prevent tlu'iu. Our greatest
misfortune was to hear their talking during divine
service. Tiie sisters from the other Convents de-
termined to return to their ft)rmer dwellings. It
was very painful for lis to part with them. Their
long residence with us, and the esteem and affec-
tion created tlierel)}", caused our separation to be
most sensibly felt. Tiic reverend iNIotlier St.
Helen, Superior, oliscrving us overwhelmed with
work, whicii was daily augmenting, left us twelve
of her dear sisters, who were a great relief to us.
Two of the Uisuline sisters \\ I're too weak to bo
removed, and tliey terminated tiieir days with us.
The fatigues and sickness they endured with
much patience and resignation merited, I trust,
an eternal reward, 'i'lie departure of the dear
sisters gave us no additional space, as it became ne-
cessary to place the sick of the English army in
the same apartments. Let us now return to the
Frencli. Our generals, not finding their force
sufTieient to undertake the recovery of tiieir losses,
: proceeded to the constructiim of a fort, about five
; leagues above Quebec, and left a garrison therein,
' capable of checking the enemy from iienetrating
I into tlie country. They did not remain inactive,
but were constantly on the alert, harassing the
I enemy. The Englisli were not safe beyond the
gates of Quebec, (icneral ^Iiirra}', tlie commander,
of tlie place, on several occasions was near being
made a prisoner, and would not have escaped if
our people had been faithful. I'risoners were fre-
(inently madi!, wliieli so irritated the commander,
that he sent out detaehments to pillage and luirn
the habitations of the country people. The de-
sire to recover tlie country and to acciniro glory
was attended witli great loss to our citizens. We
heard of nothing but combats througliout the win-
ter ; tlie severity of the season had not the effect
of making them hi}^ down tiieir arms. Wherever
the enemy was observed, they were pursued witli-
out relaxation, whieli caused tlieni to remark
' that llu'V had never known a people more at-
tached and faitlifid to tiieir sovereign than the
Canadians.' 'llie ICnglish did not fail to rtMiuiie
tlie oatli of allegiance to their king ; but, notwith-
standing this forced obligation, which our people
did not consider themselves bcuind to oliserve, they
joined the flying camps of the Frencli w lienever
an op|)ortniiity offered. The French forces did
not spare tlie iiilialiitants of the country; they
lived freely at the exjieiise of tliose unfortunate
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDREUIL.
273
pt'(»i)le. We suffered considerable i. 's in a seic;-
nei'"'e wliieli wo jjossessed below Quebec. The
officci eonmiaiidiiiy seized on all our cattle, wliieli
were nunierous, and wheat to subsist his tniojis.
The purveyor rendered us no account of sueli
seizures. Notwitiistanding this loss, wo were
compelled to maintain ui)wards of three hundred
wounded, sent to us after the battle of the loth
September. The stores of the French <;overn-
ment, now in jjossession of the Enylish, being' ex-
hausted, we were, tlicrefore, obliged to iiavc re-
course to tlie enemy. They gave us ilour and
clothing. But liow little suited was it for our un-
fortunate wounded! We had no wine or other
comforts to afford them. Di'aiiied long since by
the great numbers, nothing remained but good-
will, 'liiis, however, did not satisfy them. Our
officers represented to the English commander that
they were not accustomed to be treated in that
manner by the King of France. Tiie commander,
])i(liu'd by this reproach, attaciuMl the l)!ame to us,
ami re(|uired us to make a statement of wliat was
necessary for tlic lelief of these gentlemen, and
then caused us to pay for it. We llattered our-
selves that the French governnu'iit, more just,
would be proud to reimburse all our extra ex-
penses, which were unavoidable at this time, 'i'iie
desire tool)tain oui' riglits and recover the country
induced us to do our utmost in support of the
cause. As we had, in our hospital, many French
siildiers of the garrison of (Jueliec, aiul of tiie suf-
ferers in the action of the I'Uh, they implored us,
wlien their strength was re-establislu'd, to allow
tliem to ily and join the army ; we readily agreed
to it, and furnishe<l them witli ch)thing and pro-
visions, to enable them toaccom]ilish their object,
which drew upon us the most severe reproaches
and menaces from the enemy, 'i'iiey tlireateiu'd
to allow us to die from starvation. As our Ikuisc^
was still full of sick, the (iraiid-Viear, Avho attended
closely to our welfare, removed several of tiio
aimonc's wiio contributed to embarrass us from
tiie scarcity of jjrovisions. lie and the Rever-
end Mr. DeRigauvilic, our chai)lain, administered
to tlie sick, and attended to tliem in their
li' ' moments, night and day. We had at this
time upwards of two hundred English, who occu-
]iiedourdining-rooms and dormitories ; and as many
French in our intlrmaries, leaving us merely one
small room to retire into. There asscnd)led, and
left to our reflections, we anticipated the worst.
All communication with our friends being inter-
rupted, we knew not what was passing in tlie
upjier [larts. Our enemies, better informed, an-
nounced the approaeli of our army; tlu; measurei?
they adopted, ami tlie additional fortifications tliev
constructed in Quebec, sujiportcd by a strong gar-
rison, caused us to dread tiie result of tie struggle.
On our side we had false propiiets; women jiaint-
ing, in their imaginations, sieges witliout mortars
or cannon ; tlie town taken by assault. Nothing
more was required to stir and animate those mIio
were eager for the fray. As soon as the season
appeared suitable for eainpaiguing, our army fol-
lowed the ice, scantily provided witli provisions,
and still less with artillery suited for a siege. Our
generals did not doubt the valor of thetrooj)s;
but tliey only flattered themselves with tlie pros-
pect of success, in the event of the arrival of suc-
cor from France. In the expectation of their
arrival, our army commenced tiieir march ; tliey
arrived near (Quebec on the 20tii April. The 2Tt]i
was employed in landing the few guns brought
from ^Montreal. j\u artilleryman, in landing, fell
on a loose piece of ice, whicii floated him directly
opposite the city. Tiie extraordinary conveyance
attracted the attention of the sentinels ; they
notified the command. 'r, who immediately sent
I'lief to the artilleryman. lie was brought before
tiie eommaniler and questioned. The jioor man,
seized witii fright, after his dangerous escape, was
(|uite uiqu'Ciiared for evasion ; he candidly ac-
knowledged tliat lie was one of the French army,
wiio were wi'hin two leagues of Quebec. He
related how h iiad been transported down the
river against iii,-> will. So far the march of the
army had l)een secret. The secret being now de-
veloped, it appeared to us a bad omen — an event
govenie(l liy a power b(>yoiid our reach or iqiposi-
tion. The English Cdiiimander, (ieneial Murray,
inl'ormed by this means, lost not a moment. lie
immediately withdrew a strong advanced post,
st.itioneil aiiont a leagm; from (Quebec, witli tiieir
eaniion, and blew up tiie cliurch of Ste Fo\, wiiich
had served as a slielter for the troojis; aflei wliieli
lie: summoned a council of war, and appeared to
be alone of opinion that it was expedient to march
(uit with a consideraiile jiortion of tiie garrison,
and take up a strong position, estaiilisii his bat-
teries, and tliere meet the enemy. Tlie proposal
' If
I >l|
4
n
I 1
;
^1 :
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
dill not meet with the sanctiou of the majority,
l)iit, notwithstanding, lie canied it into execution.
Our army, ignorant of the information accidentally
obtained by the garrison, continued their march.
During the night of the 27tii and 28th it rained
incessantly. The heavens appeared to contend
against us. The thunder and lightning, very r.are
at this season, seemed to be the forerunner of the
shock to which our forces were about to be ex-
posed. Tiic rain falling in torrents, and the roads
rendered impracticable by the melting of the snow,
prevented their marching in good order. General
de Bourglamaipie, second in oommaml, at the
head of the leading battalion, came in sight of the
enemy before forming his men. The enemy's
artillery lost no time in opening a destructive fire
ujion them, which iilaced many Jiors de combat.
Tlie general was wounded and forced to retire.
The main body of our troops, marines and militia,
better acfiuainted with the roads, arrived in tiuK?
to sui)port a regiment which was near being cut
to pieces, rather than retreat. The action then
liccame most furious and general. The English
having had the choice of position, possessed con-
siderable advantage. Our army did not expect to
find their foes drawn up in order of battle; they
were couse(iuently compelled to halt, and not find-
ing the ground suitable for extending their lines,
the first divisions had to bear the brunt of the fire.
Tlie main struggle took j)lace near Quebec, on a
height opposite our house. Not a shot was fired
which did not resound in our ears. Judge, if pos-
sible, what must have been our situation ; the
interest of our country, and our close connections
were amongst the combatants, producing a state of
anguish it is impossible to paint. The Grand-
Vicar, at present our Bishop, who suffered equally
with us, exhorted ns to bear the shock with res-
ignation and submission to the decrees of the
Almighty ; after which he retired to the church,
])i'netrated with the deepest atHlietion, and thiew
himself at the foot of the altar, where Ik; poured
forth his prayers, imploring with confidence that
the Divine Ruler of events would be pleased to stay
the deadly conflict, and spare the flock confided to
his care. He then arose full of hope, in order to
proceed to the field of battle, notwithstanding our
remonstrances, which were not urged without
reason, as he must be ex[)osed to great danger.
He was induced to proceed to the field because he
apprehended that there were not sufScieat of the
clergy on the sjjot to minister to the dying, who
he believed were very numerous. Mr. de Rigau-
ville, our chaplain, full of zeal, was desirous of
following the Graud-Viear. He was not without
anxiety, his only brother and several of his near-
est connections being in the army. He hatl the
satisfaction of seeing the enemy turn their backs
and fly. 'Y\\a engagement lasted two hours. The
intrepidity and valor of the Fren<;h and Canadians
drove the enemy from their strong position, and
followed them up under the guns of the city. We
remainetl masters of the field, and of their cannon,
and made many prisoners. The enemy retired
within the walls, and dared not again venture out.
The victory, however, was dearly bought, and
caused many tears to flow. M. DeLevis, on ap-
proaching Quebec, assembled a council; it was
proposed to blow u^) our house, fearing that it
niigiit be a rallying point for the enemy. ]>ut
God was pleased to spare us and them ; He opened
their eyes, and convinced them that it was most
essential to thiir purposes. The French com-
mander directed us to dismiss all persons who had
taken refuge in our establishment, as he looked to
us as the only persons capable of taking charge of
the wounded during the siege, about to be com-
menced. We did not fail to answer, that we
would proceed to em[jty our house, with the ex-
ce[)tion of two hundred English sick, which it was
not in our power to remove; but in other respects
we were always ready to second his intentions,
and to render all the service in our power. After
the battle he sent us an officer with a French
guard, which, however, did not free us fi'om the
English guard. It became necessary to find room
for them. Hut this was but the prelude to what
was 3'et to happen. It would require another pen
than mine to depict the horrors which we were
compelled to witness during twenty-four hours,
which were occupied in the reception of the
wounded; their cries and the lamentations of their
friends were truly heart-reiuling. It required
su[)ernatural strength to bear the scenes. After
having prepared upwards of five hundred beds,
which were procured from the public stores, as
many more were required. Our stables and barns
were filled with these unfortunate men. It was
very diflicidt to find time to attend to all. We
had in our infirmaries seventy-two officers, thirty-
' J
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS DeVAUDREUIL.
275
tliree of wlmm died. We saw nothing but iimpu-
tiition of h'gs iind iU'nis. To crown our distress
ilicre WHS a deficiency of linen; we were under
llie necessit}- of giving our slieets and our body
linen. Tiie Freneli army did not fail to 2)rovide
tliat article, but unfortunately, the vessel convey-
ing their stores from Montreal was captured by the
English. In this instance we were dilferenlly
situated from what we were after the battle of tiie
l;5th September ; we coidd not expect assistance
from the religious ladies of the city; the English
had taken possession of their establishments for
the reception of their wounded, who were more
numerous than the French. About twenty officers
of the I'higlish army, who were left wounded on
the field, wiae also brought to us. Reverend
^Idthers, as I give you this account, nearly from
uienioiy, of what i>assed under our eyes, and with
a view to afford you the satisfaction of knowing
that we sustained with fortitude, and in an edify-
ing manner, the painful duties im[)Osed upon us by
our vocation, I will not undertake to relate to you
all the particulais of the surrender of the country.
I could do it but imperfectly, and from hearsay.
I will merely say that the majority of the Cana-
dians were disjiosed to perish rather than surren-
der ; and that the small number of troops remain-
ing were deficient of ammunition and provisions,
and only surrendered in order to save the lives of
the women and children, who are likely to be ex-
posed to the greatest peril when towns are carried
by assault. Alas ! dear jMothers, it was a great
misfortune for us that France could not send, in
the spring, some vessels with provisions and
munitions ; we should still be under her dominion.
She has lost a vast country and a faithful people,
sincerely' attached to their sovereign ; a loss we
must greatly dejjlore, on account of our religion,
and the difference of the laws to which we must
submit. We vainly Hatter ourselves that peace
may restore us to our rights."
CHAPTER LVII.
GOVERNMENT OF THE MARQUIS De
YAVDREUIL.— {Continued.')
1. Murray's Advance on Montre.vl. — 2. Am-
herst's Advance from Oswego. — 3. Three
Armies Concentrated around Montreal.
Defenceless State of the City. — 4. Caiti u-
LATION of THE WHOLE OF CANADA. — 0. TERMS
OF THE Capitulation.
1. — The three Englisli frigates, wliose arrival at
Quebec had caused DeLevis to raise the siege,
were followed bv the remainder of
Lord Colville's lleet ; and early in :'^m"?;;".";1: ''"'''
July the reinforcements of land
forces, under commanil of Lord Rollo, arrived.
On the 14th of July, Murray left (^nebee to join
Amherst before Montreal. He had about twenty-
five hundred men under his command, and the
force ascended the St. Lawrence in thirty-two
sailing vessels and about two hundred barges. He
proceeded very leisurely up the riv(,'r, suixlning a
few small posts on his way, and inducing tiie in-
habitants, wherever practicable, to take the oath
of allegiance. At Sorel he found M. Delionrla-
nnupie, with al)(Hit three thousand nu'n, and, not
deeming it advisable to attack him, awaited the
arrival of some expected reinforcements. On their
arrival he continued his way towards Montreal,
DeBourlaniacpie abandoning Sorel and retreating.
Numbers of the parishes gave in tiieir submission ;
in one instance, at Boucherville, as many as four
hundred coming to take the oath of allegiance at
once. The repudiation by the French government
of the bills of exchange drawn by Rigot had had
a great effect on l.ic French peasantry ; they be-
gan at last to partialh' realize the system of rob-
bery and coercion under which they had existed,
and they were glad of almost any change. Tiie
clergy also, finding that the Biitish were willing
to deal lenientl.y with them, maintain them in the
possession of their jn'opertics, and guarantee a
free exercise of their religion, began to bow to the
inevitable, and displayeil less animosity to the
conquerors. Murray waited down the St. Law-
rence until he was assured of the near ai)proach
of the other English forces converging towards
Montreal, and then approached the Quebec gate
of the city on the seventh of September, 17(10.
12. — General Amherst assembled at Schenectady,
and marched to Oswego, on the ninth of July,
where he was joined by General
lage, and aiterwards ny hir \\ il- froiuoswcgo.
liam Johnson, who was in com-
mand of about six hundred Iroquois, which nnm-
' 'i
ii:i
:'i
I
/ !
ll -I
ii
I
27n
rrri i.Ks iiisioi'vY of the dominion of Canada.
lier was suhscqiieiitly increased to about tliirteen
hiiiidreil. From Oswoljo, JoIimsoii oi)uiietl nc^jo-
tiations willi the ("liristiau In)i|ii()is, and oilier
tribes which still remained friendly to the French,
and induced them to abandon their allies, so that
the French were entirely aban(h)nt'd by the In-
dians. On the tenth of Au(,Mist, Amherst left
Oswego at the head of four thousand re^^nhirs and
six tliousand militia, and invested the French f(U't
at Oijfden.-^burjT (Fort DeLc'vis), on llie nineteenth.
i\I. I'ouchol, the connnaufhint, had a garrison of
only a few hundred uhmi, but he held out bravels
for two days, when lie was forced to surrender at
discretion. Here Anilu'i'st showed both humanity
and firmness. The Irixjunis had intended, accord-
ing to their custom, to massacre the French gar-
rison ; but Anihers*^, hearing of their inteutiiui,
warned them that if they attemi)tcil any violence
he would order his troops to attack them. They
then sullenly threatened to return home unless
allowed to destroy the garrison ; but the days
when the threat of desertion by the Indians could
iulluence a Uritish general were jiast, and Am-
herst not only consented to their leaving but cau-
tioned them against any acts of violence on their
return home, as he would most assuredly punish
them if they committed any outrages. From Og-
densbiirg Amherst proceeded down the St. Law-
rence, preferring lo face the dangers of the rapids
to the permitting an opportunit}' iov the French
army to escape — '', being said that M. DeL.'vis in-
tended to withdraw all his troops from Montreal
to Detroit, and from thence retreat to Louisiana.
He accomplished the descent of the St. Lawrence
with the loss of sixty-four barges and eighty-eight
men in the Cedar Kapids, and laiidinl at Lachine,
on the sixth of September, M. de la Corne, who
commanded a small force there, retreating before
him. On the same day he advanced to Montreal,
nine miles distant.
o. — Tlie tliird army, under Colonel Haviland,
numbering about three tliousand iive hundred
Thrpo nrmies con. '"^'"i advauccd by Way of Lake
;MomCi.Tf'L.e- Clianii)laiu and the Uichelien liiver;
ie.»8iaieofu,ecity. ^^l DcHoiigaiu viUe retreating be-
fore him, and abandoning the Isle-aux-Noix, St.
John's, Chanil)ly and other posts. Haviland, there-
fore, arrived at Longueuil on the seventh of Sep-
tember, without having had to strike a blow. The
three English armies, now concentrated on Mon-
treal, iinmbertMl over sixteen thousand troops, well
furnished with provisions and :dl mu.iitioiis of
war ; while to opixise them DeVandreuil had less
than four thousand regular troops, and some mili-
tia, who were dissatisfied, dispirited, and wanted
to go home. 'J'lic whole were poorly armed, short
of ammunition, and half-starved, hemmed in in a
city which was incapable of defence. The de-
fences of Montreal were of the most imperfect
kind, and were never fit for more than repulsing
the attacks of unorganized savages, without artil-
lery. The surrounding wall was only about tJiree
feet thick, and had aliout a dozen guns mounted
on it. The jiosition was a desperate one, and is
well described in a letter, written by a French
ollicer shortly after the capitulation, part of which
we transcribe. He says : " We were shut up in
Montreal. Amherst's army appeared in sight of
the side towards the Lachine gate, on the seventh
of September, about three in the afternoon, and
General Murray, with his army from Quebec, ap-
peared two hours after at the opposite side of the
town. Thus the black crisis was at hand for the
fate of Canada. Montreal was noways snscejitible
of a defence. It was surrounded with walls, built
with design only to preserve the inhabitants from
the incursions of the Indians, little imagining at
that time that it would become the theatre of a
regular war, and that one day they would see
formidable armies of r gular, wtlidisciplined
troops before its walls. We were, ho\'ever, all
pent lip in that misi'iiiblc, bad place (withe'.'' pro-
visions, a thousand times worse than a jjositioa in
an open field), whose pitiful walls could not resift
two hours' caunouade without being levelled to
the ground, and where we would have been forced
to surrender at discreliou if the English had in-
sisted ujion it."
■i. — On the night of the seventh, DeVandreuil
held a council of war, and it was unahiuiously
agreed that, if terms of capitulation
ci.uld be agreed to, it would be ^roKe'nui'.'"-'
better to make no i'urtluu' resist-
ance. iM. DeHougainville was, therefore, sent, un-
der a flag of truce, next morning, to (icneral Am-
herst, to propose a truce of one month; this was
at once rejected, and negotiations for a capitula-
tion cntereil into. There were fifty-live articles
altogether submitted to Amherst, to nearly all of
which he agreed. One article refused was that
)ps, well
lions of
had less
me iiiili-
waiitetl
n\, short
ill in a
The de-
iniieifect
epulsing
jut artil-
3ut tlu'oe
mounted
le, and is
I Freueh
ol" which
lilt up in
sij:ht of
J seventh
loon, and
lehec, ap-
de of the
d for the
isccptible
[ills, built
lilts from
ining at
itre of a
ould see
seiplined
ever, all
ic'.*^ pro-
)sitii)ii in
not resi>t
veiled to
en forced
h had iii-
^''audreuil
iiluiously
Intinu i)f the
>1 CUIIUllll.
sent, un-
jral Am-
this was
capituhi-
articles
rly all of
was that
ClOVKltN.MKNT OF THE MAIU^H IS I)i:VAl DHKIII.
::i I
Iht! iirniy should mureli out witli all the honors of | down their arms, and shall not servo during the
WAV, iiiid its njcetion so angered M. DeLi'vis that i present war. Imineiliately after the signing of tlio
present capitulation the king's t loops shall take
possession of the gates, anil shall post the guards
111! iiMjnestc;il to he allowed to retire to St. Helen's
I>lantl, ^^■ilh live hundred iniMi, ami continue the
(•(Hiliist until he could make terms to please him.
This l)e\'audrcuil refiiseil to permit, and, in a
written order, counnanded the du'valii'r to make
necessary to preserve good order in the town."
AuTlci.K II. — The troops and the militia, who
are in garrison in the town of Montreal, shall go
liis Iroo[>s lay down their arms, and submit to the . out with all the honors o( war, six pieces of ean-
(Mpitulaliou. 'I'he terms for tin; eai>itulation of non, and one mortar, which shall be put on boaril
lilt! whole of Canada were agreed to on the eighth, ' the vessel, when the Alanpiis DeVaudreuil shall
and signed on that day by DeN'andreiiil and Am-
herst. The inhabitants wi'i-e guaranteed the free
exercise of Iheir religion, and undisiurl)e(l posses-
sion of all their pro])erty; the militia were al-
Idwt'd to disperse to their homes, and the regular
troojis — aniounling to about four thousand — were
embark, with ten rounds for each jiieiu". The
same shall be granted to the garrison of Trois
Hivieres, as to the honors of war.
Aurici.K III.— Tiie troojis and militia, who arc
in garrison in tlu! f(U't of .lacrpies Cariier, and in
the island of St. Helen, and otluu- forts, shall be
sent to France. All the public oilicials, many of ! treated in the same manner, and shall have the
the aristocracy and adventurers, and a few siu- , same honors; and tiiese troops shall go to Mon-
vants returned to France at the same tinu!: the ! treal, (U' Trois Rivieres, or Quebec, t(( be there
colony could well spare the first three classes, and | embarked for the first seaport in France by the
he all the better for it. [I shortest way. The troojts who are in our posts,
">. — Thus terminated Frencii rule in Canada. : situated on the frontiers, on the side of Acadia,
The terms of capitulation were honorable lo Am- ut Detroit, Michilimakinac, and other ))osts, shall
herst, and did no less credit to De- enjo\' the same honors, and be treated in the same
manner.
fapiliilrilioii.
Vaudreuil for eiuleavoring to ob-
tain as many privileges as possible '
for his fellow-counlrymen. We give the text of ]
the articles of capitulation eom[)lcte, reserving
any remarks on the state of the country, the ef-
fi'c; of the capitulation, etc., for another ciiapter.
The j>aragraphs marked articles, are the projiosi-
tions as originally submitted to Amherst by I)e- j
Vaudreuil; those in (luotaliou marks are the
modifications, or refusals of Amherst.
Arfi'dva of the rajiituhitl<in bftirmi hU Exrellcnr;!
Gcui'i'id Amhrrxt, ivmiiunnlir-in-fhicf of hu
lirifittniir Miijrxtij'x troops and forces in North
Aiiurlfti, and Iilx ExceUcnoif the Jlarqnin Di'-
I'nidrriiil, i/rand croIx of the roi/al and mil'i-
tiiri/ order of St. Lrwlx„ i/ovrrnor and lifutcnant-
i/cnvral for thr. Kina ii, Canada.
AuTici.K 1. — Twenty-four hours after the sign-
ing of the present ca[)itulation, tlu^ ICnglish gen-
eral shall cause the troops of his llritannic Maj-
esty to take possession of the gates of the town
" All these troops are not to serve during the
present war, and shall likewise lay down tiieir
arms. 'l"he rest is granted."
Aii'rici.K \y. — The militia after being come out
of the above towns, forts, and posts, shall return
to their homes, without being molested, on any
jiretence whatever, on account of their having
carried anus.
"Granted."
AuTlcM-; V. — The troops wlio keep the field
shall raise their cau.p, and niaich, drums beating,
with their arms, baggage, and artillery, to join the
garrison at Monueahand shall b(! treated in every
respect the same.
" 'J'hese troops, as well as the others, must lay
down their arms."
AuTicLK Vl. — The subjects of his l')ritaniiie
Majesty, and of his most Christian Majesty, .sol-
diers, militia, or seamen, who shall have deserted,
or left the service of theii sovereign, and eariied
arms in North America, shall be, on both sides,
of ^lonlreal; and the Enolish garrison shall not i i)ardoned for their crimes; thev shall be, rcspec-
eouie into the place, until after the French troops , lively, returned to their country ; if not, each
have evacuated it.
•' The whole garrison of Montreal must lay
shall remain M'here he is, without being sought
after or molested.
■ 1 '■ i f ■
h t
:
278
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OV THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
" Hffiisc.l."'
AuTKU.K \'H. — Tlio niiicca/.iiu's, flic artillery, fire-
locks, sahres, uiniiuiiiilioii ut' war, and, in j^eneral,
everythiii;^ that belun:4s to his most Cln'isliaii
Majesty, im well In the towns of Montreal and
Trois liivieres as in the forts and posts mentioned
in the third article, shall bo delivered uj), ueeord-
ing to exact inventories, to the eommissaries, who
shall he appointed to receive the same in the name
of his l>rilannio Majesty. Dni'lieates of the said
inventories bhall he given tf) the Manpiis Dc-
Vandrenil.
" This is everything that can he asked on tliis
lele.
AltTlCLK VIII. — The ofTieers, soldiers, militia,
seamen, an<l even the Indians, detained on ac-
count of their wounds or sickness, us well in the
hospital as in jirivate houses, shall enjoy the priv-
ilege of the cartel, and be ti-ealed accordingly.
" The sick and the wounded shall be treated the
same as our o-wn jieoiile."
AuriCLi': IX. — The English general shall en-
gage to send back to their own homes the In-
dians who make part of his armies, innuediately
after the signing of the present capitulation. And
in the meantime, in order to prevent all disorders
on the parts of those who may not ' gone away,
the said general shall give safeguards to such per-
sons who shall desire them, aa well in the town as
in the country.
"The first part refused. There never have been
any cruelties connnitted by the Indians of our
army ; and good order shall bo preserved."
AiiTicLK X. — His Uritannic ^Majesty's general
shall be answerable for all disordcis on the part
of his troops, and oblige them to pay the damages
they may do, as W'cU in the towns as in country.
"Answered by the preceding article."
Article XI. — The English general shall not
oblige the ^Marquis DcVaudreuil to leave the town
of Montreal before the , and no person shall
be lodged in his house till he is gone. The
Chevalier Levis, commander of the land forces,
and of the colony troops, the engineers, officers of
the artillery and commissary of war, shall also re-
main at Montreal, till the said day, and shall
keep their lodgings there. The same shall be ob-
served with regard to M. Bigot, Intendant, the
eommissaries of the marines, and writers, whom
the said M. 15igot shall have occasion for, and no
person shall be lodged at the Intendant's house
before he shall be gone.
" The .Manpiis DcVaudreuil, and all these gen-
tlemen, shall be masters of their houses, an<l shall
embark when the king's ships shall be ready to
sail for Europe. And all possible conveniences
sliall be granted them."
AuTiCLK XII. — The most convenient vessel
that can be found shall be api>oinii'il to curry the
Munpiis DeVaudieiiil, by tiie straightest jjussuge,
to the first seaport in France. The necessary ac-
commodations shall be made for him. the ^Iai([uis
DeVaudreuil, M. DeHigaud, (iovernor of Jlon-
treal, and suite of this general. Tiiis vessel shall
be jiroperly victualled at the expense of his Ibit-
annie Majesty, and the Marcpiis DeVaudreuil shall
take with him his papers, witiiout their being ex-
amined ; and his eipiipuge, plate, baggage, and
also those of his suite.
'•(irunted; except the archives, which shall be
necessui'V for the government of the country."
AuTlCLE XIII. — If before, or after, the embark-
ation of the Marquis DeVaudreuil, news of peace
should arrive, and that, by the treaty, C'unadu
should remain to his most Christian ^Majesty, the
Marquis DeVaudreuil shall return to Qiu'bec or
Montreal, everything shall return to its former
state under the dominion of his most Christian
Majesty, and the present capitulation shall beconu'
null and of no ett'ect.
" Whatever the king may have done on this
subject, shall be obeyed."
AUTiciJi; XIV. — Two ships sliuU be upjiointed
to curry lo France the Chevalier DcLevis, the
pri' ciiial officers, and the stall' of the land forces,
the engineers, officers of artillery, and their suite.
These vessels shall likewise be victualled, and the
necessary accommodations provided in them, 'i'lie
said officers shall take witii them their papers
without being examined, and also their e(iuipages
and baggage. Such of the said officers as shall he
married shall have liberty to take with them their
wives and children, who shall be also victualled.
"Granted, except that the Marquis DeVau-
dreuil, and all the officers, of whatever rank they
may be, shall faithfully deliver up to us all charts
and plans of the country."
Ain'rcLK XV. — A vessel shall also be a])i)ointcd
for the jiassage of M. l>igot, the Intcn<lant, with
his suite, in which vessel thei)ro])er ucconunodalion
(iOVElSNMKNT iW Till': .MAHl^lIS DKVAlDKKriL.
21 U
ant's house
Mliiiil l)e rtiiulo for liiin, iiiid the piu-sons ho shiill
take with him ; lie shall lik(!\visc eiiihark with him
his piipt'i's, wiiicli sliall not ho oxiimincd, his eiiiii[>-
ii'^i's, pliito, and l)aG[<jii2fe, and those of his suite.
'I'his vessel shall also be vietuallcd as before men-
tioned.
•' (i ranted, with the same reserve as in the pre-
ceding' article."
AiiTH'i.K XV^J. — Tiie English general shall also
order I lie neeessary and most convenient vessels to
earrvio Fiance M. DeLonguenil, rJovernorofTrois
IJivit'ies, the stall" of the Colony, and the eoin-
niissary of the marines; they shall embark therein
tlicir families, servants, bagi^age, and e<niipag(!s;
and they shall be properly victualled during the
passage, at the expense of his JJritannie Majesty.
'• (i ranted."
AuTiCMi XVIT. — The oflleers and soldiers, as
Mcli of the land forees as of the Colony, and also
till! marine officers and seaniiMi, who are in the
Colony, shall be likewise embarked for France,
and suilieient and eonvenient vessels shall be aj)-
|ii)inted for them. The land and sea otlicers who
>iiall be married shall take with them their fami-
lies, and all of th<-m shall have liberty to embark
tlicir servants and baggage. As to the soldiers
and seanu'U, those who are married shall take with
tbein their wives ami children, and all of them shall
embark their haversacks and baggage. These
vessels shall be j)ro[)i!rly and snflieiently victualled
at the expense of his lirilannio ^lajesty.
" (Ji'anted."
AiiTicr.K XVIII. — The oflleers, soldiers, and all
the followers of the troops, who shall have their
baggage in the Held, may send for it before they
depart, without any hindrance or molestation.
"(iranted."
Article XIX. — .\n hosi)ital ^hip sliall bo pro-
vided by the iMiglish (Jeneral, for such of the
wounded and sick officers, soldiers, and seamen, as
shall be in a condition to bo carried to France, and
shall likewise be victualled at the expense of his
Hrilannic Majesty. It shall bo the same with re-
gard to the other wounded and sick officers, stjl-
diers, and sailors, as soon as they shall be recov-
ered. They shall be at liberty to carry wdth them
their wives, einldren, servants, and baggage ; and
the said soldiers and sailors shall not bo solicited
nor forced to enter into the service of his BiiUui-
nic Majesty.
"Cranted."
.\i!Ti(M.K XX. — A c(,mmissary and one of the
King's writ< rs sliall be left to take can; of the hos-
pitals, ami of whatever may relate to the service
of his most Christian Miijesty.
"(irantcd."
AUTK.'M' XXI. — The Englisli general shall also
provide ships for earrying to l-'raiicc; the officers of
theSupreiiU! Council of Justice, Foliee, Admiralty,
anil all other officers, having (;onimissions or bre-
vets friMii his most Christian Majesty, for them,
their families, servants, and eiiuipages, as well as
for the other officers; and they shall likewise be
victualled at the expense of his Ijiitannic Majesty.
They shall, however, bo at liberty to stay in the
Colon}-, if they think proper, to st;ttlc their aflairs,
or to withdraw to France, whenever tli(;y think
lit.
"Granted; but. if they have papers relating to
thegovernnient of the eounlry, they are to be de-
livered to us."
AliricLi': XXII. — If there areany military officers
whose alTairs should re([uire their presenee in the
Colon}- till next year, thev sliall have liberty to
slay in it, after having obtained the permission of
the Manpiis DeN'aiulrenil for that imrpose, and
without lu'iiig rej)Uted prisoiu'is of war.
"All those whose private alTairs shall reipiiro
their stay in the country, and who shall liav(! the
Jlaripiis DeVaudreuil's leave for so doing, sliall be
allowed to remain till their affairs are settled."
A itrici.E XXIII . — The commissary fur the king's
provisions shall be at liberty to stay in Canada
till next year, in order to be enabled to answer the
debts he has contracted in the Colony, on account
of what h(! has furnished ; but, if he should prefer
to go to Franco this year, he shall be obliged to
leave till next year a person to transact his busi-
ness. This private jierson shall preserve, and have
liberty to cany oil" all his papers, without being
inspected. His clerks shall have leave to stay in
tiic Colony, or go to France ; and, in this last ease,
a passage and subsistence shall be allowed them
on board the ships of his ISritannic Majesty, for
them, their families, and their baggage.
" Granted."
AiM'ici.K XXIV.— The provisions, and otherkinds
of stores which shall be found in the magazines of
the commissaiy, as well in the town of Montreal,
and of Trois Rivieres, as in the countr}-, shall be
■tii
f
I
I , 1
,'M
I, I
280
TUTTLK'S HISTORY OK THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
preserved to liim, tlie said provisions belonging
to him iiiul not to tlio iiing, and lie shall be at
liberty to sell them to the Freneh or Eiiglish.
" Everything that is actually in the magazines^
destined for the use of tiic troops, is to be deliv-
ered to the English commissary for the king's
forces."
AuTicLK XXV. — A passage to France shall like-
wise bc! granted on board of his Ilritannic .Majes-
ty's ships, as well as victuals, to such oilieers of
the India Compimy as shall be willing to go
thither, and they shall take with them their fami-
lies, servants, and baggage. The chief agent of
the said (!om[)any, in ease he should choose to
go to France, siiall be allowed to leave such per-
sons as he shall think pro[)er, till next year, to
settle the affairs of the said Company, and to re-
cover such sums as are due to them. The said
chief agent shall keep possession of all the i>a[)ers
belonging to the said Com[)any, and they shall not
be liable to inspeetijn.
"dianted."
Ain'lci,K XXVI. — The .said Company shall be
maintained in tiie projuTty of the l'>earialines and
Castors, \xhicii they may have in tlu^ town of
Montreal ; they shall not be toucbeil under any ,
pretence whati'ver, and llie necessary facilities
sliall be given to llie chief agent, to send tiiis year
his castors to France, on board his Ibitannie
Majesty's shii)S, paying the freight on the same i
footing as the iMiglish would jiay it. |
" (iranted, with regard to wiial may belong to
the Company, or to private persons; i)ut if his
most ("hristian Majesty lias any shai'e in it, that
must beeonu! the proiierty of the king." |
AltTUM.K XX\TI. — Tlie free exercise of the
Catholic, Ajiostolic and Uoman ri'ligion sh.ill sub-
sist entire ; in such manner that all the stales and
l»eoi)les i)f the towns and countries, places and dis-
tant posts, shall continue to assemble in the
chuiciies, and (o fii'(p\ent the sacraments as herc-
toforc, without being molested in any manner,
directly or in<lirectly. 'I'iiese peoplt' shall l)e
oliiige(l, liy the i^ugiisli govi.'rument, to pay to the
priests the tithes and all tlu! taxes they were used
to pay under the government of his most Christian
Majesty.
"(.jriinted, us to the free exercise of their relig-
ion. 'I'lie obligation of paying the tithes to the
priests will depuiul on the king's pleasure."
AuiULE XXVIII. — The cliapter, priests, curates,
and missionaries, shall continue with an entire
liberty the exercise and functions of their cures in
the parishes of the towns and countries.
"(iranted."
AuTK'LK XXIX. — The Crand-Vicars, named by
the chapter to administer to the diocese during
the vacancy of the l''.piscopal see, shall have liberty
to dwell in the towns or country paiisiies, as they
shall think proper. 'J'hey shall at all tinu'S be free
to visit in iliiferent parishes of the diocese, with
the ordinary ceremonies, and exercise all the juris-
diction they exercised nnder the French dominion.
'J'hey shall enjoy the same rights in case of death
of the future Iiishop, of which mention will be
made in the following article.
" (Jranted ; excei)t what regards the following
article."
AiiTici.K XXX. — If, by the treaty of peace,
Canada should remain in the power of his Britan-
nic Majest3% his most Christian Majesty shall con-
tinue to name the Uishop of the colony, who shall
always be of the Roman eonnuunion, and undei'
whose authority the [icojile shall exercise the
Roman religion.
" Refused."
AliTlci,!'; XXXI. — The Bishop shall, in case of
nee<l, estaiilish ninv jiarishes, and provide for the
rebuihliug of his cathedral and his ei)iscopal jialaee ;
and, in the nu'antime, he shall have the liberty to
dwell in the town i\v parishes, as iu^ shall judge
jiro|)er. He shall be at liberty to visit his dioeest'
\\ilh the oi'dinary ceremonies, and exeicise all the
jurisdiction which his pi'cdeccssor exercised nnder
the l'"r(!iieh dominion, save that an oulh of lldelity,
or piomise to do nothing contrary to his Britannic
.Majesty's ser\ ice. may be re(piii'ed of iiim.
'■This aiticle is comprised under the forego-
ing."
.\lii'l("ij'; X.XXII. — 'i'he eomniunitii's of nuns
shall be preserved in their constitution and privi-
leges. 'I'hey shall continue to observe tlieir rules.
'I'hey shall ii(> exempie(l fiiim lodging any military,
and it shall be foiliid to tnudilc them in their
religious exiMcises, or to enter theii' monasteries:
sale-guards shall even be given them, if they desire
them.
"(iranted."
AliTlci.i", X.X.XIII. — 'I'lu) jircceding articles
shall likewise be executed with regard tu the eum-
!i
I
I
•,l>iit'sts,c'in'iitt's,
witli ail L'litiiL'
of lliL'ii- I'liiL's in
uli'ics. I
riciirs, iianu'il liy
diocese (lining
liiiU have lihuity
paiislu's, as llicy
; all tinit'S lie I'lec
lie ilioeese, witli
•cisc all llie jiii is-
•'iciicli (loniinion.
ill case of dcatli
mention will be
lis the following
treaty of iicaec,
ker of liis Ihitaii-
lajcsty sliall eon-
I'olony, \\ lio sliall
nion, and under
ill exeieise llie
I shall, ill case of
d judvidi! fur the
cpiseojial jiahice ;
ive the lilierty to
s he sliall judge
It visit his diocese
1(1 exercise all the
ir exercised under
II oath of li<ielity,
y to his Uritaniiie
■d of him.
iider the forego-
iimiities of imiis
itiition and privi-
iiserve their rules,
ging any military,
lie them in their
lieir nioiiasteriert ;
lem, if tiiey desire
receding ardides
reuard to the eoin-
'-W: ,
111
m
11
I
!! ' 1
I'M
.,;,„a.v
lii
:ij«l!
n
llS/i ''
fl"
i^
ll:', ; i:
4
!'
;-l ■ i -
1
:' ■■!'
I
'If l!
!■
I ■ i I"
riU
1
: h
1 : i ;!
In
II
GOVERNMENT (W THE MAUQLTS I)i:VArDI{ElTL.
281
iniiiiities of Jesuits and Rucollots, iuid of llio liouse
of tlie j)iit'sts of St. Siilpifc at Montreal. Tliis
last, and tliu Jesuits, shall preserve their right to
nominate to eertain euraeies and missions, as here-
tofore.
" Refused, till the king's pleasure 1)0 known."
Aktkm.k NXXIV. — All the eommuniiies, and
all the priests, shall preserve their inoveal)les, the
projjerty and revenues of the seigniories, and other
estates whieli the}' possess in tiie colony, of what
nature soever they may he. And the same estates
siiall he preserved in their i)rivileges, rights, hon-
ors, and exemptions.
" (iranled."
AiiTici,!': XXXV. — If the canons, priests, niis-
siomiries, the priests of the ceremony of the foreign
missions, and of St. Sidiiiee, as well as the Jesuits,
and the Reeoihsts, choose to go to France, passage
shall he granted them in his IJritannic Majesty's
ships ; and they shall all have leave to sell, in
whole or in part, the estates and moveal)les which
tlnty posst'ss in the colonies, either to the French
or to the English, without the least hindrance or
ol>stacle from the lUitish governuKMit. They may
lake with them, or send to France, the [)rodiice, of
wliat nature soever it be, of the said goods sold,
paying tlic freight, as nu'iitioned in the 2t)th arlicle,
and such of the said jjriests w ho choose to go this
year shall be victualled during the passage at the
(Alicnse of his Ihitaniiic Majesty ; and shall take
willi them their baggage.
" They shall be masters to dis[)ose of thi'ir
estates, and to send ihe [)rodnce thereof, as well
as their persons, and all that belongs to them, to
•ranee.
AuTiCLK XXXVI. — If, by the treaty of peace,
Canada remains to his Ihitannic Majesty, all the
French, Canadians, .\i'adians, mi'rchants and other
persons, who choose to retire to France, shall have
leave to do so from the English general, who shall
l)r(>cure them a passage. And, nevcrtiieless, if,
from this time to tliat deci>ion, any I'rench or
Canadian merchants, or other persons, shall desire
to go to l''rance, llicy shall likewise have leave
from the English general. JJnt the one and tiu'
other shall lake with them (heir families, servants
anil baggage.
"(iranted."
AiiTKU.E XXXVir.— The lords of nuunu's, the
military and civil ollicers, the Canadians, as well
in the town as in the cotintrv, the French settled
or trading in the whole extent of the colony of
Caiiada, and all other jjcrsons whatsoever, shall
preserve the entire peaceable j)ro|)crty and posses-
sion of their giKxls, noble and ignol)le, nn)veal)le
ami innnoveable, mcrcIiaiKiise, furs, and other ef-
fects, even their ships ; they shall not be touched,
nor the least damage done to them, on any pre-
tence whatsoever. They shall have liberty to
keej), let, or sell them, as well to the French as to
the English, to take away the produce of them, in
bills of exchange, furs, specie, or other returns,
whenever they shall judge i)roper to go to France,
paying their freight, as in the 2t>th article. They
shall also have the furs which arc; in the posts
above, and which belong to them, and may be on
the way to Montr al. And for this ])urpose they
shall have leave to semi, this year or tlu; next,
canoes, fitted out, to fetch such of the said furs as
shall have remained in those posts.
"(irantcil ; as in the 2()th article."
AitTK'Li': XXXVIII. — All the peojile who have
left Acadia, and wIkj shall be found in Canada,
including the frontiers of Caiuula, on the sidi' of
Acadia, shall have the same trcalnu'ut as the
Canadians, and shall enjoy the same juivilcges.
"• 'I'he king is to dispose of his ancient subjects;
in the meantime they shall enjoy the same privi-
leges as the Canailiiins."
AitTlCLt: XXXIX. — Xone of the Canadians.
Aeadians, or French, who are now in Canada, and
on the i'rontit'rs of the colony, on the side of Aca-
dia, Detroit, .Michilimakiinie, ami other jilaces and
l)osts of the countries above, the married and un-
married soldiers, remaining in ( ainida, shall l)e
carried or transporteil into the I']nglish colonics,
or to Old England, and tlicy shall not be troubled
for having carried arms.
" Oranted ; except with regard to the Aeadians."
AiiTU;i-H XL. — The savages or Imlian allies of
his most Christian Miijesty siiall be maintained in
till! lands they iniiabit, if they choose to remain
there; they shall not be molested on any pretence
whatsoever, for liaving carried arms, and served
liis most Christian Majesty. 'I'hey shall have, as
well as the French, liberty of religion, and shall
keel) their missionaries. The actual N'icars (ten-
eral, ami the Hishoi), when the Episcopal see shall
be lilled, shall havi^ lca\ e to send them new mis-
sionaries when they shall judge it necessary.
i^il
^M
:
llii
282
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOJIINIOX OF CANADA.
" (Iraiiteil; except tlie hist lulicle, which liiis
been aheady refused."
AuTiCLK XLI. — '1 lie French, Canadrxns, .ind
Acadhiiis, of \vliat stale ainl condition soever, wlio
shall remain in the colony, shall not be forced to
take arms aijainst his most Clnistian ;\[ajest\- or
his allies, directly or iii(lirecll\% on any occasion
whatsoever. The IJritisii government shall only
require of them an exact iR'nIralily.
" They become subjects of the kinif."
AuTlCLK XLII. — The French and Canadians
shall continue to l)e ,q;overne(l according to the cus-
tom of Paris, and the laws and usages established
for this country; and they shall not be subject to
anyother imi>()sts than those which were established
under the French dominions.
" Answered by the preceding articles, and par-
ticularly by the last."
AuTicM-: XLII I. — The papers of the govern-
numt shall remain, without exception, in the
power of the Mariptis deVaudreuil and shall go
to France with him. These papers shall not ' e
examined on any pretence whatsoever.
"(iranted; with the reserve already made."
AitTlci.K XLIV. — The pa])ers of the Intcn-
dcucy of tiie oflicers of com[itroller of the marine,
of the aneieut and new treasurers of the king's
magazines, of the ofllce of the rt'venue, and forces
of St. M.uirice, shall remain in the ]iower of ^i.
IJigot, tiie IntendanI, nid they shall lu; embarked
for Frauce in tlu! sauu; vessel wilii hiui. These
[)a[)ers shall not be cxuuined.
" The sauie as to this article."'
AuTlcMC XLV. — Tiie registers, and other papers
of the Supreme Council of (^ui'liec, of tiic provost
and aduiiralty of the saiui' city, lliose of tin; royal
jurisdictions of 'i'rois Rivieres aud Montreal, those
of the seigniorial jurisdictions of the c(jlouy ; the
minutes of the acts of the notari(!s of tin; towns
ami of the count lii's; and in general, the acts aud
other pajters that may serve to jjrove the estates
and fortunes of the citizens, shall leuiain in the
colony, in the rolls of the jurisdictions on which
these papers depeml.
"(iranled."'
AiiTlcLK XLVr. — The iuhabilanis and mer-
chants shall enjoy all the iirivilrges of trade, tinder
the same i'avors and conditions granted to the
subjects of hi ) iJritannie Majesty, as well in the
CO' ilrii'S above as in the intericjr of the colony.
"(Jranted."
AiiTici.K XLVII. — The negroes and panis of
both sexes shall ri'main, in their quality of slaves,
in the jiosse^sion of the French and Canadians to
whom they belong; they shall be at li!)erl\' to
keep them in tlu'ir service in the colony, or to
sell them: and Ihev niav also continue to briuLr
them up in the Ronuin religion.
"(Iranted; except those who shall have been
made priscniers."
Aiirict.i': XLA III. — The Marquis DeVa'.idreuil,
the general and staff oflicers of the land forces,
the governors and stalf oilicers of the different
places of the colony ; the military and civil of-
ficers, and all other persiuis who shall leave the
colony, or who are already absent, shall have leave
to name and aii[ioiut altornies to act for them,
and in their name, in the administration of their
effects, moveable and innuoveable, until the jieace.
And if, by tlie treaty between the two crowns,
Canada does not return under the French domin-
ion, these oOicers or other persons, or attornies for
them, shall have leave to sell their manors, houses
and other estates, their moveables, and effects, etc.,
to carry away or send to Fi'anee the produce, either
in bills of exchange, specie, furs, or other returns,
as is mentioned in the oTth iiitiele.
" (hanted."
AitTK.'i.icXLIX. — The inhabitants aiul other per-
sons who shall have sullVriMl any damage; in their
goods, moveable or innuoveable, which remained
at Quebec, under the faith of tlie ciqiitulatioii of
that city, may make their lejirest'iitatioiis to the
Ilritish governnii'iit, who shall render them due
justice, againsl the person to whom it shall be-
long.
"C. ran ted."
AliTicr.io L, and last. The present capitulation
shall be inviolably executed in all its articles, and
lid na full' on both sides, notwithstauding any in-
fraction, and any other preteuci^ witli rt'gard to
the preceding capitulations, and without making
use of re[)risals.
"Ci ranted."
P. S. — AliTlCLK LI. — The English general shall
engage, in case any Indians remain after the sur-
render of this town, to prevei.., their coming into
the towns ; and that they do not, in any manner,
insult the siilijeets of his most Ciiristiaii Majesty.
"Care shall be taken that tiie Indians do not in-
. jiaiiis of
of slaves.
iiiulians to
lilicrly to
oiiy, oi' to
! to l)i'iii":
lUTul shall
•r till' sui-
•iiiiiii;' iiilo
i\- iiiaiiiii'i',
Majfsly.
i do not iii-
MILITAUY GOVERNMENT OF (iENEUAL MUUIIAY.
283
stilt any of the subjects of his most Ciiristiaii '
Majesty."
AltTicLK LII. — The tioojis and other sidijeetsof
his most Cluistiau Majesty, who are to '^o lo
Kiaiiee, shall he emhaiked, at latest, lifteeii days
after till' sin'iiiim' of tin; jireseiit eaiiitidatiou. j
"Answered l)y tlie lltli Arliele." |
Ai;t1('I,H \All. — 'I'lie troops and oilier siilijeets
of ills most Christian .Majesty, who are to i^o to
Eraiiee, shall remain hxh^cd and em^aniiird in the
town of Montieal, and other posts w hieh they
now oeeii[)y, till they siiall he einiiarked fur their
departure; [lasspoi-ts, however, shall lie granted to
those who siiall want tiieiii fur the dilfereiit places
of the colony lo lake care of tiieir alTairs.
"(iranted."
AcTlci.E I. IV. — All the iillicers and soldiers of
the troops in liie service oi' France, who are pris-
oners ill .New lOngland, and wlio v.H'ie taken in
Canada, siiall be sent back, as soon as possilile, to
Eiaiice, wlieii their ransom or exdiaie'e slia
b
1. — Immediacly after the capil illation of Mon-
treal. -Major Uo^ers was sent, with Iwn hundred of
his rangers, to talce loriiial posses-
'. , , , , ,' I SurrniiliT of tlif
sioii ot the I'leiieh torts in the I'r.n.ii ii.ns in ii.o
West, which he did withoiil (.ppo-
silion, tlie narrir-ons Ih'Iiil!,' si'iit to (Quebec for
transmission to Eraiice. While encamped oik;
ni;j,lii at the head of Lake JMie. he was met by
I'oiitiac. chief of the ()ltawas, who ])roti'stt'd
ai^aiiist the occupation of his coiinlry by the I'nit-
i.--li. l{o;4(rs per>iiaded him nut to inlcrlcre, and
was allowed lo ]iroceed ; but i'oiitiat' was greatly
exercised at tlie downfall id" Ereiich aiil liorily in
Canada, foieseiiiin' that it was tlie lorerunner td'a
war of exterminaiion bi'twi'di tlie I'jiuli-li and
the Indians, and he I'ormed a conspiracy for expel-
Hiil;' tlie t'oinier from tlie West i)y siniiillaneoiisly
si'izin;^' all their forts, and massacriiiL; llie inlialii-
taiits, a plot which he siibsi'i(iienily carried out,
and of which we shall speak furl her on. 'i'hc'
French now, after vears of almost iiices>Mul war-
treated of. aureeablo to the
carte
and if aiiv of fari', found tli
emscivi's once more t'liio
these oilicers liave afl'airs in Canada, they shall
have leave to come tlieio.
yini;- tl
MiiLis ol peace, an
d cliabli'd to devot
ic
e thciu-
iraiite(
■(
AltTlCLE EV. — As to the ofTicersof tlie .Mijiii
selves
to a'-rieultiir
e ami commerce.
Freed I
rom
1 lie citvand district of (^ueliee liad siill'crcd lieav-
ClIAl'TEIi LVIir.
MlLrrAKY (jOVEUN.MEN F OF (lEXEIfAE
MUKHAV.
V duriii'.
tl
le contest ; tlie citv was iii nun
s, an
the fear id' lMiu;li>li inva^iiui, ami prolecteii from
t!ie oii^laiiu'lits of the liiilians, the eoionisls once
and the Aeadians, wlio arc prisoners in New I'ln.i;- more turned their atteiiiiou to peaceful pursuits.
land, they siiall be sent back to their eoiinlries.
"(i ranted, except what reyards tlie Aeadians."
Done at Montreal, Seiitenibor 8tii, ITiilt.
VAFDIJEriL.
Done ill the camp before Montreal, llio Stli of
Sepleniber, 1700.
JEFF. A.MIIEUST.
Ihecoiinlrv laid waste; but, relieved from militarv
service, tliey were cnaiiled I
lion lo tlii'ir doniest
o line al
tl
leir attcii
ic allairs. am
I til
peop
soon happier ami the country more inospeidus
than liad been the ease for iiiaii\- \ cars.
■J. — (■eiieral Ami
rst provi
led
a nil
lilar\-
'■((V-
ernnieiit for the colony, until siuh limciis a treaty
of peace slioiild decide wlicllier or
C
iiiada was to remain under
I>llllllisllIIMlll of
liiililaiv mil'.
1. Si-i!!;i:Ni)i:!t oi.' Tin: Fukncii FoiiTS in Titr, the F
IWilisli rule, and divided tie colony
into tliree districts, the sane as liad been done b
Wl«Ts — -2. EsT.AMLISII.MKNr oK .MiLlT.VltV l{fl,lv
— ■'). DiopAurrKi; ov most ov tiih Noiu.I':
reiicli. Murra
v was
made Lii'utenant-(iov-
FitiCN'uu F.v.Mii,ii:s I'ltoM C.\n.\I)A.— 4. Tiikatv (
■rmu- of {^I'lebee ; Colonel IWirton was placed in
command of the Three Hivers district, and (ieneial
OF Vkm'k. Foum.m. Ckss
IWtlTAIX.
ia,t,feof that of .Montreal ; (ieneral Amherst actiiij:
lox OK C.VN.\i).\ Tl) jis (iovernor (ieneral. The Eieiiteiiant (iovernor.'
I low Tiir, Ni'.vs OK TiiK Cap-
were iiro\ ided with Secretaries, -M. Cramach
Tfiii: OF QiKitKc WA.s I!i:(i:.vi;n in FitANci;. j
— '•■ 'I'liK Fiiisr Nr.wsi'Ai'KU in Canai»a.--i.
'J'lll'; CoNSPlltAl'V OK I'oNTIAC. Cvi'lTMC OK
TIIK Wk.STKKN FoKTS.— S. SiKliKOK DkTKOIT.
1
iciiii;' appoin
led for (.hieliec, M. ibmeres for 'i'lir''e
Mi
il\ CIS.
of just
oilicers.
ami M. Matin
Moiilreal : and courl.-
ice Were cslalilishcd. coiiijioscd of ( anailian
he riL;lit of appeal to the Coiiimandanl
'■ 1
•i
1
i
i i' ',
m
s
i
'I?
]',\\f
ii! »<!
II; H
rr^
^84
TUTTLES IIISTOIIY OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA.
bt'iiin' i;i'iiiit('il. Tliis was a threat inipi'DVciiicMl dm
tlic iHliiiiiiisti'atioii of justice — if it cmild ]n; so
ciiUcil — uiidcr till! French rule, and the poopli'
ininu'diatcly felt the hem fits arisiuLf from it. I'lider
French rule a suspected ]ier.Miii was scizeil and
thrown into jirison, was deprived of the assistance
of friends or counsel, antl (pieslionecl without
heinuj infoiiueil of the ehari;t^ auaiust him, or heini;'
confronted hy his accuser; indeed he never saw
him until just liefore judniuent was pronounced,
or, i)erhaps, when Im was to he tortured, or eye- [
cuted. 111! was sworn to tell the truth, and there- i
1)V ma(h; to eriniinate liimself, and in ol)stinate j
eases, recourse was hail to the rack.* The ;4ieat
iliffercnce in the manner of administeriui;' justice
is well described by the able Haiiiial, who says,
" To the inipiuietrably mysterious transactions of
a cruel iiKjuisition .succeeded a cool, rational and
public trial ; and a tribunal, dreadlul, and accus-
tomed to shed blood, was replaced by humane
judges, more disposed to ackiiowled,u;e innocence
than to suppose criminality. The con(]uered
people have been still more deliirlited, by findini''
the liberties of their i)ersons secured for evi'r by
the famous law of llab(;as Corpus. As they had
too long been victims of the arbitrary wills of those
who governed them, they have blessed the benef-
icent hand that drew tliem from a state of shivery,
to put I'lem under the protection of just laws."
;'). — A number of the nol)le I'aniilies returned to
France with the Maninis de v'audieuil.f ami more
Ti.|i,iriiiri<.f most I'ollowcil after the treaty of peace
fatnm.'rfrmu '■'•''''■'' i'l ITt):] formally ceded "Camida to
cu.maa. Qj.^,,^^ I.,,it.ji,j_ '^■i,^,i,. „„1,1j, l,i,.i],
had allowed them no occupation but a military
• *' hi I'.'iL'. Pii'rri' Ufn'iiloin dii CuinlMTliunl. wiili tlirci' otliors, soldiers
111 II cipips I'i'lli'ii " I"'l!ii'liiiiiiU (lis 'rrou|n's lie la Murine," tln'ii in );ar-
lison in the town of 'riiree lliver»i, were nreiiscil of Ii:i\ in;; set tire to tlie
town, ill ilitTiTeiit itlaees, on tile iiii:lit ot tlie'.Mst M..y. 'rinM'1-inu' of
arson was proved liy witnesses against Heaiidoin, lait lie was i>laeed on
tlie ivifi- in order to diseover wlieilier lie had any a.'c'oiii|ili.'es. lie suf-
fered this piinishnieiil uilhont niakini; any deelaration, and was liiially
exeelltud. The |ilinislililellt «S the rink »as fricjllently applied ti eiini-
iiials, and in one iiistain-e on a feinah', for liaviii^ hidileii the liirth of an
illejfitiinate ehild. In another Instaneo, a iie;.;ro female, for haviiifi set
tirt^ to her master's house, w.'is eondemned to he hnnit at the ptake. nfler
havinij heiMi hiini; on the gallows. The rack aetnally was in use In
Canada at a very short period hefoie the eoiiiinest."— r/iii.sdV'.i Jlislmii
t>/ /,.)ir, /■ t'lininliu
1 The Mar<|iiis ile Vainlreiiil was arrested nn his return to Fraiiee, and
eonllneil in tlu' liaslile, to;;eilier with llij;"t and a niiinher ot other of-
tleers, i-harjied with inalfeasanee in nttiee Thi' tii.il took plaee on the
null of l)e.i\niher. ITMI, and lieVandreiiil was aeniiilted, with tlve olhern.
lllliol and the reniaiinhT were pnnlslieil liy tliii' and iiii|irisonineiit, as
already inenlioned in our elnipter on trade and eomnieree. IieVandrenil
died the in\t yeiir. lie retnrneil to Kraine a poor man.havint,' spent his
privaie fortnne and his salary in maliilaiiiliig the army dnilng the latter
imrlion of I'leneh dninination.
life or government employment — for, by the French
feudal law, a nobleman who engaged in traile for-
feited his patent of noliility — and with the over-
throw of French rule, they found, like Othello,
their "occupation gone." Many of them were
given jiositions in the French army, navy or imb-
lic service, and some oflieers who remained at
Tadousac received jiensions. The number of iiolile
families who ciime to Canaila — exeejit army and
navy ofiicers, who retired with their forces — is
generally overestimated ; and very few of them re-
mained, the great majority selling their seignories
and returning to France. Governor Carleton,
during the debate on the (i.iebec act of 1774, when
askeil how many noble French families there were
ill the colony, said he could only speak from mem-
ory, and was not very smv ; he thought the num-
ber was about one hundred and lii'ty. Maseres,
liowever, who was Attorney General of the Prov-
ince from 17<)<) to 17ttO, and who wrote in 1775,
puts the number at only twenty-two, and he is,
most probably, correct, as he had am[)lc means of
knowing. Of course a number (d' seignois re-
mained, and, unfortunately, retained their feudal
privileges, so that the peasant, although he re-
ceived what may be called his personal and polit-
ical liberty, still held his lands on feudal tenure
from the .seigiiors, and a long period elapsed before
this burileii was lifted from his shoulders.
4. — The war between (ireat Hritain and Franco
continued for three years after the capture of
Quebec, but no more of its horrors
. , , Treaty of peaee.
were lelt in tins couiitrv, and under Formal eession of
' P , Canada to Itritaiii.
the temperate governmei.o ot tlie
English gt'iierals Canada began to recover from
her prostration. Negotiations for peace were en-
terecl into on the od of November, 17()2, at Fon-
tainbleau, and ratified at Paris on the 10th of Feb-
ruary, ITC)-'). France, whose navy was destro3-ed,
whose army was almost annihilated, whose treasury
had long been empty, and nearly all of whose col-
onies had been wrested from her, was glad to
make " peace on an}' terms ; " and -.vas forced to
submit to being shorn of nearly all her foreign
[lossessions. Ily it France lost all her possessions
ill liritish North America, with the exception of
the two small islands of St. I'ierre and Mitpielon
(two small fishing stations near Newfoundland),
several islamls in the West Indies, and nearly all
her possessions in Africa and Asia. Well might
MILITAIJY GOVERNMENT OF CiENEUAE MUUUAY,
28o
tlic Ficmli
II liade fu I'-
ll tlic OVl'l-
ke Otliclld.
tlit'in were
ivy or jiiili-
;}iiiainL'(l lU
:)eror iiohlt;
t army and
foix'i's — is
of tliuiu it'-
r sei.tfiiorics
r Cai'li'toii,
1774, wlieii
tlu'ic were
fi'oiii lueiii-
it the niiiii-
. iMaseres,
[ the Prov-
)te in 177"),
and he is,
ie means of
;ei;4iiors re-
heir feudal
iiil^h he re-
1 and iiolit-
dal tenure
psed liefore
rs.
ind France
capture of
ity "f poiii'i'.
iiinl fcssion of
aila to llrilain.
cover from
ce were cn-
(52, at Fon-
0th of Feh-
destroyed,
)se treasury
whose col-
as fflad to
-i forced to
ler foreign
possessions
ceeption of
Mi(]uelou
)UMdland),
nearly all
Veil might
George 111. exclaim "Never did England, nor I
hciieve any oilier power in Europe, sign such a
jiciiee before." I'li.dic opinion in England was by
no means unanimous, however, as to llii' expediency
of retaining Canaila, and elVorls were made to re-
lain (imidaloupe and restore (/anada. iVlready
lilt) feeling was gaiiiiMg ground liiat tlie I^nglisli
(•i)loiiies were growing too powerful, and needt^d
rtstraint to keei> them to their aliegianee , and
ilie IJritish traders said, " If Canaila were annexed,
ihe Americans will Iks at leisure to manufacture
for themsi'lves, and tlirow off llieir dependence on
the motlier country." Seseral pamj)lilels were
piibiisjii'd (Ml the suliject, in one of which the
writer says, "A coiintiy of such vast resources,
and so distant as North America, could never re-
main long snlijecl In (iri'at IWilain. Tiie aciiiii-
silion of Canada would strengthen America to re-
volt. 'Ihc islands, from this weakness, can never
revolt; Inil if we ae([uire all Canada, we shall
soon find Nortii America itself too powerful anil
too populous to lie governed by us at a disiain'c."
J'ilt doired to retain iioth ( iiiadaloiipe and Can-
ada, and when forced to choose IicIwclIi them,
took tlie latter. ISenjamin Franklin, who was in
I'iiighind at the time, strongly urged the retention
of Canadii. arguing tliat it would promole a per-
jieliial peace in North Ameiica, that the varied
interests of tlie thirteen colonies would prevent
their ever uniting against the mother coiintr.v, and
that agriculture was so prolilable, the colonists
wiiiilil not be likely to engage in manufactures, to
the detriment of English industries. These coun-
sels ultimately prevailed, and Canada was retained;
and thirteen ^ears afterwards the fears of those
will) were looked on as "croakers" at tlie time
were realized liy the declaration of tlie independ-
ence of those thirteen States, whoso " varyiiii; in-
terests " 1' ranklin had said would prevent their
ever uniting against the mother country, and
Franklin was one of those who signed tlie solenni
declaration of the severance of the bond of union
between the parent State and her colonies.
T). — But if England was somewhat reluctant to
receive Canada as an English colony, the French
ii.m- till' MOWS of the niiiiistrv were anxious cnoiigji to
get rid of a country wliich had
I'aiilMIC ol ( Mll>ll(.>l.-
was irri'hid in
Kraiifo.
eo.st so much for such smali re-
turns. The expense of the colony had been
enormous, and the small ciuantities of furs received
in I'eturn ,vere us iiotliing compared to the
thousands of lives and millions of treasure wiiicii
the defence of the colony cost France. During
the last twelvt! years of French domination, the
debt incurred by France tin account of Canada —
taking the Iiitcndant's bills of exchange and prom-
issory notes alone, and leaving out of account tlie
sums s])eiit in France for raising and aiming
troops, fitting out tleets. &c., amounted to over
sixty millions of dollars, one-half of which re-
mained diii^ and unpaid to the colonists at the
time of the Comiucst. 'i he op|)ositioii in I']ngland
to the permanent aiMinisiiioii of Canada \\as based
on the theory of the necessity for the maintenance
of the balance of jxiwer — then a jiet idisi ; and
William liurke, a relative and f-ieiid of the great
Irish orator and statesman, in a pamphlet on the
subject, said, "a nei^iibor that keeps us in some
awe, is not always the worst of neighbors. 'J'liere
should be a balani'c of power in America." IJiit
the French Ministiy had no idea of supplying the
balance , siiiroiinded as the sensual Louis XV.
was with profligate women and grasping, corrupt
courtiers and cormorants, who sought only the
gratilieation of their own passions and desires, it
is not wonderful that the loss of Canada was not
oiil}' looked on comphiisantl}', but even rejoiced in.
When La I'omiiadour, the brazen mistress of
Louis, heard of the fall of (Quebec, she exclaimed
joyfully, "thank heaven I at hist tlie king will
have a chance of sleeiiing in ])eace." Others re-
joiced ill the capitulation of Canada because in the
liumiliation of France they foresaw the downfall
of a corrupt anil [irolligate monarchy, and the
uprising of th'i liberties of the people, already
the faint, low mui v.iirings of the gathering stoiin,
which was to burst in all the wild madness of the
Kevoliition and the Keigii of 'I'error. were, heard;
and Voltaire celebrated the capture of (Quebec, at
his residt'iice at I'\'rney, by aban([uet, not so much
as a rejoieiiig over a defeat to France, as a celebra-
tion of a victory of Liberty over Despotism, 'i'lie
following descriiition of the entertainment given
by Voltaire after the banquet, is thus described in
the London J^idilic Adn'rtlsiT, November 2S, 17.V.1.
"The banquet over, the company retired into an
elegant private theatre, where was plaved, 'The
Tshind I'atriot.' a dramatic piece full nl aspirations
lor liberty: in which N'ollaire himself played a
leading personage. This representation linishcd,
I 11
'II!
■I ■ !: ; - (I
28(3
TITTTLE'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
the slides of tlie scciu'iy unelosed, jiikI a spiu-ions
court, illiiiniiiiitcil aiiil oriiamL'iitoil with Indian
Irophit's, met the spectator's view. Brilliant fire-
works, accompanied hy military mnsio. concluded
the i'ete. Am( n;^ the pyrotechnic device;; was
'The Star of St. (leorye,' which emitted roclvets;
and nnderneath was represented :he cataract of
Niaifara."
(!. — After the conclusion of peace fJenoral
Murray was continued as (iovernorof the I'roviiice
of (^nehec, and remained in nHiee
i"e",M!ir" "'""""■ until 17t;8, when he was succeeded
b}- General Sir(juy (^irleton. after-
wards Loru Dorchester. A royal prochimation
issued ITth Septemher, 1704, cstahlishinLj a Court
of King's Ik>nch, a Court of Common Pleas and
the English laws were ordered to be observed as
the laws of the colon}'. This caused great dis-
satisfaction to the French who found themselves
governed by laws they did not umlerstand and
tried in a language they did not comprehend.
Constant comiiliiints were made and petitions
presented to the Home government which iinally
led to the passage of the (Quebec Act of 1774, of
which we shall speak further on. Amongst the
most notable events of (ieneral Murray's adminis-
tration was the introduction of i)rinting into
(Quebec and the pablicalion of the first newspa[)er.
Under French rule no attem[)t was made to start
a news])aper. and although (rovernnr Dc la.Iou-
quiere did at oiu; time propose to import a printing
press, it was only for tlie purpose of reprodueii.g
public doeuiuents, j)rochimati()iis, i^-e., and the
jiroject was never carried out. Immediately after
the formal cession of Canada, however, Messrs.
William Urowu and Thomas (iilmour, of I'hila-
delphia, determined to start a newspaiier in
(Quebec ; and, as there was no type foundry in
America, Jlr. (iilmour went to England to obtain
his i)lant, which was brought out in the sitring of
1704, and on the 21st June, in that year, the first
number of The Qiirhec Gazcttf made its appear-
ance. It was a small four page sheet printed in
both French and English and contained no edi-
torials. It started with a subscription list of one
hundred and fifty, and enjoyed a varied existence!
of ii[)wards of one hundred years, its imblication
being suspended only about three years ago.
7. — When the treaty of peace which confirmed
Canada to England was known to (he Indians,
many of tliem were deeplv ofl'endeil
at the extinction of FrJnch rule, 'vllar';'™;';.;:^,,
fearing that its downfall would be ""^« -'""'■""-•
followed by their own extermination. The most
powerful ciiief ^ f the time was Pontiac, chief of
the Ottawa tribe , and he conceived the bold iilaii
f seizing all the forts in the west, for which end
lie wrought the western tril)es into a confederaey.
So well did he siieeeed in liis pliiiis that seven of
the small forts were attacked about the same time
and captured, the garrisons being either killed or
taken into captivity. 'I'he most remarkable
capture, and the one showing most clearly th(!
depth of Iiiilian ciiiining, was that of Fort
Michilimaekiiiac (n<iw Mackinaw), which was
taken by the ()jii)way Indians under their chief
Minavavana on the anniversary of (George the
Third's birth<lay, 4tli .Iiine, 17(>5. The fort was
commanded by Captain Etherington, Avho hie'
about thirty-five men under him, and on the kings
birthday nearh' all the garrison Avas outside the
fort witnessing a great LaCrosse match between
the Ojiliway and Sac Indians. Several times the
ball was i)layed up to the gate of the fort, which
was 0|)en, and at last it was thrown over the
]>alisade, which was a preconcerted signal for the
Indians to rusii in, and drawing their tomahawks
they attacked the unarmed garrison and sj)i'e(lily
murdered nearly all the English in tlie fort. The
Indians eommiited great excesses, and, according
to Mr. Henry, an English trader who escaped,
were even guilty of cannibalism. lie says,
" through an aperture which afforded me a view of
the area of the fort, I beheld, in shapes the foulest
and most terrible, the fi-roiioiis triumphs ci bar-
barian coiii|iierois. The dead were scalped and
maiigled. The dying were writhing and shrieking
under the insatiate knife and tomahawk, and from
the bodies of some, ripjied ojien, their bnteliers
were drinking the blood, scooped up in the hollow
of joined hands, and (piafl'ed amid shouts of rage
and victory."
8. — Pontiac in person made an attack on Detroit,
and invested the fort for nearl}' fifteen months.
It was his di sign to taki; the fort
by surprise, and f(n- this purpose *''''*''' """"""■
he asked an audience with Major
(iladwyn, the commander of the garrison, which
Mas granted. About sixty chiefs attended, all of
whom had arms cimccalcd about tlu^m, and the
i ill
I ;'
I '' '
Ml
cniiHpirai'y nf
liai'. ( apnin- nl'
wi'stcrii luris.
Oil Detroit,
un nioullis. [
(ioVKUN.MKNT OF (JLY ('AKL1:T()N.
'J.A1
lesiy;!! w
iis to take tlif Mii'i'lisli I)V sur
insc, Willie
WKlf oil (
iicli >i(If of the Niii'j:iini liivor wore
fessiiiLJ fiicii(lsliii>, and
pi
plot, however
iiiassiiero llii'iu
111
'111
tied lo tin: KiiLrli>li.
t'ailcil, as Major (ihuUvvi
had
eeivt'd inrorniatioii of it and kej)! his tro<ips ready
1(» resist any treachery. It is not vory clear liow
(ilaihvvn i^ol information ul' the plot ; oneaeeonnt
is that a Canadian w onian, who visited the Indian
village, saw tiie men filing;' olT the haii'els of their
yiins so that they eoidd lie made short enoiii;!! tn
C'lIAI'TKK LIX.
GOVERNMENT OF CilV ( AULETON.
hide under
lieir
1)1;
iiikets
an(
1 sjioke ol' the eii- 1. Statk ov TIIK t'oiNTKY IN lT*li'>
ClllllS
istanco to some ul' the scltlei>, Iiv whom it was
iriMirted *' (Jladwyn : lint there is a tradition,
which is ■i<'nerally credited, that the plot was re-
vealed liy an Ojihway <,drl named Catherine, who
riei|Uenlly visited tin; I'ort ami had conceived a
passion tor (Uadwyn, She heard ol' the [iroiiosed
iiKissacre, and under a jiretext ol' l)rini;ini;' him a
lair o
fslip,
lers.
visited (iladwvn on tlit
eveiimi.
liel'ore the day on which I'ontiac hail decided to
a>k for an audience, and revealed tin; plot. When
I'ontiac found that his plan was discovered he
retired in arii^er, without attemptinif any outrage,
hut the next ui;4hl the Indians crossed the river to
the Detroit side and formallv invested it. Tliev
iiiun
lered all the English in the vicinitv.
hut
inaiiiiained friendly relations with the l^'reiich,
.viio assisted them with provisions. The sicj^e
lasti'd al)out fifteen months, and the fort was
liiially relieved by ( (d. IJradstreel. Diirinjj; this
siey;e I'ontiac issued proiuisstuy notes, w litteii on
hircli hark, to the I-'reiieh for his jirovi.sions, and
I'll
(tCLA.MATIn.N o
K ITll
Nor tAi;Kii:i> oi r.
1:1. TlIK t.)l KISK
A(T
OK
1774. It
s i'i:i>-
dc
d h
'I'ri'a'y of praco wi.h
tliu tiiiliaii8.
alter peace was declariMl lit; redeemed ins notes
(t. — Two unsui'cessful attempts were made to
relieve Detroit, oik; under Eieiil. Cayles, and the
other umler Cajitain Dal/.ell, but
in both instances tiie expeditions
fell into ambuscades and were ■
severely cut up. At last (Jencial Amherst .sent '
Cohmel IJoiiuet with oDtJ HiL;hlanders against the
Indians, and he totallv ilefeateil them at a itlace
called l.ushey K'un, near Fort I'itt, after a .sail- ;
giiiiiary battle of seven hours' duration. This ]
signal defeat was the d-ath-blow to I'ontiae's
conspiracy; his allies me;;ed away from him, all :
the forts were recaptured, and tlu! Indians were
glad to eoucliide a treaty of i)eace with Sir
William Johnson, at Niagara, in 17(14, all the
Jiriiicipal tribes being present. Hy this treaty the
land on both sides of the Detroit River from Lake
I'aie to Lake Sie. Clair, and a strip four milt ^
TlIK
."). rNSATI.Sl'ACTuUY An.MlNISTK.VTKiN OK TIIK
Laws. — 4. .Miuiiay's Rki-oktox tiik r>i;iTi.<ii
E.MKiiiANrs. — ."), Mij;i:.\v".s Oimnion ov tiik
FuKNcii CoLoMST.s. — li. I)is<;i;a<'kfii, OfT-
i:a(;k in Montkkai.. — 7. (ii;KAT Fii;k i\M(in-
tim;ai.. — s. Ai'i'ciN r.MKNT or CAi;i.i:roN. llis
Fiu.st Acts. — it. Dii tkukncks isktwkkx tiik
FiiKNCii and En(;i.isii Laws. — 10. Attounky-
(Jkn:;i;ai, i':it im.ow's Oimniox on tiik Oi.d
La\vs. — 11. M aukiott'.s Rkco.m.mkndations
Foil A CoNsrn 1 tion rot; Canada. — li'. So-
iJ( lTOl;-(iKNKI!AL WkDDKUIUKN'.S ( )l'IN10N. —
visions. 14. OPPOSITION TO rilK .\('T IN liOTII
lloi sKs OK Faiimamkn r. — lo. I'ktiiion ok
TIIK Mayor and ('oI!1'oi;ation ok London
A(iAINST TIIK Act. — lU. Dl.SAl'I'KOVAI, OK TIIK
Act in tiik Colon ik.s.
1. — Peace had now fully thrown its sheltering
mantle (»ver poor war-woin Canatla, and after
their long and hard struggle the
peasants found themselves once inVijii. "'"'"" '^
imu'c relii'ved from tia; constant
dangers and fatigues (d" military life, and at liberty
to resume their agricultural and other pursuits.
TIh'V soon fell baidv into their accustomed voca-
tions, and for the first time in many years the
land began to bloom again with smiling vegeta-
tion ; the cheerful siuig of the husbandman echoed
ill the air instead of the sharp crack of the carbine,
and the peaceful lowing of the kiiie replaced the
loud siuinds (d' martial music. ( ime more the
])easanl could sit by his own fireside and rest,
happv and eoiileiited after a good day's work,
with his family around him, no anxious care or
thought for absent ones to trouble him, inste, d of
Iviiig before the camp tire far from his lunue, with
the ever-recurrii.g reniembrauee of the absent
; ! '.
J..
..ilk
■ \
If '■!
11 I
fm
288
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
ones Ijcfore liim, and tlio coiihiiint dread that they | the fjoveiiiniciit was, tlicrcfine, that ot a (inviTiiur
ma}' he in want and niiserv lianntint; iiiin like a and ('(luiu-il — tlie latter con; istin<^' of tiic Lieii-
<'rin» monster, and rendi'riti;^; the very food he tenant-tiovernors of Montreal and Three Ivivers,
ate tasteless and unpalatalile, as lie thought that
meagre and poor as his own fare was, that of those
dear ones left hehind him was ])rohal)ly worse, if '
they were not indeed in danger of actual starva-
tion. The six years which had elaitsed since tiio
capitidation of Montreal had done much to restore
the former prosperity of Canada, and the cou-
the Attornev-(ieneral, and eight meml)eis aj)-
jiointed liy the (Jovernor, only one of whom, how-
ever, was a French Canadian. Tliis style of
government continued until the Quehee Act of
1774.
y. — The royal jJi-oclanKition of MiV-' iiitriHlnccd
the civil and criminal laws of England, and Courts
quered iidiahitauts were heginning to grow more | of King's IJeiich, Common I'leas
content with the ride of their con([Ucrors, who and Chancery were cstal)iislic(l. as iiiiiii»iraii..ii..f Un.
were more just and lenient than they had hccu we have already mentioned; l»nt
led to expect; and the terms of the treaty of this system of things worked very liadly, or (o lie
peace — the free cx(,'reis(! of their religion and pos- more accurate, did not w.k at all. The French
sessi<Mi of their property, had dispelled the fear, [ cared nothing for trial hy jury, and could not
which liad hung over them during the war, that , comprehend how the English preferred to be tried
if eonriuered they would he treated as the Acadiaus | and condemned hy iiu'xpericnced laymen, rather
had been ; and although they did iu)t understand ! than sui)mit to the judgment of a judge who
the laws under which they were governed, they, '| would, at all events, be "learned in the law,"
for the most part, ajipealed as little as possil>le to even if he was not always just and impartial,
those laws, and were eontviit to be allowed to Trial by jury was particularly tlistastiiful to the
worship (Jod after their own fashion, and earn
their living by honest labor.
2. — The proclamation of 1703, after the cession,
had induced a certain amount of emigration, a num-
ber of settlers from tlij old coun-
T!,..,™iiam.M,.t.f j,,^. ^.^^.-^^^^ advantage of the large
7ii.) mil wirrk'il out
grants of laud oll'cred, to secure
homes in tlie newly con<iucred country. These,
for the most part, were niit the most desirable
class of immigrants, and were dissatisfied with the
eountiy and little dis{)osed to eomminglo with the
"new sid)jects," as the French wer<) called. One
great <!ause of coiuiilaint, and one which it took
ten years and mucli agitation to settle, was the
n(jn-i)erforinauee of the promise of the royal j)roe-
lamation that the [jrovinee of Quebec should en-
joy the same privileges as the New England
colonics, and have a House of Assenddy. This it
was found impossible to fullil inunediatelv, as the
lioman Catholics could not take the oaths re-
(juired of them, and the English colonists were
too few in number to assiune the entire control of
the province, besides which it woidd have been
manifestly unjust to nominally adopt represen-
tative government, while only al)0iit four hundred
of the iidiabitants could take the oaths necessary,
and the remaining seventy or eighty thousand
would be in'actieally disfranchised ; the form of
French nobles, whose pride would not permit of
their submitting to be tv'ivd by a jui'v composed
of trades-people, peasants and others who wen;
both mentally and socially greatly their inferiors.
Then again there was the difliculty of language.
The trials were all in English, for that was the
law of the courts, and the parties interested did
not, as a general thing, understand one word of
the language in which they were tried, and could
gain no information of M'hat accusation was
brought against them, or hf)W they were defended,
except throiigli an interpreter. Another great
fault in the stale of tilings brought abont by the
royal proehunation was the unfitness of many of
the officers of justice, jurors, etc., for the positions
they held, and the fulfilment of the duties they
had sworn to jierform. ]Many of these appoint-
ments were sold, and the ])urchasers, determining
to make as much money as possible out <d' their
places, were most extortionate in the amount of
fees charged by them.
4. — Governor Murray, on liis return to England,
in 170G, wrote a lengthy report on the condition
of tlie colony, in which he does not
' , . Murrnv's report on
draw a very flattering picture of tii<^ itnusii fmi-
the English emigrants ot those days.
He says: "There are nineteen Protestant families
in the parishes ; the rest of tliat persuasion (a few
k
II (ioViTlKir
( I lit; Lifii-
iifc liivers,
iciiilters iij)-
wlioin, liow-
lis stylu of
ebc'c Act of
illtll>llllCf<l
, 1111(1 Courts
iSMlisr.'lrlcm- •■III- I I
iiisiiaiicm i.r lliii [;
llv, or to lie
ilu; Flflicli
I coiiUl not
I to he tried
inicii, rullicr
jikIhi! wlio
II llie law,"
imjiartiiil. [
tcfiil lo tin; '
.t ix-nnit of
ry coiupost'il
s who weri!
cir inferiors. ;
of liUiiTitiiife.
hilt \v;is the
terested did
tine word of
1, and could
isiition was
re defen(h'd,
other i^-reat
l)ont hy tile
fif many of
he positions
duties tliey
ese appoint-
detcrnnninj,^
:nit of their
! amount of
to Eiiijland,
e condition
irrrt\' s rt'pfirt uii
' Hrili»li fiiii-
.1118.
ant families
ision (a few
i ^^-
■;^»-'
y i^
■'! I'
■ !
I ;:
§
m
I'i:
h J
G
"1^
[IIOR«V[D EXPR
m
IKORAVtOexPHISSLVfOR lUIUt 5 HI510BV Of I HI DdNINION - 10 FIND BiOBRAPHItb iK INDU
IHl BURlANO C15B«R»I5 UIHO COMP'
!nflfflf.j
■!l
iil'iiP
si
m
f 'I
IM
I"
'ill
GOVEUX.MENT 01 TxUY CAIILETOX.
289
liiilt'-piiy oflicfis excepted) are traders, meclumics
anil publicans, who reside in tlie lower towns of
(^iK'liec and Montreal. Most of tlicin were fol-
lowers of llie army, of mean ednealion, or soldiers
disi)anded at tiio reduction of the troops. All
imve tlieir fortunes to make, and I fear few are
solicitous aliout tiie means when the end can be :
attained. I rci)ort tliem to he in jjfencral the most
immoral colieelion of men I ever knew; of course,
liltlt! ealiudated to make tlie new subjects en- '
amored w ilh our laws, religion and customs , and
far less adapted to enforce those laws which art!
to govei-n. * * * 'J'lio improi)er ciioiee and
luimbers of the civil ofTiecrs sent cut from Kn^^land
increased tiie in([uicludes of the colony. Instead
of men of genius and untainted morals, the very
reverse were appointed to the most important
oHices ; and it was imj)ossil)le to conununieate,
ihidugh llicm, tli')se impressions of tlie dignity of
government, l)y which alone maidcind can be held
togetlier in .society. Tiic judge lixcd upon to con-
ciliate tlie minds of To, 000 foreigners to the laws
and government of (ireat IWitain was taken from
a jail, entirely ignorant of civil law and of the
language of tiie pt'ople. The attorney-general,
with regard to tiie language of tlie j)eoplc, was
not l)etti'r (pudilicd. 'llie ollices of secretary of
the I'rovinee, register, clerk of the council, com-
missary of stores and provisions, provost-marslial,
etc., were given l)y patent to men td" interest in
iMigland, who let them out to the best bidders,
and so little did they consider the capacity of
llieir representatives, that not one of them under-
stood th ' l.'.nguagc! of the natives."
."). — l!, however, (ieneral Murray could find no
better expression for the Uritish colonists tiian
"the most imiiKual collection of
UM'"iTnrh''',',liIiriI<u^ iiK'u I cvcr kucw, ■ he had some
kind words to say about the French
Canadians, and while admilling tlieir ignorance,
acknowledges their good ([tialilics. He says : " On
the otiicr hand, tiie Canadians, accustomed to
arbitrary, and a s(ut of military government, are a
frugal, industrious and nuual race of men, who,
iVmu the just and mild treatment they met with
from His Majesty's military ollicers, that ruled the
country i"or four years, until the establishment of
ci\il goveriimcnl, had greatly got the better of
tlu; natural antipathy they iiad to tlieir con-
tpierors. 'I'licy consist of a n<ilileit><e who are nu-
merous, and who picpie themselves much upon
the anticpiity of their families, their own military
glory, and that of their ancestors. These jfoA/cxxt'
are seigniors of the Avholc countrv, and though not
rich, are in a situation in tiiat plentiful part of
the world, where money is scarce, and luxury still
unknown, to support their dignity. Their tenants,
wlio pay only an annual (piit-rcnt of about a
dollar for one hundred acres, are at their case, and
comfortable. They have been accustomed to re-
spect and obc}' their tinlilvasv. ; their tenures being
military in the feudal manner, they have shaie<l
with them the dangers of the lield. and natural
affection lias been increased in jiroportion to the
calamities which have been common to both, from
the coiKiuest of the country. As liicy liave been
taught to respect tlicir superiors, and are not yet
intoxicated with the abuse of liberty, tliey are
shocked at the insults which their /("/'/<'.'>.'«' and the
king's oflicers liave received from tiie English
traders and lawyers since tlu; civil government
took place. It is natural to supj)ose they arc
zealous of ihcir religion. They art; very ignorant :
it was the jiolicy of the French government to
keep them so: few or none can read. I'rinting
was never permitted in Canada till we got pos-
session of it. Their veneration for the priesthood
is in pro|)ortion to their ignorance : it w ill prob-
ably decrease as they become more enlightened.
(I. — The military and the " old subjects," as the
English emigrants styled themselves, did not al-
ways get on very well together, and
a disgraceful attack on one of tlu'i'/jK.'Iumli,''"''"^''
latter by some of tin; fiunier occur-
red in .Montreal in lTt)4. The trooi)s had been
lodged in private houses, and the rooms oecu[)ied
by Captain Fra/.er bi'coming vacant thiMuigh his
promotion to the olUec of jiay master-general, by
which (piarters were provided for him at the jiub-
lic ex[)cnsi', the owners of the house let them to
another gentleman. 'I'liey were, however, claimed
by a Captain I'ayne in the name and right of Cap-
tain Fra/.er, ami taken forcible possession of by
him. An appeal was made to (he justices id' the
peace and they ordered I'ayne to give up the
rooms ; this he refused to do, and w as aircsleil
and im|)risoiie(i for a few days until released by
ordi'r of the attorncy^g(!iicral. This action of
the magistrates gave gii'at oiVeiise to the military,
ami it was decided to punish one (d' them, Mr.
^
1
i
:''!|
ii 1
■■ M
i\w\ ^
'11 i
li
1
V.
!
!| 'I
I'i i'
III
iliiul
M.
2'JO
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Thomas Walker, wlio was siippost'il to liave been
the iiisti^^atoi' of tlio warrant of arrest. .Vu old
cliroiiioler gives tlie following aoeoiiiit of the out-
rage : "On Thiirstlay, Decenilier tith, the plot was
carried into execution. At a ([uarter past nine,
at night, as Mr. and Mrs. Walker were at supper,
a sudden noise was heard at the door. Mrs.
Walker upon hearing it, (billed out ' EiUrez," sup-
posing it to l)e some Canadians coming to him on
business. Looking towards the door, .Mrs. Walker
saw a crowd of black faces. Her exclr.mation of
surprise caused her husband to look round just as
the rutfians entered, and as lie rose from his seat
lie was struck with a sword, wiiich made ;i wound
five inches long on the forepart of his Iiea<l. He
endeavored to reach his bedroom, where his pis-
tols were, l)ut sunk down exhausted from loss of
l»lo()d. One of the paity endeavored to throw him
into the lire, but the terror of such a death gave
him fresli courage, and he prevented them carr\-ing
their [ilan into execution. Anotlier one of the ])arty
knelt down and cut off jiis right ear ; wiiiU; a
third one tried to cut his throat, but Mr. Walker
prijvciited t!;ls by pn'ssing liis liead down close to
Ids shoulders, and protecting his ni!ck with his
hands. An alarm Jiaving Ix'cn given, the assailants
made off witiiout being recognized. In conse-
(pience of the outrage, the city was thrown into
the greatest possilile alarm. The inhabitants went
armed in tiie streets, and whenever a soldii'r en-
tered a shop to purchase an article, he was closely
watched, to prevent any outrage l)eing conunitted.""
Large rewards \\i.-yvi oHered for the discovery of
the perpetrators of tlus outrage. Mr. Walker
ofVered jCIOO; tlie Canadian autliorities £,-lm and
the king, when he heard of the attack, ordered
an additional reward of £100 ; but the ruflians
never were discovered. Seveial arrests were made,
and on tlie Uth .March, 170.'), Captain Disne}' of
tiie 44th Kcgiment was trii'<l and honoralily aecpiit-
ted, after which it was thought the guilty parties
would not be discovered, anil further prosecutions
were dropi)ed.
7. — Montreal had l)y this tinu' grown to be a
town of considerable size, and boasted nearly live
hundred houses when it was visited
triiii, l)y a most (U'slructive eonllagration
on the IStli May, 17(1"), and ov(!r
one hundred hdiises \\-ere burned, rendering two
hundred and fii'ieen fimilies iiouseless. The firo
was occasioned by some liot ashes being placed in
the garret of a ilr. I.ivingstone in St. Paul street,
and as there was a high wind and no fire engine,
the flames spread with great rapidity, and their
progress was only clu'cked by pulling down a por-
tion of the Hospital of the Sisters (tf the Congre-
gation on Notre Dame Street, and some adjacent
houses. A careful statement of the loss, and the
numl)cr of families burned out, was prei)ared by
order of the governor for transmission to Eng-
laiul, and from it we learn that the damage done
was as follows : value in buildings, i;:>l,'.l8'.l ; mer-
chandise, ■£ ")4,718 ; furniture and apparel, £'1\-
:i<)l ; cash, plati 'tc, .£4,814. Total, £110,773.
The numl)er of i Miilies rendered homeless were,
St. Francois Mreet, 04 ; St. Paul Street, 87 ; Mar-
ket Place (now Cnstom-House S(iuare), iC); Hos-
pital Street, 1 ; St. Louis Street, 1") ; Si. Eloi, G;
St. Sacrament, li ; St. Nicholas. 1 ; St. Ann 1 ; St.
Ann Suburbs, 10 ; Grey Sisters Ho.-- ital and houses
near, 8; total, 21"). The sufferers ere in many in-
stances utterly ruined, but the inhabitants aided
them all in their power, and a subscription list,
headed by His Majest}-, (Jeorge III., with j£">00,
was o[)ened in liiigland aiul a large sum realized
wliieii enal)led many to rebuild.
8. — Such was the condition of the Province of
(Quebec when (luy Carb.'ton assumed the reins
of government in 17tit'). (Juv Carie-
1 ■ , i-i " 1 1 A|ip.>iMtiiieTit f.t
ton was conmjcted with Canada aiul emkiiju. lUsiirnt
C .iuadian affairs for over thirty-live
3'ears, and played a conspicuous part in th(> early
liistor}' of (Quebec as a IJrilisli Province. Of the
skill and al)ility w'.iicli he displayeil, and his con-
stant efforts for tlu! good of tin; colony, we shall
have occasion to speak more fully as our Idstory
progresses ; but we may say luire tiiat Canada
has never had a truer friend in the guberiuitorial
chair than Guy Carleton. He was descended from
an ancient Irish family, and was born at Newry,
Ireland, in 17-2. He served with distinction
under Wolfe, ami was wouniled at the capture of
(Quebec. One of the new goveriu)r's first acts
was to settle the botimlary line between the Prov-
iiuies of (^iii'bec and New York ; for this purpose
he, accompanied by a surveyor, nu!t (loverm)r Sir
Henry Morse of that State, at Li'ke Champlain, in
Angiisl, 17iit), and sifter they had iigreetl on tim
boundary a stone was ereeteil to mark the line,
which stone remained until the Ashburton treaty
; iilaeed in
aul Htreet,
ire eiigint',
and their
)\vn a por-
le Coiij^re-
j adjacent
iS, and tlic
rci)ared by
II to Enj;-
inigc d(jne
,'.lSi> ; nier-
arel, £-'u-
i;il(3,773.
el ess were,
, 87 ; ^lar-
, 2G; llos-
i. Ekii, r» ;
iun 1 ; St.
andliouses
n many in-
iints aided
ijition list,
.•ith £n(H).
m realized
'rovinee of
the reins
ohitinent of
utun. 1118 t\r»t
the early
>. Of the
id his con-
:, we shall
inr iiistory
ifc Canada
bernatorial
jnded from
at Xewry,
distiuelion
capture of
first acts
I the I'rov-
lis purpose
)vernor Sir
unj>1ain, in
■ed (ni liiu
V the line,
•ton treaty
Ijif
GOVERNMENT OF GUY CARLETON.
291
of 18-12, when it was replaced hy an iron monu-
ment. Carleton next turned his attention to in-
ternal affairs, and endeavored to reconeilu the
contlieting laws as much as possible. Alliiough
the civil law of England was nominally the law of
Canada, it was found impossible to .-.trictly enforce
it, as it was not understood by tin; Canadians; and
many of its j)rovisions, particularly those relating :
to the laws of primogeniture, marriage and in- '
lieritance, were very repugnant to the Fieneli,
who desired to retain the ancient la\\s they had \
been accustomed to and known as the " ('utihiic i
'Ic Faris.'^ Carleton favored this plan, and intro- [
d'lced as much French law as po.ssiblo into the
jiraciifeof the courts. Still the result was luisatis-
faetory a.) the judges were Engli h and did not
understand FreiU!h law, and the Freiudi neillu'r
uiideistood nor wanted to umlerslaiul English |
law, and considerable confLi^ion arose in Ihi; courts,
so that there came to be a very geiu'ial fci'ling in
favor of a change which would ",i\ti inoi(.' general
satisfaction. So matters remained until 177<I.
when Goveriior Carleton was called to I'>iigland
to give evidence on the sid)ject, and M. Craniaehe.
as the oldest member of the Executive Council,
administered the government.
!•. — As these differences between the iMiglish
and French civil laws have eauscn iniicli troiilile
in Canada, — and continue to (^aiise
nilTiTi'iii'i'sliotwi'i'ii
iii.M'ivM.iiiiii.iKiiK- troulile to tiie i)rescnt dav, — let us
Ii>hllv,vs. . ' ,•,,.' 1
see wlu'reiu these (liltercnces lay.
'I'lie first great ilift'eri'nce Avas in the tenure of
land. The French law was the feudal law, and
the seigniiu's were lords of the soil holding the
l)easantrvin vassalage. This was, of course, op-
posed to the English idea of the rights of land-
owners, ami l(;d to many complications. 'I'lie fea-
tiu'c of the feudal law which pressed most heavily \
on the Hritish eoloidsts was the rigiit of the seign-
ior toeid'oree the payment of tmi/x and irntx, which
was one-twelflii of the purchase-inoney, over and ■,
aluivo the sum agreed to be paid to the seller, and j
was levied by the seignior on all lands sold in his !
seignior}-. This not oidy applied to the land itself, [
but to all improvements nnidc! by the vassal, and !
pressed very heavily on the intending purchaser,
who had not mdy to jiay all the cost of improve-
ments, but omr-twelfth in addition. This tax re-
tardc'd the growth of towns, and ])revei''eil nuich
land from being cultivated. The next great point ,
of difference was in the law of inheritance. The
English law of prinH)geniture was very repugmint
to the French, by whose law the ^jro^ierty of the
father was divided amongst all the children ; and
the Freiu'h system of dividing up their farms into
ten or a dozen small lots for each child, <lid not
at all agree with I'^nglish ideas, although they
were not vci'V strongly wedded to the law of
prnu'igeiiiture, which was fast growing into dis-
fav(M' in the other colonies. Anf)tlier difrerence
which the English found very objin-tionable was
that in the niaiiiiage law. I'uder the French
law a man by taking a wife virtually made her.
her children, or, in the event of her having no
children, her relations, a present of one-half of all
he was worth, or might ever become possessed of.
Of course the laws of iloiccr could be avoided by
a man making a eonti'act hi'fitrr marriage, stating
in w hat \\:< he wished to dispose of his pro|ierty
after his leath ; but the I'higlisli believed in the
right of a man to di>[)ose of his jUdperfy as he
[ileased, either befoic or after marriage. .Another
right jiosscssed by the woman was that of cinnini-
lUtiitc or partnership, which gave her half of tin;
husband's peisonal jiroperty, ami in the event of
her dying (irst this did no! revert to him. but
went at once to the children, or in default of
children to the wife's lu'arest relations, who were,
jierhaps, perfect strangers to the husband. I>ut
the law which was most obnoxious to the business
spirit of the English was that relating to mort-
gages being executed without registration, so that
when a jiurehaser bought a jiieee of properly he
could never tell whether it was not already mort-
gaged for as much, (U' nioic than il was worlli.
I'nder the French law a. /id/iifunt ciuild go to two
or three notaries and ext;cute as many mortgages,
!;. si ''icI. and then sell the ])ro[)erly. and the lirst
thing the indueky ])urehaser would know about
ilie formiu" transactions would be the f(U'eclosure
of a mortgage on what lu; had considered his
proi)erty. The eases of swindling in this uay
wee not very immenuis, but they were enough
to '; .;ce the Uritish sus[)i. oiis and distrustful in
j)urehasing laud, or in taking land as a security in
business transactions. I'licse dill'erences in the
laws, an<l the postpoiuunent of the fullllnient of
the King's ]iromis(! of a rejiresenlative government
tended t ) check ilrit' .h I'migration. and many Viho
ha<l conu! here found thi;ir wa\- tv) the ni.'ighl)ui ing
'^' I !i
! i. ' , !
i ii
til
I; I
i!
..
\
TITTLES IllSTOUY OF THE DOAIINIOX Ol- CANADA.
colonies. On the otlier hiiiul. however, numbers
of the Freneli wlio liiul left at, tiie conquest re-
tiirncil when tliey I'onnd liow pciiceal)!}' affiiirs
Avero coniliicteil, ai'.d hu;n'e (jiiantities of the Aca-
<lians who hml been scut to tlio other colonies
cither came back to their old Iiomcs or settlcil in
other parts of tlie province. Tiie po})nlation of
the colon}' increased, at,n'ieullure and connuerce
llonrisiicd ; considerable cxjiorts of yrain were
made, and the settlements alonjif the St. Lawrence
were jjreally ext(Mided. Th(! trade was almost
ctitircly in the liands of the Hriiish, nearly all the
French niercliants liaviuL;' left tiie colony.
to. — 'I'he (juestion of urantiiiL,' a new constitu-
tion to the ]*rovince of (Quebec iiad l)een raised in
Entfland as ciulv .:s the vear ITli'i :
AttoniPv-floiii'ml , ' , . , * . ^ ,
■nii:ri..»s..|iiiii(iii l)ut Its consKJci at Ion was i)ostiioni'(l
..f till! Ol.l laws. ,, n . ,
lor lour years, on account ol tiic
dci'eat of the Itockinghain mihislry. In ITTd, the
matter was aj^ain taken under considcrati(Ui, and
was referred to three law ollircrs of tiie Crown, to
report on — Attorney-dencral Thurlow, Solicitor-
(ieiii'ial \\'cddcrburn, and Dr. Marriott, kini^'s
advocate. Tliesc ifciitU'inen had all the rcjiorts
on tiie administration of justice in Canada sub-
mitted to them, examined several witnesses, and
took nearly three ycai's before delivering separate
reports. Atlorncy-(ieneral (afterwards lord)
Tiiurlow favored the retention of the French laws,
botli civil and criminal. We liave not space here
to reproduce liis arguments in favor of this course,
but ii few paragraiiiis extracted will show clearly
liis reasons. Jle said: " Tlie Canadians seem to
have been strictly cniilled i)y tlie jus i/fiitliiin to
their firoperty, as tiicy possessed it upon the capitu-
lation anil treaty of peace, together with all its
qualities and incidents, Ijy tenure or otherwise,
tlie mor(! so to their personal lilierty , for Ixitii
wliich they were to expect Your Majesty's gracious
protection. It seeun a necessary consequence tli..G
all tiiose laws by wiiieli that property was created,
defined, and received, must be contiiitied to tliem.
To introduce any oilier, tends to confound and
subvert rigiitri, instead of supporting them. Wiien
certain forms of civil justice have long lieen estab-
lisJieil, peopb; liave had freijuent occasions to feel
tlicmselves, and observe in otiier.s, the actual co-
ercion of tlie law in matters of debt and other en-
gagemeiils in dealings, and also in liie reijoiiipeiise
fir ail sorts of wrongs. 'J'ho force of these ex-
amples goes still further, and stamps an impression
on the current ojiiiiion of men, and puts an actual
check on their dealings; and those wiio never
heard of the examiiles or tin; laws whieli produced
tiiem, yet acquire a kind of traditional kiiowledL^e
of the legal clfects and consequences of their
transaction.s, snflieicnt, and withal, alisolulelv
necessary, for the common affairs of private life.
It is easy to imagine what infinite distiirliance it
would create, to introduce new and unknown
measures of justice, doiilit and unceitaiiity in eacii
transaction, witli aticndanl ilisai>poinlment or loss
for coiisecpieiiees. 'i'lic same kind of observatiini
ajipiics with still greater force against a eliangenf
till' criminal law, in iiro])()ilion as the examples
are molt! sliiliing and the eonsiMjueiiees more iiii-
portanl. The general consteriialion which must
follow ujioii tlie ciicumslanec of being suddeiilv
stiiijcctcd to a new .system of criminal law, cannot
soon be apjieascd by tin' looseness or mildness of
the code. From ihcf., observations, I draw as a
coiise([Ueiice. that new subjects ac(piircd by ((in-
(picst have a right to expect from tin; benignity
and justice of their ciuKpicror the conlinuanee of
all their old law.s, and they seem to have no less
reason to expect it from his wisdom. It must, I
think, be the interest of the conqueror to leave liis
new subjects in the utmost <legree of private ti'an-
quillity and personal security, and in the fullest
jicrsnasion of their reality, without introducing
needless occasion (d' eoiiqilaint and <lisplcasure and
disrespect for their own sovereign."
IT — Marriott difl'ercd very widely from Thur-
low in his opinion as to the iiecessaiy legislation
needed for Canada. He tqiposed Dr. Marrimt'?
the establishment of a Legislative i-i^hZi";;;!',-,',''
A.ssembly amongst an uneducated ''"''•'""'"'"■
people; and leeommendcd a government to con-
sist of a governor and council, all Crown nom-
inees, and all Protestants. In this he probably
only echoed the sentiments of King (icorge III.,
wlio was just then liaving trouble with his own
Parliament, and the Legislative Assemblies of the
New iMigland colonies, and who was strongly
averse to extending the rights of his colonists to
govern themselves, wliile strongly asserting the
royal prerogative. Marriott iulvoeated the main-
tenance of I'iiiglisli criminal law and i)ractico ; but
siiggcslcd that till! French laiiguage slioubl be
allowed in li'gal procedures, and that all puldic
II
III
GOVERNMENT OF GUY CAULETON.
293
iii!ts should 1)0 iiublislied in both languages. IIo
ailiiiitted that l>y tho :5tjtli aitielo of capitulation
liiii IJiitish wore hound to respect the laws cover-
ing tiio tenure of property at that time; but sug-
gested some ohanges in the C'utumi; ih Par'iK. and
its gradual assimilation to English law. He was
iu favor of oiiecK'ing IJonr.in Catholicism as much
i^; possible; and held that Roman Catholics in
Can ;(la should not be allowed any rights and
privileges which Roman Catholics in (ireat lUitaiu
did not; [lossess. Jle adv(jcatod the gradual ex-
linction of all the religions cf)mmunities, as the
existing niemliers died out; and the ap[iropriation
of the revenues of tlieir estates as a common edii-
caiional fund, for the support of schools of all de-
nominations ; and strongly advised an abolition of
all street processions, ami the observance of all
jV'ti'H iViililif/iiti'in, and other Church holidays, ex-
cept (Jood Friday and Ciiristmas Day. He recom-
mended the relegation of the estate of the Seinimiry
of St. Suliiiee to the ('rown, and that the tithes
should be levied as usual, but paid to tiie receiver-
general, and by him distributed between the
I'rotestant and Catholic clergy. '• In line,"' .says
(iarneau, " Marriott's system was just that im-
posed on Ireland; for tyranny may be exorcised
in tho luime of tJod and religion, as well as on the
plea of necessity."
\-2. — Solicitor-(jienoral Woddorburn advocated
what may bo styled a middle course. He was in
favor of a mixed pirisprudenco,
S"liiit>'r-(!i'iii'ml i> ^i i-^ i "i i ■
w.ii.iirhiun'^ parts ot tlio i' reucli huvs i)eing rc-
i>iiihi<iii. . , , p . I 1^ 1- 1
tamed, and parts oi tho hnglisli
laws introduced, as a sort of compromise to the
prejudices of both English and French settlers;
but added, '• for jiol ley's sake, more attention is
due to the ('anadian than to British immigrants,
not only because the former are more numerous,
but because it is not for the interest of Britain
lliiMi many of her mitives should settle in Canada."
With regard to the form u( government and the
toleration of tho Roman Catholic religion, he said:
"Tho government established after the treaty of
17(1:1 was neither military nor civil ; it evidently
was not made to endure. A council ought to bo
formed with power to make ordinances for the
proper government of the country, but not with
Jiower to imi)oso taxes, a right which the lliitish
I'arliament should be bound to reserve to itself
alone. Free exercise of the Catholic religion
Till' Qiii-lii-i' jii't I'S
ro\ isiniiH.
ought to bo allowed ; but in temporal things, no
potency incompalii)lo with the sovereignty of tho
king or the authority of his government, ought
to be allowed to interpose between rulers aiul
ruled — such as the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of
Rome. The jjarish clergy f)Ught to bo irremov-
able, and their collation tcj bcnelicos rightly vested
in the Crown. Confraternities of rvll<jivux ought
to be abolished, but communities of rclli/iiunes had
better be tolerated. "
1:>. — Petitions were forwarded to the king in
the winter of 1T7:>, ])raying for the sununoning of
a Legislative! Assembly, as promised
by the royal proclamation <if ll^'i-], r!u''"u^'i^'t
ami at tho opening of parlianu'iit
in 177-4. The king, in his speech from the throne,
intimated that some legislatioi; on the subject of
tho government of (Quebec would be needed that
session. On the second of May the Earl of Dart-
mouth introdueed into the House of I-ords a bill
"for making more effect iial prosision for the gov-
ernment of the province of (^uebi'C." 'J'his bill,
connuonly known as tho Quebec Act, passed the
House of Lords without discussion ; but was
strongly opposed in the House of Commons. Tliis
bill, in its preamble, repealed all portions of tho
royal proclamation of 17(13, establishing civil gov-
ernment, and revoked the commissions of all
judges and civil oflicors appointed under that
proclamation. It then defined the boundaries of
the province, which were considerably enlarged,
and declared the Province of (Quebec to contain
all of tho old French Province of Canada. Labra-
dor, and tho couutrios west of the Ohio and ^lis-
sissippi. Tho exorcist; of the Roman Catholit; re-
ligion was declared free, anil the clergy maintained
in their rights to tithes, but cjiily iVom those of
their own church — Protestants being exempt from
dues to tho IJoman priesthood. .Ml his niiijesty's
subjects were secured in the full possi'ssion of
their property, the oidy exeejition being the re-
ligious orders and communities.* Tho English
criminal law was established in jieriietuity ; ami
the French civil law declared tho code for all civil
rights and rights of iirojierly, lint subject to
amendment by the governor and Legislative
•Till' rrlL'liMis (iriliTK unit i'ninmiinllli'!<. linwi'vcr, liiivc iipviT tc UilB
ilaj' lii'i'ii dl-luilii'il In tlic iionsi'i-Bimi <vf tlii'lr |ir"|ii'rly, tin' cmly cxecpli""
lirliii; Ui.' .Ii'siili>, \\U><!'f (■liter \vii»!ilMili>lii>.l In Ciiiiiuhi liy ii I'lipiil clecii'i'
in 177.1. iinil Ui.ir pruiirrly in (^iU'Imm; wait (■iiuiikil liy tlic Uoui>« li; 177(1
iiH A l)ai'rui.'kH.
^n
i'l
i li M
I , 1
I; if
i ■ I
204
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DO^HMON OF CANADA.
(^oiineil. Tliis couikmI whs to lie appointed by
tliu Crown, and c•on^isl of not li'ss llian seventeen
nor more than twenty-three members, and it was
f^iven ]io\ver to pass ortbnanees for tlie peace, wel-
fare and ijood ijovernnu'nt of tlie province. Its
powers, liowever, were Hniited, and it '.as not
allowed to impose any taxes other than those
whieli any town or ilistriet n)ay imjiose for bniid-
ing roads, or othi'r loeal iniprovem<'nts. The
eonneil was only to meet between the first of
January and the first of May, exeej)! in case of
ujri'at necessity, when the cjovernor may call an
extra session, and no ordinanee eonld be i)assed
unless a majority of the coineil was present. No
ordinance respecting religion, or inllieliug (jreater
punishnu'iit than a fine, or three months" imprison-
ment, was to have effect until approved of b}- the
king; and all ordinances were to be submitted
for royal assent within six months after their
enactment, and if disallowed, wt're to become
null from the time that notification of such dis-
allowance nas received in (jnebec. All right of J
external taxation, or hvying duties on inqiorts or
exports, was reserved to the Ibitish Crown
14. — Such were the main ])rovisii)ns of this cele-
brated act, wliich caused great dissatisfaction in
the British colonies and ijrovoked
OppnsitUMi Ici tlic , , ., .,. . .11 1 1
nitiiiiHith u.nl^^l■s niucli hostile criticisui m hnglaiul,
both HI aiul out ot the House ot
Commons. The bill was opposed by Charles Fox,
Ivlmund IJurke, ("harles Townseiul, Jr., and others,
ehielly on the ground of its nnconstitutioiiiility,
and every effort was made to amend it. but with-
out avail. Mr. Mockworth nuived an amendment
that in civil cases it should be at tin; option of the
contending parties to have a trial by jur\- or not ;
hut the anu'uduu'iit was voti'd down, although
this option;!' system had been tiied for some years
and fouiul (o ansn'cr well. Mr. 'I'ownshend next
tiied an amendment limiting tin; tinu; of the I'xist-
ence of the Legislative Council to seven years,
after which it was to be succeeded by a Legisla-
tive Assembly, but it was voteil down. The point
in the bill which called forth most strenuous ojv
position was the establislnnent of French civil
law, which depiived the subject of his right to the
benefits of the act of ITdhcan Corpnx, iind Mr.
I)cm[)ster moved an amendnuMit that " the Eng-
lish laws of Jiohi'itH (ytrpu», aiul of bail in cases of
connnitment," should be introduced into the bill.
The amendment was lost, as was another nuiiitin
by Mr. Dempster that the proceedings of the Leg-
islature should be public, and the bill was finally
passed on the l^ith of Jiuie, by a vote of otJ to •Jd,
In tlu! House; (if L(M(ls it was also ojjposed, I'itl
(then Earl of Chatham) protesting most vigorously
against it. He declared " it was a most cruel,
oppressive and odious measure, tearing up justice
and every good priiuiple liy the roots; that the
whole of it appeared to him to be destructive of
that liberty which ought to be the ground- W(uk of
(!very constitution : and that it would shake the
afleetions and ecuilidcMce of his majesty's subjects
in Englaiul and Ireland, and finally lose him the
hearts of all the Auu'ricans."' The bill, however,
passed by a vote of 21! to 7, and received the
royal assent on the prorogation of parliauMMit on
the 22d of June, the king stating with regard to
it that, "it was founded on the clearest principles
of justice and humanity; and would, he doubted
not, have the best effect in (luieting the minds and
promoting the hai)pincss of his Canadian subjects.
lo. — The bill gave great dissatisfaction to the
mei'chants of Lond(Ui, and the nuiyor, aldermen
and council drew nj) a petition to |.,,ii,i,,i, ,,f uic
the king praying him not to sign ll'"V,\Vi!!!liX'>'n'"''''"
it; and as this petition eud)odies "«'»»>""'-■»-•'•
about all that can be said against the measure we
give it entire. " We, your Majesty's most dutiful
and loyal sid)jects, the Lord Maycu-, Aldermen and
Connnou Coinicil of the city of London, in Com-
mon Council assembled, are exceedingly alarnu'd
that a bill has passed your two houses of parlia-
ment, entitled an ' Act for making more effectual
provision for the government of the I'rovinee of
Quebec, in Noith i\nierica,' which we apprehend
to be entirely subvi'rsive of the great fundanu.'ntal
principles of the Constitution of the Ibitish mon-
archy, as Mell as of the authority of various
solemn acts of the Legislature. A\'e beg leave to
observe, that the l^nglish law, ami that wonderful
effort of Innnan wisdom, the ti'ial by jury, are not
admitted by this bill in any civil cases, and the
French law of Canada is imposed on all the in-
habitants of that extensive Province, by wliicli
both the persons and projiertitis of very many of
your Majesty's subjects are rendered insecui'c aiul
precarious. We humbly conceive that this bill,
if i)assed into ii law. will bi; contrary, not (udy
with tlie compact entered into with the various
hi'i' inotioii
of iIk' \a<^-
was linally
of .")(■) to lid.
iposcd, I'itl
t vigorously
most cnul.
;; up justicf
s; that tlic
>tiuctivo ol"
iiud work (if
I sliakt> tlif
ly's sul)jccts
)so him till'
1, however,
t'ceiveil the
rliauMMit ou
ill rej^ard to
st priueiples
lie (h)uhte(l
.' min<ls aud
ail suhjeets.
;tioii to the
)!•, aldermen
lition (if llic
lynr tinii i'i»r|MM-:i-
111 nf rmulon
iiiiiKt the net.
lueasuri! we
most dutilul
Idermeu ami
loll, in Coui-
igly alarmed
es of pailia-
>ro eiVeetual
I'roviuec of
s apprehend
"uudamental
lii'ilish moii-
of various
l)e_n' leave to
it wonderful
ury, are not
ises, and the
1 all the iu-
e, liy wliieli
ery many of
nsecure and
lat this hill,
ry, not only
tho various
I'll
l!
!" I|i
* i:
i I
11
2'JO
ti;ttij:s history of tiH': dominion of Canada.
tlio ctip of coloiiiiil iiiiticncc. and li-d directly to
tlie Dt^eluiiitioii of liidcpciKk'ULH'. Hut we sliiill
reserve fiirtlier remarks on this head for another
chapter, contentin;^ oursilvcs willi saying here
that it will b(! necessary now for ns to taUe up
aj^'uin the History of the Anglo-American colonies,
which we followed in chapters ."U-o (pages 1G:>-
71), down to th'j year lliUO, and gi\e a short
acconnt of tiie progress of those colonies and the |
eanscs which li'd to the Declaration of Indi pcnd-
ence. After this we shall follow the history of
the Province of (Quebec down to llit; lime of the
formation of ('(jper and Lower Canada, in ITlU, '
and then bring the history of Acadia — wliicii the
imjiortance of liie events occurring in ('anada has
caused us to neglect somewhat latterly — down lo
the same point; and thereafter we shall continue
the history of each Province separately until Con-
federation, when w' will again unite ihem in the
History of the Dominion.
CHAPTKIl LX.
THE AMERICAN REV(JLUTION.
1. (iKNICItAL ViKW OF TlIK HlUTISH Col.ONIKS.
— -2. (iltOWTII ANI> PUOSI'KIMTY Of THE Cul>-
i)Nii:s. 'riii: NAVuiATKiN Laws. — 3. Change
OK Poi-ICV TOWAUDS THK COLOXltCS ItY (JkoUGE
III. The Stamp Act. — 4. Indionatiox in
THE CoUtNIES Ar THE I'ASI-'. AfiE OE THE AcT.
— "). Repeat, oe the Sta.mp ,\.( t. Tax on
Tea. The I5(iston Mas.svcue. — (i. The P)0s-
tox Tea Paiitv. — 7. '1'he Pout of Roston
Closed. Enu(iemn<; .Mincte .Men. — S. Fiust
Meetini; oe the Continental Conchies, at
Phii.aoeepima, .Vni Septemheu, 1774. 'K
The Fiiisr Ri.ood.shed. TheBattm:! i^Ex-
INGTON. — 10. ('aPTI'IMC OF Tl('ONI>El!0(;.\ AND
CuowN Point. — 11. I5attle of Binkeu Hill.
1. — It will be remembered that at the lime of
the treaty of Paris, 17*i:i, l)y which Canada was
formally ceded to Great Rritain,
llririshVoimlk'I.''''' tiiero was considerable opposition
to the permanent ])ossession by
England of the French colonies in America, it
being held by many statesmen that a balance of
power was as much needed on this Continent as
in Europe, and l!iat the K'tention of Canada as a
ihitisli Province would lead tv» the severance of
the ties w iiieh bouiul the Engli^^ colonies to the
mother country. Nor was this fear without
grounds. Tlie English colonics might almost be
said to have l)ecn entirely an outgrowth of perse-
cution. Rotli Protestants and Catholics in turn
liad sought^ the friendly shores of America, for the
purpose of eiijdying that freedom of thought and
liberty of conscience which they could not enjoy
in Great Rritain. .\t first tlie colonists luul been
bigote<l and narrow- iiinded amcnigst themselves;
many of the old co'.ntry prejudices were import cil
and carefully ni'vliircd , the New England Puritan
WHS as great a bigot as the most enthusiastic
.lesuil that ever lived, and many of the old laws
of Massachusetts Ray and Conne(;ticut are as
severe against jievsons professing any other than
tiie Puritan failli, as any passed in England during
the tinu! of Catholic sujucmacy ; but, gradually,
the diflerent colonies began to resj)cct each other
more and draw closer together in common accord,
to witiistand what they considered the injustice
ami ill-treatment, of the mother country. C(m-
llicting interests were made to agree more har-
moniously, small rivalries and petty jealousies
were laid aside; for the time being, and a sort oi'
otTensive and defensive union formed, to resist the
authority of the mother countrv'.
'2. — During the seventy years which elapsed be-
tween the time down to which we brought our
last clia[)teron tla; Aiiglo-.\meriean (;rn«iii nn.i pr..«-
eolonies, 1000, and the capitidation JIIXll,- '•il'"^',;^^,,.
of Canada in 17(!0. the colonics had ti"" '''»■<•
increased woiKh'ifully in numbers and strengtli.
The ilow of immigration had l)een steady; new
provinces had been formed, popidation had greatly
increased, and trade and commerce llourished.
The liberal charters granted b}- the English Gov-
ernment had almost entirely vested the right of
self-government in the jieoplc of the colonies, and
the suiuemacy of the Sovereign was so little felt
as to bi! almost nominal. Still, the A'eiy extent of
the frec'lom they enjoyed made the colonists yearn
for more, and rendered them exceedingly jealous
of the slightest encroachments on their rights and
privileges. The navigation laws, jnissed in the
time of Cromwell, confirmed by Charles II., in
1000, and amendctl from time to time, gave great
•.]
tliis Continent as
[)n of ( 'iihii(];i as a
the severance of
sh colonics to the
Ins fear witliout
niiglit almost be
it_t;fi'o\vih of perse-
Catholics in turn
f America, for the
ni f)f thought and
y could not enjoy
colonists had licen
)n;j,'st themselves :
ees wei'e iinpoi'te<l
V England Puritan
most enthusiastic
y of tlu^ old laws
)nneeticut are as
ig any other than
ir. England during
: ; but, gradually,
i'cs])eet each other
n common accord,
ered the injustice
jr country. Con-
> agree more har-
. petty jealiiusies
•ing, and a sort of
riucd, to resist the
which elapsed be-
1 we brought our
can
ion
(irnuUi and prcs-
prrily (.( ihf 11)1-
'I liu iiaviga-
>ers and strength.
l)een steady ; new
dation had greatly
unerce llourishcd.
the English Gov-
csted the right of
:' the colonics, and
1 was so little felt
the very extent of
he colonists yearn
xceedingly jealous
>u their rights and
ivs, ])asscd in the
)y Charles II., in
' time, gave great
I
sfeTT'?*; irv
v-:^-*"*.'
■-€,■
\
-J A
' , 1
■
i
^:' :
In
I ;
I i
l! i
I
ill
■ ' 1
M^
"fwb
11 I
I M
can
lml<
exp
ill I
i till'
tioi
ctu.
liiiv
: tak
cut
ilisi
mil
law
c'\a
of
lull
Jl.)
*\
(J
luiv
! i-iiiu
l.p«u
■ mil'!
■I'hu
ICli;
Ulll
Oil
(l|K
lull
ill
tiir
IV 1
dill
till'
api
am
till
lu'i:
thr
(ir
(ilii
sla
SOI
col
illll
lutti
I'hll
WilH
UU.'ll
f..r
ruvt
THE A.MElllCAN UH VOLUTION.
297
cause for coniijliiiiit. I5y tlioso laws it was for- Tlic war with Franco hail exhausted the Kiiglish
lii(hleii that the piodiiuts of tlu; eohnUcs slioiild 1)0 i treasury, and as that war had heeu jiartly caused
•xiiorted to any otiu'r country than Knj^hiud, or \ by tlie al)ortive attempt to.deiine tlie Ixunuhuies
between New Fiance and New Eni^iaud under the
treaty of Aix-hi-Ciiapelle, the Biitisli (iovernnu'ut
deterniiue<l to exercise its rigiit to impose taxation
ill any other tlian liritisli ships, or shijis luiilt in
tlie coh)nies, liius prevent in;^ the direct importa-
tion of many articles, such as tea, spices, sugar,
(tc, needed by tiie colonists; all those articles jl on the eohjuics. 'i'his project v' as iiist introduced
liavini,' lirst to j^o to ICngiand, anil from tiu'iiee be ' into I'arliaiiiciit in lTt>4 by Lord (Ircnvillc, who
tai^eii to the colonies. Trade lietwecn the dilfer- ; was then I'rime Ministi'r, at the jiersoiial instance
cut colonies was also restricted, and manufactures 'I of the Iviiijj^, and aqainst his own judgment. The
motion met with much opposition, and was severely
criticised by the colonial jiress. which was fast be-
coiuin;^ a jiower in liie land; nevertheless the
measure was jircssed, and in .March, ITt!."), the cele-
brated "Stamp A(a " was passed, exteiidinij the
provisions of the existin;^ stamp law of iMiLcland
to the colonies. All newspapers, printed iianiph-
lets, law documents, iVe., were to have a yoverii-
iiieiil stamp ailiNcd before pnlilication.f
I 4. — 'i'lie passai;e of this act eallcil forth a storm
of indiifiialion in the colonies, especially in New
EiiL;laiid. 'J"he sturdy descendants
1 .• 1 , I 1 I> '.' r 1 1 iMliiJIUltintl in till'
(it tlie stern old I'uritaiis tirmly de- |.i,i,„Vii.».-,i tin- |i,i»-
'■ clared aL^ainst tlie principle ol tax-
ation without represeiitaiion; they ailirnied that
they could not k'gally lie taxed cxcejit by their
(iwii representatives; and said that if they per-
mitted themselves to be taxed by a body in which
they had no voice, they may bt; burdened to an
extent hc.ivier than they could bear. 'J'lie
Assembly of N'irn'inia was the lirst to take for-
mal aeiioii against the enforcement of the
Stami) .Act. In a series of resolutions, which
' were introilueed by Patrick Henry, it was de-
clared that the (iolonists were not bound to pay
any taxes, except llio>o imposi'd by their own
repri'seiilativi's : and that any one wlio did not
ackiiowled;^!' this truth was a pubii'' enemy. It
was in the dismission on tlicNe rcMilulioiis that
Patrick Henry made use of an expitssion which
(liscouiai;ed, it being forbidden to erect certain
mills or to make certain specitied articles. These
laws, however, had been for many years greatly
evaded ; smuggling was very general ; aii<l many
of the prominciit Postou merchants owed their
fortunes to their success in cvailing tiie L'nstoin
Ihiiise ollii'crs.* |
;>. — Still, these laws would not, of themselves,
have been enough to have caused the severance of
eiiiiiii.'.Mif iHiii.y ^''" boiiils of unity which held the
i\'i'nVshy'i"iii'Kliiii. eolonies to the mother country;
•ii,u«ia„>,'M,ci. • ^,„^ ,„,,„^. successive acts of the
]".iigli>h (iovernmeiit caused a growing feeling of
uneasiness and discontent in tin; colonies, which
gradually developed into a desire for independence.
One act which caused great dissatisfaction, and
open leiiioiisl ranee, was the restoration of I.ouis-
boiirg to J''raiice by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
in IT IS. This redoiibtabh! stronghold was ea[i-
tiired by the New I'higlaiiders, under ( ieiieral Pep-
peii'll, ill 17-l'i — as already iclated by us — and its
ri'liiiii to !'" ranee, on tliii ciuieliision of jieace, with-
out consulting the colonies, gav(! great olVi'iise to
the New I'higlaiiders, who were, liowcver. greatly
appeased by (ireat IJritain refuiiding them the
amount they liad expended during the war; and
they remained steadfast in their loyalty and entered
heartily into the seven years' war,\. liieh eiide(l with
the cession of Canada. Mill wi h the accession of
(leorge H I. came a change of poli( y towards her col-
onies on the part of iCngland. That monarch was a
slauiieli fdi' to represeiilali\(! gii\eriimeiit, and
soipii began to make; the royal aiitliorily felt in thi'
colonies in a manner wliicli aroused the utmost
indignation and eventuated in open rebellion,
• Siiliiiii'. Ill Ills .lull ciivMi h'/ifiliK't, »liili'K Mini iiiMiilj n:i llii' liiriii' fnr-
liini' iif .liiliii lliiiii'iii'k, l'ii>l<lrii( III' ilii> KliKl Ki'Miliiliiiimry (niiuirBK iit
I'liilaili'liililii. itiiil till' ilrsi nlKiiiT of tlu' lii'i'liiiii.lnii ul' liiili'|ii'iiili'i ,
»;iK iiii|ulri'i| liy hlH iiiiili., Iiy Miiiijinlliin l.wi ; iiiiil llial tliiri' wi'iv hiiIih
iiL'Mlni-t lliin k 111 llii> Ailiiilriilly rniiiix nt IIim iIiih' nl' llii' lii'i'liiiiillini,
fnr llii' ri'i'KVi'i')' ii[ iiuuily liiiir it iiiillluii u( iliillaiH, fur I'vanlmi of tlir
ruvuiiuu Ittwii,
t Till' Ktaiiip tux (III iii'Ws|iap<'rH wa.i \\i'kI I iiimniKl in llic Iriuh >car <if
till' n li.'ii "f (^iii'i'ii Aiiiir, ami Mint liiln rlVi'i I mi Uii' Hull .Inly, ITI'J. tliu
aiiiuuiii lii'liiu a liMir'|»'iiii> I'lir vai'li half i-lii'i't. 'IIiIk lax I'alli'il furili lliii
fii||ii«iiiH llii 111 will'. inn frniii I Iran Swlfl, « liirli un iii» in lii» J.iuninl In
.s7i //ll . " I III \ on Kiiiiw I hat <ii iih SI I'l'il lit il ail ami I'i'iii' lant wii'li ! Nn
mnri' chii.-lH 111- niiinlir. iii'W I'lT loyi' or iiniiii'S. I [illi'il il rloai' tin. laiil
fiiliil;;lil, mill |iiiMI.-ln'il Ml haKi (hjm'Ii paiuTH nf my iiwn, lu'^iiii'K niiiiii'
iif iilliiT |irii|>l s; hut now nyi'i-y hlnirh- Italf-ihi'i-t jiays a lia1f-|i('iuiy In
till' (Jni'i'iii • • » llavi' yiMi M'i'ii Iliii I'll/ «/ii»i/i till' |ia|ii'in all' iiiarlii'il
»llll'.' .\litlihil.:i III! A/iim/niii/ i.i li'iii'//i K /(11///11 mil/," 'I hi' Klaniji lax mi
iii'nK|ia|ii'H< »ai< Iik'H'ihiiI (inni llim' In tlim', iinlll In Ixl.' It rcarhi'il lliu
I'xmlillaiit iiiiimiiil nf fnnr |ii'nri' iilKlit ciiili-imi v n h papir, ill uliiili ll
I'liiKilmil iinill I--;'.!!, whi'ii ll wan iriliii'i'il t" a |ii'i.'iv, itnil In l^rin ua.i
uhullHlii.'il ulUiui'llar,
i
liipi
li
i
21J8
TITTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK J)OMIM()N OF CANADA.
lias 1)0001110 liistoiiciil. Siioakiiiv; <>f llio fiito of '
tyrants, lio oxolaiiuoil, "Ciosar liail liis I'liiilus,
Ciiarlos I. Ills Cro:ii\voll, and (u'oi\:^e 111 — " lioio
lio was iiitoiTiiiitotl by oiios of "'I'loasoii I Troa-
son I " hilt, coiiUiiiiiiiy. ^^■itll soarooly a porecpliljlo
paiiso, lie said, " And li'l (u'ori,'u III., I say, i)roiiL
liy those examples. If suoh a caution snioU of
treason, I would fain he infornied wherein it con-
sists." The imposition of the tax was most vigor-
ously resisted. Several riots occurred in Dostoii,
and liales of the stamped paju'r were hurned, while
traders, lawyers, etc., agreed to suspend hnsine.s.s
rather than use the stamps, 'i'lie shipping in I'liila-
dolphia displayed Hags at half-mast when the ves-
sels hearing stamjied pajier arrived from Fngland,
and the miilllfd hells tolled all day. The stamp
ollicc in Ilostoii was destroyed and liie stanqis
hurned. Disputations waited on all stamp agents,
and most o( them were so intimidated that they
shut iip sli()[> ; while those; per>oiis who favored
the measure were hiuned in elligy. A congress of
all the Ciilonies was assemliled in New VorJi, and a
jietilion to the ICnglish I'ailiameiit drawn up, pro-
testing against its ligiit to enforce taxalit)ii on an
1111 leiiri'sei lied peoiile.
5. — The feeling of hostility to theai't increased;
" Sons of Liherty " wi'n; enrolled in all tin; colonies,
and preparalions made fur an ajijieal
aTtI;;'!';"!^,!!'""' to arms, while the merchants took
I- ,.. a more jiraclieal, hut e(jnally ellcct-
ive mode ofsliowing their discon-
tent hy ceasing their trade with (heat Iiritain, in
eonseiinence of wiiich many home muniifacinres
hegaii to spring up. The stamp act was not, how-
ever, long ill existence, ^\'llcu the i)iiti>li i'ailia-
nieiit met in ITtlti, the govcniiiiciit fnniid iisi'lf so
snridiindcd hy diHiciiltii-s and di>coiilcnt at home,
tluiv it \\as little disposeil lo jirevcnt discoid in the
eolojiies ; the ohnoxioiis act w as, therefore, ri'pcale(l,
rarlianiciit, liowever, reserving to itself the right
to tax the colonies if it saw lii. 'i'iiis allayed
tiie excileiiirnt in the colonies I'ur a while, hut the
following year railiaiiient exercised ils right to
tax the colonies hy lc\yiiig small taxes on tea, glass,
papers a. id piinleis' colius. This act was even
more (ilijrciionaiiie than the stamp ail, and met
with as di'teiniiiicd an opiio>itioii. ,\giiaiioii
coiitiniit'd in tiie ]ircss. and at ]Miiilic and jirivalc
meetings, ami the feeling of iiosiiliiy to the parent
government daily increased, 'ilie la.\ on ghisa,
jiapor and printers' colors was repealed, hut that
(Ml tea reiained, although it. was not enforci'd.
-Massaehnsetts took the lead in opposition to the
tax on tea, and in ITGS (iejicial (iagc; and foui'
rcginieiits were sent to Iloston, professedly to keep
tiie peaee, hnt really to ox'.erawc the people.
(ieneral Gage came with his troops, marching to
martial music, >\illi colors Hying, through the
streets of liostijii on Sunday !,• >rniiig. Demanding
(liiarter.s, and heiiig refused, he took possession of
the State House. Ihjston ('omiiion was made into
a military camp, cannon wore pianted to eomniand
the town, and everything indicated a sta,tc of war.
(iiiwrrels were c(Mniiion hetwecn the j'ounger
citizens and tlie soldiery, and, during one of these
encounters with the city guard, two young men
were hadly woiimled and three killed. This event
known as tjie Ihoiou massacre, was the signal for
a general rallying of the colonists of .Massachusetts
and it was thougiit hcst tiiat the soldiery should
retreat to Castle AN'illiam until the excitement
suhsidcd. The soldiers engaged in this all'air
were tried for miii<ler, hut all were accpiitted ex-
cept two, who were h)ninl guilty of manslaughter.
t>. — The feelings of dislriisl and discontent coii-
tiniied to sprea<l, complaints and petitions were
iiunieroiisaiid ot'casioiial skinuislnes
,11 I , ,1 • . , 'I'll!' Ilii>nni Ti'.i
tool; place hetwecn llie citi/ensaml raiij.
the military : hut nothing of a
serious nature tuidc jilace until tJie session of Par-
liament of IT";'), when the ministry under Lord
North received the act of ITilT imposing a diilv
of tiirec pence iier ]ioiind on tea, and anlhorizing
the l'-a>t India Company to transport the arti<-lc lo
the I'olonies. This actiini was partly caused h\' ii
desire to help the Fa>t India Companv w liicii had
a large (piantil \ of tea on lianil, and as a matter id'
fact the iliity levied was only (cie ipiarter tiiat
paid ill ihiglaml ; hiil the colonists tiionglit more
alxMit piiiieiph' than tea, and the jieople were
urged to (liMoiilinne the use of the artich'. Solium
of the cargoes sent out were rclnrni'd ; hut in ilos-
ton tin! auilKuilies refused clearances to tJie ves-
sels whieh IiikI hionght out the tea, and insisted
oil its heing laiideih ( )u Ihecveiiingof Itilli Deeeiii-
iier, 177;!, Faneiiil Hall was erowtlcd hy Sons of
I-iherly andollicrsoiiposed to tiie tea tax, and wlieii
tilt! di'cisioii {)( tin; aiitiiorities was inadi' known, ii
larg.' party, disguised as Indians, proceciled to tiie
liarhor, hoarde<l liie tiiree vessels wliicii had the
THE AMEllICAX DEVOLUTION.
209
tea on l)oar(l, und tlircw thitn; liuiidrcd and forty-
two diests into the dock, 'i'liis was known as the
Huston tea part\'. 'J'lu're was no attempt made to '
coneeal the fact tliat tlie Indian eostnniu was only
a (lis;^uise, as one of the jiaity conversed witli
Admiral ]\IonlaL;ue on the snhjcct imnu'diately
after tlie operation had heen elTeeted, and before
his war ]iaint had lieen removed.
7. — The niiidstry was, of eourso. hi^lily incenseil
at this act uf open reheilion, ami l^ord Norlh
promptly introdncccl repressive acts
Jil!:',.Ii:'^;nr!!i'lh,r in the' rarlianu'nt of 1774, to
" iiiiiiuto " men. • 1 il j • li i
pnnisli llie eontnniacH)ns JJoston-
iuns. An act was j)asscd closinff the port of Uos-
ton, allowing' no vessels to load or iinioitd tliere,
and so cnttinLf of all the trade ami connneree of
tlie eity ; another act Avas passed alirid-j^inj'' the
lii)erties of Massaehnsettsand prohi')itinnf nu'efings
of the Asseiidily nnless called l)y the (iovernor;
w hile a third act j^ranted innnnnit\- from criminal
piosecuti'/ii to all functionaries enti'aged in (piell-
iiiLT rii'is ^n■ dislnrhamjcs, which was intended to
; :> sent tin; reenrreneeof a prosecution such as had
taken jilace at the time of the Iioston massaert",
(ieneral (lai;e was ajipointed fiovernor of Massa-
chusetts (the last (iovernor inider Mrilisii ruliO.
and arrived in Boston 17lii May, 1774. TIk; New
lCn:;landers. however, were neither to l)e coerced
nor intimidateil ; a Committee of the ,\ssciulily
was appointed to c(Uivene ii j^'eneral mcjlinif of
representatives of ail the States to he held at
I'liiladeiphiii ; and in response to this call tiie first
"("ontinental ('(U)i;'ress " was iicld in the city of
Brotherly Love oiir)thSc])temlier, 1774, and rmiain-
eil in sessi(Ui until litith ()clol)cr. Meanwhile tin;
I'Xcitement continued to ^row more and mori;
iidense; the jiassaife of the (iueliec act addeil fuel
to the fire, and active Imt secret preparations for
an appeal to arms weiii ntade. Minute men were
enrolled — so called iieeaiise they were sworn to he
ready ataminiile's notice — an<l slori'S of provisions
were collected ; while (reiierul (ia;..;e feariiif^ from
"the sij^'iis of (he times" tliat the breach hetween
the colonies ami the parent State was too wide to
hememled, save at the [loiut of the hayoiu't, lie;.;an
to fortify Boston lu'ck.
K. — Such was the condition of affairs when the
f'ontiress nu't at IMnladelphia. iJeiU'csentative
l;lrM,n,,.tli,[.nf til.. ^^. ,,, |,|.,.s,.i|t iVdUl Ctuiiu'etieut.
t ••lllllli'llllU ( rih- 1
KiVDu'svlrt'.'nn. I>''lit\v"iv, Maryland, .Mas.sadiu-
' setts, New IIam])shire, New Jersey, New York,
; North Carolina, rcnnsylvania, llhotle Island,
South Carolina, and \'ir;,nnia. The only British
colonies vhich did not send dclci^'ates (o this
Congress wi're (ieoiLjia, Nova Scotia, and (^ue-
i hec. The CouLrress oiieiied with a declaration
of the riuhts of man, tind a statenn'iit of tin?
H'rievatices of the Cdionics; it sustained Massa-
chusetts in its resistaiie( denounced the presence
of a ptan(]in;4 army, di^chiinud the ri'cent acts of
; thi! I'^nnlish novi'rnmenf, and ajiprovcd of non-
intercourse with the mother country. Independ-
ence was not openly ailvocated. the Coie^ress
' thinkim^ that the riL;hts of tlie colonists could
he Ujiheld without shakinn' the conneititui with
the nH)llier countiy. .Vddresses w I're moved (o
the kuvj;. parliament, and to the people of (Ire. it
liritain. in which. am(.ii;'>t other L;iie\anccs, tlu'
(JtU'hec act was siiecialiy dwelt on. From tlie
. latter address we extract the foUowiuL;' passai;('. ■
as showintf the feel in;^' w ill. regard to this act:
"Well await' that sueii hard attempts (to take
our jiroiierty from us — to dejirive us of that
. valualilt,' ri^ht of trial hy jury — •t<i seize our
persons, and carry us for trial to Creat lirilain —
to blockade (uir porl^— lo destroy our chaiters,
and chan;..;(' our form of Ljdxcrnmenl ) W(uild occa-
sion, and hail already, occasioned L;reat discontent
in all the colonies, which minht iiroduce ojipo-
silion to these measures, an act w iis passed Mo
protect, indi'mnii'y. and screen fi(un puni>liment,
such as mii^ht be L;uilly e.cn of iimrilcr, in eii-
deavorin;,;' to carry iheir oppressive edicts into ■
' executi(Ui:' and by another act. •tin," doiuiniiui '
of Canada is to be so e\t 'iided, modelled, and I
e'overncd." as that by bciiiL;' disunited I'riun u-^, '
detaidu'd frimi our interests, by cisil as well as
reli!.;i(ms prejudices, that by their numbers swell- '
in,H' with Catholic cmiLi'iants from Europe, and by [
tlieii' devotion t<i adininistrat imi so friendly (o
their rcli^^imi, they niinlil become formidable to
' us, and. on occasion, be fit instruments in the
hands of pow ci'. to reduce tlu- .incieiil, iVee Pro-
testant colonies to the same slate of slavery with
themsehes, 'i'his was evi<lently the object of the
ael : and in this view, beim;' extremely daiii^criMis
to our libi'ity and i[uiel, we cannot forbear com-
plainiiiL,' of it. as hostile to Britisii Aineiica. Su-
pera<lde(l to these coin ict ions, we ciiniiot help
dcploriii'^ the unhappy condjiioii l<i v hich it has
I H
■II
1
?
^^i
300
TITTLE'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
rccliU'iMl (lie iiiiiiiy I'^ii^lis^li set tiers, wlio, eii-
foiirau'eil liy tlie i(iy;il iiroclaiiiatioii, jnomisiii!^
tlie tMijuyiiifut of iill tlu'ir rij^lils, liavis iniicliascd
I'stiiles ill tliat uoiiiitiy. Tlicy arc; luiw tlie siih-
jeets of an ailiitrary ;4<iveniiiicnt, (Icprivccl of trial
liy jiiiy, and wiicn iniiirisoncd cannot claim llic
luMU'lit of tlic /I'l/iiiis riirpiin act, that great bul-
wark and palladium of I']nj;lisli lii)crty ; nor can
wo .siijiprcss our a^tonisinncnt, tliat a IJritisli pai-
lianient slioidil ever consent to estal)lisli in that
country ii reliujion that has deluLjiMl your island in
blood, and flispersed inijiety, bi^olry, persecution,
murder, and rebellion, throu;j;ii every part of thi'
world."'
0. — Tlio winter of 1TT4-") wore away in douiit,
distrust, and uncertainty, l^acii side was now
exix'ctin'j: a suddi'U call to arms,
Thrflrsl M..imIsIi,'.1. , ' '^ , 1- ,
'iii''i':iui.!..f Imt as vet no I'eiiular eoniliet l)e-
I.('\in);li>:i. ■ '^
tween tilt! regular troops and the
continentals, as the colonists now Iiei;an to call
themselves — Imt the iiist clasii of arms, which
was to be the siLfiial hn- the ujirisiiiif of three
millions of people in a life or death struu'Lih' for
liberty had not yet sounded, and tin; spriiiif of
ITTi") opeiieil with the situation, apparently, but
little chaie^iMl. jJiit a i^reat chani;(! had been
([iiietly LjoiiiLj on. The jieojile had b( t'li arminjf
and preparinj^ for a li,v;ht for their veiy existence,
and what they valued more ecu than that, the
rij;lit tt) "life, liberty, and tlie pursuit of hapiii-
ness," as it was afterwards exi)ressed in tlio Declar-
ation of Indepeiidt'iice. Tiie fire was smoulder-
ing;, and it needed but a little breeze to fan it into
ii llame. An occasion for an outbicak was not
loiij; wanting;. (Joveinor (ia,L;e havint;' asceitainc<l
that ther(! were military stores at Concord, be-
lonj;inif to the people, eoneluded that lu! would
procure them for his own use or destroy them,
and an expedition of ei^ht hiindred men, under
Colonel Smith, was detailed April llUli, 177."), for
tiiat piiriiose. The people started olT messeii^'crs
to roiisi; till! miniite-nn'ii, and a sii^nal lantern on
tli(! steeple of North Church to call assistance
from considerable distances. Eexiiit;lon was one
of the rallyiiiif points of the t-oiitinenlal forces,
and when the Itritish arrived there they found
almost a company of miiiulc-meii asscsmbled on
the vilhi'^'e i^neen. Major I'iteaini. second in com-
mand of the iciyalists. oideii'd the people to dis-
perse, and upon liieir declining to do so, a small
slvirmish tocdc jilace. in which seven of the Ameri-
cans were killed. Tiie trooi)s jiushed on to Con-
cord, and the stores were hastily destroye<l, as it
had now becomt; eviilent that the retreat to IJos-
loii must be conducted tliroiiL;h a country swariii-
iiii; with minute-men, impatient to aveiege the
blood sj)illi!d at Eexinijton. J'.veiy jioint thai
could give shelter to a marksman — trees, iock>.
buildings, fences, ine.iualilies id" surface — wcic
all turned to good purpose by the continentals,
and about three hundred of the Ibitish fell before
the remainder wi're rescued by reinforcements
from I'xiston.
!'•. — I'hus was the first blow for independence
struck, and the news (d" the outbreak s[)read .--o
rapidly that in less than a month
after the battle of Lexington the <':i|ifnni ..f TicMi,.
whole country from Maine to (leor- '■"'"'■
yia was aroused; men were rushing
to arms, comiianics were being organized, and the
authority ol' the liritish (Joverniu' was nowhcri'
lecognized beyond the ranks of the regular troops,
'i'lie s 'cond Continental Congress met at I'liiladcj-
jthia on the tenth of .May, and a levy of twenly
thousand men w as oidered aiiiKieiieral \\'a>liiiigloii
apjioiiited Commander-in-Chief ot the Conlincntal
army. An address w '.s also moved to the king,
whicli lie refiise<l to receive. On the samt; dav
that Congress met at I'iiiladelphia, the second blow
of the war was struck, but this time it was a blood-
less victor}". ColoneLs Ethan Allen and IJenedict
Arnold gathered a large force of ^'ermont and
New Hampshire militia, and crossing Lake Cham-
plain (luring the night (d' the ninth of May. sud-
denly ajipeared lief(Ui! Tieonileroga on the morning
of the tenth, and summoned the garrison to sur-
reniler. The commandiiigoflieer was in bed at the
time, and, having scarcely one hundred men umh r
him, was in no condition to make any resislaiKc,
W'iieii he asked in w hose name he was called on
to siineiider, ICtlian .Mien replied, '• In the name nf
tl.i! Lord Jehoxah and the Continental Congress."
15y [hlsfiiiij) (ir iHidn the eoiitiiientals eapt iireil over
one li 111 id red eaiinon and a large ([iiaiitit\ of stores
and ammunition, <d' w iiiih tiiey stooil grealh' in
need. Crown i'oiiit I'ell a few days later, and the
only aiiiied \essel on Lake Chamjilain was cap-
tured, and so "the gates of Canada" were in the
hands (if the enemy, and lie was iVee to ad\aiicc
on .Montreal if hi' thoiiglil proper to do >o.
H ,!:ii
TIIK AMKRICAX INVASION.
301
11. — ICvciils were n<»\v cro\v<liiii^ fast on ciicli
ntliiT. Liiigc liodics (if uiilitiii weio gallieriiii,' '.
alioiit Bn^stoll.all(l (Jaifc was in effect
]>amu«fi....,kor ,„,,i^,^,^.,i. ',-,,^ conthiemals .letei- :
iii'med to risk an LMn^^ai^rnKMil, and j
tlic cfirnniiind was entiusted t(» (luuenil Prescott.
Till' President of llarvanl C' .lO^e praved to the I
triMi|is Itefore tliev started from ("anil»rid;j;e to
fortify IJuidcer Hill, and they worked throni^h the
liii;4lit niooniiLjilt until wiornini,', wiien their earth- ,
winks were completed, 'i.'hey had proferred lireod's j
Hill for their fortiliiiation. as they f(jnnd it more
eininnaiitliMjf, ami so silent had lieen their hihors,
altiiiiii,L;h within liail of thi; sentinels in l>ostoii,
that the Hrilisii troops knew nolhinir of their pro-
ceedings until they saw the redoulit fnllv eon-
stnicted June 17, ITTo. Sir William IJowe eom-
niandeil an attacik, and three thousand mm as-
cended the iiill to within ton rods of Ihu redoubt
without l)einf]f molested, "^re colonel had given
orilcrs that the defenders should not tire until tliev
could sec; tlu; whiles of their opponents" eyes, and
they were r-ildierly enough tooliey his oi'<lers. At
the ]ir(iper moment the word " Fire I " was heard,
and sinudtaneously every rille vomited forth its
Mics^eie^ei' of deat h. The IWitisli, immovable as a
wall one secMMid before, had fallen in their ranks or
were in rapid rt'tri'at when the smoke lifted They
had aiitici[iated nothinijr so terrible as that aet of
slan;4hier. The village ol' Charlestown, set on fire
by (iovernor (iai^e, was tin; rallyin;^' point of the
rc;4ulars, and haviu^j^ reftuined tlu're, the troops
once nnu'c! breasted the hill. The deadly \(illev
met them as Iichu'c, and they were; compelled a
second time to retire: this time so sliatlered that
tlicyciiuld not renew the attack without reinfurcc-
nicnts. Had the patriots ]iossessed a snHicicn!V of
annnunition the whole I'oice nmler Howe's com-
mand would have been insuiricient to dislodi^e
ihciu, but their weakiu'ss consisted in that lack-
ing. When the third assault was made there was
only powder and ball suHicicut for one volley, but
that was delivered with emphasis and tei'rible
ell'ect. The British troops ]iaiiscd for i moment,
aiiil then lindin;^ no repetition of the sanguinary
salute, charged over the eaiihworks at the puint
of the baymict. and the jiati'iots, havin'4 no wcapcms
but their clubbed nuiskcls. were compelled reluc-
I tantly to retire from the scene on which they iiad
so nallantlv disliii'^uishcd themselves. This was
the bloodiest and most desperately contested battle
of the whole war, and although the continentals
had been driven from their i)osition, they had t,nveii
evidence of a eoolness and eoura;4e which showed
that they were no mean adversaries to be despised,
as some members of the Knjflish Parliament seemed
to think. Such, briefly, is a sketch of the cause's
whieii led to the American revolution, and some
of the first acts in the drama which culminated in
the Indeiienilence of the colonies, and the establisii-
menl of the f^reatest repidilie of modern times.
Let U5 now retmn to Canaila, aiid see what eiVect
the uprisiuLj hati there, and w hat preparations were
made to reiiei tiie invaders.
CIIAPTEK LXI.
TIIH AMKUICAN INVASIOX.
1. S.\TISFA('TI<)N or TIM'; PlIKNCll ( ".\NAIll.\NS
WITH Tin; (^llCI'.f.C A("T. — 'J. AltDKKSS OK TllK
CoNTINI'.NTAI, C'oN(;lti:sS TO TIIK CANADIANS.
— :'). I'AIM.KTON SfM.MONS TIIK KIIIST ( OlNClL.
PiMcrAiiATioNs FOR Dkkknci;. — 4. Atatiiv
OK TIIK PkoI'I-K. MoNT«iOMKItV A1)VAN( KS
aisainstSt. Johns. — o. Sii!I!Kniu:i; or Ciiam-
iti.v. Df.rKAT AND (ArTiin; OK Ivhian Ai.i.kn.
— (i. CaITI'IIK OK MONTKKAL. TkK.MS OK TIIK
SUKKKNUKU.
1. — .MthouLth the passin;^ of the (Quebec Act
was most distasteful to the Puitish colonists in
Canada, — who had I'Xiiected the . . , .
'_ S.iii.-fai'tiiin "(
ro\al iiidinise of a leuislalive as- I'r' n.i, i .iii.i.iiiin.
' , _ ■ wjlh llii'l^iiil.i'i- All.
seniblv to b« fuHilled, — and n'reaily
incensed the Americans, it proved wholly satisfac-
tory (o the French iidiabitants of (Quebec. Accus-
tomed to despotic! jii^ovcrnmcnt in both Church and
State, they knew little, and lared less, for civil
and rcliuioiis liberty. What they did eare for was
to have the free exercise of their religion, a con-
tinuance of their laws and the use of their lan-
jj^uaije ynaranleed to them: these ihey had ydt,
\ and they b'll tliankful and uralci'ul to their cmi-
cpu'riu's for it. 'I'lie furni of i;((vernmenl was what
they were accustomed to, and the forms of civil
law well' what they uiidi i>tiHMl. They knew
not bin;.;' of their lights to sell'-;4overnnu'nt, and
ir * i
302
TITTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
disliked wliut little they h.id seen of trial by jury ;
indeeil tliey were rather disposed to look stis-
lii(;ioiisly on leyisliUive assemhlii's and trials by
jury as Knj^lish traj)s in wbieli to eateh the
unwary, and were very t;lad to be without them.
It is iH)t to i)e wondi'red at, ihert'l'ore, liuit tlio
flatteriuL;' addresses of tlui Continental Congress
(o thein, fell nn'aninglessly on the ears of tlie few
of these sini[)le iieojile who lii'ard them ; ami that
although 11 few of the bettor educated undoubtedly
longeil for greater political freedom, and some of
the most enthusiastic joined the continentals, or
rendered them assistaiiee, — more with some vague
idea of again getting under the dominion of the
King of France than from any wish to help the
An)ericans, — yet the great bulk of tin.' people either
remained perh'clly passive — sagely coiu;lnding
that it was none of their business, and that the
English could settle thi'ir troubles amf)iigst them-
selves — or opeidy espoused tiie cause of their new
sovereign and did him good and faithful service,
far l)etter than many of the Mritish colonists did.
'2. — To this active and i)assive loyalty of the
Caiuidians, is almost undonbtedly due the fact
tliat the I'nion Jack floats over the
AiMl-.'Ss.if til,. Coil- ,,. 1 1 i ,1 1 .1 ■ , 1
tin.iii.iH" i;. >.*io (. itadel at Queliec to-dav instead
lliu I aiiaili.ins. „ , , . " ,
oi the stars and stripes; and we
are indebted for the whole of this vast Dominion
of ours to the " lunv subjects " who remained faith-
ful (o their allegiance wl'.cn the "old subjects"
forsook it. This loyalty of the Canadians was a
sad disap[)ointincnt to the Ann ricans. Although
they made the passage of tlu; (^nebt'C .Act om; of
tlieir grievances, and the first Congress in tlicirad-
dresses to (he king, and the people of (Jreat Brit-
ain, inveighed strongly against the estal)lislinn'iit
of the Koinan Catholic religion — which was sti"-
matized as liaving "dispersed impiety, liigotry,
persecution, mnr<ler and rcbcUicni, through ever}'
part of the world;" still that same Congress is-
sticd a most ilatfering address to the Canadians,
inviting them to sinid delegates to (he second Con-
gress to he helil on the lOtii May, ITTo. This ad-
(h'ess is very long .md bt'gins by saying, " \Vlieii
the fortune of war, after a gallant ami glorious
resistaiu'i', had incorporalt'd you with the body of
iMiglish subjects, we rejoiced in the truly valnalile
addition, both on our own ami yonr aeeoimt, &c."
It (hen sets forth at length the wrongs which had
been done to the Cainidians Ijy liie Englisii gov-
ernment by the i)assagc of the Quebec Act, and
thus depriving them of that iimonnt of libertv
they were entith'd to as Ibitish subjects. ( )n iiie
subject of religion the address says: "We are too
well ac([nainted with the liberality of sentiment
disti:iguishing your nation, to imagine that difl'cr-
enceof religion will prejudice you against a hearty
amity with us. You know that the transcendant
nature of freedom elevates those who nnite in the
cause, above all sin'h low-mimbd infirmities. The
Swiss Cantons furnish a memorable ju-oofof this
truth. Their nnion is compos( d of Catholic and
Protestant Slates being in the utmost concord
and peace with oiu' another, and therein' enabled,
ever since they bravely vindicated tiicir fri'cdom,
to defy and defeat every tyrant that has invaded
them." This address fell jierfectly flat ; very few
of the French ever saw or heard of it, anil but few
of those that did paid any attention to it.
3. — The provisions of the (Quebec Act were put
into operation immediately after fiovernor Carle-
ton's return to Canada in the fall r ,,,„.„„, Mnmm.,,,
of 1774. He had been promoted lIl^/^r^/irYilJao-
to the rank of majov-general, ami '''"'"■
a Knight of the < )i(ler of the iJath for his services
in Canada, and lie at once ajipointed a council of
twenty-three members, oi whom eight wen; Cath-
olics. This council had several ineetings, which
were interru|tte<l by tin; outbreak of hostilities in
the other Provinces, and the duties of <lefendiiig
the Province from the ccmtinentals, which de-
volved upon the governor. As soon as Carlctoii
heard of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown
Point he endcavore(l to take such nu'asnres as ho
could for the defence of the colony. His position
was a p(!culiarly embarrassing one. and hail there
been a man of less courage, address and ability
than (Jny Carleton at the head of afl'airs, Canadii
would, i)roi)ably. have been lost to the Pritish
Crown. He had only two regimeiits of regulars
to defend the \\hole of Canada, (he 7tli and lidlli,
and they together nninbered very little more than
eight hunilied men ; the Pritish colonists he knew
Were, for the most, part, disalVected, and would
gladly hail the arrival of the eont imnlals. and of
the loyalty of the newly eoiiipieieil French snli-
jccts he conid not be assured. He lirst called out
the militia, know ing that he conld dcjiend on most
of the seigniors, and holding (hat as Canada was
still under Feudal laws, the peasants owed ser-
TIIK AJIKRKAN INVASION.
olio
vice to the sei.u'iiiors and tlie seij^iiiovs ffiilty to tlie
kiiij^. I5ut the i)eiisciiits did not view liie nialter
in this lii^lit. Tliey liad liiid fifteen years of [iciice
now, and they enjoyed its oonifoits and bU'ssinyj.s ,
too nuieli to consent to take np arms a'j;ain if they \]
couhl avoid it; the}', tiieiefoie, deniiMl tiie rij^ht
of the seij^nioi's to military service, and ehiinied [
tliatall tiiat cetuUl be exacted from tliem was (init- ,\
I i
rents and tithes. Some of tiio yonniferand more
entluisiastio seigidors tried to use force, hnt witli-
ont avail ; the hifiltaim said it was no (piarrel of
theirs, and tliey wonhl not <ii;lit.
4. — Carhtton nt'Xt tiied to ( all out the mililiahy |
proclamation, and proclaimed martial law on the
Ulh of June ; hut this had little or
Avaaiy^..f th.' |.<-^ „„ elfect, and as a last resort the
T'.Iim''"''''"'''''"''''^" K"\i''""'' iippealiMl to l>isli(pp l)e
liriand to ai<l him, and that jnclate
'i(hhi'ss('d an encyclical letter to all the <-iiri'K in
the ]'ro\inci', callini; <in his Ihick to take np arms ■
for the flefence of their re li;;ion, iirnim^f that it
would not he rt's[iectfd liy the I'uriians: hut the
llock was for once deaf to ihi'ir shepherd's call, and
hnt a very feeble response was made to the apjieal
of the bishop, t'arleton next tried to i^i't volun-
tecjrs for the war by oiTeiim^ bounties oi' two'
liundred acri's of land for every unniarriecl nian ;
and two hundred and lifty for every marriccl man, '
with lifty acres additional for each child, but even -
this faih ^ <o ti'ain many recruits, ami. as a final •
clforl, en(lca\orcd to enlist the Iroi|Uois on his
side. This last cflbrl was partially successfid. and,
at the instance of Sir William .b.linson and oilicrs. :
a few of the chiefs consented to liidv their fortunes !
with the I)iiti>h. Meanwhile the continentals had
not been idle. ('onL;ress had delermincd on a
foiniid invasion of Canada, and havim,' jiosscssion ,
of " the t;ates ■' it was easy to concentrati! a siifli- ,
cieiit body of nicu to alta<k Abiutreal by way of
the Kichelieu. This foret! consisted of about '
two thousand nn'ii, under command of ( iciicials ^
Sclinylcr and ■Montuduierv, anil arrived at Isle- :
aux-Noix on oth Scptcmln'r, where it halted Ibr a ;
few days to reccivo reinforcements, and to dis-
tribute a second address to the Ciinadiaiis. which
Congress had ]irepared. Tiiis aildress excused the
seizure of Ticonderoffa and Crown I'tiint as a
military nei'cssity, and said that the .Americans
came not as foes to the Freiu'li, but as their friends,
to liberate them from the IJritish voke. Iiut
the French did not want to be liberated, ami this
address had about as little eflect as the lirst one,
or tlic proclamations of the governor and the lettt-r
of th(! bisho[). The French eviilently intended to
remain neutral, and remain neutral the great bulk
of them did during the whole war, there being
nothing like a general rising in ai<l of either the
Hritish or Americans. On the ITth, Schuyler
having returned to .Albany, (icncral .Afonlgonu'ry,
\\ ho hadassinncd command, advanced to tin; atta(dv
of St. John's, while a small body was dctaidu'd to
reduce the fort at Chamlily.
."). — Ma j(n' Stopfort. who eonunandcd at ( 'hambly,
stirremlered the olai'c after only thirty-six hours
invi'slmcnt ; and the ^Vuu'ricaus
captured seventeen guns and a i!,''"'''';!;:?,.';,', '.IlT''"
huge ([uantity of anunuidtion, ,,f '^',i|','," J'' "' '•"'''"
which they were greatly iii need,
'fhis c(>wardly act of the major of the Tth was
of the greatest advantage to Montgomery, who
brought the guns to bear on St. John's, and eom-
meiu'cd a vigorous siege, in which In; was assisted
by many of the disaffeeteil Hrilish ami I'rcneh of
the Chambly district. Major Preston, of tin; 2l)th
rcgimeid. eonunandcd the fort and made a gallant
and s|iiritc(l rcsistaia c. expcctiieg to be relieved by
(ioxci'iior ( 'arletou. Meanwhile a dash had been
madi! on Abintreal by Colonel I'^thau .\llen. and
about two hundred men. who were; led to suppi •
that the iidiabitauts were favorable to the; .\mer-
ican cause, and that no opposition would be met
with. ,\llcu reached LougU(> I'oiiite, about five
miles below .Montreal, where he took possession of
some houses, and waited for tint co-operation of
Major Iiiown. and to the action of the inhabitants
of .Montreal. ( 'arletou, on hearing that some .Amer-
icans Were postt'tl at Kongue I'oinle, sent all liis
] available force from Miuitreal to dislodge them.
This force consisted of about two hundred and
I lifty niililia and thirty men of the 2lltli regiment,
! under command of Alaior Caisden. Allen's foret;
• • •
' was snrroundc<l, and after an engagement ol hall
an hour, in whiih he had fivi' men killeii and ten
wound <1. lie was I'orc'cd to surrender. The Mritish
lost their commaiidcr. Major Carsdcn, two privates,
and a highly respect(;d merchant of Alontreal, .Mr.
Ab'xandcr I'atlerson, who \\ as serving as a volun-
teer. Fthan .\llcu and his men were shortly after-
waiils sent to I'.nglaml in the " Ailanuuit," and
were confined in I'cmlcnnis Castle.
!
m$
ao-i
TITTLKS lllSroUV OF Till': DOMINION' OF CANADA.
fi. — riii'ldton li:i(l ill Viiiii ciKli'iivored to j^'ct
lf)gc'lhfr a .siiHick'Ut fofcc t(» iiUc'iii[it to relieve
St. John's: Imt towartls tho ciul of
F.1II ..f St. .7i.lili-s. ,^ , , , , , , T
c.ui.i.iii-iim-hti.) OctolnT liu tliou''iit lie coiikl coin-
1111111(1 siinic'ic'iit slrciij^lli to go to
tho assistanco of tiii! luave Major I'rcstoii, who
was still gaiiaiilly huhliiiL;" out, although the; fort
was badly (laiiuig(Ml and iiis iiit.'ii sulfi'iiiig st^vcrcly.
ColoiM'l Mach'aii, wiih aliout oOO niilitia, wasordiT-
ed ni> from (^iielico to advaine to tin; relief of St.
.loiiu's l)y way of S(n el, wiiik; ( 'arletoii himself, witii
alioiit six hiimlre(l men, erossed from Montreal to
Longueiiil; Init iMonlgomeiy had I'oresi'en tliis ami
jiosled a dota(dnnent with two six-pounders there,
and C'arleton was forced to retreat to Montreal.
Maclean reached Sorel, i .^ at<;ini' ed to pnsii on
to St. Jolin's; hut liis m ^ seried rapidly, and,
linding that ("arleton had . • ' 'I'i ii 'is attemjit to
advance, he took what stoi '•(> (on.d '''din ."^orel
and Tlu'ee liivers, and ret leated with il • iemnant
of liis men towanls (^uehi'c. On the news of the |
failure of the attempts to relieve him reaching I
Major Preston, lu^ surrendered St. .lolin's on -list
October, after a gallant defence of foity-live days,
and was allowed to marcli out with the iionors of.
war. With St. John's •'..■ii 'lie last ciiance of the
British making any stirnd in tlie Montreal or Three
Kivers districts, and the only lio[)u left C'arleton ,
was to gather all hisa^allal)le force at (^lichee, and |
endeavor to hold that fortress until the arrival of i
aid from I'^ngland in the spiing. Nearly all tlie |
regulars in Canada iiad surrendered at Cliamhiy
and St. John's, and Cailetoii hastily emhaiking the 1
few that were lefl him — ahont one hundred — on a j
small vessel at Montreal, with what stores and
ammunition he could take, left for (,)uehec, having
de^tl■oyed all the stores he could not remove. He
did not j)rocceil far, however, for, fearing capture,
he left the vessel at havaltrie, and disgniseil as a '
htil'itiui, and piloted !iy Captain Joseph llouchette,
made his way in an open hoat to (^uelicc, leaving
(icncral l'ri'S(!ott in charge of the vessel. It was
well Carleton escaped when he did. for I'rescott
was stopped hy the Amcrit.ans next day and forced
to suri'cnder.
7. — Immediately after tln^ fall of .S(. .lohn's
ilontgonu'ry despatched force,' to Sorel and 'i'hree
Kivcrs, to cut olV, if j)ossilile, Carle-
•r.riiisni iIkmu- tons retreat to l^ueliec, a design
in which, as we have seen, he was
ver}- nearly siiccessfid. At tlu? saim^ lime he ad-
vanced willi the main hody of his army on .Mont-
real, where he arrivt'd immcdiati'ly after ( 'arleton
had departed. A\'ithoul (h'fences, and v.ith no
troops or munitions of war, there was nothing for
Montreal Imt suhmission ; still the inhahitaiits tried
to get terms of capitiilali(m, and a meeting was
held at which the following articles were drawn
up and signed hy twi-lve of the leading inhahitaiits:
" 1st. 'I'liat tile citizens and inhahitaiits of Mont-
real, as well individuals as religious orders and
eoimmmiiics, without any cxce[)tioii, shall he
maintained in the free possession and enjoyment
of their rights, goods and effects, iiiovahle and
iiniiiovahle, of what nalure soever they may he.
"'-d. 'I'haL the inhahitaiits, French and English,
shall he maintained in the free exercise id' their
religion.
" Jld. That trade in general, as well within tho
I'rovini'c as in the l'[i[ier ciHintries, and parts hc-
yond \lie seas, shall he carried on freely as hereto-
fore, and jiassporls shall hegr.intcd forthat [nirpose.
'•4lli. 'I'liat passi>orts shall he granted to those
who may want them lor the dilVerent parts of this
i'rovinee, as elsewhere on their lawful alfairs.
" i")th. That the citizens and iiihahilants of tho
town and sulmrhs of .Montreal, shall not he com-
pelled, on any pretence whatsoever, to take up arms
against the moihercountr^suor to contrihute in any
manner tow aids carrying on the war against Jier.
" (ith. 'I'hat the citizens and inhahitaius of tho
town and suhurhs.orany othcrpart of the country,
who lia\e taki'U u[) arms f<ir the defence of this
Province, and are taki'ii prisoners, shall he set at
lilicrty.
" Ttli. That Courts of Justieeshall he listahlishcd
for the determination of property; and that the
Judges of the said Courts shall he elected hy tho
p''oi)le.
" Nth. That the inhahitaiits of the town shall
not he suhjectcd to lodge troops.
] "■ Ulli. 'Ihat no inhahitant of the country, or
savages, shall he permilled to enter the town until
: the commaiidaiit shall iiave taken possession anil
provided I'or tin; security thereof."'
I 'I'o these rcipicsts Montgomery gave the foUow-
i iiig reply :
'* 1 do Jierchy certify that the ahove articles
were jircsentcd to me, to which I have given tho
follow ing answers :
II
GOVEUXMENT OF SIR GL'Y CARLE lOX— THE SIEGE OF QUEliEC.
30."
tlie I'ollow-
" 'I'lic (.ily of Moiilroiil liiiviii;^ ueillior aiiiinuiii-
tioii, iirlilK'iy, troops nor piovisioiis ; iiiul havinn-
it not in tlicir power (o I'liUil one iirtiulu of iIil-
treaty, can claim no tiilc to a capitulaiion.
"'i'iic continental arms have a i^oncroiis disdain
of every act of oppression and violence ; they have
come for the exjiress pnrpose of givinLf liljcrt}' and
security. The general, lliereforo, enj^ ijes liis
honor to maintain in the peaceable enjoyment of
tiieir property of every kind, the individual and
religious connuunilies of tiie city of .Montreal.
" Tlu! inhaliitants, whether Enj^lisli, French, or
others, shall he niainlained in the free exercise of
tlieir religion.
" Tlie present i;nhappy contention between
Great IJritain and iu!r coloni(;s. puts it out of Jiis
])ii\ver to eni^age for a freedom of traihi to tlic
iiiolher country ; nor can lie make a general promise
of ]>ass[iorls. As far as it consists wilii the safety
of tiie troops and tlu; public good, he should Ix;
liappy to i)romote commerce ; and for that pui'
piise promises to grant passports to the U[>i)er coiui-
tries wlien re(iuired.
" The general hopes to see such a virtuous Pro-
vincial convention assembled as will enter Avilli
zeal into every measure that can contribute to set
the civil and religious rights of tiiis ami her 'bter
colonies on a pernninent foundation, llejjrt. ies
for himself that he will not compel the iidiabitants
of the town to take up arms against the mother
country or contriluite towards the expenses of ear-
ryiiig on the present war.
" The continental army came inlotliis Province
for its protection ; tiiey therel'ore cainiot consider
its opi>osers as taking np arms for its defence.
" It is not in liic general's power to engage for
the return of prisoners. Jlotives of lunnanity will
induce him to use liis interest for their return to
tiieir families, provided it can be done without
eu'langering the jiubiic safety. Speedy measnii's
shall be talu'ii for estaiilisliing Courts of -lustice
u])!)!! the most lilteral plan, conformable to the
Ibitish constitution.
" 'I"he inhabitants shall not be burdened with
troops, but when necessity rei|uii'es it, of which
necessity, the general must be tiie judge.
'• 'i'iie iidiabitants of tiie country, and savages,
shall not enter the town till the guards are posted.
" To-morrow morning, at nine o'clock, the con-
tinental troops shall take possession of the Rccollet
(Jate. The proper ofticcrs nuist attend with the
keys of all i)ul)lic stores, upon the (piartermaster-
gciieral, at M o'clock, at the IJecoUet (iate.
" This engagement is understood and believed to
be binding on any future commanding oniccr of
the continental troops that may succeed me in this
district.
" (Signed) RICIIAi ■ MONTGOMERY,
" Brigadier- Gcnci-a -, Cuiitineatal Aniii/.
" Montreal, VMi XovombL'i-, l"".j."
CHAPTER LXII.
GOVEHN^fENT OF SIR GIV CARLETOX.—
TIIE SIEGE OFQUEREC.
1. luNTCOMEUV's CoNCILIATOKY CoXDfCT TO-
n.vllDS Till': IxriAIUTANTS. — -2. AUN()L..S
Maik'ii TiiiiofGii TUB \ViU)Kr,Ni:ss. — i5.
AiiNoM) Afi i;ai:s on thk Plains of
AituAiiA.M. — 4. TiiK I)i:i'KNSKS oi' ()ri:i!i:c.
— 5. (.^VULKTON's PlloMlMITlDi;. STi:i;N«iTlI
OF THIi GAUUISOX. — (!. QlKHKC KOItMALIA'
Invkstkd. DiisTiircTioN t)V Tui: Ixtknd-
AXTs Palack. — 7. A Month of Ixactivitv.
— 8. ^loXTliOMKIlY DIOTKIIMINKS OX A NlOIlT
attack. — 9. Ri-.ri'LSK of thk attack on
I'rrn-dc-Mllf. Dkatii of Moxrco.MiMtY. —
— 10. IJuitrAL ov MoxT(ioMi:KV. — 11. Rf.-
iTLSK OF Ai!XOM)'.s Attacic. Slkuexdeu
OF Tin: Attackixi; Party.
1. — The success of tlie Americans liad, so far,
been wonderful. With the exception of St. Johns,
they iiad taken i.ossession of the ,,o„t,.„„„.,.v»c.m-
fairest jiortioii of Canada without ^ilJaXtiirinimb-
opposilion, and it appeared as if """"'•
there was noliiiiig to ineveiit tin; whole of tlie
Province failing into tiieir hands. They were
temperate in their victory, treated the iniialiitants
witli the utmost kindness, and sought to have
them join the cause of tiie colonists. New circu-
lars were issued and indnstrionsly distributed, and
some recruits wcregaiiieil ; but tlie clergy exerted
their power in favor of the IJrilish, and nothing
■n I
1
I
'I ;!l
II*
' !i!
f
ll
lyL
;50G
TUTTLES III.STOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
like a general lisini; t(>(jk place. " Tin- iuliabit-
aiUsof tlie lliiee suhiirhs of Montreal " did i>n'sent
(leneral M((iitgoniei;_v wilii aeongratiilatorv address
of welcome, on his talcinjif possession of that city,
in which they declared tiiut they joined the I'nion
cause, but tiieir protestations were mostly contined |
to paper, and the Americans gained no permanent
herelit from them. Montgomery did not remain j
long in .Montreal, hut followed Carleton raiiidly j
towards Quebec, leaving (Jeneral Wooster in com- j
mandat Montreal. Tiie towns along the river all i
suhmitti'd and were treated with tlie same consid-
eration shown to the Montrealers. ^lontgomery
well carried out liie orders of Congress to be con-
ciliatory towards the Canadians, and his own natu-
ral feelings of humanity also promjitcd him to treat,
not oidy the inhal)itants, but all the prisoni'rs who
fell into his hands, with the utmost kindness.
That he did not induce more Canailians to join
his standard was no fault of his, but was due to
the inlluence of the clergy, and the conviction of
the people that they would not fare as well as one
of the states of the projjosed Union — if the rebel-
lion succeeded, which was doubtful — as they would
as a Ihitish Province, now that the (^uel)ec act
was i)assed guaranteeing their religion and laws.
2. — While Montgomery was completing his
successes in the Montieal district, the "Ancient
Capital " was threatened from a new
tiii.iuaii thf wu- and unexpectea <iuarter, ni a man-
ner, the very l)olilness ot which,
promised to crown it with success. About the
same time tliat Montgomery apiieared before St.
John's, an expedition, numbering about eleven
hundred men, under command of Colonel Bene-
dict Arnold, set out from I'xiston with the inten-
tion of making a descent on (Quebec by way of the
Kennebeo and Chaudiere rivers, 'i'he path of the
invaders lay through an almost tra(;kless foi'cst.
and the numerous and terrible dithculties which
had to be met and overcome, makes ArnoUVs
"march through the wilderness " one of the most
memoiable feats of the revolutionary war. lie
embarked his small army on tlie Kennebec River
oil '2'ld Sei)tember, in two hundred batteaux, and
for six weeks fought his way against the obstacles
of nature with a doygcd determination which has
seldom been equalled. Through the tangled forest,
up a rapid stream, across desolate swamps, deserted
by one third of his men, weary, footsore and
reduced to the verge of starvation, Arnold's gal-
lant little band reached the settlement of Sertig-
iian, on tlu' Chaudiere, twenty-live miles from (Que-
bec, on the fourth of Noveml)er, and there obtained
tlie relief they so much needed. Their boots were
I worn out, their clothes ragged and torn, and to
j such straits had they bt'cii reduced for food that
J they had been forced to eat some dogs they had
; with them, and even the leather whic'h covered
' thi'ir cartridge boxes. ^Arnold, who had been a
hor^e dealer and in that cajiacity fie([uently visited
Quebec, had been selected by Washington on iic-
count of his courage, jiliick, and i"idurance, and
his conduct thoroughly just ilied tin.' choice ; after-
wards he turned traitor to the I'nioii cause, and
agreed to deliver up West I'oint to Sir Ileiiry
Clinton, but the jilot v\as discovered and Arnold
only escaped excctiticui by llight. His conduct
towards the Canadians was the same as .Montgom-
ery's; Congress had ordered that they should be
treated with the utmost consideration ; put to no
inconveiiieiice, and liberally jiaid, fcu' all that was
re(|uired in the way of provisions, A;c., and Arnold
faithfully carried out his instructions.
;>. — On the niorning of the ninth of November,
the inhabitants of(,)uebee wert; thrown intoa; late
of consternation by the sudden ap-
pcaraiice ot a lioily ol men on the in.' I'lainsi.f Abm-
heights of Levis, and siieculation was
for some time ril'e as to who they \\ ere and where
they had come from. So well had the move-
ment been e(uieealcd, and so thoroughly uiiexpec:-
ed was an attack from that ([iiarter, that scan cly
aiiyoiK! in (Quebec, excejit Lt. (iovernor Cramahe,
and those in his immediate confidence, knew of
Arnolds approacii. The Lieutenant Ciovernor,
however, hail been kcjit infornied of his enemy's
movements since he emerged from the wilderness
oil 4th November, by some faithful scouts, and had
taken the precaution of removing all the boats he
could iiiid to the (^uiibec side, so that when
Arnold reached Levis he was disaiipointed in his
di'sign of crossing ininiediately and taking the city
by surprise. I ie without delay set about t(> procure
canoes, and succeeded in getting together about
thirty, ill which he crossed the river on the night
of the tliirteeiith — evading the vigilance of the
l/tnifir and LiznnK ships of war — and landed at
the same s|)ot where ^\'oll'l' had efl'ccted liis hind-
iiig sixteen years before. On the morning of the
GOVKlfNMKNT OF Sill CUY CARLETOX— Tlir: SIKCE OF QrFI'.Fr.
]07
foiiiti'L'iitli tlicy at>iH';ired on tlie Fliiiiis of Alirii-
liain, ami iijuu'oaclit'd to uilliiii lliice limidri'd
vaids of tliu lortilifatioiis, wlicie tlu-y ;j,iivi' tliiou
I'lii'fi'.s, expecUiiLj lliat tin,' rity would (■apitidatu
iiniiicdiatfly, as llu-y liad friends inside who liad
led iheni to helievo tiiat tliey wonld 1)0 lueeived
willi open aims. Tlicir reeeinion liowevei-, was
warmer than they expeeteil. Mr. .Ian>>'s 'I'lionip-
son, who liad eliai'j^i! of the fortilieai ions, says ;
"At this jnnctnre (tlie elieeriii;), 1 was on Cape '
Diamond hastion, and li'vell"d and fired a 'J.A-
piiunder at them, wliieh lia<l the eiu''t of makint;'
them disperse hastily ami retire to I'oint-anx- -
'I'rcmliles." I
I
4. — -Mr. Thonipsfm ,iro1)al)ly over-estimates the
t'fl'eet of iiis shot ; IniL .\rnold. foiled in Ills attempt
to snrj)rise the city, and di>appointed
Ti,,.^,w..,u....o£ .^1^ ^,^^. ,.^^^ ^^f sympathy and eo-ope- |
ration lie had so far met wiih fidiii
the rana<lians, saw that it woiihl he folly Inr him.
wilh less than nint^ iinndred men, most of whom
well! in had health after their arduous iiiareh. and
without artillery, to altemiit to storm so well forli-
lieil a place as (^nehee ; he therefore deemed it
prudent to fall baek to I'oint-anx-Tremliles ami
there await the coniiii'f of MoiitLionu'rv, who he
' ' .1
knew was on his way from Montreal. ^Meanwhile '
preparations for defeiieo hail heeii made. The
task of piittinjf the defenees in order Ikk] heen j
I'litrtisted to Mr. James 'i'hompson, \\ ho thus de-
serihes his work; "My lirst ohjeet was to seenre
stout spar tiiiiher for palisadiii<j a L^reat extent of ,
o|ieii j^roiiiid hetween the nates called Palace and
Hope, and anaiii hi>]n Cape Diamond lialf-hasliini. i
aloii;4 the hrow o'" the cape, towards the castle St.
i-oiiis. I henan at I'alaee f;ati,' ])ali^adiii;4-, with
loop-holes l'(ir musketry, and naule a i)rojcction in
the form of a hasticni, as a defence for the line nf
pickets, in the ,i;'ori;e of which I erected a lilock-
hoiise, w hieh imule a j^dod defence. While employed
at this station of the works, a coniiiaiiy of artif-
icers arrived from Halifax, and another company
from Ncwfoiindlaiid joined me soon after. The
Halifax men I set to work at palisading;' the o[)eii ^
ground on Capo Diamond, and framini^' and erect- I
iiig a largo hloek-honse on the oiit>ide of Port St.
Louis, to servo as a captain's nightly guard-house,
iu Older to he ]tre]>are(l against a surprise, also a
hloek-houso on the cape, under Capi; Diamond
hastion ; at the sanii' time, a party was employeil
in laying platforms ami preparing eml)i"isiii'es. I
also had a parly of the caiiicnters harrieailing tho
extremities of the Lower-town, hy hlocking up all
tho windows of the houses next to the river side,
and tlioso facing the water, leaving only loop-holes
for musketry, as a defence in case the St. i^aw rciiee
should iVeczc across."
•'). — (Ileal exciteiiieiil, and dill'i rcnce of opinion
existed in (^iieliee after th(! arrival of Arnold's
<-nips. 'i'he .Xiiiiiii'ans had many
sympathizers within tli.' walls: and r,;?,!:;'';^;.,';;;;',"'';,',:'"
there were many iiinre w ho were "'" "'"'''""'"■
iindecided as to which cause they shnuld espouse,
desiring (Uily to he on the w inning side, and licing
iinahle to make up their minds which siile that
was most likely to he. Several lueetings wcro I
held at whi<li tin* ad\ isahility of a surrender was '
discussed, and one was aetiially in ]irngress in a
chapel w hell (iovernor ( 'arleton ai I'ived from Point-
aiix- Tniiililcs where he had narrowly escaped cap-
lure liy Arnold's i'lrces. The airi\ al ni' t he ( iov-
ernor (piickly changed the a-pect of alVairs. lie '
took' jiionipt and \igiir(ius iiiea>ures i'or dei'ence,
an<l (piit'kly weech'd out the hali'-hcarled and dis- :
afl'ccted. All the availitlile lighling men Were
mustered, ami Carleton passed down the line
di'iiianding (d' each man whether heinteiuled to he :
true to his king and country. The ( 'anadian ;
militia, ")."i<) strong, unanimously dcclarccl their I
loyally, and the remnant id' the gallant High- :
landers, l'"razer"s regiment, who had fought so i
sturdily for the capture id' (Jueliec under Wolfe,
now announced their detcrminatiiui to defend it
with cipial valor. Still there were many di.-.af-
; fecte(l, especially amongst the !'.riti.--li lucrchanls,
who i'elt aggrieved at tiie (^Micliec .\ct, and loiigcil
for the n^prescnlalive governmciit which the
.\uiericans jiromised them, ('arlelon dealt suni-
marih' W'th .d! suspected ordouhtful jiersiuis, and
caused them at once to lea\'e the city, reiliicing
the iiumher wiiliin the walls to those who were
willing to take part in the defence of the jilace.
'i iie [io[)ulation (d' (^uehee at this time was ai)ont
five tluuisaml, ami the total numlicr of dtd'enders,
im the 1st Deccinlier. was eighlecii hundred, of
whom only alioiil ihree hundred wcii' regulars,
incluiling the Highlanders. The force was as
follows:
±2 Uoyal Artillery, :ld Coiiip. 4ili i'.atlalion.
TH l!'i\al l'"ii>iliers. or Ttli lle'^imeiit.
i!,i:iil:i
II
Mil
I
III i
!Ui
llill |IH
r,08
TUTTLK'S IIISTOIIY OF TIIi: DOMFXION OF (AXADA.
■2-\0 IJoviil I'jiii-iiuits, or SItli llc-imiiit.
;):J0 Hiitisli iiiilitiii, under lA. Col. CaliKvi.'ll.
")1!) ("iiiiiKliiUis, uiidiT Col. ])iifri',
•lUO Sfiiiiit'ii, uiidci' CiiiPhiiiis lliiiiiiltDii and ^fiic'
kcnzic.
;■)() .Alastt'rs and Mates.
")•") Marines.
1:20 Aitiliuers, iindei' ^Ir. James 'I'lionipson.
l.SUO Tdtal l)i'arinrf arms.
<!. — M(inty;(imery joined Arnold at I'oint-aux-
Tremi)les on tiiu first of Deeemher, and three
g,„.,„,,, f„r„„,riy days after the Americans advanced
i!lmTt^,»\ml«,i-"t<> (iUfl)cc and formally invested it.
""'■'"'"'•■"■"• They numbered less than two thou-
sand men, and were deiicient in artillery, yet
MontLConu'ry hoiied to take the city liy assault, and
took jiossession of the apiiroaehes to tin; eiiy (o
prevent any sui)(ilies reaeiiinuf it; he took uji his
lieadcjuarters at the Holland House. As soon as
the investment was completeil, .Mont^^fuuery sent a
ila;^ of truce to summon the L;;ariison to suricn-
der ; hut Carleton ordered this to he fired on,
sayin;^ that he could not treat ^vitll rebels, unless
they came to lay down their arms and sue for par-
don. 'J'his treiwtnient ]iij;hly incensed the Anun-
icans, and they at once eommenced to erect bat-
teries and o[iened lire on the city; but their guns
were lii^lit and did but little execution, and,
although they threw a number of shells into the
city every night they did but little damage, and
(Quebec suffered but slight loss during this siege.
On the other hand the guns on the fortifications
did considerable execution amongst the Americans,
destroying their batteries and dismounting their
guns. The American rillemen, under .Morgan,
greatly annoyed the beseiged ; posted in houses,
and every sjiot which afforded concealment and
safety, they swept the ramparts and jiickcd olf all
who incautiously ex[)osed themsi'lves. A parly of
them took possession of the cupola of the Iiitenid-
anl's Palace, and so annoyed the sentries that
Carleton ordered a nine jiounder to be directeil
against the building, and the once splemVid edifice
was soon a heap of ernmbliiig ru'ins.
7. — So wore away [ho nionlh of December. 'J"he
besieged were kept anxious and always on the
alert, but tlusy did not sulTer any of
A inntith of iiiai*- ii • I' • 1 '.I
uviiy. tlic rigors ol a seige, suen as tiie
French had to endure wlu,'ii Wolfe
was thundering at the fcutifications of (Quebec,
and laying hundreds of h.)uses in a>hes. while tho
garrison was lialf starving. ( arleton liad siiflieient
jirovisions to last I'm" over six months, and after
the inhabitants hail got over the novelty of the
sensation of being "stormed at with shot and
shell," they settled down into the dull nionoloiiv
of a siege, or rather blockade, for the investment
of tiie city partook more of the cliaraeter of the
latter than the fu'iucr. Still Carleton was anxious,
'I'he fatcof Canada trembled in the balance before
(Quebec ; every other point had submitted, and
from the citadel of the frowning fortress alone
floated the grand old flag of England, which he
had striiggU'd so liard to ])lace there sixtcuui years
bi'fore. It was one of the " chances of war " that
the two men mIio now eomniandecl the oi)posiug
forces had both served under Wolfe, and both re-
gardeil him as the great military model. ]\Ionl-
goniery had fought under Wolfe at Louisbourg,
and Carleton had taken ]iart in the memorable
siege of (Juebi'c in ".V,t. Om; can almost j)ieture,
on those dark and stormy nights in December,
when the moon hid her face, and the huge fortress
was lighted up only by tin; dull, snud^y glare of a
number of iron jiots, lilleil with ciMubustibles and
susjpcndcd over the walls, that the spirit of tin;
great commander who had laid down his life in
the moment of victory before tiiose louring battle-
ments, hovered over the scene and softly whis-
pered words of liopo and comfort to the old com-
panion in arms who was fighting to defend the
flag he loved so well, while the shade looked
colilly on that other brotlmr in arms,who was trying
to pull down the old flag from its proud post, and
plant another and a strange one in its stead.
H. — Montgomery was satisfied that his onl}' hope
of cawyiiig t'he place was by surprise, and only
awaited a dark night for carrying
his nitcntion into execution. At luimscnuiiitiiit
length the moment ariived. The
last day of tlie ^ear but oiu^ luul come; the be-
siegi'd had commenced to make some pre[)arations
for enjoying as best they might the festivities of
the ^'ew Year ; but many w ho looked hopefully
forward to the varying fortunes of fiie coming
year were destimnl never to see its dawn ; and it.s
advent was to be ushered in with groans and
moans, with tears and sorrow, with still, cold,
white dead bodies, and dark, narrow graves, in-
COVEUNMENT OF Sill GUY CAULETOX— THE SIECiE ()E (iUEUEC.
300
stead iif. with soiii^ and daiifo, with feasting and
nu'ri'lnicnt, witli liujlit lau^^htcr, toast and jest.
'I'lio ni^'iit tit" iht! otHli Dcccnihcr was dark and
stormy, a iicuvy snow stoiin had set in, and tiio
lain't! while ihikes filled the air, oljscurini,' the
li'^Iit ol' the bnrnin;^ lieaeons on tlut walls, and the
>(p|"i t;n|ieL of while niullled the sound of the
iiiarchin;^ feet as Monl^oniery and his men slolu
(piie ly to the attack. ]\h)nt_t;omery"s plan was to i
(livid: his foree into four attaukinn' eolumns. I wo
of which, under Colonel IJ vini^'ston ami Major
l>iowi;, wer(! to niiike fei'^ned attacks on tht; St.
,Iohn (iate and Cita lei in I'lpper 'I'own ; and while
the allentioti of ihe L,Mnisou was thus distiaeted,
an attack iVoni two(|narlcrs was to he made >imul-
taneoiiNly hy MonlLjomcry and .\iiiold, to for(!C
their way into Lower 'I'own; they were then to
join their lones and make their way u[) .Mountain
! Hill to rpiier Tow n. 'l"he movement hei^an ahont
j four o'clock on the mornin;^ of the !>lst. and the
utlackin;^f colunuis j^ot well u^i to the fortilications
I witiiont licini;' observed, on account of the storm;
hut the yarrison was not likely to he taken hy
I sur[)rise, us some dL-serter.s hail infoimed Carle-
ton that a iii;;'hl attack was intended, and he had
kept the L;arris(jn under arms, ready to meet the
' foe at whatever point he niij^ht niuke liis ajipear-
auce.
!•. — Monti^oineiy in person led the main attack-
ing foree, whieh was ahoiit seven hundred strong,
„ , ,, . and aiiproaching IVom Wolfe's Cove,
I(i'|iiilKoi>r III!' al- 1 l o
Tiih'''\'>vti)','',,t advanced hy a narrow jiath under
.Mi.i.i«..n..i.v. Cape Diamond to the outer harrier
of J'rcx-ili-f'i/lr, wlii're a small hallerv of sevt'U
three-ponndeis had heiMi erected. This was manned
h\' thirty Canadians, '.inder eonnnand of Captain
( hai ol and Lienlenant I'ieard ; eight English
militiamen, with nine llrilish tars, nndi/r Cajptain
liansfare of the Till, to work the gun as artillerv-
mcn. and SergX'ant Hugh .Met^narters of the Koyal
Artillery. Montgomery hailed his men when
(juite near the haltery, and sent an olliccr forward
to reconnoitre. He reported all (^uiet, and the
men at once ruslied forward to surjirisii the guard
and carry the position by assaidt. I>ut the sur-
prise was all on the other side ; for the men were
all ([uietly standing hy their guns, and as the
enemy drew near, the command to tire was given
and a storm of grape-shot and bullets swept
down the head of the advancing column. Thirteen
II
of the enemy were killed, amongst them Cioncrul
.Montgomery and his aides-de-camii, Cheeseman
and M(d'herson, and so sin'[>rised and demoral-
ized did the alta<'king jiarly beconn', that it innne-
diately tnriu'd ami llcil, leaving the dead on the;
fiehl, and no further attempt was made in this
direction.
"J'here has been some <lisjinte as to who fired the
fatal gun, and, indeed, as to whether one gun or
more was fired: Cajitain IJansfare,* Hugh Mc-
<,)iuii-tcrs and others have reeeivi '. the eicdit for
it, and the evideiu'c in faviu' of Mc(^>uartcrs anil
Ilansfari! is in each case exceedingly clear, and
•written at the tinu' theevents oeenrii'd. It is not
a Vii'v nuilerial jioinl. but we give the account of
Mr. Thompson — already referred to — and, in :i foot
note, ii letter from Captain liansfare, to show how
widely (;hroniclers will siunelimes vaiy on jioints
where one would think they could scarcely fail to
agree. Mr. 'I'honipson says; "'Ihe path leading
round the bottom of the rock on which the gar-
rison stands, and called y'/v'.\-(/i- /'///'c, was then
i[uite nariow ; so that the front of the lino of
march I'onld present only a (r\v files of men. 'I'he
Sergeant who had charge of the barriei' guards,
Hugh Mel^uarters, — where there was a gun kept
loaded with grape ami musket balls, and levelled
every evening in the diri'clioii of the said foot-
path — had orders to be vigilant, and when assured
of an approach by any boity of men, to fin; the
gun. It was (Jeneral .Montgomery's fate to be
amongst the leading files of the storming party;
and the precision w ilh which Mc(j|uarlers aei|uitled
himself of the orders he had received, resulted in
the death of the (ieneral, two aides-de-camp, and
a sei'gciint ; at least, these were all that could be
• Tin- fi>llnuiii-4 cxtrai't nf a IfltiT fri>ln I'ai'lain r>ausfar>' to Mn- cwii-
I'l'S III' Uii' T: II. \* ilali'il (JiK'hi'i', .Ma> \:,\U, ITTil, auil umn |>iil>li.'-li' iI skimii
lilllt' >ill'-t' ill llu' .V( »r Ynrh ni^lni-o-<il .!/.('/«» .f(M . i«liti-»l b> l:«-ii,ialnill .1,
l.orisiii;; : " \V»* lia\i' ^;<>t lln' Iriuililrs otilii.-. « iiili-i' o\rr, anil li:t\ r kept
lUi' l"«n I'tljuvliw ill sjnlr nf all mir iiifiiiiis. I am imw lining miiI llm
Till a» fa>l as |nl|i^il>l•' 1" i."' "P I'"' riviT. Tlir nluls wlin ran fii>iii ilu'
plari' Mil ilii' lUli iiisl.. i>ii ilii- aiipinacli i>l' a lrli;aii' vvcri' 4.iiihi ^lllln;.', ami
ML' liavi' nilliiii llio wall- l.-'iim. \\i- liaM' liail a liaiil ui'iiicr williiii llm
walls ; hi'rf Has oiif sliillin,' a ifMiiul. ami polk was Is. ;:<!. liffi.i*' tliin
fonii's lo liaml. yua will Inarnf ns haviiii; 1 ii aiiaikiil on :ilsl Di'.-.iii-
luT, wliiii I liail III!' liomir in cuiniiiaMil al Ihal posi, wlicrr llii' t'laml al-
lai'k was m.aili'. / lnul lln- ihrliiin iff killhiti Ihr linn ml titnl liis niih-ili-
rinnjif lit/ III*- r« 17/ Jirst ttrn iiiins / ^rit'nl, wliii-h was a yvral inralis I'f sav-
ing lln' (.'arrisoii, so yoii may llml I liavf lii'innn. an fvprri wariior. Tliry
iiiaMc sfvi-ral alli'iiipts afli'rwarils. ami raisnl four ItatU'iifs ai.'aiii>l <lil'-
ftTiMiI parts of tilt! tow II ; one was aiiailist tin' sllippll)^, wliirli lias ilom-
cn'al ilamaiii' to s.'V.'ial of tl,.-m. liiit most to tin- T:ll; tln'vkm'W tlic
ship, as silo lay I't-i u.-.-ii two inrii of « ar. on., l.oy on l.oaiil has lost hU
li'j». ami oiii' mor.' is wonmli'il. All oiii ship's roiupatiy an- wrll, only
JuUu llu\u is w'utiiiilud in the huiiil."
r1-
^ 5-
!
310
TUTTLE'S IIISTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
fiiiiml iil'tir the sciircli miulc iit divwn of day the
next luoiiiiiiLJ. Tlwrc wnx hut <mr dixchdri/c <;/' the |
f/ini, from which tlie (Jeiiei'iil had received aj^rape- i
shot in his diin, one in tlie ,i^roin, and one through
tlie thii,'h, whicii shattered tlie hone. I never
eoukl ascertain wlii'tlier tlie di'feetion of Mont-
{foniery's foUowers was in eonsiMinenee of the fall
of their leader, or whether owini^ to their heiiiLf
jianic-slricken, a eonsei|nen('e peculiar to an nn-
looked-for shock in the dead of nii^ht, and when
almost on the [loint of eouiiui^ into action, added
to which, the nieclin;^ with an ol)struetion (in the
harrier) where one was not expected to exist. I5e
that as it niav. he, or rather the cause in which he^
had enijaLjed, was deserted hy his followers at
the instant that their perseverance and intrepidity
were the most needed. I afterwards learned
that the men's eiiifa;^'enients were to terminate
on iilst Dcceniher (ITT.V)."
10. — Durinj,' the remainiiijf dark hours of that
gloomy Decenilier morning, the little guard at
J*r(h-(lc- lllle awaited a renewal of
the noise of the engagement with
Arnold's forces in Sault-au-Matelot street ; hut
the Americans did not return to the attack, Col.
Campliell, who succeeded Montgomery in the
coii-.ii.ind, deeming it most [jrudcnt to withdraw
his men. When dayligiit appeared and the guard
saw that the enemy had retired, they examineil
the (iclil )!' hattle for tin; dead anil wounded. At
first nothing was discernihle, the Ueeey Makes of
.■>now lia<l fallen fast, and with a light covering
shrouded tlie deed of lilood from human ga/.e ; hut
soon an arm and hand, stretched supjilicatingly up
out of the snow, was diseoverei], and this indi
I'ated tli(^ spot where .M'oiitgomery fell. He was
dead, and frozen still'; the liody was distorted as
if liy pain, the knees heing drawn u|) towards the
head, and he had three wounds. His two Aides,
his Onlerly Sergeant, and nine otliers, were found
ahout the same time ; the Sergeant was alive, hut
in great agony and died shortly after. The hody
of .Montgomery was not nt first recognized ; hut
wa" identified hy some of .Arnold's ofliecns who
liad heen captured, sonu' hours aftei'wards. Carle-
ton gave insti'uetions to Mr. '!"liom|)son to have
the hody ])rivately hurieil, and that gentleman thus
recounts how he perfoiined his duty: "Oeneral
Carlelon, the then (lovernor-deneral, heing satis-
fied as to his identity, ordered that the hody should
he decently hiiried, in the most private manner,
and His Kxcelleiiey entrusted the husiness to me.
I accordingly had the hody convened to a small
log-house in St. Louis street (ojipositc the resi-
dence of .Fudge Dunn), the second from the corner
of St. I'rsnle street, owned hy one l''ran(;ois Oau-
hert, a cooper, and I ordered Henry Dunn, joiner,
to prejiarea suitahle coHin : this he complied with,
having covered it with line hlack cloth and linedit
with iiannel : I gave him no diicetion ahout the
hurying party, as 1 had a party of my soldiers in
waiting at the Chateau to carry the corpse to the
grav(! at thi> nioinen* that (ieneral Carleton con-
ceived proper. I n<'xt proceeded totianhert's, where
I was told that Jlr. Dunn had just taken away
the coipse ; this was ahout the setting of the sun
on the 4th January, ITTti. J accordingly stepped
up to the place where I had ordered the grave to he
dug (just ahuigside that of my first wife, withinai.d
near the surrounding wall of the powder inaga/.iiie,
in the gorge of the St. Louis Uastiitn ), and found,
in addition to tlu! six men and Dunn, the under-
taker, that the H(!V. .Mr. DcMontmollin, the mili-
tary chaplain, was in attendance. On satisfying
myself that the grave was properly covered up, I
went and reported the circumsfances to {ieiural
Carleton. It having heen (suhseiiueiitly) decided
to demolish the powder magazine, and to erect a
casemated harrack in its stead, I took care to uuuk
the sp()t where -Montgomery was huiied (not so
much, perhaps, on ///.v account as from the interi'st
: 1 fell f(U' it on another score) hy having a small
' cut stone inserted in the pavement within the
i harrack sipiare, and tliis precaution enahled mo
i afterwards to ]ioint oui the place to a ni'j)hew of
1 the (ieneral. .Mr. Lewis, who, hearing that the
' person who had had the direction of the hiirial of
his uncle's corpst' was still living, came to (^)nelM'c.
ahout the year LSlS, to take away the remains.
I repaired thither with young Mr. Lewis and
several olTieers of the garrison, together with Chief
•Fustice Sewell ami some friends of the deceased.
They accordingly took up the pavement, exactly
in the direction of the grave. The skeleton was
found comi)lete, and when ri'inoved a musket hall
I fell from tlie skull : the eollin was nearly de-
cayed. No part of the hlack cloth of the out-
side, nor of the (hiiinci of (he insiih- were \ is-
|ihle; a leather thong with which the hair had
GOVERXMENT OK Sill OT'Y CAHLKTOX.
511
l>
tU'd
WilS s
till
in a stiit(! of iircsi'iviitioii
jilUT ii liipsL' of foity-lliieo yciirs. I Iutl- i.s a
s]iiiii;4 of water iiwu tlie plauc, wliifli may liavi'
hail lliti oil'cct of luisti'jiiiig tlio <li'i;ay of llio con-
tents of tlio giavo."*
11. — W'liilo Monti^iHnt'iy was <MnK'avoiiiiLf to
force iiis way into l.(»\vcr 'I'own by tlie I'li's-di-
111 1 1\ Arnold — who was w<'ll ac-
(inaintcil witli (^iicliec from lii.-^
Iii'|i>i1»i'<>r AniiiMii
iiil Ilk -Siirii'ii.l -i-
• if tin' atiarkiiih'
puny-
Ired
frciiucnt visits tiicii
-led al)ont
ive liinu
men
throu'ih St. Uocli"
an(
I th
i'alais, towards the first, Itarricr in Little Sanlt-
11
ere tiu're
aii-.Matclol street (ttr Doi^ Lane),
was a battery of two .i,nins erected, and at the
lir>t aitaclv on it Arnold was wonndcd in the
kiifc and taken t(» the (Jcncral Hospital, the
command fallini,' on Colonel .MorL^an, who "^al-
li'.ully curried the position and continned liie llyht
lor two honrs.f
• We.nv iiiclihti'il fiiitliis, iitiiliitlii-r i-\tnirls fnmi Mi-.TIiMiiiiis.iirs
.l.iiiiiiiil. to. Mr. . I. M. l.c.Mn.vii<>'.'<Mr.\ iiil<'r.>liii;;niirk, ■V"ifc. ',/'■<.«< nicd ill oil all sjdcs, tllcri' was liolllilli; left for
j! MoiLTan lint surrender, vhich In; did. after haviiiLT
'I'lie .^ecruid liariier in Sanlt-an-.Matehjt strt'ct
was stiil)i)oiiiiy dcl'end(.'d, and as t;alhintly assailed.
'I'iiis harrier extiMidcd, liv means ai hiiiKhirih fr
I'oin
1(1 was iiionntcd witli
the rock to tlu; liver.
several cannon, 'i'hc enemy took possession of
some
h
ihich alVorded shelter for the
rillenu'ii, and also took advantage of the nar-
row path riinninir round the liase of llu; elilV to-
war<ls Hope (latc. which protected them from tlu^
lire of the j^iiiis, and kept up a vi^'orons attack on
the harrier. IJiit tlie wonndiii'' of Arnold, and
til
e death o
f a K
■h (•
di
wl
i;
pp
tain Lewis, with two hundred men iiv the I'al;
(iate to attiick .Mor;
an
tl
le ri'ar.
T
h/ /',
<iii:
trill' f..ii,.«iii!
; li tirr, writiiiiiiv t'nii.uci AiiinM \\ liiii- iviii.' in Hn' lost ulioiit oiic hundred killed and
WOIUK
led. Th
<;i-iM'i:il lliisiiital, Jiiiil ttliili:llic liijlit »:i.^ still ;;iiiii;^ ini. Hill In; ic;iil ; f
' I lo
uitli liiloicst ;
owiii'^isa list of the force which suircm
lercd
44ollii'cis and soldiers, wounded; not wounded.
(il;.SI.UAI. II.islMT.M., Ill'
;i.-t, 17
1 !
'I'll Hi'M'.iiM. WodSTiii:
lliar Sir,— I iiiaKi" nil ilmilit <li'iii'i:il Mniitu'iniH'ry iniiiiiiiiitnl von
«itli Ink inti'iiliiin nl sl'irniinu «^ll•lll^;l^ .-i.i.n m.h a ym"! u|i|iiirlnnil,\
iilTi'ic'il. A.s tti' liiiil M'M'Cil iiMii iliMilril Inini ns a lr« ila\s |iji>l.
Mil' lirni'ral wmm liiiliiri'<l tnallir lii.'< plan, wliirli w.i.- In liavc atlarKiil
llic l'|i|ii'r anil l.uwi'r I'mMi al tlai ,'ijinii' tiiiif. Ili' lhiiii;;lit it nmst
prnilriil In iii.akr 1\mi ilillrii lit allarK,'* n|Hin llir l.nwi'r I'liHii, llii'nni'
at (':i|ii' Diaiiinnil, tin' utlirr at .M. liiirli's. lur Ilir l.■l^t allaik, 1 was
iinli'ri'il with my nwn iliUnliinint. ajnl l'a|itain l.anili'.'* r<iin|ian> nl
Aitilli'iy. .\t li\i' ii'i'lnrlv, llic linnr a|>|iiilnlril Inr tlic attai U, a fal.'-c
iittaili w.iM iirili-ri'it til 111! niailrun llir Ipiivr 'rown, W r aiinriliiij^ly
lii'^an iMir inan'li. I |klssi'iI lliriiiiv:li St. Kiirli',s, ami a|i|iriiai liril n< ar
llli'l\Ml-^IMI liattrry |ilrkrttril ill till' stliil. willliillt lirilli; ili.sriiM'ri'il,
wliirli HI' altai-Ki'il ; it wa.s liravi'ly ilrliiiili'il luralniiit an liniir, luil
with till' liissiif a iiiinilirr III' iiiril, wrrarriiil it. In tlirattaiK I w.is
shut I'lniii',;)! till' Ii'l;, ami wa'* nlilinnl to In' lan iiil In tlu' liiis|iital,
wlii'ii' I siiiHi lii'iuil till' ills-ii;n'ralili' liiw.^ thai thi' tlrnrral h;is ilr-
li'iiti'il at l'a|ii' |):aMinii.l : liinisi'M', <'.'i|i(ain .Mrriiii.'.iiii, his .\. it. I'.,
;iiiil i'm|iImIii I'liri'si'iiiaii. Ullli'il mi thi' sput, with a niniini-r nl i it hers
iinktiiiwii. .\lti'r L;ailiiii:i till' h: trry, liiv ilrtailinu'lit piishcil nil In
till' s ml li;inii'r, whirli thi'.\ tnnk imsi-C'sj-inii of ; :it thi' saiiir tiiiir,
till' rni'iiiy sallii'il mit In nil thr I'alairliiili' ainlatt.'ii kiil tlirtn in irar.
A llrlil-pirii', wliiih thr rniiHJini'.^s nf tin' rii.ul.s wnnlil nut prrniit lis
ravr>iii^ nil, fi'll iiitn tin' rni'inv's hanils, with a niiniln'r nf piiMuirrs.
At last ai'rinint-< fniiii my ili'l;iiliinrnt. ahniit ti'ii iiiiniiirs sliu'c,
tlii'y wrrc piishiiii; fur llii' l.nwiT Tnwii. Tlii'ir (■iimiiiiiniiiilinn with
nil' WHS I'lit niT I am CMi'i'iliiml.N appri'lirnshc w liat thi'i'M'iil will
111'. 'I'lii'v will I'lthiT carry llir l.nwi'r Tnwn, rnnaiii prlsniii'i-s, nrlic
nit 111 pii'WK. I lliiintjiil priipcr In sniil an cxpri'ss In li'l Min knnw
till' rrillral silnalliiii Wl' ai'i> in, aiul inaKi' mi ilnnlil ynn will uivc lis
all till' iKsMaiii'i' in Minr piiwi'r As I am imt alilr In ait. I shall
uivi' np till' I'limmamI InCnlnni'l Cainplii'll. I lu'i; ynn will iinmr-
iliat"ly si'iiil an I'xpri'ss tn tin' llniiiirabli' C'olitilii'lital Cniinri'ss ami
iciitenant-t'oliini
1. '1 Ml
'J'""-
S ('
iptains,
1/
lo was actiiit,'
as t^nidis left .MiM'Lian without any one aiMjiiiiinted
with the road to tlie I'pper Town, and al! In^ could
do was to harely hold his own. ]\lean while ("arle-
toii — who had heard of .Montv^omcry'.s i'c[iiilsi! at
Prrn-tl-fi//,; and seein^r tliat the atlatdv on the
'{'own was only a feint — despatched ('a|i-
iis
Ills liem-
Lieiiienaiits, (i ,\djiitants, 1 (Quarter-Master, 4
Volniiti'cr.s, :'..■)() rank and iile ; total. 4Jii. 'I'liis
is exclusive of the thirteen killed al /'/■«•.<-(/.- J 7//c.
The IJrili.sh loss was Lieutenant Anderson, it. N.,
Mr. I''ra/cr. heiid shiii-earpenter, and seventeen
killed and wounded.
(•IIAl»TKIl LXIIl.
(J()VKI{NMI':Nr ()]•' silt (HV C.MtLF.TOX.
— KVACIA HON OK CANADA IJV I'HK
AMKIHCANS.
1. IJl'.Sr.Ml'I'IllN (IK TlIK j'll.OCKAIli;. — DiSCOl T.-
A«;i;,MKN'i' (IK riii; A.mkimc.vns. — •_'. Tiik (iiKiw-
iN<i nisi. IKK iiK 'I'ln; Canakian.s to tiik
His I'.Mii'Unii'v (ii'iii'iiil Wasliiiifilnn. 'I'lii> loss In my ili'tarliini'iil
lii'fiirr I li'lt il, wasalKiiittliiily killi'il ami wnnnilnl: iiiniin;,' llii' lallir
Is Majnr (»ui|nn. wlin with Caplaiii Oswalil, ('.■iplain lliiir ami llic
iithrr Miliinti ITS. lii'liaM'il r\lri'mi'ly wi'll. I luni'imly limu Id adil
that I am, with Ihi'Krrali'-l I'stiiin,
Vuur iiiuHt iiliudieiit, &c,,
II. AllNOI.l).
' i
\ Il
1 1)9
I
I
^^1
TLTTLKS IIISTOUV Ol- TlIK I)(>MINIOX OF CANADA.
Amkimcans.
AtI'KMIT dl'" so
MK (AN.V-
JIl.VNS TO UKLIKVK (^T KliKC. 1. AUUIVAI, (tK
I:N(;I,AN1). ItKl'itKAT
JIKINKOHI'KMKNTS IMKiM
()!•' Till-; AMIOUICANS. "). A ('oNCIIKSSIONAI.
CoMMITTKK Visns .MoN lUKAl,. — '1. 1 Ii ij'KI.KSS-
Nl'.SS OK Till; A.MI'.liK'AN cAisi;. Onk i:i;sri,i'
OI' TIIK VISIT. — 7. l{i:iNl'l)ia'K.MKNIS Hill TlIK
A.Mr.uicANs. 'I'm-; tkodi's i-ito.M Knci.and. —
S. ('ai'I'ain 1''osi'i;i:"s vici'okv at tiii; Ci:-
tl
iciii were
rcl)cls lit liciiit. ami would lie uiinl
l;l-
lilc ill tilt; lioiii' til" iH'cil, il' thai lituir fiiiiit' : :uiil
Caili'ttiii was tt)t) iisliitii tt) lisIc cvi-n liic cliaimc
if tlisasttT,
-L'lllllt
1 ciiiisiilefatiiiii in fiivtir (irrt'inainiiiLC
Out
nil ll
It- aiTival lit
ifiiil'iirct'iiii'iits ill
till' siiriii;^, wa^
thai lilt- AnuTiciin
Till- Ln"\\iiii; ili^liUi-
ilaiK' hisiiii;' what lilt if fuvm" or Ui.. liUM.iiau^
thfv had with the l-'muli. Thfir
/'
xtiifr 111' \ iftiirv was Ljiini' : im
till- Aini-i'i<-aiiti
-thiid (if th
aiiii\
had
lit'i'ii fa|iturid (I
ir lullfi
I : tlii'V hail n
I)Ai;s. It. A l)i:i''KAT III" TIIH A.MKl; IC ANS AT
'riiui:!'; I{ivi;iis. — lit. '1'iik Amkiuians ihuvi;n
<iiT «ii'' ('axai)A. Navai. vicTiiuv (IS Laki;
CiiAMi'i-Aix. — 11. r>i'ii(ii»VNi;s SI i:ui;ni)i;k at
Saiiatcica. — 1:2. IiKsimi'I'Idn oktmI'; sessions
<)!•' C'ofNciL. ('aiim;ton i:i:si(iNs.
1. — Thii fatal shot wliirh I'lidrd llii> earthly oa-
rucT (if (iuiitTal iiifhaid .Moiil^nun'rv lifforo tlu!
lianici's at I'ri'n-ii- f'l'ili', ciidfil also
!!i"3''''''ii^'!m.-- the chaiifosof siiecussiif ihf Aiii.T-
lum'rilaiis.''''' i''''" i-nisf ill Canada. I'li to the
attack on (^'U'liee the Anieiieaii
arms, with the exeeiition of 1m han Allen's rash at-
teiiiiit oil Miinlreal, had lieen sueessl'iil every-
where; from ih ' inmiii'iit of tlii-< ii;iiiNe lieiicath ihoiisaiid years the battle and the lireeze," shoiild
the walls of the only foil ress Irfi llii'^laiid in ji^iill wave over the ramparts of (^liulice. When
Canad.i, reverses lie.;aii to overtake the invaders. ihoM' reinforeeiiieiits arrived, to ulailden tin; eyes
and " disaster on disaster fnllowed fast and fol- ;, of those who were on their way to liis relief,
lowed fa-iler." until the Aninieans were toialh' ex-
lielled iVoin Canada, and I'ollowed into their own
eiinntrv liv the vii-toiiuiis I'liii^h. Shorn of oiie-
limvisions. and no money to jiay for what they
lioii'^hl. the nun deemalile Continental paper lUi-
rene\' lieiiii;' useless, and the Canadians — in spite
of all the ilowery addresses tleliveretl to iheiii liy
CJini'j;ress — liepiii to look on the Amerieaiis as a
liand of marauders who had eome to roll and ]iil-
la^^e iheiii, instead of ,i;iviny them the lilierty they
lioastcd Ml iiiiieh alioiil. Carlelon foresaw this n-
aetion, and was wise eiioii;4h to i;ive it time In
work itself out without enileavorini;- to force it hv
ri>kiie4 an en'^a^cmeiit. lie knew that lariat! reiii-
foieemciits would reach him in tho spriie^', and ho
was deleiniiiicd that "the llai;' that's liraveil a
and to assure the i'uilisli of a liasis of opna-
; tioiis a;jainsl the iiisiiri^fiits. Cailcton's etintlnct
has lieeii called eowaidly liy some rash and nn-
tliird of their slren_;lh liy the loss in killed. . thinkiiiL;' writers: it was only that of a cantituis
woiindi ll, and prismii'is in the attack on (^(iieluc ;
with smaU-pox rife amoie^st them: with scanty
clothiinj; and insnlli 'ienl I'ooi! : ili,-.lieailencil hv
anil jiriideiit (icneral, who hatl snllieiciit iiaticiicu
to wait for what he knew must lit^ iiievitalile, in-
stead of rasiilv altcniplinn' to seize iiniiiediate vie-
defeat, and disc nira'^eil liy the want of sympalliy [ lory while there was a possiliility of defeat. The
awd cii-operalioii of the Canadians, il i-i iiol to lie ^ lilockade now resumed its moiiotonoiis reatiires,
wondered at thai the Americans liecani • demoral- \\ and liolh sides waited for reinforcements. Aniohl,
izcil, anil that a lar^-e niimlier of desertions look in his report to (icneral Stdiiiyler of the failure of
place. Arnold, who had assniiicd command, com- ^ the attack on (^iielicc, asked for reinforcements,
lilained of till! i;reat dilli Milly lie had in keepiiej
IhcMi lo.;clher. and praet ieall\' aliaiidoncd the sicn-t
liy retirim^f three miles from the walls, alilioie^h ' an impossiliilily at the time, as W'ashinuton had
tin- lilockade was kept up all the wiiilcr. Carle- ' no troops to spare; lint he persuaded the |icople
and thai (icneral earnestly liesoiinht ('tiiiL;ress to
send three thousand men to Canada. This was
ton had now a force ijiiite eipial. if
ill niimlieis to the Aineiicans. and
have ilriven tliein with case from t
not superior,
ns, amt eoiild, pmlialilv.
if New 11;
iiiip>.hire, .Massichiisetts, and ( oiiii
1 C
le conntiA'
had
le elio:
•en to lake the oll'i'iisive ; lint 1
le was too
liitie for that. In the first place 1
le was liv no
means sure of all the ineii under him; many uf
til ill to each send a regiment of volunteers, ami
yave orders to endeavor to enroll as many ('ami-
le. Coni''ress is.Micd another ad-
iliaiis as possili
ilress It) the Canadians — il was |iiolilic of ai
dresses — in wliieli it said, " Kinhl hallaliuns un
1-
iild li(> uiirclia-
iiir iMiiic : -iikI
it'll tlir cliiiiicf
"rdriciiiuiMiiii;
ururcciiiciits ill
'I'll,' (.'lowilii; 'Hsiiki.
"I llu'i ;nliMli.■^n^ l.,
Ill'' AiiiiTiiaiiB
-lliiid (if tlicir
: tlicy liiid 110
I'or wlial tlicy
ilitl jiiipfr ctii-
liiiiis — ill s|iite
■L'd to t Ik I II iiy
iiieiiciiiis as a
•) loi) ami |iil-
K' iilicrly tlu'y
Mfsaw tliis re-
iv(; it lime lo
■ to I'liiiT it hy
liiit 1iiil;(' rciii-
•I'liiiin-. and lio
ill's liiavc(l a
ii'czc," f-ii(piiid
^lihcc. Wlicii
lik'ii lli(! eyes
lo Ills relief,
ISIS III opeia-
't(iii"s eomhiet
I'Msli and iiii-
of a caulious
"ii'iit iiatieiico
iiii'vitaMe, iii-
iimediale viu-
d.'IVat. 'I'lie
oils I'eatuies,
Ills. Arnold,
till' lailnre ot'
inroreeiiieiits,
ColllIII'SS to
ii. 'liiis was
diini^loii liad
I llic |ii'o|ile
iiiid ('ounce-
iinleers.
and
many ('
.imio
iiiiollier
a.l-
ililie el'
ad-
iltiiliuiis
are
__ .
liiiiih Hii
HI
J: ■
; 1
, r
I'll
n ! •■■Ml
i'
!i|ii!'
:!l
! ..f V
' 1,,.
(11:1)1
I tlicll
' wllil
I'lVI
|iiT.--
lIllU
('(III
I Alli'
Cft.tllil
l^iiil"
liiilk
IKMlt
illl.V
.'iaii
ilS w
tnil
sIlDII
Sl'llll
the
Qui'
tiity.
Ami
Villi'.
iiiiil
fi'io:
skin
aiiiii
si'lf
liis
ri'i'i
t.i ;i
ill ('
roll
sivt
"I'l
one
ten
lllil
IIIU
car
i>|i(
IIh
.1...
liv
(lOVKKN.MKN r OI" SIR (ilV CAHLETOX.
313
viiisiii'^, ami will soon rush forward to tin; rcsciK^ attack; liiit liis .scliciiu! miscarried, liis fin-sliips
(if voiir I'rovineo : if nn
IC SI
I'l
>ii(
d
)roi-crilci
arc waiitcil tlicy w ill never roai-lied llu; ship[)iiiL,% and wiiile tin- iniialii-
1 to lU'^e on tiir ( 'ana- tants of (^iieliec wvvv w it ii('>sin;4 tlie jiyroleclmic
diaus, as nsnal. the advanlai;-es to he _i;ained \>\ (lisphiy jtiovided fur tiuMu, tlie joyfid iiitelii!
iheMi hy joininif the Union. I>nt it was in vain :
rence
as hroic'lit to the citv tiiat an ICi
I'^llSll
lleet
was
of tiie ailvaneiiiL;' up tlie river to their relief.
what little i^nthn.siasiii had lired some
French was fast dvini^ out. and the steady ami 4. — (ieneral 'I'hon.as had been iid'ornied of th
jier^isteiil eiVoi'ts of the [ii'iests and seigniors more expected reinforcements for the Hrilish— allhonj^li
than coiinterlialanci'd all the addresses Con-'ress he did not know tluv were so near
could issue.
."). — So th(' winter woi
(■ awav
and the
feelii
I'^ainst the Amc.icans increased, so much so that
— and called a cfuuicil n( war on
liie ni'^ht of t'iie .")tli, at which it
A iri\ ;tl "f rfiiifnri't'-
iri< lit-* Iri'rri l-:ii-,'l;iiiil.
Itilnillcil '. hr.VlluT-
as determined to aliandon th
Atlfllipt of SIHIH'
Ciitiiitliaiiti to rclit'V'i
l^ia-bwc.
an altcm[it was made ti
(^ucliee liy
relieve to tin; Uii:lieliei
'lc;^-e iUK
I ivt
real
1, where rcniloreemenls were ex-
aiis lc(
irty of loyal Cauadi- pcctcd. The determination was not arrived at too
soon, for early on the loilowinLC UKU'nin;^ the loiii^
i hv -M. (It! Meaujen. Uut th
hulk of tlie Canadians doired to remain perfectly penneil u[i inhahitai
•re i:;laddciied liv tlii)
neutral, and many of them ojiposcd and restrained sij^lit of the wiiie-spread white w'.iil;s of an Kii,t;lisli
tf the liritish. frit;ate roundini,' Point Levis, mid shortly after tiie
any open i
lemiih--tratioii in la\iu'
irii
eaiisays: •• The general colonial poj)ulation. ,S'((;y(;'/xc drojjped aiielior in the h
Sh
as winter terminated, desired to maintain a iie
;klv followed hv the ^/.vund Miirtin witii nil
tral part ; and deinaii(U'd that the royalist jiarty forcemcnts. and two companies of the J'.Uh Kc'^-
shouhl keep (luiet, for .M. de I'.eaujeii haviuif as- imcnt and some marines, in all two hundred men,
scmhh'il in March thri'O hundred and lifly men in
the Laiireiilian parishes of the riLjIil hank, helow
(^uel)cc. in order to a>sist iu the defeiieo of that
city, — hutliwith a c(Uiiliiucd c(Ups, Canadian and ,
Aiiu'iican, marched ai;iiin>t him. sui[irised his
vanguard, killed or woumlcd several of his men.
ami would iiave slain them all huL for the inter-
fereuc(! of some of their own olHiccrs. In tiiis
skirmi>li, fathers fouu'lit uijain^t sons, hrothcrs
a;4aiiist hrothcrs, i^e. M. de neaujeu, liiidinn' him-
self thus opposed, judged it expedient to dishiind
liis corps."' .Vhoiil the saiiu! time the .\iiieiicans
received reiiihuci'meiits which raisc(l their iimiilicr
to alioiit two thousand men. Arnold was placed
in char;;!' of Montreal, and (ieiicial Wooster took
eoimuaud hel'ore (^iiehec. lOarly in April olfeii-
sive operations were resiimcil ; the' hesien'crs a^aiu
apfiroaehed the walls of the city and ojicncd (iro
once more, hut with no better success than at-
tended their former elVorts, On the iiii;lit of tiie
third of May, (Jeiieral 'riuMiias, wlioliad succeetle;!
(u'liural Wooster in coiiimaml, proposed to
make one hisl eifiut to surpris(' the ^narriMiii, and
iiarry tlio city liy stiuiii. Navii;;atioii was now
oiKMi. and he determined to .send a lire-sliip into
the Mritish vessels which had \ intered in thuCiil-
de-Sac. and take advantage of tin cuiifiisioii caused
hy the liurning of the !jlii|i[iiii;^', to make 11 general
were landed at once. Thus reinforced, Carletiui,
at the head of about one thousand men, sallied
forth to annoy the i-car of the Americans, who
were now in full ictrcat, haviiiL;- struck their tents
and made off as hastily as possilile on the appear-
ance of the Surprise. Carletoii siicccedcd in ccun-
in|jf up with the rear, and captured all the artillery,
stores. i\:c., and about two liiindrcd .-ick fell into
his hand;. Tlu' retreat now bccime a rout ; the
men threw away their [^'uiis and fairly ran for it
to Sorcl. where, tindinn' they were not pursued,
they made ii stand until the arrival id' (ieneral
Sullivan with 1,40(1 reinforccmeuts. The men
wi're ill a ti'iribly exhausted condition ; sutferin.L!:
for \xaiit of food ami i lolhiii;,% and still atllicted
witii small-|ioX', from whidi (ieneral 'i'luunas died
soon after his arri\al at Sor(4. Carleton retunii'd
! to (^iH'bcc to await the arrival of all the reinfnrce-
mtuits sent out. when a riijorous cam[)aigii was to
be inaiinuratcd.
"). — Ou heariiin' of the death of MontLComery,
the repulse of the .Americans, and the grow in;;
disfavor of the Caiiadians, the Coii-
, A CMii^ri'sniMiiiii
"ri'ssioual Coiiiircss determined not'.' niii,-,.\i»ii
only to send reiiiloreeiiieiits to tin;
trooiis, but to appoint a commission to vi^it Can-
ada, ascertain the exact jiositioii id" afl'.iirs, and
adopt the best cmuse [jus-sible under the (.irciim-
:l ■ I
•| !
if
r
:J14
TUTTI.KS lUSTuUV OF 'illE DOMINION OF CANADA.
stiuiccs. Tilt! C'oiiiiiiissioii (.'oiisisti'il of l>cMJiuniii
Fniiikliii, Siiiiuu'l ('li;i>f iuui {'h.irlt's ('iurull, ami
was iieci)iii[iaiiii'(l by Fatlicr .ioiiii t'arn)ll (allur-
wanls IJisliop of I5aUiiii(ire) win. was cxpL't'ted to
ii.so his iiiliiU'iiL'i! with tin; c1c''.,l;'V. Tiu! foimiiis-
sioiit'i's had tht; riiik'st ijowi.t. and wciu authorized
to admit t'aiMuhi into the IJuioii, imd to pcil'onn
any other fmietioiis which Conifress itself had the
ri_L;ht, or jiower, to iieri'orni in Canada. The Cuni-
niissioners left l-hihideli>liia on tiie 20th Mareh,
17T<», hut did not reaeh .Montreal until the 2'M\i
April, 'i'hey wer(' received by (Jeneral Arnold
and lodLjeil with Mr. Thomas Walker (a leadini;'
malcontent ), who ownt'd the best built and best
furnished housi; in Mont'.eal, at that time. On
tlie followini^ da}' a eoun.'il of war was held, ami
tl L' ''onnnissioners were so ihiironnhly eonvineed
of the l)oi)elessness of the Ameiican cause in Can-
ada that their lirst disiMtch to Compress contained
the annonmiemeni that the country was lost to
them. Still the Connnissioners trieil once a;4ain
to arouse the Canadia.is, and mor(^ addresses were
issued, and an ell'ort made t<i net up a littk' enthu-
siasm, but without effect. The news of the rais- |
inj; of the siege of (.Quebec, and the arrival of large
reinforcements from Hngland, spread rajiidly, and
♦he few friends tiu' Americans ever had were fast
falling away from ihcm. Nor were the elTorts of
Father Carroll more successful. The clergy gave
him plainly to understand that they had no faith
in the j)r<miises of the Americans ; that tlu;y were
bigoted against the Ivoman Catiiolie faith anil had
made the guarantee of its frci! exercise in Canada,
under the (^ue'^ec .\ct, one of their ciiief grounds
of complaint, i.:.d that they (the clergy) had no
conlidi'iice in I'eeeiving better treatment from the
Americans than they had from the Ibitish, who
had gnaianteed them in their religion, their pro-
jierty and their laws.*
(1. — I'"ranklin lirst i)erceived the hopelessness of
the American cause in Canada, and Icfi .Montreal
on lltii May, being joined by I''alher
V"''"''"'""'"'"^"'" Carroll at St. John's on the follow-
Oil., usuu ..fiiu^ i,,,,. ,|.j\_ 'I'll,, oibor ConnMissioners
visit. -^
remained in Montreal until the 'I'Mh
of May, when they left to attend a council of war
■ n is Hiiilliy nf null' lli.u.aliiT nil llii> lliii'HiMri'H.i'M i.ri'iiii|>riHii In llio
(' iiiailiiiiiH, ill wliii'li il iliMilnl till' iili'ik iif aiiylliiii^' liki' ii ilillliiilty mi
till' Uiciiinil "< vi'llul.Mi!' ililln ii'K, I'll'., it sliiiulil kiIH illiiu in tin. pus-
i*Iljii' *>\' tin* <,tUi.|n.|' art lis nlH. t.f tile ;:ri|.VIini.<'S nf tlir ,\lnt'l.i(.;ui Itrnpli',
uiiiinn i|iiulr II III tliu Ih'i liirullnii nf lhilv|iuiMloiii'u vlijiiuil llli <liily, ITTU.
at Cliambly, and from thence retniind to I'hil-
adeliiliia. There is one curious circumstance eoii-
nected with the visit of the ( 'ommissioners, which
is that it was the means of introducing the art of
printing into .Moninsil, they bringing with them
the lirst, jire.ss ever sei-n in that city. A portion
of tile iiistnietions of Congress to the Commission-
ers ran as follows: "Chielly, however, they are
charged t(j eonviiiec. conciliate, and win tluiCana- I
dians by apjieals to their reason and interest; in
aid of which th.'y are tti take measures for estab-
lishing a newspaper to be conducted Iiy a friend
of Congress." incompliance with thesi; iiistiiie-
tions the Commissioners brought on a French
printer named .Mesplats, \\ ho, judbably, luinled
some of the addresses to the Canadians, alihongh
no leferi'iice is made in the ( 'ommissioner.->' i-e]iort
to Congress as to what work lit! did. There was
no time to start a newspajier, as the Ctunmission-
ers rcmainetl so short a while, but when they left,
.Mes[ilals remained behind, and, taking in a man !
named IScrger as partner, .ipcned a ininting ollice '
in Market I'lace (now Custom House S(|uare).
lie afterwards went to (Quebec, and ]iubli^hed the
j lirst book printed in Canada, lie returncil to
.Montreal, and, in ITT.'^, brought out the (list num-
ber of tile Montreal Gi(zitti\ which was a small
sheet, printed half French ami half Fnglish, and
liuidished wceklv. The Otizilti- has "due thidii"li
many changes since then, but still llourishes, and
' IS now the iddest paper in Canada, antl the third
in age, we believe, on this continent.
7. — Congress ilid not eonlini! its elTorts for thu
conipicst of Caiiida to the issuing of Haltering
addresses, anil the sending of Com- i;,,i„r„n..|ii..iiis f.ir
missioners; all tht! available forct! Vi;;.)";;;;!:?;;?,-,,
they could raise was sent into '•"«'"""'•
Canada; so that by t!u! time Chase and Carroll
left .Montreal (21lll' May ), there wfie nearly seven
thousand .\nierieaii troops in the .Moiitrciil dis-
trict, (ieneral Sullivan, who hail siieeecded (ieli-
eral Thomas, being in eoiiimand. The .\niericaiis,
however, were in a lerribly destitutt! condition,
lacking amniunitioii and artillery, and so strait-
ened for footl that they were compelled iiy liimgel'
to takegiain and ]irnvisions by force fiom the deal-
ers, who hiid refused to take any niiu'e of the irro-
deemable Continental paper money, and the Amer-
icans had no coin (o pay with. This action was
aftorwartls defended in Congress on the ground of
•il lo IMiil-
slaiu'c ('(iii-
iiors, whicli
;' till' aii (,r
with tlidii
A iiori ii)ii
<iiniiiissiiiii-
r, tiicv air
I tlic ( 'aiia-
iitcrvst ; ill
'< I'lr I'stali-
>y a friciKl
se iiistiiic-
a Fri'iuh
ly, jiiiiiiiil
s. alllidiigli
icr.s' ifjiuil
'J lii'ie was
(iniiiiissii)ii-
II tlu'V left,
' ill a mail
itiiiif ofliiH-
f S([iiai().
Mi^liid llif
^'t^ll■ll(■(l t(i
first iniiu-
a.s a siiiail
ij^iisli, ami
If tlll()llt;li
lif-iifs, and
llif tliiid
lis for tiiu
ilatleiing
'iriMllrlilH fur
I'Sfll'lll
,lltl
111 ("airoll
lily seven
it leal (lis-
(leil (ifll-
nifiieaiis,
I'diiiiiliiin,
SI) Ktiail-
ly liiiiioer
llii^ <Ieal-
■ the irit'-
lie Alller- I
•lion was j
;rmiii(I of j
(iON'KUN.MHNI' OF Slit (IIY CAULirroX.
pxiirilieiiry ; liiit it operateil very iiiiuh a'^aiusl
till! Anu'iicaiis, ami niiinliers of tiif ( anailiaiis
lioW l)e_L,Mii to euine forivaid and join the l>iili>li
forees. 'I'ln; l)rili>li (ioscrnnieiit. diiiin'_f the win-
ter of lTT.")-<">, had taken viL;ni-<)ns iiiea>iires for
the sn|i|pressioii of 1 he Anieriean revolntidn. Snine
fears heiiiLi; eiiteitaiiied that tin- ve^nlars emild
not lit! allonetlier deiieiided on to fe^lil a;4aiii>t
their own eonnlryineii. espeeiaiiy as so many
lliitisli oilieers had es[icnised the Ameiieaii eaiiM'.
arraiiLjements wen^ made with the |)ii]ie(if llriins-
wiek, the (iiand Dnke of llesse-('as>eK and nlher
jH'tty (iernian princes, for the siipiily of ahoiit
lil'leeii thousand men. A di\isioii of llie>e troo]is.
under (leiierals Speelit and Kiecleseii. were sent
to (^)iiel)ee. tou'etlier with ten l>riti>ii lialtalioiis and
Home eoiniianies of artillery, the whole under eoiii-
liiaiid of (ieiieral l>iiri,ni\ ne. .Ml thronL;li the
liionlh of May. traiispiM'ts lilled w'tli troo|is eoii-
tiiiued to arrive at (^neliee. ami liy the > ml nf ihat
moiilli there wvvv upwards of ten tlmiisanil men
assemhii'd in the Province ready to advance mi the
Americans and expel them. i
' S. — 'I'he next military operation, in clirono-
loL;ieal seiincnce, after the reireat from (^iieliee, !
was the hiittle of the Cedars, and
(*.'it>ta{n rtirHtff'rt ^i , j' i* i i i \
M.t..n 111 iiii^ tliecaidnre ot live liiin'lreil Amer-
icans. When the iVmcricans in-'
vaded Canada in the fall there had heeii small
I jiarrisoiis in the W'eslern forts, which were cut off ^
diiriiiLC the winter fnnn the main liody of troops in
(^lichee ; Imt as s|i'iiiL;- approached, siicli niimhers i
as could he spared from the defence of the jio.sts j
lic^an to descend towards .Montreal. On the lllh
May, Captain l''orsler, who had assemliled one
Iiiindred and lweiity-li\ e men id' the Sili itetri-
ineiil.and alioiit one hiindred and lifly Indians, at
Ogdeiislmrir, moved foruaid to the aliaek of a
sloekado which the .\iiiericaiis had creeled at the
Cedars. This was j^farrisoned hy four liumlrcd
Americans, niniei' Colonel liedell. who, after a
sliar[i (!ni^a!.;('meiit, siirrcndcii'd on I'.Hli .Mii\. On
the following; day a party of one Inindred Aiiier-
ieaiis, who wcro eomiiii^ to IJedeU's relief, were
met liy a body of Canadians and Indians, and
] fori'L'd lo snrreinlcr after a sharp aeiion of ten min-
utes' diiralion. The |iriMincrs were man hid In
llie fori, lull some excesses were commilled hy the
Indians, wlioni I'"orster found it iiiipos>ili|e lo rc-
slraiii. This lo>s was a seriniis one lo ilie .\iiiei-
icans. as, liesides the iiiimlier of men iM[iliired —
wliiiiu lliev cinild il! alVoiil to lusc— -it cut theiii
nil' fi'iuii comniiinicai iiui with the Indians, with
w liiHii they were tainpei in;.;-. 'I'heir iie;.,fi)liiitions,
hnwever, wiih the Indians were imt very success-
ful, and diniiijf the wlmle war the Iroi|Uois re-
luaiiicd failhl'ul lo the iirili^li cause. T, was,
I" a L,Tcal cMeiil, due to Thayendaiienil, — lieller
kiiiiwn as .loseph Iiiaiil, — a .Moii.iwk chief, who
liacl lieen eduraicd ill ( 'i)niicclieiil. and who liuie
a ciilniii'rs cciiiiiiiis~iiiii frninlhe kiiiL;' diiriiiLf tin:
war. After his viclory at the Cedars, l'"orster
pushed on Inwards .Mdiiiieal : luit, haininn' that
.\rmild was advaiiciuL;' mi him with a siipeiicir
force, he entrenched him-clf and repulsed tho
.\iiicii( an L;eneral. who rcirealcd to Si. Aiines.
.\ I'lciw aids ail cxchaii'^c nf prisoners was cIVeclcd,
and Arnold, shmlly alter, cvaciialeil Montreal
and fell hai'k towards the frmit'"r.
11. — .\ fuwaid nio\ ciiiiiil of llie ISrit i>h Iroojis
from (Jiieiiec (link [ilaci; early in .Iniie, deiacli-
meiils lieiii^' statimied aloicj; the
C* I 1 • I . I><'fi'a( iif tin' AltitT-
M. Lawrence. rcaehiiiL;' nearly lo i,:iiia ai. 'riir.-.. lav-
Three Rivers, (ieiieral Sullivan,
who was in comiiiand of the .\iuei ii ans at Sorel,
thought this would lie a li'ood oppori null \' to niak'i!
a descent mi Three Ui\ ers. hel'ore the full I'mce iif
the IJiilisli arri\ed there; he lliercfore despalehcd
(ieiieral Tliomjison, with ci'.^hieeii hundred men,
to reduce the place. riionijison crossed Lake Si.
I'eter at I'oinl-du-Lae, and advanced towanls
Three liiveis diiriii.;' the ni;_;lil, of the se\eiilli and
cii;iilh of ,1 line. Inluniiai ion w as lirminlil lo the
town aliont fmir o'clock on the inoriiiiiL;' of the
eiL;lilli, liy a eaplain of Canadian militia, ami
I (Jeiieial !'"razer, who had just arrived frmii (^>iieliec,
liasiily landed his troojis iiiid advanced to the
aliaek. I ie was joined on the way liy many ( 'aiia-
diaiis. and had nearly as slrmi;.,'' a force as Thomii-
son. Ill' piissessed I wo ad vanlai;i's, however, over
the ■\iiieiieaii L;'eiieral, he had sevci-al field-pieces,
which the Americans lacked: and he had an op-
portiiiiily of iilaciiiLT his men so that he could
flank the eremy. The forees met in a wood ahoiit
two miles from Three Kivers. and, w hile the .\mer-
icaiis were cneaiii d willi the liiitisli vanifiiard,
the main Imdy of Fra/.er's Iroojis flanked the
,\iiiericans and drii\e them into n swampy wood
lo the iiorlh iif Lake St. I'eli r. where the hulk of
tlieiii ri niaiiicil I'nr several da\s liel'me l)ie\ could
h i<
1
316
TUTTLKS IIISTOIiV OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA.
miviiiiLft" t(» effect tlicir escape to Sorel. Tiiomp- '
soil ami (ive limulreil i>( his men surreiHlere<l ; and
wlien tlio sliatlered reninanl of liis forces reached
Sullivan, thai i^eneial thoiiLjhl ii niosi priidunt- to
retire, and evaeiiatin;^' Sore! on llielllh Jnne, fell
l)a(;k to ("hanihly.
1.0. — .V U'eneial advance of the liiitish forces
coinincnced on Iflh.Inne, and tin; Ann'iieans I'ell
Till' viiirri.iiiiH hack hefoie it, linrnin'^ the fori-; at
;l,',!-Nav!.Vii,I.':!'v''' (-'Iiiii'd'ly and Si. .lohn's; ami cnn-
,mi.,;k..n™„|,ial„. ceiilraum,' all their forces at Ish-
iUix-Xoix, Crown I'oinI, and Tit'onderoLja, which
had hcen stion;;ly fortilieil. and wiiiiher Arnold's
forces from Montreal hail leiireil. 'llins Canada
was frceil fi'oni the invader, and there was nolliin'.^
left to remind the inhahilants of their winier
visitors save a larije nnniher i>( ))risoin'i's, many of
tiicni sick and wonmled, and :i Lfreat (jnantily of
worthless i)a[>er money whicli they could not use.
Tiui suni.u !r c.im;iai^n was over in Canada, as far
as military operations weri; eoncernt'd, and nearly
the whole of the lialauco of the season was spent
in preparin;^ for a stru^i^hs for the mastery of Lake
C'hamplain. Thri'c rri;^ates were huilt in KuL^land
and sent out in section>. to ho put toj^ethei' and
launched on the Lake, and about twenty small
j;uii-l)oats and other craft were (.'(uistructeil. The
Americans also made what naval preparations they
could during' the sunuui'r, and liyliie fall had two
corvettes, two armed hriixanlines, and ahont a
d(t/en small vessels, the whole Ijciu'^ under com- '
mand of (icncral .Arnold. Tlie ilrsl (Mc^a^emrnt
took place near \'al<'our"s Island on lliii Oilolicr,
and the vVmeriiMUs had rather ihe Ke-^i of the eii-
5a:4('menl, as Capiain J'rin'_;li', who comnrinded
the lirilish Heel, was forced to retire : hut .Vrnold
lo.^t two of his Vessels, and this so crij)[)leil him
that he determined to i;-el under the shelter of the
fjuns at Crown Point. In this he vas disa[)pointed,
for on the 1 )ih, I'riie^le intercc^pied him ami an-
other cnuaL^i'iiu'iit ensiu'd, in WLich Arnold was
totally dcfcaled, and iho whole .Vmerican lleet,
with the exception of four vessels, either captured
or destroyed. After this thi! Americans hlew nj)
the fort at Crown I'oint, and retreated up the lake,
while both armies soon after went into winter
quarters, the IJritish heiiiif stationed in cantons
from Isle-aux-Noix to (Quebec.
11. — It is not within our provim'c to follow the
liist(;ry of the War of lnde[icndence furliur than
it cnneerus Cainida, and as it rolled
away from our borders it may pass "jr'l'i siiruiiral"' "'
out of our history, ex<'ept a brief
reference to Ihe campai;j;n of ITT", whitdi liad some
interest lor Canada, as it le(l to the withdrawal,
for a while, from her councils of omi of the warm-
C.-.I fricmls and best <4overmirs she excr had, ( inv
Carletoii. Dnrin;^ iljc winter ITTtl-T (leiieial
IiurL;'oym' visit e(l ICu'^hmd, and returin'd in the
spriuLi; i)f ITTT as Commander-in-( liief of the IJin-
li.--h army to opeiate iVom Canada into the Stale (d"
New York. 15iirL,'oyne was a self-opinionated,
over-c>timated soldier, who. ha vin;^- nn't with some
trilling success in Port u;,'al, was. at the instance
of hisfiicndsat courl, promotcil ever the heads
of itcticr men, and bron;^ht disL^race ami disaster
on the lirilish arms, as his ;_;rcat prototypes Ilrail-
dock and Aberciomby had bei'ore him. ('aileton,
who desired military service, and I'rlt aL,'nrieved at
the appointmenl of ISuri^oyio', tendered his resi'.,'-
nationof tin; •governorship <if Canaihi. The plan
of the I>ritish campaii^n (d' ITTT, was for the army
under I)Uri;'oyin', nearly 10,0(10 stroUL;-. to advance
from Canada on Albany, theri' to form a jiinetioii
with Lord Howe's forces (vinn New ^'ork, and
thus '• ciit the rebellion in two" by dividinjx the
New Eni,dand from the Southern States. The
cam|>aii:jn opciu'il late in June, and I>urnd\ ne was,
at ilisi, enliiely siiceessful. Ticimdero^'a fi'U on
'''(■ (iih July, and IlurLjoyiu: continued to advance
towards Albany, the Americans retreating, but
rapidly concentratinif their forces, not oidy in Ids
front but in his rear, lor MnrLfoyne, who had .said,
boastfully, "liiiliuis inner tifii their backs,"
faileil to keep his lines of ri'treat open, and when
he was (du'cked by the entrenched cain|) of the
Americans at Stillwater, where (i.'Ueral (lattiswas
in command. Lake (ieor^,^e was beiiiLj taken ]ios-
session of in his rear. Hurijoyne remained be-
fore the camp until the Tth October, when, his
provisions runniuL,' short, he was forced to trust
his fortunes to an assault. Tin; strugyh! was ti
desperate one, and the IJritish loss lieavy, but the
Aini'iicans held their own and IJurn'oyno was rc-
jmlsed. There was nothinij left him m)W- but to
retreat, and this he found it impossible to do.
Ileiinned in on all sides, short of iirovisions iind
iimminnlion, with a victorious enemy pressing
close on him, m)lhin;^' was lel't but (o surrender,
which he accordin^■ly did at Saratoga on the llith
( »iIp1
iiiiini
and
there
latilii
(■riimi
lii
di^gi'.
.11 Sllnilii;;i4.
ill IiikI sonic:
nillidriUMil,
t" till! Wiirm-
I'l' li;iil, (iuv
-7 (ii'iiL-ral
iiifd ill till'
lit" iIk' Kii--
tllrSliiliMir
iliiiiiiiiialcil.
t \\ iili sdtiic
II' installer
• tllr lu'iKJs
ml ilisastcr
lyjics I'.iiiil-
Cailrton,
.Lr,i:,n'ii'\ I'll at
1 1 liis i'('si'4--
'riii' plan
11' the army
ti) aihaiicc
ii jiiiii'licjii
Vork. ami
iviilinn' till'
ates. Tin;
^■iiyiii.' was.
r^-.i I'l'U on
ti> lulvaiifc
'iilin^', hilt
only ill liis
II liail said.
ir liai'ks,"
and wliL'ii
mp of tilt;
I ( ialcswas
tiikoii jios-
niaincd liu-
wlifii, Ids
d to trust
I'^li'. was a
vy, but tlio
ne was re-
lOW l)llt to
l)lo to do.
isions and
,' jircssiiin'
siiiTdndui', I
II llio IGtIi
(.(»vi:i;.\Mi;.M oi' (ii:.\i;i;AL iiai.di.m and -imti;!) IvMIMi;!; i.ov alisis. .117
()(l')l)rr, tllr Inrci' so laviii;,' douii ilnii' arms
iiiiniliciinL;' almiii .six lliou-aiul iiii'ii. l>iirL;oyiie
ami lii> imii wen' .sent in 1! > ion and dctaiiu'd
ilifii' Millie lime, ilii' Anierieaiis iiiMsi iii;^- ii[uiii ii
laliliealiiin oi' ilie f-iiirender iiy tliu liiitisli ( iov-
eiiinieiil liel'oic sending' llie trnojis to I'lir^land.
lii. — Whilst Uur^oyne was MilVei in.;- defeat and
ili-'^r.iee, Canada, relieved from the jire-enee of a
foe, a;4aill enjoyed tllf l>le>sili'^'S of
i;*>?>uiii|>ii>>n <<r 111" rp. ' ., . ... ■,
1. -,i..al'..i e.MiM. 11. [leaec. i lie sll I lilies ol t lie enilliell.
"""'"'""■ w hieli liad lieeii snsiieiiihd by the
cMiilireaK in the Stales, were ri'.siinied in 1777, and
>i\Ieen iiiUs Wi'ie passed. 'i'lie nio>t iiii|iorlalit
aii.s w ere liiose I'linririiiiiii;' iheCuiirls oi' Kind's
I'll 11 el land ( 'oi union I 'leas, already e>ialili>lied ; one
erei'Mii;^' a < 'oiirt i.'f I'roljale, and one eonsiii iitiiii;'
hie wiioli! eoiliieil a ('niirt of Ap|Mal. any live of
ilie meiiiheis, wiiii the governor or thief jn>liee,
lieiiii;- eoinpelelil to hear eases. 'I'lie se.ssiou was
a very i[iiiet and orderly one, and all the ails
passed reeeived the appro\al of tlu! ;4ii\i'riior and
I lie home e'overnnieiit. I'.ills relaliiiL;' to trade
and eoiiimeree, liii;lnvays, etc., Wfre passed, and
the' liriiish eomniereial laws were ileelared liind-
iii4 (111 ('anad.i, which '^aNe the lllilish iiierehaiils
a ^'ii'.iler ftndiii;^ of seenrit\'. Alioni ihis lime a
ilil'l'i'ii'iiei' arose hetweeii (ioveinor ( 'arlelmi and
( liiel'-.lnstiee I,i\ilis, W liiidl led In the dismiss, li iil
ilielaller. The eaiise of t he ilispiUt! was tliea[i-
poiulni'iii of a I'rivy ('onneil of live nieinliers of
I li ■ Legislative ( 'onneil, under privale insi i iielioiis
leceiveil 1p\' Carletoii frniii the ministry. This
I'livy (tnineil w as a[i[ioinied in 177ii. and eoiisist-
I'll of tilt; !,ieiHi'nani-< iovernor. and Messrs. Collins,
hiiiiii. {'inlay, and .M..liane. I.ivins. wlmwasilie
leader of what imiy lie failed tin- •• liriiish " ele-
ment ill the eoiiiieil. diinaiided the produet imi of
these ilist rileliolis. W ineh Carleloil relllsed, and
slis|iended '.lit; chief justice. I,i\iiis then eolll-
piaiind to the IJoard of Trade, mil lie w ,is ail-
jiiilL^fd 111 ha\t' lieeii nnjiisilv removed, and
reciimineiided for re-iii^i . i eiiieiit : liiu mean while
Carleloil liail resi;,'iieil, and i.ivins — wlm was in
Eii<;huid— lid not return to ( .inada. his place
hein;^' filled hy .MalMiie. Carletmrs reiirennnt
from otliee was sincerely rej^'relted hy tin' Cana-
dians, wliost! friiMitl lie had always shown himself
to he; and they iiad i\eii more cause to regret
him when tliev eainc ui.der the sway of his suc-
cessor, (Juiieiai llaldimand.
cii.\!'ri:i; i.xiv.
(i(>\T;i.".\.Mi;.\i' or (ii;.M:i;.\!. iiai.di-
.\i.\M).— rNiii:i> i:mi'ii;|'; ldv.m.i.-i-.
1. (iKM'.l; \l. il.\l.l)l.\l.\M)'s .M'I'OlN rMI'.N r. I'.I'"-
I'lii: rs Ml' 1 lit; .V.mkkh'.vn.s id ini i.i i;ni'|'; tiik
C .VN.\ I >l A NS.— - J. 1 1 .\ 1,1 ll.Nl .\ N I I'.S TV l:.\ .\ N V. — •'..
liKciKJNiTiuN ui'" Till': Ini)i;i'i:m>i:n(i; oi- rut:
iNrrKii Sr\ii:s. — I. Cii; i'.\ii.mi:n r m- iiik
l!iirM).\i;ii:s of (Ji i;iii;i'. CiiNsiu^i i;n"'' dik-
llri l.rii;.s. — ."i. I'l.lt.si'.ci TjiiN 1)1' l,i»V.\M.STS liV
TIIK .\Mi:i:ir.\N.s. I',mii,i;atiiin m Canad.v, —
I). I'm I III Il.Mi'iui: Li'VALi.sT.s. Sr.rri.DMKNTS
IN' \Vi;.sri:i;N Canah.v.— 7. I'ui'i i,a i hin of
iiii: I'kiivim r.. Sr.r ri.i;Mi;N r uirni; I imi.u m.s
UN (iKANK lilVKl;. — ^. l!i;i'AI.l. I if (li (V i;i; Ni Ml
il.vi.iii.MANit. Ta-ssim; Till-; Hamka.s Cuiii-fs
Act.
1. — ^lajoi-(ieneral I'"rederiek llaldiiiiiind, who
sueceeded Sir (iny ('arhion as '.'inernor. was a
Swiss liv hirih. a soldier of cxiieii-
' , ]■ 1 ' ll.M.lMl IImMI-
t'licc and ciiihi. hi.i a most im- i,,;ii„r,,,| ,,,i-
. iiiriii. i:ii. n ■ ..r 111,'
ciimiironiisin;4 martinet, a man ol .VMi.ii.,.iii. i.. infin-
, . . fh... III.. I .■ili;nli;i]is.
sliiii naliire ami imperious manner,
liiile titii'l to rule a new country peopled liv two
raees, lo hoth ol which he was alien, and wiih the
laws of neiiher of which was he ihoron-hl \' eoii-
\ersant. lie was ap|Miiiiied to the l;ii\ ermneiit
at a criiical iniiod. and he ailo|iled ihe iion nih;
of coercion as the out; most suiicd to hold ('anada
tine to her alleuiaiice to ( ileal lliiiain ilnrini;-llie
tr\iii.i;' times of the American re\olulioii. lie
succcedcil. hut mure thioic^h the ilisincliiial ion of
tin uieal hulk of the people to join the I'evnlled
]iio\ inces, anil the inlliiciiee of ihc priests, ihun
lliioie^h the cflii-acy of the re|iressi\e poliev he
adoplcd: and he cariictl for himself the thorough
dislike and conteiniii, of the ]people he was a[i-
piiinlcd to riile: while, hy his arhii rar\' harshness,
he. iincon-ciously, assi :cd the cause of political
liheriy. . -howiiiLf very stroiinly llie ennirasl of
military dcs|iiiiisiii. The surrender of Iiui'i4;o\'iio,
at .""^aralo;.;;!, inspired the Americans with fresh
hopes: and. all lioic^h they did n s atteiupl aii-
oilier invisioii of ('anada. Uiey never ahandoned
the idea ol iiiriiieing the ('anadiansto join thcii-
( 'oiil'cderatioii, and emissaries weif I'oiistantiy ut
Work endeavoring to sap the loyalty of the Ciiiia-
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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
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318
TUTTLI-rs illSToUV OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
tliiiii people. AlLlioiiLih they did not succeed, still
tiu'ir offiiits ciiused iiiiuiy lo he disiiffeeted, and
<;avo oppurtuiuties to llaldiniiiud for uiimy iU'l)i-
Inu'V iiets ill the siininiiuy arrest iuid iniprisomueiit,
willioiU trial, of persons suspt'cted of favoring' the
American cause. Many eases of snnnnary arrest
of suspected persons are recorded, the most note-
worthy of which was that of Dn ("alvct, an ex-
nia<(istrate, and genlleman of n'ood standing and
position, who had heen on friendly lerms with the
Americans during tiieir occniiancy of Montreal,
and furnished them with supplies. He was sus-
pected of carrying on a secret correspondence
with the Americans, and was arrested at iiis resi-
dence, in Montreal, on the l2od of September,
ITSO, and taken to (^neixic, where he was kept in
prison — hail hcing refused — until the signing of
the treaty of I'aris. in ITS;], hy which the inde-
pendence of the I'nited States was recognized,
when all political prisoners in Canada were re-
leased.
2. — The large nund)er of arrests of suspected
jjcrsons soon tilled the jail, and the Kecollct's con-
vent was used to affiu'd extra ac-
commodation. Tlie governor re-
sju'cted very little the sacrc<lness
of i)rivate correspontlence, and tiie mail hags weie
freely o|)ened and tlu;ir contents searched for
treasonahhi eorres|)ondence. As late as Decem-
her, ITS:'), ,Mr. il. Finlay — a memher of the Triv}"^
Council, and afterwards depnty-postmaster-geu-
cral — wrote to Mr. Todd, Secretary of the (Jen-
eral I'ost Ollice, London: "It has an apjiearanci'
as if liie governor of Nova Scotia, and our gov-
ernor here, were yet permitted to take up and
opcui the mails from iMigland." (larncau gives
til., following not very llattoring picture of the
condition of aft'airs at tiiis time: "Such uncpiiet
tyranny, all tiic nnire oppressive as it was exer-
cised on a people few in numliers, heginning with
the gov(!ruor, extended to the judges in the dif-
ferent tribunals. Accused parties were deprived,
not only of their liherty, hut endangered in their
fortunes. Many were ruined through denied or
delayed justice, or hy iniijuitous sentences, passed
recklessly, in violation of all tiie j)rinciples of
e()uity ami every proper form of law. Several rich
citizens of Qnchee and Montreal were des])oiled
of their goods hy this system of persecution,
which hecame more and more unsparing as the
nrililiinand'H
tynuiny.
royal forces in America had to quail before those
of the Congress. Without form of ])roecss the
soldiei's arrested citizens, some as accused of high
treason, others suspected of minor crimes, others
again for m)hody kiuw what reason. The arrests
began at a low j)oint in the social scale and as-
cended to the highest. Among those pounced
njion, all more or less distinguished for their hirtii,
position, or substance, we may enumerate Messrs.
Joutard, Hay, Carignan, Dn Fnrt, merchants; M.
La Teriicre, director of the iron works at St.
Maurice, and M. IN^llion. These were either ini-
prisoiH'(l on hoard vessels of war at (j}uehcc, or
cast into dungeons, without l)eing iid'ornu'il of the
charges (if any) brought against them. Out;
stranger who was mysteiiously arrested, occupied
a cell on the highest lloor of the city prison. The
rumor ran that he was one of the young French
nobles who (;auie with La Fayt!tte into .America;
and who were scieii, as was idlegcd, in different
localities of Canada, with a suspicious aim which
has never been explained to this day. However
that may be, tln^ prison sentinel had orders to fire
at the high-celled stranger should he court public
regards through the gratt'd window."
.3. — During the administration of Governor
Ilaldimand a strong o])position was developed in
the Legislative Council, and the
, . ; , • 1 , • t 11 l!i>c'"KniUnli of lliil
desire lor a l.,egisiativo i\ssemi)iy iiiiiip.Mi.i.'n r
increased. Several petitions were
presented to tiie Home (lovernment praying for a
ni(U'(! liberal charter, and the subject was finally
taken under consideratiiui by the ICnglish I'ar-
liainent. IMoanwhile the war of American imle-
]iendeuee had Ik'cu drawing towards a successful
termination for the insurgent colonies. Iienjamiu
Franklin had lu.'cn sent as representative of \\w
Fiiiled States at the Court of France; and had
not only succeeded in gaining a recognition of the
new republic from Louis XVI., but the young
nation also receivcxl material aid in the shape of
troojis and a llei^t. iMigland was by this time en-
gaged in a giMieral continental ■war, and could
only sjicnd a portion of her (Miergy and resources
on the subjugation of her revolti'd colonies ; be-
sides tins, there was a strong feeling growing up
that it would be best to allow the revolted States
(o sever their connection with ihi! mother country.
The fortunes of war Jluctuated at first between
the IJritish and the revolted colonics; hut after
GOVERNMENT OF OENEHAL IIALDLMAXD— UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS. ;n<)
tlie alliiiiH'L' willi Fiance tlu; balance tiivncil j!
steadily in I'avor of llie coldiiists, and the snr- '
render of Lnrd Cornwallis, wilii sevi'n thonsand
men, to a conihiiied Aniei'ican and French lurce of l
twelve tlionsand men, under Washin;j,'lon anil ^^
lioehanibean, at Yorktovvn, Va., on ITth October,
1782, virtually finished tiie war; and the imle-
pendeiice of the United States was formally ac-
knowledged l)y Great Hritaiii by the treaty of i
peace signed at Paris in 178o. |
4. — Hy the treaty of jjcace (Jiicbee was shorn of ^
nearly all the territory wliicli hail been added to
.•.,rtaii,m.„tc,.->i„.. it l)y the act of 1774, and reduced
',!'!• '''l^ms,.Mi'Ml'i" *•" 'i''""t the same proportions as at
JiiiiVuiiks. the time of the c 'iiinest. All the
vast and fertile region i)etweeii the Mississiiijji on
llie west and the Ohio on the south was recog-
nized as belonging to the United States ; and the
boundary of the American jiossessioiis was dcliiied
by a line drawn from a point in tiie forty-fifth
degree of north latitude (St. Regis), tlirough the
middle of the river St. Lawrence, and of Lakes
Ontario. I-Irie, IIuioii, Superior, and the Lake of
the Woods. In the east, Uritish and Anierieaii
teiiilories were divided b}' the St. Croix River,
and by a line drawn from its source to tiie "high-
lands dividing the waters falling into the Atlantic
from those emptying themselves into the St. Law-
rence." 'I'iiis iuiU'riiiile definition gave rise to
various coni|ilications in after years, and very
nearly caused a war between England and the
United States before the l)i)undary was settled.
Tiie diniciiities were to define wliich were the
'•St. Croix River " and the " highlands" mentioned
ill the treaty. The Americans ciaiined that the
Maguguadavic was the river mentioned as the St.
Croix, tiie Rrilish that it was the Si ,/,)diac. In 171I8
a decision was given in favor of the Rritish river,
and it was then determined to draw the liins of
"the higiilands " from the source of the noitliern
branch of the Scoodiac River; but here another
dillieulty presented itself, as to wJiieli were " tlie
liighlaiids " meant by the treaty. Tlie IWitish
claimed that they were certain detached heights
running westward from Mars Hill, tlie Americans
that the iiigh ridges runniug from Cape Rosieres —
about thirty miles on an average iVoin tiie left
bank of the St. Lawrence — to the northwest
branch of the Conneetieiit River, were the higii-
lands referred to in the treaty. The Hritish
claimed that tlie spirit of the treaty was to retain
to each cDuntiy its great rivers and their trilai-
laries, and ihereloie held that they were entitled
to the country watered iiy tiie ^\roostook, Alla-
gash and Walloostock ; iiiit the Ameriians di.s-
puted tile game, and the matter remained in abey-
ance for nearly sixty years, and was the cause of
much trouiiie, the country being known as the
Disputed Territory. At last the difiiculty was
settled, to the disadvantage of Canada, by tlie
Ashbiirton treaty of 1842, by which the three
rivers, and nearly all the territory claimed, were
given to the United Slates.
5. — Rut if Camula lost consideralily in territory
liy the treaty of 178;}, she gained very greatly by
ciuigration, both in (luantity and PirHiniicn i.f
quality. During the war of inih- a^' i!,""":,,''.-' '|.';;,i.
pendeiice there was a strong jiarty «'"""" '"Canaiii
in tl'e States (especially New York, Massachusetts
and Virginia) who clung with the utmost loyalty
to the old fiag, and fought with the Ibitish against
the revolutionists. These were know n us 'I'ories,
and were more cordially hated by the Americans
(bin either the Hessians or the lirilish. AVlieii
the indepeiideiice of the States was acknowledged,
these men liecame the objtjcts of most cruel per-
secution; not only was their iiroperty coiilisciited,
lint their lives \\ere endangered, and it became
evident that in order to protect them they must
be providid for elsewhere Iiy tlie Rrilish (Jovern-
ineiit. Accordingly, large grants of land Avere
olfered them iu the vaiimis Rritish colonies.
Large numbers settled in Nova Scotia and Nc-vr
Rrnnswick, and about ten thousaud migrated to
the Province of Qui'bec, settling in what was then
the upper jiart of the Province, but now forms the
Province of ( )iitario. About twenty-five thousand
of these emigrants came to (Quebec, Nova Scotia,
and Prince Edward's Island, and by their thrift
and industry tended greatly to build up those
Provinces. When it beianie necessary to remove
them from New York (where most stringent laws
liad been ]iassed against, fliiin), the I'ritish (iov-
erninent olTeied them large grants of land ; and
as it was thouglit piditie to keeii the Freiii'ii
Catholic and English Protestant poiuilatiiuis as
much as possible apart, these grants were all made
west of .Ml It it real, around the Ray of (juiiile and
iiloiig the iiortheiii shine of i^ake ( )iitari. . l\Iaiiy
of these einigranis had been men of wealth and
m i:
IK
1
II'
i ■' '\
320
TUTTLE"S IIISTOUY OF IIIH DOMINION OF CANADA.
position ill llicir own States, but luul lost their all
on account ol' llieir loyalty to the British Crown,
so that the t;'ovi'ruinent iiail not only to t;ivo them
larj^'e tracts of land. — varying,' from two hundred
to five thousand acies, — i)Ut to assist them witli
farming' inipleuients, provisions and elotiiin;^ for
till! first two years; l)Ul noi)ly iiave they repaid
the iioiuify ol" tiie ^overnni-nt i)y reclaiming the
vast wilderness of tiie West, and bnildiuL;' up the
lio[)ulous and llourisiiiuij,' Province of Ontario.
(!. — The I'niled ICnipire Loyalists, as these
pioneers of civilization in Western Canada are
usuallv called, derived tlu-ir name
;iiisi». siuii'mi-iuss Iriim an oriter m council, [tassctt in
1 1 Ml, in wiiieii their chndreii, as
Well tiiose will) were born before as those l)orii
after liieir eminratiini, were granted two iuindred
acres of land on attaining tiieir majority, or on
marriage uiuler tiiat age, if females. A list of
these emigrants was ordered to l)e made for the
purpose, as the onler exi)resses it, " to [)ut a mark
of honor upon the families who had adhered to the
Utii't^/ol the Empire, and joined the /il')//((/ standard
in America, bel'ore the treaty of sei)aration in ITMo,
to the end that their posterity iniglit lie discrim-
inated from tiie tiieii future settlers." From the
em[)hasis laid on tlio w<ji(ls "unity," "em[)ire,"
and '"royal," this list was called the U. F. list,
and those whose names were entered on it known
as I'nited ICmpire Loyalists. At this time the
whole of Western Canada was a vast wilderness;
ii few miiitary and trading posts had lieeu, as we
liave seen, estal)lislied. but no effort at coloiiiza-
tioii liad lieen made, and the Iiardy loyalists liad
to go into the lieart of the jirimeval forest anil hew
out tlieir own I'ortunes liy tiieir own lab(ns. 'Die
few French and iMiglisli wlio had heretolbre pene-
trated those wilds, liad done so only for hunting
and trading j)iir[)oses, or in searcli of precious
metals; but tliese men came to make their lionies
tiiere, and to transform tin; trackless forest into a
smiling garden, rich wilii vegi'tation and teeniing
with ainindaiit harvests. When we tliiiik of tiie
Western Cana<lii of scarcely ninety years ago,
witliout a f.iriii, witiiout a setlleineiit of any
extent, witliout any means of intercommunication,
save tlie trails of the Indians, and llicir liglit
canoes and balleaux. and willi scarcely any iii-
jiabilants but tlie nonimlie l!eil man ; and tiien
gaze at the Onturic of to-day, witli its population
of two millions, its magnificent cities, its thousands
of farms, its giant industries, its network of rail-
ways, and its thousands of steamers and sailing
vessels ploughing its vast inland seas and carrying
its products to all jiarts of the world, we may look
witli revereaceon this noble little band of patriots,
whom oppression drove into the wilderness to
seek snbsisteiu'C, and from whose small la'ginnings
such great things liave resulteil.
7. — Surveys were coinmeneeil in the summer ol"
17S4, and townships laid out from the highest
French settlements on Lake St. i.„,„,i,>,i„„ „rti,o
Francis, upwards al,:ng the St. ii^irn i„. rnl'Xis
Lawrence, and around the [Jay of "" ""^^ '■'■■""""^•■'■
Qiiinte, and possession was taken of the lands, as
fast as tiiey were surveyed, by members of tlie
S4tli Uegiinent, and other Knglish and (iernian
soldiers. A settlement was also formed at Niagara,
and one at Amherstburg, and a colony from New
York took possession of tlie old site of Fmt Fron-
tenae, and founded what is now the flourishing
city of Kingston. The pioneer of this party, in
describing the ])lace, says there were no dwellings
to be seen save " the bark-thatched wigwam of the
savage, or the newly-erected tent of the hardy
loyalist ; " yet so rapidly did the jilace progri'ss
that when the Rev. John Stuart, D. D.— then the
only clergvmau in Upper Canada — visited the
]ilace, in ITS."), he says, " the town increases fast;
there are already about iil'ty houses built in it,
and some of them very eli'gant. We have ikiw.
just at the door, a ship, a scow, and a sloop, be-
sides a number of small crafts." Peace brought
with it an inlliix of emigrants from 1-iiglaiid, as
W' 11 as the States, and soon the swing of the
woodman's axe was sweeping away the giants of
the forest, and happy Iionies were being built uj)
where naught but a state of nature had existed a
few inonths bel'ore. In this year, 1TS4, a census
was taken, and the population of the Province
found to be one Iiundred and thirteen thousand
and twelve, twenty-eight tlioiisaiid of whom were
fit to bear arms, and enrolled in the militia; but
as only the more settled districts of (^ueliee, Mon-
treal, and Three Rivers were taken, it is safe to
estimate at least ten thousand mon; in thesparselv
peopled and only partly settled dislriets. The
Indian population also received a large aeeession
this year, liy the emigration of a body of tin;
Iro([iiois from their old hiinting-grounds in the
OS, its thousands
iH'twork of vail-
uers and sailinn'
cas and carrviiin'
:ld, we may liiok
band of [lalriols,
(J wilik'Tness to
anall lieginnings
1 the suninu'i' ol'
I'oni the highest
rn|iul;ltirin of tlio
l*i'"\ ill'
Scdli'-
lllcnt "if llii' n-ni|ii<)iH
p oil iliu iiriiiKl Uivcr.
of tlie hinds, as
ni embers of liie
ih and fierman
I'med at Xiagaia,
(ilony from ^\e\v
te of Fort Fron-
tiie ih)ui'ishing
)f tiiis party, in
■re no dwellings
I wigwam of the
it of the Iiardy
3 phiee progress
D. I).— t lieu the
da — visited the
1 inereases fast ;
ises 1)uilt iu it,
A\'e liave n^nv,
md a sloop, he-
I'eaec brought
•oni iMigland, as
10 swing of the
ly the giants of
l)eing built up
re had existed a
, 17^4, a ecnsns
)f the Provinee
irteen thousand
;l of whom were;
he mililia ; but
)f (^nebee, .Mon-
■n. it is safe to
e in the sparseh-
dis(ri('ls. 'I'lie
: huge accession
a liiidy of (he
grounds in the
:^:r-.'
I'l
I; li
ll
I'.
"- 1
' ;riii
[N6RAVE0 fXPStSSLYFOR'IUTTLE 5 HISTORV Or IHt DOMINION - TO FINO BIOGRAPHIES SEE INOtX
IHt BURLAND 0E5BARAT5 IIIHO COMP'
11
hhn
L I ;
It 11
h j
i' ; i'
1 M
1,'
(iOVKRX.MKXT OF LOUD DOIIC'IIESTEU— DIVISION' OF lliE PUOVIXCi:.
Siiit(! of New Yiiik ti) ;i rt'scrvalioii wliicli Wiis
oivfii lliriu oil tin; (iniiid Itivcr, tlu: ijrraiil bciii;^ a
stiip of liiiitl six iiiik's wide along tin' wliolc k'ii|^tli
of the liver. The Iro(iiiois luid siiffeicd ln'iivily
diiriiiL;' (lie war. on iicconnt of their fidelity to the
l»ritisii; (leneral Sullivan iia<l ravai^e'd tlicir vil-
lages, and inllictcd severe loss on tliein, and lieinej
driven from New York, they were forced to seek
an asylum in Canada. They settled down jieaee-
alily on their reservation, under the leadei>liiii of
their Chief, Tliay( ndane'^a, (U' ISiant, : fter whom
the town and eounty of Miant are named — and
their deticendants continue to ocen[)y the sanu'
hinds to the present day. .loseph I>rant was a line
siiecimen of a Christian Indian, and liy his wise
counsels and example, not only indiuu'd the In-
dians to forego many of their cruel praeliees in
war, hut trained them in tin; paths of Chrisliiinity
and civilization, so that the}- hecame useful and
valuahle memhers of the cf)mmunity.
8. — The return of peace gave the British min-
istry time to look into the conduct of (Jovernor
lioi-aii ot (iovornor Haldiuiand, and it was found that
Ja^i'i'u^e^X;:; '"^ ^vas totally unsuited lor his
tw7)M.s-.iit. posiiion, and was ecinally distaste-
ful to both the French and British colonists ; he
\\as, therefore, recalh'(l ( ;it his own re([Uest), and
left for England early in 178."). His successor
was .Mr. Henry Ilamilt(Ui, who was ap[iointed
Lieutenant-( Jovernor, and arrivi'd at (^uehec in
the s[yiiiig of 178."). The fust act of the; newdov-
eriior was to convene the Legisl-ilive Council, and
hesuhmitted to it the propriety of introducing the
hitheas corpus i-ct, the advisability (d' which had
been determined on by the English Privy Council.
The bill was accordingly introduced and met with
general favor; the Canadians, who now thoroughlv
understood the benefits of the act, strongly supiiort-
ing it, and the clergy fully iiuh)ising it. It was
at first pro)V)sed to exempt the meml)er.s of female
religious communities from the benefits of the act;
but t.ie nuns became highly indignant at this,
looking on it as an imiJiitation that they would
take advantage of the act, if they could, to leave
their cloisters, and at their retiuest, the act was so
amended that they, as well as others, could enjoy
its privileges. Mr. Hamilton only acted as lieu-
tenant-governor for one j-ear, and was succeeded,
for a brief jieriod, by Mr. IIe:\ry llojie : but noth-
ing of interest or importance occurred nnder
either admiiMslratioii. lieyoud what lias been al
read recorded.
CIIAPTKR LXV.
GOVEnX:\IENT OF LORD DOHCHESTEPv.
— DIVJSIOX OF JIIE PUOVIXCE.
1. IiF.AIM'OIN'TMHXT or f! i:NKu.\r, Caiii.ktox.
± liKPuitT.s ui.' C().MMrrri:i:s on tiik CoNnr-
TIOX OF TMH Col.ONV. — :!. A(iITATION' FOR
]ii:i'i!i:.si'.NTATivi-; Ciovi:i:n.mknt. Passac.i; of
TIIK '•Con.^titctional"' Act, 17'.t1. — 4. Pkin-
(TI'AL PltoVISIOXS OF THE A<'T.— ."). DIVISION
Link 1!i:t\vi;i:n tiik two Puovincks. Ckx-
I SIS.
j 1. — Immediately after the close of the American
i revolulionarv war the Liberals of (Juebec had
recommended an agitation for rep-
resentative goverinn.'iii : and their iJlM/JllaranXm
cause was greatly strengthened by
the advent of \\w United Em[)ir(! Lovalists, who
had been promised the free exercise of all the lights
and privileges to whieb they had i)cen aeeust(uiied
as citizens of l)riti^h Provinces. Canadian affairs
again began to oeeiipy the attenti(ui of the I^igii>h
House of Pailiameut, and in June, 17()>', Sir (iuy
I Carleton — now raised to the peerage as Lord Dor-
chester — was ajipointed governor-general of all
till! Provinces, and commaiider-in-chii'f ui all the
foit'cs in Ibitish Ameiii'a. Hi; arrived ;': (Quebec
1 on li^Ul October, and was joyfully received by all
classes, but especially by the Canadians, with w horn
he was a great favorite on account of the mildiu-ss
and justice with which he liail treatetl tliem during
. his hirmer administrations. At the stune time there
' also arrived a new chief justice for Queliec, Mr.
I Siiiilh, who had been attorney -general of Xew
I York, but had !)een forced to leave on account of
' his loyalty to the British Crown. 'J'he governor-
general at once convened a meeting of the Coiiii-
' cil, and laid before them certain suggestions niih
I regard to ascertaining the exact condition of the
i colony. The council was divided into committees
I to in([uire into the adininistration of justice, the
state of trade' and eommeree. the condition of the
police and the stale of education iii the Province.
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TUTTLKS HISTORY ()K TIIK I)()>riNI()X OF CANADA.
1
2. — 'I'lu'se (•(imiiiittcfs iiiiulc! loni^ iiiid careful
iiivt;.sli;^iilioiis. cxiuiiiiifil iiiiiiiy w iliu'sses, iiiitl at
U'liLflli iniiilc ii.'[)i»ils. The iuvesti-
IrXnu','..','!","!!,; 'pillion into tlu' ii(liiiiiiistnitinii of
'""""' ">■• th,. laws was oiu'iicd l.y tlie cliief
justice ill JiUH', 1TS7, ami siioweil a most uiisatis-
factoiy stato of affairs. Cliari^'cs were made .ai>aiiist
the judti^es of diMiidcemiess, iiieumiieteiiey, and
favoritism. It was siiowii tiiat tlie English jiidijes
foliowc^d Kni;iish law. llu; French judges F'rencli
law ; and one judn'c — who a[i[)arently understood
no law at all — gave ]ii> decisions on the " eiinit\' "
of eases without any resjiect to eillier Englisli or
French law. Tiie committee on trade and com-
inerco reported hoth in an unsalisfaetory condition,
which was maiidy attrilmtcd to the com[ietition of
tile Uiiited States, and also to tlu; uncu-rtainty of
the laws, it being strongly urged that English
laws should be introduced altogether, and the use
of French laws discontinued. 'J'he committee on
education found it at a very low ebb. There were
no public schools, and few private ones outside of
^lontreal and (Quebec ; the Jesuits had closed their
college and there was not a school in tlie Province
where the higher branches of learning were taught.
Tiie committee suggested the estalilishmeiit of
elementary schools in all the parishes ; district
schools for teaching arithmetic, the French and
F^nglish languages, grammar, book-keei)ing, gaug-
ing, navigation, laud-measuring, and the practised
branches of mathematics; and a university for the
study of the higiu'r branches of learning. The
committee recommended that the Jesuits' estate
and a portion of the public lands should be set
apart for the maintenance of this la-rge scheme of
general education.
3. — These reports were presented in due form,
and forwardt'd by Lord Dorchester to the Home
(iovernmeiit; but some time ela[)sed
lfmaln!\i:7\''vu-'^^' bcfoi'e action vv'as taken on tliem.
th',.''!M,msiu'u'ii.li'f- Meanwhile the agitation in favor of
"' ^'''' '""' rei)reseiitativegoveriimeiit continued.
The territory grant(ul to tiie United Empire I^oy-
alists had i)een divided into four districts, Lunen-
burg, Hesse, Nassau, and Mecklenburg, and Eng-
lish laws were permitted in these districts, as the
inhabitants knew nothing of l'''rencli laws, and did
not even understand tiie language in wliicii they
were written. Tiiis caused further elVorts on tiie
[lart of tlie t,)uebec liberals, and, in IT'JO, Mr. Adam
Lymbiirncr, a leading mercliant of Qiieliec. visited
London and ;gcd the views of the party lie rep-
resented so suceesslully, that a l)ill was prepared
by Mr. (irenville, tiic then I'olonial secretary, imd
siilimitti'd to Lord Dorchester, after which it wiis
presented to the Housi; of ('(iiiiinons by Mr. I'jit
in tlie spring of IT'.'l. The new Iiill carried mit
tlie idea iiil rod need by the settlement of the l' nit id
Fhiijiire Loyalists in tiie Western part of tin,' I'mv-
iiice — that of keeping tin; two races sejiarate ami
distinct : the I'rovince was dividc'd into two, ob-
serving as nearly as [)ossible tin; distinctions of
religion and race, and each I'rovince was granted
a Legislative ^Vsscmlily of its own. The bill was
strongly opposed by Mr. F'ox, wlio argued tliat tlu;
two races should be drawn clost; togetiier instead
of lieiiig kejit separate; and that the council should
lie elective instead of being appointed by tlie crown.
Mr. Pitt maintained tliat a division of tiie I'rovince
woiddbe the best means of conciliating the F'reiicii,
as it woniil satisfy tlieni that no attenii)t would be
made to force IJritish laws on them ; wliile it would
also gi'atify tlie Britisii settlers in Western Canada,
by allowing them to be rub'd b}- the laws tlicy
most desired. Tlie Quebec i, formers were by no
means pleas(!(l with tlie division of tiic Province,
and Mr. LyiiilMirner was heard at the bar of tlas
House of ('ominous, on 2")tli March, ITi'l, and
strongly opjiosed tiie liill, setting forth ids nlijcc-
tions very clearly, and arguing that a di\ ion
would be very detrimental to tiie interests of ( per
Canada. Tlie bill was. however, passed, and con
tinned tlio law of the country for fifty years.
4. — The following condensation of tliis ce',
ted act is taken from Christie's History of Lower
Canada: "Tiie Constitutional Act
repealed so much of the (^lebec ,7ili;:'|;[:;.""'''''"""
Act as related to tlio api)ointment
of a Council for the Province of (^iieliee. and the
})owers given to it to maivc ordinances for the
government tlicreof. His Maj(!sty"s message, ex-
pressive of his intention to divide tlie Province of
Quebec into two separate Provinces, as jirevioiisiy
noticed, to lie called l"p[)er Canada and Lower
Canada, l)eing recited, it was enacted that a Legis-
lative CouiKiil ami Assembly should be establislied
in each Province, with power to make laws for tiie
peace, welfare, ami good government thereof. Tlie
meniliers of tlie Legislative Council were to lie ap-
pointed iiy tiie King for life, and in L'^iper
(i<)Vi;i;N.Mi;Ni' of i.okd !)()ii(iii:s'ii;u- division or riii: i-kovimi;.
Ciiiiadii to consist of iiol fewer tluiii xrrcn, and in
Lower Canaila not fewci- llian ///Vc' /< iieisons. No
[ii rsoM not lieinn' of tiie l'i;il a;_;(.' of i!l years anil a
natural lioin snlijeet of iiis majesty, or natnraiize(l
liy Aft of lirilisli I'arlianienI, or u snlijeet of liis
niajest}' liy the eoncinest ami ces>ion of Canada,
eonid l)u ajijiointed to it. Jlis niaji'sty was iiniimr-
ized to annex to hereditary titles of honor, the
rinlit of lieinj^' snninioned to the LegisliUivo Coun-
eil in either Province. The i;overnor had tin,' ri^:
of iiiniointini;' a .sjicuUer to the Li'y;islalive (,'onin'
Each Province was to ho divided into districts or
connlie.s, or cities, or towns, or townships, which
were tt) retiMii representatives to the assemhlit's,
the <;()Vernor fixiiej; the limits of sncii districts and
the nnnilier of rejircsentiilives to he returned to
each. Tile whole numher of memliers of the as-
senihly in I pper Canada was to he not less than
sixteen, and in Lower Canada not less than tifly,
and to he cliosen hy ii majority of votes. The
county memliers were to he elected hy own-
ers of land in freehold or in lief or rotnre, to
the value of forty shillinj^s sterling;" a year, over
and ahovo all rents and diarizes jiayahle out of or
in respect of the same. Meinhers for the towns or
townships w er(U'liL;ihlu hy persons havini;' a dwell-
inif-ho;ise and lot of ground therein of tlu; yearly
value of jto sterling or upwards, or who having
resided in tlie town for twidve calendar months,
next hefore date of the writ of election, shall ImiKt
fide have paid one year's rent for tlie dwelling-
house in which he shall liave resided, at the rate
of £10 sterling per annum, or ujiwards. No per-
son hcing a legislative councillor or ck-rgyinan
of the Church of ICngland or Jvonie, or a teacher
of any other religious profession, was cligihlu to
tiie liouse of assemhly in cither Province, nor
was any i)crson, under lawful ago, to vote at any
oloetion of a mcndjcr to servo in the assemhl}-,
nor eligihle thereto ; nor was any person eligihlo
as such who was not a natural-born suhjeet, or
naturali/.ed as aforesaid, or a sidiject of his uia-
jesty, hy the coiupiest. I'ower was given tiie
governor to tix the times ami places of holding the
first and eveiy other session of the Legislative
Council and Assemhly in each Province, giving
due notice thereof, and to prorogue the same fiom
tinui to time, and dissolve it whenever he deemed
sucii expedient. They were to he convoked once
at least, in every twelve months, and each as-
semhly was to continue four years from the ihiy
of the return of the writs for ihnosing the im iii-
liers; snlijeet, imw ever, to he sooner prorogued
and dissoUcd at tiu' pleasure of tiie goveiiior.
The governor was aiithori/ed to give or withjnild
his majesty's assent to ail hills passed iiy the two
liiaiiches, and to reserve such as he may think fit
h)r the signilicatioii of his majesty's pleasure
lliereu[ioii. Copies of all hills he iiiiglil a>sent to,
were also In he forwarded to tlu; secretary of state,
and his m.ijesty might, at any time within two
years sifter receipt hy the secretary, disallow them
if he thought fit. P>i!ls reserved hy the governor
for his in;* ;iistv"s pleasure, were not to have efl'ect
till sancti'Hii-d ami notice thereof given hy mc-s-
sage to tin iwo houses of the I'rovincial jiailia-
nicnt. or hy jiroclamatiun ; nor eould the royal
assent to hills so reserved he giviii, unless within
two years next altt'rthe ilay when ]jresentcd to
the governor for the royal assent. .\!1 laws or
statutes and ordinances in force in either Province,
cxeej)t as repealed or altered hy that act, were to
remain in force, as they might he at the time of
its coming into ojieratioii. The governor and
Executive CouiK'il, which hy an ordinance of the
Province! of (jiiehec, had heeii constituted a Court
of Apjieals, wi're, ill each J'rovince, to continue
so; liahle, however, to such other provisions as
might he deemed necessary hy the new legisla-
tures, 't was enacted that an allotment of crown
laiuls, in 'aidi Province, should he made for the
support and maintenance! of a I'rotestant clergy
within the same, and such allotment was to
he as nearly as circumstances and the nalnro
of the case would pijrmit, equal in value to a
seventh part of the lands granted and to he
granted. * * * Jlis majesty was aulhor-
ized to i'mpow(!r the governors in each Pro-
vince to erect parsonages and endow them, and to
present incumheiits (U' ministers of thi! Church of
England, snhjcct and liahle to all rights of institu-
tion and all other spiritual and ecclesiastical juris-
diction and iiuthority lawfully granted to the
liishop of Nova Scotia. J'ower was given to the
Provincial Legislatures to vary and icpeal the
pi'ovisions relating to such allotments for the sup-
port of a Protestant clergy, j)arsoiiages ami recto-
ries, and iireseiitation of incumheiits or ministers;
luit it was provided that no hills in this hehalf
were to bo assented to by his majesty until thirty
li!'
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324
'II TI'I.KS IIIS'|()i;V OK IIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
days iifl(.r thcv Iiad hccn liiiil hd'oii' liolli liuiiscs
of lla; Iiiijiciial jiiiiTnuiiiiit. iior w ii> liis iiiiijt'sly
ti) iissciit 1(1 any swell liill iii case ut' tin iiiMri'ss
from t'itlicr (if llic Houses diiiiiiLC lliat perioil. re-
(liiestiii;^f iiiiii til willilinlii llie niyal iisseiil iVoiii il.
Tlie intent nt' tliest- privileges was to presei'Ve the
I'in'iits and interests ipf tin' I'^^lalilisiied t'luneli of
KnL;land in liolh I'n)\inees iVoni invasion liv llieir
respeclivi! lei;isiatiiies. All lands to 1)0 tiiereal'ter
tji'anted in I'lpper Canad.i, wefe to I)e in fee and
connnon soecaLic and so also in Lower ('aiiadii,
when llu! ;,'rantei! reiiiiiivd it. 'i'lie IJiitisIi pailia-
nient reserved to itself tiie ri;,dit of providini,' re^'-
ulations or proiuliitions, iinposintj, ievvinn'. and
eolleeliiiLT duties, for the reniilaiion of navigation
or for tlie regulation cd' eonnneree, to he earried
on liet ween the said two I'roviiu'es, or liet ween
either of them, and any other part of his majesty's
dominions or any foreinii I'onntry, or lor appointing
and direeting the jtaymenl of duties so iinjiosed ;
leaving, however, the exelnsivo apiiropriation of
all imnu'ysso levied, in either province, to the legis-
lature thereof, and apiiliealile to sueli pnl)lii! uses
therein as it might thiidc tit to a])ply them.
The governor, pursuant to the king's iiistrnc-
tions, Mas to iix upon and declare the day
when the act should coniiuenee, which was m)t to
lie later than the ;>lst I )eceml)er, ITltl : nor was
the calling logt'therof the Legislative Council and
Assemlily, in each Province, to bo later than the
31st Dec'emlier, \~U±"
i>- — 'I'he proclamation issued at the time defnu'd
the boumlary liiu; between the two Provinces as
oivisinu '.ill.' !..■- follows : '• Commencing at a stone
tw. I'll \hr iwo I'r... '^
imis. (viisiis. Iiotiiulary on the north baidc of the
Lake St. Francis, tu the eove west of the Point
an liiiUiJit, in the limit between the township of
Lancaster and seigneurie of New Longueil, run-
ning along the said limit in the direetior. of north,
thirty-four degrees west to the west-most angle of
the seigneurie of New Longiieil, thence along
the northwest boundary of the seigiu'iirie of Vau-
dreuil, running north twenty-five degrees east,
until it strikes the Ottawa iJiver, to ascend the
said river into Lake Tomiseanning, and from the
head of the .said lake, by a line drawn due north
until it strikes the boundary lino of Ilndson's
r$ay, including all the territory to the westward
and southward of the said line to the utmost ex-
tent of the country commonly called or known by
the name of Canada." I lu' new I'ldviiices were
divided into electoral districts, aeeoiding to [lop-
nlation, no account iieing taken of the extent of
I territory. A census taken the previous year ga\ii
the niiniber of males over sixtei'ii, as thirty-seven
thousand four hundred and elevi'ii, and the entile
; jiopiilatioii as one hundred and lil'ly thousand, of
whom about (ifteeii thousand were IJritish. On
j the ITtli August, IT'.U, Lord Dorchester went on
a visit to lOngland, lea\iiig Major-tJeneral Alnred
{'lark(> to act as lieuteiiant-governor, ami to carry
out the provisions of the new act.
CII.M'TKP LXVI.
NOVA SCOTIA.— DIVISION OF TIIE
I'KOVINCK.
1. (i()Vi;i;NMi;NT (iI'l'dSlTION TO IIo.Mt', .MaNI T.VC-
Tl'KK.S. — '1. (i(,Vi:itN()ll Flt.ANCKl.IN's OflNlON'
AHOLT iI.VNII'.\(Tli;i;.S IN ITtlli. — •!. Ll'I'OltTS
TO iNi)ri;K Nov.v Scotia to ,ioin tiik i;i:-
VOm'KI) PllOVIN('i:S. 4. No.N-lNTKItCOlUSK
with TIIK KKVOI.TKD PUoVlNCK.S. — ;"). At-
TK.Ml'TS TO INCITK TIIH InPI.VNS TO ItlCVOLT. —
t>. (JOVKUNOU LlXiCK.S INVKSTIGATIOV INTO
FINANCIAL MISMANACr.MKNT. — 7. AlMllVAK OF
Unitki) IvMi'inio Loyalists. — ,■<. Tiik Hkv.
.Iacoii Hailky. His account ok his ai'imcah-
ANCK ON III.S LANIUNC AT IlAt.II AX. — !'. DlS-
.SATISl'AcrioN OF TIllO LOYALISTS. DIVISION OF
TIM-; Pu<n'iNci:.
1. — During the period down to which we
brought the History of Xova Scotia in our last
chapter on that Province (ehaiiter
*■ ^ -. I <"l*nt'riuiH'nt oppo-
i;l, iia<'"e -•)ti). and the vearl(S4, Hiii..iii.. ii..iii.Maii-
when the Province ol Aew Ihuns-
wick was estalilished, the affairs of the I'rovince
were administered by eight governois and lieuten-
ant-governors, whose terms of oflice were not suf-
iieieiitly iiregnant with matters of jiublic interest
to demand separate chapters for each; we shall,
therefore, embrace the eight administrations in the
present chapter, and bring our history down to
the division of the Province in 1TS4.* (ioveinor
•Tlie (lovpi-iiiirs of Niiv.i Scntia aiipuiiitid after Mr. .Mcmtaguo
Wilniot (17i!.'i), up til tlic tiiiii' iif till' (Ihisidii nf tlio rnivliu'e were:
Mii'liael Fi-aiicklin, 17(111. Itidiard tld-lics. IT'S.
I.iinl William Campbell, 17(i(i ami Sir .\mlrcw S. Ilniiiimuul, 1781.
1772. 1 .'iilin I'arr. 17S-_'.
Fraiii'is I.e^trp, 177.'!. IMwaril I'aiiiiiiif;, 1783.
Mariot .VrUiitlinot. 1770. I
N<)\A S(()ll.\- l>i\ IsloN (II' llli: I'K(»\1N( K.
W'iliiiot (liml ill IT'it!, mid Wiis succi'cdiil \>y l.icu-
lciiaiit-(<"Vi'niui- I'"i;iii(lvliii, wlinsc ailiiiinistr;itiiiii
w^is Mill iiiaiiccil 'c iiv |iariiLiiliuly ri'iiiarkalilu
ivi'iits. 1 liu coldin coiitimu'il to iirns|icr, and u
slcailv How of ciiiii^ralioii swelled its j)ii[iululinii.
rhc iidialiilaiils (•oiiliiiccl ilicir jmrsiiits ti* aL;iiriil-
liiii: and liiiiil)t'iiii'4' ; tlicrc wcri; lui uiaiiiiracl iircs,
and till! s|iii-it id' tlic l^ni^iisli i^ovcinnn'nt was
sHMn'4lv (i|p|)()s(;d to giving any ruconia^cnicni lu
llii'Mi: indeed, on tliu contiaiy, eiroiis weie nuule
to suppress any alteni[)ts at tin' lionie |iiodnetion
of i^oods made in Knulaml; and, in IT'lS, (iov-
ernor FraiH'kliii reeeivetl onleis I'roni the secretary
cpf state to prohihit the working' cd' the Cape l>r(.'-
ton coal mines, whieli was elearly intended as a
liimlianee lo home maiiuraetnres. and a pioteetion
to the ImiuHsIi maniiraetiires, iMi^ilanil at that
lime was exti'emely jealons of hei' mannfaelures,
and the einnmereial spirit so pervaded the ;_;()vei'n-
inent that every effort was made to repress maiin-
faclnres in the eoloides. it heini^' desired that they
shcnihl lie entirely dependent oii tiie mother eonn-
try. This ]ioliey was uontinne(l many years; and
even after llie elose of the Anieriean war of Inde-
peiid(;nee, and the advent of tin,' I niled l'",n;pire
Loyalists, (_'a[ie ISreton was kept as a st'aled liook,
and while n'rants of land w(!ie i'reely made in Nova
Seotia, noin^ were made in the island of Cajie lire-
ton until ITS4. This policy was iimlonhtedly
ciiiised liy the fear that tlu! infant indnstries then
rapidly sprini^ini;' into existence in the New En<^-
land States would he inntated hy the Kn_t;iish
eiiloiues, where eoid was convenient for nianiifac-
tiirinjf pnrposes.
'2. — Tin: policy of the n'ovornmeut is very clearly
shown in the foUowinn' extract from a letter of
ii.iv,.ni..i riHM.k- (Governor Franekliii to the Eurl of
In^nuSs'!;;"" Sl'^l''"nie in ITtitJ: '• 'J'lie country
'''*'• people, in t^ern'ral, workup, for their
own use, into stockinu;s, and a stuff called home-
spun, what little wool their few sheep produce ;
and they also nitike jiart of their eoiuse linen from
the (hix they produce. The townships of Truro,
Onslow anil Londonderry, consistin;,;' in the mIioIc
of six hundred and ninety-four men, women and
children, composed of ])cople cliii'lly from the
north of Ireland, nial^e all their liner, isid even
some little to s])iire to the iieiL^hliorin;.: owns.
This year they raised seven thousand live hundred
and twenty-four pounds of flax, wdnch will proha-
lily he worked iiji, in their .several f.iniilies, durlnif
the winter. I cannot omit representiiin' to Miur
lordship, on ilii> occasion, thai l/iix (/uririiiiu iil liti!<
(tl III) tillir i/ivi'll I /iriilli-ili/iiiinil /'■ iii.Uliih^it- :■ .v wliih
I'liitli/ iiilirt'ifi' iril/i l/iosr lit' (iri'lt r.-itu, ; • (U- has
there hcen the least appeaiiU.ce of any ,i»ociation
(d pri\alc ]i('rsons for that purpose; iku- iire there
any persons who profi thenisi-Ues weavers, so as
to make it tlnir em]il(i\meni or Inisiness, l.nl (hjIv
work at it in liu'lrown families, during,' the winter
and other leisure time. It may he also jirojier to
oiiserve to \onr hnil.-hijp that all the iidiahii ants
of this colony are employe<l either in hushaiidry,
lishin<f or ]irovidim;- linniier ; and that all the man-
nfaelures for their cloihinL,'-, and ihe utensils for
fannin.ii: and lishinu', are made in (Jreat iSriiain."
j '5. — Ihe Ihnise of ]iepresentati\cs in Ahissachu-
sctts, when the agitation was commenced in that
colony ahoul the passage (d' the
Miimp Act, cn(l(,'avorc(t to Ljiun tiie Nnv.is.n i:i'..i, in
svmiialhv iind suiiport of Nova Sco- ti >^^ ruvoUud i.n.v-
tia ; and in li(iS addressed :• eir-
cnlar to the Asseinhly of that province. The eir-
eular was addressed ti> the Speaker of the Ihuise
of Asseinlily, hilt it was never read to the llonso
as it was desired that it should he, for it fell into
the lianils of l,ieutenanl-i overiior Francklin. and
In; adopted the soiiie\' hat hi^h-hanih'd measure of
I'orwardiu!;' it to the Jvirl of Sheihnrm'. without
I suhmittini;- it to tlu' Assemhly ; and. at the same
1 time, he ass i red his lordship of the loyalty of the
: inhahilants of tin.' iiioviiiee, and that no tempia-
' tion, however slroiiL!', would induce the jieople to
' resist the cxeeiition of any laws passed li\- the
; Knelish rarliameiit. 'i'his assurance was I'nlly
I vei'ified uv the loyalty oi' the Nova SeoiJans duriiiLT
! the war of Indc])eiidenee. .V iiitmlier of the Ara-
j dians, who had lieeii exiled in IToo. reiunied alter
I the jicace of ITiI-!, and (piielly settled down on
j their ohl properties, and were not anain distiirlied.
In 17(14. captains of the kiui^'s shijis in Halifax
I were made magistrates iw-nffiriu, and in ITtio a
large coUcetioii was maile in Halifax for the suf-
ferers hy the extensive contlagration in ]\iontreal
I in Septeiiilicr of that }ear.
I 4. — (hi the hreaking out (jf lutstilities in ihe
I thirteen colonies, a proelamation was issued hy
Lit'Utcnant-tiovermn- Leuge, who
111 • 1 • ^--.'> J' 1-1 ><'""-i»tori'riiirsi!
liait liecii appointeil in 1m-). lorlml- wiih tinTuvoUcd
ding- any correspondence with tlio '"■"^"'^'^*-
111
i' 1
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il
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i,:i
;52(]
TUTTLKS JIISTOllY Ol" TIIH DOMINION OF CANADA.
rebels in New Eiif^laml, and uii order \vas after-
wards issued l)y tlie Assembly proliibiting the ex-
j>()rtation of arms, gnnpowder and annnunitirm
witliout the sanation of tlie governor. Tlils was
to iirevent a truTic in those articles, wbieli would
undoubtedly have sprung nii. as they were very
seareo Avitli tlie Americans, and i)riei'S ranged very
lii'^ii. Indeed the communities of Cobe(piid aud
Cumberland did not respect the j)roelamalion, and
were punished by dislVanchiseuKMit. Ncjva Seotia
did not esea[)e altogether the horrors of war dur-
ing tiie struggle in the neighboring colonies ; some
of her settlements were ravaged by i)rivateers, but
no regular invasion took place, as was tiie case with
(2uebee. The Americans constantl}' had emissa-
ries at work trying to sap the loyalty of the peo-
jtle, aud they so far su ;ceeded that a small demon-
stration was made by tlie people of IMongerville,
and an attempt made to capture Fort CumbeiLind
(formerly Fort IJeausejour), but it was easily
foiled. The people, however, seized a brig wliicii
was lying in the Missiqnash River, aiul took it to
l^Iacliias, Avherc it was sold as a prize. Tlie offence
■was overlooked by the government on the owner
of the brig being indemnified f(n- his los-'. The
jieople of JNIacliias, who were empowered b}' tlie
I\Iassaclinsetts Assembly, fitted out a sloop, com-
manded l)y Stephen Smith, a member of the Mas-
sachusetts Assembly, ami made a d(!sceut on the
river St. John, destroyed Fort Frederick, and
burned the house and stores of Simmon's fishing
station. Tliey also captured a brig (,f one hundred
and twenty tons, laden with snp[)lies for tlie troops
in Boston.
5. — The agents of the Massachusetts govern-
ment were very active amongst the Indians, and
tried hard to incite the iMicinacs
iii.'indiiiiist..r.'- to revfilt against Mritisii ■• tliority.
^""' They so far succeeded that tlie In-
dians entered into a treaty agreeing to send six
liundred warriors to Washington's assistance ; and
in the sjjring of 1778, a large body of Miemacsand
jNIilicetes a|)peaied at the mouth n( tlie .leniseg,
aud scnit down the Uritish ilag to Captain Stud-
holme, who was at Fort Howe, which was equiva-
alcnt to a di'iilaration of war. Captain Studiioime
invited all the leading chiefs to altt'iid a council
at the fort, at wliicli ]\Ir. Fraiicklin — then Cominis-
sioiier of Indian Alfairs — was present, and the
cliii'fs were so llattered, feasted, and loadi'd with
presents that they broke their promise to help
Washington, and renewed their oath of allegiance
to George the Third. The following j'ear thev
again threatened to break the peace ; but more
llattciy and presents pacitied them, and the In-
dians of Nova Scotia have never made a hostile
demonstration since. Several f the numerous
privateers which were fitted o in New England
during the Avar, combined in June, 1782, to make
an attack on Lunenburg. They landed in consid-
erable force, and comi)elling some of the inliali-
itants to jjilot tlicm to the town, plundered the set-
tlement, aud burnt the house of Mr. Creiiihton.
This was the last hostile act of the war, as far as
Nova Scotia was concerned, and the declaration of
peace, in 17S.'5, relieved the inhabitants from any
further fears of molestation by jirivateers. One of
these privateers met a tragic end in the harbor of
Lunenburg. She was chased by an English cruiser,
and put into the harbor; but, while coming to an-
chor, one of the ollieers — who had formerly been
a seaman in the Hritish navy — set fire to the mag-
azine to escape the fate of a deserter, aud out of a
crew of about one hundred, only six were saved.
0. — floveinor Legge, who was a relative of the
Earl of Dartmouth, was recalled in 177(5, but con-
tinued, through family inlluences, to (Vn.Tnor i.opKP's
hold the siiuicurc position of gov- li'lKUHlMi'm'i"in.'iii-
eriior, and drew the piiy for many "i^"""^^"''
3ears, the alfairs being administered b^- Lieutenant-
Governors Arbutlinot, Hughes, Hammond, I'arr,
aud Fanning. Legge was a sliai'iniian of business,
very industrious, and was ])artieiilarly active in
correcting abuses in tlio expiMiditiire of the jjublie
funds. He made liimself uiipojuilar Ity examining
into the past expenses of the province, which was
then twenty thousand pounds in debt, and much
excitement was caused by the fact that the books
of the late Treasurer could not be found. His
widow disclaimeil all knowledge of them, and the
present Treasurer knew nothing of them. At
Leggirs iustaiHU! actions were brought against
John Newton and Jonathan llinney, for seven
hundred and thirty-six iiouuds, claimed to liave
been iui])roperly iiai<l theui, and judgments ob-
tained in the SupriMiu; Court. Newton paic! the
amount claimed from him ; but Hinuey was com-
mitted to prison in default. Lieutenanl-Govi'iuor
I'^raneklin exiilained that the nuuiey paid J\Ir. lliu-
ney was for services rendered, but that did not
IsUVA SCOTIA— DIVISION OF THE rilOVINCE.
prevent judgment being lendurud against him, nor
Ills conunitment to jiri^on. Tiiero seems to be no
doubt tiiiit irreguliirities iiiid existed iu tlio expen-
diture of tlio publie money ; but (icvernor Legge
WHS rather iudiscriminale in las iieeusutions, and
lilauieil some ollieials wlio were al)ove suspieion.
He was nuieh disliived by tlie couneil, and tliat
b.nl) felt greatly relieved when he was reealled.
7. — liie attention of emigrants from the New
ICngland colonies had l)een culled to Nova Scotia,
many years ago, by Governor Law-
i\"iViio i"fiy!i)'i'it".' renee, us related in (,'hapter ol ; and
it was only natural that when it
bceume quite evident thei'e would be a struggle
liclween the thirteen colonies und the Mother
( 'ountry, numy of those who remained loyul to the
lailer shoidd consider the udvisubility of removing
lo unolher colony Avhere tiiey could still retain
liu'ir attat'hnu:nt to the crown. Even before hos-
tiiilies began a number of loyul families emigrated
iVoni lioston aiul settled on the river St. J<jhn,
founding the town of I'arrtown, now St. John,
\. 1). They fotmd the climate and soil both much
better tluiu they hud cx]teeted, and the colon\' soon
begun to tiuive apace. Scltlcments were made ut
Oromoeto, where a fort wus built, and one bold
exjilorer penetrated as far as the present site of
Frederieton, und cleared a farm there for himself.
These emigrants nuniliered about live hundred,
and the district tiiey settled in was made the
county of Suidinry. This, however, was only the
udvanee-giiard of tiie iunueuse army of emigrants
w iiich wus to be atlructed to the colony ut the
close of the war, and which wus destined to play
so imi)ortant a part in the history of the ^biritime
Province. Tlu! exodus of loyalists from New
I'iUgland commenced innuedif.tely after tlu; open-
ing of lU'gotiut ions for peace in Nov(Mul)er, 17?^- ;
for so bitter was the action of tiie different State
legislutures ugainst tlieui that Lord Dori'liester
could iR)t await the tardy action of parlianu'Ut,
i)ut took upon himself to commence their removal
to Nova Scotia. On the iSth INIay, 11K\, (he
ships bearing the first instalment of loyalist emi-
grants from New England arrived ut Nuvy Island,
and during the summer they eontinuc^d to arrive
until about live thousuiul had settled between
I'arrtown and St. Ann's. Tin; i)eninsula now
occupied by the city of St. John wus then almost
a wilderness, covered with shrubs, scrubby spruce
and mursh. Largo numbers of emigrunts also
arrived at Annapolis, I'oit Koseway and other
points; and (jovernor I'arr, in a letter to Lord
North in September, 17<S:!, estimates tins whole
ninuber that had arrived in Nova Scotia und tiie
island of St. John at thirteen thousand.
8. — These emigrants included all classi's, di.s-
banded soldiers, lawyers, clergymen, merchants,
farmers and mechanics ; all in indi- tiic it.v. .in.oii
gent cirenmstunees, but willing to ,Vr'i'i'isn|,|,I'ir,m,','!',',','
build up their own fortunes und '""-'"'Kai n.,iiri«.
those of the land of their adoption by honest labor
und industry. Amongst the first arrivals Mas the
llcverend Jacob IJailey, a church of Enghuul Min-
ister, wiu) had been a missionary of the Society for
I'roiiagation of the (losixd iu fori'ign jjarts for
about eighteen years iu Maine. He was great 1}^
perseculed on account of being an agent of a Hiit-
ish Society, and suffered great hardshij)s before
reaching Halil'ax in 17U0. He gives the following
description of his uirival, und, certuinly, fr(un his
own, uccount he must have been in a sud jilight:
" We were now plainly sensible," he writes. " that
our uncouth habits and uncommon appearance
had by this time attra> ied the nt)tice of multitudes
who Hocked towards the water to indulge their
curiosity. These imiuisitive strangers threw us
into s(une confusion, and to prevent a mtdtitnde
of impertinent interrogations, which might natu-
rally be (ixjiected by pt'rsons in our circumstances,
I made tiie foHowing public deciuration, standing
on the (luarter dc'ck: ' (ientlemen, we are a com-
pany of fugitives from Kennebeck, in New Eng-
lanil, driven by liimiiie and ])ei'secution to take
refuge among you; and, therefore, I must eiiticafc
your candor and compassion to excuse tlu; mean-
ness and singularity of our dress.' I, ut tliat mo-
ment, discerned among tlui gathering crowd Mr.
Kitsou. one of our Kenuebeek neighbors, iiinning
down the strci.'t to our assistance. He eanu! in-
stantly on board, and after mutual salutation,
helped us (Ui shore. Thus, just a bu'tnight alter
wo left (Uir own beloved habitation, Me found
ourselves landed iu a strange ( luntry, destitute of i
money, elotlniig, or furniture, . nd wholly uneer-
tuin what countenance or protection mc might
obtain from the governing ]iowers. Mr. Kitsou
kindly offered to condiuit us either lo Mr. Mruiu's
or Captain Callahan's, and just ns we bad (piilted
our vessel, Mr. Moody, formerly clerk to the King's
1
!/
!!"
If''
ill
3
1
t .1
ijlll,
^^iJii
K, ■ ■■ (
r i
iil=
328
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
chapi'l, appeiired to welcome our ariival. But as
it may afToid some diversion to the courteous
reader, I will suspend my narrative a few moments
to describe the singularity of our ajjparel, and the
order of our procession through the streets, which
wi're surprisingly contrasted by the elegant dresses
of the ladies and gentlemen we happened to meet
in our lengthy ambulation. And lune 1 am con-
foundedly at a loss where to begin, whether with
Captain Smith or myself; but as he was a faithful
pilot to this haven of repose, I conclude it is no
more than gratitude and c()m[)laisanee to give him
the preference. He was clothed in a long, swing-
ling, threadbare coat, and the rest of his habit dis-
played the venerable signatures of antiquity, both
in the form and materials. His hat carried a long
peiik before, exactly perpendicular to the longitude
of his aquiline nt)se. On the right liand of this
sleek connnandei' siuiffled along your very humble
servant, having his feet adorned with a pair of
shoes which sustained the marks of rebellion and
independence. My legs were covered with a thick
pair of blue woollen stockings, whicii had been so
often mended and darned by the fingers of frugal-
ity, that scarce an atom of the original remained.
My breeches, which just concealed the shame of
my nakedness, had formerly been l)lack, but tlie
color being worn out by age, nothing remained but
a rusty gray, bespattered with lint and bedaubed
with jiitch. Over a coarse tow and linen shirt,
manufactured in the looms of sedition, I sustained
a coat and waistcoat of tlie same dand\' gray rus-
set, and to secrete from public inspection the innu-
merable rents, holes, and deformities which time
and misfortune had wrought in these ragged ami
weather-beaten garments, I was furnished witli a
blue surtout, fretted at the elbows, worn at the
button-holes, and stained with a rarity of tints, so
that it might truly be styled a coat of many colors ;
and to render this department of my haliit still
more conspicuous and worthy of obscuvalion, tlie
waist desceniled below my knees, and the skirts
hung dangling about my heels; and to complete
the whole a jaundice-colored wig, devoid of curls,
was shaded by the remnants of a rusty iieaver, its
monstrous brim replete with notches and furrows,
and, grown limjisey by the alternate inflictions of
storms and sunshine, lopped over my shoulders, and
obscured a face meagre with famine and wriidded
with solicitude. My consort and niece name lag-
ging behind at a little distance, the former arrayed
in a ragged baize night-gown, tied round her mid-
dle with a woollen string instead of a sash ; the
latter carried ui)on lier back the tattered remains
of a hemlock-colore<l linsey-woolsey, and both their
heads were adorned with bonnets composed of
black, moth-eaten stuff, almost devoured with the
teeth of time. I forgot to mention the admirable
figure of their petticoats, gogged at the bottom,
distinguished by a multitude of fissures, and curi-
ously drabided in the mud, for a lu'avy rain wis
now beginning to set in. And to elost' this solemn
procession 1 )r. ^hiyer and my faithful .John marched
along in all tlie jiride of poverty and majesty oi
rags iiiid patciies, which exhibited the various dyes
of the rainbow. In this manner our procession
began, and was siqiported till we arrived at Cap-
tain Callahan's, near hall a mile from the place of
our landing.'" Mr. Bailey was first called to Corn-
wallis, but returned to Annapolis in 1782. and was
rector of St. Luke's Parish for twenty-live years.
0. — In the year 1783 an act was jiassed by the
legislature removing some of the disabilities of
Komaii Catholics, public opinion in
^. Li ' .1 • • 1 . Oipsalisfarlinii of
Nova Scotia, Oil tins point, l)eiiig iiici.iviiiisis. i)ivi«-
. ; iolKif lllO I'lnvimi'.
ahead ot tiiat in ryiigland ; i)ut it
was not until 1829 that all disabilities were re-
moved. The loyalists who settled at the St. J(din
lUwv dill not agree very well with the original
settlers. They grew angry with the governor be-
causi! their grants of land had not been surveyed.
He, in turn, charged them with refusing fo assist
in the surveys, by acting as eliainmeii, unless they
were well paid for it. Then they demanded addi-
tional reiiresentation in the Assembly. Nova
Scotia was then divided into eight counties, and
there were thirty-six representatives in the As-
sembly; the districts where a number of loyalists
had settled being inelii<hil in the county of Hali-
fax, (lovernor Parr opposed an increase of repre-
sentalion. as his instructions specially foriiade his
increasing or diminishing the number of represen-
tatives in the Assembly. 'I'lie loyalists then bi'gaii
to agitato for a division of the in'oviiice, a policy
whicli was strongly opposed by the governor, and
whicli gave rise to much excitement and ill-feeling.
Parr even went so far as to remove some of tbe
loyalists to the other side of the Bay of l''undy,
in the hope that that would settle the agitation;
but it only increased it, and the loyalists, who
le former arrayed
;d round lier mid-
id of a sa.sh ; tlie
tattered remains
(T, and both their
ets eonijiosed of
levoured witli tlie
ion the admirable
d at the bottom,
fissures, and curi-
[i lieavy rain wis
) close this solemn
iful John marched
ty and majesty of
d the various dyes
r our procession
e arrived at Caj)-
from the place ot
St called to Corn-
> in 1782, and was
venty-five years,
.vas jiassed l)y the
he disabilities of
in
nissalisfartinn of
nO' till' loviilisis. Iiivis-
~ ii/iiot till) I'luviiiw.
It
v'lbilities were re-
ed at the St. John
with tlie original
the governor be-
ot been surveyed,
refiisim^' to assist
linen, unless tlu^y
y demanded addi-
tssembly. Nova
^ht counties, and
itives in the As-
iml)er of loyalists
e county of Ilali-
inercase of rejire-
{■iiilly forbade his
mlier of represeii-
valisls then began
nd\iiice, a policy
Ihe governor, and
'lit and ill-feeling,
love soiiK! of ihi\
15ay of Fiindy,
le the agitation ;
he loyalists, who
i
1;
u
i
1
i ^ 1 ; 1
>
i \ '
h 1
HI
1
in
1
i 1
1
1
HI
3 !!
t
!'■ ! .11
I
Ill
Ul
vi
15
111
III
iM!
LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OB' GENERAL ALURED CLARKE.
329
liad uiiuiy wuiiu ami iiiiluL'iitial iViciids at cmirt,
tirgt'd a division sso carncslly tiiat llu; iniiiistiy
yielded to tlieir wislius, and the I'mvinuo of New
Brunswick was created, so called out of couipli-
nieut to the rei^niini^ family of EnL,dand. The
riser Missi([nash was couslitutcd the bouuilarj'
line Let \ve(!n the two provinces, and tlu; separation
took place in tlu; fall of 1TU4, the first governor
of New IJrunswiek, Colonel Thomas Carleton
(brother of Lord Dorchester), arrivin;jf at St. John
on 21st Novcmlicr. Li the same year Capo Breton
was made a separate colony, and as the Island of
St. John (I'riiiee Hdward Island) had been sepa-
rated from Nova Seotia in ITTO, there were now
four separate governments in what at ])resent con-
stitutes the ^laritime Provinces. AVe shall now
take up the history of Upi)Hr and Lower Canada,
and follow tlieir fortunes for a considerable period
before reverting again to the history of Nova
Scotia.
CILVrTHU LXVII.
LOWER CANADA.— GOVERNMENT OF
GENERAL AUTJEI) CLARKE.
1. EixruE Classii'U'ation' ok Si'n.TErTs of
THIS \V()i;k. — -1. Ski'AU.\ti(ix of thk I'ltov-
ixci':s. Division of Loweu Canada into
Counties, &c. — :>. 'I'me Fiust Raiiliamext.
CoXTE.ST for the Si'EAKEUSHir. — 4. FoK-
MAL Ol'EXIXO OF THE FlIlRT I'AI!I,IAMENT OF
Lower Canada. — "). Dehate o\ the Lan-
OrAOE IN VVHICH I'lK KEEDIN(iS SHOl'I-D I?E
Recorded. — (>. The Biles Passed. — 7.
— PUOUOOATION OF THK IIolSE. 8. CoNDI-
Tiox OF THK Province.
L — We open this chapter with a paragraph in
explanation of the succeeding divisions of this
work, fearing, should we trust to a
Future olnspiflc.i- ' . , , ,
linn of Kiiiijeit.wif nicre ioot-not(\ it would l)e over-
llils work. 11111 ■ 1 1
loolccd, and (liat a nusuiulerstaiid-
iug between reader and editor ■would result in
confusion. It would be iiii[)ossiblo to write a
liistory of the pr. 'sent Dominion of Canada from
any one common centre. Tiiere is no one chiiin
of great events around wliich all others can be
wovi'U with any degice of harmoii\'. V\) to this
])oiiit we have alternalcd between Canada and
Aca lia, a plan which has kept us from iuharniony
of a rangemcnt, and at tin; same time brought for-
ward the history in cotcmiioraneous order. But
now we find the nuiniier of provinces rapidly in-
creasing, each with cc'rtaiu local interests and
events of vast importance, some; partly connected
with or growing out of cotemporary events in the
other, and some ijuite independent in both cause
and elTect. \n view of these and other facts we
lia\e decided iiiioii the following order of division
as to subjects in the succeeding chapters:
L History of Lower Canada as a province from
the division of ITHt to the union cd' L'-!40.
2. History of I'pper (^anada as a ]M-oviuc(! from
the division of ITt'l to the union of 1S4U.
?^. History of Nova Seotia from 17.S4, the point
at wliich we last left the history of that province
to lh(! Confc<leration of 1S(!7.
4. History of New Brunswick from tlie erection
of tlu." province in 17X4 to the Confederation of
I8G7.
5. History of Prince lM\\ard Island from its
earliest settlement to the Confederation of 1807.
(). History of the Province of Canada from the
union of ['pjier and lyower Canada in 1840 to the
('(ud'ederation of I8f)7.
7. History (d' British Colnnibiii from its first
setth'ineiit to the ('(Uifederation of 18(!7.
8. Histoiy of the Dominion of Canada from the
Confederation of \Xiu to 1877.
2. — 'l"he Proclamation of Lieutenant-Governor
Clarke, made on ]Sth November, 17UL ordtjring
that the separation of the ]irovinces sop.nmti.ui ..f tiw
should take cITect from 2i;ih Decem- !,"i'\'!,lrr^-M'!niH""
lier, caused geiuM'al satisfaction jn """"""ni"^. •^••■
((Jucbec. '!'he people generally were- well pleased
with the provisions of the Constitutional Act;
and, although some of tins more ultra-British were
offended that tlu; " 'I'cst " oaths had been so qual-
ified that Catholics could be admitted to tin- Leg-
islative Assembly,* still the majoriiy of both
French and I'-nglish were satisfied, and the formal
sciiaration of the Province into rp[)er and Lower
Canada was ceb'brated in (^uebee by a grand baii-
(piet, at which about one hundred and sixtv lead-
! iiig ci, '('US were ]>resent. .V constitutional club
i was also formed, and an effort made to bring the
' Ki>iii;iii ('atlinlirs wiTi' ii"t :it lliis tinii' :ii|iiiilli'{| i
Il.MlSC III' l\ll'lilUlil|lt.
Ilic liritLsli
%^
\. ■
lifi
I
i!i II
!;-i
I - I
ii
330
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Frencli aiulEugli.sh elements more closely together.
Tlie ulTt)rt siieceetled, wliile the novelty of repre-
sentative government lasted; but as that wore off
llu! antaj^onisms of raee and religion again showed
themselves, and the Constitutional CI ul) died. No
event of imi)ortance occurred during the winter;
hut witli (he niturn of s[)ring the Canadians, for
the iirst time, experienced the excitement of an
election. On the 7th May, 1702, Governor Clarke
issued a jiroclamation dividing Lower Canada into
twenty-one comities, besides the towns of Quebec
and Montreal, and the borougiis of Three Rivers
and William Henry, and api)ortioni'.g the number
of rei)rt!sentativ(;s()f each. Th'U )unties of (iaspe,
Bedford and Orleans were to return one member
each; thoseofiJnckinghamshire, Corn wall is, Devon,
Dcuchester, Ellingl im, Ilerlford, Huntingdon,
Hampshire, Kent, I^einster, Montreal, Northum-
berland, Quebec, Richelieu, Surry, St. Maurice,
Warwick and York, two members each; Quebec
and Montieal, four members each; Three Rivers,
two members, and William Henry one menibtr,
making a total of iifty.
3. — ( )ne week later (14tli May), another proc-
lamation appeared .stating that writs of election
had been ordered to issue, dated
omll'tV^Mhe'"''"'- 28th May and returnable on the
si.c.:.k..r8bii.. joi^i, j„i^., 'i'|,^> ^.lections camc off
during June, and the peoph; exercised their new
[jrivilegi- v.ifli ;<rudence and judgment, returning
good men ; and altnough the elections were warmly
contested in some places, everylhing passtnl off
very (piietl3\ There were fifteen English speak-
ing members elected, amongst whom were some of
the leading merchants, such as James Mc(iill,
Joseph Frobisher, John Richardson, and others,
whose descendants are still amongst oi\r leading
ciflzens. Amongst the French elected were many
of the most jiiominent seigniors, such as Louis
DeSalaberry, AL H. de Houville, I'hilip IJochc-
blave, M. E. G. Ch. DjLotbiuicre, M. La Vatrice,
and others ; altogether, it is generally claimed that
the first assembly of Lower Canada was the best
the Province ever had. A proclamation was issued,
on 30th October, convoking the Provincial Parlia-
ment to meet at Quebec, for despatch of business,
on 17tli December, 17'J2. On that day the Legis-
lative Council met and the Hon. Chief Justice
A\'illiam Smith, was appointed speaker. 'I'lie
House of Assembly had some difficulty in select-
ing a speaker and did not .succeed in doing so on
the first day. The French speaknig members
nominated .Mr. J. A. Parret, a leading advocate of
Quebec, and the English party nominated succes-
sively Mr. Janu's Me(iill, one of the most prom-
inent erehants of .Montreal, and William Grant,
of Ciueoec. The feeling was strong on each side
to have in the speaker a gentleman of their own
language; but AL Parret was ultimately chosen
by a larg(! majority, to some extent, because he
understood and s[)oke both languages fluently.
This gentleiuau occupied the position for upwards
of twenty years, and fully justified the wisdom of
the first legislalui'c in electing him.
4. — On the House being propcrl}^ constituted,
the lieutenant-governor formally opened it by the
address from the throne. '.m tiu 2Uth i,-,,,.,,,,,] opcniim of
Dec. As this document is interest- I!;::„',''oc'j!;";i';'-
ing from its being the inauguration '-'""•■*>'"•
of a new order of things in Lower Canada, we give
a condensation of it from Christie's lUst'iri) uf
Loivcr L'anadit : " Gentlemen of the Legislative
Council, and Gentlemen of the House of Assem-
bly. — Our most gracious sovereign, id ways wateh-
fid over the happiness of his |)eople, having taken
into consideration the condition of his loyal sub-
jects of this Province, and reconnnended them to
his I'arliament for such change in their colonial
government as circumstances might recjuire and
admit, the act was passed that has nuide it my
duly, as it is my jnide, to meet 30U in general
assembly, which I have endeavored to do at a
season least inconvenient to your private interests.
On a day like this, signalized by the commence-
ment in this country of that form of government
which has raised the kingdom, to which it is sub-
ordinate, to the highest elevation, it is impossible
not to feel emotions diffieidtto be expressed. 'J'o
give an oj)portunity fin- your loyal and gratcfid
aekiu)wledgments to his majesty is one of my mo-
tives for calling you togcuher, and that debt dis-
charged, your councils \\\\\, doubtless, be next
employed for enacting laws necessary to confine
and augment the prosfjeiity of your country."
'•(Jentlemen of the House of Asseml)ly. — .Ac-
quainted as you are with the condition and desires
of the peoi)le you represent, H is from your House
the public will chiefly expect such ordinary pro-
visions as the common weal may require, and I
trust, that if any measures conducive to it shall
LOWEU CANADA— (JOVERNMKNT OF (iKNEItAL aLUUED CLARKE.
3ai
I)eli:iti> 1)11 till! lim-
i;iia;;i' in wliiili |iro
oiM'iiiiii.'H Blumld bo
rcH-nrdL'il.
necessarily l)e postponed for mature consiiU'ration i
to a siit)S('(iiu'nt session, no rci^nlation of inilis|i('n-
saljUs utility will escajje your [(resent attention."
"(Jentleuien of the lie;j;islative Council. an<l
(Jentlcnien of the House of .Assembly. — (Jreat
Britain heing hai)i)ily at peaee with all the world,
and, I hope, without apprehension of its interrup-
tion, the present moment nuist l)e most fit and
undent for all those arran;4'ements best made at a
season of tranquility and falling within the sphere
of our trust.. The eonvietion I feel of your
disi)osition to cultivate that harmony amongst
yourselves and each hrancli of the Legislature.
which is always essential to the public good and
private satisl'aetioii, makes it unnecessary for me
to enlarge upon this subject. Such subjects as it
may beccnne my duty to reconunend to your con-
sideration shall be occasionally communicated to
you by message."
5. — The address, in reply to the speech from the
throne, was extremely loyal, and conve3'cd great
satisfaction at the granting of the
constitution. In one passage it
says, "• We beg leave to assure
Your Excellency that our feelings, and those of
our constituents, fully sensible of the magnittide
of the blessings conferred by the change which
brought us to so memorable a convention, are of
the most lively nature ; and next to our gratitude
to t!ie ^Vlmighty Arbiter of the universe, we can-
not suflicienlly extol the magnanimity and grace
of the king, the common father of his people, and
of that parliament which has so generously co-
o^jcrated for the establishment, that is most de-
servedly the subject of our general jo}'." The
House then settled down to business and began to
ado[)t its rides of order and debate ; and here a
difficulty arose which has never yet been properly
settled, and winch continues to this day to cause
the (Quebec Legislature to be a polyglot parlia-
ment, and every piece of business to cost just tw' 3e
as much time and money as it should, as it has to
be done twice — once in English, once in French.
The (piestion arose on the mode of recording the
minutes; the I'jUglish members holding that the
record of a Legislative .Assembly of a British Prov-
ince ought to be in the language of the nation and
no other ; the French members, however, held
with great persistency to their language, but were
willing that the record should be in both ; and,
after three days, debate, a motion was carried " to
resolve that the Hons(' shall keei) its journal in
two registers, in one of which the proceedings of
the House and the motions shall be written in the
Freneh language, with a tiunslation of the motions
originally made in the English language; and in
the other shall be entered the i)roeeedings of the
House and the motions in the English hmgmigc,
with a translation of the motions originally made
in the Flench language " A few days after an-
other resolution was [lassed to the effect that bills
could be presented in either language, but sliould
be translated by the clerk of the House, or his
assistants, so that all bills should be in botii lan-
guages. Thus the Froviuee of (iuebec was sad-
dled with a system of having two languages instead
of one; and hum.ieds of thousands of dollars are
annually s[ient uselessly in translating and pub-
lishing English docinu(Uits in French, and vice
versti.
(5. — After settling the difliculty of language, the
Assembly took into consideration several subjects
of interest, especially that of educa-
tion. This subject occui)ied the ii'" i>"i8 passu'i.
attention of the House for sonu;
time, and, finall}-, an address to His Jlajesty on
the subject was carried, portions of which we give
to show the utter lack of educational provision in
the Frovinceof Quebec eighty-five years ago. The
address says, "That the deplorable stale of educa-
tion in this province has long been a matter of
the deepest regret ; and as the object of our pres-
ent humble address and pelivion to Your Majesty
is to remedy so great an evil, it cannot fail to in-
terest the feelings of the beneficent and enlight-
ened sovereign of a liberal and magnanimous
nation, — ])ermit us to say that a matter of more
serious and important concern to this |iart of ^'our
Majesty's dominions cannot oceuju' our attention.
In contemplating this subject, we have been luitu-
rally led to look forward to tin; reversion of the
property now and heretofore possesse<l by the
Jesuits in this province, as greatly contributing to
so desirable an end. We therefore most humbly
beseech A'our Majesty to be graciously pleased,
upon their extinction or demise, to order such
measures as toYour .Majesty, in your royal wisdom
and justice, shall seem meet, to secure and apjily
the same to the education of the youth in this
province, by the re-establishment of a college
41
::iil
sir
1 i
ii
Jki'i
lD
i I
If ;
lliil-
mil 1
J!
m
332
IM'TTFJys lirSTOK'V ()F TIIK DOMINION oK CANADA.
therein ; a imiposo Jippareiitly congenial to the '
oriyiniil intention of the ilonors, most bont^volent
in itself, itiul most essentially iiccessai'V for tiie
promotion of seieni'e anil nseful knowiedj^e." A ■,
l)ill for llu! toleration of (^nakers — who were then
innh.'r yreat restrielions in some of the United
States — was passed; and the <;reater portion of
the session was oeenpied in forminj^ and 2)erfeetin,i^
rules of ord<'r, etc. An aet was also passed to
make provision for iKiyini^ the ex[)enses of the
legislatnre, by levyinjj; a duty on wim,';* and, in
order to prevent dissatisfaetion in I'pper Canada,
a resolntion was passed, that the Assembly woidd
take into eonsideration the allowance of a draw-
back on all wines, etc., consumed in the I'pper
Province, l^iglit bills were jiasst'd in all during
the session.
7. — ;\Ieanwhile the Kroncli revolution had broken
out and the Iiei;^ii of 'J'error eonnneneed : war was
declared against Kngland, and the
llol^8t^ tact was eoinmunieated to tiie legis-
lature by Lt. (lovernor Clarke in a
nn'ssage dated liolh April, IT'.to. The Assembly
innnediately adopted an address to the King, de-
nouncing the monstrosities of the French re volution,
and assuring him of their renewed loyalty, conclud-
ing with a prayer for the success of his arms against
his enemies. They attempti'd to show tlunr loyalty
in a more practical manner, by amending the
militia law so as to make that body more effective ;
but it was found that the law alri'adygave ample
power to the governor, and was as stringent as
was necessary, and it was, therefoi'c. left unaltered.
Happily lor Canada she was spared the horrors
of the guillotine, and remained peaceful during
the long struggle which ended only on the iield of
Waterloo. The Assembly was exceedingly slow
and dignified in its actions, and it was not until
May that they concluded the session had been
sulliciently prolonged. On the liili of that month
the chambers were prorogued by the Lieutenant
(rovernor, who, in his sjieech eomiiliinented the
House on the abh; and (irderly manner in which
its deliberations had been conducted, and conclu-
ded by saying : " flentlemen, tlie laws that you
have prepared, and to which I have given His
Majesty's assent, will afford relief to some of the
objects that demanded ininiediate attention, and I
• The tritnl ('X]toiis«^ tif ihi^ ParUainoiit, whifh IjisIimI ovit five iiioutlm,
was not quite t:i,r.O().
persuade myself that those of a iiiori' important
nature will receive your jirivate rellectioii during
the recess, an<l lie the result of your mature delib-
eration at the lU'xt sessiim, particularly that re-
specting thi' courts of judicature which has been
strongly recommended to your attention, and such
further regulations as may appear neci;ssary for
tlie l)etter organization and more elfectual calling
forth the militia for the defence of this extensi\e
and valuable country, when war or the evil dispo-
sition of our enemies of any description shall make ',
it necessary."
I 8. — Thus ended the first session of the first Par- '
lianient of Lower Canada ; and, as a whole, we
may sav that the session was a sat-
' isfactory one. The demons of p;,';;'!;,';.;;:"'""'
party spirit and of national preju-
dices hail indecid shown thein-;elves ; but only
enough to show that they were in existence and
i would become potent agents of discord as the heat
I of political contest warmed them into life. The
war of raci's which had been going on between
1 tiie FreiKfh and ICnglish on this continent for ov(;r
I a century and a half, was not ended by the caii-
itulation and cession of Canada, only the scene of
action was changed from the battle-field to the
Coiuicil chamber, and words and ballots took the
jihu^es of swords and bullets. Tiie French Cana-
dians showed at the very commencement of con-
stitutional government, that they considered the
French language, the F^rench people, the F^rencli
laws and the French ri'ligion, the language, peo-
I ]ile, laws and religion of Canada, and that the
j iMiglish were only interlopers who had no busi-
ness there, and with whom they W(>re to affiliate
. as little as possibh'. The divisiiui of the Province
I so as to kee[) the ICnglish, as much as possible,
apart, confirmed and strenglhened this idea; and
the soundness of Charles .lames Fox's objection
to the constitutional act of 1T9L \vas shown in
1841, when this growing "National" feeling had
caused an apiical to armr<, and reciuired the I'liion
of the provinces. IJefore leaving this first meet-
ing of parliament we may take a short glance at
the Quebec of those days as com[iared with the
present, and see how '• slow " the people were in
those days, compared with these times of steamers,
telegra[)lis, balloons, telephones, etii. Now-a-<lays
we hear of important eviMits transpiring in Eng-
land three or foui hours before their occurrence —
LOWKK CANADA— (lOVKKN.MKNT OK LOUD DOUCIIKSTKK.
304»
according to our tiiiio; then it took two mouths
or moro to recnivo infonniitioii from F'lnj^liinil, and
so important an event us the Frencli r(!Volntion
anil the duehiration of war between Franco and
Knj^'hvnd was not known in Qnehec for ten weeks
aftei its oeeiirrencc, tiio leLtin- of the Secretary of
State, dated tiie Utii of Fel)ruary, not reacliinj^
Lientenant Governor (^hirke until tlie 2')th of
A[)ril. It took a month for a h;tter from (Juehec
to reacli eitiier Halifax or New Yt)rk. and a fort-
ni^lilly mail to tin; latter jilaee — estahlished in
IT'.*- — was considered a s^reat si^tn of pro^^ress.
Still the country prospered and trade and com-
merce increased ; in 1701, ninety vessels arrived
at Quehee, and the revenue amounted to X"),000.
As an offset to this, however, the expense of main-
tainiiii,' tlie }i[overnment was altout £'2\000 and
the deficit liad to he made up hy the home g'^v-
ernmcnt. No further events of importance oc-
curred durin<T the brief administration of General j
Clarke, which was terminated by tlie return of
Lord Dorchester, on the 24th of September, 1793.
CIIArXER LXVIII.
LOWER CANADA. GOVERNMENT OF
LORD DORCHESTER.
1. Geneual Satisfactiox at the Rktcrn of
LOIIU DoUCHESrEIt. — 2. EMISSAIUESOI' FUENCIt I
Repl'ijlic Endeavor to Disafi'ect Caxa- '
BiANS. — 3. PuBiJc Accounts first Submit-
ted to Parliament. — 4. Lord Dorchester's
Appeal to the Lovalty of the Assembly.
Attitude of the Clergy. — .'>. M. DePlessis'
Eulogy of English Rule in Canada. — G.
Parliamentary Session, 170"). Embargo on
the Exportation of grain. — 7. Last session
OF First Parliament. Compliments fro.m
Lord Dorchester. — 8. Final Departure of
Lord Dorchester. General Regret at
his Leaving.
!■ — Lord Dorchester arrived at Quebec on the
24th of September, 1793, and was enthusiastically
General eatisfacuon i'<'ceived by all chisscs, but uiorc
LVrdDorchesrir. especially by the French. " The
Saviour of Quebec," as he was
sometimes called, was always popular, and f.-w
governors have ever bcien so truly loved and re-
specte<l by the people they ruled over. The town
was illuminated on the night of his arrival, and
the inhabitants, probably, felt something of the
same sense of relief and assurance at his presence
as they did on that memorable night in Noveudjcr,
177."), when he arrived in the beleagured town.
The Quebec Gazette of the 2(;th of September,
speaking of his arrival, says : " Long and repeat-
ed experience has taught the Canailiaiis to repose
the highest conlidenee in his Lordship's fostering
care of this colonj- ; they look up to Iiim as a
father: iu)r do they a|)pear to entertain a more
sincere wish than that he may be induced to spend
the remainder of his valuable life amongst them,
and that thi^y may long enjoy the blessings of his
mild and eipiilable (Jovernment."' The times
were indeed troublesome. All Europe was en-
gaged in war, and tiie emissaries of the French re-
public were busily at work, trying to gain sym-
pathy in the United titates, and stir \\[) that
country to war with England — an effort which
would, probably, have succeeded hail it not been
for the firmness of President Washington. The
CVnsul for France in the United States was also
endeavoring to s[)read republican ideas in Can-
ada, and incite the people to revolt against Rrit-
ish authority, and declare themselves in favor of
the repid)lic ; it was no wonder then, that the
great bulk of the law-abiding and peace-loving
citizens of Canada welcomed back with delight,
one who had for so many years been associated in
their recollections with peace and prosperity, and
I who had successfully resisted the attack of the
only foe who had assailed them during his many
administrations.
2. — The second session of the first parliament
of Lower Canada was opened by Lord Dorchester,
KniissarieB of the "" Ht^'i November, 17913, and remain-
aeavor [.Vins'uie'"' ^d ill scssioii until 81st ALiy, 1794,
the caiia.iiaus. ^.^.y^,,, ,n„„tl,;i aiul a half ; and some
idea of the deliberate manner in which public
business was then transacted may be gathered from
the fact, that during that period only six bills were
passed. Li those early days of legislation there
was no " rushing " bills though the house near the
close of the session, in such haste that there was no
time to thoroughly examine the acts, and it was
only after they were passed that they were found
li
I Ml
lit
•1:
11''.
''I I?:
k
334
rrTi'F,r/s iiisTonv ov tiik d^mixiox of caxada.
to 1)1' inoperative fioin liciii|^ Ciuelessly dniwn, or I
tliivt tiii'V <li(l not fonvcv I lie iniMiiin;^ intended.
Our early ieLjislators woiUecl slowly. Imt tliev did
tlieir work llioroui^'ldy. Lord I )orclie.ster. in open-
in;^ llie session, sliitrd lliiit the [inMie aceoiints
would !)(! sul)niitted ; and also i;alled tiie attention
of the house to the neeessily of [)assin;^ laws rej^'u-
latin;^ the judieiarv. and also one aniendiii'.; the
militia aet. Iiolh these lulls were passed durinjjf
the session; and also one eslahlishiiiL; " ri'Ljuhitions
respeetin;jf aliens and eertain suiijeets of ids majesty
wlio have resided in Franee eoniiu!.,' into this prov-
iiiee and ''esidini^ therein, and i'or empoweiin',' his
majesty to siMMire and detain persons ciMii^cd with
or siis[)eeteil of hi^di treason, and ("or the iiirest
and eoiniuitinent of all persons wlio may individii-
al.y, hy seditioirs piaeti(,'es, atteini)t to distmhtlie
government of this pioxinee." 'I'his art virtually
suspiMuh^d the Imlniiii rurpiix wvA, iind was based on
the alien aet whieh it had lieeii found neeessiuy
to pass in iMij^land, on lU'eount of the ureat
number (<f foreiLfiiers, eliieily French, who had
been foreed to seek proleetion beneath ln'r Ihe^' by
reason of the Freneh revolution, many of whom
wt're not desiral)lt! persons to have in the eountry.
and who reijuired watehia^', orsuiinnary arrest. 'J'lie
iict was renewed from time to time, remaining in
foree until the elose of the war, and under it the
first execution for high treason in Lower Canada
took jihKie. Christie says in a foot-note (Vol L,
l)age 1")(J): " It would seem b\- ti proclamation of
L(U(l Dorchester, dated at Quebec, the liith
Novi'Uiber, 179:.), that there were emissiiricjs from
France, or others in the province, busying them-
selves in [)ro[)agatiiig in it the revolutionary prin-
eii)les of that country in those times. 'I'he pro-
clamation alluded to slate 1. that " whereas divers
evil disposed pcu'sons had lately maiiifeste(l se<li-
tioiis and wicked atleini>ts to idieiiati; the affect iiu is
of his Majesty's loyal subjects, by false representa-
tions of the cause and conduct of the persons
at present exercising the supreme authority in
Frtince, and particularly ccrttun foreigners, being
alien enemies, who are lurking iiiid lie eoncealeu
in various parts of this province, acting in concert
with persons in foreign dominions, with a view to
forward the criminal juirposes of such persons,
enemies of tju; peace and happiness of the inhid)it-
aiits of the province, tind of all religion, govern-
ment atid order," — his Excellency therefore, re-
quired "all magistrates in and thrf)Ugliout the
provinces, cajttains of militia, peace oflicers, and
otiiers his Maji'sty's good sabjccts, to be vigilant,
anil to do their utmost and scciiri! all and every
person who might Indd seditious discourses, or
utter treasonal)le words, spread false news, publisii
or distribute libellous pa|iers, written or iirinted,
tending to exciti'discontent, or lessen the afl'eet ions
of his ^Lljesty's subjects, or in any manner to dis-
turb the peace and hapjiiness undi-r his ,A[ajesty'>
government in the colony."'
•>. — In his speech from the throne liis IvKcellency
said with reference to the expenses of the colony :
" Sneh iiarts of it as moiu- parlicitlar-
Iv beloiiLT to thiit Iiead. I am not at iii<i Mii.iniitr.i t.^
this tune enabled tobiing h)rwaid ;
I can only say it greatly exceeds the provincial
funds : yet, it is not. at present, my intention to
ii[)ply to you for aid; that you may have time to
consider by \\ hat means the proviiu'ial revenue
may be rendered more productive ; in hopes, never-
tln.'less, that Great Britain, in the meanwhile,
will continue her generous assistance to this
colony, and ilefray such siiriilus exi)euses as are
idisolutely necessary to its pros[)erity." The
legislature in its address in rejjly said : *• By receiv-
ing from j'our Excellency an account of the receipt
of the provinciid revenues of the Crown, we shall
be enabled to deliberate on the means by which
they may be rendered more productive; and pene-
trated with gratitude to the parent state for having
hitherto defrayed the sur[>lus expenditure of the
province, we Hatter ourselves that in consideration
of our situation, we shall continue to experience
her generous assistance ; a hope furtiier strenglli-
enedby your Excellency's intention of notreiiuiring
I from us any subsidy at present, which co firms
I the iienevolence of our Mother Country." On the
•JlHh A[)ril, IT'.'L these iiccounts were submitted,
1 and showed that the gross reeei[)ts from the
i date of the scjiaiation of the ])roviiices (ili'ith
I Decend)er, IT'.U). to the oth January, ITIU,
amounted to jCt4,l'28 2s. 7d, and the net amount to
, .£12,0r)7 Gs. lid, leaving i:i,470 ir)s. 8d, or more
ihiin 10 per cent, as cost of collecting. The ex-
I penses of the government were not detailed, but
' estimated iit "about twenty-five thousand pounds."
I 'fhe House, in its adtlress in reply to the message,
' tliaiike<l the governor for subniitting the acoounts ;
' but feared that it was too late in the session fox
til
ill
ni'L
nil
II
till
rniio-liout till!
! (ifiiciTs, niid
li> l>u viLTilaiit,
iill aiifl cvcrv
liscDiirscs, iir
news, iiiil»li>li
I'll (If iniiitfil.
llic iillTcctidns
laiiiifi' to (lis-
lii> .AfaJL'sty'.s
is Kxcclleiicy
il the L'oloiM' :
'uMic .'i<'<'nllllt-i
r«l MllpniUl.M| i,j
'ilrliainciil,
III' proviiiciiil
iiitijiilioii to
liiivi; time to
K'ial revLiuie
Iiiipes, never-
meanwliile,
ICO to this
lenses as arc
I'ity." Tlie
" P>y receiv-
f the receipt
wii, we sliall
s 1)\' wliich
; anil 2)ene-
e for liaving
ture of the
Mnsiileratiun
experienee
er st reiiyl li-
nt re(jniring
ell eo firms
V."' Ou the
siiljmiLtetl,
IVcjiii tlie
iiees (-ynh
11 y, iTtM,
t amount to
h1, or more
Tlie ex-
tailed, but
d jiounds."
le messajfe,
! accounts;
session for
LOWEIl CANADA— (JoVKItN.MKN I' ol' l-oi;!) I)( (KCIIKSTKi:
ilu'm to i;ivc the s'llijeet the attentinu it reiiuired. ' friends in Canada, and while Fraiu'e was l)eii
il would, therefore, lie ifseiNcd fur tile next session,
when il ^lioiiid reeeive due aUeiitioii.
•lied
wiili Mood and maddeiieil with tin- ilc-
Mre
fnr 'A
I)
wa
4. — The seeoiid session of the llrst jiarliamenl
s [iroro^iied on the •)\>i of -May, IT'.U. al'ur as- of Kkih 1
ory, under the reimlilii
till
dcr th
ire(t(ir\ and niit
der th
le eniiiire, the ile>ei'nt
1111(11,
'lit liaviii'' lieeii "iveii to five lulls ; I I'^nLflisii rule,
>1
iiLT tiiiietiy an
:;^:lVr?;;:"S;r ti.e sixth i.iii. ivhuin- ).. the ju-
rl;\"Auuu:;?r:;i" dleatory, was res.Tved for the royal
""' '''''''■'^' pU'asure and did not eoiut^ into
effeet until the foil-. winy; Deeemher. Lonl D(U-
ehester w.is evidently still anxious alioul the
illorts of einis>aries of the Kreiieh reiuililie tryin<;
to exeilt! the Canadians to sedition; f. - in his
ju'oid^alion speech lie str(Mii;ly nrncd the inem-
hcrsof liolli houses to use their per.-onal inlliieiiee
against seditions praetict'S. lie said, '• I have no
doiiht that on returniie^ to your respective homes,
y(Mi will zealously dilVii^e anion^' all ranks of peo-
ple those ])rineiples of justice, patriotism and
loyalty which have distiie^uislied your piililic
lahors during' this session; and that you will use
your best exertions to find out and luim;: to jus-
tice, those evil-disposed persons, who, liy iiillanima-
tory discourses, or the spreading of seditious
MritinjJTs, endeavor to deeeivt; the unwary and dis-
tiirl) the jieaee and gfood order of society; — and
that you will avail yourselves of every opportu-
nity to eonvinee your fellow-siilijccts that the
lilessincjs they enjoy under a truly free and happy
constitution, can lie preserved only hy a due ohe-
dience lo the laws, all lireaehes of which are the
more inexciisahle, as the constitution itself has
provided for the safe and easy reiieal or modifica-
tion of such as may he found not to answer the
good intentions of Iho legislature." The (piiet
Imt firm policy of the governor, aided by the
members of parliament and others — most espe-
ciallv the clergy — had the desired effeet, and the
emissaries of the French government, and the few
disaffected who are always to be found in every
community, met with no encouragement at the
hands of the masses. The mass of the peo])le had
no symjiatl.v with the French revolution, and
shrank with liorror from its wild excesses; the
clergy, as a matter of course, fipposed an atheis-
tical government which paid no respect to priest
or prelate, and the simple-minded halntann could
have no feelings in common with men who did
not venerate their priests, and who murdered their
sovereign ; so the French republic found no
daiits
I hapfiily uiidiT
piirsui'd their ordinary avocations
ill peace and eontciitnicnt, and began to recognize
the blessing which had fallen on tliciu when they
passed under Kngli^h rule.
•>• — The Catholic clergy were especially zealous
in their ell'orts to prevent the spread (d' rejiiibliean
ideas amongst their Hocks, and took
freipient occasion to disabusi the ,^!ii,V'y",''f Tntiisii
minds of the Hrilish of any idea ^'"•' '" " •" ■■'■
that the French Canadians harb(U'ed an\- thoughts
friendly to the cause of the revolution, or iniiiiica-
ble to (iicat l>ritaiii. Thus we lind the jiaiish
priest of Quebec, .M. Del'lessis. in an (nation in the
'.'athedral on the occasion of the death of l>i.-hop
llriand, thus eulogizing the conduct of the liri'-
ish ; '• Our eoiKpierors, regarded (at lirst ) with a
jealous eye and lowering brow, insjiired in us
feelings (uily of detestation or aversion, we could
not be persuaih (1 ( for the time) that a race of
men strangers to our soil, to our language, to our
laws, to our worship — einild ever be willing to
render to Canada an etjuivalent for what it lost
liy changing its masters. Generous nation I which
has made us aware, by so many evidences, how
ill-founded ^^■el•e our prepossessions; industiioiis
nation I which has developed the earth's fecundity,
and explored its hidden riches ; exi'inplary nation I
that, in critical times taught the attentive world
wherein consists 'hat liberty which all men as|iire
to obtain, but so few know how to keej) within
projier bounds; pitying nation I which has just
welcomed, with so much humanity, the most faith-
ful \ "t worst-used subjects of that realm to which
finrselves once belonged ; beneficent nation I
I which daily gives us, men of Canada, fresh jirool's
I of its liberality: — no, no I your jieople ari; not
: enemies of our people ; nor are ye dispoilers of our
property, which . titer do your laws protect ; nor
i are ye foes of our religion, to which ye pay all
, due res])ect. Pardon us. then, for that our first
I (and now jiast) distrustfuliiess of a foreign race,
whose virtues, being as yet unex})erieneed by us,
I we had not the happiness to know : and if, after
being iipiirised of the overthrow of the nuuuirchy
I and the abolition of the only right worship in
m
ii ':
!
I!' I
330
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
France, and after experiencing, for tliirtj^-five
years, the "gentleness of your domination, tliere
remains still amonj;' ns some natures purblind
enough, or of such an evil d!s[)osiiion, as to revive
past antipathies, or to. awaken in the popular
mind disloyal wishes to revert to Frencii suprem-
acy, — let IJritons be assured that such beings
are rare among ns ; and we beg that what may be
true of tlie malcontent few, will not be imputed
to the well-disposed many. * * * ;\I. I5riani]"s
maxim ever was, that true Christians .lud sincere
Catholics are and must be all obedient subjects of
their legitimate sovereign. He had learned, from
Jesus Christ, that we must render to Ciesar what
of right belongs to Ciesar ; St. Paul had taught
him, that every soul should l)e voluntarily sub-
missive to established authority ; that he who re-
sisted it is in opposition to God himself, and there-
by merits damnation ; he had learned, from the
chiefest of the Apostles, that the king bears not
the sword in vain ; inculcating, that we are to
accredit him by our obedience, as God's repre-
sentative ; and to honor him. not only in his own
person, but in the persons of iiis lawful de[)Uties.
Such are, my fellow-Ciiristians, the principles of
our holy religion in that regard; i)rinciples which
Ave cannot too often impress u[)on your minds, or
over frequently bring under your view; for they
form an integral {)artof evangelical morality, nj)on
which our eternal salvation dei)ends. And yet,
sometimes, when we expound (for your lienefil)
the obligations you are under in tlujse particulars,
there are not wanting those who murmur at our
words, making bitter complaint against ns, accus-
ing ns of being actuated by political or selfish
motives; such i)ariies not forgetting, either, to
insinuate that we are going beyond the proper
limits of our ministering. Oh, my erring
brothers, jiow great is this your injustice!"
(>. — Nothing of special importance occurred be-
tween the close of tiie second and opening of the
rariiiimeiitiiry third scssiou of Parlianicut, on oth
rar«;MmUH;..x:'"' of January, IT'J."). The country
,,onaUou.,fKr,>i». ,.e„,iu„ed quict, and tiie peo.)le
hai)py, althougli not increasing in ])rosperity ([uite
so rapidly as they prol)ably would have done had
not the whole of Europe been engaged in war.
This sessi(ni was shorter than its predecessors,
lasting only until the 7th of May. and appears,
from the speeches from the throne and addresses
in reply, to liave passed off quite as harmoniously
as the two previous meetings. There were sev-
eral important acts passed during the session,
especially two relating to revenue, duties on
wines, spirits and other luxuries being increased,
and some changes made in the license laws. The
expenses of the civil government for the year
ending on the oth f)f January, 179"), amounted to
£19,98o and the estimate for the next year to
.£19,903 sterling. The Assenddy was (pnte mi-
able to meet this, and could only contribute
^5,000, tiie deficit being paid b}- the home gov-
ernment. An agri'emcnt was entered into during
this session between the two Provinces whereby
Upper Canada was to receive one-eighth of the
duties levied on wines, etc., the agreement to re-
main in force until the end of December, 179G.
It must be remembered that there were no canals
or railroads in those days, and, consequently, no
ports of entry in Upjjcr Canada, so that all goods
for that province had to pay duties at Quebec ;
from the distribution of the money so raised, it
would seem to im2)ly that the population of Ujipcr
Canada was about one-eighth of that of Lower
Canada. The crops this year were poor, and
Lord Dorchester, fearing the high prices ruling
in England on account of the war and a failure
in the crops, laid a4i embargo on the exportation
of wheat and breadstufls, before the 10th of De-
cember, so as to iMcvcnt Lower Canada sufferiii"-
from a famine during the winter.
7. — Parliament met again on the 20th of No-
vember, 179."), and remained in session until the
7th of May, 179(!. Thirteen bills i.„,t «o.Mon of flr»t
were passed during the session, |:ii;;li;;;r;^y;:,„MX;,
twelve of which were assented to. i>"f'i'«''i"-
Tlie thirteenth, relating to a readjustment of the
revenue laws, was reserved. Amongst those passed
were one to regulate Irachiwith the United States,
another to appoint commissioners to adjust the
duties between TpiJcr and Lower Canada, and a
new road act. This latter liill caused some trouble,
as it was resisted in some districts, and the op-
position being attributed to disafYeetion several
arrests were made and small fines and imprison-
ment inllieted; two or three })ersons were also
attainted of high treason, but the prosecutions
were not pressed, the desire, seemingly, being more
to intimidate than to |iuiiisli. There is no ri'asoii,
however, to suppose! that, there was any disaffec-
harmoniously
ere were Sev-
ille session,
e, duties on
ng increased,
•e laws. The
for the J- ear
amounted to
next year to
i^as quite un-
y contribute
e home gov-
d into during
iiccs wherel)y
eighth of the
sement to re-
ieniber, 1T9G.
ive no canals
iequentl}-, no
hat all goods
i at Quebec ;
■ so raised, it
;ion of Uj^per
at of Lower
jjoor, and
prices ruling
md a failure
! exportation
lOtli of ])e-
ida sufferiuET
o
20th of No-
)n until the
ast mission of (Irst
iirliuriiiMil. Coiri-
liniciils fruin I.onl
oriliesler.
tnient of llio
those passetl
nited States,
) adjust file
mada, and a
ome trouble,
and the op-
tion several
id imprison-
s were also
prosecutions
, being nioro
is no reason,
my disad'ec-
LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF GENERAL R. PRESCOTT
337
tion ; the peo[)le at large regarded the Parliament
as a sort of taxing machine, and were very jealous
of any laws wliich involved additional expense,
lience their objection to the road bill, an act which
was cheerfully accepted when its provisions be-
came understood, and which remained the law of
the Province for many years. The final session
of the first parliament was prorogued on the 7th
of May, 170(3, and in taking leave of the members
Lord Dorchester expressed his gratification at the
satisfactory manner in which they had performed
tlieir duties by saying : " Gentlemen of the Le-
gislative Council, aiid gentlemen of the House of
Assembly, — ^lu expressing my aiiprobation of your
proceedings, I must further observe tliat the
unanimity, loyalty, and disinterestedness mani-
fested by this first Provincial Parliament of Lower
Canada, lias never been surpassed in any of his Ma-
jesty's Provincial dominions, and I feel convinced
tliat the prosperity and hap[)iness of this country
will continue to increase in proportion as succeeding
[larliamonts shall follow your laudable examjile."
8. — Lord Dorchester having again obtained
leave of aljsence, took his final departure from
„, ,. . , Canada on the 9th of July, 170G,
Filial rtepartiirn of J ^ '
Lord Doirimat r. j,, n. y[ frigate Activc, Icavlng,
(loiieral regret at '^ ' "'
iii» loavinsj. ]\Lijor-(<eneral Robert Prescott as
Lieuteuant-Goveriior. L^ord Dorchester had taken
part in the siege of Quebec, under Wolfe, and had
for upwards of tiiirty-six years, with brief inter-
missions, been actively connec*:ed with tlie affairs
of Canada. He had proved liimself a constant
and earnest friend of the Provi-ice, and was loved
and respected by uU classes. His departure was
deeply regretted, and several addresses \\erc pre-
sented to him; we make a brief extract from the
one presented by the citizens of Quebec, as iiidiea-
tivo of the general tone of them all : "The lengtli
of your residence in the Province, the advantages
derived to our society from the example of private
virtues, shown by yourself and your family, — your
Lordship's uniform, prudent and paternal atten-
tion, under every change of time and circum-
stance, to tlie true interests of His Majesty's sub-
j >ct8 entrusted to your immediate care, — and that
gratitude which we feel (and must be iiermittod
to repeat), cxciti! in our minds, the warmest senti-
ments of personal attachment, of which allow us
to tender you {\w strongest assurances. Fuder
tlicso impressions, we view your Lordship's in-
tended departure, with the deepest regret; and
sulimiiting to your determination to leave us with
unieigiied reluctance, we entreat you to accept
our most bincere wishes foi- your favorable pas-
sage to Great Ijiitain,— for the future pros])erity
of yourself and of all your family." His Lord-
ship, however, was unfortunate on his homeward
voyage, as the Active, was wrecked on the island
of Anticosti. No loss of life was sustained, but
his Lordship and family suffered some incon-
venience, having to cross over (o Gaspe and tliere
await convevance to Halifax, not reaehiiiff Entr-
land until the IDlh of September. Lord Dorches-
ter lived for many years to enjoy the repose he
had so well earned, and died in 1808, aged 83 years.
The iiainn:: < petu'd by
(iovcnnr
CHAPTER LXIX.
LOWER CANADA.— GOVERNMENT OF
(JEN. R. PRESCOTT.
1. Second PAra.iAMKXT open'ed ijy Govek-
XOK Pkescott. — 2. The " I'kesekvai ion of
GOVEUNMENT " ACT. 3. P^IHST PLXECLTION
Fou High Trka.son in Canada. — 4. Account
OF THE EXECI'TION TiY AN EyE-AVITNESS. — 5.
Sessions of 171)8-9. Recall or Governor
Prescott. — 6. StnsTANTiAL Testlmony of
Loyalty. A Retrosi'ect.
1. — Previous io Lord Dorchester's departure,
writs for a general election liad been issued, and
the elections took iilace during the „
months of June and July,
elections were in many cases con- i'r<-"<>*t
tested, but passed off (luielly. 'i he composition
of the House, however, underwent a great change ;
only thirteen members of the first parliament were
re-elected, and in some district.-' the changes were
very marked, as, for instance, in the city and
county of Montreal wliere four En;;li-h and two
French members were returned to the first I'ailia-
ment, five French and one English ineiiilier were
returned to the second ; and the only case of
re-election was that of ^Ir. Joseph Papineau,
who changed from representing the county to
re]Mesenting the West Ward. The new Par-
liament met on llie 2-ltli January, 1797, and Lieu-
tenant-Governor Prescott, in his speech from the
throiH , congratulated the Assembly on tlie jiro-
gress made iiy the province in s[iite of the con-
t;Mj !
■",>,l!- 1
■I ll;
-mM
■
' '■ 'J I
■
1
IM'
! I
if,
338
TITTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
tiiiiu'd war in Euroj)!'. He was, Iiowivor, still anxidus I inatcrial increase in rovenue, it amounting to £18.975.
about till' intn;.'U('s of eniissai-ius of lliu French Uei)ul)lic, '' Still it did not meet exiienses, which were i.'2;J,;i80. in-
as he says, "You arc not niiappriscd that, in addition to j eluding £1.0KJ drawback allowed to r|)])cr Canada. In
'llic
tinn of (itiviTll
llU'llt " Art.
%\
the custoniarv mode of warfare, the emissaries of France
have been dispersed in every (|narter, and by holiling out
delusive ])rosi)ects to the people, they have endcavorcil
to disturb thc(iuiet of all settled governments. Attempts
of this nature having recently been madc^ in this province,
it is incundieni on me to direct your attention to the
salutary effects already produced by tin; alien bill, and as
its duration is limited to a period which will soon expire,
to recommend to your consideration the expediency of
prolonging its continuance"
2. — These fears of the Governor appear to h.ive been
UMlieeessary, and the nature and extent of the dissatisfac-
tion of the people cxaifLrerated and mis-
iniderstood ; the only gi'ievance of the
people being the o[)cralioiis of the road act,
and these feelings of ;iMniiyance were greatly alleviated as
the act began to be bctl'r understood. However, the
House seenuMl to share the (iovirnor's fears, and not only
renewed the alien act. lint passed another bill " I'or tile
better preservalii^n of His ^lajesly's (iovernment, as by
law h:i]ipily t^siablished in this province," wliieh virlnally
silspendeil the liabeas corpus act, and gave the executive
most arbitrary power, giving the right to arrest anil hold
hi prison at jilcasure, without bringing to trial, any ]iersoii
accused or siispi'cted of treasonable jiracticcs. The bill,
after deiioiincing " the horrible system of anarchy and
coiifusioM which has so fatally ])rcvaileil in France." con-
tinues, " it is hereby » nactcil. that every person or persons
who are, or shall be in prison within tiie I'roviiice of
Lower Canada, at or upon the day on which this act shall
receive His ^Majesty's royal assent, or after, by warrant
of His Majesty's Executive Council of and for this Prov-
ince, signed iiy lliiee of the said Executive Council, for
high treason, misprision of high treason, suspicion of high
treason, or treasonable practices, may be detained in safe
custody, without bail or mainprise, and shall not be bailed
without a warrant for tiiat purpose, fniiii His .Majesty's
Executive Council, signed iiy three of the Executive
Council."
;). — The (|uestioii of education occupied the attention
of the House, but no action was taiien ; a motion of Mr.
„, . ,, (irant's, " to resolve that, for the instiiic-
Mrst I'xeiiitliui , _ '
for IiIkIi tiva.-iiii tioii of voutli ill the hiiflicr branches of
til e'tUKula. 111'.. ' 1
knowledge, it is necessary that an univer-
sity, upon liber il principles, be founded and establi>hed
this year, 17'.>7, the first execution for lilgh treason took '
place in (Jiiebec. The sufferer was an American citizen
named David McLani'. who was an eiiiis>aiy of Mr.
Audet, representative of the French Re]mblic at Wash- i
ington. ^IcLane's scheme was a great one. being nothing
less than the exiinction of British power in Canada at
one swoop ; but the means at his coinniand seem to have
been very in.idcquato to the nndcrtaking, although he
talked a g lod deal about having a fleet and an army of
10,00(1 men from France to assi.-t liiiii. He visited
Canada in 17!IG, endeavoring to gain the sympathy and
assistance of the Can.idians, hut did not succeed. In the
following year he returned, and was accompanied by a
man named Frechetle from St. .Johns to (Quebec, where
he visited Mr. .lolin lilack. inember of tlie Assembly for
tjuebec county. He unfolded his scheme to Black, who
denounced him to the (iovernmeiit. and he was arrested
and tried for high treason, befoie C liief .Iii^liee Osgood,
on 7ili.Iii!y. 17'.I7. The evidmce .it M.- ;;;.,! .howed that
he was a li;inkinpt merchant of I'rovideiice. L'liode Island,
and he also elainnd to be a geiicial in the French army,
acting under instniclioiis from the French ^Minister at
Wa.>.liiiigtoii. His ])laii was to introduce a nuniber of
men from the United .States, under the guise of raftsmen ;
they Were to concentrate at (^iieliec. and. at a favorable
moment, seize the city and hold it in the name of the
French Republic until the arrival of assistance from
France. He counted on the assi>taiice tif the Freucli,
who, he believed, were anxious to regain their lost
nationality. He was found giiiliy ami coiideiniied to
death by C hief .Tiisiice Oi-guod in the following sentence:
" That you. David .Mc Lane, be taken to the place from
whence you cainc. and from thence ymi are to be drawn
to the plai'c of execution, where you must be hanged by
the neck, but not till you arc dead, for you must be cut
down alive and your bowels taken out and burnt before
your face : ihen your head iiiiisl be severed from your
body, wliii'ii must be divided iiilo four parts, and your
bead and ipiailers be at the Kino's disposal; and may ihe
Lord lia\e mercy on your soul. '
1. — This horrible sentence was not fully carried out to
the entire extent of all its barbarity ; and it is only fair
to siippoNC that this mode of execulion-
wliicli was then the custom in England-
was maiiilv intended to iiitiinidate the
Ai'i'oiint of lliii
cxi'iulloli liy un
I'VI'-WltlU'BH.
in tills province, as soon ns circumstances shall permit, " ] Canadians. 'I'hat the excciuion was terrible eiiougii is
being voted down on a call for "llie previous i|nestioii." I evidiiiced by the following exirael frnin ^I. Dedaspi'-'s
■ I
ii
Six iiills altogether were passed at this session, one of
wliich related to tlie pilotage of the .St. Lawrence belwei'ii
(Jiiehec and Hie. The pulilie accounts showed a \ery
OiiKi'/iiiiis of Oil/: "Ariiiliiy and a body of lroo])s
|ianiileil llie streets and aecoinpaiiied the prisoner to the
place of execniion, on the glacis, outside of Si. .lolin's
iitiiig to £ 18.97;").
,vuiu £2/)^;j80. in-
\)pvc Canada. In
liijfli treason took
Aniciifan citizen
eniissarj- of IMr.
?e]>ulilio at Wash-
one, lieiiiir nothing
«er m Canada at
land .'ieein to liavc
iinc, altliongh lie
ct and an aiiny of
liini. He visited
tlio sym|)atliy and
.succeed. In the
accoinjianied liy a
to (Quebec, wlieru
tire Assenihjy for
me to lihieli, wlio
d lie was arrested
ef Jiislice Osgood,
t :■:.,! rdiowed that
lice. Uliode Island,
the French army,
leneh ^liiiisler at
lice a niiniher of
L'liise of raflhinen ;
lid, at a favorable
the name of the
f assistance from
•e of the Freiicl'.,
regain their lost
id condemned to
ijldwing sentence :
to the place from
II aie to tie drawn
mist lie hanged liy
' you must lie cut
and liiirnt before
I'vered from your
r jiarls, and your
osal ; and may the
iilly carried out to
and it is only fair
AcCiMlllt of llui
— I'XiMMiili.i! |py an
cvi'-witincs.'
he
(errible enough is
in i\I. DeGaspe's
I body of lroo]).s
he prisoner to the
ide of Si. .lohirs
v*^
i-l;
111,]
i u
I !'
I ; I 111
Drawn and Engravi.,1 rxprcsMy for TuttU's Ilislcry of Ihi- r)..inini..ii ..f rnin.ln.
KVACUATION OF FOliT DUQIKSNi:, lT.-,8.
l)ra»n anil Ennrnvi'd ex|iroM;.v f„r ■rultle'i llintorjt of Ihn I),iiniiii,,n „r Cinnda.
CAI'TIHK OK Four FHONTENAC, 1758.
!i I
«^i
•-'I
f, M
I'iit''
i
I
iiiii
»|
i I
:i^
Ga
Ch
a .-
wit
I'm
S|K'
\v;u
\Vi
fX<'
Wil
l)M
Tl
tllM
to -
W(
\v:i
wit
fro
slio
W.
wil
roil
sti-i
st:ll
Dr.
ol't
sli:i
bov
tlKi
AV:i
wil
11 M<
Til
ex(
Sll>
In'
si:
am
111(1
jifi
Si'S
II."
I'ri
^\•
sa'
ill!
it
to
nil
nil
LOWKli CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF GENEKAL 11. PRE8C0TT.
*»'»(!
(>•>.)
(late, fuciiij; tlio site now occupied by tiie holiool of the
C'liristiaii lirotiicrs. I saw McLaiie; lie was seatuil (on j
a >!eilj,'o wiiose rumiiTs jrrattxl 0:1 the eartli and stones)
with his back to the horse, an axe ami l)lock stood on tlie i
ti'ont of tlie sledge. Tiie unfortunate n:..n gazed on tlie 1
spectators witli an asjieet calm but not d' tiant. IMcLane
was of hi_i;li stature and remark liiiy h.iiirlsonie. I heard
women of the lower clas^r •. whilst bewailing his fate,
exclaim : ' Ah ! if things were as of yore, some girl
would come forward and claim him as her future hus-
iiaud.' .Such sayings continued even after his death.
This popular belief took its origin, I imagine, in the fact
that French captives amoi'g thj Indians, who were doomed
to die, had in many instances o\.ed tlieir lives to Indian
women claiming them for husbands. JIcLane's sentence
was not carried out to the letter. I Haw the whole thing
with my own eyes. A big scliool boy named Houdrault,
from time to time, raisi^l me up in his arms, so that I
should witness every incident of this butchery. Old Dr.
Diivert was near us ; he pulled out his watch, as soon as
Ward, the executioner, had withdrawn the ladder on
wliich rested ^McLane, lying on his back, with tlie rojH!
round his neck, hanging from the gallows ; the body liieii
struck the northern aide of the gallows post, and remained
stationary after a few jerks, 'lie is stone dead,' said i
Dr. Duvert, when the executioner cut the rope at the end !
of the twenty -five niinutis ; 'he wiii be insensible to whiit
shall follow ' AVe all thought that he was to be disem-
bowelit'd alive tind witness the burning of his entrails, as
the sentence piirporttjtl. JIcLane was really dead when
Ward opened his body, took out the heart and bowels,
which ho burnt on a rei'/midl ; he then cut off his head
and held up this bloody trophy to tlu gaze of th(! crowd.
The spectators, tin nearest to the gallows, said that the
executioner had refused to enforce the .sentence literally,
saying that he might be an executioiu'r. but he was imt a
III lu'r i that II was merely by dint of gold guineas the
si; "iff succeeded in making him carry out the sentience,
and that at each act of the terrible drama, he insisted on
more pay.
T). Frichette was also .arrested on .x charge of inis-
]prision of treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life.
lie was I person of no eonseipienee, and
Scsslnus (it l7iiK-n. iJter the execution of ]McLane he wa.j par-
frusfou. doned i.iid set at liberty, the gove."nment
probably thinking that !ict of barbarity suf-
ficient to intimidate the friends of the French r 'pul)Ii<.\
With regard to this execution, Mr. C'hri.tie W'ry justly
says ; " This, from the conquest to that time, is the only
instance in Canada of a trial for high treason, and it, be
it iilso observed, not of a Hritish subject. It is creditable
to the Canadian character that, with the! single exception
mentioned, none wore connected with McLtinc, the very
absurdity of whose scheiiic denoted him a mere maniac.
and who, had not the government deemed an example
necessary, in tins .agitation of the times, might with more
propriety have been treatt.Ml as an unhappy lunatic than
as a criminal. A stranger, friendless and unknown, he
was altog<!ther powerless, and now that time; has dispelled
the mist of prejudice against him at the moment, and that
we can coolly survey the whole matter from lirst to last,
there seems more of cruelty than of justice in the ex-
ample made of this unfortunate person, who suffered
ratlua" for the instru(;tion of the pco[de, uneasy under the
road act, than for any guilt in a plan perfc-ctly inipraeti-
cablo and preposterous." This execution of JMcLane was
about the last occurrence of any s|)eeial importance during
the adininistration of Governor Prescott, and if it w:is in-
tended as an intimidation it certainly had its effect. The
sessions of the Legislature of IT'.IS-',), present no features
of special interest ; the U' iial supplies were voted and the
revenue showed a steady increase, amoiiniiiig for IT'.'ll to
£'2'>A27 currency, while the civil expenditure rca<;hed
£21,')'.)7 st(!rling, and the cx])cnses of the Legislature
i.'l,.'iOO currency, the most satisfactory exhibit yet iiukIi!
by the province ; the " I'rotection of Goveniinent " ai-t
was renewed, and acts jiasseil for regulating trade and
coiiimerco with the UnittMl States and the Upper I'ro-
vinee; and suitable Court Houses were erected at Jlon-
treal and C^uebcc. Governor I'rescott prorogued the
the House on tb.e 3d June, 17'.>f», and befon; I'arlianu-nt
met iiijain he li;-.d be(.'n recalled, and 3Ir. Robert Shore
.Millie; appointed lieutenant-governor. Governor I'res-
cott was well liked and respected by the! majority of the
peojde, although some considered him rather severe in
adniinisteriiig the alien act. Tin; cause of his recall was
a difference between himself and Cliii'f Justice Osgood on
tb.e (|uestioii of Crown Lands, in which the Chief Justice,
havinjjf stroniir influence at court, had tlic! best of it.
G. — To -show that the people of Lower Canada were
williiiaf to contribute .sometliin.fr more substantial than I
mere sympathy to England during her
long wars with France, we may iiK'ntion '^'[J''''.''',""i'','.'yi'!'" .
that in 17!)9 it was projiosed in (Quebec t';ir"s;iiit.
to raise 11 subscription to .assist in de-
fraying the expenses of the war; over £1000 cash was
at once sub;criiied, and .about fifty jiersons pledged tliem-
s.'lves to pay certain amount.-, [varying from six shillings
t J one hundred pounds) every year during the conlinn-
auv.c of the war. The total was about £S00 per annum,
not a very large amount, perliaps. to carry on an expen-
sive war with, but sufricieut t.) show the animus of tiio
])eople and their syinjiathy with the British CJovernnient.
This subscrijition was not confined to English citizens,
rather more than one-half of the annual payments guaran-
teed being by French Canailiaiis. Standing now on the
threslioid of the nineteenth century, wo may paiisi! for a
moment and take a retrospective glance at the changed
r, i - Vi
•[ K
fiT
\'
! ' \
1
1
3J0
T[ TTLKS lIiST()UY OF THE DOMINION' OF CANADA.
roiiditioii of Ciuiuda during llic jiast 'Hio liuiidrod years.
Tin; (i|ifiiinj; of tin; century liad found licr :i warlike
French Colony, scarcely yet recovered from tin; elVects of
Kin;,' William's wur (lGS',)-07,; and .shortly after to he
plniiued into the strife again liy tiueen Anne's war
(1 702-1. '>). While an almost per])etnal pi'tty warfare
was JToini; on against tlii^ Indians, who could never In;
tru>ted to keep a treaty for any length of time ; then tlu;
htihititnt was a soldier lirst and a colonist afterward-^; then
the government was centered in the Kingan<l the peasant
had no voice in the managenient of alVairs; then the in-
fant colony was but si)arsely j)eoi)led, intereonununieation
ilicre was none, except l;y the trail of the Indian or the
light canot!, and intereoiirso with the outer world was
liuiiled to the arrival of a few shi|)S ironi Fiance, bring-
ing out supplies of food and clothing and taking back
furs ; looking a litth; further on into the century we find
Canada engaged in a death struggle for i^vistence us a
French colony ; we see iier gallant sons stubboruly resist
ing for seven years, inch by inch almost, every advance
of a brave, numerous, and persistent foe ; we see her at
last lie bruised and bleeding at tlie feet of her conipieror,
laying down her ui'uis only when she bad no longer
strength left to lift them ; we see h. stricken by poverty
and famine, \va>-ted and shattered by war, ruined in agri-
cuhtire, with almost her whole trade gone, and scarcely
any eoinuierce left, at hist haul down the Jlcur-i/c-li/s as ti
token of submission and pass under ISritish sway when
little more than half the centni-y had passed away ; we see
b.'r din-ing the last forty years of the century rapidly re-
covering from her long exhaustion; we see her population
])ouring in; we see industries springing U[) ; the primeval
forest welting before the swing of the woodman's
axe ; wo sec towns springing up in the wilderness and
smiling lields and happy Presides appearing as if by magic
v.'htiri; erstwhile naught was seen lint the ta?igled forest,
naught heard save the scream of wilil birds or the still
wilder whoop of the JndiaTi ; we see law and order
s[)readiiig their healthy indueiices over the laiiil, and in-
dustry reaping its reward by the jilentiful jiroduce of a
fertile country; wo see hundreds of ships beai'iiig the
produce of the field, the farm and the chase to distant
lands; and while the two countries froinwliich Canadians
sprang are engaged in mortal strife, and scarce a home in
either but is mourning some member lost, we see the
Canadian happy, peaceful, prosperous and contented,
ruled by a government in which he has a voice, taxed
oidy with bis own consent, maintained in the full and free
use of his religion, his language, his laws and his customs,
iind we may well (;xelaim, stormy as was the opening
of the eighteenth century for Canada ; dark and lower-
ing as were its middle years to her, the end brought her
peace and happiness. Of the jiolitical condition of the
people we cannot do better than (juote from Christie :
lie says : " So far the constitution had worked to adirii-
ration, and ])romised success. The ( iovernment and I'ar-
liament were in perfect harmony ; commerce began to
thrive, and the vast resources of trade to nnfold them-
selves — tho jirovince evidently was ]prosperous— and all
classes of the jieople contented and happy, fricndlv and
well disposed inall respectstowardseachother. U'herewere
no religions feuds or disputes of any kiiul — natural-origin
prejudices wire searc<dy felt or known — never jiubliclv
appealed to, and by an universal tacit consent avoidtil
and discountemtnced. The habitual jioliteiu'ss, the
loyalty, tlu; chivalrous feeling characteristic of the gentle-
men of the old French scdiool, were still in the ascendant,
and harmonized admirably with the gentlemaidy bear-
ing, upright character, and general inl'ormatitm which in
all countries distinguish the Uritish merchant, and fur
which those in Canada of that not less than of this
day, were emii cnt. The carlb yielded, in abundance,
fruits, food for man and beast, and with but little labor.
Taxes none, except U]ion litigation, as just observ<;d, and
upon luxmies, which were not felt by the cultivator — anii
truly may it be said, that the last sun of the eighteenth
century, that set upon Canada, left its ])eople the Iia]i])iest
u|)ou this earth of all the sons of men it that day had
shone upon."
CIL\PTE]l LXX.
LOWER CANADA. CiOVEUNMENT OF SIR R.
S. MILNES.
1. ArroiNTMi'.XT of Gi:ni:kai, ]Mii,xi:s. A Siiokt Sk.s-
SION 2. l'AS.SA(iK t>F A Rll.l, i'ltO VII)I.\(( YOU A
" RovAi, Institution Koit Tin-; Ai>vAxri:jiKNT ov
Lkauninc. — '.]. Skssion' of 1H02. ExcoiKAciair.NT
Fou Tiiic Ci;i.Tii!H OF IIi'.Mr — I. Sf.ssion of l^iO.'i.
Aiioi.iTiox of Si-avkuy. — 5. Sfssion of 180-1. A
CiriF.T Yi:ai!. — (5. F'oiktii Paui.iamdnt. Disaouff.-
SIICNT OF TIIK HOLSK ON Till", ,1aii, Act. — 7. Till-:
(^l-KSTION OF InTKIUOMMUXICATION I1|;TWF.I:N TIIK
PUOVIXCKS. 8. I'F.U.SIU TTION OF TIIK PltKSS. !).
TllF. EdITOU of TIIK MKltt THY FOIiCKI) TO Al'OI.OfilSF..
10. DiFFKUKNCKS IIKTWKKN Til K COMM FliCI A L AXI»
Ac.UICULTLItAL IXTKUKSTS. KsTAIlMSlI JI KXT OF
Lk Caxauifx. — 11. Fkaus of a Wau avitii tiik
Unitkd Statks. JIilitia Callkd Olt.
1. — Governor Robert Shore Jlilnes (afterwards created
a Raroiiel) relieved General Prcscott on the 3Ist July,
171)9, but did not meet Parliament until Apiii.h.tiiuMit nf
In^ .Ith ]\Iarch, 1800. The session was <ii;iural Mlliius. A
a short one, the House being prorogued '*''"'■'■ ''™'^'""'
on the 8th A'li'il, .and but little bu.siiiess of any special mo-
OF SIR li.
LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR R. S. MILNES.
Ill
iiioiit WHS transaott'd. An effort was made liy the few fac-
lidiis French demagogues in the Ilonsu to force the gov-
ernor to siihniit some correspondence with reference to the
title of tlie Crown to the Jesnit estate ; but they were,
as jet, too weak to materially disturb the harmony of the
ihnise, and, alter some discussion, it was agreed that
'• the Jiouse ought to jiostpone to a future time, the inquiry
into the rights and ])retentii>iis alluded to. During this
i-essiou the lirst occasion occurred on which Parliament
had to assert its diginty witli respect to one of its own
members. A ^Ir. IJouc, member for EHingham, liad been
found guilty of a questionable transaction in wheat in
]Miintreal and sentenced to tlireo months' imprisonment
and a line of £l'0. ISouc, who was a strong •jiponent of
tlie government, claimed that the charge was a conspiracy
against liini. but lie could not substantiate his ass(>rti(m
either in court, or before the bar of the House wlicre he
was heard, by counsel, on 2d April, and afterwards ex-
pelled by a vote of 21 to 8. He must have enjoyed the
coiilideiico of his constituents, as he was twice al'tcrwanls
re-elected, until, at last. Parliament passed an act
rendering him ineligible. The revenue this year was
2G,081 anil the civil expenses 3G,9.')1. This closed
the second parliament, and new elections were held dur-
ing the sunnner, and \wi\'. mostly well contested, but did
not materially change tlio complexion of the House.
In this year (IsnO) the last of the Ji'suit order in Can-
ada, Father Casot. died. He was a man nuich beloved
and esteemed, and had for many j-ears devoted the
large revenues at his eominand to the cause of charity.
On his dcmiso the Jesuit estate lapsed to the crown, and
its revemu's have siiu^e been devoted to educational ])ur-
]ioses Tlio lirst year of the century ])assed trancpiilly
enough for Canada, and left so little for the historian to
record that we may safely venture to believe that the
people had no cause of complaint, and were happy and
contented.
2. — The most important iicts passed this session related
to taxes on billiard tables, tol)acco and snuff, w hich were
taxed for the first time ; to the estal)-
rn»snK« of a MU , <• , ,• i , , ■
iTdviiling for II lisliinent ot ]mlilic schools, and to the
foiiiion.lviiTi.eiiiuiit removal of the walls around JMontreal.
oarnuife'. ,^,|^^ educational act provided for the es-
tablishment of free schools and the establishment of acor-
poration under the style of " The Royal institution for the
advancement of learning," a jjortion of the Crown Lands
to be approjiriated to the maiiitenanco of the institutions.
Tlie act was a failure and the Royal institution existed for
some years on subsidies, but did not accomplish the object
aimed at. The want of success was attributed to the
Coin])osilion of the Corporation, which was chiefly Pro-
testant, with the Protestant IJishop at its head, and the
Roman Catholic clergy deemed it too sectarian and gave
it no 6upi)ort. No appropriation of lands was ever made
either. Several new townships wrro laid out this year
for the olliccrs, non-commissioned ollicers and men of the
Canadian militia who had assisted at the defense of Que-
bec during the American invasion. ITT/'-C). Tiio grants
varied from 1,000 acres down to 100. Tii(> revenue of
the year auiounted to i."27,l<il) currency, of which
£17,120 were applicable to tlus expi'uses of the civil
government, which amounted to i.".'i."i,.">.Sl sterling.
3. — The only subject of impi.rtance discussed in the
session of 1802 — which met on llth of ,Ianuary ami
was prorogued on /ith of April — was tlu)
4 f .1 .1 -I • St'spjon of 1S02. «ni-
enconragementot the growth oi liemp in ,.,„ir!in.in..iii f.T
the province. Tliis matter had beeii j,'^'';,;^,''''"""'
under discussion the ])reviouE year, and
the snlijcet was again taken up at fin; recommendation
of the lieutenant-governor. The Assembly voted £1,200
to encourage its production, iind a board was appoint-
ed, of which the lieuteiuint-governor was chairman.
Siunc small efforts were made, but the project was
not .1 success, the habitants ju'cferring to conliinie the
raising of wheat. Notiiingof importance occurred during
this year, except that the settlements in the I^astern
townships began to n.ssumo greater i)rosperity and lay
the foundation of what is now the most flourishing
rural district in Lower Canada.
4. — In the session of 1803; the most noteworthy fact
was the increase in the revenue, which amounted to
£31.211 currency; a^rainst an expend-
iture of £37,008 "sterling. In tliis year ^i:|;;i^;;f,^:|!;^,^.
slavei-y formally ceased to be an "itisti-
fiition " ill Canada. It had been introduced under
French rule, and was sjiecially recognized by article 47
of the capitulation of Canada; but it never seemed to
flourish lure, and a bill was introduced at the first
session ot the first parliament for its abolition ; the bill
was shelved, and a similar act, introduced in ]7l)2, wns
laid on the table. In 1803, Chief-Justice Osgood rendered
a decision at Montreal that slavery was incoinpatilile w illi
the laws of Lower Canada, which extinguished it. The
inimber of blacks could never have been very great, as
we Iind by the census of the next year that there were
only 30-t negroes in tho whole Province of Lower Canada.
A short session of Parliament took place in August, on
the arrival of tlie news of the re newal of hostilities 1)C-
tween France ami England, for tho purpose of renewing
the alien and protection to government tu^ts, wliich had
been allowed to expire by limitation at the last session,
o:\ account of the short peaces in Euroiie. Tin; renewal
of hostilities caused some strong manifestations of loyalty
throughout the province, and large numbers offered to
form volunteer companies for the defence of the province
if needed. The governor sent a message to the House
on the tuibject, but it arrived too late for action, as proro-
gation took place the next day.
'^m
i,.j
• ;- ;<
it
M
! : 1
r,i-2
TrTTL':S IIISTOHY OF THE DOMINION OF ( ANAD.\.
Si'Mioii nf 1804
A (juii'l jeiir.
f). — Tlie yviir ISOl, so " |iro<.'iiiiiit with the fato of
great events " in iMiropn, pii-isccl almost like a liiippy
(Ireani in ('iinuilM, and leit not a rntlle
on iIk? .sui't'ace of nicniorv to mar tii(>
l)leu>tir(S'< of reeoileetion. The Legis-
lature met on lOtii Felirnary. and remained in s<».si(m
until 2d IMay, passing thirteen hills, amongst them one
providnig for insane ])ersons and fonndlings. It was
found very dillieult to keep the members togethi-r, as
the novelty of legislation liad worn olT. and many mem-
bers preferred either to ri'main at home, or to pay a short
visit to the capital and then return to their usual avoca-
tions ; so flilReult, indeed, was it found to get together
enough members to transact business, that the number
necessary to form a (|U()rum was reduced to twelve, in-
(•Indiiig the speak^'r. The public accounts showed the
revenues of the past year to have been i.";)2,27(i currency,
and the expenses £.'10.821 sterling, including £1..'540
returned to Upper Canada as her share of imposts.
This session terminated the fourth Parliament of Lower
Canada, and a general election was held in July follow-
ing.
('). — The first session of the fourth Parliament met on
the 9th of January, 1805, and during its session a slight
diircrence between the House and the
m'.m'.'' Pisai"n.o. Kxffi.'ive occurred, as well as a dillicnlly
oil th.'ji'ai ut "'*'' ''t'tween the members themselves. Tuo
latter was caused by the int'ixluction of
a bill to build jails in the province, and, in order to
meet tlie exjiense, it provided for a tax of two and a half
per cent on all goods sold at auction ; a duty of two-
ponce per pound on bokea, fonrp(!nco on souchong, six-
pence on 1 'son, and fo,u-,ienco on all other teas. An
additional duty of threepence per gallon on wines and
spirits and twopence on mola-jesor syrup was .also im-
posed. The town mcnd)ers — csp'-'cially those of iMon-
treal — strongly opjwsed this system 'if taxation, holding
that it wotild paralyze commerce to burl^■n it wilh all the
taxes of the province, and that a land tax should be im-
posed to meet the expense. The country .'nembers de-
fended the system as the fairest one, as the duty was really
paid by the consumer in the enhanct'il value of the goods
to be ]inrchased, while it would be impossible to ini[iose
any land tax in a new coinitry like Canada which woidd
not press unfairly on some land-owners, and would retard
settlement. The country members were in the majority
and carried the bill, which was assented to in sjiite of pe-
titions against it, and counter petitions in its favor. A
bill " to enable seigniors to compoiuid their feudal rights
and dues with their vassels and censitaires," was intro-
duced, hut laid on the table. Tlie most important act of
the session was one for regulating Uw. ]iilotage anil im-
jiroving the navigation of the St. Lawpjuee, under which
the Trinity IJoard was established. .
7. — The great want of better intercommunicalio!i was
being greatly felt, .as the two provinces increas.:d in p(i;i-
ulation ; and a bill was jiassed granting .|.,,,.,|„,.^,|,,„ ,,,.
one thousand pounds for the removal of Ji'" r'i"""iiiiii'.i-
some obstructions iu the I^achine rapids, I'rovimts.
but it was already fi'lt that the only way to utilize th,'
noble St. Lawreiici. and the vast inland lakes to tlieir full
extent was by canals. The dilTcreiice between the lieu-
tenant-governor and the House was on a very slight mat-
ter; the House thought that !M. 1*. E. Desbarats, French
translator, was not rcc-eiving suiricient salary, and sent an
address to the governor reeoniuiending an increase. This
olTended the lieutenant-ffovernor as beinir an encroacli-
nient on the royal i)rerogative ; and although he. [jroba-
bly. had no objection to raising JIi'. Desbarats' salary, ho
replied, '■ that however ho might feel disposed to .accede
to every re(|uest of the House of Assembly, he found
himself called upon in the jjresent instance to decline do-
ing so ; and that he regretted the necessity for remarkiii;;
that when the usual (d)servaiices which tend to preserve a
due harmony between the executive power and the other
branches of the Legislature were omitted, he felt himself
compelled to resist a jn'eeedent which might lead to con-
seciuences so injurious." T'liis nettled the assembly, and
they weie about to go into Committee on the message,
when thej- were sunnnoned to the Legislative Council
chamber and Parliament jirorogued. The public accounts
for the past year, showed the revenue to be £;);], G.'J.j cur-
rency; and the civil expenditure i!;)."!, 003 sterling, includ-
ing £1,272 refunded Ujiper Canada. The lieutenant-
governor sailed for England on the 5th of August, and
left the affairs of the Province to be administered by 31r.
Dunn, who was the senior memlM^r of the Council. In
this year the second newspaper in Quebec and the first
in the province published entirely in English. T/ie Mir-
run/, made its appearance, being established by ^Ir. Carv,
who remained its editor iiud proprietor until his death
iu 1.S2.'}. The trade of Quebec greatly increased this year,
the nmnber of vessels arriving being IIG with a total
tonnage of 25.1.'ir).
8. — Mr. A<hniiiistrator Dunn convokecl Parliament cu
the 22d of February, LSII('), and this session was markt d
by the first crusade against the freedom
of the ])ress in Canada. It appears that ^jr^^^tiou .,t iiu>
the citizens of ^Montreal were greatly
])Ieased with the conduct of their town and county mem-
bers iu op|)osing the jail act. and gave them a dinner at
Dillon's Hotel, in March. 1805. About sixty of the
leading citizens were present, and after the usual loyal
and j)atriotic toasts luad been drank, the following were
also proi)osed : " (i. The honoralde members of the Leg-
islative Couiu'il who were friendly to constitutional taxa-
tion, as proposed by our worthy members in the House
of Assembly. 7. Our representatives iu Provincial Par-
M
it
iitiiiiiiicatidii Was
ticrcastd in poj,.
'n The iinoNtl, f
->{ Ijiii rr. lutiiiii-
ll'll 111 t«c 111 ilio
s, I'rit^ iiin-s.
ly to utilize ih,.
kcs to their full
•twoeii till! lieu-
very slight uiat-
•sharats, French
iry, and sent, an
increase. Tliis
'4 .in encroaeh-
mgh he. jimlia-
arats' sahiry, lie
posed to accede
nl>ly. he foinid
e to decline do-
.' for remarking
id to preserve ,a
I" !uid the other
he felt himself
[lit lead to con-
asseniLIy, and
n tile message,
dative Council
luihlic aecotiiits
i £oo,Goo ciir-
terling. inchid-
'he lieutenant-
)f Angiist, and
istered liy 3Ir.
Council. In
aiicl the first
■sh. ne Mr-
hy Mr. Carv,
mil Jiis death
ased this year,
with a total
arliament en
1 was inarki d
'I'rsc'diiioii i,f 111,.
county nieni-
in .a dinner at
sixty of the
u Usual loyal
llowiiig wen^
of th(i Leg-
iitioiial taxa-
1 the House
ovineial I'ar-
LOWER CANADA— GOVEUNMEXT OF Slli II. S. .MILXES.
343
lianieiit. who proposed ii constitutional and proper mode
of taxation for liuildiiig jails, and uho opposed a tax on ,
(;oinnien;e for that jiurpose. as contrary to tile sound |>iae-
ticc of the parent state. H. May our representatives be j
actuated hy a patriotic spirit for the yood of the prov- |
ilice as dependent on the Ilritish Empire, and he divestc'd
of local preju lices. 1). I'rosperity to the agriculture anil
commerce of Cana>la, and may liu'y aid each other, as
their true interest dictates, by siiaring a due iirojiortion
of advantag(!s and burdens. 10. The city and county
of .Montreal and tlie Grand .Furies of the district, who
recoinmende(l local assessments for local pnr|)oses. 11.
May the city of M mtreal be enabled to sup[iort a iicws-
pajier, though deprived of its natural and useful advan-
tages ; ap[)arently for the benelit of !iii indiridnttl. 12.
May the commercial interes" of this province have its
(hie influence on the administration of its government."
Ill the present day, when we are accustonieil to the free
— and sometimes too free — expression of opinion by the
press, on all subjects, we can scarcely conceive that any
I deliberative assembly would pass a resolution that the
mere publication of the above toasts, without comnieiit
and without even stating when the dinner was held,
was •' a false, scandalous, and malicious libel, highly and
unjustly reflecting upon his majesty's representative in
this province, and on both Houses of the Provincial
Parliament, ami tending to lessen the all'i;ctions of his
majesty's sultjects towanls his government in this jirov-
iiice ; " yet the Provincial Legislature did jiass such a
resolution, and adopted the report of a committee of
seven that Isaac Todd, who presided at the meeting, and
Edward Edwards, who pu'.lished the resolutions in the
Jloiitreal G'lzitif, were "guilty of a high breach of the
privil(!ges of this house," and their arrest by the sergeant-
at-arms was ordereii. They took care to kee[) out of
the way, however, and the affair blew over.
9. — Mr. Cary, editor of the Affmiri/, was not so fortu-
nate, however, and was forced to apologize to the House
for having iiublished an account of its
The ::.litor of th;i i- ■ i , . ^
■lA. r.iin/ r.ir.oil t.i proceedings With regard to the Gitzftt)'.*
UllOluZiSl!. \ ^T II 11.11
As tliere were only three papers published
♦ It must 1)0 riMni'inbi'n'il that roportnrs wero not nllowt-il in the Hoiiso
Inllieisi' clays, ami tli' uiiaiilliorizcil imliliratioii of tlii'|iroi- liiius of thu
HoUHe was rc^^anli'il as a lin-a'-li of privili'iio. Kvi'ii in tin- pn'si-nt ilayiii
I'.iiKlanil, as woll a-i in tliis I'oiiiury, ri'iiorli'i-s an' only ailniiiteil on snf- 1
fiaiii'o, ami any m 'iiiliiT ran h;ivu tlici" i'xrlii,l<.|| liy callinu' thi' ntlcniion
of till" speaker to tli.' fart that thiT an' stran.ji'is in the iloiisc. and ask- :
in;; to liavo th*. '^ilh'i-y I'lfarcil. 'I'hi' priviloi»i. has loin,* t.iin'0 gon*! into ,
disiiSL'. anil in 'mln'is of Parliament an' n. \v more liki'ly to he otTrndi'il i
al not beiiiu rup.n-ii'.l than at li.'ini; n'liorteii; still Parliament P'tnins the j
ri^lit, anil an irr.asi'ililL' memli 'r oeeasionally makes hims If riii'cnloini hy
oausiiiK its enforeement. It look niary years hef.m' the lilierty of the
press was aekiniwleiitieil in I'^ii^lanil, anil printers ami piililishers siitTereil
inueh perseentiim. The n'ii.'n of i teorue the Thinl \v;is speeially noti
able for press perseentions. aiel editors, pnhlishers and printers fomied
one of the staples of the jail population. One of the greatest eanses of
oomplaiut was reportinu the debates in rarli;iinent, the members deelar-
inc it a hriNaeh of privilei;e to do so. The London /•'niniiii /*nst was thi'
fii'Ht paper to ulTeiiil in this way. Its publisher eulleeted some particulars
in the province tit thtit time, tind the third wtis the gov-
ermiieiit organ, the (Quebec (I'lizftlr, it may be concluded
tliiit the House had succi'eded in pretty elfictually muz-
zling the press, for the present; but not for long; public
opinion was in favor of a free jiress, and in the course of
time the House was forced to bow to publi<- opinion and
|iermit, not only publication of its action.", but very free
discussions on them, lieyond the persecution of tlie
press, the only ((uestion which oi'cnpied tlii! particular
tlttelition of the House wtis the j.iil ;ict. This litid been
pa.ssed, as we have seen, tit last session; but .i petition
having been forwarded to the king, prtiyiirg him to re-
voke the bill (which lie had the power to do with any act,
within two years tifter its ptissage), a counter-jietition tii.d
address was p.assed in the AsseiiiMy. after a violent dis-
cussion, humbly beseeching his mtijesty to allow the act
to remain in force, and setting forth the great injustice of
a t;ix on lanil. The bill, being alrciidy. ;i--ented to, was
not disturbed, and the jails were built, {'oiiiinerce being
tax jd to pay for them ; as the taxes yielded Itirgely, the
co«t of the jails was soon paid, but the tax was retiiiii-'d
to meet the expenses of the Ainericaii war.
10. — Tlie growing jealousy of the tigriculturid and com-
mercial interests of eacli other was now raiiidly increas-
i ing ; so far it h;id not dechtred itself as a
' war of nationality, but, as the country or H^'^':^''"''"'"
j agficultnral parly wi'l'e all French, ant
larifely in the mtiioritv — while the town laiiiishment of Ac
i ' . , ■ ' 1 11 ■ i"o''i".
or commercial ptirty were very netirjy till
! Enolish, it could not fail to develope itself ere loiii; as a
I
I war of nices. The ground of the dilliciilty was thtit the
'. commercitd interests objected to htive all the ttixes placed
: on commerce, and upheld loctil taxation for local purposes;
I on the other hand the agricultural ptiity desired coiii-
! nierce to ptiy all expenses anil agriculture to reap its fair
'■ share of the prolits on such expenditures, without pay-
; of the debate on the ^Middlesex eleetion from members of the llouiu' and
: published them. This was qiiiikl.v folloHed by the ,S(, J„in, s ( Imniirl,-,
whiih 1 inployed a n'porler speiially to no aloul In eolVee houses and piek
lip infill inalion fnnn members. This (.'entlelnan, win se name is, unfor-
tunately, losi lo fMine. is the first of the now niiimniiis raie of •• inter-
I viewers." 'Ibe-e pnblieations laiised a ferfeel storm in Ihe House, and
j on the IJtb Mar.b, It; I. Miller, the publisher of the /'o,1^ wasi ommanded
i to appear befi.n' the bar of the House. .Miller refused to appear, aiel the
' deputy serce.-iiit-at-arms was sent to brinu bim i but it was tl Id .-tory
of ealehini.' a Tart.ar; instead of capturinu .Miller, -Mil'.ir eaptun'd the
deputy, and look him befon' th,' l.onl Mayor, within whose jurisdiition
miller lived, ehaiciin; him with assault. The l.onl Mayor was liii:lily
imlii.'iianl that anyone should attempt to interfen' with bis authority, and
pnimptly eommiiled the I'piity. holdini; that the speaker's warrant was
of no n unit in the lily. .Xt this the House was thmwii inlo a slate of
(rn'jit indi^naii and lifter a stormy debate, Ihe l.onl Alayor and two
aldermen whii h.ad si'.'ned the warrant with him were arrested aid im-
prisoned in the Tower, where they reinaineil for three moinhs until I'ar-
liainent adjourned. This may be said to have tinisbed tlu' liLdit between
Parliament and the press, the latter wiimiiu:. for the eonduet of Ihe
, House bniuiibt down sueb a storm of Imlitznatiou from the people that no
furiber eifort to interfeie with the rinbt of the pn'ss to report was made.
Ueporters were taeltly admitted to the nailery, anil iioi very lony after-
narils speeial aeeummodutiuii was iiruviileU for tliein. Ku.
iilieCciiimer-
lal ai d .\\nu ill-
tuia) interests. Ks-
I
ill
: ;li i
i^ir
'!'| I
341
TITTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
iiij5 anytliiiii; <lirii'tly — ami .scarr'dy anytliiiit; iiidiicctly,
for tins French country people raided tlieir own food, made
their own clothes, and were almost entirely indepeiiclent
of the towns for imported goods, as they are in many
parts of (^nel)ec to tiiis day. The French had lonj; felt
the want of a newspaper ol tiieir own, printed entirely in
thbir own lanuiiage,* and representing their ideas ; to
meet this want l.e Cdiuiillia was brought out in Novein-
her, I80i!. Its professed object was to repel attacks on the
French Canadian character ami to instruct its compatriots
in their duties and rights as liritish sulijects ; l)iit, as Mr.
Christie says, " it was from the out>et anti-executive in
politics, ,anti-comniercial in its doctrines, and, indeecl, aliti-
liritis'ii in spirit, treating as unti-Canadian everything
Itritisli ill tho colony, nnd the ISritish innnigraiits and
population as '■ etrangers ut intrus — strangers ami intru-
ders." (.Quebec seems to have been rapiilly increasing in
trade, 11)1 vessels of 33, 17 1 tons altogether arrived from
tlie sea during the year, aixl a large coasting-trade was
also done, besides whicli ship-building was springing up
and fast beeoiniiig an important industry.
II. — Neither the governor-general. Sir Robert Pres-
cott, nor the lieuten;int-governor, Sir R. S. ^liliies,
returning to tin! province, "Sir. A<lmiiiis-
wftiuii" t"iii""i trator Dunn again convoked Parliament
caibduuL"""" "•'• the -'1st January. 1HU7. The business
of the session was not very important,
tile princip.ll matter disi'ussed being .i motion to make
"An allowance I'ortlefraying the expenses of tho members
of the Asseml.'ly who reside at a distance from (Jueliec; "
but it was def<'ated by a vote of 1(5 to It; the memiiers
being jealous of their jirivileges, one of wliic'b was to
serve their king and country for iiotiiing, and |)ay their
own expenses. This race of men lias died out of public
life in Canada now. The assembly also considered the
propriety of ajipointing ;in agent in London to represent
them ill London; but final consideration of the subject
was postponed until another session. The public accounts
for 180() showed the revenue to be £30,^ 17 currency, and
the civil expenditure £.')•>, 213 sterling; in this latter
amount was included two items of £2,000 nnd £1,."jOO
respectively, for tho salaries of the governor-general and
lieutentint-governor, neither of whom had been in the
province during the year. During the sumnier great
anxiety was felt on the score of the prospect of war with
the United States. Great Hritain, then "mistress of the
seas," having swept all the navies of the world off the
ocean, declared tlui whole coast of Franco in a state of
blockade, and ca])tured some American ships who were
trying to run in — just as in late years, during the South-
ern rebellion, the I'nited States vessels captured British
ships trying to run the blockade into Southern ports.
* 'Die only three p.ipers in tlio Province then were printed, two, imlf
In French, half in Knglish, nnd one entirely in Knglish,
This irritate d the Americans, who claimed to bo neutral
— although secretly aiding France; and when tiie liritish
ship Iji'iipurd, exercising the ■' Right of Search," over-
hauled the American frigate Chmipciike and took from
her four deserters, known to be im boaril, afti'r having
killed and woundeil several of the crew of the Cliesupeakr
ill a short engagement, the oxcitement grew to fever
point, and a declaration of war was momentarily expecte<l.
This was happily prevented, for a lime, by the prompt
action of the Rritish gov<rnnient, who disavowed the
action of the commander of the Leoptird as having been
without orders, ami made what reslilution was in their
power. Tin; .\inericans threatened another invasion of
Caiiaila, and boast', >1 thiit they would, this time, have tlio
hearty co-operation of the F'rencli Canadians, who were
dissatisfied with llritish rule ; to test this Mr. Dunn, in
August, called out oiie-lil'th of the militia for active duty,
and the Roman Catholii; Hishop endorsed the call in an
encyclical letter. The ])eople respondi d most cheerfully
and willingly, :'.nd with such eagerness to serves that,
according to the i\nr\n-x'. .Vfrniry, "sums of money were
offered by individuals for pri/e-tickets, for such the
tickets were callcil which, in balloting, were for service.
.*^oiiie young baciielors procnri^d pri/e-tickets from the
married ukmi, who had been drawn for service, but the
greater part of the latter insisted on keeping their tickets,
notwithstanding that offers of exchange were made to
them by bai'helors." Fortunately their services were not
needed, lait their jirompt loyalty went f.ar to disabuse any
idea of disaffection on the part of the I'rench. On the
IHth Octob(!r, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Craig, who
bad been appointed governor-general, arrived at (Quebec
ill the frigat(! Iloriidn, and relieved Mr. Dunn, who w:us
allowed a ])ension of £o()0 a yejir in .icknowledgment of
the able manner in which he had administered the affairs
of the province.
CHAPTER LXXI.
LOWER CANADA. GOVERNMENT OF SIR
JAMES HENRY CRAIG.
1. ArroiNTMF.NT OK GovKRNOii Ckaig. His Ciiakac-
Ti;n. — 2. TnK I.NKLKiiiui.iTY OF JuDfiF.s. F^.xrui.-
si<)\ OF ]Mu. IIaht. — 3. CtiAifi's First DiFFEurxci;
■WITH Tin; AssKMiii.T. Tin; IIotsK Dissoi.vi:u. —
4. Gkowtet of Pautv Si-iuit. Tiif. First Stkam-
BOAT ox TiiK St. Lawukxck. — .">. The Asskmulv
Df.ci.arks the Governor's Censure of their Cox-
nrcT A liREAt II OF Privii.eoe. — G. The Assembly
Offers to Assi-.me the whole Civil List. Judoe
DeHonxe exfellei>. — 7. The Governor aoaix
V.
ho cliiiinod to bo iiontnil
cf; anil wlion liic ]\r'n\-U
Hi.i,'lit of Si^iirch," ovcr-
fsii/iefdn aii.l took from
! on hoard, after Iiavini;
i(! crew of the Cliesappukr
• •itcniunt grew to fever
as momentarily c.\i)eete(l.
r a time, hy tlie prompt
•nt, HJio disavowed tin,.
Li-npiird as Jiavin;,' been
restitution was in tjieir
nu'd anotlier invasion of
■ould, this time, bave I be
L'h Canadians, wlio were
) test tiiis Mr. Dunn, in
H> nn'iiiia foraeiive duty,
endorsed tlie call in an
■*pond( d most cheerfully
aiieriiess to serve, that,
, " sums of money wt'ro
I'-iiekets, for such the
lotiiiiT, were for serviee.
prize-tickets from the
wn for service, but the
on keeping their tickets,
xchango were made to
• their services were not
vent far to disabuse any
f the French. On the
Sir Henry Craig, wlio
leral, arrived at (Quebec
wl 'Sir. Dunn, who was
in acknowledgment of
administered the affairs
XXI.
RXMEXT OF SIR
CRAIG.
IJkaig. His Ciiarac-
OF Judges. Hxrii,-
I's First Diffkui.xck
lorsK Dissoi.vicD. —
Tun First Steam-
• — '">■ The Asskmri.v
issuiiE oi- their Cox-
'■ — 6. The Assemiily
■: Civil Li.st. Jluge
IK GoVER.VOIt AGAIN
ii«^i;«^:^is^
'?* 'M
■:r
!
II IIJ! 1
-■ei*^'
IW:'J
LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR JAMES IIEXUY CRAIG.
,34.-)
DissoLVKS Tiiio IIousK. Rai'II) lycKKAsi; Or Tuadk
O.V ACCOLNT OF Euiini'HAX vrXK. H. SllM'ltKSSION
OF I>K Canadikn. Si;mmakv Aukkst of JIk.mukus
OF THE IIOUSK. 1). A TKUC'E ItF.TWKEN' TIIK GOV-
KIJN'OU AN1> TIIK ASSEMIU.V. 10. AoDKKSSKS TO THK
(ioVlCUNOIt O.V Ills DlU'AltTUUK FOll Enoi.and.
1. — Li(niteii!iiit (iciicrul Jainos Ili'iiry Craig was an
ofRcor who liad sorvud his country for forty years with
honor and distinction ; and it was, prol)-
;telm"r'ai«! ably, tiu! tlircatcning aspect of thu I'liitod
"■'"'""■"'■''"• States wiiiirh indicated a near jjossiliility
of war, wliieh influenced tlie Homo goverinnent in select-
ing him to lill the position of lieutenant-governor and
('a;)tain-general in Canada. A stri(^t martinet and dis-
ciiilinarian, ho seems to have regarded the Caiiailiaii As-
.scnihly very nincli as a Ivxly of raw recruits who had to
he •' taught their facings ; " and although he was [)opu]ar
with a small dicpie of ultra-lJritish, who wished to ignore
the French element altogc^ther, he was by no means gen-
erally liked, and liis administration — added to the in-
llanimatory and intensely anti-BritisIi tone adopted by Le
CiinmlicH — may be regarded as the entering wedgo whicii
filially forced the French and English elements in this
province so widely asunder. He was nearly sixty years
old at the time of liis ai)poiiitment, and sulfering from
(lro|)sy and other diseases; and it is, thercjfore, only just
to attribute to ill lu^dth some of the irascibility an<l ]iecv-
ishncss which characterized his administration. Firm in
his convictions, ho was yet easily misled by violent par-
tisans ; and, in his four y(Nirs of ofFicial life, went a very
great « ay towards destroying that cordial good fi'i'ling,
as I'ellow-citizens under on(! sovereign, which (oiy Carle-
ton, (hiring his thirty-six years of connection with Can-
ada, had striven so earni'stly to foster and encourage.
That Craig made mistakes theie is no doubt ; but it must
he rememberi'd that nearly all the (iHic( holders were
lirilisli, and strongly anti-Canadian in sentiment, and they
Were his principal ailvisers ; ami lui apjieai's to liave
acted honestly and eonscientiously, as far as he was jiei-
soii;illy concerned, f(n' the best interests of the province.
"2- — The oi)ening of I'arliamimt was on the "iDtli of
January, 1808, and ther(! was nothing remarkable about
,,., , „,„,,, it, except that the L''overnor's spi'och was
Till' liiclll(|llilllly ' • '
lit .iii.i'vx Kxpui- rather loiii'cr than u.ual. The address in
Bloiu.r.Mr. iliirt. '
reply was both cordial and short. "The
npple of discord" of this session was thrown by tlio in-
troduction of a resolution, "that it is expedient to declare
that the .ludges of the Court of King's bench now estab-
lished, the Provincial Judges of the districts of Three
Rivers and (iaspi'i, and all cominissiimed .Judges of any
courts that may hereafter be established in this I'rovincc,
are iiica])able of being elected, or of sitting or voting iiL
llio House of Asseniblv or any Parliament of this Prov-
ince." The resolution was ])assed with oidy two dis-
sentient votes — for the Assembly hail, for somi; time, felt
that it was incongruous to have the same persons who
made the laws administer them, and be under the oblig.a-
tioii of electoral snlVrago to the very persons they may
be called on to administer justice to; — and a bill was
passed, but rejected by the Legislative Council. 1'his
caused great di'-pleasnri! in the House, and the most vio-
lent members were in favor of exiielling tlu; judges at
once, by resolution oi the House ; but milder counsels
prevailed, and the matter was laid over until next
session. Tlie first act; with reference to contestoil elec-
tions was passed at this session, and some other usefid
bills were also assented lo ; but tlnr House Jiyiiiced an
illiberal spirit by passing a resolution vacating the seat
of Mr. E/.ekiel Hart — elected by the town of Three
Rivers to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr.
Lees — because he was a Jew. The public accounts for
the past year showed the revenue to have been £.'i5,'.tl3,
currency; and tlu^ civil expenditure £'14,410, sterling.
This session ended the fourth Parliament, and a general
election took phice in the following May, the most no-
ticeable feature of which was the defeat of Jlr. Parret,
the speaker of the House, for Quebec, on account of his
connection with /,<' Cimii'/i'i'ii, which was then growing
very abusive of tin; govcriiment. He was, however,
elected for Huntingdon.
;t. — The first session of the fifth Parliament met on
the '.)th of April, IHO'.I, and showed a large infusion of
new blood, there being twenty -two mem- crniu's lirsi ilitTir-
1 1 . 1 r .1 !■..•' I \i- ,1 IMIir Willi Uir As-
bers elected lor the first time. ()t the mnMy. Tin-
^1 .1 . . Ill '11 lliiiibr lili-MiIveil.
others thirteen liad been jireviously ilec-
ted once; six twici; ; six three times; aiid .Iiidge De-
lioiine, .Mr. Speaki-r Parret, and JNI. I'ierrc Peilard. had
been elected to all the four ]n'evious Parliaments, 'J"he
House renewed the alien act.thejirescirvation of the govei'ii-
ineiit act, and the act relating to drawbacks to be alloweil
to l'p)ier Camida, and spent the balance of the session in
discussing II bill to expel Mr. Hart, because lie was a Jew,
and in diseu<siiig the ai't to render judges ineligible.
Five weeks wen^ consumed in this manner, and then
(Governor Craig — unaccustomed to the slow and method-
ical manner of |)roceduro of the II )nse, came down to
the Legislati\e Council on the I.'ith of ^May, iiiid, having
summoned the Assembly, dissolved Parliament, after
having given the Assembly what might be called " a
good blowing up." In a portion of his speech — which
was long, as all his speeches were — he said : " You have
wasted, in fruitless debates, exciter, by ]irivate and jier-
soiial iiiiimosity, or by frivolous contests upon trivial mat-
ters oi irin. that time and those talents to which, within
your walls, the public have an exeliisim title. This abuse
of your functions you have profern'd to the high and iin-
' portant duties which you wo to your sovereign mid to
I
■ii|
I
i ■
1 i [:;
■I
"■:ii]
■r I
i| :■
340
TITTLE'S HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION' OF CANADA.
your constituents ; aud you have, thereby, been forced to
neglect tlie consideration of matters of moment and
necessity wliich were before you, wliile you have, at the
same time, virtually prevented tlio introiluction of such
others us may liave been in contemplation. If any proof
of this misuse of your time were necessary, I have just
presented it, in having been called on, after a session of
live weeks, to exercise his majesty's prerogative of as-
sent, t only the same number of bills, three of which
were the mere renewal of acts to wliich you stood
l)ledged, and which nMiuired no discussion. So much of
intemiierate heat has been mani.'esie 1 in all ycmr pro-
ceedings, and you have shown such a prolonged and dis-
respectful attention to matters submitted to your consid-
eration, by the other branches of the legislature, that
whatever might 'oe tlie moderation and forbearance exer-
cised on their parts, a general good understanding is
scarcely to be looked for without a new Assembly. I
shall not particularly advert to otliei acts which ai^jcar
to be unconsiitutional infringements of the rights of the
subject, repugnant to the very letter of the Imperial Par-
liament, under which you hold your seats ; and to have
been matured by proceedings, which amount to a derelic-
tion of the first principles of natural justice ; and shall
abstain from any furtlier enumeration of the causes by
whi<:h I have been induced to adopt the determination
which I have taken, because the part of your conduct, to
which I have already referred, is obviously and in a high
degree detrimental to the best interests of the country,
such as my duty to the crown forbids me lo countei!ance,
and as conii)els me to have recourse to a dissolution, as '
the only constitutional means by which its recurrence
may be prevented."
4. The governor tliavked the members of the Legis-
lative Council for their kindness and courtesy, and also
excepts a portion of the Asseud)Iy from
firnwtli of pftitv- , . T .1 .1
Bpirit. rill' liret his censure. In tlio summer the gover-
Jlawmlco'. ""''''■'*''■ i!or »ii><l« ii sort of lrium|)hal proces-
sion through the province, and was
jiresented with congratulatory ad<lresses, at several towns,
on his conduct in dissolving the Assembly ; but thoi:oun-
try was not in .syi.ipatby with him, and the result of tlie
gcDeral election, held in October, was the return of all the
old nuMu'iei's, or otlicrs in their places even more op-
posed to the government than the late incumbents. This
was, to a great extent, due to the violent anti-IJritisli
articles in I^ Cmintlien, and the addresses of thi! ex-
members to their constituents who n'presented that the
Assembly had been dissolved because it endeavored to
maintain the peo])le's right. While the seeds of dissension
were t)eiiig sown between the executive and the represent-
atives of the |)eople. a spirit of enter|'.rise was being devel-
oped which has revolutionized the whole (^ominercial
condition of Canada. Fulton had just astonished the
world by applying steam to navigation, and no sooner was
his experiment on the Hudson proved to be a success, than
the enterprisi! of a Canadian seized on the idea ; and fully
appreciating the import anct; to connnerce of tlu' ai)])lica-
tion of steam to navigation, caused the construction of a
steamer to ply between Montreal and Quebec. To the
Hon. John Molson is lUu! the honor of building tin; second
steamer on this continent, and tlio first to plough the
waters of the mighty St. Lawrence. Viewed in the light
of modern accom[>lishments in the matter of steam naviga-
ti(jn, and compared with the " floating palaces " which
now adorn our lakes and rivers, the " Accomodation "
would seem a very small and mean coiK'ern but, as the
advance guard of the large steam mercantile n:ariiie of
Cana(hi she is worthy of more than momentary considera-
tion.*
5. The new assembly met on 2'Jtli .Tanuaiy, IHIO,
and the s])eech from the throne and the address in reply
were each e(|uallv civil and formal ; but
, , I , , . , Tl'u Assi'inlilv .!.■-
the breacli between the executive and <iaivtiii»'(i..v<>rinii's
, ,, . , rtMisurc uf their ii'ii-
the commons was widening and soon ,iiii>!, » iircudi ot
again led to an ojien rupture. In bis i"'"'''"'«''-
speech from the throuo Governor Craig referred to the
bill dis(pialifying judges from occupying seats in the As-
sembly, and said : " Having received his majesty's ])leasuro
upon it, I shall feel myself warranted in giving his
JIajesty's royal assent to any proper bill fcu' rend('riiig his
JIajesty's judges of the Courts of King's bench, in future
ineligible to a seat in the House of Assembly, in which
the two houses may concur." This caused the iin[)ression
to gain ground that the governor had been rejirimanded
by the Home government for his summary dismi.' sal of
tliii last Farliament ; and the House, by a votts of 21 to
1 1, returned tlie compliment of the " blowing u|) " hr iiad
given it at the close of the last session, by passing a reso-
lution " that every attempt of the exei-utive gr)V(>rnm(Mit
and of the other branches of the Legislature against this
House, whether in dictating or censuring its proceedings,
• Tlu" fcillowlnu cxirai-t Inim tlic Quebec .l/irrHi'i/ ot Otli Xovciiiliur,
ison, will iir.iliiitilv iH-ove iiilen'slin;;."
" Oil Saturilav iiinniinj;, lit so'eloeli, iirriveil here, frmii MiuilreiU, heiii|r
herllr>l tiip, the fli'iiiiiluiat " Ai'erimoilniiini," with ten passeiineiK. This
i» Ihe tliHt ve.'Bel of the kiiiil that- eviT appear >l in this liarliur. She Is
ooiitiniially ei-owded with visitants. Slie lefi .Moniieal on Weilnesihiy, at
2o'elc«'k, Kotliat Iter paxsane was si.xtv-six hours ; thiily of wliieli slio
was nt aneliiir. She arriveil at Three IMvers in 1 weiity-foiir lioiirs. Sim
has at iiriseiil, hertlis lor twenty paseiicers ; whiili, next year, will hw
eon-lili'ialily ain;nienteil. Xn irhul or liih run Hln/t In r. She has "."i feet
lieel, anil K.-1 feet nil Ueek. The priee for a iiassajje up is Sti, ami .«s ilowii,
tlio vessel supiilyiii^' provisions. The (ireat ailvantaiie atteialiiij; a vessi t
BO eonstiuetoil is. that a passant' may he eiihulated on to a ileiiree nt
eerlalnty. in iioiiit of time, which eaiinot he tin' easi' willi anv vessel pie-
pelleil hy sails only. Tin' «teaiiilioat reeeives lier impnlsu from an open,
iloiihle-spokeil perpeiiilleiilar wlii'el, on eaeli siile, without any elreuliir
haiiil or rim. To the eixl of eaeh iluuhle spoke is tlxeil a sipiare hoard,
whieli enters the water, ii'iii liy the rotatory inoilon of the wliei'l mis
Uke a |iai1il!e. 'I'll ' wheels are put Mint kept in iiiotloii liy steam, oppi'ia •
iiitf witliin tlie ve-sel. .\ mast is to lie tlxeci in her, for the piiriiose oE
iisiiiK sail when the wind is favorable, whieli will ueiasionally aeeplerato
lierlieadway,"
<J of (Jlh November,
J.OAVKll C^XNADA— (JDVKHN.MKN'J' Ol' Sill .lAAIKS IIENKY CIJAKi.
ni7
or ill apjiroviiij^ tlic CDiiilui't of oim piii't of its !nciiil: .s,
;iii«l ili.s;ii»i)i'oviiig tlu; <'oiiiliift of tlio otiiors, is :i violation of
the statiiu by wiiicli tiiis House is (•oiistituted ; a breuch of I
till' j)rivilt!gos of tliis lloiiso iiguiiist wliicli it ciiiiiiot
foi-l)i;:ii" ohjuctiiig ; ami a (hingerous attack upon tliu I'iglits ,
:iii 1 liburtiiis of bis .Majesty's subjects in tbis I'rovineu." 1
(i. Tills iiutll(Ml tllo strict old governor, but tlic As-
sembly (b'ow iii) so loyal an address of congralnlation to I
liis Majesty King (ieorire the Third on j
Tl.:. Ass.Mnl.Iy oir.Ms i,.^vi,ig entered on the iiftietli year of his '
,ivii is. •'',"';-" reiitn, that his excellency could do notli-
iiig but bow bis acknowledgineiits, and
promise to forward the adilress. The Assembly next
passed resolutions that the province was in a ])osition to
assume the whole civil list, and they would vot<! siip-
]illes if the estimates were sent down. This was couched
in very loyal terms ; but the desin; to get the civil
siTvioo employees entirely undi;r the control of the As-
si'i; ''ly, by having tlii^ power to cut down — or cut off —
llii'ir salaries, w.is apparent to the wary old governor, and
111.' replied cautiously, that the suggc^stion was .so novel
liiat he did not feel authorized to deal with it, but would
ninsider \\w. milter and refer it to the Ilomi! government,
at tlie same time acknowledging the' palriotisin which
imbii'i'd till! Assembly to oiVc" to relieve the jian'iit stale
for tin; expense it had been under for some years. The
.sul)je('t rested at this point fcu' some time, as more iiii])ort-
aiit matters intervened and no ]uil)lie accounts were laid
before the L 'gislatiire. The ditferences between the
governor and the AsscMubly we-re again rapidly ap]iroach-
iiig a climax. The Assembly passed a bill declaring all
jiiilges ineligible of holding seats in that body ; the
Legislative Council amended the bill so as to make it
apply only in the future, and not affect members of the
present House — a very reasonabhi amendment. At this the
Hoiisi' ;;rew indignant ami ])assed a resolution " That 1'.
A. nelionne, biding one of the duilges of the Court of
King's bench, cannot sit nor vote in this house." This
was passeil by a vot(! of '.Hto (i, tliiM'e not being a single
I']nglisli vote recorcK'd in favor of it, and only two French
votes again>'i, it.
7. — This sounded like mutiny ill the oar.s of the
martinet ginernor, and he bustled down in great liaste
Tlh'Ociv.rn .iii,',uii to dissolve the House. Hi- was cheered
ilissiilvrs \\v llimsi!. 11,1, 1
H:i|ii.liiiiT.':is.'.if oy the people, who hail lieguii to lie
Ir.uli' cm ai'ciniiit oC '. , , t •..i !•• it ■ .,
Kmopeiiii war. rather amused at " Little King t raig,
as ho had been nii^knamed. In his speech dissolving the
House he said: "Tilt! House of Assembly have takiyi
upon lIuMnselves witliont the participation of \\\\.\ other
branches of the Legislature, to ]iass a vole that a dndge
of his majesty's court of King's IJeiich cannot sit nor vote
ill this House. * * * It is impossible for me to consider
what has been done in any other light than as a direct
violation of lui act of the imperial I'arliaiiieut; of that
Parliament which conferred upon you the constitution to
which you profess to owe your i)resent prosj)erity ; nor
can I do otherwise than consider the House of Assembly
as having unconstitutionally disfranchised a largi! portion
of his majesly's subjects, and rendere<l ineligible, by an
authority they do not jiossess, another, not inconsiderable,
class of the comnmnity." This sunimary dismissal of
I'arliameiit, for the second time, by the governor, brought
out i)arly spirit to a greater extent than had ever been
known before. Congratulatory addresses were presented
to the governor from all the towns — rejiresenting the
liritish and coinmerciid interest; while, on the other
hand, a strong agitation was got up against him by the
French, and Le ('uniuUvn was more bitter than ever
against ■' /(! I'triiinjo-s it iiitnis." Turning f')r a moment
from the political dililciillies \\v may gl.inee briefly at the
conimiicial affairs of the province. Lower Canada was
jirosperiiig rajiidly. The war in iMiropo and thi; embargo
laid (Ml goods from the I'niled States had helped CaiiMila
wonderl'iilly ; during the year G.'i.') 'an going vessels,
with a total tonnage of L'!.S,0")7 tons entered and cleared
at (Quebec, while 2(> new vessels, with a total tonnage of
o.S.'JC) tons Were! built. A revenue of i'70,.")."(r) currency
was collected, about t""Jl,OUO of which was ap[>licable to
the expenses of ci\ il govermueni, which amounted to
about i.'.')0.IIO(( sterling, the balance being mostly nnappi,<-
j)riated money at the disposal of the Legi>l:ilure.
8. — At this time the whole press of Lower Canada
consisted of five weekly iie.vspai>ers ; the Gazeffe, and
Cuiiranf, juiblished in ^lontreal ; and the suin)ressiiiii of /.,■
a„:rtfe, M.rrnn/ ixw\ L.- Cumiimu pub- 'i:^":!^^-^^^^
lished in Quebec* The lirst four were '"'"'" """-'•■•
essentially English, and supported the govermnent ; Le
C<in<tdivii, as its name implies, was thoroughly French,
and was extremely bitter in its attacks on tlu^ government
and the Knglish generally. As ihe elections ap[>roached,
abnsivi! and jeeriiigei)itliets were freely used on bolhsides ;
and although Lc Cawtdicn was lighting at odds of four
to one, it had rather the best of it until the governor saw
lit to make a suddiai descent on the establishment, on 17lh
March, and cause the tyjie, papers, &c.. to be sei/id, and
the printer, jNfr. Lefrancois, to In; arresti'il. After an
caiiiination of the matter found, ^Mors. ISeilanL
nianchet and Taschereaii — members of the last Assembly,
and INFessrs. rierre J^aforce, I'ierre I'apineau, ami
Francois C (ubeil, wi're arrested under the '• act for tho
belter preservation of his majesty's government," on ii
charge of " treasonable practices." The guards were
doubled and ''The reign of terror" ("as tin; governor's
enemies ciilled it) nt in. Craig was very liiiii and de-
termined, and in a long pioelamation, dated 21st March,
•At till' iirrpi'ut llini', IS7T, llirr-' .nri' iliilly. Iri-ui-cKly, Hrini-werKly,
wi'i'kly, iiMil iiiiinllily lliiu'liHli mill I'li'mli inililiiiiilohii in Um riovhu'o
of (juubee,— wliieli \\i\», in IslU, Uinor I'aiiiiilii.— Kii.
«■;",■
|!
1
frl
, li
i
ii
I m
• Ii
' I;
i < '>'NI
I h
•i 'ii
V II
:\h
;)48
TITTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
he justified liis arbitniiT roiidiict on tlie ground tli;it tlie
l);irtic's iirrcstccl liiid Ih-imi wriliiiir iiiid |iul)lisliiiig trt'usoii-
iil)lc itiid scdilioiis papers, and that it was necessary for
tiie pui)lic safety that sucii practices siiould he stopped.
The eU'ctions tooii phice in tiie summer, and nearly all tlie
old opponents of tlie i;overiiment were returned, includiiijf
I'ierre l>edaril, who was in jail ; indeed, the opnusitiou
gained streiigtii, and only nine Kijglish inembers wen'
returned. The governor soon found that he had streleheil
lii.s authority rather too far, and, by degrees all the
parties imprisoned were released — on the plea of ill-
health — except M. IJi'dard, who was the leader of the
French faction in the House.
11. — The seventh Parliament of Lower Canada met on
12th December, IHK). and Mr. Parret was again chosen
speaker. liotli the irovcrnor and the
A tniii? tii'twci'ii ' •
ilir (i iviiiiiir nml House snowed a rather more eoneiliatorv
Iho .Vssumbly. . . i- • , , ',
spirit ; two summary dismissals had
taught the latter what a firm and determined old soldier
they liail to deal with, while the former having been
slightly reprimaiiiled by tin; Home government, was dis-
posed to be in a little better temper towards the House.
The act '• for the better [)reservation of his majesty's ,
government as by law lia|)pily es[abli.-.hed," was renewed ■
— although it was a bitter pill for the House to swallow;
but an ,iineiidmeiit was tacked on to it to the elfeet that
no member of either House should be imprisoned or <le-
taiiied diiriiig the .silling of I'ailiainent, until llie niatler
of which he stood suspected was first communicated to the
House of which he might be a member, and the consent
of that House obtained for his commitment or detention.
A series ef resobitions with regard to the imprisonment
of M. Iiedaril were passed, and a committee appointed to
l)resent them to his excellency; but, somehow, the com-
mittei! <lid not like lo " beard the lion in his den," and M.
I'.edanl remained in ])risoii until alter the session was
closi'd ; indeed so jealous was the governor least it sliouM
be tln)Uglit that the Assembly had iiilliienced him in any
Way ill his conduct, that M. IJedard was not released
until every member had left the city. A bill api)ropri-
atiiig £ll,',I.SO for the repairs of the elastic of St. Louis was
passed, and another granting £.")0,()II0 for the erection of
I'aiTiament buildings; but the war prevented tin; latter
being carrieil into eU'ect. The House was prorogued on
21st March, ami altogether the session jiassed oil" miK'h
more ([uietly than hail been anlici|)ated. Shorllv after llie
prorogation of I'l'iliameiit (iovernor Craig obtained the
permission Ik; had ap])lied for. to return home, and left |
(iuebee in H. M. Ship Amelia on I'.iih .Fiine. ISll, Mr, j
Dunn again becoming administrator ad Interim. His
iiilirmities had greatly increased of late, and he was .scarcely
expected to live to reach Eiiglanil ; he did, however, sur-
vive tlic voyage, but died the following January.
10. — Craig was very popular with the ultra-British
class, and, besides, had made manv personal fric'ud.s — who
objected to his political conduel and
,' . ,1.1 • ,. AililreBs toilicGov-
arldtrary measures — hy his hospitaiitv, tninr i>n lii» iicpart.
, ■ ' , . I " -i x- 1 1 uii' for Kiiulnml.
urbanity and great charity. ^Nearly ilie
whole liritisli population of (Quebec accompaniecl him to
the place of embarkalion, his liorfcs were unharnessed and
the carriage drawn by citizens, while a(Ulresses compli-
menting him on his adiiiinisi ration and regretting Ids do
parture were presented him by ihe citizens of (.Quebec.
Montreal, Three Rivers and other places. Consiilerable
allowance must be made for Craig's arbitrary eoiiducl,
when we consider that he had from the age of fifteen bee ii
accustomed' a strict military life ; and thai his advisers
were not of the best or purest minded men to be found in
the province. Christie says of him : " The governor. Imw-
ever nnconscious of it he niny have been, really was in
the hands of, and ruled by, a cliipie of oflieials rioting on
the means of the country, yet desiring notliiiig better than
the privilege of tyrannizing it, and who. however obso-
(plious to him in a]ipearanre, were nevertheless his
masters. The government, in fact. war. a bureaucracv.
the governor himself little better than a liostage, and iIk^
peojjle looked upon and treated as .serfs and vassals, hy
these tlieir ollicial lords. Such wms the invested order of
the governinent in those times, anything, it must 1;(^
avowed, but responsiiile in the English acceptation and
meaning of the term."
CHAPTER LXXII.
LOWER CANADA.— (iOVERN.MENT OF SIR
CiEORGE PREVOST.
1. Al'l'OINTMKNT OI' Sindl-.OKliK PkKVOST. CiliOWlMi
ii.i.-ri.i:i.iN(} IN Tin: I'mtki) STAri;s against ISni-
1 Ais. — 2. Tut: '• Hi.Nuv Plot." Tiik Initi:!)
STATI'.S DlX'I.AUK AVaU AOAlN.ST (JkKAT liUITAlN. —
y. CoNCII.I.VTOKY Poi.ICV OK Slit GKOltOK PliKVOST.
— 4. LlHI'.KAI. GUANTS HV TIIK AssKMItl. V. LOYAI.
CONKLCT OF TIIK, CANADIANS. — O. Tin. ]MlI.ITIA IIKI.I)
IN Rk.\I)1M SS TO UK CaI.LKI) OiT. Is.Sl K ok Ali.MV
IJii.i.s. — (i. Cami'aion ok 1812. An Ekkout To-
WAitns Pk,\( K. — 7. AnoUTiVE Attkmtt ok Gi.nk-
KAi. Dkakuokn to Invadk Lowi.k Canada. — H.
Skssion ot '813. Good Fkki.ini; hktwkkn tiik
(JoVKItNOn A.\D TIIK lloiSK. ',1. CaI'TIKK OK IllK
" Gitowi.Kii " AND " Eaoi.k." — 10. Dkstkultion ok
Ami.kican Au.sknai.s on Lakk Ciiami-i.ain. — II.
(iKNKKAI. HaMI'TON's INVASION. — 12. DkSaI.AHKU-
liV's I!liII.I,IANT ViCTOUV AT ClIATK, L(itAY. — l.'J.
Imi'kacm.mknt ok JuDfiKs Skwki.l and JMomv. The
AsSKMIil.V AND ColNCII, ON P.AD TkK.MS. 11. A Ii-
%
LOWKU CANADA— CJOVEHNMEM" OI" SlU GKOHGK PIJEVOST.
349
oiial friends— wli,,
UIVAI, OF SMAI.T. UkINKOIKJ [-.MKXTr*. C'oINCII, OF
IsptANS. — 1.'». Invasion of Gi;xi;ual Wii.ki.nson.
Ki;ri:i.si: AT I>aC'oi.i.k .Mill.— 10. Aukival of LAit(.K
liF.INFOKCF.MFNrs. Silt ( iKOIJli F I'UKVOST AsSr.MFS
THKOFFFNSIVF.. — 17. CoUISINKU AtTACIv on I'l.ATIS-
lii lioii i!V Land and Watkis. Ukffat of tiik
l.'i,i.;i.;i., — iH. lliyntKAT of tiik Land 1''oi!ck.s. Sir
(ii.oK(iK Pit KVosT'.i Account op tiik Affaiu. — I'J.
Kkcai.i. of Silt Gkouok Pukvost to iik Tiiikd by
CoLltT-MAItTIAL. 20. AlM'ltOI'ItlATION FOIt CoN-
STULCTIN(i TIIK La<'I[INK CaNAL. "21. 'I'ltFATY OF
Pkack. Di'.i'AurrijK of Siit (iKoi?.(.K Pkkvost.
1. — It' the !)i-itisii luiiiiiiry luid iiiado a mistake in ap-
pointing Sir J. IL Ci'ai;,', tliey certainly, as far as |iiissilili\
correclcd tlifir error liy naming .Major-
(moi;.'.' I'li'vcst. General Sir Goorge Prevo.st a.s Ins snc-
(irowiiiL; tll-f<M>iiii<.;
ill till' I iiiicii Slates cessor
a^aiiisl Itritaiii.
General Prevost was an ollieer
of eonsiderable distiiKition. and was lilliiig
tiie position of lieutenant-governor of Xova Scotia with
great satist'ai.'tion to tlie pi^ople, at tlie time he was trans-
fi-rreil to Lower Canada. General Iiiock was also trans-
ferred to U|)per Canada, .so that lioih provinces wore
provided with military governors in the event of the war
with tile United States, which it seemed impossihle to
avoid. Tiie war-party in the I'niteil States was not really
very strong, luimerically speaking, and it was not com-
posed of till' most respectahie portions of the connnuiiitv ",
I liiit what it lacked in these two i'e(piisites it iiiaile u]) in
1 lond and deir.oiistralive clamor, ami the more serions-
I minded ami important portion of the people were l)ein<i
I forced, against their hetter judgment, into a position
I hostile to (iieat Uritain, hy the continued outcry of a few
ilemagognes, who were more anxious to give vent to tlieir
t old feeling of spite against (ireat Iiritain than to consu t
I lie hest interests of the eountry. The great damage and
incoiiveiiienci^ to I'nited States coinmerc(! liy the con-
linned war in Kniope. and tin; einl)argoes laid on vessels
I of otlier nations entering either English or French ports
hy Xapoleoir.s Herlin decree, forhidding intercourse with
Great ISritain or her colonies, and tlie Oi'ders in Coiiin'il
1 of tlu^ Britisli govi'rnment, declaring all French ports in
a state of l)loc<:idi', had caused niucli dlscimtent and un-
friendly feelinr in tlie States, which was. from time to
time, increased liy some overt act of hostilily ; thus in
May, llSll,an engagement took ]ilace liclweeii the I>rit-
ish war sloo|) Lif/lr lirlt. of l.S guns, and tlie Aineric.in
frigate Prcsii/i-iit, I I guns, In which ilii' former was cap-
tured, after having .")2 men killed oi' wonn<led ; while a dilll-
cnlty which the Americans had with the Indians in the
West was attriliuted to the iullnenceof Hrilish agents.
2. — In Januarv, 1822, Conio-ess, iiv a vote of one
hundred and nine to twenty-two, decided to increase the
foH'e of the standing army to twenty-live thousand
men, and an immediate loan often mil- T!"' ','"';'";>' V'',''-"
' I 111' I ml, il Malm
lions of dollars w as ai'ieed to. Shortiv ii<' larc wai auaiiini
, \ . ' Onai liiitaiii.
afterwards a good deal of e.xcitenieiit was
got up liy a rejiort that President Madison hail piirclias(>d,
for lilly thousand dollars, a iiiimiier of letters writleii hy
a secret agent of .Sir Henry Craig's, which .showed that
(ireat liiitain was eiigagt d in an effort to di.siilfect the
New Kiiglaiiil States, especially jMassaehusttls. anil in-
duce them to leave the L'liioii. This jierson was named
.John Ilemy, and held a conunission as captain in the
Anuricaii niiliiia : he was an Irishnian hy liirtli, who had
emigrated to ihe Slates, lnit not succeeding there as well
as lie anticipated, he c;iine to ^Montreal to study law. He
got introduced into good circles, ai.d was, in 180'.), em-
ployed hy Craig — without the knowledge or consent of
the Home govenimei.t — to visit tl c Initcd Slates, put
hiimselt' in rominnnication with some of the leadini,' men,
and ascertain their sentiments with regard to a return to
their allegiance to Great Prilain. it lieiiig then thought that
tlieri! was a strong tendency that way amongst Ihe ]ieace-
party, ('specially in JIassachusetts. Henry performed
his mission, hut really found out nothing which could not
have been gathered from the tone of the |)ress in some
se<'tioiis. He wrot(^ fourteen letters in all. in cypher,
which weri! a<ldressed to .Iiidge Scwell. ]Mr. Kylalid,
Craig's private secretary, and oilier parties in the gov-
ernor's conlidence. Ih^ did not acconi]ili>h iiiikIi. and
was not very greatly rewarded, at wliicii he took olVeiico
and appealed to Lord ],iverpool. claiming an appointment
as advocate-general of Lower Canada, or a jMinianent
consulship in the I'nited States, at a salary of iloOO a
year. He was referred hack to the Canadian govern-
ment, and, knowing he would get nothing more there,
offered copies of the letters to I'resideiit ]\[ailisoii, who
purchased them, and " the Henry plot," as it was called,
caused great excitement for a little while and lieljii d to
liiirry on a declaration of war, heing skilfully used liy
^ladisoii and the war-parly to excite the ])as>ions of Con-
gress. At last the exciteineiit was got up to fever point,
and Congress, on IHtl- ^wuc, 1.S12, ji.'issed an ai't empow-
ering the president to ileclare war against Great Ih'itain,
wliich he did at once, 'i'his action hy no means gave
general satisfaction, and the vessels in '!o>toii harbor ran
up their flags at half-mast on receipt of tlie news.
.'!. — -Sir (ieorge Prevost arrived at (^iii liee on 1 lih Sep.
ti'inber, l.SII. Mild at once applied liiin-e|f to allaying the
I'eeliinr of irritation caiiM'd ainoii"vt the .
■ ■ I niinliann-y
French by Craig's conduet. One gri'at r"ii'
complaint had always been that the Fni;-
lisli filled all ]ilai-'es of honor and enioliimenls. 'i'liis \\as
true, and Sir (ieorgi' eiidea\ored to gratify tin ^ I'"reneh
elrineiit by appointing some of thii most ]H'oiniiieiit mem-
bers of the ]iarly to positions of trust and profit; the
Executive Council was enlarged and several French
i.rsi"r
"I'ljc l'ri'\oHt.
' t i'a
Hi^'^
m
m'r
50
TUTTLKS lilSTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA.
inomlii'PS added, posiiioiis wen; found for (.'licrs, iiiid
Craii^'s gri'at :Mit!ii^oiiist, JI. IJcdard, was niado a jiid^o at
Tlircn Rivers. I'revost, a[)iiar('iitl_v, took (iuy Cavlctoii
tiA Iii.s model, and trieil to rei-oncile the (;onllietill^' dill'ei'-
ences of all parties. In this Uc. was qiiito successful, and
soon lieeanii! very |io[)nlar, esjieeiall}- with the Freneh
nu^nihers of tlu; .VsseinMy, who had not managed, as a
rule, to pull very well to;,'etlier with the executive since
the d.'|>artiu'e of Lord Dorchester. Parliament met on
21st Fchruiry, 1812, and was opened hy a conciliatory
speech by Sir Geor;;(! l'r(!Vo^■,t, wlio had shortly hefore
been on a tour of military inspection through the ^lon-
treal and Uiehelieu districts. The .alien act, and tliu act
•' for the better preservation of His 3Iajesty's govern-
ment," were not renewed, although asked for by the
g:)V(M-nor. The House, indeed, passed the protec^tiou of
government .act, but amended it so as to leave the power
solely in the hands of the governor, instead of in thc> Kx-
(icutive Council. This oireiided ilu! council, and they failed
to concur, so the bill fell through. The governor, wisely,
did not press the matter, contenting himself by simjily
I'eaiiuding tin; House that he couM, in case of necessity,
assume all tlu; functions granted by the act, by declaring
the country under martial-law. The militia bill occupied
most attention, and in the face of tiie impending conflict
the most liljeral i)rovisions possible were made. TIk
governor was authorizi'd to emliody 2,000 bachelors, be-
tween the ages of \H and 2.'), for three months in the year ;
and in case of invasion or imminent (Linger thereof, to rv-
tain them for one year, relieving one half of the ininiber
embodit^l by fresh drafts at the exi)iration of that jieriod.
In the event of war, invasion, insurrection, or imminent
dangiM" thereof, he was ein[)owereil to embody the wliole
militia of tlie prt)vinee, sli()nld it become neci!ssary.
•I. — In tiie matter of supplies the House was also liberal,
granting £12,0JI) for training the militia; £20.000 for
purposes of general defence, and a further
til.! A-sMiiiiiy. ^'H"* "t t'>0,Oi)J in tlie event of a declara-
tiior'iiKuli'uil^ ''''^" "f ^^'"'" Nothing else of much import-
ance occurred during the session, and mili-
tary matters soon became the all-absorbing topic. Tlu^
embargo on foreign trade with England, whih^ it was in-
juring the United States, was pro|)i>rtionatcly lulpiiig to
devel:)pe Canada; large (piantities of biinbcr and wheat
Were exported, the number of vessels clearing during tlie
year 1811 being .(:{2, with a total tonnage of 1I('),C87
tons, of which ;17 vessels, with 12.(188 tons, had been that
year launched at Quebec. The public accounts showed
the rciveune to bo i'7.'),lli2 cuireiicy, and tin; expenses for
civil servica £ 10.017 sterling. The governor determined
to mobilize a portion of the militia, and. on the 28th I\Iay,
called out four regiments, lie also reinstated Jlr. Parret
and other gentlemen who had been summarily dismissed
from their positions in the militia, in their former com-
missions ; and placed Major Dc Salaberry in command of
a regiment of Canadian voltigeiirs which w.as raised. Tlie
AmiM'icans connt<'d on a large ili>airectioii ainoii;.'st the
French Canadians, and ex[)ec!ed they woulil seize the op
portunity to sever their comiection with Great Hritain ;
but for tlie second time tliey were deceived, and learned
that they did not understar.t the F'reiich Canailian cliar-
ncler. At tiie time of the first American invasion the
Canadians, for the most part, had been I'oiiteiit to stand
aloof and allow the l>'-itish and the Americans to liulit
each other without their interference ; but in 1812 it was
very different. At the first call the Canadians sjirang
readily and cheevfully to arms, and fought side by side
with the IJritish during the three years that followed,
showing as much gallantry, and proving that tli«? olil
stock of French military settlers had not degenerated
either in courage or military skill, nor in their love of
j king and country.
I a. — The news of the declaration of war reached (Jnebce
j six da\s after the jiassage of the bill by Congress, and
j active measures for defeiic(! were at once
,1 \ II \ • .■,. 1 The inililiii liilil
taken. All Americans were notified to in riii.lin..-s i.. i„.
: leave the pn.vin.'c by the M of July; an ;:f"','iMy'i',iiii a,',']'
1 embargo was laid on all vessels in jiort, and Oiunzci.
the Legislature Mas convened for lOtli Jn'y. At the first
glance the relative iiumbers of the forces to be o|)posedt(>
each other seemed so disiiroiiortioned, that it woulil ap-
pear as if the Americans would have nothing to do but to
walk in and taki^ possession ; but such was not tin? case,
as events proved. The iiopulation of the United .States
at tlnit time was about 8,000,000, while the i)0])ulatioii of
both T'])per and Lower. Canada ci nibiiicd scarcely cxck d
ed 1)00,000; and Fngland was so busily engaged with her
Continental war that she could scarcely spare any tioojis
to reinforce the T), 000 regulars which were then in Canaila.
('(fligress authorized the raising of the regular army to
2.J,000, the calling out of oO.OOO vohiiiteers. and the
mobilization of 100,000 militia for home defence, so that
the Americans at once had an army, greatly snjierior in
numbers to the whole iiiah^ ])c)pnlation of Canada, capa-
ble of be.iring arms. Ibit the Anu ricaiis were not a
fighting jieople, ,jid their levies were nearly all raw re-
cruits, while a very large portion of the peojile were o]i-
posed to tli(^ war and went into it in a very half-hearted
inamier. Parliament met on KJth.Fuly, and was proroirued
1st August. The House was as liberal as could possibly
have been expected. The cxclie(|ucr was almost empty,
and the governor suggested the issue of any bills, bear-
ing interest, redeemable either in cash or bills of ex-
change on London, The House immediately authorized
the issue of $1,000,000 of army bills in amount suilisble
for the reipiircmeiits of change. The smallest bills, four
dollars, were at all times redeemable in cash, and iIk!
larger deiiotuhiatioiis of twenty-five dollars and upwards.
i:)l''
LOWER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR GEORGE PREVOST.
SSI
\yi.'\t\ to hriiv interest ;it the rate of foiifpeiiee per day
per liiliiilreil pounds (six per cent). Tiie.-.e liiiU were
iii;ide leijid teiidi'rs. ;ind any contracts discriniinalini; l)e-
tween tin'ni and i,'i>ld were to l)e void. To nu-et tile iti-
tere>t lilt! llou>e voted SUd.dlH^ a year for live years, and
$10.(tUU a year to defray tiie expenses of tlie army l)ill
olfiee. To raise tliis amount tlie taxes imposed nn<ler tiie
Jails Act wtu-o continued. Tlio wiiolo militia force was
ordered to be ill reailiness to inareli at a inomi-iit's notice,
Doctrine," tliat AiiKM'ii'a Was intended for tlie Aiiieiicans.
and they had determined on in;>kiiig a strong; etVort to
(hive the Ihitish fro a (aiiaila, ami extend the sway of
the I'nion over the wliide continent.
7. — (ieiieral Dearhorn spent the summer and part of
the autumn ill apparently trying to make up his mind
whether he would 'n\ade Lower Canada ai«>iiIvi' aiiini|ii
or not. It is doulniul whetlier he really |\'''.rV,'t'.''i!!la'lV'''"
seriim>lv intended aiivthiiii' more ilia
I.iiwrr (aiiitda.
Once more the cla>h of arms and the souml of martial
music was heard in the calm fields and ipiiet glens, not
and all the regular troops moved to the front, h'aviiig iliversion of the troops in Lower Canada to prevent their
(^uehec and .Montreal to he defended hy the local mililia. , going to the assistance of the I'pper Province, then men-
aced by two armies; and, besides, he had great dilliciillv
with his raw militia, who were lie iceiistomecl to drill,
.IS in "the pii)ing times of pi'ace," but with "all the ; sickly, and many of them seriously disinclined to invade
poin|i and jianoply of glorious war;" and the shepherd ji what they considered .;s friendly territory. At last he
left his lloek, the husbandinaii his |)lougli, the laborer his J inaile up his mind to as. nine tin olVensive, and on the
toil, and turned their faces towards the 'nvader, deter-
mine;! to defend their h(anes and friends as bravely
as their f(uefatliors had done in years gone by. |
G. — Hostilities comineiiced almost iiiiniediately after
tlie declaration of war; iind (ieii. ral Iirock ha<I the satis-
fa(!tiou of exii'lliiiir the Amerieaii general,
Cainimi^n i>f lsl-2. i .-^ .
An iirDn turtiiiiU Hull, w'l" had invaded I'pper Canada, ,
ijii'l ferciiig the surrender of his whole '
army, togotlir/ with tlu >troiig fort of Detroit; as this,
and other ongageinents which took |)la(.'e in I'liper Canada,
will be referred to in our history of that province, wo i
shall pass over them here, and confine oiirscives to the
operations which took place in Lower Canada. The
military operations in I/>wer Canada wei't^ eniindy coii-
liiicd to skirmishes. Shortly after the declaraiion of war
a force of about 10,(101) men, under cominand of General
Dearborn, and known as " tli(! Army of the North," men-
aced Montreal by way of St. .Johns and Odelltown from
Lake Champlain. Sir (ieorgi! Prevost, with the scanty
force at his command, was fain to content himself with
drawing a cordon of military posts across the frontier
'Voin St. Regis to Vamaska, and act strii'tly on the de-
fensive. In August, Sir George Prevost received iiistrue-
tioiis that the "Orders in Council," which were the
ostensible caiis(> of the war, had been rev(d<eil ; and h(^ at
oiici^ pi'oposed ail annistiei! to (ieneral Dearborn, win)
agreed, as far as his army was coneeriie(l, and snbniilted
the matter to (JeiKiral Armstrong, the .Vniericaii secretary
of war. (ireat liritaiii had no doubt that as soon as the
cause of the war had been withdrawn, tin; Americans
would be willing to concliiile pea<'e: but the war-party,
having now involved the country, deeiiiii'd to entertain
proposals of ])eaco unless ( Jreat IJritain waived the Right
of Search. This, of course. Sir f Jeorge Pri'vost was not
aiitliori/ed to entertain. :iii<l hostilities were resumed.
The. Right of Seari'h was merely a pretext to prevent
negotiations, for the war-paily was acliialed by the feel-
ing, which in after years was known as the '" Monroe
2.'ld of October a party of four hiiia'ied Americans,
from Plattsbiii-gh. under command of .M.ijor Vonng, siir-
|)i'ised St. Regis, where there Was a .'iiiall piekel-gicud.
Lieutenant Rotolle, Sergeant 3Ic(;illi\ ray, and six men,
wert^ killed, and twenty-three |iiisoiieis nude. This
small affair was about e.ninterbalaiieeil by the siii'render
of an Anieriean eapt.iiii and forty two ini'ii, at Salmon
river, on '2'M November, to Col. .McMillan, cnnmianding
a fe\y ineii of the I'.llli regiment ;ind portions of the
Cornwall and (ileiigarry militia; four batteaiix and lifty-
seveii stands of arms were also taken. On the "Jllth
November an ailvanee was made towanls Odelltown, and
an atti'inpt made by about fifteen hundred .\iiierieaiis to
surprise a small outpost of Major DeSalaberrys at L;ieolle.
lielweeli three and four in the moiMing the seigc^anl .it
the gnar<l going his rounds discovered the enemy cros.sing
the river in two bodies ; he at onc(,' gave the alarm, and
the guard hastily mustering fireil (me volley into both
advancing jiarties, and then iiiadi' good their escape in tht^
darkness without losing a man. The Ainericaiis returned
fire, and the two coliimiis, each mistaking the other for
the enemy, kept up a brisk fire for nearly half an hour
killing and woiindin<r a good many.
H. — At this indication of an invasion in force. Sir (ieorge
l^revost or(lere(| the whole mililia iiiider arms, and the
battalions from Montreal and othei' points ?,'''*''',"!.'"',''.''■';'•
were niove(l to the front; but Der.;born tMim iiir c.v-
t'lii*'!- iuul tilt;
made no further demonstration, and --horlly lUuisc.
afterwards retireil to Plattsbnigh and went into winter
(piarters. This (mkIimI th(> campaign in this ]iroviiice,
and, on 27tli November, the governor ordere.l the troops
and militia into winter (piarters, Tlu' governor met the
Legi.-.lalure on ".".•lb December, and congratulated tli'iii on
tlie repulse of the tlii'ee attacks on Vjiper Canada by tht!
Ainericaiis, as widl as their relireinent from the vicinity
of r.ower Canada. lie returned thanks to the militia for
tlieii prompt, brave and patriotic conduct, reciuninended a
revision of lh(> mililia law, and advised :i speedy dispatch
1 ■
J
i
Kl
i it
!• ill
Tl"! PLKS IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
of Itusiiipss. T'li) session u;is luiicli •■aliiior tli;iii had bcfii
tli<! mil! of lull', unci ainiili; sui>iilii's Ufi-c _u;raiili(l for con- |
(liictin>; tliu war. Two million tlollars army Mils were j
antlio]-izi'(l. sixty tlnmsand dollars i,'iaMtcd for tln^ cnibodi- ]
in.'iit of till! militia, and one iiinidrcd tlionsand dollars for
ilic sn))])ort of ilii! war. Tli'i militia aft was aniundud,
lint ftdl tliroii^li for want of tlii! concnrrcnco of the Couu-
cil ; a jiroposal to tax salaries of ijovcrnniiMit ollic-ials wa.s
also ri'jwtod liy that chamlicr; and ii dniy of two and a
half per cent on all nifridiandiso (^exci'pt provisions) im- ,,
]>orted into the proviiu'e was imposed, together witii ati |
additional two and a half per eenl if the importer was init
an actual resident of the provinee for at least six months
previous to the importation. The icveniie of the year
1S12 .•(tiiounteil to I'lil.r.t.) currency, and the c xpenses to
£1)8,777 sterlin;:, includiii'' al)out l!.").").()ltl) for the militia. •
The numher of vessels elearing from {^uehec was .Mill. !
with a tonnaije of HCi, |.')(> tons, inelnding I'l vess(ds, hnilt
in the eity, of .')..S1I.S tons. |
'.). — The events of the eami)aij;n of 1 SI.'! were numerous ;
and important in l'|iper t'anada. hut o'' comparatively little
, , moment in tho Lower Frovinee, althon;,di
Cnpture of tlio ... . , '
(.•mic/cr mill it was threatened with inva'-ion, and sev-
Kiujk'. .... , .... ,
eral sharp skirmislies took place, \\itli
a view to a descent on Lower C'an;id;i, the American ■
constructed, at great ex|)eusi', harraeks, arsenals and hos-
pitals at various points along Lake Champlain, es|)ecially I
at Hurlington, Flattshnrgh, Champlain and Swantim ; the !
Bri^ish, on the other hand, reiiaired the old fortilie;ttions '
at Isle-aux-Noix, and sent three small gunboats there from
Qneliee. (Ju the luorniiig of the .'id of ,Inne ;i sti'ange
sail was noticed approaching the island, and Major Taylor,
of the 100th regiment, who was in command, determined
to L'uard against an attack in force, hy endeavoring to
cajiture her before she could receive assistance. He had
no sailors, but he mauned the three gunboats with soldiers, \
and with three; artillerymeu in oaeli boat, iiut out to the '
attack. On doubling the point iie found that there were
two vessels, but that did not deter him, and, after landing
a portion of his forces to operate from the shore as the
enemy approached near it, — which he was obliged to do ,
on account of the river being very narrow, — Tavior jiro- 1
eeeded to engage the two hostili! vessels, and after an (!n- I
gagcmeiit which lasted nearly four hours, succeeded in
capturing both. They jiroved to lie the Gmwler and
EiKjlc, sloops of war, each I'arryiiig eleven heavy guns,
and very com[)leteIy fitted. Over UKI prisoiu'rs weri! taken;
the number of killed was not known, they being thrown
overboard. The British loss was 1 killed and ."> woimdcd.
10. — This important capture gave thi! Hritisli the mas-
tery of Lake Champlain, and was ii very etfcetual safe-
nestrui'tiiiii i.f gu.ird against invasion from that (piarter.
Ainrif.yi Arsi'- '£1^, captured vessels wert! speedilv i)Ut
iiairt I'll l.akr * I . I I
< liainiiliiiii. into connnission, and re-named the Sliidt- i
nr»t and Bmr/,-, and the three gunboats being put in re-
pair, tlu! small sijuadrou was placed in command of Cap-
tain Fring, who came fi-om Lake Ontario for the pnrpo>e,
with orders to operate against the American stations on
the lake. Still there were no sailors ; but, fortunately,
at this juncture, the llim/i, slooj) of war, arrived at (Que-
bec, and Captain Kverard, hi'r commander, was ordered
to transfer her crew to the Slmttiidii and other vessels,
,and take command of the little licet on L.iki! Champlain.
On the 2'.)tli of .luly, the tleet took on boanl nine hnndnil
regulars from thi! l^th, lOdlh and 10.'1<1 regiments with
some artillery, and a nundier of Canadian militia to act
as batteaux men, and ]iroceeilcil uj) the lake, landing near
Flattsburg'' ,i the .'list, \\ it liout meeting any opposition,
the American general. Mooi-e. with fifteen hundred men,
having retreated. Colonel .Muriay, who was in coninnnid
of the British, took jiossission of the arsenal, &c., and after
carrying oil" all the nuniitions of war he cimld, burned
the remainder, together with the liarracks (which wore
capabl(! of Inilding four thousand men), connnissariat
stores, iVe. lie sent the Slnmndii and Jirack over to
Burlington, where General Hampton was encamped with
four thousand men. and ca|iturcd four vessels ; the bar-
racks, &.C., at Champlain and Swanlon were also de-
stroyed, and the expedition returned to Islc-aux-Noix on
the -Ith of August, without tin; loss of a man, and lia\ ing
been perfectly successful.
11. — (jeneral Hampton remained in the neighborhood
o' Iiurlington during the summer, iind it was not until
i.ear the end of Si|)tember tliat he cuni-
menced a forward movement, Inivuig .Mon- fn's invasion.
treal as liis objective ]iiiint. Sir (icorge
I'rovost was in Ipprr Canada at the time, but leaving
(icneral de Htittenburi:h in cnnniiand there, he hastened
down to meet the invader; he was, howc'ver, met and i-
detViited by the brave Canadian mililia under Lt.-Col.
De Sal.aberrv. witbont ii-.sist,ince from the (!c)inniander-iii-
I chief. H.ampton's forces number<'d over fivi! thousand j
men, and lit! advanced by way of Odelltown on the 20lh I
of .September. The road from this point to the open
country around St. Johns, had been so broken up by Col.
de Salaberry's vnlligciu's as to be impassable, and Hamp-
ton was forct.'d to [iroceed by the headwaters of the Chat-
eauguay, where he established his camp at Foiu- Corners. I
(iiivernor I'revost had. meanwhile, called out all tin-
militia of the Montreal disiriet, and the call was most
promptly and cheerfully res|>on 'ed to. ( Dl. de Salaberry
was ordered to reconnoitre in tl •• neighborhood of Hain|)-
ton's camp at Four Corners, and on the 1st of October
arrived near the camp, without being discovered. \\v had
only about two hundred of his voltigeurs and one liun-
dred and fifty Indians, but his j)resenco being discovered
by the incautious conduct of one of thi' Indians, he nnule
two raiiid attacks on Ilauijitoii's advance guard, which !
W^
i Ipuiiig put, in n-
i>iiiin:iii(l ol' Caj).
> for tlio |mr|)(is(>,
■ricau stations on
l;ut. fortmialcly.
■, an'iv(i(l at (^ui'-
iiliT. was ordund
and other vessels.
Lake C'liani|ilaiii.
anl nine Iiiiiidi-cd
1 rf!,niiu'iits witli
iiaii militia to act
akc;, luiidiiii; near
t any oiiposition,
en Imndred men,
was in eommand
nal, &.C., and after
10 ccinld. Itnrned
•ks (wliieli were
n), commissariat
1 Bnirh over to
s encamped with
vessels ; the bar-
n wer(! also de-
Isle-an.\-\(iix on
nian, and ]La\ ing
lie lieiixhliorliood
il was not nntil
in-
(ii'iiiTjiI llnrnp-
"^ toll's invasion.
imo, lint leaving
lere, hi' hastened
iwever, met and
1 under Lt.-Col. '
e conimander-in-
er five thonsand i
own on the 20tli
int to the ojien
•oken np hy Col.
alile. and Ilamp- I
ers of the Chat- i
It Foiu' Corners,
led out all the
I' I'all was most :
'ol. de Salaherrj' j
rho(jd of Ilamp-
1st of October
)vered. He had 1
s and one linn-
lieinj; discovered '
ndians. he made
ce gnard. which
. I- 1
I i
li!l"
■>i^
K
,f1
G
i ..'
q,. -
.•«1
[NGRAVtO EXPHE5
[NGBAVtD EXPReSSLYFORIUITLt 'jHISIORV DF IHt DOMINION -- ID FINO BIOGRAPHliS SEE INDtX
IME BORLAND DECBARATS IITHO COMP'
Ilji
I I
m I
i: I
;:
»
LOWKU CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR GEORCiE J'REVOST.
;!.").■!
Iiii'l the fll'cct of tlirowiiiif the wliolo ciimii into confiisioii. '
ami tlieii ivtreutcil, l)ri;:ikiiig u|) tlic roail. and making
himself ae(|iiaiiitt'(l witii tlio routt; Hampton intended to i
tako. wliicli inablod liim to cnsconct' iiimself in a very
stronir position on tlic left iiank of the Cliatean;;nay River
ithout two leai^nes above tiic fork formed \>y its conliu-
eiice wilii liie EiiLdish River. Col. de Salaberry iiad n<i\v
liad an opportnnitv of jnd^'ing of ids voltiiieMrs nndrr
lire, and liad tlie utmost e(»!di(lenee in tiieir eoidness and
com'aije.
12. — At tins point he erected strong breastworks of
felled logs along his front, with the, river on his light and
„ „ , , . a ^tronLr aliMttis on Ids left ; althouiih his
!>(■ Salalicrrv h ^ ^
liiiiiiaiii \iiic.iv at whole force did not exceed 400 men, he
Cliiut-'aiigiiay. 1*1 1 > 1
determnied toeonlest the Inrlher progress
of the American army, ontmnnhering him more than ten
to one, and nn>t 10 the strength of his position and the
bravery of his troops for the victory, fieneral Hampton
.saw the necessity of redncing this ))osition. and movcMl
from his camp at Eoin- Corners to its attack on "J-iih
October. Hi; had divided his army by sending Col.
I'urdy with I,.")UI) men ihrough the woods during the
niudit, to attack l)e Salahcrry in the rear; but I'nrdy
either lost his way, or was misled by his gnidcs. and did
not arrive as soon as Hampton expccteil. That giMieral
on llie morninii of the •iiilli, sent the main body (d' his
army, .'!,.')0() strong, under connnand of (leneral Izai'd, to
tittaek I)e Salalierry in front. This ollicer had skilfully
])laccd a siimll portion of his slender forces in iidvance of
the abatlis. and as the Americans .advanced a heavy lire
was poured into them, which lliey were unabh? to return
elfcciivclv on acconnt of the po-ilion of his nun. A brisk
lire was kept up for som(? time, and the Americans en-
deavored to carry the works at the jioint of lln' bayonet
hut in vain, tht? cool, steady lire of the Canadians drove
them back, and Hampton had thi! mortilicalion of seeing
the llower of his army being held in cheek and slaugii
lered by a mere hindfnl of men, pintt^cled by a few felled
trees. 15nt De Salaberry had soon a new danger to en-
counter; the tiling had attracted tin.' allenlion of Cohmel
I'urdv. anil he now a|ipcal'eil on the opposite bank of the
river with his l,."iil(( men, and iidvanced towanls the foiil,
when; D(^ Salaberry had po-^led a I'nmpany under Captain
Dni'liesiiev. 'I'lie picket acro-s the rivi'r. consi>iiMg t\(
only .'!.') UKMi, was driven in, and De Salaberry ordered
Captain Daly to cross at th(> ford and re-ncenpy the
gronnd vacaled by ihcm. which be diil, but was aNo
foriM'il back by overw helming nundiers. .Iii>i then Dc
Salaberry ordered a flanking lire to l)e opened froni Cap-
tain Dnehesney's (Mnu'caled company, ami this so sni-
]>rised and astoidshi'il the Americans that they tied piecip.
ilalely. General Hampton, seeing the roui of ('ulonel
rnrdy. (b'ew oil' his mc^n and left De Salaberry anil his
•KM) C'aiuulitins masters of the Held. 'J'he loss to the
Americans was about .'lO killed .and left on iho
lield ; to the Canadians live kilKd and twenty woiimled. !
This, the most brilliant iU'tion of the war, closed the
campaign in Lower Canada. Hampton retreated to his
old jiosition ;it Four Cornels, and shortly afterwards
went into winter ipiarters at IMattsburgh. Sir (ieorgo
I'revost and General De Watteville were present during
the latter part of tlii^ eiigagemeiil. and highly praised De
Salaberry and his brave Canadians, who wi re afterwards
thanked in general orders, and this In-ave leader was
knighted by the Prince Regent. On the ITili .N'ovein-
ber. .Sir (ieiirge I'revost dismissed th(! sedintaiy mililia,
with thanks for the loyalty and proinpliliide with which
tliev li:id acted, and mi ended the ^ecl)lld year of the war,
as far as concerns Lower Canada, wilh a complete
triumph for the Canadians, and the thorough expidsioii of
the invader from their soil.
l.'i — Parliament met on the l.'Jth of .lanitary. iSJl,
when the governor coiigratulaled tlu^ House on the satis-
faetorv eoncbisionof the seciiiiil \ earof the , ,
• • llll|ii'arlniii'lit iif
war, and thanked the mililia for their .imi > s.scw.i an.t
.M'MiK, '1 III- Af^-
gallant conduct. Ihe House pa-sed an n ii,l..\ an.l r.un-
act authorizing till! issue of St'i.OdO.mid of
armv bilN ; and then proceeded lo cmisiiler a liiU dis(|iiali-
fvintr indices from holding seals in the Legivlalivi^ (.'onii-
eil. The bill was thrown out by the Legislative ('(amcil,
as was also one to tax the salaries of ollicials. On nioliiin
of ]Mr. .lames Stuart a long string of charires were pre-
ferred against Chief-.Iiistiees Sewell and .Monk, and a bill
of impeachment against them passed, 'l'he>e charges
were mostly based on the '• linles of Practice " adopted
bv the Ciinrt of ICiiiu's licnch dining Craig"s admiiiistra-
tiiili, whiih the HiMl--e held to be a breach of the Jirivi-
leues of that body A sum of X'"_'.lHi() w;is afterwards
" t;icked ' on to a revenue bill to cover the expense, of
.Mr. Stnarl's goiiiii to Eii;ilaiiil lo sustain these im|ieiich.
ineiits; but the Council '■truck out the ilein. :ind the
House, in a hnlV, refused to jiass any part of tin; bill.
I The House piviented I he articles of impeachment to the
I governor and a>kcd him to suspend ihe judges ; biii (his
I he declined to do, nnle'-s the Cmineil cniieiirred in the ac-
cusations. Then the llon-e veiiled its displeasiiie on the
governor because he styled " ailii les of impeacbmelil "
; •■ acensations," and pa-Mil a resniuliuii thai he had been
' gnilly of a breach of the privileges of ihe House, The
House also passed a bill appoinliiig ^L liedard agent of tlio
prn\iijee in I'aigland. and after sending it to the Council,
sent anollier addre-s siigge-ling thai ihe Council should
i add anolher name to lliat of M. Itedaril. This the Conn-
1 eil construed into a bieai h (d'ihe privilei'es of that bolv,
and let the niatler rest willioiil taking any further adion.
ll will, lliei'elnre. be >een ihal llle Ciilllieil and llle llnll-e
Were f.'i-l gelling on a^ bad terms wilh each olher a-- the
I House had been on wilh Crai":. On the ITlli of March
Hlllf
m
r ;i )l
M \
«->»
TITTLE'S HISTOIjy OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
the IIoiiso was prorogucil, wliicli dosed the seventh Par-
luiniuiit of Canada. Thc^ j)ul)Iie accounts showed the
reveiiiK! of till! [H'cviouH yv.w to li;ive l)eiMi .£'.!'.) (!02 ciii-
I ruiicy, and the civil expunditur.) ,£18.'>.0;!.'5, out of v liicli
I £l'2l,'.U)C, was on account of the militia. Commerce
! showed a ureat fallin:^ olf, then; Ixnnif oidy I'J.S vi'sscls
cleared from Onehce with an aii'M-cLMte of lO..')?! tons.
Only nine vessels, with a toiniagoof 2,058 tons, wei'c huilt
at Qiiehee.
M. — During tln^ winter of 1SI,'1-11 very active ])re-
parations were made for the iroming cam|)aii;n, whic'' it
Arrival .if will was felt Would lie a vigorous and decisive
CmjiihU lit Indian One. Largo ipiantitie< of stores were for-
"''"*' warded on sli'ighs at great ex[)ense from
Queheo and ^loutreal to Kingston ; and 111 i second l):it-
talioii of the 8th regiment aceompiishe 1 the exhausting
m:irc!i over the su )-.v fri)'.n Fre lerietin, X. !>., to St-
Lawr>'uee, in the m iiith of February. Two liniidred and
tweaty seimen als > e iiiio by th;) saiiri route t) reinforce
the III irine on the 1 ik(,s. Tli -, N nv nruinwi:'k L'gisla-
tur,! an I the city of St. John each voted £oOO to assist
ill the coiiveyaiice of these reiiiforceineuts, as far as the
roads would permit, in sl(?ighs. In t!ie month of March
Queheo witnessed a sight it had not seen for many years,
the assinililing of a iinnlxu' of delegates from the Indian
tribes to have a conl'ereiiee with th ; g iveriior. There were
ropresontativos from th .• 0,l iwas, C'lipp 'w.is, Shawni! 's,
Delawares, Mohawlvs.S liks.Foxei, Ki-k ipooi and Wiiine-
bagoes. They comiilaiued of the coiubiel of the Anu>ri-
catis wli ) d 'prive 1 them of their lands by violence, and
111) led that no p,'a;!e w mil be conehile 1 without their
rights being r.'speeted. Tiiey were eiitertaiiie I fir some
days and thou loaded with presents and si>iit to jinipare
their trili/s for th i e iiiiing e impaign. In a g 'iieral ordc'r,
dated •Jlith March, bis excellency expressed the appro-
bation of II. R. II. til! prliic ! reg'Mt at the alVair at
Cliateanguay, an I his •• p ■culi ir pleasure at li.iding that
his mijesty's Canadian subje 'i-; had at l.'iu'th had the
opportunity of rcfutiiej;. by their own bi'illiaiit (ixertinns
in defence of their country, the eibiiiini lui ehu'ire of ili -
offoction and dislovaltv with which iIk' eneniv hail |ire-
fucjd his lirst invasion of the province." His Uoyal High-
ness also expressed his intention of forwai'ding live stands
of c:il(jrs for tlie live battalions of e:u!iodiiMl militia,
whii'h iileased the Canadians very iiiiicli,
1 "'. — The Aiiierii'ans were anxidus lo bi";iii the cam-
paign of l!^l I, and. not wailing for spring, (ieiieral Wil-
, . , kiiison sent a dixisioii of ii'oons, under
WilUiiirnii. l!.|ii:lf.. (irnel-al .Mai'onib. fl'oni I'l ll l-blir'fll, to
m l,n< nil,, mill. ,. , m-i i
enter l,i\\rr Canada. 1 liey crossed
Lake ('liain{ilal.i on the lee ;nid lonk |iossesslon of Si,
ArnaiidVs. wliieli was held for a few days and llien
cvacnaled by .^l;|eol;lb, ill oi'der ibal be might form a
jaiieli in Willi AVilkinson, who was advancing lowaids
Odelltowii, and jireparing for an attack on a small fortilled
post lield by tlit^ IJritish at La Colle mill. The c(nnbiiieil
forces of Wilkinson and Mai'onib, on llie moriiing of :U)[U
March, when they adva 'd on LaColle mill, nnmbeic il
about 0,000 men. Thi! mill, which had been coiiveiicd
into a block-boiis<'. was a stone building about litty feet bm^
by thirty-live wide, two stories high, with walls eigbieiu
inches thick, and an ordinary shingle roof. This liad been
further fortilie(l by logs, jiierceil for musketry ; and a mmll
house at the end of a briilge which crossed the La Colle
River, had also been streiiglbeiK il, and served as u sort of
outwork to the main l.uibling. JMajor Hancock coiii-
nianded at the bloik-house aiidliad oiii' liniidred iiiidsixtv
men with him. lb; sent word to Isle-aiix Noix of the
expected attack, and a>ked for assistance. All that could
bo spared was sent him, under command of Captain I'lakc,
but it only amounted to two bundled men. About one
o'eloi'k the enemy ileployed from the wood which sheltered
them lo within oin^ bnndred yards of tin' block-house, and
advanced to car.iy ili| y storm ; but a vigorous and well-
diri'cteil lire of musketry soon drovi' the Americans back
to shelter, where they brought up a twelve-pounder and
for two hours and a half amused themselves by firing at
the block house ; but so jioorly was tin- gun served ami so
badly aimed that only four shots took elfeet, while the
artillervmen. biding wilbiii niusket->hot of the lirili^b. were
severely cut up by them. 'I'be snecessfnl resisiance of
iiv(\ thousand men for so long a lime by so small a body,
made Major Hancock over conlideiit ; and when the
grenadiers of the Canadian Feiicibles and a company of
the voltiitenrs from Ihirlonville arrived to his assistance,
he at once adiled lo them ihe think companies of the l.'itli
and ordere<l an attack. The ^Vmericans stood linn until
the l>rili-h bad advanced williin twenty-live yards of their
centre, and iheii opentd a nnirderons fire of musketry
whii'h entirely dlsorgani/ed ihe allacking companies and
caused llier.i lo ici'-'at. The Aiiiericans ha<l sjiiked their
twelve-poniider will II the l>l■iti^b moved to attack, and
now beiiiLj exhau.-ledby cold iiiiil fatigue, and liiidinglliey
. Miild not I'edui e the block-hoiisi' wilhoul liea\ier ariillery
than the state of tile roads wouM permit them to bring up,
tliey witlnlrew about five o'clock and reliridio I'lallsbnigli.
The Ib'itisli loss was ten men killed end four missing, anil
two ollicers and forty-four men wounded. The Aiiier-
ii'aii lo-s was ibiileeii killed, one hundred and tweiity-
ibi'ee wounded and ihirly missing.
U;, — The lidi' of war iiov, rolbd along the Niagara
fronlier and ihrongb I'pper Canada for a while, and the
liower I'rovini'e was alino- 1 en! inlv freed
. , , . . ,' .\ni\a] of liU'' I'
from till' horrors oi war. .\s ilie
iiii'r
snni- r hir.MiTin. nln, sir
, , . ... ,. . (lenrjTM I'ri'Vi Kl
■ aihaiiceil llie po'^lllons ol Ihe con- iiBsiiini'S 111.' iillVii-
tesianls ix'gaii lo be re\.'i-ed, and the "'^''^
I'rilih, who bad bereiofore aeied alniosl eiilirely on llie
defense, beyaii lo lake llie inilialive and ihe war was car-
siiiiill foriiii.d
111.' o(jiul(iiu(l
niiii^- of ;i(j|ji
lill, llllllllll'I'C l|
'I'll coiivci'tid
fitly Icct Idiig
rtiills ciylui.,.!,
Tllis llMll li('( 11
; and ;i niijill
tlio J,:i fiilli.
■ll MS U KOl't of
laiK'ock (.'0111-
ilrcil iiiid sixly
^'iiix of the
All lllMl colllll
'aptiiiii ISl.ikr.
Alldllt OIK!
liicllslicltcl'cd
ick-lioiisi', Mild
)ii.s and will-
lU'i'iciins li.ick
■jioiindci' mill
's by llriiii; ;it
served niid so
I'i't, wliilc tliu
Hi'iiish, wci'i;
rcsislMiici' of
siiiiill a lii.'dy.
i:d wlicii till'
ii coMijiaiiy of
liis iis.sistiiiK'c.
L's of fill! i;kli
ood lii'in until
yards of tlii'ir
of niiiski'Iry
oinp.'iiiics Mill
1 spiked tlieJ!'
attack, and
1 (illdillif tliey
ivier iiriillery
1 to hi'iiijf n|i,
) riMll-.liiiii;li.
iiii>^iim-. Mild
'I'lie Alllel'-
I and tweiity-
llie XJMuai'a
Idle, and llio
IvmI ..r Imi-c
l'..|c'iin. ;:ls. Mr
I'l't' j'f'Vi Hi
inrt 111,. ..iVi'll-
lil'ely on llie I
\\;il' W MS eMl'-
LOWEH CANADA— (;f)\i:i{N.MKNT ()!•' SIR (;H()U(;E PRKVOST.
lii'd into the States with a vigor and severity wliieli they
liMil little eah'iihiled on. I'p to tills time Knylaiid had
lieeii struggling against Xiiiiolcon ; but now the C'orsiean :
(iii-.r was iliMini'd up in Elba, ]« aeo oiiee more reigned in
Hiiriipe, and England was now free to throw the whole
weight of her victorious armies and uii('oii(|ui'rul»le inivy |
ii;.Minst the I'liited Stales, wliosi! treusury was bankru[)t, i
ulmso people were dislie:irtened at the reverses iiifli<'ted '
nil llii'ir armies by lln^ haiidfiils of IJritisli and C'amulians !
ii|ijiosed to them, iind whose greatest cry now was for '
liiMce ; but the I Jiited States bad refused jieacc; wluMi
she I'oiild bav(! had it, and Uritaiii was now determined to
piiiii.^li her for her attacks on a peaceful colony, when the
Mollier t'oiintrr was so thoroughly engaged elsewhere as to
111' Miniost forced to leave it to its own resources. Of the
vigorous lilockade of the American seaports, of the cap-
tiii'c of Washington and burning of the capital. i*ce.. it is
not necessary to speak here ; we have only to do with the
operations which took (ilaco in Fjower Canaila .luring the
siiininer of 1^<1I. During the summer about sixteen
tli.iusaiid Hritisli troops .'irrived at (Quebec ; four thousand
were sent to I'pper Canada, under command of (ieneral
Kempt, and then (iovernor I'revost conceiilrMled nearly
the whole' of the remaiiider in the Hicbelieil di.-trict. pre-
[laratiu'v to a descent on thi' State of New VmU by way
of Lake Champlain. In order to ilo this the co-operation
of the flotilla on the lak(^ was iM'cessary. and o"ders wen;
given tiiat it should be put in tin eiricient condition. Sir
James \^. Yeo, naval commander, assured the commander-
in-chief that the navy was in an ellicient state, but the
event ])roved that \n'. was mistaken. A new frigate, the
('iiiip'iiiirc, was hastily linished. but so hurriedly that it is
said the carpenters wre still at work on her when she
went into action. The remainder of the siiuadron cmisisted
of one bi'ig. two sloops of war and twelve giinlioals. TIk^
crew was a inulley (Uie. and the colniuander was cliang d
at the last minute.
17. — Oil till! first of September, Sir Georgi! Provost
crossed the line into the Slates at Odelliown. an<l occupied
Ciinliini'il lut.i.li Champlain Town on the .'!il, whence the
oil I'liiitsliiirili by I • . I II
1 111. 1 nil. I will .r. ' army inovrd in two couimns. cominandeil
"'■'■""""■""■"""'■ by Oeni'i'Mls Power Mild U'lbiiison. on the
following d,iy towards Plattsbnrgh, di'i\in^ before them
the Ami'rican iniliiia which fell back steadily on that
placis Platlshnrgb was d"fended by about tifteeii liiin-
di'cd militia, and a Heel of foui't'cii vessels, all told. On
the 7lh till' heavy artillery w.'is brought up and placed
in position, and the next three days wen' spent in waiting
f.ii' Captain Downic to come up with his sipiadroii. the
coinmandel'-in-i'hief having decided that the attack must
111' intide by land and water simuliaiieoiisly. (ireateoii-
lidein'e was felt in the superiority of the Miilish vessels.
Ciptain Dowiiie having declared ihat bis vessel alone, the
('iiiifhiiH'i', was more than a match for the wlioh^ Ameri-
I .
iciiii .s(|iiadron. At daybreak on the morning of the
eleventh tho Ciinjiitnre rounded Ciiinbc'rlaiid Head and
stood in to Plattsbnrgh IJay. towards the American sijiiad-
rou which svas drawn up in liiii! of battle. The other
vessels of the English fleet were a long way behind the
Cuiijiuiwe. an<l some of them never came into action at
all. Till' ('uiifiiiiiri< laid well up to tln^ American tleet,
and was soon engaged in a livi-ly ex<'liange of broadsides.
The Fiiic/i struck a rock and was of no service ; the (7infi
had her bowsprit, main boom and c.diles shot awav. and
drifting within the enemy's lines had to surrender. Cap-
tain Downie was shot early in the engagement, .-ind t'le
eommand devolved uiioii Lieutenant Robinson, who
fought gallantly for some timi'. and was then I'urced to
haul down his llag to the Sarattii/d. both vessels beiiig
greatly crippled. The Llumt also sirnek. and the gun-
boats escaped. 'J'lie loss on both siiles was lie.'ivv — that of
the Iiritish WMs one hundred Mini twenty-nine killed and
wounded. <if wl.icli three oliieers and '.lirly-eight men
VM'fe killed, and one ollieer .'ind thirty-nine men were
Woniided on board the ( 'oiifiainr ; tin; Americans lo^t
nearly as heavily.
IH. — Tlie land forces did nothing. We cannot do bet-
ter than reproduce the following e.\tract from Sir (ieorgi,'
I'revosrs Mcidunt of the utl'air to the );, n, .u , ■■ ii,,. innd
Earl of liathnisl: "On the morniiiir of !■ "i-^- .' " <;i"i);'
."^ I'll Mill S 111 I Olllll
the lllh our (lolilhi was seen over the ".r H"' nlniii'.
isibmns wli^ch joins CninberlaiKl Head wir the niMinland,
steering for Platlslmrgh liay. I iminediately ordi.red
that part of tluMirigade under Major-( ieneral Robinson,
which had Ih'cii brought fonvard. consist ing of four light
infantry companies, .'id battalion. 27lh and 7<ith regiments,
ami .Major (ieneral I'ower's brigade, consisting of the .'Id,
."(ill, 1st battalion, 27tb and ."I'^tli regiments, to for<'i' the
fold i.f the .SaraiiMc. and advance, provided willi scaliiig-
ImiIiIcI's. to ('.-cMlMile the enemy's woiks upon the heights ;
this fori-e was jilaced nmh r the ciMiiinaiid of A'ajor (ien-
eral Robinson. The batteries opened thiir fire the in-
stant the ships engaged.* * * Scarcely had his majes-
tv's troops forced a passage across the .Sar.'inac and as-
cended the height on which stands the enemy's works,
than I had the extreme morllfication to liea:- the slnnit of
vi<'tory from the enemy's works, in conseipieiiee of the
Iiritish flatt bcinu lowered on board the ('oiifliiiiri' -mhI
Liiiiii'/. and to see our gunboats seeking their safety in
flight. This unlooked-for event depriving li.e of the I'o-
operalion of the fleet, wilhont which the further prosecii.
(ion of the service was become impracticable, I did not
•'111 ■ llrlllfli vi>».l»riiiisiKli.il .it III.. r.iiDi.ill.'.'. .'Ill; i:,n\iit. Is ; ^;,;^^,
III; /ei./i, 111; \1 himiImi ils. li; ; iiiiiKInu' ii loliil of 111 vi ssi'Ih, ttnii HL'
KUIIS. 'I'lir .\lllillillll H|imillMll riillf.l<|..il 111' llli. Klllp Siiniluijil, 'Jll ; lulu
f-:<t'il> , L''i : ni-liii'iiii'i- Ti'-'iinli fn,i<t, 17 : i-utii'i- /'/■• '■'. . 7 ; fitul In ri'iiM'.iil..-,
Ill; iniikliin a liiliil nf II vi.HK .|s, Willi Ml (iniis. .vniimiu'li ll" .\iiii'riiiiii»
liiiil tlui Kiiiiilli'i' imnilii'r <>l' khhi'i lln'.v l<i'<l Hk' 'x'ovii'Kl ^^>'iKlll '>! iiiital.
— i.;u.
T:i
f
m
aac
Ti'TrLKs iiisrouv of riii-: dominion ok Canada.
licsitiitc to arrost the coiirso of the troops ailvrmcing to
tlui iittiU'k, liccau-io tlu? must coniiiK'tc mici'i'ss would liavo
liccn iinavailiiig. and tlio possession of tin; lauMiiy's works
ofTorod no advanta;;o to coin[)onsato for t!ii! loss wo must
liavo sustained in aiNpiiring ])ossossion of tlicni." Tlio
general f< 11 iiack on {'lia/y tlu' same evening, destroying
sneli ordnanees and stores as lie conld not take with liini,
and continueil liis retreat to ttu' lines, without much mo-
h'statioii on the, part of the Americans.
r.). — This conduct of I'revost's lost him all his military
jirestige; holh ollicers and nii'U fi'll the disgrace of ro-
l!..iil ..f Sir treating hefort; an inferior force of militia,
(Hoiy I'tvvosi to .,,,,1 J,,, .... „f ,i„, foniiii- ndiun.intlv hroko
lit- Ill;-'l I'V Lnllrt- -^
''*':"Oi''- their swords, saying that they would never
serve again ; hut Sir Geoi'ge I'rt^vost knew the eoiintry
, 1 liis own resoiUTes hest ; he felt that with McDonough
1.1 ■nil |iossession of the lake tin; Aiui'ricans eoul I trans-
port troops rapidly to his rear and cut olf his retre it,
while riiinforceiuents were ]iouring in to Alaeoail) rap-
idly, and he would speedily lie oiilnumliered, hesiilis which
the Vermont militia had threatened to cross the lake and
jircveiit his return to Canada. That he could hiivc; car-
lied the works then s nodoiiht; Imt wliat ailvantage
wonlil it liavo heeii, with a hostile fleet in e<iiuni;ind of
the lake, and ;i rapidly iucreaning enemy springing up
arcuiid him to lieui him in ? He remeinhered the fate of
IJurgoyiu; and Cornwallis, and would not let pride cause
him to Uselessly sacri(ic(' life, and ri>k the capture of his
entire army. He was severely censureil, and, oil repri^-
senlaliniis of Sir .lames Yeo, was reealleu to undergo
court-iuarlial, hut he died lMdor(i tlu" court m"t.
■JO. — ■I'arliaiiieiit met on 'J 1st .laniiary, ISl."), mid Mr.
.1. L. I'apineau was elected s[ieaker, ^[r, I'arret, who had
liiled that position since the first I'arlia-
.\|ipr.'pri:iti.in for ■ . , , • . . n
coiisiiihiiii : 111!' luelit ( With tlie excepiion ol one session),
l.a.ililU' I llllMl, 1 • ' 1 111, 1 T • 1 •
having lieeii ealled to tlie Legislative
Council. In this session \\i\ sei^ more evidence of the
advent of a progressive spirit than has heretofore lieeii
exhihileil. The sum of twenty-riv<! thousand pounds was
granted for th(> ])urposi; of opening a canal hetweeii l,a-
chiiie and ^Montreal ; eight ihousand ]iounds were appro-
priate<l for improving the internal comiiiunications of th(!
province, and one thousand ])ouniLs was granted for tl o
eiieoiiragement of vaccination. ISills were also iiitrodu<'ed
to grant salaries of £1, (MM) per annum each to the speaki'is
of the Assemhly mill Legislativi! Council ; the former was
passed, lint the latter was ihrowii out liy the Council, for
what reason does not ap[iear. A grant of i'.'iDO to ^Ir.
.loseph lioiichelle, surveyor-general of the ]iroviiice, was
aKo iiiadi' for his topo!.'raphii'al map of tin; proviiici'.
'J'he siiliject of appointing a provini'i. 1 agent was .again
taken up, and iIk! Council failing to agree to the hill
presented to them — on the ground that the governor was
the jiroiier authority tliroiigh whom the ,\sseiiihly should
address the Home government — an address was moved
to his excellency praying him to a>k the jnince regent's
consent to the measure. This measure was considered all
the more ne(a'ssary now as the Asseinhly was determined
to go on withtiii^ iiiiiieachment of .liidges Si'Wcll and Monk,
which must he done in England, as the apf iiilmeiits were
imperial ones, and could not he as conveniently coiulncted
without ail accredited agent as with one. The levemies for
the (last year ( 1^>I I) were .£20 l.ooO ciirniicy, and the ex-
pendituri's £lt)2,12.'> Stirling, including X111,I.")I on ao-
coiiiit of the militia. The iiumlier of vesseLs cleared from
Quebec was IS I, with It.S, (■>(),") tons, of which only seveiuvere
hiiilt at (^uehec. A return of marriages, liaptisins, anil
burials was made this ye.ir, which .showed the totals in the
31ii:>treal, (Jiieb(!e, and Three Iviveis districts to he respect-
ively, •21: 10, l.'i,.'J17, 78!)i5, the Jlontreal district showing
cousider.-ilih more than tlu" other two put together.
21. — Whilst i\;r!iaiiieiit was i-.,iing, iwws id' the sign-
ing of the treat\ of |)eace hetweeii Kngl.and and the
I liited States was olliciallv amieiinced
^ I'rriily (if iH'.-ic)'.
by the ijovenior on 1st March. The 1 > |.winr<Miisii-
einliodied mililia was ilisiianded, and
the House, to show its appreciation of ihe services reii
dered, granted eighty days' pay to llii^ oiUcers, and an an-
nuity of si.K ])ouiids currency (j^2 to .snih voltigi iirs
and militiamen as hiid been I'endered incapable of earning
a living, by any hurt reci'ived while on service. A .'■mall
provision was also made for the widows and orphans of
those who had been killed, and an addre...s was iiioM:iI
to the prilici^ regent that a land grant sll^,l|ld be niaile
to the voltigeurs and niilitiameii who had served during
the war. The House, in a very ilatteriiig series of I'esohi-
tious, also voted a sn:u of i!'),000 to Sir (ieorge I'revost,
to buy a service of p'.ite ; the prince regent gave his
as.sciit to the measure, Imt the Legislative Council threw
out the bill sent lip next session authorizing the expelnli-
tiire, and the matter fell through. His excellency pro-
rogued the House on 2oth ]\I:ircli, and left for iMigland by
way of St. .folin, N. B., on "id April. lb; was presented
with addresses from (Quebec and Montreal, but mostly
from the French portion of the po])iilatioii. The Ib'ilisli
were greatly opposed to him on account of his coneiliatory
conduct towards the French, and the army was against
him oil account of the Plattsbiirgh all'air, ;illliough what
good would li.ave come of storming the batteries and sacri-
licing hundreds of human lives is not very clear, espe-
cially as the batteries never tired a shot at. the l.ritish tieet.
iiiid the l.iller was beaten simply because lln^ American
was a lietier fleet, belter ni.anned, and better fnughl. 'I'lie
Diike of Wellington and other high and imp.irii.il aiillior-
ilies, a|)pioved of his eoudiict, and the prim ■■ regent
showed marks of favor to his family after his deai!i : it is
only to lie regretted that his health, lievi.'r very sl.ong,
sulTereil so much iiy the winter's journey !icros.s the open
coll
wa
WCI
his
the
wai
I till
tr;i
re-
CVl
th'
U
till
LOWER CANADA— GOVLRN.AIENT OF SIR JOIIX COAl'E SIIERlJRCJOlvE.
357
couiitrv bctwt.'eii tlie St. Lawriiico aiid St. .Toliiis, on liis
wav luitiii;, tliat lio dit'il on ijtii Juiiuan', l.SKi, jii>t oiii;
wcfk licfore tlio courliuartial appoiiitud to exainim; into
liis coiiiluct was to have ln'uii convoiied. Cliristie gives
the I'ollowing very just estimate of iiii charaeter : "A
warm ami unswerving I'liend to th(! C'ana(han popuhitioii
nf Fretieh origin, he conlided in and liherailv patronized
them t'roMi tile eoininenoemeut to the close ol! \m aihuinis-
tratioM ; and tliey, it must lie acknowledged, as generously
responded to his eonlidenee in tlitMu. Xo eountry or people
ever exhibited greater unanimity or patriotism than did
the people of Lower Canada, of liolh ori^nns, in the war of
1S12, l)v the rnite(l States against (ireat IJritain — a stand
the more io lie ri'inemlierod hy her govermnent, as these
colonies, almost destitute of tl'ooiis, wholly so of money,
and scarcely possessing even a .siiHiciency of arms ami
other nuinitions of defence, owing to the mori; Imperious
calls from other (pi.'irlei- upon the IIouk! government
were, at thi^ outset of the war, in a manner h'ft to their
own action and resources, and which th"y iiolily ex(>mpli-
lied single-handed, as it were, throiigho'it the fir^t two
camjiaigns. The principles of loyalty and duty no doulit
were deeply implanted in the liosoin of the people ; liut he
it was who exalted them into enthusja-m. and inspired
the mass with a ciinliih>ne ■ in their own exertions and a
leliance upon his wisdom titling them lor the euiergeney,
and that bore them successfully through tiie contest. What-
ever may he the opinion now established of his talents, by
the military world, the iinpres,--ion whi<di tin' iidiabitants
of French origin, in Lower Canada, universally retain of
him is that of a conciliatory, wise, and able civil governor,
anil in all the rulutiouti of private life, au niuiable and esti-
mable man.
CTTAPTER LXXm.
LOWER CANADA— r.OVKHNMEXT OF Sill
JOIIX COAPE yilHRHUOOlvE.
L Rrdkmi'tion or tiii: Akmy liii.i.s, Xk.w SriiAMiits
ON ritu Sr. La\vki.n( K. — "2. Stinn.N Dissoi.ition oi-
I'AKi.E.VMi.Nr. — :!. AiiiiivAi. oi' Siii .Imix Siii.ii-
IlliOOlii;. Ills I'liOMIT Ml'.ASfKf.S TO Rlil.l I. V K Sll--
KKUf.llS Vi >M FaILIUI-. OI' Til f. ( 'UOfS.^ I . HkiiiM
MI'.NDATI >N OF A CllANiil. OK I'oi.lrV. — ."). SlSIM'.NStoN
OK Tin; CiiAiioKs AOAiNsT.IiixiKs Skwki.i, am> Monk.
Sf.SSION OK ISl". — (i. Sl'.SSION tIK IMIH. CilANui: in
FiNANClAI, .\l!KAN(ii:.Mi;Nrs OK TIIK I'ltOVINi |;.
1.— Lieutenant-( ieiieral Sir riordon Dninimond, the
hero of Limdy's J^ane, succeeded Sir(ieorgi' I'revost as
administrator of the affairs of Lower k,.,!,,,,,,,,!,, „f .i ,
Canada, and assumed the reins of irovern- """> '""'"• ,^''"
■^ htfuintiv on tlu- .St.
meiii on oih April, 1H15. His first •■ict i-aiMvn'c
of any public importance was the calling in and rediMup-
tion of the ■irmy iiills issued (luring the war, by a procla-
mation dated 14th November. Tht\se bills were all met
in full, and had circulated at a premium over gold, which
w;is a strong contrast to the greatly de[ireeiati(l currency
of till' I'liitid States, which was almost woitlilcss, and
retlected creditably on the great resources of (ireal Hritaiu
.ifter a long and costly war. As these army bills were
convertible into bills fif exchange in London, they i;inged
for a considerable period at from L'.',- to .") jier cent premium.
One noticeable event, as showing the rapidly increasing
trade between .Montreal and (Quebec, was the hiuiiching
of another steamer at the I'ormer pla luring the suinmer
of this year. She w;is named the Mohon, and with the
AcriiDioiliilinn and Sirif/niirc forui'^d a very ellicieiit liiu^
between the two towns ; they all belonged o th(> Hon.
John MoIm'ii. •• the father of Caiiiidian steam navigation,"
and were built at Montnal, at which point was jilso
built, in the sumnu'i' of ls|.'. the first ojiposition lioat,
77'c Car lit' Cnninifrrc, owned by an association of ."Mon-
treal mercliants.
2. — The Legislature met on 2(1111 .T.umary. LSll'i, and
the spi h from the throne and address in reply were both
very cordial in tone ; but the good feeling
bi.'tween the administratoi
Ilon^e did not last long. On the second
of Fi'biiiary the administrator sent a message to the
IIouso int'orniiiig it that IL 1{. II, the jirince regent h;id
di>misM(l the articles of impe.iehment found at last session
against Chief-Justices Sewell ;ind ."Monk. This action by
the Home government was not wholly unexpected, but
the House was very liiinh olVeiided at it lieverlhiless. A
coimnittee was appointed and a series of resolutions
introilnced. prayiii^the Crown that House be permitted
to adduce proof of the chargrs in. me against the judges.
This course had been ])rovideil against by the instructions
of the II line government to the administrator, and l.o
dismissed the Assembly on tlu; 2litli, before the resolntions
had been jias^ed. In aiinimncing his determination he
said: "The IIoiim' of Assembly has a;.'ain entered oil
the ili-.cii>>ion of the snbji'ct. on which the ibci^ion of his
royal highness tlu^ prince regent, in the Maine and on
the lirhalf of his majesty, has ali'eady been coininunicaled
to ihcin : and while 1 deeply n grit that the .\sseinlily
should have allowi'ii any consideration to overbear the
respect which his royal hi;;hni'ss's decision elaiined, I
feel it my duty to announce to you my diterminalion to
jirorogiie the present Parliament, tiiid to resort to the sense
of the people by an immediate dissolution."
.'!. — The only bill passed and receiving the royal a^smt
was one relating to contested elections ; seveial other bills
and the Si"!''''" 'lissnlntion
1)1 I'llllUUIK'Ill
■M
wm.
;i.-)S
TL'TTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Hill:
were iiitro(lu(!0(l but fell tlirougli on
sh'iwk.!^''' n'i^" !»<'<'oii"t of tlu! .su.Mci. .lissoluthm. The
linmipl in.-.isiir.s 1» ,.,,v,.iiu(! for the V<;il- IH I .") iilliomitcd to
p'tii'vi' siiilt'icrs *
frnni liiiiuri! of tliu i! i;HI.27.'i, cum'iicv ; !iii(l l\n: cxpomli-
ITO)' . .-I
liiro lo i!l'2i<.21H stcrliiij;. In tliis liittcr
:uiv>unt WHS iiicliuliMl .f 1 (>,.").");") for crcctiiij^ llic jail at
(^ icIk^c ; I'^T), l.'il) on iici'oniit of niilitiii. and X.>."),.")L'.'),
|ii'oi)orti()n of (Inlics allowed to l'|i|)t'r Canada for tin-
year ISll. Tlio departnrts iioni (^nclicc wcru 20 1 vessels,
of .'!rt,HU tons, inelndinj^ 1", of l,l(>2 tons, bnilt there.
Tlu^ general (dei'lioiis w( re helddiirinj; March, and resnlled
in the retnrn of nearly ail the old niianliers. Sir (iordon
Dniminoud left for Fnj;lanil on tlu! 21st of May,
and the alfairs of the cohuiy were tein|)orarily adniinis-
teivd Ity Major-deiieral AVilson until the arrival of the
new fjovenior-iieneral. Sir John Coape Sherhrooke, on
21st of July. Sir .lolm Coape Sherhrooke was an ollicer
of (listinctiou who had assisted at the takini; of Serin^a-
patani, and aeiinitteil himself ereditahly under the Duke
of Wellington in the I'eninsnla. IIi; had also adiiiinistered
the government of Nova Scotia, were he was well liked,
and hi first aet after assuming the government of Lower
Canada r .ide him very ]iopular with the people, espi'cially
in the eouiUry districts. There were very early and
severe frosts this season in some of the districts liclow
(^U(d)ec, which destroyed the wheat erop, and great fears
of a famine were entertained. To relieve this fear Sir
John threw open the jiulilie stores, sent large (piantities of
provisions to the distressed districts, and fdso advanced a
considerable sum of money from the laiblic treasury, on
his own responsibility, to jiurchase such articles as were
not iu store. By his ])rom[)t action, all fears of famine or
distress were removed, and the people always felt kindly
disposed to him for his conduet.
■I. — Sir John Sherhrooke was by no means disposed to
follow the example of Craig and Drummoiid in sunnnarily
dismissing the Assend)ly ; ai' 1, although
,1 olmiigu of polioy. tlie Home government still iletermnied
to support the ehief-justi< es. ho en-
deavored to ascertain the exact state of the ]inblie opin-
ion on the subject, and for this purpose made a tour of
the province, and sui)mitted a very clear and exhaustive
reiiort on the subjei't, asking what conr^'j he should pursue
111 tlie event of the Assembly again considering the im-
peachment of the judges, which it was almost certain to
do. lie spoke of the extreme un|io|)ularity of ', hief-
Justice Sewell, and of the elYect of the late disscdntion of
Pafliatnunt having been exactly the reverse of what had
been expected, as it had strengthened instead of weakening
the oppDsition. and had tended to increase the geiierai
discontent. lie suggested that so strong a ineasun^ as
the dissolution of the House was not a wise course- to
pursue in Canada. imhI recpiested speeilh; instructions.
The Home govermneiil was loth to abandon iht! judges
and disprove the late dissolution ; instructions were,
therefore, sent to the governor to endeavor to conciliate
the Catholic l)is!iop and clergy, and through them toinlhi-
ence the people ; and in the event of the Assembly con-
tinuing the attack on the judgt's, he was to dissolve
Parliament a'laiii. To this the governor made a very
full reply, pointing out the impossibility of gaining the
aid of the Catludie clergy, as they were all most billeily
opposed to Judge Sewell, who was extremely un|)opMlar
even in the most distant parts of the i)rovince ; lii^ also
deprecated another dissolution, and gave it as the o|)iiiion
of well-informed and moih'rate men, that prorogation
might succeed to prorogation, and dissolution to dissolution,
but there would seem to be a revolution in tin; country,
than in tlie feelings of its iidiabitants on that point. He
suggesteil that it would have been better to have allowed
the House to produce proof of the charges made, as,
even had the decision been tlu; same, it would have
given mon; satisfa<'tion to have admitted the evidence ; as,
from ,ludge Sewell's being in Kngland and defending
himself, the decision of the Home government was looked
on as an ('.!• y>(»7t' one. With a view to bringing the ex
ecutive and >h(^ Assembly into grcjat harniony, Ik^ recom-
mended tlie apiioiiitmcnt of an agent for the province in
England ; the admission of the speaker of tins Assembly to
the Executive Council and the pensioning off of Judge'
Sewell.
"i. — The House met on the l.nh of January, 1817,
and .Mr. L. J. Papineau was again chosen speaker, 'i'lie
irovernor and the House were evidentlv „ ...
' _ . . . ' Sns|K'iisioii of tlie
disposed to meet on as amicable a footiiiit iliiirit.s a::aiiisi
... . , , , ,, ' -IlKllJlS Sow. n 1111(1
as possilile, aiiu the speech and address Monti. Sission of
in reply weri^ both couched in friendly
terms. One of the first acts of the House was to appoint
a committee of live to cultixate a good understanding
with the Legislative Council, and that body having
adopted a like course, the two Houses were on a more cor-
dial footing during this session. The House verv cheer-
fully voteil the sum of 111,21(1 cnrreiii'v, to repay the
advances made by the governor to relieve the distressed
agriculturists, as also a further sum of £l.'),"i(IO for their
relief, and S20,(l(l() to purchase seed grain for those who
were unable to procure it for themselves. At the recom-
mendation of the government salaries of £1,0110 eac h, cur-
rency, were voted to the s])eakers of the two Houses,
wli'ch was, to some extent, a renuineratioii to Judge
Sewell for the trouble and expense he bad been put to by
his iiniieachmenf, as he was speaker of the Legislative
Council. A petition was presented against .ludge l'\)iii'her,
based on his having given advice in cases on which he was
to adjudicate to favored counsel ; articles of impeachment
were prepared and adopted, and a petition moved to the
priiico regent. Towanls the end of the si'ssion tlii'
(luestion of the imjieachmeiit of .ludges Sewell and ^lonk
LOWKU CANADA— (lOVERNMEXT OF TIIK DI:KK OF UICIIMOM).
l.V.)
SosMiin (if ISIS,
Cliancf ill rni:i:ii'i;l1
arraiiu't'iiH'iits of iht)
I'lciviiiic.
was ai^iiiii Id'oiiglit up and (|iiicll_v slii'Ivccl liy the (Iccisivp |
vote "f -- '" l*^' -^ piivatt' arrangi'iiK'iit to tliat <(Ti'ct
Iiaviii"' hi'iiii airivt'il al Ix'twicii tlie j^ovtM'iiiiit'iit ami tlic
IIoiisc. All amiMity "f .t'oOO, cuiTciii'y, was gniiitcil
to tim willow ol tin; lato speaker, M. Fariet ; ami :
sever.il larj;(! jrraiits vii-m nv.iAf for internal iinprovt^-
nieiits. Tho imlilic aecouiits showed the liiianees to lie in ;
a lloiirisiiiin;(!ondilii)n. thi! levenni' to 1st .laiiiiarv, l!Sl7.
was I'l.'JH.T'JI eiirreiuT, and llie expenditures .i."7.j.(i.'5H
sierliiif;, of whieh £2I,I'.I."» was the proportion of duties
refiiiidei! to I'ppia- Canada. The year IS17 was marked
by tlie cslalilislinient of tin; first lank in ('aiiada, the
IJank of .Montreal, which had a capilal of :?1,UU0,U0U
(now ineieased to $! 2.00().()0()).
(i. — NolhiiiiX of pres^iii;; pnlilie imporlanee oeeiirred
from the jiroro^alion of I'ailiaineiit. on 22d .ALiicli, 1.S17.
niilil its icasseinlilinj;. on 7tli .laiiiiary,
IMIH. The j^overnor in his speech
aiinouiK i'<l that the. elVort.s to relievi^ ilio
distrcsseil districts liadlieeii most siicce.isfnl. anil that jiood
crops had heen the ri'siilt of the timely assistance of seed
;;raiii. lie also announcod that the Homo ifiivernnient
had determined to accept the olTer of the asseinlily (made
(luriiiij Sir dailies Craii^f's adniinistration) to assume the
wlioli! civil list ; and this measiin! occupied nio>t of the
allenlion of Parliament during the session. The mode
of expenditure had nut heen liy any means satisfactory.
Tl.o revenue from the taxis im|iosed hy the imperial
Parliament to meet the expenses of the civil list had lu^ver
heen suiriciciit (o do so, and the deficiency had, lip to
!H12, heen siip[)lied fniin the military chest. After that
year the revenues derived hy provincial acts had very
l.irgely increased, and the unappnipriated money had heen
used to make up the, delicieiicy in the civil list. 'J'liese
payments now agsxregate alioiit X'rjd.dOl) of iiroviiicial
funds which had heen so used v.iMioiit the direct aulhoiity
of the Assembly, and to avoid similar diiricullies in the
future it was prnposed that the Assemlily slioiild, hy a
direct vote, appropriate a siillicient sum each year to meet
the civil list ; hut the concurreiiee of the; Legislative
Council was also rei|iiired. This proposal seenied fair
iind reasonahle. Imi iliere were soon olijeeiors to it in the
Assemhly, who cluiiiu d lliat that hody. as the direct
representatives of the, ]'eople, had alone tlii' right to
appropriate the money raised friiin the people hy taxation.
When the ei\'il list was hroiight down it was found to
iimount to £7(1. (ilO eurreucy. of which only £;i.".,.'jH;{ was
provided for hy imperial statutes. The .\sseiiihly voted
the delieiency, .£ |;)."J(i;!, hut resolved that in fuliire a
detailed list, under separate heads, should he hronght
down, and not a lump sum a>.keil for as was the custom.
Hills for esiiihlishing night watches in (|»iiiliee and
Alontreal, and for lighting those towns, were passed, and
aiioiher ed'orl made, |o pay memhers of the assemhly for
their services, hut the measure fell through. The rev.niies
[ lor 1.S17 amouiitedto X'l(lS,i,)2."i currency, ami exjieiiditure.n
to .£1 l(i.'.l2(i. incliiiliiig £!'.•. iL'Ciiciurned to I'pper Canada
for duties. The cli'arances from (^nehec were .').!l. of
( 7f),.">.V,l tons : and the value of nierchandise, on which 2i
I ](er cent duty was levied, w.'is £(172, m7() ciirreiicv. Sir
i .hiliu Slierhrooke's health was not very good, and he
j made that an excuse for reipiesting hi.> recall ; lint he did
i not attempt to conceal his opinion that the vascillating
] policy of the Home government towards the colony would
eventuate in .serious dilliiailties, and render the position of
governor ofC.inada anylhiie,; hut ^< lied of roses. He
sailed for I^nglandon ll'lli August, lolrt.aiid wassueeeuded
hy the Duke of Iviehmond.
f ii.\pri:ii i-xxiv.
LOWKU C.VNAI).\ — (;()\ KKN.MKNT OF TIIK
DIKK OF KK Il.MO.M).
I. Tiir, C.vusr. ov DiFFf.itr.Nfi: ni.;TWi-.F,\Tiii.-, Oovmundu
.\M) nii; Assi;mi!i.v. — -i'. Skssidk oi' isiii. Ti[i;(;()\-
iciixoii iNvrrKs Tin; Asskmi'.i.v to 1',\ss riii; Civii,
Ai'i'Koi'UiATioxs. — ;;. Till-; .\ssi-;.Mi!i.v .\ssijii.; tiik
KUMIT Tl) IvX.VMI.NK TIIK ItKMS IN Til i. ( ' I Nil, Ll.sT —
•I. Till-; Coi\( II. Ri.,ii;i;ts tiik IIoi.sk P.ii.i, ok Sit-
iM.ii.-. — ■">. PitoKoiiArioNorriiK IIoisk. ('k.\si:i!kof
TIIK ( ioVKK.NOK. (I. LaUHK Km Mi I{ ATION. DkATIIOK
Tin; DrKK ok Hiiiimond. — 7. ANoriiKU Di.ssoi.r i ion
OK TIIK IIorSK. A I'SKI.KS.S Kl.KCTIO.,.
I. — 'I'he !i])poinlnient of so distinguished a iiohlemai.
!is the Duke of Kichmond to the ,i;overnoi-geiier.il>hip of
Canada, cau.sed general Kati-faclion ; and ThpiniiKi- ,,f
from the ahle nianner in which he had ''iir'/'-'"'' !•• iwi^i-ii
. . Ok' liiiU'iiM.i mill
i administered the .ilfairs of Ireland as iii'-.\»si'iiliiy.
lord lieutenant, it was anticip tted -hat his adniinislratioii
would he a popular inie. iinil that hy a wi-i and concilia-
tory coiirsi' he would guide the alTaiis of ihe two
Provinces so as to avoid the troiililcs wdiicli were evidentlv
gathering in lioili. on account of the gr,iilually widening
breach bet.'eeii the Assembly and ll ther branches of
the governmeii', as to the I'onsiiiiilional rights and
i privileges of each. Such hopes were, Iriwever. fallacious,
I and the short rule of the duke did not tend to improve
the feeling between the Assembly and the Council. The
diiTerence beiweeu the Council and Assendily w:i~. to a
very gre.-it exient, one of linance. and il will be well liere
to consider for a moment how this diirerence arose. It
will be rc.neinbered that the great principle involved
which caused the revolt of the AmericMU colonies, was
, the right claimed by the Uri'sli government to tax her
ii
i! ! I 1
;)c>o
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
I il
V\:i
(•oloiiit's, ami tlie cluiiu of tin; colonics \v;is that there
.sliould lie no ta.v:itioii witlioiit n'pi't'M'iitatioii ; and tliat
the piMiiilo had not only a riglit. tlironjjh their niprest^n-
talives to impose tiiu taxi's, imt slionld also have a voice
as to the manner in which those taxes slionld be s[)ent.
When civil government vas introdnccd into Canada after
the <,'on(Hiest, ilie imperial Parliament i)assed acts impos-
ing duties to meet the civil expenditure ; these acts never
yieliled snfTicient revenue, and the delicit was made np
by the Homo goverinnent. Tin; colony was not then in
a |)osition to declare itwK sell' supporting, and no objec-
tions were made to the mode of taxation ; but after the
passag(!of the constitutional act of 17111, as the colony be-
came more prosperous, this mode of taxation began to be
felt as an infringement of constitutional rights; the
governnuMit held all the patronage of tl ■ colony in its
llaads, and (lis|i,'nsed it favors almost entirely amongst its
own t'oUowi'rs ; or, to mirk the dill'eri'nce more distinctly,
nearly all the oHice-holders were English, whilst the
Assembly was about four-fifths French, representing
more than that proportion of the [)opulation. When tin;
Assembly otl'i'red to assiuuc! the whole civil list, it also
desired to control the patronage, by scrutinizing each
item, cutting off those considered superlliious, and re-
ducing those it thought excessive. This was resented
by the governor as a breach of the royal prerogative ;
the executive claiming that the Assembly had nothing to
do with the details, but bad only to grant the amount
demanded to ni.'et the civil list, and the executive woulil
spend the m mey as it saw lit. There were three distinct
sources of reveinie in the provi'ice, one from duties im-
posed by imperial act 1774 ; anotlier from ilie sale of
lands and lease of mines, also imposed l)y ini[ierial
iict ; iiiid tiio thirl by duties and taxes imposed by
the Assembly. Tiie Crown, represiMited by tin; gov-
ernor-general, held that the Assembly had only pow-
er to appropriate tvoni the last-inimeil source of
revuniio ; the Assembly claimed that it had the right to
api)ropriate from all three sources, and that the imperial
l*arli:t:n,;nt had no right to impose taxes upon the people
without the consent of the re|)reseiitatives of the peoi)le.
This 'vas the groundwork of thiMlilTerence between the exe-
cutive and the Assembly, and it took many years to setth' it.
'2. — The Duke of Hichmoiid arrived on •2',lth July. ISIS,
accomi)anied by his son-in law. Sir Peregrine Maitland,
who was appointed lietitenant-gover.
.Scssiim of isio. Til' r i- ri i ^- .i •
Ci..v,Tn..r inviii>s til.' '""■ "' Ipper Canada. Notlniig verv
important occurred until the meet-
ing of Parliament on l2th of Jamiary,
1810. The governor informed the two Houses of the
death of the (pieen, which had occiu'red on Idfh Novemlier,
and adjourned them for ten days as a mark of respect to
her memory. On reassembling on 22d inst.. his excel-
leiLcy, referving to the civil list,S!Md to the Assembly : " His
Assi'llllily 1.1 |i:iss lln
civil uiip'rii|iri!iliuii:
Majesty liaving lieeii jileased to accept the volntitary olTer
made by the representatives of the Commons of this prov-
ince, to provide for the expens<;sof tin; civil governmi'iit,
measures were adojited by your late (ioveriuirin-Chief,
Sir J. C. Sherbrooke, dniing your last session, to carrv the
same into elfect, which you cheerfully Siipjiorled ; but
having, by his illness, lieen prt vented from completing the
appropriations reijuircd, I consider it necessary to cull
your immediate attention to this Milije(;t, by which his ad-
ministration, so honorably conducted, may be in this re-
spect closed ; and for this purpose I shall ordt;r the ac-
counts of the actual expenses of the civil govei .liiient for
the last veal', aiicl of the leveiiiK; collecte(l during tliesann;
period, to be forthwith laid before you, in onler that your
conrsi; may be o])en to jiroceed on other financial objects.
Ill like nianner, tin; estimates of the expense for the pres-
ent year, and of the amount of the revenue to be expected
from the existing laws, will be; prepared to bi; laid before
you. that you may be able to attend to the whole of those
measures which inori; peculiarly originate with your branch
of tilt; Legislatiiri'."
3. — The estimates for tin; current year (1810) caused
considerable surprise and dissatisfaction, as the}- amounted
to £S1,4;52 sti'rling, being an increase of
.£I.>.0(IO on tin;' last year's exjienili- ^I;;i;\T,;'"!''f;,TH
tiires ; and, embraced in this sum, was l',^n',ii',"i'vii'n.il'.'""'
an amount of £8. (too, to be granted ii'
perpi;tiiity, as •• the iiension-list at the disposal of his maj
esty's re])resentative, for rewarding ]iro\iiiciaI services,
and providing for old and reduced servants of the govern-
ment and others." This sudden increase alarmed the House,
and the estimates wi're referred to a select committee
which, in very strong terms, rejiortetl in favor of retrench-
ment and economy. The r(;portcoiii;luded : '• Your com-
mittee are of opinion that this Hoiis(>, on making a suitable
provision for such olFices as art; imlispensably necessary,
will also act in contorinity with the ilesin; ami interest of
the ]irt)viiu;e at largt;. by making an iiinpialilied reduction
of those sinecures anil pensions, which, in all countries, have
been coiisitlered as the groiintl of iiiii|uities, and the en-
couragement of vice ; which, in the Jlother Country have
hiwii, anil st"" are. a subject of complaint, ami which in
this province \\''\\ leatl to corrii|)tioii." The Assembly in
commiltee of the whole, wentoverthe civil list item by item,
from the governoi's salary (£l.oOO a year i tlowii to the low-
est clerk, and cut down, or cut o(T. all that tliey thought
too large or unnecessary. This reiliicetl the amount about
twenty-live per cent, and a bill based on this list was intro-
diiced and passed by a larit; majority.
I. — Some members of the Assembly were in favor of
making a iierinaneiit provision for the civil ]hi during the
king's reiiTii. the same as in Eiiu:laiiil ;
, , ' , ,. f 1 • Tlio rnmicil ri-JiM'ts
otlit;rs lavort;tla meiliiim course oi making tlii> llmiBi; liill nf
appropriations in bulk to de])artmi;nts, or
miililios.
t tlio voliiiilaiy (iffcr
iiinons of this ju-ov-
ic civil ;j;i)vcniiiicnt,
(ji)vciii<)r-iii-(lii,.f^
session, to carry tlio
illy sii|i|ioricil ; liuf,
from coiniilctiiig tlin
t iieoi'SKury to call
ct, l)y vliicli his ail-
may ht; in this n>-
shtill order the ac-
ivil i.fovei.iinent for
ted (hiring the same
, in order that your
ler linaneial olijecls.
xpensi! for tlie pres-
enne to he exjii'cted
I'd to he laid heforo
) the whohsof thoso
iite with yom-hraiieli
ir (1819) eansed
n, as they ainonnted
of
111! '^^"' '^»f"'"ililv fl."-
""" Slllni' thr li' 1:1 In
„ I'Xiilniiii' ll:c iiiin«
' ill Oif <ivil lisii.
ilisjiosal of his niaj
|)ro\inciaI services,
ants of the {.'ovoni-
ahirined the Ilonse,
I select connnittee
II favor of retrench-
uiled : •• Your coni-
n niakinir a snitalile
lensahly necessary,
sir(^ and interest of
iqnalified rediietioii
nail countries. liave
lilies, and the en-
)ther t'oiiiitry havt'
laint, and which in
The Assenihly in
\U list item hy item,
iirldown to tlielow-
ihat they thoii-rht
1 the anioiint alioiit
this list was iiitro-
werc in favor of
ivil list (Inriiii: the
'
Till
(^oimi'i
1 r-l.
i-lK
1.-
tih'
sill
llfMlHI.' 1
lilk's.
lilll.
■
)r
11
' r • i 1
«' :
I ! «■
M
m
■li'^'l
I ill
!i :
'I
i:l
I
i
ast
LOWKll CANADA— GOV Eli.NMENT UF THE ULKK OF UlC'lLMONU.
361
grM'i;ific purposes, :inil Icaviiii,' tliu ili.itrilmtioii of it to the
siivcrci"'!! ; liiil tlii' inujuritv hclil tliut :is tlic cotal iiinoiiiits
(lc|iciiilc<l aliiiD^t I'lilin'lv iitioii tlic fni^'ality with wliich
tlii'V wure (lisli-ilMile<l. tiif lloii ■•. as i\w if|p;cMMlalivi's of
tiio tax-payers, had a rijjiit to jil'lgc wiiiliici' tin: di^lmiso-
iiKMits \w.rG jmliciously luailu. Tin; CouihH pr(piii|iily
tiircwoiit lliel)ill ill iii(iii.'iiaiit terms, aiitlsn tiio two Houses
came to a clcad-lm k and no a|)|>ro|)iiatioiis wei-c passed.
Tlieresiiiutioii of tlie Council, tlirowiiij; out tiie l)ill, ran :
" Tiiat till- mode ailoptcd l>y ti.e liill, for i,'raiitiii;;a supply
to liis Majesty, to defray the cxpeiisi's of tiie civil li.-.t. is
uiiprecuiliMited and uneoustitiitional. and a direct assump-
tion on tlie part at the Asscmlily of tlu; n)ost important
rij;;liVs and prerogatives of the Crown. That were the hill
to lie passed into a law. it would irive to the Commons of
this Province not merely the eoiislitulioiial |irivilei;e of
providing supplies, hut the poweralso of prescrihinjr to the
Crown the nniuher and description of its servants, and of
re^iulaling and rewardiiiir their services individually, tis
the Assemhiy siiall, from time to time, judi^o meet or ex-
pedient, liy which means they would he rendered depeiid-
liet on an elective hody instead of lieiiiLi; dependent on the
Cro\Mi, and might (nentiially he maile instrumental to
the overthrow of that authority, whieli. hy their alle-
giance, they are hound to support. That ttiis House
will proceed no further in the consideration of this
bill."
5. — 15ut little liusliu'ss was done at this session Iieyond
gnintiiig i!;>,(JU(» to survey lands granted to those who
had served in the active militia ilurini;
rroro(;alir.ii <if till- i , ■ . ,
House. ( iiisuuM.f the late war, and the incorporation of
tllu llOVLTIlOr. . 1 •! 1 , ,.
a company to Iniild a canal from
Montreal to Lachiiie, which fell through, and the canal
was suhseipieiitly liiiiit liy ])rovincial aid. Judgt; Hedard.
former leader of the (Jppositioii, ami who had been im-
prisoned by Governor Craig, and afterwards r.iiscil to the
heiicli hy Sir George Prevos', was iinj)eached by a lawver
jiiactising in his court at T!» ee Rivers ; hut a committee
of the House threw out the charges; no further action
was taken either with regard to the charges made; against
Judge Fouclier, and the complaints against the judges
having become very freipient, the govewior rccoinmended
to the Assembly a consideration of tin' judicature act, but
no action was taken on it. Parliament was proro;rui<l
on 24tli April, his excellency severely censuring the
House for its action with regard to the a[)[)ropriations,
and its want of action on the judicature act. The gov-
ernor, shortly after prorogation, took the respoiisiliility of
authorizing the receiver-general to ])ay the civil list as
sent down by him to the House. The gross reveiiiie for
the year was X8'.l,G7ii currency, and the expenditures
£li7.'J,79 sterling, inelutling £11.720 for relief of distressed
|)arishes, and £•!.>. ■.'7(1 on account of army bills and interest
thereon. The immher of vessels clearing from (Quebec
ill IMl.S was loll, of which l were built there; the tota
tonnage being 11 1,07.") tons.
G. — Despite political wra'iglings the province continued
to improve and increase in population and trade. From
a census of the lily of (^iiciiec, imb-
lislicd 111 the Miiriiri) ol Dtli Alarcli, ii.aili ..i ii..' imkr of
IHllt. it app.ars that there wen- 'i,!)!"! '"' '""""'^■
houses, and a population of |.').2.">7 souls in the city and
suburbs ; of these latter 1 l.lHtl were Catholics, and '.\:1M\
Protestants. The pope this year ecected Caiiaila into an
archdiocese, an I'Velit whii'h cause.l -.;;ine little griind)lilig
ill the strongly anti-Catholic press. A very large number
of emiigrants arrivi'd this year at (Quebec, mostly from
Ireland; the total numbi'r was 12, Li I. Very ipiiiy of
tlnnn were in doliKiite eircuinsi;,nces, and relief had to be;
]iroviiled for them by tli'- foiinati in of a relief .'.Kfiety by
the f'itizeiis. The Duke of Uiel"iioni! came to an untimely
ilealli on 2s>ili .Vii^'ust, iKllI, at a little ]>lace named in
honor of him, on the Ottawa, "here he was bitten by a
pet fox, which was not known :o be rabid, ami the duke
expired soon after in great agony. His retnains were
taken to (Quebec, and interred with great i»om|) and cere-
mony in till! English cathedral.
7. — Till,' governtneiit devolveil on Mr. Monk, senior
nieiiiber of the Council, who appointed 2Itth Fehruaiy,
1H2II. for the meeting of Parliament. In the mean-
while, however. Sir Peregrine .Mailland
ha.
, , 1 • • Ah":Iht »lisM.]iiti"n
lieeii a[>poi:iteil as administrator- ..r ilio llnu^. . am
m-cluet ot the two provinces, and
came from Tpjier Canada, wliere he was lieut(,'iiaiit-
govenior. on 7th February, but returiieil two days aft^'r-
wards to open Parliament tliens and on the same day
that he left .Air. .Monk issueil a proclamation dissolving
P.iiliament, and appointing tlit; 11th April as the day on
\Yhieli writs weri! returnable, except for the county of
Gaspt', wiieri! the time was extended to 1st .Fiiiie, the
laws re(piiriiig one hiindreil days for tin; return of ji writ
for that (■ouiity, on account of its reinoteiK^ss and ilillicnlty
of access. The election, like all its pri'ili'cessors umh.T
similar circnmstanees, was very unfavorable to the goverii-
meiit, the opposition gaining several seats. Sir Peregrine
Maitlainl relumed to (Quebec on i7tli March, and the
newly elected nicinbers having assembled on 11th A]iril,
in anticipation of an immediate .session of Parliament, the
administrator opened the session on that day. The
House re-elected Mr. Papineau speaker, and then pro-
ceeded to consider whether they were legally constituted
under the act, which made the number of menihi rs re-
quired to be ele(;ted fifty. It being made evident from
the returns of the clerk of the crown in chancery that
no representative had been electeil from Gaspe, tl j
House, by resolution, declared itself incomplete and
i ii'onipetent to transact public Inisiness. The adminis-
trator sent a message to the House recommendinir the
U] i ■!!
jei'l
''Hi-
H li' ii
i: II'
nUm
\mt
-^
302
TUTTLK'S IIISTOUY Ol' TJIE DOMINION OF ( ANADA.
renewal of curtain acts ; and also another on "iOth April,
rcgrcttinjj tiiat pnhlic husinoss sliouM lie liindcn'cl by tliis
resulution, wliich he did not consider well I'onnded. TIk;
House still contiiuied to declare itself inconi|)etent to
transact business, and matters remained at a deaddock
until 2 Itli A])ril, when, nmvs haviii;^ arrived of liie dealh
of George III., the adminisirator had constitutional
grounds for dismissing Parliament.
CHAPTEIl LXXV.
LOWER CANADA— GOVICIiNMKNT OF THE
EAllL OF DALIIOUSIE.
1. — Mii. PAPixKAt's Oi'ixioy or Enhmsh TJri.i; i\
Caxadv. — •_'. Session oi- ls20. Continikd Dik-
KKKKNcic m:TWi;i;x Tin; C'or\tii, axiitiii- Asskmisi.y.
— .'J. Ckowx Lands. C'ommkxi'ksiknt of Wokk on
Laciiixk Caxai,. — I. Condition or tiik. Pkovincf,
in 1820. — ,'). Si-.ssiox OF 1S21, Tin; liurrisii AIix-
i.stuv Ukqliuk.s Tin; Exglish Uli.k of Votixg
StPi'MF.s TO hi; Adoi'Tfd. — G. The Assf.miw.y Still
Rkflsks to Votk axv Slitlii:s. — 7. I-'iust I'xion
Pno.iFCT. Kixa;v('ial DiFFicrLTiKs with Uri-FU
Canada. — 8. rri-FK Caxada Aitfals to tiii: Im-
I'KitiAi, Pakliamf.nt. — ".I. Pkovisioxs of tiik Pko-
rosFD Union A('T. — 10. Session oc 182.'). Mokk
TKMrF.KATi; Action of tiif Asskmuly. Slim-ly
Bill Passed. — 11. Session of 182.'!. Defalcation
OF THE llECEIVElt-CrENEIlAL. — 12. TlIE AsSEMIlLY
AoAiN Refises to Pass the Si;ri"LY IJii.l. — Li.
lU.'II.DINIi OF LaF.C.E SlIll'S AT QlEllEC. II. SESSION
OF 182.>. Mistake of iiotii Liei tenant-(;o\ eknou
AND THE ASSEMIII.V. Sll'I'l.V I'llLI. pASSi;D. — I'l.
Events of the Yeaii. Anoiiiek Dead-lock in
FiNAN(jEs. Ci;nsis IJErriiNs. — l(i. Session of 1827.
I'liE (iovEUNoii Dissolves pAin.iAMENr. — 17.
VioLi:Nr .\iirsE of the Goveknou r.v ti.e I^'kench
Paktv. — 18. The GovEiiNoK Uefises io .\cknowi.-
ElXiE Mil. PaI'INEAU as Sl'EAKElt, AND DISSOLVES
PaULIAMENT. — l",t. AlM'EAL OF THE AsSEMIlLY TO
THE Home (iovEiiNMi;NT. — .'!o. Report of Com-
mittee OF IIolSE OF CoM.MONS. Dl:l'.il!H I! E OF
LoiiD Dai.hoisie.
1. — Sir I ere^niiie .Maitlaiid <'as soon relieved from his
duties as adniinisti'alor by the ai'iival. on I8tli ,Iniie,
1820. of th(^ newly-a|i|ioiiiled i;(pvein:)r-
ol.VMi'.n''.f'E',''iii.l, iii-''l'i''l' 'Jf Canada.' (;eorge. ninth Earl i>f
'"''•""'"'""'»• Daliiiuisi.'. He was a disiinunished
soldier, who had served ihu'ing the li'i>h
rebellion of '118, in the l*)i.'y|itiaii cain|iaign under Sir
Ralpii Abercromby, in the Diiteli war, in the Peninsula,
and at Waterloo, and had been thanked by both Houses
of Parliament lor liis j.'allant and dislinguislu d services.
The elections took ])lace in June and July, and left the
composition of the House very much as it was before dis-
s.ilntion. The most noticeable feature of the campaign
was a speech ina<h! by Jlr. Pa[iineaii, speaker of the
House, who was returned without opposition for ]\Ioiitn'al
West, and which sIiowkI tliat, however much liis views
may have changed afterwards, he was just enough, at that
time, to acknowledge the beiielits received by the French
Canadians under Lritish rule. !Mr. Pajiineau was for
many years " the brains " of the French Canadian jiarly,
and could lead tlieai as ho willed. It is worthy of note.
then, what he gave as lils views in 1820. According to
the Quebec Gazeltc, after referring ia touching terms of
the death of George IIL, which had caused the dissidu-
tion. he coiitinneil : " I'nder the l'"reii(h government (in-
teriudlv and cNternally, arbitrary an<l ojipressive) the
interests of this country had been more freipantly
neglected and mal-adiniiiistered than .'iiiy other part of its
dependencies. Li its otiniation. Canada st'ems not to
have been consi<lered as a count ly which, from fertility of
soil, salubrity of climate, and exti'iit of territory, might
then have been the peaceful abode of a numerous and
hapjiy jiopulalion ; but as a military jiosi, »\iiose feeble
garrison was coiidenuied to live in a st.-ite of ]ierpetual
warfare and insecurity. fr('<|iieiilly snll'ering from faiiiiue,
without trade, or with a trade monopoli/ed by jirivili ; id
companies; public and ]irivate property often jiillagi d.
and personal liberty daily vicdati"! ; when year .after year
the handful of iiihabilants settled in this province were
dragged from their homes and families to shed their
blood, and carry murder ami havoek from th(" shores of
the great lakes, the Jlississippi and the Ohio, to those of
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Iludxm's liay. Smh
was till' silnatioii of our fathers: behold ilie chan^'e.
George the Third, a sovereiiiii revereil for his moral char-
acter, attention to lii^ kingly duties, ami love of his suli-
ji'Cls, succeeds to I^oiiis XV., a prince then deservcdiv
despised for his ilebaiiehery. his inalteiiliiu to the wants
of the ]ieople, and bis lavish profusion of his pulilii^
moneys upon fa\orili's and mistresses. From that d.iy,
the reign of the law succeeded to that of vii .'enee ; from
that ilay, the tri'asnres. ihe navy and the army of (oeat
Hiitain, are mnstereil to alVonl ns an invincible protection
aganrt external daiiuir; from that day, the better jiart
of her laws became (airs, while (air religion, jiropcr'y, tiiid
the laws by wliieh lliey were governed, remained unal-
tered ; si.iui after, are granted to us the pri\ ileges of its
free con-titntion — an iiilallible pledm', when aetid npoiii
of our interiiiil pro.periiy. Now, rellgicjiis toleration!
trial by jury — that wise-t of safe guards ever di'vised for
the protectioli of iiinoeence ; seiMirity agjiinst arbilrary
imprisonment, by llie privileges titlatdied to the writ of
'l\
LOWER CAXADA— CiOVKRN.MKNT OF THE EARL OF DALIIOl'SIE.
nC.T
ly lioili lloiisos
lislu (I .scniccs.
ly, !iii(l left tim
Wiis Iicfoi-o (lis-
:" till! caiiiii;ii;r|i
^iicMkcr (if ilio
>ii forMdiitic;,!
mull liis views
fii<iiiuli.;it that
liy llic Fi-ciicli
iiKMU ^v!ls f(ir
'aii:i(li.iii |)iir(y,
<irl!iy (if jiii(i.,
A('C(II-(li||jr („
rliiiij: tcniis (if
'1 llu^ (lissiilu-
ivcnmiL'iit (in-
ijux'ssivc) tlio
ro fr((ii;('iiily
lifi- jiart of its
soouis not to
•oni furtility of
iTi-itiipy. iiiiMlit
iiiiiiici-(ii!s and
.IIIOSC fcclll('
! of iicr|iciii,i]
fi'oiii lamiiii'.
liy )ii-ivil( ;c(l
>l'l('ii ]iilla::.'((|,
I'Mi' after year
liroviiicc Were j
to kIkmI ihcii- ,
the .--IkiI'cs 111' !
ill. to lliosc of
s IJay. Siiili
tlic cliaiii;!'.
IS moral cliar-
of lli.S Slll)-
■11 ilcsurviMlly
to llio wants
>;' Ills |ml)Ii(;
■oiii tliat (lay,
1 .'i'MC(! ; from
rmy of (ircat
lilo iirotcolimi
lii'tlcr part
liro|ii'r'y, and
iiiaiiicd iiiial-
I'llcijcs of lis
1 acted ujioii.
s tolei'alioii ;
r (le\iscd I'lir
1st ai'liilrai'\-
tli(! writ of i
/iiilicds cnrpus, legal and 0(;nal security alTonlcd to all, in
their person, honor and property ; tlu^ right U) oliey no
(iilier laws tliaii thos(! of our own making and choice, ox-
iiii-.-sed through our representatives; all these advantages i
liave liecome our liirthright, and shall, I nope, he the last-
in:; inheritance of our posterity. To se(air(^ them let us \
(inlv act as Uritisli siilijects and freemen." i
■>. — I'arliaiiK^nt iii' i on 14th Deceiuhor, 1820. and the
^.oiveruor made a numlier of suggestions, iiniongst them
tlu! consideration of the judicatory act.
iI'mr'b'i'i'iV.'roMv!'!?.'- improvement of agricultural lands, per-
m,v!i ili.i .1 lie ii niaiieiit enactment of tin; i-evenue laws.
.•iihl llu' Assiinlilj.
settlement of waste lands. (!i;c. U'he esti-
ni;iles were sulnnitted early in the session, and were di-
videcl into six classes, tin' total heing £ 1 I.S77. The
Asseiniily went o\er the list, item l>y item, and cut the
amount down to £11,1.'! I. hut they addeil £.'i,(J,s;} for ])en- ;
.-.inns and i!!..")!.'! for the militia stalf (which were not in- i
I Indcd ill the estimates sent down hy the governor), so '
iliat the total looked to he more than was asked for, as it
uu'' XICi.UOO. 'J'his l)ill was divide(l into chapters, or '
liaises, and suhinitted to tln^ L(>gishitive Council, liy
which iiodv it was iinmedialely thrown out. Ice the reasons
tiiat liy one of the |irovisions of the hill the icveinie de-
rived from the Imperial Acts (over which the Council
claimed the House had no control) had lieeii appropriated, j
and also (hat the appropriation was only annual, and not j
a iieinianent one as signilied to lie his majesty's desire, ;
liv tlu! speech from the throne. The I'pper House also
a;.nccd to a set of standing orders to the effect that it
wiuld not entertain any civil service hills which did not
eniiiiate from the king's representative, or which was
divided into chapters or clauses, unless such ;ippr(i|iria-
ti.in extended through the lile of the sovereign. Thus
nialtcrs came to a dead-lock again. The Council was
slroim III its (letermination to ceiilralize power in the
hands of the executive ; and the Assemlily was (piile tis
oli-tinate in its desire to get control of the civil expendi-
tnies. The Assemlily preseiitcil tin address to the gov-
ernor, slating the dead lock lictweeii the two Houses, and
tendering as much out of iiiiappropriated funds as would
ciixcr the diirercnce lii'twccn the ainount received from
the imperial acts and the amount granted hy them,
I' ii'i.dl'iO, 'J'his was, virtually, asking the goverror to
I' acknowleih^e tin' right of the Assemlily to appropi'iate the
1 I'nnds raised u.ider the imperial acts ; hut this he declined
I to do, on the gi'oiind that in his opinion their proposal was
I' (jnite inelfeclual without the concurrence of tin l.egishi-
' ti\e .V'-emiily, So no supply liiU was jiassed.
.'!. — The ipieslion of llu! disiriliulioii of Crown lands
was taken up and referred to a commillce. The iinpiiiy
ciinvii liiM,|.<. lasted through several sessions, and will
tt"il, ..Hill,. 1,11- lie relerreo lo lierealler; sullice It to say
'■'''"'■'"""'• that iireat aliiis(.s were shown, immense
tracts, amounting in some instances to CiO.OOl). 70.000 and
even .s(0,(l(IO acres had lieeli granteil to favorites (for
nothing, or next to nothing), who had no intention of
improving or settling them, and who only held them until j
the opening up of the country should make them valna-
lile enough to sell. A hill was introduced to iiujuire into
the statu of the piihlic funds in the hands of tin; receiver-
general, who was .iispeeted of helng a defaulter to a
larg(! amount, and to prevent his engaging in trade, and
to rei(iiire him to make an annual retuin to the House.
'J'lie hill, however, fell through in cominittee. A hill to
remunerate memliers of thi^ Assemlily was again inlro-
diiced. hut voted down in the House, and one to appoint
an agent in England was thrown out in the Council. An
address to his e\cell(.ncy was adopted, calling attention
to a numlier of sinccuns tind useless oilices. and pray ing
him lo sus[iend jiayment of salaries until the im unilieiits
came to tin; colony and iierforineil their duties, or aholish
the otlices. Amongst these wei'e the lieutenant-governor,
who drew a salary of .i'l..'i(iO a year, and had never been
in the province, the secretary, and other odicials whose
duties Were mostly perl'iirmed liy depnlies. wliih; they re-
mained ill England and di'ew their salaries. An impor-
tant act, pas.s(.d this session, was that Imilding the I.achine
canal at the expeiisi^ of tln^ province, tin mpany in-
corporated for the piirpox' being unalile to cany out their
enterprise; and wmk was coimneuccd on the 7lh of .Inly.
; iSIr. I'apinean was called to the Exeini\(! Council this
s(.ssi(in, as well as Messrs. Hale and Ready. The Houses
were prorogued on the 17th of ]\Iarch. and the governor
took a tour of military inspeelioii through the Cpper
I'rovince during the snnmier.
4. — The province had improved wonderl'iilly during
the past few years ; the Ea "n Townships, which at the
opening of the ci.nini'y were almost a f,,|„iiii,„i (,r nm
wilderness, were now heing peopled with a '''"*i"''' i" t"-'-
thrifty and hardy class, mostly Scotch and Irish, who
! were turning its liarreliness into a heautiful and lilooming
garden: immigralion had heeii large, iiiid the populalioii
was now estimated at alioul lOd.OOd, whiUi nade had
tlourish(.d. (.sp(.cially that in lumlicr. which now gave an-
nual (.inplovmeiit to si.\(.ral hnndred xessels. lint the
spirit of the jieople had not iniproved in proportion with
the country. I'ariy spirit was rife, and the two factions
Were I'a^l i^allopin;;' on to an open ontlireak and ii declara-
tion of a war of rac(.s. The {'"rencli wi it. more than ever
emliued with the idea that Canada was madi! for tlio
Fniir/i Canadians, and that the l!rili-li wcri' inlruders!
I the iriiNcrnnienl which had hrought them peaci., pli.|il
'l and happiness, was openly revileil and liespised at the in-
' stance of loud-mouthed deinagognes. who mi-led the
ignorant peasants with their gro-s missialemeiils and
' wilful misn'preseiilalions ; already the cry of " /-</ Sutmn
■ ('iiiiiii/iiiiiii;" was heard, and it was lioldlv urged that tliu
! i
i
'■'it
"I'f't, !iii(l passed
":i'l IK) jiowur to
t gciitlt'iiian, uli(,,
•(•liiiLMl to receive
L', as it could not
ill of the otlicr
1 tlie mutter lor
iikI "cut oil' III..
"■"■new a revenue
r
" Tlii^AssiMiililvslill
ir n-liiM.sti,v,,i,.aiiv
the current ye.n
"as no uecessjiv
I'^c to make ill,.
■■*■< to his inajestv
:it th(' froverniir
itii the iiecessarv
')vince.alihou::li.
•il(^ to he treali'd
v.-is also resolved
jesty's receiver-
''■ ]ierson or |ier-
"I liis majesty's
iito liis or their
hem under aM\-
Is lie, or should
of law." An
aliM'Ut and use-
to remove any
rovernor of the
in the province,
-ion to he iiiailc
had not |)a.vMd
1 ■■<Vl'h' "11 'lie
'ill'|iose. hut the
'. which .MMM he !
cniMy rcfu-rd, [
orders of the i
|iio|iriation hill
vinent of their
any such hill '
g thai Inrlhcr
,S,'overnor prci-
iti<'ally inl'orni-
'' unusual pro-
I not interfere
Would fall cm
\es on liavini.'
which Would
ivil estimates
V the revenue
LOWKR CANADA— GOVERNMENT OE THE EARL OE DALIIOUSIE.
305
first miii-'ii laws, tiiey would all expire by limitation
fiTm'ulii.V'S'''' i" 'I f"'"' ye:irs, and the wiieels of govern-
tpiier canaaa. „„,„(. y,,^.^^\^[ i„, clogged by the mere want
of funds to grease them ; but the Assembly had not con-
sidereil the whole subject, and wero about to receive a
very rudo shock by discovering that the IJritish Parliament
had determined to reunite tlie two ])rovinces, and so
sw<'ep away tlu» obstiu^ite Erench majority in the ^\ssem-
lilv. I'lesides trying to control th(! governor and Legis-
lative C'oui 'il of Lower Canada, tlie Assembly had been
endeavoring to regulate the tinances of Upper Canaila. by
wilhholdin:,' a ju>t ])roportion of the revemies received in
the former, and the latter had protested against the unfair
division Commissioners liad been appointeil during the
suaimer of hS21, and met at IMontreal ; but the I^ower
Canaila Coinmissioiu'rs (appointecl by the Assembly) could
not agrei! with the l'|)pcr Canada commissioners (ap-
pointed by the executive, under an act of th.! Legis]ature\
ami no arrangement as to tin- <livisioii of the duties had
heen come to. The last arrangement maile gav.e I'pper
Canada onc-flftli of the receipts for duties, but this ex-
pired oil l.'ftU July, 1810, and had not been renewed, llie
Upper Province claiming a larger proportion, on ai'couiit
of its ra[)idly growing population, which was increasir.g
at a much greater rate than tiiat of Lower Canada, be-
ides an arrearage of i'.'iD.tlOO.
S. — Uii;>er Canada *iok immeiliale niea'^iiircs to lay th(^
matter before the iinpci'ial l'al'liai:ie;it for redress, and at
the session of 18'il an agent was appointeil
:o lo Enirland and solicit imiierial
to
ri»tH'r f'aiiaila
(iliprals ei III.'
l:.i|i .rial I'arlia-
i»<-'i"- legislation. The Lower Canada liiaise
was informed of this, hut too late for .action, as it was
then on the eve of prorogation. The Hritish Parliament
promptiv toolv the matter up, and considered the condition
of both colonies. The failure of the constitutional act of
1701 was evident, and the wisdom of Eox's argument
against the separatioii of the races was apparent ; for
.some years pa>t the Home government had In. en con^ider-
iiiil the advisability of re-uniting the provinces, and part
of the mission of the Earl of Dalhousiu was to ascertain
whether such all union was desirecl by Upper Canada.
The sentiment there" being in favor of it. and the faelions-
ness of the Lower Canada Assembly continuing, a bill to
that effect was introduced into the English House of
Commons during this session of !Sl>I, an<l p..|ssed. This
hill, afterwards known as '•The Canad.i Traile .\et."
soUUmI all outsl..indiiig disputes between the provi s.
and provided aga'iist their recurri.nce in the future. Ry
this act Upper Canad.i was viini..illy granted all she
■isked; all the laws of Lower Caiimla with regard to
liiitios in which the Upper Province participated at the
time of tlm hist agreement (IHl'.l). including those .illowed
lo expire by the Assembly, were renewed and maile
Iicrmaiient, and the Assembly of ihe Lowir Province was
lireventcd from altering or amending them without tlie
consent of the Legislature of the Ujijur Province ; nor
could the Lower Province impose any new duties on gtxxls
imported by sea, without the sanction of the Upper
Province, or tl t imperial I'arliament and the royal
a.s.sent. The legislative Union of the two ]iroviiices was
also providi.d for in the bill; but, nietting with some
o[)[)osilion ill the House, that clause was held over until
the wishes of the iiiliabitaiits of the two provinces on the
subject conlil be ascertained. Another very important
provision of the act was the power it gave of commuting,
by transaction with the Crown, the seigniorial or feudal
tenure into that of fre(! and common soccage.
it. — The news of the pas.sage of this bill caused conster-
nation in the camp of tin; " nali<ui,il " party in the As-
sciiililv. and tamrht 'luiii that in strivin'f „
■ rrevi-H'iisi>r Ino
to (.(!iiirol the whole Legislature tlii'y ran i'i"i'esicl iniou
grc'it danger of being reduc(.d to a small
• Old iiisigiiilieaiit jiarl. The proposed Union was to be
known as •• TIk^ Legislative Council and Assembly of the
Canailas." Uinler it the gove.'-nor was authori/ed to
erect the townships hitherto unrepresented into six coun-
ties, eaeh to consist of not less than six townships, and to
return a niemln.r to tln^ Assembly. T,.,' nuinlKr of rep-
rcsentativt.s from eicli province was not to exc.eed lid.
The (pialilii'ation for members was ])l;ic(.d at A'."i(M) ster-
ling, over ami above all (.|ii.uiiibrances. The Assembly
was to be ipiiiiipieini al. and two m(.|nbers of the 10\e( ii-
tive Councils of lilh -r provini.e were to be appointed hy
the governor to seats in it. The records of the .\ssembly
were to be kept in Eiii.;lish only, and. after lifteen years,
that was to be the only laiiguaiie ust.d in debate. The
Roman Catholic religion was to bo respected, subject to
the king's supremacy ami to the coll.iiioii oi- iinluclion
into cures. These provisions greatly al.irmed the l^'remh
Canadians, who saw their pi'Wir ami their laiignaL.'c s-lip-
ping from theie, whilst the clergy regardi.d the last (.l.nise
as an iiifringement of their lights, the Calhulic ISishop j
I having b(.en hi retofore (as he is now) left to the jirivilegi!
(i( induction into cures. Piihlic meetings were held every-
v.'here and uiiioii ;miiI anti-uiiioii addresses to Parliament
prepari.d. The liritish wen. ..ilmnst all unionists, .uicl the
l''rencli Canadians, marly to a man. ami unionists. The
I''i'encli were most iiieliiodical in their maniK.r of prepar-
iie_r their aildress ; meetings \\..rc> held at (^ucIkc and
Montreal, and (.ommiltees appointed, which ;iLirei d on an
address aiicl distributed it through the p..|rishes for signa-
ture. There were over CiO.dUO names allaihc.d lo il ; but
to show the dense ignorance of the people m t oik. in tin
roiild sign his name, but had to m.ike a mark, just the
same as one of the aborigines would have h: .i to have
done. ]Messrs. Papiiieail and Neilson were appointed to
present tlie anli-nnicm |ielilioii in Eiiiiland. ..|iid Mr,
James Stuart the iiiiioi. petition. During all the excite-
;{(;g
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOAHXIOX OF CANADA.
! I
i ■■ 1 !
fli: I
liii'iit attciiduiit oil prcpiiiiii;^ tlusr iictilions, tlie gover-
nor, vory wisely, liuld aloof iiiid took no jiart whatever in
tliu [troceet lings.
10. — Till! Legislattiie met, on 10;li .la.inary, 1.S2.".. ami
from the scare given tiieni liy the niiion act, the Assenihiy
seem<'il ilis|)oseil to he a little? jess iielf-as-
SoHsioii nf IRl'.l. . . , . ™. .
.M..ni luinipciato sertiiig, ami attend more to its own allairs
"iVi'l'i'lV' Supply' 'I'l'l •'"' I'l'hli'" interc St. leaving the otlier
Hill piissiMl. l,ranelies to manage their portions of the
g<Mieral husiness. The pro|)osed n.iion was earlj' taken
lip ill hotii Houses; in the Cinineil a resolution against it
was carried liy a vote of liftceii to five, hut six niemhers
afterwards put in a dissent urging that a union was ne-
cessary. In the Asseinlily a si'ries of re>oliitions against
the Union was carried hy a vote of thirty to three, .nid
tliesi! resolutions wen; enihodied in two aildressis to tlie
king and the I'ailiameiit, the former lieiiig forwardeil
through the governor, the latter through Messrs. Papi-
iieaii and Xeil>oii, who were still in F.ngland. The ques-
tion of till! reiireseiitalioii of the Eastern Townships, and
of their heiiig supplied with tho riMpiisitt; courts, which
had heen pending lor some time, was taken tip. A pro-
vincial judg<\ to reside in the District of .St. Franci-s, as
the new district was called, was ap|)ointed, having juris-
diction ill actions not e.\<'eeding 120 sterling, and a court
of (Quarter Ses-ions estahlisheil. The House was not
quit!! SI) fair in the matter of represeiitalioii. for whilst it
made provision lor the admis>ioin>f six meiiiliers from the
English Eastern townships, it cut una iinnilier of French
di.-triels so as to let in about t'K) new French inemhers, as
a counterpoise to kee[t up tho French majority ii the
House. This hill was rejected hy the Council. The
estimates were hronght down on Titli Fehrnary. the
governor had liad them closed in two schedules, one in-
cliidiiig the salaries of the governor, lieuteiiant-irovernor,
and the oll'icers more closely attached to llieiii, luing
cliargeahle to revenues derived from the iiiipeiial acts
which the governor thought would yield enough to nieit
the aniounl. t".">2.0S,') ; the second Mhednle contained the
"local estahlishmeiits," as liny wde called, the expenses
of the Legislature, &c., and aiiioiinled to i.'.'i().'.'2"i, which
sum the Asseiiihly was asked to vote. The Assemlil"
relieved its feelings at tlu? appropriation of the imperial
resolution hy a series of roohitions, and passed tin; liill
for defraying the expenses of tin; " local otahlishiiieiits,"
the fear of the union hill preventing I'leir doing more
than ordering them '" to he taken from and charged
against the i/iiimi/ finiih af't/n' /irtin'nri; arising from any
act or acts in forci! therein, and from any of the revenues
of liis niajesty, applicahle to the ]iurposes of tlu! act."
The underlined wmnls were iiieant to imply that the As-
seiiihly still claimed control over the moneys raised liy the
imperial acts, uud the Council so interpreted them hy de-
claring that it Would not coiniir in any more hills pa>sed
in that way. XoO.OOO was voted for the Chamhly Canal ;
£12.000 in addition to the jirevioiis vote for the I.achine
Canal; i.'2,100 for encouraging agriculture; X.SIM) („r
the Montreal Ceneral Hospital, and i!2,000 for the Hotel
Dieii ; pensions were al-o ijranted to .Imlges Monk and
( )gden. The I Iou>e was pidiogued on 22d ^larch, and.
on the whole, the session was the most satisfactory I'nr
many years.
11. — Siiortly after prorogation His Excellency nnule
an ol'.ii'ial aniiouiiceinent that the Imperial governnnnt
had foreirone, for the iireseiit, any inteii-
. '^ '. , ' . SPssii.iH.f is-.'.'i. 11,.-
tioii ot a iiiiKMi ol the provinces, al- lalcaii i ih.. i;.:-
though still thinking it tlic liest policy ;
after tliis his excellency went on a trip to Xova Scotia.
leaving the governinent in tlii' hands of l^ieutenant-(iov-
ernor Sir Francis X. nnrtoii. The Legislature was called
together on 2.">th Xoveinlier, l.*^2."), the session ln'ing inaile
early on account of tin; failure of the rece!ver-gemr,-il.
Mv. Caldwell, who had heen suspended from ollice. 'J'lie
ilefalcation of the receiver-geiiend amounted to XDO.l 1 7,
alioiit £10,000 of which lie claimed to have been delicieni
when he took over the ollice from '''s father. ISefore a
coiiiinitte(; of the Iloii^e Caldwell olVered to surremli r
, about i!.')2.000 worth of private preperty and to allow
! £1,000 a year out of his salary iiniil the amount of
£1.").000 was ma .e u[). ]irovided he was kept in ollice at a
h f.iir salary. The remainder of tlu; sum he claimed was
line him as cominis^ioiis hy the province on the amount
of collections, and shnnld be so allowed. Thi! coniinillie
I refused to entertain the olVer, and claimed that the iin-
])erial governnient was responsible to the provinci I'nr
the delicit, as the receivia'-general was appointed by the
I Crown and not timlrr the control or authority of the I'ro-
h vintual Legislature, to which he made no returns. In tlii^
])o>iliiin the House was undoiilitedly in the right. Cald-
well was onlv receiving' .i very small >alaiy, £."pOO a year,
and it w.as well known ibai he. had 1 n using the |iiiblic
funds for business operations ami had been a del'aiiller
for some time: slill he had been kept in ollice. An ad-
1 dress to the Ci'iiwn praying th.il llie provinci' ^-liiiiilil be
indemnilied for the loss siislained by the del'alcalioii of a
j Crown ollicer was prepared by the House and forwarded
. tlirougli the governor,
,: 12. — The siqiply bill was not sent down until late in
i the session, and was then made in two classes as in llie
lU'evions year
lo>t its fear of the iinioi
I he llonse had now
Till' Axuonililv
let, and ac- a;;,iiii ri'lim x t.>
,.,,.,,.. , , , . . pMi-» llii. supply Mil.
cordingly lilt it couM venture to again
assert its own iinporlai It went carefully ovei all the
items, reduced all salaries fruni ihe governor's down
tweiity-live percent, and oidered iliat the lni.d. ll.'Mol,
should 1 1' paid out of the nveiiue derived from the im-
perial acN .'iiid the delicit made up out nf iinapproprialed
moneys. 'I'liis li^t was prmnplly llirown out by the Cnun-
ci
•■'.-
v:
th
Clianil)Iy C'atial ;
I'M- the l.acliiiio
lliii-ti ; X.SOO for
00 lor tlic Hotel
|l,:.'i's .Miiiik and
;-''! Alaivh. and,
.'-atisl'actory lor
xcollonny made
•ial yovcrnnicMt
Si-psii.n i.r isl;.-]. J),..
liil<'.ili 1 ili.> Ue-
(•i'iv<T-(iiMieral.
to Xova Scdiia,
^ii'nlcnant-(;i)v-
Ituro was called
sion lieinir niadi>
eeeivcr-neneial.
DMi olliee. 'J'he.
ed to Xiin.l 17.
li been d<'fleieMt I
ler. IJefore a
1 (o sun-ender |
y and to allow I
lie amount of
t in olliee at a
le claimed was
on tile anioiMit
TIm' <'ominillee
d that ilie im-
3 j)fovinc( .''or
jjiointed li_v the
itv of the I'r,,.
•I urns. In this i
-' rijrht. Cal.l- |
", X'.'iOO a veai-.
■in;.' llle |)ulilie
•n a di'faullir
Mice. .\n ad-
ne.. >|i(,idd lie jl
■I'alcalioM of a
iiid I'orwanled
1 untd late iu
sses as in the
I' AsHcinlifv
tin rfliis h |i>
'» llii'mpiily Mil.
y ovci all the
riior's down
iial. ll;!,|()|.
IVom ihe ini-
ia|)|U'o|iiialed
liy ihu Couii-
Lf)^\ r.n c.^nad.v— oovern^iext of tiif. e.\.rl of daliiousie.
3G7
111, and so no siijuilies were jias-.e<l a^Min. Tlio jrovernor
a^aiii ai)|)lied for a reimiiursenieiit of the Xl'iO.Oili) ad-
vaiieecl the receiver-L;eiieral in I'.io veai's 1.Sl'.'!-1 from
the military che--t ; lint the House refused to entertain tlii^
]iro|)o>al. lioldin:; tlial the loan could oidy have be<ii a
personal a.'i'ommodation to tin; rei'eivcr-general, that with
a lariie lialanci' in his hands ho oii;;!it not to liavi> n'liuiri'd
ail!, and tliat hi-i askiiiij; for it siiowed lie was a defaulter
at the tiiii''. rind he oiii;lif, to havi; lieeii removed i.i 'rad
of reeeivin;^ a niniodatlon. A discussion Iniik [ilac,' (Hi
ihe claims of the Ameri<'an ;;.)vernment to the free; n e
lit the St. T.awreiict^, which was oj>|iosed ; and a j>ro|ii)~i-
lioii from l'|i|ier Canada to iiicre.isi^ the duties on ci-rtain
articles was rejected on the ijroiind that it was im'.\[)edient
to rai^e tlio duties in the then un>atisfaclory state of trade.
\:i aildress was id~o jiassed to his majisiy |irayini; that
ilie •• C'lerjy IJeserves " li I'ivided amouiTst all di'iiomina-
tioiis, other than IJoman Catholic, which |iroi)o>al, enia-
iiatinj^ as it did from a IJoman Catholic liody, greatly
iilTended the memhers of the Church of England. Thu
Jlousi' w:is |ir(M'ii:i-ued on tlu! lUh of .March.
l.'i. — ihe noveriior .'-ailed for Enulaiid on leave of al)-
Rcnce, on t'th June, l^iJl, and the government ilevolved
uiioii .Sir Francis X, litirlon, who vis-
TiKiMiniinfiarsii ited ?iIontival and olln-r parts of the
IVoviiico in Auiru>t. At .'Montreal he
laid the corner-stoiK! of the new French l'ari>h Churcli,
coiniMonly known as '• The ]''reiiih Cathedral," ihiMargest
and linest Catlmlic Church on this continent, with oiu' ex-
re|)tion. Amongst the notewnrlhy events of this year
Was the attempt to app'y the Canadian Jinlfiiiu- to ocean
luivigation, and to Canada In longs the honor of having
liuilt th<^ lirst •• Iiig ship" ef modern limes. N'owadays
' we are inclined to tliink milhing of .steamers of I, ;"), or
I'l.fltld tons, liut over lifly years ago it was an immense un-
dertaking to cons! met ii vessel of .'),('i',tO tons, yet such
\ was the size of the < '(i/innlnis. Imil; at Queliec hv a Mr.
I AVood, of (llasgow, for a linn in .Scoilaiid, and loiiiched
at the Isle of Orleans on L'Sth .Inly, IsJI. She was (lat-
botlomed, I'Slll feet li ill. long, oil feet 7 in. liroad, and -1
feet 1 in. wide, and ri^'-uid willi fmir ma-N. She was not
n success, however ; she took a load of limliir to England,
nnd was returning to .St. ,lohii, N. I'l., when she hccame
\vater-lo!;ged, tiiid hail to he aliandniied at sea. ,\nolIier
vessel of the same ela>s, hut rallur larger, the /lari'ii
J^i'iifrrir, was coininiMiced shortly afler thi; sailing of the
f '!////»(/(».<, and also took a cargo of liiinlier to Enuland.
hho stranded on ihe coast, however, .-iiid \'. ■> aflerwardn
blown over to the coa«t of I'r iine, where -lie became rt
total wreck. In this year the I.ilerary and Historical
Socictv of <^>nebee Was founded under the |ialroiiage
of I, old I)alliou>ie, an iiisliliilion which has done much
Inwards pre-cl'vinil some of the mo~i \alua! le ivcoi-ds of
the early hislorv of Canad i.
1 1. — The Legislature met again on 8th January, lH2o,
when .Mr. I'ainneau was again idected sjieaker by a largo
majority over Mr. Vailieres. The late
... , , ^ . ,, Si'Sfinll <.f ISi:.-. Mis-
general election liail not materially iiiu,.,,ii,.,iii i.i,.ni,.ii-
changeil the eonquexion ot the House, \ si-nlily. supi.ty
and that change had strengthened the ''"' i'-'"*^'''-
opiposition. Again a bill was passed iippointing an agent
in England, but was thrown out by the Council ; and
another for promoting the independence of judges, by
appointing them for li;'e and prevenling (hem silling in
the I.igi'lalive or I'.xecnlivu Cuiincils was inlroducid,
but no derinile ai linn taken on it. The t --timales were
sent down in illlTerent shape than in forme r years, ihero
being no di>tinciiim mad.' In iwei n tlii' periiialieiit and
local classes of ollicers. This was regarded by ttie As-
sembly as !i tacit aek^-owledgment of their right to
appropriate tho crown revenues ; but such was not tho
intention of T.ienteuanl-Ciovernor Ibirinii. aid he wa.s
celisureil by Lord lialhuist fur not fnllnwiiig jirevioii-S
examples. Tiie amnniit apprnprialed was olimatecl at
.1' I'l.o l'>, and lli(! additional anioiiiit asked for i'''ll,lo(S.
The Assembly took great pains in framing ibeir bill so as
to cover, wilhoiit .'ippeariiig to ineiilion. its ]pri'tensions to
ll.l\ ill;; been ciiui'eded colllrol of the Imperial revenues;
the members, tlierefore, contented themselves with passing
a bill •' that m addilion to the revenue appropriated for
defra\iiii; ihe expenses of the liiiiiii.-tialinii of justice,
and for .'-iipport, of tlu! civil go\ •riiment of ihe province,
there shail bo supplied and paid from and nni of the uiiap-
pro]uaaled moneys which nmv are, or hen after may coino
into the hands of the receiver-general of tlie ]>roviiicc
for ihe lime beiii^;, such sum or sums as may be im ce>-ary
to make up and <'ompleto a SIIPI not cm eedillg i.'»S,()7-t
I :is. i Id, slerliiiLT, for the ]iur[ioso of defia\iiig the r.v-
! penses of the civil government of this piM\ince and of tho
admini<lration of justice therein, and the olber e.vpenses
fnr the saiil year." The bill was approved by theCenncil
and lieiitenant-governiir, the killer of wliniii llnniuht
- that the Asseniblv had waived their iireleii>iiiiis to the
imperial revenues. .Nothing of much imporl.inee wa.s
! done this ,-es>ion, ami ihe Ilnii-e was prorogued on L'lM
I March, the exeiuli\e and the Hmise for once in innliial
i good liunn r. but from mistaken canoes. A grant of
t'|.."ilill was pa.-sed to es!al)li>h sham cnuiiinnicalioli
lielweeii (^liielicc and Halifax ; and, for ihe lir-l tine since
ll.e esialili>hniciit of the cmi'-lilulion, a census of the
pro\ ince was ordered to be taken.
l.'i. — His I'.xcellency Lord Dallumsie vturnidoii llilli
.Sejitembi r, ami .Sir I'rancis Liiilni'. went to England the
. Kaiiie inon.l.. A terrible lire ha\ iiig oc-
I curred at .Muamichi. large siil.<eripiions AnVVh-i'^ilViili'ii'Irk
were taken u] in .'Montreal and <,»iiel lo i:;.\lll!;;,';;,;'"' '-^'''»"'
Iiid the Mi'V"'-.'is ; ihe governnr ad\ai I
.i'l.',^' I'! fill iiiuN i-ioiis, clothing, i^.'.. aiid a >liip was also
;r
l!!l|:!ii
r
If '
n
;i08
TUTTLKS IIIsrOHY 01 TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
sent witli about A'Ci.OOO worth of jinods fiikeii from the
iiiilitary stores. A judiinieiit was lliis year rend roil in
the Court of KiiiL's Uench for .£HMl,7'.i7 eurreiM'v airaiust
Caldwell, iIk; di'laultiii;; reeeiver-^eneral. Two other ]
events of note this year were the deaths of the lirst I'rot-
estaiit JSishop. Ucv. Jaeoli Moinitaiii ami of the lioinan >
Catholie Ui^hop .M. de i'iessis. The jxovenior-iii-eliief
opened I'arli.iiiient on 2 1st .January. l!S-J(>, and the ae-
eoiints weri^ sulmiitted, divided ajiaiii into tw(» elasses. as
had heeii the rule liefore his departure. This caused a ;
i.'reat oiitliMrst in the llousi'.and afterthe u-n.d loiij; discus-
sion, the .supply hill was parsed, item liy item, ;ind a com-
mittee appointed to frame a hill the saute as last year. It
was just at this JMiietiire that Lord D.ilhousic .-cut a ines-
sa;;e to the llou-e enclosing Lord l>alhnist"s despatch to
Sir Francis Hurton. censuring liim for approviiii; la-t year's
hill, and concludiiij:. ■■ .IS the l)ill is limitecl to one ye;il',
I shall not think it necessary to recommend to his majesty
to disallow it. hut confine niysell' to instructinif his ma-
jesty's representative in the I'rovinco of J.,ower Canada
not to sanction any ineasui'c of a similar nature." In
spile of this the Assem'ply persisted in pas-iin: the hill in
the same shape as last year, and sent it to tlie Council.
There it was ••aiueiidcil " into the iiropcr shap(^ and sent '
hack ; hut, of eoiirsi". the House wcjuM not concur, and so
no supplies were pa>.'-e(l. The u-iial irrants for schools
and cliarities were passed and iillowed. hut all other money !
hills were reserveil for his m.ijcsiy's pleasure. The
returns of the census taken last year wer<' siihinitted, and
showed th> population of the province to he four hun-
dred and twenty-three thousand si.v hundred and thirty
.souls. I
l(i, — Nothinjf of importani'i' occurred until the mectiii;.'
of the Lc''i>latme
A''
iin on
.laiMiarv, 1.S27. This
more stormy than
ici'ounts were
.... ses>ioii was even
Si'ssii.n c.f IS'.'T. V\\'-
(lini'iiinr ilissulvi's its predi >-ors. Tin
I'luliaiiiiiil. . .
snlimitted ni a dniercnt lorm from
that of any previous year. No mention was ma<le of
those oIliciM's who were ju iircd to come under the pro-
visions of the imperial acts : and the " local " depart-
ments were divided niio cla>ses Miid appropriations .i-keil
oidy for them. The li^ht liet«een the e.\i'cu;ivc and the
j\ssemlily now liecaine more hitter an<l jiersonal. 'i'he
iioveriior was he.ip"cl e ith aliiise hy the Asseiiihly. and it
was ehaix'cd lh.it he was acinar on hi- own re-pon-ihility.
contrary to the wishes of the Home ijovernment. .N'lnncr-
ous addresses, motions, resolutions. iV;c., weri! ])as-ei|. hut
(he lireach eontiiuiccl to widen ; and at l;ist the Asseinhly
ailopted a series of re-olnlions that it would not eutert.ain
the supplies in Miiy other forui than what it had already
determined on: audth.it it inn-t have enlire conlrol of
the whole revenue. Seein;; that it was useless to c(m-
linue the sc>-ion louder, the i;'ivernf)r called the Houses
td^'ether i.n Till .M.irch. and, I'or the lirst time, had recourse
to a dissolution. One .sentence in his speech of dismissal
forcihly expresses tli(( coiidiiet of the Assemhiy duriiij;
his ailmiiiistr ition. He .-aid : " In my iidministration of
the tioverinnent. I have seen seven years pass away with- \
out any conclusive adjustment of the public accoinits ; ;
thus accumulating' a mass for future investijiation, which
iinist lead to confusion and misnnderstaiMling. In the
same years I have seen the measures of {joverntnent
directly applieahle to the wants of the ])rovince thrown
aside without attention and without any reason assi^neil.
I h.ave seen the forms of Parliament utterly disrej;arileil ;
and ill this .session a positive as-ninption of executive
authority instead of that of leirislative, which last i-,
alone, your sh.irc' in tlu; constitution of the state."
17. — .Vdilresses to the i^overnor were sent hitn from
3Iimtri'al. (Quebec, the Eastern townships and other
places. cou;:ratiilatin;f him on his ac-
tion ; lint the !• renin party were most <i,,virni.r la Uu'
violent in their alm-e of' him : both '•'■■'■"'•'' i'.'"'.v.
the press and platfoi'iii alfordeil ciiLjiiies for loadini; him
wiih .iii;'.sive -pithet-, and in the eli'ction contests duriii;;
the summer the speakers could lind iiothim,' too vile to
say about him. ]Mr. Papiiiean was p.irticnlarly personal
and vindictive, and his abuse leil to serious results, as will
be seen later on. As an e\pressi(ui of the state of feeling;
exhibited by the stump-<ii'ai(Ms of the canipaiirn, we can-
not (h) belter than ipiote .Mr. ( 'hristie. who s.ays : " It is
impossible ailctpiately to describe the seditious airitation
in all ipiarters of Lower Canada, that fcdlowed the proin-
iration.and the .•ib>urd tales, improbable, palpable nniriilli-
resorteil to by the a;:il.itors to excite the habit.ints (I'or
whom, in tlieii' credulity and implii'it t'aitli in their leailers,
nothiiiLr conl ' <n i;ro--), and lie;;ct a feelitij; of hatred
a::aiiist the ^i>vernnient and towanls the ^oveiiior person-
• illy. He was n^piesenled as tin' most odious and oppress-
ive of tyrants; he had. it was said, lawlessly interrn|)tei|
the Le;;i.-latur(' in its work, and preveliteil the representa-
tives of llie people from pas-in;: i;(M)d anil salutary laws in
proi;ress at the proro;,fation ; he was pliinderiuLj the public
treasury, and illi'ir:dly helpinu hiin-elf and satellites to
l.ir;Xe sums, at the expense of the province, w ho-e people.
' /-'/ Xiilliin ('iiiKii/iciiiic.' their relii.non, their lan^uairc,
and their laws he was opposeil to. h.ited. and was cii-
deavorin;; to siilivert. He was lioodu inking,' and deceiv-
int; the mivei'inneiit ,il home, that he mjelil tln^ more
ca-ilv en-lave the people of the colony, wlioiii it w.'i- saiil
he would drive, if not speedily i ailed, to a rebellion that
would not fail to sweep ;iway the little that retnained of
I!riti-h power fiom the coniiiientof Xoith America: and
in these extravaiiant im;i;;iniiie:s several joine(l. of \\lioni.
know in;.' a- they inii-t have known the ab-iinliiy of tln'-e
taies, better tliiiii^s were to have been expected."
IH. — The elections, as were to have been expiiled
from the i;.'iioi'ani f the voting; m;isses and thi \iideiiee
^}
1
k
\'\ S-'
LOW KU CANADA— GOVEHNMENT OK SIR JAMES KEMPT.
300
t'cli of dismissal
\ssciiil)ly (liniiij;
ilniiiiistratioii of
pass awav witli-
nihVui accounts ;
'stijjatioii, uhich
iiidiiiir. Ill the
of ^iovt'ninieiit
iroviiice tlirowii
reason assijincd.
I.v ilisrcirai-di'd ; j
III of oxcciilivo
I wiiicli last is.
I' staff."
sent iiiin frniii
i|is ami oilier
iiilfiK iiliiisc (if iliD
iiViTlmr !•> lilt'
ri'liih jiiillj.
or loadinif him
contests diirini;
ini; too vile to
nlaily |icr.M)iial
rcsiiils. a> will
state of fcciini,'
paijrn, we can-
says : " It is
lions airitaiioii
1V|'(| till. Jll'dl'o.
Ijialilc mill iiili^
haliilaiits (for
I their leaders,
liii.!.' of hatreil
\eii;or person-
Is and oppre>s.
ly iiiifrriipic'd
lie represciita-
liilary laws in i
iiii,' the pidilio
1 satellites to
ivhose ]ieople.
leir laii:,'iia::e,
and was cn-
: and d i\-
:lil the iiiiHi'
in it was said
rebidlion that
' reiiiaiiii'il i<(
America : ai.d
'd. of w liiirii.
dilv of tliiiM'
en evpi'cli'd
I tile \ ioji'iii'c
Ti,«(i..v..iiHun- "f •'"' p:i'li'^:iii orators, were very iin-
fii.s'rt i":ii-:in"«l- I'jivoralile to the I'overnnient, and its very
I'll.;.' .Ml. luIHliiMtl i^ *
as.s|..:i.>ii-, .iM.l slender support in the Asseiiililv was still
'»''"'• further ivdiieed. I'arlianieiit met on the
•20tii Xoveiulier, lfS27 ; and there was much s|ieeulatioii
lis to whi.'tluT, should Mr. I'apineaii l)e again tltcted
speaker, the ifoV(!riior would reeoirni/e him. .Mr. I'ap-
ineaii, both in print and in his add't.'.'-s to his constiinents,
had li 'en so grossly and personally abusive of th<' Jr'|^■-
ernor, that it was thouirht the >roveriior <'ouid not |)os-
sililv overlook it. For once |piililie ()|)iiiioii was ri^dit ;
the LTovernor did not recognize liiin. After the Assembly,
hv a vote of 41 to "i. hail elei'ted Mr. Papineau. the
House was summoned tcj the Couneil Chamber, ami tlieic
informed by tlie sjieaker of tin; Conneil that the ^'ov-
eriior "dulh not approve of the choice the Assembly
have made of a speaker, and in his majesty's name hi>
excelleiii-v iloth accordinj:ly now disallow, and dixbaiiie
the said <'boiee ; " further addinj,' that the jfovernor wniilcl
meet them on the "i.'id, if they hail elected u sjjoaker by
that time. Tiie Assemblj' was somewhat nonplussed at
this ; but persisted in selecting .AFr. Papineau, and as
there seemed no possibility of their aliando'iiiii; their
clioice, liie governor, on 2.'Jd iiist., by jn'oclamatioii pro-
roirueil I'.irliament.
r.l. — Popular excilemeiit now irrew more intense.
Mi'din^fs were held everywhere. Addresses approving
the governor's coiirM' were presented
A»s'.'in'i'l'v i.'i'ili' '^'■"'1' ^loiitii'al, (^ueliec. Three Rivers,
iii,;n.,K"'v.-.i,>u.i.t. ,,„, i.;.,„,,,.„ 'l-„„ nships, and <!ven from
Upper Canada. On the other iiand . •'-executive meet-
in;;s were aNo freely iiidd. and a resolution was taken to
l.iy their i;riev;Mces bi'lon- the kin;; and Parliament. A
Verv lo:i;x statement of the iliirereiices between the As-
semlilv and the e.veiai'ive w.i.-i made out. in which tin'
blame was mostly laid on the I,e;;i-lalivi! Couii<il for
throwin;.' out bills of sup|)ly and oilier useful bills, after
itiev h.'d been passed by the jV»enibly. These pililions
Were industriously eircnlated for si;^iialure. and so well
did the a;;itators sui'C'cmI that eiuhly-seviii lliou-aml
names Avhieh we may assume as bein^ tl e whole male
Ereneli population) w<'re attached. Out of this laiu^i'
miiiibir, houiver. only nine tlion-aiid could sijrii their
naiiii's, till- others luakinir marks, a <lear indicalion of the
Ignorant slate of the people, ami the ali>ence of schools.
Messrs. .bihn Neilson. of (^uel ami I). R. \'ii;<'r and
Au-liii Cuvillier. of Montreal, were ap[iointed to take tlu?
pelitions to J'".nulanil. ami sailed early in Eebruary, by
Way of .New York. .Sb ully after the departure of the'
deli'Ljalion, F,(U'<1 I)alhou>ie rt i\ed infornialion that ]iv
hail been appointed to succeed J.oid ( 'oiiiberniere. as
conunandi'r-in-i'hief of llie forces in India, and llial hi>
successor would be sent oill as soon as lie was ready to
leave the colony. ^V number of liliel suils were entered
ut the .March assizes at (inebec, grow in^ e u of the late
excitement. I.nt they were ]uit oil' unlil next term, and
(hially abuiidoneil on aeeount of the departure of I.,ord
Dalhousic.
i!'l. — The P>vi|ish ministry determined to lay the com-
plaints of ihe Canadians before Parliament, and. acco'd-
inilly, on tln^ 2d .May. Mr. Iluckisson,
.•o'lonial secretary, moved for th.- ap- "■,';*,'.:' .'.fi'ious,...f
|ioinliiiciit of a commiltei; of twenty-one ',,.!,"i'i'|",'.';!'f i,,i''|i
to im|uirc into the slati' of the civil j:ov- "•'""""''•■
ernmeiit of ('Miada, and rep >i't their observations and
opinions thereon. This c.iinmittec ie|ioried on lil'd
.Inly, substantially f^rantiiii; the prayer of the pelilioiiers.
They reciunmended the abolition of the seii.niorial rights
of the crown, the estalili>hiniiit of new electoral dis-
tricts more in accoidaiiee with ilie pioi;re>s of popula-
tion, ami the surrender of the whole public revenue to
the Assembly — measures to be t.ikeii, at the same time,
to render the jioveinor. Exeeiiti\e Couneil. and llm
judj^es imle|ii-ndeiii of an aiiifnal vote of siippK. Tiny
reconiimiided that the Canadians be allowed to liaV4' an
agent in England ; and repmled aiKersely to the project
of an union with l'p|ier Canada, 'i'his rejiort gave in-
tense satisfaction in Lower Canada ; the Assembly had
got what it had i n ligbiing for, "tin! s])oils." and was
content to be salislied. for the jireseiit. until the yascil-
laiing policy of the Engli.sh governnieiit ga\c ilicm an
oppoiliinily of asking I'm' more. So ended llie llisl at-
tempt to niiili' llic two jMovinci's. Lord Dalhoiisie did
not remain in the province long enough to learn the re-
sult ol llie coinniillee's iiivcsii^iitioii. and had not the
mortilicatioti of viewing the exhibitions of the joy of his
eiioiuics at what was, to a ceit.iin degree, a con<leiiina-
tioii of his policy. III! sailed from (^Miebec (ui 2d
September. IHi'rt, in 11. M. S. ('/iii//iii;/ii: and was suc-
ceeded ill the goyeriimeiit by Sir .lames Kempt, who was
prcunoted from tin; lieiileiiaiit-go\eiiioi'-hip of .\ova
Scoiia. and arrived in the same .ship which took home
Lord Dalliousie.
CII.M'II'R Lxxvr.
LOWER CA.NADA— (lOVERXMENT OF SIR
.lA.MES KE.MPT.
!. — SissKiv i.r IS-JS. Si I'i'i.Y liii.i, P.vssi:ti iiv
Doriit.i-. \'()Ti: or .liixiK .Si;\vf.i.i.. — 2. Wokk tif
■nil; Srssiuv. I'si in. liiii.s P.xssi'.d. — .">. Siissioy
(PI- IS.'ill, ,\l'l'i;oi'i;i \ iiiiNs I 111! I\|i;ij\,\I. iMI'lfOVi;-
Mi.xrs. — I. I",.\ n;Nsiy i: Emi(.i!.vtii>.\. Ai'i'disi .Mi;\r
Of LoitD Ayi.mku.
I
370
Tri'i'i.K's iiisroitY OF riiK dominion ok ( anada.
1. — Liciitciiaiit (iciioral Sir ,I:iiii<'^ Kciii|)t was t.i
ui\'u:vr who hail si rvcd with ilistiiictuiii, and had adiniiiis-
ttTcd tin; alVaii's of Nova Scotia with
'^!\^\M'i!.^4h"^'' satisfaction. His iiistnictioiis wcro that
''•"',''''• y"'',',' lie should ho iv* ooiiciliatoi'v as possible
towai'ds th(! Ficnch Canadians, and en-
deavor to I'cinove all soin'ccs of coiiiidaint. I'ailiaincnt
met on 28th Novctnhcr. IS-J's and. at tifst, the ddlictiltics
bi'twecii the executive and the House seemed to lie in a
fair wav In he overi'oini'. l»ut the A>send)ly soon re-
sumed its old hostile attitude, and in votiii!,' the siii)i)lies
for 1H2H and l!S2'.l used the samt; ti'l'ins us in the hill of
1H2.>, claimiii!^ control over all tin; revenues and niakinii;
no [lermanent jn'ovision for the salaries of the executive
or jnilicial ollieers. The hill was passi'd in tin; Le;,'!'*-
lativc Council by one vote, and that a very (lue^tionalile j
one. Chief-.! ustii'e Sewell, who was president of the
Council, first voted as a eouneiilor, anil then, on the vote :
resulting in a tie, claimed tin; rijiht of voting as chairman ;
which he did. ami carried the hill ; but tin; legality of the
vote has liei;ii much (luestioned. A great deal of the
time of the Assembly was taken u\) by the consideration
of grievance i)etitions, com|ilaining of the late administra-
tion; and more in considering charges against Attorney-.
General Stuart and .ludges Kerr ami rietcher. '
2. — The tight of tin; Assembly for absolute power was
by no means over ; the pi'ace between it and the exec- |
utive was but a hollow one. and it was
UM-Mbm^'pilX::';"- '^'"'1""^ '" ^i^'^ <"' "'^ suppor^rs of ^
the late government all manner of re- ]
taliation and vengeance for the outragi;s which, it was
claimed, had been committed on the rights of the jieople
as rei)res(;nte(l by the Assembly. One geiilh'inan seleeteil
as an t;xample was Mr. Uobert Cliii>tie, who was elected
inenilier for (iaspi', ami who was expelhd the Ilou.-f; be-
cause he had been a sn|)porter of Lord Dalhousie's ad-
ministration. The subject of the .lesuits' estates was
again considered, and an address to the crown made that
its reveiiii(;s be applieil to its origiinil pur|)ose — (;ducation.
A new election bill was also passed and reserved for
royal assent. This was based on the census of l.S^.'i, and
made the number of countii's forty-four, and of ri'preseii-
tatives eighty-four. There wen; seventy-two bills alto-
gether passed, .imongst them two granting eeriain
Drivileifes to tin; .lews and Weslevan Methodists ; these
privileges, however, were oidy to permit the clergy of
these denominations to keep registers of the births, mar-
riages and deaths of tlii'ir congregations. Some import-
ant bills were passed, such as for establishing lighthouses
on tin; St. Lawrence, for the improvement (d' internal
communication, and for tin; encouragement of elementary
education — tor all of which appniprialioiis were made ;
but as far as the selllemeiil of political dillii'ujties was
concerned, we may (|Uote ^Ir. Nc^ilsoii's t^uebec Gitzctte \
as fully stating tin- case in saying: •" Nothing is settled :
time is obtained for settlement ; but nearly all the causes
and elements of disi'ord ri'inain, and it may :e,'ain burst
forth like a ilestrnelive element or a devouring llalile."
.'!. — IJefore Parliament met again, the bill providing for
a redistribution of seals reeeiveil the royal sani'tion. and
an (;lection was hi'ld in the Eastern
TowiLsliips, which returned (;ight mem- plV,p'i'ui'i',.iis 'li.rVi-
bers. Parliament met on 22d January. [;;,''.',[;'J '"'I'l'-v.-
IH.'iO. and the i-elative altitudes of the.
executive ami th.; Assembly underwent no material
change. In .submitting the supply bill his exci Ihncy
said that no action had yet been taken by the Ibmie guv-
ernment with a view to permani'iitly settling the linaneiaj
ditliculties of the |)rovinee. but ])r<imised that they should
be considered as soon as possible, ami <>n that understand-
ing tin; bill was passed, after reducing it to £7,.")00. The
bill had a narrow escapi' in the Council, and was carrieil,
in the sann; manner as last year's bill, by the doubb' voti-
of Judge .Si'well. All a<ldress to the crown, com|iIai!iing
of the administration of the militia laws by the Karl of
Dalhousie, which was in fact an impeachment of the ex-
gov( rnor, was carried and forwardeil by tin; governor t.)
the Home authorities, but mo aelioii seems to have been
taken on it. A militia bill, and om; regulating the prop-
erty (|nalilieation of jmlges, and reipiiring tluin to resiclc
in iheir districts, were ]iassi'il. Om- very important act of
this session was "to provide for the iiniM'i)\ iMinnt and' '
largement of the harbor of ^lontreal. according to a p
made by Ca|)tain Pi|)er, of the ll)yal Engineers." io
this iict ^Montreal owes tin; maguilii'ent stone ipiay which
makes that |)ort one of the tinest on this continent. X.'I.diM)
was voted for encouraging steam navigation of the Si.
Lawrence between (^iii'bee ami Halifax ; i'll.tliio I'oi- a
Custom House at (Juebee ; .t'2.J.(l(J() for a jail at .Montreal ;
£ll.."itl() for the .ALirine Hospital at (Quebec; X.")S,il(l() for
improvement of rcjads. iVc. ; I'S.iMl!) far educational pur-
poses, and several sums for charitable and other objects.
4. — Sir James Kempt had been a|)|)ointed as a pai'if-
icator, and trii'd hard to be conciliatory ; but although
be was ajiparentlv successful, and
, 'til r.xti'iisivf i'liinirra-
there was no open l)reacli lietween ii..ii. .\|i' oinuui ui of
the executive and the Assembly dur-
ing his administration. Ik; felt that the hostile feeling of
the latter only sinmbereil, and woiiM soon break out
again; he was, therefore, anxious to bendieved, and was,
at his own re piest. ordereil home. Lonl Aylmer beim;
' ap]iointecl his successor. His lordship arrived on [■ilh
! October, IH.'ilt, and Sir .Fames Kempt sailo<l on .'iOih iileiii.
j His term of oIUm; had not been Ion;;, and if he had not
I liiadi; many warm friends In; had made few enemies.
; which was more than his iminediale precleees-ors had
I been able to a iinplish. 'J'hc; ininiber of emi;;iants had
steadilv increase(l of late vcars. and reaeheil 2si.ti7.") in
Old
Ih:
St:i
<i'
tun
LOWKll CANADA— (JOVKKNMK.NT OF (iKNF.UAI. LORD AYI.MKU.
371
ls;>i), 17,">'.l<) of wlioiii were from Irolami. Of tlii'sn
iiiilv ;il)i>ui Diu'-twelflli remained in Lowrr Canada, iiml of
lli(,' others aliout (').")00 passed tlinnij:li to tlie I'nited
States. Tlie nninlier of vessels arrivini; from sea at
(^iiiiliee this 3 ear was '.)(!7, and tlie tonnajje 2."iO,4<J8
Mils.
OIIAI'TEll LXXVII.
I.OWKU V XADA— GOVKU.NMKNT OK GEX-
I KIJAL LORD AYI.MHR.
I. S!;ssiov ()i- l.s.'il. Incki-.asi.i) Ri.ritiisr.xTATiON.
A ( iitiKVANci; Al>l>l:l■;.s^ to tiii; Ivim;. — 2. Asskm-
iii.vMiis \'i>ri: in 1'av tiikmski.vks SJ a Dav. — ;].
Imi'okiant Kvi;xrs of tiii-: Ykais. Lau<;k I.MMKiKA-
IION. — I. t'llNt'f.SSIONS MADF, TO TIIK AsSI'.MKI.V.
.">. SlsSIUX 1.S;;1. TiIF. As.SKMIil.Y NOT YF.T Satisfiiii).
— (I. I'AliTV Sl'lKir. I'NFOKTI XATF, El.F.C'TlOX RiOT
I.N MoXTUFAI.. — 7. SkSSION OF lrt;!2. Til K AsSKMllL Y
I'ftition TO iiAVi; Tin; C'uimii. maki; Elkctivi:. —
M. Sk.ssiov l.s.il. Tin: •• Nim;ty-Two " l{i;,soi.i-
TIONS. ;•. Al'l'OlNTMF.NT OF • I'aUI.I AM KNTAKY
Committki; on Canadian Affaiks. — lo. Sfssion
OF IS.;."). No r>rsiNi:ss Ti{ansa( tfd iiv tiii; IIofsf.
II. Al'fOINTMFNr (JF A RoVAI. COMMISSION It)
^■|^IT Canada.
1. — Shortly before the assiiinption of the rroverniiji'nt
\i\ J.,ord Ayliner, a <;eneral eleetion had heeii held,
in ronseciueiice of the death of King
' i";;'''"!! r^,ln!':-,u"; <ieor^e IV.. an.l the nnmh.'r of rei>re-
a.iXv.s<Vu'iuKVi'i'' '^''"'•I'i^'''^ inereased to eiuhty-fonr, as
]irovided for in the hill passed in 1821)
( and approveil by the Home g(n'ernmcnt. The coin-
] |ilex-ion of the House was not materially rhanged, the
inemliers standin;; Iweiity-lwo Knu'lisii-speakiiig to sixty-
two Freiieli, and the opponents of the government main-
I lining tiieir large majority. Parliament met on L'lth
.lamiary, IM-'ll, and the ,\s.-<einhly very s|)eedily eame in
eonllict with the e.\e<Mitive. The governor si'lit do\ n a
message to the elTeet that a hill would he iiitrodneed into
the Imperial House t)f Commons giving the Provincial
Legislaturi! control of the imperial revenu<'S in the
|irovince, e.xeept, the casual and territorial revenue, j)-,)-
vided the Assembly would vote a jierinaiieiit civil list of
l"r.),."»()(l per annum during tin; king's lifetime, as was
the ease in I'".mrland anil Upper Canada. 'I'his the Ifoiisc'
refused III ilo, and after |ia->ini: many long revolutions,
liualiy adopteil an address to the king and I'arlianieiit,
Stalin;; its i;ric\anci's ai:d ("iin|'!aining that the reeiim
niendatioiis of the Cauaihi committee had not been carried
out.
2. — The supply bill was passed for one year, in the
usual form of taking the aminint out of tlie wliolo
revenue. A large iiimiber of bills were
... . . .1 .\swnililviiii.ii vntn
passc;' thus session, amongst them one i,, paj tinniheivi'ssa
forpayiiig the members of the Assemldy. '""^'
The ;imouiit to be paid was ten siiillings for every day's
attendance, ;iiid four shillings p(^r mile for travelling ex-
penses. Large sums were voted for public inijirovements,
iiiclndiiig i'l.OtJO for improving the navigation of the
Richelieu; XIO.OOO for improving the navigation of the
St. Lawrence hetweon the Cascades .and Lake St. Francis ;
flO.ODO for lighthouses on Anticosti; XIO.UOO f,,r
Jlonireal harbor im[)rovements ; i.''.'.00(i for repairing
Parliament buililiiigs, (^iiel)ec. &c. ; i.'17,.Sh;{ was voted for
educational jiurposes and £l.'J,Ol)0 for schools. A bill
was also passed for taking u census of the proviice, and
! another granting all rights and privileges of ISritish std)-
jeets to .lews born in the province. Montreal and (Quebec
; were also incorporated as eitiivs. The gross revenue for
the year amounted to X'20l,-i--, and the net income to
; i.'ll'.).lt(H. The arrivals from sea were LOU! vessels of
2(pl.2l8toiis ag;;regate. Tin; population of the two ]>rov-
I iiices this year, as estimated by tin; (^ui'liec J/iiiiiry,
'. puts that of Lower Canada at C21,U0O and that of the
! i:pi)er Province at 271,<J(iO.
! ;{. — Amongst the imjiortant (but unfortumxte) events
i of this year, was the re-establishment of Le CiiiikiIIih
. news|)aper. which had been siipiiressed bv Iinpcnmit <vi nia
Sir James ( raig 111 IHIO. It immediately iimni-riiticn.
liegan its anti-Ilritish policy, and was the mouth-jiieeo
: of " Li' X<i/iiiii ('(iiKdlicnne " ])arty, doing niinli to con-
tribute to tli(! outbreak of 18."i7. The sti>amer " Roval
I William." of 1.'570 tons, was launched at (Quebec this
' year, and began hir trips between tli.it ])ort anil llalil'ax in
August ; she only ran two years and was then withdrawn,
the enterprise not jiaying. The Chambly Canal was eom-
meiiced this year as a government work, the company
formed for the ]iiirpose of building it being unable to do
so. The iinmber of emigrants this season was very
large, amounting to upwards of .")0. 0(11). The (,>uiliec (,'ii:-
cl/i', of 11th Novembir, is.'JI, in an article on the subject,
says : •• The efl'ect of the transient emigialion on the jur-
miiiii'ut inhaliitaiifs of Lower Canada this y.'ar, including
the actual settlers of the description abovr mentioned, has
liceii similar to the jiassage of an immense iiriny, much
ex]iosed and ill-siipplied, and leaving the inhabitants to
take cjire of .'ind pruvide for the sick, wounded and dis-
abled, and bili'y their dead.''
I. — The l>riti>li iniii'stry. in spite of the refusal of the
.V^Minlily to vote .1 perinaiienf, civil list, nevertheless in-
(roihicid a bill this session relinipii>hing r„ni'i.s»i.,i,» m.-ui,,.
the revenues derived under Act 11, Geo. t" Hi" Assumbiy.
III.. Chap. 88, with the expe'ctation that being met in a
liberal spirit, the Lower Canada Assembly would be dis-
f
rilTLK.S IllsroUV of THK dominion of CANADA.
posi'il to 111" <'ini;i!ly lilii T.il. All ilif uricv;iiicf.s (•(mii)l;iincil : (5. — Tin" (Icimm of party spirit was now mi)re aotivt;
Ily coiihidcrfd, ! tliaii tvir. Lord Aylmcr, in pron)j,'iiinj^ Parliament, liaii
il III llic iiiiini'roiis I
H-tltlolis Well' (Mlrlll
il. as tar as po-sililc. itranti'd. .Iiiduis wen' dis<|iialili"'il slij.'litly cciisuri'd tilt; A^scmliiy Cor not
iiii siltiii;; in lillirr tlic cxrciiiivr or LcLri^lalivi- Conn- |ia>>iii;^ tlii' civil li^t, and tliis was nia<l
, ami llii'ir appoiiiLniiils niadc for lilV, thus l■l•lno\ill^ a ijrinnd of coniiilaint a-; intirf
['nrly cpirll. I'li.
4' lorluiiii;)' tlc.il. .n
ri.>t in M.>nir.-:il.
lliiin from llio artMia of political strife, .-iiid tcndin;,' to tli- priv
ii(;:(s o
f the n<
irniij with
liolli sides, French and
illiifv .'ind elevali
til.' I>
The contnd of the .lesnit F, mulish, — for il hail conic down to;,lino>t astrii't clJlTi'iciic
e>lat(! was handed tiMV to the Asseiiilily. so that their of races, — were violent in denini'iation. the former
itrveiiiies eonhl he ilevot<d to t'diicatiimal purposes, as , e>pccially ; they inveighed again.-t evi'ryiiiiiij: F.nirliNli,
that liodv de--iied : ami
all the pi
ipal |)oints tin; As- ! aii<l raised tin; national c
rv more than e\ci'
!■
mii.'ratioii
nlilv hid eonlemleil for lieiii^ ^iraiiteil. it was now hopecl this sinni
ner was very jy;reat.
• I.T'J.S hindiii;.'. and ,i>
that the As>eml)ly woid 1 he rcasonalde, and the allairs of A-iati<- cholera was then ra;,'iiiK in Knuland.'t was hronuht
the province conducted in a poaceaMo and orderly nniuJKT. ! over liy tli<' inimij;rants and spn :iil with f;reat rapidity
.'». — l'arlia\iieiit met, aiiaiii on the I.')th Novcmlier, ' carrvin;' olV tin
ids. Th
lis was mad ■ a ''lievance o
f li\
IH.'il. ami the lions., at lir-t seemed satislicd with the tln' Flinch party, and the Fiiuli-h were hlained for hriiiu'-
re>nli of ihcir petition of i^rievancps, and in^ over the cholera, and n-oliilions were pa»ed at a
.Vs-.ivnlilv ii.it . V.I dispo-.ed to meet the Ilonii! irovern- ! nieetiiii,' held at St. t'h.i, ics, that Fnulaml should he- In !.|
ineiit in a conciliatory spiri
it ; hilt its
ill! for the loss of life. The hitler feeline. whi.li
iviie' stronirer. iinfortiniatelv had an on-
very first a"t put il in direct conflict with the Home was daily i,no\\
aiilhoiiiies, and showeil that it was f.ir from haviiii; any porinniiv of di.--plavini; itself this snninier in -Montreal,
intention of ahatiii;f any of its pretensions. On passing ! There was an election to (ill a vacancy in Monlnal \\'e«l,
till' act providiiiir for the indepciidence of the jiiil;res hy and Dr. Trace v and Stanlev C lia:.';; were the caiidid.itc^ ;
makiiij^ their a|>poiiilnients for life.it was onleied that the excitement was mo-t intense, and on the last day of the
tlifir salaries bo paid out of the '• carnal .iml territorial " election. I'lst May, l.'^.l"-'. the jiarli-ans of llie two cimli-
revemie w
liicli had ii'it lieeii conceded hv the Urilish dates i'r<
violent that the militarv had to he called
Parliament, hut reserved jnincipally for nieetini; the mit. and, after trving in vain In disperse the nmh, fired on
pension li>t, and the support of the Clinrch o'' Knirlaml. it. killing three and woiindiiii; two. This added fuel
r
le :;.)v.M'n.)r siilimitted a permanent civil list, lixiiij; to the lire, and ^rieat etTorts
Were mai
to have I,t.-C'(
the uinoimt at !'■'). '.Mill. This cmhraci d the salaries of Afacintosh. who coininanded the tiiMi|is, indicted fi
tl
le i;overniir i
fl..')(Ml). his secretary ( £'."i<)()\ provincial ninnler. Inil the ( Irand .Iiiry
liroui^l.l in •• 111
hill.
secretary ( £ lli(l). atiorn.y-ueiieral t £.")(HI>. and .-oliciti
;;encral ( I'-JOO). Tli.' Ilon-e considered tl
-I'arl
le matter once
id
i.im.'iit met .auani on
was shiirllv aft
v alter se
l.'ilh Nov
It di
■r. l.s:
iwn floln llle
ill cominitlee of the wlnde. and rose without rcportinir. ;:ovenior, einliodvin;; a dispatch from
which was tantainoiint to refusing; to make any jirovision. Vi-ciinnt (■odeiich, coloni
S.'^.i.m Is"'.'.
riH'
sccretarv.
Till
stimatiN for the year wcie passed, after heili;^ re- | : giviiiLT the Knyal assent to the
diiced ahout i'D.OOIt, and a hill to npe.il so much of the |. bill of List session, and rei|niriiiu lliat i i fiiliire the snp-
AsMiiil.lv p.iiii.'!!
i.>li.i\>- liice.iiiii.'il
m:iil.' rl.-*tiiv.'.
tin
roil
•titiitioii.d act of IT'.M
V
ssed
iinposin;; a tax on masters ot vcss.
as related to ('leriiy Reserves i' ])ly hill should state all the i/r/iis to which ihe anmiiil 1
sked for was to he annlied. This was irranlinu' what I
. : .1
lor tor \ears. .V '
introduced, liiit not carried tliroii;;li. A hill was also
Is 1
iri;ii;iii;; out
liirrants at the rate of one dollar per head, to pay for
dical (r.ire, and to provide a fiiini to assist those who
the Assemlilv had heeii clam
letition to tl
le crown was ait
ouncil he inaile cieclive. u
hh'h
;;re in nei'dv eircuii^taiices. The lions
)ro:.fUed that it rejected the sup-.lv
■22d Fehruarv. 1X^12. ass. 'lit liein^.' ui\ en to sixty threo i , Ibaise aiiaiiist the pel
. and a!,
ilion of the
ipleil, pravin;.' that tin
so incensed that IIoii.
o nieiiioriali/eil tli<
Assemh
hills, and nine — iucliidiii,' the supply hill, iind the Indepeii- j; Slanli
deiici! of .IlldiTi'S Act — hein^ reserved for his majesty's li to niakiiiLT the Council elective, and hinted that the ix-
I'crelary ol slate lor llie colonies, w.as op| i
r
le ceiisiis ri
turns laid on the table this ;; istin;;dis
ions in Lower C.in.ulamii;
e. .V nil
year irivi' llie popnlalioii of the jiroviiire .is ."id l..")'.tH. of 'j in ihu charter of th;it provini
whom 270.1 I'.) were in lli' District of Montreal. Durinjj j petitions from Uichelieii. ( hanihly ami
ill;' sessioa tin; r,,ejrislali\ e Comieil caused the ar
d
receiveil, as a
ho fr
imniisonment <liirins' the term of the session o
f :\ii
.Moiili'eal, on I
el.'ctioli riot, which oeeiipled nilicll of
Dineniiy, of the Miinrri'. and TiMcev. of the riiii/irii'nr, ' Ijniec. Iiifoi-inalioii was also laidhei'o
newspapers, for ])iihlisliin;,' some articles relleelin;; on il. . C|jief-,Iiisiiee .Stuart had been reinovi
The ,'iclioii was i.'eneially looked on us most arbitrary , ^ri,.;it sati-;'.ic!ioii in the Assembly, f
ad the Council comlemiied for il.
at arnis " b. uveeii the Asseml.K
it
h'adio
1 1
liaii;.'!'
ml
>er of L
I'll
•\anci> 1
(1
her pi:
ce
s Were
th
! subje
■t
of the
1
he tiiii
e
oi the
re
Ihe 11.
Ills
e that
e.
. whic
1
■aused
S.
veral ••
pa
ssaices
1
the Coiini
il and
now iiiorc iictivi'
', l':irli;iiiu'iit, li;i(i
>t
I'lnly spirit. |-|, .
I' I'Tdiiiaii' <l.Tiii,ii
I ii"l lii.Mniiin':il.
•lis, Fi-i:M(|i „||,|
i-tl-iiT (litlVicii,.,.
i<iii. till' fdniiir
I'viiiiiiir Kii;:liMi.
'•I'. I''.tiiii.'i':iii,,ii
iMflilili;;-. ,111,1 ,1,
il.'l \\;i.-, l)f(ilii;li|
1 ISff.a l-:i|iiilily
i^'rifVMIIci' lit' l,\
il.iiMcil fur lii-iiiM.
<1''' |l.l"Cl| ;it :,
<I sliniilil Ih' ImM
II- I'ci'liiiu. wlii.'li ,
Illy Ii.'kI ail iiji. j
'!■ in ]\Iiiii||-, :i|.
MiilltlTal We, I,
ilii' cainliilatfs ;
If last ilayot'ilu,
f tlic I \\i) caiiili-
ail to ]„• callril
llii' llliili. lii-fil nil
lii- aiMrd 111,. I
Ik liavi. I,t.-(',,1.
-, imlirli'il J'lir
MO liill."
iM'llllirl-, I.S.Il',
"loWll fliilli ill,-
Si's.,irm i,s;y. 'n,,.
Assi'inlilv in-tiii(i:i
li'liav.-llir|-,,iii„ jl
iM,i,li- ,l,-ili\,-.
rillliri' till' Slip.
ii'Ii llii' am,. nil
,i;"|-aiiliiii;- what I
I'or \,:ii<. A
:i.\iliU' lli.il llir
■iii thai llnir.-
I iiiiiriali/iil il;,'
>i'l!il,l_v. I,,,r,|
■'^- "as ii|i| mI
I lliat llii' ix- '!
■aii 111 a iliiii^','
■!• Ill' ;;i'ii\aiici; ,;
II' places wiiv
Mlljjcrt 1)1' llii.
' liili,' ij' lln'
!'■ llmiM' that ;
"liiili caiiMil
■I'al •• jiassairos
!■ ('t)iiii(il ami
LOWER CANADA— GOVKHX.MENT OF GKNKRAL LOIM) AYLMKH.
37;]
^'DVcriinr tonk |)Ian' (Iiiriiii; tlii! st^sioii, ami it ilaily I»'-
raiiK^ inori! ami inorr iviilriit tliat tin- j^rcaiiT ilic ronns-
si,)iis inadi' to till' iiii'imi' iimly liy liic lliiine govoniiiu'iit
till' iinatcr woulil lir il-- cxai-tioiis.
•S. — I'ai'liaiiii'til iiu-t a;.'aiii (III Till January. l.'H.'i I. am! it
! was at iim-c i-viilciit that tlii> I Iiiiisi; wi>iil<l all, -ml In m>
I otiii-i- l)ii>im'~s liiit its •• i.'ii,-\aiiri-> ; " ami
j Siw:,.!! is:M. 111.' ill,, liair tlii-ral ul' Liiril Slaiil,'\ llial ill,'
••iiiih.|v-l»,>" :.•*.- • 1 1 ■ I 1
luiiiiiii. cliaiti'r III till' pniviiice ri;;lit I Iiaiij,'ril,
i;avi' iiii'at i)tVili>i'. so that almost tin'
wliiili' si'ssinii. whirli la>ti'il to iJSili Maiili. Was orriipicil in
pissiii^ " niii,'ty-t\vo rcsoliiiiidis," chii'tly iliawii up liy
r.ipini'aii. wliii'li finlirai'i'il i'Vitv known ami iiiikmiwii
<;ri('vaiirt' iiiili'r whii-h tin' Assi'inlily lalioii'il, oi- lamiiil il
ili.l. I't'tilions liascl on llii'sc rcsoliiiions wirr iiit'sciitiil to
till' ki nix 'I ml IIi>n~i's of i'arliainrnt. tin' one to iln' riprim-i-
lliioii:.'!i till' ;.'iiVi'i'iiiir, tin isr to till' lalli r lliiiiii;di .Mr. \'ij;i'i'.
Nil supply liill was passnl. hut the ii-iial appi'oprialiiuis
iiiaili' till' pnlilio works, rhai-ilirs. iVi'. On tlii' 'J-'liI .laniiary.
I tlii^yiar. ihr ('a^ili' of St. Lewis, which hail liccn used as
ill,' roidi'iiri' of the jiovi'inors for upwards of one hiiiidred
and fifty years, was accidentally (K'stroyid liy lire, and
has never lieeli reliuilt.
'.I. — Canadlaii all'.iirs aixaiii oi'('upi,.,l tin- .111111111111 of
till' imperial I'arliauieiit .il its m-xt se>-ioii, and " a sihcl
coiiiinittei' to impiire into, .iml report to
i^ru';;!":;;;;!:'.;;,.- ""■ nnuM.. imw farihi'.rii'vauees.'oin-
iiiiii,..' ,miii„,.li:m plain,.,] „i j,, the \,.,ir l.S'.'.S ||i,. part
of I'i'i'taiii iiihahilaiils of Lower Canada,
had lieeii redressed, and wlnilier the recomiiieiidations of
the eiiminiltee which sat thereon had lieeii coinplied with,"
was ap|n>iiited, and as iiiauy as possible of the nieinher.s
of till! previous " Canada Coiiimittee " re appointod.
The ninety-two resolutions, and all other inatleis rela-
ting; to the existinir liiHi.iiliies in the proviine, were
::iliinitli'd to this eiiiiiuiittee. which nniiilier aiiioii;;st its
iiieiiiliei's Daniel O'Coniii'll and Sir l-jhvard I>ytliiii l>ul-
wcv. The eoiiiinittee sat until od .Inly, ami report d. in
elVect, tll.'lt every po>silile elV,il't had lieeii made liy the
exei'iitivo to carry out the siiif^estions of the coininitlee
of l.SJ.S, Imt that il had failed on account of the dilTiieiices
j between the Council ami Asseinhly, and more especially
' on aceoiillt of the l'actiou~m'-s of the latter. Jleanwhile
I iiiatlers were rapidly apprnaeliiii;j a climax in Low,'r
Canada, and it was fell that it wnuld he iniiMis^ilil,' to
: reai-li anylhin;.' like a satisfactory soluli,iii .>f the dilliiully
I without a resort to arms. The I-'n mli pn's~ was imist
rovohitioiiary in its tone ; and the simple Iniliihiiis were
ililliii'iiced ill every wav to increase their dislike to the
liiitish. The Kiijilish. Scotch and Irish inhaliilanls, on
tliuir |iart, were eipially active in foriniiiiiassoeiaiions, and
whilst the Home ijovernmeiit was still piideavoiiin; to
settle the dilVereiices amicalily. liotli sides in Lower Canada
were iirepariuj^ to appeal to arms.
If. — The terms of Parliament Ii.'ninix expired, tlio
jXeiieral elei'tioiis took place in Octolier and Novi'mlier.
and resulted in still more sweenini'
. . . ,. , . . ' '" ,S..K»i,.n ,.f l-r..-.. N<i
m.ijiirities tor the aiiti executive parlv. Li^im's^ ir.'insa.i,',!
'l-l 111- II . t * liy till' llellHi*.
1 he mw- rarliaiiieiit (the la>t ol L,pwer
Caiiad.i ) nii'l on L'lst I'l In uaiy, IH.'!."(. and Mr. rapimall
w.'ts a;.Min el. I'teil sp,aker. The ixoveriior explained that
the r,a-oii I'arli.'imi'iit w.is called to;;etlier so lati was
that he had lieiii aw.iilin;; iiistrii, lions fmiii the Home
Uoveriiincnl ; and he also aim ce,| that he had lieeii
iiisiriii'teii til advanci' I'.W.liiMl ,>iii ,if the military cliot to
pay jiiiIl'cs, iV,'., who had luiii in jxriat distress mi acinuiit
of no sujiply hilU liavin;; li,, n |ia~sed for two vear.-. and
lie lio|)ed the amount wmild li,' at once refunded liy the
Li'L'i- lalnre. Tiie Assinilily. however, was in .'i more
nnciimproiiiisiinr liuinor than ever, and more exaciiie,' as
to its pi'ivilej^es ; it passi'd resoliiiioiis deilariii:: the ceii-
siire of the go\eriior at the |)roi'o;.'atiiiii a liieaili of
privili'iie ; the ad\anciiiir nf fiimL nut of tli,' military
chest liy ordi')' fif the Iloini' liovirniin lit wa> declari'd
aiiotli, r breach of priviletje. The ,\s.seiiilily ,'ii;ain asserted
its ri;;ht to control all the reviiiiies of the prn\ ince. and
refused to pass the supply liill. An address was prepared
d, rlarin;; that the great bulk nf lli,' peoph' desired the
Ciiiincil to be male elective, and as sniiii' more jfrieviinces
had been fniinil. sniiie time Was spent ill preparing an
address to the king and I'ai lianieiit. specil'yiii'^ tlniii and
asking bir their reiiiii\al. No public biisimss ,)f any
imporlance was transacted )iy the House, wliiih adjourned
se\,'ial days for want of a ipioruni, and on l.'^lli .March,
Lord Aylnier prorogued Parliament, regretting in his
speech that the House had not kept togithi'r. as he ex- ,
perted some important coiiiiiiiiiiieation from the Home |
govei'iiiiieiit.
II. — Sir Robert reel, on his accession to oHi"i' in
IS,!.'), deteriniiied on appointing a cninmissinii to impure
into the allcixed grievances in Lower
,. , , ', . ,. ,,. .Apr.oiniiiii'iM r.f 11
( anaila ; liiiI Ins term ol ollice was so |{..;.:.i i'.,imiiis i,.ii
I . I 1 1 ... I . I.. \ isit I 'Miiaii.-i.
>liori lie had not time to carrv out liis
iiilelilioiis, which Were. Iiowever. fiillllle,! miller the gov-
ernimnt of his successor, Loi'il Meliioiiriir. The Lord
High Coniiiiissioiier appointed was tli.' Larl of (iosford,
and .Sir Charles (irey and Sir Geor;;.' (iipps were np-
poiiiti',1 assistant cniiiiuissi,iiiers. to proci'd to Canada
and make a full iiiM'stig.ition into the actual state of
atVairs. Shorllv allerwards Lord Aylmer was recalled
and the I'^irl of ( insl'onl appointed gnveriinr-in-cliief in
Canad.i. Tlu! Karl of Gosfind and his brotlier coinmis-
siiUH'i's arrived at (Quebec in H. .M. ship I'iijuc. im\ 2."id
.\iii;iisl : and Lord .Vvlimr deparlid in llie s.'inie vessel
on I "lb Sipti'iiilMi'. His lordship was preseuieit with
addresses from lb,' liritisli residents of (Quebec, Montreal,
Eastern Towiisliips and other places, and a grand bampiet
was given in bis honor by the citizens of (Quebec. Jlis
'i:
«!
'r 'M
!-^|i|
t;^
':
n
I I
1h
:> i
^'
ilt :
= i/- ,
:J74
TUTTLKS IIISTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
liiri|shi|i \v:is ;^ri';itly plfUscMl with C'iiiiMilii, iiiul showed
hi* ;i|i|ircci.iticiii of thi' iulvMiitaL'fs of tlu! cliliiati' aiirl
(•(iiiiitry l>_v icliiriiiiiii hcri- ami sfttliii;,' at iMmriic,
E;isleni Towiisiiiiis. wiiure lie lias a line inodul farm.
CIIAI'TKR LXXVIII.
LOWKIl CAXAI)A-(;()Vr,i;NMi:N T ()!•' TIIK KAIIL
oi' (io.sroiti).
1. AuKivAi, oi' L()i!i)fio.sF(»ui>. ]\roui". CoVCII.I.VTOin
Mkasiicks. — 2. TiiK Assr.Mui.v Ui;ri si.s lo Hixoi;-
NiZK Till-; KoYAi, Commission. No Sii'I'I.iks Vr>TKD.
— ."!. Si:ssiov lrt;i(>. TiiK Asskmiii.y 1{i,soi.vi:s not
TO no AXV IJffilNFSS fNTII, TIIK CoINCII. IS MAKK
Ki.r.ciivi:. — I. Tiik Commissionkus Hkpout ad-
VI-.USKLV TO AN Kl.KC'TIVK Coi'XCII.. — "(. LasT Sks-
SION OF TIIK PaUMAMKNT OF LoWF.Il CaNAI>V. —
Ci. 'rilK AsS|;MHI.V I'KliSlSTS IN ITS Pitl.TKNSIONS,
ani> I'aki.iamknt is J)issolvi;i). — 7. A Kktuostkc-
TIVK ( il.ANCK.
1. — The liiiii^ii iiiiiiistry was still disposed to act in a
coiK'iiiatofy manner lowai'ils tlie Kiern'Ii Canadian inajoi-
ilv. and wen; willing; to meet them eon- i
Arrival i.t I.. r.l sideialilv more tlian half wav. if tlie As-
<J<tsfnr<I. ]Mor«' * _
.•.iii.'Uiai.iiy ni.iiH- semlilv, oil its iiai't, wonjil make in-oiier
provision for tin; eivil list ; with this olt-
ject ill view Lord (iosford ailopied a vi'iv moderate tone
towards the leaders of tlie party ; he in\ ited Mr. I'apiiieau
iiiiil several other jiroiiiinent men of the party to vi>it him,
and endeavored personally lo uaiii some iiisiirlit into the
alleged "grievances. 'I'liis I'anse iieillier eoneiliated the
French nor plea.sed the liiitish ; and the party-leaders of
the former lia<l a iiieetin;: hefore the asseiiiMiii'; of Par-
liament and determined to iu^uore tin- Earl of ( iosford and
the otlii'r coiiiniissioners entirely, on the <j;rouiid thai they
were not appointed liy Parliament lint hy the kiiij;, and
that they Would continue to urge llii^ir griev.ances liefore
the lirili-h House of ('• iniions. Parliament met on "JTlli
Octoher. lM.'!."i, and the governor, in a very conciliatory
speech, assured the House that all its ri'al grievances
slioiiM li" iiiet ami ameliorated. "The Home govi'rniiieiit
was prepaicil," he said. " lo surrender the control of all
public revenue arising from any Canadian souri'e, on con-
dition of a moilerale provision being made for the eivil
list. That plurality of ollicers shoiiM be aliolishe(l, ami
intelligiMit French Canadians have the j)aths to positions
of honor andprolit open to them, eipi.ally with the l-'nglish-
speaking races ; that in future tlu; fullest iiiforniation with
regard to the public accounts woiilil be giv(Mi the House ;
that no bills would be reserved for the royal assent, where
II
it was possible lo avoid it, and that all their complaiiils
should receive due consideration."
'2. — liut the House was not to be conciliated. .Mr.
Papiiieaii and his followers had a Wonderful idea of e».
tablishing a French Kcpublic, of which „„ .
" , * I h'' AssrmMv TO.
he was to be President, and no aiuoniit fus' s i" r.r..i;'iii/.ii
, . 11, 1 » "'"• ''">"! '■'""-
of concessions conlil please tlielll. .\c- inl.sii.n. No bu|i-
1*1 1 .' r.l II Itlii'M Mili'il,
cordingly the lirst act of the Hoii^e was
to ignore the Hoyal Coiniiiission and appoint Mr. Roebuck
their agent in England, to press their grievances
befoi'e Parliament. This bill was thrown out by the
Comic!!, which so o.xusperaled .Mr. Pa](iiieaii that he openly
declari d himself a repiililicaii, ami exilainied, in debate,
'• The lime has gone by when Enrol oiild give inoiiar-
cliies to America; on the contrary, an epoch is approach-
ing when America will give republics to Europe." 'I'his
and other viideiit language of some of the Assemblymen
alarmed the Coiistilulional jiarty. and a volunteer rille
cor])s was forine(l in Montreal, but di~bandecl by ordi-r
of the governor, although it was well known that the
French Canadians were being armed ami drilled. 'I'lie
Assembly only voteil a supply bill bn- six months, which
was thrown out by the Council, and again the execnti\e
was left without supplies. The session, which lasteil
until the 21st of .March, was occupied, as ii-nal. in pass-
ing long resolutions on grievances, and making' iiillaiiinia-
tory speeches ; and ihegovernor, in ])roroguiiii: Paiiianieiit,
expresses his regi'et at the failure of hismis-inu. He said :
" It is to liK! matter of sincere regret, that the olVers of
peace iiiiil conciliation, of which I was the bearer to this
country, have not leil lo the result which 1 hail hoped for.
The coiisiMiueiiees of their rejection, and of the demands
which have been made to his majesty, I will not venture'
to predict."
;i. — The Ecirislalure met again on the 22il of Septem-
ber, l.s;)(), but the .V-xiiibly was in no better huiiuu-, and
the governor ('id not meet it in (piile so s.ssi..n i.f is:i(i.
conciliatory a manni'r; he simply said ,v!l',,i\Vs' r'i'.'!i IimI..
that the Home government ch-iivd to give ;VmW '','', M''iTiV''''"
tlm inciiiliers another oppniiunily (if re- ma.l.' ili'iiv.'.
consi.leriiig their action, ami that he trusted that they
would vote the supplies in the proper maniier, and also
make provision for the money advanced from the military
chest. In tli(! address in reply the Assembly did not re-
fer to cither tile commission of impiiry or the supply
bill, but coiitenli'(l itself with reiterating that tin- Legisla-
livi' Council should be ma<lt! elective. Early in the ses-
sion a despatch from the colonial secretary was laid be-
fore till' House, in which he stated that the primaple of
III ele(;'.iv(! Council could iii>t be entertained ; but that all
reasonable demands had either been already granted, o;
wi.iild receive due consideration. The Asseudily iigaiii
indulged in ri'soliilions against the Legislative Council,
the execulivi- and the judges, and at the same time vi'-tii-
LOWKU CANADA— (lOVF.HNMKNT OF THE KARL OF GOSFORD.
37o
tlii'ir cimijilaiiiN
•'iiifiliatfil. Mr.
•I'liil Mill (jf ,.s-
I Ins.x I.I r.T..i;ni/.„
III.' I;. ..Mil i',,||i-
i"i-i.i..ii. N,, «ii|^
I'li.-.- Uilr.l.
lit Air. I{(M.).iirk
nil' jiiicviiiH'r^
»ii out liy till'
Ml lll.lt lie 0|)iiih
iiiiiil, ill (Ii'liiitc.
M ,i.'iv(! moiiar-
"li is ii|i|iri)aili-
l!lll((|IC." 'I'liis
II' A>scinlil\ iiii'ti
MiliiMti'cr i-iili.
i.'iinlid liv (ii-i|i|.
uiuuii lliai ill,.
Ill ilrillid. 'I'll,.
; inoiitlis, wliiili
I till- cxcciiliM.
I. wliicli ]:i,tc.l
ii^u.il. ill pass-
lakiiiLT iiiflaiiiiiia-
liiii; I'arliaiiiciil,
lissiijii. lie xaiil :
i.'it till' (ilYir-i of
I' llcal'rl- lo lilis
I liail liii|M.il I'lir.
lit till, ilcmaiiiln
will Mill M.iitiiri'
2'2il of .Scjitcm-
ttiT liiinioi-, ami
S..ssi..ii (if ts;iii. j
Til.. A-s.-iiililv |.
li'MiUrS M..1 ill .III
liliv lnisin.-ss iiiilil
III.' l'..ilM.'{| 14
mail., il.'.iiv...
isted that tlicy
.•iiiiiiT. am! also
III! till' iiiilltaiy
ilily iliil not ri'-
or till' Mi|i))Iy
;it till' Li.H;isla-
iriy in tin. si's-
■y was laiil lii'-
iii' |)i'iMri|ili' of
il ; liiit that all
Illy ijraMti.(l, o;
l.ssi.iulily ji;:aill
l.itivo Ciiiiiiiil,
lino tiinu viitii-
allv voti'ii itsilf out of cxisti'iii'i' liy :i ri'Mihitlou that il
wiiiilil not tiaiisai't any liiisiin s> until tin- C'oiiiiril hail Imi n
niaili' flci'tivf. DisMiiution woiilil liavi; liri'ii of no ii-f,
as tlie same iiRMnliiTs woiihl ii.ivu Im'cii rftunicil, ami the
iriivri'iior simply |)roroi,'iii'il I'm-liaiueiit, ami niattefs rc-
iiiaiui'il at :i ilcail-lock.
-J. — The coininissioncrs having; inailr an claliorati' iiml ex-
haustive rcjiui't to the House of Coininoiis, resolutions biiseil
thereon were introilueeil in that hodv
rii.' iiimniii<Ki..iii.rs . ., . r i •
r.|.i.ii.iilvi.iml,v til on the (itli Aiarch to the elfeet " that It
uii i;ii'.'livfriiiiiiril. 1.11 1 1 1 • I ■
was uiiailvisalile to ni.ike llie l,ei.'islative
Couiiiil of the provinii! ileetive ; Imt that it was expo-
ilinit tiiat ini'asii'es lie ailoptiil for si'i'iirin;; to that lirancli
of the lii'jii^latnre a greater ile;;ree of piililie eontiilcnee ; "
they also rejected several demands of the Assendily and
aiilliorizeil the cxeeiitive to use the pnldie money of tlie
proviiire for necessary expenses. This set the a;xitators
fairly wild; the press teemed with revoliitiioiiary articles,
ami iiiilignalion mi'etiiigs were held in various parts of the
pi-oviiice at which ilr. Papineau and others inadi' most
iiillaminatory addresses, A proclamation was issiit.il liy the
^'Dviriior to sto]) these meetinixs, hut it was openly
iaii^ihed at and met with cries of •■ J'l're Ph/jIikiiii .' I'ire
/it llhiTit' .' /mill/ ill' ilfii/iolisini' .' " while resolutions (anta-
luoiliit to Declarations of Imlepeiidi'nce were passed and
preparations for an armed oiithreak made. On the other
hand, loyal meetiniis were freipieiit, and equally loud in
their demonstrations of attachnu^nt to the crown and
Ciiiistitntion. Kxciteineiit daily iiiew more intense, and
althiiugh no actual oiulireak had occurred, precautionary
Il measures were taken; the few troops in the provinee
were posted at coiiveiiieiit centres, ami .Sir.lohn ('iillinriie,
will) had just retired from the ifovermneiit nf I'pper (';m-
II nda, was made commander-in-chief of the forces in IJrit-
I ish North America,
I .1. — .Fust at this jiiiu^tiirc King AVilliam IV. died,
and (^ueen Victoria ascended the tlirono on -JOth .lune,
. . I •'^•17, Lord .lohn IJiissell oliserved
I.fiwl Hpssiiin of tlie , , . .
l'.iili:i;n"at . f that till! ministry tlid not desire to pass
Kiiwor I'.iiiailu. . ,
any coercive ticl at the commenceiiu.'iit
of a new reign, and that the resolutions with regard to
Lower Canada would be laid over to next session; hut
he wislied it to be distinctly nnilerstood th;it none of the
organic changes deinanded by the Canadian Assembly
could or would be grtiiiteil, and he trusted that the As-
sembly would be more reasonable on this next meeting.
The Earl of Gosfoid, ineonformity witli instructions, con-
voked Parliament for the IKth Aiimist. l.s;)?, in order
to give the assembly one more chance to li'^tcii to reason ;
ami on that day the last session of tht; last Piirliament of
Lower Cantida was opened. The appearance of sonu? of
the members caused much amnseinent. In iinittition of
the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the revolution, the
" Ptitriots, " as tlicy styled themselves, had passed resolu-
tions not to buy or wear imported articles, and manv of
them appetired in (Quebec ilre-sed in homesptiii, to tin!
gi'etit ainiisinient ol the citizens, and the ilelii'lit of the
government press, which ha'l an opportunity of ridieulinj;
tlieni,*
('). — The address of the governor w;is (inn but concil-
iatory, lie explained the object of the Home goveriiinelit
to be to give them tinother opportunity
I i' '•oiisideriiig their action, liebne the pass- Ji!.V, h'i'iV.''|'i'rriri'i-'
age of an act by the imperial Legi-ia- 1;';:;,; 'i:;;!;!.,!;:;:;!;:;;.
tiire which would deprive the provincial
Legislaltiie of ih.it cuitinl over its own revenues, which
it was desirable that ir shmilil have, " a result for the at-
tainment of which her majesty's government would wil-
liiiiily make every sacrilice, .save that of the honor and tlui
integrity of the crown," The Assembly iimk eight day.s
to determine on their address, and then adopted one which
containid all their old demands. ;ind was (.veii more pro
noiinced in its ileierniinaiioii not to yield one iota of ii.s
pretensions. It even went further. :iml deelared, •• It is
our duty, therelnre. to tell the .Molbi r Country, that if she
carries the spirit of these resolniions into eirect in thegov-
ernnii'iit of liiilish America. and of this jirovincc in partic-
ular, her supri.maiv therein will no longer depend upon
the I'eelings of alTection, of duly and of mutual interest
which would best secure it, but on physical ami material
forci . ail element thingerous to the governing ptirty, at the
same time that it subjects the governed to a degree of un-
certainty as to tlnir I'litiire cxi-^leiice and their ilctirest in-
terests, which is scarcely to be found in the must despotic
goveiiiincnts of civili/ed Kniope." His excellency regret-
ted the obstinacy of the Assembly, and dis^olved the
House by proclamation.
7. — So ended the Parliament of Lower Canada after an
existence of forty-five years, an example of the double im-
politic policy of the Hritish governiiieut,
lirst. in granting representative govern- gia^.'ce."''"'*^'"'"
menf to a people who did not want it,
and did not know how to use its advantages jinliciously ;
iipd secondly, in yieldingto the iinpoitunities of a lew and
builiiing up two separate iiiitionalilie-, by dividing the
provinces, instead of endeavoring to fuse them together,
and fiirm one htirmonious people. This wotild not li.'ivt;
been impossible in 1701. and by a fair ilistribiition of pa-
tronage lo the intelligent French Canadians, the province
•Tlii-QHcbei- Mirnirii. in aiiarliil.. ini tlnMraiiiioar.incc. \ s; " Mr. Un.
iliiT'? ilri'ss fxriti'il till' jri'uli'st ntti'iuimi. biiiiR unir/m , w .!)■. tlir i-xi'i-p-
tiniKita pair iif r.i'rliin.'liiv.'S, viz. ; froi'U cnal nf rraiiit li.nil . r.i^r. i/«
/i./K.i. iiii'Niir.'ssil.l.'ii ami vi'sl "f tin' Haiiu' niatirial. htiiiiril I'lin' anil
wliiti' ; straw li.'il ami lii'i'f k1iiii"<. niili a pair nf li.mi.'niail.' wii'i<s. i'..iii-
pli'ti'ii till. "ii'r. attiri.- Mr. Kmlicr. it wa« irinark.'il, hail n.i fliirt on. liav-
ini; ilimlitli.Kii 1 ii uiialil.' I" sniuu'uli! or niannfartiir.' mn'. Dr. OTalla-
(llum'R ' rin out' wad si'iiiiiil mily to that of Mr. Hmlicr, lirin;; i oni|ili'ti.,
with the i'xi.i'pti<in nf liat. lionis, jilnvi-s, uliirt i/n liml n fhirl ' > ami piu'c-
tarli'H." Till' I'liHtiiin.'K nf lilimit a liiwi'ii ninio an' niviii, Init llii> above
will ilo a» a Knmiilu.
Til
llllli
are
n TTI.KS lllsroiJV OF TIIK Dd.MlMOX OF CANADA.
Iiirtv li.ivc rcniMiiiii
1 iiilatt l()-<l:i_v til llii' iiiiitil;il ;iilv.ilit:i;io ! of tilt' " N;lli(ili;il " Jiai'ly. liUu lllo>t ilclli;iLr(ii;iU's, Wfrc tin
>l t
li.' Kij"li^ll :iiiii I'l'ilicll r:ii-i'>. Till' ili\ i>iiiii WM'' a liist ID (lixi't lliiisc tin \ li:til ilicilol hi lilnllidi
1 \VMtll
fat:il iTior ; it ;::iV' lln' Frclu'li t'aiia<li:iii> an idia llial llir lnHir ni
real ilaii^irr arii>
I'a|>ilii'.';ii (iiiiiilcil (i]j till
L
,(i\\ii- {'a;iaila was iiil'-ii
Icil whiillv ami m.Ii'Iv lnr I
that tiir F.iii:li>li. Iri^li ami Si'iitcli cinij.'i-aiil^ iiaij im riylil
tlirii' ; that ii lli.y Maiiliij to cnim' li' Canada at all tlii'V
(ii|;;lil til VI > III r|i|i'r (aiiaila. ami IimM' tln' I.nwiT I'ruv
iiic'i' riiiiiilv a l-'rrm-li miinti v. iiuiniiially iiiiihr I'.ii;;li>li
nilr. |in-lly iniiiji a-^ tin' Arailiaiis waiitfil to liavr .\ii\a
SiMiia ii'Jiiaiii. I'iii' rjiimi <il' tlii' |iriiviiic'i's ulii.-li I'nl-
IiiWimI liir i\ri|ts \Vr airll'iU alinlll tn I'rlali'. Wa'- ri|llally
a Mii^lakf : what I'mijii havf lii'cii ai'riiiii|ili-hi'il liy liiiii'
ami f.'iiiiil [iiiliry in 17',tl. ccailil nut ln' dnm- liy I'nrci' ami
n.fii-iiin in IS 111. ami llir |ini\ini'r> ilrii'icil a-iimirr jii-t
a> iiatuiiilly a- ihcy had in ru iinnalui'ally lurci'd liij;i'; ln-r,
until tlii'y t'cai'lii'd that iniinani'iit drad-luiU wliii'h I'liitu-
nati'ly I'Vi'imiaii'd in rniiii liiraiiun in l.S'i7. in^ti'ad nl' ir-
lu'Uiiin, iij ill ls;J7.
1 '
(11 Al'll.i; i.XXTX.
T.OWKK CANADA- Till; IJF.IiKI.I.ION OF 1s;;7.
1. 'I'lii. Ct.i i;i.v Oi'i'ii-; iitr I\i.\ m r i ihnakv Mnxi-
SIINI. ■_'. Till I'lli.lNMM. Ill nil. SliiKM. I'lusr
( lll.l.l>|il\ I'll I W 1 1 N 1' \ I l; 111 IS AMI ( ll\^ I I I I llllN-
All>r.-. .1. I'.Xi I I I.MI N I IN llillll 'i'liWN \Ml
( (lisiiiv l'Aiiisiii>. -I. Wauuam- Kill nil; Ai;-
i,M-r <>i. pAi'iMAf AMI minus I>>ri.ii. — .'i. Ki --
III. (i|- 'run ri;i-iiN: i;s i i;(>\i iiii: M i i,i i \ i;v.— I'l.
l'i!i;t'Ai;iMi to AiiMK iiif, I\~ii;i;i\i Cwii's. —
7. Till-; Fiiisi' IIni, M.iMi N I. N'trmitY im; nii.
HiitKi.s. — S. .Mriini It m- I.iiiiinvm- Willi. — '.K
\V' iiii.i:; i.i. l)i.Fi:.vis tin. IJi.i'.ii.s .\ i S r. CiiAiii.r.s.
I —III. \'iriiiicv A I' Si. I'.i -I ai III . Di^iKii imN
111- Tli;. I'l.Arl.. — II. Till. Ill 111 I. -i I'll M> till!
Mi.isrv AT Sr. lliMiir. Tin. I.asi- .\riiMiT. —
IJ. Sisi'i.NsiiiN (i|.' nil. CuNsii I f I'HiN (if I.nwi u
Can A HA.
1. — .Vl'ii-r till' di nlntiiiM 111" I'arliaiiH'iit llHTcwas lltth?
thiiiiglit ol' a |H'ai-.'l'iil .^nliiiinn ul' tln^ dilliiaillir^ wiiii'h
, till' a'iiJaliir- llad IiriL'Iitiind lo llnir
1 III' I'li'frv iili|ni-^.'
tli.T..'V..|iiiiiM;uy trrcatr-l ih'iri'i'i'. I'aiiinrail and hi> t'ul-
ni.'V.Mni'iii. • , , ' . , , . , ,
liiWiT-i li:|i| r;;l-i'il a ^ll inn W llH'll nilllil lint
1 111' ail.iv id w illiiiiil till' I'lTii -inn lit' iiliiiid ; and if thi' i|iiali-
tily ^hi'd was riiin|iai'atividy Mpall, it Was not fur w.inl of
j driiia'iu'_ri(. ni'iiiims III "l.iy ilnwii tlirir livi's un thi' altars
uf llir'i- iniiiilrx ," th.at llir l'"i'iiii'li Canadians wcri' s|i:irrd,
liiit iiri'aii-i' a jii'i'iilci' piiwiT than l'a|iini'aii was miw ar
raying ilsdf against Iiiiii, iiiid, iil.su, lici'aiiM' tlir ifadcrs
iiMi : malciial aid uf thr I'niiid Statis. ,a.- Wi II as tin- in>ii;nif-
iramr uf till' iiiiniliir i)i tinM|i-~ in ihr |iiiivince, wliirh
ainuiinti'd In aliiiiit ..niiii. and iNu lu iliu nun-iiitcrlcrriicr
uf till' iitlii'r jiriiviiiri'^. In all tlir^r rali'iilatiiiiis hi' was
iiii-laUrn. and his wild si-hi'inr was viitiially dii'i-atrd In-
liiri' it had ai-tiially rnliniiialid in (i|i('ii I'l'liilliuii. During;
tl arly |iiirliiin uf tlir aiiitaliuli the cli i;,'y had favuiiij
llir iniiM'iiiriil, nut always u|irnlv, lint im diiiriniiird
stand had lii'i'ii takni against it; liiil imw. whin tlir
p.ii'-ts fully rrali/rd llir c.Mint tuwhiili ihr party liadriN
wrir hiliryinu tlir pruplr. ilnii- rdnirr jiiduimnl pir\ aili d.
and thry lir^an tu tliruw ihrir wrir|it ;,nil iiillmnrr
aii'aiii^t tlir iniivriiirnl. Tlir iipriilv aviiwril rcpiililiran
pi'inriplrs III rrpiililirani^ni. and pii^sililr annc.xatiun with
llir Initrd Slates, alariiird tlir rrrlr>i;is|ir, whu had liii
lii\r fur rrpniilirs :illd Iml lilllr nililidrln-r ill llic llulir-l
iiilriitiiiiis uf thi Ainnirans. and liny thunuhl it lirttrr
piiliry to rrinaiii as liny wrrr. pruirrtnl in llnir ri'.:his
and lilirrlir-. than tu ri-k liulli hv lu~lrriii^ ami rnruiir-
aginga inuvniirnl. thr iilliinatr ir>iill uf wliirli tin y luiild
II I rlrarly srr. On thr -'llli Oilulirr, .M^ir. l.Mitiviir.
thr Itiiinaii Cathulir Ui-lnip iti .Muniri al. i--iiiil .i in.iiida-
iiirnt tu his iliiirr-.r ill wliirh lir siiiiiiLih cumliniiinl aiiv
iii-iirrrrliiin.iry iiiii\riiiriil, and iiiL;id .^iiliiiii.^-inii ami
iilirdirni'i' tu thr suvrl'i igii. Thi^ had cnii^iilrralilr i ITrri,
ami the partisans uf I'.ipinr.iu visilily iimlid in ihrir
aidiir nmlrr ii> inlliirnrr.
■_'. — All ihrniirli ihr l.iir siiinii'.rr and rarly fall a;.'ita-
tiiin and prrparaliuii runliniird. •• .Suns of I.iliniv "
wi-rr riiiull'd in .Miiiiliial ami ullirr plan s. . ■mil im t fur
drill; wliiKi llir I'.iiii^li wrir mil idir, ;iiid i.iiinrruiis
"Ciiiisiiinliiiii.il " (iriiaiii/.iiiiiiis wiir furimd. The laws
Wrrr \irliially .siisprinlrd, t'ur the jiidiir-- and iii.aL'ist rates
dai'rd nut prrfurni llirir fiinrtiiin^, and it wuiild havrhrni
iinpu-sililr, ;iinni-l. tu prnriiir ;iii iniparlial jiir\. Niiin
lirrs Iti iiiaL'i^trati s, inililia i llirirs, ami utiirrs lnililii;g
small pii>iiiiiii-, ur ruiniiiis.-iuns iiiidrr tlir cruwii, wrni
inliin.dalrd ililu rrsi;;iiiiii; ; and tu hr sii-prrlnl uf hrilig
a •• liiirriinrrai. ''— as thr adlirrriiis tu ihr I'.ritish parly
Wn';' rallrd — Was as had a- tu lir M|..pri|i d of liriiig il
Tiiry was ill thr tinir uf thr .\inrriran irMiliiliun. Still
thr ifuv rriiiin lit l iniailnd pas^iv r ; ;iis;iiinriil was no luligcr
pii^-llilr; hill il did mil liUr tu laKr iiiil iali\ !■ liir;isiir('S
III pill (luwii ihr I'rlirlliiin lirtiirr il had .'ii'tiiallv lirukni
(int. and sniiir art uf liii..|iliiy li;nl lirni ruiiiiiiil tnl. Thr
wail was mil a Inni; iiiir. ( )ii ihr I'lih .NuMinhrr thr run-
trmllliL: farlinns (■;iliir ililii arlilal rii|li..iiili in thr strn'ls
uf ."Miintrral, and tlir unllii'r.ak rr.ally hrgaii. .\ large
ineeling (if llir " Suns uf l.ilirrly " was liring In Id in ii
yard adjuining a salunii un St. .lainrs .Sirrrl ; and as llio
i "Sons" Wire lea\iiig — full uf palriuti.-m and lieer — (hey
i.i;<i,u'U(s, \v,T,. til,.
" rilirllimi vvli, II
^u iiiiiiii,.,! ,,|| til,.
II N.> llir i||>i^r||||'.
'■ I'ldvilicc. wllirli
• ll(lll-i||tcl-|V.|-,.||CC
li'lllatiolis In; wiiK
lallv (ii'lV.-ilcd III-
•rill lliiiii. Diiriii^r
iT.iiv li.'iii I'avdii i|
t IK) <!rli|'Hlil|i,|
liiiW. ullrll ill,-
llii'|Mil_v Icailir^
lizniiril |iii'Vai!ii|.
It ami iMiliii'iii'i'
inviil rr|iiililicaii
• iiiucxaliiiii uiili
lii> will) had iiii
'■!■ ill till' liuiirsi
tliiiii;;lil il liiliiT
I ill lliiii- iiLiliis
filler ami ciiciiiii--
wliiili liny ((iiiM
. .^I.Lir. I.arliiiiir.
. i^Mirij a iiiamla-
I'limliiiiiiril ai:\-
>iiliiiii>-Iiiii ami
li--iilr|-.llili'c ITict.
riMijiij ill llicii-
"■•■Illy I'all a;:ila-
ii-* Dl' I.iliirlv "
■IS. Mini iiici for
■■iml MiiuiToiis
iii'^'l- Till' laws
Mini iiiairislralt's
A iiiilil lia\i' lici'ii
:il jury. Xmii
I'lllt'l'^ lliildlLjir I
I '
Ml' ci'DWII. Well'
I I'^il of ia'ilii;
'• I'|■ili^ll |iarty j
■l"l 111' liciii;,' a
'M'llllillll. .Slill
III was III) |iiiiui.|.
'■■ili\i' nii'iiMin's
.■irliially liriikcn
illllllillrd. 'I'lio
\ i'IiiIhi' lilt' I'lin.
I ill till' SllTI'ls
'V'lii. -V liiryo
I'iii.ir lull! ill u
'I'l ; ami as llio
iml lir, !• — llii'V
I'iMlf?
ill
li-
1
!l
\\ I
1 i:r
■INI !
r
■|l!
ill
K.T.i
la ir
LOWKll CANADA— TlIK liKBELLION OF 18;J7.
377
I'lic'iiiiiiti'i'i'il :i siii^ill Ijiiily of tlio Diiri<; C'ldli, :iiiil :i lice '
li^lit I'lisucil, ill \vlii(!li .siii'lvM uikI stitiius were linly umiI,
:iiiil :t U-w jiislul sliDts liifd. At lir.st tin) Sons of LiliiMty,
who wiTi! more tl'.aii twenty to one iig;iiii>t tliuir oppo- |
iM'iits, (li-ovo iho Doric Clul) before tlifin iiito tin; St. '
L.iwiviicu Siilmriis ; Imt tin; Iiittor, buin'.' ruiiiforctjcl, re- i
tiinn-il to tlie figl't, wiioii the Soiw of Liberty ij'iickly
ili>.i;ij)c:inMl.
;!. —Anxious for r('t:ili:Uioii, the Dorics now entered tlio ■
liimsi! of ii Mr. idler, wliert' tiie .Sons of Lilicrty met, anil
, , , took from tlit'nc(! three ''iiiis ami the
Mxcii mont in liotli _ " i
I...VI1 iiiiil luuiii y 11,1^ of the Society. Jlr. I'lipineau's
i'"'"'"'*- 1 -1111 I 1 '
house was coiisideralily ilania:,'i(l, anil
tlie olliri! of th(! ]'ini/icilli)r coiiililftily sackiil. The
liiiu|is were all ordered niider arms, and the riot ai'tread; 1
liiit no other act of violeiiee oceiirred llieii, and tin; I'eel-
iiiLj siili-.iile(i a little. Althoiii;h the excitement was not i
no !;i'e:it in (Quebec a-) in Montreal anil in tiie country '
|>:iilslies aloiij; the Iticlndieii, still it was considerable, and !
on the I 1th November the ;;overiior caused liie arrest of
several |iersoiis *'or seditious [iractices. Tiiree or four
were conlined in jail for a few days, and then liberated
on bail. Tin; inaj,'istrates of Montreal issued a proclanui.-
tiiin forbitldim; the assembliiii; toj;elher of liodies of men
for drill, anil jirohibitin^ "a!l|inblie nieetin^s and ]iro-
ce.ssions which are ot ii nature to disturb the public peace, I
and callinif on ail loyal and well-disposed citizens to ali-
staiii fniin acts wliieh are likely, in the present excited
state of public feeling, to endamrer the jieaee of the city."
Tin; maj^istrates of (.Quebec shortly after issued a similar
|ii'oc'laination ; and a new commission of tin; peaire was
issued for tile district of IMontreal. whieh removed sixty-
iine m:iL;istrates wlio wiM'o sus|iecteil of eiiher favorinj,' the
reliel cause, or of being rather liiKewarm towards the
1,'overninent.
■I. — .Vboiit this time bodies of armed men began to assem-
ble in the Montreal district. ]iriiicipally in the neighbor-
hoods of St. .lolnis and C'hambly; and
Wiirriiiits fnr tin; (ir- .,.,,,,,, i i i " i
r.si.if I'apiii.imiiiul Sir .John Lolhorne, wlio had spent tlie
summer at N\ illiam Jleiiiy, hxed Ins
liead-iiuartors for the winter in iMontreal, at whieh point
all the tro!)ps that could be spared were being concentrated,
including th ise sent dow. from Upper Canada by .Sir
Francis Head, who, although expecting a rebellion in his
own province, determined to trust entirely on liis militia,
and let the few regulars go to the assistance of the sister
province. New Hruiiswick and Nova .Scotia also lent
all their assistance, and volunteer troops of cavalry,
artillery and HHeineu were formed at Montreal, with the
consent of (he governor, and (heir ranks sp lily lilled
up. The governor luiw determined to tak(> action against
some of the ringleaders amongst the "Patriots," and, on
IGih November, warrants were issued for the arrest, on a
charge of high (reason, of Messrs. Andre Oiiimet, J.
Dnbuc, Framjois Tavernier, CJeorgo Do IJoucherville, Dr.
Snnard, J. Leblaiic, L. J. I'apinean, Dr. O'Callaglian, T.
.S. lirown, Uodolphe Des liivieres and Ovide I'erranlt.
The live last got information of the issue of the warrants
and made good their escape, going in the direction of the
liichelieu district, — where the masses were ready for iu-
btant rising. — and the others were arrested and put in jail.
a. — On the ev<'niiig of this same day, ICth Novendier,
the first armed resistance to the law was made. Lienten-
aiit Krmatiiiiier, with eighteen men of
., , ' , , , , Itppcilonf two|)riii-
tne Volunteer cavalry was despatched ..n.iw from tliu
to St. Johns to arrest two men named "" ' "^'
Davigiion and I )eniarav, which purpose ihey aecom|)Hshi d.
and arrivecl at about a mile fioiu Longnenil with their
prisoners, wlien they came on a lioily of about two Iniii-
dred and lifly nn'ii, jiart of whom were armed with rilles
and inii~ket.s, posted behind a fence, who opened lire on
them, and, after wounding the leader and live men, suc-
ceeded in rescuing tlie prisoners. This rescuing ]iarty
was under command of Dr. Kimber and 3Ir. 15. Viger, of
Cliainbly, ami its saeeess greatly elated the insurgents,
who now thiiiiglit themselves invincible, and Hocked in
great numbers to the villages of Deliartzcli (St. Charles)
and St. Denis, where Jlr. T. .S. IJrowii and Dr. Wolfred
Nelscii conimanded. These jiosts were selected on acemint
ot their favorable position for keeiiiiig opim commnnicji-
tion with the I'nited .States, from wln;iice Papineau ex-
|iicteil a great deal of assistance, partly on aeconnt of the
ill-feeling existing between England and the United States
about the Maine boundary (inestion, and also on account
of the large iimnber of men out of employment in the lat-
ter country caused 1 y the panic of that year.
G. — Meanwhile the loyal inhabitants in the eitii's were
Hocking to arms ; the Montreal /ft'rali/ <>( 2jtli November
savs : "The news from the coinilrv
, ' , , . . . , ,' I*r.'|»ariii"I..altJW'k
has converted tins city into a barrack, tiu' iii«urK«iit
All th(! wards arc armed, aii.l the vol- '""'"''
uiitei-r brigades have pretty well comph^ted their organi-
zation." To show that no half measures were proposed,
we (piote the following extract from an editorial in the
same jia]ier: " For a state of peace to be maint.-iiiKMl, we
must make a solitude ; — the French Canadians must be
swept from the face of the earth. * * * It is sad to re-
llect on the terrible conseipiences of rebellion ! to think
ot the utter ruin of so many human beings, let them bo
innocent or guilty. Nevertludess, a necessity exists that
the law's KU])remacy be niaintained, that the integrity
of the em|iiro be respected, and that peace iind prosjierity
be assured to the Hritish race, even at the cost of the
entire French-Canadian jieople." In (Quebec the loyal
feeling was also very strong, ami two companies of light
inl'aiitry and two of rilles wen; formed. A forward move-
ment was now determined on by .Sir ,101111 Colborne, and
Colonel Gore was ordered from Montreal with two bun-
i;:
<il
ill
^M
oi H
Tl ITLKS illSTOUV Df I'liK DOMINION OF CANADA.
111 111. Vi.UT> fur llicv
Dfiiis, a (listaiirc ol
(livd iiifaiitrv. a parly of voltiiitccr cavalr} and tliivf
jiiiiis to atta<k St. Denis; while Lieiitenaiit-Ciilniiel Wetii-
erell. was liireeletl ti> iiiiive down llii' IticiuTnil from
Clranilily aj.'ainst St. C iiaries. Tlic two jioints of attaeiv
were aliout seven miles apart.
7. — Tile troops imder C'oloiK 1 (iore were eonveyed
froiil Montreal to SonI Ity lioat on '.'■.'d Noveiiilter, and
landed alNUil ten o'eloek at ni;:lit, when
at once advanced towards St.
sixteen miles.
Tile roail was very l)ad, tlie weal In r rainy, with sleet and
a lillle snow ; the mud and sln^h was more than ankle
di'ep, lint all iiiLrlil llu! men kept on, and alniut half-past
nine o'eloek found themselves near St. Denis. I)r. Nelson
had lieen appriseil of the intended moveim iils of (ion- and
Welherell, liy the capture of Lieutenant Weir, who was
takiii<; dispalilies to Wetlierell, on the previous iiii.dit.
Tlu' (loctor showed iiotli skill and eniir:i;;e as a revolution-
ary leader — which is more than can he said of I'.ipineau,
for he ran away from St. Denis sis soon as the reil-<'o,ii>
appeared, and left his countrymen to lie.ar alont^ tin; pen-
alty of the folly into which he had led tlieni. Nelson
posted his mer. very advantaj.'e(iii-ly in a larjje three-
story stone huiidiiii;, which had hvx'U used as a distillery,
and which was flanked hy other houses filled with armed
men. The iiisurijeiits had not asullicient nninlHrof mus-
kets for a!! the men, and were short of aininu.iiion ; hnl
they fouirht bravely u hI determinedly, ami with lietter
leaders mijihl have i.'i\en much more tronlile than thev
did. Captain Markham. commandini; the skirniisliini;
parly ^ij^ht company of the .'Vid), commen I firing at
at the stone house aliont 10 o'clock, and his lire was
warmly returni'd. In a (|n;irter of an hour lie hail re-
ceiveil four wiiunds, and several of his men were also
Wounded ; Colonel (Jure then ordered up a li,!j;ht hrass
field-piece he had with him, and opened fire on the stuno
house, hut with little tITect, and aliont half-past two
he ordered a retreat on Sorel, having; lost six men killed
and tiMi wounded. The loss of the insuri,'(;nts was thir-
teen killed and a lunnher womided. This second ;ind de-
cisive victory caused ^I'neral rejoicini; amonj; the lehels,
aiid many liocked to the haniiers of their chiefs. The rap-
idly approachiiii; close of laiviiration, and the impossihilitv
of any larije hody of troo|»s arrivinjj from EnghnKllieforu
spriniT, together with the certainly of assistance from the
United .States, raised their hopes j,'reatly, and they fondiv
trusted to estahlish " Aa Nttton Canodieniie " hefon^ tlio
winter passed .away. Hopes which were to bu very .short-
lived, however.
H. — In his retreat Colonel (iore was forced to abandon
his lield-piuco and live of his wounded ; the latter were
taken care of by Dr. N'clson, who treat-
tou.iiit Wi'ir. 0(1 them Willi llu? Utmost kindness. Very
tenant Weir, of the .'til reiiincnt, who was most foully
and cruelly nmrdered on the morning; of the alt:u'k on
St. Denis. The followini; ai uiit, by l,i>'iileiiant (Iiif-
tin, of the same rci^iiir.'iit. relates the story us ho learned
it on the spot, when he ri'covered the body on -Ith IK'-
cember: " Lieutenant Weir was sent by land, from Mon-
treal to Sorel. at dayli'.'ht on the morninj; of the L'l'd
November, with dcspatclics for the oHicir commaniliiijr
at that |)ost. direclin;.' him to have ihe twi companies nf
till' Cilith re;;iment. under his command, in n adiness to
meet a force which was to be sent flolli Montreal iiV
hteainboat. at '2 I'. I\L on the 'JJd, under the iiiinmainl i.i
Coloiii I (iore, to arrest some individuals at Si. ( harle>.
The ni.ids were so b,id that Lieulen.-int Weir, who tra\-
ellcd in a cali'che, iliil not arrive al Sorel iinlil half an
hour after Colonel (iore had arrived from Moiiln al. and
marched ofT with his whole force io Si. Charles rln. Si.
Denis. Kiniliiitr this to be the case. Lieiiien.inl Wiii-
hired a fn >h c:il(-ehe at Sorel. with a ilri\er named |,:i-
valh'-e (whose deposition hi-; since bei n received), and
started to join the troops. There are two par.illel roads
to St. Denis, which converu'c foiii' miles from St. Ours.
By mistake Lieiileiiant Weir took l\w. lower road (llie
troops liavinj; man-hed by the upper), thus he passt^d be-
yond the troops oil their line of march, without seeinji
them, and arrived at St. Denis about 7 A. M. His ex-
pression of surprise at not seein;: ,aiiy soldii is on his ar-
rival at the vil!a<;e, was, I am tnlil, the lii>t iniinialinn
Dr. Nelson had that they were on their march in that
diieetioii. I'reparatiniis wi'i'e then made to op|i(i-.e dnir
entrance into the villa^'c of St. Denis (w In re, in fact, no
op]iosition had been <'xpecte<l); the ronlt is known.
Lieutenant Weir was made a prisoner and closely pin
ioned. When the altack was commenced he was ordered
under ;.uard, consisting of Captain .lalliirt, te. o men
named Migneault. om; named Lecoiir, and :i driver, a lad
named .\ii;;ustin, in Doctor Aelson's wagon, to he taken
to .St. Charles. On .nriving opjiosite, ,'\Iailaine N'yolte's
hoii^e. in tlie outskirts of the village, tln^ bands with
which Lienleiiaiit Weir was fastened beeaine so painful,
and his hands so much swollen tlun'efrom, th.at he in-
sisted, as much as l.iy in his power, on their being
loosened. This irritated his brut.il guardians, and hit
jumped out of the wagon and .sought refugi; under it; he
w.is then shot twici- with pistols, wliii h took elTect in his
liack and groin, nnd stal il with a sabre ihroiigh tin!
wheels of the wagon. Ill various puts of tin boily; he
was then agged from iK'iiealh the wagon by the slra[is
which conlined his arms, nnd linally biilchired."
'.I. — The victory at St. Denis greatly elated the iiiMir-
geiits, and iinmbers flocked to St. Charles, wliei-e "(ien-
eral" Thomas Storrow Urown had en- ,„ ., ,, ,,,.,.
W I'tlllTi'll ni'li'HlB
trenchcil himself, and wiu-re from one jjii' r'liilBni.st.
dill'erent, lioweycr, was the fate of Lieu- ii thousand to fifteen iiundrod men joined
"a- llicist fliullv
"f till' attark ..11
'.i'lilciiaiit (liii-
lory as lio li>ariif.l
l"ii|y (III hli I),..
Iiiiil. from M,,||.
ii'iiirii; (if th,. 2:.'.l
liri r (•iiiiiinaiKliii^f
" 'oiiiiiaiiics of
'I. Ill liadiiH'ss t.i
■ii'ii .'Mdiiliial la
r tllr riiiiilllallil 111
•* Mt Si. ( liallr-
^Viir. w In, ti:n-
'I'l iiiilil hall" an
111 Miiiill-ial. aii'l
■ (iiarlrs rill. Si,
l.iiiitciiant Will-
'lri\cr riaiiicd I,,,.
I'll rcccivcil). ami
»o [larillrl i-iia.l,
■^ IVdiii St. OiiiN.
Inw.r road (i|j,.
111^ 111' iiasscil 111-
I. Willldllt SCl'ill^r
A. M. J lis ,..v
lldil IM Oli Ills ;||'- '
' lii^t iiiliiiialiiiri
I- inarrli in that
f fi) ()|>)l.)s(; (licii-
vliii-i-, ill fact. Ill)
VSIlIt IS kiKlWIl.
and il.(s,.|y |>iii
I 111' \\as ordci-cd
ll'llllt. |V. .. )||(,|,
I'l -I diivii, a lad
fill, to l)f taken
fadaiiii' Nyoiti-'s
tlic liands Willi
INK! so |);iil|fii|.
•"Ill, that, lie in.
"II tlicir iirinsr
ii'diaiis, and In-
<^i! iindor it ; In;
"ik clVcct in Ills
ire tlii-.iiiir|| till)
f tlic ii.MJy; li,.
II 1>V tlu; ^lia|is
1. ivd."
lati'd lli(3 insiir-
vs \vlu"-(! "Gfll-
W.ili.r.ll ,I,.f,.«i8
llii> r. tills ni Si.
CliiirlL's.
L()\Vi;U CAN.VD.V— TIIK UKIiKLMON OF 1S37.
37'J
liiiii. Brown, in an acroiint writti'ii foiirtoiMi years after-
uaiiU, Miy> tliere wen; "one hnmhi'd and nine;" lint as
lie fan away Ix'fori! tlie ai-tion iH'gun, and as tliere were
iiiiwards of one lininlred and tifly killed, and over three
liiiiidred and tifn woiin<led, .Mr. liriwn's ineinory inu-t
h.ive liein as treailieroiis a:* Ills legs. 'I'he eaiiiji was an
eiilreiii'luil one. di'feiided liy felled trees and a lari,'!' stone
limine, and lorinid only a rude lield work. Colonel
Weilierell, with aliont five hniidred men and two field
pieees, advanced fro:n Chainlily on Ji^d, lint owinir to the
liad state of the roads, the lirid^'es heinj,' down, and a halt
at Si. Iliil.iire to await Colonel (lore — who had lieeii re-
iiiilscd. as we have seen — he did not reach .St, Cliarles
until the inornin;.' of the 2.'ilh. A few rounds from the
i.'iiiis lirca<-hid the sli^llt di'felices, and then \Velherell
cjiai'i." I with the bayonet. The slaii;.diler was ininniise,
ill.' Noldiers scarcely ijiviin,' any (|iiarler; and the viliaije
w.is liiinieil. with the exce|ilion of the lio.ise of .^Ir. I)c-
liiil/ch. The loss of till! Iiiiti^h was three killed and
eighteen wounded. The ne.vt day Wetherell disjiersed a
siii!ill (inro at I'oint Olivier ; and the rdiellion niav lie
V lid to have been put down, alonjf the Kiehelieii, all the
leaders lieiii^ in full fli;;ht.
lO. — Martial l.-nv w.is pro'Iainnd in iIk! ^loiilieal ili -
Irict on "itli Deceiiiliir. and the whole coiintrv swept liv
troops, wliiKt the loyal niililia of the
\ irtiir}' nt St. Kii»- I., , ... -p 1 . .' , . I
i:i.lii.. lii.siiti.il.iii ''^astern luwnsliip- hiriicd out, and in-
of the- |il!ii.i!. tereepted many iiiMiiiieiil, fugitives who
were endeavoring' In e^c.ipe to the St.ites Iiy that route,
anionj^st tliciu Dr. Wolfied .Nelson. A liodv of refugees
a->eiiilili.d at .Swanton. \'erin.mt, under eomiiiand of 1{.
M. S. IJoiicliiiie and others, and invaded Canada liv way
of St. Arniands, lint were promptly met and driven hack by
the Aljssisipioi mililia. iiiider coinm.ind of Capt;iin Kcuipt.
and lioachrlle captiiieil. .Meanwhile ;' larj;!! iniiiiiier of
in»iirL'cn|.> had asseinlilcd at St. lCuslaci|i . nineteen miles
iiiirlh-west of Montreal, under comm.uhl of one .Vmarv
(iirod, who ha<l liecn appointed by I'.ipineaii to cominaiid
'■ the army " north of the St. Lsiwrenee. This band of
rebels committed many depredations upon the loval in-
habitants of the district, who had to flee to .Monlreal, and
wliise property the "patriots" ajipiopriated. The re-
bellion on the ..outli side of the St. Lawrence bein;; now
siibiliicd. Sir .lohn Col!ioinc had time to attend to the.se
ncirlliern rebi'ls, and accordim^ly, on l.'iih 1), .iiibcr he
niaii'licd out of Monlre;i' with about two thousuid rej^u-
lars and militia, and, crossiii^ the Ottaw.i on the ice next
niornint;, advanced towards •St. Kustaehe, where about
one thoiis;iiid rebels bail assembled. 'I'hey were ])osted
in the ehurt'h : 1 nei<;Iiliorinjr buildinu's, and inaile a stout
resistance; but a few round shot breached the barric.ade
surroundiii!; the rlinreli, and it w.is ilien carried at the
]ioint of till' bavniiet. The insurLreiits lo^t over one Inin
dred killed about llu^ same number wounded, and overone
hiindied were takdi prisoners. The ehiircli was set firo
to, and a liii;li wiiiil s|U'in<;iii:^ up, the llames spread to
the parsonaui! and other buildini.'s, about si.\ty of which
were consumed, (iirod, the comnianiler, followed tln' e.\-
ample of IJrown at .St. Charles, and ran aw.iy, but .shot
himself four days afterwards at I'oiiite-aiix-Trembles.
It. — From .St. FiiNtaihe Sir .John '^'olborne proceeded
to St. Iiinoii, which hail been the hntlied of rebellion, but
whose inhabit Hits wero now " the ino^t
loval of the loval." All aloii;' the route Tli.' nln'Miil..;!.! r..r
: . ,, • , , . iii.ri.y .11 .si.li,.|,„l|.
HJnle tla^j- wen- huiiiroul. .and on reach ini; ri..i l:u.i mioiiiin.
the villairehe found two hundred and fifty
men, each with a white tla;;. dr.iwn up in line, anxious to
submit and l)e<; for pardon. This was readily irranted to all
but the rintileaders, who weri! sent to jail in Monlreal.
Sm.ill bodies of in^ur^;ellts in other |iarts of the district
Were disperseil. and Sir .lohn Colborne returin d to Mon-
treal on r.itli Deceinlier. A number of niieiini;s were
now held in the lately di>.iirecteil disi ;s. and the simple
people, now dirifcted by tlii'ir priests, m.ide jirotestatioiiH
of most unliounded loyalty. Mcanwhili' the fu^jitives in
Vtrmoiit collected for the ]>ur|io>e of invasion, ami on
"iisth I''ebriiary. I.h.'S.H. about six hundred erovsed the fron-
tier, under the leadership of IJobert Xelsoii. brother of
the doctor, .and a Dr. Cote. They had fifteen linndreil
stands of anus and llinc lield-pieees, and endeavored to
incite another ciilbreak; but they weie speedily driven
back by the militia ind Komi^ rei.'ulars. and the I'niti.'d
Stales general, Wooi, eoinpelleil them to lay down their
arms.
\'2. Lord (losford had asked to be recalled, and his re-
ipiest was <;ranled. he leaving; (^ueb n l-'illi .lannary
for Hoston, :iii I Sir .lohn Colborne ad-
Sll>J;'i.nsliiii i.f ]lii'
ministered till, ivil as well as the mili- r..ii-iiiiiiii.iiiif l..iw.
... . . rr eaiiailii.
tarv power until the appoiiitiiieiil ol an-
other yovernor. An ad su-pimlin;; llie coii^litiilinii of
Lower Canada wa> passed in the imperial I'aili.inieiit
early in February, .and at the same time the Fail of Dur-
ham was a|i|iiiiiili'il ;_'ii\eiiiiir-ili-eliief and " In r majesty's
lii'^li ciinimi^sioner for the ailju>lmiiit of ciii.iin import-
ant alVairs alVeelini; the I'rovinces of rppir and Lower
Canada." 'Jlie sii-piiisory .'let proNided for the appoint-
nielit of a " Spcci.il Coilinil " to take the place of the
two Houses of I'arliaiiieiit, and this Ciiiiiicil — -cumposed
of eipial niinibeis of I'reiieh and I'^ii^ili^h — -was appointed
on ,'ilh April and summoned to meet at .Montreal on l^Sth.
'I'lieir first order w.is that all their decrees should take
elTect immediately a^ tiny were ]iasseil, and their next to
suspend the Habeas Corpus .\cl until the 1 Itli Aiiirust, to
.allow tlii^ F.ai'l lit' Durham to .adopt more summary
ineasiircs with tin' in^uriieiits, if he saw proper to do so.
The distriels beinir now all perfecily ijiiiel. the niililia was
allowed to leliirii lionie, and on .'!d M:i\ a procl.imation
was is-iied abolishiii'' martial law.
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380
TUTTLE'S HISTOHY OF TIIK DOMINION OV CANADA.
CiIAPTEU LXXX.
LOWKR CANADA— CiOVKUNMKXT OF THE EARL
OF DLIUIAM.
1. — TnK Mission of tiik Eaul ok Dikiiam. — 2. Au-
KivAi, OV Ukinkouckmk.nts. Inqi'iky into thk
DisrosAi, or Cuown Lands. — '3. IJanisumknt of
KlOllT I'AUrlCirANTS in TUK l.ATF. IvEIilCLLlON. 1.
LoKi) Duuiiam's Couusk DisAi'ruovEi). IIk Re-
signs.
1. — The Earl of Durham arrived at Quebec on the
27tli of May, IHIiH, and at once assumed the reins of
jrovernmeiit. Ilis ])ro('laniation clearly
F^uVol- om'imr.l.''''' ^^t forth liis Intended i)oliey. He said'-
" The honest and conscientious advocate
of rcfo'iU and of the amelioration of defective institu-
tions will receive from mo, without distinction of i>arty,
races, or politics, that assistance and eiicouragcnuMit which
their patriotism has a rijrht to command, from all who
desire to strengthen and consolidate the connection be-
tween the parent state and these important colonics ;
but tile disturbers of the public peace, the violators of
the law, the enemies of the crown and of the Ihitish
Em|)ire will find in in(! au unconi|)romihing opponent, de-
termined to put in force against them all the powers, civil
and military, with which I have been invested. In one
province the most dei)loral)le events have rendered the
sus[)ension of its representative Constitution, nnhapj)ily.
a matter of necessity; and the supreme power has de-
volved on me. Tiie great responsibility which is hereby
imposed on me, and the arduous nature of the functions
which I have to discharge, will naturally make me most
anxious to hasten the arrival of that period when th(^
executive power shall again be surrounded by all tin;
Constitutional checks of free, liberal and British institu-
tions. In you — the people of British America — on your
conduct and on the extent of your co-operation with me,
will mainly depend whether that event shall be delayed
or immediate. I therefore invite from you the most free,
unreserved communications, I l)eg you to consider mo
as a friend and arbitrator, ready at all times to listen to
your wishes, complaints, and grievances, and fully de-
termined to act with the strictest impartiality. If you,
on your side, will adjure all party and sectarian ani-
mosity, and unite with me in the blesseil work of jK^ace
and harmony, I feel assured that I can lay the founda-
tions of such a system of government as will protect the
rights and interests of ail classiis, allay all dissensions,
and pprmanently establish, under Divine Providence, the
wealth, greatness and prosperity of wiiich sneli inex-
haustible elements are to bi^ found in tliese fertile coun-
tries,"
L
2. — Imm('(liately after the opening of navigation con-
siderable reinforcements began to arrive from England ;
the 2d battalion of the Grenadier Guards.
, ,. ,.,/-,,, ,, AiTuiil of nin-
2d battalion of the Coldstream GuanN, •uid f.irc.incMis. in-
S' .'cral other detachments of troops were i«wii of crowu
sent out, so that all hope of successful re-
bellion Would seem to be chim';rical ; yet some of the
more violent jiartisans Iioped for anotlier rising which
would prove more fortunate than the first, and the rehiis
who had fled to tlu; United States, and who were joined
by many Americans, continued to cause a feeling of anxi-
ety along the frontier. His excellency at oiic(! turiu'd
his attention to the nninber of prisoners ari'ested in <'oii-
nection with the late troubles, and with whom tli(! j.iils
were overflowing. lie caused a return of all such par-
ties to be made to him, with the depositions on which
they liad been arrested ; and also a re])ort of the naiiies
of all parties iigainst whom warrants had been issued l)iit
w'lo had escaped. He next dissolved the old Executivt;
Council and the Council lately appointed under the Sus-
pension Act, and appointed a new Executive Council, coii-
sisting of five members. On the 21st of .June the go, -
eriior apjiointed a commissioner to iiKpiire into the mode
of disposing of crown lands, in which department there
had been many abuses, in the way of granting large tracts
to government favorites, who never improved nor intended
to improve them, and who afterwards endeavored to dis-
jiossess those who had "siiuaited" on and improved tlieia,
under the impression that they were wild lands. The re-
])ort favored the s(|uatters, and recommended that they
should be allowed the right of pre-emption.
3. — The (iiiestion of what to dn with the larg(! number
of prisoners in jail on account of the late disturbances was
a most embarrassing one , no French
, , , ' . , , n.liiislnn, nt of
jury would liavo convicted tliem — no tIkIm iiiiriiiijiaiiisiii
* 1 . .1 • I / 1 till! l,itu reliclUon.
matter wliat tli(! evidence (as was shown
ill the cases of the trials of the murderers of Lieutenant
AVeir. and a French Canadian named ( lintrand, tlw juries
ai'i|iiitliiig in both cases); no mixed jury would h,i\e
agi'(^e(l, and, it is exceedingly d.)ubtfiil whether any
English jury would have done anything but condemn.
To try by court-martial was contrary to tlii^ mission of
Lord Durham, which was to restore the civil authority ;
anil in tlu! dilemma the earl hail recourse to what was,
undoubtedly, a very doulitfnl ])olicy, but one which gave
satisfaction to the province. He induced somi; of the
ringh.'aders to confess to having been engaged in ridiellioii,
and to place themselves at his disi)osal, waiving all right
to a trial. It was determined by tll(^ governor and
Council to pardon all tin! minor ofVemlers, li:iiiish eight of
the principal olVeliders to Bermiid.i under a penally of
death for returning to Canada, and to threati'ii death to
I'apineau ami oiliers if tiiey ri'liinied to Canada. Ac-
cordingly, on 2lSth .lune, a proelainalion was issued Inili-
• li-
LOWER CANADA— THE KEBELLIOX OV 1808.
381
f iiiivijfiition CDii-
1! from Eii<rlaii(l ;
Arrival (if icin-
1(1 folri'iMi'llls. in-
<lMiiy .iii(, 111,. ,lis-
'e li"«il ot Clown
l.amls.
yet some of tin;
liLT rising wliirji
St. and tin; rulnis
wlio were joined
:i fooiiriif of nnxi-
■ :it oiici; turni'd
arrested in eoM-
li uiiom till) j.iijs
of all sueli jiar
ositions on wliidi
lort of tlie names
d lieen issued lint
U! old Executive
■<1 under the Siis-
ivu C'ouiieil, ciiii-
of June llie go,-
ire into the mode
le[)ai'tmeiit then:
iting largo traets
ived nor intended
ndeavored to dis-
I improved them,
1 lands. The re-
ended that they
:)n.
he large number
<listurliances was
Ttaiiisliin. lit of
I'iulil |>ai'li<'l|>aiilsin
till! l,.(u ri'liiJIioii.
rs of Lieutenant
iti'aiid, the juries
iry would have
il whether any
,' lint coiidemn.
< Ow mission of
civil authority i
•so to what was,
Olio whieli gave
ed some of the
ged inreliellioii,
»-aiviiig all right
governor iind
Icinish eight of
■r a penally of
il'is'tten (lealli to
> Canada. Ae-
vas issued liMli-
isliin" U. >S. ^I. Ijouchette, Wolfred Nelson, K. Des
Revierus, I*. H. Masson, II. A. Gau'in, S. JMurchessoult,
,J. II. (loddii, and 1>. Vigor, and I'eleasing the other pris-
oners. Till! hanislied (^iglit were taken from the jMontreal
jail oil 7tli .Inly, conveyed to (Quebec by the steuincr
CiiiKiilii, and tliene.! transported to IJermuda on II. JI. S.
4. — Tho high-haiulcd measurn was approved liy the
English ministry, and generally eiidiprsed by the, ] pie of
the province, some of whom feared more
Lord Dnrliain's . , . ,
iipui-soilisapprovod. violent measures; imt it was strongly
disapproved ly the English I'arllameiit, us
a despotic assumption of power which was both illegal
aid unjust. Lord IJrongham, in particular, strongly
denounced it, and Parliament finally annulled the ordi-
nance, although it, at the same time, passed a bill of in-
demnity, shielding the governor and his Special Council
from any jiroceediugs on account of their iiction, which it
was felt had been prompted by the best motives, and with
a strong desire for the public welfare. The earl paid a
visit to the Tpp'''" I'l'ovince during tlu; sumincT, and on his
return received tlu! goverii>rs of the l..ower Provinces,
when tlio project of a confederation of all th.) provinces
— somewhat on tlio plan of the pidicy adopted in 1807 —
was considered, but not then acted (Mi. His lordship was
extremely sensitive, and the censure passed on him by the
English Parliament for liis ordinance of banishnieiit,
greatly alTeeted liim ; he at onee sent in his resignation,
and retiirneil to Enirlaiid on Jid November, kavinu Sir
John Colborue as administrator.
CHAPTER EXXXl.
LOWER CANADA— THE KEHELLION OF 18;)8.
1. Tin; OtTiiUKAiv OF IS.'iS. Cai'tliu-. or Tin; IIknuv
liitorciiiAJt AT I5i;AniAU!S()is. — 2. Rki-it.sk of tiih
Lnslikiknts iiv Tin; LAi'itAiuiK Indians. — .1. Nf.lson
Advancks to Nai'Ikuvii.i.i;. Puoci.aims iiimski.f
PuKsiDF.NT. — I. Ki;iTi.si;oF Till-; Ri;iii;i.s at Lacoi.i.i-:
AIii.L. — u. VicToitv oFTin; ^Militia at (/Dki.i.town.
— 0. Tin; Rkukllion SirriiKssi;i>. Hitai.iatino on
TiiK Insl'uoknts. — 7. ExKi'irnoN ()FTWi;i,vi': of tiii;
Rkiiki.s.
1. — The mild policy pursued by the Ilritish govcrmncut
with regard to the rebels of 18.'i7, so far from causing any
,,„ „ ,, , , fcudiliifs of iirafiliide, had rather the
Tliu OHlliicuk of " "
iKiis, ciiptuivoftlii' reverse ell'eci ; all'! the \i'rv leiiieiicv
/A m-ii lUoiitihiiiH III .,,.,, , , , ' I i'
lU'iiulianiolii, Willi which lllc'V lllld lieeii Irealed made
the most vi(deiit partii-ans still entertain hopes of further
resistance, and fancy that tli(> government was afraid to
1 iinish them. This desire fur another outbreak was
fostered by a portion of Ainericans living along the border,
and although proclamations had lieen issued by the gover-
nors of some of the .States, no action against the rebels was
taken, and tliey were allowed to continue their annoyance
of the people of a frienilly power. Secret associations
were formed and a more thoroughly orgaiii/eil insurrection
than that of l.S.")7_ jilaniied ; the jirincipal iuo\crs being
Sir. Robert Nelson and Dr. Coti!. The departure of tin;
Earl of Durham seems to have been the signal for tlie out-
break, and oh llii^ evening of the day he left C^iiebee (.'id
November) the first act of open hostility took [ilace in the
seiznri; of the steamer Iliiiry liniiujliiuu, at lieaiiharnois,
by about four hundred rebels, who made her passengers
jirisoiiers, and disaliled part of her machinery to prevent
her proceeding to Lacliine. The rebels alsii tcidk posses-
sion of the house of I\Ir. Ellic(>. made the ininates [irisoners,
and captured sixteen stands of arms.
2. — The rising was geiKM'al throughout the whole
Jlontreal district ; a, Mr. Walker was killed at Ea Eorliie,
near La|irairie, and the Iriick of the St. ](,,|,|,ip,,„r n,
.Johns lailway torn up f(ir souu! dis-
tanc(!, wliiie carriages aad mail carts
were sto[i[)ed. On ihe following morning (Sunday. Ilh)
a party left Chateanguay for the pni'iiose of making a
descent on Laprairii; to seize the arms and stores then; ;
but tilt! Indians were thoroughly lnyal, and. on the alarm
being given by a woman who had gone into the bush to
look for a stray cow, that some strange men were a]iproacli-
iiig the village, the men, who were at church at th(; time,
sjirang to arms and rushed out to meet the intruders, who
needed nothing more than the war-whoop of the Indians to
put them to flight, and sixty-four nf whom were capliircd
and taken to ."Montreal. Martial law was deebiicd on lib,
and at a meeting of the Special Ciiuncil. held on lUli Xovcin-
lier, the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended. A iiuinlier
of arrests were made and tlii! jail at Moiilreal was spi ed-
ily full.
;(. — At the time of the rising Dr. Robert Nelson, who
commanded the marauders from the l'nile(l Slates, es-
tablished his lieadi[uarters at Xiipierville, \,.is,,ii iiclvaniiM to
wliere Ik; issued a ■• Declaralioii of In
de|)elidenee. ai;d proclaim' d himself l'i'''-i'l''i't
Provisional President of the lieimblicof Lower Canada." *
insnr,':r!il ; l*y lln>
l.aprainu liiiliaiis.
Napiri'\ Mil'. pr<i-
fliiilim liiliisrir
• As llii' il.'iMiiiii'ht may | lovi' liilcrcsdii;; 'm a curiosity, w.' );lvc it
\\>hw :
"Canadv II; c i.aua riciN in' iMiF.i'ivMirNcr.
" Wlii'rcns till' soli'iiiiic'ovi'iianl iiiailc wllli tlii' pi'opli' of I.owor I'aiiiiila,
niKl ri'i'onli'il in lliii hIiUiiU' liook of the rulli'il Klii|.nloiii of (iival llriliiiii
anil Iri'lanil, as Ilic ;ilsl. .'liaplrr i>r Ilic A.'U pass..! \-\ llio lllsl y i iir of ili,.,
ri'l'.'ii of Kliiit (li'orni. Ill'' llilnl. Imlli '"'''H '■onlliiiially \ lolali'il liy llio
llrlllsli (luvuriiiiii'iil, anil our rlt;li!s usiirpi'il ; ami wla'ri'iis our liumlilc
.._[]
'r„i :::;)!:
l^i
ill
'M-2
TUTTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
About two thousand rebels joiiii'd Nelson. Dr. Cote
1111(1 other iMsury;eiits did not enter Caiiiid:!, but kejit
within till! United States, reniainiiij,' at I{ouscs I'oiiit,
about twoiity miles I'roui Naiiierville, where the American
petllioTis, mMri'ssi'S, prnti'Sts ami ri'iuoiistrniiri^a njiains! tlii.to iiijurimiH
nmt iMifoiistitniioiinl inltTl'i'ifinos liavf lu'eii injiUf in \ahi. aiicl llio
lirllisli (iovi'i'iiiniMit lialli ilLsprisi'il <>[ iicir ri'vcmu' willunit tlif I'oiii'lUu-
ticinal I'liiiKiMit iif llic I.cii'al I.(';;islaliiri', |iilla);iil iiiir Ir- asury, airi'stfil
yr<'at iiuinlu'n* nf our fiti/.«'tis. ainl i oinniitU'd Ihcm to iirison, tli>trit)iitfil
thrmigli the (■ouiitiy a niiTi-tMiary nnii\, xslioso prt'^t'iu't' is arromiiaiiioil
witli coiisUM-iiation an<l alarm, wliosr trai-1{ it^ rctl \\it1i tltc lilooil of uiir
pl■opl^^ wlin liavo laiil our villani-s in aslios, ]>r.<fniii-il onrtrniplrH anil
sprt'ad toiTor and wawUi tlironi;h tin: land. And \vlu»rtas we can no
lonj^( r snifer tin? repfatcd violations of our dcart-st rij,'lits, and paticnily
support tlio nmttiplii-d outrages and crucllii-rf f.f ilm (Hivcrniiii-nt of
eanaila,— we in tin- nanu' 4if tlif prop.o of J.owcr Canaila, a<'Iino\vli'd;;inf^
tin: l)ivin(i I'nn'idcnfi! whirli pi'rmiis us U> put down a Kovi-nnnt'ntwldrh
hath almstMl tlio ohjrct and inti'iition for whii-h U wai* cri'ati'd ainMo
niakti choico of that form of (jovtTiinn'nt wliirh nhall rc-fstaldlsli iIh-
t-nipiri; of jusii-'c, assun' domestic traniinlllity, jirovidG for roniiiioii
(U'fiMu'c, promoto gcni-ral ^'ood. and yucuro to ua and our puatcrity tlnj
advantagus of civil and religious liburty ;
" S()LKMNi,r Declahe ;
"I. That f.om this day forward. I In' I'l-oplu of Lowor Canada arc ahsolvcd
from all allc^ianci' todrcat ItrilaiM and tin) jiolitical oonnection t)etwei'n
that pan and Lower <;anada is now tlissolved.
'• -. That a KepuMiean form of j^overnim'nt is best Buitod to Lower
Canada, ivhieh i- this day declared to he a Uepuldie.
**e. 'I'liat under the frt'c government itf Lower Canada all persons Kliall
enjoy the sann: rights; the Indians shall no |on;;er h ' nndiT any civil
tliscpnilith-aiion, but shall enjoy the same rights n.\ any other citizens of
J,ower Canada.
"1. That all union belweeii Church and State is henOiy dcclareil to ho
dlss.ilved, and every iiers.in shall he at liberty fn'cly to exereisj such
religion or belief as sh.all be dictated to him by his cons<-ience.
" ri. That the feudal or seigniorial tennre of land is hereby idiolishud as
completely as if such tenure Inid never existed in Can.ada.
"(1. Tluit each and every person w lei shall hear arms, or otherwise furnish
assistance to the people of (.'anada in this contest for emancipation, shall
he, and is, discharged from all debts, dues, or otdigat ions, i< alor supposed,
fitr arrc'aragcs in virtin! of seignorial rights heretofore existing.
*' 7. 'I'liiit the tti'iiiiin' cuofiiiiii' r is for the future aholishcd.-tiid [irohihitcd,
"H. That iiuprisoiinient for debt shall no longer exist, I'xce; it in;; ii stn h
eases of frtiinl as shall be speeiticd in an act to he passed hereafter by the
Legislature of Lower Caiiiula for this purpose.
" Jl. Th.'it si'iitence of death shall no longer ho passed or executed except
in eases of murder.
" It;. That mortgages nii lanilid e.-tnte shall ho special, and to ho valid,
ehall be registered in ollices to he created for this purpose by nnact of thu
Legisljiture of Lower Can.'ida,
" II. Tlnit the liberty and freedom of the press slntll exisi in all pnlilie
mutters and alTairs.
" 11', Tlnit trial by jury is guaranteed to the pi>ople of Lower Camida in I
its most extended and liliei-al sense, i . all crindnal suits ami in civil suits
above a sum to he llxed by the l.i'gislature ot the .Stale of Lower Ctiiunla.
" Kt. That as gciteral ami public education is n ssary, and due by the
government to the | pie, au act to provide for the sami' sludl hi! passed
as soon as the circuuistanees of the country will permit.
" 14. ToseiMircIhe idctive framdiise, all elections shall he had by ballot,
" l.l. That with the least possihle ilelay the | pie shall choose delegates,
ftoeording to tin' present division cd' the country Into counties, towns, and
boroughs, who shall constitute a convention or a legislative body, to
esttihlisli a Coustitution acconllng to the wants of the i'ounlr\.and in
cmiformity with the dispositiiin of this declaration, suhje'ct to be nioili-
Ueilaei'or.iing to the will of the | pie.
" Hi. That every inide person of the age (f twcnty-oue and upwards shall
have '.lie right of voting ns lierelu provided, and tortho uluctloi' of llio
aforesaid delegates.
" I". Thai all I'rnini I.nndu, nlso sttcli ns are called ('Irriiji Vrsfrrm, and
such as are nomitially In possession of a ccrtnin <'oinpany of lanilowiieis
ill Kngland, called " The llrillsli Noilli .Vmcilcaii Land Company," are
ot right the property of the State of Lowit Canada, except Hindi portion
of the aforesaid laiuls as maybe in the possession of persons who hold
the siiiuu ill good faith, and to whom lilies shall lie so u red and gicited
syuipathizer.s '.villi the rebels fonned adejiot for siipplyiii<;
tirnis, iiniiuiinition. iVe. It was very iiiiiiortaiit to Nelson
tbtithis eoinnitinietitiiiu with Uoiises Point .should be kept
open, iuid it was with no littli' altirni that he stiw thu
loyal volunteer niililia of Odelltowii take possession of
the .steam mill :it I,;i C'oUe, which out him olf from coin-
munication with Dr. Coti'.
A. — Dr. Cote fully appreeltited the itnpnrtanee, of
gettiiij; possession of Liicolle IMill, and (letertiiined to
niiiko tin iitteniiit to dislodi^e the Oilell-
' • 1 ' ^ 1 - 1 Uepiilse of the
town men. On tln^ niollt ot tlie iHll rebels at Laeulle
, 1111 T ^lill.
•T, .scliooiier came, down the lake, .ind
landed ii small cannon tiiid tiboiit two hiindn^d and
iifty iiitiskefs at IJoiises Point, and the stime iiiu'ht about
four hundred Can:idi;ins crossed the Uiehelieu Iviver at
Albiiroh. tiiid took up their (|iiarlers between Champlain
and Odelltowii, iiiid thence to Laeolli! tind N.ipierville.
About nine o'clock on the morniii!; of the Olh this force,
under Dr. Cote and (iaj;non, advtinced ai;ainst the militia-
men posted in the mill at I.i;ieolle. Colonel Odell. who
conimandeil llie militia, notilied iNIttjor Scliriver, of the
Hemniingford militia, of the intended attack, and he came
to his assistance. The rebels werc^ speedily repulsed
with a loss of eleven killed and ei^dit prisoners; thei'e
wen? a number wounded, but they escaiied across iho
lines wdien the mtiin bod}' retreated. About four Inin-
dre<l stands of tirins, a (piantity of amminiition, and the
OIK! iiuii useil by llu! rebels were ctipliircd.
i"). — Jletiiiwhilt? Sir John Colborne hail been tiikins^
iictive measures for tin iidvtince in force, tiiid en the (ilh
left Montreal with the l.'iih. 2ltli, 7l.st, ,.. , ,
\ lelory nf the
T.'id. and iiart of the D.'ld reoinieiits, ihe miliiia at iidcll-
town.
Drtijfoon (litiirds, the Hnsstirs. about KlO
Inditins, .'iUO militia, and eiijht iield-pieces to advtince on
N,'i[iierville. The rebels still held lieaiilnirnois, but Sir
.lolin left that jioiiit to be attemled to by two reoimeiits
of (ihiiiirarry militia which were coining; down, under com-
mand of (Colonels I''raser and ^IcDontiid, Jind proceeded
iigainst Nelson. The " President of the Ivepulilii? of
Lower Ctinaila" now found himself in a tiolit plai'e ; the
vii;torious milititi Inld Liicolle ]\Iill and Odelltowii in hi.s
rear, thus cuttiin; off relretit, tiiid Sir .lohn Colborne
was advaiicin;,' on him willi iiii overwhelininir force. IIo
determined to keep his eonimunictition oiieii with the
by virtue of a law vvhli h shall be eimi'leil to legalize the iiossessioii,niiil
a mil' fur s .ch enlliled lots of land in the townships as aro under eultl-
valloii or linpiiivcmeiit.
" IS, That the l''rcnch and IhiglL^h languages shall be used In all puhlto
alfalrs.
.\iiil for the fnllilment of this deel.'ir.'iti ui, and for the support of ',ho
liatriolic cause i:i which we are now eii|;a;;ed, with a linn reliance on the
prolcclion of the .Vlniighiy, and the jiisilee of our cause, we by 'heso
presents solemnly pledge to each other our lives, our fortuiiusi and our
most sjiereit honor.
'' l)y orlerof the I'rovlncnd (hivernmeiil,
" KiiiiiaiT NiM.siiy,
" rresldeiit."
pot for snjiplviiisr
)o|-t:llit to Xclsoii
It should bo kept
tllilt lie R!IW till)
,ko possession of
liiu ofl from coiu-
! lin])ort!iiK'(', of
il (Iclci'miiicd to
Ul>|>llIt'lM.f (ill.
h r. II. Is itt l.iiiullo
, Jlill.
(1
vo luiiidrcd .■iMil
anio liiijlit about
iuliclicu IJivcr at
WWU C'llMUIpliliu
iuid iV.'ipicrvilk'.
lie Gtli this force,
raiiist Iho iiiilitiii-
hiiirl Odcll. who
Schrivcr, of the
lek, and he <-anie
pccdilj- repulsed
jirisoners ; ijiere
a[)(;d acrcjss the
Vhout four liuu-
uniitioii, and the
1.
Iiad 1)((!U taking
, anil en the (Jtli
I
" A-h-li.ryc.f ||„-
l; iiiililia lit udt'll.
ttlWIl.
)
's to advaniM! on
ihariiois, hut Sir
y two reiriiuents
own, luider coin-
i, and proeeeded
lie Kepuliii(t of
ti,i;ht place ; the
)delItowii in his
•lohii Colhorne
ning foree. He
open with the
n lliii iiosfcHsliiii.nncl
i as iiri) uiiilcr I'liltl-
lii' usi'd In nil |iul)llo
111.' HUpili.rt (.f '.111!
linn ii'llani'o on llir
!■ I'ansi', wi\ by 'li.'su
r forluiiuH, iiiul our
■:i.si)N',
" I'mslili'iit."
LOWEU CANADA— GOVEUNMliNT r LOUD SYDENHAM.
383
States, and for this purpose marched against the militia
at Odelltown on the inorninjf of the J)th, having with him
800 men who were armed with muskeis, firelocks, &c.,
anil about 2.)0 who had only ])ikes, &c. The force of
militia at Odelltown was only 200, but they had the small
field-piece captured at Laeolhs, and were commanded by a
brave and experienced oilicer, Lt.-Col. Taylor. This
olHcer posted his men in and near the ^letliodist Church,
anil made a gallant defense. The captured gun was in
the square in front of the church and did great execution
as the rebels advanced, but the militia were forced to
abandon it, and retreat to the church. The rebels made
several gallant efforts to capture this gun, but the heavj'
and steady firi! of musketry from the church drove them
back. The fight lasted two hours and a half, when a
reinforcement of 100 militia coming up, the rebels broke
and fled, part ba'-'k to Naiiierville, and the remainder
across the lines. With the latter went Nelson — or rather
a little ahead, for like the gallant IJrown, Papineau, and
other rebel leaders, he thought " discretion is the lietter
part of valor," and took the earliest opportunity to run
away.
0. Sir John Colborno entered Napierville on 9tli, but
the rebels had already evacuated it to attack Odelltown.
On the same day as the attack on Odell-
Tlit; rebelU.m Bin)- , , ,,.,\ r , i-.i •!• •
(ir.iss.i.i. ii'talia- town, about 1,000 of the (.ilengarry militia,
Una on Uiu insur- ..i . ,. .1 -., ■ .
yunta. With some coni]iaiiies 01 the /tli regiment,
crossed the St. Lawrence and advanced
on Beauharnois, where they dis])ersed a small body of
rebels, and released the prisoners captureil 011 board the
Henry liroii<jli(tm on 3d inst. The only body of rebels
now in arms were posted at the house of JI. l>ruiieau,
about half way between Hoiicherville and Chambly, and
they were (piickly dispt'rsed hy two companies of the ulith
reginuMit, and so the second rebellion was suppressed in
just one week after its outbreak. But tlu^fei'lings of the
loyal inhabitants had been too niueh outrageil by two re-
bellions within twelvemonths to rest satisfied with a mere
dispersal of tin; rebels. Cries for revenge and reprisals
were heard ; many of the loyalists had suffered much in-
sult and injury from the rebels, and some loyal bloo 1 had
been shed in putting down the revolt. Sir John Col-
borne tried to prevent outrages and excesses, but lie could
not restrain the militia; nearly tlu; whole mah? popula-
tion of Laiirairie County had joined the insurgtnts, and
bitterly were they made to repent it, for the torch was
freely applied to the houses and barns of suspected rebels,
and homes and provisions swept away. Whole families
were suddenly reduced to ruin, and the blackened and
deserted remnants of what h;id been happy homes for
years bore terrible evidence of the ravagiw of civil war.
7 But even this was not suiricient. The loyal jieo-
|)le felt that to the misjilaeed clemency of the Karl of
Durham in banishing Dr. Nelson, Boiicliette and
others, instead of havin<; them tried by Ixiiuiitn. ott\\<ho
court-martial and limig for high trea-
son, as they deserved to be, was due, to a very great ex-
tent the second rising; and it was now demanded that at
least a few examples should be made. Trial by jury a\us
out of the case ; but the district was still under martial
law. and, accordingly, a court was opened at Jlontreal on
10th November, and a number ')f persons tried for ]iiir-
ticipation in the late revolt. Twelvi? were condeii iied to
death, and were afterwards hung, and a number weit^
transported. Tlios(! executed were, for the most part,
prominent in the last outbreak, but some bad been con-
cerned in the rebellion of the ])revious year, and been
pardoned for thatolfense, a clemency whi<li tliey repaid by
again taking up arms at the first opporliiiiity. It is to b(!
regretted that while .some of the dupes mIYered the ex-
treme penalty of the law, the riiii^leaders es<'aped, and
some of them lived to be rew.arded in affi'r yeai's by snug
appointments under tlic^ very government they had con-
spired to subvert.
CHAPTER LXXXIT.
LOWER CANADA— fUn'EIJNMENT OF LORD
SYDEMIA^L
1. — iVuiiiVAi. OK Mu. C. I'oi.i.r.TT Thomson-. A\ I'mov
OF Till-; I'UOVIXcr.S AfiUKI l) Til. 2. TlIK Ac T (IK
Union kasskd iiv rm: P.kitisii llorsi; ok ('o:mmoxs.
.'!. 'J'llK. CoSDITIOX OK I'AItTlKS AT TIIkThIK OK TIIK
Union. Loud Svuknham. — 1. \\mks ok thk Gov-
EUNOus 01'' Till'; I'uovixci; ok Lowku Canada.
1. — The report o. the Earl of Durham im the condition
of Canada, now clainuMl attention. It was a statesman-
like document, recomiiK^iiding a federa-
tion of all the proviiu'es, and the build-
ing of an International Kailway; or, in
lh(! event of this project being too re-
mote, tlu^ immediate union of Upper and Lower Canada,
and the introcliiclion of responsible govermiK'iit. TIk'
British Ministry bad by this time ]iretty well made n[)
their minds as to the union of thi! ju'ovinces, and Mr.
I'oiilett Thomson was a|)i«iinteil governor-iii-chief to
carry out the [irojt'ct. He arrived at Quebec; on 17th
October, IH.'iO, and was well receivecl, although ho was
engageil in the Ualtic timber trade, and was not supposed
to be a very warm friend to Canadian interest. He pro-
ceeded at oiic'e to McHitreal and conveiiecl the .Special
Council, which met cm lllh Xoveiiiber. The plan of
union was proposed, and after some little discussion reso-
lutions were adopted to the elTecf that 11 union of the
provinces was the best remedy which could be found for
Arriv;.; of Mr. ('.
I'.Hil.'iI Thomson.
A uni.'ii of Iho
I'rovinci'sa^^ro.-'.l lo
'■i
I I 1 I <i
:!:
: !l
I- : !
i
''Ml'-
nsi
TUTTI.KS JIISTOKV OK TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
tlio existing dilRciiliii's in J.owcr C'iiiiiula. 'i'liis was, uii-
doiibtoilly, the <>iiii]iipii of the Iti'itisli iiiiiKirity ; but just
.13 undouhtiMlly it was tlio ivversn of \vli;tt the FihmicIi
Ciiiiiuliiiii majority dusiroil ; but that liail now no voice iu
the control of tlio government of tlio jiroviiiee ; Mr.
I'aiiiueau and his eolh^agues ha<l attenii)ted to assume the
(■ntiiii government of the jirovinee, had ui)i)ealed to arms
to sn^taiu tlu'ir dt'mauds, and had lost, and so the iM-tMich
Canadian party had no voice in the councils which de-
cided on a nvunion of tiie provinces.
•>. — Having so easily aceomplisiie<l his object in Lower
Canada, the governor proi!eede<l to the Upjier I'rovincc,
where the Assembly favored a union,
msNiYhv tll.i'urit- '"'t •■''« Legislative Council opposed it.
ish ii.iuseotcum- ]>y some little manageuKint, however,
the Council was ]iersuadeil that it was
the nvasure most suited to the interests of both prov-
inces, and a bill was therefoi-e, introduced and i)assed.
I nnned lately on the receipt of information of the passing
of i-csolnti"" greeing to union, by the Council of Lower
Canada ; le Legislature of l'|iper Canada, Lord
.Tohn Kiissell introduced a bill into the imperial Parlia-
ment to giv(! the i)lan elTeet. The bill, .as introduced,
provided for tlie creation of niiinici[)al councils ; but it
InMiig olijectttd that that was a local unitti'r and shoiihl
be left entirely to the local Parliament, the clauses were
stricken out. Tlie priiici|)al provisions were tln^ assumj)-
tion by the new province, ,vhich was to bo known as
'• The Pi'o\ inc(! of Canada,' of the largo debt of Upper
Canada, on the ground that they werti public works
tvliich would greatly IxMielit Lower Cainula ; an eiinality
of members for e.acli ])rovinee, and a permanent ])rovision
for a competent civil list. The bill received tho royal
sanction on ■2.'}d .Inly, lAU); but did not go into effect
until the 10th Fei)niary, 1>! 1 1, which, by proclamation
dateil the ath idem, was declai'ecl to be tho day on which
tho two provinces, after a separation of fifty years, be-
came one again.
a. — Canada was now to cuter on her fourth experiment
in government since the CoiKpiest ; i1r t, military ride ;
second, th(> (Quebec ace of 1771 ; third,
/«Tii'7S'uml'o'£t'i« C'onstitu;ional act of 1701, and di-
''"',''['""• '•"■■'' vision of the i)rovince ; and now a re-
uniting of tho province to try whether
the Constitutional Act, which had worked baiUy in both
])rovinces st^|)arately, would not do better if tried on tho
}U'ovince reunitiMl. The experiment pleased some parts
of till) population of both provinces, hut it was not at all
acceptable to the French, who saw their great majority in
the .\ssombly gone, an<l (heir only lio[)e of power rest in a
coalition with tin; disalTected Opposition of I'pper Canaila.
Tho Hon. Charles Poulett Thomson was this year raised to
the peerage with the tithM)f Maroii Sydenham, of Kent and
Toronto, During tho sumnKn- ho paiil a vi^it to the Low-
er Provinces and was well received everywhere, especially
ill New Urunswick, whore only a few years before, wlien
he w.as chairman of tho Hoard of Trade, Iu; was burned in
eihgy in St. John and Fredericton, because he favored tho
abrogation of the duties on timber from the Haltic. lint then
ho was only plain Mr. Thomson, now he was i^in'd .Sydeii-
Iiiim, and governor-in-ehief of her m.-jesty's jxissossions
in liritish North America. All the difTerenc(^ in tht^ world ;
and insteail of burning him, llu^ peopKi of St. .Julin anil
Fredericton dined ami winecl him.
4. — As this chapter closes the existene(> of the Province
of Lower Ciin.ada as a sej)arate Province, until after the
Confederation of 1807, we will close >;^i„os i.f tii,!
this portion of our subiect with a list of <i"V'7"">«"f Hi"
the gov(M'nors who administered the <»"'"'"•
affairs of the province during its existence.
Colonel Clarke, Lieut.-Gov 1701.
Cleiieral Hobert Prescott 171t(').
Sir U. S. Milner 17'.)i).
Hon Thos. Dunn, Prest ISO."), 18]].
Sir J. II. Craig 1807.
Sir George Provost 1811
Sir G. Drummond, Adminst 181.").
Gen. John Wilson, Adminst 181 Ci.
Sir J, Coajio Sherbrooko ISIC.
Duke of Kiehniond 1818.
Sir James JMonk, Prest ]81',i.
Sir Peregrine Maitland 18-J(I.
Karl of balliousio 1820, 18l'.").
Sir F. N. liurton, Lieut.-Gov. ..... 1821.
Sir James Kempt, Ailminst 1828.
Lord Aylmer, Adminst ]8,'50.
Karl of (iosford 18,"!."),
Sir J. Colborne 18;J8.
Karl of Durham 18;)S.
C. Poulett Thomson (Lin'd Sydeiibam). . . Is:;;).
CHAPTER LXXXTTT.
T ■ PPKIl CAN ADA-GOV Kl{ \ M I'. NT O F COLONKI,
J. G. SLAICOK.
1. — T'rn-.n Canaila, 171)1 — 2. Tin; Indian Sf.t-
Ti.r.iis, TiiF. FiusT C'liiiicii 15i:i,i. i\riMM-.K Canada.
— 3. AlM'OINTMKNT OF Coi.oM.T. J. G. SiMCOF. AS
LlKFTKNANT-GuVFUNOU. Flltsr SlCSSION OF PAU-
I.IAMF.NT. 1 I'SKFII. ACTS I'ASSKD. IvF-NAM IXU
TIIK DlSTKICTS. — i>. Pu<)IfO(;ArTO\. Vl.SIT OF TIIF.
DiKF OF Kf.xt. — (i. f!ovi:uNuit Simcoi:, Si'.i;Ki\(i a
SiTK FOR TIIK CaI'ITAI,, Df.CIDKS ON ToKONTO. — 7.
KaI'ID iNCUFAfH OF P( ll'l 1. \'ri()N. 8. (loVKU-
■.vwlicri', especially
ears Iiel'ore, when
■ 111! was Ininied in
us(! lu! favored tin;
lelJakic. But then
) was Ldi-iI Sy<le]i-
lesty's |)()ssessi()iis
•eiie('ili tile World;
of St. Juliri and
■e of tlie Provinee
ee, until after the
N.-uiii'S i.f 111,.
(icivcniMrs 111' iIki
J'n.viii,,.,jl J.uwur
CaiiaWa.
ice.
. . 1701.
. . ]7'.i:i.
I.SO.-., LSI I.
. . ].s(i7.
. . 1811
. . IS].-,.
. . isiC.
. . isn;.
. . isis.
. . 18111.
. . ISL'O.
1820, ISiV).
. . 1821.
. . 1828.
. . 18;i0.
. . 18;).-).
. . i.s;)8.
. . ls;;,s.
. . is;;;).
OF COLONEL
Tndiax Set-
'i'im:k Canada.
. (;. SlMCOK AS
3SIO\ OF V\n-
>• l{i;-NAJIIN(}
^■ISIT OK Tiir;
<>i:. Skiikim; a
ToiiONTo. — 7.
*' 8. (iovioK.
m
I I
..'•ill
1 .0
I !
i i,,
ill- '!
t
N
w '
III
1
•^
\
&
ENSRAVEO tXPfiEl lY rOR' lUTTU 5 MI5T0RV Of IMt DOMINION - To UNO BIOGRAPHIES SEE INDEX
THE BURIANO DESBARAi; LITHO COMP'
i! I I
I ■ i
V^
I
lii
fi-
rPl'KIJ CANADA— (iOVKUNMKNT OF (OLONKI. J. (!. SIMCOK.
385
I
xouSiMf OF. Di;siui:s to JIakk Loxijon tiii; C'aitiai.. |
Luiti) Doi ;ii;.-iTi;u Ki.i-csks. — 0. Sk( (jxd Sr.^isioN '
OF PaKI.IAMKXT. Aliol.FlKIX (IF Sl.AVF.UV. — 10. Uf.- |
(All, OF GoVKIiXOit SiMCOF.. 11. AdMINISTKA TIOS !
OF Hon. rr.Ti li UrssFi,!.. Auusiis in tmf. C uown
Lands DFi-AUTMr.NT.
1. — Wo now tiini hack fifty years in our history uihI
look at I ii|ii'r Canada as it was on tliu 2l)th Decenilier,
17'.i|, wiicn tlio jiroflaniatiou of I,icut(^n-
aiil - Governor Alnred Clarke deelareil
tlic^ old '• I'rovinie of t^ui'liec" divided
into I'pjier and i.nwer Canada. The ])0|mlatlon of I p-
jier Canada at tliis lime numliered scarce 1\ ten thousand
Mtuls ; there were no towns or large settlements, and the
iiiii I'lltaiils wi're generally scattered in llltlu grouiis or
almost enlhely isolated. The; new innnigrants had c()nio
to the wilderness to hue homes out of the jirlmeval for-
est ; nothing hut hanl work eould do it, and manfully
and cheerfully they set to work to hulhl up their fortunes.
Tlie eight years which liatl elapsed since the. iirst liistal-
m> nts of I'lilted h'.mjiire Loy.dists w^re driven from their-
homes in the States into tin- \i IldeiiKss, had already work-
ed gretit changes In the face of the country. Then the
vast solitude was wholly unhiokeii ; the eternal forest
raised Its lowering head to tln^ andiiem sky in midislurhed
and uiidls[)uted magnilieonce ; .>w the head of the forest
king was hent low liefore the swinging axe of the woods-
man ; the rude log eahln and tluj nmilcst clearing gave
evidence of human life; the growing crops gave evidence
of human industry, and the little gathei'ings together of
houses at Kingston, Newark, Aiahersthurg and other
plac'cs gave evlih'nce of human pros[ierlty.
2. — .V thrifty ami industrious jieople wer(! the ■ioneia-s
of I'pper Canada, who fought as hravely and coiisfin 'y
auainst danijers, dllH(.'ulties ai ' .i-
•fhi' Inilirin scttliTS. p . „ ,.
lliiMiisiclmirli lull lions in founding their hrst s
ill I'liiKT Oiiiaila. , , , 1 •! 1 •
they had erstwhile done in ilir
ranks of the king they loved, to put down the ii In Uion
agaiiisthis authority. Nor were the Indians who emigra-
ted much heliind their white hrothers. Almost the entire
iSIohawk trlhe, under their chief, Joseph lirant, followed
the fortunes of the I'liited Empire Loyalists, and settled
on their reservation along the Grand Hlver. Urant was
a fine specimen of a Christian Indian, and tried to lead
his people as well In ])eacefiil pursuits as on the war-path.
lie was a meinher of the Church of Knglaiid. anil huilt
a church in his settlement in ITSCi. In which was set the
llrst (•liiirch hell ever heard in I'pper Canada. He htillt
a line luuise for hiin-elf on riiirllngton May a short time
hefore his deatli. which took place in 1807, In the .'ixty-
fifth year of liis age.
•h — Lieutenant-Colonel John Graves Sinieoe, the first
neutenaiit-governor of l'p[ier Canada, had couinmiKled
I he (.Queen's Rangers (Hussars) during
the American revolutionary War, anil nl![;",l.'i""i"',"'si'n
afterwards entered the l>rlll>h IIou>(! of
I 111'
■M l.ii'ulriiniit*
liitMTiHtr. First
Commons, wlicn^ he siipiiorted the Con- '^i i-i"iM'il'arlm-
. _ inc'iit.
stliulional Act of 17111, and afterwards
accepted the posllloii of lieutenant-governor of the new
province crealed hy that act. On the Hth July, 17112, ho
arrived in the new country, and was for sometime puzzled
to lind a suitahle place for a capital, hut finally decided to
select Newark, on the NiaiTiira ISlvcr ; and line he hiilll a
small frame house which had to do duty as the J'aiTiameiit
hiilldlng and governor's residence comhlneil. The first
Parliament of U|i|)er Canada met on 17th Seiiteinher,
I7',t2, and consisted of three hraiiches. as in Lower
Canada; the Asseinhly, consisting of sixteen meiuhers,
elected hy the people; the Legislative council, cnnipris-
ing seven meinhers, appointed hy the crown, and the
lieutenant-governor, who was also assisted hy an Ex-
ecutive Council, nominated hy tl lown, and who were
generally oilicers of the crown or Legislative Councillors.
4. — The first I'arliament of I'pper Can.ada formed a
strong contrast to that of Lower Canada In that its session
was verv much shorter ; for whilst the
' ,, , . . . rsfffil jii'tsit.assiMl.
jiolite old rreiicn seigniors took live lii- ii:iiiiiii^ ilii; ilis-
nionths to pass eight hills, the fanners
and nierchants of I'jiper Canada took only the same nuin-
her of weeks to pass as many hills ; and yet they were
plain. Useful, seiislhle acts, with no evidence of haste or
hurry ahoiil them. l>y one English law was introduced ;
trial hy jury hy another; the rate to ho charged hy mil-
lers for grinding and holling gr.iin was limited to one-
twelfth of the ipiantity ground ; tlie names of the four
districts into which Lm-d Dorchester had dlvldiMl the
provlnci! were changed to Ivi-.tern, or .rohnstown district;
Jliddle, or Kingston district; Home, or Niagara district;
and Western, or Detroit district; and these districts were
again divided into twelve counties. An act was also
jiassed to provide a jail in each of the illstricls.
a. — The first session of I'arliament was closed on 1 .nh
Octoher, and Governor Sliiicoe in his jn'orogation sjieech
complimented hoth Houses on tlndr hiisi-
... . , *, 1 1 1 1 I'rnrny.'ition.
ness-like proiiiplitilde. Jle coiicludeii hy Vi-ii <if iiiuUuke
sa\ing: "I cannot dismiss you without " ^''" '
( arnestly desiring you to ])romote. hy jirecept and exam-
ple, among your respective counties, regular liahits of
])iety and morality, the surest foundations of all ju'ivate
and puhlic felicity; and, at this juncture, I particularly
recommend to you to explain, that this jiroviiioe is sig-
nally lile-sed. not with a iniiillatcd constitution, hut with
a coiistiliition which lias slooil the test of experience, and
is the very Image and IraiiM'tipt of that of Great Urllaln ;
hy which she has long eslahlished and secured to her suh-
jects as much freedom and happiness as is possihie to he
enjoyed under the suhordinutiou necessary to civilized
^4
M,
!i .
I I
f
;5.s6
'11 rrLi.s iiisrouv ok iiii: dominion ok c anada.
»r.'l|iil,ll. il -I i ll'K
<in 'I'l'mnto.
Iiii<>. ami tiiut
society." As (iiic (if ihi' iiuidtiits of tlu' year may ln^
inr'iitioiied tini visit of tlic |)iiki' ot' Ivi'iit (lailicr to Ikt
inaji"<tv (.^iii'cii Victoria) wlio li-avciiiMl tliioiiijli lioth
pt'oviiH'cs, ami vi^ili'd (lovcriidi' Simroc at Ncwaik.
(■). — Wlii'ii ( !oviM-ii )!• Siiiicoc silcc-tcd Ni'Waik as liis
<'a|iital lie Was iiiiciii- tiic iin|ii'i'ssioii that tlic fort on tlic
o|i|iosilc siilc iif tiic liver woiiKl he (Hileil
to Knulaiid au'i occti|iie(l hy a strong
Iti'itish force; hill when he found tiiat the
Niagara River was to hv the hoiindary
ic I'imIimI Stales were to retain tlie fort,
he di'cided to iiiovi^ his ea|)ilal. "The eliief town of a
jiroviiice iiiiist not he placed under the i,'iiiisof an enemy's
fort," he said, and aceordiiiLjly lie^^aii to look for a more
eli^Ihh' site. Ill the siimiiier of IT'.^'i he coasted alioiit
L:ike Ontario, visitiiiL; several spots whicii seemed eligi-
lile, lint at last selected the sit(^ of the old Kreiicli fort of
Toronto, whiili was now ahaiidonc(l, and he only found
a solitary \vi;;waiii to represent the once niiiii, rolls and
powerful Unroll trihe. The situation suited him well;
tlie liroad width of Lake Ontario — thirty-six miles across
at ihi^ point, stiitched hctweeii a hold neck of land jutting;
out into the lake, and the American shore on the other
side. The hay wa-; coniinodious and secure, and the vast
forests ol heech and lua|ile ,i;ave evidence of L'l'eat fertil-
ity, (lovei'iior .Simcoedeterm lied that this should lie the
site of his new capital, and so anxious was he to completo
the now seltlcmiMit that he moved there hefore there was
a siiiyle house, and lived in a larjfe t(Mit. He was accom-
panied hy the (Queen's Ivanifers, who liiiilt the military
road, now known as Voiiiic Street, Toronto, and which
runs ill a straijrlit line from the city ;,o Lake Simcoe,
a distance of thirty miles. The iiil'aiit city, which was
th(iii called York, did not thrive very ra|iiilly, as in 17'.).')
it only contained twelve houses.
7. — The liiieral jjrants of land offered hy the jrovern-
m 111 sjieedily hej^aii to attract settl(;rs, especially from
the States. Many of the ori^^inal immi-
ijopuiauuii. {jrants had ir iv :j;ot into somewhat coin-
fortahle eircumstaiie.es ; their lands were
pretty well cleared, were productive, and on the whole
they were liap[)y and eoiiifortahle. It must ho remem-
bered that these settlers had nearly all either been driven
from their homes hy politii;aI persecution, or had left vol-
untarily to maintain their eoiiiKjctioii with the liritish
crown. Now that time had hrou^dit peace, and the new
and old nations w(!ro on amicable ttirms, it was natural
that many of the United iMupin; TiOyalists should revisit
their old homes in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts
and other States ; and it was .also very natural that their
favorable accounts of the fertility of the country and the
generous terms on whicli land was granted, should indiico
iiumhers, who were not (juito enamored of Hepiililicaii
rule, to emigrate to the now forest homos of the west, and
I
so the population of Fpper ( an.. !i ifrew so rapidly that
in 17',!.') its popiilati<iii was estim.atedt at ihirly thousand.
H. — This liillux of Americans was not very pleasing to
the governor, vlio was a staiiiich old Tory ; ami although
tliev weiH' (luiet, peaceable, liard-workiii''
, / , , ' <;ov).riutr Slnicoi?
ciliziiis, he was afrai<l that thev inii;ht it .-ir ■> i.. iiwil.c
1 1 . ■ I'll. II-" ' ■ ll'll'l"!! Ill" «iii>-
nave heeli imliued with Kepiihlieaii prin- ii.il. l-unt Iior-
• 1 1 1 r » .1 . I 1. clicstir rufuHCB.
ciples and, some (h»y, forget their loyalty ;
so he wanted to move tlio cajiital further away from the
frontier and thi' American population, and proposed a site
on the ri\er l)e la Treni'he — which he re-christened liie
Thames — where the city of London now stands, as a i
suitable ]ilace for the new capital: Imt Lord Dorchester, t
who was governor-general did not like- tlu^ location ; and
as he had already named Kingston as tlie principal naval
and military depot on Lake Ontario, ami did not wish the
capital removed, the project of Imililing a city on the
Tliami's was abandoned, and was not revived until forty ]
years after, when Sir doliii Colborne built extensive bar-
racks on the site governor .Simcoe had selected, and a
town grew into existence as if by magic, until we have the
London of to-day with its thirty thousand inhabitants, the
r.ailroad centre of a vast and fertile region.
1). — The second se.ssloii of thelirst Parliament of T'pper
Camilla was o]»oned at Newark, on .'5 1st May, 17'.).j, and
was remarkable for two acts, one abolish-
, ^ , 1 1 . 1 .Sornml Fo-nsion of
iiig slavery, and the other allowing the i-.-iriiimii'm. .m>-
■ , ^ , ,, I r 11 (ililioii (if sliiVL-ry.
meiiilicrs two dollars a day lor each day
of their attendance, in both of whicli measures they were
considerably ahead of Lower Canada ; for although a lull
to abolish slavery was mtroduced at the first session of
the Parliament of that province (17!>2-3\ it was not
passed, and it was not until ten years after (ISO.'i) that,
by a decision of .ludgc Osgood, al Montreal, slavery was
diu'lareil inconsistent with Kngli-h law. In April, this
year, appi'arcd the first newspaper printed in T';-per Can-
ada, J'/w l/jipcr Canitda Gazette ; it was prinlcil at New-
ark, Imt retuoved to Y'ork (Toronto) when the govern-
ment was transferred there. The jiress in those days was
not V(n'y enterprising, and but little insight into the man-
ners of the times can be gained from the columns of the
Gazette.
10. — The history of the first few years of the existence
of Upper Canada is a history of [leace and industry, and
the impress of the years leave but light
, . , r it, 1 • . • 'i'l lipinlt of riover-
inarks for the pen of the historian. J he „„,- ,si„R„c..
sessions of Parliament were still held at
Newark, as York was not completed, and nothing seems
to have disturbed the liarmoiiy of the province except
some complaints made by the American government that
(iovenior .Simcoe was exciting the Iroipiois, both in Can-
ada and Western New York, against it; and as the gov-
;i crnor's policy was not endorsed by either Lord Dorehes-
1 1 ter or tlio British ministry, he was recalled in 1796, and
Uri'FR CANADA— (JOVKRNMKNT OF CKNKHAL rKTKU IIUNTKR,
387
till- lion. Peter Russell, senior memlier of the Exeeulive
C'oiiiie.il, assumed the administration of affair.-..
II. — Mr. Russell admitiistere(l the affairs of the prov-
ince for two y<'ars, diiriii;; wliieli time no events of very
, L'real ptililie inipiirtanee ocr-urreil, exrept
Aclminislmlliin of t^ i i _ '
Iliin. l'ii>r Kiiw- the removal of the seat of j'Dveriiment
»..|l. .\l.u^.•» in the ..,,„, , ,
Crown iiiiiiia<ii>- troMi Aewark to loronto, where tlie see-
Olid session of the seeoiid r:iiliainiiit
was opened on 1st .Fiine, 1797. Diirinj; Colonel Simeoi^'s
administration he li:id Ini'ii exeei'dinu'ly care fiil with re-
pard to the (listriliution of lands ; hut iiniiiediatily on his
(lepartiirt! incmilarities heeaii to creep into the crown
land department, just as it had in Lower Canada, and
I great injustice was done to the actual settlers. Larj^e
tracts of the most elijjilile sites were seized upon hy i,'ov-
ernineiit olUcials and s])eciil:itors, and the actual settlers
found themselves, in many iustaiiccs, thrust into out-of-
the-way corners, and cut olf from intercourse with any
near iieii^hUors for want of roads. This " laml iiraU "
continued to he a source of great annoyance in Upper
Canada for some vears.
CHAPTER LXXXIV.
UPPER CANADA— (;()vi:i!\mi;nt of general
ri;ii:ii huxteii.
1. — Gkowtii f)!-- Tin; PnovixcE. Estaiu.tshmkst of
PoiiTs or Emuv on Tiir. Lakks. — '1. A\ Act 1'ko-
IIIBITIXC Till S.VLK. OF Sl'IlilTfOUS LiQfOUS TO TIIF
IspiANS. — ;i. ENCoLKAGixf; Tin; C'ui.TLiti; of Ilr.Mr.
— 4. Tin; Foindatiox of "the Fajiily Comi'act."
— 5. I'nsatisfactouy Condition of tiii; Pkovinck
Politically.
I
I 1. — ^Major-General Peter Hunter was appointed lieii-
tenant-srovernor in 179!), and arrived at the seat of his
trovernment the same vear. and met Par-
rirowtli of llio 7- .n ' I > 1 /• T
I Pioviiiii'. Jlstab- liamcnt at loronto on tut; Jd oi June,
Of Kilt ry on the 1^00. 1 he growth ot I jiper Canada had
^•^^'^''- 1)1.011 rapid, and its population now ntmi-
bered ahont sixty thousand. Cut off from the seaboard,
and with only iniixrfect water comniunication with Lower
Canada, on account of the numerous raiiids of the St. Law-
rence, the trade of the new province naturally sought those
points which in the old days had attracted the hulk of the
fur trade, despite the most vigoious efforts of tin; French
traders at Alhany ami New York. Western New York
was then as great a wilderness as Upper Canada, and only
a few settlements existed on Lake Ontario, Lake Eric,
the Niagara an<l Upper St. Lawrence. IJotli new settle-
ments grew last, and a trade across the lakes and rivers
soon hciiaii to spring up. the trade of Up|ier Canada find-
ing its way to and from the si'a more coiivcni(Mitly hy w;iy
of New York than hy way of t^in'h.>c. I'orts of entry
were now estsihlished at Cornwall, Uroe'sv'ile. Newcastle,
Toronto. NiaLiiir.i. (^ueenstnii. I'"iii'(. Erie . iiikcy Point,
Amhcrsthurg and .Samlwich. the duties iiciiig tie; same as
those charged on goods lirouglit from England.
i. — The revenue from these importations was handed
over to his in:ijesty, for it certain sum. to help defray
the expi'iises of the civil list; and the An nrt tirni.iiiiiing
mveriior was einiiowered to aiirioint eol- H": "i'!'^ "f I'l'i"';-
^ 1 II tioim li<|nort« lu ttie
lectors at salaries not exceeding XI 00 iiniimw.
(•iirreiicy ; hut if the amnuiit of duty collected did not
exceed that sum they were allowed (nm-half the actual
collections in lieu of sal.iry. .\l this session an act
was .also passeil prohiliitiiig the saht of spirituous li(piors
to the Indians. Emigration cnntinued large ; iiiimlii'rs
of Americans eontiniied to cross over to Canadii ; and the
troiihlcs of 'IIH in I rehiiid caused many thousands of L'ish-
meii to s(.(.k homes in a new eoiinfrv, where they would
he free from the grievances which oppressed them at
home. A coiisiileralile numlier of .Scotidi also canity and
a few English ; hut thc> Irish and Americans predomi-
natecl. This led, in ISO'i, to the formation of new districts
and the opening of more ports of iMitry to meet the re-
quirements of the growing population.
3. — At the session of I1S02 an act was passed appropri-
ating £7."»0 for the encouragement of the grctwtli of hemp.
A similar tict was passed in Lower Canada,
the idea being that Canada could be made .':;;i';;;',™f;,t:,I,p"
to take the place of Russia towards Eng-
land in supplying the hemp for cordage for the navy, as
sill! was fast supplying the timber to lini'd the ships. Mr.
Hunter's .administration was not marked by any retnark.a-
ble events ; but his easy manner and the willingness of the
Assembly to leave the government practically in the hands
of the Executive Council, led to many after abuses. Party
spirit was unknown ; the Assembly passed bills, and the
Executive Council carried them out or not, just as it pleased.
The Assemblvmeii went home feeling satisfied, cpiite wil-
ling not to bother their heads about law making until ne.xt
session. Now amongst the United Em|iire Loyalists and
other early .settlers, there were a largo number of poor
gentlemen — men who had cither lost their fortunes by the
war of iiidepciideiie(\ or who had sipiandered their means
and were (]uite willing to he supported in a new country,
provided they did not li.'ive to work very hard.
4. — This class, wlii<'h was the educated and more
polisl cd class, gradually became ceiitrcil round the gov-
ernor, and through him really ruled the
,i,i 11. r M- 111 Till- fiiunil.itioii of
province. Ihese holding tamilies held "Tin. Famiiy com-
seats i:i the executive and Legislative '^'"''
councils for life ; they filled all the public olfices, and all
posts of honor or profit ; they intermarried, and formed
!M
:MII:ji;
jili ii
lillilii;:
;i.s8
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
ail nliijarcliy commonly known ns " Tlie Family Com-
pact," which it took many years' a>;i(ation, and even
bloodslicd, to break down. l?iit tliere was another class of
poor f;eiitlemen who. instead of strivinj; for office, and
makinj; the means of luxurious livinj; liy dishonorable
speculations in lands and other dirty "jobs," preferred
to take lip and work their own i.inds, learning to bo farm-
tM's, while by their superior education and accoinplislinients
they set an exami)!'; to the ronj;her class of farm hands
and laborers, who needed sadly some redeeming and rc-
liniiig influences in the roujjh life they were forced to
lead, without the aid of (jither '•liiirch or scliool in many
instances; and these ])oor f;entlemeii, who did not become
placemen or ollice-seekers, but sought fortune out of the
lap of the boiintif.il eartli, were in most instances amply
rcpai<l, and their descendants are to-(hiy to be found
amongst the leading men in Ontario.
5. — For twenty years the evil had been growing, and
the oligarchy gaining strength and confidence; but taxes
were light, the fanners busy with their
lTns.itl«fai-torv I'oii- , , • ,
diti.iiiiiitiiu I'rov- clearings an<l their crops, and, halt un-
iiu'u iioUliially. • ' i .1 • 1 ^ 1 e
consciously, the riglit and power ot gov-
erning the whole province, and of III ling all the public
odices, fell into the hands of a few families, who showed
every disposition to keep all they had got and a.-.k for
more. The condition of the province in 1805, wns all
that could be desired as far as settling and idearing the
land was concerned ; but politically it was in a very bad
way. The issuing of |)atents for land was greatly dis-
alm.icd ; fre(|ueiitly a bona fuh settler was refused a grant
for a s|iec!al |iiece of land, and it would afterwards be
granted to some favoritt; who would speculate in it.
Great .".buses also existed in the Indian De|)artin(Mit.
which cost upwards ot £00,000 per annum, a large per-
centage of which, however, found its way into the pockets
I of some of the members of the Family Compact. The
judiciary was by no means what it ought to have been ;
the judges were not appointed for life, but only during
the pleasure of the crown, which greatly interfered with
their inch^pendence of action, and brought thcin directly
under the inllucnce of the members of the Family Com-
pact. Such was the condition of affairs when Mr. Thorpe,
an English barrister of good reputation, was appointcclonc
of the judges of King's licncli for Ujiper Can.ada ; and
in the following year, ISOfi, Mr. Hunter was replaced by
Mr. Francis Gore, who had been appointed lieutenant-
governor.
CHAPTER LXXXV.
UI'PER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF MR.
FRANCIS GORE.
1. EsTAIt„TSIIMKNT OF THH FlKSl OPPOSITION NkW8-
I'APKU. — 2. TiiK FiusT Opposition Editor turns
TuAiTou. Estabi.ishmk.ntof Sniooi.s. — ;i. I'aktiai,
Apathy ok thk Hri.K op tiik I'kopi.k. — t. Happy
CoNnrrioN of tiik I'kopi.e. — 5. Want of a Cikcu-
i.ATiNo Mkiiiu.m. Tiik Shadow of wak.
1. — The year 1807 was marked by the first ajipeiirance
of an Ojjposition paper in Upper Canada, tin; L'/ijicr
Canada Guardian, the Upper Canada
„ , . ''^ Eslalilislimeiil i.t
uazette being a strong government the iirni oppusiiUm
paper. Ihe establishment ot this ]iaper
was, to a great extent, due to the candidature of
Judge Thorpe for a seat in the Assembly. He was
strongly opposed by the governor, and bitterly abused by
the (rairtlc, and after his election it was determined that
liie small Opposition, then coining into life, as it were,
should have an organ through which to (jxpress its opin-
ions ; so party-political warfare began, and soon grew
hot. Judge Thorpe grew very po[iular, and as he in-
creased ill favor with the people, he fell into disgrace
with tli(! governor and the oligarchy, and was (iiially re-
moveil from his jiuigeship and recalled by the Home
secretary.
2. — The editor of the Guardian, a .Mr. Wilcocks, soon
made himself popular and was elected to the Assembly,
where he slroiiijlv opposeil the Familv
Compact. He: 'however, published SuomI.^'SH::"
some of the proceedings of the House, l>ial.li>limeni of
and was promptly committed to jail
for a biH'ai'h of tiie privileges of the House. This rather
increased his popularity, and he continued to attack the
government until the war of IS 12 broke out, when he
gave up his paper and served as a volunteer at Colleens-
ton ; but ho soon turned traitor and carried over a few
Canadians with him to the Americans. He was after-
wards shot at Fort Erie. In the session of 18()7, [iiovis-
ioii was made for the appointineiit of eight masters of
gramniar schools, one for each district, at salaries of £100
currency each. One huiidreil pounds per annum was an
object, in those days, and the ollices were mostly Idled
with retired offlcers and gentlemen in reduced circum-
stances, who, although lacking any experience or perhaps
capacity, had still some learning, and were about as good
inslruclors as could then lie got in a young country.
;i. — It must not be supposed that the jieople, as a
wliole. wert! discontented ; it was (piite the reverse ; the
bulk of the people were firm in their i-nriiul iiiiaiiiy i.nii.'
allegiance to Great Hrilaiii, were i"'"' "( iIkm'.'.-pI.'.
I n
m
':nt of i\rR.
•POSITION NkW3-
KditOU TUKNa
s. — .'i. Pauti.al
IIM.K. J. HaI'I-Y
ANT OF A ClUCU-
WAK.
first aj)i)('nrMiiC('
ni:i<ia, lli(! L'/iiivr
a
-Cvit.iMisliinoni of
It IIm> liixl (ipiMisiiioii
, NewsiiainT.
caiulidatiin! of
•iiibly. He was ,
)iUorly abused by |
■f ik'tenuiiicil tliat i
life, as it were,
<'.\|)r('ss its opiii-
aiid soon f^rew
II'. !Uid as bo ill-
ell into disijrace
111 was finally ro-
il by tbo Home
r. Wileoclis, soon
to tbo Assembly,
Tlic tirsi Opiinsifloii
Kililiir 1111118 tinilor.
i:i<ialili>liiiioiii uf
fi'lllHilN,
1-e. Tills ratiier
lied to attack tbe
"! out, wben be
nteer at (^ueeiis-
irried over a few
He was after-
of iHur, provis-
I'i^^lit masters of
salaries of £100
r uiinuin was an
!!•() mostly filled
redueed cireiim-
enee or peiliaps
u about as good
Lf eountry.
in |ieo|)l(>, as i\
10 reverse ; I lie
arllal iii.iithv i.f llin
lllk III (llU iM'tlpIl',
UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN AVAR— 1812.
389
happy and contented, and very mncb disposed to regard
the " agitators " wlio attacked tbe oligarchy as dan-
cerous people whom it was not safe to have anytliiiig
to <lo with. There was some excitement at the time
of Thorpe's election over his exposure of arbitrary
acts of the governor, .and some extortions made by law
otriccrs ; but a few timely concessions soon smoothed
over any difliculty from that quarter. The p(>ople, really,
liad very little to complain of. and . did not ; in after
years wo shall see nuieh bitteriu-^ over ibis •• Family
Compact," the centring of ]iower in an irresponsible
government, appointed for life and constantly growing
more exacting in its acciuisitiveiiess of place and power ;
but at tbe time of wbieii we write it gave little uneasiness,
and so grew np, almost unconsciously, until the Family
Compact " ring" had assumed very large ])roportions.
\. — The province was spi'cdily progressing. The
duties were very ligbt, and there were no oilier taxes.
,.,, , The peoiile were industrious, and im-
Ilnjipycomlitioii or ' '
the people. ported nothing they could make, 'o
that it was mostly wines, spirits and groceries tliat passed
throiigb the Cui^tom Houses, nearly all the vearing ap-
parel bcii'g made in the colony. Writing of this year
(1800), Mr. JlcJIullen says: " No civilized country in the
world was less burdened with taxes than Canada West
at this period. A small direct tax on property, levied by
the District Courts of .Session, and not amount iiig to
£;i..')00 for till! whole count rw sulliced for all local ex-
penses. There was no poor-rate, no capitation tax, no
titles or ecclesiastical rates of any kind. Instead of a
road tax, a lew days' statute labor annually sulliced. No-
where did the workingman find the produce of bis labor
so little diminished liy exaclioiis of any kind. Canada
AVest literally teemed with abundance ; while its people,
unlike the early French or American settlers, had nolhing
to fear from the red man, and enjoyed the iin'rease of the
earth in peace."
■'). — One great drawback thi^ province experienced was
the want of a circulating medium ; paper money there was
none, and of gold and silver very little,
Wiiiit of R ciriMiln- xi ^ • £ i ^ . i i a i
nnnnioiUmii. Tiio «o tbut a s])ecies ot Imrtei- liail to he re-
»im,lo«oi«iir. j,^^fy,j (^ hetween tbe meivbaut and the
farmer, which generally operated to tlic delriini'iit of the
latter. Religion and education were both neglected ; in
1800 tbere were.only four ministers of tbe Clinrch of Eng-
land ill Upper Canada, and a' out the same nuiiiber of
other denominations ; whilst lliere was lint oiii^ public
school to eacll ilistrict. Still tbo people, as a wliole, wore
steady, sober, industrious and moral, although the bjick-
woodsmen would, sometimes, take a drop loo miii'li and
give vent to their pugilistic propensities. The sessions of
IHIO iind IHU were ipiiet and uneventful : but tbe
shadow of IV war with tlio United Slates was now strongly
cast over tbe country, iiiul by w:iy of preparation Major-
Geiieral Isaac Brock succeeded Mr. Gore ns lieutenant-
governor, the latter having received leave of absence to
visit England.
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
UPPER CANADA -THE AMERICAN AVAR— 1812.
1. Hoi'KS OF TIIK AmF.KK'ANS IN InVADINi; CANADA.
— i. Gknf.kai, Iln.i.'s Hoastfil Pkoci.amation.
— .'i. Cai'tikf. of Fokt AIiriiiM.iMAiKiNAc nr tiik
15i!irisii. — t. Ri.pri.sF, of tiif Amfuicans at tiik
UlVKIt CaNAUD. ."). I'lliOllv'S PliOMl'TITl'OK. fi.
Hri.i.'s Rftkfat to Dhtkoip. Effouts to Ki;F.r
HIS COM'llNirATIOVS Ol'FN. — 7. SriiKF.MlFU OF
Dftkiiit. — 8. Hf.,ioicin(i ovf.k I>uock"s Uuii.i.iant
Cami-aiun.
1. — AVe now come to the period of the war with the
I'liited States. The causes which led to it we have already
traced, as well as related tbe events
, . , 1 • r /. 1 r. 1 Uopraot the Ainer-
wliicli occurred m Lower Canada alter tlie i,:ir,s in invuillnu
declaration of war on IStli .lune, 1812, ' """^"•
and we shall now confine ourselves to the occnrrences
which transpired in U|i|)er Canada during the period of
conflict. The Americans, in invading Canada immediately
after declaring war with liri-at Britain, were impressed
with the idea that the bulk of tlu! people in lioth jirovinces
desired to shake off British rule. This was a niisiake,
Tlie little dissatisfaction which existed at the monnpoly of
places and preferment by u favored few. they tnisinok tor
preparation for open rebellion, and were rather surprised
!it being received with cold steel instead of open anns, in
both Upper and Lower Canada. Another point on which
the Americans counted was tbe co-operation of the In-
dians, or, at least their neutrality ; but here again they
were mistaken ; for the Indian tribes had already sull'ci-ed
much from the encroachments of the iVineric.ins in the
AVest. and bad during the previous year (ISll)niadea
gallant but iiiefTcctua' cfTort, niiilcr 'I'ccunisch, to
(beck the onward march of civilization ; and when
war was once declared, and the first victories were on the
side of the British, till hope of an alliam f flie Indians
with the Amerieaiis was gone, and the former wei'e loyal
and true in fheir attachment to the British cause throngli-
oiit the war, rendering most ellicielit service, es|)ecially at
tbe commencement of the war. before the Canadian militia
was mobili/ed. or any reinl'orceinelits had arrived from
(Jreat I!rilaiii.
'i. — The first act of agorcssioii was committed by the
.Americans. For some time previous to the deelaralioii
'I'ir
! w
t[
i ■■■
!l
1;
;1
ii
\'\
;iOo
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
, „ „, of war, the United States had been mass-
(Joneral IIiiU 8
boastful prociam.i- iiiix troops in the ^liciiitran territory for
tioii. " ' , . , 1 1 '
tlie purpose of inal<ni!;; a sudden descent
on Upper Canada iinmediatelj- after the two nations were
jietually at war. About twenty-five hundred men were
fio assemhled, under eomniand of (ieneral Hull ; and that
officer, tliinkinj; lie had a sufrieieiit foree to easily over-
power Upper Canada, crossed from Detroit to Sanclwieh
on the 12lh .Tiily, 1812. and occupied Hritish territory,
thus coniiiiittinir the first act of hostility. General Hull
iinnie<liati'Iy issued a lonj^ and bombastic |)roclamation ;
and then sat down to await the general uprising of the
Canailians which he. together with many more .\m(>ricaiis,
seems to have confidently expected.* But although a
•Tliifl proclamation of G<Mi(^ral TTull'rt is a piiporior pjroo of what the
Ainorii'aiiH tt-nii *• lilfalulin," an<l w«» pivc it nntiro for tlu' j;ratiIit'ation
of tlie curious in tliat stvio of coitipo^iiion : —
'* By Wiliiain Hull. nriKatiior-foMicral ami C'oinmaTidor of (lie Nortli-
Wostorn Army of the Uiiiti'il statis.
" A rnoci.AMATiox.
** Iiihahitaiifs of T'anatla ! Aflor thiriy years of poacoaiid prosperitT the
tJiiitiMl stales have i)een ilrivi'u to arms, '{"lie iiijiiries ami a^uressioiis,
the insults ami i]i(li);nities of dn'at Ifritain have onee more left them no
aiternatlvo but manly resistauee. or uueoihlitionai submission. The
nnny under my commaml h.-is invaded your eonntry, and tlie slandanl of
Union" now waves over the ..Tiitory of ranada. 'I'o tlie peaeeable, nn-
olTendiiui inhabitants, it lu'iio^s mdlber ilan^ev nor ditlieulty. 1 ettnic to
lint/ emunies, not to m'fh-r them. I eome to proteet, not to injure you.
Separated by an immense ocean ami an extensive wilderness from (iroat
Britain, you have iio participation in her ('ouneils, nor Interest in lior
condtiet. You have felt her tyranny, you have seen her injustice, but I
do not ask you to avenge tho one or redress the other. The I'nited States
are sutliciently powerful to afford you every security eonsisteiit with
their rights, and your reputation. I tender you the invaluable blessiims
of eivil, political and religious lilierty, and their necessary result, lndi\ id-
ual and general i rosperity— that liberty which gave decision lo our eoun-
Bels ami eiier;.'y to our conduct in our stnit;gle for independence, and
wliii'h conducted UB safely and triumphantly tlirou^ih the stormy period
of tho Hevoliuion. That liberty whicli has raisr'd us to an elevated ranli
I among tlie nations of tho world, and whicli has atforded us a greater nieas-
I ure of peace and security, wealth aniiinipiovement.llian ever fell to the lot
of any pettple. In the nameof my <'onntry and by the authority of niytiov-
I erument. I promise i>rotection to your persons. prnpi^rty and i-iuhts. Itemaln
I at yniir homes, pursue your peat'eful and cn?.toniar\ axocations. raise not
I your bands aijainst your brctliren. Many of your falhers fuUu'ht for the
freedom and indi'pemi-'lii'e we now enji»y. Being children, therefore, of
I the same family with Us. .linl heirs to the same heritage, tlie arrival of
j an army of friends must be hailed by you with a I'oidial weh'ome. Vou
will biMunancipated from tyranny and oppre,sion, and restoreilto tho
dignitied station of freemen. Had I any lioiibt of even'iial Hiiccess, i
might asl4 your assistance, but I do not. I come prepared for eviu-y con-
tingeui'y. / h'lr, «i/./-«'.- ivhirh ivifl I, ml: iloirit 'ill npfionitiini, and that
force Is lint till' vanguard of a much greater. If contrary to your own iii-
tpreslfl, and tlie just expeetation of my country, you will lie considered
anil treated as enemies, tlie horrors and calamities of war will stalk be-
fore you. If the liarliaroiis and savage policy of (ireat Britain he pur-
Bueil ami the savages are let loose to muriler our citizens, and butcher
our w<uneii and children, this war will be a war of extermination. TIu'
first stroke id till' tom.ah.-nvk. till' tlisl attempt witli the scalping knife,
will be the signal of one indisiioiiinate seem' of desolation. No white
man found tlghtlng by the side of aii Indian will be taken prisoner in-
stant destructinii will be his lot. If the lilelatcs of reason, duly, justice
and liumanlty, cannot prevent the employment of a foii'e wliich respects
no rights, and knows no law, it will be prevented by a severe am! relent-
less system of retaliation. I iluiibt not \i'iir cinrage and tirmiiess ; I will
not doubt your atlaehini'iil to libeily. If ymi Icmler your services volun-
tarily, they will be accepted readily. The I'niled Slates oiler you peace.
very general uprising of the Canadians did take place, it
was not exactly what Oeneral Hull expected, for it was
for the ]nirpose of expelling the invader, not to welcome
him with open arms.
3. — M'liile Hull was issuing his boastful proclamation,
an unexpected and disagreetible surprise was being pre-
iiared for him in his rear. On the re-
. e ■ e ■ ciii . ,. f^nptur" "f Fort
ceipt or information of the declaration of Miebiiiimai'kin.acby
M^, 1 i> 1 . 1 , t''e British,
ajor-lieneral nrock issued orders,
on 2(>th June, to Ctiplain Hoberts. commanding a small
])ost at St. Joseph, situated on an island in Lake Huron,
forty-five miles north-west of Michillimiickintic, to capture
that fort if [lossible ; but if he was not strong enough to
do thtit. to either defend his own ])ost or retreat to St.
Jlai-y's in case of atttick. Roberts thought he was strong
enough to capture .Alichillimtiekinac. and, on l"'Ii Jiilv,
set out in a (lotilla of btitits tiiid canoes, act^ompaiiied by
the brig < 'tiMoniii belonging to the North-West Comptinv,
to effect his purpose. His force consisted of thirty regu-
lars, two artillerymen and one .sergeant, and oik? hundred
and sixty Caiiiidians, einjiloyt's of the North-West Com-
pjiny ; he h;id tilso two small iron ctinnon, but they were
not ill a very etReient condition. On the morning of the
sixieeiitb he appeared befoi-o jMichillimackinac and snm-
nioiied the gtirrison to surrender, which, aftir a short
dehiy it did, thus giving the IJritish the first success of the
war, without filing a shot. The gtirrison numbered
seventy-five, and large (|tianlities of stores, tiiid of goods
suitable for the Inditm trade, were found in the fort.
4. — This brilliant achievement thoroughly .secured the
support of the Inditins, and greatly interfered with the
projected advance of General Hull. This
, . 1 , . , llepnlKo of the
general appears to have been impressed s\nicricans at iiie
with tho idea that he had only to appear "^" '""""'■
on Hriti.sh soil and issue a proclamation to cause the whole
of Upper Canada to f irrender to him ; but ho wa.s most
grievoa»Iy disappointed, for General Brock was taking
the most pron.pt measures to expel him, and the Canadian
militia were fast flooking to the British standard, while
th(^ Indians were till oU'eiing thojr services. Eio-hteeii
miles from HiiU's heiid-ipiarters at S.inihvicli wtis Am-
herstburg, defended by Fort IMiilden, which was g.'irri-
soned by three huinlreil regulars, under command of
Lieutenant-Colonel St. George. Tlu; fort was in a very
poor stiite of defence, and had Hull advanced bohlly,
there is every probability that he would have captured it;
liberty, and secmlty. Your clmlee lies bi'tweeii these and war. slavery
and deslrmtioii. choose then, but choose wisely ; and may lie who
knows the justice of oiir.anie.and wlio hnlds in his hands the fate of
nations, guide you to a result tlie mnsl I'omputilde witli ymir rights and
interests, your peace and pr.iHpciiiy.
" By the aeiieial, W. IIL'I.I.,
" A. F. Ill r.i„
" Captain l;Uh Kegt., V. S. Inf., and Aid-de-Canip
" lIi':Aii-(JrAnrKlts,,Sandwleli, .luly V2, 1812."
:ivu Ciijitured it ;
UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR— 1812.
391
Brock's promp-
tilude.
but lie delayed for live days, and gave Colonel St. George
time to fortify the river Canard, wiiich Hull would have
to cross, and also for the Indians to come in, and the
British sloop of war Queen Charlotte, cight(;en guns, to
arrive off the mouth of the river, which she effectually
protected. On the 17th Hull attempted to cross the river
Canard about three miles below Amherstburg. but was
beaten back by some companies of the list regiment and
a few Indians ; the attempt was n-peated on the IHlh and
20th with a like result. On the latter occasion about two
hundred attempted a ford higher up the river, but a small
party of twenty Indians, who were ambushe<l on the other
side, rushed out at them, and so terrilied were the Amer-
icans at the sound of the war-whoop that they threw away
their arms and fled precipitately.
■5. — Meanwhile General IJrock had boon exceedingly
active. On the invasion of Hull he sent Colonel Proctor
with all the troops and militia he could
raise to the assistance of Colonel St.
George ; and, on 22(1 July, issued a very
sensible proclamation to the people of Canada, telling
them that the United States only wanted to conquer
Canad I to hand it over to the despotic sway of Napoleon,
and calling on them to defend their homes. He next con-
vened the Provincial Parliament at York, on 28th, and
after a short session, at which the Assembly voted all
the men and money it (iould raise to carry on the war.
Brock prorogued Parliament and adv:inced himself by
forced marches against Hull. That general now began
to be encumbered with sick and wounded, and to suffe-r
from the want of hospital stores, the vessel conveying
which from the ^liami River to Detidit had been captured
by Lieutenant Rolette, of the sloop of war lliitiler. Hull
was now beginning to suffer from want of supplies ; the
fall of Michillimackinac in his rear and the control of the
lake by the Hritish (h^et had almost cut liim off fr.nn his
base of supplies ; and, to add to his dillienlties, a small
party of the list regiment, under Captain Tallon and a
body of Indians under Teeumseh, pu-ihed across the river
on Sth August, routed two hundred and lifty Americans
under Major Vanhorn. who were proceeding from Detroit
to the riyer Rasin, and ca[)tureil a large ipiantity of pro-
visions and General Hull's des|. itches, which showe(l his
army to bo in a very demoralized condition. Hull re-
ceived intelligence from (ienera! Hall, coniniaiiding on
the Niagara frontier, that he could not receive any assist-
ance from him, and at the same time he lieanl that Hrot'k
was advancing against him.
('). — Under the circumstances there was nothing for the
American general, who bad "a force which will look down
all opposition," but lo retreat to l)e-
i)<''irM'ii'.'''f':i'i','ii'ui.) troit, and endeavor to reo|)('ii conunu-
cuiiunoiu'".'"'''''''' "i^""'"" "'itl' «'i*^ ^''i"'i' i""l l<"sin Riv-
ers, tlirough which he received all his
supplies; and, accordingly, during the night of the 7ih
and morning of the 8th he recrossed the river with the
bulk of his army, leaving two hundred and fifty men to
guard a small fort he ha<l erected at Sandwich, and retreat-
ed to Detroit. Hull's great anxiety was now to reopen
communication with the Miami River, and, accordingly, on
the 9th he dispatcheil Colonel Jliller, with six hun-
dred men, to dislodge the British at Brownstown. The
British force under Major JIuir. numbering about three
hundred, met the Americans at Magagua, and after a
sharj) engagement were forced to retreat, but not before
they had intlicted a loss of seventy-five mcTi on the Ameri-
cans, while the British loss was trilling. This trilling re-
verse to the British was, however, counterbalanced by
the "japture on the ))revious day, by Lieutenant Rolette,
with the boats of the Hunter and Queen ('/larlutle, of a
large convoy of boats and batteaux with fifty-six wounded
Americans and two English prisoners on their way to De-
troit.
7. — While hesitating what to do, Hull was surprised on
the morning of the l.nh at receiving a jiereniptory demand
from Genei'al Brock for the sui'rendcr
of Detroit. That officer had, by gr<.at Deuolu""'
exertions, reached Andierstburg on the
13th, and after a conference with Teeumseh and the other
Indian chiefs, and hearing the straightened circumstances
Hull was in, his men suffering from sickness and want of
proper supi)lies, he determined to take the offensive ; and
on l.'ith, having erected a battery of three guns and two
howitzers on the side of the river opposite D(.'troit, sum-
moned the garrison to surrender. Hull refused ; and im- i
mediatelv Brock ordered fire to be opened, and crossed
the river with all of his force, consisting of about seven
hundre(l regulars and militia and six liLindred Indians, on
the morning of tht- sixteenth and advanced to tin; fort,
into which the American army hau retreated. l>ut Hull
did not wait for an attack ; as soon as the British hail ad-
vanced to within a mile of the fort, he hung out a white
Hag. and sent a message lo otl'er to capitulate. The terms
were soon agreed to, and by them the wlu>le Ameiiean
army in the Michigan territory, nund)eriiigover twenty-live
hundred men, surrendered, together with the fort and a
large (piantity of munitions of war. Tlie fort was de-
fended by twenty-live iron andeight brass cannon, and wilh-
verv little courage could have been easily defended against
Brock's small force ; but Hull was better at writing bom
liaslic proi'lamalions than at lighting, and so disgraeefully
capilulated. He was afterwards I'xehanged for thirty
British prisoners, and tried by court-nnirtial for treason
and eowardi(-e ; he was aci|uille(l of the former, but found
guilty of the latter and senteneeil to be shot, but was par-
diMied by tlu! president on account of his services during
the revolutionary war.
8. — CJeneral Brock issued a proclamation to the inhab-
r
1
,i'^
' !ii
nn2
TUTTLE'S IHSTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
ii" ;■■■ I'
it.ants of Mioliigaii, guaranteeing them the possession of
tiicir property, ami the free exercise of
S';l!i'l«mp"«u!''''' their laws an."l religion, and leaving Gen-
eral Proctor in command at Detroit, he
returned to Toronto, having in the short space of twenty
days convened tiic Legislature, transacted all tlie business
of the province, executed a long and tiresome marcii, ex-
pelled an enemy more than double his own strength, fol-
lowed him into his own country and forced him to surren-
der, and gained for the Hrilish crown a territory almost
as large as the whole of Upper Canada ; it is no wonder
that the people were enthusiastic over his gallant exploits,
and that he was received on his return to Toronto with
every demonstration of delight. Brock wouM have fol-
lowed I'p his victory over Hull by attacking Van Rensse-
laer, who was threatening the Niagara frontier, but he was
restrained by orders from Sir George Prevost. wlio had
proposed an armistice which he thought would be followed
by peace ; but the American government refused to listen
to any terms which Sir George was authorized to enter-
tain, and hostililius were resumed in September.
CHAPTER LXXXVII.
UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR-18I2.
1. — Captuue of the Gl'kukikke. — 2. Tm; Ameuicans
GCCLI'Y QUEEXSTON IlKK.lITS. 3. DeATH OF GeN-
EUAI. BkOCK -WIIIEE AtTEMI'TINT, TO ReTAKE THE
Heights. — l. The American Militia Refuse to
Ciioss THE RivEK. — 5. Utter Rolt ASI) SrUKEN-
DEK of the Americans. — 0. General Mofrnino
AT THE Death of Ruock. — 7. General Sheaffe
Assumes C'o>im.ni). — 8. Aaierican Success on
Lake Ontario. General Smyth's Hombastic
I'liocLAMATiON. — 0. Repulse of the Thikh At-
TEMIT TO LnVADE Ul'l'ER CANADA. 10. DlS(iRACE
OF General Smyth. End of the C'AMrAKJN.
1. — Tlio American govuriinient was greatly humiliated
ill the cowardly surrender of General Hull, but his dis-
graceful conduct only stimulated it to tresh
ciuolrKr".' "'" efforts to wipe out tin; stain on tl« Amer-
ican arms. On the other hand, tlu^ policy
of till' liritisli government was ono of forbearance and
defence. Urock desired to follow up his success at Detroit
by an attack on the Niagara frontier, i)Ut .Sir (ieorge Pre-
vost had proposed an armistice, with a view to peace, and
pending its rejection by the United .Stales secretary of
war. 'lothiiig was done. On the lakes the British still
held supremacy ; but the Americans were fast construct-
ing larger and more heavily armed vessels which thre.it-
ened to change the aspect of affairs on the inland seas.
The Americans also obtained some consolation by the
capture of IL M. S. Guerriere by the U. .S .S. Con-
stitution. The United States naval establislnnent at
Sackett's Harbor, under command of Commodore Chaun-
cey, was being, meanwhile, greatly increased, and the
Americans promised very speedily to attain supremacy
on Lake Ontario. In September a p.arty of one hundred
and fifty Americans, commanded by Captain Forsyth,
crossed from Gravelly Point to Gananoque, sur|)rised and
captured a small party of fifty militia, and destroyed a
(|uantity of stores and provisions ; and an attempt of
Colonel Letheridge to dislodge the Americans at Ogdens-
burgh, from which place they were seriously interrupting
the comnuinications between Upper and Lower Canada,
was repulsed .vith a loss of three killed and four wounded.
2. — While these minor operations were in progress the
Americans had been massing a large army on the Niagara
frontier, under General Van Rensselaer, to
. Tiie Anierioans
act in concert wHli the force, under General niLii|.y oucens-
l-A 1 r 1 i'.i 1 • ' • 1 l^Il HuiuUtS.
JJearborn. on J>ake Champlain ui a snnul-
taneous descent on both U]>|)er and Lower Canada. Gen-
eral Harrison was also actively employed on the river
Rasin endeavoring to collect a sutKcient force of militia-
men from Ohio and KiMitucky to retrieve Hull's coward-
ice by recapturing Detroit, and General Brock's attention
was very much divided between the two armies, not
knowing in which (jnarter to ex|)ect an attack first. Early
in October Van RiMisselaer was informeil by a sjiy tliat
General Brock liad moved the main strengtii of his army
towards Detroit for the defence of that jjlace ; and, ac-
cordingly, a descent of the Americans in Queenston was
determined on. The American forces were concentrated
at Lewiston on the morning of the lltli, but as no
boats had been provided no attempt to cross could be
made. On the following day. Van Renssehuir coUecteil a
sulli<'ient number of boats, and early on the morning
of the l.'Uh a force of about one thousand men was
embarked, and, under cover of a few gun batteries, com.
menced to make the passage. Cajitain Dennis, of the
4'Jtli regiment, witli about one hundred regulars and an
eipial number of militia, at once descended the bank to
tin' landing-place ami held the enemy in check for a con-
siderable lime, ln'iiig ai<led by an eighteen-])Ound gun on
the heights, and another gun about a mile further down
till! river. The leading detachment of the enemy, how-
ever, under command of (ieneral Van Rensselaer, suc-
ceided in landing above and under cover of the heights,
and scaling them, captured the eighteen-poniuler and
forced Dennis to withilraw to the north end of the village,
after having sulfercd considerable loss.
3 .Meiniwhile Brock, who heard tho connoinide at Ni-
agara, galloped u|) with his aides, Colonel McDowell and
!(! vessels wliicli threat-
rs on tlic inland seas.
ne consolation by the
ythe U. S S. Con-
aval establisiiment at
jf Commodore Cliaun-
y increased, and the
to attain snpremacy
party of one liiindred
by Captain Forsyth,
lanoque, surprised and
ilitia, and destroyed a
; and an attempt of
Americans at Ogdens-
seriously interrnpfing
T and Lower Canada,
led and four wounded.
? were in progress the
'■ army on the Niagara
laer, to
, The Amerieaiis
leneral occupy qupohs-
, ton llulgUts.
Lower Canada. Gen-
iploycd on tlie river
3icnt force of militia-
'trieve HuH's coward-
oral ]5rocl{'s attention
llie two armies, not
an attack first. Early
iformed by a sjiy that
strengtii of Iiis army
that jilace ; and, ac-
iis in Queenston was
es were concentrated
he 1 I til, but as no
pt to cross could bo
lensselaer collected a
.rly on the morning
thousand men was
V gun liatteries, com.
itain Dennis, of the
Ired reguhirs and an
sceiided the bank to
y in check for u con-
jhtcen-pound gun on
I mile further down
of the enemy, liow-
I'^an Rensselaer, sue-
over of tlie heights,
ghteen-pounder and
tli end of the village,
he connonade at Ni-
oiiel IMcUowell and
•ifii'
<^>-'
'.' -* ' ■^PsKii'-
UPrKR CANADA— TIIK AMERICAN WAR— 1812
3'.»3
Dpnih of (lon^ral -^'"J"'" Glog-, M,\ met Dennis nhile ho
itniik Willi.! Ill- ^y.,^ witlulnuvi:;^ liis lacii. Brock at once
iln: llflglitK. jHTccived tlic iin|K>i'tanco of roifiiininjj
possession of the lu-igiits, and (lisinouiitinjj; from his horse
put himself at the liead of the grenadier company of the
4!Uli and the York voliiiit(!ers, and charged up the liill.
]5nt the Americans hul heen reinforced by fresli arrivals
from lie other side of the river, and ponred a lieavy fire
down on tlie IJritisii, principally from rillenK^i, one of
whom singled out IJroi.'k and strni'k him in the region of
the heart, killing him almost instantly. The liritisli
maile a fierce attempt to revenge the death of their gen-
eral, and succeeded in temporarily dislodging the Amer-
icans, lint reinforeeineiils to the latter were fast arriving,
ami aft<'r a stubborn resistance tin; Hritish were forced to
retire to ilie one-gun battery already mentioned aiul sta-
tioiieil a mile below Queenstoii, leaving over one hundred
dead, wounded and |)risoiiers out of a total force of loss
than three hundred. 'ey formed at this battery. an<l
awaited the roinforcemoiits which were coming up from
Niagara.
4. — The Americans had now for the second time ef-
fected a lodgement on Canadian soil ; but their triumph
wa? to he more short-lived than Hull's,
Tim Amorlcnii , , • i r ■ .
iiiMiii.i lefuM! lo and tlieir deieat as coinplote, but not as
cross thu river. ,. ,■ i x' ti , i
disgraeeliil. Van Uensselaer, who was a
chivalrous ami courageous soldier, did not. like Hull, is-
sue a bombastic pi'ociamation ; but, having established
his men on Queenstoii Heights, left General 'Wadsworth
in command, with orders *o form an entrenched cam[),
and roerossed the river to bring up reinforcomei^ts. Van
Rensselaer knew that reinforcements for the British were
advancing from Niagara and Chippewa, and endi:avored
to get the embodied militia to cross the river to the as-
sistance of their comrades on the other si<le ; but they
had seen enough of lighting from the safe side of the
river, and suddenly had conscientious scruples about in-
vailing Cana<lian territory, and very few of them crossed
— still the Americans on Queenstoii heights numbered
considerably over twelve hundrcil men. Finding the
militia were not disi)osed to fight, General Van Rensselaer
sent a note to General Wadsworth to use his discretion
as to whether it would be best to entronoh or to recross
the river. At the same time Colonel (afterwards gen-
eral) Winfield Scott came over and assumed cominanil.
5. — But General Wadsworth was not to be allowed
much discretion in the matter. All the British troops
from Niamira and Chippewa had been or-
Uttcr rniit am! , i ,
Burrciiiiiroi iho dei'ecl to advance as soon as it was known
AiiiurieniLB. , . 4 .
tliat the Amorcatis were crossing at
Queenstoii ; and Major-General Shealfe, — an American
by birth, — who assumed ccnmaiid on the death of Brock,
soon found himself at the head of about five hundred
regulars, principally from the 41st regiment, and nearly
an equal number of Canadian militia and Indians, the
latter uiiiler command of young Brant. Leaving Lieu-
tenant Ilolcroft of the royal artillery, with two guns and
thirty men to defend the village of Queenstoii, Shealle
made a long detour to the rear of the heights and sud-
diMily attacked the Americans. The first aifack was
m.'ide by the Inilians, whose terrible war-whoop, joined to
the hearty cheers of the British as they advanced with
fi.\ed bayonets at the double (piick, so demoralized the
Americans that they lied in all directions after a very
brief resistance ; many rolled down the cliff and wn;
either killed by the fall or drowned in attempting to
swim the river, whilst tin; Indians inflicted cruel slaugh-
ter on great numbers. The success was immediate and
eonipleto ; and Scott, cut off from his Iwats, sent a white
flag ofl'ering an unconditional surremler. This General
Shealfe assented to, and immediatidy withdrew the In-
dians. General Wadsworth, Colonel Scott, and about
nine hundred and fifty oHii'ers and men surrendered, and
the killed and wounded amounted to nearly four hun-
dred more. The loss to the British in this second battle
of Queenstoii Heights was about twenty killeil and sixty
wounded ; and amongst the captures were one fi<ld [liece
and one stand of colors.
G. — Signal as had boon the victory, it was dearly bought
by the death of the gallant General Brock, whoso death
caused deep and ijeneral mourning
^ ^ , " <iom*rrtl liKHiriiliij;
tliroui'hout the whole of Canada, and m iIh' .iiiuimi'
Itrork.
especially in the Upper Province, where
his memory is still tenderly revered. General Sir Isaac
Brock was born in the island of Guernsey in 17l>ti —
the same yi>ar which saw the birth of Wellington and
Napoleon. Ho entered the army at the early ag(^ of
fifteen, and serve:' v'.i'a distinction in many of the
European campaigns, es])ecially under Sir Ralph AIhm--
croniby in Holland, and under Lord Nelson at Copenhii-
gen. He came to Canada in 1802 and served at Quebec,
.Montreal, Toronto and Niagara, gaining the love and
respect of all by his gallantry as a soldier, aii<l his justice
and huinanity as a civil governor. Christie justly says
of him: " He was one of those men who seem born to in-
fluenco mankind, and mark the age in which they live.
As a soldier he was brave to a fault, and not less judi-
cious than decisive in his measures. The energy of his
character was expressed in his robust and manly i)erson.
As a civil governor, he was firm, prudent, and eipiitable.
In fine, whether viewed as a man, a statesman, or a
soldier, he equally dijserves the esteem and respect of his
contemporaries and of posterity. The Indians, who
flocked to his standard, were enthusiastically attached to
him He fell at the early age of forty -two years. The
remains of this gallant oflicer were, during the funeral
service, honored with a discharge of minute guns from
the American as well as British batteries, and with those
i; li
1-1 I
391
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMIXIOX OF CANADA.
of his ai(l-<l('-rain{t, LientPnant-Colonel McDonnell, in-
tiTicil in till' same ;;rave at Fort ( leor^e. on the sixteenth
OetoluT, amitlst the tears of an alVei-i innate soldiery and
a j;rateful people, who will re\ ere his nieniory. and holil
up to their posterity the inipcrishaMe name of Hroek."
7. — Major-deneral SliealVc as.-.nMied civil and military
eotnniand in I p'Mn" t'anada on the death of Brock, and
(i.n.ralsl.(iifTp fjrante-l an armistice of three days to
iui»iiiiM»..Miiin:uMl. V'ari Rensselaer to hiiry his dead. The
latter iieneral was dis;;nste(l with the eondur-t of the
militia in refiisini^ to cross the river to Scott's sui>port,
and tendered his f liiiiiation. which was ai'cepted, and
General Smyth replaced him in commanil on the Niagara
frontitM' .>n IHih ()ctol)er. (Jeneral Wadsworlh anil most
of the militia ollicers were paroled, anil the militia allowed
to return to their homes on condition of their not serving
.igain dnriiij; the war. .Scott and the regulars were sent
down to Montreal and Quehec. Scett refused to he
paroled on account of twenty-three men who were cap-
tured, and who acknowledged that they were British sub-
jects, heiiig ordered to he sent to England for trial as
traitors. This led to an order of retaliation on the |)art
of the .American government, which threatened to hang
the s.'UTie number of British ]irisoners if 'lann catiie to these
men; but Sir (ieorge Prevost tlireatened to hang twice
that numl>er of .Vmerican ollicers and men if theBiitish
prisoners were harmed, and the matter was finally ended
by the ])risoner.s sent to England being released.
8.— Oil the assumption of command of the American
forces l)y (ieneral Smyth he proiiosed to (Jeneral Sheaffe
an armistice of thirty days, which was
nil i.akeiiiiiiiiio. agreed to, the latter lioping to ohtain
lii-ncral Sinvth's ' • i- . i • .t . .■ 'i-«i •
tMiini>a(<iii' p'rwl'i- remiorcemeiits durnig Ilia' time. 1 Ins
"""'""■ armistice, which continued until 20th
Noyeinber. proved of great advantage to the Americans,
as it afTonh'd them an opportunity of transporting by
water larse (|uaiitities of naval stores from Black Rock to
I'resipie Isle, as well as giving them time to complele the
coiistrui'tioii of their ships which was to give them su-
premacy on the lakes. On the Dth of November Com-
modore Chaunc'ey, with a fli'Ct of seven American vessels,
chased the J^ai/nl (trorf/e into Iviiigston harbor, hut was
beaten olT by the batteries. On the following day the
fleet captured two British schooners, in one of which was
the ])late of the late General Brock, which Chauncey
generously gave up. also releasing on parol Captain Brock,
brother ( f the late gener.al, who was in charge of it.
General .Smyth was at the same time preparing for another
attempt ou the Niagara froutier, and on 17tli November
issueil a proclamation to his army which is almost as
wonderful a piece of composition as Hull's address to the
Canadians, issued at Sandwich.*
• "To TItK SOLllIKHS OF THE AUM" IK TlIK CENTRE.
" Companions in armt. The time la at li:i;ul when you will cross the
0. — General Smyth's proclamation was, however, not
very hejirtiiy re-:poiiilcd to by his men, and liis perform-
ances were by no means in accordance .
. -. . . Ifcinilnonf th.> llilnl
wilh his promises. On the morning ol ntiimiit lo liivii.l.)
the /Mtli ISovemlitr loiirteen lioati, con-
taining about four hmidred men. crossed the river, and a
landing was effected on the upper end of (Jrand Isle, be-
tween Fort Erie anil Chippewa. The landing was stead-
ily oiuiosed by sixty-live men of the I'.'th regiment, under
T, i^'i'n' I-<aiiioiit and Bartley. who had four
gi ter a very spirited resistance the guns were
spiked, and Lieutenants King and I.ainoiit. with about
thirty nu'ii. were forced to surrender. They were ri'inovcil
to the other side of the river.and nearly all the Anieri-
cans retired \\\\.\\ them, only about forty remaining, who
were shortly after compelled to surrender to Major
Ormsby, who had arrived from Fort Erie. Later in the
stroams of Niaaara to ooii'int^r I'aiiaila. atiil to scciiriMlii' ]n'ai'o of ilio
Aineriran fromicr. You will fiitrr a i-oiintry lliat in tn In' ..n,- of ilio
L'oili'il Stall'.". Villi will anlvi' ani'ui^' a in'iiplo who an' I" h mih' ymir
ffUow-i'lti/t'iis. jt is iK't atjaiiist th- in that \v«' foiiii' In inako war. It is
auaiiiyt that uoviTiiiiM-iit whith hoMs tln-:ii as vasnals. Vnu will make
this war a> littlr as iin.-siMt* ilislrrssfiil to llic ranailiaii i jilf. If tlii-y
are |n'!h'i'alih', tlmy ;in' to ho sri'iiri' in th'ir (n-rsoiis, ami in thfir firo-
in?rly, as f;ir as our imitrrioiis iH'i't'ssiiifs will allow. I'rivatr {ilnmlorin^
is .'il'suhitfly fttrliiiMt'ii. .Vny S"lilit'r wIih (juils his ranks tu pliimtcr oil
tho tii'lilof haul.', will hi' imnish.'il in lln' imist I'xrmplaiy nianiior. Hut
yuiirjust riLthts ;is siil'lifi'.s will ho inaiiitatm'd ; wliatovcr is Imntii hy tho
usaKi'S of war. you shall havo. .Ml hipisis ln'lciii).'in); to tin' arlillory anil
ra\alry ; all wagons ami t'-ams in puhlio st-rviro. will ho soht for Iho
lii'iiolil I'ftlii' i'a|ilors. I'ulilii' stops will In snurril forlhi' siTvh f tha
t'nili'il Slat'-s. Tho ^tiiM'rnnn'nl will, with jiistii-i*. p;iy yi'ii tin' \aluo.
Th'' hiii>i'S ilrawiinj llio lii;ht artillory of thv inolny aro w.iiili'il fur tho
sirvi.i'of tho liiiti'vl Stat.s. I will onlor TWii lirNDHKD III il.L.MiS
for oai'li to ho jiniii tu llio jiarty who may tako Ihoin. I will also onlor
FOKTV IHil.l.MiS to ti!' iiiiiil for tho arms ami s|ioils of oaih Havago
warriitr wlm shall ho killoil.
'• Suhti' r.<! You ..ro .amply |u'iiviil"il for war. Vmi aro suiiorior in intm-
hor lo Ihi' I'liomy. Vcuir p.'rsniial slri'ns;tli ail'l aolivily .arr u'n'ator. I'.uir
irnijioiis iiri' liiiiiii i: 'I'lo' ri",'iilar sol. Mors nf ilir I'licmy aro (.'cnorally nlil
nii'ii, whoso host yais havo hoon siioiil in tho siokly olim.-ili-'i'f tho Wost
Imlh's. Thoy will mit ho alilo In staiiil hoforo yon.— yiui.wlin iliarco with
tht' hayoni't. You havo som liHJiaiis. siirli as ihoso hiroil hy tho llri ish
to niurilir womon anil ohililri'ii. ami kill ami soalp Iho woiimliil. Viiii
havo soon thoir ilanoos ami ;;riinari'-. ami liianl ilioir yolls. (.'an you
foar tliolnV No, you hohl thom in Iho utmost conti-niiil.
o ]'i>liititr' .-.< ' Itisloyal ami ir.ailorous iiion havo omii-avori'il loilissuaile
you from your iluty. .Soim'timos thoy say. if you onlor Camula \ou will ho
iii'hitosiTvii'o torlivoyoars ; at olliors. thoy say you will nut ho furnishi'il
witlisiipiplios. .Vtothortiinis.tlii'y say that if ymi aro woumliil, ihoyovorii-
mi'Ut will not iirovlilo for you hy iionsion.s. 'i'lio just ami (."norous i-onrse
pursuoiihy (lovornmi'nl tovvanls tho volunli'ois who I'ouKht at 'liopoianoo
furnishi'sauanswortotlioi.astohjoi'tioii. 'I'hootlii'rs aro loo ahsunl to ile-
servo .any. I'niiiiihir.i .' I osloom jour K'onorous ami pairioiii. moiivos. You
havo mailo saorilioos on Iho altar of youroouniry. You will not sulTor llic
onomii'S of your famo to nii^iloail you from tlio patii of liuiy .iml honor,
and iloprivo you of tho ostooni of a uratoful oountry. You will sh in the
I'ti-niiil int'iimji thai awaits tho man w ho, h.'iv in;; come witliiii sight of llic
enoiiiy, lt'i.-t<f;i shrinks in ih-' niomont of trial.
" .So/i/o-r,i 'i/Vrcn/ rnrjin ! It is in your powor to ri'triovo tho honor of your
country ami to I'ovor yoursolvos wilh nlory. Kvory man who pi'rfoniis a
nallant aolion shall havo his naino ma lo known to tho nation, Kowanls
anil honors await tho hravo. Infamy ami oontoniiil aro rosorvoil tor i-ow-
arils,
" <V)m/)oiiion« in nrmul You come to vanquish a valiiint fno. 1 know the
olioit'o you will niako. C'omo on, my heioosl .\ml whon yon attaok tho
I'liomy's hattories let your riiUyiiiK wonl he, " Thi' eaiinoii lost at lielroit
or ileatli !"
".\I.KX.\XIii:i{ SMYTH.
" Hrig<ailior-<ienoral Coininainlinj;,
" Camp near BulTiilo, 17th Nov, IkIl',"
was, liowt'vcr, iiiit '
. ■•iiid his pcrform-
IN'liiilsoof 111.' Ihiril I
"■■Mi|il I., iiiva.Uj
l'l"'r Cajiailil.
I till' liver, and a
f (Iriiiul Islo, lie-
iiKlincr was stcail-
I 111,'iiiiciit. uiulcr
y. "Iio hail four
llli! {Jlllis wen,'
iiiont, with alioiit
I'v wi'if ri'iiiDvcii
l.v all till' Aiiicii-
y iriiialiiiiiir. will)
iiiiiT to Major
ii-'. Later ill tiie
• ■'•iin' lhi> iM-ac-of 111.'
i»l i» 1"! 11. -of 111.'
1.1 arc l.> l.,.r,,iii.. yciiir
II' !.• iiiiik.' war. It is
•"Mis. Y.iu will iiuiko
I'li'i'i 1 Ii'. If llicy
"lis. aii.l ill ilh'ir pni-
I'liv.ii.' pluihlfrini,'
iaiil,s t.. jiliiiiil.T "11
ii|>lai\ iiiaiiniT. But
ai.-v.'r is /«»)/(/ by ih,.
IK ti> llii-ariili.'rv 1111.1
will li.' s.ilil f,,r III,.
fiTllii'Mrvi f tho
pay y..ii tlii' valuo.
l.v ari' w.iiiti'il f.ir llio
IMIHKI) lniI,I,.\|(S
111. I will also iiriliT
|H»iIs of ra.'li navayi'
ar.'siipi'rior in iiiim-
iiyar.' L'r.'at.'r. y,mi-
my ar.' u'i'ii, 'rally (i|,l
"liiiial r till' W.'st
.vi'ii.wl hiiri,'!' with
liiri'ii hy till' Ilri;iiili
llli' Hi.lllllll'll. V,,H
ii.'ir y.'lls. Call vou
iipl.
ili'av(.r.'il lo.lissiiade
r laiiaila m.h will he
till not h,' fiiriiislii',1
voiiiiilcl. |||,.;;,,Vl'rn-
aiiii^i'iM'i'iiiis r.MirsB
"iiK'lilai ■i'iviii'.aiiiM'
II.' 1. 1.1 al.sur.l I.I .1...
lri.iii.iii..iiv.'s. Villi
'11 will ii.jt siillvr tlie
iif iliily .111.1 1 wr,
Villi will sh 111 the
; within si^iit ,,f the
vc'tlu' hiin'iriify.iiir
an wh.i pi'rr.irni.s n
eiuitioii. liuwiirilii
■e ri'si'rvi'dfiir I'oiv-
aiit fill'. I know th"
lii'ii you aitni'k IIk-
moil l,.»t at Detroit
I'TII,
loral Coniinan.linK.
iiioriiiiij; tin attempt to ero.ss in i'i;,'liteeii liotits was
iiiaile ; liiit Colonel lVi.slio|)|) having arrived liy that
time from ('iii|iiii'wa with a I'oiro of nearly eleven hun-
dred nii'ii, till! atleniiit w;is easily r<'|iiilseil, the Americans
liaviii:; two hoats sunk liy n si.v-iiiiuinlor, and tlio others
thriiwn into eonfiision hy tlie steady lire of iniislvcts. A
dis|ilay of fiiri'c was niadi' diiriim tin; day on tlie Ameri-
can sidi' of the river, and a hoiiilitistiu demand for the
snireniler of I'"orl I'.iie made hy Smyth, to wliieli Colonel
l!i-h(i|i|) lai'oiiieally ri'iilied, " Cume ;uid take it;" but
Smyth had had eiiou:.di li^jhtin^jaml declined the invitation.
On the lirst of Dei'i'inlier aniithereH'ort w.is made to cross
the river, lint it miscarried throui;1i misimtnai^ement, and
no fiirlliei- ;itli'm|il was made that yc.ir, the Americans
soon tiflcr i;oin.ir into wintei'-i|iiarters.
!(». — The failni'i' and disirracc of the three attempts
to invadi' l'|iper Canada, iuid the one on Lower Canada,
w;is most complete. With immense
Dis'.'ra. flli-ii.Tal . i i i i i .
sniyili. Kiicl .if till' armies tlieir jjenerals liad licen hetifeii
I'liiniiai^ii. 11. ^ • » 1 I 11' 1
hack at every point oy niei'e handliils
(if nun. tiiid the pcnple of the States felt tliu linmiliatioii
iliTply. Their i;vnerals had done nolhini; lint issue
iiomhastic proclaniatioiis which exposed them to ridicule,
and had not serion.-ly atleiiipted to carry out any of the
j;i';inil professions they had made. Smyth especially lie-
ctime the oliject of att.ick ; he \v;is popularly nicknamed
''(ieneral Von niaililcr,"aiid he soon hecainu so unpopular
in his iiriiiy that he was forced to fly from it, for fear of
punishment. The Cnitod State.s governmont cautioned
liini. tiiid the tavern keepers of HulValo sliut their doors in
liis face. The disastrous close of the campaiLjn of LSI 2
strengtlioned the peace ptu'ty in this States, and there w:is
ifreat indiiiiiation expressed at the conliniied prosecution
of thewiir; hut the Dcmncracy Iiad still a majority in
Congress, and it was determined to hegin the ctimpaign
of 1813 with great vigor.
CIIAPT KR LXXXVIII.
UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR—
1813.
1. Tm: SiTiATioN in tiii'. Wkst at riri-: Oim-.xi.vg of
THE CAMi'AiiiN'.^"2. ^'l(■rl)uv oi' Tin; Huitisii at
FuKNCiiTowN. — .'5. CiiLr.i.TV i>v Till-: Indians. Re-
TAI.IATOIIY JIl'.ASUItKS Till! I'.ATr.NKD. 4. DESTRUC-
TION MY THE HuiTisii orOcDENsiuiir.ii. — •"). Meeting
OE THE LEClSLArillE. <i. I'lil.l'A KlNIi EOlC TIIE
Spuing Cajii'AIun. — 7. 'I'm: Ameuhans Attack
ToKoNTO. — 8. (Jenkkai. Siieaeee Ri:tueats and
TouoNTO IS Cai'ti itEi). — '.I. Cai'tlke of Fout
George «y iTie Amekicans. Uetueat of General
Vincent. — 10. Siu fJEouGE Piievost Determines
TO AtIACK SacKETT's IlARBilii. II. CaITIKE OF
Twelve American Hattealw. — 12. Ri.iti.se of
THE ItiuTisH AT Sackett's Hariior. — 1."!. General
I'roctor Invests Fort ilEKis. — 11. Defeat of
THE Americans at Fort ^Meigs. — 1."». Seccessfll
Night Attack on the A.mericans at Stony
Creeu by Colonel Harvey.
1. — The campaign of 181,'! opened in the We~l, as had
thtit of 1812, and almost as unsnceessfiilly for the .\nieri-
ctins. After tlio capture of Detroit,
,, , , -- 111 1 .' • 'I'll.' Hilnali. Ill ill the
l.oloiiel 1 roclor hail been lelt in com- w.si at tii.'o|i.hin(j
I ,. . I . ,. . ..1 ,. rt iif tho L'iiiniiai;;ii.
inaiid ol that tort, witli a loi-ce of
iihout si.v hunilrcd regulars and a numlicr of Inditins.
TIio American genoral, IlarrLsoii, wlio succeeded Hull in
command in tlie West, organized ,'i large force, principally
Ohio tiiid Kentucky men, and, hy the end of I.SI2, had
his tinny numlier over five thousand. I'roirtor had
thrown out several smtill oiit|iosts in the vicinity of De-
troit, one of which wtis at Frenchtown, on the river
Rasin. twenty six miles from Drttoit, and consisted of
thirty of the l''.ssex mililia, undir .Major Rey.nolds, and
ahont two hmiilnd Imlians. On the 17lh January, 1813,
lirigailier-t leneral Winchester, commanding ;i division of
the Ameiii'an army, sent Colonel Lewis, with a strong
force, to dislodge tlie British, which ho succeeded in doing
after a sharp encounter, in which the Amcrictins lost
twelve killed ;ind fifty wounded. ReynoliLs retreated to
I'rownstown, sixteen miles in his rear, and gave informa-
tion to Proctor of the advtinee of Wini:hester's Krigade,
which unw ociaipied Frenchtown and wtis over one thoii-
stind strong.
2. — Pructor knew that his only chance of success was,
hy prompt action, to beat the enemy in detail before
Harrison could bring his whole force to
, 1-, . •. 1 .1 f 1 .'1 Vil'torv of tlio Ilrif^
bear on Detroit; he tncretore liastily ish iii,'Fr.'ii.:iitown.
assembled all his available force tit
IJrownstown, iind, on the 21st, ])uslied on to attack the
Americtin camp at Frenchtown, with about five liundred
regulars, sailors, and militia, and six hundred Indians.
On the morning of the 22d a determined assault was mide
on the American camp ; and the Imlians, under the
Wyandot chief Roundhead, speedily turned the enemy's
flank !Uid caused him to retreat, (ienertil Winchester
being captured. About live hundred of his men h;id,
meanwhile, thrown themselves into the houses, where they
were making a desperate resistance, impelled by the fear
of falling into the Ininils of the Indians, who were killing
and scalping the wounded tiiid iicling with gretit barbiirity.
Proctor inf.irined (ieneral Winchester that the houses
would be set on lire, :ind that he would be utterly unable
to restrain the Indians unless the Aiiiyrictins surrendered.
This they did on being assured that they would be pro-
ili
;;;io
TUTTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK DOMIXION OF CANADA.
U'
ti'cli'il fiDtii till' Iiiiliiiiis, ami lliirty-two ()(ni'('r< ;iiicl over
five liuiiill'L'cl iiu'li ut'ii' t:iki'ii inisoiicrs. Tlif liiss on 1»>|||
>'u\is was vltv heavy ; lliat i>\ tlic ISiitisli Iiciii;; twfiity-
fiiiii' kill(>(I iiiul one liiiiiilr«'i| .iiiil (ifty-('i;;lit vvoiinilcil ;
whilst llif yVincriiaiis had liftwti'ii thruo :iii<l four liiiii-
(Ind killfil, most of whom fell viclims to the savaj^o fury
of the liicliaiis.
."!. — Tin' ciuclty of the Indians in this nation was very
<;icat, and I'l'i'sidciit Madison in his address to Conjjrcss
on till March, <'hai';»cd the Hritish with it
friH'ity i.f ihi> 111- if ,,„ aci'ount of f'miilovinj' f^iKh siivaue
<liaiir
in.HsiiriB ihriui- allies — forgetful of the fact that the Amer-
eiietl. ^ "
ieans were roiistanlly holding out induco-
inents to tin; Indians to join them, and w< ii' annoyed that
the latter could not Ik; tempted to forsake ilie Iiritisli flag, u
This led to many acts of retaliation on the part of the
Americans, and afterwards of the Uritish, and caused the 'i
war to assume a much more savag(! aspect. The prompt ji
jviul vigorous action of I'roctor. and its success, entirely li
fnistrateil any further aggressive movement for the pres- 1}
cut hy (Jeneral Harrison; ami liut littler fear was felt I
that any inuue<liale attempt would lie made liy liic; Amer-
leans to recapture Detroit and regain possession of the ||
Mii'higaii territory. Immediately on the receipt of infor- '
ma'.ion of Proctor's gallant exploit, Sir Gc^orgo I'rcvost, '
commander-in-chief ii: British North America, promoted
liiin to the rank of hrigadier-gcneral, and the Legisla-
tures of both Upper and Lower Ciinada passed resolu-
tions thanking him and his men for their courageous
coniluct.
4. — After winter had fairly set in and liie St. Lawrence
was frozen over, the Americans on several occasions sent
marauding parties across the ice to pillage
ni'Rtriiiliiinbv tlio , , , ,, ,• i ,>
liritish (if iigilcim- and destroy the (.anadian settlements. On
'""^*'''' the night of the lith of February two com-
panies of riliemen from Ogdensliurgh. uniler command of
Captain Korsytln', made a descent on the village of Hrock-
ville, wounded a sentry, fired several houses, and carrieil
olT a (pianlity of plunder, together with lifty of the inhab-
itants, the greater jtortioii of whom were, however, re-
leased in a f('W days. Sc.eral other inroads from Ogdens-
liurgh were made, and the British were anxious to retal-
iate. On the 21st February Sir George Prevost arrived
at Prcscott on his waj' to the forts in Upper Canada on a
tour of ins])ection. Hi; instructed Lieutenant-Colonel
McDonnell to make a demonstration against Ogdensliurgh,
wliich was to be turned into a real attack if he thought
the opportunity favondile. On the morning of the I'l'd
(Washington's birthday), M<'l)onnell, with about live hun-
dred regidarsand militia, crossed the ice, and, finding that
be bad sulfii'ient force to effect his purpose, attackeil the
enemy's position. The Americans had about the same
force as the British and defended their position for about
an hour, when they were driven from the village and
fort and retreated across the Oswegatcliio Rii'er, leav-
ing twenty dead and a number of wounded and prisoners.
The Biitisli loss was seven killed and fortv-eight
wiiiindr<l, seven of the latter being olficera, amongst
whom was Lieutenant-Colonel McDonnell. Kleven pieces
of artillery, two giudioats, two schooners, several hundred
stands of arms and a large quantity of stores fell into the
hands ol the victors, who buriu'd the vessels and removed
the arms and stores to their <iwn side of the river. This
brilliant achievement prevented any further forays on the
Canadian frontier from Cornwall to Ciananoipie during
the remainder of the winter.
•">. — Oil the 2.")th of February the Legislature met
at Toronto, and Major-General ShealTe, in opening
Parliament, congratidated the province
on the successful resistaeee to American J'i'"',i'»B""lie
invasion so far made, at the sami; time
paying a graceful tribute to the memory of the gallant
Brock. The House passed an act to facilitate the circula-
tion of the army hills issued at Quid)ec, making them .1
legal tender in all ])idilie olfices. Another act was ])assed
granting pensions to the widows .lud orphans of militiamen
killed during the war ; and one to prohibit the sale of
li(pior to the Indians. The crop Iiad not been very favora-
ble, and the Legislature passed an act prohibiting the
exportation of grain, or its use for distillation, fearing a
scarcity of food. Several other useful acts were also
passed, amongst them bills providing for war expenses.
0. — -AH through the winter tlu; Americans were act-
ive in their preparations for the coiKpiest of Canada in the
spring, and their armies were strength-
ened, while a number of new sliitis I'n'parii.K for tlio
' siirniy laiiiiini^ii,
wvvc built at Sackett's Harbor ami other
naval depots. The British were also active, and made
every possible exertion for defence ; but few reinforcements
had .-IS yet arrived, and the Canadians were left almost
entirely to their own resources, England being too niucii
engrossed with her European wars to afford much assist
ance to the colonies. Nearly .all the troops were with-
drawn from tln^ Lower Provinces, and the King's regiment
of New liiiuiswick was mustered into the regular aiiny
as the lOlth regiment, and sent to Canada for active ser-
vice. This regiment was first formed amongst the loyal-
ists who had settled in York County in ITHI, and on its
voluntaiy enrolment in the regular army the legislature
jiassed com|ilimentary resolutions to the oflicers and men,
and jiresented the regiment with a handsome silver trum-
pet. A portion of this regiment was conveyed to (Quebec
by sea. but s(;veral companies made a very trying march,
on snow shoes, through an unbroken country, during very
cold weather, to arrive in Canada in time for the opening
of the spring campaign.
7. — The ]dan of the American campaign for 1813 was
that a large armv under General Dearborn was to threat( n
riM'KU C ANADA— TIIK AMERICAN WAU— 18i;).
3!t;
Th«' AincrlcaiiH
atturk Toionio.
I.owur C'aiiiiilu wliilst :iilitcriniiii'<l cITort
was made to n-take tliu Mii-liigaii Ilt-
ritory, ciiptnre the forts on tlie >iiii;;arii
frontior, and thus ro(hici! the wlioli: of Upper Canada. 'I'liis
uccoiiiplislied.all tlie armies were to iiiak(! a joint descent
oil Montreal and t^uel)ee, wliieh would be followed by the
occupation of the Maritime Provinces, ami tiiiis tiu.- ISritish
would l)e driven from tlie Amerii"m i:ontinent. The tirst
attempt of the Americans was macle a;i,'ainst Toronto,
which it was dillicult to defend. On the 'IMi April the
American (lect, consistinjjof fourteen urmed vessels under
command of Conin.odore Chauncey, and having on hoard
seventeen hundred troops, commaiiiled hy Generals Dear-
horu and Pike, sailed from Sackett's Harbor, and on the
following evening appeared before Toronto. General
Shead'e, who eonunanded the liritish forces, had about
seven himdred Regulars and militia under him, and tin;
defences were in a very bad condition. On the morning
of the 27th the Americans, under General Pike, landed
about three miles west of the city, although strongly
opjiosed by the Hritisli. The fire from the American
fleet quite overpowered the shore batteries, and enabled
I'ike to carry the first line of defences easily. The Amer-
icans advanced at once on the main works, when a mine
was cxplodeil by an artiller^'man, and about two liunilred
of them killed ; amongst these was General Pike, who
was greatly esteemed by his men.
8. — General Sheall'e now ccincluded that he could not
successfidly defeii<l Toionto against the fleet and superior
■ „t « land fiUTe of the enemy, and retreated
General ShonfTo
ri'tn'RiH, mill To- with all his regulars towards Kingston,
roulii isiui tured. , . , . ' ,, , , , ,, ...
leaving Lieiiteiiant-t olonel C liewitt. with
about 200 militia, to make the Ivst terms possible for sur-
render. Itefore leaving .SheafTe blew uj) the magazine,
set fire to u ship on the stocks which was almost com-
pleted, .iiid destroyed some of the public stores. Chewitt
capitulated about two o'clock, the militia being made
])risoners of war on condition that all private property
should be res|iected. Tlui armed schooner J)ide of
Gloucester, which was undergoing repairs, also fell into
the hands of the enemy. The loss to the IJritish in killed
and wounded was 130. and to the Americans rather more.
The latter did not attempt to permanently hold Toronto;
but haviiigtaken on board their ships all the public stores
that could be removed, destroyed the remainder, and em-
barking on 2d 3Iay sailed for the head of Lake Ontario,
the next point of attack being Fort George. General
Sheaffe sulfereil much in the public estimation on account
of his failure in defending Toronto, and of his retreat
before the enemy. lie was shortly afterwards superseded
in the chief command in Ujiper Canada by Major-General
De Kottenburg.
9. — The American troops were landed at Niagara, and
Commodore Chauncey returned with the sick and wound-
rapture of Fort
ed to Sackett's Harbor to bring up rein-
forcements. This he succeeded in doing (iinrt'ciiy ti»
by tlie 2.>th Jlay, and on that day the tr.'i;t<.f (icmiai
whole American th^ct, with the exception ^'""^""'•
of two vessels left to cruise oil Kingston, had asscmbh'd
before Fort George. The fort was by no tnetina strong,
the guns being small and tlic^ quantity of amniunition de-
ficient, on acciinnt of the ol)-.triicti()n of navigation on the
lake by the American fleet, and the difliciilty of transport-
ing supplies by land. (Jn the I'Olli. l'"ort Magara, on the
American side of the river, opened a heavy lire which
considerably damaged Fort George, and on the fdllowing
morning the American fleet was formcrl in tlii' sliape of a
crescent around the fort and opened a tremendous fin; of
shot and shell, under cover of which the I Hiding of t!io
(■neiny was attempted. This was gallantly roisted by
(ieiieral Vincent, who had about I. (MM) nieii uiiiler him,
for three hours ; but after Coloind Winfield Scott had i
effected a landing, with KOO riflemen, at Two Mile Creek,
and General Lewis had established hiniMlf with 2.1)00
men on the beach below tlu^ fort. Geiier.il Vincent, hav-
ing the fort knocked almost to pieces, deemed it prudent
to retreat with what force he !iad left. He accorilingly
caused the guns to be spiked, the magazine to be blown
up. and retreated in excellent order towards Queenston,
leaving the Americans to take possession of the shattered
remnants of the fort. The IJritish loss was iii killed and
about .'iOO wounded and missing; that of the Amerii'ans
was .'JD killed and 1 1 1 wounded. Vincent, having with-
drawn the garrisons from Fort F^rie and other points, re-
treated to IJurlington Heights at the head of Lake On-
tario, where he assembled a force of 1,")00 men, thus leav-
ing the Americans in possession of the Niagara frontier.
10. — The IJritish meanwhile had not been idle in estab-
lishing a fleet on Lake Ontario; but as the IJritish
government seemed to ignore the fact that
there wci'e mechanics in C .nada, andas fine 'vnst'i'l.TiTiiiini's to
timber as ever grew, and preferred to '1111^!',,^ '"'*''" *
senil men and half-built ships from Fug-
land, the construction of the vessels was slow, and when
they were built they were not as eirec'tive as the Ameri-
can vessels. On the .")th of ^lay .Sir George L. Yeo, a
naval ollicer of some distinction, arrived at (Quebec with
nearly r)00 English sailors and artisans, and at once |)ro-
ceeded to Kingston, where the fleet was put in an eflicient
state. The nhsence of the Amcican (liset from Sackett's
Harbor, on its expedition a;^'. .'st Toronto and Lake
George, was thought to bo a favorable opportunity for a
descent on Sackett's Harbor, which was the chief Ameri-
can naval depot on the lake, and the destruction of which
would have been a very decisive blow at their supremacy
in the inland seas. Sir George Prevost went from Mon-
treal to Kingston, and after a conference with Sir George
L. Yeo, a joint attack by land and water was decided on.
11
.
1"
(,
PI
*
*-!,
ii
;1
il:B?n .
ill
m
Urn'
I ' '
III
I !''ie
308
Tl TTI.KS IIISTOHY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
AiiiiM'ii'uiL bat-
toaux.
Oil the 27tli of M:iy the British lli-et, consisting of tlie
WoJfc, 2 I guns : Rmjal Gi'orijc i I ; Kurl nf Moirit, 1 8, and
four si;iiooin;i-.s of ttMi guns cacli, left Kingston, liaving
on boanl Sir Goorgu I'rcvosi and ahout 1,OUO inuu.
II. — Af noon on the lollowing day tlio fleet arriveil
opposite Saeliutt's IIarl)or, and tlio troops being transfer-
red to hat I'aux. proi-eedeil to land under
C.i|)tiire of twelve .
an eseort )1 two guiiooats. About torty
Indians wlio Jiad puslieil on aliead lanil-
ed near Stony Point, and sliortly after a convoy of
boats from Oswego, liearing reinforcements to Haeki'tt's
Harbor, was discovered, an 1 tlie Indians lired on tiiem.
Tiie British lioats bore down on them and succeedeil in
capturing twelve, containing about one hundred and lifty
iiien. the remainder making good their escape into Sack-
ett's Harbor. Sir Oeorge I'rt^vost now suddenly deter-
iiiine(l that his force was not strong enough to carry the
enemy's works, and retiiriieil to tile licet, thus losing an
excellent opportunity for achieving an important victcji'y.
for the enemy was so weak, and had so little contideiiee
ill a successful resistance, that he was [)repared to surren-
der almost at the first sunnnons.
VI. — The Americans immediately raised the alarm; the
militia from all (piarters came in in large numbers, and the
regulars on Ilorsi; Island were withdrawn
H.'pulsi' <if till- "
iiiiiisii lit siu-k- to the ?iiainlan(|. On the followini; morn-
elt's Harbor. . ,., , .■• ,, ,. ', ,
ing (^2',itli) Nir t«eoi'ge I'revost changcHJ
his mind, and determined to land and assault the works.
The landing was warmly contested, l)ut Adjutant-Clcneral
Haynes, elVcM'ting a landing, ordered his men to charge
with the bayonet, and speedily drove tlu; Americans to
their fort an<l block-houses, while the British following
set fire to the barrack.s whicli contained all the plunder
taken from Toronto, and which was consumed by the
flames, together with the buildings. At this point tlii^
American militia gallantly ran away, and raised such a
dust in iloing so that Sir (Jeorge I'revost thought large
reinforcements were arriving, and decided on a retreat,
as the light winds had ]ir(!ventcd the lleet from getting
near enough to render any assistance, and he doubted his
ability to carry the fort and block-houses without the help
of heavy artillery. tJeiieral Brown, who by the flight of
the mililia was left with only about four hundred men,
had deeiiled to abandon his position as utiteniihle, and
fired the store-houses, hospital, barracks, and a partially
eompleled frigate on the stocks, |)reparatory to retreating.
Indeed a portion of his men had already eomiiieneed to
retire when it was discovered that the Jh'itish were re-
treating, and the .\niericans returiHid in time to save their
frigate ; hut file buildings and their contents wen^ de-
stroyed. The loss to tile British was one ollieer and
forty-scM'u men killed, and about two hundred wounded
t,nd missing. The American loss was also very lieavv.
The conduct of .Sir tieorge I'revost in retreating at the
moincnt when victory was within his grasp. — had in fai;t
been won, — was severely criticised, and his military repu-
tation received a shock from which it never recovered.
1^. — While these reverses to the British aims were
taking place on the Niagara frontier, and only Vincent's
small force at Burliiiifton Ilei^ihts was left
" fliMU'ral I'roctor
to oppose Dearborn s large army, the inv.siB Kort
Americins were suffering another defeat
in the west. Harrison, undeterred by the defeat of Win-
chester's division, persevered in his attempt to recapture
Detroit and recover the Michigan territory ; and early in
the spring esttiblished himself at Fort ^Jleigs, at the foot
of the ra|)ids on the Miami liiver, where he erected a
number of block-houses and batteries, and awaited rein-
forcements before making a forward movement. But
I'roctor had no idea of allowing Harrison time to collect
an overpowering army, and decided to attack him at
once; accordingly on the 2.jd of April he ailvanced
against the enemy, having with him five hundred and
twenty regulars, four hunilred and sixty militia, and about
fifte<'n hundrtid Indians, with a few pieces of light artillery.
Tlu! roads were exceedingly heavy, and it was not until
the 1st of ^lay that I'roctor arrived before Fort ]Meig8
and o|)ened fire. It was soon found that his guns were
too small to seriously damage the fort, and he did not
have eiKUigh forct; of regulars to venture an assault, he
therefore investeil the jilace for a siege.'.
14,— On the morning of the iuli a body of Americans
under Brigadier-Oeneral Clay, about twelve hundred
strong, descended from Fort Defiance —
£. ' .1 1 i^ . M • I 4 itoft'.'it of tbo
a few miles above I'ort Meigs — and at- Am.ii.aiw ut Fort
tacked one of the British batteri(!s, which '^''■'*!'''
they carried; hut in pursuing the Indians, who retreatecl
very steadily, they gave an opportunity to I'roctor to
|>u.sh his main boily between them and the river, thus cut-
ting oir their r< treat. Iliunined in thus by the Indians in
frenit and British in rear, tlii^ Americans ina<le a deter-
mined resistance, losing alHUit two hundred men before
they surrendiM'eil. Above fiv(^ hundred surrendered, some
of whom were killed by the Indians, whose ferocity was
with dillieidty restrained ; and one British soldier was
killed and si^veral wounded in their elVorts to prevent the
Indians from slaughtering the defenceless |)risoners. The
British loss was lifteiill killed and forty-six wouinled. A
]iortioii of the Canadian militia now murmiireil at having
to underlie) \\w fatigue of a siege ; and tin; Indians declared
their intention of taking their booty home, as was their
custom after a successful fight, so that I'roctor thought
it most pruil(Mit to raise tht! siegt!, knowing that the
Americans weri^ now in too erip|ile<l a condition to under-
take any offensive operations against Detroit; he there
fore withdrew to Saudwii'h, taking with him all his
guns and stores, ami waited for further action on the part
of Harrison.
UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN AVAR— 1813.
39 'J
15. — Tho fall of Toronto and Fort George, with Vin-
cent's retreat to the head of the lake and Commodore
Sif^ssfui night- Chauncey's powerful fleet commanding its
.•ittiiik oil Ow waters, slave General Dearhorn's large
AniL-nt'aiiM at * ^ ^ '^
Sioiiy (nik iiy army almost Undisputed possession of the
Colonel Harvey. •' . ' '
Niagara frontier, onortly alter the capture
of Fort George, he dispatched three thousand infantry,
two hundred and tifty cavalry, and nine field-pieces in
pursuit of General Vincent, and the force encamped at
Stouy Creek on the 5th of June. Vincent had no intelli-
gence of the .advance of this formidable force until his
pickets retreated, when he sent LicutcnaMt-Colonel Har-
vey to reconnoitre the enemy's |)ositi()ii. He reported that
the American camp was very much cxte!\ded.the pickets few
and careless, and recoiiiinciidcd a nigiit-attack, despite the
great disparity of iiumiiers. tlie Hritish lieing harely seven j
liundred strong. Vincent agreed to this and placed Har- !
vey in command, who nioveil to the attack ahout midnight. |
having just seven hundreil and f(nir men of tiie Mth '
and 49th reginu'iils. The outlying pickets were sur-
prised and cai)tui'ed without disturliiiig tiie main body,
and Harvey threw his small f(jrce ag.iiiist the American
centre, taking it entirely by surprise, and scattering their
men in all directions. Hrigadiers Chandler and Winder and
one hundred and twenty others were made prisoners, and
the loss ill killed and wounded was very heavy. Four
guns and three tumbrels were also captured, and Harvey
wisely withdrew his men in the darkness betnre their
scanty nuinlicrs could lie ascertained. The IJiitish loss
was also lieavy, being one ollicer and twenty-two men
killed, and twelve ollicers and oni^ hundred and seventy
men wounded and missing. This brilliant exploit changed
the American advance into a retreat ; and on the follow-
ing morning tliey destroyed all their incuinbraiices and
fell back rapidly on Forty-Mile Creek, ten mihis in the
rear, where they were met by General Lewis with a strong
detachment of the army from Fort (ieorge.
UPPER
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
CANADA— THF AMERICAN WAR—
1813.
, — Vincknt's Aumy Rr.iNi'oiicKi) iiy Commodouk Yko.
— 2. Di:rKAT OF thk Amkuicans at 1>f.avi:u I'ajis.
— 3. Dk.stuuction of Fout.Sciii.ossi-.k iivtmk nuir-
ISH. — I. rNsicci'.ssFri, Dkmonstkatiov acainst
Four Gi'.oudK IIY TiiK Iiiiirisii. — .'), Opkuations
ON THK LaKK. SF,C0Nt> HlllNlNC. OF ToUONTO. — (!.
Gi'KUArioNH OF TiiF. Fi.F.F.rs ON Lakk Ontaiiio
DrUlNIi TIIF SiMMF.Il. — 7. Rl.l'll.SF OF TlIK liulTISlI
AT FoUT SrKPIIKNSON, H. CaiTIUK IIV TIIF AmFUI-
CAXs OF THE British Fleet on Lake Ekie. — 0.
Pkoct(jr Foucep to Retkeat. — 10. Defeat of
Puocrou AT IMoKAViAN TowN. — 11. Retueat of
the Burrrsn fkosi iiefoue Fout Geokoe. — Ti. The
Americans Prepare to invade Lower Canada. —
13. Di'.feat of the Americans at Chrysler's
Farm. — 11. The Americans no into Winter-Quar-
ters. — I"). HiRxiN(;oF Newark iiy the Americans.
— 10. Destrlction OF Lewiston, Black Rock and
Buffalo iiy the British. — 17. End of the Cam-
paign OF 1813.
1. — While tli(>se military events had been progressing.
Commodore Yeoliad been making every eft'ict to increase
tlu! elliciencv of the licet on Lake Gn-
, , , , , , Vi it's arniy
t.irio, and was at length eiiableil tii riinf..r i by coin-
, i< ■ 1 1 1 ,- 1 1 llluilorc* Veo.
show so torniKlalile a torce tliat tlii!
Aiiieric.'iii lleet was forced to retire to S.ickett's Harbor.
Advantage was at once taken of this to reinl'orce \'iii-
ceiit's army, and on the .'id of ,Fiine Conmindore Yeo
sailed with his squadron for the head of the l.ike. having
on board two hundred and eighty men of the Klglilh regi-
ment and a ipiantity of provisions ami clothing. He
arrived off Forty-Mile Ci'eck on the evening of tlu^ seventh,
and snmmonid the Americans to surrender, on which
they retreateil preci|)itately to Fort (ieorge. leaving their
wounded, tents, provisions, &c.. behind them. Twelve boats
laden with baggage were also captured. Dearliorn's army
was now reduceil bv sickness, desertions, and killed or
captured in battle, to about five thousand men. who wen-
I'oncentratcd at Fort George; but thi; men were uiidis-
ci[iliiicd and dispirited, and although the British I'ori'c was
not one third of their number, they wore now acting more
on the defensive than the offensive.
2. — Dearborn's misfortunes were not yet ended. The
British hail established a post at Beaver Dams, a lew
miles from Qucenston. The post was . ^
'' . ... Di'fi'iU of llii.
commanded bv Lieutenant Fitzgibbon a li.ans at itcn-
with about fifty men. On the 8tli.
Dearboi'ii dcspatcheil Lieutenant-Colonel Boersiler with six
hundred men and fifty cavalry to dislodge the British. I!y
some means a Mrs. Hecord, ol' Chippewa. wlio~e husband
had been wounded at (^ueenston. and wlio-e hoii-.e had
been burned by the Aniei'icans. got int'orniiilion of the
intemied attack, and during the night walked nineteen miles
to Iicaver Dams to warn Lieiileiiaiit Fitzgiblioii.* That
oflicer lost no time in apprising Captain Ki'r, who with
thirty-four men of the. lOltli, and about two hundred In-
dians, was ill the neighborhood; and seniling inl'orinalion
to Major Dellareii, who with the light company of the
8tli,two flank companies of the lOlth, and a small lioily of
•Wlh'n II. It, It. till' 1'iImoi> nf Wains vlsili'il Canaila In Isiai, in' »iiw
Mrs. Sci'oi'il iinil faiiHi'tl Iht to Itr prfhii'iili'il with inw liiiinlri.tl imhih'I.i ns a
liiki'ii 111' lil» appri'ri.ili.'n i.t hiT imlili' I'limlint.
m
' J'
'V
■i
1 i '
m\&
w-
^'ll
401)
TF ri'LE'S IIISror.Y of the dominion of CANADA.
Provim-iiil militiii, was in his roar. Tiii' ailvaiice of the
Aiucricaiis was clicckcd l)V (^aiilaiii Kcr ami his Iiulians,
and a sharp action of ahont two lionrs' (hiration ensuod.
wiicn the Anu-ricans coinnieiiced to retreat. .)iist then
Lieutenant Fit/^ibhon eanie up with iiis forty-six men
and summoned liuersth'r to surrender, wliicli he did, very
nuK'h to tiie sur|)rise of tjie Mritisli ollieer, wliose force,
inehiding Indians, did not number three liun(b-ed men,
wliile tiie Americans surrendered five hundrecl and twelve
men. two field-pieces, ami a stand of colors. 'I'liis last
disaster ronipletely ruined I)earl)orM'.s military re])ntation ;
and he was .sliorlly after superseded liy .Maj<>r-( ieneral
Wilkinson.
!), — The Americans, althouifh still nnmberiiii; two to
one of the Briti.-li. were now penned up in tlii' neij:bborliood
of Fort Oeoriife, thc> British forminir a
ncslriictlnii nf F(irt .,, ' , -,,■, ,, , i' ,
Stliliwsei- liy tliu hue trom 1 welve-MiJe Creek, on Lake
llriiish. ,-, . .. ,
Ontario, across to tjiieenston, on the
Niapira Hiver. The dispirited condition of the Ameri-
cans gave till! British several opportunities of crossing
the boundary and inflicting piiiiishnient on the Americans
in their own territory. On the night of the 4th ,Tuly the
small American post of Fort Sclilosser was surprised by
Colonel Clark, of tlu^ militia, and the guard, a brass tield-
pieio. fifty stands of arms, a quantity of stores and a gun-
boat captured. Just that day week Lieutenant-Colonel
Bishopp. with two hundred and forty men of the .Stli, 4 1st
and IDth regiments, crossed to the American side and sur-
prised the post of Black Rock, destroying the barracks,
store-houses, dock-yard with one vessid in it, and block-
houses, and capturing and carrying ofT seven pieces of
ordnance, two hundred stands of arms ami a large quan-
tity of stores. General Porter, however, collected a large
force of American militia and endeavored unsuccessfully
to obstruct the British retreat; but in the skirmish
Colonel Bishopp and twelve men were killed and a num-
ber wonmlcd.
t. — During the greater part of .\ugiist the iwo armies
rcmaineil within a short di>(ance of each other willioiit any
fiisiii.'.ssiul further eiicounlers. until the arrival of
llrlilithhil'.'llloii
iiuiiiiisi loll Sir (iciiruf I'ri'vipsi, when it was ciuifideiit-
Gi'MVi;.. In III.!
Hill. .a. " Iv expected that the .American position
at Fort (ieor;;e would be assnilcd mid the invader driven
from Canadian soil. On the lijtli Sir (ieorge made a
demonstration against the fort witli tiu! avowed iulniliiMi
of drawing the enemy out : but although Wilkin-on had
four thousand men, and was sup|)orted by batteries on the
other side of the river, be declined to leave his iiitreiich-
meiiis, and .Sir (Jeorge I'revost not deeming the recovery
ofthi" placeworlli the risk. decided not to venture an attack.
hilt conleiilcd himself willi a close investment of ilie plan',
although the whole British force in the iieighborli I ilid
not (!Xceed two tliousaml ineil. His .ulinli, however, was
very di>(astefiil (o the army and the pniillc, who had be-
come so accustomed to see large bodies of Americans held
in check, or defeated, by such inferior number.s of British
and Canadian militia, that they considered two to one no
odds at all, or rather that tlu; odds were in their favor,
and the refusal of Sir (Jeorge I'revost to attack Fort
George sunk his reputation as a soldier greatly in public
estimation, where he had already suffered greatly on
account of his unsuccessful attack on Sackett's Harbor in
May.
T).— Commodore Yeo, inean'.vhile, swept Lake Oiitari)
with tlu^ British fleet, and furnished Vincent's army with
a <;ood supplv of provisions; while Com- ,, ,,
" II.' I _ ' (Ipi'inlioim on llu'
modore Chauucev remained at .Sackett's l.aKi.Si'.diiilhum-
llarnor. Ijusily (Migaged in completing Ins
new ship, the /V/v. which was very large and formidable,
ami would give him a su|ierioiity on the lake. Karlv in
.Inly Y(!o fitted out a boat expedition to enter Sai'kett's
IlarbcM' at night and destroy this vessel ; but the |U-oject
failed throngli two deserters giving information to tln^
Americans, and the 15ritisli were obliged to return to
Kingston without having accomplished their object. By
the end of July Chauncey had eompUited the J'He ; and,
the American navy being now superior to tli(^ British, an
attack on liuilington Heights was deleiinined on. Colonel
Wiiilii'ld Scott, with a company of artillery and a con-
siderable body of troops was emiiarked and proceeded to
Burlington Heights, which was the main depot of Vin-
cent's army. The intention of the enemy being suspected,
Lieutenant-Colonel Battersly with theCileiigarry regiment
advanced from Toronto, thus leaving that point undefend-
ed. The Americans, finding their design on Burlington
Heights frustrated, and learning that the troops had been
withdrawn from Toronto, |)roceeded to that place, and
landing the troops without ojiposition, burned the public
store-houses and barracks, liberated the prisoners in the
jail, and after ill-treating some of the inhabitants re-em-
barked for Niagara.
G. — The American fleet on Lake Ontario now numbered
two Klii|)s, one brig and eleven schooners, and were more
heavily armed and better manned than nprnionsot tl.o
till' British fleet, which only numbered i''i;''i- "i; iiiio'
.' ^ I Mll;irti>(lurin;f Ihn
six vessels, with a total of ninety-seven MniiMiir.
guns ; yet tlii! American coinniander, Coininodiu'c
Cliaiinecy. did not endeavor to force an engagement, and
altliiuii;li some minor encounters, which wi; shall briefly
summarize, took place, no general engageinent occurred ;
Commodore Yeo, on his part, was eipially cautious, and
both commanders appeareil to be afraiil to risk a general
encounter without being well assured of victory, the
iiiipoi'taiiee of having means of water coiiiinuiiicalion being
well appreciated by both Chauncey and Yeo. 'I'lie British
fleet sailed from ICingstoii (Mi the last day of July, witll
supplies for llie aiiuy at llie head of the lake, and on the
8ili of August locdved into Niagara, where the enemy's
^inoricans licld
bei's of British
two to one no
in their fuvor,
o attack Fort
eatl}- in public
c(l greatly on
■tt's Ilarhor in
Lake Ontari »
It's annv with
OpiTntiMiis on tlio
\;ikt'.S('.'(unlIiiirn-
'if Toroiitn.
ml foriiiiilabli>.
iki". Karly in
filter Sackctt's
lint the project
niation to tlic
I to return to
ir object. J5y
ho Pikn ; ami,
the IJi'itish, an
I'd on. Colonel
cry and a con-
1 |irocceded to
depot of Vin-
I'ili^r suspected,
garry rciriinent
loint undefcnd-
on liurlington
roops had been
hat place, and
lied the public
irisoners in the
abitauts re-em-
now numbered
Mil were more
•IIII'llltloilB lit tlll>
f!''i'l-i.n l.iikr
iinliirioiliii'iii); (liii
KUllinilT.
. Corninodorc
(.'aucnient, and
I! shall briefly
nent occurred ;
■ cautious, and
risk a genei'al
f victory, (be
inicatioii liein;;
). The Mritish
of July, with
:e, and on the
3 the enemy's
1 t
Uri'KU CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAll— 1813.
401
fleet lay moored. The latter hove up, and bore down
ujion the liritish fleet, with which they manoeuvred until
the lOtli, on which day the Juliu and Growler, two small
vessels of forty men each, were cut off and captured by the
British. Commodore Chauncey, somewhat disheartened
with the loss of these, and two other small vessels, the
Scourge nud Hamilton, of eight and nine guns respi.'Ctively,
upset by a press of sail while attempting to escajic the
British, with the loss of all hands, except sixteen men
pickv'd up by the British, bore u[) for Niagara, from
whence the Americans sailed almost immediately for
Sackell's Ilarlxir, where their licet arrived on l.'Uli August.
Commoihirc Chauncey here provisioned his fleet, and
instantly .uadi; sail for Niagara, where lie remained at
anchor until the Britisii fleet appeared off that harbor,
early in the morning of the Ttli September, when the
American fleet again weighed and iiore down upon the
British, with whom they maiio'iivred until the r2th, when
the latter retired to Amherst Bay, near Kingston. Diuiiig
these five days but few shots were exchanged between the
large ships, and without any injury to either side. The
Americans, however, had much the advaiiii.^\, iii weight
of met.-d and long guns. The fleets again met on 2Hth
September, off York, when an engagement ensued for
nearly two liours, in which the Wolfe, commanded by Sir
James Yeo, lost her main and inizen top-masts, and would
proliablv have beiMi captiireil had not the Itai/al Givri/t;
commanded by Captain Miilcaster. run in between the
]Vol/e and the Pike, taking the latter in a raking position,
so as to afford the Wolfe an oi>portunity of falling off and
clearing away the wreck, 'i'liis affair tcnuinated in the •
retreat of the British fleet iiiid.'r Bnrlinginn Heights,
whither the Americans did n'lt think proper to pursue it; '
a resoluliDU which, if adopted by the .Vinericaii cdinniaml- j
er, would probably have been fatal to tln^ British fleet
on Lake Ontario. On the first of October the American j
fleet set sail from Fort George with a convoy of troo|is
for Sacketl's Harbor, where an expedition was preparing !
whose destination was as yet unknown. The Britisii fleet '
left their anchoragi! under Burlington lleiglils on the !
next (lay, and came in sight of the enemy, inn no attempt I
was made to bring on a general eifgagenieiit. The Ameri- I
can fleet, on their way to Sackett's Harbor, fell in willi |
and captured five small vessels out of seven, with upwards {
of two hundred and fifty men of UeWatlerville's regiment,
from York, bound lor Kingston, where an attack was ap-
prehended. Tills loss, though appariMitly trilling in ilsell',
WHS sevi^rely felt. For the reiiiaimli'r of the season
tiolhing of momi'iit occurred on this lake.
7. — Affairs dui'iiig the summer assumed a threatening
aspect for the Ilrilish in the Michigan Territory. lioili
., , ,,,.,. ISritish and Americans were exeriing
HopiilBc (if till- Dril- , . 1
j lull III I'oitstcpiicii- themselves to obtain the naval supreni-
■iiii. , , ,, . ... , , ,
ucy on Lake Erie, while llariisons
army, now numbering about six thousand men. threatened
Proctor's army. An attempt to surprise Fort Meigs
was mailc at the end of July, but the effort was abandoned
when it was found that the enemy was on the alert. An-
other attack was made on the Britisii on the second of
August, this time on Fort .Stephenson (Lower Sandusky),
on the. Sandusky Uiver, which Proittor attempted to take
by storm. After a brisk cannonade and a sharp encounter,
I'roctor was fon.'ed to retreat, having lost three officers
and fifty two men killed, or captured, ami forty-one
wounded. I'roctor, finding that his guns were not of
sufficiently heavy calibre to overpower the fire of the
Americans, and also fearful of a general advance of the
whole of Harrison's army, withdrew towards Amherst-
bnrg.
8. — (a'ueral H.arrison was only awaiting thccompletion
of the fleet which the Americans were fitting out at Pres-
(p.'Jsle, under command of ('"'"'no- ,.„„„„„,,,„,„ ,,„„r.
dore I'errv, before attacking Pi'octor. i'""* "t Hic i>"iisii
• . •" . Ilict on Lake l;iP-.
and attempting to ree'apture Delroit
and regain the Michigan Terriloiy. Caplain Barclay,
who had early in the summer assumed the command
of till! British sipiadron on Lake Erie, bluckaded the
American fleet at Presipi' Isle, which Ik; cdiild easily
do. as the sand-bar across the harbor made it difficult for
the enemy to get out without unshipping his guns. This
was easily accomplished until the end of August, when
Barclay bad to go to Long Point for supplies, and the
American fleet at once took advantage of the oppurlnnity
to get out of the harbor. Barclay, on his return, finding
the enemy ready for the lake, and too powerfnl for his
small siiuadnin, bore away for Amlierstlnirg. to await the
ei|iiipmeut of the Detroit, recently launched. Commo-
dore Perry sailed shortly after him for the head of the
lake, and appeared at the eommeiicement of Seplember,
for several days successively, off Amherstbu.g, in defiance
of the British scpiadrou, retiring every evening to his an-
chorage at Put-in-15ay. The forces under Proctor falling
short of supplies, foi' which they depended snlely upon the
fleet. Captain Barclay had no oilier allernative than to
risk a general enoasreiiieiit. Willi this resolulion he made
sail from Aiiiliersilnirg on the Ulh of Seplember, his
small fleet being most ineffectually manned, less than sixty
of the crews being seamen, of whom thirty-six were sent
by Sir James Yi'o from Lake. Ontario. Detachments of
the list and Boyal Newfoumlland regiments acted as
marine.s. On the morning of the lOth llie enemy's fleet
Wiu'e descrieil at iinchnr in Piit-iii-Uay : and iinmediately
weighed anclinr and liore down on the liritish sipiadron,
while a light wind from the south-west, veering rdiiiid to
the soutli-( ast. gave the enemy llie weather gauge. .\t
a quarter bel'iire twelve the British opened fire, which WHS
returned by the enemy in about ten minutes, tiiid In; then
bore up (or close action. The eiigagenu!iit continued with
I .
■ y j
i V
1 ''-
!i
1' Ir'Ul
m
f:;!i!i
1^
402
TUTTLKS IllSTOKV OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
iiii;il>:ittil I'liiT for two hours ami :i hall', when the Aiih ri-
caii MaL;->hi|i, tlu^ Luivri'iiri', \\v\\\'^ ii-iiihTcd lUiiiiaiiaLicalilc.
C'oiiiiiiodorc I'lTry left her in chari^i' ot' his lirst liciitciiait.
Yanial. and hoisted his pciniaiit on bo.ird tiio Xiiij/nra.
Soon al'lfr I't'rry left the Ldirrenrc nhf struck lu^r colors,
hut the Hritisii liad not a boat with which to take posses-
sion of her. At this juncture fortune seemed to favor the
r)iitl>li. and even Perry ij'ivt! ii|) all hopes of victory;
hut a bree/.e sprin;^iiijf up ifavc I'erry an opportunity to
redeem the fortinies of the day. of which lie did not fail to
avail hinisclf. Findini; that th(! Xiiii/ura had suffered
very lillh; in tin; euu;a;ieuienl. he shot ahead of tlio Ltidi/
J'l-vrii.sf, Qiii'i'u <'/i(ir/(il/c and /fiiiift'r. rakiu;: theni with
his starboard guns, and enga'^etl I in,' Dclrolt, wiiich vessel
soon bee.-iine lunuanageable. The Aidf/iirn then wore
round ahead of tin; Qiieini (^liiirhitti', and, hauling uj) on
the starboard tack, engaged that ship, giving at the same
time' a raking- lire ivitli her larboard guns to the (-liippcwn
and JJnh' liill. while the smaller .•\inei'ican vessels closing
to grape and ( aiii.ter di>taiice, maintained ii treineiidous
ami most desiruciive lire. This masterly and successfid
inaniBUvre deci<led the contest. Captain Uandav being
severely and dangerously wounded, C.-iptain Finnis, of the
Queen Vlnirloltt'. kilhd, and every coiuniander or second
ill command either dead or wounded, the Hritisii were
forced to surrender, and the whole lleet fell uito the hands
of Commodore I'orry, thus giving the Americans ei.tire
control of ihi; lake.
The ell'ect of this defeat of the navy was soon felt by
Proctor, who was thus left without means of (d)taining
supplies, and he was forced to abamlon
rjm'ul'''"''"'^" Detroit, and fall back on Uurlingtou
Heights, withdrawing what forces there
were at Amhei'stburg and other po,-,ts in the Wl^st. His
retreat commenced on 'H\{\\ Se|itembei', when he evacuated
Detroit, after having destroyed the |)ublic stores, and his
liiK^ of march lay .along the river 'I'hanies. His fort.'c
iiumbereil less than one thon-and mill, and hi' was accom-
panied ill his reverses by the brave and faithful Tecuiiiseh
and about (ivi! huuilred Indians. Proctor's reverses seem
to have demoralized him, and he showed more bad ((uali-
ties as a general than could have been suspeet(Ml of an
ollicer of his tried courage amiability. He over-encum-
bered himself with unnecessary bag:j;age, and committed
the great fault of iieLrlecting to break down the bridges in
his rear, so that Harrison, with his powerful ami well-
eipiippc'd army, could follow him easily. Tlu^ .American
general was not slow in following the retreating IJritish,
iiiid thanks to Proctor's negligi'iicc in leaving the hridges
standing, came up with the rear-guard on the 1 1 h Oc-
tober, and <'a|itured the whole of the ammunition and
stores.
10. — Proctor was now eompeilcd to risk ii battle,
although the enemv was more than four to one auaiiist
all th<' force h(^ could 'ring together to
oppose him. includiii'' Indians. He accord- li'f''"t "f I'n.cioi-
^ ' ' '^ at -Monivijin
iiigly halliil at .Moravian T(jwn, an Indian Town.
village on the Thames, and awaited Harrison's coming.
Pint here again his usual judgment seemed to forsake him,
for his battle-field was not well chosen, and he did not
attempt to striMiglheii his position by erei'ting any breast-
works. His left, supported by one field-piece, rested on
the right bank of the Thames, his right on a swamp
about three hundred yards from the river, flanked by the
whole Indian force. The interme(iiat(^ ground was drv
and somewhat elevali'd, and well covered with trees.
(leneral Harrison la'ossed the river early (ui the morning
of the .0th, and on coming up with Proctor's army formed
his men into two lines, and then cominelK'ed the b.atlle by
ordering a (diargo of his Kentucky horsemen, who rode
easily amongst the trees and broke the Uritish line.
Proi'tor and a numiier of his oHicers and men ran away
and made for limlingtou Heights, when about two hun-
dred and fifty joined N'incent's army ; the rem.iinder of
the IJritish, numbering over six hundi-ed, were made pris-
oners of war. The loss in killcil and wunmled was — IJrit-
ish. twelve killed, twenty-two woiiinlcd; .Vmericans, seven
killed, twenty-two wounded. The Indians fought with the
utmost desjieratioii until the death of their gallant chief
Tecum-eh. when they retreatecl. leaving ihii ly-thre(' dead
on tlii^ lield. They, howevei. s[iee(lily rallieil anil greatly
har.issed the Aiueiicaii rear as Harrison retieated to
Detroit and Sandwich after Proctor's discomliture. (ieii-
era! Proctiu- was court-mailialleit at ."Montreal, in Decem-
ber, 181 I, for his conduct on this occasion, and seiitence<l
to be ])ubli<'ly nprimandeil, and to be suspended froir
rank and pay for six months.
11. — The lirili-li >till retained possession of Michilli-
inackiiiac, and Harrison did not think it worth his wliili'lo
reduce that post. ;is. isolated as it w.as, it
,, . , ... . . I.'^llVMl ..fill,-
liiiist eventuallv capitulate it the .Amen- itriiishirninhc--
. , ; , , .. , , ,, , liirc' l-'iii-uii'iii|4e.
cans occupied the whole ot I pper ( ana .a,
as th(>v now conliilently expected to do ; ho therefore
siuit all his disposable force to Niagai.i and I''(U't (ieorgo.
AfliM' Proctor's defeat, and the i'onse(|iieiit advance of
Harrison's army, (ieneral Vincent I'elt that he cinild no
longer safely maintain the blockade of Fort Oeorge. and
he therefore witluln-w to IJurlington Heights, fearing the
enemy, having possession of the lake, may land a body of
troops at that iinportaiit point and so (ait olV iiis retreat
altogether. Ivirly on the nioriiing of the ninth October,
the main body, with the baggage, retired from Fort
(ieorge, leaving the pickets in position, so that it was not
until the evening when tht; latter retired that the enemy
knew that the ISrilish had raised the siege. A force of
fifteen iiundred men, under iirig.adier-CJciii'rals McClure
and Porter, was (lespatchcd in piii'suil, but Cohuiel Mur-
ray, who comniaiided the rear-guard of tlii! IJritish, ccuii-
Ii.'f.'.Mt <if l'r.,i'lor
111 Miiraviaii
ixjii's odiniiinr.
to t'ors.'iku liini,
mil ho (lid not
II,:,' any lirc:i,st-
ci'O, rested on
on a .sw;tin|)
flaiikid liy ilio
"iiimI was dry
I witii trees.
I I lie iiiiiriiiiiu
army I'di'iiied
1 tile l.utlle l,y
ileli, wild nido
ISiitisli line,
iiieu I'aii auav
lioiit two llllll-
reiiiaiiider of
'I'l; iiiMilc' pi-is-
led was — IJrit-
K'ricaiis, seven
oiii^lit with (he
.UMllaiit chief
Irly-three dead
'ed and ;;reatly
I retreated to
inliture. Gen-
ual, in Deeein-
aiid sentenced
sjiended Iron
I of JliehilJi.
til his wliilelo
[■■h-iiii <.f til,.
Irilisli I'll .111 lic-
Mi- l''i.|l Criilfr,..
ho tlierefore
I''ori ( le(irM;e.
t aihaiire ol'
ho cDuld no
t ( Ji'orite. and
s. fearing; tin.
ind a liddy of
f his retreat
intli OctiilK.p.
I from l'"(M'l
at it was not
it tho iMieniy
A force of
als McClure
'oliinel Mnr-
liritish, ciiin-
UIM'EU ('AXAI)A— THE A.MKUR'AN WAK— lis ^.
'103
posed of seven conipanios of the 100th rogiment and the
light coiiipaiiy of the 8tli, oCEectiially protceteil the. re-
treat; and when Murray drew up his men at the already
famous Stony Crock and offered hattli.. .McCluro did not
lliink it priiih'iit to attack hin., and thu retri'at was effected
ill good order.
1'2 — The siii'i'css of Harrison, and the retreat of Vin-
cent from l'"ort (ieor^^e, greatly elated the Americans, and
ihev prepared for a "cneral <lescent
Til". Aniiiri.aiisprc- " ' /. i i • i
liniiM"iii\ail(U...\..;r upon Lower Lanada, lioa,-.lHig that
they would winter in Montreal. Wil-
kinsoiTs army was to proceed down tlio St. Lawrence,
while H.impfoirs army was to advance from Lake Chani-
|i]ain. jVhoiii llie end of Octoher Wilkinson's army,
mnnlieriiiir aliout, nine thonsaiid men, rendi.v.voused at
Grenadier Island, near Kingsion. and. on tin: .'id Xovemhor,
hi' commenced ihc' de-.c,.]il of tln^ St. Fiawrenci' in ahnut
three hiindrrd Iioats ami batleaiix (.scoi'U'd hy giinlioats.
'i'lie l!iiii-]i general. D(! Rottenlnirgh, who was in
commaiul at Kingslon, and who expecliHl an attack on
that ]>lace. lindiiig that tho enemy [iroposed passing liim
and attacking Jlontreal, despatched a forc^e of alioiit eight
hiiinlred lucii, under connnand of Lieulenaiit-C'olonel
Moriisoii. in pursuit of the enemy, with whom I: " ('aiiic ii[)
on the ei:.'hth at I'oiiit Irc.ipioi^. On the prcviou- day
Cieneral \\'ilkins.iii lia.l ordered Colonel Maconili to land,
with twelve hundreil men, on tlii! Hritish side of the river,
and di.-lodge sonii^ militiamen who were posted there.
.Mac;)ml)'s l'orc<' was afterwards sireiii;lhened hy Urowii's.
and a further body of men was landed at the In.ii of tlie
Long Saiilt, llie whole being uiide;- the eoiiimind lirigadier-
Gcneral Iloyil. On the eU'Veiith .Morrison liad pre>-cd
so cl.isi' on lioyd's rear as to force him to give him bat-
tle, which lie 'lid at Chrysler's farm. This was •■ a siprire
.stand up light." neither parly having any .■idvanlage
of groun.l tu' position, except that the Americans number-
ed two to one, as it was proved at tho conrt-niartial of
Genenil Wilkinson, which followed his retreat, ili;it the
Americans had over two thousand nuai engaged, v.hile the
British fori'e did not number eleven hundred,
l;i — The most accurate description of tlie battle is the
following extract from t!ie ollicial despatch of Lii'Uteiiant-
,, ,. . .,, Colonel Morrison: "The eiiemv's force,
Ami'ifTans at coiisistiiiic of two brigades of infantry, and a
Curysler'H funii. . ' . ,^ . ' ,
regiment of cavalry, aiiiouuting to be-
tween three and four thousand men, moved forward iiliout
two o'c'lock in the afternoon, from Clii'vsli.r's Point, and \
attacked our adv.anei., \vlii<'li gradually I'ell b.ick to tlie
position selected lor the delaclimcnt to occiiiy. the light
resting on the river, and the left on a |)ine wood, e.\liil)il-
ing about seven hundred rods. The ground being open.
the troops were thus disposed — the Hank companies of
th(! 'lOtli regiment, the det.ichment of the Canadian reg-
iment with one lield-piece under Jjieiilenant-Colonel Pear-
son on the right ; a little advanced on the . : .d, three compa-
nies of the SDth regiment under Captain Harnes, with a gun
formed in prlivUn.i, with the advance on its left, supporting
it. The 40th and the S'.lih thrown more to the rear, with
a gun, formed the main body and reserve, extending to tho
woods on tho left, wliieh were occu|)ied by the voltigeurs,
under ;\Iajor Ilerriott, and tli.' Indians under Lii'iitenaiit
Anderson. At abnnt half-p;isi iwotheaction became gen-
eral, when the enemy endeavored, by moving I'orw.ird a
brigade from his right to turn our left, but was repulsed by
the >i',h\\ reginieiit forming cii-iiiilence with the I'.lth re-
giment, and by moving forward, occasionally liriiig by
platoons ; his efforts were ni'xt directed against our right,
and to !■(. pulse this iiiovi;ment, the 4'.lth regiment l.iok
ground in that dii'i'cliou, in (•'•/(('//(//;, followed by ihi' S'.lih.
When within half musket shot the line was formed under a
hc-avy but irregular fire from the eiwiny. The I'.lih was
directed to charge their .guns, posted ojipositi^ to ours, but
it became necessary, when within a short distani'o of
them, to ('heck this forwanl movement, in eiMiscipienci,' of
a eli.irge from their cavalry on the ri^ht. lest they should
whe.'l about and fill upon the re.ir ; lull tlii'v were iTi'eived
in .so g.-ilhint a m.uiiier by the companies of tli.' .'S'.iili,
under Ca]ilaiii lianies, .-ind the well directed lire of tin;
artillery, that tlii'v ipii.'kly retreali'd. .'iiid by -a ehar^e
from those ompanii's. one gun wa^^ ; "led. 'J'lie eiiemv
immediately concentrated his fiu'ce l,j check our advalici.,
but such was the steaily countenance and well-directed
fire of the troops and tirtillery. that aliiuit hiilf-pa-t four
iliey gave way at all points from an exceeding strong
position, endi'avoiiiig by their light infantry toc.)\'er their
retreat, and were s'lon ilriveii away by a j,.di(Moiis iiiove-
nieijt maile liy Lieiiten.uit-Colonel I'earson. The de-
tu'liment, tor the night, oci-iipieil tin' ground from which
the eiieiiiy had been driven."
11. — 'I'lie battle Chrysler's farm is generaliv re'.^:irded
tis the iiio-t ^i-ieutifie display of the war, and it~ effect (Ui
the Amerii'.an cause was verv great, as.
* . 't ill' .Vln.'iir .im i;o
coming cl.i-e on the re[iiilse ot Hampton int.. Hiiii.M-iinar-
by iJeSalaberry at Chateaugu.ay. it cliei'ked
ihe threatened invasion of Lower Canaila and relievi'd
the people of that province from any further fcir of at-
tack that season. The loss of the 15rilish in this action
was twenty-four killed and one hundred and forty-tive
wounded, while t!ie Americans had one huiidri:rt and two
killed and one hundred and thirly-seveii wounded. After
their defeat the Americans hastily re-embarked and fol-
lowed the division of (Jeiii'ral lirowii to Co 'iiwall. w lio,
una'.v.ii'e 111' the defeat, had coiitiniii'd his n,arcli to th.at
phiie. Wvw \\'ilkinson expecteil to hear from 1 la nipt on ;
but when he learned of the repnUe of that general's live
thousand men by DeSalalierry's live hundred, hi' deemed
it prndeiit to givi! up tin? idea of invasion, and crossing
the river he retreated to French Mills, on tho Salmon River,
■;|!:
■
I M
■li :-;!!"
if ■ ; i!
\m
! i
•101
'ITTTLKS HISTOKV OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA.
where liis boats and hiittt'uiix were scuttled, !i number of
wooden huts hastily erected, and the troops \\i nt into win-
ter-quarters. Tlins ended in det'ea' and disgrace the
combined attempt to invade Lower Canada and capture
IMontreal.
1.'). — The scene shifts a;;ain to thi^ Niacfara frontier. On
hearin;; of the reverses to IFaniptnn and Wilkinson, the
Anieiicaii eoniinauder at Fort Gcorjje,
ark I..V iiii' Ani.ri- ( iiner.il .Mel hue, ih'termined to uliandon
tliat p(i>t and relieat to tlie American side
of til.' river to j;o into wintei'-i|naiiers ; but he (irst — by
order of General Armstronji, the United States Secretary
of War— committed an act of fiendish cruelty and wanton
destruction which has seldom been excelled in modern
warfare. The winter had set in. and was unusually cold
for December, yet on the tenth of that niDiitli (leiieral
McClure ordered the ])eacefnl inhaliitants of Newark (Ni-
aj;ara) out of their homes, and set (ire to t!i( floiirishintr
villaire. dcstroyiinj abciut one hundred and fifty houses
and rendering H]iwards of fcmr hundred WdUieii an<l chil-
dren houseless. Only one house iu Newark escaped the
(lames. MeClure then retreated to Fort Xiaiiara. and the
Ibitisli. under Colonel Murray, occn|)ied Fort (Jeorj^e.
The barbarity of the, Americans in driviuj; so many help-
less women and children out into the severity of a Cana-
dian winter inflamed both the army ami the Canadians,
and a ci'v of veiijieance was raised. Lieuteuaut-( ieneral
Drunimond, who had sncceeded iMai<M-(ieneral DcUdtfeu-
bur!:h in ciuumand, was not slow to I'espoiid to the call,
and detenniued to carry the American fort at Niagara by
snr]uise. Colonel Murray, at the he:ul of five hundred and
fifty men, crosse<l the river on the nij;ht of the eijihteeuth.
.a.'.d surprising the fort early on the niorniiii;- of llie nine-
teenth, cairied it after a sliH;lit resistance. The American
loss was sixty-seven killecl, twelve woui.deil. and ov<'r
three hundred ]iri,-(iiie]'s, \\liile the l!iiti-li had only six
killed and five wounded. Twenty-seven pieces oi' oidnanee,
three thousand stand of arms, and an imuHiise ipiaiitity of
commissariat st(n'es were captured.
l(i. — Immediatcdy after tiie cio.-sing of ^furray. (ien-
eral Riall, with all the western Indians, and the 1st bat-
Tiostrnciloii nf talioii of Hoyal Scots and the list re;;i-
l.i'wlsidn. niM. k iin.iit iilso crosseil over to snpiioii tlu!
by tlie lirUiUi. attack oil Fort Nia;_'ara ; but findim; that
so easily reduced ho turned his attention to Lewistoii,
wdicre the Americans had established a for<'e and erected
batteries with the avowed jmrpose of destiMying the (own
of (.^neenston on the: other side of i he river. On the ad-
vance of the liritish tln^ Auiericaiis fell back towarils
I?lack IJock and I'utfalo, ami Riall took possession of
Lewiston, where he found two guua and a large (piantity
of stores. In retalliati(ni for \\n'. wanton destruction of
Newark, Lewiston was set on fire, as was also the \illagi;
of iMancliester, and other places on the frontier. Driiin-
mond now determined to drive the Americans '••ely
from the Niagara district ; and ]McCIure on his j
called out the local militia, but fearing to meet the storm
he had raised by his wanton destruction of Newark, he
resigned his command to Genenil Hall, who soon found
himself at the liead of about two thousand men, and pro-
ceeded to make the best defense of Buffalo that he could.
f)n the 2<Sth December Drunimond was at Chipi)cwa, and
on the night of the 30th General Rial, with about six Iiun-
drecl regulars and militia and one hundred Indians, crossed
the Niagara River two miles bi-low Black Rock, which
post he attacked on the following morning. The Ameri-
cans made a spirited resistance, but were driven from
their [losition at Black Rock, as well as from Buffalo, and
both places were burnt by the British ; at the latter place
three vessels belonging to Commodore Perry's squadron
were also destroyed. The lo.ss of the Americans in theso
engagements was nearly four hnmlred killed anil woundeil
and one hundreil and thirty prisoiu'rs. while the Rritish
lost thirty-one killed, and eighty-one wounded and miss-
ing.
17. — So ended in defeat and disgrace tin; American
cami)aigu of 1813. The fortunes of war had fluctuated a
great deal during the year, but on the
whole the success was largely with the J;;;'4?',!'i^,^;)"'- '
Hritish ; the defeat of I'roetor was niori>
than counterbalanced by the driving of the Americans
from the Niagara frontier, and the repulse of Hampton's
and Wilkinson's combined atteiii]it on Lower Canaila. by
a vastly inferior force, relle(.'ted gri^at credit (ui the British
arms. The inhuman style of warfare inaugurated by
the Americans by the burning of Newark had been amply
revenged ; and although this wanton destruction of private
properly is alw.iys to be <leplored. yet it must be admitted
that the Anierii'aiis had brcnight it on themselves. C)n
the 1 Ith .lanuary, 1814, Sir (ieorge J'revost issued a
proclauiation iu which, after referring to the conduct of
the American forces while occupying Canadian territory,
and coiilrasting it with tliatof the Ih'itish in the Michigan
Teriitory. he says: " It will hardly be ci'edited by those
who shall hereafter read it in the pages of history, that in
the enlightened era of the nineteenth century, and in the
iiH'leinency of a Canadian wint"r, the troops of a nation
callingits<'lf civilized and Christian, had wantonly, and with-
out the Nhadow of a pretext, forced 400 helpless wonieli
andchildreii to i|uil their <lw(dlings, and to be the mournful
spectators of the conllagratioii and total destruction of all
that belonged to them. Yet such was the fate of Ni.'wark
on the 10th December, a day which the inhabitants of
Upper Canada can never forget, and the recollection of
which can. lot but lau'vo their arms when again opposed to
their vindictive foe. On the night of that day, the
Auieriean troops under Brigadier-General JlcClure, being
about to evacuate I'ort (icorge, which tlii'y could no longer
icans -••ely
B on his I
noet the storm
of Newark, he
lio soon found
men, and ])ro.
tliut lie could.
Cliijipcwa, and
.'ilioiit six hun-
niliMiis, crossed
Iv Hock, which
Tiie Anieri-
L' driven from
m liulTalo, and
h(! lutter place
•rv's squadron
■ricans in tlicso
I Miiil wounded
liie the Hritish
iitit'd and niiss-
tlii! American
ad lluctuatcd a
KmiI of (lii. I'aiii-
;he Anici'icaiis ;
of Hampton's
icr Canada, liy
t on llic I)iiii>h
lian;:ui-al('d l.y
lad hi'cn amply
'tion of private
ist be admitted
L'mselves. C)n
evost issued :i
lie conduct of
liau tcri'ilory,
I tlie ."MicliiLiau
iited l)y those
listory, that in
ry, and in the
)s of a nation
inly.and with-
Ipiess wonicu
the moui-nlii!
ruction of all
ite of \ewaik
iihaliilaiits nf
L'i'ollectiou (if
in opposed !o
Init day, the
cClure, being
itild no longer
uprp:u CANADA— tup: American war— i81 i.
405
retain, by an act of inhumanity disgraceful to themselves
and to the nation to which they belong, set lire to upwards
of one hundred and fifty houses, composing the beautiful
village oi -'ewark, and burned them to the ground, leaving
without coveri' g or shelter those ' innocent, unfortuiuite,
distressed inhabitants.' whom the oflicer, by bis proclama-
tion, had previously engaged to protect. His excellency
wouhl have ill consulted the honor of his country, and the
justice due to his majesty's injured and insulted subjects,
had he permitted an act of s\ich needless cruelty to pass
un])unislied, or bad he failed to visit, whenever the
opportunity arrived, upon the inhabitants of the neighbor-
ing American frontier, the calamities thus inflicted upon
those of our own. The opportunity has occurred, and a
full measure of retaliation has taken ])lace, such as it is
hoped will teach the enemy to respect in future the
laws of war, and recall him to a sense of what is due to
himself as well as to us. In the further prosecution of
the contest to which so extraordinary a character has been
given, his excellency must be guided by the course of
conduct which the enemy will hereafter pursue. Lament-
ing as bis excellency does, the necessity imposed upon
him of retaliating upon the subjects of America the
miseries inflictcil upon the inhabitants of Newark, it is
not his intention to pui'sut; further a .system of warfare
so revelling to his own feelings, and so little congenial to
the IJritish character, unless the future measures of the
enemy should com|)el him again to resort to it."
CHAPTER XC.
UPPER CANADA— THE AMERICAN WAR— 1 814.
1. — Cai'ti UK or OswKGO BY Till': l>KirisiT. — 2. U\si:c-
CKssi-ii, lioAT Attack. — 3. Tin-: Amkuipans again
Invadi: Ui'i'Kii Canada. — 4. Dki-kat oi-thk Huitisii
AT ClIllM'r.A'A. "). ViCTOIlY OT TIIK UlilTISlI AT
J.trNnv's Lam:. — G. Rr.i'L'i.si': ok tiik I'.ritisii ni:i'OKK
Foist Eitii;. — 7. Oi'i:rations ix tiik Wi:st. — 8.
Closk 01' Till-; War.
1. — The military operations during the winter were
not of a very serious nature, being conlinc<I to a few small
excursions into the enemy's territory.
byU,rHrUisl.:' '' 'i'''" P:>niP'''iS" "f '^^'^ opi'i'd •» Lower
Canada, where, as wo have already seen.
General AVilivinson was n'pulsed by the Mritish at LaCoUe
mill on .lOth March. On the fourth of May Oeneral
Drn.iimond sent an expedition of about twelv<' hundred
men against Oswego, which was the principal depot of
the Americans on the lake. The place was defended by
a fort and about three hundred troops, but was easily
captured, the fortifications destroyed and a large quantity
of stores either burned or carried off. The loss to the
British was tW(>nty-two killed and seventy-three wounded.
The Americans lost about sixty men. The IJritish
retired to Kingston after this exploit, and remained there
until the end of the month, when the fleet, which was now
more ]ii)werful than tlu; Ameri(;an. blockaded Sackett's
Harbor, in order to interce|)t the supplies necessary for
the com|ileti(>n of some new vessels being built there,
which Were being forwarded from ()sw<'go. On ']w 2'.)th
^Ln- a boat loaded with two twcnty-foiu' i)ound guns ami
some cordage was captured by the Hritish, and it was ascer-
tained that she formed part of a fleet of sixteen boats
which had left Oswego for Sackett's Harbor, laden with
naval and military stores.
2. — Captains Popham and Spilsbury. with two gunboats
and five barges, were d(>spatehcd in search of the enemy's
boats, which were ascertained to liav(!
taken refiig.' in Sandy Creek. Thither fi'j^V'.'.TS.!"
the liritish pursued them, and on tln^ nnn-n-
ing of the iilst the boats from the Hritish squadron recon-
noitred the enemy's |)osition. and Captains I'opham and
Si)ilsbury decided on risking an attack, although they
knew that it was dangerous, as the enemy was luunerous
ami in good position. The boats advanced cautiously up
the creek to within half a mile of the enemy, when ]iar-
ties were landed on each bank, thus flanking the gun-
boats. The advance was successfully conducted until a
bcTid in the creek was reached which exposed the enemy's
boats to view, when the sixty-eight pound bow gun of one
of the Hritish gunboats became disabled and it was neces-
sary to pull the vessel round so as to bring her stern gun
to bt ir. This movenient was taken by the Americans as
an indication of a retreat, and they iunncdiately advanced
their whole strength, consisting of one hundre(l and fifty
rifleuHMi and two Inindred Indians, supported iiy a strong
body of cavalry and militia. The Hritish fcin'c numliered
about two hundred, and, being ui.alilc to re-einliark. was
forced to surrender i. a- eighteen had been killed and llfty
wounded. Captain .'(ipham acknowledged in his ofrntial
repcn-t that he was under great obligations to Major Ap-
pling, who commanded the rilkanen, for saving the lives
of nniny of bis ollicers and men who were being killed by
the Indians.
,'i. — 'I'iie .Vmeiican army on the Niagara frontier, com-
manded by (Jeneral r>rown. began early in the summer to
concentrate at HntTalo. HIack Rock, and
. , I 111' Atni'rli';\iiH
Other points; and on the morning ot tlie imnin invMilo l•|>-
. , . ■ , , • , 1 1 l"-'' •':iii:icl'
;>d ot .Inly, two bi'igadcs, undiT eonmiaiKl
of Hri^'iicliert ieiierals Scott and Ripley, crossed the river
and lauded without op])o-.ili()ii. near Fort I'"iie. inie brigade
landing about a mile aiiove, and the other a inili^ below
the tort. Major Huck. with about seventy men of the 8th
regiment, iMUiimauded the fort, which had liei n put in a
t|.
40(1
TUTTLKS HISTORY (»1" TIIK IM ).\I I N li ).\ Ol' (AN ADA.
Koorl state of ilcffiiso. witli fi view of drlayiiig tlif <'iii'iny
in the event of liis cros-iin;; at that jDMit; liut Major
HiK^k was too careful of liiniself and liis nion, and aban-
doned l\w fort witlioiU firin;; a shot. Tliis error of lliu-k'ft
was fatal to the Hritisli ; for altiiou!,'li Fort Erie could
not have been held for any lenirth of time, still a few
hour.s' defense would have enahliMl (Jeneral Riall to con-
centrati^ his forces and altaek the Americans hefoi-e they
were lirnily estahlisheil on Canadian soil. As it was, the
Americans were permitte(l to oc iipy this important post
without opi)osition, and transfer all the troops they
pleased to the Canadian side of the river unmolested.
On the following,' d,iy. General lirown advanced his whole
force, over four thousand men. to the Plains of Chippewa,
wiHi the intention of taki^iLf p')ss(>ssion ol' that place.
4. — On tlie i5th, General Hiall. havinu' been reinforced
from Toronto, and havinij fifteen hnndreil re;;ul.irs. six-
hundred militia, and lhre(! bnndi'ed Indi-
i^r/aMh-ii'lunlil.''" =ii'« "'"''''■ '''-^ eommand. determined to at-
tack Brown. whosi> force was upwards of
four thousand men. lirowii showed mon? j^eneralshi])
than any of the previous American eominan<lcrs, and
took up astroni:; jiosition ; his ri;^Iit, suppoi'ted by artillery,
rested on some stone buildinu's near the rivei'. whili'his left
extended to a wood, and w.is llanked liy a stron<; bodv of
riflemen and a number of Indians. The battle connneni'ecl
about four o'clock in the afternoon, by an attack by the
militia and Indians on the American rillemen, which was
repulseil, and the action then became j,'('n<'ral. Airaiii and
asain Hiall attempted to break the Ann'iMi'an line, but was
each time beaten liack with heavy loss, and was finally
forced to reti'eat. after iosiiiif (nie hundred ami lortv-eiifht
kilh,'(l. three hundred and twenty-one wounded and forty-six
missin;;. 'J'he Americans stated their loss at seventy kille(l,
two hiunlred and fifty wounded and twenty missin;;. This
was the most stubbornly contested iiirht wiiieli had so far
oecnncd. and showed that the Americans were improviu"
in discipline, they liuhtiiii,' witli i^i'eat steadiness and
bravery.
5. — Uiall retreated towards Hurlinj^ton Jleiiihts. throw-
ing as strong garrisons as he e(nild spare nto Forts (}cnr;xe,
Virinn- nf ihe ><'i'>ff"':'- "H'l -^lississapi, and was leisurely
liriiiaii lit Lull- followed bv Hrowu, who occnipied Queen-
dv"8 Inline. ,11 .
stoii. and made demmstratiotis against
Forts George and Mississaga, but did not attack them. :is
he fiMind them strongly defetnhid iind the American navy
on the lake was not in a condition to c()-operate with hiiu.
On the "-'.Hh .Inly Urown retreated towards Chippewa,
■■vfler burning the >lllag(. of St. David's. Riall pusluMl on
in ])ui-nit, when the Ainericiins halted at I.undy's Lane
(called IJridgewater by the Americans'), and the most stub-
born light of the war ensued. \Ve cannot do betlir than
quote the report of General Druinmoml, who had arrived
from Toronto that morning and taken command ; he savs :
■' I embarked on board his majesty's schooner Ncllei/. at
York, on .Sunday evening the "2 Ith instant, and reached
Niagara at daybreak the following morning. Finding
from Lieuteuant-(,'olonel Tucker that ^lajor-General
I{iall was understood to be moving towards the Falls of
Niagara to support thi^ advance of his division, whi(!li he
had pusluMl on to that jilace on tlie preceding evening,
I or(lere<l Lieiiteuaiit-Coloiu'I Morrison, with the 8',)tli
regimeiit. and a detaidiment of the Royals and Kings
drawn from Forts George !ind Mississaga. to proceeil to
till! same point, in order that with the united force I
might act against the enemy (posted at Street Creek, with
his advance at Chippewa) on my arrival, if it should bo
found expedient. I ordered Lieiiienant-Colonel Tucker
at the same time to ])roceed on the right bank of the
river with three hundred of the 41st, and about two hun-
dred of the Royal Scots and a body of rndian warriors,
supported (on tin; river) liy a p.arty of armeil seamen, un-
der Capt.aiii Doblis, R. N. The object of this movement
was to disperse or capture a body of the enemy which was
encamped at Lwviston. Some unavoii'iable delay luiving
occurred in the march of the troops up the right bank,
the enemy had moveil off previous to Lieiitenant-ColoiKd
Tucker's arrival. I have to express myself satisfied with
the exertions of that (illicer. Having refreshed the troops
at (Jneeiiston. and havini; brought across the list Roy.-ils
and Indians, I sent back the INi and llMlih regiment
to form the giirrisons of l''i>rts (Jeoigc. Mississaga and
Niagara, under Lieutenaiit-Coloiiel Tuckei-. and moved
with the H'.tth, and detachments of the Royals and Kiiigs^
and light cnmpinN of the list, in all about eight huinli'ed
men, to join Major-t J-Mieral Riall's division at. the falls.
When arrived witliin a few mi'es of that position. I met a
report from Major( leiieral Riall. that the enemy were
advancing ill grea' I'ori'e. I immediately pushed on and
joined the brad of iyieuteiiant-Cidonel Morrisun's coliini!!,
just as it reache 1 the road leadiiig towards the Reaver
Dam. over tin.' summit of the hill at Lundy's liaiie. In-
stead of the whole of Major-( ieneral Riall's division,
which I expected to have t'oiind occujiying this position,
I found it almo-t in tin' occupation of the enemy, whoso
columns were within six hundn^d yards of the top of the
hill, and the surrounding woods filled with his light troops.
The advance of Major(Jeneral Riall's division, consist-
ing of the Glengarry light infantry and incorporated mi-
litia, having commeiK'i'd tliidr retreat upon Fort George,
I countermanded th'se corps, and formed the 80th regi-
ment and the Royal S.'ots de|,iehm''nts, and 41st light
companies, in the re:ir of tin; hill, their left resting on the
great road ; my two twenty-four |)ounder brass fiidd
guns a little advanced in front of the centre on the sum-
mit of the hill ; the Cilengarry light infantry on the right,
the battalion of incorporated militia, and the detachnieiit
of the King's regiments on the left of the great road ; the
! 1'^
If.
UPrKll CANADA— THE AiMKUIC'AX WAR— IrtU.
■1(17
s(iti:i(liiiri I'.ltli lijilit (lr;iu;i)oiis in llio rciir (if the left, mi
tlio I'oikI. I liM(l .scari'i'l)' CDiuiilftcil this f(iriii;itiiiii wlii'ii
the wIidIc front \v;is warmly Mini closely cnjiM^i'il. Tin.'
oiu'niy's |irinci|);il oilorts Wfrudiroctud uj^ainst our left ;iinl
cuntro, iind after repeated attacks, the troops on the left were
partially forced liaek, and the enemy },Mined a momentary
|)o.sses>ion of the road. Tiiis i,Mve him, however, no mate-
rial advanlai^e, as the troops which liad lieeu force(l hai'k
fornieil in the rear of the .S'.lih regiment. fronliiiL,' the road,
and secnriii;; the Hank. It was dniin^ this short interval
that Major-deneial Kiall, having; recciveila severe wouml,
was intercepted as he was passin/j; to the rear, liy a party
of the enemy's cavalry, ami made prisoni'r. In the centre,
the repeated and determined attacks of tiie enemy were
met hy the ^!!ith re;.'iini'nt. the dcta<hinents of the Royals
and Kinir's and the li^hl company of the 41st re;;iinent,
with the most perfect steadiness and intrepiil Ltallantry.
and the enemy was con>tantly repulsed with very heavy
loss. In so delerniiued a manner wei'e thest; attacks
directed a!,'ainst our gmis. that our arlilli-rymen were
biiyonete(l hy the enemy, in that act of loadini.'. and th(^
muzzle of the enemy's i;uns wer(^ advani'cd within a few
yards of ours. 'i"hi' darkness of the nij;ht, durinif this
extraordinary conflict, occasioned several unconnnon inci-
dents; our troops havin;; for a moment heen pu-heil hack.
some of our ;;uns remained for a few minutes in ihe
enoTny's hands ; they were, however, not only (|nii'kly
recovered, hut tlu^ two pieces, a six-pounder .'ind a live-
and-a-half-inch howit/er, which the enemy had Urouiflit up.
were captured liy us, tn;;(ithei- with sevei'al tunihrels; and
in limherinir up onr jiuns at on<' period, one of theenemv's
six-pounclei-s was put, hy mistake, upon a limher of ours,
and one of onr six-pounders limliered on one of his ; hv
which means the pii'C(^s were exchauifi'd ; and thus, thoni;h
we captured two of his i:;uns,yet, as he ohtaiiu'd one of ours,
we have oidy gained otio gun. Aliout nine o'clock (the
action having commenced at six) there! was a short inter-
mission of liring, dnritig which it appears the enemy was
employed in liringing up the whole of his remaining forr-e,
and he shortly afterwards reiu'wed his attack with fresh
troops, hut was everywhi't'e repulsed, with ei(Ual gallatitry
anil success. Ahout this period tin- remainder of INIajor-
General Riall's division, which had heeii ordered to retire
on the advaiu'e of the etiemy. cotisisting of the 10o<l regi-
ment, under Colonel .Scott, tlie head i|Uarter division of
tlie Uoyal Scots, the head-(piarter division of the 8th (or
King's), flank companies lOlih, some d"tachiiu'nts of
militia, joined the troops engai^t'd ; ami 1 placecl them in
a secoml line, with the exception of the Royal Scots, and
flank companies of the lOlth, with which I prolonged
my front line on the right, where I was apprehensive of
tlie enemy's outflanking me. The enemy's elVorts to carry
the hill were continued until ahout midnight, when he had
suffered so severely from the superior steadiness and dis-
cipline of his majesly's troops, that he gave up the contest,
and n •turned with great precijiitalion to liiscaiiipln>vondlhe
Chijipewa. On the following day he ahancloiied his camp,
threw the greatest part of his haggage. camp eipiipageand
provisions into the rapids, amt having set (ire to Strei't's
mills, and destroyed the bridge iit Chippewa, continued
his retreat in great disorder towanl- Fort Krie. .Mv lii,'ht
troop<, cavalry, and Indians, are cletached in pursuit, and
to harass his retreat, which. I ilonlit not, he will continue
until \\o. reachi's his own shore. The loss sustained hv the
(■iieniy in this severe action, cannot he estimated at less
than lifteen humlri'd men. including se\eral hundreil jiris-
j oners left on our hands ; his two coiiiinandiiiif i^eiierals.
IJrown and Scott, are said to lie woninleil ; his wlioh'
: I'ori'c. which has never heen rated at less than live thons.anil.
ha\ ing heen engaged. ICncloscd, I have the honor to
transmit a return of our loss, which has heen vi'i-v con-
sidi'i-alile. The numher of troops under my coinmand did
not, for the lirst three hours, e\ceed sixteen hundred men ;
the addition of the troops under Colonel Scott did not in-
crease it to more than two thousand eight hundreil, of every
des<-ription."
<■).. — This was the hloodiest liattle of the cainpai^'ii.
the Americans (iwning to ;i loss of nine hundred and thirtv
killed and wounded and threi,' hundred
1-1 1 1. • • 1 1 -1 ll'l'lllsi- "f till'
prisoners, wliile the IJritisli loss was eight iniii^-h i>. i.t,.
I 1 I I . 'PI » • ''"'' '-li''.
hundreil and seventy. Ihe Americans
claim Lundy's Lain' as a victory, hut as the Ilritish held
their position and llrown was forci'd to retreat, to he
afterwai'ds cooped up in Fort Fiie liy an army not half
his strength, it is hard to tell on what hasis the clMim of a
victory rests. IJoth the Americans — I'lrown and Scott-
were woiinded. and the eominanil devolved upon ISrigadiei-
Ripley, who retreated to 1' ;t Krie. the det'enses of which
he greatly strengthened ; and (ieiieral (iaines left .Sacketi's
Harbor and assinned comniaiid of the American forces at
Fort Erie, Drninmond immediately invested the loit.
although his tinny was not one half the strength of the
Americans. On the night of the 12th Aiignsi two Ainer-
I; ican schooners, each carrying tin guns, which were sta-
Ij tioned near the fort to Hank and advance against it. were
captured hv Captain Dolilis, R..\.. who had smne lioats
and hatteaux hnuight overland from Niagara Ini- the pur-
pose. This elated the Ilritish. and Dnnninoiid opened lire
on the Kith against the fort with such g I etl'ect that it
was determined to attempt to take it liy storm on the t'ol-
lowiiig night. Accordingly on the night of the 1 Ith the
liritish I'orce was divideil into three columns and moved
silentlv to till' attack, which was comineii 1 early on the
; morning of the loth. The; two lirst columns siiciu'cded
ij in eil'ecting a lodgmenl in the fort and held it for some
j time; hut the third column failed to co-operate on account
j of the stuhhorn resistance of the enemy, and the explosion
' of a maga/iiie in the portion of the fort held liy the Hritish,
tJl
'fif
f i ''
IP
' 1
i lift
II '-H :
m
I'i:
ill i
\\h
?!l
"i!
408
TUTTLK-.S HISTORY OF TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
C^prrationri lii the
west.
killiii;^ iiiid \vniiii<lilig '^vviit liiiiiilurs iIk y wr-ro furcril lo
rclri'iit, li'iivinj; liiri-i' iiumlicrs of dciiil and wtmiicli^d ainl
pfisoiiers. The lo.-s to tlic I5i-itlsli in lliis uii-iiicci'ssliil
attempt was very seveic one linmlird and lifty-sevfii
killed, tliree liiiiicli-ed and i ii.']it wouudi d. and one liiindi ed
I and eiij;lity-si.\ prisoners ; while the American loss wa>
oidy eij,dity-i'our men in killed, woiindeil and inissinj;.
Driimmond shortly after received reinforcements of two
rei,dmi'nts, whidi scarcely mon^ than eovere(l his recent
losses. Iiut enahleil him to liold the enemy penned nji in
Fort Krie.
7. — Meanwliile some sliudit operations li:id lieeii takinj;
place in the far west. Contrary to tiie expecialion of
ihe Americans, Fort ^lichilliniaUinae had
l)een reinforced hv Lieiitenant-Cidoiiel
I\r<'Donald on IMtli May, and eaily in .Inly that oHicer
despatched Lienlenant-Coloind McKay, witli al)ont six
hnndred men, to re<lu<'e I'l'airic chi Chien, on the .Missis-
sippi. l)efore whieli place he arrived on 1 "lli, and snnimoned
the Harrison, eimsisting of seventy-li\e men, to surrender.
This was at first refused, hnt afler .•m American gnnlioa'
wdiiidi guarded the fort hud lieeu foretMl to cut her ealile
and run from tiio lire of the I>riii>li guns, the garrison saw
further resistance was u>ele><, and surremlereil on tlw I'.Uh.
This was a most important trading-post, ami its capture
strengthened English influence with llu? Imlians. A force
of nine hundred men, under Lienteiiant-Culouid Croghun,
was sent to reduce Michilliinackinac. Imt met with so warm
a reception on its landing on Itti August that the Amei-i-
cans re-embar!;ed, leaving seventeen men dead on the
heacli. Shortly after this the J'Igress and Scorpion, two
small American schooners who liad been intercejiting sup-
plies, were captured, and no further dem^^'istration was
made against Michi'' nackinac during the war.
8 — The arrival of large reinforcements from Engl.and,
amounting to about si.xteen thousand men, enal)led Sir
George Prevost to assume the offensive
Close of thiMv.-ir. late in the summer, and with the unfortu-
nate result of his attack on I'lattshurgh
we are already acipiainted. The enemy at Fort Erie,
on hearing of the l'>riti>h reverses at I'lattshurgh, anil
aware that (JeinM'al Drnmmond had not lieen roinforc(Ml,
made a sortie on the night of the seventi'enth of Sep-
tember, and attacked the British lines with his wlndi^ force
of nearly five thousand men. The attack was at lirst
successful, and two batteries captured ; hut reinforcements
arriving, the Americans were finally repulsed and driven
back to the fort with a loss of five hundred and nine men
killed wounded and missing ; the British loss being about
one hundred more. Drummond sliortly after raised the
siege of Fort Erie and retired to C;lii|)pewa : and on the
5th November General Brown, finding that the Ani(M-ican
fleet on the lake could not co-operate with him, destroyed
the works at F'ort Erie and retired to his own territory,
leaving the upper provinci; once more in peace. The
armies on both .-ides soon afler went into winter-cpiarters.
anil before another cimjiai:,'!! had been opened peace had
been declared, and a most unnecessary and unprovoked war
|iut an end to.
CIIAl'TEK XCI.
Ul'l ER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF
FRANC IS GORE, ESC^.
I. CnNKirrox or Canada and tiii: I'mtkd Statks at
TiiK ci.DSK or Tin; Wai:. — "i. ExrofKAr.KMKXT op
EMiiiUATiDX. — .'i. EsrAUi.isiiMr.NT OK Common
Siiniiii.s, I'liKviois EtroKTs rowAiSKs Edi-i.ation.
— I. EsrAi'.i.isiiMi'.NT or a Paui-iamkntauv LiiiitAitv.
— ."). Si DiiKN I'uouor.ATiox oi- 1'aki.iamkxt nv Mu.
(iuui:. — f'p. Dissatisfactiox at tiik AiiniTUAitv
Cdxih rr OI' riif. Govi.kxok. — 7. AitiiiVAi, oi' Mii.
(illlUI.AV. Ills T'iIIUTV-DXK QflCSTIOXS. — S. Cox-
vi;xriox or Df.i.Ki;ATi;s iiki-d at Touoxro. Ue-
CAi.i. Of .Alii. Giiiii:.
1. — I'eice was hailed with delight in bo'li Canada and
the United States. In the latter ciuntry the war rnay be
said to Iiave entirely riiiiieil it- trade and r,,niliii ^n ef inim-
commeice. In spite of some brilliant na- 'J? '.""",''.'; ^"}'-^'^
» . ^ Statft* nl thci'losu
val victories, the British navy had driven "f Hi" »iir.
American shipping from the ocean ; over three thousand
merchant vessels had been captured, the entire seaboard
blockaded, and that so effectually that the exports in 1811
only amounted to a million and a half pounds, as against
twenty-two millions in 1811, while the imports had
dwindled from twenty-eight millions to three ; more tean
half the merchants and traders were bankrupt, and tax-
ation had increased to an enormous extent, while thou-
sands of lives had been sacrificed and many flourishing
homes made desolate. The war party of the United
States, actuated by a desire of conquest and a wish to be
revenged on iMigland for fancied wrongs, took advantage
of her l)"ing engaged in a Euro])ean war. to endeavor to
wrest Canada from her; but so thori)uj;hly did they fail
that in the treaty of peace signed at Ghent, on 24th De-
cember, 181 1, not one word was said about the '"right of
search," wdiich was the ostensible cause of tlie war, and
not one foot of land did the States gain for all their wast-
ed blood and treasure. On the otlier hand, tiie war had
done mucli good to Canada. Of course, many homes
were made desolate ; there was mourning throughout the
land for the loved ones who had poured out their life's
blood to defend their homes, and the flow of emigration
and the material prosperity had been checked ; but still
jieace. Tlic
viiitt'iMjiiartiTs,
mumI peace liad
iij)rovoked war
HN T OF
ri;i) Statks at
■|!Ar. KMi:XT OP
oi- Common
>S MDItATION.
lAUv Li III! A i;y.
AMi.xr IIY .Mu.
K AuiirruAiiv
liivAf, or Mit.
)N-.S. — S. CoN-
'oitOM'o. I{l>
1i Canada and
the war may l)e
f'tiHliti'ii itf r.-iici-
(la mill tlie L'liitL-d
S(lit«'(4 at llie rluttu
of tliu war.
tliiTo thousand
entire soabnard
exports in 1814
inds, as against
a import? had
"cc ; more ti'aii
krupt, and tax-
mt, while thou-
[lany flourishini;
of the United
nd a wisli to lie
took advantage
. to endeavor to
ily did they fail
lit. on 21th De-
It the '• right of
of the war, and
V all their wast-
;id, tiie war had
e, many liomes
throughout the
out their life's
.V of emigration
3eked ; but still
UPPER CyVNADA— GOVF.IJNMKNT OF FI{AN( IS OOHK, KSQ.
40'J
the war had had a good effeet on Cannula, iiiasininli a-^ it
tended to eeiiieiit the people togetlier, and to inereaM' their
devotion not only to the lan<l of their adoption, but to the
Motlier Country. Freneh, Engrnh, Iri-<h. .Seotch and
Ainerieaiis had all sunk their petty national jelimsies. and
become ('aiiadiaiis ; and it was one of the ino-^t noticeable
features of the war that amongst the most loyal class were
the Amerieans who had settled in Canada, not tliii United
Fin[iire Loyalists alone, but thosi) who had emigrated
since the independeiuM- of the United States, of their own
accord, and not on account of political persecution. In
fact the Canadians of all classes seemed to be impressed
with the idea that there was room enough on this conti-
nent for two nations, and fought for their idea with more
stiibliornness and determination than the Americans did for
their idea that America was made for the Americans, and
that no other llag than the stars anil stripes had any right
to float over any jiortioii of this continent. Financially,
Canada tlourislied during the war ; thanks to the suprem-
I acy of the British on the ocean, her trade and comtnerce
was not materially alfected, although agriculture was. of
necessity, somewhat neglected on account of the einboili-
ment of so many of the militia, and the frequent mobiliza-
tion of the sedentary corps. Money was plentiful, and
many fortunes were made, while tax(^s were not exhor-
bitantlv increasi'd, as was the case in the United States,
as the Mothiir Country paid nearly all the expenses of the
war. Still the close of the war left Canada — especially the
Upper Province, which had borne the brunt of it — greatly
exhausted, and it took some time before her inhabitants
could fall ba(;k into their old habits, and thoroughly re-
sume their peaceful pursuits.
2. — Sir Gordon Druinmond being called to the Lower
Province to administer the government on the departure
of Sir (Jeorgc Prevost, the aft'airs of
Emlgmaon?''''"'"* ^^l'P«r Canada were administered from
April to J'.ly, 1815, by Lieutenant-General
Sir George Murray, and from July to September. l)y .Ma-
jor-General Sir Frederick liobinson, when the Honorable
Francis Gore, lieutenant-governor, returned. As soon
as the province began to recover from the shock of war,
one of the first sulijects to attract attention was the im-
portance of encouraging emigration, as well to replenish
the loss caused by the war as to reclaim and cultivate the
wild lands. The first practical step was taken in Edinburgh,
where a proclamation was issued on 22il February. LSI;'),
offering a free passage to emigrants of good character, with
a grant of one huniired acres of land, and an additional
hundred acres for each child on coming of age ; provis-
ions for a year were also given gratis, and all the requis-
ite farming implements provided at half of lirst cost. As
a guarantee of good faith on the part of the emigrants, a de-
posit of i.'lG was required to be made with the govern-
ment agent, which was returnable as soon as the emigrant
had actually settled on the land. A large number of
.Scotch took advantage of this offer, and settled in the
county of Lanark ; but the emigration was not as great
as was desired, and it was regarded as bad policy on the
|iart of the government that it now discouraged emigration
from tlie United .States, refusing grants of land, and
throwing other obstacles in the way of intiMiding emigrants.
This policy was [larticnlarly ti short-sighted one in view of
the extreme loyalty shown by the American settlers during
the war, even amongst those who had not taken the oath
of allegiance.
3. — On the r.th February, 1810. the lieutenant-gover-
nor met the Legislature, and one of the most iin|)ortant
sessions ever held in Upper Canada was ,,.,,., . ,
I ' I'.HtaliliKliiiii'nt (if
opened. We say most important, because <'"iiiiii.m SriuH.ii*.
at this session w.as laid the nucleus of the lowarii^iniucu-
liresent common-scliool system, the pride
and glory of Ontario and the secret of her rapid and won-
derful progress. This bill granted £i'Mi) a year for tin?
])ayment of teachers and purchase of liooks, and although
simple and direct in its jirovisions, served as the fniindatiou
on wliieli lias been built up the present I'onmioii-school
system of Canada; ;i system which received |)ul)lic ac-
knowledgment from the world by bearing off the lirst
prize at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia last
year (1871')) : the prize of which Canada has most reason
to be proud out of all tin; many prizes she took. As this
is a most important turning-point in the history of Up[)er
Canada, we will pause here for a moment to brii^fly epito-
ijiizo the previous efforts which had been made in the
matter of education. Six years after the establishment
of the province, the firs' effort was made, in the shape of
a memorial to Lord Dor"h<!ster, then gov(!rnor-g Mieral,
praying for the establishment of a pulilic school at King-
ston, or some other central ]ilai'e ; and in compliance ,vith
this request a tract of wild land was set apart for school
purposes ; but nothing was ever reali.-ed from the land
and no school built. In 17i>7, the Legislature addressed
a memorial to Ilis IMajesty George III. on the subject of
education ; and in the following year the colonial secre-
tary directed an endowment for free grammar schools
and colleges to be created out of the sale of wild lands
set apart for the purpose ; but the revenue not proving
'-.iitricient, the Legislature in 180(5 established a free gram-
mar school in each of the eight districts into which Upper
Canada was then divided. No further attempts at public
education were made until the passage of the act r*>rcrred
to, at the opening of this paragraiih.
4. — That |)ublic education engrossed a great de.al of
the attention of Parliament this session is also evidenced
by the fact that an act was passed appro- ,..sta..li«l„nent of
priatiii!; £800 for the purchase of a library a i-aiiiamuntary
for both Houses, the loundation of the
present very excellent Parliamentary Library of Ontario.
110
TITTLKS IIISTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
Aiii()iij;st nviiiv iillnr ii>cliil nets pusscij wa^ one :i|i|ir()iiii-
liliuii .£1,000 t(i l)f iixil. ill tlic wiiv of lioiiiitics, ill cii-
nmr:i;,'iMj; tin- ciilliv.itiMM of Im'|ii|i. An act iiiso [cisscd
;.'iaiitiii;; .sMJiiiits 111' Xl'UH .i vfur cmli to llic s|ic;ikir.s of
till' Lii;isl.ilivc Coiiiicil iiinl llio IIoiisi! of A.ssc'iiiiily. A-
we Ii;ivf ajrciidy iiii'iitioiicd, Kii<;laiiil paid tlie expenses ol
tile war. and llie I.ioi^jatiire. in i;ratitiide, passed an act
appropriatiin; i'i.'dlO pi r aniiiiiii toward-i defravin;; tlie
expenses of llie civil list, which was slill a hiirdcii on the
crown. Itiit alihiiii^h the session was liiiiinonions, tlie
reaction which iiicvilalily follows a state of warli.ul lie;j;iin
to be fidt, and soon showed itself in feeling's of restless-
ness and uneasiness anioni;st tlie people. Tlirco years'
military expeiience had unsettled niaiiy for pcacitfiil pur-
suits; ;inil the sudden scarcity of nmiicv. caused hy tlii^
cessation of the iiillow from (Jrcat Hrilaiii to meet the
war expenses, caused some discontent, and, as is usual,
the jicople l>c:.'aii to lijainc the administration,
i>. — I'nfoiliinatily llicic was only too jmmjiI i;rimiid for
coinplaiiit against the iroverriment al this lime. A littlt;
oliiiarchv of olliceliolders and "overninent
Siiil(li-ii pri'Tc;:;!- ' . ■ . ^
lion i.i c.iiiiaimiit lavorilcs ruled the province more tor
by Mr. lioie. , . , , t i i i
thcirowii than the;fcii<ral ;:ooil, and they,
frcmi self-interest, opposed anything which tcinieil to de-
crease their own importance or detract from their profits,
positive and prospective. The grantini; of piililic lands
had heen greatly alniscd ; larger tracts liad heen given to
favored indiviiiuals who held them until actual settlers in
the neighliorliood made them valuahle ; and the p(!o]>l(!
now turned their attention towards this as an ''hiise of
power. Another cause of complaint \v;is ilie C'l«,-rgv
Ueserves. The (ieigy Reserves act of 171)1 set apart
one seventh of what was then '• the Province of (^iieliec"
for " the support of a I'rolestant Cleigy." The ipiaiititv
of land thus reserveil in Upper Canada ainounled iDalioiit
two millions anil a half of acri's, and '.he nieiiilieis of the
Church of I'aigianil claimed the whole of this as the es-
talilisheil Cliiiich of Canada. The rresliytirian, Metho-
dist, l>a|itist anil other deiioniinations olijected to this,
and the question soon began to attract attention. The
Parliament met on the tth Februiiry. 1817, and the con-
dition of the province soon occupied the attention of tlu^
Assembly. On the third of April, llie House went into
conimiltce of the whole on the condition of the province,
which it was intended to consider under four heads — the
bad policy of throwing obslruclions in tin? way of emigra-
tion from the United States ; the insiilliciency of the po.s-
fa! arrangt'ineiils ; the hindrance to the settlement of wild
lands by the Church reservi's, and the advisability of
granting lands to the einbndied militia who had served
during the w.ir. The discussion of these sulijccis was
not at all palatable to the Family Compact party, which
rilled the executive; amino sooner had the House passed
three preliminary nsnliilions, than the liiiitenaii'-govcr-
ddeiily
siimmoiicd it to the Coiinc
It cii.'imlii'r am
prorogued r.irli.-iment. ciiilly informing the .V^^iiiiblv
lli.it it had sat long enough ami Iran^actcd all the business
that was of any inipoil.ince, and that he thaiikeil it for
the su|iplies granted to help pay the I'ivil >ir\ ice list.
(>. — This liigh-haiided nicasnre not only greatly a>toii.
ished the Assembly, but aioused the indignation of the
people, and caused much discussion. The „iK^:,ii,f,„.,lo„ „t
matters which the .\ssemblv were about H"' iiii;.iii:.r> ,,.ii.
to discuss wen.' of the iitmi»t importiince 'riinr.
to the general W(dfare of the province, and this sudden
choking olT of discussion on such serious subject.s caused
much dissatisfaction. The intended resolutions relating
to Crown and Clergy Reserves aHiriiied that these beinir
scattered ill large tracts about the <'oiiiilrv. rel.irded si'tlle-
ments. as it prevented the formalinn of contiiiiioiis
townships which was so necessary fur opining roads ami
keeping tlii'in in repair : ami also nciiininriiileil the .sale
of C.'rown lands instead of leasingtheni, as was their custom.
The resolution relating to Clergy l{eserve lands coii-
denined the a|)])ropriation of one seventh of all the lands
as too much, and suggested that ihe imperial I'.'iiliameiit
be petitioned to sell a portion of them, :iiid retain a small
er quantity in future. Another of the residiitions dealt
with the subject of emigration from the United States,
which it was urged .should nitlier be cncoiir.'iiied than
discouraged by the government. There is littli^ 'loiibt but
that these resolutions embodied tlieo|)inioii of the majority
of the community, but they smacked rather too much of
*■ republicanisiii " to suit the liigb-tory oli'^archv. and the
discussion of them was promptly >uppressii|.
7. — While discontent was yet being felt at the sum-
mary dismissal of Parliament, .Mr. Hubert fiiuiil.iy. who
w;is destined to fijjnre soiiiewli.it |iniiii- ^\nivilofMr
(ioiirliiv.
His
inenllv as a deniai'oifue and ai;italiir
lived ill tlu^ province in .Inly, and soon ii'""<. ;
contrived to get himself into hot water. .Mr. flouil.iy ;
was a Scotclini.iii whose father had possessed considerable i
property, 1 t becoming bankrupt, his son leasi'd a farm \
in Kiiglaii'l and went to some expense in improving it. i
It was not long, however, before he became involved in a j
iiiiiiiber of lawsuits, mil to avoid the trouble he had j
ciiused for himself he came to Canada with the idea of i
judging of its cajiacity, anil, if he was satisfied, of ultimately j
settling there. Mr, Gourlay had distinguished himself in i
Fyiiglaiiil as an agitator, and as he was fond of Iniuting up
abuses, he soon found an opportunity to attack the admin-
istration here. Having dt^teriiiini^d to beconi'! a land
agent, he set about acquiring some statistical knowledge of
the country ; and in order to do so proposed a series of
thirty-one ipiestioiis to the principal inhabitants of each
township, thirty of which had reference to ngriculiure, &c.>
but the thirty-lirst had a decided ])olitical temlency, as
the (picstion was, " What, in your opinion, retards the im-
^
1
cIkiiiiIii'I'
mil j
till' AsM'llI
I.iy
ill till' liii^ii
I'SH
tli.iiikcij it
f.ir
ci\ ic(^ IInI.
L'lcMtly Jlstnn- 1
U'liiition (if
tlie
Jli^^'llixf.'li'llni
till' ;ill'ilr;ilv .
dil.l i.f tho (M
at
<'ll-
\* 1
rrilnl-.
Ill this Mid
i.'ll
tllljcCtS Cllllscd
111 inns rclntiinr
l.'lt tllC^C licillir
rcl.iiilcci si'tllc-
111' (•(iiitiiiiKnis
liiij; roads iind
■lldrd tllf s;l|(;
I- tlii'ir riistmii.
M' lands I'liii-
t' all llii.' lands
iai I'ai'liaini'iit
fctaiii a sniall-
'olutioiis di'ajt ;
United Stales.
I'Diirairnl lliaii
little diiiilil hut i
ill' the niajiiritv
•r too much (if I
ai-chv, and tin! ,
d. " !
It at tile sum- |
GouiJay. wlio •
Ariivil ., t:\Ir. j
CiHirlay. Ili^< !
lliirtv-i.iio iiii.'s- I
tioliK. I
Mr. (Jdurliiv '
'd considei'alile
leased a fariii ;
itnproviiij; if. ,
! involved in a
iiilile lie had
til the idea of
, of ultimately
led himself ill
of liMiilinif ii|)
,ek the admiu-
■eoine a laud
kiiowledirf of
ed a series of
taiits of each
fieullure, &(;.,
tendency, as
utai'ds the im-
i
412
TUTTLE'S IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OE CANADA.
Ill
i,i
Pnriiameiit passes '■'"' mi't'cr directly undpr the notice of tlie
an mt iirnhibiiiiig Assembly. He siiid : "In the course of
any iikpil' ronvou-
''"""■ your iiiv('sti;;:iti()iis you will. I doubt not,
fool a, ju^t indiijuation at the iittenipts which have been
made to excite discontent, and to orj^anize sedition.
Should it ai)|K'ar to you that a convention of delej^ates
cannot exist without dani;er to the constitution, in frainiiii^
a law of jin^vcntion your dispassionate wisdom will be
careful that it shall not unwarily trtvspass on the sacred
rijiht of the subject to seek a ri-dross of his "grievances by
petition." The Assembly was (juiu; in tlu; humor to
meet the views sui,wested by the f^overtior, and said in
tJieir ro|)ly to the address: •' We remember that this favored
lanil was assigned to our fathers as a retreat for snITering
loyalty, and not as a sanctuary for si'dition. We lament
tliat the designs of one facetious imlividual should have
succeeded in drawing into the support of his vile machina-
tions, so iv;aiiy lion(st men and loyal sul)j<!cts of his
majesty." To show that the Assembly was in earnest,
Mr. Jonas Jones, of Hrockville, introduced, on the 2Sth
October, " an act for preventing ci'rtaiu meetings within
this province," in which assemblages of a nature resem-
bling the convention were prohibited ; and, out of a House
of thirteen, oidy one member voted against it. This act
remained in force two years, and, singular to say, when
its repeal was moved, only one member. Chief .Justice
Kobinson, voted in the iH'galive. ]l
;i. — Public opinion now turned a little against Mr. >
Gonrlav ; but he was over-elatcid at his trium|ilis over ;
the government, and prepared to settle permanently as a
land agent. The executive, however, was deterndned to ]
get rid of so obnoxious a person by fair means or foul, and ]
a scheme was soon formed to force him to ipiit the country.
The alien act of IS^DI. which bad not been repealed, '|
provided for the summary ex[iulsion of any persons who
had not been residents of the provinee. !uid who liad given i
utlei'anc(^ to any seditions speeches, or been giiiity of any
seditiiius practices. .Mr. Isaac Swaize, a nieinlici' nf the
Assembly, swore that Mr. (Jourlny bad not resided in
the province six months, and that he was a seditious
p(;rson. upon which Mr. Gourlay was served with a notice,
on the 21st I)ecemb(T, to ipiit the provinci^ before t\u'
etid of the year. This he refused to do, and was arresteil
and placed in jail at Niagara. He still had many frienils,
who were indignant at his treatment, ami in February,
1S19, he was lirought before Chief-.In .lice I'owell, at
Toronto, on a writ oUidbms corpus ; but the judge refused
to allow him to be released on bail and he was re-com-
mitted to prison.
I — The Assembly met again .lune, l>(l'.t, wh(>n the liou-
tcii.'iit-governor informed the Ilousestlial he had received
instructions from tlu; Home governtuent
Mr. (iHiirlny In i!X- , ,'.,.,..
iwlluil friiiii ('una- to grant wiM laiicls to the emoodicil mililia
"■ durinir the war ; but ailded that he had
taken it upon himself to refuse the grants to such persons
as had taken jiart in the late convention. It was generally
expected that th s Assendily would t.ake exception to this
arbitrary assumption of power ; but after a long debate
it was endorsed by the casting vote of the speaker, great-
ly to the dissatisfaction of the people, who were strongly
opposed to it, and deterndned to alter the complexion of
the House at the next election. This was a fresh griev-
ance for Mr. Gourlay, and he wrote several letters bitterly
abusive of the executive, wdiich appeared in the Niagara
Spi'ctiitor ; this ca\ised him to be treated with great un-
kindness in jail, and the paper was sup|)ressed. As there
was only one court a year held at Niagara, (imirhiy was
kept in prison a long while, and v/as so reduced by conline-
ment and ill-usage that he was almost unconscious during
his trial. He was not tried for sedition, but oidy for re-
fusing to quit the country, which was a mis(h'meanor
under the alien act, found guilty, and shortly afterwards
compelled to go to the Fnited Statics, where he remained
a short time and then returned to England. In 1S22, he
published, in London, three volumes on Canada, which
contains some useful information, mixe(l np with a great
deal of abus(> of individuals, seU'-conceit and intempiirate
language, which suggest that the temporary insanity
which overcame him in 1824, was then in an incipient
state. He contiiuied his erratic career in England, after
his recovery, and was imprisoneil for striking Lord
Brougham in the lobby of the Iloiisti of Comuions. lit
returned twice to Canada, .ind linally settled in Hamilton,
in IM;V1, where he died, and where his family still reside.
We have devoted considerable space to iiis case for two
reasons ; tirst, because although he was undoubtedly a very
meddlcRomo and tronlilesome person (o whatever govern-
ment h(^ lived under, still he was very harshly treated,
and his persecution showed how despotic the government
coidd be if op[)Osed ; ami sei- indly. because his exertions
bore good fruit by <'alling the attention of the people to
the unconstitutional acts of the irre>pon^ibh> executive and
preparing their minds to <lemaud responsible governm.'Ul.
Mr. Gourlay 's views were not all wild and visionary, for
while he was in prison at Niagara he proposed the very
che(di to extravagant specidation in wild land wliicii was
afterwards adojitcd, viz., taxation ; and he also advocated,
in the Niagara Sperlnlitr, \lw improvement of the naviga-
tion of llie St. Lawrenee.
i"). — As a g(Mieral election wo\dd takii place in the sum-
mer, and the population ha<l increased to about oiu; hun-
dred and twenty thousand, it was deemed , .
.' , So'Slnn of Is'jn.
expedient to increase the uumber of rep- I'assncuol laiiiorl-
. 1 1. i. 1 anl ai'lH.
resrntatives, and rarbameut was accoril-
iligly ciMivened on the 21st l'"elirnary. I.S2(). and an act
passed which iwarly doublcil the number of represenialivcs.
At this session the bill prohiliiting the .\,sseinbly of depuiies
in convention was rejiealed ; it was an unpo|iular act, and
i'i
o such persons
twiisgc'ucrjilly
coptinn to tliis
a long <lcl)ato
sppiiker, grciit-
wcro strongly
I'oniploxion of
a fresh i;riev-
letters hittorly
in the Niagara
ivith great uii-
pi!. As there
I. (Ii)inlay was
iced hy eoudno-
)nsci()us (hiring
ut only fur re-
i misdemeanor
■tly afterwards
•e he remained
. In 1S22. lie
Canada, which
p with a great
Mil intempiMiite
orary insanity
n an inci[)ient
Hngland, after i
striking J,ord !
'unnnons. He
d in Hamilton,
lily still reside.
I case for two
iinhtedly a very
atever govern-
arshly treated,
he government
'. his exertions
the people to
'execniive and
le government.
1 vision.iry, for
losed the very
ind which was
d>o advocaled,
of I ho naviga-
ce in the snm-
ihout one luiii-
S(>-Kl(pn nf IKL'O,
I'nr<!*n^(o nf iiiiport-
lllt IKMH.
0, and an act
'presentatives.
Illy of dcpniies
ipniar .i(^t, and
UPPER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR PKREGRINE MAITLAND.
•113
the members did not like to face their constituents with it
on the statute-hook. An act regulating commerce with the
United St^ites was also passed, and the school act amend-
ed. The .agitation caused by the attacks of .Afr. Gourlay
on the mal-a<lministration of the public lands had borne
fruit ; and a bill was passed taxing these lands, which had
the effect of checking speculation, as few of those who
Iwught them had the m(;ans to carry thi-m for any length
of time, except they did so tax free. I'arlianient was
dissolved on the 17th of March, and writs issued for a
new election which took place in the sunuiier, and caused
some excitement, as the Reform party was nr)w making
vigorous efforts to break up llw; Faniily Compact. In this,
]! however, they were unsuiicessful, as wln-n the House met
for business on the 31st of .January, 1H21, the vote on
the address showed that the Family Compact had held its
own, and still possessed a majority in the Assembly, besides
controlling the Legislative Council and the executive.
Shortly before Parliament met. a proclamution in the U[)per
Canada Gazette announced that five new members had
been called to the Legislative Council, one of whom was
destined to play a conspicuous part in Canadian politics
for some years to come, — this was the late Bishop Stra-
chaii, of Toronto.
G. — IJishop Strachan deserves more than a passing
notice, and we will give a short sketcli of his career here.
Born of poor [leasant parents in Scotland.
Bishop stiaoiian. lie was !it an early age thrown on his own
resources, and having picked up a little
classical knowledge in Aberdeen, he at the age of eighleeti
got a position as schoolmaster, and served in thai capacity
for about three years in Fifeshire, on a salary of X.'U) |)er
annum. At the same time ho was studying as an ir-
regular sciular at St. Andrew's College, anil intended en-
tering the Presbyterian Church. In 17'J'J he accepti'd
the position of tutor to the children of Mr. Cartwright, of
Kingston, and came to Canada. Leaving this place ho
took charge of a district school at Cornwall, and tlu're
married a widow who possessed some means. He was
still a Presbyteritin. and was at this time in treaty with
the congregation of St. Gabriel's Church, Montreal, for
the iiastorate, he agreeing to go home to Scotland to be
ordained. The congregation, however, could not afford
the salary he demanded. — £:W) a year, — and he soon after
turned his attention to the Church of iMighind. which at
that time enjoyed all the Clergy Reserves, and bid fair to
become one of the richest church corporations in the world.
He was ordained a deacon in May, 1803, by Bishop Moun-
tain, of (Jiiebec, made a priest the following year, and
appointed to the mission of Cornwall, from whence he was
promoted to the rectory of Toronto, and was for siuiie
years chaplain to the Legislative Council until appointed
a member of that body. He was an ardent politiiuan.
a strong supporter of the Family Compact, and one of its
most devoted adherents until its final overthrow. Bishop
Strachan died at Toronto on id November, 18G7, at the
ago of eighty-nine. .Speaking of his career McMullon, in
his Illslorij of Cmiadu, says : " The very education of
Bishop Strachan prevented him from understanding the
true temporal policy of the Chnrch of Engl.ind. He knew
nothing originally of its literature. From the time that
he attached himself to its ministry, his life was that of the
bustling politician, rather than the scholastic divine, or
I the distinguished savan. He was felt in his own genera-
j tion, to he forgotten by ])oslerity. In an old and settled
I form of society he would never have emerged from the
average mass of humanity. .Sharp, practical, and clever,
Canada was his true element. Everybody was beginning
life ; there was nothing to keep him down ; where learning
was a scarce article, a little went a long way. From the
poor family tutor, he rose to be the district schoolmaster ;
another step, and he was enveloped in the surplice of the
Episcopal minister. l>y being a clergyman, he became a
politician; by being a polilician. he became a bishop.
His elevation did not take ])lai'o because he was a distin-
guished author, or an illustrious divine. Yet even as a
politician he was neither original nor |)rofound. He did
not create a system, nor originati' a new era. He attach-
ed himself to a body already formed, and cm only be re-
garded as an active pai'tisan. As a partisan his inlluenoe
was secret and securt!, rather thin open and exposed — of a
depressing, rather than of an elevating ch,iiacter. Half
a century must at least elapse before the Kpiseopal ChuicU
can have recovered from the evils of his impolitic sway.
Whatever advantages it may have deiived by his worldly
shrewdness, or business sagacity, have been moi'c ihtiin
counterbalanced by the fact of its bishop having been a
politician, iind liicking that distinguished position, in
scholarship and litciatiire. which its principal divines have
idmost invariiibly arrived at."
7. — Sir Peregrine Maitland was not a very jiopnlar
governor; he was too much influenced hy the memhers of
the Fiimily Compact, and his cold, haughty
and overhearing nnuiner was better suited Si«>ii.i\ cf ikji.
to a martinet tlnin to ;i civil governnr;
the fact also that he had eloped from Pari- with the
(hiunhter of the Duke of Biclimoiid. and that he was only
appointed so as to provide for him, did not increase his
popularity ; and although the Assembly snppoited the ex-
ecutive, the feeling bet ween the two branches of the Legis-
lature was not a very cordial one. The speech from the
throne was a very formal affair, and contained little be-
vond a formal announcement of the nccession of George
IV., a statement that emigration had improvi'd. and forty
new townships had been laid out in the jiast two years ;
another that the lliiances of the province wi re not in a
Vi'i'v satisfactory condilion, and a recommendation to [iro-
tect the interests of tiili! leligion. I'ailiaineiil was pro-
Hi I
Hil
! 1<
i
M
' 1
IP
I h,
114
TrTTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DO.MIMOX OF CANADA.
roiriu.il III! tlic 1 llli Api-il, al'trr ]i;iviii;.' passed several use-
ai;fi''ulture and eoniuieree (lourished. Stoaiiihoiits now
ful hills, aiii()iii;st tliem (iik' iri'iiitiiii: an a|)|>rii|irialii)ii to
pliiu^rhed the watei's of all the main rivers and lakes
aiil tin- Riileail Canal : anoilier e-laliiisliim; :i iiliil'ui-ni
hut tlie want of navij'aliou of the St. Lawrence hetweei
curi-eney in lli<' piovinee, a lliiid In llie eil'eet that no
I'rescott, and ."Montre.il was sadly felt, and no other iiieiins
tiliu's or olhel ele-iaslieal ilile-, >li(iiiM evei' lie |e\ ieij in
of descending- the rapids li.id yd lieeii found ih.au the oli
I |pper Caiiaila. Nuihiiiij di' special iiiipoi'iaiice (leeurreil
llat-iioiinii'.ed halteaux used hv tile Indians and I-"i'eni-l
(hiriiiU' the .■-nnimei'. 'I'lie lieiileiianl-:;iivei'iiiir inaiie a
i lu'.arly two cenlui'ies hefoi-c. Xo canals yet alVorded tin
tmir lhi'iiiiM;h the provinces, ami was well hut imi eiilhu-
means of ascendinLT the rapids, and no steamer h,ad vo
sia-ticallv received. r>usine^> was ilidl. hut n;nnev cin-
lieeu daring- eMi)u;,Hi to ailenipl their desceni. FarminL
tiinied seai'i-e. alllioi. ,ii the liauk ol' I'ppei' Canada hail
continued to he of the mo>t primitive style, no lalmr
heeii estahlished. .and ai;ricailtui'al produce sold very low on
savin;: machines lieinL,' Used, and the f.irmer lilerall\
acciiiiiit of the want nl' niciiis ol' trausoorlalinu to t'.ke
oarninii his hread h\' the sweat of his lii'nw. .Sinu;;;;TniL
the surplus to the seaiioard. llour heiriLT only worth ahout
three dollars and a half to lour dollars a hariel.
from the I'liited Siali
was verv
I'ominon. and lai'tfc ipian-
S.— The II
ou-e-, Were convened aiiain on ■Jlst
lilie^ of lumliei'. tnhae and other commodities were
Xovem- hrou^ht in without payment of duty. Attempts had
fi "
1.S2I, and the ..roviriior in his speech referred to the heen made to milliiy the scareily ot a (■irculalinv' meilnim
IJ'Vi'iiuo illHii'iil- dllhrulties which hail :i
li«'H with I.MvviT
< ;i:in'tH. 'I'lio t';ij*o
111' Kn: jihImik lliil-
ll-en Willi Illi
hv the I
Lower I'ro\ ince with rcLrard to ihe divis- lira, cln sin t
ion ol t
he customs diuies. which weiv all hv llieui had iieen ^really shak
stahli-lun ;! of hanks in the lar^e cities, with
In^ smaller towns ; hut failli in the hills issiieil
)f
en liy till' "eiilerprise o
illieted in that pnivince and afterwards divided .as al- our Ainericau cou-ins. who coe.nterfeiti'd I he new hills
stated
in f)ur cnapters o
III Lower Canada. The ! f^i--' !is they caiiie out. and flooded llie country willi tlieiii
II,
se pi'omptlv took action on the sii;:'.festion ol the ;rov
if th
to the ;ri-eal di-Liiist of the inliahitaiils and lo ihe in
jury
eriior. and appointed Atloriiey-( Jeueral Rohiii^on the 1 "'' ihc credit if llie hanks. 'J'he only event wliicl used
auciit of the province in Kii^'l iiid lo iii'mc their ca-e he- any e\i-iiemeiit wa- the proposed leL;i>la!ive union of ■
fore till" impprial P.irliainenl. and voted t'l'.OOO to defray 'li'' '^vo previnees. which was mooted in ill.' imperial I'.ir-
his expenses. A very novel ease occurred this session. li:inii'nt. and to which referenci' has already heen made. '|
Therehad I II an election to till .a v.acaui'y in Lennov and ' ''"'i'' ■'^'■In'm*' ,i:cii''i-:illy lift with favor in the Upper I'rov- j
Ahhin^don. and a .Mi-. liarnahas lliduell w.is reiunied. iiu'c cM'ipl ih'' "-laiiM- which raised the ipialilicatio : '
He had formerlv resided in M.issaehiisetts hefore the war ^ mciuliers from .£80 to £oOO,
of independenee. and remaining.' there at its close tmik the
oath of alle;.'iaiice to the United Slat"s, and hecaine al-
tornev-i;eiiei-al of tin.' Slate of ^Massaclmselt-, treasurer
10. — The Le;:-islalure met on I.mIi .lannary. ISl'.'S. and
the Lenox ami Ahhiiiu'don elee'tioii a^aiii .■illracted a eon-
siileraiile alleiilii.a. On Mr. r.idweU's
of Berkshire Coiinly and memlier of Coni:i-ess. InlSlO , espnl-inii a new eledion li.id heen wv'uVinil'eanall'' '"'"
he was iiceiised of emhezzlinir the piihlie funds and forL'- ]! <>i''l''"'''' and a Mr. Clark elected hy
iiiir doiMiineiits to rover up his defalc-ition ; he did not [i one hundred and tweiity-einht votes. :\rr. ^Mar-hall Sprin;,'
! await invesii^Mtioii. hut lied ;it lo Canada, when, after a l''i'l"-,'ll (son of Mr. I'.arn.-ihas Ilidwell). who opposed
riMili lice iif twelve yi^ars lie ihouiiht lliat the sc-ind il li.-id , liim. I"-''!'.^' 'l''''larcd ineli-ihle on the jifouiid that he was
hlowii over and allowed hiiii-elf to he nnniinaled for the ' an alien. At the opeiiin;: of the session a petition to ,set
AsMinhly. lie W.IS a i-elnrnier .-iml a per-iin;il friend ..f a-ide ihe eleclimi was presented, settiiiif forlh that -"Mr.
Coin-lay's, and was e:isily reluriiid. lull his eleclion was .Mar-h.ill Sprin- I'.iiiwell. h;iviii;r l,een horn in Massachii-
petitioned a;;ailist on the uroiind thai lie was an imiiior.al sell- when llial Stale was a Urili-h proviiiee. ami never
per-iiii. a fii-ilive frmn jiiMiee. and lli.il he had l:iken liaviii- taken the oath of allegiance lo any foreiun power,
ihe o.illi of alleeiance In a fniein'ii power. lie ua- heard "a- a
III detelice in
hv one vole,
Tl
the lloii-e. hill
was expelleii. alll|illl"ll I'lllV
•veliteeii VMliieiliir Ills expulsion
Ih'ili-h suhjecl, and could mil he deharri d from the
ihh on the Liriiiiiid that he was an alien. The
,t House hy a lai'L'c majorily ilecl.ired the eleciiuii null, and
sixteen.
IIS was a new case
:iliil to prevent its repeli-
tiiiii the llniise passed all ad remlei'in::- persons in
a new (declioii w.is held, .-it which yonn!.' Hidwell was
a"aiii a candidale : hut was defealed hv .Mr. (i. Ham. a
position llieji
N-ilile lo a seat in llie .Vsscuihly. 'I'liis ai-t ,■ Mi|iporter of the l-'ainily Coiiipacl. The Le;:islaliiie was
was found to he oppr.'ssive to .American emi;,n'ants. ami ' adjourned mi I'.Mli .Mairh, williiiiil any hills of ver\ par-
was I'l'i
leah il III
lieiilar iiileresi liaviim' heen passed. l'"or some litlle lime
'.).-'riie \ear IS-Jl' was an iiiie\ eiit Jul one for Upper past the project of llie Wellaml Canal had I n niooled,
l.imls were hill diirin;: this dimmer it was put hefore llie |!iililic in
Canada. I'",
ll,.\h-U ef 111..
I'eliaill.'ll nf ||.
riiiviiii'i' III tsji:. tuone
iiiiLir.-iliiiii I'linliniied sleaih-, new
lieini.' eonliniially taken up. and, alllion!.di laieiihle sliapi-. principally at the inslaiiee of Hon. W. II.
y still continued \ery .scarei.., holli Merritt, of Nia;i;ara, tu whose eiicrijy and perseveraiicu
Ciiniliouts now
ii> aiirl hikes ;
rciii'i' hctwcini
111) otlllT IIU'MIIS
III lliiiil tile olil
s iiiiil Fi'oiicli
't, alVDi-ilcil the
'Miiii'r h.'id vet
rill. Farininj;
yic, no liilinr-
irnicr lilcTally
v. Sniujrjfliiig
iiiil hiriro (|u:iii-
uuoilities were
Attempts liad
ihitiiitj medium
^e eilies. wilh
the hills issued
eiilei'iirise " of
he new liills Ms
ilry wilh ilii'in
d III llle illjllIT
II whiell ealisi'd
alive iiiiiiin of
' imperial I'ai'-
ly lieen made.
le I'ppei- I'rov-
jiialilieatioii ()£
lary, ISl'.'S. and
itlraelid a eoii-
rH to liiillil llii!
IfiMil innal.
[ar.-hall Sjii-innr
who ojlposed
lid that lie was
petition to set
forth tliat ."Mr.
II in ]\rn,ssaehii-
lii'e, and never
foreiirii power,
larri d from thi;
n alien. 'I'Ik;
'I'liiiii null, and
L' liidwell was
Mr. (i. Ham, a
ietrislaliire was
s of ver\ par-
iime lillle lime
I Keen niiiiili'd,
' the piililie ill
.f lion. W. II.
I [HMseveraiieij
1 N
'1
i
1 ' ^
1
\ ''
\ i
III
s?
t i ■
Drawn uad Kngra^'cfl osprcFsly fnr Tnttl"*s Hi-tory of ttu* Dominion of Ciinacla.
ATTACK OX QLi:i!i;C liV tiE.NKUAL MONTGOMEIiY, MOKXING OF HIst DI-CEMBKR, 17V5.
l:iiii, IM:.'.
1:
1
1
1
1
UPPER CANADA— GOVERXMKNT OF SIR PEREGRINE MAITLAND.
415
Canada is mainly iiulobteil for tliis jji'cat work wliicli lias
[ilayud so ini]»iitant a ])art in tlio (U'Vcloiiini^nt of tlio
country. Notliing of inij)ortanco occiiriX'il dniin;^ tlici
summer ; but as the fall approaoliod tliciv bej^an to be
some little excitomont with n'j;ard to the general election
to take place the followinif year, when it was expecteil
that a vigorous eirirt against the Family Compact would
be made by the Reform jiarty.
11. — Parliament met ai;ain on lltli N'omiiiIiim-, IS:*,').
and from the lieutei;ant-L,'overnor's speecli it woulil appear
I'litiiion 11) l.ii|i.Ti.il that the province had not vet (luite
Farliiiin.-m iIimi \r,\n , ' . , „. ' .. ,
ot'('l.r;:.v l;>v-.rv.s i'<'Covere(l irom the ellivts ol th(!
tuiians. war; and tliat the revenue was sliU
in an unsatisl'actory condition. The most important hills
occupyini,' the attention of the House were those relating
to religious matters ; one was to allow Mi'thodist minis-
ters to solemnize marriages, which was passed by the
Assembly, lint rejected by the Legislative Council; au-
olher was with regard to the Clergy Reserves. We have 1
.already stated that considerably dissatisfaction [irevailed |
on account of the Church of England claiming the whole j
of the Cleigy Reserves; and tlie dissatisfaction now took
a practical shape in the form of an address to the imperial !
Parliament, — which alone had jurisdii'tioii in the matter,
as the reserves were created by imjierial statute, — praying
that a jiortion of the reserves be appropriated to the j
Presbyterians, as the net set the laiwU apart for the I
benelit of Protestants, and the statnti! hook of England, I
recognizing the Church of Scotland as a I'rotestant ;
Cliui'ch, the Pre>liyicrians weri^ entitled to a share of the
fund. All ell'oit was made this session to get a bill
passed prohibiting Or.inge proces-ioiis, but it failed ; there
was some strong feeling against these processions as tend-
ing to perpetuate religious ill-feeling, but tliry had. .■■o far,
bei'ii conducted with good order, and Dr. .Slrachaii acted
as cha[ilaiii of the organi/alion. 'i'lie House was pro-
rogued on r.llli January. iJ^lil. and dissolved on 2ltli
iluiie, the election taking place on I'.llh August. During
the summer the Canada Land Company was started
under iiiiiieiial chaiter for colonization [lurposes. The
ciMupany pui'chased large lots of Clergy Reserve and
crown lands and tlutn resold them in small lots at con-
siderable advance.
12. — I'.arls in .lanuaiy. |.S2."i, the Parliament building
in Toronto was liurned, but fortunately th(! library and
ivfi'ii of ilio furniture were saved. The loss was about
"I'll; lily ('..111- i::>,000. Parliament met on the 11th .Ian.
Iitii'l parlv.
nary, and great interest wa:; inanitesled in
th(! election of a speaker, as it was kn.iwn that the parties
were very evenly balanced. .\Ir. .loliii Wilson, of Weiit-
w<irth, was nominated by the rel'ormers, a id elected by a
vote of twenty -one to nineteen, and for the flint time the
sup[iorlers of the Family Compact found 'hemselves in a
minority. The reformers were modest in their "!■•;, mv,
however, and attem])te(l no violent reforms at first, and the
session passed off (piietly, there btMiig plenty of t.ilking but
very little work, for aft<'r sitting ttiriH! months the House
had only passed seven bills ; no supply hill was passed
this year, as tlu; Assembly cut dovvi. sonn^ of the it(!ms
an<l tlu! Council refused to concur in the bill. The re-
formers did not gain much popularity by thtdr tirst .ses-
sion, as it was longer and more expensive than usual, and
there was less done, facts which the press of the Family
Coiiipact did not fail t(j riMuind them of. One useful
thing they did was to impiire into the manageniout of the
I'ost ()tli('e, and it was shown before a committee that
many irregularities existed, that the bags were often filled
with goods for private parties, that letters were fre-
(pieiitly opened, and many missiMit through ignorance or
carelessness. The committee a<lvised that the department
should be placiMl under jirovincial instead of imperial
management.
I'i. — Nothing worthy of notice occurred during the
summer, and Parliament met again on the 7th November.
The openiiiff speech and address in replv ,„ . ,,
' " ' ' • W.'int of hiirinony
were loin;er than usual, but ijave tr(!neral I'l'twcMi tluMoiin-
. , .■' . , <'il ■'eiJ the .AsHum
satistaclion. In accordance with iiistriic- bl.v.
tioiis from th<; Home ollice, the governor sent down a
message recommending the passage of an act making
more lilieral provision for the naturalization of fortu<;ne'-s
of all de.M'iiptions, and such a bill was passed by the As-
sembly but thrown out by the Council. A i address to
the k'lig was also moved on tlie ex[iedien<'y of exiduding
juilge.- from the executivi^ council and of making them
independent of the executive by making their appointments
for life or during good conduct. A bill was also passed
granting a bounty of £125 to any person who established
a iiapermill in the province ; and altogether thirty -one bills
were passed, eighteen of which, however, were rejected by
the Council, which was still entirely under the control of
the members of tilt! Family Compact. Amongst these
rejected bills was one reptialing the .Vlieii Act iiiiiler which
Gourlay h;id been baiii.-hed. This division between two
branches of the Legislature caused considerable dissatisfac-
tion, and the people were bogiuniiig to feel restless and
uneasy, a feeling which was circfully fostered by the
partisan [iress, foriMiiost amongst which stood the Advocate,
edited by William Lyon l\Iackenzic, destined to play so
, "oniineiit a |iart in Canadian allVirs a few years later.
The estimates for tin; curreiil year amounted to l';J(),.'ia 1,
while the revenue was £.'!.'!, 500, so that at last Upper
Canada could meet her civil list anil leave a balance. The
Legisl iture was jirorogued on 30th January, and a few
weeks after tlu^ governor went on a tour through the;
province, being very cordially received everywhere, al-
though the Reform pri.'ss claimed that the " loyal address-
es, '" i&c. did not express the real sentiments of the peo-
pie.
W\
m
il"!
i
i
i
1
i
i;
■!
i
41G
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION' OF CANADA.
It. — We now come to a circumstance which brought
William Lyon Mackenzie more prominently into pub-
wiiiinm t.voii "'' notice tlian ho Iiad liitlicrto succeeiled
Mii.'konzi.'. Short ;„ tlirnstinij himself, altlioii<'h lie had tried
'^'^'■uer. ]mrd to attain a notoriety somewhat of
the Gourlav stamp ; we shall, therefore, pause for a mo-
ment Mild devote a para<;raph to introdu(;ing Jlr. Mac-
kenzie. William Lyon Mackenzie was the son of poor
Scotch jiarents, and was born .'it Dundee in March, 179").
After leaving school he was apprenticed to a linen drap(!r
in D'Midee, but soon chanfjed to the ofricM! of a timber
merchant, .and before he was nineteen he had opened a
small odds-and-ends sho]) in Alyth, where he faileil in three
years. In the spring of 1817 he went to England, and
after serving as a clerk for some time came to Canada, in
1820. Here he first obtained employment with a survey-
ing party on the Lachine Canal, afterwards opening a drug
store in Toronto, next a general store in Dundas, and after
that a similar store in Niagara. Never steady at anything,
he soon became tired of Iii.s store, and liaving little educa-
tion and less power or force as a writer, ho thought him-
self just the person to conduct a newspaper, and, accord-
ing, on the 18th May, 1824. ho published the first number
of the Colonial Ai/ntiice. He set Iiimself up as self-ap-
pointed critic of everyliodj' and everything from the
governor downwards, reviewing most things with an un-
favorable eye. lie soon grew more pronounced in his op-
position to the government, and was denounced by the
organ of the Family Com|)act as disloyal, and his baiii.sh-
nient demanded. 15ut the government had h;id enough of
that mode of proceeding in (iourlay'.-. case, and M.ickenzie
was not interfc'-ed with. In November, 182 I, he removed
the office of tht AJrucnte to Toronto, and set himself to
work hunting lip abuses in the various public departments.
The Advornti' had a very precarious existence until the
summer of 1820, and Mackenzie had deterniiiied on dis-
continuing it and removing either to Montreal or tlie
United States, when, during his absence from home, a body
of very respectable citizens, who felt outraged at the scur-
rillons articl'^s he was in the habit of publishing, broke
into his office, and completely wrecked his press, types, &c.,
while two magistrat<!s stood coolly looking on. This gave
liima momentary notoriety, and might have converted him
into a martyr if the governor had countenanced the act
in any way, but he did not. Sir Peregrine Maitland was
on his summer tour at the time, but on his return he dis-
missed a clerk in his own office who Iiad been concerned
in the outrage, and left the law to take its course with the
other offenders who had been arrested. The prompt ac-
tion of tlie governor maile him ipiite popular for the mo-
ment, and sympathy for Mackiiizie died out a little. He
sued the jiarlies .■irre.tcd I'or £2,01)0, ami on .'iOth October, at
Toronto, recovered judgment against them £l5.J0. tlie bulk
of which wa< raised by subscription amongst tlie friends
of the Family Compa<'t. Tin; publication of the Advo-
vale was resumed at the end of the U'ar.
1.1. — Parliament met again on ."»th December, 1821"), and
the gov(?rnor congratulated the province on the advanced
state of the jiulilic works, wlii<'h he had
visited during the summer. The Assem- i\Vi! (';m!'rn"r''nna
bly. however, was in a bad iiumor, and in J.!!',',. o"n'-'"r»vtiiT''°
the address in reply censured the govern-
or for receiving during his tour addresses which reflect-
ed on that body. The governor replied shortly that the
assembly was disrespectful, and that he had acted cor-
rectly. Here the matter rested for the present ; but this
was the first time the Assembly had come into direct I'ol-
lision with the governor, and tlie breach was destined to
widen. A number of useful bills were enacted, and also
a Naturalization Hill, which was rese ."veil by the governor
for his maji^sty's pleasure, and afterwards rejected, much
to the gratifii'ation of the people, who considered its |)ro-
visions very illiberal. The question of the Clergy Re-
serves continued to attract attention, and the right of the
Presbjteriaiis to a portion of them was warmlv urged in
the press, and at public meetings. A very small affair
occurred at Niagara in May, which, trifling as it was in
itself, went far to show how anxious the Kel'orm party
was to find something to find fault with tlu; governor
about. A resi'rve of one chain in brt;adth along the bank
of till' river had been reserved by the government for mili-
tary purposes, and this reservation was ch;arly expressed
on all bills of sale. A Mr. Forsyth, who ke[)t an inn
near the Falls, and owned some property there, in fonce-
ing in bis groiimls included the government property, and
as this prevented a view of a porlion of the Falls, except
by going thnniijli Mr. Forsyth's house, his neighbors pe-
titioned the governor to have the fence removed. He at
onci! ordered Captain Pliillpots to notify Forsyth to re-
ir.ove the fence, which he did. and after Forsyth had sev-
eral times refused to do so, Pliillpots had the fence pulled
down. This the Reform press magnified into a heinous
offense on ttie part of the governor, and bis uniiopiilarity
considerably increased.
IC). — The last session of the eighth Parliament of tapper
Canada assembled on loth January. 1828, but most of
the members wre so busy canvassing for „, ,,
® The Iloupft a9si>rtfl
the oncoming general election that it was it» cii(;iiiiy. .\\i\-
,' ' 111* lallon oil lli('qin-8-
the 18tli before a i|nornin was gathered for timi of ciiTgy ito
despatch of business. The ill-feeling be-
tween the Assembly and the governor rapidly ii'creased ;
his appointment of a clerk to the Assembly was consid-
ered a breach of the privileges of the House ; and when
IMr. Forsyth presented a petition for redress, the Assembly
and the governor came into direct antagoiiisin. The .\s-
senibly Miinmoned Adjiitant-( ieiieral Cofliii and Colonel
GiveuR, Superintendant of Indian Affairs to give evidence
in the Forsyth case, whereupon the governor ordered the.m
II of the Advo-
iiIht. ]82o, and
II tli(! ailvaiiced
the (itivoriior (iiiil
III." A>»..mlily Tho
rase (ti i!\>Tsyth.
•> wliich reflect-
liortly that tlie
IiikI actei) cor-
nsent ; but tliis
into direct co]-
'us destined to
acted, and also
<y tlie governor
rejected, much
^idered its pro-
le Clergy Re-
lie right of the
rmly urged in
■y sniall affair
|j; as it was in
KtU'orm party
thi! governor
liong tlie bank
iiient for niili-
irly expressed
o kept an inn
liero, in fence-
property, and
Falls, except
neighbors pe-
loved. lie at
Porsyth to re-
sytli had sev-
3 fence pulled
nto a heinous
unpopularity
lent of Upper
, but most of
ho HoiiKO jiSRiTla
» ilifjiiily. Ag[-
tiim on thi'r|iii>»-
011 (if CliTgy 1(0
rves.
ly ipcreased ;
y was consid-
a ; and when
ihe Assembly
ni. Tho As-
aiid Colonel
^ive evidence
)rdered tlie.m
iit
■;i';:.i
li
I- n
1
'1
ll
■ i'i-
J{
ii
k
^ .^
.
EN6R»VE0 EXPRESSLY FOR lUTTU S HISTORY OF THE OOMINION - TOFINO 8I06IWPHIES SEE IKOEX
THE BURLAND DESBARAfS IITHO COMP'
I
i |i
ell
ti
it!
i .1
Ul'PKU CANADA— GOVERXMKNT OF SIR JOHN COLnoUNK.
417
not to go. saying that the summons shoulil have come
through him as su|)CTior military officer. The Assi'niiily
onlcrcd the si'rgcMtit-at-;innii to arrest C<iirin and Oivriis.
wliicli lie clid, after some trouble, and brought them to
the har of till? Hon«e, Hnt here a new difficulty oeeurred,
for both officers refu-ed to give evidence' and Were eonnnit-
ted lo jail inilil the lb pns(! was prorogued. The coniinitti^u
reported in favor of Forsyth's petition, and censured the
conduct of the governor as arbitrary and unjust. The
question of tin; Clergy Rt^serves was again under discus-
sion, and a good deal of iiitter feeling was shown, the feel-
ing against the (litirch of England ai)propriating the
whole amount growing stronger and stronger. Another
Naturalization liill was ])assed which ini-t thc^ royal as-
sent, and so one long-standing cause of complaint was re-
moved. .Vfter voting the su|iplies and passing a (ow use-
ful bills. I'ailiament was prorogueil on '2-'>l\i March.
17. — .\stli(? elections grew nearer party spirit greatly
increased, and the pi-ess lii;i;ami? more bitter in its attacks.
Two libel suits were commenced bv the
linprisfiiimiMit of • »» i • • i < i
111.- iicliiur Ml tin- niivernor agauist Mackenzie ot the Ailro-
cull', and I olliiis of tlie ( iiniiilnin trci-
miiii, at the spring term. Tiiese cases were not pushed
on account of Sir I*eregrin<! Mailland"s being transferred to
the governorship of Nova Scotia; but Mr. Collins, not
content with one libel suit, attacked Attoriiey-(jieneral
Robinson on grounds connuctud with the case, and the
attorney-general slmrtlj' after prosecuted Collins for li-
bel. The case wa~ tried at the Fall term and Collins was
found guilty and >eMteiieed to a year's imprisonment, to
pav a line of £'>0. and to find security for his future good
combict. Sir I'eregrine ^laitland was now rapidly grow-
ing very uniiopular. and the feeling was increased by his
treatment of .Imlge U'illis, who had recently been ap-
pointed, and who hail refused to join the Family Compact
party. .Judge Willis refused to sit in term in Toronto in
June, and was immediately suspended and Mr. llagerman
appointed, temporarily, by the governor; the Home au-
thorities dill not, however, conlirm Mr. Ilagerniaii, but
appointed Mr. Macauley. Sir Peregrine Maitland having
left for Nova Scotia, Sir John Colborne assumed the
reins of government in November, 1828.
CHAPTER XCIII.
UPPER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR
JOHN COLBORNE.
1. FlItST IlKTlliX OF MaCKKSZIR TO P.\IJLIAMK.NT.
2. Till'. GoVKKNOK UKFUSKS TO PaKDON Col.l.lXS.
3. ()ri;NiN(> or tiik Wi:i.i,and Canai,. 1. Skttlk-
Mr..NT OF Claims fou Lossks DuitiNt; tiik War. — ,5.
Gbowth of Political Paktifs in Uri-iat Canada.
— 6. Return to Powfii of tiik Fa.mily Co.mpact
Party. Peumanf.nt Skttle.ment op the Civil List.
— 7. OitfSANizED Agitation for Rkform m. E.\itl-
.sioN of Mackenzie from the Hotsi;. Poi-ii.ar
Feelini; in his Favor. — 9. Cholera. .Maikenzie
AGAIN E.xpellkd. Judges made Indei-endent of
THE Crows. — 10. Retirn of the Reform Party
to i'(jWER. The •' .Seventh (Jrievxnce " Rkimirt.
— 11. Enhowment OF Fifty-si.x Rectories. Recall
OF Sir .I(jhn Colborne.
1. — Tin; general election resulted in the return of a Re-
form majority, and amongst the new members was William
Lvon Mackenzie, elected for the lirst time ,
f irKt ri'ttini o(
to represent the countv of York. The new Ma.kiMizi.' to l-ar-
* liumt'iil.
Piirliameiit met on the 9th January, 182'.*,
and the first division showed that it was almost wholly
Reform. l\larshall Spring Uiilwell was elected speaker,
and the House, in its address in reply to Sir .lohn Col-
borne's opening speech, very clearly censured the executive
— except the governor, who was a new comer and was
expected to favor the Reform party. The address read :
•' We. his majesty's faithful commons, contiding in the
candor of your excellency, and in your readiness to recog-
nizi! us as stitiitimial advisers of the crown, do bnnibly
pray your excellency against the injurious policy hitherto
])ursued by the proviiK.'ial administration; and although
we at present see your excellency unliai>pily surrounded
by till! same advisers as have so dee])ly wounded the
feelings and injured the best interests of the country, yet
in l\u; interval of any necessary change, we entertain an
anxious belii-f, that under the aus|)ices of your excellency
tli(! administration of justice will rise above suspii'ion ; the
wishes and interests of the people be properly respected ;
and the revenues of the colony be hereafter devoted to
objects of public improvement, after making provision for
the publi(' service on a basis of economy suited to the ex-
igencies of the country." Sir John Colborne. whose
s|)(!eclies were always of the briefest, answered this address
in a maiuKM- which pleased the Reform ])arty, as it was
thought to favor it; but that was a mistake; what he said
was — ■' It is less difficult to discover the traces of political
dissensions and local jealousies in this colony than to efface
them. I anticipate that the principles of the constitution
being kept steadily in view, and the good sense of the
people, will neutralize the efforts of any interested faction ;"
which cautions reply could be interpreted two ways.
2. — The first clash between the governor and the
Assembly occurred early in the session. Collins, who
had been im|)risoned for libel, had a tIh^ OnvcrtKir ru-
young lamily dependant on him for sup- c.imhs.
port, and the Assembly petitioned the governor to extend
the royal clemency to him. Sir John replied that he
regretted exceedingly that the obligation he was under to
support the law, and his iluty to society, would not permit
I :L!i
118
TUTTLK'S IIISTOIJV OF I'lIK I)').\II NIO.N OF CANADA.
! r 1,
of his irraiitiin; llie request. Tliis nettled the yVs'iemMy,
,111(1 it |>.issfil :i icsoliilioii to the efTcct that it hail not
nuTileil the im|iiitation eoiiveyed in his excelleiicvs nics-
sMLje, luiit I hat this retjuest was not inconsistoiitwith the diK-
siiiiport of the laws, and their duty to society. The
refusal of th<! jrovernor to exercise the royal clemency in
favor of Collins met with general disapproval, which was
increased durin<r the sneuner. when, in answer to a
petition from the .Assemlily, (icorjie IV. not oidy ordered
Collins released, but aNo that his line shoidd he ndunded
to him. In Hamilton the indignation against the j^over-
norwas so jfreat that he was hnrned in eHigy. The House,
like that of Lower Canada, now beijf.M to busy itself with
tryiiii; tosjet poss(;ssion of the casual and territorial revenue,
so that it could control the civil list, aiidstroni; resolutions
were passed to the effect that the House ouiflit to have
control of all the revcmn's of the provinci". Upper
Canada «:is in (jnite a different position from the Lower
Province ; in the latter the casual and terrii.irial revemie,
was not sullicient to meet the <'ivil list, and the House could,
as it frequently did. resort to the expedient of euttiiiii off
part of the sup|)li("s l>y not votiujr 'h(^ (lilVercncc between
the revenue and amount required, viit in Cpper Canada
the executive was wholly indepeinii^iit of thi! ILiuse; for
not only did tlit^ casual and i 'rritorial revenue amount
to more than the civil list, !).:t the A-isembly had at the
war jjenorously voted £2,/)U0 a year to assist defrayinjf
the civil list, which the casual and territorial revenue did
not then cover, and, as the law had n(!ver b(>en repealed,
an attempt to do so was made at this session, but the
Lei^islative Council ilirew out the bill, toi^ether with
twenty otln-rs to which it refused its conscMit. An address
to the crown was moved, prayi'ij; that j'idjies should be
made indepiMident, and setting foi'li the ni;.ladniini>tration
of justice in the province. Duii'in' i!ie session of the
imperial Pailianieut. I\Ir. Stanley, afterwinls IC.rl of Der-
by, |)res<Mited a petition from three theu-and inhabitants
of Toronto, prayiu;.; that judires should be nut on thes.ir;,'
footing as they were in Kngland. ami in this ;■< titi;iu is
expressed the first d(!sire for ■• responsibl(> government,"
that is, a govermneut where the ministiy is respoiisilih' to
the r(^|)resentaliv('s of the peopl(^ .iimI a lack of a majority
in the Lower House forces the minishy out oi oHi.'e.
.'5, — The elevation of Alloruey-( Jeneral Kobinsou to
the chief-justici hip, in July, eans(Ml a vacancy for Toronto
which was tilled by the election of liobcil
Wc'llamll'ii'ilai. Laldwiu, who was desli I to 1 nw a
prominent ligun^ in the struggle for re-
spiMisible govenmient. Sir Jidin Colbornt^ made a lour
of inspeelion through tln^ proviniH' ilni'ing the summer,
iltid was generally well r( eciveil. The great event of ihe
year, not only to thf whole of Canaila, but ;d>o northern
Nt.'W York, was tln^ opening of tln^ Welland Canal, on .'iOlli
Noveinber, for navigation, wherebv small lessel.^ could
pii-;s from Lake F.rie to Ontario. This extensive work
was uiidert ikeii when the proviiw(! was but sparsely
peopled, and e<iuld baldly bear the great cost of its con-
struction ; but it has paid for itself a hundreil times over
by the iinnuMise help it has been in devtdoping the prov-
ince. The work on the Kideau Canal was being rapidly
pushed forward, and ere long it was expected that steamers
would be able to pass up from IMoiitreal to the great
lakes. One noticeable event of the year was the estab-
lishment of the first religious newspaper ]inblished in
Upper Canada, the Clirlstitin (iittirili(t}i.\w\\\\f\\n\hy^lT.
Kdgerton Kycrson, in the interests of the Wesleyan
M(^thodists. This made the lourteenth newspaper now
! being published in the province.
t. — The Legislature met on 8th January, iSliO, when
I tilt! governor informed the House that the casual and
j territorial revenues had not only been
,,. . , ..,,.', .Si'tllomi'llt nf
sullKaent to meet the. civil list, but to .liiinw for Inss^'s
I 1 , .1 ■ .1 IT 1" I tiurini; tliu war.
ItMve a surplus; to this the House replied,
claiming control of all moneys laisecl by taxation in
the province; and also urged upon him the neces-
sity for a purer adinini-.tration of jii-tice. To this the
governor re|)lied with even more than his customary
brevity : " Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, I thank
you for your address. One of the acts passed at this
session provided for the setllenieiit of claims lor losses
during the war, and settled a subject which had for many
years been attracting public attention. Some other useful
bills were ])ass(!(l, including one granting a loan for the
completion of the Welland Canal, which, although open
the previous fall, was found to be defective, some of the
locks having given way. There was nolhing remarkable
about this sosion except the large niiiiiber of bills passed
which were rejected by the Legislative Council, no less
than I'oily experieneing that fate, which shows to what
an almost perfect dead-loi'k tin? two Hou>es had got.
' Tlu! only not(;worthy occurrence during the siiininer was
the formation of numerous agricultural societies, showing
that the peo[)le had (piite recovered from the war, and
were not bothering thenistdves about politics. !n the fall,
however, came a change, for the death of tJeorge I V^.
ilisMilved the Assembly and ageneial eliclion was orderi'd
for October, which caused great excilemenl in the political
world, and simmi set party spirit strongly at work. The
Family ('oiu|iact was glad of the chance of regaining this
lost majority in llii! Assembly, while the Heforiners were
conlidcMit of increasing their strength, so that both sides
Went hopefully into the contest.
i"), — II will b(^ wi'il hereto consiiler the growlh of par-
ties in Canaila; and W(! cannot do bellir than cpiote Me-
I .Mullin on llie same subject, his remarks (;,.,,„iii.>fi"iliiiiiil
being, to a great exient, based on the {'.arl |!;;;;1;,';,_''' ''l''""'
of Duiham's repiu't. " Prior to the war
of lfS12, what might properly be called polilieal parties,
! ■
rilis oxtpiisive work
^ n":is but sparsely
real cost of its coii-
liniidrcil limes over
li'V(!lo|)iiiir tlio prov-
il wiis liiiiiir rapidly
jiii'tod that steamers
iitieal to tlio great
year was the estab-
piipcr published in
III. pulili.^lird by Mr.
of the Wesleyan
ith newspaper now
iiiniary, IS.'iO, when
lat the casual and
leeii
S.'tll.Mlll'lltfif
I" cl.'iili!!* I'or Insa.'S
1^,1 iliiiiii:,' UiiMvar.
<'d by taxation in
II him I he neces-
<tice. To this the
lan hi.s customary
Assembly, I thank
lets passed at this
f claims I'or losses
•hi<'h had for many
Some other useful
inj,' a loan for the
I'll, aithoiij^'h open
ctive. somt; of the
iilhinit remarkable
I" r of bills passed
■ Cotiiicil, no less
h shows to what
Houses had got.
; the summer was j
xicielies, showing
■om tl]( wai'. and
ilics. In the tall,
li of lieoi'ge IV.
clion was ordered
lilt iji the political
y at work. 'I'he
of regaining this
' Hi'foriners were
10 that both siilcs
e growth of par-
llian (pioie Mc-
■^ (ln.«llH,|i,,.|iil,.„l
.1 piuiirn ill r|,|,i.r
Caiuiiitt,
r
political parlies,
t ■■!
I :i
"' li
ill:!
I 'r
ri'l'KU CANADA— (IdVKUN.MKNT OF SIR JOHN COLllORXE.
419
(lid not <'xi>t ill llie |Pi'iiviiii'c. The cxI-tc'inT of ;i Ri'forin
])arty |)rii|M'i- cannot iic traccil liirthcr !i;irk ili.iii 1820,
xviifii it hail its ()rii;iii in tiie omluavdi' to nnioM' oxistinjf
almsf's, tli(! desire to proinirc tlic proiniscd L:i'ants of land
l'.)r the militia, and tlii' a^fitation aronsi-d iiy the advent of
the eeccntri(! (ioiii'lay. Dniinif llic next ti . years the
line of deiiia''kalion lietween llie Family ^'nmpaet and
the Reform (laity was distinctly and In-oadly di'aun.
From the close of Simcoe's administration to 1.S20. the
C'ompaet held a linn and almost nni|nestioned ^'lasp of
the administrative power of the province. Receivin;; at
times froh accessions to their nnmliers. ilny estalilisjied
themselves in nearly all the hii;hest pnhlic oIIiim's. main-
tained a decided influence in the Kxecniive ( onncil. and
hy w!"ldiinr lh(! whole powers of j^oveiMinienl and thns
'■.aving tlu patronajjeof all tiK^ petty posts ihron^hdiit the
pi'ovitice, thev lolijf |)nrsued this inlluence in Ipoih luanclies
of the Lojfislatiire, h'lf particularly the Ippei' House.
and where until tlu^ Union they continui d lo Imld suprenc
swav. From Hunter to Colhome sui'ces-ive i;ov<'i'nors
in their turn eithi'r at once suhmitled to lliiir inllinuice
or Were compelled to do so after a short and iin.-ivailin;;
strn^ule. The hench. the ina;;istrai'y. tin hi;;h ollii^ers of
the ( hnrch of lMii;laiid. were lllled liy their adherents, who
were also numerous anion;; the inemliris of the liar. l>y
grants or |iuri-hase ihi- jiarty hail likewi-r aci|nired the
hulk of the hest located wild lainls. and wiri- all-power-
ful in the charter hanks, in which tiny shared aiiiong
tliemselves nearly all the olllees of lru~t and pnilit. For
a |ierioil of o\er thirty years the prnniini character-
istics of the Family Compact had varied \ery little if at
all. ()riuinally I'ornied liy the ritijority of the leadiii:;
men of the 1'. K. l,o\alist emi^ratinii. hy Icilf pay Hritish
ollieers, and hy nllier seiilers of tlie same aristocratic jire-
teiisioiis. they continued to admit fresh accis^ions to their
numl'.is of this desci'iptioii of persons only, and llins pi-e-
served their exclusive character. While tlcy de-ind to
actpiire ailhefi'iits aiiion^ what iIu'V dii'iiiiil the conminn
people, I hey did so merely for the purpose of s|ren;;tlii'niiiL!;
and perpetual in;.' their own position, and cari'fnlly tw-
cluiUid tliciii from their inner circle, and fmni participation
in all real power. l)e\oteilly loyal lo ihr crown, attach-
ed to inonarchial iiisiiiulioiis as the soui from whence
sprun;f their own oli,ij;archical position. ( )iiL:inally lielter
educated and possessed of moie lahnl and more wealth
thai! lliu rest (d'llie comniiiiiity, liny pic-ci,ii il tin' aspect
of an exclusive 'lory school, loiij; .scoiiled in ( ileal lirilain
for its illiherality, and consigned to mi'riled political oliliv-
ioii, On the olher hand, ihe KcfeiMn parly was at lii'si
coiliposi d i;f a part of the V. K. Loyalists and ilie hulk of
till! iiumi;;raiits from the rniled States who had settled in
the province hefore the war of ISli' to r-r ipr hi_h la\a
tion and imiU'ove their forliincs. Many of the laili i ucre
shrewd, praetica'. iiicii, familiar with the dispnii s vJiich
led to the American war of Independence, and soon desired
a lari;er measure of C'onstitutiomd liherty thtin existed in
the land of their tidoption. Few, if indeed any, of these
had left the United States because they disliked their
constitution ; ;ind not liiidin;^ politictil matters suiteil to
their wishes in this country, they naturally considered that
a momirchial form of i;overnment must he necessarily
arhitrary, rejiarded repiihlican institutions as the only lib-
eral ones, and desired to see them estaldished in Canada.
Up to 182t; this class of |>ersoiis formed fully one-third of
the Reform party, and consei|nciitly in many of its move-
ments a covert though very i;uariled leaniiiLrto Repnidican-
ism can distinctly be traced. Like the Family Compact
it also betrayed in its political conduct a jealousy of the
new imiiiii^'rants and :i wish to maintain the powers of
otlice and the emoluments of the professions in the hands
of persons bnrii. or Ion;; rcsidi;nt in thi^ colony. Subse-
(pieiit to IS2<p the larj^e Uritish inniiiL'i'alion wh! h poured
continuously into Upper Canada, and which, in IS.">I. had
sw( lied its ])opulaMoii to over a ipiarter of a million,
produced a eomi'' te change in political parlies. AVhile
the reeeiil im ..igraiits took dilTerent sides in politics —
while one el.iss, among wlioin was a largi! proportion
of the Irish Romtui Catholics, tirrayed themselves on
the side of Reform ; and another class, which em-
bra' ed the great bulk of Irish Protestants, stood up in par-
tial opposition, :dl as a rule were decidedly IJritish in their
feelings and [iredilections. tiiiil had little syin|iatliy with
the Republican institutions of the I'nited Stales. This
immigration did not strengthen the Reform party as speedi-
'] ly Us it did tlii'ir opponents. They had a more decided
I dislike tf> strangers, and as they considered they liad still
I a majority of votes in the dilVerent idectoral districts,
jl they Were unwilling to unite ihemselves idosely to. or
j avail themselves id", the aid of Irish reformers. On
the other hand, the sliinly and independent conducl of
Sir ,1111111 Ciil!iorne made the members of the Family Com-
pact Iremlile for this intlncnee ; and they saw that unless
|! they obtained a majority in the Assembly, and thus shoued
■ they were popul.ar with the people, they could not'
long li ■;;• lo preserve their inlluence in the Legislative
and L\ecutive Councils. They accordingly disguised their
dislii <• of immigrantsand courted their support. l>ut Irish
iiiid ''aiglish I'rotestan's were a well-iiiforinecl body
of per.-t'iis; few who could not read and write; they loved
constiti.'ional liheriy tis a general principle, while thi>y
eschewi'i Repnblicaidsin in the abstract ; were not opposed
by any i ■ .ihs lo rational rel'orm ; and had not f.'rgollen
ihe revniniioii of 1 liSM, which fi 1 them from Toryism
'i of the exiretiii' school. Hence thev did not feel verv iiiucli
]j disposed ii support the undue pretensions of llu^ Family
Couipacl. They litid leaders of their own loo. uho
declined to be the tools of l! •' men in power, and sought
, place and iiower for theinsehes bv the snll'rages of inuni-
m
:ii
i^'iilli
I
420
TL'TTLES inSTOUY OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA.
gri-nts like themselves ; an., who, if they served the old
Tory party of Canada, expected that tlie old Tory party
should serve ihcni in turn. From tli('S(' eauses j;radually
arose the Conservative party of Canada West, an<l
whieli soon ahsorheil the entire Family Compact in its
ranks, or pushed it out of the way. Thus, we see that
durint; the period lictween l.S2(i an<l li^^'Jl the two ;j;reat
political pMtics of this couitry were completely riM'on-
structed. and the Ue|)ul)Iican element in the Heform party
reduced to a mcu'e frai'tional proportion. From that day
to this the causes which produced this elianj^e have been
constantly at work. Immi^^ratioii has steailily continued
to flow into Canada from the Mother Country, and the
great mass of its people are now sincerely attached to con-
stitutional moiiiirchy. Settlers from the United States
find every lilierty they can di'sire. snon leai'ii to pray for
<pieen and constituted authorities, are lu-ed into tlu> i^reat
mass of the pr'ople. and as a rule l)i;come excellent citi/.ens.
After 18'2t; reformers and conservatives of talent and
erlucation poured into the province fn ni all directions.
The press grew ahle and eidightened ; both parties hecame
more national, more patrioti<', and more conducive to the
development of rational lilierty. The full force of
progress an<l intelligence swept away monopolies and
abuses one after another, and made Canada what she is
to-day, one of tin; linest and most contented countries in
the world.
(). — The new House met on 8th .Tanuary, 1831, and it
was found at once that the Family Compact was again
Iti'iiirn to pcnvtT ill power. Mr. Archihald ^McLean, of
(''.nll',:ii'i."""ivr- St(n-niont, one of the supporters of the Com-
iili''ii't'.'.ithocivM I''"-'*' l»'''i.U electi'd speaker liy a vote of
"si- twenty-seven to lifteen. One of the causes of
grie'anee was removed during this session by the imperial
government giving up the casual and tei'ritorial revenues,
on the House voting in perpetuity the sum of £0,500
per annum to pay the lieutenant-governor, three judges,
the attorney and s<dicitor generd. and the five memliers
of the Executive Council. Tlu^ revenue relimpiished by the
imperial government amountc'd to upwards of £11,800
per annum : and although the Reform press tried to getu
a cry that the appropriation (jught to have been voteil
yearly and not iiermanently, the people generally were
well pleased with the action of the House. The session
was principally noticeable for the attempts of ]\Iackenzie
to force something like responsible government on the
•)arly in |iower. and keep them to a close account on all
items of expenditure ; he also attacked the Hank of U[)per
Canada and forced the Family Compact party to agree to
have ri'gnlar returns of its condition published. He
also inovecl fi)r a committei' of inipiiry into the stal(?
of the legislative reproentalioM. and carried his puint, after
un animated debate, in which he showed that gi-eal injus-
'ice was done to some eolislituencies by the manniM' of
I' I
election. .So persistent was he in his attacks that efforts were
made to get rid of him. Mackenzie was printer to the i
House, and gave away some copies of the journal he had
lu'inted. This was rejiorted as a breach of privilege — j
although reports of the proceedings were jiublished in the
Toronto papers — and a motion was made to expel him from I
the House, which was, however, defeated by a vote of j
twenty ag.iinst to llfl(U'n for.
7. — .\iter the ]irarogatioii of Parliament IMackenzie
began an organized system of agitation for reform; and
in .Iidv issued a call for public meetini^s
,,',,, , , . * . *>rc.'niizril a^iia-
to be liclil throughout tlie jirovince to])eti- Hon lur liflorm.
tion the king and imperial Parliament
to redress the grievances of the province. He attended
most of tht'se meetings, and although not a good
speaker, made some telling attacks on the Family Com-
pact. A petition was adopted in Toronto which served
as the basis for all others, and an agLjregate of about
twenty-live thousand signatures was obtained. The peti-
tion cle.irly, but temperately, set forth the grievances
inider which the province labored, and asked for respon-
sible; government as a remedv , it also asked that the
Legislative Assembly should have full contml of all the
reveiuies, and the disposal of public lands ; that the Clergy
Ueserves should be secularized ; that municipal couKcils
he established ; reforms be made in the adinini>lratiiin of
justi<'e. that power be given the Hou>e to ini|)eacli jiulilic
servants ; that judges and clergymen should be excluded
from Parliameiit, and that the law of primogeiiitin'e be
aboli.sheil. All these things have since been done, but it
took years, much agitation and some bloodshed to accom-
plish them.
8. — The Legislature met again on tlu; 17th November,
18.'51, anil on the rJth December Mackenzie was expelled
the House by a vote of twenty-four to Kxp„lsin„ ntMao-
(ifteen, on account of an articK^ In; had k.u/i.' fiom iin'
Ilimsi'. Pnpiilar
published iti the Adrocdft' m which he re- f.^lin^' in liis in-
flected very severely on the character of
the majority of the House. This was voted to be a
"gross, scandalous and malicious libel," and he was ex-
pelled. PubliiMipinion was almost entirely with Jlacken-
zie, and several petitions were sent to the governor asking
,im to dissolve a House which had shown such judicial
partiality. On the very day Mackenzie was expelled nearly
one thousand citizens waited on the governor to receive
his reply to thi' petitions; but he gave then no reply fur-
ther than to say lu; had received the petition. He had,
hoW(!ver, taken the precaution of having the troops under
arms in the event of a riot ; but the people contented
themselves with gnianiiig opposite the I'ai'liament build-
ing and serenading Mackenzie at his house. The rn:ijoi-ity
now began to be alarmed at the gnuving populiirily of
Mai'kenzie, and, as a sedative to the publi", adopted an
address to the king praying that the Clergy Keseives he
i !'■
tliiite/Torts wore
i priiitor to tho
journal li<( Iiad
I of [irivilcijc — .
|ml>lislicil ill the
) I'xpi'l Iiim t'roin
(1 by a vote of
lent Mackenzie
or reform ; and
f>re;iiiizpilacila-
tioii lur liut'onu.
He attended
not a irood
le Family C'om-
wliicii served I
rcirate of ahoiit '
iii'il. The iieti-
llic iiricvaiices i
~ke(l for resjion- '
asked that the '
iiitrol of all the '
; that thc('lf]-<ry
niici|ial (■oin;cil.s j
iiliniiiislralioii of i
1 iiii|ii'ac|i jiuhlic I
iilil 1)0 excltiiled j
rinioijeniture he :
)eeii (lone, hut it
>dshed to acuotn-
17th Xovenihei',
zie was expelled
Kxpiilsiiin of ^lac-
I k.Mi/i.- fr,.iii 111,.
Iluu^i'. rcjiiilnr
■ fiM liii^' ill Ills I'li-
. vor.
voted to he a
ami he was ex-
ly with Jlaeken-
iroveriior askiiirr
VII suili judieial
(expelled nearly
-M'lior to receive
en no reply fur-
tilion. He had.
he troops under
eople contented
ai'lianieiil liuild-
. Till' iniijiiriiy
ir popiilarily of
ill", adojiteil an
I'lJV Reserves ho
UPPER CANADA— GOVERNMENT OE SIR JOHN COLHORNE.
•J 21
sold and llie proceeds used for educational purposes. The
new eleclion in York took placi; on 2d Jaiiiiaiy, 18.')2,
an<l in an Imur and a half after the ])olls had been opened
nineteen hundred votes had been polled for Mackenzie,
and only one recorded for his opponent, Mr. Strec.'t, who
then retired. After the election Ma<:keiizie was prevented
hy his admirers with a handsome gold ine(Ial, valued at
sixty pounds. An immense crowd acconii)ani"d ^lacken-
zie to the Parliament House, I)Ut only to hear a motion
for his re-expulsion, which was, however, di'lVatcd hy a
majority of four. JIackenzie's stay in the House was,
however, very hricf ; three days afterwards fnsh cause
was found in an article |)ulili>lc'(l in the .V/rorn/c, and he
was expelled and declared iiiiiii,'il)lc to serve in the sitting
Assembly. The excitement nf)w became intense ; public
meetings were held and resolutions favoring the liberty
of the press passed ; while Mackenzie becauje a martyr to
the cause of freedom, ibi! people's idol, and iiy far
the most jMijiular man in the province. 'I'lie Legislaliire
was prorogued on 2fSth January, and just a wet'k after-
wards Mackenzie was again eh'cted fo,- York by a larg(!
majority over two oilier candidates. Shortly after he
was appointi'd agent to England to deliver anotliir peti-
tion to the king which had been adoptecl at a very large
meeting at Toronto. This petition prayed that a new
general election should takt> place, as the pre-.ent House
did not reiiresent the feeling of the people : that the Le-
gislative Council he made elei-tive; that the lieuleiiant-
governor be r"<'alled, that the l»ank of Upper Canada be
preventi d from bccoiniiig a UKUieyed monopoly daiiL'eroiis
to popular liberty, and that a favorable answer be made
to the ]irevious petition, ^lackenzie sailed im his mission
in April and anived in Eiiglaiicl on 1st .May.
9. — The summer of 1H.')2 was a sad one for Canada, for
" tho angel of i'.. atli spread his wing on the blast, and
choi.ra. M.irki'ii- thousands of homes were rendered deso-
of Asiatic cholera,
which was brought over by the emigrants,
and not only decimated them, but spread with great
virulence through both provinces, turning the gay summer
into a lime of niou ning, and it was not until cold weather
set in that the discise entirely disappeared. The Legis-
lature opened again on 31st October, 1<S.'S2, And tho
governor congratulated tho country on the completion of
the Rideau Canal, the rapid increa-^c of population by im-
migration, and the disap|)earance of .\sialic cholera. One
of th(! first acts of the HoiiNe was to again evpid .Mr.
Mackenzie, who was still absent in England: and the peo-
ple of York lestilied their faviu'ilc liy promptly re-electing
him. .Mr. .Mackenzie was expelled live times altogether,
und as often re-elected, and the Home government disap-
proved of the action of tho House. Tho Parliamentary
session of IH.'M was marked hy the granting by the Legis-
lature of two of tho reforms deinamleil ; judges were
zii' iltiain i-xpfUi'il. , , ,
.lihlt;..s niiuli- iiulo- late liV tllO scoUl
poiiili.nt of tlie
t ruwii.
inad(! independent of llie crown and •ippninted for life,
unless impeached for iniscondiict ; ,aii<l both branches of
the Legislature were declai<'d a competent court to trv
impeachments against judges, the right of appi.al to the
king in council being allowed. Alackenzie returned from
his ndvsion to l^ngland only partially successful. Lord
fioderich, then colonial secretary, was not disjiosed to
grant all that was asked, hut promised some reforms ; and
meanwhih^ Mackenzie's jiersonal pride wasgralilied bv tlui
removal of .Vtlorney-fieiieral Iioiillon and Soliciior-Oeiieral
Ilagelinan for the parts ihi y had I.iken in his expulsion
from the II(Uise. In November of this year Mackenzie!
discontinued the publication of the ('uluiiidl Aitrardti'.
1(1. — The general eleclion which took place this fall
was the most exciting that had ever been held in I'pper
Canada; both parties worked hard, but the l''amiiy Com-
fiact |)artv. in striving to kill Mackenzie. .
' ' .- . = l;.liirn (iL tlic Itc-
li.id received its own death-blow, and the '"ini I'^nij i..
,,.,,. , , p..\v.i-. 11 Sev-
rcMill (jt the election was shown when .-..tii (iii..\aii<u
Parliament met on I llh .lanuary. is;!.'), ' '""
by the election of thi' R<fonn candidate for speaker,
Mai>hall S. I'.iihvell, and ihe reformers could count on a
majority of ten out of a House of fifty-eight. Jlackeii-
zi(' was again returned for York, and this time the Familv
Compact had not the power to exp(d him. This election
was the death of the Eamily Compact, although it still
I'ontrolled the Council, and from its ashes arose the Con-
servative party, which, retaining what was good in the old
parly, discarde(l its greed for i)lace, anil holding that prefer-
ment should be open to all men of talent, sirove to steer
a middle course b(!twoon the extreme Radicalisin of the
Reform party and the selfish greed of the Family Coin-
pa<'t, which soon caused it lo be a [)owerin the land. The
priii<'i[ial fealnre of the first session of the twilfth Par-
liament of Upper Canada was the presentation of the
Seventh Grievance Report, which was prepared by .Mac-
kenzie and Dr. Morrison. It is a temperate and lucid stale-
ment of the grievances of the province, and had .Mac-
kenzie been content tc, persist in the use of constitutional
means only, ther(! is the little reason to doubt hut that all.
or very near all, the di'mands would have been granted in
time, without his wicked and uiinecer.sary appeal to arms.
11. About this time the executive, fearing that the
great (;hangi' in |)olitical feeling which was taking place
in England would not mn.'li longer per- j.;,,,,, ,„.„„,„, „f , if.
niit the Church of Eiiirland iiarlv (o re- U"'''',,'*';'^,"'';'';
tain the whole of the Clergy Reserves, Conii.inc.
di'lermined to make provision for the Church while it
bad the power, and lifly-sevtli rectories were set apart
and put in the |iossession of ministers, which it was sup-
posed would prevent the lands being used for other pur-
poses by fuiure legal enactments. This a(;tion caused
great discontent amongst the O])|iosition, and great iiidig-
iiatioii was felt and expressed against the executive. In
mmm
t: : .!
i>->
TlTTLiy.S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
tlic citv of Torotitd. of wliicli ?\I;ickcri/.ic \v:i> lii:iyor.
soint' (|iiarrt'ls ;ir(i>r lictwccii lln' >ollii r^ .•iiid .-oiiu' iiiciii-
burs of tlie Rt'fonii iwrty. ami a jifiiiral fi. liii;; of iliMniii'l
and unrest prevailiil ; still llicie was no tlioujilit of iiImI-
lioii vet. Sir Joliii C'ollioriif liail a>kicl lo lie rclicvcil
from tlie ffovi rnnii'iit. ami Sir Francis lioml Ilcail w . ap-
pointi'il ill his place and arrived in .laniiary, ls.'!('). It
was supposed that tile IJritijli iniiii.stry was in a concilia-
tory mood, ami tliat Sir F'rancis would favor Kcforni ami
the redress of ilie <,'rievaiices coin)ilaiiieil of ; lie was,
tlielefore, received with joy and expictaiK y ; liiil those
who hoped for reform were doomed lo di>aii|M]i;iliuenl.
CIIAI'IKK X( IV.
Ul'PKU CANADA— OOVKIJNMIINT OF Silt F. I!.
I! HAD.
1. Silt Fkancis IIkad's AccorsT ok his Past 1'(i-
I.ITICAL lOxfFUIE.Nt'fc:. ■-'. Slli l'"UAN( is's K( CKNTKIC
I.NTKUUUCTION OF lll.M>l;M' T(J TaKIJAMKNT. 3.
DirFEKE.NCK IIETWKI.N TI'E (ioVEKNOU ANI> Fxi.r-
LTIVE COIJNCIL. 1. SlU FltANflS I'ir.S lllM.s|;i.l'
Ai.AINST THE H,.F()K.M 1'aKTV. — .'). DiSSOI.I HON i>l-
PaKLIAMENT. D"'.i-";;at OE THE Ueeokm I'AUrV A r
THE 1-L>:.LS. — G. Imkv Dukham's Rei'out ox the
CAUSE OF THE DeFEAT OF THE KeFOKMEH?-. — 7.
Sill Francis offers to Uesion ratheu than
HAVE KeSI'ONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. !S. TllE pANlC
OF IbiiJ. Action of the Hanks. — '.). ^Iackenzie
I'UEl'ARES FOR REBELLION. Al,L TroOI'S WITH
DRAWN FROM UX'PER CANADA. 10. TlIE OUTIiKEAK
OF THE Rebellion in Fpi'er Canada. — 11. The
Rebels ADVANc^E on Toronto. The Fiii.sT Blood-
shed. — '12. Death of Coi.(jnel .'NIoodik. Mac-
kenzie de.mands Independence. — 1.'!. Akuivai. dk
"The Men of (Jore." Roit of the Rebels. —
11. Mackenzi Mistake as to the Lovai.tv of
THE People. — lo. Mackenzie Organizes an Inva-
sion FROM Buffalo. — Hi. The Rebels oci ipv
Navv Island. — 17. Desiiuction of the ('iirnliiin
BV THE British. — 18. Si-riii:RLANi)"s unsi"<ci.ss-
FUL demonstration AGAINST AmH ERSTIIU UC. — I'.t.
Another Atte.mpt at Rebel invasion Foiled. —
20. Defeat OF the Rebels \t Point Pei.i; Island.
1. — Sir Francis Bond Head was a half-pay major in
the army who liad ina<ie a slii,'lit ri'piiiatioii as an anilior.
SirKraii.MH lldiid's aiid had ae(iuiUed himself eredilahly as an
B4--<'<)Ui)t 111 liit) iiatit • . . I . . *
pDlii it-Ill F.i|iuri- as^i>tant poor-law commissioner
liiit
his selection for the dillicuU and delicate
ta.-k of conciliatiii;: a di--:ili-licd comiimiiily ami a
layiuiT iheir irrilatioii w;i> .-i most iinforliinate one ; ami '
by his iiicaiilioiis and eri-aiic ( luci he jfreatly added to [
the di-ciiiiti 111 of (lie Rrforni parly, and uiidouhtedly was, I
iiiiconseiiiiisly. instriiinciKal in cair^im: the rehellions risinj; j
in Upper Canada. Of the lii.vtory and rei|uirements of
Canada he knew nolhim: whatever, e.\cept what he hanied
after hi- appoiiitmeiit, from Mackenzie's Orievance Book.
and I, old (ileneljf's in>triictions. His past experii'iice in
politics i> lie^i descrilied in his own words, ipioied from
liis narralivi- of lii,^ adniiiii-lration. when he speaks of his
entry iiilo Ti.riiiiio. lie >ays : •• A^ I was no more con-
liecli'd with liiiiii.'iii politics than the horse that were
drawiiiLMm': ,i> 1 never had joined any political party ;
had never allr;ided a politicil discussion : had nevei e\cn
voted ;it an cliciimi. inpi- taken any jiart in one, it was
with iioliitlc surprise 1 nh^irMil the nails plac.-irded willi
larue l(iter> which de>ii;iialed me as Sir Francis Ilea'l. a
iriid Rii'onni'i'."
2.— Sir l-"r,iiici~ arrived in Toronto at the end of .I;in-
ii.iry. \!<;',[]. while P.Milianieiit was in se.^^ion. having; heeii
' veiled on the Mill inst. Sir Francis ^i, ,..,,„„.,,. ^,,„,,„_
starled wilh llieidea lliat Mackeii/ie's "''; .'"""'!'"■";',"'
<>i liini-cU t(i I'nr-
I (irievance Book eonlailied all that tht' re- liam.-ni.
I formers wanted, and that Lord (Ileiielii's in-triictions —
I which were .-iniilar to tlio.-e eivi'ii Lord (losford — e.iniained
' the pi'o|ie|- remidy : Imt he was soon iimleceiveil on liolh
points. (Ill hi.~ aiiisal lie had an iiilerview willi Air.
Bidwell. the S])eaker of the House, and that ijentleman
statecl ■• that there were many j^rievances not detailed in
th.it liook. whieh the people had loiii; endured willi tia-
tieliei' : tJmt Mr/v icus -.lodt'sin' In rcLi/, hut a iiiorliid fecl-
inu- of di.-sati>faetion was daily increasing. The fact that
Sir I'rancis Head w.is the bearer of new iiistriictioiis, had
alone induced him ami his friends to alter their determi-
nation never to meet in the Assembly again." Macken-
zie was eipially c.iiidiil, and Sir Francis, thus "'let behind
the scenes,"' saw that the IJeform [larty had some ulterior
objecl ill view, aii'l lli:it while nominally demanding only
reformers, it was really arriving at iiidepeiideiiee, and lii.s
loyally at once became alariiieil, as he was by no means
so di-po~ed lo be friemlly towards the reformers as he
was on his .iiiiv.d. Hi^lir^l act was an e(H'enlrie one, ami
caused ~oine >ul•pl■i^e .-oid eominent. As we liavi^ said,
Paili.iineiit was in session when he arrived, and instead of
aniioiiiicing by message, as was ii.^iial. the fact of his
having assiinied the reins of govi'mimat. he proceeded to
the Coiineil ehaiiiber, siimmoiiecl ihi! Hmise of AsM'iiiblv.
and made a second speech from llie throne, greatly to the
astonishment ami embaira>siiieiil of ihe iIou--e. In his
speech lie referred to a ciiiiiiniini< alioii ho had to make to
the House ( leieiiiii^r to Lord (ilenelg's inslrnctions to
himself) and said : " Tliiscoiniiuinication I shall .submit to
you in a message, which will at once inforni you of the
III
miily mill ;il-
uiiiti' one ; and
■lally aililcil to
loi;l)ti'(Ily was,
•hrlliims risiiijj
i|iiir('mfiits of
vliat lie li'MViinl
rirvaiin- IJijiik,
t ex|iciiciu'f ill
s. iniiitcd tViim
• .-|ii'ak^ (it' Ills
s IK) iiioiu iim-
•sc- tliat wci'o
|)(>lilical party ;
Kill IR'VCl fVCIl
ill (inc. it was
|ilMi-ai'i!f(l wiili
•"raiii'is Ilrad, a
he eiiil (if .lau-
)li, liaviii;; licili
sir l''r;iiH'is" t'l'ci-n-
Iri'- lnU"tl;u-ti..n
nl hini-rh u» I'm-
liaiiM-ni.
iii^inictidiis —
nrd — iMiitailird
I'ccivcd (III iiiiili
view willi .Mr.
tliat iiciitlciiiaii
luit detailed in
liuvd with i)a-
t a innrliid Icrl-
'I'hr fad llial
istniiniiiiis. iiad
r their deteinii-
lili." Jlaekeli-
lus "let liehiiid
id ^ome ulteriiir
leiiuiiidiiitf only
iideiice. and his
IS liy no means
■efoniier.s as lie
I'eiitrie line, and
We lia\(' said,
1. and instead of
the fai.'t iif his
lie ]iriii'eedeil lo
' of As>eiiil)ly,
'. ui'eatly to the
lliiU'<e. In his
had to make to
inslrnetion-* lo
shall siilimil lo
orui von of I ho
IPl'KK C.\NAI).\— (;()VKU.\.M1:NT of .SIU F. 15. IIK.VI).
•12.-.
dilfieiilt and most important duties aliont t^) 'InVdKe npnn
ine its well as yourselves. As regards iny^ilt. I li:i\r
liothiiii; either to promise or ])ioless ; but I trii^i I >liall
not call ill vain upon you to ijivi! me that loi/n/. i-onstiin
lional, nnhiassed, and fearless assistance, which ymir kiii;
t'.xpects, and which the risiii;^ iiiteresis of yoiii niiiiy
n'(|iiire:i." lie shortly after sent I'owii llic m.«sa;fe con-
taiiiinj; .i ropy of Lord ( Uenelji's iiisiiiictioiis to him, which
showed the reformers that liie Homo "jovcrnmoiit was
not dispos.d to j;rant res[ionsil)le i^overnmoiit, nor to
iiiak(^ tin.' Cowncil elective; and although a disposition
was .-liown l(j redress all other ifrievances, the maj(U"'y of
the Iliinse was j;really dissati- lied, and showed its ill-t(Miiper
liy appiiinliiii: a commillee to iiupiire whether the (govern-
or had not cominilted a hreacli of tli(^ |irivil(i;(s of the
Ilonx' ill making.' tlieiii a speech instead of seiidiiii; them
a messaL'^e. A precedent for it wa^j found, however, in
Kin.'li>li rarlimentary practice, and no further action was
taken.
.">. — ^Tliree of tlio old Exoeulive Council having' been
di.siiii.>se(l. an elTort was made by the Family C'onipact
pjn-,,f,. ,„,. party to have the new councillors appointed
twci-ii iln.;(iiiv(-r- f,.,„„ ^]^^,■^^. j-anks. lull Sir Francis would
nor and r.xeriiiue
<'"""''i- not coniplv, and (ilfered the seats lo three
proniinent rel'onners. Hubert Ualdwin, John Holpli, and
John lieiirv Dniiii. receiver-ireneial. These (jeiitlemeii
i first refused unless tli(^ j^overnor would di>rniss the tlir(>e
councillors, who were all members of the Lc ;fislativ(!
Council and all (illi/ediolders. but this he would not accede
to. and Jlr. lialdwin and his confreros finally accepted.
Sir Francis' idea of lia\ inj; three Tories and three reform-
! ers in the Coiincil was that he would thus retain all pnwer
I ill his own haiid>. and he soon be;ran to exercise that
■ power bv appoinllnu some members of tin' Family Com-
pact to vacant ollices. The T'ouiicil remonstraled at
aiipoiiitments being made in that way, as ihey were sup
posed to advise the executive, and Sir I'raiieis replied to
them ill such terms that tlicy felt no course was left them
but to resign. Four new councillors were at once appoint-
ed who seemed likely lo [U'ove more pliant. The Assem-
blv was verv indignant at the conduct of the governor,
and by a vote of lifly-oiie to t.vo passed a resolution of
oeiisure on tho go.eriior and strongly advocating respon-
sible govoniiniMit, An address based on this resolution
was sent to the governor on tho 2 llh March, regn.'ttiiig
his action in dismissing tile old Council, and declaring a
want of conlideiiee in the recent appninlnieiits.
-I. — This put Sir Francis on his mettle; he smelt rev-
olution in the all( nipt of the Assembly to lind fault with
the iioveriKjr, and, disretrardinij the in-
Slr I riiii'is |)Hls • _ ^ ^ ' ■
llilll^^l^ .ii/aui.-i structions of Lord (ijeiieli:', he look his
tliL' Hilorin imrlv.
own way to settle the grunalices of the
province by settling the party in the Assembly which
re|iresentcd the grievances. He now becauie a violent
opponent of the Keform party, and appealed by speeches,
addroses and proclamations to the hnaliy ol the people.
A> he W.1-. a fluent writer and fair sjieakcr lie soon turned
the tide of popular feeling .igaiiist the reform leaders —
some of whom were in treaty with Papilieaii and the
Lower Canada " Patriots,"' and were secretly plotting an
.appeal to arms and a severance of the bonds which iield
them lo the .^lollier Country, liiil the stout peasantry of
l'|iper Canada were not prepared for that; as long as
Mackenzie strove for reform by constiliitional means
thin' would support him ; but wlnui they wer(! told that
the reform of the so-called reform leaders meant revolu-
tion, then tin; reform leaders spi/edily found tliemsclvos
without any party to lead. The breach between the
executive and the lIons(^ was coiistantlv widening, and at
Last the Assembly adopted a petition to tlu- crown piavinsr
for iho removal of the governor, who was charged with
many misdemeanors, and in the debates in tin! lloux! ho
was stigmatized as a tyrant and his veracity iinpiiirned.
The action of the speaker. .Mr. Iiidwell, in laying before
the House Papinean's sodilioiis letter advocating ojieii
rebellion, opeiie(l ilm eyes of the general public to the
des[)ei',ite lengths lo which the reform leaders wiM'o pn;-
)iared to go, and the popular' of the govcriKU' was in-
creased in projiortion as that oi the agitators decreasf.'d-
Sir Francis took a(lvantag(! of this letter to issue an
address in which h(( (pioted Papinean's senseh^ss threat that
in the event of a rebellion th(;re would \h' ample as>i.,lanco
from the United States, and said : " In the name of every
regiment of militia in Upper Canada, I publicly promulgate.
Let them coine if tliej dare." This pleased the martial
spirit (d' tli(! peo|ile, remembering as they did the rough
handling tin; Americans had received in the last war, and
the goverii(U''s |)0|)nlarity was iiicre ised.
•">.— The Assembly grow more and more abusive' of the
governor, and showed the extent of their ill-humor by
cutting off the supplies, thinking thus to
bring Sir Francis to terms; but they had I',i'iTia'm,''ni.''^l)e-
mi^l.aken their man. In reply he refused |:;;';,;."„'t"t'hi";,?;ii«"
his assent to any money bills whatever, so
that the assemblymen had no sessional allowance lo draw,
and there was nothing to jiay the current exjieiixs of the
IIoiisc\ with. The Assembly had not counted on this
move, and before, it could recover from its astonishment
Sir Francis came down to the House and prorogued
Parliament on 20th April in a speech in which ho ani-
madverted very severely on tin; course |mrsueil bv the
House, and sent the members home liki! .a lot of bad
M'hool-bnys who had reeeiveil a good scolding and had
their pocket money stopped for being i anglily. Sir
Francis had scarcely been threi! moiilhs in the country,
and. considering his admission on his arrival that he
knew nothing of polities, government or Canada, lu? had
made wonderful pidL;ress in so short a time and caused
1^ i:i
I' I
1 H!
f I
i i
t
A
l-it
TUTTLES lllSroliV OF TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
more fxc'ltomont tli:in all his predecessors pi't tojjetlier,
and cidlcd out ihi; loval seiitiiiiciit of tlie ]H'o|ilc in
f-ncli nninistiikal)l(! terms as should have, convincrd 'lie
extreme leaders of the Reform parly that any appeal to
arms must end in disgnieeful failure; hut Mackenzie was
not to lie warned, and the stnij^gle had to come. The
hulk of the [leople heartily lisapproveil of the revolutionary
taeties oi I'apineau and Alackenzie, and showed it hy
numerous petitions lo tlie <,'overnor to dissolve the House.
Tlii was done liy proclamation on 'Jt^ih May, and writs
Were issued for a new election. The peojih; were now
tiioronghly aroused to the extrt'iue leni;lhs to which the
reformers weiu endeavoring; to lead them, and the
result was the defeat of the Heforni i>arty, and the rejection
hy the electors of nearly a!l its kM<lers. Even the late
people's idol, Mackenzie, was heaten iiy a hundred votes out
of a total poll of less than nine hundred, and I5id>vell,
Perry and many others were hadly healen.
0. — The following extract from the report made hy j
Lord Durham, gives a very calm ami dispassionate view !
of tli(! state of puhlic opinion, and the
I.onI IHirliain'B tie- l*iii..i i. .i
port on tlin liuiso causes wliicli led to the complete overthrow
KeVorme«:'' ''"'''"' of ^''^ Hnfonn jiarty ; he says: '-The
contest which ajipeared to be thus com-
menced on the question of the responsibility of the
Executive Counc.'il, was really deci<led on very different
grounds. Sir F. H. lleail, whoaji|iears to have tliougiit that
tiie maintenance of the connection with (Jreat Hritain
depended upon his triumph over tlie majority of the
Assembly, embarked in the contest with a determination
to use every infhieiiC(> in his power in order to bring it to
a successful issue. lie succeeded at first in putting the
issue ill such a light before the province that a great
portion of the people really imagineil that they were
called upon to decide the (jueslioii of separation by their
votes. The dissolution, on which Ik; veiitiirei' when lie
thought the puhlic mind siiiricjiMitly ripe, completely
answered his expectations. The liritisli, in j)articiilar, were
roused by the proclaimed danger to the connection with
the Mother Country ; tlu'y were indignant at some jiortions
of the conduct and speeches of certain members of the
late majority which seemed to marl: a determined prefer-
ence to American over l>ritish institutions. They were
Iirit.ited by indications of hostility to British immigration
which lliey saw. or fancied they saw. in some secret pro-
ceedings of the Assembly. Above all, not only they, but
a great many others, liad ma''ked with envy the stupen-
dous public works which were at that period producing
their elT^'ct in the almost marvellous growth (>f the wealth
and |io|iulation of the neighboring .State of New York ;
and they re|ii'oached the Assembly with what they (.'oiisid-
ered an unwise economy in preventing the undertaking or
even completion of similar works, that might, as they
fancied, liave produced a similar development of the
resources of I'pper Canada. The general support of the
IJiitish determined the elections in favoi of the govern-
ment ; and though very large and close iniiioriiies, which
in many cases sujiiiorted the d(>fcated ctindidates, :Marked
the force which the reformers could bring into the field,
even in spite of tJie disadvantages under which they labor-
ed from the momentary prejudices against them, and the
unusual manner in «hich the crown, by its representatives,
appeared to make itself a party in an electioneeiing
contest, the result was tu return of a very large majority
liostih; ill politics to that of the late .\sseinblv."
7. — On the Ith .July (^tlie anniversary of the American
Declaration of Indepeiiclcnce) Mackenzie is.-iiecl the llrst
number of a nevvs|)a|)er called the Caii-
stilHtlon, iu whic-h he rigorously Mtacki^d u'r^^nTHa^r
the government, and ;ri,'d all h'. could to "','>,"'';"'>■'■ n-"!-™-
excite rebellion. This sheet was contin-
ued until the outbreak of the rebellion. The IJefoiin partv.
not fully comprehending the reason of their overwhelming
defeat at the polls, tried to raise the then somewhat new
but now (piite hackneyed cry of '• bribery and corruption,''
and accusiMl Sir Francis of issuing patents for lands so
as to create votes, and other corrupt |)ractices, and Dr.
Duncombe proceeded to ICngland to press the charges
against him, hut without success, as nothiin; was ever
proved against him. During the summer Sir Francis
made a tour through the province and was everywhere
well receiveil. The colonial olllceu had now decided on
granting responsible government, owing most probably to
the i'epresentations of the Gosford Commission ; and
during the summer instructions were sent to .Sir Archi-
bald Campbell, (Governor cl New Brunswick, to surrender
the casual and territorial revenues and form a njsponsible
executive. This Sir Alexander refused to do. and resign-
ed ; but meanwhile tin; colonial otrn'e^ seeing that what
was granted to one colonj' must eventually be granted
to all, instrii 'te<l Sir Francis B. Head, on 20lh .Sep-
tember, to consider the instructions issued to the (ioveriior
of New Brunswick as applicable to l'pi)er Canada. But
Sir Francis had by this time become too good a Tory, and
had been too much imbued with the teachings of tin; Faniiiy
Compact party to entertain favorably the idea of respon-
sible government, and he tendered his resignation in
preference to carrying out his instructions ; and the crjlo-
nial >AV\cej/ allowed the matter to remain in abeyance for
some time.
8. — Parliament met on the 8tli November, and amongst
the bills passed was one establishing the lirst court of
chaiicerv in Upper Canaila. The fear of
' ' , llli' pr\lilc of IMi.
immediate rebellion being allayed, the
constant agitation kept up by Mackenzie
and his followers began to react on the [mblic mind, and
the Conservative jiarty began to fear that if the death of
the king, which was then expected, should occur siieedily
Arlioll of tlio
llaiikH.
su|p|)()rt of tlic
of tliu govfrn-
inni.'eH, which
liihitos. :'iuiki'(l
into tlic <i,-|,|.
lich they iulior-
tijcin. ami tliu
•|iicscntativ('s.
clii'tioiicciinj^
Imi'^o iiiMJoi'ity
ily>
tile Aiiiiricail
is>ii(il tliL' lir.-it
Sir I'raiii'iH niTiTH
til rct-Juni rntlicr
than lirivf- It.-Hinni.
MiUle (i<)v<>nii>i*tiit.
! Reform |):ir(y.
■ovcrwliehuiii!,'
soiiifwhMt ni'W
ml idi iii|itioii, "
;.s for liinils so
fticis, ami Dr.
ss tlie clmr;r(.g
hiiiif wiis ever
i'r Sir Fnincis
:is cvcrywlu're
i)W (ifciiled oil
ost iiroliaiily to
ninission ; ami
t to Sir Arclii-
k, to .surrender
II a ri'sponsihle
<lo, and resii,ni-
I'iiig that wiiat
illy lie irraiilcd
on L'Olli Se|)-
) the (iiiveriior
Canada. I'.iit
ml a Tory, and
sof till? Family
idea of respoii-
resiifiiatioii in
; Jtiid the tolo-
i abeyance for
r. and ainoni;st
! lirst court of
Till' p:\lll.' of Is.l".
.\rii(m of tlie
liniikH,
lilic mind, and
f the death of
occur Bjieedily
UPPER CANADA— (K)Vi:UNMENT OF SIR F. B. HEAD.
42:.
ihey would not he eiialiled to mtiintain their niajoiity at
the polls, they therefore resorted to the extraordinary
expeclient of passim; an act providing that the detiih of
the king slioiild i.ot dissolve Parliament, being the only
Parliament that ever passed such an act except the one
which beliead''<l Charles the First. The Iloiiso was pro-
rogiieil on Itli March, after h:i' iiig passed many useful
bills. The storm of commcn ial disastir which broke
over the liiited States early in 18.'?7, causing the repudia-
pi'titedly Informed that seditious meetings were being
held near Toionto, and arms secretly broiiglit over from
till' States, he paid no atteiuion to the warning, but
quietly allowed the rebellion to come to a head without
making an elTort to check it, at a time when prompt action
might liavt! prevented much after bloodshed.
10. — Tin; outbretik in Lower Canada was the signal
for Mackenzie to throw off the mask of Constitutional
agitation, and show himself in his true
,. . , 111 . p 1 , . I 1 M I ,1 I , 'J'Ii»Mmtl)n'.ilc nf tho
tioii ot .Sliile ilelii>, the suspension ot litinks, the general | colors as a rebel ; and on the gover- niiiiii.Mi ia Liipcr
CaiiaUa,
failure of liusimss houses, and i tirryiiig distress ami suf-
fering into almost every family, soon extended to Canada,
and the banks of Lower Canada followed the example of
those ill the States and suspended specii; payments. In
I pper Canada tlii' governor wisely set his face against
such a course, I)ut thought it prudent to call an extra ses-
sion of the Legislature, which met on 19th June, and ^Ir.
.Mian McNabw.is elected speaker ill jilace of ]Mr. McLean,
who had resigned. At lirst the House was disposed to fa- li advaueing on Toronto with a liiiinber of his followers to
vor the popular idea of suspending specie payments and jj ca|)turc that place and the largo quantity of arms stored
cniitimiing lh<' inflated system of excessive discounts;
but the belter policy of the governor to continue s| ie
]i.iyiiients and restrict discounts finally prevtiiled ; and
although the btuiks were hard pressed for a time, they
tinally weathi-red the storm and preserved the credit of the
province.
!). — During the summer and f;i1l Mtickenzie eontiiiiied
his preparations for rebellion, although comparatively
Mai'kiii/ii' iirt'iwir.'il f''W thought that even the extreme
u.Vi'iswiiiili'rawn' reformers would take other than coii-
froinl|ii.er(aim.la. gtitutiolial nieiins to obtain a redress
of tin? grievances of the jirovince. But ^Mackenzie luul
now given up nW idea of obtaining redress, aii<l was in
corn-pondence with Papiiiciii, ]ilaiiniiig a siiniiltaneoiis
rising in the t^vo provinces and a <leelaratioii of iiide])eiid-
ence. 'J'lie ag'lalion in the press was kept up; public
meetings were "leld in various ptirts of tlu; ])ri.viiice, but
especially in the Home district, at which inllaniiinitory
speeches were made and resolutions denuin.'iatory of the
executive adopted. Vigilance committees were formed
and every ])ieparation made for a rising as soon as the
rebellion should be ripe in Lower Cainida. ]\Ieaiiwliile
the governor felt perfectly secure in the loyalty of the
people, and wdien the growing uneasiness in Lower Ciinada
rendered it iiecesstiry for Sir John Collinrne to conei'ii-
trate most of the troops in Canadti in tlitit iirovinee. Sir
Francis refined his olfer to litive two companies to
guard the public stores and about four thoustind stamls of
arms which were in Toronto, and even advised the re-
moval of the troo|is from Kingston, while he neglected to
embodv any of the militia, so that the province was left
entirely iiiiproti'i'led. The withdrawid of the troops was
the signtil for more activi! jireparations on the part of
Mackenzie ; and altliou'di Sir Francis Head was re-
iior's at last taking ;darm and notify
iiig colonels of militia to hold themselves in leadiness,
JLickcnzie published a list of nineteen su(;eessfid revolu-
tions, and calKii on his followers to imitate the glorious
exanijile set them. At the instance of the attorney-
general, the governor now issued a warrant for Mac-
kenzie's arrest for treason ; but, like Pajiineau, he got
timelv warning. :ind niiiking good his escape; was soon
there, whicli he could undoubtedly have done had he been
lirouqit and th'eidcd. as there was not a soldier in the
place !ind the militia had not yet been called out : but
Weak iinil vacillating in everything. Mackenzie was weak
ami vacilliitiiig in this, and let slip the ojiportuiiity,
and g.ive lime for Sir Francis Head, now thoroughly
alarmed, to etill out llu; militia, ;iiid jirepare to take
rigorous >leps to suppress the outbreak.
11. — A secret meeting Inul been lieM at Toronto on
ISth November, at which Mackenzie, Rol|ili, Z»Iorrison,
and others had decided that all this avail-
Tins rebels ail-
able force should rendezvous at Monti;om- ,T,\"'" ;: '".' ,''i""',"'°-
" J hi' lirst lilood-
ery's tavern, four miles from Toronto, on •'"-'J'
Yonge Street, on the 7th DeciMiibcr, and attack the town,
the hour of meeting being between six and ten o'clock.*
*Tho fonou'iiig ai'cimiitof tbo iiisiirrei'tionary iiiitvenii'tits* in t' i' nciKh-
borlu.nil of 'foroiilo was wrilteu by Mr. !\lai ki'ii/.in wlijj.' hn was in pus-
i»e>s!t)!i of Navy Islaiiil, on 14lli Jannary, ls;ti, ami ptibliaheil in the Wo-
Icrli'wn Jfjfirsouim. It will be foiiucl very interebtiiig, and will well rejiay
perusal.
NAItltATI\K.
On the 31st July last, lliereformi'rs of Toronto ri'sponiletl to the reipient
ottheir-tellowfiulIi'ifrsinl.owiTC'anailB, by appointment of ward couuuit-
teosof vijiilaiu'e. tlie |iasBa;ieiif resolutions of sympathy andciMiperatioii,
and the adoption of a deelaration of ritilits and grievances, whieh only
dillered from your gri'at deelaiutioii of i;7(i. in that it did not at oiiee pro-
claim the province Indepeniient, nor enunn;rale, in all lases, the same
■ omplaint^. The reformers hjid taken great pjiins to inform the llritish
government of the true st.'ite ofalTiiirsin fpper Canada ; and many
bilieved that Sir Franiis lloml Head would do what he could to remove
the ehief caiiM' ..f disi'onieiu, until llie pn lilies of the exeeutivo
previous to and at the last general elei'tion of the House of Asseinlily,
fonvini'ed tlieni that nothing but a revolution would relieve the eountry.
T'his opinion 1 wjis eonlirnn'd in by observing thai \,Iien the .Assenddy of
I.owe: t'anada deferred gianlingsnpplies until their wrongs be redressed,
the House of <'oinmons of l-jigland, by a vote of tilmut ten to one, and the
Lords unanimously J.ord Hrougliain tilone disseniingi, lesolved that tJie
proceeds of the revenue raised in Ihat ii lony, both by provincial and
Uriiishslatiites.should beexpendiMl without the consent of the representa-
tives of the pcojile, or the form of law in keeping up a costly foreign gov-
1.1J
I v
ill iHlll FHill
ill
i
'^r -!
126
Tl riLK'S IliSIOUV OF rilK DOMINION OF CANADA.
Dr. I\()l|ili, who wu^ tlio " t'XtMMitivc " rclVrrtd to hi ihr
nariMlivc *)t* Miickcii/ir ;:iv*'!i hrlow, ^ot aluriiUMl, whiU-
thti lattrr was simiipinii tlir roiiiitrv raUiiii: on tlir rcv*»ln-
tionists to iiu'i't at ^I(»iil:;oiiirrv*s on the Tlh.aiul cliaiiixrW
oniminl in whit-h tlif K(>voriMMl unci no Bliatc. In the tlfclnnition vt
nrit'v:viii-fH i»r (111? .(iHt .liiiy tlir HriliMi ^jovcrnincnt wa** tlistim-lly KiVfii
t>> ittKlrrr^tiuiil ih:it u'\(>lt niii^hl Im- tli>> ronHi'tiiiftH-c of iiH «)u|ili*'iiy. Aii*l
lli.-iUl* rl;irrillnu was rriitl, t-otishli nil ;iim1 :i|>pni\iMl at two hiiiutrrd pultlir
lUftainu'Hin Itu- ro.iiitiy ; nm- liuiMlri-itainl tiCiv tuMittli it:'»«<»i-iuli<>iii4, fi-^m^-
in^' In iiH |)i'iitripl«>H vnTv (»(M-i')iil> iM'jiini/.fil, anil Sir F. Ii. II* ail waK in-
foi im-il lliroti^li tin* |iif-H, llifit llic nlli' i-rs of tlioM- mivivl'wmnnjhf \n-, um'iI
ns i-aptaint* :intl lii'iili-nanl-* of f.im|>,inirf*. for rf.-i>tan«'c by f.ir«-i', in i-aMi-
a t-lian;£<- of liiit nnatiiiirH iliil iiiii M^oii lake placf. 'I'lir uiuny ^«'4>nt-ti of
violi-rii'i- ami i>iitra;;i! wlih-li (iiu'urn-i) at our publir nn- -un^'tt tM't\vi-i-n
.Inly ami h'-riiiil-iT I nrril not rtM-oinit. Li-f it rtulHi-i' to f<ay, that wr
ki*|»t up a ;;iMnI iinil'THtan.iin^ with tin* rrfoinuTB of I.owit Tanoila ; ami
ooni-l tilling thiit ail>itrar\ imprison nii-ntH ami a de'ilaiaijon of niilitaiy fx-
I'lMilinit woulil foll'.w III*' auiiripaii'ii oullnfaks at Motitp-al, \vr riMohfil
tnsci-uri- tin- I.owi-r raiiail;i nio\tni.-ntKby oihi irt i-ipia Ily prompt it ml lir-
i-isivf. Sonic of lilt- imnilM'is of our bramh sm-ictiis wipr- Kept in ii;nor-
ant't'of till' lnti-ni|i'tl n xojl. (iHhth wen' fully a wan* of it. Som*', vvIiohi'
nanu's won* atta'lx-il to no asMorialion. wt-ii! Iijuifis in lh»; nnoluiiini—
othiT Vfiy a*-Iiw n-pnldiraiiH look tiu part. TIm* prf(^*irrt unili-r my rontrol
Bi'nt foi III m-arly Ihn'f thuusaml copi vh of a pcriiMlical tlUi-il with n-aMins
fur rt'\oll,, aiul jiIhoU tin- lliiiil v,r< k in Novi-miIm.t it wart di'tirniiniil lh;it
on 'rhurs^iy, lli't 7lh of I) *.'<-inb t, mir fori-.d r-houhl si'<'r«*tly
assi-nil'li! at .Mo;it_;..m Ty's MkIhI, 'I'hifM mili-s lia-k of 'roionlo. Im;-
twoon ttix and ti-n at iii<:lit. ami profmlin^ fmnt Ihi-nie to tin? city,
join our f riiMiilH th ro, h >i/.i> four ihousaml Htamt of arinn whii-h had l)i>t>a
plat'cd by Sir Kiani-is in tin- rjly llall.taki! Iiin into «:iHiody with liin
(>h)>'f advJ!4«-is. plai'(> the garrison In th** hands of ih«; Liln'raU, (li-clart!
tht." proviiu'f fiuf.i'all a convi'iition lo^rther to frann" a siiit.tldtj coiihiiiu-
Vion, and nuantinn; appoint our frii-nd l>r. Uolph provisional adminis-
trator of ihi- ^ovi-rniin'iit. Wf cxptrlid to dt. all this wilhmit shuddiny
Idood, wt'll knowint; Ihat th« vioi'-n';;al p)Vi'rnnu'nt was too unpopular
to have many /■. a/ aiUM-n-nt-i. Only in om- instam-o diil wo forward a
notice of till- inti'Mih-d niovtMnt-nt licyond the limits «d' Iho couniy of
York, and to Whill-y and souii! othor tow ii^ in it no riiciihirs wtTi; sunt.
W" nfv«r douhlrd tin- fi-.-iin^' of tin' provlnn-. Sir Kramis adiiiils. in " his
Hpf '--oui tlio thion'-." that we would have ihei-rfnlly sulimitti-d Ihi?
whol. lattiM- to a ronvontion of tln^ pt-oplo. Twclvi* It-adin;^ ri'loi nuMs in
thiMit> anil»ountrya^r(vd,omday in Novi'mlHT.ihal on IhnrMlay.tht'Tth
l>oi;LMnh"rla-t. hctuijen tho hours of six and ten in tho uviMiinn. iht^frionds
of friH-dom in tin* s-'Vi-rat to.vnsliips, 1. d hy Iln-ir lapiains. would iin'ct
at Moil ;;onn'ry's. march to Turonto, sci/.c th" arms w.^ so much wanted,
illsmiss Sir Kram-is, "and proclaim a Ki'pulilic." The details wcro K-fl
t'.nlindy to my mana-jcncii. . ntitt >tn t.r<rnfiiu- in flh rihi wis named lo
eo. rcS|iond wiiti Mr. rapiii- a i and our (»ther friends ht-low, alVord inicHi-
^encf, aidour eiVorts and linlly to join iln^ araiy at .Moiit!;oiinr\'«. It
wa-i also stipulated that no attempt .-hoiild he made hy that exeeiitive to
altt.T the time on whi' h w ■ were to revolt, without eoTisiiltin^ with tm- in
tin! tirst insta-iee. Th,' cunty was rip ■ lor a ehani^'c, au'l I ciripli>ycd a
fortnii,dit pn-vloas to Sumlay, the od I>eecinher, in altendin^j s veral
m't;tin;'S, assist iny in ori^ani/.inj; towns and places, ami othcrw j-e pre pat -
inn for the revnliiti'm. On Ihat day 1 r"de from Soiiiliville ^wh"rii I liad
two private meelinys on the Saturday) to Voni;« Street, and arrived at
Mr. (iilrton's in tln^ t^vi-nin..;. To my astonislnnont and dismay I w:is in-
formed hy him. thai althou;;h I Inid uiven the captains of townsliips
Beak-d oidi^rs for Thursday lollowinj;. I In: exeeul ive, throtiuh him. hy a
mere verbal niessa;;'!, had ordered out tin; men heyomi the ridjes, to at-
UmiiI at MonI;;omcry'8 with their arms next tlay. Momlay, and Ihat it was
probable th 'y were already on the march. I iiiHiatitly HiMit one of Mr.
(iiht^ou'H ik'r\antrtto the north eountormandinj; tin; Monday mi.vement.
and lmtine<l of Colonel Lm'ni, not to eome down nor in any way to disturb
the prt'vioiifl re;;ular arraniicinents, heeausi* neith<*r of tin; other tow i>s,
i:or the eiti/, -ns of Tortmto, wi're in any way prepared r.,r analteiaiioii
whieh, if persi>led in, would surely ruin us. The servant ieiiirneiU>n
Monday, with a mi'S-a-^e from .Mr. I.ouni, th:it it was now too laie to step,
hat the men were warned, and movinj^ with their ^ainn and pikes <>n ijie
inapdi down to Yoni;e Street (a distaiu'i; of thirty or forty nnh-s on ihe
woi-st roads in the world), and thai the ohj»'ct of their rising i-oiild, ther**-
fnre, b ' no longer < oneealed. I was grieved. and so was Mr. (lil son ; but
we had to make the best uf it ; acenrdinuly I mouMt"<l mv hmse In the
afternoon, rode in towards 'he city, took live trusty men wit'' me. arres!( d
Hevenil gonth-men <ui suspiciun that they were yoin^ to Sir Kraneis with
lilt' tlatc to Mh' lilt, w hicli (|tiitt' np^ft ^lackciizit's !irraii;;;i»-
tntMils. Holph's '* rh.iii.^c <jf liasi- " wjih cati^til hy ;in
i(l»*a that Sir FranriH \\v\\i[ wa* awaiv of llic intnitioii 4»f
iht* reformers to resort to arms and attark Toronto, while
liifonnatlon. pinoed a fnmrd *^ii Vonpo Street, tJio ninin iiorthoni avenue
to Toronto, at Montconn-ry'rt. and another cuanl on a parallel road, and
told them to allow none to [tasn to the city. 1 then waited Honu* time
exp -etin^ the exeeiilive to arrive, hut wailed in vain -no one carne, not
even a messaiie. I was therefore left in entire liiiioranee c)f the eondilhin
of llie rapit.'il.aml insteiid of entering Toronto on Thursday, with four
thou-and lU* live thousand men, was apparently expected to t:ike it on
■ Monday whh two hundred, weaiicd after a march of thirty or foM\ nules
j through mud. and in the worst possible humor at lindiuLC lliey had been
eall 'd fioni the very extremity of tint eonnt>. and no one else warned at
all. About eiKhl or nine o'eloek I aecompanied Taptain .Vmlersim.of
I Lower Town. Mr. Shephard, and two others, on Imrsebaek down Yunffe
j Street, inteiniini; if no one eanie with tidinirs from the city, to jjo
I there and asi'erlain how far an attaek and sei/ure of muskelH and
bayonets we iTundi nei-ded. was f)iacii»al. There were v\ an ants out
for my apprehension, but 1 did not mind them niuch. \Vc hail not pro.
eeeded far when we met Aldennan .bdin Towell inow thenuiyf.r) and
Mr. .-Vrehibald Meponald, late of Kinu.-ton, on hor-ebaek, act inn »» a sort
of patiol. I riMle up to them, presenteil a do-ibl-'-barreJled pistol, in.
fornnd them that the democrats had risen in amis, that wo wished to
pieveid info matinnof (liat fact from »eacbin^' Ihe dty, arid that Ihey
wcnild have to i^o baek to Montironwry's as prisoners, when! ihey would
he well treated, fed ami lod/ed. and in no way injured in person (tr lit
pur.-e— hut they nnist surrender to me their arms. They both assured
me they had nom-, and when I Heemed to doubt, repeateii Ihe assutanee ;
<ui which I said, " Well, t^entleman. as yoii are my townsnu-n and men of
honor, 1 woubl be ashanu'd to show that I ipn>stion your words by order-
inji >oo lo be searched," and lurninu to Mes-rs. Shephard and And rsipii,
I bade theni j)laci» the gentlemen in the t:n;ird room, and see that Ihey
were eomfortable. after which I proceeded a^'ain towards tin* city. Not
many minutes afterwards I was overtaken by Alderman Towell. riding
in txreat baste. I asked what it meant, and told hiui he nnist nrd proceed
ex«'ept at his peril. He kept on, I followed and tired over my horse's
head, lint missed him. lie slackened his pace (ill his horse wa^ beside
ndm-, and while I w:is expo-tn latin;; with him. /*. smith it hi r/<i/>fn if if fiisfot
i/nh'>- c/.MV h' mil hr> nsf, h\i\ the priinim; llaslietl in the pan. and thus I
was saved from instant death. \t this monn>iit Mc|»ona1d rode back
SL'emin;;ly in ;;p*at atTri;;ht, and i'oweil escaped i'rtiin mo by the side bar,
and hy a circnilous nnite reached ToronU>. .MehonaUl appeared unable
to explain; 1 therefore sent him back the second time, ami heinu mtw
alone, juil^ed it most prudent to return to Mont.L'oineryN, on my way to
which 1 encountered the murdered remains of tin- lirave and jienerouB i 'ni*-
tain Anthony Ariderson, the vielini of T'oweU's b:iseness. Ilis IkhIv was
streli bed in the ro.-td, hut life was extinct. 'J'he manner of hisdcalli was
as follows : Shephard ami .\ndersou were aiMMunpanyin^ I'oweil and .M-r-
I»Mi;ald on their way to tlnnr -.niard-room at MoniL'onier>'8, when ToweU
wasobserveil to slacken his horse's paee a litlle- by this means he ^ot
hehind Anderson, a:id taking' a pistol from liis pocket, shot him thron;ili
the b:iek of the neck, so that befell and died instanlly. Shephard's
ho:M> stnmble.l at the nuinn-nt. Towell rode oiT and McDonald followed.
Wheth T Towel! is or is not a murderer let the cmdid r. nder say. I udve
the f.-iets. On arrivin;^ at Monttzoinery's. I wiih told by the Kuard tliat
Colonel Moodie of the army hatt attempted to pass Ihe bar: ier, that they
had told him what vi'iard they were, that he h:id persist«-d in lirin^ a
pistol at them, on which one of the men levelled bis rille :nid shot
him. lie dictl in an hour or two after. I lind it stated in
many papers that I kilhid ("(doiud Meodie, althouuh at the time of liis
doitii I was several miles' distant, as those then presi-nt well know. Hut
I fully approve of the eonduet of thofp who shot him. Sir l-'ram is Head
adiidts that he was entirely i-jimrant d our intended movement until
awaked out of his bed Ihat ni'^ht. His informanl 1 believed to have been
Captain llrid;^efort. He had the bells set a-iin;:in;:. took np bis abode in
the City Hall, delivereii out a few rusty i:uns, made speeche-, and was in
^reat trouble. t>f all whieh parlienlais our exerntive neither bnmyht
nor pent us any account whatever. About nndninht our nnmbiTS in-
ereased. And towards morning I proposed to many persons to manh lo
Toronto, join -nch of the reformers there as were ready, and endeavorto
nnike <Mi: selves m;u*ters of the jxariisi-n .-ind muskets. To this it was object-
ed. that I was uninformed of the slren^lh of the furtrcs,^; that the other
townships had iH)t \et joined the men from the nppercountry ; that we were
ignorantof the stale of tlie city, andthat^enilemen who had advised and
iii
I' >
m . : i! I
ii/.if s iiniifi^ic-
CMU-i d liy :ili
ilitiTllioii of
roroiito, wliile
II tiorDu-rn nvniuo
(■.inilli'l rn.'iil, mid
»;ill>'(l miini' tilno
' "iM' I'nriit'. not
inii.Mv„,(l;il..ii
iirsit.Ty, Willi I'-iir
•111! til tak(' II III!
iity <ir fiMiv mill's
tlii'v hfiil lit-fii
• 'Ihi' warih'it at
ifain .\iMl<Tsiiii,<ir
hafk <lnv\ n Vnliilu
I I 111? lily, lo t'l,
<it' iiiukIii'Ih mill
•n? unrmiilH mit
\V<' iiail not |>ro-
IV till' iiinyoi) ami
'k. iiflintr as aM'it
i.llicl |,isii,|, ill-
hat wt; wislio.l In
anil llial lln-y
.vIliTO lllfV WollUl
il in j.iTsoii or ill
hoy hoili nssiii'i'il
I llio assuiaiiof ;
■nioii anil nion ot
r Horils hy oriiir-
il ami Aliil'-rHoii,
ami soc Ihat Uiov
nis I In- illy. \o't
an I'owoll, rl.liii^r
iniist not proi il
1 ovor nty horso'ti
lioi-po Ha- licsiilo
III rl.iji/iiilii /li.iiir!
' |imi, anil iIiuh I
lonalil roilo ha.k
lo liy lhf>l.l.. har,
appoaioil uiialilo
o. ami lit'ini; now
y'>, on my way to
:inil (?iMioroiiHi "aii-
is. 11 is iKHly was
r of hisilinth was
•_' I'oHi'll ami Mv
n's, whoii I'onoll
his inoaiiK ho cot
i-liot lilm tlnoiijjli
iiily. Sliophanrs
lionalil folloniil.
aiioisay, I (;|vi.
■y tlio K'naril that
hariiiT, Ihat thoy
'i.iloil in liiiii;; a
N lilli' ami sliot
111 il slali'il in
t till- tinm of hi»
will know. Hnt
■lir I'laiii la lliail
niiiviniont iiiilil
'Vol! to liavolioon
k lip Ills aliiiilo in
•i-hi'-, ami was in
niilliiT hroiniht
iilr iiiMiihi'rii ill-
sons to marrh lo
. ami I'liiliavorlii
lliis it waHoliji'i't-
is; that Ihii otlior |
ilryi that wo woru
li.iilailvin.Hi ami
I I'I'KU ( ANADA— (.OVKKN.MKNT OF SIU F. 1!, IIFAI).
•IJ
llic fact \v:is lli:il tin' j.'iivilli(ir knew IirilliiiiL' at :ill iif Mai-
ki'ii/if'.s [iliits ami iilaip^. ami wmiiil ll>ti'ii to iiu warning; <iii
till' Milijt'ct, hi'iim (';;iiti>lii'a!l\ \v:'a|it in tiio iileti that tlii'
•• iniii'al " ,sii])|M)rt iif llir iiiajuiity nf llif will (li>|ios(Ml in-
iirpoiloii Ihi- iiiovoiiioiilH. anil I' von IIu'i'mmmiiIvi' wlioliailmili-ri il lliispro-
inatiiro Momlay rislni;, slooil aloof, ami hail initlior Joini'il us imr I'oinniiiiil-
cattil Willi lis. Nfxt ilay I'l'inmhiy) wo liirioasi'il in iiiiiiiluT lo oijilii hiin-
ilri'il, of wliiiiii vory n any liait no arms, oiliors liiul lilli-s, ohl fowlipt;-
pioi-rs. Iniliaii ;.'iins, pikos, i\:i'. \'asi iiiimliors oamo uml wont oil ai^aiii
wlioli I hoy I'luiml wo hail lii-ilhoniiiiskits or l':i>iMu-ts. llailllio\ posso-soil
my f''i'liii:,' in favor nf froiiloin. lln y woiil.l liavo si 1 l.y us oion if
armi'il loit uiih pit> hroiks^iml lirooniliaiiiltis. Alioiit noon wooliiniin-ilior-
rLM't iiiti|li.;omo ihat w'thall iilMViTliiiiis, ami iin'linli ii; lhoii.|li-;;o hoys.
Sir Kiaiiii.ii'oiihlliai'illy riiso a hnmlnil ami tifty siipporiiis in town ami
loiiiilry ; iiml l>y 1 !'. M ii tla^'of irino nnihoil oiiriamp m ar I ho liiy
(lio iiiossoii^iTs hi'iiii; till' lloiioial'li' Mi-s-rs. Holpli ami ItaMwin. ili-putoil
liy Sir Fra Ill-is to ask wlial wniilil satisfy iis. 1 loplinl, " I mli-p.-iiilfiiii' ;"
lillt soul a viTlial iiiossa^ii' llial as wo hail no i "iiiiiloini' in .sir I'.'t^ Hi.nl,
ho W'lilil IiaM' to soml his nio-sau'o in writiii^. .'iml w iihin oiio lioiii- 1
tlion tiirm il roiinil lo rolonol l.oiint, ainl aih isoil hi in t" mari'li tlio moii
uiiiliT his roiiiiiimiil at ouro Into iho riiy, ami tako a posilinii m-ar lln-
I.nwyor's Hall, ami roilo wistwanl to Coloiiol llalilwin's. win to tlio luilk
of tin' ii'liols woro, ami aiiiisiil an iiisiant maiiii I" Toronto. Wo hail
mlvaili'-'il as far a- Ilio CmIIoj.',- .\miiii.'. tvliiii amiihoi ilai; of iiuoo ar ImiI
I by tlo' sinio mossoii^i'i'S, with a ini's-ano finiii Sir I'. lli';iil lii'i-liiiin;; to
coiiiply Willi oiir privi.iiis rii|iioHt. \V« woro pi oiliiiL- to town, ulu'ii
onli-rs from lIio o.v--i'itlivi.' an ivoil, thai wo slioulil not lli'-ii ^it to 'roronlo^
lull wail till si.x o'oloi'k in llio ovoniiii, ami ilioii tako iho rity. Triio to
the primipli' on vvhifli tlio I'liinpaot wa> iiiailo for oiir rising, iho orilcr
w.is ' lioyiil, ami at a iinarlor I" six tlio »li"l'' of our foioos woro mar tlie
toU-har on Voin;o sir ol, on our way t'l llio oily. I Inlil iliiin that 1 was
cortain ihi'r>' i-milil 1'' no iliilii'iil..\ in laKiii^ 'I'm onto; that liuili in town
ami ooiinliy the po.iplo hail siooil aloof from sir Kramis ; that not mio
htimlroil iiiiii lifiy ii ami lio,\s ooiihl ho yoi to ili'l'i'inl him ; thai ho was
alarmoil ami hail sont tii^ family on lioaiil a sioanior ; that six liuinlroil
ri'foi'mois woio loaily to join us in tlio i ii.\, ami thai all wo hiui to iIimmis
to 111- linn, ami wiili iho oily wmilil at oiht '.(o ilowii ovory vo--tii;i' of for-
L'i;<ii lii'vonim -111 in rppor I aiia.hi. I was ilark, ami lliro niii:lil liavo
lu'oii I'.ii .niiilMisli of si'iiio S'Tl. 1 ihoroloro tolil .-i\ riiloiiioii to ^o alu-aii of
us II qiianor of a niilo on Iho mio siilo of tlio strooi, insiilo iho fonoos, ami
as mnny iiior i tin' oilior siilo. ainl lo tiro in tliu ilircotioii in wlii. h ihcy
mijihl soo any of oiir opponoiits simio 1. Wlion wiiiiin half a mili! of
the town, »o look prisiMiois tho lapt lin of tlnir arillliry, a lawyor, ami
thu shoritf's hoiso. ( nii riilo n aloiul snw s 'ino tuonty or ihiny of Iho
omiiiy oil iho roail. ami liioil .11 tin in. Iho 1 woiily or ihirl.v , "r si of
tlioin,lil'oilal lis. anil ilislaiitly took to ilnlr liools ami ran li'Wanls tho lowii.
Our rillomoii woro in finiii, af;or Ihoiii iho pikoimn, thoi, tlioso who had
old (•'1"" "£ >arioiis kinil.s, ami las ly llioso who larri il only oluhs and
walkini,' sliiks. Colonol l.oniit was nl Iho hoad i>f tho rilloinon, and ho
mid ihoso ill tho froiil rank tiloil, and iiisioail of Mopiiln^' lo our siilo to
liiako r for Ihoso holiiml to liro, toll Hat on tlioir fioos, iho ooxt rank
liloil ami dill iho siiiin' lliinn. 1 was rati ■ r in f nnil w Inn iho tiling' lnjjaii,
anil stood in inoro daiij:i'r from tho rit.- ■ or' tii.n fii -iiils iliaii tho iniiskois
of my onoiiiios. 1 stopp>'il to the side o.' ,'io road ami iiadv liiom slop li inj;.
and il appi arod lo mo that oi t our pioplo who was Uillod \,-;,s shot in
this way hy our own iiioii. Certainly it was mil liy tho oiioiny. Soiiio
persons froni town, fiiondly lo us, hut inn vory hrave, had joined
us lUirinu Ih ■ iiianli. aid lln y. iiiiknowil to in ■ told aw f i| slorios ahoiii
till' propa' 111 ions llio 'Tories liiol made in so \ oral streets to lire out of win-
dow- at lis, proleilod liy toalher heds, inallrossos, \i'. 'These repri'seiila-
tions tenilied iiiaiiy of the I'ouiiiry pi'oplo, and when they saw the liile-
inen in front fallino down, and heard the liriii.i.', th ■> iinajiined that those
who toll were Iho Killed and woiinii d i\ ilie .-Leliiy's liro. and look lo
their heels with a s|ioeil and steadiness of pnrpoM' tli»t would have halllod
puisiiil on fool. In a sliorl time not Iweiily |i 'r-oiis wore to he found he-
low the l"ll-l'ar. 'This w lis almost loo iniioh for hiinian palieiiei-. 'I'he
oily would have heen ours i'l .in hour |iro'i.ilily w.lli »:il tir n;^ a shot ;
hiimlieds of our friends wailed to join us at its ontraueo: the oilii iais
were torror-striiek ; (jovoriior Head loid low to nl.v on : ihe eolmiy
would have followed lie- oily : a I'oiivi'iition and a llenioeialio ( 'oust it ii lion
heen adopted, and a hloodless ilian;;e fioiii a eoiilempiil.le t>raiiny
to froi'doiu ai'i-oitiplishi'd. 11 it oi lit liilmlrod ran wln-ii no oiie p'lr-
siioii. and niifortunati'l\ ran tin- wroiu: wav. 1 loih- hastily hark iliilil I
pit in the rear of ihe main hody, stop|ii-il a ntlliihor of tlieiii, and implorod
them to return. I exiilaiiied matters ,■■ u told llieiii to fear no'hinj^.
lialiil.-iltts iif till' pTi)\ ilici' Wiilllil lie siltliriint tn dotrr llio
wimlil 111' Tcvdlutioiii.st.s iTiiin carryini; llioif mail ilosion jatu
f.Ncctition. In tins lie was nii.-takt ii. as liralti'i-uanl. ill-.-
fovi Tcil, and tlio " innral " -.uiiiMirt mi vvliirh In- liail to I'l !y
oiTeied with half n dozen men to ^o lietweeii them mid all danger, and
rioiiliiili-d ilieiii that the oii|iortuiiily of iliiii iii^dil would he tln-ir last,
that the iiiomont it was known in tli luiitry that the reformers weri!
tiiiiid Bithoiit i-niise.sir Kniniis would Instanily uaiii niiinliers, hui II w.'ui
of no use. 'Tosui-ri-ii«lve groups I spoke In vain. Ni-iiie r llireals nor
i-oaxinj; i-oiild indiiie tiiein 111 I'll to the i-liy. I tiled to timl even forty
or tiriy to o,, to towii,l.iii till- i.-iil> was, " Wo will p. in tlie lioiii. hut not
ill the dark." i if tins,, many «i-iit li"liio tli.-it i'\ i-iiiii;.'. and alllii'iii;h
a I lout two h II mired joiio-d iis diirin;; tin- iiiulit, W' won- Ivm' hiind'ed h'-s
liiillieroiis on Wi'dlii-sday moinili^. With the sti-aiiiers in Ihe hands of
the coverniiiont, the oily, four tlioii-nnd in'isUois ami lia\oiiets. perli ips
sixty experit-lii-i-d liiililar.N olTii'ers. the well paid otiii-iats and tln-ir sniis
and ili-pi-mlaiits, ahiindain-o of aiiiiniinitioii, a park of arlillery well
served, the ixarrisoii .-iiiil ihe aid of all who are prejndi 1 In fiw
vor of I i.lonial umenii il.il had liei'ome a dittii-nll l.-isk for a i-i 'I lee-
lion of umliniiplined and hatt-;iil 1 1 oniiliyiiion, wiihoiil eaiiiioii.si-ai-eo
of cnnpowdor, mil pos-essi'd of a single havonet nor *'ven of i»iiiis or
pikes for half their nunihors to i-oii|oiid -in ssl'iilly it-.:iiliisi the enemy J'or
the oil y ; wo tin- refine s oi.il oil the ,lofoiii-e on Wi-dni-sday, ( o-ntleiiioii
of intliieiii-e who woro ph-du'ed to join ii^, ami oven 1 1 \t-i-uli\e wlio i-oin-
mandi-d lis t" iii.tlo- the preinatiiri' and iiiifintuiiato nioveini-nl, m iilit'r
eorr'-spomh-d with iis n,,rj, jind iis. 'T" explain their i-ondin-t was heyoiid
iny power. Il ili.si-oiiril;.'i'il inaii.v , and Ihiiiin-d our ranks, fin Wodnesday
for-'iiooii 1 took n piirty with iin' to liiimla- Street, intereepted the ilreat
We.-lern mail sia<.ii' and look a iininlier of pri-oners, with the sla-.:e. imdls
nnddrher, up looiir laiiip. 'Tin' edilorsslale Ihat iiiomy was taken from
the mail, whii-li was not the ease ; liiilthe li-lliisof .Mr. Siilli\ an, pre-i-
deiit ot Iho l-;xei-utivet onm-il, Mr, Hili-lianiioii, and others, i-onvejiod use-
ful infoiiiiaiioii. We found they expoi'ti-d soon to have sln-ii^th eiioiij:li
to attai-k lis ill the i-oiintry, and 1 wrote to the exeeiitive in the iliy to civii
IIS tinii'ly iioiii-e of any siieh altin-k. Some of the h-adiiii; reformers in
Ihe lily had left It, (ii(^ m>^ liijuiiiiin: nlhors seemed lo have lost their
eli'-r^ies ; m'illier niesseniror imr letti-rs ri-at-hi'd our eainit : the e\ei-iili\ii
was not there. One niaii on horsi-hai-k told us we iniizhi he aiiai-ki-d on
'Thiirs.hn. My eloi-f hope lay in this, that if we win- not alia. -ki-d iliilil
'Thiirsilay iii^'lit, vast reiiifoii-enients would join us fnuii tlie oiiior town-
ships, and that i-eform isat adisianee would niareli lo our aid the momoiit
ihf'V heard iliat we had slrin-k for s, ir.o,ivoriiiiienl. Wilh this view I
solljhl III I line Ihe attelllion of till' enemy to the defi'liee of Ihe i-ily,
and nil Thiir-day iiniriiin'.r .seleeied forty rlili-ini'ii and i weiiiy oiliers to eo
down and Inii n tin- Hon liri-lue. the e.is .-ni approai-h in 'Tiiioiilo. and Ihe
lioiis- al its end. In lake Ihe .Monu-i-al stanoainl mails, ami to draw out the
foi-ees in ihai ipiarler if pos-ihle. I also proposed thai the n si of mir
moll who had arms should tike the ilireetion to the rinlil or left, or to
ri-treal to a slronjj posiiion a,s priidein-o nii:.'lit dii-iaie. .\t this innmoiii
roll mel Van Kunioml, a lialive of llnllaml. ow iiiio.: Ihirteoii thoiisand aires
oflaiid 111 the llurollliaet.a liii-d patriot, and of ;;n-at liiilitar.\ expi-riem-e
under Napnl joined us, and .■ -'f II"' i-apt.-iii:> ilesh'i-d a i- il ti he
hold, will' h was done. (I'lniii-I \ . appmved ..f my plan, a party went olf,
set tire lo Ihe brhlt^e. burnt the house, took the mails, and wi lit Ihroimh a
pari of the eily uiimolesloil. Hal 11 oiinsollln^ and diseiis.diif of my
project weiwiuiu-da del-iy of two hours, whii-h pn.ud our ruin, for the
enemy liaviii-.' nlilained iar^e nihtoii-o lits hy lln- steMiin-rs fnnil I • ■
boiirj;, Niagara and Hamilton, n-solvi-d lo allai-k us in thr ii visions, nii"
nt tln-m I" inin-h up Y"'i -o Stn-el, and Ilieotlieis by way alinut a mile In
the ri;;lil and h-tt of 111" in.-nl. Had our fnnes started in llio inorniti}.', Ilie
parly at the liridue would have iiiterfeied with and hrokeii up theeiiemy's
plan lifattnek, and we would have been in niolinii iie.'ir 'Tiu-oiUo, ready to
lelreal to some of Hie eomnianilini; |io-iiioiis in lis n-ar, or to join the
ritlelin-n lielow and Hun eliler Ihoiily. We wore still al Ilie Imlil dis-
i-lissini' what washi-st to be done, when one of He t;iiariis told us that the
eneiiiv was inanliint; lip will luiisie and arlillery and witliiii u mile of lis,
Oir people iinineilialoly |in'pai-eil lor battle; 1 mile dowi, towards the
eiieiny, doublilu! Hie iiitelliueiice, until wln-n wilhili a short distam-e I
saw tiiem with my own eyes. 1 rode iiniell.v baek, asked our luoii if lliey
wen' n'ady to li-lii a iin-aHv supeiior I'mei-. w.-ll ar d, and with ar-
lilhry well served. 'They wen'n-.-iily. and I badi- Iln-iii to^ioio Hie womls
andii"otiieirbe-t. 'Tli-y did so, and m-v.r did 1111-11 tichl mon' i-i'lir:i;; sly.
ill Ihe III' e of II heavy lire of tirapoand eaiiisli-r. with hi-oailsidesof mi;s-
ketry ill steady hihI rapid si esslon, they st 1 their i;i"iinil lirinly and
killed and wounded a larne niinil.er of il m-niy.biit w-n-at length i-oni-
■'I
I:
ir !
I' : I
i linii
L
I
•428
Tirn.Ks iiisi'oKV of the do.mimon ok canada.
WHS the biivoiiits of •• tlic uicii of Cioii
Hi.
■t ill
sistMiicf-. On llic iiii'lit of tin
ill Di'cciiilicr Markciizic
rctiii'iitMl from his tour
tli:
'li th(
1(1
arriving ;it llic house of Mr. (lilisoii loiiniod that Holjili
pcllod In rt'tri-rit. Iti :i in'»n' fa'-orriMi* imsilioii, I luivf no iloillit lnit Uh-v
wttiiltl )iavi^ li«-:itt-ii t]u> MSMiilaiits willi iinini-iiHi- lo8t«. An il waH, tlit'V liail
only tlirt'r' klllt'il aiiil tlin'f <»r I'onr WitiiiHlrtl. I folt anxioiiH to ^'o to
Moiil^oiinTV's for my [lortfolio an«l paiu-rs. \vlii<-li witi* ilil|>ortaht,
tiitl it was on! ot tlh> i|iH-sliou, so tlir> tt-ll iii(<< tlu' l'.an>ls of llio onriny.
All my paiMTs |ir«'\ioiis lo tin- ovt-ni ..f tlial wock I lia.l tifsiroyc.l, oxfi'iit
anuniluTof bii^iu-ss lrtti'i>, ami ilicsc it took my family iipwanis ot an
hour aiitl a 'iiiartt'i- 1-' Itiirii. Itiii with all my *'aulioii, simu' lot tors f.-ll
iiilo their Imn.ls In till' injury of oihiTS. •••••»»
• «••»** •»••»•*••
The slatt-nu-nl has hoon math- that tho prisoners woro ill-tn-aloil,
Imt notliiiii.' i-oulil ho fiirth.T from tli.' truth. 'rlioy hoi tho
lar^t'st ami host rooms in tho hotol. twoUt' lioih-haTiiliors woro nppointcil
to thi'ir spocial uso, ami luMhlin^, whilo our xoliinii-ors hiy in ilu'ir
woariiiizolothi'!* on tho lloitr of llio harii ami other apartments— thoy faroil
as^efareil; niitl for their idiinsement 1 sent them up Knropeaii, Amer-
ieiiii ami Canaiiian papers, i>fion without roatlm^ th<>in myself, Mr. M«>-
l>i>ttaM wro'e to his family that he was kinttly Iiealetl, an'i i. is unjust
f.<r any llritish otiieer to allow sueh slan<l--is as h-tve app.'.areit in the lews-
p.apers lotioiineontr.'itlieleil. As toSir l-'i i^ lleacl'ssiory of ten thous.aml
men ins'antly inakiiitifor tin' eapiiil tip support him, it isaslii'er fahrieatlon.
If I hat were t rut', wlix has law heeonie neeessiiry si nee t(> snspeml the trial
hy jury'.' Why were his laniily eontinetl for two <l!i\s on hoapl ,a steain-
hoat '.' Why (Ihl he semi us :i thai; of trui'e on Tuesilay. when all the ftiree
hi' eouM miisti'r wiis on.' huiulreil ainl lifty tueii .'iml Ixiys out of a popula-
tion of twenty thousan<l in ami nearToionio '.' '{'he truth is. tli.at thoi sanils
were on their w.iy to jnin us on 'riiiirs.lay exeiiiu;;, th.at Peiu^ the r -^nijir
tinn* for whieli the town hail heen s-iiutuoiM'il ; ami (hey, on learn in,' that
wo weri' (lispersetl, inatle a virtm* of neeessiiy, tiini piofesseii thtit :hey
hail eome (o aiil the Tories II Sir Kraneis in his speeeh sa\s they W'-re.
pnu'riilly speakini;, witliont arms, ami in f.aet most of them hail nom to
hrin;:. That was the ;;ratiil liitlieulty ; and would h;i\e heen renu'.'ietl
hail our movements heen ilel.-iyeil till Thilrsilay, as aur i on. \'er\ tew
militi.-imeii in I'pper Catiaila hail heen ''iiliaisie,! with arni^, ami of these
few thi');overninent ha<lemleavore«l,tlirouuh t 'apt.ain .Metlr.alh ami others,
toilepri\e Ihein pri-vious lo the otilhre.ak. The hiiruin^ of Mr. tiihson's
house, stahles ami outhouses, hy ortler toiil in the presem-e of iloveiuiu-
He. 111. was lii;:hly ilis^'raeeful to him, ami i^ .-l slain upon his repiit.alion.
I>r. llorne's premises w:is he.-nl ipia' l -is lo the spies .ami tr.'iilors who in-
fest eil our e.ainp anil tl^eil fur the pu o .se of the enemy, hut this was not
Ihe ea.se with thoce uf Mr. (lihsiui, \ei ^'overntnenl ihstroyeil them ami
earrieilolT his eiiltle, liorsi s,;:rain, ami property, ami nseil or soM it, anil
kept till' money. Tho movahles of liiinilreilsof others were taken in the
same way. Sir Kranei.^' mix Isers may live to Bee this e\:iuiple foiloweil
more e\tensl\ely ili:in ilie\ ilesire. When the retoiiners ilestroyeil the
lioiise of Doelor Home, lliey illd not eaiiy olT the value of one farlhiiieof
his I'lfei^s, .\s to sheriif -Iiir\ is' pr,-mises, tli'-y \vi.iulil have 1 n htirneil
hut for two reasons -liist, we lia>l no proof that tlii- sherilf's house was
ns -il us remlezMiiis fi.r our enemies; ami neeomi, there were siek
pi'ople in it, whom we iliil not wish to make war upon. .Vltinil three
thonsanil live humlreil persons j'.iiieil us ilnrini^ the three itays on wliii li
we were h-'hinil Toronto. M\ Piil' ' ami e\teii>ive h.iokstoce. the new-
est auil most vtilnahle prinlin;; esiahlislimeiit iii rpper t'anailti, .■iinl my
hlnilery, were entereil hy .Mileriuan Powell ami others on Tuesilay, the
types mis. 't, the work ilestri'v oil. . 'mil e\'er\ thliii; on Ihe premises either
remler-ii nselo'S or eanleii olT. The .\tnerietin people will ntnlersh'inil
the slate of soetety tit the i iinaihis u,.en informeil thai imi'tial law oh-
tains ill Montreal, ami ihal the hahe is eorpns aet is su-pen.leil In T.iron-
to; that ih.'i.poosiiiiei presses are all ilesi roveil or slleiieeil, ami their
oilliors expatriaieil. utfl tha: lih ■i\\ oi speei h timl of Ihe press is enjii\eil
In an cipiiil lieLir-'e in eiuninereil Pnianil ami In eompiereil Caiiaila.
There may heerrots in the pr. Hue narrative, ami If so I shall he thank-
ful for their eorii'iiliin, .My motives haviiii.' heen Impeaeheil hy some,
1 eheeifiillv refer to ihos • of all par;les who have hail the host means of
I'lis'-ri lii'i my pitl'lle ami prlv.-ite eoniiiiet for maiiv xeais past Wheihei'
htiil changed tho tl.-iy of tiltack from the 7ili to ilic lih,
1111(1 that iiimihcr.-i of the (li.safFoctcd were already on the
niareli. Alioiit one hundred iirrived thtit night, and
furl III
1 nm ile-ervlui.' of hliime .is one w In
irntnemleil a tiiovement whli-h lit!
IlllSlleees-fllhor fora laek of iliseletlon or ener;:y so far llr
tti it' exeeutioii. .'ire iptestlotis whii h, If Worth while, the pnhlie have Ihe
fails hefiec llieiii to ih'ti'rinliie. llelu.' of opliiluu th.al a vasl majority of
the peo|ileiif ( ' pper I 'aiuula earnestlvil '»lre inilepemleuee, ami lirmlv per
miaih'il that with persevernuee iliey will attain It, I Inteml (o eonilnne In
iirllier reiiiloreeinents ctiiiie in next nioriiing. when IMae-
ki'iizie till", isi'd an iidvtiiiee on the eity. hiit overnilcil hy
iilhi'i's, ami ;iii\i(i(i>|y tiwaitiiig iiiforiiiation fioni |{ii||ili,
he. with I'lXir others, proceideil towards the city. When
wiihiii a short disiance of the cily they were iini liv Al
lieriiian I'mvell tiinl Mr. Ale.Miiidir MeDonald. and ar-
it'sted iheiii. oi'dering ihein to Ix; taken to heail-i|iiarler,>i
at .Moiilgoineiy'.s. Two uii'li, named Anderson and
Shephtird. were ilelailed to escort the prisoners, lint after
going a short way Alderman Powell siiddenly drew ti
|iis|ol, shot Anderson dead, :ind started on his way li.ick
to Toronto. lie Wiis tigain met hy ^raekeii/.ie, win) fired
al him Init missed him, when the alderman riding close
tip to lite I'l'liel put his pistol to his liearl tilid pulled the
tfiggip; hill ihe priming li,'i(l got shaken out of the old-
f.'ishioned lliiit-tinil-stee! jiistol and it did not go o(T, so
that Mackenzie escaped witli a good sciirt^ and the alder-
man coiiliiined on his way to Toronto, where he gave the
alarm. Sir Francis Head, who h;id gone to hed with ,'i
sick headai'lie, w.is suddenly tiroiised, tiiid at last con-
vinced ihal his '• moral " iidlileiice was nol siidicieiit lo
check the iiisiirgi'iils, li.istily called for volnnleers. tind sent
messeiii.'ers iiilii the siirroiindiiig coniilry to siiminon tlu^
mililtiry. knowing llitit llic mi n of 'I'oioiito were not to he
wholly relii il on ; and :il night the ringing of the alarm
lulls told Mackenzie llnit his scheiiK! w;is kinnvii, and
thai if he wanted lo take his rcliels into Toronto, he must
do it (piiekly, or lie prepared to tight his way ihere.
]-2. — Till- winter lieiiig iinusUiilly mild ,'ind open, navi
o-.iiion had not yet closed, and the governor's family \\ as
placed on lioaiil of a sletiiner to lie ready iieaih of Coloi'il
for rcmoviil in llieeM'iil of an attack reii- i ,.'nJi,.','i,.,„:,''i'.iis
llcrillU' it llere-^ary, 'I'lle tllal'ined cilizells IH'lepemienie.
tiew to iiriiis and were served willi miiskels from the store
of four thousand ill the Cily Mall. — which ,Sir Francis
made his head-ipitirters — tiinl pickets wei slalilished.
Shortly afler the death of the rehcl .Vmlerson, the lirst
lovalist whoiiicl his (lealli was Lieiien.iiil-Coloiicl Moodie,
an ollicer who had served w ilh ilisiinclinii in ihe I'lniiisida
under Welliiiotoii, who Inid distingnisheil iilniself during
lie vote in\ very humhlei'lforls town- lis haslenliiu I he happy lime when eohk
nlal V issalau'e will 1 xehani'eil fm fee ilom .ami peaee. 'rhei'.'in.iillan p is
I pie owe to their .\nierieau hri Uiren a lao;e ilehi of i;r.itiluile. r ;,it will, 1
trust, e VI r ri ne'liilier ihe kiiu) lies', ami -\mpalh> ivteiiih i| tow arils them,
I 'Ihe freemen of this fnuitier have lost siuht of (he peliiie.'il ami party
ilivisionsof the hour, anil enihnsias.ieally eh -eieil luir iispliatiom* for
llhi'rl.\. Imlulninv! n lively hope t'lai Heaven woiihl »| Illy hle-ii llielr
ell'orls, ami lia-len Iheilay in whleh (hey will he enahleil lo hnrsi the
honils ofaiii'Hiif Ivrnnny, attain tiheral polKieal Insdiutlniis, ami heeoino
prosperous
nnil fre
1 am.
Y.iur f.ilthfiil serMitil,
W. I,. Mai'Ki:n/.ii',
Ii to llic lib.
hcidv (111 iIh"
It TiiLTlit, anil
iT. wlicii yiiic
oviTnilcd Iiv
I'ldlll U'l'lpll.
cil.v. Wli.'ii
V tlirt !,y Al
maid, ami ar-
lu ail-cjiiarli'is
iiili'i'Sdii ami
ii'i->. but al'iiT
Ic'iily (liiw ;i
his way hack
zic, will) (ircd
I ridiiii^ cliiM-
ml |iiiII(m1 the
II of the old-
not i;o oil", so
iml the aldrr-
■1- 111' i.'avi' the
lo hi'd willi ,••
I al la^^t con-
t MlHii'irllt lo
ti'crs, ami sent
iiiiiimiii till'
vci-c iiiit to he
of tin- alarm
s kiunvii, and
roiito. he niiiNt
y ihiTf.
lid ojicii. iiavi
r's family \\a-^
•I'Mlh i.r c.lur. I
'I ii.'. M;i.
I'li/ii' liirii.'ii.ils
IL.Il'lil'lhk'IK'l'.
I'om till' >!(iri'
1 Sil' l''lMI|cU
! c.stalili-liiil.
'son. till' (ii'st
llolll I MiMldic.
llii' I'i'iiiii-'iila
iniMlf (liii'in;,'
■y iIimi'wIk'Iii'oIo.
riK'Ciiii.'iiii.'iii |i' IK
illl.i.'. • ;,il Hiil. I
I il tiinarilH llii'iii,
ilii'iil mill piirly
I'lispliatinim fur
.■iiii> lii.-» lllrlr
i.il 1. 1 InirsI III..
u>u>, mill iMTiiiiii'
'r\ !lnl.
Mai KINZir.
rrPER CANADA— GOVKHNMKNT OF SIW F. 15. IIFAD.
■I-".)
tlic Amcrii'an war, cspi'dally at (^iicrnston. and who had
aftcrnaids ri'tircd on iialf pay andscttli'd on Yonjii- Stri'i,t,
soiiii' mill's out of 'roroiito. lie saw a niimlii'i' of rclicls
under comm.'Uid of a hlacksmith natiicd I.ouiit, jiass his
house, (liid iiruessiiii; that they intended to attack Toronto,
deteriniiied lo warn tli"' aulhoritii'S ; and. alioiit ("ouro'eloek
in the aflei'iioon. he. with Caiilain Stewart of the royal
iiavv and three other friends. |iri)iei'ik'd towards the I'ilV.
At .Moiitjjonieiy's tavern the party \va> slopped liy the
ijiianl poslcd there liy IMaekeii/.ii'. and on his rniiijf his pis-
tol lie was inslaiitly shot hy an Irisliniaii name IJyaii. and
ilied ahoilt two hours afterwards in tin' Imii 1. During .Moli-
<liiy night ami Tiii'sday reiiifori'rinints enntiinied to arrive
at .Moiitgomerv's iiiiiil .Maekeiizir liadalpoiil I'l^dil hniidred
men at his eommaml. Sir l-'ianeis. lieiiig iiiforiiiid of the ae-
ces.sioii to llin ri'liel lone, having reeeivid no hrip from the
rounlry militia, and niialile to depend mi the roiniito men,
who were gnierallv di^atfrcleil. desind to gain time, anil
sent two iiiesseiigers. with a Hag i^f truce, to the insurgents
to know what they w.intod. The messengers were Dr.
Hol[)h and Ilohert llaldwin. liolh reformers, and the for-
mer the " executive " in Toronto of the reliils. who added
the character of coward to that of traitor, and ran away to
the Slates at the earliest opportunity, leaving his friends
to siilfer the penalty of tlii! miseondiiel he ' .d heeii so ili-
stnimeiital in hringing about. To the diin.iml of the
nu'ssongers as to what the insurgents waiilid. .Mackenzie
vaiinliiiglv replied, " Indepeiidiiice." and added the insult
that he could not helieve Sir Francis Head's word, an I
must have any proposition from him in writing and within
tin hour. This suiird .Sir Francis well inou^li, as it gave
him the onlv tliiie.; he wanted, tiiiie. and alioiit two o'clock
the .-anil' two messengers wire sent hack lo .Marki-iizie to
inl'orm liim lli.it his demainl could not lie complii d
with. Al the same linn' IJolpli secreily iiisirncled
Mackenzie not to mtiUc the attack until >i\ o clock,
when the 'i'oronio syiupalhizi rs would meet him.
i;t. — IJy Tuesdav evening llie relu'ls niimhered over
eiijht hundred, ,'inil alioiit six o'clock advanced on the city.
When ahoul half a mile from the cit\ lliey came upon a
jiicket of aliout iweiitv I, -I'll, who lired at
Arrival »f "tlm ' " , •, i ,
iii'ii i.f liiir..." them ami then nlrealeil. I'lit tliev need
Kolll el' 111.' Ii'liiln. , , I .■ .1 . ' 11
not have done thai, lor llial one volley
knocked all the pluck out of thereliels, and lliey ran away
wilhoiil waiting to sei- who or how many assailed them.
'I'o use Mr. Mackenzie's own words, liny " look lo their
heels with a spei d and steadiness nf puipnse thai wniild
have liatUed pin-siiil on foot." .Vll alleuipts lo rally tlieiu
were in vain: ihey llally refused to make a iiiglil attack.
hut promised to he more courai,'eous hy i|a\ li^lit. < )il this
same 'I'liesday, however, events were transpiring which
were very speedily lo change the complexion of af-
fairs; ahoul two o'clock in the iifleriioon, ( 'oloncl .Mlali
McNah, commanding the iiiililia al (iore (now llainiltoli),
heard of the threatened attack on Toronto, and he
immediately seized a steamer lying at the wharf, put a
a guard oii hoard of her, and sent messengers out in all
direclioiis summoning all loyal men to coiue to the rescue,
and hy liv(^ o'clock uku'c men than llie steamer could
accommodate h.-id cuine in. and a few hours afier llie heart
of Sir Francis Head was made glad hy the news that " the
men from (iore"had arrived, and that ili- le were more to
follow," and they did follow : all lliat iii_lit and the fol-
lowing day loyal men from .ill the sin'riinnding country
poured into 'luronio. so that liv riiiii'sday .Sir Frani'is
found himself stning ennii^h to lake the olVeiisive and
drive the reliels from ilieir head-ipi.nters at Monl-
goiiiery's t.'ivern. The reliels had also heeii rein forced,
and aceording to Mackenzie alioiil thirty-live hiiinlied
nil II jiiilieil him while In- was al Mniilgnnierv 's. or( lallow's
Hill, as the place was c.illed, hut inosi uf ihem went away
again, and only ahoul four hundred reiiiaiiied when the
militia marched against ilnin. N'mi I'.gnioml. .-lu e\-of-
licer under Napoleon, who had seiileil in Canada, was
a|ipoilili'il geiier.dissinio of the lehels, and jnilied lllilll on
'I'hursday morning. Ily his advice a parly of sixly nieii
was sent to hiiru llie Don hridge and capliire the Monireal
mail, which was done ; Imi liie liridge w.is noi ilesimyed,
as the llames Were easily exl inguislied after ihe reliels
left. Ahoul eleven o'clock the forces from Toronto moved
forward lo the attack, the main Imdy of six hundred men
led hy Colonel MeNah, while .iliout three hiinilied more en-
deavored to Hank the reheU who were posted in ,i small wood
nearllie road. The few who remained faitlifiil to Mackenzie
were for llie niosi pari poorly armed or mil ariiied al .'ill
and tlii'V scarcely made aii\ defeii.'e. Ilyinix in e\ei\ iliiee-
tion as soiHi as a few roiinds of grapi.' and caiiisti r were
lired al them from the two lield-pieces the mililia had
with til. 'III. The leliels lost thirty-six killed and loiiiieeii
wounded, while the mililia had only one man wniiiided.
Mill liltle, mercy was shown, and only two prisoners were
made. Mackenzie took an early opportunity of leaving,
iind made good his escape lo the Stales, where he contin-
ued pliiltiiig for .•mollier reliellion of whieli we -hall speak
hy and hy. t'l.lKK) reward had lieeii olVeieil lor his
arrest, and i'l'iOO each lor .everal ollnr lehil leaders,
Holph ami llidwell had lioili lied, and the I'lniner aired
his eloi|uenci. shortly afler at I.ewisinii in Luor of reliel-
lion.
II, — .So ended Mackeii/le's wild alleinpt to lill'll
I'pper Caiiad.'i into a repiililii'. an atliinpt so ahsiird that
one cm seareely credit an\ one hut a M..„.|,,.ii/i,.'« mi-iaki.
ei'iizy ni.iii uiiderlaking il. and the more ','|',!''„',,''!',||!''^'''"-* "'
prudent of the Ket'orm party, like
lialdwitl. sill lU ill their gimd -eiise liy ha\ illg llolliiliL: to do
with llie scheme, hill wailed, like sensllile men. Iitilil the
oppoiliinity came for theiu to ohtaiii hy ennsiiiulioiial
means the eoii-tiluliiiiial refoiiu ihev denia'uled. .Mac-
!!
II'
f!
iia^ ■ I
1:^'
: 1 ii{
■ i( !
1 '
:io
TITTI.KS IIISTOHV (»1' TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
Ai-iizic ni'vcr li:iil llie ^liulitcst I'linnce of suc'<'c.«s, not iip.'ir
I) iiiucli as P;i|iiiiiMii liM'l. anil his cliaiiccs wore small
.•unn;.'li. for in Lower Canada the Kri'iicli wereunaiiinious
ill favor of " Xf jS'ii/iiiii Cininr/iCtiiic." and were only re-
strained l)v the priests from ]i>inj; cii inn.is ,• Init in Upper
Caiiaila the ease was very different ; out of a popiilalinn
of ni'arly lialf a million not one lifth favored Mackenzie's
selieme, and althoniih the capture of Toronto would nn-
ih.ulitedly have lironirht many of the donl)lin;: and hesita-
ting to his standard, and have eaused much more hlocid-
shed and loss of |)roperty, there was no (pie>tioii about
the ultimati' ri'sult ; Knj;land was not at all liUely to al-
low so valualile a colony as Canada to he \vrc~tid from
her w ithout a stiUL'!;le. and the people of the I'nitecl States,
allhouiih they \vcr<' ready enouiih to aid and eiicouraire
the rebels, khew what was •;ood for them loo well to risk
another war with I'".ni;land. es]iecially at a time when the
nalional treasury was empty, commercial ruin starinj; al-
niist every other mm in the face, and the whole country
nearly bankrupt. During' the time Mackenzie was in
posx'ssion of .Monlijomery's tavern he took lifty-four pris-
oners, anil altlnuuh there were some complaints of ill-
usai;e, lie apjiears to have treated llieni as well as circum-
stances would permit him to. Sir Francis Ileail ordered
the di;struclioii of Moiilixomery's tavern and mI-o ilu>
house f)f 3Ir. Gibson, for whosi; arrest £.')00 was of-
feri'd.
1,1. — The greatest excitement now prevailed tliroui.diont
the jirovinco ; thousands hurried to Toronto, and Sir Fran-
cis Head soon found that he could com-
nil iiiv,iM..n fr.piii niand ten thousand men it neeiled, In-
""""'"• deed so many came that he. was obli<;ed
! to say he did not want any more, and he sent the (lleii-
j ifai'i'v militia ami those diliers near the borders of the
two provinces home, with instructions to go to the assist-
ance of Sir .lohn Colborne if he nei'ded their services.
Dr. Diincombe tried to get up a small rebellion in the
I.iindiiii di-lrict. ami Colonel MeNab, with live hundred
iii'ii, was sent to suppress it : but Diincomhe. liki' Mae-
; kciizie. I'apineau. I{cil|ih, Hrown and other heroes had a
I great reg.ird for his own safety, ami ran away as soon as
I he head the militia wi're coming. His followers, left
I withoul a leaiier, were ipiickly dispersed, the bulk being
j disarmed and panloiied. while ihi^ i-iiigleaders were made
prisoners and sent lo Hamilton for trial, Mackenzie had
not, however, aband(Uied his wild scheme, and was soon
liaril at work in IliilTalo, with liolpli and others, who I'oini-
ed tile " execiiiiv nimillee," organized an invasion of
Canaila which the I'niied States governmi'iit not only
permitted to be done openly, but the ollicials eitlnu' assist-
rbel
s or winked at llnir doiiii^s. liull'alu has id
ways hi'i'ii noteii
very rpiestioiiab
lor
le el
lloal
illiig popiilalioii o
laracters, aiii
M
lekenzii
had
liciillv ill attiaciiii'f to lii> standa'd a iiiiinbcr ol vai;a
lif.
IioikIh
who wen' " ready to cut any man's throat for a dollar."
as a IJnITilo jiajier described them, and a worthless scamp
named Van Heiisselaer was appointed commander-in-
chief.
Hi. — Mackenzie next looked about for a convenient
place to make his head-ipiarters. and sidected Navy Island,
a small island in the Niagara River about
two miles above the Falls and op|)osite Nilvy'iBmnli?''"''^
Clii])pewa, where Van Ueiisselaer took
up his abode and was joined by about on thousand adven-
turers who had been induced to enter on the speenlalion
on promises of large tracts of land, ^\'<•altliy American
citizens furnished the capital necessary, provisions and
aminunilion, and to show how the American governniont
favored the rebels, thirteen guns were taken ont of the
State arsenals of the frontier towns and mounted on the
island. The winter was most umisally mild and open, the
ice had not formeil on the lakts yet. and it was ea^y to
obtain stores and ammmiition from IiiilValo. .\s .soon
as be heard of the occupation of Xavy Island. .Sir Francis
Head promptly sent Colonel Cameron and a bodv of
militia to Chippewa, and Colonel McN'ab followed soon
after, and speedily found himsidf at the lu'ad of twenty-
five hundred men. He formed a camp -jrt- Navy Islaial,
and began to remonstrate with the .American aulboriiies
for jiermittiiig the lawless gang of rulliansoii Navy Island
to be supplied with pro\ isioiis from ISiilValo, representing
that if this was done tliey would soon be starved into sub-
mission, which would prevent bloodshed, a thing he was
an.xious to avoid ; but the American authorities paid no
attention, and sup|)lies were puhli<'ly sent, the steamer (Vr-
oliiii' was cut out of the ice at liuffalo in broad daylight and
loaded with provisiijiis and aminunition for Navv Island,
without the government interfering, and seventeen prom-
inent American citizens signed a bond to the owner to
indemnify him in the event of capture, and the collector
of customs "ave her aidearance.
I 17. — Fire had, meanwhile, been opened from the bat-
teries on the island on the Canadian siiore ; hut beyond
jMilliiig a few shot thi'oii.;li a liousc and
,.,..', , , I'l'slnirlinii iif till'
killing a horse, no damage was done, i .uv./hi,- iij ihr
Near the end of the year Sir I'"rancis
Head visited Chippewa, and Colonel McNab advocated
an attack on .Navy Island, feeling eoiilideiil that he could
easily I'apturi! it; but Sir Francis was reluctant to risk
the lives of the mililia, and refused his consent, although
he agreed to a proposition to capiure the ( 'ariiliin'. which
Was now openly engaged in furiiishing llie island willi
jirovisioiis. I'p lo this lime the Canadians had not liri'd
a shot, although they had been fired on not only from
Navy Island, but also from (iraiid Island, belonging to
the r
nilel
Siati
es, and from the
uneriean for
The exei'ntion of the plan to capture the <'<irt)/iiif Was
entrusted to Liiutenant Drew, of the roval iia\\. who
t for a dollar."
vortliloss scainp
coinmaiidor-iii-
r a convoriient
I'd Xavv Island.
riio rclu'ls occupy
Navy Inlniiil.
Iiousaiid advi'Ti-
llii' s|ici'ulalioii
itliy American
irovisioiis and
an ^'ovcrnnicnt
ion out of the
IiiIMIIimI on till!
I and open, the
it was <'a^y to
laio. As soon
M(l. Sir Francis
Hid a ii;id_v of
followfd soon
iMil of Hvi'iity-
Ir Xavy I-land,
I'an anllioriiii's
on Xavy Inland
lo. t'cpri'scntinj;
tarvcd into suli-
a tliinj^ ln' was
urilii's paid no
111' steamer (.'(//•-
addaylijjlitand
r Navy Island,
eventeen pioin-
tlic owner to
id the collector
1 from the hat
•e ; hut heyond
I'l'itnii'li.ni nf tlic
r.irnliiir hv 111.'
It^ill^ll.
N'al) ailvocated
t that li<> could
'lui'laiit to ri-k
iseiit. allhouiili
'aniline, wiiich
lie islanil with
s iiail not lliccl
not only fmni
1. Iielciiiyillf; lo
•orl Si'hlosser.
u Caroline was
lUl navy, wiio
rri'ER CANADA— nOVKRNMKXT OF SIU F. 15. IIKAD.
•i.;i
cleverly cut her out of Fort .Sidilosser. where she was laid
up for the nij^ht, on the 2cSth Deceniher. without the lo>s
of a man and only throe wounded, while the reliels lost
five killed and had a nunilxir wounded. As it was found
impossihlo to take the Carnline ncvoss the river on account
of the swiftness of the current, she was set on fire and
allowed to drift (h)wn over the Falls of Niajxara. forming;
a magnificent ajjcctach! as she came nishing down that
mighty rapid. wrap|>eil completely in one sheet of flame,
and took that awful leaj) into s|)ace .'ind darkness. This
capture rai.-ed a great liuhhuh in the I'liilecl Slates, and
the papers teemed with tiM-rifically warlike articles de-
manding an instant attack on Canada lor this outrage on
American territory, the vessel htdng in Amerii'aii water
whi'ii she was taken, ignoring the fact that she was ac-
tually cng.'iged in making war upon the people of Upper
Canada, and that the guns useii on Navy Island were
taken from the ar-enals (jf thi! Slatt! of New York, and
that the commissarygeneral of the Siati; either coultl
not or would not recover pos>essi()n of them, although
ordere(l to do so liy (iovernoi- .Marcy. at the instaiici' of
Sir Francis Head. This suhject of the capture of the
Caroline was a source of much correspoii<leiicc! hetween
the two nations for several years, and was not (iiially
set'l"-l until IS 12. when (Jre.it Uritain a])ologize(I. The
j)iralical hand of Americans and iei)els did not occupy
Navy Island vei-y long after the capture of the Canillnr ;
.Sir .lolin ('(dborne having put down the rehellion in
Lower Canada now turned his attention to the I'pper
I'roTince. and despatched a lio<ly of men with heavy ar-
tillery and mortars to the assistance of Colonel Mc.Val).
As soon as the guns were got in position tliey opened lire
on Xavv Island, and soon rendered it unteiialili'. so
thai on Mill .lanuaiy, l.S.JS. Van Ueiisselaer wiiliclrew
his forces lo the American mainland. The casual-
ties of the Canadians during tlie whole of lhc> opera-
tions aiiaiust Xavy Island, were one killed and one
woundcil.
18. — The Legislature met on 28tll Decemlier. IH,')7.
hut nolhing of impnrtance was done heyond proviiliiig for
the contiin;encies that might arise out
Hllllicllanil'll BUI s-- , n- ■ i ' • e
fill ili'iii'Mi^irniioii ol llie reliiilion and the suspension ot
" the Ilalieas ( orpus aci. \\ liile these
events were Iranspiiing on the Niagara frontier an al-
tempt WHS heiiiLT made to invade the far west of I'pper
Caiiarla from the Stale of Michigan. Liile in the year
an Anu'ricaii ciii/.en named Suiherland, who siyled him-
gelf "(Jeneral of llie 2d Division of the Patriot ,\rmy."
left HufTalo for Cleveland, where a descent on AniltiTst-
hiirg was plauneil. On the 7lh .lanuary, IH.'t.S. the ma-
rauders, under command of a man named Dodgi'. look
possession of lh<- Canadian island of Ilois lilaiic. in the
Detroit Hiver oppositi; Amherslhurg, where ahout one
thousand Americans ami Canadians were shorilv as-
seinhled. and Sutherlaiwl, who had joined Dodge a! fiih-
raltar \"illage with ihrei! field-pieces, two hundred and
fifty stanils of arms, anil a larger supjdy of provisions,
took command. The help and sujiport givin hy the
Americans was most open, and in dear viidation of the
treaty of peace existing hetween Great ISritain and the
Uiiiieil .States. A large .schooner named the Anne was
loaded at Detroit with cannon aii<l small arms taken from
the Michig.in Slate arsenal, and no efi'ort was made hy
the United Slates Marshal to st. o her. At this time
Amhersthiirg was entirely willioet a garrison, and tlii're
were not even arms for the militia w ho hastily assemhled
to tilt! iiumher of ahout three hundred, ihany of whom
were armed with old fowling pieces and pitchforks. On
the 8th it was reported at Amhersthiirg that Sutherland
was advancing from Sugar Isl.md. on the American side
of the river, to liois lilaiic. and ihe latter island was at
once taken possession of hy the Canadian militia. Suther-
land had now two vessels, the Anm and the (leorge Sirong,
with a niimher of hoats and a total force of alioiit six
hundred men. He hore down to IJois Itlanc. liiit heing
j met hy a steady discharge of muskt. ry frcnu the militia,
I he sheered off and made for the Aie.ericaii shore, and the
j militia, fi'aring that he might attempt to attack Amlierst-
liiirg. returned to the mainland to (iefeiid that ]ilace. and
1 .Suiherland soon after todk pus-es-ioii of the island on the
I following day. On lliat day ihi! Gran/e S/roni/ was cap
! tured iiy the militia, ami the Anne opened fire on Am-
I herstliurg. hut wiihoul doing much <lam,ige. 'i'he Anne
was above th(> town, and her commander, Theller, knowing
that the Canadians had no artillery, determined to run
past the town; but such a lire of musketry was kept up
that the vesscd's sails ;ind rigging were cut to pieces ami
she drifteil hidplessly on the shore, where the militia
hoarded and caplnreil her, after killing three of the crew
.and wounding twelv(\ 'J"weiity-one prisoners were laken,
with three guns and upwards of three hundred stands of
arms. Sutherland immediately wiilidri w to Sug.ar Island,
w here he was visited hy the governor ot Michigan, and his
men dispersed. Sutherland himself heing arrested and
liieil, hut as was to he expecled. was accpiilted. This
ended Sulherland's attack on the west. Two of the guns
taken from the Anne were mountiMl on Fmi Maiden,
and the muskels wei vireinely a |itahle lo flie militia,
wlie sadly needed them. The third gun was jilaced on a
small s<diooner lilted up hy Captain N'idal. an exnavy
ollicer wilo had settled in the nc'ii;hh(iihoiii'.
ID. — Fully four thoiisaml mililia had hv this time as-
semhled along the frontier, amongsi wlium were ahout
(WO hiindi'i'd Delawari' Indians and a
,,,,,, 111 1 Aii'illiir nllcmplal
hodv 111 (MJiirrcl men w ho liad esenped r 1. 1 lnvanloii
lii'iM the South and sung,.' in I anada
that freedom for which they were now willing to light.
Although iiih'rly foiled ;ii every point, Mackenzie siill
m
I '!
fl
I,
!J.'
1
1
w.
ill \>
'i-lj
iS.'rlf
i;j2
TUTTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
pontiiiucd liis in;ul ilcsiifii i>f cimsiiiij more bloodsli(Ml anil
mill ill Ciiiiaiia, and. nioviiii; iiis licad-iiuarters to Water-
town, set himsrlf to Wdik (liirini; tin; winter to form Hun-
ter's Lodges, a seeret trea.son.alile soi'ietv sonietliin;^ like
the Fenian Oiganizatinn wliieli in later years the I'nilcd
States irovernnieiit allowed to o|)enly plan an attack on
Canada without the least alteinpt at interfereiiec. As it
was iii-4M+)7;so it was in 18;1H, and Maekenzie was allowed
to plot against a friendly power i|iiile as uii<lislurl)edly as
Slepheiis. ()".Mahony ami olliers were iierniitted in lH4iZ^
Karly in February, b'^'i.'^. Maekeiizie delerniiiied on a
continued attack on Canada t'roiii I'ciiir points, — Detroit,
Sandusky, Walerlown ami VeriiKUit, — -I lie last we have
already di'alt with in our history of Lower Canada. The
demonstration from Watertown was ;\ fiasco. The " Pa-
triots," as they termed themselves, to the number o." about
two thousand, under command of Van R<'nsselaer, of
Navy Islaiicl celebrity, ami a rou;;li named liill Johnson,
assembled at I*'reiicli Creek, on the St. Lawrence; but
findiniL; that llii^ ;;arii>oii and militia of Kingston were
prepared to give them a warm reception, they did not
cross over, and soon disperseil. The party from Detroit,
under coinmand of ^IcLeod, look possession of a small
island in the Detroit Uiver, but were easily dislodged iiy
artillery and retreated to l\u' AiiU'rican shore, wliere the
force was (piietly disarmeil and disperseil by the Aiueiican
government, now fiillj' alive to the fact that it could no
longer remain an iille spectator of these outrages on a
friendly jmwer.
20. — The m.'irandiiig horde from Sandusky was under
command of Sulherland, who with about (ive hiindrcil
men istaldisluMl himself on the small
Ili'f<>iitottliori'l)els ,, ,. • 1 1 r II • I. I ,
III I'uliit I'ele I«l- taiiailiaii island ot roiiit 1 I'le. alioiit
forty mills from Amherstbiirg, and twenty
from the niMinlaml. .Meanwhile a number of regulars had
arriviMl at tlu! Di'troit frontier, and ('<doml Mailland. of
tl'.e .'(2(1 regiment. determined on di>lod:;ing tin marauders
from Point Pele Island. The ice liad now taken lirinly,
and he rrossed Ins men on it and posted a portion of them
.so as to (;ut olf the rebel retreat to the Aineriean shori!.
I When the rebels found they Were surrounded, they fought
I stiilibornly, and the main bocly siii'ceedcil in lighting its
' way to the .\mericaii shore, after having ln>t thirteen in
j killecl. flirty wounded, and a luimlier of prisoners. The
I Hritish loss was two killed and twenty-eight wounded.
.So ended all these mw attacks in failure and iii>griiee.
During this ]ierioil Sir Francis Head had been growing
in disfavor with the Home government; his administra-
tion was not popular, and his recall was dcternined on,
His successor was Sir (ieorge .\ithiir, who had been
governor of the penal seiilemeiit of \'an Dieniand's Land,
and who arrived in Tnronto mi 2.'id March, IS.'iH, shortly
after Sir Francis had opened (he Legi>lalure. That gen-
tleiiian left almost imniedialely lor iMiglaml by way of
?^ew York, and very narrowly escaped assassination at
Watertown. X. Y., where he was recoguized by some of the
.Mackenzie sympathizers, and oiil\ escaped by reason of
his good horsemanship.
'•;. . CHAPTER XCV.
UPPER CANADA— GOVEHN.MFNT OF SIR
CFOROF ARTIHR.
1. TlIK " CllNSTlTLTIDNAI. RiCIOliM f.ItS " ASK MkISCV
KOis Till-; Ri:»F.i,s. — 2. Dki'kncks of tub Pautiks
Sti!i;ni;tiii:ni:i). Mciti'ii'iT, PuLicr towakds tiii-;
Ri'.iiKf.s. — ;>, .Si:i/.ri{K and IiIknim; of tiik .SV;-
Robert Pi'fl iiY Tiir, Rr.isKi.s. Oriii;K Oi;rnA(ii>. — 4.
Tmci.AST Ri;ni;i. Invasion. —">. Tiik Rr.ni;i.s attack
Pkkscott. Di:fi:at am> ('Ai'Tiiii; at Windmii.i,
Point. — 0. Tiii'. last Kffdkt of tiii; Rfiiki.s. Ex-
KlTTIONS AND 15 AXISII.M l:\TS. — 7. F.NIi OF MaCKKX-
zii;'.sCauf.i;i!. — -f^.TiiK Assr.Miii.v adopt ursot.UTiONS
FAVoiiiNii rsiov. Tiii'.v Ai;i; Ri:,ii:rrFD nv the
CorNcii.. — '.I. Passvi:i;of itii: Cnion I'.ii.i, nv noTFi
HorsFS. — 1(1. Ci.r.niiv Ri.sfkvfs. Last Paki.ia-
MF.NT OF riTFIi CANADA. 11. TlIIC I'nION AcT
PassKD IIV TIIK IJuiTISir I A I'M AMKNT.
1. — No further attempts were made by the rebels during
the month of March ami ,\pril ; but the Hunter's Lodges
were kept up ami .Mackenzie was still pre- .n,,. .,,.n„„ii,„.
paring for another attack. .Meanwhile """"I "''f''.'"";''""
' " iixk ii'j lor tlio
the jails ,'it Hauiillon ami Toronto were r.'luls.
mil d toovirllowing, having upwards of live hundred jiris-
oners in them awaiting trial-, which were now progressing
liefore a Special Coiiiiiii»ion jil Hainiilon and a court-
martial at Toronto. Tli.it porlion of the l>i I'orm partv
which had been too cautious, or too timorous, to join Mac-
kenzie in open revolt, now styled lhem>elves " Constitu-
tional Reformers," and took .advaiilagc of the arrival of
SirCjeorge Arthur to present him with a numeroiislv signed
petition praying mercy lor the live liiiinlred polilical of-
feiideis who were awaiting trial. Ibil Sir ( ii'or;;e .\r-
tliiir's experience in a com id setileineiii was not such as
Would predispose him to lean towards ihi' side of mercv ;
he brielly replied thai he had no inteiilioii nf interfering
with tlie course of justice; and retorled on the •■ Constitu-
tional Reformers " by reminding Mieiii that it was uiidi'r
the guise of refiiiiu ihat all the alnnitii s fur whicli llu.'.so
men Were to be iried had been ciiiiiniilled. ami thai in the
face of the blooiUhed and ruin lirouglil mi ih iiiiilry by
the " Relmiii" parly, he ihiiiinht il very improper to adopt
issassination at
:1 by some of the
!(1 by reason of
'<T OF SIR
ASK ^MkiiTY
riiK I'aktiks
TOWAliDS IIIK
1 OK Till-. .SVr
Oi;Ti!A<ii;s. — I.
{r.Hi:i.S ATTACK
AT WiMlMII.I,
Hr.iiKi.s. Kx-
T' OF .MaCKKX-
T HI SOLUTIONS
;(Ti;ii liv THE
lill.l, IIV IIOTH
Last PAiu.tA-
K Union A. t
lie ifbi'ls during
luiitcr's Tyodges
Till' " CoiiHliiil-
liiinnl |{cfnniii'r»"
ask iih rcy I'.ir Ihu
reliclM.
I' liuiicbid pris-
icnv |)r<);;rc>siiij;
n and a conrt-
' I>i roriii |iMrty
i>. to join Mai'-
Ivcs •• Coiislilii-
I" the arrival of
inciduslysif(lied
I'd poliiii'al of-
">ir (K'or^f Ar-
ivas not siii'li as
side of increv j
of inlerfcring
till' " ( 'oiislilii-
I it was midcr
III' ullicjl llli'-i>
and that in the
ihi' I'oiiiid'v liv
|irii|ii'i' to adopt
UPPER CANADA— GOVEHN'MKNT OF SIU (;i;()l!(;K AIMlIl 1{.
iXi
such a title at that time ; wliich weli-inerited reliuivc>
nia<le him unpopuhir with the loaders of tbc party ; but
tlicy had to be patient ; the people, whose homes had been
nitJilt'ssJy invaded, whose friends or relations had lu'en
murdered, and who had been made to suffer all tlie trials
:ind privations of a winter campaign, were in no humor
to be trifled willi. and lh<' party leaders w-re wise enough
to see that the less said about reform just tlien, the better
it would be for them in the end.
2. — The signs of the times were now undoubtedly in-
dicative of war. The dissatisfaction felt in tht States with
Dcfi'iiitsnf till' ri'irard to the Elaine bou'idarv nuestion,
fmutn-r siri'iiu' 11- ^ . 1 '
fiiiMi. MiT.iiiil and the excitement kei)t up by the press
lioli.'V t.nvar.ls , , . . , ,y ' ,. ,
tlm rulwls. over the destruction ot the tiiroline, made
it Inghly proiialile that war might be declareil at any
inomrnl. while the strong sym[)athy shown the rebels by
the Americans, and their repeated acts of iiostility towards
Cm id I, nil 1^ the C'lnadiaiis rather diisiroiis of having
an (nieiny whom they eould light fairly than a nominal
friend who was frequently administering a stab in the
back. Ill view of the threatening aspect of affairs
Sir John Colliorne. eonimaiider-in- '.ef, put the whole
frontier in as elUcieiit a slate of defence as possilde ;
the works at Kingston were strengthened; Fort Welling- i
ton. at Pi'i'scott, ■nderefl imi)regiiable ; Fort Maiden, at |
Ainlierstbuig was repaired and strengthened; large bar-
racks were liuill at London, whili! those at Toronto were
enlarged, ami l'"ort Mississaga, at Niagara, was put in a
thorough stale of defein.'e, while competent engineers j
were sent to all points where fortiiieations were rei|ni]'"d. I
As spring advanced and navigation opened, large rem- '
forcements from FvUgland arrivi-d at t^uebec, and were j
mostly forwarded to the Upper Province and distributed I
along the frontii-r; these, backed np by forty thousand
effective militia, enabled Canada to show a stronger front
than she had ever done before. The governmeiil had
been temperate in its tri atmeiit of the political prisoiuTs,
only two. Lount and Malhews. had been execuled for
treason, all the others found guilty hail had their sentences
commutetl to impiisoninent ; some were ac(piittc(l for
want of proof, and a large niiinber of the " >inall-fiy " had
been relca.-ed on their giving security for future good cjii-
Uuct.
;i, — The excilciiient allriidiiig the events of the winter
was somewhat subsiding, ami it was not expected that
S.l/.iinaiicl l.iiin- >I,i,-U,.n/ie woldil au'aill ulteiniit to dislnrb
llH; lit llli- .Sir/.'ii/.- . r . .
,/■/ /',./ Ik ill.' the province ; but that inis^iiidcd mall had
ri'li I-. OlIiiT iMil- ' ■
riiijfs. not yel seen llie nller liopclosiie: ' ol Ills
wild scheme, and so hmg as the I'nited Slates tolerated
Ilim lie eontinued to plot ;igailist the peace of Canada.
About May it began In be freely riiinored that another
attempt v.as to lie iiiaile by the iduls .w,,] ilii'ir Amer-
ican frieiiiU; but llie frontii r wa^ now so well protected
that no anvieiv was felt. I'ih' Ijrst act of ilie new drama of
war and bloodshed was played on the 20lh ^lay. when the
notorious Hill Johnson ami (ifly men Ixarded and eap-
tnrcd the steamboat Sir Robert Peel, one of tint finest ves-
sids in the St. Lawrence, while she was taking in wood at
Wells Island, on the American side of the river, about seven
miles from French Creek. The vessel Wiis bo.irded near
morning, the crew and passengers, amongst whom were
several ladies, sent on shore in very inclement weather,
the vessel pillaged and buriie<I, Johnson and his gang then
making good their escape to the American side of the river,
(lovernor Marcy, of New York, took pnnnpt measures to re-
dress this outrage, and offered a rew;ii'd for the arrest of
Johnson, but that worthy made good his escape to the Thou-
sand Islands, and managed to evade the hands of justice.
Here lie and jiart of his gang reorganized, and on the 7th
June made a desi^ent on Amherst Island, near Kingston,
burned their farm-houses, and carried of money and valua-
bles ; shortly after which he had the impertinence to issue a
proclamation acknowledging that he had buriicij the kob-
erl Pal, and threatening further outrages. Sir John
Colborne sent a body of sailors and marines to scour the
Thousand Islands and strengthen the posts along the fron-
tier, while the .\merican goveinnieiil sent a body of troops
to the front to prevent the organization of anv more armed
bands for making inroads into C.inada. Xol withstanding
these precauliniis a body of ruflians. under a man named
-Morrow, crossed the Niagara frontier, o\erjiowered a
few lancers and (ilundereil a house at the Short Hills of
a large sum of luoiiey and valuable property. Tliirtv of
this gang, with llicir leader, were captured in a swamp
wl'"ri' they had taken refuge, and Morrow 'vas snlise-
ili.cntly li'ied and hung. Other outrages occnrr(>d at Del-
.•nv;ire and at (Jodericli, where shops were plundered ; and
.Sir (Jeiegc Arthur i.-sned a proidamation forbidding any
pirxin travelling in the province without a proper ]ias.s-
piiit.
4. — As summer progressed the feiding of anxiety began
to be allayed. The American authorities were now
actively exerting themselves to prevent
ih(! fitting out of liosiile expeilitions in
llieir territory, and some altem|its to form
lililin^tcring parties were suppressed. The tour of L(M-d
Dm ham through the |)roviiiee gave the |)eople something
besides rebelliun to think and talk about, and llie reform
press .again began to di--cnss the (pieslion of coiistitnlioiml
reforms. .Some exciteineiil was caused by the escape of some
prisoners from Kingston, which was iiicre;ised by theesi'ape
from (^uidteeof Theller and Dodge, who had been captured
ill the vl;i«(';bnt niatlers were gradually assinniiig their
normal condition. This lasted until the fall, when Sir
.loliii Colbnine received accnrali' Information of another
intended iinasinn. and pail iif llic niililia was cilled nut
bv Sir (ieorge Arlliur. nil "i.'id ( )cinlier. This last attempt
Tlio last rubel iii-
viisiuii.
to invade Canada bv tin' rebels was ba-ci
ifie usual
■n
lii'ti !i
t'U
TlTri-K'S IIISIOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
'i
i! 'i
IM
|(l:in of till-on siinullaiicous uttncks at ilifTcrcnt poilits ;
KoluTt Nelson was to iiivailc Lower Canada liy way ol
Na|ii(i-\ ilk', while attacks woro to be made on Fort
Wellington at I'rcscott and Fort .Maiden, jit Ainlierstlnii;,' ;
but Sir John Colbornn was so well informed of the pro-
posed movements ami was so well able to meet tlieni,
that this last attemjit was even more hopeless than any of
the previous ones.
.'). — The 10th of November was the date selected by
the rebels for their next attack, and on that day a number
of armid men embarked on the steamer
I'nsieti. ii.fLut t/'"'"' ■Sillies at Oswego, amid the cheers
wlLumiVri'.iiLt. "f ''"''•• f'"'«-'"''« •""' sympathizers. On
her way down the river she took in tow two
schooners filled with rebels, which were cast olT near
Prescott. and they anchoreil about nndway lietweeii that
]ilace anil Oudensbiiryh. On tli(^ moriiin;; of the 12th
they were attacked by the armed steamer /•,'j-/>i:rimiiit.
which also firecl into the steamer Uiiitid Stitles, which
came out of 0:,fileiisliuiu'h to take the schooners in tow.
The K-rpi'ilmcnl haviiij,' injured one of her two ijuns had
to run into I'rcseolt to refit, and the rebels look advantage
of her absence to land about two hundred anil fifty men
at Windmill Point, near I'rescott. Imt out of the reach of
the !,'niis at Fort Welliiii;toii. The rebcK were commaiid-
ed by a I'ldisli refuijee named Von .Schnllz. and the
position they as^uincil was .a very stnniij one. The
windmill was larij[c and stroiiiily built, and was flanked liv
several stone houses and stout walls, which position the
rebels still fiiither strcniflhened by throwiiii; up earth-
works. Hero they awaited the arrival of the country
people they expected to join them, but 'hey were wofully
di-appninled, for none came, but on the contrary nearly
live hundi'ed militia hurried to I'rescott at once, .ind on
ihe inninin:; of the l-'ith. .Major Youiilt. supporlrd by the
lirliiriii and ('iiliniirij. armed steamers, miived to [he
attack of the rebids. The reiiels. finilili'^ ihev could not
esca|)e. t'onuhl desperately, but wei'i^ finally forced to retreat
to the stone dwellinj^s, where they Were allowed to remain
lor the ni;.dit, as the militia had no artillery and the jiruiis
of the schooners were too lij^ht to serioii-ly damaije the
houses. The Canadian loss was eiifht kilh'd and forty-
two Wounded ; while the rebels had thirteen men killed.
,1 iiumlpir wounded and thirty-two prisoners. The battle
was witnessed by a lari^e crowd 011 the American slioie,
a'ld several attempts to send over assistiiiice were made
but prevented by the arm' i| steamiM's. About this lime
ihe United States marshal ,ilso asserted himself and look
possession of the two rebel steamers and the tie^ Uiiiled
Stalls, so that the rebels in the windmill were left with-
out means of escape and abandoned |o their fale. The
next two days were spent in ijetlin^ u|) heavy artillery
finin Kini,fs|on, the militia and the armed schooner^
|ireventin)i any hope of escape or reint'nrcemenls for the
rebels. On the IGth, the heavy j;uns havinjj arrived, fire
was opened on the stone houses, which uere i|uick|y set
on fire, and the lebels retreated to the windmill, but find-
in;L.' furlluT resistance useless they surrendered at discretion.
one hundred ,ind thirty giving themselves up ; about fifty
were killed, many of whom were burned in the houses.
The Canadian loss was one killed .and five woumled.
<■'. — The hint attempt of the rebels was made against
Audierstburg. On the morning of the 4th December
about four hundred and fifty rebels
, , ,-. . ,,.. ,' Tlie List olTort nt tliu
cro.sseil from Detroit to \\ indsor. cap- rd'ois. K.veLutioiib
1 .1 11 -i' . 1 .1 anil baiusLiueiits.
tured the small militia gnari! there,
btwiied the steamer Tliami's and two houses, murdered a
negro who refused to join them, and marched for Sand-
wich, two miles distance on the road to .Vmherstburg.
While oil the march, however, the militia managed to
escape, and the rebels, in revenge, brutally murdered
Surgeon Hume, who happened to meet them, and brutally
mutilated his body. Shortly after the rebels were ut-
t.icked by Colonel Prince, with about two hundred militia,
and totally routed, twenty-one being killed. Four pris-
oners were taken, whom Prince had shot, but twenty-six
more captured afterwards were reserved for trial. The
loss to the Canadians was one killeii and two wounded.
The rebels were still strongly ported at Wimlsor, and
Prince thought it luaideiit to retire to Saliilwich until ho
received reinforcements ; and having been joined by some
regulars and a field-piei'e, he ag.ain advanced towards
Windsor. I'.ut the rebels had by this time made up their
minds that their cause was hopeless, and most of them
crossed to Detroit, while a few took to the woods, where
nineteen of them were found a few days afterwards frozen
to death. So ended the last invasion by the rebels ; but
the carnival of blood was not yet over. The clemency of
the government the |)reviousyear having been abused, the
policy of mercy was abandoned and stern justice nnti'd
out to those taken in arms. Courts martial were held at
Kingston and London, and numbers found guilty of trea-
son ; of these \o\\ Schultz and nine others, chiefly .\meri-
caiis, were executed at Kingston ; three were executed at
London, and a large number were transported to the
penal settlements at New Holland, .\ numlier of boys
taken at Prescott were pardoned and a'lowed to go
to their homes.
7. — Meanwhile the prime mover in all this scene of j
blood and carnage was at largo and likely to remain so,
although a large reward was ofTered
for his <-apturc; Imt iMackenzie was f;;;.;!;;' ^'"'"""•'"''
too wary to run the risk of the fate
which he knew would inevitably meet him if he was cap-
lured, and kept out of the way, going first to New York,
where he attempled to start a newspaper but failed ; he
next tried Ivochesler, bill the people there sjieeilily grew
tired of him, and he was arrested, tried and convicted of
; lr:ivinir Mrrivcd, ("hm!
rll ucrc (|iiickly set,
1^ wimlmill. Init fiiid-
•riilrrcd ;tt iliscivlioii.
Ives up : iil»)iu fifty
rned in tlic. liouses.
five \voiiiidc(i.
8 was made aif;uiist
the 4tli DiMciiiliiT
I
Tlie last olTort of tlio
■ rcl'i'ls. Kxecutious
anil banislinieiits,
houses, murdered a
inarclied for Saiid-
d to Ainliersthurg.
tiiiliiia iiiaiiayed to
Iinitally murdered
' tiiciii. and hrutally
he r<l)tls were ut-
ivo hundred militia,
killed. I'our pris-
hot. but twenty-six
■ed for trial. The
and two wonndiid.
I at Windsor, and
Saiidwicl' until ho
I'en joined l)y some
.'idvaneed towar.ls
ime made up their
and most of them
) the woods, where
; afterwards t'rozi'ii
jy the rebels ; hut
The eleinency of
.:; Ix'on aliused, the
irn justice meted
irtial were held at
mil ^niilty of trea-
ers, ehielly Anieri-
! were exeeiited at
runsported to the
V iiuniher of hoys
d a'iowed to no
all
this scene
of
ely
to remain
so,
:i"l i.f Maiken/lu's
art'or.
in
f he was c;
1'-
rst
to New Yol
l<.
er
lut failed;
le
re
speedily txn
w
aiK
convicted
of
'it.'
I I.
'in
ill ' 1
|)mniotiii;i; iirnu'il incur,. ions into Ippir (':in;iil:i. iind mii-
tcncfd t(i lijililfcn nioniiis' iniiiri-onitniit in Momof
C'iMUity jail iiiiil a (iin,' of ten dollars, lie <lff<ii(li(l liini-
scll'. and tried to i;ain tin' synipatliy of tlic Americans \>y
nandcrini; to tlicir anii-Uritisli fcdinj; and alinsini^ the
(|ueen : lie declared that I'lijier Canada was in a state of
anarchy at the time of the rebellion, ami tii;>t there was
ically no <,'overnment to rehel ai;ainst ; A her majesty he
said: •• I allirni that the j;iil has forfeited :ill riirht to rule
over any i>art of what she claims as her dipminions. I
was horn in the reii;n of her iniele, .•unl have lonj; been
tireil of their usurpcil tyranny." Still, to show his con-
si>tcin.'y, after his release, from jail lie )V;''it to Kni,'lalMl,
after being pardoned for his political offences, and returned
to Canada in l.S.JU. when he was a;.'ain elicied to the
Iloii^e of Assembly, where he served until lfS.')H. when he
resigned, lie died of softening of tin; bruin in ISHI.
H. — The Legislature met on 27th February, llSo'.l, and
Sir George Arthur, in opening the session reviewed the
relxdlion and pointed out what meas-
Tlid .\!<s.Miililv ndiipt .^ 111 . 1 .
riw)lulu,L,» lavoiiiiK Ures It Would he pi'opcr to ailo|>t.
t'liion. Tlu'V art: ru- ri o i .. .• . .1 .■ . t"
j,i,uabytl.«L-.nniril. He called attclit lo the i|Ucstlons ol
Clergy IJcscrvcs, cnniinou schooU. and
the resumption of specii! payments by the banks, who ha<l
suspendi'd during tlu' rebellion. Ueferring to the linancial
condition of the province he said it still remaineil in a
most un-.atisfactory condition ; but still he hoped the House
Would make provision foi' the large amounts he haci been
forced to spend in the defenic of tiie pro\ince. I'pper
Cainidiaii linanccs at this tinu^ were in aii\ tiling but a
healthy condition. The last public works whii'li had
been eiigiged in had run up a ilcbt of over £1.UU0.0U0,
the interest on which was about £Ci3,000 ])er annum.
The civil expenditure of the preceding year was £20.000
larger than the usual amount : and the deliciency in the
rusoiu'ces of till' province for the curi'cnt year would be
about So"'0.(MlH; it was, therefore. I'videiit that unless
some means was tak n to remedy this stale of alVaiis the
province mu>t eventually liecoine bankrupt, as it could
not go on boriiiu ing forever. One means of relief was
in a union of tlie provincr- and the a>-uin|ition of tin'
debt bv the joint [iroviiice ; tbi> plan became popular
after the report of the Karl of Diiiliam was publi-,lied in
the spring, and resolutions in fnvor of the union were
passed by the Assiuibly, but rejected by the Legislative
Council — where the Family Conip,iit still had control —
by a m.ijority of two. I'arliament was prorogued on 1 tth
May. alioiit the most important work of the session beiiii;
the as,-umplioii by the governini'iit of llie \\'e|land Canal.
I )uring this year the\arinus military works in progress
Were completed, and the defences nlon^ the frontier put
ill most complete order, so that Canada was never in a
better position to repel an attack from the only enemy
she is ever at all likely to come in conlact with, our neiiih-
bors to the south; and it is pleasing to think that an
outbreak with them now is one of those events which
do not come within the scope of probability.
0. — Sir .John Colbonie having been recnlleil, Mr. C.
I'oiilett Tlioinson 1 I,.ord Sydenham) was ap|)ointeil gov-
enior-general, and after Inniiiir met
the special Council of Lower C anada. li?;;-?r.:!ih'i,::S
and reeeiveil from them their consent
to the projected union, hi' visited the Upper Province,
arriving in Toronto on 21st November, and as-iimeil tem-
porary charge of the ailiiiinistration. Parliament met on
the .'id December, and his e.\cellencv in openin;; the
session inlDrmed the mi-mliers tlnit the project of a re-
union of the provinces would be iit once laid before tllelll.
Mr. Thomson was well aware when he came to Canada
that there would be (iji|iosition to tin' union >cheme to be
encountered from the Legislative Cniincil. In I,ower
Canada the constitution had been ,su-peiided ;iiid a special
council partially lilleil the ])lacc of the A->einblv and
Le;fislative Council ; about the consent of iliis bodv to
the union there was no doubt; the .Vs-eniblv of Ijiper
Canada had al its la-t session declared it>eh' in favor of
the iininii and. therefore, little dilliculty need be e.vpected
from that ipiarter ; but with the Council it was diU'ereiit,
that was the best stronghold of the Family Coiiiitact, and
with the union, away would go the power of the oligarchy.
Still the irijority ag;iinst the measure was not large, and
byjndiciruis inaiiaLTenient and the proiliiciioii of a dispatch
fiom Lord .lohn liu-sell. which made the union bill a
iroveriiineiit measure, ibi' slaiiiich loyalty of the bi;.'li old
Tory Family Compact was put to the test, either it must
vote for the bill or resign — and the majority preferred to
vote for the bill and it was a<'coi(linglv passed. On the
7tli December his excellency sent a messaije to the As-
sembly embodying the terms on whiidi the iininii was
proposed to be based, and after some dissension the House
adopted four resolutions embodying llie proposiiiiuis con-
taiiieil ill the goverii(U''s message, and tlie union of the
provinces was an acconiplished fact as far as the Lejiisla-
latures of the iirovinees themselves weii; concerned, and
only awaited the action of the imperial Parliament.*
* The j:ovt'riK'r in liis n"'ss;i[;t' to tli,* Iluiise iift'-r u'iviiii: ii^ tln' rra-
HiUirt f,»r tluMMiimi tlie fnrtK tliiu the cfnistiiuUoiM'l" l.nwi>r raiia>l;i h.-t,l
bi,'fn hiisiK'Htlt'il ami il,ai it was uiily hy a union ttiat rv|nfs«>ntativti
j,'o\«Tiinu'ni rouM lie ri'-i;rann'il lo lior : ami that l'|»|)fr t'anatla. by her
\a:il f .\|H.']iilitilre In pilhlii,' works Iiatl lu-ionii' so linain-ially eiiiliarra,sRed
th.at silt nlil not nu'i-t her ol»lin:iiion» lliiai*leil, |u,n'eeiled to e.xplaiii tlie
|>ro|i s. .1 Ii;i-is of I'liioii as follows:
*"'rhoiii>t of the toniirt of ri-union, to wliii-h the L'ovprnor-Keiifrnl ,le-
slr.n the 11 sent of the llous' of .AH-einbly. is ei|iial re|iresuntationa of
eai'h pno inee In a iinitetl l,e^]slat.iiri,>. ('on,si<lerinL^ the ainoiiiit of the
pojiulatioii of Lower I'aiia*!;), tliis proposition iiii;'lit se,'in to phiee ili it
pro\ ineo in a less fiivorabli- position ilian t'pper i aii;iila but. uinler tbi'
»-ileiinistanees in wbirh lliis provim-,- is plaeeil. wiili ibe inert asinu' pi'pii-
lalion to be v\] ti-'l fioiii iniiniL'ratiori, ami li,.\ iiij re;iar'l to tlie r-oni-
inerei,-il anil a;;rienliurai enterprise of its inhabiiai>is. an e<inal appolnt-
iiieiit of ri-presentaiion appears desirable.
"Tlie seeoiid Rtipulatioii to be made is the;;rantof a siillieimt eivil list.
;il
,1 I
;!■!
m
„•.._-. ,1
436
Ti rn.r.s iiisrnuY ok tiik dominion oi' ( anada.
10. — Till' iii'xt i|ii('»ii(ni wliicli i>('cii|iii'il till' attfiiliiin of
rui:-<i! (i llic pcfr;ii.'c iiihIci- tin- titlf of I
tlin IIiiusi', iit'tir llic I'lm^iilriMtiiMi nf tlic iiiiinii Itill wuh
:iiMi 'I'ori'MtK. anil a|i|ioinl('i| governor of
till' vcmmI III 1' ilic ('!iT''v I{i"-ervi-i ;
l.iidi l'arlininiiii..f aiiil fiirlv III .l:illllMrv. IH 1(1, S.ilhMtiir-
( air.iila. An (■mill as ilm passage of
linpcriat I'arlianu'iit wa'^ known. Iioti
( iiinrij |)r:i|>i r MilriiiliKfcl :i lull iiii|M)\Mr-
; pniLiriiiu' t'.n- t!i.' tifi-tion-. urils for w
iii;; till' i_'ii\ciiii>i' III >ill llii' Ivi'^iTvc^. till' |iii"-r((U In
i liiaii'ly al'iri' till' pi'iM'lainatioii of ll
lie ili-pip^i'd lit .IS tiillmv-i : |i:il'I nl llii' |iiiii'iiil> to !i' '
l''i'lirilMrv. ami lii:i'l" I'i'tiiniulilc on Mth
aiililii'il III till' |i:lVllli'llt III' lllii^f rlrl';;\ IIU'II iil tlir (llliri'll '
i<f Kllirl'iiiil III ivllllin till' iTllWII \V:IS llli'll"l'll : III' til"
Ivvi'i'iilive {'idiiiill. consi-tini; of .Mi'^-sr^
It.ilv. 1 lin-risiiii. (>"..i'ii. Dr.'iiii'!-. H:ililu
^aron Syiloiiham |
till' I'nivincc of j
till' liill ill tli)i |j
I partii's lit'ifan p
Iiirti wiri' i'i-iKMl I
I Dili
II' iiniiiii III!
.\plil. \ MI'W
Siillivaii. Diinii,
III anil
l>:
IV was
ri'iiia
iiili'r one half to yn In ilii' rliiiri'lii's of Miiiilaml .-iimI
It >ii!nnioii('i
1. ']•
ir liii'limis wi'i'c Will i'iinli~lii| am
orin iii.'i|iiril\. thf
Scotlaiiil ill proporliiiii 111 llii'ir niiinlii'rs ; ami sin' r''iii.iin- |' n-^iilti'il in thi' rt'tiirii of a small rcfi
inu; lialf to ln' ilistrilniliii ainoiiL''! 'In' ollii'r rrcoiini/iil |i I'lnisiTvalivr- ri'tiirniii:.' a \vry n'spcctalili- iniiioritv ami
C
iristian I'linri'li
•-. ill iii'iipiiiliiin wiili ill -ii' annual iiiivali' j ilic Kuinilv Cnnipart oiilv scciir
iiii; si'vcii Mats ; It was
conti-iliiiliiiiis for till' sii|i|iiii-i of ilirir iiiini-lri's.
'I'lii' liill thus (niili'iit. finm ilif t
wo i;i'fat parties in 1 \i[
I'lipii- Can.'ula !
a inajoiiiy of liirht. lint it hy no ini'aiis j' iM'iii;; so cvi-iily niati'luil. that llic I'"riiiili Caiiaili
was pa^scii
sati^lii'il 'III' Ui'fiM'iii party, ami tin' cliT^'y ri'Vi'iiiii's con-
tiniii'il to is'wi- a iiiioil ilral of tnnilili' fm' many yrai'~ to
coini'. I)iiriii;i this m'SnIoii a ilistinrt cxpi'i'^siiin of iipinion
was <'rn'iti'il from tin' jiovi'mor on tlii' siilijrrt of ri'spmisi-
•iiilicrs from Lower Caiinla roiilil holil ilic 1
i.'ilam'i' 01
r in 'hi'ir lianilN
Liiii'-ton liail lii'i'ii si'li'i
till' ifiivtriiini'ii
t. In rrplv to an aililrrss from the II
iin^e
I'twl as
rovince,
he re|ilieil " that he liai lieeii I'nmmanileil liy her majisiy
the new seat of jjiiveriiment for the I'niteil 1'
ami the liist se-.>ioii fif the lirst I'.'irliameiit of the I'rovinee
III l.'iili June,
ili-hiil the olliee of i
if (aii.iila was siiiiiinnneil to meet tin
is II. TIk
to ail
minister the uovei iinniit in ai-eiinlaiii-e with Ilie wel
iilerstoiiil wishes of t1
le liiii
<l t
pie ; ami to ])ay to their
feeliiiizs, as expresseil tliroimli their representative-
le iinioii if the jiroviiiees .il
lieilteiiailt-''oveiiior
1- for V
Can
ami Sir (ieorge
-Vrllnir was theiel'ore relieved from ollire. As a tiitinj^
termination of the Iiistorv of the I'lininee of I'liiier
s iiistlv line to them." Slmrtlv afier i ' Canail
ilelereliee llial was )
this .\iliiriiev-( ieiieral Ilaiiernian. who hail voteil ai^aiiist
thi
I)
I we i;IVe
a list of it^ ;,'overiioiN anil ailiiiiiii-tralors
liill.
was raiseil to
the lieiii'h, .Solii'itiir Geiier.il
raiier was m
iile attornev-seiieral, ami Mr. Uolii
Halilwin was appointeil solii'itor-ireneral. The la^t
SI'N>lilll o
f liie la-t I'arl
lameii
t of riiiier Canaihi
l.v t!
le iioVeriliM'
iiiir on lOili 1'
elirnarv, who eon
I'l'aiiilateil till' lliHise on the aimiiint of i^iinil ami iisefnl
work it hail ilnne.
11, — 'riie eonsent of the provinr-ial I/e^i^latiires to the
union havim; Iieen reeeiveil in Kii;:laiiil while I'arllamiiii
■ri,.' iiii..ii.-i,t
was 111 session.
Iinss >l li.v till' Ifril- i
»li I'alliaiin'iit.
•ll tin
Lord .lolin linssell iinm
lititely iiitrodiii'i'd a hill providintj for il
la^-i'd liolli Iloii-es ai
It .111 L'.-;.! .Inlv. IS 1(1. hut liv
llliliill wine
ll
SIlspcH'OI
v I'laiise it did not ^o into ell'ei't until the |() h
Fell
IS 11. Tl
dint of .Mr. Tl
It »ati-tai-liiiii til the
1 liiiiii
imii-iiii ;;.i\i
•i\eriinienl. a'.ii ii ■ \\a-
Ttic pvcipriety iif romliTiiiK ilir jmlii ial lii'iidi iml'in'iiili'iit nliki^ nf ilii'
exi'iiilivi' aiiilllM' l,.'j!islaiivi'.a.i.lipf tliii luriii-liin;.' 'lie iii.ansot i
anyiMiJ!
on till' niili-i"'iisaMi' s.'i\ h <•- of i|ii. i;..viTiimiiii. ailniil-- of no .|iii'siioii,
unit lia^ li.'cii aMiriiK'il 1>.\ ih'- I'.'irliaiin'nt of ('|i|>t-r i 'aiia«la in tlh> ariH
pn-si'il liv tlii'iii I'T .'Iti'i till;: iliiis.' .iliji'i'is. Jn .[■■i.Tinininj.' Un' ainonnt of
tlie civil list. Ilio llo'isr i'f A si'iilily may In' assnnil llial llu- ^alaiion aii'l
In- pai'l from it wil. lit- fali'iilatfl liy li.-r ni'ij-'st\*> i;M\,>in-
-noni\ aii'l tin- stalo of iho I'roi in. i;il
I-'X|1"'I1S'*
nii'iii with a ^llit■l ii>;^anl to
llnaiiii'>.
" 'I'll ir< liy. Ili.'g'Vornor-uoihMal is propar.-tl to ri-foiniiionil t-' I'arliamonl
tliai >o iniohof 111.' l■\l^lilll.Ml. 111 of rpp.'n 'ana<la as lia- 1 n c..iitrai-li'il
for p'.ilill'' works of a it' lal n.iliov. slio.il.l. afl.T 111.
"H. i'o <'liart;i'il
on llo' j"'int ri-M'iiHf of th'- nnitfit pro\ in.'
th.: works f.,r wlii.li il.is ilrlil was
must r'-siill from ilh-ni to l.io.tM-Caiiaila, it is ii.it unjust that that piM\ t
elio.ilil li'.-ar a proportion of tln'ir fttpens s."
OS. AilM-rtin^ to tho iritarr
.'li-il. anil Iho aihaiilijo wliiili
d'irillL' the llftv vetirs of it^ e\i-.telii'e
Lieut, (iiiv.
1. rresidellt
Col. .1. (i. Siineoe
lion. I'ller Kii-so
( Jelieral I'etir llllliter . .
IIiill. .Me\. ( liant. I're-iilellt
Hull. Frtimis (iiire .
Sir NatK' liriiek. I'li-ideiit
Sir I!. II. SliiMlTe. I'
I7'.f.>
IT'.i-.'
I ;:»'.)
I so,')
ISdCi and IS I
fi'-iiliiit
!'.
1'". I), lioll.
resilient
Sir ( iordoii Driimniom
Sir ( leiil-'.'i
Sir
.Ml
ISl 1
1M13
1 S 1 3
l,S13
islo
l''ieileriik 1'. Iioliiiison ISl;
Hon. Saiiil. .Smith, Adiii.
1S17 tind 1820
Sir I'ei'i'orine .Maitlaiid 181S and 1820
Sir .lohn Colliorm
Sir V. II. Ile.l.i .
Sir (ieoroe
Artlr
• • •
IH-i.S
Is^G
1838
CHAPTER XCVI.
.\()\ A SCOTIA— 1''110M 1781 TO 181G.
I, \'i-ir HI I'ltiM 1 William lli:NnY. Imit.ai n-
M:-.\r (11 .liiii.i:;
-J. Aruival ok Tin: Dlkk ok
III' II Af. Suit' /.tl Trihtiiic.-
Tiik.
M
.\ SAl.nil Of IlIKIl! IIlSTOKY. — 4. Hk-
lion Svili'iihiim
IN' I'rov iiirf of
III' liill in tli*>
|Kirtics lifir.in
ill wij'i. i«sii(.(l
iiiiiiiii nil Kiili
A|iiil. A nriv
■illlliv:!!!. Dlllin.
mil ll.iy was
I ((ihloii'il mill
I iii;ij(iiity. till?
• MiiiiDiiiy and
I MMts ; if U'as
I [ipir Caii.ulii
mil (aliailiaii
I 111' lialaiicc of
I'fii srii'i'tcd us
itril I'l'ovilico,
r till' I'riiviiico
I'll I.'Slli Jiiiii',
III! rlir (itlii-c of
ml Sir (M'lU'iio
As a tiitinj;
inco 1)1' I'liiKT
ailiiiiiiisti';i|iirs
I
. . . 17'.ii>
. . . I7i»2
. . . l7'.Mt '
. . . ISO.-, I
I HOC. ami \s\r, |
. . . ISIl !
. . . lHi;j
. . . isi;}
. . . i,si;{ '
. . . IKI.^
. . . isl,-,
1817 ami 1820 i
1818 ami 18l'0 '
. . . 18-.',s
. . . \H3ti
. . . 1838
) 181 G.
Imtkai II- I!
IIK Dl KK (IK j|
>ll/r. — ;). 'I'lIK 'I
oitv. — 1. l!h- ii
NO\A SCOriA— I-KOM I7st TO isiC,
I.;:
vii'.w 111' Tin: (lovr.itNMi'.Nr <ii- Sii: .Iuiin Wi'.nt-
Wiililll. — .'l. ( loVI.KNMI NT OK Sll{ (il.iiltiil, 1 'i! I VI i« I .
( iiMMl M l.MI \ I iiK IIIi; I'KiiVINi IM. i il 1 1. HI \i:. —
(■>. CaI'IAIN HlioKK I'ltKI'AlCINd In l'"li;llr ANV Amii!-
irW FltlliATK. 7. ni!<>Kl;'s CllAI.I.KMiK TO TIIK
C/irsil/liil/.r. — S. Km; ACKMKXr IIKTWKKN Till, C/liSa-
priiki' \yi> S/iiiininii. — 0. 'I'lIK ('A»rAi.riis. Di.aiii of
Caitain I-aui;kn(K. — 10. Siit .Ions SimimikookkV
il'trr liiiii;; li;;liH'iicil Iiv llir(i«in<; Ikt ;;iiiis (iviflmarc!.
■iml iniji'avorcil to iiiakr Inr way intotlii' liailior. .Mcan-
wiiili' a stl'iili;; iTiili' li'i'iii till' >iiiilliravt liail s|ii iin;; up, ami
it was fiiiiiiil iifi'i--aiy to i'a>t aiirlior. lint tlii' am'lior
ilniirUi'iLaml aliiiiit liall' past ti'li tlir ship travc a liiii'li ami
wi'iit liiiwii. anil allimiiuli slir was so mar ^linri' lliat tlii'
ri'ii's lit' iliDx' nil liiiai'il I'liiilil ill' tiranl. the wimiIh'I' was so
' liail that 111) a^^istaiii'i' rniilil l)i' rrmii'i-ccl iici'. Maiiv nf
KXI'KDITION AIJAINST TIIK S r \ f K OK .M A I \ K. I TS ; I llr Ulllol'l llllall' I'l'lW I'lllllL,' tiitill' lil'liilll.' Inr l|
lint
Snx'Kss.
1. — Til' liistnry nf Nova Srntia aftir ilic si'paration of
It fi'oiii N"W Iiniiiswii'k ami Capi' Mii'inii. in I7sl. prc-
Vinlt of I'';iiio scuts I'l'W salii'iit pniiils tin- ^nnii' years.
liii|!.'a"liiiii''l'Mil ( mii'i' till' jiDVi'riiini'iit ol Eilwaril Kaiiiiiii!:, a nilniiy at I'rc-lnii nf almiit livr linmlinl Marnnns,
•''"''-'''*' Ks(|., till' I'nioiiy pio^'ii'ssiil fa\tiial)ly w lin wcri' l)ii)ii;;lit Iroin llir i-lami of ,1a
from 178.'{ to 17'.ll. iiml tlir pain'ity nf ^irat items to I iiiaiea. w Imd' liiey had ^iwn iniieli trniilj|i.. \ sU.i.iic.r iln'lr
t'liroIli<'ll' is the liest e\ idenee tliat the |ll()\illi'e was at I Tlle^e Marnnll> \\r\-r ij. -erli.lalll^ nl ihi
Wile all w;i-hed niV nr I'ell i Ahaii-ted into tln' -ea. exeept
ei;;hl. W Im Were re>eiiiil iii'M li|ii|-MilH.'. the lir-t person to
U'l) III their as>i^lalli'e lieill;; a llii\ of lllilteen. hIid Went
out alone in a sKilf and >iii'eeeded in sa\iiir 'wo men.
i.^'riie year 17'.M'. was niarlved hy an alti nipt to t'nini
ppacc and iindistlirhed liy reliudoils or pnlilieal dis^iMisions.
Tilt! event whiell eailseil nio^t exeitellleiil ami ple.l-lll'c Was
the arrival. DM Itii Oeinlier, l7.Hf;. of Il.lMI. I'rinee Wil-
-laves of ihe .S|iaiii-!i wiin mIiim d In ijuil .laiiiaiea w hen
the inland was eniiipiered liy ihe I'.riliNJi in 1 ('>.')■'). hiil took
to the niniiMlaiii^. where ihev >iil>-i~lei| |ii'iiiei|iall\ mi wild
liaiii Henry, afterwards Wiiliaiii I\'., wlm remained three i imu"^. fmiii wliicji ihey derived their name nf Marnnii^. or
Weeks ami then left for the \\'i'st Indies, reiurniiij; in hnj.'-|innters. l'"i)r many years tliey hara~>ed and aiimiy-
Jiiiio ami a;;aiii in Oclolier. Tiie city |)iit on ipiile a fes- ed the planters, and at last iinilinu' under a leader naineil
tivo ap|)caniiice during; his vi-il. and a i;rand hall uasj;iveii t ( ndjne, lieeaine so trniihle-nine that the lton einineiil -cut
him at (lovcriiment House. .Aliuh cxeitcnu'nt w. is canned ! a iletaeluiient of l roups, urn ler Cnionel (imhrii'. In -ii|ipre>s
ill 1788 i)y charijcs of inaladmiiiistration lieiiij; liroin;lit
airainst .Iiidj^es De^cliainps and nrcntoii, at the instance
of .Sierne ami Tavlor. altornevs. The eliari'es were ex-
liniii. (iillliiie siu'ceeded ill liiakini; ti rm- willi (iidjoo
j hy which the .Maroons wero allowed a -ort of indepeiid-
1 eiice. certain land.- Ix-inj; a--ii;iied ilieni. and lliev liavini;
iliuiiied into hy liie Cnuiicil and declared imt prnxeil ; lint ' tiieir nwii mainiers and i-ii-tnin-. This eniiliiiiiecj for
the inipiiry not t;iviii^ j.'enei'al satisfaclinii. the mailer was almiit lifly year> ; hiil in 17'.l.') liie Marnniis heiame dis>at-
referred to II. .M. Privy ('oiincil and the jiidj;es liniioralily
acipiitted.
'2. — Mr. John Weiitworth arrived at Halifax as iriivcr-
nor in 1792, and at oiici' dissolved the asseinhly, which
Airlv.-il c.f 111,) had sat for seven years. There was no
Illlkt' t»t' Kent. .. I".' 1 '. . • .1 I
I.(n» lit II. M.S. t'aiise lor |iolilical excileineiit in those ilays,
'•" '''''''•""■■ and the elections piv-ed nif very ipiietly,
while the soveriior. ill a letter In the I Ionic secretary, coin-
pliiiieiiicd the house on the Imsiness like iiiaiiner in which
it iMimucted its traiisactiniis. In May, 17'.tl, H.H.H.
I'rii Kdward, afterwards Diikeol Kent. and tliefatherof
her present majc-ty f^neeii Victoria, arrived at llalii'ax,
where he remained for some time. An event which threw
a temporary tdnoin over Halifax, was the loss, on 22d
Xoveinhor, 17',I7, of II.M. ship Lii 7'n'//iiiii: near Ilerriii;:
Cove, and out of a crew of two hiimiied and forty men,
with some women and children, oidv ei;;ht livt's were j Leone, where iliey ri'iiiaimd for alioiil Inriy years : Iml ihey
*aved. /.(/ 7V/V<i^»f' was a line Inrty-foiii-unii fiiijate which j : had always fn-leri'd a Inve for their nalive i-lami,
Aiad latelv lieeii caplnred from the French, and was com- [! ami ahmil l.s.lii liei:aii rciiiriiin;;- to .lamaica, so that liy
liianded hy Caplain ISarker. .She w.is on Ikm' way from |1 IS II their inimher in Sierra [,eoiie had deci'ea-ed from
Torliay to (^iiehc, acting as convoy to a Meet ; hut hecotn- j' nine hundred to aloul seveiily, the halanci' ha\ in;: L'one
i.-fied on .several jrruiimls, and at last hroke into open
rehellion. After liein;: pursued intlieii iiinimtain leiiiais
hy iloj^s, they >iihinitted tn (leiicral Walpole. wlm made a
treaty with tlnni that lliey >iionld not In; removed from
the island, wiiich treaty was shamelessly hioken hy the
ISritLsh ■^ovcrniiieiit the I'nilowiiiii year, and the Marnnns
tratisjiortcd to Nnva Scniia, wlnri' lliey were seiiieil in
j the towiislii|) nf I'resinn and a I'mte-taiit cleriryniaii and
a sclinnjnia-ler appointed to in>liiict them. The ^rnverii-
; meiit nf .laiiiaica at lirst aljnwed tni pmiiids a year I'or
I each man. woman and child lor their support. Imt alter
doinj; this for three years refused ,iiiy fiirlheraid. W hen
the irovcrnnicnt of Nova .Scotia, liiidin^' that the Maroons
were ht'cominj; a heavy tax mi the |irnviiiee. appealed to
the Home iinve|iinii-iil. and the iiiifnrliiiiale .Maioniis weri!
a;:aiii tran-porled in the fall ol ISIMl, liiis time In Sierra
iiit; detached from her charu'c she ran on Thrum Cape
Shoals. Hoat.s were .sent to her relief, and she was I'ot otf
hack to their iialivi' place.
■I. — 'iovermii' Wciiiworlli. wlm had Imih iviii^liled. ad-
I
I 'i'l
J
I I
1:1
'•'11
II
Ii
1:IS
jrrri.i'.s iiistoky of tiii-: dominion of Canada.
ministei'cd the affai's of tlio prnviiicr for-ixtPfii year-;, on
llic «liiilc vrrv sali-faiMcii-ilv, llii' pi'oviiicr
IliMh'M nf tliPROV- . • I i' •
iTi Ml.'iil ,.f sir pi'D^lirriM"' Mild till' pcolilc bulll^ COIltt'lltcil
.Ji.liii \V<ntn..rtli. , , ,,., , , '.• ■ ,
aiiil happy. I he (luiipiiMk ol war with
FratiiT. ill IT'.l.'i. anil ihr 'uiii-iipiciit arrival of thi' Diiki-
of Ivfiit. iiifii^i'd a mirlial s|iiiit inln ihr pmplr. and a mi-
litia was I'driiiid wliirli did jiical cri'dit in tlit> pruviiici'.
Sir .lolm Wi'iitwnrtli was a line spi'ciiiu-ii (if a liiiih Tory :
ililoilsi'ly loyal, lie xva> rX('rrdiii:.dv ji'aloiis ol' aiiylhiiii;
wiiii'h ill till' slii;litc'st di ;;ri'(' appcariil toliiin as oiu'roacli-
iii;,' oil till' pri'io;;,itivi's of llii' I'rowii. lie was a strmn;
opponent of piililic nu'clim;s, wlii> h always sinackid of
rcliidlion to liini. and tor soiiio years hi' persistcnilv coni-
pla II rd to till' I loiiii' i.Mvi'rniiii-iit of .Mr. ( nllriihain Tolii,'!'.
.1 proiniiiiiit lawyi'raiid nn'iiilii'r of the .\>seiiilily. I aii^e
he was fond of disen-^in;; pnlilie iiiatle''s at length in that
Imdv ; ;iiid in ]X'.»'i. \\lirn .Mr. Tonui' was ri-eleeted speak-
er. Sir John e\ereiM'd the royal |iri'roi.'aiive for the liist
time and refused to iei'o;^iii/e him. and a new spiaker
'Vas I'lin^i'ii, lie was a siroiiij supporter of the eliiireh.
and lioa>led that the (hiireli of I'°.iii;land had no liriiier
friend tliaii lie was : ,'iiid ihroii'^li his exertions Kinir's
College was e.talilishi'd at WiinKor in the interest of the
eluirch. all other deiioiiiiiialinii> lieiiij; excluded. Sir .Inhn
was an aeeoinplished j.'entleinaii. very ainialile in private
life and lii;;lily respected, so that on his lieiii;; ^ii^peiided.
in iSdS, Iiy .Sir Oeori;!' I'revo^t. the I.e^islature voted him
J.'.")tlOa year, to which the Home ;,'ovi,'riiineiit added another
£.^00.
5. — Tlie administration of Sir Genrso Prevost. which
lasted until lHll,\vheii ho was called lo the uoveriior-
geiieralsliip of Canada, wa.s lait marked by any very iin-
, , I'lrtaiit events. On his urrival ho ni.-ide a
(liivcnmi'i.' lit '
Sir ■ iviui' I'lv- tour of the province and expressed hiiii-
viiKl I iiiiiiin'm'o- ,. , . , , , , . , .
iiii'iiiiii III.' I'm- sseli as nii;;nlv pleased witli its prosperous
vii'riul luiililiiiir. ,..'"'-, , , ,
rondition. (. rops were alpiindaiit. trade
and coininei tloiii'i>liiii^'. and the liiinlier tr'ide with I'",ni;-
laild sic'idily iiicrea-illLT. lie due- not -eeiii. lio\M'\el'. to
have eiiiert.'(iiied a \erv hiuh opinion of the lovaliv of the
people, fi'i- in a de- pa I I'll to the Home L;nM-innieiii he -avs :
" lii-r tie- to the pai-i'iit -tale are llm-e of m-ee"iiv and
conveiiieiiee rather than of e;ratitiiile and all'ection." On
the l"_'tli .\iieii-t. IHI I. Sir ( ieoriie laid the foundation stone
il' the I'rov iiii'ial liiiiMiie^. and in doiii;.' so said ; " .Ma\
the liiiildini: which -hall arise from this fonndalioii perpet-
uate the lo_\alty and lilieralily of .Nov.i Scotia." 'I'lie
layiiiiiof the I'oniidation -tone u a- conducted with ma-oiiic
honor-, and wa- a verv ifiand alfair. War with the rnited
Stales licin^ now inevilalile, ii (ir-t-class military ollicer
Wits needed lo eoinmaiid the forces in Canada, and Sir
(ieol'ire I'revo-t wa- promoted lo the i;overnorship of thai
province, his place in Nii\a Scotia lieiny; taken hy Sir
,lolin Coapc Slierlu'oiike.
Ii. — Sir •John arrived at llalifa.ii on Ilitli Ocloliei, IS! I,
and noihim; of iinport.ince occurred until the followinj;
.Inne. when war airainst Kni;laiid was declared liy the
rnited Stales. Parliament was at once cni.i:!!!! Uroltu
i snnimiined.alid met on iMst .luly. when the J,\Vv''v',i".7i',.',',|''''''''
necessary pro\ i-ion- for the war vere made, fi';;'!'''-
I XS.IMMI were voted for liloek-holi-e-. I'l'-.'.OI II) for iiiilitj.a
piiipose-, and provision was made for liorrowiiiLT £.'iii,UI)l)
lor ;;eneral defence. '|"he war eaii-ed L'leat activity in
Halifax and i;ri'atly lieinliied trade. \e--el> of war wore
eon-tanlly arriving ; leliers of maripie and privateers were
fitted out : many prizes were liroiiLilil in .iiid -old. and money
was very plentiful. The .Vmericans. althoie.di pos-es-in;.'
a very iiisiMiiitlciiit navy as compared with the Hrili-h. had
yet lieeii \ci-y-ii '-slid in sinijle eiicoiiiitcr- with Fiijli-h
ships, and several had lieeii c.'ipluied liy their frij;ates,
which Were mostly armed with iieavy i:uns and were more
pouerful vc—e'- than the I>rili-li. Tlie-e defeats rankled
ill the minds of I>iitish nav.d otiicers -o lonn accii--
loined to ■• sweep the seas," and in none more mi than in
hat of the uailaiit Captain ISroke. who commanded the
Sliduiinn, and wlio-e feelings are expie—ed in a letter to
I his wile, in which he says : ■• We mu-t catch one of these
iinat .\merican ships to send her home lor a show, that
people ni.iy see what a creature it is, and that our fi'i^'ate.s
have t"oiiL;lit very well although very unlucky." Know-
in;; ili.it the Americin frii.'alc- cariicd heavier metal than
the Urili-h, Ilroke set him-elf to work lo counter.ici that
'. superiority hy carefully training' his men so that the
I nipidity and accuracy of their lire miitht eompensate for the
i;reater weii;lit of metal thrown hy the enemy. Kvery
day the men were exercised at the i.'iiiis for an hour or
two, and twice a week had target practice ; and in order to
cncourajje the men lii-oke offered a prize of a pound of
toliacco for every liuirs-eye. At leiijjth, Iiaviiij; !.'ot his
nieii all suMicicntly trained, he sailed from Ilalil'ax on "Jlst
M.ircli. l.Sl.'i, in company with the Teni'dos. iind cruised
I olY IJoslon harlior. w here he ordered the 'JViirtlos on a cruise
1 and no' to rejoin him hefore the 1 lili .Iiiiie.
7. — There Were two American fri;.'.ites in Hoslon
harlior when Uiok.' arrived olV it, ,lie /'/cs'/i/c/i^ and Co/e
i/rrss. lull they Imtli iiiaii:i;:ed to make
I their escape duViii- a foir. and what aiiin.v !'';;':''rl''''!l,'''',f '
I I'd him more w.is th.il the < '/iisn/irn/.r.
\xliieh had 1 11 cini-iiiL' in the W'l -t Indie- ihiriiii; the
winter. Ljot into the harlior wilhoiit his .-eeiiii; her, .\ftPr
I he I'oiind that the ('liisujnnhf had jjol into harlior, Iiioke
-lilt several verliil iiie--aei'- to her commander invitiiii;
him to collie out. and receivinj; no reply, dispatched
Captain Slocuni. a di-eliarucd prisoner, on the nioriiiii;;of
Isl of ,111111', with a formal elialleiii^e, in writing', to the
eomin.'inder of the C/ii'Sii/fidi'. He said: •' .\s the < '/ii\i'
ii/iiii/iC appears now ready for sci. I reipie-t you will do
me the favor to meet the Sliiiiiiinii with her. -hip to -hip.
lo try the i'ortunc of our ies|iecli\e lla;;-.. I'lic S/niiiiinii
the followiii};
ii'hircd l)y llii-
Iiif|i;iriri;: l"> ti^»ht
:inv Anit'iii-uii
fnt:!il<'.
,()0(( fnr nii'iiia
uinj; £;i().0(IO
ri'Mt nctivily in
I'ls of wiir wvro
piivnliifs Wert'
■iiM, :irii| inmii'y
tlji' llrili~li. Ii;i<l
llicir IVi;;:ilc'S, j
Mini Well' IllDH! I
IcfiMis i;iiiklfil
■n loii'4 UCi'US-
iiorc M) tli.'iii ill
i'(iiiilii:iM<)i'i1 till'
I III M li'ltrl' to
hll dlic' ill' lill'sft
Idl' ;i .'•IhiW. lililt
lilt our fliir:it('«
llrliV.'' KlioW-
iviiT n)rt:il tliill)
i-iiiiMlir:ict tli:it
'II so tli.'it llic
npiMis.ito for tlie
enemy. Kvt'ry
for an lioiir or
; ami in onlcr to
' of a poiind of
liaviiii; i;ot Ills
Halifax on 2ist
l<is. ami cruisutl
/!('(/(/« oil a cruise
11!.
;U('s in lioslon
■si'i/i'iit ami (^i)ih
r.lnlM'N I'IimIIi'III!)'
I.. ||].- ( /i. .«r/»iiA'i.
iliiN iliiriiij; the
'iii'.^ licr. Afipf
11 ll:ll'll(ir, iiiiikc
iiiaiiili'i' iiiviliii!;
■|ily. cli>|p;lti'llt'il
II till' iiioniiii^' of
u ill in;;, to ilu'
•' As lilt' / '//('«.
Hot you will ilo
irr. '•Iil|i III >lii|p.
'I'llr SlinlUliill
NOVA S( OriA-riJdM 17s I TO IMC,
4;i;i
nimiiits twnnfy-foiii- •j,\\\\> mi Inr lnnaclsidc. ami li;;lil lioal
jliins. <'i;flit('('li poiiinliis. iijKiii liiT main ilccU. ami lliirly-
sjiraiiij iipcHi till' iiii'iiiv's ipi:irlrr-i|ii-U. wlii'ii' a >lniu_'li'
ol' aliout I'niir iniiiulr^' iliiraiiDii cmlfil in ilir C/n.-n/icii/.i'
iwo-pouiiil I'arroiiaiic' nil licr ipi.ntiT-ilcrk ami fin-rra-llr. hmiliiiL' ilnw n her (■ii|iir>. I'lit imt lirlnrr llmki- li:ii| ro-
aml is inaiincil uilli a I'uiiiiilriih'nl of tliri'c liiimli'i'il iiu'ii '> ci'ivril n i|;in;;i'i'iiiH wmiml on tin' Inail wiili :i rlulilirii
ami Idiys. lusiili-. lliirly -laiiiin. Imy^. ;iml pasMiiuii^ wlio i iiiu~l\il.
wcr,' taken out cif ri'-i'apluiiil \is-iN lately. I enl nal you. ' ' '.'. — The vieiorv was coinpli'le. lait it was dc'arly
sir. not to iniai;iiie that I am iirijeil liy mere peiMinal ,, lioiiulit. I'.i'nke \\a- ilanueroii^ly woiimleil. ami llie tirst
vanity to llie wi>li of meetiiii; tlie C/irsap/'n/.f. or that I : lieuleii:ini nl' the Shiiinniii killeil. the
1*11 1 I • • • 1- 1111 I- '""' ''n^llJlUies.
depcinl only on your per^nmil amliition tor your aeeeilne,' clenth ot tlie latter iiappeiiiiiu iimler peculiar i)r;i'ii ..r cai.iiiiM
to this iii\ Itatiiiii. We have holli iiohle motives. You cireuiiistanee-. Iiunieiiiatily after llie
will feel it a- a coniplimeiil if I say th.il the I'esiilt of our Aiiierieaiis >iirrem|ereil he went aft. ami liiiulin;; duwii
nieetin;; may lie the nni-l u'latifiil .serviee 1 can remlcr to tlu' Aimrieaii enlurs prepared tu run llieiii ii|i airain
my c iiiinliy. and I dniilit not that you, cipiallv ('onfideiit iimler the l!riti>h: Iml the rupes lieeoniiiiLr taiiL'led ihu
I of .-ueees . will I'eel ediivineed that it is only liy repeated ' lla^s slinwed with l!iiti-li enlors under, wliieli al oueo
I triiiniphs in even couiliats ili.it your little navy cm now j caused the men on the S/iiikiihh to re-open tire on tln^
hope to consdlc your cduntry for the loss of that trade it ('/iisii/irii/,i', and the lieutenant and four men wcie killed
I pan no liinirer protect. l''avor me with. a speedv replv. Iiei'ure ihe laiur wa^ disem rred .and the liriiiL' eea-ed.
I Wc are sliiirt of |iiiiv;-ions and water, and caniint stav ; The loss in the ('/iisil/iiii/.f was tnrly seven killed and
I Ion;; lii'fe." l| nincly-niiic wniimled ; to the Slninni'ii tuentv-f.nir killed
I H. — The (','ifS(i/<fii/,i' was commanded liy Caplain Law- i ! and lifty-niiie wounded. IJoth vessels liavin;; repaired
rcncc. a ^.Mllant and capalile ollii'er who had jiist jjaiiied ' dam,i;;es sailed I'm' I lalil'ax. w liieli pint they reaeheil on
'■""«■'-'■!'"''"'"■- niueli rciiiitation for havimr. in the i th .'^iimhiv. (illi iiist., and sailed inln the harlinr amid the
;.i.i/,v;i:iil .s'l e/- ,,i' l'"eliriiary. while in coniiiiind of the joyous cheers of crowds of citi/eiis and llie ciert s ol all llii!
//.■/•,(,'/. slink the Mritish war sloop /Vx- '' vessels in port. On the voy.i^e th- i;:dlaiit .Vnieriean cap-
roe/-. Lawrence Inst tin time in aeeeptin:.' the I'halleime tain, l.awr.aiee.died nf his wounds, ami w as Imried in 1 l:ili-
of Ilroke. and almut one o'clock the t '/ic.iii/ii-ii/.v rounded faxniiSth inst,. with all 'he hoimis due to a posl-cipt.iiii in
the li;:lit-lioiis,- under full s;iil. and slooil nut to se:i. in the llrili-h navy. The liist lie.iieii.inl of the C/i,sil-
■aci-nrd. line with the plan proposed in llrnke's letter, that ■ i /"'"/ic also died, and vv;is huried in Iliilila'v wilh naval
lioth vessels should |iro,c ed live mile- to sea, and liulit it honor-; lioih limlies were riinnvid to llosion in .\iiu'iist,
out without any help or inteilVrei The alVair was | and ivinlerrid tlnre. Captain I'enke reeo\i red finin
looked on .Is ipiile ;i pleasure party liy the JiostDni.ins. j his wound and was made a liaromt for his ;;,illaiitry.
and a numher of siiMiiiers and hnats followed the C/irsa- ' while other ollicers nf the Shaiinuii were prouinled. lirokc
Vfithc at a safe distance to witness the tl^lit and enjoy the slimilv after the derl.iiatioii ol peace relired to his I'siates
disconililii'c of the liritisher. The two sliijis continued ,i in Knulaml. where he lived until IMl. in which year he
their coiilsc until twenty miiiiiles to si\. when the r/„,«.(. ' ilied ill London, where lie had u'niie to olitain medical
nco/v altered her course .•uid liore down upon 'he .V// iiii'ni adv ii'e,
uiilil within llliv vard-. when she Inli'.d up. :iiid the crew I". — .^t the t '111-1 f the war with .Napnl i. in
sprili^'iii'.; inin the riM^iim ^ave ihne clieeis. At ten |.s| I. Kuuland was at leisure to employ Inr vv hole force
minutis In -i\ ihe lii-t shot «a., lired liy the N/»(;/«i.// .: siuaiiist llie riiitcd Stale's, atid. as we have Mr .Mm sl^^^^
ami the aitioii iiiiim di.iielv liecanie I'eiieral, and hrn.'id alreadv stated, larire reinforcements were ii.,ii ,'i.:iiiiisi iln'
• , ^ ' 1 I 'I r • M:ili'i.r Maliii'.
.sides Were e\eliinu'ed a- rapidly astne men could load sent to I anad:i. while expeOilions wire ii» „,„.,.,.>,.
iiiid lire, .so that ill lilleeii minuies liotli vi'ssels Were lia'lly al-o direded a;.'ainst Wasliiiiutiui and .New Orleaii.s.
cut lip. and their deek- stn wed with dead and dyiiiL'. ihe i K;irly in duly. l>sl I. Sir .loliii Coupe Sherlu'ooke received
t'.M'i'Ulioii done lieinu shmvii liv the lac; that alllniiiL;li the instrin'tioiis to assume the olfeii-ive toward- the Slate ol
eiiiiaeeiiieiil only l.i-led lifleeii ini.iules, one hiimlred and ■, .Maine, lyiiiu near .New liiiiiiswiek. and s, nl Coloml I'il-
lifty si\ men of the I •/i,sii/ir,dr and eii,'hty three of the ] kiiiu'lon with a .small fnrci to tnke pii--essi,,ii n| .Mon-e
S/i(iiiii(iii were prostrated in that lime. Cap'ain Liiwieiic.' Ishmd. in I'assaimnpioddy Uay. which he did. ihe ^'arrison
and his three lieiitenanls were shot early in the cii^a^e ,,i seven nllieers and ciLdity men siirrenderiiu; themselves
menl. and llie liclmsinea of the ('livsit;.etiki' licinir also | prisnicrs of w.ir. llnllie u'l'ilh .\ii',;ii-t Sir .Inlin Slur-
sliol, ihe vessel liei'aiiie uiiniamme;ilil(' for a moiiicnt when j lirooke sailed from ll:dif,i\ with a Heel under .\diiiiriil
she had heen alioiil ten minutes ill action, and presented ( IrilUlh, and a-cindinv' lln' reiioh-cot Kiver e-talilished
her stern lo the .s7/((H»M/(. which was protiipllv taki n him-elf :il I'a-liiie on I -I Sepinnlier wiihoiil oppo-iiion.
tidvalilai.'e of to pour ill a raking lirnadside, and lllnke
then pushed aloiie.side, and headiiii; the liitarders himself.
llie enemy having lilnwii up his imi;;a/.iiies and retir
Sir .'olin sent si\ liiimlred troops, with ii liody of sailors.
I I,'
f
1
p'
'i'
> 11
;j
J
jM
Bni
""
W
!i|ilii|iM{'
' lrl>li|rililiEil ; I,.
410
TITTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
to cniiliin' (irdc^lidv llw frii::iti- .[ihiiim. wliicli li;iil run up
to llMinjMlrii, will Ti: .•-lie wa> uiiilrri'iivcr (if sDiuo l):itt('rii's. ,
Tli-'sc Wile iMi'rii'd liv ii-;sMiilt, :iiii| ill'' i-miiiy rctrLMlfcl.
liavinu' lii'sl ^<l liri' to llw Ailmiix. 'Wv towiK ol' IJaiij;"!'
and .M:i(lii:i> wi'ir next t.ikiii. aii<l ilic wliolr cduutry Iroin
I'cnoii-ii'iit to N'lW ISiMiMswii'k ronnally tak(Mi possession
of, and lii'ld iitidi'i- r>i'iti>li luli' until tlic end of tlic, war, I
wliiili tcMik iilaci' at tilt' 111(1 of till' \(ar. no other eiiuMu;e- |
nieiit< nieaiiuliile lia\iM;,' laUcii place in the Maritinu;
I'rovinces. Sir .loliii Slieilirooke wa-. piililiely lliaiiked liy ,
tlie A^si'inlilv t'or lii< irallant conduit duriii;; this expeiiilioii. |
and t'l.lHIH Voted to liiiv liiin a m r\iee of plate. He ic- I
niaiiie(I in oliiee nnlil IsU'i. wlieii lie was promoted to i
tll(> jrovernoi--^'eni'ial-liip of Caiiaila. ami .Maior-( •etier.al
Straeey Smith temporarily admini^tereil the alfairs of |
the |)roviTiee until the arrival of the Marl of Dalhoii^ie in
Oetolier to a>-nuie the nins of iioveiiiineiil. The prov-
ince ha'l lloiiii-liiMl ;;reatlv duriiiii the war. and had
plain myself more fiillv upon ihem in the j)ro'^ress of
the se»ioii. I shall call your attenlion to a mea-ure
tendiim to animate the Lreiieial spirit of improvemeni in
aijri.ailturc. and I will siihinit to you the plan of an in-
stitution in IIalit'a\, in W'hi(di the advanlaires of a colle;>;i
ate education will he founeil within the reach of all classes
of society, and n liieh will he open to all sects of r<diijio\is
persuasiiMi.'' Shortly after the I.e-jislature, on recommen-
dation of the i.'overniir. irranteil S.'i'.KOdI) out of the (as-
tine fund * till' the eiidowinent of a colleiireat Ilalil'ax in con-
nection with the ('linn-li of Scotland, hut open to all delKUn-
inaticnis. In ISIS part of the parade-iironnd w as eiv en as
a sit(^ for the pi-opo>ed collei;e. In jsr.l, iIk' Legislature
made a :;rant of S><.iniit for the erection of ih(! new insti-
tution on the parade, to lie nanie(| Dalhoii^ie College.
In 18*20 the eolle;fe was ineorporateil, and, in \><i\. the
Lejfisliitiii'e made a further u'l'ant of Sl.OdO towards tlin
ereciion of the Imlldinu. (hviii;; to various causes, hut
• scarcely yet liei'iin to feel the reaction which invaiiahly j ehietlv to the existence of several rival iii>titiitions in Novii
follows a deelaialiiiii of peace in those places where there i Scotia, Dallionsii' ('olle;;e was not successfully put into
I are laru'e niimliers of troops and ships centred diirin;.' war ' operation until ISl'i.'i, when various denominations united I
lime. Sir .lohii was a popul.ir ^^overnor, .and was enter- j to support ii, as a literarv instilntion. In the nieai.time,
j] taiiieil :it afjr.iiid hampiel at Masonic Hall previous to his ; the C.isiine eudowineiit fund, cre.iled in ISI7, jiad, hy
i; departure, at which liio-t of the hadii:;; citizens of Ilali- skihni luanaui ineiit. increased to j^Cid.OdO. which enahleil
fax were present. the ;;overnors to appoint six professors to the various
chairs in the iiistilution. T\w I,ei;is|atni'e also voted
('HAITi:i{ XCVII.
NOVA S(()riA~-Fl{O.M isi: I'o is.ii.
Sl,n()i| mil of the Ca-iine fund lor the eslalilisliiiieiit of a
piihlic liliraiy.
L'.--I)urini; the years lsl7 and isisihe reaction fo low-
ing the declaration of peace liei;an to he fell : trade and
1 I''i)| Ml A riliN (11 1) VI IlofSii ( (11.1.1 (;i.;. Ski r( lldK Cdinineicc |i 11 ol}', a^l iellll lire Was neglected,
j Till- iNsriil riov, — •-', Tin; L1.I ri:i;s oi ••Anuicdi \." and the .Vincricaiis ai;aiii liej:an to supply .'.''(',^',"|',',','i'a"
FdUM.VTHiN (IF riii: Alkh ri.rii! \i, Sdciiiv. — .'i. 1 the Province with produce. Iiw.isaiihis '\',','ii','.'i'iii"inil'^ "'" I
I'lidMdi id.N (ir nil, lv\i;t, df I) M.lidi sli: Td I in; (idV ''. time that -ome of the powf ii'nlly writieii >"'i''i.». |
t.i;Ndl;s||||. ciiC \ V vii \. _ I. C.M'i. l>l!i:rdN \s.vs|i'- ! practii :il lellei-s on a^iieiiliiire lieL;aii lo he piiMished in I
.\I!\1K ( dl.d.S^. lis UllMdN Willi .N(l\ V S((lll\. :' ihc .\eadiall A'' c«;-./r /•. over the sImii;,! Ill-,, of •■ .V^rieoln," I
— ."1. ( ldVi;i!XMi M Of Silt .l.\Mi;s Ki;Mfr.- Ci. Fx-
n i.sKiN ui .Mii. IJakuv. .Vrr.vcK (in iiii; I'ltiss in
the liist inakiiiu its appearance on l."ilh.luly, I.SIS. They '
at (iiiee alliacled attenlion ami caused a deal of snnnise 1
Tin; .\-s| yiii.v. — 7. Tin; (,iri;siTdN di (,irii Iti ms. i as to the aiiiliorship, Init the wiiier iiiaiiitained his in'";/-
iillii. The Fall of l)alhoi|sle warmly appr(i\c(l of the
letters, and at the dinner on St. .Vmlicw's Day. IS|S. in
prolVeriie,' llie liealih of •' .\L,'ricola." hopeil iliat llie I'loard
of Airriciillurc wiiiild he formed. In Deeeinlier a meeting
was liidil, presided oxer hy the I'.ail of Dalhoiisie, j|(
whicli it was resolved to fonuthe rroviinial .y::;riciillural
Societv, ,ind •■ .\i;ricola " was elected sn'relary, .-11111 soon
after discliiscil hiinsidf as .Mr. .lolin ^'oiiii;.'. a Scotelimali
who hademijii-aled to Halifax alioiil four years previously.
condition of the province, cominerce and ' 'I'll,, soeieiv was ineorporateil at the next session of
agriculture lia\ ill',' hoili innnoseil ; wiili rcMtard to llie 1 |';,ilia nl, and its lii-st meeliii',: held on I '.'ili .\pril, |S|il,
iiilter he said in his sp( cch : •' In coinmilliny to \ou the 1 while ihe lloiise was in session. The h ihis of •• .\^rie-
geiieral discussion of pnlilic affairs, there are some points
• TIiIk fiiiiil ttim r.'i-nii'.l rri.iii 111.' (.■Miiii.- .■..U i-li'il ;il ( iislliic iliirliiK
till' ii>'i'ii|<!iih>ii .i|- Mdiiii' li\ llii> llrlii-li III Isl I. iiiniiiiiiiliiK III Hoiiii' (.'Ill-
Trill, hIiIi'Ii 11 HUM |i|'ii|iiii«'il Ui llw I'or ■'iliiiiiliniml |iui|i(im'h.
— .''*. l>ii I i;iii;M 1; I!i;twi;i N ini; lliu si ami mi.,
CdiM II. (IN riiK SI 11.11 ( I (II nil; Di i\ (IN l!t!ANiiv.
— '.'. Ti;Mn iiANi I .Sd( iKin s. In 1 itdurcridN di'
.Sri;AM. I)i i'Auri-i!i; (II Sii; I'. Mmii.ash.
I. — On ineeiiiiM j'arliamenl the Farl of 1 )allioi|sie coii-
grutulated the llo'iscs on occiipv iiie s,, splendid a liiiildilii.'
FiiniKinilrin irf a- the .Vew- Provincial linildiii:.', and aKo
I»aIh(Mif.ti'( 'iilli'i;!.. II' 1 . .1 ii • I ■
Kk.li li ef 111.' in- expresseij Ins pleasure at tlie llolirisliniir
Htillllii'll.
I which call for my s| iai recommeiidaiioii to yoiii' al-
! leiition ; these I sjiitil merely name al present, iiini e.\-
he proiircss nl'
li) a Ill^:^^lll■^•
iii|>r(ivi'tii('iii ill
|>l:iii of :iii ill.
;.'cs (if a c'lijlcj;!
I'll ut' ail clas-ics
I'l'tS (if |-cli;ri(lllS
('. (Ill rccdiiiiiii'ii-
II iif llic Cas-
I Halifax in cdii-
II Id all (Ii'iKiiii-
iiiil was i,'i\i'ii as
lli(' r^cjiislaliini
f ilie new IiinII-
ll-ic ('(ill.!.'!'.
1(1. ill l.-^L'I. till!
1(10 tdwaid- tlin
ii-i caii'-cs. lint
liilidiis ill Ndvii
ssfuliy jiiil into
illations iiiiiti'il
tilt' iiicai.tiiiii',
I 1S17. Iiaii. iiy
, wliicli cnaiilcd
Id tlic vai'idiis
liiri' alsd Vdtcd
alilisliiiiciit (if 11
' rcai'limi fo low-
fi'lt : irailc ami
■rllc l>:ll(lc..f
•• Auli. . ■!».•■
(■■(■dii.'iii f Hid
Auiiciill iral
lie |illlili-l|ii| ill
(if •• A^i-ii'iila."'
V. ISIS. •riicy
(leal df -iiiiniM'
aiiicd lii- iiiriiijm
|i|ir(i\(il (if till'
- I)a\. I SIM. ill
lliat tlic lt(iar<l
■iiilicr a iiiccliiig
f I )alli(iii^i(', al
iai .\L:ri('iiliiii'al
■clary, ami sdnii
'_', a Scdtcliiiiaii
cars |ir('\ idii-ly.
K'Vt scssidll of
Mil April, IM'.l.
I(•|■^ df ■• Aul'ic-
il III I'llKlIlM' (llll'lllK
iiiiiiii< 111 Hiiiiic 1:111'
IIIIPI'H.
NOVA SCOTIA— FROM 1817 TO 1832.
441
ola " on till' fiirinatidti of tin; Provincial A;:riciilliira]
.Socicly i.MVc a fresh iiii|ieliis lo .a^iiciilliire ; societies were
fiiiiiicd in \aiioiis pail- of the prdvince. pl(Uii;hiii!f iiiatehes
held, and liclhr iiicans adople(i foi' iinpl'oviiig llie fer-
tilily df il- sdil, \\ liicli -ddii re-nltcd in larger and better
crops.
;). — T.ie adiiiinistiatioii of \\w Karl of Dallidiisi(' was
iiiievcntfiil ill particular items ; hut it was an eventful oik!
Id the pidviiicc, inasiiiiicli as diiiiii;.' tho
l'a'i''r,','i'''l"iihn,i'.'i!- pcridd df his adininislerini; ilic i;ii\ern- i Jlaji ■ Deshaiies was the lirst j,'(iverii(ir appdiiited, and
li'ii''.V.i'('')i'i'i.'ii' ""■"' •'"' li'''>^ii"'''- u'lMdually iclnriicd In arrived in ITSl. lie had served under Wdlfe at I.diiis-
its iiiiiinal cdndiiidii lieldic l he war, and i hutirjj and t^iielicc. and dis|iiii:uislie(| hiin-clf diiriii'.' iIk;
on a tdiir tlirouudi the iirovince. Part f np" nroimi ns a
• ' Hi'jifirnif ( oUmv .
of ills instriietioiis were lo eiFect such Its r'-Miii..n wi;h
N..VI1 .S.'"liu.
icuislatidii as was necessary to re-annex
tlie island of Cape IJreton to Nova Seotia. and wu will,
therefore, briefly review the history of tli.it islaiiii from it.s
ereetioii into a separate province in ITS I to its re-union
with Ndva Scdtia in ISJil. Cape nretun did not have a
Very pi-dspei'dus exislei'ce as a separate colony, as the
Council cdiild not a^ilee either with il-elf (ir llie exeeiilive.
it.s sldW liiil siili-taiitial prd-jieiily w.is i;reall\ liel|ied
iiv the earl's piactical elVdrls to develdpe the a;;iicllltural
re-diirce- dl the eouiiti'v. The revenue, which in ISKJ
aiiidiinled Id f'.lt'i, .■!!»(• and left a surplus of i!(i(l,Ol)U over
the cxpendiluic ha 1 deerea-ed td i'.'i.'l.OlJO in |S20, and
there was a delit (if £1S,(MHI ,ai;aiiist the pnivince. A
war with France whi(di yave Canada tn (ireat I'.ritaiii.
Hitherto l.ouislioiiri; had heeii the capital of ilie island,
liiit the new governor seleeled a site on Spanish Ki\( r and
liuilt a residence there which lie called Sydnev, in honor
of tiie then colonial-secretary ; this has jriown to oe a
consideraiile tdwii. and was the capital of the island under
(freal (diaii^'e for the wurse had taUcn place in Halifax, for '( its separate existence as a prdvinee. Deslianes, in a proc-
it had lieeii shdi'ii of much df its impurtaiice as ihe prin- lamalidii shduin;; llie a(lvaiilaj;es of the cdimlrv. presenced
cipaliia\al stalidii in .\inerica. thai lidiuir liaviie..; lieeii In selllers the prospect of free priivisinns lor ilree years,
traiisfcrre(| id liermiida. and llie imperial ddckyard estali- with inaleri.al fdi' liiiildiiii:. and help in clearing jaii<l.
jishmciit al Halifax ^really reduced. Hundreds df ( )\er tliid' tlidUsaml answered the call, soine rcspeetahle,
Wdikini n ucre nul nf enipld\ nieiil. and inan\ hfi ihe ciiv. ulln I's llie wurst df idlers, 'I'he (ii-si w inu r was a had one,
while dihei-s ueic dependaiil (in the Pour .Man's Scieieiv fdr llie pi(i\isidiis ran dUl. and Nd\ ,i .Scdiia refused assist-
fdr iheir dail\ lii( ad. There was no pdlilical I'Xcileiiieiil. aiice. FdrtiMialely fur the culdniscs. .i sidicship fi'din
and llie execiilise aiid Asseiiilily Were ill perfecl a id (^tiulice w,is fdiind ;it .\iieliat and laKeii hi I.duisliiiiiry;,
in their elVdrls inr ihe advancement and iiniii'dVemeiil of wliciice lis stdi'cs were cariied mi sledu's id .S\(|iiev. Tiiu
thi' pnivince lllilil the lasl sessidii Cdnvelled hy ihe Ivirl ] expense df llie-eWas cliar;reil to the UdVeriKir ])eisd|iall V ;
of DallidUsie pii\idUs td lis assiimiiiir ihc u'ov 'riidr- ' luit liie d. lit was imi ;;reat t'or him. In Kiij.'laiid his lulls
(general hip df ( aiiada, ulieii ihe .\ssemli|y iiei;lecie(l i.i w ere dididiidred. ,iiid he hiniseh' u as \\ ilhdrawii. Itefore
ake an\ nulice nf the i;dM'rndr's r minendalinii that \ his depailure. hnuever, he limke ddwii the puli 'v which
the pruvince sliiiiild lie surveyed, ami paid no alleiition
1(1 his sUL'ceKtions thai a cli,aiiL;e should he made in the
l'oa(l iiiana^cmeiil of the province. Ni liri;ic|i occiirrtd
pl'ohiliiled the liiy:ili-|s finin sci iirini; a lidine in Cape
lirelon ; f(U' in ITsii he uranlcd no less ihan ten llidiisaiid
acres Id one hand (if them fi-diii .New Hainpshire. Deshanes
helueeii the exeeiiiive aiid llic .Vsscmlily. aiid llie lalter, i was succeeded liy Cdldiiel .Met diinick, liiit the cliani'e
to slidW its apprccialidii nf the fornicr's ser\ ices. Vdted I j hrdiii;ht the peace lietweeii uov.U'iidr and Cdiincil. There
.I'l.iMill Id piirch.ase a swdid and si.ar to he prescnleil to 'j was war wilh France, which lost to the Fiii.disli .St. PieiiH!
Iiim. He aceepieil al lirst. luit .allerward- uillidrew ids
acceplaiice (III the L;rdiiiids ihal as the lldUse hail imi eiiii-
eiirreil in llie nii asiires he had innidscd. ii cduld iinl lia\e
and .Miipiel.iii. Oiliers eveiiis included ihe visit df llic
Duke df Clareiice, the arrival of a iiumlier df cdin icis,
the dl parlure df a part (if the j;arris, n aiul a series
llial cdnliileiice ui him which the rcsdluiidiis prupused Id (if dissensions, which in itiier improved the iraile of the i
liave ; it, is pr ihalile. Innvcver. that his Ididship was island mir the appearance of the capital, wilii its line (if '
pid 111 pled hy aiidl her mill ive, -— thai (if 'he di-likeln i.ikiiiu' |(iul;Ii 1 mild iiiiis all' i din uy barracks. When .McCormick
so lar;.'(' a -i t df llie public lreasiir\ at a lime il cdiii I resi;;iied, the ji-overiiiiieiil was left ill the hands of tin
so ill alVdi'd il, Tl, It ihe ntnidsl jiond feidinvr existed I
bcUveeii the pedple aiid liiuiself Was e\idenced three years I
afterwards, w hen be \i-iled llie pidvince ,and was must 1
cnlhusiaslically r ived. a public dinner and ball beiii<r <
ti'iidered him, al w liicli llic hadiii;,' men df the pniv ince
Were preseiil,
■I.— l.ieiileiiaiil-( ieiieral Sir .lames Keiiipl, (i. ( ', r..,
(lie su( ss.ir of llie Fail of Halhoiisie. arri\edat Hal
ifii.v oil Is' .lime, jsjo, and shorily afterwards started
successive presiih lit of llie Coillieil. (ieiieral Despaiil
was adiiiinisiraliir when the iininiL'iiiiidii of I li^^lilaiiders t j
Cape ilreldi: be;;ali. This w ,is a c- lUlllinalice of (lie
movemeiit which idd\ ihe ship lliclur id Picidii. and
spread towards .Vnti^'diiish a e> llie pupulalidii which now
fdiiiid il way Id Itnis d'( )r and ilieiiuih, Tiiit llie intry
was in the liainU of a Cdiincil alwa\ s w raneliicj-, and u
host of dlllcials w lidse salaries drained the cxi heipier.
The people siidw 1(1 their discdiileiit by seiidiny; a pi^titioii
I 1
Ml^'
112
Tirn.KS IIISTOIIY OK THE DOMINION OK CANADA.
Ill I,(iih1iiii. M-kiiij: ilif li^'hl 111 cliTt a i(iiii-;c nf As^i'inlily ;
luit tlio (inly answer tii this \va.. tlit^ dci'laration of a union
iii'twccn Cape ISiTton hi 1 Nova Si-otia. wl.'u'li \v,i»
ciri'ficil on ! 'til OctfUor. !h;0. (Jcin ral Ain-lii' was
the last ;• -siili lit. Wiits \m'ic issiicii for tlii' cloction
I'f ti' ii)i'irilu-is. Till' laws of Nova Scotia were aiio|iti'<l.
^>'iiii<- of liii- oilicials Wire (li->nii>^i'ii, a nniniicr pciisioncii.
and .1 fi'W ii'iainccl fm- loi'al |iii.-ilioiis. Tin,' |)t'o|ili'. still
(lis|li<•a•^l•u. ^cnt an :i.;cnr to Kiii;!anil to rcvorso llir ili'ci-
sion of till' iniiii rial anlhorilii's ; luit tin- (li'lilii'ralioiis
were liarinlcss to clian^'f a |iolicv so nci'cssary to tin-
island'^ wclfan-, aiiil ('api' iirclon lias ever .-.irrc rcinaiinil
an injcyral ])art of Nova S''oiia.*
"i. — In Novcinlicr. ISi'i), ilii' IJi;;!!! lirM-rrnil I'Minnmi
linrUo, lir>I Koiii.in Catliolic l>i~lio|i of Nnv.i Srolia. dicil
at llic I'",|iisi'opal ri'-iiliiiiv. lie was
aiipointiil 111 i|ii' iliorc^i- of Halifax liv
(invfrniiu'iii 111 Sir
*Iuiut's Krintil.
till' lli^liop of (^iiciMC in |sii;i, anil
(■lij\ali'il lo tlic I'lpi-rc.palc in \s\i'>. •• Tlir Doininioli of
Canacla in ils u iili- rMriit lia- m-i'Ii frw if any prrlati's wlio
iliiil liioro ri'^pi-i'tril ami rcui'fltcil liv all (•las>, s, iiiori'
liclovinl anil iiloli/nl li\ his own llocU. ami wliosr niiiiiorv
as a i.'nat, eiiliiililriHMl ami lilirral-inimlicl pirlalc i>
jookcil up lo witli so luui'li M'lii'ralion.t A mtv ixtcii-
sivc ami ilolnu'tivi' Inisli lirr ociMirrccl in Siipicinlin'. jsi'o.
uliii'li rcinlcrvil alioni >i\iy fainilirs in lli unliis of
Yaniioiiih ami Clarr. Iinimlr-s ami ilc^iiinic'. Sir .laini'S
Kcinpl al oiiiT Mini a uoviiinincnl vr^-d laden willi pro-
visioiis to lliiir nlicf. and Milisi'i-iplion^ for ili.ir lii'Uitit
wi'ro al-o laki'ii up lliroii^r|i,iiii ilii> piovii I'li,. i|,|.
niiiii~lrali 111 of .sji' daiiirs Ki'iiipi, w liirli Li-lod ri^lii \ rar~.
Was a mild and pro^pi'i-oiis oiii>. nimiarki'il livaiiv poliiii'al
anilalioii or any vi'iy notcworlliy im'iiliinis. Th,. ifri'al
tiro at Mirainiflii, in I siJ'i, cli.'itrd dii'p and " idr ~piTad
syinpalliy iliroiiMhoin ilii> proviin'i'. and liamU'Hiii' >iili-
8i'riplioii> lor llic siirfiiir' won' lakni up in lln' dilViiinl
distrii'l-. Sir daiiirs Ki iiipl a-Niduoii^ly divotiiil liiin-clf
to i|ii< I'oii^idrr .linn ol ilic roads in tin' pro\ iini'. wliiili
Wi'i'i- ill a wiiirln d rondilion, and niidi' a ■ ir lliroii'.di
several disliiels for liie piir[iiise of perxinal in-) lion.
tile result of wliieli was that at the M'ssion of I'ai lianieni in
IS-.'S he ii roinineiided many iireal ainl inipoiiant cliai|i_'es
ill the luaniier of eomliielin;.; the departiiieiit. whii'li siiir.
^e lioi > Here adopted liy the lloU>e lo the snhse(p|,i|it
;;reat ai|\ ;iiilaL;e of lliii provinee. Sir Jaine-i l\iiinpl left
the province ill AilL:n-.l, I.^l'S. ami Hon. .Mr. Wallace
acted as adiuiiii>tfalor until llie arii\alof Sir l'erei.'rine
.MaillamI, who had lniii I ran-fcrred fmni I'pper ( 'a-
'liada.
II. — I'arliaineiii met in T'eliniary, lsi.".l, and llie iiio-t
lloliccalile event ot I lie m •>. ion was the .suspension of .\lr.
• U.iil • i". 'lixtnrji .,'• .\, ir l\fiii.. ■fk'intllh, nihi r Minlini, !'•■ .ftiii'i t.
liarry. ine'iilier for .Shell, ;"-ii(. who '. i
. ■ .• . , I vpi •-iiiii of Mr.
[irescutini; a petition Iron, s,,,. ; lull,!,. I- ,n y.,,, •. ,,, ,,1^
men askin- to he relieved fro.r d„U-. !■""''>"• A-» ml.l,.
made Use of some expiT—1 ):i.s for iilr 'h I" ■.v.< ..insured
liy the House ai.d ordered to api.;,).;!/,,., Tiiis i. . refused
to do and was siispcmieci He then t.ied. h, _'cttiiii: his
coiislitiieiits to petition the House to expel him. so iliat
III' inijrht he reelected ami escape Iiaviiiij to apilo'.'i/e ;
failiin; ill this lie wrote a violent letter ai,'aiiist tli.' .-. .ii-
milt.i.' wl.ich had reported on his case, and attacked its
imlivi.hial memheis. l-"or this he was lirouijht. t' the liar
of ih. House and orderi'il to In imprisoned for contempt
dnriiiL.' the lialance of the sessi.m ; hut lie wa. .esciied liv
a niimlier of his friends, and the meinliers of the Hoiis..
! led .al ami pidiecl with ston.is ami snow until the mili-
tary Were called out and llie nioli dispersi.!. Mr. IJarrv
was siihseipiently arrested and iiicisoned for the rc-
in.iinder of the session, heiii:.' .ilsu exp.lli.l the Hollsc.
He was reeliictcl for Shelhiirm' and loi.lv his seat (juii'tlv
j next session, when ln' was not distnilHii|. The Asseinhlv
showed more lenipei. howi'ver, with th.' e.liiois of iln^
Aiiitliini litcDnfcr ami /'Vi/' /',-ii.s.v who pnlilislni.l .Mr.
Harry's letters, and these ;;. .illeineli Wi re imIIiiI to the
liar of the House on .S|h .\pril. I S:.':!, ami repriinand.il l.v
' ill.- sp.-.iker, .an attack on th.' lilierly of the press wlii.li
w.as ri's.iit.iil hy .Mr. .l.is.ph Hnu.i. tl.-h of tln^ Ximi
j Sfii/iuii. \\ ho sai.l in his iieM issue ; •• '[ ji,. .A.sMaulilv claims
I free.liiin of spiiech within its walls, and those to whom
] the pr. ss Is eiitriishid cl.iim it wiihniil • :;nd if editors are
' lironL;lil tor (illeiices to the h,,i of ih . H.ins.', le;.rislators
ina\ il.'peiid upon this— that tlni will I.e hroiiMJn imli-
|\idiiall_\ anil collcaively to a li'lter expiation hi'f.iie the
liar of the piililii'."
7.— The sul.jc.i 1)1' ijiiit ri'iits occupied a jj.iod deal of
att.'iilinn alioiit this linic. not o .• in .Nova Scotia, lint
in .\i \v I'll niisu ilk and Prince Ivlwarl
Island is «.||. ami it will lie as well iy.llVKi'.'" '''
to .'VI. inn here how thev orii;inated.
\' I ■ \.riior I.anremi.i, in 1 7.'ili. issued a p.'oclama-
||ti.'i ^'i ' r.ifereiii'e to the jrranliiiL' of piihlic lands, it
I' was slipnlaleil that all such 'amis slnnild he siiliject to a
ipiit lent of one shillin;,' a year for every lifly acres, to
] lie paid, alter tin' expiration of ten years, to the reieiver
liemral. Small lis this tax was it wa.s not paid, poveiiv
liein;; the e.ueral plea, and the collection was not enforced,
l| III I.SJi these t;i\es aiiioiiiited lo solilc 1' 1 1 l.l M II I. a lid Ml
elVoli was li.a.le l.y the receiver-i:. lieral to c.ill.i.l ill. 'in.
\\ lull he had only '.:ot in a few hnmlie.l poiimls when he
' was ordered lo suspend the cilleciion. on accouni of it
pitilion to the lloine L:ii\ernnient from th.' House of
.\ssemlily, I'll.' inaller then ri'liiailicd ill alie\ .'iiii'e lllilil
l.Sl'7, when l,oid Itaihnrst. secretary of state for the
I'olonies, issued all oiil, r leinillinj; all hack renin up to
lliu 1st .laiiuiiry of (hut year, but ordering their eolleetioii
>l>i -iMi. i.r Mr.
m. Ai-i ; ..1 ilip
if-ilij 111 \f!., iiiblv.
i, 'i\ .'I'ttiiii; liis
(K'i Ijiiii. M> tliat '
ij; to :i|"il.)iiiz«i j
l,l,Mill.St til 1/11- '
mil attackiil its !
iiiylit t' ihu liar
tcl for C(jiitoiii|)t
wa .t'si'iicd liy
s of tlio IIoiiso '
V until tlio iiiili- :
i'l- Mr. IJan-y
n'll for the re- '
I'll tin" House.
liis scat <niictly ',
Till' Assi'iiiMy I
lllilol'S of IJK!
piililislu'il .Mr.
I'o i-allcd to tilt! [
I'l'liiiiiiaiiiliil iiy I
ic |in-.s> wjijcli [
II of I Ik; ,\',:ra
VssciiiJpjy I'laiiiis
llioso to whom
nl if ('(liiors ai-o
>U><'. lc;;islators
' liroii;:lit iiiili-
tioll licliirc tin;
a >.'Ooil (Icil i,f
'va Scotia, liiit
lu' i|lll'Hliull of
;uil KiMllH.
■it a |i-oflaMia-
iiilijii' lands, it
tl' Mlllji'Ct to il
■ liflV ilcTCS, to
tlic rii'i'i\ cr
t paid, |io\ lily
IS licit llll'dri'rd.
KMiiio. and :ii i
1 I'ollfcl llii'lii.
Minds wliiii |||.
I accoiiht of a
till' llollsl' „(
alii'N.'iiic'i' until
.slald for till-
•k ri'iil.s iiji to !
iicir IJullnL'lioll
I
I
NOVA SCO riA— FROM IS.'?.'} TO I«.37.
41.-!
ill fiitnr'. ilif |iii)i'c((ls lo 1)1' iiscil for suili loral iiii|irovc- !' .ahcyaiici-, in ■■oiisi'ipii'iicc of ;i diffi riicc of opinion on
ini'iits as liis iiiaji'sly iiiizlil lliink iiccissaiy. The follow- | point., which have liei'ii loiii; estal;lis|cil uiiu n>('o;;;iii/cd as
iiiL' year the Iloiisc iirtitioncil that hi-- iii.-i'.i'stv w>iihi iiTesf. i ■, for ilie salr .i \- and '•Tt'i n ■ 1 i'o;idni rin;r of the
relinipii.sh the (piit nui-, or sh>priiil tin ir lollrci.on. to ' alTairs of a '.'o' I'liiiiniit I'oiisii.iil il a- ( nrs < . 1 .i.Ier-
wliicli it was cp'ied mat his I'l.ij.-ty coiilcl not remit ' | standing' that there is liitle ]irolialiiiity of vjr n-eor'1-iii;-u
tliein altojfether, Imt would he willin;; to oinnniti them ■ in the matters that are peiidiiiir, under sii<.|\ !;nu'n>Iaiie< .s 1
for a fi.xt'il annual sum, which sum vas afterwards ' I c-onsiilcr it my clnl\ icj relieve you ftcii,. 'nrllic- eoiitiiiii-
iilaced at X'J.OOO, ahciut one-half their ac'tiial value. The ' anee in service, ihal Vcni nia\ iclur: I vonr In iicS Ic) !
(piestion WHS discussed at the session of \S'2'.K and the i allcnd to your own concerns." .M;ic li <> -.•itisf-eiioii was I
House verv j^ravely p.issed the followiii:.; icscilution. which felt at tin' .iclioii of the Cduncil. ai.i iDind . xpressioii
left the matter ill alicyanc'c for the time heiiiL' : " That shortly after at tlie i;eneral clcMtioii ' .setia lit on the
it cloes not appear to he the • i^eiieral wish of the> inlialiilants dcalli ol (icoi-cc IN'., Iiy ih,' r.lnrii to liic .Vs«.'mi1i!s .if all !
of tliis couiilrv that any such commutatioii or pnichase j| the iinMiilicrs evho Innl votccl ai;ainst the Cduncil.
should tal\(? plac<\ or that the saici cpiit rcMils should he ' '.•. — I'arliaiin'iit met apiiii in Novemlier. and the Assetii-
eollectccl and cciforccd. Iiut. cm the contiarv. this lloii^c lily and ('■uincil ^ol on lictlcr |ci;iclhcr. The former ahol-
i.s induced to ludieve that the rcliiiepiishincnl eci ihc claim ishcci the dnlie^s cm c.ilTcc aiicl mola-~cs- r.-niii. r.ii s.icl-
woiihl j^ive ;;eiieral satisfaclion to the- ] pic of No\a ami rcclii 1 lliil oi; sie^ar : liut ;hcy aL;ain ii..ii c.f si .■mi. Du- ,
Scotia, as their loii;^ suspension h.ad prciduccd a liclicf passed ihc hill ta\iiiL' lirandy one ami ,\ii,iii,i'ii,'i.
Mliion;.' the inhaliil.ints ill e^c-ncaal that they wouhl ni\ei hc' feiiirpc'iice : .ind (lie ('oiiiie-il clid not ihinlv it politic to I
iiisisleel on, and that the transfers of land hacl liic-n. willi eippci-.e it any furl her. .'inel so ailciplcd il. In lliis year
scaretfly an e.\i.a'|itioii, iiiaile uinler that impression. ' the lempciaiice iiiov cniiiil lici;aii ill the province, and [
8. — The ses-ioii of IS.'JOvvas elislini'iii^hcd hy a very ; many socie'tiivs were formed. .Mioiit this time the use of '
serious hrcae'h lie'tvvi-cii the' ll;iu-c aiiel the (eiinic-il on a -leaiii lic'i^an lo he j;cncrally iiilrculucccl in the province
ceinsliiiilicihal point on vviiic'h the Ici- piimpiiiL; water from mines well as foi- stcamlioals.
I>ilTi're'llce' lu'tw 1 , . 11 • . 11 I'l ,• . • 1 1 • 1
111.' Ilei scniid ilic llciii-e Was ninlouiilcdlv in inc rii:ht. \ I In' lir~t steam entjiiie hroiii;lit into tlic picivincc was iii
Ji'."'.'iVil'i'''aiir>MMi' 1 lie di-piilc lei^e eiiit of the lax ill • ISl'7, for the Ge'iieral Miniii;: .Kss'iciation. In l.-i-_",) a
''"""'•^■' liranclv. which in l.-^Ji'i, when the ste-aiu ferry was estalilislncl lic't ween D.iit mouth andllal-i
rev I'liuc laws h.id hcc'ii carefnily rev ise.|. hadlieiii plac'cd ilax.aiid ihc follow iiii; _\car a sleamlioal plii d lielweeli
at one shilliiiij and fourpciicc per j.'allou, Imt, llircmuh a .New ( ;la-i:eiw and I'lcteni. .V .Mechanics" In-iitiile was j
luisintcrpic'tatioii of the' law had never heeii (•nforccd. anil j c'si.ililished in ls:\-2, .■nnl Ihiuri-hed for a while, hut per- I
onlv one shillin:.' per L;alliiii collcctccl. I'lie llciii- mi i~ln-d for want m' -iipport. .N'olhiiii; of speci.d impcnlance I
inilti'c discovered ihis in l.s.'lO. and a bill was inlroduced ;| iirrcd duriii:.' the rcinainder of the aclmini-lra; Jni of
imposin;; the acleliiional foiirpi'iice, so as to m.ike tin' lax
what It hael lleell inlencled lo lie ill 18J(i alldlh' lliil
sir l'i're;,'riiic .\raill,incl. whie li vv.i- lccciU'.:lil to .i chi-e in
Oclolier. IS.'!'.', .Mr. Ilciwe. in the A'e**-- -'r^/imi hidejin:; him
passed the lloiise. It was, however, rejeciecl I'v the ' '.'iieicl Iiy In the folliiwiiie; not over complinic'iilaiy terms;
Council, vv ho desired a coiil'creni'c. anci ihe I leni^e was iln-n
iiiforiiiccl liy the ( einncil that it considered the diilics on
sever.al article's too hi^h, and llial they oiii;hl to he re-
dncecl. 'I'he lliillse. Very propellv. ce illsidelccl this a
lireach of iis constitutional privileges, ami rel'iised tec
make anv alterati'ili lo please the C'liiincil. aiiel that Icidy
refused to pa-s ihc appropi lalion hill, liy uhicii al'oni
t'l'i-i.tJlMJ was lost lo ihe piciv incc. and ihe pccsidcnl of ihe
ceiiiiicil, iloii. .Michael Wall, ICC, w ho was administrator
diiiiinj the temporary aliseiice of Sir I'ei'ecrrine .Maillainl,
clisiiiis>c'd the llciii-e in rallici' a pellish s|ii.i.e'h in which
he said : " When I had ihe plea~nie' of mceiiiiL' vc'" '"'''' i
oil the Mill of l''elii'iiaiy for ihc e|c..palc'li of the piililic i
liiisiiitss, and liav!ii<r iio!hin<; of inomenl lo suliinil lo
yeilir ceilisideialion, I diel c nicl'laili a sa!"niiiie hope thai
hy yciiir iiniied cnde.ivors ami cordial c'o-cipc'i"iiioii liie
.sessiem wciiild not have iletaiiicil you loie^; Inn I am scu'rv
to liii'l that allliciiii;li mnic than i'i'.;lil weeks have claf I,
the most im|<ort!iiit lueasiircs of the pienincc remain in
■■ We wi~h him .1 s.'ile "licl sp"cc|y pa^-.i^e lo In- iialive
I'eiuiilry — aiicl if tlii'y are c ! .ill ahc : .heel Ih'I'oic he y;i'ts
there, we coiiM aim i i liiM ii ar Ic 'I't, lor his amialde
lady's sikc, le wish hie i,. of :ii' 111,'iiiy snii^; sin. ■cures
with which ohl Hii;jla ..i.ouinl-.' On the departure of
Sir l'eri".;:ilic' .Maillanel. I loil. T. N. .ielfrey lii'caille jnl-
mini-li'aicir until the an r i/ 'i th.' new lieiilciii: : yov crnor,
Sir ( cdin ('amiihe 1.
(11 M'TI.K \( VIII.
No\ V S( ()ll.\ lUO.M IS.;;; lO i,s;;7.
S VI. \iMi s eir .Iriii;: s. 'I'm ('initi \e v (^iti s-nci\. —
■-'. Till ( IV 11. 1,1-1. Ai'VlU CIS till "l''v\|ll.Y
( 'ci'.ir vc I ' IN riii; Ci n-, ei 1. .--•!. F vii 1 i;i m' Cioir?*,
— Ui siM ss I'ijoi'hi.i.s, Tilt CiKii.i li.v. - I Si;Trt.i'>
1
i
1
! |:
m
m
m
Ml
Tirri.r.s iiistdhy of iiik dominion of ( anada.
MKXT OK Tin; Qri-.sTiov of (^ri t Uknts. — ."i. Stati; ok
Kkccatiox in Tin: I'iiuvinci-,. Mk. IIowk fikst
r;i.K(rKi) ID Faim.iami.v 1. — Ci. Tin; liuKAcii iii;-
1 WKK.X TIIK ColNCII, AM) As» l-.M HI. V. Mu. IIoWK's
TwKi.vi; 1{k<oi.i'tioxs. — 7. Action ok Tin; Coin-
(II.. Tin; Kr-oi.ri'iD.vs Iii:-i( i\i)i;i).
1. — -'rilr linn. 'I'. N. .iillVi'V IMi'l I'arlialllrlll fMllv ill
FcliniMi'v. I.S.'l.'): Iii'vciml ciini.M-anil.iliiiJ: ill'- Ilmi^i' on iIim
„ , , , , , t -■■.■nil' ol' ilii' |iiii\ iiicc Irnin I'lmlcra. .-nul
Till' <iirr.-ln-y ,,,| |||,. nuioM «illl Clllif I'.ritnn. lIliT''
''"'■'"'""■ 1- 1 • 1 I .■
u:i- viTV llltlf III till' >|I(itIi I|-iiiii
(lie tlirniir. ( 'hii'l' .lli-licf UiiiWiTv li:i\ Mi^' ri'-i:;M.'.| :i!'li'|-
lliiiM\ li\i' M'.'iin' ><'1-\ ii-c. tile :iili;iini~lr,il ir ;i|ipniiiiii| .Iii.l:^.'
II illiliiirliiii Ici llii' v;ic';iticy. Mini ri'i'Diiiiiiiinli-il iLr I Inii^i' lo
JU'IVIIII .li|il'_''' IllnUc'V- :l |li'll-iiiin. 'Ir i||~ip ^lllllllilli'il ;l ili^-
piili'li IroMi l.iiiil I liiili-riili ricnniMii'iiiliii'^ :iii iinTi-M^f in lln'
s;il:irii'^ iif jii.Il;!-.. ilif|i:i\ iicil liciiii; i'iiii-~ii|ri-.'i| ^iillii'ifiil.
Till' rliicl'-jii^licr iiiriviil i'x'iil |ii'iMiiiiiiiil : |iiii-^ii(' jil'L'i''-,
i'.Vdl; ;i-.>nci;ili' illili'i'. i'.Hill: lii;isli'l' ol' llic i-olN. I'.') |l) :
c'liii't'-jii~li''i' Inferior Colin (':i|pi' IJrcloii i'l-'iH; tln' lliri'i'
jniJir''^ ol' ilir r.i-!( I'll, ui'^irni :in<l 'iiiii'lli' iiivi~ion>. t' ln.'i
iMc'ii The lloii^c ill reply ai|ii|ilcil :iii :nlilri-.< lo lii.^
Ill.lic-^IV -iMlilli.' lllc \viilill;.'Mr^, of ill.- I loll, I- al all lillH'S III
ai'i-i ill- to lii> iii.iii--l\ ', wi^lii-, .-iiiil to i-onirilinli all |io^
sjlJe aiil to ilic i;o\ i-i-iiiiii-iil, u li'-ii ri'i|niri-i| lo ilo ,ii. in lln-
iiiaiiiii-r iiri'-crilii-il liy iln- IliiliNli i-oii-liliili' ;i ami lln-
u-a'_'e< of till- iinpirial I'.irliaiiii-nt : ami |iiaviil llial lln-
('i)iili-nl of till' i-a-iial :iiiil o ilorial ri-\ miii- ^liniilij In- -^iviMi
i ill lln- l|iiii-i-. A i-oH>iil.--.lili- |)iiiiioii of lln- tiim- of lln-
A--i'iiililv W.I-; t!iki'ii ii|i ili>i'ii»-iii^ lln- i-iiri-i'iiry i|iii'^liiiii,
'■ ii'i'l a Ml! ji.-i-«i'il to llii' i-l'li-i't lliat only coin or li-i-a>iiry
lson-> 111- n-i-i-ivi-il for |ii-o\ im-i-il iliilii-^ : lliai .-ill iioii-^ i>
siii'il liy liaiiks or iiiili iiliial- -lioiililln- i- >iivi-nil)li- inln
;.'oli| or -ilvi'r nil ilrinaiiil: ilia! tin- pa^-iliir of ,-iiiy liilK
not -I) pa\alili' on iliinaii'l -lioiiM In- pi-oliiliIli-i|. I'll'
1)111 pa->i'il ill'- lloi|,i-. iiiil vva^ n-ji-rti-il hy tli.- ( 'oiiin-ll,:
till- iiii-iii!ii-r-. liKwrvi-r. i-\pii---in'.' ili'-ir i-on'-uri-i-in-i- in
till' priin-ipli' lliat all li.iiik iioli's >liiiiilil lii> roiivi'rlilili-
iiito s] ii' on ili-iiiaml. Tlris prii.i-ipli; wa.-* >lii)rllv afli-r
, iiiiopli-il.
•J. — Sliortlv afti-r llu' opi-iiiiiij of llii' lii-\t >-i --ion of
I'.-ii-liaiiii'iit. I>>"il. llii' ailiiiiiii>li-ator 'i-iil ilowii a iin--;
Tli.'i'lvi; Msi. sa"i- on tin- Milij- .1 of lii-- i-a~iial anil ti-rri
Alllli-k nil 111.' . , ' 1 I ■ 1
I •• l-'iiiiiilv I "Ml tonal |i-\i-ini . ami tin' ipill-|-rllls, i-ni-los-
' r-;';,'''.M""'"' iii.u' .'IN .- ir,-ii-i from a h'tliT of Mr. K. (J. ,
Staiili-v. -I'l'i-i'l.irv o -I'll' fur ii e roloiiii";. ii; wlili'li Iw
I olFi'ri'il to -iii-i'i-ml'-i- i .il:.- (foii-i ill'- carnal ami ii-irltorial
j rr\i-liiii-> in 1 \i-liali'^i- fir .( 'iM-'l r'.iil li^l -I'l'l lli'i|ilil-
I'riiU.iiii .-uli-'piati- pro\ l-iiiii lii-iii'.j ' . nli ;.ir lln- *iipport .-iml
I iiiili-pi-iii|i-iii'i' of till' jii'lii'ial i".t!i!i!!'<iiiii 11' oi ilii' pi'oviiii'i'.
I 'I'll'- «iilii'ilor-i.'''iii'i-:il iiio\'''l t!-.- ail'.pr.oii lii I -1': 11'-; of rrs
oliiliiiii^ a!,fri'i'iiiii lo ill ■ p-opo-.i!, ,-inii a hill wa . iiilio'liici'.l
' ami i-i'iiil 11 lli--it, tiiiii'. It proviilril lor llii' Milaries us i
follows; cliicf jiislicc, £l,"iOI), lii'siilcs tiavclliiit; I'.vpfiisps
ami crrtaiii fees; attoriicy-gt'iu ral, t'lloo ; soliriior j;oii-
I'lal. l''i()0 ; a.ssistniit jii'ljies of tlii' Siipniiii' Coiirl, £700
cai-li : master of tlie rolls. .£7.'iO ; first jiMirr of ('ap(>
IJretoii, £|.")0; three iiisiii-('< of C'oiniiioii lMi-:i> ami prcsi-
dnits of M-s>ion-. £.'i.')0 i-ai-li ; llie pro\ iinial •ii-retarifs.
£1.111111. 1),. lilies £.'i(lil as ri'-,'iMi-r. £100 as elerk of till'
(oiimil. anil .£lllil for eleiks ami eoiiliiiiri-iH-ies. The
salary of the ;;o\, rnor wa-- lixeil al £l'..')(MI, Tin- piiMi-
e.-ition of till- sal.-ir\ li~t i-aii,i-i| i;ri-at iinliifiialion. .is it
\va^ liel'l thai the pi'ovim-' w.is mil in a position to >taiiil
Ml lii-a\ \ 1 ei\il W-l. ami petitions fi-om several i-oiiiities, as
Well a, tliei-ily of Halifax, were pre^eiili'il ii-.:ailist it, illiil.
fiiilln-r i-on-i'l'-ratioii of the hill was lai'l over until next
-e^-ioii. Nova Si'otia at this time was .-ilmrKt as coinpli'te-
l\ ill the h.imls of a •• Family Compai'i " as was l'|)por
( '.Ilia. la. it e.iiitrolli'il the eM'i-ntiM' .'IIhI l.e^i-lallve Coilll-
eiU. ill'- I -liii;;^ of whi'-li were hi-lil with ehweil iloors. und
wa> Ml \ leii n-ioii, of ii> ii;r|its iiml privili'L'i's diiriiiu- tlii.s
se~>ioii. The lir>l atlai'k on tin' oli^arehy wa- m.iile hy Mr.
Alex. SteHai'l in the shape of three resolution-- liaviiii; for
their ohji-'-i ill.- llirowiii:.' open of tin- 'lo.u-. of iln- ('oiiii- '
I'il ; an iiiereaM' of the niimher of lonneillors hy iiieiii-
Iw'i's chosen from tin- country — -all lli ' nieinhers of the
Ciiiini'il at this time wi-'' r'--iileiit> of Ilalif.-ix — ami the
i|i\i-,liii-„' it of its e\.-.-iiii\'' ]iow'-r~. The I'l'-oliitioii-.
I'-'l to milhiiiL; al tin- ti hiii I'l.- i|i-.'-ii-»i f ilnni
ili'-w all'-nli'iii to lln- coiiipo'.iiioii of ili.- ( .inneil. ami pre
par'''l the pNlilie liiimi for the eli.iiiL''i-- wliieh we|-e to
c.iine.
.'!. — Major-Co iii-r.il Sir ( olin ('.imphell. K. ( '. l$.,ari-ivr>(l
at Il-'lil'.-ix on Ut .liil\. I><.il. ami a--iiiiii-il ihe reins of
irovei iiim'iil a- lii'iii'-iiaiit li.h enior. i-''li'-\' ,, ,
|-:illHI.- 'if rrepi*.
iiiL' I!o;i. Mr. .lelVrev after an ailminis itu-i i.-- !i-..iiIiIi'h.
... ■ , .,., T Iii'l.ni.
tr.-itioiiol eii;lili'i'ii month'-. I he yi .ir l-'^.i I
u.i^ a ilirlv one lor Niva Si-oii.i. ami i-~ i'-'-iall\ f'U- Mali
fax. Two ye.ir^' -ii'-i-'---i\ .- ha'l lia'-Msi, ^jri-allv |-i-.lii.-e.l
:!ii- prm iner. wiiil.- tin- -i-.-ii-'-ily of eoin. ami tin- ll'ioiliii',' of
the eoiinlry with iri'eil'-ein.-ilile pap.'i' mo fv. on w lii'-h lln-
peopje hail to lo-'- nearly four p"r eeni. ''.-iii-i-.l not only
heavy lo-s hut trreil iiie.iiiv''ni''m-'- Tin- prii-i-s of pro-
iliiee fell very miii'li. lUli il-'i'lipcl over thirty p'-r i-i-iit.
ami iiiaiiy lii-ivy failiin-s took place in Halifax: hut
hii^iiie-- li'oiilile wa-> mil ilie only ealaniit\ that liefcll
llaliiax iliirin..; tlii> l.iekle*-- siiiiiiiier. for il;.' |_ri'im spectre
of ('li'il''i'.'i inarclii <l ihroii'ih her street, iml laiil iiiaiiv of
her fair '-t ^oii, ami ilaii:.'hl 'i - in tin' coM ami silent
toinli : uliile fi'ar of lli.' ilr.'a.l ilisi-a-. ili-ove hiiiiilreils
from tin- i-it\ ami Ui-p: the i-.iii!iti-\ people .'roni i-nli lin;: i
it, so thai on market il.iy the xtrceis were iilniost as ile- A
serteil ,'is on till' S.ihliaih iliiiiic chiirch hours. Thi'ili'-i!
ciise mail'' it-. rn'--t .'ipp' ir.im- • m. i'h- 1 lili of .Viijin^t.
when sewral ca-i's w.'i'.' rejioi'le.l, ami all lhioii'.;h that
inoiilh ami part of Septcinhcr. the ilciilli rat uiliniieil to
^nlici|(Pl'-^rf.||.
II' Court, £700 j
l-lirr of C.ipf.
i:i> .lliil picsi-
:il ■•■rri'lafii's,
I'li'lli of tllO
.nurii's, 'I'lie
II 'I'll., piil.li-
L'^IIMlioll. MS it
-iiioii to siaiid
r.il ''oiiiiiii's. as
a.'aiiist it, iiiid.
Vil- lllllil IH'Xt
t ,is coriiiili'te-
.■!■; Wii-i I'ppcr
L;i'l:iiivf Coiiii-
lo-cd doors, and
;.'<•> diii-inu' this
;i~ made h\ Mr.
ioii> liaviiiir for
■ ol llic ('(illll-
illor^ liy riicni-
ii'iulicrs of tlie
il'ax — and tlio
M' ri'xiliitioiis
|l~-ioll nl' ill, 'til
'oiiiicil. and pre
Vvllildl WrlT to
<■ '-'. i{..arrivr.l
'•<! till- |-| ill^ rif
l'':iiliiri-of I'roiis.
Husi I,'-!- ir..iil,li'».
■I I...I.I.,.
'■iailv Inr llali-
.'i-i'atly rrili 1
iIm' li liiiL' of
'. on W llirll ||||.
aii-i'.| not nuly
prirr- 111' pi-,)
liny pri- Clil.
Il.ilil'av : liiit
ilv that liftVIl
II' ;.'i-iiii spi'cdc
I laiil iiianv of
o|i| and sili'iit
roM' liiiiidi'i'ds
Voiii fiilcriin;
aliiiosi as ill'.
in'N. 'I"!!.' iji-
ili of Aiijini.
iliioii'jli thai
I Ill iiiiii d to
NOVA SCOTIA— FKOM is:):! TO l^.;7.
ridl lip until till' lull Si'ptiiiilii'r, wlii'ii twriity tin
dvillis wiTi' rcporti'd as having laiii'ii |)iai'(' on tin- prrvi-
(iii> day. out of a tital of oiii' liiiinlicd ami lifly-l'oiir iM>i's.
At this timr tin; wcallnr iifi'ami' cooIit and the di^ca^i'
stcadilv ih'rn-asiil until tiic :?il ( )ctol)('r, when tin; Iliallli
IJoanl I'oiind tiir ili^ra^i' had -o lu'arly disappcarod that
ihi'y discontinnc'd tiii'ir daily rrports. and shortly after
till- I'ily wxs free from the scour;;!'.
•1. — Till' first Tiiiipi'raiici' Convention in Nova Seotia
was ludd in Halifax in Oetoher ami was attimh'd hy
aliout thii'tv ih li'irale- iVoni vaiioiis points
SftllcMiiPnt ,.f 111.' . ■ . . .
inu'siiiiii 111' (.mil- of till- pioxiner. ijainiin^ to ii'pre-.ent
Ueittfl. , . , , , ...
Iiltei'ii ilioiisaml ini'inlHa-^ ol ■.ocictii's. a
verv ri'spiTialile ^iiowin^f in so -hoit .i time. I'.ii'iianieiit
asseinl)!i-d in NoM'inlM-r. and I lie Ll'overnor in hiss pi h from
tile liiroiii' said that on ai'i'oiint of the manner in wliieh the
(ilVer to siirrenrli'r llie ea-nal and l,'n-iiorial revenues li.i.l
been n'ei'ived last si--, on. it would not Im- i-i-n.-md ; Imt
he was !iiithori/ed to olfer to riliiiipii-h tiie ^piii i-i-i,ts in
considi'ralion of a paxiie-nt of t wo tiions.tnd pounds per
iliniiim. alioiit on'- tliii-'i "f tln-ii- value, .-ind if the House
did not ; ept the olf.r the rents would lie eolli-eti-d at
OIK'e. Tlie i|lle~tioli W.-^^ spc-edily t.dieii lip liV the House,
and alter a sharp di-li.ile the olfer was ,ier,ptcd, the
ilinonnt liein^ -pec-ilied a- in payinc-iil of the lienli-n::nt-;;ov
ornor s s.-ilarv. A eood ileal oi di.se.iis.sion took pl.-iee as to
the inenase of the niiiidier of ports of eiili'v. and a.i addre-s
whieh was an exeellelit exhiliit for the prfivilif'e. 'I'll
.'inionni rii-i-d hy volniit iry sii'isi'ripiions was SI.?.|ii'i
and in addition ilnrr wa.-^ p.-iid out of tin- treasury Sl't.'siiii.
The term of the Hoil-e of .Vssi'iiilily h.-iviii;; e\|iii-ed in
li^ot"), an election w.-i-, held in that year, and Mr. .losi-ph
Howe and .Mr. William .^iinand were ele.-ted to i-cpi-i-x-ni
Halifax County. .Mr. Ilowi' h.-id liei-n for m.-iny years a
prominent journalist, and liad i-ver lieen fori'inost in lle-
caii-e of reform in the many exisiinu' ahuscs. and he wa-
even now hein;; loidxed on as the prop|i-\ cliainpion
a;i.-nnst olhcial corrnplion ,-iiid ,-iliii^e of pl.-iei- and powi-r.
I Mr. .\niiand in his ad lir-- to iln- eh-ctoi's declared
hini-elf ill f.-ivor of th - pro\inee li .viiiir control of the
c.i-ii;d .'iiiil territorial i'-\ i-iiins ; of inereaM-d inli-rnal
eoiiiiniiniesition lictwc-eii dilferent parts of the province;
of a more liberal school sy-teiii, wliidi would eiialile
'_'reati-r iiuinliers lo enj-iv tin- hlr- -in-j-: of I'du'-atioii ; and
lli.it the I.cei-lature should •-iie.iin-M;.fe a ;;rjcii|i lire, the
I (ihherii-s. and dome^iic inaiinl'.iciuri-s.
I>. — .Shortly after the opeain;; of the next si-s^imi an
'. alt.-ii-U was made in the Coiiin'il liy Mr. ' )'Conner Hoyle,
wiio moved ilial ihi- i-ii-lom of ilic Council .,., , , ,
I III' I'lt-.-M-h I..>-
sitliii'' with closed diMiis wa- conlrarvto i«'.-n ili.- CMnn.-il
ntnl \S^.M|I>|V.
iho practice of the Hoiim' of Lords, and Mr. ll""'-'.^i«.-lvo
, ., -I - I 1 • 1 1 r'-."I"ii"iis.
I lie ( 1 III llc-l Is ol oilier colonies. , -nil I oppose! I
to till' spirit of till' I'liiii-li ( on-liliitioii. The Council
was hiu:hlv indi:.Mi.-int. and iefii,i-d a coiifei-i-ii,-e with !l
to Ills iiiaj
e-lv wa> ino\
d piMyiiii; that the ail\anta'.re of
onimitti-e appoinii-il liy tlie llou«o. ileclariii'.f the ai'tioil
III
heinu- allowed to h i\!' forei:.'n vessels I'liler. without liav- of lln- Hoii-e a lire.-ich of the privili :.'!' of the Council anil
( a xiol.itioii of ili-it l'ai-|i.-iiiii-nl.-iry ii.-a^'e wliieli pi-nhiliifs
teri-d at St. .lohii or St. .Vndrew. Im
111' lloii-e from interfering with tin.- internal i-i-i;iilalioiis
lliii pi'i'vion-ly i-nti'i
teniii'd to Lnni-nliiir;;. \Vindsor. .Vricln-t and otln'r placi':
but no attention wa- p.iid to the ,-iddri'~~. Tin- ye.-ir is.'i.'i ot the other. Mr. Hi
opein-il with a liliel siiit. On ihi-l~i of .laiiuarv .Mr. tion^ mi the Lieiieral -tnii'lurc and comhicl of ihe Cniincil.
.Io-«!'ph Howe piiWlishi'il in his pa|)er,thi' A'kck .'^Cll/l^//(, a let- j whii'li jiave a iiia -.li'riy exhiliilion of tin- stale of ihinils
-xt introiliici-d fW!'l\
ill
ter slu;nei
1 "Thi' 1'
in which the nia;;i-trates mi'I'i- j then existing in tlii> province. A hrief n-suiiii' of thesi'
]•' : we then-fiiie <'\\i> ill!'
holdlv anil plainly ehariTi-il with i-'irruplion. and -onn- fun re-oliilions will provi- inti'ie-tii
was maile of the liowrnor
Sir CoJint aniiihcll. Ih
lollovin:.' ^\ leip^is, as iiearlv a^
>ilil!-. in the Wold- of
Irii'd for lilii'l at till' ni'Xt -es-i.iii. Iiiit ilefi-ndi-d liiin-i-lf so ! tin- aiilhor : "In the inl'ancy of lln- i-olony
(•leverlv that the jiirv hroiiudil in a veriiii-t of " not unili.v." I nient
lis
ivein-
was iii-ci's-aril V vi'steil in
ivernor ami Council
{{reatly to the sati-faciion of .Mr. Howe's frieiid-i. amleipial- .'iiid i-mii afh r a re|
ilalixe .\>-einlilv «a- iri-aiiteil.
wl
lo hii iself. as the tri.-it
lii'li was ifiowini; I'a^t.
d Ids
|loliUl.-|lllV.
llr
I"
ll elloo-in:.' Iin-lullels of Ifilllicil eXcjl
from the heads of deparlmeiiN, .-iiid pi-i-~oiis re-iiii-nl in
•'riie ino~l iioleworthv cireiimstance eoi 'Wd willi the cupii.-il, was still pursued, and with a solitary exception
the scsion of 1-S'!i'> was the aiiiioinlment of a cKinmiltee j had liecn eoniiinn d to tlie piv-eiii lime Tlie praeiii
Slati' iif i<>liirnl|iiii
ill ilii' I'invitii-i'.
Mr. Iliitti' lirsl
i-li-'-ii-il III I'lti'lin-
to inipiiri' into
the nnnince. an
tin ^tate ol ediicatiim in , eirecl of tlii^ -\-ti
•11 111 the lllnhe^t
I f.oui tl
le report Ian!
injuriiius to the inlere-t-. oi ijn- coiinlry, iii.-i-inin-li a~ one
lielore the lloii-e
""'"'• knowleilL'e of the -late of eiliicalinii in
the province in l-'^-i-"). ,\n .-nl for tin- c-laMi-hnieiit of
I'limmoii and uranimar schools had lieeii pa^-ed in \>*',>'2,
I depi lldiim on the \o|i|lit;U'y I'lilltrihlltioiK of
le l-epolt diows tll.-lt ill |S.'!."l
there Were live liiimlred , -mil thirl v »cliii.'ls in the province.
;.'aiii -oai" ii-efnl ,] liraiicli of liie Le^i-latili'i
had lii-eii ;;eiii'rally eoiiipo-ei!
if
the support ih'pi inlini; oi
each school di-tinl. T
vho, from wiii'it of Inc-il knowledL'c and experience,
Were not iplalilicd to decide upon tile \\anls nl 1
di-taiit
pol'tiolis of the pi'oviii
ihii-ll the elfol'ls of till
li alleiided hv an auurcLiale of liiieeii I loiisaiid children, I
i-presi'iitative hraiich were in many insl.-incc- mulralized,
.\llloll'.i the proof- lll.ll nii-,dll he addlleed of the evils
ari-iiiii' from the imperl'eci slrueiiire of tin- Coiincil. ii uas
only nei'e--arv lo refer to the unsncces-fnl i-ll'ni-'i- of llie
I 1-1
I I
"I J
!!'
:i!l ;
ll||l
^il '
\\\i
■ -i
lu;
Tl TTLF.S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
.\~-i'tii!ily tn rxtcml lo llic ,;'i!|Mi|-N till' ;i'lv:i ilt.l'jrs (if I
foreign tr.-uU' : to the l:ir<;c' sinii wliicii it w.ts ciiinin-llfil.
iiftiT .1 ]o\)iX ^IniL'-'l"'. til rr^i^ii for llic .■iippoi-t of tlic
ni-loiiis r«t:ilili^luiu lit ; to llir ililliiullii'- tlirouii in tlic
\v;iy of a lilii'i'al sv>lfi)i of idiicatioii. .iIhI tolln' iii'cnt
aliortivc atlc'in|it to al)oli^ll tlio fft"< tikcn lu llir jii'lm's
of the Sii|)ri'ino Court. At tlie last ci'iisU'i of tlic |io|iii-
lalion. taken in 1x27. tlii» nuTiilifr-iiip of tlic F,|iiM'o|ial
Cliurcli was twcnty-ciLrlit tlMii^aiul, ami that of the
I)i«-('iiti'r> one hmnlrcd ami (ifti'cn thoiisaml ; vil the
ajipoiijinents to tho Council were mainly inailc fidiii the
nicinlnTs of the F,|iiseo|ial Churcli, so a> to >eeiire to tiiat
boily a deeiileij inajoi-ity at the l?oaiil. There were now
ill tlie Council i'ij.'ht ineiiil)(>rs reproentinj: the Church,
whilst tiie I're-liyii liaii-^, «lio were iinieli moi'e nuinerons.
hail Imt three representatives, aii'i the Umnaii C.-ilholics
— a lariie lioilv — Inel Imt me repirsfiitati\ e ; the
Metl' ill ts anil l'a|ili>ts lieinj; entirely uiirepre«enteil.
llie Hishop of the I'",piseopal ( hiireli was a nieinlier of
Council, whilst the Uoni.iii (':.lholie lli^lmp. ami elerL;y-
ineii of all other !lenoiiilii.;liolis were exclinleil. The
re-nlt of this state of thinus was a ijeiieral ami injiii'ioiis
.system of favoritism ami monopoly, extemlin;; alnm-i
throii;^li every (leparlineiil if tin puhlie seivice. hm r
which the local government ha^l no control, lliereliy
ve^ting ill the hands of a part of the population the
resources arising from the imlii-try of the whole, ami
creating invidious distinution ami jealous discontent in the
mil. (Is of a large iiiimhcr of liis majesty's sulijecls.
Two family connections embraci^d five nieinhers of the
Council. Till very recently (ive others were copartners
in one merchantile concern, and to this circumstance
might he attrihuted the failure of the efforts of the
Asscmlily to fix a .standard of value, and estaldish a sound
ciirrencv in the province. The Assemhiy had for years
a>serled this right to .'ontrol the casual and territorial
revenues of tile coiri.'.v, whether arising from the fees of
olllce. the sale of h.iids. or the royalty paid iipiui the
pimliiee of the mines ; lint their elVorls In olit.lin justice
had lieeii iins|iceess| id. The l.nids of the pro\ ii were
in elTect mort;:a'.;e(l to pay tli( inmissioner a salary
oiil of all proportion to the services he was ealled upon
to perforin, while all the mines and mirieraU of the
province had heeli leased for sixty years to a wealthy
F'-n^dish company without the consent of the representa-
tivi'S of the people. The presence of the ehief-justice at
the Council Hoard was unwise and injurious, having a
lemlelicv to lessen the re.spect which the jieople ought to
feel for the courts over which he presided. From the
warm interest he had always felt in juihrc i(Uestiiins. and
particularly in some of those in which the representative
liramh and the Council had lieen diametrically opposed,
and from the iiillneiice which his position gave him over
a numerous liar, lie had generally been regarded as the i,
head of a political [lartv .ind fre(picnllv liroiiLiht into
violent conlliet with a pco|i|e imlnieil with the truly
liritish idea that judges ought not to mingle in the triiiK
and contentions of pi'ilics. The e\ils arising from the
structure of the Council, .■uid the disposition evinced hv
some of its ineniliers to protect their own interests and
emoluinenls ,it the pulilic expense, were rendered more
injurious liy the umdnsiitntioiial and insulting practice
still iiertinaiiously adhered to liy that body, of shutting:
out the people from their delilieralions, a practice which.
wa> opposed to that of the ijoiise of Lords in Fnglaml.of
the I,e:;isl;iii\ e Conmils i,f Lower ( 'an.ada. New IJruiis-
wick. I'rince I'-duanl Isliiml and Newfoundland, and
|)ersevered in mil w ilhstamling the murmurs and complaints
of the people. ,and the repeated representations and
remonsirances nf the Asscnilily. In ICngland. the people
liy one vole of their re|iresenlalive could change the miids-
try. and aller any coiiise of policy injurious to their
interests: Imt here the ministry and his majesiy's council,
coinlimini,' Legisl.iiive. .ludicial and Fxeciilive powers —
Iield their seats for lil'e, and treated with contempt or
iiidilVereiice the wishes of the people, and the repre.se;;ta-
tives of the ( 'oininiins. In I'.ngla id the representative
liraiich could compel a reilrcss of grievances hy withhold-
ing the supplies, i lire they had no such remedy, liec.iiise
the .salaries of nearly all the |iiililic o!licer> lieing provided
for hy a permanent clause, or paid out of li.e c.isual or
territorial revenues, or from t he produce i,f ilulies cnllcctid
uiuler the inijierial acts, a stoppage of .siipjilies, while it
inllicted a great injiiiy on the country hy leasing the
roads, liridge.s and other essential services unprovided for,
would not touch the emoluments of the heads of depart-
ments ill the (,'ouncil. or of any hut a lew of the suliordin-
ate oiricens of the government. As a remedy for these
grievances it was siig;,'ested to pray his majesty to take
such steps, either liy gianting an elective Legislative
Cijuncil, or hy such other reconstruction of the local
giivernineiit as Would insure respon>ihility to the
Ciiininiins. and confer on the people of the |iro\ince, what
tliev \ .lined aliov I' all other pii.sst.ssinns. the lilessiiigs of
the llrilish ('•-nsiiinlion.
7. — The (ouncil w.is deeply incensed at these resolu-
tion-, and, on .'iih Ma;eli, sent ;i iness^i^re in die House
that null s- the i-esnliin.iiis wei-e rescinded
it inil-t. nut of seh-respect. refuse to hold A.ii.in .it llic
, ' 1 I ' eltll'il, 'I'll.' IC^
,'in\ cnininiinicatlon wliate\ir witli the uliui.uisrwiinlcd.
Assenilily. This acii.in (■.•c.itcd a pro-
found seiisalion. and .Mr. Il.iwe moved to rescind tlie
resolution, so that the liusine-s of the sesNion might
]iriiceei|. The imitioiito rcs.and was c:u'rlcd. ami the Hvo
Houses w.irke(i together in aiipareni harmony again, llul
.Mr. Ilo.ve had gained his end in iiaving the resolutions
made pulilic and forcing the Coiincii into the undignilieil
altitude of ihreatuning to Interrupt pulilic husinoss iiules.s
ly lii<iii;;la into
uilli the Iriily
null' ill tlic tri;il>
:m i^iiiir from tlic
itidii fvirjciMl liy
(Ml iiitciois iiiid
' iiiiili'ii'il more
i^iilliiif,' |i|-:irlicc
loily, ol' sliiittiiis
ii:iclii'(' wliii'h.
iii Kli^l:ilJil.of
|il;i. Niw IJllIIIS- I
k\ I'dUiiillaliil. :iii(l
s :mii| ('()iii|ilMiiiU I
-iiilatiinis aiirl i
;laliil, till' people
llMIIUi' lilt' liiiiiis-
iiirioii-i to ilifir
laji -ty'.'i coimcil,
<'iili\c po\Mis —
itii I'oiiiciiipt or
I tlic iipn'.s(;:-,tii-
II' n'prc>c>iii:itiv('
i<'i's l)y wiililjolil-
Irliirily, liic.iuso
> lifiiij; pr()\ iilc'd
of tl.i' I'.i-iial Of
if illllic^ (•(iil<'l.'tC(l
applies, wliilo it
I' liy Icasiiiu" the
> iiiiproviilcd for,
heads of dcpart-
of the suhordin-
•t'liiedy for tliose
majesty to take
■live Le;ri.sl;,tive
oil of the local
isiliility to the
11' pruviiicc, what
till? l(lessiiij;s of
at lllese re-olu-
:<■ to the House
I Arliull uf till'
I ■MlMiil. 'I'lli' IP*
* ulllliiMllt n-ni'ill<lc(l.
to resiand the
B session inii;ht
led. and the two
oiiy ajjaiii. Hut
; llie re<iiinliini.s
I llie iimliuiiilii'd
' liusiness unless
NOVA S( (iriA— l-iJO.M ls.;7 To ism.
4i;
the House rescinded one of its own resolutions. The
Council, to counteract the ellcot of the resolutions passed
an address to the govei'uor replying to the charges inaile
in them : hut not Hiicccssfully disj>roving any inati'rial
point. The governor, who favored the Council, <'on-
gratulated it on its address, and jiromised to lay it at th<!
foot of the llirnne at llie same time as the address from
the A>~einldy. So the hreacli was hridgid over for the
time heiii''.
ciiArrKu X( IX.
NOVA SCOTIA— FROM 1M.;7 TO If^lO.
1. Tuoiiii.i. wmi iti'.uAiii) Ti> Tiir. Fisiiiin (.^i.kstiox.
Ai iiKN iiK riii: Assi-.Miti.Y.— •-'. Kii-i.cr oi- rm:
CaNAIHAN KlIll.l.l.liiN IN Nl>\ A SrilllA. — ."). Hk-
KDKMs laiANri'.i) iiv nil; IIdmi; ivivi.iiwii.s r. Vs-
I'DI'LI.AU ACriilS OK Stlt Cl)l-1N C A M I'll 1.1.1. . 1.
CoNCKSsioNs MAKK TO riii; Pkovimi;. Oi'i'osmox
TO Coxn;iir.UATii>.N. — •'). Tiik i-i::.sr Wak Sri.A.Mi;ii.i.
FiKsr Haii.wav i.v Nova Scotia.
1.— The li-lieiy question has always liceii a llouhle-
some one to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and unfor-
Tn.iil.l.' with r.'- tlllKltelv is Hot iiuite stitisfaetorilv settled
giuil to til.' ti^liirv ■ , ,. , '
i|iii.'<iiMii. .\,ii,,ii to the present day. 1' roni the etirlv days
of till! .\(*S»'llll»IV. ... , ' . ,. , .* , * ,
ot iliscovery til" i|Uestlon of the lii.dit ot
fishing had lieeii a disputed one lietweeii the French and
KiiL'li^h gi'Miiinients, until the time of Sir Ilujiiplirev
(iillieil, who cl.iiiiied the right of origiiitil discoverv.
After ll; ce>^ion of Cmaila to I'jiglaiid in ITfi'!. the tish-
vry ipiestion was almo>t selllccl. until the reiognitioli of
till' independence of the I'niteil Slates, liv the treaty of
17s.'!, gave rise to new complications, l?y that treaty
lilieitv Wiis j;i'.iiiir(l to llie .Vmeiicaiis to li'-h on the Grand
Hank and all the oilier hanks of New .'oiindland, and also
in the (iiilf of the Si Lawrence; Imt they were not to
Inive the right lo dry or can any li-li in tiny settled hay,
creek or hailior of .Nova Scoiia. I.alirador, or the .Mag-
dalen Islands. As soon as iiny hay or harhor was settled
it was to he tdiaiidoncd tis a li^hin^ slatinn, unless an
ugreemeiit was made willi llie inhaliitaiits for a coiitimi-
tince of the iii:lit. This tirrangcincnt \ iriiially gtive the
.Vniericaiis tis great privileges tis the Nmti .Scolians and
New louinllandcrs, and was e.vticmcly disttistefiil to the
two latter |(eoples. The war of 18lu'--l") put a slop to
American lishilig for the time heiiig, and the Nova Scotians
took advtiiitage of the tciiijiorary suspension to petition
the Home goveriiiiieiii that itieir riglits should in fuliire
he more llioioiii;hly piolected liy treaty eliactmelit. ISy
ihi^ licaiy of r.iris. IHl."), the fi>lieries i|Ueslion vvas left
til a conveiilioii wiiicli did not settle the terms on which
llic Americans could li>li in Novti Scotia and Newfound-
land waters until 1HI8. when an arrangement was agreed
to hy which foreigners were e.\eltiileil from (i>hiiig within
three miles of the headlands or landing oi: the coast.
These [iriivisions were .ipecdily hrokeii hy the American
lishermeii. who liought halt from the inlitihitai.ts, set nets
in the liarhors, and otherwise violated the treaty. These
infringements of the rights of the people of Nova Scotia hj
the .\meiican li^hermen — and alsohy the P'reiich. alth 'i
not to so great an ext(!tit — caused much dissatisfiietion,
and at the session of lNo7 the Assemhly moved an ad-
dress to his majesty on the snhjcct, and tilso voted i.'.')00
for the arniiiig of smtill vessels to protect the coast.
2. — During the session of l.s;!7 an effort was made to
incorporate the town of Htilil'ax, hut was iiot successful.
Mr. Howe had for some time been attack- ,., . , ,,
KiTiit iif ilif I ii-
iii'' the corniiilion of the civil adniinisira- iiu'IIhh it.iuiiii.n
• 1 1 ' ,1- ■ . , . il'-N"^"S.nli.i
tioii, ana a large piihlic meeting was held
at the K.\cliange ColVee House at which resolutions pray-
ing the Legislature for an act of incorporation were ptiss-
ed ; Imt the I Ioii>e refused to grant the petitinn. The
outlireak in Cppei- and Lower Canada iiiider .Mackenzie
and I'apineau imi wiili no respoii-e or eneouragemelit ill
NoVii Scotia, on the contrary, indeed. Mr. Howe's popu-
larity was impaired for :i while, on account of his agita-
tion in lavor of reform, and he was styled hy his enemies
the I'apineau of Nova Scotiti ; "hut Mr. Howe, while a
consistent and persistent Kefornier, was not a rehel like
I'apinetm or .Mackenzie, and never contemplated attaining
reform hy any other than constitutional means ; a jiosi-
tion which he was viiy careful toexplain at a puhlic meet-
in;; held to raise fnihK to support the wives and children
of the -oldicrs in garrison at ILililax who were sent to
Canada to ;is>i>t in -iipprcssing the rehellion tliiTe. At
this meeting he read extracts from ti letter wriiteii hy him to
.Mr. Chapman in answer to letieis from him a^kiiii.' the co-
operation of Mr. IIowi! and the Nova Scotia rel'orniers
with the Papiiiciiu paity. The extracts from .Mr IIowi''s
letter rennirked on the desirahleiiess of using sincerity anil
frankness on the suliieet. ;ind sltiteil that seveii-eiirliths of !
the population of lln^ Lower l'io\ince woiihl he opposed
to Beparatioii from the crown ; that lln^ peopli' were sin-
cerely attachcil to the .Mother Coiinlry, that the ol.ject of
the rel'ormcrs was the pniilication of their institutions, and
that they never assumed that justice could not he attain-
ed hy peaceful and constitutional means. ISIr. Howe and
his party ai'ted up to their professions, and although there
wtis much political agitation in Nova .Scoti.i during 1S.'!7-H,
thi;re wa- no rehellious outhreak as there was in I'pper
and liower Canada.
"i. — The session of lS,'t.>! Was opened ill .laiiiiary. when
the governor informed the Assemhly of the siippiessing
of llie rehellion in /-ower Canaihi, and i<>i"iiiii; u-mntc-.i
thanked the people, tliroti.rji their repieseii- "iiiiii.tii, t njM.p-
'I . . ' ul.ir mtiiiii of sir
tatives, for the loval tiiid ptitiiotu: manner Colin r,im|ib<;ll.
I 1
, i
■■I
|!"
i .|
I y,
I i
ll
\Ur
till' III
lil-. A|i|ilicaliipii was alxi iiiadr, in ilic .uimimit of
<:iii<l
i is;;h.
In l,niil (ilciicl;.'. Iiy .Mr. Ilnwraiul Mr. Win. ( laiic
.(lllU
nf N,
w llniii>w ii-k, and his l(iril~iii|i |iriiiiii>i'i| to ;.>i\t^
will
llir 111
ilhr Ills allciilinii. Diiriiii; llu' IdllDwiii;,' year lliii
lllis
llialti'
■ was |iiil iiilii dcliiiili' sliapc liy llic j:uvtiiiiiiciit eli-
Ullg
1 t'''''"«
iiilKii (-'oiitriKitwilh Ml'. Saimii'l C'liiiard (al'lerwanU
ll I
.v.,1 I,, |-:„uhll;(l
^iuiiiiii::ns|i(iii.
('iiiiiii'il :i|i|iiiini-
^ M. Wilkin, to
;i>viriiiiiiiit. Till'
iiilciN ji'iv-, wiili
iccssioMs. Ciiin-
Mii'l I.miciilnir;!;
tiiiii- and lAcisi!
; iil"iiii fl..'iiM(a
wivr .ilc.'i.il in
•111. A liill was
ailiial scirliis to
'•. Till' |iiililicii- j
III' riiili>li Aiiii'r- I
III all llic' iirov- ,
^ • 1 I
^iiilia. ami |>i>|i- |
|iriiji-ciiM| iiiiiiiii. !
iiji^ a^'aiii-l till! I
llii«~ : •• Tliat ii !
I'lilmiiis Wdiilil !
iraclicalili' iin'as- !
mid lnciiiiiii'iitiy I
Ci'iiiiii V a-, well '
I'V Mlllllil hv to j
laic, liy iiiihuilij^ '
fli'Cli\r iiislilii- !
lirili^h iiiii^litu-
'iiii's. w hli'li art!
al (lis(ii^-i..ii> (if
'mmI and i.'iaiiaal
■'|iialc liim lit to
lar:,'!'."
iMM- vvliiili eli-
i> dniini,' tliL'se
■ I'll'' lirst (li'.'aii
Si.'Mrii.T-. I''niit
■ ''•■"l».a in NuMi
nlnihcntl) ccti-
V-i early as l.s;i,S
and dtlii'i's to
lalil'ax anil I,iv-
ad an inti r\ iivv
r.risiiil Strain
I'l-wards alhiid-
'' U'ls/irii, \\ lio
I'll till' line |ii'(»-
dy for carryiii!;
till' snniMic'r of
dr. Win. ( raiii',
iiini-iil to i.iivi!
Dwiii^' year tliii
govoriinient cii-
iiird (aftorwards
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Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 073-4503
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{NtlMVIO [dPHiSSIYIOR tUIILt r. HIblORy Of U» OOMINION lOFINU BIOGRAPHltS 5U INDU
1III BURIANU DlSBARAl'j lllMO (.UMf
M I '
Kii
NOVA SCOTIA— FROM Is II TO ISIC.
■Ml)
kiiijflitC(l) a native of Halifax, for tlii> carrvitiir of a
wi'ci\ly mail l)('t\vi'<Mi Liverpool aud Halifax, and Hostoii,
tlie annual siih^iily lioliig i.'.")."),0(M). This project was
siieeessl'iilly coinnienred ' ii the Ith .Inly, IHIO. Ipy the sail-
iiij: of tilt! first steamer of the line, the liriUdnla. from
Liver|io(il. She was one of four small side-wheel steam-
ers, and although a wonder in her time wouM look rather
insii,niilieaiit. nowadays alonjiside some of tlni mij^hty
ships of the sauK! line which rross the Atliintie with
almost cloek-lil'e regularity. 'I'he line llins liumlily hegan
now ranks amongst the largest steamship eom[)anies it;
the worM. numbering aliout fifty vessels, with a total ton-
age of upwarils of one humlretl thousand tons; and it is
ii noteworthy I'act that during the thirty-seven years the
line has lieen in existence, not a ship or a life has been
lost, few aeeidents. anil tlio>e slight ones, have occurred,
and tlu' mails have been delivered with almost unvarying
regnlaritv. The year juevious to the e>tabli>linient of
steam comnniiiicalion with Great ISritidn saw the opening
of the lirst railway in Nova Scotia, the line between the
Albion coal mine^ ami the linnling ground at Xew Glas-
gow. Tiie event was celebrated liy n gi-.ind bantpiet, at
which ujiwards of two thousainl persons sat down, and a
newspa]ier of the d:iy ird'orms its readers that ihen,' was
not iin unem|il(iyed (idille or bagpijie from Cape .John to
the Garden of Kileii.
C'lIAPTRIl C.
NOVA SCOTI.V— FROM 18H TO 1840.
1. Hi:siM)Nsiii[,f. Govf.iiNMKXT i(;xi)Ui:i> itv Siu Colin
CvSIIMii;!.!.. — •-'. A VUTK (II- WANT OF CONl'IDENCE
IN riiK Kxi.ci Tivi; Cor.Ncii, rAssi.n iiv rin-, As-
si.Miii.Y. — .">. Tin; Assr.Miii.Y i>i;mani)s Siu Coi.is'.s
1{i;movai.. — I. Tin; Colonial Si:ci! .taiiv's ,Sri;i;cii
IX Tin; Imit.kial Takliamknt. — 6. Auhival ok
Till'; FlKST OCICAN SrLAMKIi. VlSIT OK TIIK GoV-
i;i!Xou-Gkni;kal to tiii; I'kovixci:. — G. A Coalition
Govi;i{N>'KNT. Mil. Ilowi; Elkctk.I) .Si-k.akku. In-
COUI'OUA ION OK HaI.IKA.X. — 7. DlKKKIlKNCKS ON
Tin; (ilKSTION OK KllLCATION. 8, TlIK GoVKIiNOIt
DissoLVKS Pauliamioxt. 'I'm-; Ukkokmkks RKSKiN
KKOM THK CoLNCIL. — I). VoTK. OK WANT OK CoN-
KiDKNCK IN Tin-; Council Dk.kkatk.d. Mit. IIowk.'s
AlTACKS ox TIIK, (ioVKIlNOIi. 10. AoiTATION KOI!
A Railway iik.twkkx IIalika.k axu Quehec. Ki;-
( ALL OK LOKI) FaLKLAXI).
1, — The excitement with regard to responsible gov-
ernment was now greatly increasing. The Assem-
bly of New Hrunswiek lirnl already sueceeded in very
iiearlv attainin;; it, ;iiid the poi.uhir braneli It'-'i^nsiiiio c.n-
■' _ ' ' ITIllllt'Ilt lu'MiM'i'tl
of the Nova Sc'oti.'i Hoiim' was ear- !•» sirtolin cami'-
, ..... . i"^;i.
neslly iirgnig it, while meetmgs were
held ill almost ail tin; principal towns, and resolutions
passed in favor of resjMinsible governnuMit. Near the
end of IH.'i'.l, Lord .lolui Russell, then colonial sccretarv,
addressed acirculnr to Sir.Iohn llarvt^y, then governorof
Nt!W Brunswick, in which lu; c;illed attention to the
l)eculiar teiiuic of ollici; of the public; olliceis, who held
oiriec> for life, and were liable to removal onlv for b.ul
conduct, while the governor's commission was revoked
whenever the public service; seeniecl to recpiire a change.
The governor was, therefore, instructed that in future;
these ollicers would be reganled as liable to the same re-
moval in the interest of the public service as the gover-
nor ; and. further, th.it a mere change of governor would
bo suflicMc-nt cau-e tor a change of the crown advisers, if
his successor thought it in the jiublic interest to make;
such changes. This was, in reality, ;i milcl form of r«;-
sponsilile government, and was so regardc-d by the Nova
Scotia reformer.-,, but Sir (olin Campbell and his Kxecu-
tive Council woiihl not so i-<gard it. Sir Colin was a
staunch old Tory, and res(;nted anything like "modern
improvements" in the way of government, and he coin-
pletelv i;.'ncirecl the dispatch of the; c-olonial secretary.
2. — The House; was not long in forcing the impoitanco
of this dc;spatcli on the governor, and endeavoring to
obtain a change in the Executive Council. ,. ^.,,,,, ,,,■ „.. , „f
.Sliortiv after the meeting of Parliament, "'"liclcnicin iii.'
in 1810, Mr. Howe introduced four rcso- ipcissci hy Ui.! As-
, . Bcmbly.
lutions to the; eilec't that lor many years
the best interests of the province had been jeopanlizecl,
and its progress retarcled by the want of harmony between
the diU'erent br.'inclies of the gjvcrnrnent; that in every
effort put forth by the House to improve the institutions
and purify the; administration of the country, it had bec;n
met by an inlluence which had wielded the whole power
and patronage ctf the; governnieiit to thwart the; wise
polie'y avowed by her majesty's ministers, anil that in tin;
opinion of the House the; Ext;eutive Council, as at present
constituted, did not enjoy tin; contielence of the country. *
These resolutions were ado[ited by a vote of thirty to
twelve, and submitted to the governor, who replied that
he was not aware of any e'hangi; of opinion on the; part
of her maji'sty's ministers be;yond what he had stated in
aiLswer to the resolutions of the House on the same sub-
ject at last session. The House at oiici; callecl his I'x-
celleiicy's attention to the; later despatch of the; colonial
s(;t;retary, giving him power to change the; Jvxecutive
Coiineil if he thought it to the interests of the |iroviiice
to do so. and pointing to the fact that two thirds of the'
represe'iitalive; blanch desiring a change was a clear in-
dication that the majority of the; people were in favor of
• Cnmpbiill'H llinliirii nf \iti'a Scntin.
i> •
i
'
4')0
TUTTLE'S HISTORY (tF THE DOMIXIOX OF CANADA.
r
it, and IiIh iiistruptioiis re(iiiiri"il tliat Ik; should iidiiiiiiistcr
his gov(,'riiineiit in accordance wi'h tlic wishes of tlie jx'o-
plo.
.'}. — Sir Colin, liowevcr, was not to 1)0 persuaded. He
had resolutely set his face a<,'iiinst responsible };overiini(Mit.
„, , ,, , and he fou'dit it as eoura^eouslv and as
The AksoiuMv do- " ^
MiiiiHlsirCoUi.'s i)crsistentlv as he, fourteen vearg after-
rfiiiii\nt. * * ' ^ *
wards, foui,dit tile Russian army at lial-
aklava with his " nohle six hundred." He replied to tlie
House that to comply with its recpiest would be to intro-
duce a change! in the fundamental law of the province,
and he could not interpret tlie secretary's letter as bear-
ing so Mieral a construction as that; he therefore de-
clnied to make any changes in the Executive Cfuincil.
The Hous(,' and tlu' governor were now at direct variance ;
and the only course left for the former to resort to was
to petition the Home governnuMit to remove Sir Colin,
which was done in a very moderate toned address, cal ml j'
bu' f()rcii>]v setting forth the reasons for tli(! 'csired
change, and couched in such respectful, but .til)le
language that the Home government could not lau to see,
that if the governor would not exercise the power placed
in bis hands, some one must succeed him wl-.o would. The
concludi' ^ paragraph states the case very clearly : " That
your majesty will join with this House in obviating the
necessity for such appeals " (referring to appeals to the
[jublic o[iinion of the other colonies, and not to arms, as
may be inferred) ; " that you will repress these absurd at-
tempts to govern provinces by the aid, and for the exclu-
sive benefit of, minorities, this Assendily coiilidently
believe ; and in asking your majesty to remove Sir Colin
Campbell, and send to Nova Scotia a governor who will
. it only represent the crown, but carry out its polii'y
with lirii'.ncss and good faith, the rejiresentatives of Nova
Scotia perforin a painful duly to their sovereign, and to
their constituents, but recomnieiid the only reme(ly which
they fear can now he ajiplied to establish harmony be-
tween the executive and the Legislature of this ])rovince."
•1. — A public meeting was held in Masonic Hall, Hali-
fax, on 30th I\[arcli, 1810, at which the action of the
Asseniblv in requesting the recall of Sir
rolar'^';s'">''h; t'oliii Campbell was freely discussed by
Assembly ; but, after a debate of about
seven hours it broke up in some confusion and both [lar-
tie claimed to have lia<l the support of a majority of those
presi.'iit. All doubt, however, as to the intention of the
colonial secretary was soon after set at rest by the arrival
of the report of a sjieech mado by iiiiu in the imperial Par-
liament on presenting some Canadian cori'espoiidenc(( on
2;!d AFarcli (a week before the Halifax meeting was
held) : He said " The ]iractice had unfortunately jire-
vailed that there had been one set of men enjoying the
conlidenco of tlic governor, forming very often a small
party in the colony, distributing the revenues of the
country according to their own notions ; and, on the other
hand, there had been men, ambitious perhaps, stirring pin'-
liaps, but at the same time of great public talents, and
that these should be excluded from their share in the ad-
ministration, seemed an unfortunate and vicious system,
and the thoeght that, by the rule of .•ulministration, a
better praetici^ ought to be intioducecl. In conformity
with this opinion his predecessor in ollice, the Manpiis of
Normandy, informed the governor of Nova Scotia that
whenever a vacancy occurred in the Council he was to fill
it up by those jiersons selected from the majority of the
Assembly whom he thought most qiialifieil for such a trust.
The occasion of making appointment arose soon after lie
had su(-ceeded his noble friend, and the governor of Nova
Scotia reipiested to know whether he was to act on the di-
rections which he had received from his predecessor. He
told him he was ; and he knew no better way of giving con-
fidence to the provinces, and at the same time making the
leaders of the Assembly i)iacticed men of business, than
by appointing them to situations of ollicial trust and re-
sponsibility. He couhl liy no means lay down an inflexi-
ble rule on the snlijeet, but he maintained a general style
should be adopted by which the leaders among the major-
ity of the Assembly should be included in the executive
governnuMit."
."). — I'ublic attention was somewhat distracted from
political alYairs by the marriage of (^iieen Victoria, on
lOth February, l.slO. the event being eel- Arrival nt ii,n iirst
ebrated in Halifax bv i;eneral rejoicing; V!'.''''""''';' ''•
•. ' , J o \ „,t ,,[ ,1,,. (l,,v,.|-
aiid also bv tiie arrival of the pKjiieer noi-iiiMi.ial to tlm
Cunard steamer the hnHcinia on the 1 r th
.Tilly, after a very successful passage of twelve days and
a half, a happy omen of the good fortune which has at-
tended that lucky line to the present day. Wi'v arrival was
made <|uile an event in both Halifax and IJoston, espe-
cially at the latter place, where she was most eiithiisiastie-
ally received, and Mr. Ciniard was presented by the
citizens with a service of plate in acknowiedginent
of his .services. During the summer Halifax w.as visited
by Mr. C. I'oulet Thomson, governor-general of the
British I'rovinces in North America, who carct'iilly con-
sulted wi*li the leaders of both parties on the siibjei't of the
proposed reforms in the constitution of the province. In
particular be liad a long interview with 3Ir. Howe, wlio
read and explained to him his (.Mr. Howe's) pamplili't on
resiioiisible g'tvernment, in which he argued that it could
be just as s.afely and profitably applied to Nova .Seotia
as to England. Tiie governor asked many questions and
explanations, and when he left the jirovinee iIk; reformers
felt perfectly assured that his report would be in favor
of granting their reasonable demands. It was now gen-
erally known that Sir Colin Campbell was to be recalUd
and Viscount Falkland was to succeed him. His lord-
pveiiiies of tlif»
nd. on tlu; otlier
ips, stirring |)or-
;)lic talents, and
sliaro in the ad-
vicioiis system,
ilniiiiistration, a
In conformity
tlie Marquis of
ova Scotia tliat
■il lie was to fill
majority of the
for such a trust.
•e soon after he
nernor of Nova
act on the di-
cdecessor. He
ly of giving con-
inie making the
f husiness, than
al trust and re-
lown nn inflexi-
a general stylo
uong the major-
1 the executive
distracted from
en Victoria, on
Arrival nf the first
(x't'iiii stc.'uiicr.
\isit (.( til,' (Idvim-
iior-(ii,-ii,ral to tli.!
proyince.
ielve days and
• which has at-
ller arrival was
1 Boston, espe-
)st entliusiastic-
'sented hy the
•kiiowledgnuMit
fax was visited
I'eneral of the
carefully con-
e sid)ject of the
' jirovince. In
Ir. Ilowe, who
s) iiamphlet on
(1 that it could
) Nova Scotia
' questions and
'■ the reformers
hi he in favor
was now gen-
to 1)0 rccalh :l
m. llis lord
l!ii^
hiv, 'if:
ill ii!
!IW
1 * 111
i
■..ii-i
1 'fi
'iiMi
*l
UN
ii !
NOVA SCOTIA— FROM is II TO IS 10.
451
A cnalitlon c*^v-
crnment. Mi.
Ilnwt' elect «'<l
SpenktT. IiH.'or-
poratioii of ituli-
fnx.
ship an-i\ I'll oil tlio Priltuiiin on 17tli S('j)toinli(>i', IS 10,
iiiKJ took tile o.'Ulis of olRi't' im tin; .'tOtli. Altiiou; Sir
Colin C;iin|)Ip('ll had hccn stronjjly opposed by the re-
formoi-s, iiiiil his rorall asked for by them, lie was not prr-
sonally unpopular, for thi^y could not fail to admire the
firm, upright, honorable character of the soMier, whose
niisforiune, not his fault, it was to be placed in a position
requii'ing statesmanlike qualities he did not |)ossoss ; and
when he t'lok his departure from Halifax his carriage
was drawn down to tiic! steamer by members of the St.
George's, North Hritish, and Highland Societies.
6. — Very shortly after the installation of Lord Falk-
land a ehang(> was made in tlie Kxecntive Council ;
M(!ssrs Jeffery, Collins, Cogswell and
Tobiii were requested to retire, and
Messrs. Howe and MeXab, as represen.
tative reformers, were called to tiie
Council. " Responsible government," says
Campbell. " was now firmly established. Four years ago
a Council of twelve persons, cho>,en from the capital, with
one exception, formed the second branch of the Legisla-
ture. They sat like an interesting family party in private,
the governor having no power to increase their number.
Tiie whole executive power of the government was
vested in these men, who were never re([uired to appeal
to the people, holding, as they did, their ollice for life,
as the advisers of the governor and the rulers of the prov-
ince. Under Lord Falkland's government, the Legislative
Council consisted of twenty members, nine of whom rejv
resented tlie rural districts — their deliberations being con-
dncted with open doors. Of the ten men who comjiosed
the Executive Council, six were members of the represen-
tative blanch, and were consequently obliged once in four
years to solicit the suffrages of tlie people — a wholesome
constitutional check being tiuis vested in the constituen-
cies." The dissolution of the House in the fall of 1840,
and the consequent election, caused considerable excite-
ment, but the complexion of the House was not materially
changed bj' the result, and the reformers still maititained
a respectal)lo majority. On the meeting of the new
House, in Febrnary, 1841, Mr. Howe was elected speaker.
The principal feature of Lord Falkland's speech from the
throne was his advocacy of a principle of general assess-
ment for educational purposes ; but the Assembly did
not adopt it, substituting in its place an act granting
£6,000 per annum for four years for education.al purposes,
and authorizing the governor in council to appoint five or
more school com:^:ssioners for each county, the commis-
sioners having the power to divide the counties into school
districts. Another important act of this session was the
incorporation of Halifax, an .act which had been defeated
on three former occasions.
7. — Nothing of very special importance occurred during
the years 1841-2, and the session of the latter year was
devoid of particular features except an act ,,,
. ' . ' IMnereiicvB (111 till'
to consoliilate tile criminal I'ode, and one iin'i'tloii i>f iMi-.i.n-
for the better care and protection of the
Indians. The session of ISl.T opened qiiietl'( ; Mr.
Howe having been appointecl collector of colonial rev-
enue, was succeeded in the speMker.-.hip by Mr. M illiam
Young, who defeated his opponent. .Mr. HLnitiiiglon, by
two votes. Early in the session a vt'ry spirited di'l>ate tof)k
place on the question of endowments to colli'ges, and which
eventually caused the temporary defeat of the Reform
party. It must bo remembered that the Executive Coun-
cil was a coalition government, and that when Mr. Howe
and his reform friends took seats in that liody it was on
the express stipidation that tliey held olllce sis long oidy
as they had the conlidenee of the people as expressed
by the majority of the House. The Tory members of
the Exei'Utive Council — always oppo-ed to anything ap-
proaching responsible government — scouted the idea of
their tentireof oflice depending on tlie suj)port of the As-
semlily, and ililfered very widely from their Reform col-
leagues on many other points. Amongst these was the
question of education ; Mr. .lohnson, leader of the Tory
[mrty, was in favor of denominational colleges, supported
l)y grants of public money ; Mr. Howe and the relormers
favored a Provincial University of an undenomiiialioiial
character, and tl'.erefore the question of education be-
came a di. jct test question of party strength.
8. — The House being in conunittee of the wliolt! on
the state of the province, Mr. Aiiinind introduced a series
of resolutions on the subject of college xhe oovemor dis-
endowments. Petitions had been laid on r.'''^' " i:«rii""i'"i-
J III? lu'lornii'iK Ti-'-
tho ti.ble asking for endouments for two smnfromihocomi-
" cil.
more denoMiinational colli s, and Mr.
Annand pointed out that tl. :e wire already four colleges
of that class receiving gover aid. and that the total
amount granted, including to the academies of the
shire towns, would raise i ,i d grant to the higher
branches of education, or in other words, to the education
of rich, or comparatively rich, men's children, to £ L.'iOO,
while onl}' about £8,000, could be afforded for common
schools, or for the education of the poor. He contended
that with a population of only three hundred thousand,
one undenominational provincial college was suHieit-nt.
The resolutions were offered by the Tory party, who fa-
vored the old system ; but an amendment to that effect
was defeated by a vote of twenty-six to twenty-one. The
excitement was very great, and several puiilic meetings
were held ; but the governor, at the instance it was sup-
posed of the Tory party, dissolved the House, and the
election which followed resulted in the return of a small
majority of the followers of Mr. Johnson, the Tory lead-
er. This act of dissolution was regarded as rather an
unwarrantable stretch of the royal prerogative, and the
breach between the governor and the Reform party was
:||
U'li
Ti rn.Ks iiiMoiiV or tiik dominion of ( anada.
still fuiflicr wiilciipd ill Urci nilici. wlir;i Mr. .M. 15. AI-
Isdii. 11 i{(iitliiii;iii wlici was a rclatixc iif .Mr. .IhImisdii's.
Imt liail not ascat iiicilliiT liraiirli of tln' r.r^ri^lMinn., wa.-;
callcil to the Exi'ciilivc Coiiiii'il Uv l.niil Falklaml, wlio
rnaiiilaiiiiMl tliat tlic i'i;,'lit of aii|Miiiiliiii; to ollici' rested cii-
tii'clv ill Ills own li.iiiiU. ( >n ilic .iiiiioiiiliiiriii liriiii; iii.ailc
iiiiowii. !Mcs<rs. Hour, riiiarjic and .Mi-Nali. ti'iidi'rcil
tlicir rcsii^nalion ot' ilicir .-cat- in llir IvM'cntivc Couiifil :
and till' :;ovcrnor liavini; a-ked for llii'ir ri'.i-ons in wriliii;;
tlicy staird that wliili' adiniltiii;,' liis lonlsliip's ri^iit to
ii|)|)oiiit aiiyoiK^ whom lii' tlioii^dit would siri'iiuilii'ii liis
jIoveriiiiiiMit, they felt that this a|i|iointininI in lic.itcd a
cliuiifjt' of policy oil the part of the i;ovciiinii iit, and felt
r-oiistraincil to rc-i;:n under tin' I'liira^ciiii'iit on wliicli llicv
had cntcrfd tlir Council. Lord Falkland wroti> ;i lcn;.'tliy
ri'plv, ill wliicli lie denied .any iiitenlion of a cli.iii;;e of
[lolicy, and st.aled tiiat lie hail appointed Mr. Alison
partly hccaust", from liis ha\ini; had very lilllo to do with
political slrui:;;les. hi., appoinlnient would not olTeiid
either party ; and jiarlly because, from his lieiiij; tin;
lirother-iii-law to .Mr. .lohnson. the hands of the o.xecMitive
would he stren\:theiieil. lie said that the admission of
the i^entlemeii that lie had the riijlit to appoint whom lie
pleased was of very little practical .-i nut if they made
hi;', a|ipointment a i;rounil for si/cedinji from the Council ;
and that while he was wllliny; to yield to their wi-hes in
any matters of local interest, not trenehinir on the royal
prerogative, lie eoiild not admit the claims to dictate in
appointnients, which their resiiiiiation virtually set up.
1). — The newly elected House met in Fehrnary. LSI I.
and Mr. Young was re-elecled speaker. The goxernor.
Vol.' i.f wMiil of '" 'i'^ ^1" '' fi'oui the tliriiiie. laid down
conii.l.ii.r ill 11,0 :is his policy, that he did not think lliat
annexation of Cape Hnton to Xova Scotia in 1.^20, Imt
the lloii-e dill not think it in s-.iry.and adjourned willi-
oiit transacting any oilier liii-iiie-s. The governor still
collliniled his ell'orts to gel sollle of the Keforill ]iarty in-
to llie Council, .and tendered seals lo live gentleiiieii. two
of "hum Were Calholics. Im: eNcliided .Mr. Ilnvve. for the
reason — as stated in a dcsjiatch to Lord .Stanley, colonial
si'crel.ary — lliat the main lad of lii- lieiiig rein-l.iled in
the Council after tin; hitler allacks made hy him ihiongh
his newspaper on the represenlalive of her inajesty, would
lie a degradalioii of his (the governor's) po-iiion, and
make .Mr. Howe i/c fucto go\eriior of .\ova Scotia.
The colonial secretary enlirely approved of Lord Falk-
land's coiiducl in asserting his riglil to call whom he
pleased to as-ist him in his deliheralioii- with reg.ard to
the governnieiit of llie province.
10. — Tile session of isl.'jw.is a stormy one. hut the
governor had a sulUcient working majority to conduct
the Imsine-s of ihe Hon-e. and the re-
formers could do nolliing hut couliniie
their scurrilou- alm-e of the ifo\enior
the Executive Council should
i (■imih'il ili-l'i-alfil
! .Mr. Ili.tti''siit- the I'.xeculive Loiincii ^iioulil he compi
I nick cm llii! ... .
j uovcriHpr. entirely ol one party, and that it would
! be most conducive to the interesl.s of the province to
i have all parties repro.-entcd ; and that, while he would
! use the roval preroirativc mildlv and jiisllv for the
; lienclit of all classes of her maiestv's suhiects. he would
I . .'. '
j strongly oppose any attempt to infringe on it. The de-
hate on the addres.s lasted two weeks, and was (iiially
carried by a narrow majority of two. the vote being
twenty-six to twenty-four. Towards the end of the session
Alr.Howe moved a vote of want of confidence in the Ivxccu-
tive Council, but was defeated by three votes. Overtures
were made to Jles.srs. Howe, I'liiache. and ilcNah to
resume their seats in the Council, but they declined, and
soon afterwards Mr. Howt; resumed his eoniiectiou with
the Novel ScotiiDi and MornliKj ('/iroin'rU. and began a
fierce newspaper war on the governor, who was con-
stantly lampooned in the columns of those journals. An
extra session was called in tluly to see if it was necessary
to appoint a .special agent to represent the House in a
case iiending before the Privy Council regarding the
.\'_'iuui.>ii fc.rriill-
«:c\ hri wc'i'ii ll.'ili-
liix •■ill. I i.m.l
l:.-.iill..r l.,,nl
ill the columns of the < '/inniir/c and J\'(ir'i ''ull'l^iii'l.
Sc(i/iiiii,n cliiss of journalism at which Mr. Howe was an
e.vpert. One dogi;re| coni[io.-iiioii in ji.irliciilar, enlitled
"The lord of the bedclianiber," caused much iiiiliirnalion.
and was made the subject of di-ciissioii in the Hou-e.
During the snininer Lord Falkland made a journey
I through the province, but was coldlv i ived in sev-
I eral places, and in some almost opeiilv iiisiilted. During
; the year l.S|.> the (|uestion of a railway from Halifax to
(^iieliee was very freely di-ciis-ed in tbe press, and a
provincial cominiitee w.as appointed nli) collecied a deal
I of valiialile iiiforinatioii as to the route, &c.. and stroii^lv
urged t!ie great advantagi' such a line would be to the
province in developing its resources, and increasing its
trade iind commerce. JJuring this year the advisability
of a railway between Halifax and Windsor was also dis-
cussed at a iinblic ineeliiig in Halifax, and resolutions adopt-
ed in l,.vor of its constructioii. 'J'lie ill-feeling between
the governor and the IJeform ]iarty still continued, and
.Mr. Howe kept nj) his newspaper tittacks ; in IHIO he
published a long and bitter article against the governor
because .some of his iriends had called Mr. Ilowi' a men
dicant. on account of his having iiceriited a sum of money
from his admirers to compensate him for the loss he sus-
tained ill resigning his olllce under the government. It
having become manifest that Lord F'alkland's influence
for good was gone, he was recalled in August, 18l(i. and
Sir dohn Harvey, who had been governor of Prince
I'Mward Island, New Kiuiiswick and Newfoundland, was
a]i[ioiiited to succeed him.
ill l.s-.'O. liiit
joiiniiil wiili-
liovcriKii- ^till
oi'iii |i:i)'ty iii-
■lltlrlllcll, two
Iiiwc. fur Mil'
iiilcy. riili)iii:il
rriii-t.-ili-d ill
liiiii liiriii|M|i
iiiii'>ty, wciiiiil
pll^iliull, Mill!
N'liva Sci>ii:i.
■ Lord FmIIv-
;ill wlioMi 111'
illi rc''ai'ii Id
one. Imt tlic
V to conduct
L'iUitiKii fur r.'iil-
:i\ li.'iw.ii llMli-
i\ :iii.l i.iihl
;.'.nll..r l...r.l
^iIKImii.I.
I lone \v:is an
•niar, cnlillcd
li iiidii'iialion.
1 tile 'loli.^r.
f a jniinicy
I'ivcd ill si'V-
Itcii. Diiriiijf
iin Halifax to
]ii('ss, and 11
illi'clcd a deal
and Kti'oiiLjly
'iild lie lo the
incrcasinj; its
i<^ advisaliilily
• was also dis-
iliitiiiiis adopt-
'iinii la'twccii
ontiniiod. un<l
; in 18 10 lie
the irovernor
Howe a men
;uiii of inoiie3'
i; loss lie sus-
.eniinent. It
lid's influence
ust, 1840, and
ur of Prince
nmdland, was
1^ r
Hi
\l
I [
'h
■ :!
1
r
-'1
m
1 ^^ \ii
:
1
4^
J^r-4il^k4kS5^f " :^^^
llriiwii imil i:;i;ravi i| . xpii-ly Km I'mtlv-- Hi lory "f llir Dniiiiiiinn cf Cnnadl.
UKl'KAT OK COL. COKi:, liV THE INSrU(;r.MS AT ST. DKXIS, NOV. 22, 1837.
i
Drawn iiM'l IJi.Tivv.l .■v|iri-.lv l.ir I'lillli''!! Ili»lnry nf llii' Dmnuii.m nf Ciiiiinlii
1)KI'K,\T OK TIIK INSrWdKNTS IIV Slli .lOIlN C'or.noifNK AT ST. KT'STArilE, NOVEMIIKR, 25, 1837.
i m
.mil t
s:i
NOVA SCOTIA— FRO^[ 1817 TO ls.')2. KKSPOXSIULK (iOVKUNMENT.
4.J3
CIIArTKU CI.
NOVA SCOTIA— FROM 1817 TO 18rj2-
S115LK GOVEllX.MKNT.
-IlESPON-
1. Ri:sroNsiiii.K Govkuxmf.st. A Rkkokm minis-
Tuv KOKMKi). — 2. EiK>yr Tr.i.r.r.iiAi'ii. Cr.NTr.NNiAi,
niKTiiDAV or Halifax. — .'?. AiiiTATiON with uk-
GAKD TO TIIK COAI, MoXOI'OI.Y. CoXSOI.IDATlON OF
TIIK CkI.MIXAI, StATITKS. — 1. QUFSTIOS JF AN In-
TKIi-COI.OXIAI, KAII.WAY.--"). TllF. EuKOrEAN AND
NoKTii Amf.imcan Railway. — (i. Kaillkf to ob-
tain ImI'F.KIAL aid Foil TIIK Intkucoloni AL. 7.
JJfai'ii of Silt John llAuvi-.y.
1. —Sir John llurvi-v st-t liiinsolf vij;<irously to work
to sinootli party (liiroi'cnoes and to form iin Executive
licsimnsiiiii' L'liv- Conneil wliicli woulil please l)()lli parlies.
''"■"""■"^..A , He attemiited to I'orni a coalition, Imt Air.
fi'iii"'!- Howe and his friends were rather douht-
fiil almut coalilioMs. and, liesides, had such conlideiicc in
tiie success at tlie polls of (heir party, that they preferred
to iiwait the issue of the general election which would
take placid in the autunni of 18-17, and at which they
were very confident of heing victorious. The result did
not disap|M)int their expectations, and when Parliament
met. oil 22d January, 1818, the relonners were strinig
enough to elect a speaker hy a majority of six. The
next ste|i was a formal vote of a want of confidence in
the Exi'cutive Council, which was carried hy a vote of
tweiity-eiglit to twenty-one; and two days afterwarils
the attorney -general announced that on account of the
vole of Wednesday the inemhers of the CouiK'il hail all
tendered their resigualioiis, and so responsilile govern-
ment, which under the government of Lord Falkland had
existed more in name than in tact, liecjime thoroughly
recognizeil. On tln^ following day Mr. J. 15. rniache
was sent for hy lln' governor, and a new ministry was
formed fi'om ainong»t the leadi'is of tlie Rel'urm party,
the inemhers of the new Executive Council licing )Messrs.
.1, 1$. rniache. .Michael Toiiiu. Hugh IJell, Joseph Howe,
Jaini's .McNali, Hiihert Huntingdon, Wm. F. I)es Ilarres,
Laurence O'Connor Doyle and (Jeorge R. Young. The
most imporlanl husiness of tlni sessicni was the cinisider-
.•itioii of the school law; the committee appointed to con-
sider the matter reported in favor i)f a general assessment
to meet exjieiises, hut iccomuK'iiding that the plan lie siih-
initled to their constituents by the inemhers hel'ore its
adoption. The numher of children attending sclioid this
year was .'tl,7lO, and thi! (Hist of inaiiitenaiiee was
fl(i,(MIO paid out of the treasury, and aliont i'2.'t,()(li)
[laid hy the people.
2. — The satisfactory settlement of the long :igitalioii for
resiMinsililo govermneut caused a sigh of relief througli-
out the province ; political excitement
was stilled for the time bei'ig, and pulilic ('•!.'Ii'i\/nil'i,fn,'i'riii-
meii hail time to turn aside from the worry ''"> '" "aiitiix.
and excilement of |>arty poliiic;il warfare, and devote
their attention entirely to develo|iing the resources of the
province; thus in 184!) the House voted £4,000 for con-
structing a telegraph line from Halifax to Amherst, then;
to connect willi one to New (ireeiiwich, from thence coii-
nocting witli the American lines. On the 8tli June, 184!),
Halifax celtdirated its centennial birthday with a grand
demonstration. A salute of 101) guns was fired at day-
hreak ; a grand review of the troops and a shim battle
took place, and there was an immense street parade in
which all the civil authorities, the press, the fire depart-
iiient. the charitable, m.asoiiic and Afric:in societies, tin;
Indians and tlie " oldest inhabitants " look part. After the
street parade a very eloipieiit address was delivered on the
Common by Mr. IJeamish Murdoch, and a |ioem written
for the occasion by Mr. Howe, was read. Altogether the
celebration was a great success. During this year soni(>
letters on the climate, soil, resources, &c., of Nova .Scotia
appeared in the Glasgow Mm'/, which attiaeted iniieh
attention to the jn'ovinco and indueed some immigration.
The session of 18.")0 was remarkable for nothing but the
attempt of Hon. J. W. Johnson to have either the whole
or all over one tlionsaiid ])oiiiids of the governor's salary
paid by the imperial authorities, and the allowance of
'£2.')0 for the governor's secretary cut olf. he hcildiiig that
l\w salary of £;J,OU0 was more than the province could
I afford, and that it was ridiculous to allow a secret.iry
to a man who had nothing to do but to sign his name to
documents prepared for him by others ; the motion, how-
ever, failed, as did also another from the same gi'iitleman
to make the Legisl.itive Council elective.
.'i. — Some excitement was caused in the winteiof 18,j0
by the publication of a h 'ter from Sir Samuel Cuuard,
in the ^iiii newspaper, defending the (Jen-
eral Alining Association against the mo- ^„*;',l'),',';.',','„h,l!.'-'"'"
Iiopoly possessed by the Corporation, ll'.^'i',',',^, ,,f'|'|",'.""'''
of which great complaints had been made, tiiinin.il ^l,■uull■8.
Sir Samuel claimed that there were many
large tracts of excellent coal mines not owned or con-
trolled liy the company, and that the proprietors could
work ihini in opposition to the company if they so de-
sired ; also, that the company paid about XO.IKMI a year
into till! provincial treasury. Mr. .1. R. ^'oung. chair-
man of the committee on mines and minerals, wrote sev-
eral letters ill reply, in which be claimed that the asso-
ciation liad obtained a I'lose monopoly of all lh>' valuable
coal lands yet discovered in Cape Urcton and Nova Sen
tia. and that allhough the association had invested very
large --iiins in machinery, itc, ilie I'xisleiice of this monop-
oly was detrimciilal to ihe inli-resls of the coloiu'. and
that an arrangement by which the interests of llie colony
i I
'. ;!
I' Si!;
454
TUTTLK'S HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
could 1)0 sccruT' (1, as well as tliosp of tlie company giianl-
ed, was necessary to allay tlie rcclltiLt of discontent prev-
alent in the province. Sndi means were afterwards
adopted. During the session of 1H.")0 the report of the
committee on consolidating the laws of the province pre-
sented its (inal report. The committee consisted of Messrs.
William Yonng. .1. .McCully, ,1. W. Ritchie and .Joseph
Wiiidden, assisted hy Mr. dames Thompson. The report
to th(! lieutenant-governor concluded as follows : " In the
execution of the important and onerous trust committed
to our ehargt;, though we have been compclleil to liestow
an amount of lahor and a degree of attention which none
of us in the lirst instance antieipatiMl, there may be some
imperfections or defects to he hereafter remedied. TIi.'
main advantage to he derived from the work will be that tlie
laws which regidate social life, protect and transmit prop-
erty, determine jwlitical rights, and dc(ine the [)unislimcnt
of offences have been reduced to system, and clothetl in
sim])le anil jicrspiciious language, so as to be intelligible
to all who may have occasion to consult them. And as
the present is t/ii' first alli'mpt of the kind in a Hritisli
colonv. we mn^t bespeak the indulgence of your excel-
lency, and of the public, for the imperfections it may con-
tain, and which are perhaps inseparable from so exten-
tive an undertaking."
4. — The year 1H.')0 was marked by considerable agi-
tation on the subj(*t of railways ; and we will give a
brief sketch of what had been ])ropi)s(>d in
hltJ-r'olonia"'"" ^^''^^t ^-^f't''^ '" ""' "■•'.>■ "f railway conmiu-
itiiiiwiiy. nication with Cainida and the United
States. Lord Durham, in his excellent report, strongly
advocated railways as the most effectual means of binding
the provinc^es together, and tlie subject was several times
agitated ; but no one j)roviiice was able to uiulertake the
sciieme, and the Province of Canaila was too busy trying to
build the (Jrand Trunk, to coiniect the upper and lower parts
of the province, to enter very warmly into the scheme for
connectiug the Maritime Provinces with Canada. After
the settlement of tlie bouiulary (picstion in 1.S42 (to which
we shall more fully refer in our history of New Hruns-
wick), the im|)erial government contemplated making
a great military macailamized road through New IJruns-
wiek. from the bend of the I'etieodiac to Quebec. A
Loudon com|)any offered to substitute a railway, on con-
dition that i)art of the money necessary to nnike the road
shoulil be graiitc^l to it. This scheme excited attention
in Nova Scotia and New Hrunswick, but awakened very
little interest in the Canadas. Nova Scotia gave an im-
petus to the project. The government of Lord Falkland
considereil it idle and visionary to expei't that fi vast
undertaking, which held out in) inducement of immeiliate
protit, could be carried through by a company. It eoidd
oidy be constructed by the imperial government, with the
combined and spirited co-operation of the three provinces.
The lower provinces imdertook to bear the expenses of an
exploratory survey of the country through which the
railway must pass. Canada, for the sake of the great
national project, agreed to join with them. The British
government, in response to their united reipiest, sent out
Major Williiun Robinson and Captain Henderson, of the
royal engineers, with a staff, to imdcrtake the work. The
report of Major Robinson was submitted to the Legisla-
tures of the three provinces in 1HI9. It gave an enthu-
siastic estimate of the r(!sour(;es of the country, and of the
importance of the railway for their developuicnt. Out of
the several routes explored the prefei'i'iice wa.s given to
that by the coast of the gulf — the north shore — as the
be.-.t for purposes of military defence. The cost was ealcu-
l.ated at £.'),000,000 sterling. In anticipation of tlu^ im-
mediate action of the imperial government, Canada, Nova
.Scotia and New Hrunswick voted aid to the extent of
£0,01)0 a year, and ten miles of ungranted lands on each
side of the railway.*
.5. — A new impetus was given to railway nnitters by a
convention held at Portland, .Me., on Jilst .July, 1S.")0,
where delegates from Nova Scotia and
New Hrunswick met delegates from the nI'^.u'.uSLm"''
New England States to consider the means "■"'"'y-
of comu'cting Halifax with Hangor, Portland and t!ie
United .States railways by a line passing through .St. .John,
N. H., the railway to be known as the Eiuopean and
North American Railway, and a great deal of enthusi-
asm was shown at the meeting, which w.is held in a hall
profusely decor.ated with English and ,\merican flags, the
Union Jack and the Stars ami Stripes being closely inter-
woven in token of amity. Towards the end of the year
Mr. .Joseph Howe entered the railway iield. He was op-
posed to having a railway running through Hritish teri'i-
tory controlled by an American company, and proposed
building the road on provincial credit, niuh'r imperial
gUM'antce. For this purpose he went to England, armed
with a letter of introduction from .Sir John Harvey to
Earl (;rey, to endeavor to imluce the Hritish goveriunent
to guarantiee a loan of £800,(J()0 to build a road from
Halifax to Windsor. Jlr. Howe set himself rigorouslv lo
work at his ta.^k, an<l by his letters to Earl (jrey, and his
s|)eeches in England, created .so favorable an impression
of the resources of Nova Scotia, that Mr. Ilawes, under
secretary of state, wrote him, under date lOth March, 18."il,
that the imperial government would guarantee the road,
provided the three provinces could agree amongst them-
selves on a road to extiMul from Halifax to (Juebec or
.Mimtreal, and no objection would he made to this road
connecting with the European and North Ami'ricau so as
to give access to the American Railway system. A meet-
ing of delegates from the three provinces was proposed
1
fi
ot
te
Ari'lii'r'n Itmlorii nl' Ciiiniihi,
J
<'.\]iens('s of an
ugh which tlie
e of tlie ftreat
Tlie Hritisli
'•luest, Sv^iit out
ikIci-soii, of the
till' work. The
to tllO Lcjrishl.
Xiiveaii cnrhu-
itiy, and of tlio
rnciit. Out of
w;>.s irivcii to
shore — as the
cost was calcu-
ii>n of th(! ini-
Canaila, Xova
the extent of
lands on each
V matters iiy a
St. July, IM.JO,
111' Kiirnpcnii niifl
• 'irili Amuiicnii
Railway.
land and tlie
<nisU St.,lohM,
Miropean and
;il of enthusi-
licl'l in a hall
■icaii flajrs. tile
closely inter-
'I of tlie year
He was op-
Uritish terii-
:»iid proposeii
iiler imperial
.i-'land, armed
II Harvey to
1 government
a road from
rigorously to
ji'ey, and his
1 inij)ression
hiwes, under
Harch, I8')l,
I'o the road,
KMigst tliem-
o Qiiehec or
to this road
lerieati so as
m. A meet-
as j)roposed
NOVA SCOTIA— FUOM IH.-j.J TO KSGT— CONFKOKUATIOX.
4oi}
by Earl Grey, and was held at Toronto, on 21st .hine,
IH.Jl. After some diseussion it was agreed that a line
from Halifax to (Jneliee should he undertaken on joint
account liy the three provinces, they to grant five miles
of crown lands on each side of the track, and the receipts
to he common proptu'ty until the cost of constiaiction was
pai<l, after which ea -li provinct^ was to own the portion
of til' riad running through it. It was exprt'ssly stipula-
ted liy Xew lii'unswick that aid should be given to the
European and North American Railway, and Xova Scotia,
in a lit of generosity. olVered to binld thirty miles of the
road for Xew Brunswick, so that it seemed us if the inter-
colonial was in a fair way to be started at onc^e. IJut it
was not so ; Kai'l Grey, in a despatch dated '27t\\ X'oveui-
ber. l.S.")l. inCornied the governor of Xew IJruiiswick that
Mr. Howe had misinterpreted the lettcn' of iMr. Ilawes. and
that it was not the intenlion of the British government to
help the Knropean anil North American Hallway at all.
Still the Xew Bi-unswick men did not want the whole
scheme to fall through, and offered to go on with tlie
Iiiter-colonial, ]ii'ovided the valley of the St. .Tolin route
was chosen ; but the Xova Scotia men refused, deiiiand-
ilig the Xnrlh Shore line or nothing.
<i. — The ili'li'g;ites met again in Halifax in January,
iy.j2, when it was intimated that Messrs. Jackson & Co..
and a nuinber of other English capital-
iVniwiTMl'iiMfo" ists were willing to undertake the line on
ii.o inier-i'oioMi.ii. j,.iynu,„t of XOO.OOO a year for twenty
years, and a grant of r),()00,(MJO acres of crown lands ;
but the delegates refused to entertain it. It was then
agreed that the Inter-colonial should be built by the
three jiroviiices, and a deputation was appointed to pro-
ceed to England to solicit imperial aid towards the road.
It was soon discovered, however, that the provinces were
not working heartily together. The Xova Scotia dele-
gates did not join those of Can.ada and Xew Brunswick,
anil tli(^ representatives of these two provinces, Messrs.
Ilicks and Chaiiiller, were left to make what arrangements
they could. After an irritating ilelay the delegates were
informed that the British goveriiinent woiilil not give any
aid to a road throuuh the vallev of the St. John. The i
iirovinces, therelore, were left to their own resources to ;
constru(;t the road, and Messrs. Hincks and Chandler made i
an agreement with Messrs. Jackson & Co. ; but the peo- I
pl(! of Xova .Scotia — niMinly at the instance of .Mr. Howe
— refused to join in the project, that gentleman holding
that the railway was a government work, and should not I
be made a partnership concern with any contractors ; so the
gr(>at scluiine fell through again and reniaiiied in a state
of abeyance until confederation.
7. — The province was thrown into mourning on the
22(1 March, 1H.")2. by the death at Oovernment House of
Pi'iith "I sir .lolin ^Iiijor General Sir John Harvey, who had
"'"'*'^^>- administered the affairs of the province
for six years, with honor to himself and credit to the
province. Sir John Harvey was born in England in
177.S, and entered the army at an early age, serving
with distinction in India, from whence he accompanied
the British forces in their arduous march to Egypt, where
he served during the campaign which terminated in the
expulsion of the French. On the outbreak of the war
with the United States, in 1812, he was sent to Canada
as deputy .idjutant-general, where lie .served with great
distinction, especially at .Stony Creek, where, on .'jth
June, 181.'i, he defeated and captured the American (Jeii-
eral Chandler, as already mentioned in this history. After
the war Sir John returned to Englan<l, and was appointed
sujierintendant of the [)olice force in Ireland, where he
remained for some years and became ver;* |)opular. In
IH.'Jt) he was ai)poiuted lieutenant-governor of I'riiice
Edward Island, and the following year was transferred to
Xew Brunswick, from whence he was recalled in ISll.and
shortly afterwards sent out as lieuteiiaiit-goveriior of
Xewfoundland, remaining there until 181(5, when he was
transferred to Xova Scotia. Thus for sixteen years he
was associated with the government of the Maritime Pro-
vinces, and it was under his rule that responsible govern-
ment was introduced both in Xew Brunswick and Xova
Scotia. He was a gentleman of culture, of pleasing ad-
dre.' •, and gained many friends by the impartial manner
in which he discharged his duties.
CIIAI'TEU CI I.
XOVIA SCOTIA— FROM 18.J3 TO 18G7-
ERATIOX.
-COXFED-
1. — Tut': Rf.oii'UOC'ity Tukatv. Dissatisfaction in
Xi>vA S( (iTiA. — 2. FiitsT I'UoiiiitiToiiV LiQroi! Law.
Di:i-i-;at()1''tiik, HowI': Ministuv. — .'!. Shtii.kmi'.nt of
THE niFFicii.TY WITH tiif. Gfnf.ijai. Mininu Asso-
ciation. 1. Ml{. IIoWK UFC.AINS roWKIi ON A QIIFS-
TioNAiii.K voTK. — 5. Visit OF tiif Puincf of Walks.
Tin; HoWF. I'AUTV A(iAIN IIKATFN AT TIIF TOLLS.
n. Du.Tliu'fk's Edication Bill. Want of Schools
IN TIIF PUOVIN'CF. — 7. CONFFDFIIATION. EaULY AT-
TFMFTS AT A UNION OF BltlTISII PuOVINCKS. 8. FlKST
KFFOIITS TOWAUI'S CONSOLIl) AT1N(J CANADA. 9. Oi;T-
IlKFAK OF TIIF AmFUICAN WAK. AtTKMI'T TO UNITK
TIIF ^Iakitimf Pkovim'ks. — 10. Canada dfsiufs
Conffdkkaiion. Mfftino of Dflfoatfs at Ciiau-
LOTTFTowN. — 11. Tiif Conffufncf at Qifhfc. A
CONTRAST. — 12. Tiif tfums of tiif I'Koi'osfd Con-
i'edfuation. — 13. tlik basis of nfi'ukskntation. —
14. Opposition of Xfw Bulnswick and Xova
Scotia. — lo. Action of Canadian Paki.iamfnt.
■i 'ii^
jl'li
ii
I; I
'1
1'
i..(;
TUTTLKS HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OK CANADA.
ClI AMii: OK Kr.l'.I.INC. IN M\KITniK PiSOVINH'KS. — 1 Ci.
Action of Imi-kkiai, I'aui.iajiknt. Confkdkhation
accomi'lisiiki).
1. — On tlu! death of Sir Joliii llarvcy tin; afTiiirs of tlu'
|)niviiif(' were temporarily administered l»y Colonel l>az-
Tiic'iiiiiiirniiiv i'l.i-'t't"'. nntil tJH! arrival of Sir .loliu Clas-
iiiaiy. iiissaiii*- .,,,,,,1 f^,.^ Marcliant. who had lieen appoiut-
fftrllKll III ' I *
Nin:i.Si<)ii:i. (.(| liciilenaiit-Lrovernor. Mr. Howe liav-
in<; resi!;rin (1 liis poNition as |)roviii('ial seitretary, in order
to accept the chairmanship of the railway roa<l, n re-
coMstrnclion of the cabinet took place, Mr. William Yonnj;
lieinjj charj^ed with llie task. Mi'. Vonn^, in a letter to
his constitnents of Inverness, laid down the railway |toliey
of (h(! new ^ovi'rnmcnt to he. a tiank line from Halifax
to Picton. one westward to Windsor and ihro'iijli tln^ east-
(Mii connlries to Ditrby, connecting Halifax with the Ilasin
of Minas, and a line from Tniro to the New IJrunswick
frontier, toconnect with any Iiiter-<;oIoiiial linewhii;h inii,'ht
afterwanls be built. TIk! money for the constrni'tion of
these roads was to be raised on provincial <lebentui'es, the
whole rev<'nucs of the province being pledged for payment
of principal and interest. For some time past the govern-
ment of Can.'ida had been tMideavoring to elTecl a reci-
])rocit.y treaty with the United Stat(!s, and the effort was
successful on .")th .Inne. IH') I.when such a ti'ealy was signed
at Washington by Lord I'^lgin.govei'uor-general of Can.ida,
on the one i)art, and lion. W. L. .Marcy. American secre-
tary of stale on the oilier. Tiiis treaty was to continue
ill force ten years, after which it eon)d 1)(^ terminated l)y
either party on giving ow. year's notice. Under its provi-
sions the |)roduce of the sea, the soil and the forest could
be exchanged between the United .States and the British
possessions duty free ; the Americans were allowed to fi.h
in the waters of Nova .Scotia and New IJrunswick, and
to use the Canadian canals on tlu^ sauw terms as Canadian,
vessels. The treaty was veiy a'-i.-eptahle to Upper Canada,
hut caused considerable excitement in Xova Scotia, where
it was denounced as unjust to thai province, the imperial
parliament having given ;iway her right in tlu^ (isheries
without either consuiling tlu! wishes of the peoph; or se-
curing them anv ade(piate e(piivalent. The excitement
was, howi^ver, of but momentary duration, tin; attention
of the people being shortly afterwards occupied by the
Criiuean war.
2. — A grand irdustrial exhibition was opened in Halifax
in October, 18.J Land the inaugural procession was described
Klr8i nniiiiiii- "•'' ''"' ''"'•'^t *'ver seen in that city. No
IV,'. f.i'ii .'If' n'l'r ' t'Vtints of any very marked iniportaiuro oc-
Ilowr ministry, ciirred until the session of 1H."(."), which is
remarkalile on account of the Inst elfoi't to inti'oducc! a
prohibitory liipior law being made by Mr. .1. W. .hdiuson.
Tln^ bill was, however, not only op|>()sed but ridicailed by
Mr. Howe, and was defeated, A general eleclion to(»k
place in i8,j,"), and the strength of the Reform paity wa ;
greatly shak<'n by the defeat, in Cumberland, of Messrs.
Joseph Howe and Stephen Fidlen by the conservative
candidates, Dr. Tupperand Mr. \. McFarhine. Nothing
fiu'lher of a political naliu'e o(-cin'r(Ml during the year, or
until the 27tli Deeember, wIkmi a very intemperate letter
fi'om Mr. Howe, entitled '' Railway Riots and Catholic
Commentators," .appeared in the (Viniiiirli', and prov(Ml
the ileatli knell of the r(,'form aihuinistrati(Mi. A riot had
occurred bi'tween sonu; Catholic and Protestant workmen
on account of the latter interfering with the former while
celebrating the feast of Corpus Christi. Tlu; Halifax
CitthiiHr publishe<l a very mild article on the sniiject, not
defending the (,'athcdics, who were the aggressors, but
d<'prccating tin; provocation which caused them to commit
,1 breach of the pe.ace ; the editor oidy said. " lliat know-
ing how sensitive thi^ Irish peoph- are to (!verything which
alfects their religion or the ehar;icter of their I'lergy, Pro-
testant.s of any inition, who are brought into contact with
them, would show better their respect for tin; pi'ecepl" of
the Uil)le if they abstained from those taunts and provo-
cations, and from actions in which they were too prone to
imlidge." Jlr. Howe, on the other hand, was very violent
andunifracious in his attack, saying, coarsely, that "every
Protest.ant in every free country had a right to laugh at
the Real Presence, .as every Catholic had to ridicule that
in which ho disbelieved, or to laugh at the simple ceremo-
nies which tli(! Protestants deemed sullicient. This let'cr
raised a great ileal of ill-feeling — not amongft Catholiis
alone, but amongst Protestants, who believed in the righi
of every ime to enjoy the full exercise of his religious
faith without interference by word or deed — against .Mr.
Howe ; and it reacted so much on the party he represent-
ed, that when Parliament met in 18.')7, the conservatives
were able to carry a vote of want of conlidence by a
majority of seven, and Mr. J. W. .Fohnson was called upon
to form a ministry, which was <;a/ett('(l on 21th Februai'y,
lH.')('i, the members being, J. W. Johnson, attorney-gen-
er.il ; Dr. Charles Tuppei', provincial secretary; John J.
Maisliall. linaiK'i.il secretary ; Stah\v liiown, receivel'-gen-
eral ; ^Martin L. Wilkins, solicitor-general.
;J. — The lii'st (luestion almost which engaged the atten-
timi of the new ministry was the long standing one of the
Mining Association. This had been a seiili'incni of tlm
.source of trouble and ainioyance to the \'|II!;,'.','I,V MhinJ;'''''
province for many years, and the Reform AmiDiiaiiiiii.
government had evaded taking any delinite stejis to of-
feclually setlh? it. The Mining Cinupany had its origin
in the year 182"), when King George the Fourth granted
to his brother, the Didie of York, a lease of all the un-
granted mines and minerals of Nova Scotia. This lease
the Duke of York obtained for tlu; purpose of r.aisiug
moiu'v, ami he speedily transferred his right to Remdell,
llridge Co., on condition of their paying him a certain
¥^y r-
•I'onn |i.iity wii-,
iuiil, of Ali-ssrs.
!<■ conservative
laiio. Nothing
irig the year, or
•ni|)crate letter
ti ami Catiiolic
'■f'% and proved
>ii. A riot had
•■ilant worlunen
le I'ornier wliilu
The Halifax
iiie snl(jeet, not
a;:uressors, but
ilieni to commit
I. " that kiiow-
ervtliing which
lir clern-y, l',-,,-
to contact with
the |)rece|)t« of
nts and provo-
re too prone to
las very violent
y, that "every
,dit to lauuh at
o ridicule that
simple cerenio-
it. This letier
"igs-t C'athdli. s
cd iii the riijht
'( his religions
1 — ajjainst .Mr.
Y he reprcsent-
conservative.s
nlideiiee hy a
as called upon
Mth Kehriiary,
, attorney-j;-eM-
tary ; .lolni J.
I, recuiver-j;en-
gcd the atten-
iiig one of the
I'ltli'irli'iit of dm
irH"nlly will, ||,i'
ii'iirial .Mhiiiuj
«so('iatiiiii.
! Steps to of- '
lad its origin
'iiith irranled
f !ill the iin-
• This lease
ic of raisinj;
' to Ifemdell,
liiii a certain
JJ
XU\ A SCOTI.V— l-'KO.M l.H.-);i TO 18G7— COXFKDKHATIO.V.
4.'i7
royalty. The impression then was the copper mines were
' ery valiialile; hut failinj; these, Keindell iV Co. turneii
their attention to coal, and formed the (ieneral .Miniii;:
.\s oeiatioii for the ])urpose of workinj;: the mines. The
Asf.i mlilv contended that the kin;; had not the riulit to
give aw.iy the property of the province without its con-
sent, and a dispute arose which draiii^ed over many years
without any satisfactory result lieing arrive<l at. At the
session of 1857 the House pas-ed a resolution that if the
{foveriimeiit would appoint two eommissioners, with power
to elfect a settlement, sulijeet to the ratitication of tiie
Ho.ise, that body wonld pay the expense. This olfer
was accepted, and Att. rnev-(Jem'raI Johnson and .Mr. A.
G. Arcliil aid appointed. These gentlemen succeeded in
effei 'lug a satisfactory compromise with the .Mining As-
soc'iatioii, whose rights were secured, while the remaining
mineral wealth of the province was permanently placi'd
in tlu^ guardianship of the Assembly. This enabled th(?
association to resume extensive opi'rations. and gave a
great impetus to the mining interest of the province.
■i. — The fifth of August, l.S.'iH, was cele))rated with
great rejoicings in Halifax on tht^ occasion of the laying
of the lirst .Vtlanlio cable, but the rejoi-
Mr. Howe royaitis . i i i i- i
powiToiiaqiiL-s- cmg was premature, as tliecal)le retiisid to
tionablovoiu. ^^,^;,.,.^ .^,_,, ;^ ^^..^^ reserved for latei' years
to accom()lish successfully the great feat of joining the
two continents by a flash of lightning uiidi'r the oi'ean.
The same year Sir I. (i. Le .Marchant retired iVotu the
government and was succeeded i)y the Karl of .Mulgrave.
A general election took place in iH.V.t, and imiuediately
after its conclusion Mr. Young, the leader of the Reform
party, took the somewhat, extraordinary course of inform-
ing the governor that his party was in a majority of two,
and that the governor had better summon the House at
omx', so that the reformers might vote the eonser.atives
out immediately. The earl, however, was not inclined to
submit to ilictatiou by a self-appointed dictator, and
replied that he 'ould not receive advice from any but his
constitutional a<lvisers ; and Parliament was not convened
until the u-ual time, .laniuiry, IStit), when .Mr. Stewart
Campbell, ri'former, was electeil speaker by a majority of
three over ]Mr. Wade, conservative. The governor con-
gratulated the Hou>e on tin! great impetus which had
been given to mining operations lately by the extended
operations of the (Jeneral Mining Associati(jn, and tin;
new and valuable discoveries which hail been imule, and
were attracting labor and capital to the |)rovince. Jk-fore
the vote for spciiker was taken the attorney-general
called attention to the fact that si;vera persons claiming
to be mend)ers were not legally elected, as they were oliice-
holders at the time of their election, and had not resigned
until afterwards; and when the vole for spt aker showed
that the reformers had a majority of two, he moved that
I a committee be appointed to investigatt^ the legality or
illegality of the election of these members. i)tit the motion
was voted down i>y a majority of two. The ('(umcil then
advised the governor to dissolve Parliament anil order a
new election, as there was no doubt but that these men
had been ])aid otlicers of the government at (lu^ time of
their election, and as such wt^re ineligilile ; but the gover-
nor replied that it was the privilege of the House to pro-
tect its own hiiiior, and it had the means in its own haiins
of declaring incompitint to sit in the House ;iny persons
who in their opinion were ineliifible, liiit the geiitleniin
in ipie.-.tion were good reforim r.-. and Mr. Howe and his
friends were ijuite satisfied to get into power again, and did
not care to be too scrupulous, and refused any investigation,
they liolding the balance of power ity a majority of two
illega' voti's, and so, after a brief strug!.;le, the coiisei'va-
tive ministry' resigned, and ]Mr. Young was called on to
form a reform cabinet.
"). — The whole province, anil especially the city of
Halifax, was thrown into a fever of e:.citement by the
news which reached Halifax in .June.
18.;0. that H, H. H. the Prince of Wales ,y,'"w;.;f,'J'' 'Th''''
would visit that citv on the ;iOth Julv, on iV,::;,V.,':;',','i, ■'n,''il!,
his way to the I'ppvr Provinces. 'J'lie
Legislature made a liberal grant, and the ^rreatest prepar-
ations were made by the citizens to do honor to the
grandson of the last royal personage who had vi>iled
llieir shores sixt^v years before (Ivlward, Duke of Kent).
Prompt on time the " J/ero," bearing ;lie prince and
suitis and attended by ii sipiailron, entered. Halifax
harbor, and was saluted by the forts and all the men of-
war in liarbiu'. The reception was ipiite an ovation, and
the city was splendiilly decoiated. while on the following
day theie was a grand review, an illnmlnalion and a iiall
at night, II, \l. Highness leaving the I'ity on 'I'hnrsday.
The next three years were comparati\ely uneviiitful,
exce|)t that the subjects of confederatiiui and the build-
ing of the Inter-colonial attracted some attention ; lint we
shall more fully refer to these schemes at the end of this
clia|)ter. At the general election of 1811.'!. Mr. Howe's
party was again defeated at the polls and had to resign,
Mr. Johnston being again called on to form a minis-
try.
(■). — The new House met on the Ith February, 181") I,
and was opened liy Sir Hastings Doyle, who was acting as
administrator, the Ivirl of Mulgrave hav-
ing retired, and Sir Uichard (iraves Mac- !!^-i,'!i;'i;iil7\vam
Donnell, his successor, not having arrived, l.ru'^'i,'|'.'^.''' '" ""'
The opening speech of the admiidstrator
contained two highly im|iiirtant clauses, ene referring to
the proposed Federal I'nion of Nova Scotia, New Ibiins-
wick and Prince F.dward Island, and the other to the
subject of education. That a i improvement was meded
in the educational system of the province was shown by
the fact that by the census of IKIJl it was shown that
il ^i
i-'Ki
ii I"
tu
11
:M
"I I
i-Hi
4.'»8
TITTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
out of oij^litv-iliivo tliousaiul cbiltlrcii in the province,
between the .igos of five and fifteen, only tliirty-oue thou-
Kund attended si'liool, and fliat one quarter of the wliole
poindation conld iieitlicr read nor write. Tiie jirovisions
of tlie hill were ample, and wc-re tlins stated liy Dr. |
Tiipper in his speech introilucinjr it ; " The first thinj; '
proposed in tiie hill which he now snhmitted was the es- •■
tahlishinent of a eonncil of pnlilic instruction. Diliicidty
was experienced in deteiniinilitf who siionld he the council,
but afti'r anxious deliberation it was thouijht that the
Executive Coinicil, at all times responsible to the people,
could jierform the important functions of the position
more efiiciently than any other body that could be s(dected.
It would be acknowledged that, in onler to secure etli-
eiencyin the department of public instriu'tion, the services
of a (pialilied superintendent, who should diseharj;e the
important duties of examiiiinu; and rcportinj; on the educa- i
tional state of every loca'it, '. the province, were indis-
pensable. It was therefore proposed to appoint such an '
olficer, under whose direction tiiere would be a staff of
paid insjiectors. whose duty would consist iti periodically !
inspecting all the schools within their respective districts.
It was also proposed to appoint a board, with the view of
survej'ini; and arranging all the school districts, adapting
the subdivision of them to the present condition of the
country. E.xaniiners were also to be provided for each
district, one of whom should be the inspector — their duty
being to ascertain the (inalificalions of applicants for
license to teach. Uy this means it was hoped the status
of the teachers would be materially raised. It was also
intended tiiat one of the trustees, who should be charged
with the special business of manageiiient. should n>ceive,
as remuneration for his services, a model ;e connnission
on the money collected. The bill also i)rcivide(l greater
fai'ilities for the carrying out of the princijile of assess-
ment, and a premium of twenty-live per cent was to be
ofi'ered to every school founded on the assessment princi-
ple and declared free. In order to meet the necessities
of the poorer districts the bill provided that one-fifth of
the entire amount plaee<l at the disjiosal of each Hoard of
Commissioners, should be set apart for the purpose of
supporting schools in the sjiarsely settled districts, in
addition to the amount to which they were entitled under
the law. It was ])roposed to classify the teachers, accord-
ing to their proficiency, and to pay them without refer-
ence to the wealth and po|>ulation of the district in which
they might be located." The elevation of the lion. At-
torney-General Johnson to the judgeshi]) of the Suiireme
Court caused a vacancy in the ministry which was filled
by Mr. Ritchie, who was appointed solicitor-general and
called to a seat at the Council board.
7. — During this session (llSGI) Dr. Tupper introduced
a series of resolutions having for their object the forma-
tion of a union of the Maritime Provinces ; and as this
led, not to a union of those provinces fonfe.iiTniinn.
alone, but the federation of all the prov- ,t-;';,n-,,"V;,' n'riu",'
inces, and the formation of the pres(^nt I'l'ivimcs.
Dominion, it will be as well to consider the whole subject
of fede!'ation in North .\merica. Tin; first confederation
formed on this continent was as early as 1(>18. when the
infant Knglish colonies of JIassachusetts I5ay, Plymoutli,
Connecticut and New Haven, formed a defensive alliance
to prote<'t them against the French and Dutch. In 1(188
Francis Nicholson, governor of New Kngland, proposed
a fedi'ration of all the IJritish colonies for defence against
the French andJCiiglish: but. allhough the colonies all
acted well together during the long struggles with France
for supremacy on this continent, nothing like a firm and
well-balanced union was effected until tin; thirteen colo-
nies made common cause against iMigland to gain their
independence. The residt of that union, antl the rajiid
and sin-prising |>rosperity of the United States, soon set
far-seeing and deep-thinking men in the remaining Hritish
colonies in North America thinking whether it woidd not
be an advantage to them to unite on one common Federal
basis, b" which eaidi province should retain control of its
local affairs, while a uniform system of defence, customs
duties, currency and commerce should make inter-provin-
cial trade free, and do away with a great many vexatious
customs regulations, while it strengthened the whole to
resist the attacks of a foreign enemy.
8. — As early as 1808, Mr. R. J. I'ni.iche introdiu'ed the
subject of a confederation of the Hritisii jirovincci into
the Assembly of Nova Scotia, but the
matter was not acted on.
T, . , First i-ITort- lo-
Dunng the wanis .iMisiiii.iii-
... 1 T 1 ij 11 i" till;; I'uiiuiia.
attempts to impeach Judge Sewell, ot
Quebec, that gentleman (as already stated) urged on
Lord Bathurst a union of all the provinces as the best
cure for the troubles then openly existing in Quebec,
and threatened in the other provinces. When the (pies-
tion of a reunion of the Provinces of Upper and Lower
Canada was proposed in 1822, Sir John Beverley Hobin-
son, at the reipi' st of the colonial secretary, drew up a
report oti the fea^il)ility of a confederation of all the
provinces, and proposed what he would consider an
etpiitable basis for such an union. Again, in 18.')9, Lord
Durham, in his report on the condition of the different
provinces, strongly urged confederation as the best remedy
to be applied to the troubles affecting all of them, and, iu
in fact at every period when one or more of the provinces
was sufi'ering from internal connnotion, confederation was
recommende<l as a sort of miiversal jianacea, warrantiMl to
cure every known or uidcnown ill. The next ])ositiv(!
eft'ort in favor of confeileration was made in the Nova
Scotia Legislature by IMr. Johnson, iu 18.14, when the
subject was introduced and discussed. Mr. Johnson warmly
advocating it, but Mr. Howe opposing it and favoring
colonial representation in the imperial Parliament. In
roiifcli'mliiin.
lO.iiiv alli'in|i|H nt
a union iil IlritUh
I'idvinrtfy. j
lie whole subject i
'St confederation |
KK.S. wlien the
lin.v, I'lviiioiith,
tensive alliance
•ntch. In ir.88
ifiand. jji-oposed
icfeiii'e aijainst
the colonics all
;lcs with France
like a fii-ni and
<■ tliirtccn colo-
id to gain their
1. and the ra|)id
Siatcs, soon sot
niaiiiiiij; Ilritisli
icr it would not
innnoii I-'ederal
n contiol of its
I'fciice, rnstonis
ie intor-provin-
naiiy vexatious
1 the whole to
introduced the
Jiroviiice.i into
Firsl (>irort-i (o-
warils <'f>nsi>liiiii.
till)! •'iiniuln.
'ed) iirjrcd on
ces as the hcst
liT in (^iiehec,
V hen the qnes-
ler and Lower
n-erlcy Kohin-
•r.V, (h'cw uj) a
on of all the
consider an
in 1 «;{'.), Lord
f the different
le hest remedy
them, and, in
the provinces
ederation was
, warranted to
next ])osi(iv<'
in the Nova
■J-t, wlien the
mson warmly
and favoring
■liament. In
NOVA SCOTIA— FUOM 185;] TO ISCr— Ci.)\FKDI:RATION.
4j;t
1S.")7 tile matter was put into more tiingihle form hy the
Nova Scotia Legislature appointing Messrs. .T(din-(tn ami
Archibald as delegates to proceed to Kngland and confer
with the colonial secretary on the subject. That gentle-
man, Mr. Labouchere. receiveil the matter favorably, but
said that while tiie imperial government woulil throw no
undue obstacles in the way, he considered i: matter oiic
to l)e chiefly settled by the provinces amongst themselves.
Louring the session of the ( anadian Parliament the fol-
lowing year, 18")8, Mr. A. T. (ialt introduced confedera- i
tion as a government measure, and at the close of the
session Messrs. Gait, ("artier and Rose were appointed
delegates to ])roceed to Kngland an<l re(|uest authority
from th(^ imperil' powers to have a conference of delegates
from all tli' provinces on the subject. Sir Edward
Hulwer Lytton, then coloidal secretary, witliout objecting
to the proposed conference, said it was necessary to ascer-
tain the state of public feeling on the subject in the
diffcirent ]irovinees. Public opinion now began to be
aroused, the scheme was discussed in the press, pamphlets i
on the subject, were published, and Or. Tiipper delivered |
several lectiU'es on it in Nova Scotia and New Hruns-
wick, jl
9. — The outbreak of the jVmcrican war in 1801 gave '
a great impetus to the scheme of confederation, iiolh the '•
Home and the provincial governnu'iits
AnS:mi"™r''''u- icoVuvr the necessity of tj-e provinces'
MlXrp'ivht.. l»^i"i:;lnnvu as closely together as pos- '\
sible in the not unlikely event of a war
wii'Ii tlie United States. At the end of tin; session of
1801 Mr. Howe, then leader of the government, intro-
duced I series of resolutions to almost the same effect as
those i'ltroduced by Mr. Johnson in 18.V1, and in answer
to the address through th governor, the House was in-
formed by the colonial secretary, tliat the imperial Par-
liament wt)uld not objcv't to a meeting of delegates from
the different provinces to consult on the matter; but
suggested that the most satisfactory way of testing the
sentiments of the provinces would bo by resolution in
their respective As.-emblics. O.i receii)t of this permis-
sion Mr. Iiowe addressed a circular to the provini'ial
secretaries of Canada, New Hrunswick anil Prince Kd-
ward Island, suggesting a meeting of delegates at some
central place in Se|)tember, 1802. but the suggestion was
not acted on. On the defeat of tlu^ Heform party in
Nova Scotia and the return of the conservatives to power
in 1804, Dr. Tnpper again agitated tiie (picstion of fed-
eration, and moved for an address to his excellency,
praying him to appoint five delegates to confer with those
to be appointed by the governments of New IJrunswick
and Prince Edward Island, to (wnsider the (piestion of a
union of those threi; jirovinces, he being then of the opin-
ion that however nuicli a urdou of C!anada with the Mari- ;
1 time Provinces might bo desirable, the party strife in j
that proviiie- ,vas too bitter just then, and the suspicion
of the Lower Provinces too great to hope for a union ;
he therefore advocated a union of the .Maritime Prov-
inces, with the hope that Canada would afterwards be
induced to join the conl'ederation. Tiie Legislatures of
New I$rnnswii'k and Prince Edward Island passed
sindlar resolutions to those introduced by Or. Tiipper,
and delegates were appointed to meet at Charlottetown,
P. E. I., on the lir>t Septen\ber. IKOL
10. — While the .Maiilinie Provinces were gradually
converging towanls a union, the I'rovince of Canada was
lieing t(>rriblv distiirlied bv partv jjoliti-
cil strife. Ouriiig the ip./.rter of a cen- pi?":;u;'r'';T,.'t"'
tin-y that the Provinces of I'pper and i"'raH,!,';eu'"'»'i'r '''
Lower Canada had been united their
jirogress had been by no means eipial ; the upper
portion had grown rapidly in population by emigration,
wh'' • Quebec had gained Very little lieyond the natural in-
crease o( he ])opulalion. It will be leiuembered that at i
the time of tin? re-union Lower Canada had the largest
po|)nlatioT). yet I'pper Camuia was allowed an eiiual num-
ber of re[)resentatives; now the positions were reversed,
I'pper Canada had twenty-five per cent more; ]iopiilation
than Lower Canada, and her statesmen clanuired for rep-
resentation by population, which would give them entire
control of the Legislature ; but the Fri'iich memliiM's oft-
piscd this, and as they had the balance of power between
till! conservatives iind liberals — or grits, as they were
commonly called — no change could be elTecti;d. The two
parties were very evenly balanced, each in turn tried to
conduct tbi^ government, but could not count on a work-
ing majority of tiie House, and was in turn forced ouf, of
ollice by its op[ioneiits; dissolution was tried, but as veiy
nearly the same members were elected, that gave no re-
lief, and at lasi, in the session of 1804, affairs were at a
dead-lock, .and it looked as if the business of the |)roviiice
could not be conducted at all. At this jiinctiirc^ — as at
every other crisis — confederation was looked to as the
(Uily remedy. 'Mr. George Hrowii, leader of the grit
[larty. proposed to Mr. John A. Macdoiiald, leailer of the
conservatives, to form a coalition government lor the
purpose of effecting, if possilile, a confederation of all
the provinces, or if tliat could not be accomiilished, a
Federal I'nion of the two provinces of Upper and Lower
Canada. The pro|)osed meeting at Charlottetown not
having yet taken place, the governor-general was re-
ipiested to ascertain whether the conferetice would be
willing to receive a dejuilation from Canada, and an
adirmative reply being received. Messrs. John A. .Mac-
donald, (Jeorge Brown, (Jeorge E. Cartier. Ab'x. T. (ialt,
T. D'Arcy McGee. 11. L. Laiigevin, Wm. McDougall
and Alexander Campbell, were appointed deli'gati's and-
attended the meeting at Charlottetown on 1st September.
After hearing the remarks of .Messrs. Macdonald, Hrown.
n
4(;»
Tl ITLKS HISTORY OV TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
-':
J-l
U ! i
Cartirr and (lult, uliit:li OPcu|ii('cl two ilays, the coiivcii-
tioii ailjiiiiriicil until tlic lOtli OctoIxT, wlicii it was to rtv
assciiililc at (^iici)cc. T\h- lio>|(ilalili('s of tiic islaiiil wiTi;
cxtciiiiod to tiif (Icpiitatioii, wliicli al>o stopped at Halifax
on tile way lioinc. and was ctitcrtairiiMl tiicrt' at a siiinptu-
oiis baiiijiutt, at wiiich stirriiijj addresses in favor of •.
union of tln' provinces were ilelivered. The delegates
also visited Si. John, N. IJ.. and KnMleri<'lon.
11 — On the ."nh Oetoher, 18(51, the Canadian gov-
ernment steamer llrforiii tooi on board at I'ietou,
IJcntenant-(iovernor McDonell and
gI;;:ili":'A™m,^t. ^-^'-'y MeI)on..ll,to;:..therwi.h the Nova
Seotia delegates, calling aftc/wards at
Charlottetown and Shediac to receive the Prince Edward
Island and New Hrunswi<'k delegates, after which slm
proceedeil to (Juehee, where slii', arrived on Sunday ev<Mi-
ing. Oth Oetoher. At 1 1 o'clock on the following morn-
ing the Convention was opened in the Parliament House,
and Sir Ktienne P. Taclie. L'reniierof Canada, was unan-
imously chosen ])resident, and Major Hewitt Hernard.
private and confidential secretary.* The Hon. John
Hai"'.lton Gray, in his I/isfori/ of Confhleratioii, justly
says of this Convention, " The time, tli(! men, the circum-
stances, were peculiar. The place of meeting was one of
historic interest. Beneath the sliadow of Cape Diamond,
on the ruins of the old Castle of St. Louis, with the broad
St. Lawrence stretching away in front, the Plains of
Abraham in sight, and the St. Charles winding its silvery
course through scenes replete with the memories of old
France, where scarce a century gone the Fleur de Lys
and the Cross of St, George had waved in deadly strile,
now stood the descendants of those gallant races, the Saxon
and the Gaul, hand in hand, with a common country and
* Tlie nuiiiber of delegiitnH wnn tliirtj-tlirpo, of whom Canaila mipplliMl
IL'. New IlruiiBwiL'k aiij rrince Kclward Island 7 t'acdi, Nova .Siulia 5,
niid Ninvrnundland 2. Tlif iiainoH nirr as fullous:
I'miviNci: iir Caxaha.— lion. HirKlieniu:!'. Tnch^, rreinier, M.L.C. j
Hon. .Ic.lii, A. .Macdonalil, Atloincy-dcniTal West. M.P.l*. ; Hon. (icorii
K. Ciirticr, Atloriii'.v-di'iiiTal Kast, M.IM'. ; JIcpm. (icor;;i^ lirinvn, Tri'si-
dont lit ilir K.xeontiVd (i.un.'il, M.l'.P. ; lion. Alex. T. (lult. Kina
MInistiM-, .M.IM*. ; Hon. .Alex. Cainplu-ll, ('oninnssiontT of Crown Lands,
JI.I..('.; lion. Wnl. .McDolicall, I'l(ivin<ial Siirttar\ , .M.IM'. ; llmi.
'I'lionnis D'.Ari'.v MiCiitc!, MinistiT of .SgriiMillnrc, M.IM'. ; lion. Ilcilor
l.aii^evin, .Soli«'itor-4itMUMal Kasl, M.l'.l'. ; llmi. .J. Cookburn, Soliciior-
Cii'iuiial Wist, M.r.I'. ; lion.Dlivi'l- Mowat, rnstniastiT-diMural, .M.l'.l'. ;
Hon. .1. (.'. C'liapais, (■omndssioniT of I'nldir Works, .M.L.C
Ni:w BiUNSwicK.— Hon. Sanini'l I,. Tilli'y. Provimial SiMTotary,
M.l'.l*. ; Hon. .lohn M. dolinsoii, Attornoy-iloniTul, .M.l'.l'. ; ||,,n. Kd-
\Yaril I!, cliandlir, .M.l..<'.; Hon. John llaniillon (iray, .M.l'.l'' ; Hon.
I'l'ter Mitihfll,.M.h.C, ; Hon. Iharlfs Kisher, JI.l'.l'. ; Hon. William II.
.Steves, M.L.r.
I'llixri: KiiWAnii Island.— Hon. John Hamilton (iray, Premier, M.
P.P.; Hon. Kdward Palmer, .Vttornev-deneial, .M.P.P. ; Hon. \Y. H.
Pope, provimial Siiietary, .M. P.P. ; lion, (leorne Coles, SI. PP. ; Hon.
A. A. .Maciloniild, M.L.('. ; Hon. T. II. Hairlaml, .M.P.P. ; Hon. Kdward
Wholan, JI.L.C.
Ni'VA SciiTiA.-Hon. Charles Tiipp'M-, Provlneial .Senrctary, M.P.P. ;
Hon. W. .\. Ilenny, .Attorney-deneral, .M.P.P. ; Hon. H. U. Diekey, .M.
I,.C. ; Hon. .Adums (i. Arehihald. .M.P.P. ; lion. Jonatlir,n iMcCully,
M.I..C.
Nkw KOI- Mil. AM). —Hon. r. 11. T. Carter, M.P.P., Speaker of the IIousu
of Assemlilv ; Hon. Andirose.Sh a, M.P.P.
a common cause, met with the full sanction of their
sovei'cign aiid the imperial (iovernmenl .ittended by the
representatives and ministers of the crown, si'iit from tlu!
Parliaments eliosen by the people, they Weri! called upon
to lay in jic'ice tiie foundations of a Stat(! that was to take
its [ilace in friendly position lieside that He|)ublic which,
wrenched from the parent hand in strife, had laid the
foundations of its greatness with tin; sword and bapti/.ed
its power in blood. Ninety years before • first
Congress of the thirteen States met at i iphia, it
was in delianei^ of the ai'lhority and of the eountvv from
which their people sprung. How dilTerent ! How much
more aiis|)icious was the gathering of the jjrovincial rep-
resentatives iit (Quebec ! In their deliberations and the
framing of their constitution they would have the benclit
of the experience of the working of th.-tt constitution,
which under (.•oii'litions in some degrei! similar to their
own as to country, institutions and people, had carried
the United States through half a ceiitiiiy of triumphant
progress. It would he for them to avoid those causes of
dissension which had created the then existing troubles of
that country.
32. — It was agreed that the sitting should be held
with closed doors, a decision which gave much ofTeiice to
the press, but was arrived at, after some
., . , 1 1 1 1 •■ Ihe terms of the
considenition, on ttie grounds that the dailv proposiMiConfed-
, ,. . f . Ill ■ elation.
])ulilicati()n ot reports would only cause uii-
necessjiry excitement, an 1 that should any member change
views before the close of the .session he would be open to
be charged with inconsistency if his first views had been
made public. In order that the voting should be on
eipial terms, (!acb pi'ovince was lo have one vote, Canada,
as composed of two provinces, being allowed two. It
was very .soon determined that a Federal was bettei'
than a Legislative Union, and on the second day, Attor-
ney-General MacDonald, submitted a seriw: of resolutions
embodying the outlin(^s of the proi)osed confederation. " It
was resolved that the future prosperity of Hritish North
America would be best promoted by a Federal Union
under the crown of (ireat Britain, ])rovided such union
could be effected on principles just to the several prov-
inces. In the federation of the British North American
provinces it was considered that a genei'al govei'iiment tis
well as local government for each of tlie provinces was
best adapted for securing successful legislation. It was
|)ropo.sed that the executive authority should be vested in
the British sovereign, and administered in conformity
with the British constitution bj- the sovereign jier.sonally,
or by a representative duly authorized — the sovereign, or
the representative of the sovereign being rommander-iu-
chief of the land and naval militia forces — that there
should be a general Legislature Sor the federated provinces,
composed of .i Legislative Council and a House of Com-
mons. The federated provinces were to consist of live
NOVA SCOTIA— FUOM Isr.S TO 18))7— CONFKDKRATIOX.
•1(>1
ili\ i-.i(>iis — riipi'i- Cmii.kI;!, Lower C'liiirida, Nova Scotia,
New 15riiiisui(k ami I'riuii' Kiiwanl Islauil— cai'li clivi>-
ioii liaviii^ an iMjiial iciircsciitatioti in tii(^ Lo^islativi'
Council. Upper Caiiaila was to be represented in tlie
I,i>;;i>Iative Council Ity twenty-four nienilpcrs, Lowri'
Caiia<la by twciity-tonr memlxMs, anil the tlirce ."\Iaiitinie
I'rovinces by twenty-l'onr members, of wbieli Nova Sco-
tia slionlil Iiave ten. New lininswick ten, anil Prince Kii-
wanl Island four nieinbers — the colony of Xewfoundland
beini; entitled to enter tlie proposed union with a re|(re-
sentation in the Lei;islativ(! Council of four members."
l.'i. — 'I'lie nicinbers of the Lej,'islative Coimcil were to
hold ollici' for life ; but the si^at of any mendier absenting;
himself for two consiMMilive sessions
"ion'^uion!'' '"'" '''"»>'''• '"■ '•'■'••■'■■••'I vacant. Considerable
dillicnlty was e.xpt'rieneed in ajjreein^ to
till! basis of representation in the House, but at last it
was aj|;reeil that it should b(! representation by the popu-
lation based on a census to be taken every ten years.
Tin! number of repr<!sentatives for Quebec was fixed at
sixty five, and was to remain unaltered ; the other ]M'ov-
inces were to iiave tin same nnml)er of representatives in
projiortion. or lu'arly so, but every decade tin; nundier
was to be rt'adjusted so that the iniinber of repiesentalives
mIiouIiI bear the same lu'oportion to the popidalion of each
province as sixty-Hvc did to the population of Quebec.
On this basis, at tin; time of the conference, the innnber
of members of tin; Lower House amounted to one hun-
dred and ninety-foiii\ divided as follows : Ui)|ier Canada,
X'2 ; Lower Canada, (■).') ; Nova Scotia,!!); New IJrmis-
wick. 1;> ; Newfomidland, 8 ; Prince Kdward Island, 5.
The convention closed its sittiiiifs on 'iHth October, and the
delegates afterwards visited .Montreal. Ottawa and Toron-
to, where they wi'fe hospitably enterttuncd. The plan of
I'onfeileration was not yet fully inadii km)wn. as the dele-
gates had to snl)init the resolutions arrived at to their re-
s])cctive ifovernmeiits ; but the broad fact that a basis of
union had been arrived at was announced and was met
with veiT general favor from both press and public in
L'pper and Lower Canada.
II. — The scheme of confederation was not, however,
to be carried out as speedily as the convention anticipated,
nor without coiisidtTable oiiiiosition, and
OppiiMtloll (if Nl!W . ,' '
itiinisrtiik ami the surmounting of manv dilliculties. The
Ndva SiDlia. ,, ' . . " „ , , .
murmur ot opposition was fu'st heard in
New Brunswick, and soon grew to a storm against con-
fiMleratiou wliiidi swejit Mr. Tilley and his supporters
from otRce, and at the general election which took place in
.March, l.SCi.), not a single one of the de[)utatiou which
had attended the (Quebec convention was returned, and
a very strong anti-confederate government was formed
under the premiershii) of Hon. A. J. Smith. In Nova
Scotia the oi)|positioii was at first slight, but grew as t'at
ill New IJrunswick increased, especially after Jlr. Ilowe
— the '• champion political acrobat," as he was sonictimrs
called — changed his views, and from lieing a strong advt)-
cate of union, became the most violent of the anti-<'onfed-
erate factioiiists, a position lie held to without dislioiior. Al-
though an anti-conl'ederate, lie was a]Pi>ointed governor of
the Provin if Nova .Scotia, by a coiiservativegovernmeiit,
under confederation, in 1H7.'1, when he had become more
reconciled to <'onfeileralion. The opposition in Nova Scotia
began to ilevelope itself imnieiliatijy on tin; return of the
delegates; a meeting was held at Ilalil'ax.at which Messrs.
Stairs, Joinis, Annanil and others severely criiicisid the
selieme, especially the (iiiancial part of it, which in therr
opinion was not just to the Maritime Provinees. and which
underwent some clianges before the final agneinent on the
terms of confederation. In the meanwhile, however, the
resolutions agreed on at the (Quebec convention, bad been
submitted by Lord Monck, governor-general, to the
cidoiiial secretary, Mr. CadwidI, iind had rectdved the
almost iiiKpialilied iissent of her majesty's government.
!•'>. — The Can.-ulian Parliament met in February, I.sri.'i
and resolutions favoring confederation were introiluced in
the council by Sir Ktiinni; Tachi' and in . .
•' ^ Ai'tii r I aim-
the Assembly by Attoriiev-(ieneral Mac- 'lian I'ariia m
IV 1 1 riM* 'i 1 t ■ 1 1 lliani;.'..! liTlhiii
Dolialil. ibe deliate la.^leil manv days. In Maiiiiino
and during Its continuance inlormatioii w.is
received of the defeat of the measure in New IJruiiswick,
by the noii-electioii of its strongest advo<;ales. Under
these circumstances the debate was hurried to a close, and
the resolutions adopted by a vote of 1)1 to 'M. An ad-
dress to the (pieen, framed on these resolutions, was at
once prepared, and a deputation, consisting of Messrs.
Hrowii. Cartier, (!alt, and ^lacDonalil, to confer with the
imperial government, and, if possible, bring sutlicieiit in-
fluence to bear on New ISrunswick to cause a change of
feeling with regard to tin," eonfederation. Tin; delegates
stoiiped at Halifax on their way, and received a jierfei't
ovation, but public opinion there was not as unani-
mous as it seemed on the surface, and the scheme had
miieh ojiposition to encounter yet. The decided blow to
confederation given in New l!riili>wiek was soon felt in
Nova .Scotia, where Dr. Tiipper thought it most prudent
not to urge the seheine at once ; but instead renewed
the proposal of the previous years with regard to a union
of the Jlaritime Provinces. The Ntoriii in New IJninswick,
however, died out almost as suddenly as it had arisen.
Governor Gordon was strongly in favor of conf€.leration,
and urged it on the House in his opening aildress, although
the IIousi! had been electiMl specially as anti-confederates.
The excitement grew, old party lines were forgotten, and
it was confederate or anti-confederate; Lord Cardwell
wrote to the governor strongly urging a union of the
provinces, and the tide of popular opinion once inori;
turned towards confederation. The Smith ministry
was forced to resign, and the Tillev-^Iitcli<dl governiiKMit
;;' 1!:!
402
TiriTLK'S IIISTOUY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
siK cdcd, uiiilcr wIkisc rulr> the resolutions in favor ol
coiifcili-rttioii Wert! ..ooii canicd \>y n fjood majoiilv.
After tlie vietoi'V ill New llriiiiswiek, Novii Scotia wiis
not slow to follow suit and wliecd into line witli tlx^ otlier
provinces, tlie final vole on the union resolutions lieiiij;
tliirty-oiK! to nineteen.
1(J. — The iinti confcMlenitos were not quite s.itisfied yet,
however, and tlie scene of contest was transferreil to
Ai'tlniK.r Iiii|HMiiil I'ondon, wher(! a lirilliant |iani|ililet wa.->
'.'"I'lmtl.m'a.'.'!,'!;: i««'iu«l. 1" which .Mr. llowe. the lea.linj,'
•'''"'"■''• anti-unionist, ;;ot considt^rahly the worst
of it ; for as he hail heeii holh a Unionist and a non-
unionist, his ojiponents could condemn his ar<;unients
citlier way out of his own luoulh. The iSritish govern-
ment had fully made up its ininil to have confederation,
and the Fenian Raid of IHtiti — of which we ^hall speak in
our History of the Province of Canada — had aroused
Canadians to the knowledge that it would no longer do
to depend altogether U|)on England, hut that they must
take sonic means for their own defence. The tinal con-
ference of the delegates from the three ])rovinees was held
at the Westininster I'alace Hotel, London, and lasted from
•1th to 2lth Decemher, IHOO, hy which time all details
had heen arranged, and all that was wanting was imperial
legislation to make confederation an accomplished fact.
Several interviews were had with her majesty's minis-
ters, and a draft hill was agreed to which afterwards
hecamc the 15ritisli North America Act, which was linal'y
passed on 2i)th March, HS07, and hy one of its provisions,
the 1st July, lo()7, was the day on which, hy royal proc-
lamation, the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and
New Hrunswick were united under the title of the Do-
minion of Canada.
CIIArTER CIII.
NEW BRUNSWICK EllOM 1781 TO 1831.
AkRIVAI. ok GOVKKNOIt ('Altl.KTON. SkKTCII OF
THE FiiiST Council. — 2. Riimoval of the seat of
GoVEit.VMENT to Fue1)EU1(JT()\. DISSENSIONS OVEK
THE KEVENUE. — .'. TlIE AsSEMIlLYMEN INSIST ON
BEING Paid. A i' au-i,ock kok Tiiuee Yeaus. — 4.
Caki.eton's Administuation. Guowtii and Puos-
PEKiTY OF THE Pkovince. — ;'). Tin; War of 1812-1").
— G. Administration of General Smith. Im-
i'rovementoftiie Colony. — 7. The great Fire at
MiRAMiciii. — 8. Trouble about the Maine Boun-
dary Question. — 9. Enc.lisii Free Trade Policy.
Throwing open the Colonial Markets. — 10. Puo-
rosAL TO Admit Haltic Timiii u FitEi: into F.no-
i.AND. Great Dissatisfaction in the Province.
1. — The discovery and early liistory of what now forms
the l'i-o>ince of New liriinswick. we have alreacly given
in our History of Aca<lia. all thi; territory ^rrlvnl ••! (invur-
now known as Nova Scotia and New .s'|,'!^,,V.|',"','f"'i;u nrst
nmiiswick heiiig ho calleil under French cmiiiiii.
rule ; wt^ sliall, therc'fore, in ihisand the foliowiiigchaptirs
confine ourselves to a record of the events which occurred
after the erection of New nriiiiswick as a separate prov-
ince in 17HI. Till! first governor of the new jirovinco
was Colonel Thomas Carleton. a hrolher of f.ord Dor-
chester, wiio arrived at St. John on the "Jlst Xovemher,
17H4.and the eslahlishment of the province was proclaimed
on the lollowing day. Thi! government consisted of a
Council, which was hiitli executive and legislative, of
tw(dvt! memhers. and a House of As-icnihly of twenty-six
memhers. This first Council was coni|)osed almosi entindy
of I'nited Empii'c Loyalists who had occupied piominent
positions in their native states ; and who had lost their
fortunes hy their loyalty to the British cause during the
rc'volution. The following short sketi'hes, taken from
Archer's llislorij of ('(iniiild, will prove interesting, as
relating to the twelve most remarkahle men in the early
history of tin; province ; " Chief-.Iiistice Ludlow had heen
a judge in the Su[)reme Court of New York ; James
Putnam w.as considered one of the ablest lawyers in all
America ; the Reverend and Ilonorahle Jonathan Odell,
first provincial secretary, had acted as chaplain in the
royal a'-niy, practised physic, and written jiolitical poetry ;
Judge Joshua U| lam, a graduate of Harvanl, aljandoned
the har during the war, and became a colonel of dragoons ;
Judge Isaac Allen had heen colonel of the second hattal-
ioii of the New Jersey volunteers, and lost an estate in
Pennsylvania through his devotion to the loyalist cause ;
Judge Edward Winslow, nephew of Colonel John Winslow,
who executed the decree that expelled the Acadians from
Nova Scotia, had attained the rank of colonel in the royal
army ; lieverley Rohinson had raised and commanded the
Loyal Am(!ricaii regiment, and had lost great estates on
th" Hudson River; Gabriel G. Ludlow had commancled a
battalion of Maryland volunteers ; Daniel liliss had been
a commissary in the royal army. Abijali AVillard had
taken no active part in the war. He was one of fifty-five
gentlemen who petitioned Sir Guy Carleion to grant them
each a field-marshal's allowance of land (r),000 acres) on
account of the great respectability of the position that
they liiul held. William Hazen and Gilfred Studhome
were settled in the province before the landing of the
loyalists." This council conducted the affairs of the
young province for many years with only one chringe, the
vacancy caused by tlie death of Judge Putnam being filled
by Judge John Saunders, who was descended from an old
ItKi; INTO Knc.
rillO I'lioVlNCK.
Wll;lt llliw foillis
VI! alrciidy given
Arriviil of tiovur-
HIT CiulflOll.
Skc'ti li ,,t thf first
Couilcjl.
'liowinrrrliaptcrs
' wliicli occiirri'd
si'|)aiat(' jirov-
iicw |>nivitiro
!• of f,o|(I I)|,c.
2Ut XdvcimIut,
• Mas)imclaiiiic(l
It coiisisU'd of .1
il I<'>;islative, of
\y of twenty-six
ainiosi entirely
ijiied |)ioniinent
I) Iiad lost their
iiisi! diiriiii; [lie
les, taken I'loni
iiiterestini;, as
H'ti in the early
lldlow had been
Yoik ; James
t lawyers in all
Jonathan Otlell,
ihajilain in the
H)litical poetry ;
ai'd, abandoned
lel of drat'oons ;
second hattal-
ost an estate in
loyalist cause ;
John Winslow,
Acadians from
iiel in tlie royal
•ommanded the
;reat estates on
I commurided a
ISliss had been
AVillard had
)iie of fifty-live
tojrrant them
1,000 acres) on
position that
red Stndhome
iin<linir of the
alfairs of the
le change, the
in being filled
3d from an old
m:w lua NswKiv fuo.m \7s\ to i«;ii.
4C3
cavalier family which had settled in Virginia at the time
of the Coenmoinvealth. He served with ilistinclion as
captain of the (^iieen K.mgers, umlcr Sir J. (i. Sinuoe,
(hiring the revolution, and afterwards studied law in
London.
2. — The lirst session of the House of Assembly was
held at St. John in 17.S(i; liiit previous to this (I7H.')) the
itiMiiovai (if iiifl I""" iiii'l <listrict of I'arr had Ih'cii iiicor-
»rai,.i t'..y.riiim;nt p,, rated bv tile Council as tile city of St.
liinsiimloiirtim'r John, thus making it the oldest — as it
till! ICVUllUO, . II' ,
was lor many Veais the only — iiicoi poruted
town in ISritish North America, its government was
uilmiiiistered by a mayor, six aldermen, and six assistant
aldermini. Governor Carl(;lon, in o|ieiiiiig the first Gene-
ral Assemlily, ilwelt on the particular benelifs which had
been bestoweil oil New liiuiiswick by the granting of its
constitution, and urged on the people the propriety (if
showing their appre<'iutiou of the blessings conlrrred on
them, by an unswerving loyalty, and l)y sobriety, industry,
and a strict att(!iition to their religious <luties ; as well as
by endeavoring to promote the utmost feelings of cordi-
ality and good fellowship between the old settlers and the
newly arrived loyalists. St. .lohnilid not long remain the
capital, the seat of government iieiiig removi'd to St. Anne's
I'oint, in 17H.S, which was named Fredericton, and which
lias since remained the capital of tin; ])rovince. This
ch.-uige was partly caused i)y the feeling of tin; majority
of the loyalists, who camc! from New York Statt; ; and as
Albany, the capital of that State, is a hundred and fifty
miles from the sea anil the commercial metropolis, and so
removed from its bustle and excitement, the founders of
New IJrunswick thought it would be well to follow the model
of their native; .State and place tlii; capital of their adopted
jiroviMce at a distance from the bustle of tin; principal
commercial city. The peace and harmony which the
fouiiilers expected, however, did not come in the new
capital : for the Council and Assembly soon began to
hav(; disputes as to the control of the revenue ; and the
sanu; struggle for responsible; government was inaugurated
in New IJrunswick which we have already described as
taking* place in the other jirovinces.
y. — The first dilferenci; between the two Houses was on
the subject of pay. The members of the Assembly
voted themselves seven shillings and
Tlie AsBcmbly- . i i • , • " ,
iniMi iiiKint on Sixpence a nay, (luring the session, and
ill luuim'k tor' I'lu Council threw out the bill. The
threu years. assemblymen, however, were not going
to be done out of their pay so easily ; they put the salary
appropriation in a, bill which they " tacked " on to the
general appropriation bill, and so threw the onus of
refusing to pass any appro])riatioiis for roads, bridges, &c.,
on the Council, who in turn referred the matter to tin;
Diike of Portland, then colonial secretary. His lordship
deprecated the custom of " tacking " several matters to-
gether ill one bill, so as to force the passage of objection-
able matter, or iiece-siiati- the rejection of a bill contain-
ing some very necessary and important measure, because
it had "tackrd " on to it something to which tin; Council
objected. H(! Was very si;vere on tin; assemblymen for
wanting " wages," ns lie t(;rme(l it, and declareil that it
was di'rogatory to tli(; dignity of the House for the;
members to receive reniuiieration fnun their constituents.
Hut the members did not care so much about their dignity
as they did about the dollar and a half a day to pay their
expenses during the session. They considered that it was
(piite enough for them to give their time, which they could
ill attord, without being put to the; (;xp(;iis(; of paying for
their living in I"'r(;d(;ricktoii ; and they insisted u|ion being
paid. For three years (ITlKi-O) there; was a deael-lock
be;tw(;eii the two Houses, ami no revenue; or appro|)riation
bills were; ])assed. At last the Council had to yielel, the
assemblymen ge)t tlnnr " wages," and pe^ae-eand liarmony
was restore'el.
4. — The administration of Governor Carleton was
almost .'IS long and as prosperous for Ne'W IJriinswii'k as
.as that of his brothe'r, Lord I)e)reliester, •■■'!'';i""'s ^I'l-
was for Quebec. For tW(;iity years he; (ir..wiii an. l pros-
tilled the ollice; of lieutenant governeir, and l-rovinLu.
during that time ho saw the province reclaimed from a
state of nature; and reiide;red fruitful and productive', while;
the ])eopI(; enjoyed the blessings of pi'ai'c, — although tin;
INIot her Country was at war—and were happy aiiel coiiteiite'il,
as the province gradually increaseel in wealth and pe)pul-
lation. fie)V('rne)r Carletem re'tnrned to lOngJand in
IHd.'i, re'gretted by those over whom lie- had exercised a,
mild and wise sway for twenty years, during which time
the |)oi)ulati(jn, tr;ide; and commerce of the; province had
increaseel with wonel(;rful rapidily. As (;arly as 1778 an
etfort was maile; by William Daviilson to settle on the;
Miramiehr, and utilize the; luxuriant timber which borile're'd
that magnincent rive'r, Davidson bronglit out a number
of settle'i's from the' old ceiuntry, aineingst tlie'in some' sliip-
car])e'iite;rs ; ami tlire'i; years, after Jeiiiathan Le'avitt
launched at St. John the lirst vessel built in Ne;w IJruiis-
wie'k. l^ividson launched the first one built at Mir;imiciii.
The lumber traele> sprang into gre'at importance' almost at
once. The British navy was then •• swei'ping the; sea,"
at the ex[)ciise of a good many masts and spiu's which
got kiieicked to piece's by the (;iieiny, anil thus opened a
line field for the colonies, especially New Hrunswick. which
had such immense forests of towering jMiies. just suited
for masts. The vessels taking over timber brought back
iininigrants, and so the colony was constantly inereasing
in population.
."). — -Xo successor to (iovi'rnor Carleton was appointed
for some years, and the alTairs of the province were
administered by elilVerent presidents. In 'riic war of isi "
l.SO'.t, on the fear of the breaking out "•
:;lli
"''■,':'!
I'll
r.: '\
m
\ I
■ak I
:::'!'
ICI
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANAD \.
of liostiiitips witli tlui Unitod St:ites, military inoii were
appointed to the govenimoiit of all tlio ])roviiici'H, and
INIajor-G'jiicral Iluntor was sent to New nruiiswick ; lie
only romainiid a short time, however, and was foiiowed
by six other military [)resi(lents, very mueh to the dis-
satisfaetion of the people. In 1800 a h(^■lvy duty was
imposed on timber eominjj from the IJaltie, while timber
from the colonies was admitted free ; this <;ave a great
impetus to trade with New liriiMswiek, and was of
material advantage to the province. The declaration of
war by the United States calhid forth the loyal sentiment
of the New I5ruiiswiek(!rs, and this was shown in a |)ra('tieal
way by the " Kind's re^dment of New IJruiiswiek." wliieh
had been llrst formed out of the United Emjjire Loyalists
of 1781 enlistini; in the reirular army for service in the
Upper Provinces. It was mustered in as the lOltli. and
served with great gallantry during the war. The local
Legislature passed very complimentary resolutions at the
time of the muster in, and presented the rejjiment with a
handsome silver trumpet. As the winter was closing in,
onlj' a ])art of the men iiotild bo conveyed from St. John
to (Quebec by boat, and the remainder made the long and
toilsome march over land on snow-shoes. Although the
province was greatly excited over the war, and the mer-
chants were kept in constant fear for their vessels by
the privateers hovering about the coast, yet the people
suffered none of its actual horrors, and were rather
benefited than otherwise by the great demand caused for
timber for building and rejiairing the large number of
new vessels needed on the ocean and the lakes.
G, — For some years the Assembly had been petitioning
the Home government to a|ipoint a regular lieutenaTit-
Ailininistrniiiiii ii£ governor, and not allow the alTairs of the
hnpiciviiiiuiit o£ urovince to be adnunistenKi by a succession
the colony. ^f millLaiy presidents who had no interest
or feeling in the nrovince ; at last attciition was paid
to their re((uest, tiiid Major-General Tracy Sniythc was
appointed l^.-jiUenant-governor in 1818. Meanwhile the
disputes lii'iween the two Houses with regar(l to the dis-
posal of the reve:i .es increased, and legislation was again
brought to a dead-lock. Cloveriior .Smyihe sided with the
Council and dissolved parliament, which had the elVect of
making the new House elected more tractable; but an-
other dissolution taking place in the following year, 18'^(),
caused by the death of George III., a new House was
elected which soon reoommenced the obstructionist jiolicy.
During the session of 182;5 Governor Smythe died, and
the House had new matters to engage its intention for
awhile, a series of curious events following closely on
each other. The House was immediately prorogued by
the eiiier-jiistice, on the death of the governor, and
Judge t'hipnian was sw rn in as proidi'iit of theCouiicil,
and administrator ad iiitcn'in. Hut his claim was dis|iuted
by the Hon. Christopher Ililloii, who was in his eighty-
sixth year, and who issued a proclamation in St. John as
administrator, by virtue of being senior couneillor. He
was too old, however, to attend to the duties of the office;
and the Home ofric(! confirmed Judge Chi|)man in the
position. The judge opened Parliament in January,
1824, and diodsuddeidy, on !)th February, while the House
was considering a bill providing for the interment of
Governor Smytho in ihe jiarish church at Frederietoii.
The Hon. .lames Murray Hliss became president until
the arrival, in August of the same year, of Sir Howanl
Douglas, who ha<l been appointed lieutenant-governor.
During the administration of (Jeiieral Smythe the province
contiinied to flourish and new seltlcniciits were formed ;
at the close of the war there was an influx of military
settlers who laid out the town of Woodstock, the French
squatters in that neighborhood moving up the river as far
as Madawaska. About this lime a si'ttlement was also
formed at Lock Lomond, near St. John, l)y a party of
negroes, and the first settlements were also made at Dal-
housie and IJathurst. Steam also began to make its wav
into the province, and a steamer plied between St. John
and Fred(!ricton. Hut the people devot(!d themselves
almost entirely to luinbering and shipbuilding; agricul-
ture was iK'glected ; no pains was taken to utilize the land
from which tlie timber was cut, and tin; people were
almost wholly dependant on the I'nited States for their
supply of ])rovisions. The lumber tr;id(! had greatly
increased and now gave employment to abiiiit one hundred
v(>ssels at St. John, an<l probably half as many at
Miramichi.
7. — Lieutenant-Governor Douglas met Parliament earlv
in 182."), and iirgfil the iiecess'ty for greater attention to
agriculture, which was greati)' neglected, as were also th(^
roads of the province, which were allowed Tlic unnt tire at
to run almost any way, without any defi- *'"''""'''|'-
nite plai], ;iinl as tlie\ were all paid for out of the g(Mieral
fund, and tlicr<' was no .such thing as a toll-gate in tin? whole
province, the roads, as a rule, were badly built, badly kept
in order, and very expensive. During the year 18l'}
the first census was taken, and the population of the pro-
vince found to be 71,0(1(1. The siiiimier of 182.") was one
of the hottest and driest that had ever been experienced
on the continent ; for over two months not a drop of rain
fell in Ni'w llrunswick ; tlie(>artli was parched, the rivers
were neprly dry, and the forests were scorched. Hut it
was not by the sun's rays iilono that the forest kings were
shrinken and shrivelled, the fire demon was abroad, and
all through the latter part of September fires were raging
in the liu>h, and gradually drawing nearer the settlements.
'l"hc growth of the timber trade in the Miramichi district
had caused lloiirishing villages to spring up iihuig its haidts ;
foremost amongst these was Newcastle, the capital of
Northumberland County, which had a court-hous(>, jail,
Presi)vterian kirk, and about one thousand inhabitants.
NEW HRUNSWICK FROM 17.S4 TO 18;51.
■ii;;.
Alicmt livu miles down the river was the newly-started
setth'iiient of Doiiglastown, and across the river was
C'liatliani, the timber di'iiot of Canard and C'omixiny. On
tlie 2I)tIi Septeinlier tlie court-house at Frederieton was
burned, and several small fires were reported in the bush
during the early days of October, while the dense masses
of smoke lianirinj,' like a pall over the country, and pour-
ing down in blinding rolls of darkness on the villages, told
of coming disaster. Still there was no dread of any great
calamity until the evening of the fatal 7th October, wliieh
was to witness so dire at catastrophy. All day the black,
dense smoke had I)een piling u[) about Xewca-tle, until,
before sundown, the air was so filled with smoke that it
was almost impossible to see. Then as night a|)proaehed
the lurid flashes of the ajjproaching conflagration began
to break through the deepening gloom in fitful bursts of
brilliancy, while the short, shar[> snaps of the crackling
brushwood were from time to time varied by the loud re-
p )rts of the gigantic pines as they becanu; a prey to the
devouiing element. Swiftly, steailily. with sidlen roar ami
angry flash, on came that moving, rolling wall of living
lire, sweeping all before it in its onward rush on the diivoted
village of Newcastle. Resistance was in vain, and flight
almost useless ; the only chance for safety was in the
riv<'r and swampy ground, whither the wretched inliabi-
tants fled, and cowered down in the water and soft oo/e,
while the fierce flames swept in a terribU; tornado over
them, carrying death and destruction in their path. All
through that terrible night the wild work of devastation
went on, and when morning came again, only twelve
houses, and the charred and blackened ruins of upwards
of two hundred more, wen; left to tell where the tlourisb-
iiig village of Newcastle had stood the night before ; while
of the thousand hajipy inhabitants of the previous even-
ing one hundred and sixty had lost their livt^s either by the
flames or in the cold end)race of the river in their efforts
to escape, and of the remainiler nearly all were burnt, and
many severely inpired. Douglastown suffered even worse,
for only oins house was left standing, anil that, singular to
say, contained the I'orpse of one who had died on the pre-
vious day. The destruction done liy this tremendous fire
was incalculal)Ie ; the loss to settlements, mills, ifcc., was
about 5!l,tlU0.U()() but the extent burned over was more
than five thousand s(pnire miles, and the loss of timber
was past eulculation. The utmost sympathy was felt for
th<! unfortunate sufferers, and large subscriptions were
inmiediately raised in the sister provinces, (ircat Hritain.
and the I'nited States; but it was many long days before
the Jliramiehi district recovered from the efforts of that
terrible scourging with firis
8. — The Maine boundary (piestion had been :t trouble-
8o:ne one ever since the Independeneo of the United
'.'".'■'!"''',''""'',■"'''"' Stat(>s. Commissions had Ix'en appointed
INnilni' liiiiiiiilary , _ ' '
iiui'Hiluii. but had failed to agree as to the bound-
aries intended to be given by the treaty, the Anur
icans interpreting the terms used to mean one thing, au<l
the Hritish anotluT. The ([uantity of land tlius claimed
by both was about twelve thousand scpiare miles, ami
generally got to be known as '■ the disputed territory."
neither party occupying it. Every now aTid then little
ebidlitions of feeling would be shown by the Americans,
who had always displayed a dis[)osition to taki^ forcible pos-
session of this debated hind, and, in 1827, Governor Lin-
coln, of Maine, made a hostile demonstration, wli,'rou[iou a
fillibustering party, under connnand of a man nameil
llaker, made a dash into the Madawaska district and stuck
up a jiole with the "stars and stripes '' attached to it, in
token that he had "taken possession of the country in
in the name of the I'nited States." He did not rcTuain
long in possession, however, for the old Fren<'h inhabitants
liaving informed Governor Douglas of the intrusion, he
moved a body of troops up to the frontier ami sent tlie
sheriff to arrest IJakcM', which was done very iiuietly ;
Haker was put in a cab, the flag was put in the sheriff's
pocket, the staff was put in the fire, and the " invasion "
was at an end. Maker was taken to jail, and was al'ler-
wards tried before the SiipreuKt Court at Frederirtmi and
fined. ^leanwhile Governor Lincoln got up a good deal of
excitement, blustered to his heart's content, called out the
militia and threatened a geiu'ral invasion ; but as he found
Sir Howard Douglas wailing for him on the lirilish side
of the frontier, with a small force of regulars, he decided
not to clo anything more than talk ; and shortly afterwards
all excitement on the subject of the disputt'd territory
was allayed by ihe sniimission of the niatti'r by both
governments to the king of the Netherlands for a settle-
ment of the boundary in dispute.
9. — A great change was now coining over the conuner-
cial policy of (!reat Mritain, Hiilierlo the most jealou,-.ly
protected country in regard to manufac- j.;,,;^]!.,!, i-,.,,,.
tures and productions of all kinds, both at 'jiM.'.'^vrn'il'mi.iitlii!
home and in the coloidcs, the long unsuc- < "i"""!' umikiii'.
cessful efforts of tlie Free Traders began to be heard; the
cry of " buy in the clieapi'.-.t inaikel. sell in the deaie.-.t,''
was raised, and one by one the barriers to a free iiite"-
chaiige of commercial articles wei'e be'iig thrown down.
Hitherto the colonial commeici! had been exeiediligly
limited in its scojie, being confined to England and the
English colonies ; and uvi'ii on the English trade there
were restrictions, and colonial vessels wen; not allowed
the advantage of tin; English I'oasting trade — that is. going
from one English port to another in search of a market —
but were ol)liged to uiiloa<l and load again al the |iorl for
which they cleared whi'li leaving the colony. 'I'liis
was all changed in 1^2."), under the Canning administralion,
when the principles of Free Trade first began to gain the
ascendancy. All English ports were thrown open to col-
onial trade, and all I'oloiiial ports were open to (Jreat l!ri-
■ ill
Hi
-IfiO
TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
t:iiii iiiid ill! lier allies. Tlii.s was a great impotiis to tlie
trade oi New nriinswick ; iiiiinUors of vessels visited her
shore in searcli of lumber ; sliiplmildiiijj ttourislied. and
the people saw gifjantie foituiies rapidly accumulating
before them. But there were reverses to come: first was
the jSIiraniichi fire, and next the extra competition in trade
which the breaking down of the protection barriers gave
rise to. Under the colonial protection arrangement the
Americans wvvo excludeil from the West Indies ; and a
large and profitabh; trade h;,d sprung up between those
Islands and the Marilinn; Provinces, tin; islands taking fish
and lumber in large (piaiitities in exchange for sugar, rum
and molasses. I5ut in IH.'JO the West .India market was
thi'own open to the Americans, who couhl not onlysup));,
(ish and lumber, but bread-stuffs and provisions, of which
the islands import large quantities, and the trade of New
Uruuswiek was very seriously injured.
10. — At this time colonial timber was still very licavily
protected, there being a iluty of about fifteen <lollars a
Prniicsnlto iidinit ton Oil timber imported into Phigland from
imoKn^lall"^'"" tl'e lialtic; this was, of course, an im-
tinnhi'thri'irov-' '"''"s« advantage to New Brunswick; and
'"'■"• although the people grumbled a great
<leal at the opening of the West India ports, and the cou-
seipieiit competition against which they had to contend,
still they felt moderately well satisfied as long as they
had a monopoly of the timber trade in the English
market. Hut free trade was now advancing with giant
strides ; monopoly after monopoly was being mowed down
before it, and it was not long before a repeal of the duty
on timber from t';" Baltic was agitated, so that P^ngland
may j'ct her t'mber as cheap as she could, no matter
whether it ci'.ine from the colonies or from a foreign
country. The proposal called forth the most strenuous
opposition in the provinces. Suffering severely already
from American coinpetitiou in the West India trade ;
nearly ruined by the terrible fire at Jliramiclii. and
thoroughly disheartened and discouraged, the people saw
iioiliing but utter ruin before them if Hallic timber was
adiiiiltfil free into England ; and their dissatisfaction was
so great that it almost took the form of open disaft'ectiou.
The Legislature forwarded earnest petitions against the
proposed measure, setting forth tiie immense damage; it
would do to tin; jiiovince, ami the press and the peoi)le
unanimously condennied it. It liap|)ened that Sir Howard
Douglas had been called to England to give evidence
with regard to the dis|mled territory, and be warmly
espoused the cause of the province, jiublishing a very
clever little pan>|ihlet, in which he clearly showed the
bad ])olicy of repealing the timber duties, and throwing
the colony into utter ruin at a time when it was only
slowly recovering from a most terriiile visitation by (iod,
The pamphlet did its work : the bill was defeated, and
great was the joy of the New Brunswickers thereat; Imt
the victory cost them a pojndar governor who for fourteen
years had labored cons('ientiously for the _')od of the
province. In opposing the repeal of the timber tax Sir
Howard had o|)[)osed the government which had appointed
him ; and as he had virtually defeatc^d his own party he
could no longer hold office under it, and therefore resigned.
The i)eople were extremely sorry to lose him, and the
Assembly showed its appreciation of his services by voting
liim a handsome service of plate. Hon. AVm. Black tem-
porarily administered the affairs of the province until the
a|ipoiMtuieiit of Sir Alexander Campbell, who arrived in
the fall of 18;51.
CHAPTEU CIV.
NEAV BRUNSWICK FROM 18;?2 TO CONFED-
RATION.
1. — Political Conditiox of the Province. — 2.
AiiusKs IN THE CuowN Lands Detautment. The
Casual and Tekuitokial Revenues. — 3. Reforms
Sanctioned nr Loud Genelg. — 4. Obstructions
Thrown in the way by the Council. — 5. The
Governor Refuses to Sign The Civil List
Bill. His Resignation. Passage of the Act. —
G. The "Aroostook War." Violent Feeling on
Both Sides. — 7. Settlement of the Maine Fron-
tier Di:-ficultv. — 8. Recall of Sir John Harvey.
Squandering the Public Money. — !). Defeat of
Resi'Onisble Government at the Polls, An Un-
FAVORAIlLE PICTURE OF St. JoiIX. ELECTION RiOT.
— 10. Troubli: as to Mr. Reade's Appointment
as Provincial Secretary. — II. Responsible Gov-
ernment Established. — 12. Brief Review from
1818 TO 18C7. List of the Governors of the
Province.
1. — AVe now come to the period of the strug;.'l(! for
res|ionsible government through which all of the provinces
have had to go, and which was of a milder j,„,i,i,,„| ,,„|„ii.
type in New Brunswick than in either of tii'n of ihu jiruv-
the Canadas, there being no distinctions
of race or faith there to stir up the deepest and bitterest
feelings, which lead to ojieii rebellion. New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia fought for their constitutional amend-
ments in a constitutional way, and their leaders never bo
far forgot themselves as to make an appeal to the sword
as did Papiiieau and Mackenzie. New Brunswick at this
time, 18.'iL', siilYered from the government of a " Family
Compact," somewhat similar to those of Ui)per Canada
and Nova Scotia ; be.t tlio New Brunswick compact was
not so exclusive nor so grasping as tliose of the other
jvernor who for fourteen
*ly for the _ood of tlie
ill of the timher tax Sh-
lent which liud appointed
foated iiis own i)arty he
t, and tlierefore resigned,
y to lose Iiim, and the
of his services iiv votiii<'
Hon. AVm. IJlaek tem-
)f tlie province until tlie
impbell, who arrived in
JIV.
18;i2 TO COXFED-
TiiK Pkovince 2.
>s Di:rAUTMi;NT. The
;VENUKS.— 3. Kkfohms
'«• 4. OnSTUL'CTIONS
IE Council. — 5. The
ON The Civil List
ASSAOK OF THE AcT.
Violent Feiclino on
" OF THE INIaine Fkon-
. oeSik John llAUVEy.
roNEY.— 9. Defeat of
' THE I'OLLS. An Un-
)iix. Kleotio.v Kiot.
:eAI)E's Al-rOINTMENT
I I. RESPOS'SIIiLE Gov-
IJuiKF Review fkom
GOVEK.NOK.S OF Till:
od of the striiirjile for
licii all of the provinces
milder „ ,, ,
Polilicnl coiiill-
itlier of tiiin of till! jiiov-
lllCI'.
nctions
le doejiest and bitterest
lion. New Hruiiswiek
constitutional anieiid-
i their leaders never bo
III ajipeal to the sword
S^ew IJrunswiek at this
■rninent of ;v " Faniily
3se of Upper Canada
ninswick compact was
IS those of the other
'•'1 >
IJ ;
,i:'?
%
I
:il^l
i
; :i
'"' 1
III i
NEW BRUNSWICK 1< ROM 1832 TO CONFEDERATION.
407
pi'i^'Mices, and more fairly re[iresente(l tlic interests of the
peo).. \s Howe became tiie leader of the Rel'orm party
in Nova fluotia, so Lemuel Allan Wilmot took the lead
ill New Brunswick, and to his talent as ; lawyer, and
brilliancy, eloquence and skill as a party leailer .nay be
attributed the triuinplis of tlie Reform party in his prov-
ince. In both provinces the governor's name was Camp-
bell, and although they were not related they were singu-
larly alike in disposition, both being strong Tories, stern,
determined soldiers, and men who, naturally ranging
themselves on the, side of the constituted authorities,
steadily opposed any innovations in the way of reforms.
New Brunswick took the le.id in agitation for political
reform. In 18o2 the Legislative Couneil, which had here-
tofore been also the Executive Council, was made a separate
body ; and the latter was made to consist of five members
— the Ilonorables Thomas Baillie, Frederick P. Robinson,
William F. Odell, George F. Street, and John S. Saun
ilers.
2. — This change was said to have been effected for the
jiurpose of having some members of the assembly aj)-
pointed to the Executive Council so as to
Abuses in tho * . . ,
criiwii i.iiiKia no- open up the means of communication be-
partineiit. 'I'lio , . , . i i i-"
c.iaimiiindTiTri- twecii the Assembly ami tlie hxecutive :
tori.ll ruVL'iiueB. , ^ i • ^ ^ i
but as no such aiipoiiitmeiits were made,
the change came to be regarded, by both the Legishitive
Council and the assembly, as a mere ruse to get rid of
the .idvice of some of the members of the former, and to
centre all the [lower of the government in the hands of
the live members of the Family Compact who had been
appointed to the Executive Council. New Brunswick at
this time had several substantial grievances. The crown
land department, like that of all the other provinces,
was grossly inismaiiaged. The chief commissioner was
iippoiiited by the crown, and was wholly iiirleiiendent of
the Assembly ; and altliough he was openly charged
with favoritism in appropriating large tracts to lumber
operators and other favorites, and was generally very
obnoxious to the people, there was no means of calling
iiim to account, and making hiin resjionsible to the re[)reseii-
tatives of the people. It was also charged against him
that his large salary and immense penpiisites in the way
of fees enabled him to live in a style of luxury which liad
a demoralizing effect on the less fortunate and smaller
salaried ollicials. Another grievance was the use of the
revenue derived from the sale of lands, known as the
" casual and territorial." Unlike tho same tax in other
provinces, this tax in New Brunswick was sufficient to
pay the c.vil list and leave a surplus, and the Assembly at
an early date claimed control of it, but without effect.
In 18;)2 a resolution was jiassed askii the governor to
furnish the House with an account of the receipts and
expenditures of tliis fund, but the reijuest was curtly re-
fused by the governor. Foiled in one ([uarter the Assem-
bly determined to try in another, and a|ipointed Messrs.
E. B. Chandler and Charles Sinionds as delegates to treat
with th(! imperial authorities for the surrender of the
casual and territorial revenues. The delegates succeeded
in arranging terms with Mr. Stanley, then colonial secre-
tary, in 183;i, but the arrangement was not carried out, ]
owing either to a misunderstanding, or to some secret
influence being at work against the Assembly.
3. — About this time there was some dissatisfi'.ction with
regard to the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land
Compan\', which had been formed in Lon-
tton ill 1831, and was incorporated in ti.iniii ivy Lord
1834. This foreign company was sold a "''*'■
tra(;t of land between the .St. John and .Miraniichi Rivers,
covering about ;jOO,000 acres, for a sum of ,£.>(!. 000. of
which £21,000 w.-is paid down. Tlie object of the com-
pany was to relieve some of the over-crowded labor dis-
tricts of England by removing the labor to a place where
it could have a chance of being usefully and remunera-
tively employed in clearing the land, making roads, build-
ing houses, &e. ; great indueements were iil-o held out to
naval and military otUcers to settle, and to good practical
farmers to make their homes there. The company was
calculated to do good to the [iioviiice, but tln^ Assemlily
did not like the idea of so large a portion of the piiiilic
lands being given to a private company without the con-
sent of the representatives of the ]ieoi)le being asked ;
and at the session of 183G the (luestion of the right of the
Assembly was again brought up by Mi'. L. A. Wilmot
moving an address to the governor for a return of all
the .sales of land made during the past year. Tin'
governor only furnished a general stati-ment, which in-
creased the dissatisfaction of the House, as it knew In; had
received instruetions from the Home office to yield coii-
sidi^rably to the demands of the Assembly. The House
now moved a formal address to the king setting forth its
grievances in full in the matters of crown lands, revenue
and control of the pulilic funds, and Messrs. Crane and W •'-
mot were appointed delegates to present the address i
England. The delegates were most kindly receiveil by the
colonial secretary. Lord (ilenelg, and due consideration
given to their complaints. After several interviews
everylhing that they demanded was granteil, with some
slight modilications, and the draft of a bill for the support
of the civil government of the |)rovince was [irepared.
The casual territorial revenue was given up in considera-
tion of the Assembly voting a |ieriiianent civil list of
£l4,o00year. The salaries were left as they were, but
with the unilerstandiiig that sinne of llieni would be
reduced when new ap|iointnients were made. The inaii-
agement of the cniwn lands was vested in the goverinn'
and Council ; init they were made partially responsible to
the House by having to furnish a detailed account of the
department within fourteen diiys aftiM- the opening of
iif
Mr
\k,
l'^ i
ir
Wtp]
•,M
TITTLKS IIISTOKV OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
Paiiinimrit. Two |iriiici|il('s \> liidi tlic A^-cmlily li;nl liocii
c'liiitciiiliiij; for Were allowi'd, Imt imt |i(i>itivcly onlcrcd.
tlifsn wfi't' roprcseiitativc ijDVcriiiiit'iit, by Imviiii; nicm-
Ihts of tlic iiiiijority of the .Vsscinlily ftillcil to the Kxccii-
tivi' Coiiiii'il ; and the uicinlicis of all parties slioiilil l)e
called to the Legislative Council. Another reform jjranted
was that all jrrants and leases of lands were declared
void, unless soM by puhlic auction, after due notice, to
the hiiiliest l>idder.
1. — The delejiates and their friends were jubilant, and
thought that all dillicnlly had been overcome ; but they
were mistaken, such sweeiiiii'' chani'es
(>li:'tru('tiipii8 ' " . ;
tlirown in ilio Wily could not. b(> elfected without opposition,
by thu iduiuil. , , , 1 . ,. , 1 1
and although it did not, last very long it
was strong for awhile. Sir .Vrchibald Canipb(>ll and the
Executive Council had no intention of allowing the control
of the revenue to be taken out of their hands, without an
effort to retain it, and, accordingly, representations were
made to the cob :ial secretary that the amount of £14..">()0
was not siiHicient to cover the expense of the civil list,
the salaries of the judges of Circuit Courts, and con-
tingent expenses having been omitted. Strong excei)tioii
was also taken to the clause referring to the sab; of land
by public auction, it being ui'ged that its enforceiiu'iit
would do great injustice to a large class of bona Jitle
settlers, who hud only scpuitters' rights, anil would not be
able to show a clear title to the lands they had reclaimed
fnun th- wilderness and settled on if this clause was in-
sisted on. The governor had even stronger views on the
subject, and did not hesitate to express them freely. The
casual and territorial revenue had for some years been
exceciling the civil list, anil the consei[iienco was that a
fund of about SfS(l(J,(J()0 had accumulated, the expendi-
ture of which Sir Archibald thought it would be unwise
to trust in the hands of the Assembly, who, he felt
assured, would rapidly squander it. His own jiet scheme
was to foster this surjilus and add to it, so that in a few
years the interest on it would supply the civil list, and
the casual and territorial roveuuea could be used for
general improvenu"' without other taxation. He there-
fore, in answer to -d Glenelg's despatch containing a
draft of the proposed civil list bill, took exception to the
bill and suggested a number of amendments which virtu-
ally nullilied it.
a. — The Legislature met in January, 18.'57, and Sir
Archibald, who had not yet heard the fate of his amend-
ments, was anxious to <nve time. He sub-
Tlie Cioveriior re- . . ., ,. ',.,,, . .
fiisis ui siu'ii 111.' mitted the civil list lull, but intimateil
civil l.isi Hill. His , . , .... , ,
rcsiynniion. I'as- that m the event of Its being jiasseil he
hai;*.' lit' tliL' art. ,, ^ . •, i "^ . i
would not assent to it unless a "suspend-
ing clause " was adde<l, which woiiM render the bill
inoperative until the king's pleasure was known with
regard to the ameiidine.its ])roposed by the governor.
This aroused the susiiicions of the Assembly, the members
fearing that if the colonial secretary approve of the
governor's ami'iidinents the bill may be so altered that
the law ollicers of his majesty may rccominond him to
withold his assent to it. The bill was passed in botli
Houses by large majorities, and a de])Utalioii of the
House waited on the governor to urge him to give his
asseijt to it, which Ik; llatly refused to do unless the sii.s-
])endiiig clause was added. On the seventh it was dis-
covered that tli(^ Hon. Cieorge V. Street had gone to
London on a secret mission, which tlu! Assembly at once
interpreted as meaning a mission inimicable to its inter-
ests, and hastily passed a series of indignant resolutions,
strongly coiidemning the Council and the governor and
demanding the hitter's recall. An address to the king was
prejiared and presented to the governor, who received the
censure of the House with the utmost indilTi'reiice, and
did not gratify the deputation by informing tlitin that he
had ]daced his resignation in the hands of Lord (jlenelg,
sooner than cany out that nobleman's instructions. The
House at once appointed Messrs. Crane and Wilmot to
present the address to the king, and I bey left Fiedericton
on Otli February amid a most entliiisiastic demonstration
ot the jieople. The Home governnieiit was now fully
deterniined to grant the reforms deniaiide(l, and to fully
ailinit the ))rini'iple of re|)res(Mitative government ; and as
Sir Archibald Cam|ibell would not obey the instructions
of the colonial minister, his resigiuition was .iccepted, and
Sir John Harvey api)oiiited in his place. The mission of
the Hon. (J. F. .Street utterly failed in gi'tting any iiiodi-
lication of the civil list bill, and it became law on the
17th July. Thus was res[)onsible governiiuMit fairly
introduced, and great was the rejoicing of the reforiiieis
thereat ; the delegates were received with the greatest
enthusiasm, ami -Mr. Crane was called to the executive
council, wliih? !Mr. Wilmot was made king's counsel ; in-
deed, .so enthusiastic did the Assembly become that it
re([uested Lonl Cileiielg to allow a full length portr.iit of
himself to be jiaiuted. which was done, and the ]iicliirc
now hangs at the b.ick of the speaker's chair in the
House of A.«s 'mbly, Fredericton. The jiassing of the civil
list bill quelled all political excitement in New Iiruns-
wick, and that province was happily spared any of the
sad scenes which marred the years liS.'i7-8 in I'pper and
Lower Canada.
G. — The governineiit of Sir John Harvey was a most
pacific one, and everything went smoothly witliiu the
jirovince until January. l.S.'ill, when an-
other dilliculfy with \\h'. I'liited States V-"v.'' ^\""u""^
occurred on the old subji'ct of disimte, the ^lj'"»'.' '''''" ''''"'
Maine boundary. The king of the Nether-
lands, to whom the matter had been referred, gave ii
decision, in l.S.'il, which gave the Americans the lion's
share of the territory, but us it did not givt; them the
whole of it, they refused to be bound by the award, and
NEW llUrXSWICK FKOM 18J2 TO CONFKDKKATIOX.
409
|I|I1I)V(' of till!
hi> altcruil that
iiiiiorid him to
|)iis>(Ml ill both
iitMliou of the
iiii to i;ivo his
iiiilcs.s tho sus-
iilli it was (lis-
t liad ;;nii(; tO
sciiilily at oiiC(3
>I(; to its iiitcr-
iit rc>ohitioiis,
iiovcriior and
tliu iiincr was
ho received tlio
ditVereiiiH'. and
.' theiii tliat lio
r.ord (Jleiiel;r,
ruetioiis. 'J'lio
mi Wilinot to
1 It Freileiicloii
deiiioiistrafioii
was now fully
d. and to fully
iinieiit ; and as
he instriictions
s nceopteil. and
The mission of
tiiijr any niodi-
nu law on the
LTiinieiit fairly
■ the reformers
li the greatest
the executive
's eouiisel ; iii-
H'coiiK' that it
gtli portrait of
id the picture
's chair in the
•iiijr of the civil
1 New Iiruiis-
ed any of the
in I'pper and
ey was a most
Iv within the
'J'lm "Arooslnok
War." Vi..li.nt
fi'i'liii); CPU botli
BlclfU.
ferred, gave a
•aiis the lion's
!,dve them the
he award, and
ilie matter was as far from settlement as possililo. Karly
in th(! month of January, 18;i',), some lawless persons
from New Brunswick went into the disputed territory to
rut timber, wlien Uoveriior Fairlield, of Maine, sent ii
large party of constables, under command of the sherifT,
to expel the intruders and seize t'leir lumbi'r. A tight
ensued which resulted in a mutual ca])ture ; the Ameri-
cans captured JIcLaughlan.tlie British warden, and carried
him olf to Augusta; while the British made the American
land-agent Mclntyre. a prisoner, and lock( d him u]) in
Fredericton jail. Both provinces at once went altlaze
with excitement, and iiitemiierato words threatened to be
soon followeil by still more intemperate acts. (Jovernor
Fairlield .cut two thousand men, under Colonel .larvis, to
.SHp[ion the slierilY ; .Sir John Harvey issued a proclama-
tion claiming the disputed territory as British property,
and calling on thi! fJovernor of Maine to withdraw his
troo|)s, to which that functionary responded by a counter-
proclamation, claiming the territory as part of the State of
Mainl^ and calling out ten thousand State militia to sup-
])ort the claim. .Sir .Io!m now took decided steps, and
despatched Colonel Maxwell, with the .'ilith and GOtli
regiments ami a train of artillery to the Ujiper .St. John,
to watch '' ■■ movements of tlie American militia. The
piMiple of the proviiKU" were most eiitlnisiast!(; : volunteers
from .St. John Fredericton and other points tiinie(l out in
great mimhers and joined the army of the ^ladawjiska.
as ^laxwell's force was cailetl. and ( peiied communication
with Sir John, Colborne at (Jiiebec. and .Sir John Harvey
at Fredericton, while the Nova Scotia Legislature, which
was ill session at the time, became so excited that the
members of the Assembly not only voted SI 00,000 and
H.OOO men to assist the sister jirovince, but so far forgot
their legislative dignity as to give three chei'rs for the
king, which were caught u[) and re-echoed by the crowd
in the gallery. The excit(Mii(>nt was also very great in
the United .States ; but tin; Democratic party did not
want to needlessly risk another war with (ireat liritain.
and President Van Buren adopti^d a pacific policy ; coii-
ciliatorv notes passi'd between the English minister at
Wasliii|ij;toii and the secretary of state, and (Jeneral
Winlield Scott was despatched to the frontier with full
powers to settle the dilliculties with Sir John Ilarvey.
The war party in t\n\ IT.iiled .States, of course, made a
good deal of noise, and Daniel Webster made a little
temporary political capital by calling Van Bureii a coward,
and declaring that if (Jreat Britain would not conform to
the Treaty of 17.S;i. the Ignited States would take forcible
possession of the disputed territory on next 4tli of July ;
but the bulk of the people were in favor of not disturbing
the peace between the two countries, and Webster found
out. three years later, that he could gain more by negotia-
tion than he couhl ever accomplish by force.
7. — Scott's first steji on reaching Augusta was to order
the ten thousand militia Governor Fairfield li.ad ordered
out. to remain at home, and this h.-ul the
iniinediate effect of quieting exciteiniuit. jiui,',u"'fr"I,',l.r''"
lie then entered into friendly negotiations '""'•^^""y-
with Sir .John Ilarvey, and they speedily arrived at a
|)eaceful solution of the dilliculty. It was agreed that
the Maine militia should be withdrawn, and Great Britain
undertook to prevent any incursions into the disputed
territory, until the cpiestion of the bounilary was settled.
This agreement was afterwards ratltiecl by the British
and Ameri<Mn ministers ; but it left the (pieslion of the
houndary as unsettleilas ever. We may as well continue
the history of this bouiidai'y (piestion to its closi'. lioth
governments ordered frtsh surveys, and each lot of engi-
neers made out a very clear case in favor of t\u\ preten-
sions of their own country ; but finally, to avoid furtlier
troulile. and the possibility of war. two commissioners
were .i[)pointe(l to settle the matter, th(^ award to be final.
The American government :i])p >inted Daniel Webster,
and the British (iovernineiit sent out Lord Ashimrion, a
Very ainiabh; old gentlemen, who let Webster have almost
entirely his own way, and who consented to giving up
seven thousand scpiare miles of the best timbered and
agricultural .'and out of the twt'lve thousand in dispute.
The people of New Brunswick were not very well pleased
at the decision arrived at, but they were feign to be con-
tent with the final settlement, on .some terms, of a question
which was a perpetual menace of the peace of the whole
nation.
8. — Sir John Ilarvey administered the affairs of the
province until 1841. when he was recalled on account of
a slight ditl'eriuice between him and Lord i.,.,.„i| ofsir.ii.tin
Sydenham, then governor-general. lie |,',',','fi',',\p'J,'!,'|'".''''''''"
had the happy knack of making himself '""""y-
popular, and although he was subjected to bitter attacks
from a small portion of the press pulilished in the interest
of the ])arty which opposeil the siirnnider of the casual
and t(!rritoiy r(!venues, still he gained the good w^ill of
the ])eople. and the Legislatui'c voted liiin a service of
plate on his recall, in evidence of the peace and harmony
which liiid existed between it and the executive during his
administration. .Sir John showed a decided tendency in
favor of popular government, ami that the acknowledged
[irinciple of responsible government was not carried into
more active effect was through no fault of his.* Political
parties were more evenly balanced in New Brunswick
than in Canada ami Nova Scotia : a spirit of greater
moderation actuated its people. Some of the leadeis. who
had been instrumental in obtaining the concession grantecl
by till' civil list bill, now rested content. When a
resolution to give eflVx't to the principle laid down in Lord
.John Russell's despatch on the tenure of ollice was intro-
duced into the Legislature, it was defeated by the casting
• Arclior'8 Jlistin'i/ nj' t'nniuht.
ii! ■ I
I' I
■:! ' : ■
ill
■!■ II
170
Tl TILE'S IIISTURY OF llIK DOMINION OK CANADA.
vole of tlic s|)c.'ik('r. Cliiiilcs Siiiioiids.* Sir.Inliii Ilai-vcy
\v:h suci'C"<Ici1 Ity Sir Williiiin Colcljrookc, ulii) ilid not
liiiil thf province in ii vorv flourisliiii;^ coiiilitioii. Tlio fears
of Sir Arc!iil)al(l (':ini|>lH>!l li.ul lieeii jiistilied, (lie Assem-
l)i_V liaii no sooner i^ot possession of tiie linndreil and fifty
tlioiisand pounds sur|dns to tlie < 'edit of easual and ter-
ritorial roveinie. than they liad Iiclohi to spend it lavislily
and extravajfantly, anil, l)y 1H42. it was not only all jjoim
hilt the province was in deht and wanted to laise a loan.
Tills was rather " :i feather in the cap" of the opponents
of the surrender of the casual and territorial revenue,
and their satisfaction was inereasid when tin; colonial
secretary informed the Leijislatnre that their reckless man-
ner of voting' away the public funds had injured the credit
of the province.
It. — The first year of Sir William Colehrooke's adminis-
tration was not a fortunate one for tin; province ; St.
„ , , „ John was visited bv a severe fire, and the
Di'Tiat of '• I!e-
«iKiiisii.i.' (iovLTii- province was subjected to one of those
nient " at tlio • i- i i '.,11 1
iicillK. An 1111- periodical de])ressions 111 the lunil)er trade
favciriiMi' iiirtiire ,.,.,, . , 1 ■
of St. .ii.iiii. Kief- wliicli Will occur ouce in a whilt! in every
trade as a whoiesouie elieck on ovei'-pro-
dui'tion and over-tradinj; ; thi\ revenues fell oil considera-
bly, and the prosperity of the province was inoineiitarily
checked, l)Ut soon began to flow on again. A det<'rmined
st;ind for resjKJnsilde government de fitcio was made by
the Reform ]iarty at the general election of 1<S 12 ; but the
peojjle generally took no interest in the matter ; they were
throughly conservative, and <piite content to let things
remains as they were, so the reformers were generally
defeated at the ])olls. The Legislature showed its con-
servatism by voting a congratulatory address to the gover-
nor-general, Sir Charles Melealfe, for a despatch be
forwanled to Sir William ColebrookiMii 1812. in which he
clainu'd the right of the crown to make a[)pointments, and
recommended a reconstruction of the Legislative Council
so that all polirical parties as well as all religious denomina-
tions shoulil bo represented in it. This was contrary to
the spirit of Lord .John HusseU's despatch with regard to
ai)pointments ; but the Assembly api)lauded it. and Iiad
an opportunity the very next year to show its inconsist-
ency by objecting to the first appointment made bv Sir
William Colebiooke, of which we .shall sjieak by and bv.
Some very serious riots occurred in Northumberlaud
County during the election of 18 12. The eletrtions then
— as until ([iiite recently — spread over many days, and
parties were thereby enabled to visit a variety of |)olliiig
places. A party of disorderly |)ersons who W(!ieoi)posed to
the return of Mr. Ambrose Seelt, the reform candidate,
organized for a tour from parish to ])arish, ami destroyed
so much property and ciiated so much disorder that a
party of soldiers had to be scuit from Fredericton to dis-
perse them. Mr. Harper, in Min History of New Bnins-
• .Vrolii-r'rt llisltiry n/ Citnitila,
w!rh\ draws the following unflatfering picture of .St. Jnhn
ill 18 12: " Destructive fires aiiKuig the buildings of St.
.Folin. and the prospect of a depressing change in British
duties on lumber, with an over-stocked market, gave an
unlia|i|)y look to that commercial ceiitrt;. More than four
thousand of its people were <lepeiiilant upon publiir charity,
while over three hundred were on the limits for debt. Yet
tlu^ unruly had spirit enough left to quarrel over the silly
emblem of an Irish party, which had been ]daced oil u
flag-pole. The rumor of coining strife had been abroail
all day, and at night a crowd from the offended faction
parafleil the streets insulting other citizens and howling
like mania<'s. Affairs appeared in an unsettled state, but
the energy of the mayor and the arrc-ts he inacie, (pulled
the disturbance. The same feeling. Iiowcver, ffamed out
again on the subserpient twelfth of .Inly. In the proces-
sion of that occasion and out of it, men were prepared for
deadly combat. At the foot of the principal street, on
the spot when the loyalists had rpioted their motto from
Virgil — fiirliiiKiU i/noniin jiiiii iiuenin siiri/niif. the dis-
graceful scene of citiziMi striving against citizen with knife
and bludgeon and pistol, was witnessed. Many persons
were killed, 'lundreds were wounded, all unlucky victims
, of the storm which cleared the way for future |)eace and
' good will among the jieojde of St. .lohn."
10. — The(piestion as to the right of appointment which
the Assembly had endorsed as belonging to the governor
[ was soon tested. On Christmas day, 18 1-1, xrDni.li- amoMr.
i the Hon. William Odell, provincial secre- 1' '"i''" ;',i'i'".i"t:
I tarv, dieil, after having filled the oflice «wrL-iary.
I . .
. since 1818, in which vear he sui'ceeded to it on the
death of liis father, the Hon. and the Rev. .lonathan Odell,
who was the first provincial secretary of the province.
Sir William Colebrooke, considering that the right of
appointment was entirely in his own hands, appointed his
son-ill-law, Mr. Readc, provisionally, but the action called
forth op])osition from both parties, reformers and con-
servatives, and four members of the E.vecutive Council
resigneil their seats. Some of the members took rather
roundabout grounds for objecting to the appointment ;
thus Jlcssrs. Johnson, Chandler and Ilazen acknowledged
the right of the crown to ai)[)oiiit whoever it pleased, but
objected to this particular appointment bcca;)se Lord
(ileiK'Ig. in 18.'J,"). had laid it down as a rule that only
natives of the province, or settled inhabitants, should be
endowed with public a|)pointments, and they could not
reganl Mr. Reade as a settled inhabitant of the province,
although he may become such if he was confirmed in his
appointment; but they objected to ])aying so high a price
for that honor. The lion. Mr. Wilinot took far more
advanced viinvs. and urged this as a favorable o|)portiinity
for introducing the practice of responsible government;
he argued that the provincial secretaryship should be
made into a department of the government, .and a mem-
tiiro (if St. .Iiiliii
lMiil(liiii.'s of St.
Iiaiij.'!- ill lii'itisli
iiurkct. pivc nil
-More tliaii fimr
II jiiiMii' cliiiriiy,
its fordelit. Yet
ol oviT tlu! .silly
let'ii jiluct'd on a
i:ul lii'cii aliroail
ilVciidcil faction
•IIS and liowlins^
clllcd .state, iiut
(' main', (|ii('ili'd
uver, flamed out
In tlie jiroces-
iTti prepared for
iicipal street, on
lieir motto fi-om
vinjiiiit, file dis-
tizeii with knife
Many pers<ni»
nniui'ky vietim.s
iitnre peace and
ointment which
to the governor
TnmMi- as to Mr.
]■ Jttlc's :i|>polnt-
iiMMii nHl'ruvini.'ial
SiMTflary.
I to it on the
lonathan Ode!!,
the pinviiice.
It the riifht of
, appointed lii.s
lie action called
iiiers and coii-
•cutive Conncil
rs took rather
appointment ;
acknowledged
it pleased, hut
hec.i'.iso Lord
nlo that only
lilts, should he
ley could not
f the province,
xilirmed in hi.s
50 hijfli a |iiice
took far more
e opportunity
! government ;
ip should he
it, and a mem-
NKW imrxswicK from 1332 to confederation.
471
bnr of the Executive Council appointed to it. who should
be responsihie to the Assemlily, and hoM ollii'c oiilv so huig
as he retaine<l the eoiiliiliMice of (he House, instead of
being a crown appointuxint for life. Mr. Wilmot was
only a little in advance of his time, hut lived to see this
principle carried out. Neither the lloiisi' nor the people
were ready for so radical a change at this time, however,
and it was some years hefore it was accomplisli<'d. Find-
ing the a|>pointmont of Mr. Reade so distasteful the
colonial secretary did not <'onfirm it, and the Hon. J.
Sinicoe .Saumlcrs was a|ipi,iiitcd provincial secretary.
11. — 'I'Ik' period from LSt.J to 184H was not a very
eventful one in the province, which flourished moderately.
and there was nothing of a very exciting
KfsiioimUiio nature in politics until the latter year.
(liniMl[mulili'«t:ll>- . , ,. .
nsiimi. lucre was some uneasiness and (Ussatis-
faction, for the crown lands were misman-
agerl, the revenue carelessly expended, and the approjiria-
tion of a Mirplus of the civil list fund for the purjiose of
surveying lands in Madawaska was considered a stretch of
the royal prerog.itive liy the governor ; hut no serious
ell'nrt to materially change the order of things was made
until 181.S. In the previous year Earl Grey, the colonial
secretary, had sent a despatch to Sir John Harvey, Govern-
or of Nova Scotia, in which he clearly delined the
principles of responsihie government as applicalde to the
provinces. He held that memlicrs of tin; Executiv('
Council, who ilo'v'Ied the policy of the country, should
hold ollici' only so long as they had the sujiporl of a
majority of the House, and that all heads of departments
slioiiM only hold olliee on pleasure ; that all ollicers under
government were to hi; excluded from sitting in either
branch of the Legislature, and that while holding ollice
onlv dni'iiiLj ijood behavior, tln.'y were not to he subject
to reirval simply im a change of governnient. At the
session of ISbS, Mr. Charles Fisher, member for York,
holiling tiiiit this despatch was as applicable to New
lirunswick as to Nova Scotia, introduced a resolution fully
ajiproviiig of it, and accepting it as the rule for the pro-
vince. The deba'e was ojiened on the 21th February,
and the resolution was carried by a large majority on a
coalition vote, both conservatives and liberals voting for
it. Thus was respoii.sible government linally recognized
as tlie rule of the province. This was the last important
act in the administration of Sir William Ci'lebrooke, who
was ap])oiiiteil to the Governorship of IJritish Guiana in
l!SI8, and was succeeded in New Brunswick by Sir
Kdintnid Walker Head, grandson of a baronet of the
same name who had been forced to flee from the States
with the loyalists of 17M.'!. Sir Kdinnnd had the honor
of being the first civilian regularly apitointed to the lieu-
tenant-governorship of the ])rovinco.
12. — The career of New Hriinswick from the establish-
nii'iit of responsible gov 'rnnient in IShS. to confederation
in 1867 was compar.itively uneventful, with
tli(> exception of the agitations on the jl'i'^'^.r!'-'';-!"'' l'.i»"
<pie,ti>ns of the Inler-colonial Railway "[ ;/;; ^^;;'J;'i';',;:;.' '
and confederation, both of which subjects
we liavt' freely treated of in cliapter 102, and it is useless
to go over the sanii' ground here. There was no party
spirit in the province to speak of until IH.V't, tint principal
agitation being on the subject of retrenchment, the cry
for reform in this direction being led by Wilmot, and liis
principal points of attack being the salaries of the judges.
The judges protested vigorously .igainst any reduction,
and claimed that when the civil list was placccl at £11,-
.")00 it included their salaries at certain lixeil rales, and
that to make any reduction would be a breach of faith.
On this ground they appealed to England and wen; sup-
ported by Earl Grey, which caused some dissatisfaction
in the Houses, and the subject formed " a bone of conten-
tion " for some time. •' Another source of political stril'e
arose, from Fri;e-trad(^ discussions. The high imperial
duty on flour, had led to tlu; erection of several flour-mills
near St. .loliii. Afterwards, when this duly was with-
drawn by England, the owners of tin! mills sought the
Legislature to protect their tradt; by a jirovincial duty on
all imported (lour. The subject gave sco[»o to the orjitors
of the House, ami the tax was legalized. Next session
the protectionists again appeared with ])etitions. They ask-
ed for protective iliities on all i)rovinci;il industries, and a
lisherman's bounty ; but while the Assemlily considered
the whole subject, a despatch from Lord (jrey was pre-
sented, in which dissent was recorded against the bill
granting a bounty to hemp growers. This, viewed as an
uniH'cessary interference, ipiickened into rage the feeling
against the despatch system, and the rule >;f Downing
Street. The re]ieal of the navig.ilion laws added to the
vexation. Mr. Wark, by his resolutions in the Assembly,
trieil to show that responsible government in New
I'-riiiiswick was yet only a name. In face of the earl's
decree another member inlroduce<l a bill to provide for
fishery bounties ; while, during the debate, the despotism
of the colonial ollice was in everybody's month. 'I'he
House cheered the bill in its third reading, antl voted
three thoiisanil pounds as a bounty fund. Ibittlie delianee
was a mere shadow ; for the Legislative (,'ouncil rejected
the bill, and thus brought about the reaction of (piiet." *
The visit of the I'rince of Wales, in l.SOO, was made the
occasion of great an<l general rejoicing in St. John, and
never did the city of the loyalists show itsidf more loyal
than in wfleoming our In.'ir apjiareiit. The Trent alTair,
in liSOl, threw St. •John, in common into other Canadian
cities, into a momentary state of excitement ; forts were
repaired and great activity evinced for a while ; but the
danger soon passed and the city fell back into its normal
condition. The session of l^ifitj was the most exciting
• llarpLT'rt IHaliinj (if Si w JIniiisiricI:.
il 'l-i!;
:\l:''
i'\
172
TITTLK'S HISTORY ()!•' THK DOMINION Ol' CANADA.
known ill New nniiiswick for iiiiuiy yoars. Tlic proviiic
linil |(niiioiiiii'iMl, ill what would a[)|H'iir to iiiivc iiccii most
iiiiiiiistakaliic! tiTiiis, a^jaiiist coiift'iliTatioii, ami Hon. A.. I.
Smitii was at tiii! Inail of a stnint; anti-confcdcrali' niini-i-
try; stiJI it was ruiiiori!il tliat a drcisivi' step wcinid he
taki'ii to forci! coiiiVdrratioii, and an im iiinj^ linii' was
('X|i(cted. (tovcriior (Jonloii o|)incd (lu! session iiy in-
foriiiing tiu! Iloiisc in Very plain ami sironij; lani;iia;;i' tliat
tlu! imperial j;o\ernment i.-arucstly d'sii-wl a union of
;ill till? Ilriiisji North Ameriean proviiu'es ; and this was
followed lip liy a niotioii of want of cimlideiice in the i;ov-
erniiient on the yt'iK'ral adiiiiiiistration of the alfaii:. of
tilt! province. While the dehale was progressiiiy a lii;;lily
draiiiatie efl'ect was thrown in hy the attempt of the Fiii-
iaiis to iiivad(! th<' proviiK-e. A iinmlier of thest- iiiis-
<;uiiK'd fanatics, who |iroposelto ''lilMrate" Ireland l>y
putting Canadians in liondage, asseiniileil at Portland and
einliarked for Ivistport, Me., with llie inti'iilion of crossini;
the St. t'roix Iviver and making a descent upon St. An-
drew's and St. Stephen's. Tho l.')tli regiineiit, under
Colonel Colo, Was prom|itly <los|>at(;lied to the frontier,
with a nninlier of voluntei'rs, and occupied Caniiioliello,
.St. Andrews and St. Stephen's, Imt the Fenians, finding
!l warm reception jirepared for them, wisely ]iostponed
their visit, and all was soon (piiet on the frontier jigaiii.
ISiit the dcinoiistratiim had had an elTect iIk^ Feiii.ins little
calculated on, it lia<l stn'iigtheiied the lionds between tlu;
provinces and the .Mother Country, showecl the necessity
for a closer uiiioii of the provinc.'s f<u' defence, and made
confetlcration, virtually, an acconiplishi'd fact. The Legis-
lative Council [lasscd on aildress expressing a desire; that
the imperial goveriimelit WMuld unite the provinces under
the Qm;'.iec scheme; t'.ii; governor promptly eiiih)rsed the
action of the Council, and the Smith ministry in the House
suddenly found itself without any supporters and w.is
force(l to resign. i\Ir. Tilley was called on to forma minis-
try; a g.'iKU'.il election s 'lit a large majority of confeder-
ates to the Iloiiie; the I'nion resolutions were tiinmph-
aiitly [lassed, and on the 1st .Inly, l.s(',7, the Dominion of
Canada came into existence as the youngest of the nations.
The following is a list of the governors from the forma-
tion of the province to confederation:
(■en. Tlioiua>. Carleton. fiov 1784
Hon. (J. O. Ludlow, President 1780
Hon. E. Winslow, President 18tKi
Col. (}. .lohuston, President 1808
Gen. W. Hunter, Gov 18()|J
Gen. W. Hal four. President 1811
Gen. G. S. Sinythe, President 1812
Gen. Sir .T. Sauraarcz, President 181;}
Col. H. W. Ilailes, T'resideiU 181(5
Gen. G. S. Smythe, Gov 1817
Hon. Ward Chipman. President 182.']
Hon. .1. :\L IJIiss, President 1821
II
Gen. Sir II. Douglas, Gov |S2.')
Hon. \\. IJIack. Presiihnt |,s2<)
Cien. .Sir A. Cainphell, ( Jov l.s;!2
Gen. Sir .lolin Harvey, (iov |.s;;7
Sir W. .M. G. Colrhrooke. (Jov IH\\
Sir K. W. Iliarl. (Jov l.SlM
Hon. .1. II. r. .M. Suit Gov IH.'.I
Hon. A. (iorilon, ( lov |K('2
Sir C. Ilastin^'s Dovle, Lt.-Gwv luCiC.
CH AITKU CV.
rUINCE KDWAUD ISLAND — (;oVKI{N:\IKNT
Ol' CAPTAIN PATTKUSON.
1. FiitsT I)is((>vi:i!Y .\M) Si iisi (jiKNr Si tti.i::\ii:nt
(IK rill-: Island. — 2. Ckssion or tiik Isi.ami to
I'lKITAIX. Loitli KliMONT's St III..MK. — '.',. Till; Isi.,\X|>
pAit<'i;i.i.Ki> Ol r liv i.o-ni;uY. — I. Tiik Isi.a.nd Ciik-
Ari;i)A Sici'AiiATr. PitoviNci:. Fi.vanciai, TKoriii.i.s.
— ."(. In( ii)i:xrs DiiiiNc tiii', Amikman Wak <)!•"
I.\I)I.im:.nui:nci:. — tl. Sai.k ok Lam>s to Pay Ovku-
IMK. tiLIT-Kl:NTS. DiSSATISI A( TIO.N OK TIIK PltOI'Itl-
KTOits. — 7. Tim; f!ovi;i!Nou Hiatsi s to Oiiky tiik
OliDl'.ltS OK tiik HoSIK (iOVKK.NMKNr WITH IvKliAKK
TO IiK.STOIIIXIi TIIK LanDS SoI.I) IN 17HI. — 8, Uk-
CAI.L OK PatTKUSO.V AM) A I'I'OIXTJI KXT OK LlKl-
Tt:NANT-GoVKl!NOU '''AN.MNti. A STUUtiGI.K KOIl
PoWK.K.
1. — Prince I'"dward Island, which has frc(pieiitly heeii
mcntioiuMl in the early portions ot iliis work as the " Js-
land of St. .lolili,'' was discovered liy .hilin
Cahot, who coimnanded the first expedition Mlh'^.lfiu^nrsru'!"''
to t!ie New World sent out l.y Knirland ""■""'"''^' '»"""'•
after the great discovery of Columliiis. This expedition
left Bristol in N',)7, and on St. .lolin's Day o' tlt;it year
Cahot landed on a ht'autiful and fertile island. .Much he
naiiieil St. .lohii in honor of the patron saint of the day.
TIk; English, however, made no att(-mpt to claim or c<d-
onize the island ; and it was afterwards visiied hy ^■era-
zani — who was making discoveries in the interest of
France, in l.')2.'], and clainK'd hy that jiower as part of its
possessions in America. For overa century and a half after
Cahot's visit the ]\Iicmae and Ahennquis Indians he found
on the island were left in undisturbed jiossession of it ;
and it was not until lOGothat any cfTort to colonize it
was made by Franco. In that year it was granted to the
Sicur Doublet, together with the Magdalen Islaiid.s, for
fishing purposes. The .Sieiir was a captain in the French
navy, and a man of some enterprise, but he did nothing
beyonil estalilishing a few temporary fishing stations on
I Hi).-,
I.SJ'.I
is;;;
i.sii
I sis
I .s.-, I
I SCJ
I
>Vi;i{\MK\T
> I' Si;tti.i:mi:nt
"i: Island to
-'■'■ 'iiii; Isi.Axi)
Isl.AMi CltK-
I'lAI. TKoriJI.liS,
:ii AN War or
K) I'av Oviit-
'I Tin: riiopKi-
S TO ()ni;v TMK
I WITH I{i;<;ahi)
; 17M|._H. Uk-
»ii;xT oi- I,m:i--
STI!L(iCil.K l(>l{
frc(|iicntly been
oik as tlio •• Js-
Kir-I ilisiMiv.rvmiil
hlll»>.(|u.nl ^1 Itlr-
im'iii..r llii-liilaiKl.
riiis cxpcdiiKPii
:i.V «''' ihnt yciii-
■liiiid, ••, inch Ik;
lint of iliu (liiy.
o claim or col-
isilcd liy \'cia-
lie interest of
;r as part of its
andalialfaftcr
(liuiis hv. foiiiiil
)ssession of it ;
to colonize it
irraiited to tlic
'M Islands, for
in the Freiieli
did iiotliiiiir
IS stations on
IMJINCE KDWAKl) ISLAM)— (iOVKUNMKNT OF CAl'l AIN I'ATTKUSt ).\.
I7;J
tl
le i>laii<
I. til
l:Ii till
id of
certain iiilvi'iiturer.-
!•
'I III.
Ma^'daieli Islamls, and ai
it c.r ill!
il.
lialilv tii(^ lir>t si'tlli'iiii'iits on the i.sland <;i'ew out of tin
iliiate, vVc., ill wilicji he s|m aks in i \i n liioie ;;lo\villiX
provisions of ihe Inaty of rireelit, which was concluded terms of liotli than hail the Flench exphn'cis who had
lietwt
(In
eat lililalM aii<
Aeadia ami Newfound
I F
d wert
in 17 in, h
ly wlinli previously reported on the capahilitu
liti
>l the
^]and.
di'd to (Jreat liritii
and liy wliieh it was provided that the French inJialiitiuits
rcMoiis to the ri'eiption ol tins report — in
I)e
ITCi.'i — the Ivii! of lyunioiit. lien lii'>t lord of the ad-
of the ceded territory slionld he at liherty to niiiove with- iniralty, had pre^eiiied a petitiini pray.iij; for a ;;raiit of
the whole islaiiil, wliieh he intended lo turn into a sort
of feudal liarony with himself as lord paramount, hav-
ing; forty //iiiii/ri(/.i, or liaronies, with ei^lit hundred
inanorn and forty township-, each of one himdred lots coii-
tary post a'. Port La .loie (now Charlottetown ) niidir the I taiiiiiiij (ivii aeres. This plan wa- \ i'.'oron-ly pii-hed
I for somi^ lime, Inil the lords of trade and plantations
oppo-cd the scheme, and liiiaily, on tli ' lliinl appli-
iii one year to any plaeeof their choice. I nder lliis pro-
vision iiianv of the Aeadiaiis removed lothe island of
.St. .loliii, which slill remained niidcr I''reiich rule. This
moveliieiit was fiillowed hv the estahlishincnt of a mili-
|)rotectioii of the French fort at Cape lireloii. However,
even in 17.V2 the entire inhaliilants of the island mimlui-
ed but l,.">.'i I, notwilhstandiiijx llm faMiralde aceoiinls of
the soil and eliniale which had heeii widely circulated.
I''rom this period in the eoiiipie^l hy the I'",lii;lish, lln' plo-
•;ress of population and wealth on the island was not
rapid, yet these were j^radiially increased and expaiidcil
until I7.">H, when tlit; total mimlier of inhaliilants, from the
hest aeeonnts which call he aiitlieiitieated, was ahoiit .'i,(HII(,
ami prolialily this inereasi! was to ii jrreater (extent inileht-
ed to the eX|)nlsion of the Acadians from N'ov.a .Scotia in
17.'i') than aiiylhinj.; else. We can record little or iiothin;;
of French rule in tho island of St. .hihii ; there were no
events connected with it lieyond tho>e inentioiicd wliii'h
are w ntliv of parliiailar remark here.
2. — Tlu! treaty of poaee hetween Franeo and Fn^land
ill 17()"), hy wliieh all the possessions of the former in North
America wert^ ceded to the hitler, c.iiised
a lireat ehaiii;e in the destiny of I'rince
I'Mwanl Llaiid. That island, lou'ether
with Capi! Iireton and what is now the I'roviiice of New
ISriliiswirk iiiid part of the Slate of Maine, was included ,
ill the government of Nova Scotia, and so I'onliniied until ;
1770. Ill 17i)t the, liriti-h (iov<riimeiit onlercd a survey ^
of the coast of its new ly aei|uired American possessions,'
and Captain Holland was iiistrucled to sujierinteiid the
Nortlieru portion of the survey, and to coniiiieiieo at the
island of St. John. He arrived at the island in Oetoher,
17t)l, .'ind found very poor aeeomiiiodatioii at Fort Am-
herst, which he descrihes as a poor stockade, with scarcely
harracks enoiij,di to accommodate the jrarrison. and he was
()lili;;ed to provide winter (piarters for himself. As to
the iiihahitants he says : '■ There are about thirty Acadian
families on tlu^ island, who an? reiranied as prisoners, and
on the same footinff as those at Halifax. Tliev are
an
1, llalh V, liiMil to ciiter-
rcssion i>f till' Isl
lliHl ((' Itrilaiii.
I.ulil l-:i,'motirs
sell 'III!-.
kept
extremelv poor.
and maintain themselves hv their indii
try in jiardenin^, fishinjj, fowling, &c. The few rcniain-
iiijj houses ill the dilTerent parts of the island are very
bad, and the ([iiaiitity of cattle is but very incoiisider- j
able." The ca])t,iiii evidently sparecl no time or ])aiiis
in complclinix his surveys, for in October. 17l'i">. he sent
home Jlr. Hobiiison with plans of llie island, as well as
cation tor a ;^r;inl ol l\\i: i
lain it.
.'!. — Iiy the sur\ey of C.iptain Holland the i laiid was
found to contain .'ill."). |IM) acres, only about lii.iiilO of
which Were estimated as unlit lorculli\a-
ti.m. Althon-h I he lord, of trade .and il,'i'i;.,'r,';i;;'|,y""
plantations refused to eiilerlain Lord F;;- '""'-in.
mont's siheine, yet they agreed io disirilinte the island
amongst persons who had — or were siipposcil (,, h;,v( —
cl.'iinis upon the governiiienl : and in accordance with
this plan, nearly the \\liolc island was dish iliiited bv a
lottery, which was drawn in the presence of ilie hoard of
trade, on -'■Ul duly. 17(i7, the claims of all petitioners
for alloiiiienls having been pre\ ionsly adjudicated on bv
the board. The eondilions under which the ilislrihnlioii
was made was us follows: '•< )ii twenty-six specided lots
or townships a i|uil-reiit of six shillings on every hundred
acres was reserved, on twcnly-niiie lots four shillings, und
on eleven lots two shillings, jiayalile aiinii.ally on one
half of the grant at the expiralion of (ive years, and on
the whole at the expiralion of ten years after the dale of
the grants. A reservation of such ]p;irls of each lot as
iniixht afterwarils bi; found necess.ary for lorlilicatioiis or
public piir|ioses, and of a hiindre(l acres for a church and
glebe, and of fifty .acres for a schoolm.-isler, w.as made, live
hundred feet from high-water mark being reserved for
the pur]iose of a free lishery. Deposits of gold, sihcr,
and coal wen; reserveil for the irown. It was stipulated
that the grantee of each township should settle the s^mic
within tell years from the date of the grant, in the pro-
portion of one person for every two hnndred acres ; that
such settlers should \<i: Luropeaii, foreign I'rolestants, or
such iiersons as had resided in Dritish North America
for two years previous to the date of the gr
lilt
:inil
(inallv. that if one-third of tin
land was not so settled
within four years from the date of the gi'aiit. the whole
should h(( forfeited."* About six thoiisaiid acres wen;
reserved for the king, and lots forty and iifly-iiino were
•OmiiIpiOI'k IHsliiijI .;/'/■/
r.dininl Isl.iml.
m
; W,l<
15 iM
171
TriTLES HISTORY OF TIIK DOMIXIOX OF CANADA.
rcscrvccl for ^Messrs. >[ill, Catlicart ami Iliu^iiis, and
Messrs. S|i('iicf, -Miiir ainl C'allii'art, in coiisidciaiioii ot'
tlu'ir liiiviiiij estalilislii'd li- Ik lies, and otliciwise improved
tilt! island ; and all tliu ri'niaincK r of the island was
disii'ilintcd.
-I. — W'ry few of llio gi-antecs had any intention of set-
tling on the island, and eillier solil out or alienated their
rii.' isliiiiil iTi'.t- I'roperly, so tliat in the course of a few
''"'"■""i"™'' years the bnik of it. fell into the hands of
I. II ti i< 111:111- .'
l'l->\ ill
l''iiiill
ii.il iicMilili'. ji f,.,v absentee |iro[>rietors. The grantees,
however, were elaiiinroiis for their political rights, and in
1 7(')H petitioned lor a separation from Nova Scotia and gov
ernnieiit of their iwii, which ]ietition wa- granted in 1770.
when there were only live resident proprieter.s on the isl-
and and ahoiit one hundred and lifty families. Captain
William Patterson, one of the grantees, was apponiteil
governor, and arrived in 1770. anil three years afterwards
a I'oniplete eonstiliition was gianled it. and the iirst I'ar-
liament met at Charloltelowii in 177.'1. The govermneiit
cou>isted of a lieutenant-governor, aided by a c,ond)ined
Ivveciitive and Legislative Coinicil, anil a House of As-
sembly of eighteen members. Of the Executive Council,
three were inenil)ers of thi" Legislative Council and one
of the House of Assembly. The first trouble in the new
province arose from money dilliciihies. In a-king for a
C'.ii>titiltiuii the ,■ .1 irielors had olfei-ed to make the (piit-
li'Mts due in Iwli r..iyable at once; but liny l.iiled to pay
lip. anil the gov 'iior was soon put to great straits to rai.-e
,■.;!!;.!;■;;• !!<:.ney to meet tlie civil list, which was very mod-
ei'ale. eoinprising, salary of governor, loUO ; secri'tarv
and registrar, i'l.'>0; chief-instice, £2(10 ; attorneygeneral,
t'lOrt; eliM'k of the crown and coroner, i.'.SO ; provost
mar>lial, i'.")0 ; and the minister of the Church of Knglaiid.
ilOiJ: but even this small amount was not received from
the (juit-rents, and the governor was forced to use £:i,-
Oon, raised by the llonse for the erection of public bnild-
ings, to pay the employees of the government. The pro-
gress of the colony was very slow; there was little oi' no
eiui;:;ralioM. after thi^ lirst excitement li;id worn oil' ; jiinl
in 177'.i out of sixty nine townships into which the island
had been divided, ell'orts towards settlement liiid only
be(!n maile in about a dozen, and even in these the eolon-
i>.,ition w;is only partial. One reason for the lack of em-
igration Wiis the l)ig,iiry of the Church of Fuglaud, and
the exclusion of Human Catiiolics from selllement 011 ihe
island. In 177."), (loveriKU' Patterson went to KnLrlaiid :
and the proprietors presented a memorial to the colonial
secretary praying that the civil establishment of the isl-
iiiid shiiuld be provided for by an animal grant by Parlia-
ment, as was done in other colonics. Ity a mi.iiite of
Council, jiassed oi' 7lh Angnsl. 177ti, :' was ordered that
leg.l ])roceedings should be taken to rec. ver the arrears
of (|iiit r<'nts ; but no immediale adion was taken by ihe
governor, who v .'s iiivious to propitiate the proprietors.
T). — The island of St. John was made to feel thi'
horrors of war shortly after the outbreak of the American
revolntioii. In November. 177.">, two
Americi.n vessels, crnisingin the -'ilf of the u!;:';!;;"!!^ aI!;!!;?.
.St. Lawrence for the pnr|)ose of trying ™" '"'I'l'i'mKi"''.
to intercept F.iiglish sleaiiiships on their way to Quebec,
suddenly a|)peared in the harbor of Charlottetowii, which
was ipiitt- defenceless, and landing a bod v of s:iilorsiiiid ma-
rines pillaged the phiceof all that was valii;ible and carried
olf Hon. 'Mv. Callbeck. who was administering the govern-
ment in the absence of (nivernor Paltersnn. ;iiid other
olllcers, prisoners, (uiieral W;ishington then liad liis
head-ipiarlers at Cambridge, and as soon its h(^ heard of
the outrage he released tlii; prisoners, restored the booty,
and had the ollicers who commanded the expedition dis-
missed the service. The island sulTered no more duriiiu'
tht^ war. except tlnit the privateers hovering alioiit the
gulf soinetiiiies replenished their sc;iiity provisions at the
expense of the larmers' flocks and barn-yards ; but the
loss w:is more tli;in conipeiis;ited by the occ;isionaI visits
of Iirilish men ol'-war, one of which, th<> //iniln: beiiiir
placed (Ui the station, eiVeetually protected the i^hind. In
1776 lour companies of militia, under Major Hierliky,
were sent from New York to jirotect tlui island ; and in
October, 177'.l, the ship <.'niiii//ii, with a regiment of lles-
si;ilis on bo.ird, was forced by stress of weather to pul
into Charlolletiiwn, and ii'iiuiined thereuntil the following
.Inne. Th(! town Inid not eiionuh provisions to support
1 them, but the delicieiicy was made up by the fanners.
This vi-il w;is prodiic'live of good in the future, fur m;iiiy
of the soldiers. |ile;is(d with the country, returned at the
close of the Wiir and settled there.
(1. — In 177.') the As:.t'inbly had ])assed an act pro\idiiig
for the s;ile of allotmc nis in the event of the i|uit-rents
not beiii"- paid ; but the law had never
, '■ 1 , V I . ,. ^'i''' "f ''""I" '"
been enlori'cil. On Ills relnril Irom r.n;;- iin.v ..v. r-ilia' qi il-
, , . ,-.... 1 /' II ' li'ills. |li^^.■llis^lll -
land. 111 1(MI. Ill wever, doMiiior 1 atler- tii.ii.iiiiRini.i.ii,-
son decided to enforce the l.iw, and, ac-
cordingly, legal priiceediligs \\i>re t;iken ;ind a number of
estates sold for litllc more than the taxes due. This led
to great eomphiinls against Patterson, wlio bought large
ipi;inliiies of the land himself, and ultimately led to his
remoMil. The proprielors whoso estates h;id been sold
pelilioned agaiii-t the .action of the govcrlior, claiming
that he luid chosen an inopporiiiui' time while the country
was at war, and few F.nglish capitalists could be found to
invest III colonial property, in an island which might he
alien;ited from the lirili-h crown by the next tn;ity of
peace; th.it he h,id not followed due form of law, nor given
suHiiient notice in I''ngland of the inliiided sale: and that
be li:id used his power and jiositioii for his personal advan-
tage and netpiired large tracts of the land for himself and
his friends. This latter charge P,itler-.i)ii did not atlempl
to deny, for in ;i Idler to .Mr. Stuart — the aiieiil of iheprov-
i.ulc to I'lM'l tho
. Ill' llio Aiinricaii
■()
lii.'i.linls cluiiiiR
" il»Mv:ii-,.f Amni-
,, lan lii<lr|ri'iuU'iii'('.
I- \v:iy to C^ucliof.
iloitctown, uhicli
<il'.s:iilors :iii<liii;i-
iimIiIo ami carrii'il
t'l'iiiu; till' irovcni-
crsoii. ami otlicr
II llii'ii liail liis
as lie la'anl of
toi'c<l tli(^ hootv.
(■ ('Xpcilitioii (li.s-
l no inoio (ImiiiiT
iiiiiii.' alioiit Ihc
])ro\i>ioiis at llic
i-yanls ; Imt ilic
occasional visits
Hiiiitir. Iiciiii;
1 tlic i>laml. Ill
.Major iliiiliky,
' islaml ; ami in
viciincni. of Iles-
wcatlicr to piii
Itil tlu^ folliiwilljr
isioMs to suiiiioft
liy till' I'ariiicrs.
fill nil', foi' inany
, ictnincd at llie
an acl |iid\ iilinjj
of liic iniil-rcnls
SmIcuIImi,,!.. Im
ii'iild. |iii->Miisl'ai'.
- Iinni.liliu|iri.i>ri<'-
li'I-s.
iml a iininlici- of
• "Inc. 'I'liis led
lo lionijlit largo
imldy Icil to Ills
' liad been sold
iciiior, claiiiiiiijr
liilc llic ('oiiniry
mid Ipc found to
vliicli iniiilil lie
next triMty of
>f law, nor jilvcii
d sale ; and lliat
personal udvaii-
for himself and
did not altem|)t
,'ent of the prov-
I'UINCK KDWAUl) ISLAND— (JOVKHNMKNT OF CAI'TAIN i'ATTICUSOX.
■17.")
inco in Enirland — he says : •• That the o'licers of the gov-
ernineiil have niadi' purchases, is ..'ertaiii, and that I have
made some niVMlf is also as certain ; lint I should be
ijlad to know who would lie an otliccrof <;overnment if, by
lii'in;; such, lie was deprived of his privileges as a cilizeii."
He denied the lirsl char;,fe of illej;al procedure, hiwever,
and trie<l hard to defend his action, which appears to be
just and le::al ; the proprietors would not comply with
tlio conditions on which their grants had been made them,
ami either refused or neglected to pay the cpiit-rents which
were absolutely necessary foi' the inaintenance of the
civil jiovernmeiit. The law provided a remedy by llu' sale
<if the laniU, and (iover'ior l'all<'r>on merely applied the
law, that wa^ all, and he was ipiite ri^iht in doiiiL; so. but
bis sub>e<pient conduct is not so easily jnslilied. On the
close of I lie war a ijreat clianire took plac(^ in tin: value of
land in the i>land, and those proprietors whose estates
had been sold tor taxes, bejfan to be clamorous to have
the sale set aside, and the lands returned to them on pay-
ment of the arrears of taxes and expenses of sale. I'at-
lersoii stidiiuly opposed this, and puis the case very clear-
ly ill a letter to Mr. Stuart, dated the 12th .May. ITs.'i;
he says : ■• Then' is some idea, I lind. of rescinding; the |iiii'-
chases, and that t;overiiimiil will order it : wliocv<'r has
formed such an idea must have slranii'c notions of ;r,)vern-
meiit. ( ioveriimenl may order me. and, if I have a mind
to be laugbeil at, I may issue my orders to the purchasers;
but <'an aiiyoiii' lielieve lliey will be obey id ? Surely
not ; nor would I be an inliabiiant of any country where
such a power existed. My money may. with as iniicb
jusiice. be ordereil out of my pocket, or the bread out of
my niouih. A lioM'rnor has just as much power to do
the one ;is llie oilier. I shoiiM like lo know what opin-
ion you would have of a country where ''le vali<litv of
public contracts dependeil on the will of the i;-overnor. The
purchasi's were made in the very worst period of the war.
when the properly was very precarious indeed, and when
no man in Ijiniand would have nivcii hardly a uniiiea for
till' whole island. Il is now peace, and forlnnalely we still
r.'inain a part of the r>riii>li empire. The lands arecoii.se-
(luenlly esleeimd more valuable, and ihe proprietors have
become elamoroiiN lor llieir lo>s. Had iho reverse taken
place. — had the i-l mil been ceded to I'"rance. — let me ask
what would have lieeii llie conseipieiice y Why. llie pur-
chasers would have lost llu ir money, and the proprietors
would have been ipliet, Iniu'uillLr llleinselves on llieir own
belter judjfmeiit. There can be no resiorinjr of the lots
wiiii'h were sold. 'I'Iiiti' /his iml /win ii /o/ gii/i/ mi ir/ilr/i
(I siiii//i' s/ii///iii/ /his /ifi'ii iwpiiii/ii/ /ill Will/ iif sill/i'ini'iit,
iiiir iijioii ir/iir/i l/ii-rf Ims /iiwii n si'll/rr /i/m-i'i/ ; so that
tliose proprietors who have expended money in inakiiiji
seltlemenls have no cause of eomplainl."
7. — The inlliicnce of the propiielors a' courl was. liow-
ever, too stronu; for the ijovernor, and a lesiliilioii in
Council was passed on 1st May. 17.SI, .n,,. ^„„.,.r„„, r„.
voiding; the sales made in 1781, and allow- i»>^«>' i<'"i'.'.v ;!"■
' l.^lll•I•^t.l III, lie. nil'
IW' the original iiroprietors to repossess «io\, 1111111111 hIiIi
• , ' . , . r.);iir.l 1.. rr.'^i.Tiiin
themselves ot their propertv on pavnienf thr laniLs »,iid in
ITsl.
of the purchase money, interist, and
charges incurred by the present proprielors. as well as tlie
cost of any improvements which liad been made. A
bill based on this order in (ouiicil was framed and sent
out in 17iSl, to Ciovernor Patterson, to be suliuiitled to
the Assembly ; but he had no idea of fjivini; up the prop-
erty he had piirchaseil so easily, ami neirlccted to present
llie bill to the Hou>e — which he knew was iinfiiemlly to
him and would inimedialely |iass the bill. I'mlir the pre-
leii>e thai the Home governnient was not fully acipiainl-
ed with the facts regariliiii; the land sale, the irovcrnor sup-
pressed the bill sent out. only submiltiiii: il to the (oiin-
cil, who Were pledged to seciecy. His object was to git
the Assembly lo pass an act approving the sale of 17si,
before he was forced by tht; Home government to sub-
mit the rescinding act sent out : and. for this purpose, he
dissolved the IIou>c — which be knew w.is ininiicil to
his interests, and ordered a new ileclion. biil he was iiiilor-
tmiate in its result, for on the meeting of the new House,
one of its lirsl acts was to consider llie conduct of ihe
governor with regard to the sales of land, and an address
to the King disapproving of his conduct was being fiaimd.
when the governor hastily interfered and dissolved Parlia-
ment again. The governor was favored at this second
election by the support of the newly arrived I'niled I'".m-
pire Loyalists, many of whom had sell led on the island
at the close of the revolnlionary war. and whose wants
had been assiduously atlended lo by the governor, in llie
hope of future political support, nor was he Mii-takeii. In
March, 17'.l.">,lie ordered another general eleclioii. and llie
result was the return of a House entirely siibservieiil lnliis
wishes, although ^Ir Stewart assures us that this •• was mil
accoinplished without a severe struggle, niuch illegal con-
duct, and at an expense to the governor and his
friends of nearly i-'.OHO sterling." Aolhiiig was said at
the session of \7k'> about the sales of 17S1. but at the next
ses.slon a bill was iiilroduced. and passed, enllllid, " An
act to render good and valid in law all and every of ihe
proceediinfs in the years one thousand seven huiiilied and
eii;hty, and one thousand seven hundred and ei.'.;liIy-one,
which in every respect relaled to or concerned the suing,
sei/iiiLT. condemniii^, or selling of llie lots or townships
hereinafter meiilioned. or any part thereof."
8. — This bill was disallowed by bis majesty, and the
proprielors in Kngland urging on the colonial secretary
that (iovernor I'alt' "son did not iiileiid lo n,.,-iin "t I'liiin--
1 .1 I 1' . 1 f t i\' .1 1 sun iiimI iijiiiMiiit-
obev Ihe orders III Hie lloine olllce. thai i,i,.||i i,r 1 i..ii,n,.r.
ollieer superseded I'alli.rsoii. and ordered ^i:!,^:!'!;:^;,,,^
him to relnin to I'',nglanil to answer to cer- ''•
tain charges made against him. Colonel Fanning being
r:ii
].
:i W:'
» i
■! I ■ I
,)
170
rriTLE'S HISTORY of the dominion of CANADA.
instructi'il to tiike liis pliici'. Tlie Idtcr from tlio coloiiiiil
.sccrc'taiy rcaclii'i] liiin in Oiuolicr, IT.SO, iiiid :it tin; .sauii!
time lie was |)i;rem[iti)i'ily ordered to sul unit to the Assembly
the I)ill sciil out in 17^*4, rescinding tlic sales of 17HI, an-
Dtlicr ro|)y of which was forwarded. Patterson now saw
the folly of longei- withholding tlu; hill, and submitted it
to the Assembly, when it was read for the first time on
1st XovemUer, but, in accordanee with the desire of t\w
governor, the bill was shelved and u jirivate bill [;a>sed ii
its jilaee which ])rovided for the restoration of the es-
cheated lands, but on sik^Ii onerous terms that no ailvaii-
tage could be derived by the original pro[)iietors by
taking advantage of it. Of course; the proprietors would
not submit to this, and on iIk; matter being represenle<l to
the committee of the I'rivy Council, several members of the
Comnil Were dismissed. Lieutenaiit-(iovcriior Fanning!
arrived at Nova .Scotia early in November, 17'S(), to as-
sume the reins of government, but, to his surprise found
I'attersou refuseil to give them up, pretending that the
a|>pointment was ma<le only to till the vacancy to be
caused by his (^Patterson's) temporary alisence in Kng-
laud ; and that as it was then too late for him to ]iriicecd to
Fngland that year, there was no vacancy, and would be '
none until the spring. The claims of the rival governoi's
caused considerable exciti mint on the island during the
winter, as each had his partisans, but no breach of the peace
occuricil, and Patterson was allowed by Ivuiuingto remain
in almost imdispnted possession of the government until
the spring, when, early in April, the latter issucil a i)roc-
lamalion, embodying his ap;)(jiutment and calling on all
loyal citizens to recogni/e his tith; as lieutenant-governor
of the idand. Patti-rsou at once issued a counter proc-
lamation to the elTect that Ik; was the only duly author-
ized lepresenlative of his maji'sty. and calling on all to
pay no attention to thi> claims of the usurper. So matters
remaineil at a dead-loch until the next month, when des-
])atches from Lord Sydney settled the matter by curtly in-
forming I'alterson "his majesty has no fin-ther oei-asion
for your services ;is lieutenant-governor of .St. .lohn," and
instructing Famiing to assume the government of the
island. Patterson never returned to the island. Deserted
by his friends in F.ngland Im; had no chance of rcinstate-
nu'nt; ami being in straightened circumstances, his large
and valuabli! possessions on the island were sold at a mere
nominal value under tlu; hard laws which he had himself
caused to bc^ [lassiMl. •• !>ui tin; cpic-tion occurs," says
.Air. Campbell, " what became of tho escheated lauils
which were <irdcre<l to be rcstorecl to the origimd proprie-
tors? After the jirocecdiiigs tdready mentioned no de-
termined elTort to regain the i)roperty was maile by the
original holdei's, with re^'ard to whose claims to re-.titu-
tioii no diiulit could nnwexi^t. Th(! Assembly did. indi'ed,
puss an act in 17'.I2, by whiili the ohl proprietors were
permitted to take possession of their property; but ideven
ye.irs having elapsed since the sales tocik place, and com-
plications of an almost insuperable nature having in con-
8e(iucnce ensued, the government deemed it inexpedient to
disturb tin; |)reseTit holders, more particularly as not a few
of them had elTected a compromise with the original
grantees, which entitled them to pi'miiuu'iit possession.
Hence the act referred to was disallowiMl. anil thus a sub-
ject which had for years agitated the community was ]ier-
'I'itted to remain in continued abevance."
CHAPTER CVr.
PRINCE EDW.VRI) ISLAND— THE RECORD OF i
HALF A CENTURY.
1. — Tin-: Cf.Nsts. Cuniocs Statistics with RirnAUD
TO Namks. — -2. CiiANOiX(i Till-; Namt. or tiik Isl-
and. Slow PitofiUKss in SKTTLi.Mr.Nr.— ;t. Tiik
1ni-lim:xck of tiih PuoruiKTouv Pautv in tiik
Colonial Oitick. Commutation or tiik (^iit-
KKNrs. 1. LaKC.K ImMIOKATION ok HlfilU.ANllKKS.
Govki{n:mi,\t okCoi.onkl Dks 1>ai;i!i;s. — ."). Tykan-
NicAL CoNiti cr OK (iovKitNoit Smitii. Tiikkk DlS-
soLirioNs OK Pakliamknt. — 0. CiiAHOKs Madk
Aoainst rin; (;ovi;iiNni!. His Attkmkt to AitifKsT
ISIu. Stkwakt. — 7. Rkcall oi- S.Mirii. Aim-oint-
MKNT OK Col.ONKL RkADV. — S. ,S ATISKAl TOK V CoN-
IMTION OK TIIK IsLANI) IN 1H2"). ',1. PassA(;K OK TIIK
Catholic Emancii-ation .Act. Rkcai.i. ok Coloxkl
Kkady. — U). Stkam CovMiMcAriux wirii Pictoi:.
DKAtll OK (JoVKliNOU YolNli. — 11. AtTKSII'T TO
SKiri.K TIIK Land <ilKSTIUN on an EgLITAULE
I5ASIS.
1. — The government of Colonel Fanning extended
over a |)eriod of eighteen years, but the lirst ten or twelve
years was not marked liv tiny events of
. , . ,,,, ■ ' . . , 'I'll' •'■iisus. Ciiii-
Ki)(!eial importtince. llio original ]iro- i.us suiiisii.s wuii
... . . 1 I 1 I . I I ii'U'O'il ti) iiaiiii's.
jirietors still continuing to hold tlieir lands
and not pay their (piilrents, there was lillh; or no im-
migration, and the island remained in almost a stagnant
condition. A census was taken in 17'.lcS, which showed
that after thirty five years' jiossession by the I'litish the pop-
ulation oidy amounted to ■I..'i7i. of whom 2,.').'!") were
males, and 2.(i;i7 females. Then- were 1.217 males under
III years of agi", LOl I between 1(> and (Id, and 101 over
Cil); of the females 1.(I'.I2 were under 1(1. H(i7 between 10
and ('ill, and 7H over 0(1. There were 7 |M heads of fami-
lies, and amongst these only 2') are returned as single
men. and 1 1 of these were o\ cr 00 years of age. I'"iriy
families consisted of only two p<'rsons each, five of whiili
1- I I
■M-l\ ;iil(l com-
liiiviiig in cou-
iiH'xiH'dieiit to
ly as not u lew
li till! oriiriiiiil
'lit possc's.sioii.
ukI tliiis a siib-
iiiiily wu.s juT-
UKC'ORDOF
UlTII iJil'J.l.IiD
or TiiK Isi,-
XT.— ;i. Tin:
AUTV J.V Till.;
1- Tin; (^)iiT-
lK;iir.AM)i:iis.
>. — ;». TvitAX-
Ti 11:1:1; J)is-
l.\i!<;i;s M\iu:
VT T(J Al!Kl;sT
n. Ai'i'oiNT-
I'.W TOKV C'o.V-
.ssAci: or Tin:
I. OF C'oi.om:i,
AITII I'kk.i,
AiTK.MI'T TO
V KyLITAliLK
mig extended
. ten or twelve
llii' <'.'lisiis. Ciiil.
'ii.H fiiiiisiiis Willi
>'K-iril U) uaijirs.
Il(! or no ini-
)Nt a s(:i,i:ii!iiit
ivlii<li slioweil
InfiHlitliepoi)-
1 '2,.'l;i.j were
7 males under
and 1 1) I over
7 lietweeii 10
cads of faiiii-
led as siiitjlp
ai;v, Kii'iy
live (if wliieli
riUNCK EDWAUO ISLAND— THE RECUUI) OK HALF A CKNTIKV.
477
were widows with one son eacli ; sixty-two families con-
sisted of tell or more persons, tlie remainiiii; six liiindivd
and eleven families eontaiiiing from ijiree to niiii! persons
ea<'li. Tile hirj^cst family on tlii; island was that of Lieii-
tenaiit-(ioveriior Fanning, eonsistiiig of eigliteeii persons,
night of whom were males ami ten females. Tin; ntimes
of these early settlers arc a eiirious study, tliere heiiig
■187 dilfereiit (•o;fiiomeiis divided amongst the 7 Isi families.
Seotidi names greatly iirepoiiderating; indeed one-third
of the population wi'IH! '• !ALics," for no less than 2.'il
families, coiisisiiiig of 701 males and fi.'UI females, liad the
prefix Me to llieir names, thi^ McDonalds .-done mustering
(i'.l families, niimlieriiig 2I)H mah's and I'.t.S females; nor do
the .McDoiiahls seem to have lieeii all settled in one local-
ity. Imt to have lieeii pretty well spread over the i>laiid,
as out of 111 districts from w liich returns are made the
name McDonald appears in '21, and in only one instance
— a widow and hi'r ilaiigliter — doe'S the family consist
of less than three. ICngli^li names are scarcer, and the
Smitii, IJrowii, .loms and IJolpinxiii families are very
scantilv repri'sented : the former having only o families
of li males and Hi females; the llrowns 1 families of X
males and l.S females: the Uoliiii>ons 2 faniiliis of 7
males and 7 feliiales. while only one .loiies — .lolm dones —
i.s reliirmd in the whole province, and his family consisted
uf 2 males and '■> females.
2. — It was during the ailministratioii of Colomd I'"an-
liiiig that the name of the island was changed from St.
.loiin to I'rince Edward. The inconveni-
Cliiiniiiiii; tilt' ■ 1 ,• i- I
nam ' <>r 111'' Isl- eiice ol tlie lorniei' name Was lelt ut ail
ami. Sli'W pn
(il'l'S!* ill M'ltk'-
""'"'^- • I ■■•' I - '.f the same name
earlv date, on accoiiiil of there being the
town and other plac
and an elVort was iiiaile in 1780 to ciiange it to New
Ireliiid. and a liill was introdiic I and passed in the
House of .\-semlily adopting that naioi^ as tlie future oni'
of tin' island; 1ml the action was taken willmiil the
knowledge or consent of the imperial government, and
the hill was disallowed, iifti'r which no fnrlher eiVort was
inaile to change the name for nearly twenty years. Dur-
ing his residence at Halifax as commander-in-ehief of the
forces in North Americii, \\h' Duke of Kent ordered new
harriu'ks to Im! built at Charlolti'towii. and also had the
harbor fortilied; iiiid the iiihabilants felt so grateful to
hiiu for Ills care ;iiid consideration of them, that, ultlioiigii
\\o never visited the island, the House, at its session of
17118, passed ail act changing the name of the island to
I'rince Edward, in coinpliment to him ; and the act Iiaving
received tins royal assent on 1st February. 1701). the
province was the forward known as that of Prince
Eilward Island. The setllii'!: of the island went on very
slowly under the proprietary system, and in 17117. when
the House of Assembly took the iinitter in Imiid. and
mad(! a careful examination inio the state of the province,
very little had been done. In this year tlie Assembly
i iiri'senttd a jietition to the king ])raying that the jiroprie-
, tors should be comiielled to fullil the conditions on which
j the lands Inid been granted, or tin' lands thein.selves es-
cheated to the crown and redistributeil. This petition
was based on a careful examimition of the condition of
j the sixty-nine townsliijis into which the island had been
! tlivided ; by which examination it was shown that in
twenty three townships, w liicli were laiined. ;ind which
, contained over four biindred and fiflv thousand ;icres,
i there w;is not a single resilient settler; that in twelve other
townships there were only thirty-six families, numbering
about two linndred ]ii'rs()iis. who thus cotistiluled the entire
liopnlation of nearly one-half the area of the wliide island.
The opinion of the House was that these lands were only
held on siiecnlatioii. that the pro)iiielois wcr" takinu' ad-
vantage of the leniency of the goviriimeiit. ;iiid that the
I lands should be given to actual settlers. The petition was
' favorably received by the Duke of Portland, then colonial
secretary, and (Jovernor Fanning instructed that tin; evils
complained of should be removed. In opening the session
of 1802, (ioveriior I'"anniiig stated that the imperi.il ijov-
ei'iimi'iit hail faMir.ibly con.sidri'ed the petition, and ad-
vised the House to b<^ ready to adopt, win n necessarv. the
legal means to reinvest bis majesty willi the lands which
j could be escheated. The lloiisc ini|iiired for fintlier in-
; formation, and not reeei\ing it. passed "an act for elfectu-
ally reinvesting in bis majesty, bis heirs ;uid successors,
all such lands as are. or may be. liable to forl'eitiiie within
this island," which, greatly to tln^ astonishmcnl of the
House, was disallowed by the Home governnicnl.
y.— The cause of this disallowance is not hard to liiid.
It iiiiist be remeiiiliered that in the time of which we are
writing the provinces were all really gov-
I'rned by orders from the coloniaroilice, nI;:\!;.?X"':I"n''
and the iiarlv most powerful in Downiiiir j'.iii> m iIm; i'"I'mi-
1 ■ 1 -^ nil utliiM. ( oiiimii-
Street controlled the alfairs of the piov- iaii"ii"f tl".- iiult-
j _ ' ll'lltB.
iiices no matter what the local government
might desire; now the |iropi'ietary party was still very
strong with the Home ollice, and, of course, used its inllu-
ence against a redistil but ion of the land, for both the resident
jiiid non-resident ])roprietoi's were op^'osed to ;iny change.
The lion-resideiil proprietors only held their lands on
speculation;it h. id cost llii'in nolhiiig,aiid they did not intend
that itshoulil. for they paid no ipiit-ieiit, made no improve-
ment. promoted no iminigratioii, and wereonly waiting until
their island was siinicienily settled by olliers to make
their land valuable, when they proposed ti:rniiig it into
money, and closinir their conneciion with the island.
Those proprietors who had improved their jinipi rl\ were
also opposed to any chaiiL'e; fm' ihey argued — with con-
siderable judgment — that if lln' lands now unoccnpied
were escheated to the crown and redisliiliiiled, a nninber
of the settlers, who were now their lenaiils, would desire
to liecome pro|irietors, and so leave their lands unoccnpied.
! »
11 1 ' r
mi
m^
■17ri
'i'[ rri.Ks iiisT()i;Y of tiii; dominion of caxada.
liotli pai-tios, tlicri'forc, brought their hifluuiice to hear on
tlu^ Ilomo oH'ico, and the ri'sult was the disallowancn of
the hill. The Asscnilily was justly incensed at sueh dis-
regard Utr ihe hest interests <if the island, ami drew nj) a
stron;; renionstran<'e which was sent to the aijents of the
ciiloiiv in London lor jiresentation ; addresses were also
forwardeci, throui;h (iovernor Fainiiii^, to the colonial
secretary and the ])resiilent of the coniniitlee of tlu^ I'rivy
Council I'cir trade and [ilaiitations ; hut the influence of
\h(: |iro|irietors was so _i;ruat that not only was no atten-
tion i)aicl to the coni|ilaints rif the Asseiiihly hy Lord
CastliTcauh. then colonial secretary, but .1 coin[)ositioii
was also niaile with rej^ard totlio ov(;rilue (luit-rents, which
now aninuiiled to about i."GU.()00 sterling, the amount duo
on some lownships lacing more than it was calci:lated they
Would sell tor. Till! eonnnutation was divided into four
classes, and thi! agreement was that the jtavmelit of (juit-
rents for a ci -tain iminher of years should bo taken in
li( n of the thirty-two years now due. 'J'lioso proprietors
who had on their lands the recpiiicd number of settlers as
agrcH'd for under the original grant, were nleased from
all past (piit-reuts by paying for live years, and a j)ropor-
tiouate deduction was made for the other classes, who had
made pirlial seltlcnients and who hail made none.
1. — This comnuitation had a good elfect, for alilioui;ii
a lar^e nmnber of the proprietors still refu>ed to ]iaveveu
the small amoiuit demandi'd, slili a yrcat
ti.ui ..r lliuliliiiid- many tho'ighl tins a ^("id l[u\r to sell and
,T<. (iii\<Tlim.'llt ,.' , ' , " , , III ,
■ .f (■..1..1I.1 l),s rmlize w hat lliey conid on tln^ land, and
"^"■'■'■'- '• • ' '■'■ ' ri>k buM.u^ss
for the next four years a
was done in sales, nlmut one third of tlu! whole island
chauging proprietors in that time, many of the ])urchasers
being <letermiu<Ml to actually cohtnize and devehipo the
I'csources of the country. F"oremo>t amongst these ni'W
propi'ietors was the Kai'l of Selkirk, wlio had largi- po-;-
sessi()n> on the N'orlh and Snath of Point I'rim. This
had been thi' site of an old French setllemeiit which had
been a' aiidoned on the cession of tlai island to (ireat
Ib'itain. and had become partially grown o\ir with young
timber. In ISO.'i th(! earl began to remove a nuud)er of
Ilighlauilei's to his islaml property, about eight humlred
coming that year, and the number being increased fi'oin
time to time until about four thousand in all settled on
the fertile soil, which, under this good inantigetnent soon
began to yield jilentiful Iiar>esls. This same Karl of
Selkirk afterwards forini'<l a settleuu'iit at tin? Red IJiver;
of which wo shall speak more fully in our chapters on tin?
North AVest 'J'erritory. Cohuiel FaiiMing resigned the
lieuteliaut-g<vvi'i'noiship in JHdl, mid was succeeded bv
Dva liarres, who arrived in duly. I.Sll.'i. Colonel Des
IJarres was an old man who had been the lirst govi'rncu"
of Cape Mreton when it was maile a si'paiate colony, in
I'iSi, and his administration was not marked by any re-
markable events, beyond the growin<{ dissatisfaction of
the Assembly at the cnmluct of the Home government, in
again disallowing the act passed for the escln ating of
lands which the jiroprietors had neglected to settle and
im|)roV(! as re(|uire<l of them by the original grant. War
with the I'niti-d States was dcclareil during his adminis-
tration, but the tide of coudlct did not turn towards iho
island.
5. — Colonel DesRarres was succeeded in IS 13 by ^Ir.
Charles Douglas .Smith, a brother of Sir Sydu(>y Smith,
who soon changed tlie character of the
' . , . Tviaiiiiicnl cnii-
govemmeiit ol the isian<l bv turning it into «iii't <•( (lovirnor
a clesjiotism, of winch he was tins autocrat, 1^ iiaLnisipil'mliu-
aiid ve-y nearly drove the islanders into "" " '
o|)cn rebellion by his illegal and tyrannical erjudnet. The,
Assembly met in Xoveniber, ISI.'I. and was rather cava-
lierly treated by the governor, who seemed to think such
■' Legislative body unnecessary, and after prorogatiim in
.auuary, ISl 1, did not summon the Ibaisc [■> meet again
until lyl7, when the House jiroceeding to inipiiro
into the state of the jn'oviiice, it was promptly dis-
solved by the dictatorial govermn-, who orderiMl a general
ehxtion in 1818. The new House also endeavored to
iiKpiire into the state of tin; lu'oviuce, and was at once
diss ilv(>d, another being eh'cted iu LSl'O, but was not called
together ; and so, with the exception of the session of 1813,
the island was virtually left without a Parliament and in
the absolute jiower of one tyrant for eleven years. The
governor's tyranny conimenced on tlu' ve\( d subject of
(|uit-rents — •• the root of all evil." we might almost say. at
that time in the island. A proclamation was issued in
October, 181 G, st'ttiiig forth that the king had resolvi d to
maki^ certain concessions to the proprietors, to remit a
portion of the (piit-rents, anil to fi.Y a redticcd scale for
them in future. Xothiiig nion; was done in the inaltcr
uiitil January, lis 18, when the goveinor sudilenly ordered
till! ai'ting r.eceiver-gcneral to collect at once all arrears
of (piit-reiits fi'om .lane, 18i(!,to December, 1818, at the
old rates. The suumiiiry in'oceeclings in colleciiug these
taxes caused _fr'cat distress and incoiiveiiieiice to the people,
and, on the > i-e luung prop<'rly represented to the Home
goveriimeiit, the action of the governor w,is disapjuoved,
further proceedings stopped, and a refund ordered of all
collected ill excess of the ra'e of two shillings for every
hundred iicnis ; it was also announced that in future tlie
c(dlection of the (|uit-rc.its would ho. peremptorily insisted
on, but over three years passed away and no a<lion was
taken ; and the general impression was that thegovernmeiit
would not enforce the tax again, especially as it had been
ab;ni(lone(l ill Nova Scotia and Xew Hruiiswick. In .lune,
isi'L', a notice was posted up in tl Illco of the receivcr-
general, Charlottetowii, that theollice wiaild be open fitini
tell to four during the Ihsl tifteeii days of July to receive
ipiit-rents ; hut no attenliini was paid to it by the few who
saw it, and the great bulk of the people never saw or
> jLTovcriimeiit, in :
10 l'scll(;iliiig of I
•<l to settle and j
i;il Hrniiit. War |
iii,' iiis itiliiiiiiis- I
urn tuwaids llio
ill 1S13 i,y :\rr.
• Sydiujy Siiiilli,
Tyraniiifnl ccin- I
cicic't lif (idV.TIKir
Siiiilh. -J-hr li,. I
1^ ■liaidiiaiil'l'iiilia-
iiiiiit.
'■iiii<li|i't. Tim
las IMlllrl' CMNa-
'<l to lliiuk MK li
prorii^Mlidii ill
' I ) iiii'ct M^rMiii
iijf ti) iii(]iiiru
]>roiiii)lIy (lis-
Ici-cd :i ir,.||,,i-jil
t'iiil<'av()i-c(l 10
111 was at unco
t was not calleil
session of J81,'i,
rliiimciit and in
I'll voars. 'J'lio
■Ml! SllhjfCt of
it aliiiiist say, at
Was issued in
Iiad resolved (o
Ills, to remit a
need scale for
■ in tilt' mailer
ilileidy ordered
lee m11 arrears
r. I.^IM. iit tlio
'olleeliiiir (liiMi
' (o tJK' |)eo|de,
1 to till! Homo
IS disa|ij)roved.
ordered of all
line's for every
It in fiitiin^ Ihe
ilorily iiisi.sieil
no action was
liogovernnieiit
ns it Iiad lieeii
ic'k. In June,
t tiie receiver-
lie open from
Illy to receivi!
y the few W lio
never saw or
rUINCK EDWARD ISLAM)— TlIK KKCOUD OF HALF A ( KNTl KV.
470
heard aiiytliiiig at all aliout it. Xotliing further was done
until iJocemher, when another notice was put u[> that
quit-rents must ho [lail hy iho fourteenth of .lanuary, I.S2.'>.
hut no steps woru taki'ii to inform the peo[>lo that [iro-
ceediii'is would he instituted ajiaiiist tlieiii if tlio tax was not
]iaiil. ami, imlei'd, not one person in a hundred knew that
aiiv demand had lieeii made. Iniinediately on the expiiy
of the time yiven in the notice, suininary procee lings were
j taken to force payiiieiit. Sei/iire was made of tho prop
eriy of two of tli' leading settlers in townships thirty-six
and thirty-seven ; and shortly after a ngiilar ilescent was
made on the eastern district of King's County, which was
thickly settled, ]irincipally hy Highlanders who did not
understand a word «( F^ngli^h, and great distress was
caused. The tax-gatherers demanded itnmedialo p;iyment.
or a n(it(> at ten days, in default of which an auction sale of
all ijoods and cliallels was threatened. Tho poor irij.h-
landers diil not know what to do, hut mostly gave their
notes, and tlun hurried ii|) to (harlottetowii to sell their
w inter stock of produce to pay the notes, in some instances
hciiig actually driven up like sheep hy the tax-gatherer.
This long jonrney of liity or sixty miles in the de|)tli of
winter caused great distress ; and tho sudden iiillux of so
much proiliieo into C'liarlottotowu depressed prices a great
deal so that many of the farmers were almost ruined hy
the saerilice of their crops to pay their notes.
Ci. — I'lihllc indignalioii was now thoroughly aroused
against the governor, and the ])eople determined to hold
Cliarui's nm.l.' I'lihlic meetings for the purpose of prepar-
ii^'iiinsi III.' ill" a iietition to the kiiii; pravins for hi.--
Knvfrntir. IIm -^ ' .-^ i . .-^
aii'iiipi iHunvsi removal, tliev heilii; uiiahle to do so throii^di
.Mr. Sli'warl. • .
then- representatives, as tho govi'rnor
wotihl not call a incctiiiir of ptiiiianieiit. Forty leading
settlers signeil a formal reipusilion to the sherilf, Mr.
John MctJi'cgor, ealliiig on him toconvi'iie a piihlic meet-
ing in each of the three counties into which the island was
divided, in order that the people may consult together on
ihu state of the province, they having liecn deprived of a
Parliament for three years. '!"lie sheriff could not refuse
this very just and (■onsliluiional demand, and appointed the
tir't meeting to he lielil at {'harlottetowii on (illi .^Lirch,
and siihseip'.-.'Ut :iieetiiigs at St. I'eter's and I'rincctown,
a course of action highly displeasing to the despotic
govt'riior. who thought the people had no right to complain
ahoiit him, and he. disinisscil the sherilf and appointed a
iSIr. Townsliend in his place. Tho charges against the
gov( riior as formulated in tho petition to the king adopted
at tho tlireo piihlic ineelings jield, were niimi'roiis and
serious. He was chary:cd wilh utter ignorance of tho
wants, eondilion, or reipiirements of the country, inasiniich
as, although he had lieeii ten yi'ars on the i>laiid, he had
iieicr (|iiittcd Charlotletown hut once, and then only lor a
drive of eighteen miles into the eoiintry; with illegally
constituting a court of esclieat in IHIH ; with insulting the
assenihly hy refusing to meet it, and hy summarily dis-
missing it under parliciilarly agijravaiiiig eircmustaiices ;*
with screening the chief-justice of the island from thirteen
serious charges made against him ; of nepotism, hy appoint-
ing his son-in-law, Lieutenant Lane, to the council, a posi-
tion to which he had no right or title, and of having, as
chaiK.'ellor of tin; esclie:it court, iiermitted his son-in-law
Lane, whom In^ had appointed registrar and master, to
make very hea\y additions to the fees. This latter charge
was made a ])retext hy the governor for a charge of gross
liliel and contempt of tln^ Coiirt of Chancery hy the ineill-
hers of the (Queen's County ciMiimitlet^ who drew up the
petition to the king, and w arrants were issued for the arrest
of the mcinhers; the main ohject of the governor, how-
ever lieiiig the arrest of Mr. .Stewart, who had heen ap-
pointed to present the petitions ill Kngland. and who hail
them in his possession. In this tln^ governor was foiled
hy the ])rompt escape of .^L•. Stewart to Nova .Scotia, and
he reveliued hinisell on the other mcinhers of the commit-
tee hy imposing heavy lines on them. Had Mr. Stew.irt
heen arrested and the petitions seized and destroved, as the
governor intended, the result would, proliahly, have heen
a revolution on the island, lor the iieople were terrihlv
excited, and hail heen provoked almost past endurance hy
Smith's arhitrary condin-t.
7. — 'I'lie lii'st newspaper piililislu'd ill I'rinci' liduanl
Island wa> the I'ruicf /■Jihr<(nl Islainl licijisli r, u liii'h was
iirinted hv Mv. .lanns D. ilas/ard, and
, • ■ ,.,.,.., I>''''ill "f Sliiiill.
made Its appearance on ::liin Jiil\, iN'i.'i, .\|i|"'iiinii'iii "f
, ,, , I i. 1 1 1 ' • 1 I'.iliinrl l;i.:i,lv.
y\v. Jlas/ard |Mililislied the part K'lilai's
given iihove, and t'or so doing was >iiiimioiied het'ore the
Court of Chanc'crv , ch.irgeil with liheling tlu iin a'.d
its ollicers. hut was let olf wilh a ri'prim.ind on hi> giving
the names of tin' jiartii's from whom ]"• received liis
iiit'ormalion, — Messrs. .Sirw.irl. .Met Ireg(U', Mahev.
Dockeiidortf, Owen and McDtniald. Tlie governor ni;ide
ipiitc a pompons speech to Mr, Ha-/aril. saying: " I com-
passionate your yoiilh ami in I'Xperieiice ; did I not do so. |
would l.iv you hy the heels long eiioii;;h for you to
reinemhei it. You have delivered \oiir evidence fairlv,
• In nilillllKii to tills iHililic liisiill lio w.TB ni'riisi'il nf si'iiiliii; n ini'^sn;;.',
mi till' I.Mli I) mliiT, In llii' Assciiilily, ii'i|u)riiii; Imili lli>us<'stiiiiilji>uni
to till' .'iili itf -laimary follow iiijr ; ami iti-roi-i; tlio ImisIih'ss in \\liii-)i ihoy
well' llicn iiiiii'il «u..< liiilslioil, anil wlion llio l.owor lUmso «a.s on tlni
point of ailjo.iii iiinu'. in m.-orilnnco willi llio said iii(.ssa;:o, it was insnltoil
l> .Mr. Carnilrtiai'l, tlio lionlonant-uovonior's son-in-law ami soont.-ily,
wlio.ii.lvaiiiin^ ttitliin tin' li;e-, iiclilross.-il tlio siioaKoi loinlly in llioso
worilK ; " .Mr. Spoaliof, if yon sit in tli.il oliair oiui nilnico loiip.r, |ll|.^
lloiiMi' will 111' iiiinioiilali'ly ilissohoil," al llio Kiinio tlino sliakiiiK liis lisl,
at 111!' KpoaliiT ; ami wliit.' Ilii' IIoiiko was ..nua;;!!! in i-oiisliloiinn tlio
moans of piinislilim llii..i Ih.Tiill, llio tionlonanl-Kovonio:- nonl for tlio
spiakor, ami liolilini.' up liis wiin'li to lilni, saiil lio woul.l ..How ttio lloiiso
tliri'o niiniilos, l.ot'oi'o llio o\pir;ition t.f whi.li, If it iliu not .'Kljoiitn, ho
woiilil II soli to an iiiiiMoiliaio ili .Milnlion ; ami lliis i.xliMorilin;iry lomlmi.
was soon aflor followoit l.y proro^allon of tlio ; i.|;lsIatiiro, in oonsoiinoin-o
of till' Iloiiso lia\ int;i'oiiinillli.il to jiiil tlio liouti.|iaiit-^ovi.riior'H t^nn for
liroaKiti.^ llio w'imlows of tli.' apaiiinont in wlilrli tlio lions., wa..^ tin ii
sillint!."-i'aiii|>ln.irH lliufi:!!/ I'/ I'riiiix l-.'tlii'tinl lulninl.
■ilSllI
i' I
480
ITTLES IIISTDHY OF THE JJOMFNION OF CANADA.
pliiiulv. clciuly. iiml as ln'caini! a man, liut T cautiim ymi,
wlii'ii yim [lulili^li a'lylliiiig airaiii. ki'i'|i clear, sir, of a
cliaiiccllor I ISt'wai'c, >ii-, of a rliaiicellcir I " Tliis suli'iiiii
waniiiij; was not very Ion;; clVe'-uvi;. however, for Mr.
Stewart was exceedingly well riMoived in I'-nglanil, the peti-
tions taken into innneiliate con>iileralioM, and Smith was
reealleil.hel)eing succeeded hy Colonel Heady, who arrived
on "ilst October, 1824, accompanied hy Mr. Stewart, and
was most entliiisia>tically received by the inhaliitants who
were heartily sick anil tired of Smith and Iiis tyranny, and
welcomed any changes as ii relict', feeling (|uiieconli(leiit it
could not he for the worse. Charlotletowu was brilliantly
illuminated on the evening of the governor's arrival, and
an address was presented tohiai, ])art of whieh read ; " wu
feel the utmost confidence that the harmony that ought
always to exist between the government and the people is
perfectly established, and that your excellency will believe
that loyalty, oiiedienoe to the laws, and a love of order is
the character of the iiHiabitunts of Charlottetown. AVe
cannot omit on this occasion to express our unfeigned
gratitude and thanks for the attention which His Majesty
Inis been graciously pleased to ])ay to the interests of this
colony, in confiding its governi: "Ut to your excellency's
liands, and to add om' most fervent wishes that your ad-
ministration of it may be long and liajjpy." Injustice to
the islaixlers it must be said, that, although they were loud
and demonstrative in their joy !», the ajipointment of the
new governor, entertained him at a jinblic dinners and
madi' most tiattering speeches, thoy otl'ei-ecl no insult to
Smith, and when lie left for England he was even i)resentetl
with a farewell address by a few oiriceholders whom lie
had favored during his administration.
^<. — No Parliament liad met since 182i), ami one of
Heady's first acts was to order a general election, which
took place late in the fall, and the new
IIoii><(! met in January. I.S2-J, when ,AIr.
John Stewart was elected S[ieaker. 'I'he
Leginlature (piickly busied itself with passing several im-
portant bills which were greatly needed; an act to improve
the educational department w.is passed, also others
regidating the fisheries, juries, jurisdiction of justices of
the peace, and one authorizing tlu; governor to appoint
commissioners to issue .£."»,(tl)0 sterling of treasury
notes, and to increase the revenue by taxation. The
business of the House was promptly and amii'ably trans-
acted, and the same desi)atch and harmony (•haraeterized a
sec(jnd session in October. At this latter si'ssion a peti-
tion was ])resenteil from the Homan Catholics praying for
the removal of their political disabilities, but, being
ru'ci.'iveil late in the session, it was not then considered.
.\fter th(^ eh'si' of the session Oovenior Ready visitecl
England on privutc business, and the Hon. George
Wright acted as administrator during his absence. This
year the mode of paying the custom house olUeials was
Sntisfiirtnry -
ililii<;i if till'
islaiiil in Im*:
changed, as it was in the other provinr'es, and instead of
collecting I'ees they Were given fixed salaries. The i.slmd
was now in a quiet, happy and ])rosperous state ; the
population had increased to about twenty-thrc(< thousand ;
agrienltnre was flom'i.shing, anil trade and commerce
steadily growing. During the year eighteen vessels
arrived from (iieat IJritain, and one hundred and twenty-
eight from I'rili^h coloides. The ini|iiirts weie vidiied at
£.S."),.'),'!7, and the exports at i!'.l."i, 121!. The islanders
seem to have been far from total abstainers, for among>t
the imports we find 4,00l) gallons of rum ; 2..')(M)
gallons of br.inily. and .'J.OOO gallons of gin. which woidd
give an average of over two and a half gallons of sjoirits
to every man. wouf.iii and child on the i-land.
tt. — The governor on his return from Engl.and, met
Parliament in March, T8;J7,andcongralnlatcil the j)rovince
on the great internal improvements which i-.k...,,,,. nt ih,.
had taken place, a road having been com- Vi",''''!).',' ' 'Jt','.',"ii!'j",f
pleted to Priueetown, and lines surveyed Coiumi u.iniy.
for extending it to Cascunipec and the North Cape. He
also advocated thi; formation of an agricultural society, a
matter whieh was then attracting a gftod deal of attention
in the other provinces. Tlu^ most important bills jiassed
were one jirovidi g for taking a census of (he island, and
another authoiizing the format' mi of a fire comjiany in
Charlottetown. The jjctition the Roman Catholics for
the removal of their iioliticai disabilities came up this
session, and after considerable discussion the resolution
to remove these disabilities was lost on the casting vote
of the speaker. Mv. Stewart, who gave as his reason not
any ol:ji'ction to granting Roman Catholics the >ame ri;;lit
to vote as Protestants, but, that :is the questiou h;iil not
been decided in England he did not feel authorized to
atiinit the principle in the province. During this .-osieu
(1827') the Council and Assembly got at variance about
a[ propriations, and at the following session the Council
rejected the appropriation bill, which caused great incon-
venience to the governor, who, on opening the session of
182'.), recommendeil a conciliatory jiolicy on bolh sides, and
HO far succeeded in making peace, that bii>iiiess cominuni-
cations were resumed between the two Houses, and the
supply bill passed. At this session a bill was joassed
pro\ iding for the eslablishuieiit of a non-sectarian college
at Charlottetown. The .session of 18^0 was marked by
the passage of an ai^t removing all political d' abilities
from Roman Catholics, and all places, of trust, honor, or
profit open to other denominatiins, were henceforw.ird
open to members of that faith. The years l.s2'.l-.'!l saw
quite a stream of iiiiinigratioii turn towards the cnlony,
nearly two thousand fresh .Mrrivals taking ]ilace in that,
time, and a great inipetiis being given to agriinllnre,
whieh was now al.o being benelited by the operations of
the .'igricnltiiral society, and Ilie eslablislimeiitof branche's
1 of it in dilVerent parts of the i>land. Colonel Ready was
■OS, :iii(l iiistcail of
lurit's. Tlu^ isliiiil
spcroiis stiito : the.
ily-tlirci! tliousiiiid ;
(Ic! Mild coiumci'co
• eiiilitccii vt'SSfls
iiii(li'c(l iiiid twciity-
irts were valued iit
?(). Tlio islanders
liners, for anii)n<;st
•i of rum ; 2. .")()()
f <;iu. wliieli would
f ".'ailoiis of spirits
i>laii(l.
roMi Eui;laiid, nut
ulated tlie province
"^'' l>asyni.'c^ of (ho
I,,, CallK'lii'cinaiii'ipii-
tiiMi act. Itciiill „f
'Cfl ^'olfiiit'l Ui'aily.
; Xortli Cape. lie
rieullural socic'ty, a
id deal of attention
lortaiit liills passed
s of iIk^ island, and
ii fii-e (■(im]iaMy in
otnan C'atliolies for
ilies caino iij) this
ion till! resolution
u the castinj,' vote
! as his reason not
dies tln! same riijlit
e (|iiestion liad not
feel authorized to
])iirini; this .-.osiini
at VMiiaiiee ahout
'ssion the Coimeil
•ansed j^reat iiicou-
idiii^ the session of
y on liotli sides, ami
htisini'ss eonuuuni-
o Houses, and the
a bill was jiassed
in-seetarian eolh ;ii!
]0 was marked hy
olitieal d' aliilities
of trust, lionor, or
leru heneeforward
■ears l.S21(-;)l saw
jwards the eolony,
kiui,' plaee in that
ea to agrieullure,
' the operations of
slmientof branches
'olonel lieady was
/
4.
iiiil
1
/
Ilii
■ t
1
I ^i
I;, it';
I W
\
vv-^
. i
'■ i
■
.ill!
j.
!
■ i
1
i
(NGRAVtD EyPRESSlYrOR'IUlTLfS HiSTORV or IHt DONiNlON - lo'lNO BiC&iWPHits SIE INOEK
THE BURLANO 0ESBARAT5 LIIHOCOMP-
i
i
PllINCE EDWAUD ISLAND— THE KECOUI) OF HALF A CENTUUV.
•IHI
r('":illtil i:i IH.il, !i;m1 liis (l.'p.'irlun! w:n ;,'iT;itly rci;r»'ttc(l
liy till) |i('i(jili' ; li,; li:iil ciiiiu! to tliciu wlicli liny WiM'ii
wrilliiiig iiiiiUt in<»t (ipiircssivi) tyi'aiiiiy. and Ity his wix'. i
luoilrrali! ami ciili^litcind ^ovcniiiiciit he liad <h)iic nnich
to iin|)iov(3 tli(i i-laiiil. ami win tin; love of tho inhabitants
(Iniing his scvi'U yi'ais of ollio;.
10. — Colonel Ueiidy was succefi'cd by Colonel A. W.
Young, who arrived in Septeniliei', IM.'il.and met I'arlia-
St, .am ,•< mini- nient ill .lauiiary, l.S,'!2. Si'veiul useful acts
M!:;l7ll"rli'..vi'r'n'"r "•■'''' I'ii^^^^'"' "t tl'i^ ses,ioii. aim.n^'st them
^"""H one granting a .siilisiily of i.".'!(M):iyear for a
hi-weekly mail service lietweeii Chailottetowii ami l'i<toii, i
N. S., a eoiitrai'l heiiig m d ■ with the sleaiin r I'liriilnniliis.
All act was also jiasscd ehaugiiig tin; teiiiuif the A>st iiilily
frnin seven to four years A census was taken in ,S.'>.'i
which showed the |>o[iulatioii to lie thirty two tlioiisiind,
ail increa^i' of forty jier cent on tlie return of ls27.
Colonel Young visited England in tin! summer of iKol,
when he was knightecl. Towarils thi; dose of 1H34, a
general election was held, and Parliament met in January,
is;!,"*, when tin; Council ami Assemlily immediately got
at variance oil l..<; aii|iro|iriaiioii liill, and nosii]i|)lies were
passed. Shortly after prorogation, however, the governor
got hotli jiartius to agree to pass the revenue and appro-
priation hills separately, imd :iii extra session was calli'il
in April at which the supjily liills wert; passed. The
governor opcneil tilt! extra session, hut was too ill to close
it, and his malady grew worse until the liist of Decemlier,
l.S;!."), when h(! died, iii the fifty-eighth year of his agi',
forty-one of which h:id heen devoteil to ■ le scrvicij of his
coiinlry in various jiarts of the world, ami wherever lie
was lie distiiigui>lieil him (If liy coura;.'e, prudelico and
urhaiiity, gaiiiiiig for himself friends and admirers in all
•he countries in wliieli he served.
11. — Tlu! Ilonoralile ( ieorge ^\'|•igllt was sworn in as
administrator on the death of Sir Aretiis AV. Young, and
conducti'd the affairs of the province until
the arrival of Colonel .Sir .loliii Il.irvey,
in Feliruary, IS;;!!. Sir Ji'ilin only re-
niaiiied in ollict! oik; year, when he was
transferred to Xew IJreiiswick, and succeeded by Sir
Charles Augustus Fit/Hoy, who arriveil in .lune, 1837.
He was not long in finding out what was the real caiis(!
of the farmers' tronhles, the jiroprietorship of nearly the
whole island hy absentees who drained the actual si'ttler
of his last farthing, as .soon as his farm began to be
reinnnerative, or ejected him if he failed to jiay. The
governor issued a circular to the projirietors, advising tin m
to sell the land to the tenants under some system of pay-
n t by installment, or allow somelhing to them for ini-
proveineiits. The House of Assembly jiasseil ;i law pro-
viding for an .'issessment on all I.iiids in the jiroviiice,
wliieli the proprietors opposed. A report was prepared
by Messrs. T. JL Haviland, IJ. Hodgson and other niein-
Alli'inpt iMSPti;,!
till, laliil iiiii" liciii
o.i ;iu eijuiKiblo
l.iifis
bers (if the asseuibly, \\bl(li showed that the Incal expcM-
ditiire of the governiiicnt for the la>t twelvt; years Innl
been .i'K^T.t'i l.'i of wliiili i'L'.S. ,■)()(; liad lieeli expelnled
on roads ind bridges, to the great advantage of the pro|i-
crty of the proprietors; .11 ;!,.'!.')(! on public buildings
and wharves; and i'ii(!,.")(p2 for other local pur|ioses.
And of these large sums, the whole amount contributud
by tlie proprietors of the soil bad been onlv i.7,41.'!, leav-
ing the balance of £l(M),(MM) to be borne by the resident
coiisnineis of dutiable arlii'le~. Lord Dnrhaui wrote a
long letter favoring tla,' true ii.teiesis of the inland;* and
at last the enaclmeiit received the royal sanction, not-
withstanding th.; impoiliinily of the ciiili' who triecl to
regulati! the land <piestiou in London. This .showed that,
fit last, tlie influi'iiee of the proprietors in tin; colonial
ollice was being broken, and was an aiii,'iirv of <;ood for
the island. A mechanic's institute was established in
• We clvi- llii- fiilliiwlii!,' ''Xirfti'l friMii I.nicl Diiiluiin's litt.r to I.dril
(ili.iii'l;;, iliiti'il (.nii'lii'i., Mil <i|.|i>lii'r, INlci, wliiili vriy iliarly (;i>i» llmi
sian'siiiim's \ifHrt en ihr I.'ukI (|iu.-ti<'ii in I'l-hu'i' Ivlwanl l..^l:iiul. " My
I.elit, — I llHVi! hail llli' linner ef Ii'irivillj; JiMir ill'spalrli (.1 llic. lifili of
Oriiili.r, MliiTiliv yim (Ic'siri: IliiU t »i;i fxprcss to yen my ]uil|;iui'iit on
llii^ wliolu Biiliji'it of I'-iliial ill till' i laml of I'riiirn KcIhuh^. Aflrr
pi.nisiri;; llti' voltiiiiiiioiis iloniiiifiil.^ Willi your ]or<lslii| s il< s|ial« !. I ito
iioi fc.l iliai il U ill my |iciwcr to a.l.l .iiiyiliiiii; to ilii. vi.n full niimi. ■■
liui) oil tin- suliji'i'i will, ]i til, so iluriiiiifiils idnijiris,.. 'fit,- iiit",iiiii;iiioii
lii.f.iri' ii» is now HO aiiiiili> Unit iii'cui no inallrr of fart can I i.|ili.rlain a
•lo.ibt. Nearly tlio wliol,. i^lanil was alitiiatcd in on,, day liy tlio cTown,
in V'Tv lar^'i' urants, rliielly to ali-intiM.s, ami iiiion ('omliii,.ns of ^^■ttl<■-
ini'iit wliiili liavi' Ih'i'Ii wli<,lly ilisri cariliil. 'I'lii. ixlicim' iin|iiiiviil,'iiri!
— I iiii!.'lil s.ay Ilii: iri'Kl.ss profusion — wliiili ilii'iali^l tliisi. grains is
olp\ii>as: 111,, total iiiglct of 111,' (;o\ .•rnmi'iit as to iiif,iniii(,' lli,. , li-
tioiis of til., (jianls is not less so. Tin' i;i. al Imlk of lli,. islalul is still liilil
liy alist'ici't's, Willi Iiohl it as iisort of rrvt-rsionary intrri-st wliii-ti ri'iiiiires
ini prrsi-iil attt'iitioii, Imt may lii'i-onio valiiaMo sonic day nr oiIkt
tliroiiiili iliH crowiiiu want of tin' iiilniMlants. lint, in llii' niraniiin,.. Hi,,
iiilialpii.iau of till' island an' siilijii-u d to tlw ):r< ati'sl iin'onvcnii nrt'—
inv. III,. m<t>l mtIous injury- fioni till' slat., of ino] city in lai:,l. 'llic
aliscnl proprniors ni'illiiT iliiprovi' llic lainl llicnis.'lvcs, imr will !ct
otlii'i-s inipiovi' il. ilicy iclain llic land and Keep it in a slate ol wil.ler-
iii'ss. Voiir l.oiilsliip can s, aieely , om eiie the dc(;rec of injury inlli,!, ,1
on a news.'lilcim'iil liemmeil in hy wi'derness laid, wl.iih has hicnp)a,e,I
o'.it of the control of t'ovcrnni'iil. and is einirely ni'i:lect<'d hy iis al sent
proprietors. This e\il pervades liriti.-h .Ntirlli .\liiel lea, and has leeii for
ma ly yc.'irs past a siihjeii of iini\,'is.'ilaiiil 1 liter, omplaiiil. *I he same evil
was f,'ll In nia'iiy of the Stales of ih,' .Aln.'i h ;tn I'liion, where. hoHe\,'r, il
lias h.'i'ii reiiiedii'.l hy taxation of a pmal ■ haraeter,— laxalioii 1 mean,
v.\ th.' nature of a liiii' fo: th,' al annieiii of a nnisni In I'rii'c,. |:,1-
want Islaiul this evil has attain, ',1 its maximtim. Jt lias heen hin^ and
loudly eomphiined of, hut witliom any ellecl. Tlie pi iiple, their rcpre.-i'ii-
tative asseinhly, the 1,'^islaliv,' council, and the povernor havi' conlially
con,'iirr,''l in ilevisinti a reniciy for it. All tlieir elforls liave proveil in
vain. Sonic inlliience— it cannot he that of c.piiiy or reason- has >tcatiily
roiinlt.racicl ihc in, 'le tires of Ih,' i-oloni.-.l h-i is-itiiie. I caiiiiol imai^ine
it is any other inliiienc,' than thai of ili,. alisi'iilce in,.prictois rcsiih iil in
Knplanil ; and in sayim; so I do hut express tlni universal opinion of llnr
colony. The only ipicsiion, tliercfoie, a ; il appears to in,', is wlicUier that
intJuence shall prevail a;;alnst tl.e dclihirate .ids ni' tlie lolonial let-isla-
tiiri; and tlio universal ,'oTuplaluts of ili, sulTerin^; colonists. J ,-an have
no ,l,,;:hi ,,M Ih,' siihject. My decidi'il opinion is. ihat the royal ass. lit
slniuM no loiijiiT h,. wi'.hlichi fnun Ihe act of ''i! colonial le^islalure.
.•\t the saiiii inie, 1 doulit wliether this act will piove asuniclciii remedy
for the evil 'i question. It w.'is hut natural that the colonial legislature
—wiio have found it liiiiiossihl . as yet lo ohiain any redress whatever--
Khouhl In.sitale to propose a stillicient one. I'mieterred Iiy any su, li
eoiisi,lcr.'iti,iu.— relyiiipon the coiiiiai I'lHopciation of tlie government and
parliament in the work of improve'..; the state of the colonics- t liad
intended, hefori' the rei'i'ipt of your lonlship's dispatch, and still intend
to sui;'^est a nn'asure whi'-li, while it provj,le< a siilli,i,'iit remedy for the
evil sulTcred hy the colonists, shall al-o pro\ e a.hanl :».•,.,, us to tin- ahsont
proprielors hy rendering lliuir property more vi'hiahle."
ill
•M2
TITTLiyS IIISTOUV Ol-' Tin; DOMINION OF CANADA.
CIiMrldltiliiwii ill I8'!H. iniiiiily ill tin? iii--t;iiiri' (tf the
lliiliiplMlilr Cliiirli- Yoiiii;;. Mliil ;i coursi' of Ircllircs ill-
iuij;iinitcil which were kr|ii up im- s(Vii:il vcars. I'lirhiiiiieiit
met u^iiiii ciirly in iH.'i;), imt iihiicist iiiiiiircliutfly at'tcr its
ii-.si'inlily tlic j^iivi'i'iior rccoivcd a di^puti'li from the
colMiiiai siMTctary. n'i|iiiiiiiL; liim to itiii'HJcl ilin CouikmI.
aii<l ill! at (iiici! ])n)iiniiicil tiir. Mouse, 'riic cliaiiifi- w.is
tliu ilivisioii of till! (.'oiiiii'il, wliii-li liail liillicrto Ikmmi liiitli
rxcciiiivc ami cli'i'livc, into iwo ; an I'.xrciiiivc Coniicil of
nine iiicinlicrs, ami a Legislative Coiiiieil ol twelve, exelii-
si\(' of the eliief-jllstiee. who rctifeil from it. Tile II(>US(^
met aiiaiu in .Mai'eli. ami Mr. W. Coopei'. speaker of the
House, was sent to l.onilon as a ilehjfale on tlie laiiil ipies
lion. Three propositii lis were siilunitteil hy tins As.seiii-
lily ; tlu! cslaltlishineiit of a court of escheat : the rc-
siiiiiptioii hy the crown of the riuhts of the proprietors :
anil a heavy penal tax on wilderness lands; Imt Lord .loliii
Hiissell, the colonial secretary. declined to eiiteilaiii eitlii'r
]>ropositioli at the moiiK'nt ; l)ut reconinieiided i.isteiul
the a(lo|)lion as a hasis of setlleimnl of leniis proposed liy
the ])roprietors tliroiijr|| tinir aiieiit Mr. Youni.'. SirChai'les
Fit/, Hoy. leiviiig liceii appointed to a ^ioveriioiship in the
West Indies, was succeeded liy .Sir Henry Verc Huntley,
who arrived in >»ovenil>er, lis 1 1.
CHAPTFU rVII.
PRINCK KDWAUI) ISLAND— FROM Irtll TO
CONFKDKUATION.
1. Ar)\II\ISTI!.\TIO\ (l|- SiK II. \'. IIlNTLKV. Pr.TITTOV '!
Fou Ili-.seoNsiiii.r. Govkhnmkm. — '2. Ahminis ruA-
TK IN OK Silt DoNAl.l) ( ' A Ml'lii:!.!.. Till; SrKICiIM: init
Kl-.Sl'ONSIl'.l.i; (ioVKUNMINT. •'!. Al)5l IMSTIi ATION OK
Silt .V. I!anm;ioian-. HKscdNsiiii.K (Jovkunmkn r r.s-
TAiii-isiiKi). — t. A (ii.AXCK at THK AtTK.MI'TS madk
TO Promote Kdccatiov. — .». Uxivkksai, Sik-
FiiAfu;. Loss OF TiiK Fdiri/ Qiipi'ii. .Satisfactokv m
FINANCIAL l-OSITInN OF TIIK I'UOVINCK ('). AdMIXIS-
tuation OF Silt I)i>MiNi( iv Dai.y. Kstaui.i.siijiknt :
OF A NoKMAi, Si iiooi.. Cknsls. — 7. Thk Coi.o.\iai.
SkCKKTAKV"s srti'iKsTIONS ON TIIK Lanp (^IKSTION.
— S. Til ; L;:iusi,Arivi-; ('ui:n(;!I, Okkstions tiik
Leoamty ok tuk LxKcirivK Lol'xcii, as tiikn i
CoxsTiTUTKi). — '.I. The I'isdi-osal of tiie Pkopki- '
f.tous with kefeijknc.'e to a Commission ox tiik
Land (^l'estiox. — 10. Appointmext ok a Commis- i
siox ON THE Land (^iestiox. Visit of the
PuixcE OK Walks.— 11. Cexsus. The Bible ad-
mitted ixTo the PruLic Schools. — 12. Rkpout
OF THE Commissioners ox the Land (^ikstion. i
— L'i. The Home Goverxment dissm.i.ows the Ij
IJlLLS OF THE ASSEMBLY. BASED OX TIIK AWARD
OF THE CoMMISSIONKliS. — 14. HoW TIIE LaND
Ql KSrioN WAS FINM.I.V SETTLED. — !•'). ("oNFED-
EUArioN. "xi'oiM I. M!irv OK Till; AIkasiki.. |l'.
('oNFK.DKitATION. Lit EC r ON IT OF Till. IJmI.WAV
Pko.iect. — 17. ('onkki»i;i:a rioN. Prince Ldwarh
Island admitted to riii. I'nio.n.
1. — Sir Henry Vere Huntley lilled his term of office
(six years) wilhoiit any very evenlfiil occurrence s taking;
|)lace. The Honoralile (ieorj;e Wri;;lit,
.senior inemher of Council, di.'d in .Mar-^h. Mr7i.''\''.'iT',n;'l'..v!
1812. II<' had lieen nearlv thirty ve.irs a I',''' ';;"/,■:"'■■'
memlier of that iiody. ami had liilnl the '"'"<■
ollice of administrator ti\ e times, during aliseiii'es of the
diiferent fj;overnors. A serious ilisturhanee occurreil in
Killers County, in March. IHl.'i, caii.eil liy iW, legal eject-
ment <if a farmer named Hamn', W'hosi; friends forcihly
reiiistuted him after iHiruiiij^ iIk! proprietor's house. The
eoriier-stoiie of the new c(donial Iiiiililiiig was laid liy the
lieiiteiiaiit-govornor on Kith .May. I.S|,!, with appropriate
ceremonies, and the I luildinif was occupied liv the leyjislatiin;
for the first time, at tlu; o|MMiinj; of tho session in.Ianiiarv,
1H17. Some feeliiii; against the governor was caused
liy his withdrawing his name as ])atroii of the Agricul-
tural Society, liecaii-e the .\sseml)ly refused to enlarge
and improve (iovernmeiit lloiisis for him in the manner
he wisheil. The society very jiro|)erly acce]ited the res-
ignation without any other coimnent than that it coiilil
not see what the; legislature's refusing to repair f ioverii-
nieiit IIousi! had to do with the patronage of the Agricul-
tural Society, and then rcipiesti^d II. R. II. Prince Alhert
to hecome its patron, a reipiest \vlii('li was immediateh"
complied with. A sharp controversy .arose in l><li'i
hetweeii the govi'rnor and Mr. .Joseph Pope, who was
speaker of till' House and a niemlier of the Kxeciitive
Council. A proposal was made to increase the salary of
the governor -toOU per annum, which Mr. Pope op]iose<l
on the ground of economy ; this annoyed the governor,
and he dismissed Mr. Pope from the Executive Council
on his own respoiisiliiiily, and without consulting the
Council, which would most iindoulitediy have sup]iorted
Mr. Po]ie. Mr. (Hadstoiie, who was then colonial secre-
tary, informed tlu! govi rnor that he had exceeiied his
powers, and that he must reinstate Mr. Pope until he had
consulted the Council ; Mr. Pope, however, .saved him
the troulile hy resigning, after a correspondence in which
he most decidedly had the liest of it, and he repaid the
governor his ill-will in the following year at the exjiiralion
of his term of olRce, hy getting up a petition against his
re-appointinont for another term, whiidi was favoralily re-
ceived 1)V the colonial secretary, and the governor was
succeeded hy Sir Donald Campbell. A very serious
election riot occurred between the Scotch and Irish factions
ill the district of Belfast, in February, IS 17, in which
four persons Were killed and between eighty anil a hundred
.■>. ('oNTIlli-
;.v.siui.. — Hi.
ii; Uaii.wav
(■I-; Kdwakk i
term of ofTiri-
rciK I s t:ikiiii^
Vdniiiilr'tralii'n I'f
<ir II. \ . llniiUcv.
■rll i.illf' r l!i'-
>|>CUI^ilil<! (iiivi'lll-
lltMlt.
)S('lir<'S of llic
! OCCIllTrll ill
li; k'ijiil eject
ieiiils foi'cilily
; l|i)ll>e. Till'
il> l:iiil \<\ tilt)
ll ;i|i|il'ii|>rilllil
tll(!leyi>l.lturo
)ii ill •laiiiiary,
r was eaiiscil
tlie Al,'rieiil-
ed ti) eliiMrj.'e
II the IllMIIIler
■epted tile ic^-
tliat it eiiiild
epiiir (ioveni-
if llie Aurii'iil-
I'lilli'e Alliert
s iinliieiliately
rose in li^l'l
opo. wlio was
lie Kxeciitivi!
tlie salary of
I'lipe op|io8eil
tlie ;;overiliir.
iitive Coiineil
iiisulliii^ the
ive supported
•oloiiial socre-
exi'eeiled Ills
le until lie liad
r, save(l liiin
eiiee in wliieli
lie repaid the
the e.\|piratioli
on ii^rainst his
I fiivoialily re-
jrovernor was
very serious
1 Irish factions
817. in uliieh
and ahnmlred
%
PRINCE KDWAIM) ISLAND— FUO.M isli To C'ONFEDKUATIOX.
483
wounded, some seriously, The eurreiiey of the island
had lor soiiu' _\ ears heiii in u \eiy iiii>alisrueIory state,
hikLIii lHt7, a <''>iiiiiii:leL>ut' the I Ioii>e ri'porhd ju l':ivor of
le^i>i:itio.i ,i;ivili^ thir pa|)er iiiDliey is.-.||eil li', the i^overn-
ineiit a fixed value in Kiii.di-'h ^'old or silver, and also
iidvoeuti'd the e>tal>lishnieiit of a hank, when; treasury
liuteH could ho exclianj,'e(l for u'old. Diiriiii; this session
the Moii^e had the siilijeet of re-pipii>ilile jjovernnieiit
iiniler i'iiii-i<leration, and passeil a siries of riMiiutions
favoriiiir ils estaiilishiueiit, wliieh were eiiiliodied in an
address to the ipieeii. aii<l sent to the Ihniie ollice.
'2. — Sir II. \'. Huntley's term of olliei' lia\ in;,' nearly ex-
pir(Ml, some of his friends, at his instaiiee. iiot nji a petition
that he shiiiijil he ri' appointed for another
Sir 1 Mill I imp- **'-^ years, liiit .Mr. lope — as we have al-
u'k i.ii'u.'^'il'i'-^ ready stali'd — ,;;ot ii|) a connler-petitioii
Kii.l,.(i„v.inimiit. „,i,i,.i, „.,.< sueeessful, and Sir II. V.
Iliiiilli'y was recalled, iiis >uccessor, Sir Donald Cauiphell,
iirriviiiir at ( 'hariotlelnwii, in Deceiiilier. IS 17, where he
was received with iimie than the Usual wcleonie. on ac-
count of his lieiiii^ a niemher of an ancient Ilii^hland
family — a larire [irnpoition of the settlers on the inland
heiiiLt llii,'lilaiider> and their doeeiidaiils. In l.slis, another
census was taken which showed that the population of the
proviiK^e hail increased to 02. (l;! 1. At the session of 181!).
the Asseiulily passed an act tixinj; tlm elections for the same
day throimlioiit the islaiid.it lia\ in;; lieeii found that the sys-
temof having dilfereiit days in diireiint counties i.'ave tn
<;reat sco|)o to the rowdy eleiiieiil. and caused many rint^.
Duriii',; this session a reply was received fi'diii Kail (irey.
colo.iial secretary, to the petition of the IIou.>e in l.s 17, for
the estalilishineiit of responsible jfovernment, in which he
d(!cliued to accede to their prayer on the ^irotind that the
island h id not suiricieiit population, and that the existing;;
form of ;;overnmeiit iilfonled all the safeuiiiards necc'ssary
for the peace and ])rosperity of the colony ; he. however,
thoiiifht that the time had coino when the revenues of the
island might he iiiveii up to the Assemhly. provided it
would i;raiit a sullirieiit civil list, with the exception (»f
the lieutenant-governor's salary, which the Home govern-
ment ollered to pay. and which was iiic'rea>ed to £.'»,000 a
year. The Assemhly. in reply, a cepled the olTer, pro-
vitled the revenues from perniaiu'iit l.iws were granted in
perpetuity, all claims for ipiit-reiits uhandoned, and respon-
sihle government conceded. The colonial secretary was
willing to grant all asked, excejit responsible government ;
and in order to test the real feeling of the province on
this point. Parliament was <lissolved and a general election
held. The new House met on ."itli ^larcli, IK.'O. and
was even iiiori! strongly in favor of responsilile govern-
ment, and in the address to the speech from the throne
ex|)ressecl a want of confidence in the Executive Council,
which was furtlier supplemented by a resolution thi,t the
lloiisr; w'oiild giant no su])plics until the Council was
reiuodelled — or, in other words, until tli- right of (he
Assembly to change the executi\e when it no longer had
the conlidence of the majority of the iinUse lia>l been eoii-
teiled. The governor tried to tcmpori/c. and ollered to
give three heats in the Council to meiubers of the l.owi-r
House; but this would not do; the Hou>e was fighting
for a principle, and it meant to attain its ends by iiiiisiitii-
tioiial iiii'aiis : the pnipii^ition of the governor was there-
lore rejeeted, ;ind aiaither pelition to the (pleell for-
wariled, |)rayiiig for ri>pipii>il)lc^ giivernnnnt. The
Hoii^e was prorogued on L'Ciih .MmicIi. bill, as no snp|>lies
had iieeli voted, the governur Mllliiuoned the melilber^ aiiaiii
on '2Mi April, in the liopi- that a nionlh's \Miatiiin wmild
liavc put them in a better humor. Uiil he was iiii~takeii ;
the House slill liehl to the ground it hail taken, and al-
though it granted a few l;ecessary supplies, p.issed no bills
|)rovidiiig for roads bridges, &.c.. and refused to diseiiss
any business until the (piestimi of ie>piiii>ible i;i)Veiii-
nieiit was seltled, so that the governor was foreed to dis-
miss the House, which be diil with a reprimand.
S. — Sir Donald Campbell forwanliil a veiy .-ible dis-
jialcli to the eolonial secretary on the conditii)ii. riMiiirees
ami j>i'iispecl>of the island, w liicli. added to
le petitions ot the Asseiniijy.ilei-iiled the sii a. I'.Miiii.rn.iin.
colonial secretary to grant iesp()ii.,ii)|e .rmlM m'. siai,'- ^
government; but Sir Donald did not ''"'"''■
live to see it carried into execution, as he died in Oetolier.
IK.")!), bet'ore the deierininalioii of the I'lilmiial secretMi'V
had been made known. The llonoralili' Amlnosi. |,:iiii!
Jilted as administralor until the urri\al of .Sir Alevaiiijer
iJaiinerman, who crossed the strait of Northnmlii i hoid in
an ice-boat and arrived at Charloltetowii on Kill .March,
l?Sol. The Legislature was convened on 2.')lli .Mareh,
and the governor coniniunicaled the welcome iiitellii.'iiico
that the Home government had yielded to tin.' represen-
tations of the Assemlily and colisentid t > irraiit respniisililt!
governuient on I'ondilion that provision slnmld lie made
for ]ieiisioniiig retiring ollicers ; this the House williiigly
consented to, and the governineiit was speedilv reioii-
structed, with Hon. (Jeorge Coh's tis president of the
Council; ^Ir Charles Young altoriie\ general ; Hmi.
Joseph Pope, treasurer, and Hon. .lames ^^'al■l)llrtoll,
colonial secretary. The House ]iassed acts eommnting
the crown revenues, jiroviding for tlieci\il list and for
inland posts, by which inland jiostage was reduced to two-
pence to all jiarts of the island, and a uniform rale of
threepence to any part of lirilish North -\iiierica adopted.
The only other occurrence of any inomeiit in l.s,")l was a
violent stiirm sweeping over the i.slind on the ud and llh
October, by which seventy-two fishing vessels were eillicT
driven ashore or seriously injured, and considerable dam-
agi> was done to ])roperty on the island.
■I. — The most imporlant business of the session of
18.")2, was with ri'gard to education, and we will take the
ill
■IHi
TITTLKS II1ST(JI{Y OF THE ])()MIXIQN OK CANADA.
A ni:imo at tho '^'"^ Opportunity of suminiiij,' up here what
iiu.MP.is i.iu.l.! to previous cfl'orts liad lieen ni;uie in this di-
}>r4>iiioii.- uuiR-a- *
I'""- ruction. It will i)c rcinenihered lli;it at tlie
the original distril)ution of land in 1707, thirty acres
were reserved in each township for a sehoolniustur ; but
nothing was done in the way of education until 1821, when
a national school was opened in C'harldttetuwn, and soon af-
terwards aboard cf education was appointed for the island,
and other S(!h()iils o])ened, while in lIS.'K! a central acadrniy
was established in Charlottftown. In the followini' vear,
1837, the otiice of superintendent of schools was estal>-
lished, ^Ir. John McNeil being the lirst iii"uinbeiit. Kdii-
cation seems to have been at a low ebb to jnil;:(! from the
suiierintendent's first report, as, for a population of about
thirty-live thousand there were only tifty-one schools with
a total attendance of Hfteen hundred and thirty-three.
In many of the districts the people were so poor that they
could not aiford to send their children to school, and,
besides, wanted what little assistance they could give on
the farm. On account of tlie small salaries given, and
the precarious manner of receiving it, good schoolmastci's
were scarce, ami some of rather d<jubtful elun.icter and
of very limited attainments had been appointed for lack
of better. In his report Jlr. .McNeil says: "I must also
mention another practice \\.iich is too prevalent in the
coinitry, and which I conceive is exceetlingly injurious to
the respectability of the teacher in tlie eyes of his pupils,
and. conseipienlly, hurtful to his usefnbii ss ; that is, re-
ceiving his board by going about from house to house; in
which case he is regarded, both by [)areiits and children,
as little better than a common menial." During the next
live years there was considerable improvement, especially
in the attendance, anil by Mr. McNeil's report for 1842,
we lind that the number of schools had increased to one
hundred aiul twenty-one. and the lumdier of scholars
to four thousand three hundred and fifty-six. In 1818
the oflico of general superintendent was abolished, and a
superintendent for each county appointed. Ou o])eiiiiig
the session of IS'yl, the lieutemint-governor — referring
to his trij) to various jjarts of the island during the sum-
mer — expressed his regret at the want of sutlicient edu-
cational facilities ; and a free school act w.as ])assed which
|)rovided for raiMng a school fnml by additional ta.vation
on land. This was the basis of the present system of tlu;
island, and gave a great impetus to edncation. In the
following year the olfice of general superintendent for the
wholt! island was re-establislu'd. Oilier eilucational changes
we shall notiiu! in their jji-oper ordei' in the course of events.
5 — During the session of 18;V'i an act establishing
universal siilVrage was jiassed. and its effect was shortly
fnlv.THnlsiiiTmu,., afterwards felt at the general election
I.UHrt ot" till' /■''ih'lf . . 1 • 1 .1 , ,
(,ii(,,ii. s:iii-iii,' "<'xt year, at which llie government party
linn '.nV.'im'r'' "•''** (lefeated. Considerable agitation took
'""'"■ place about this time amongst ihe tem-
jierance organizations with reference to obtaining legisla-
tion to prohibit the manufacture, iiu]K)rtation, or sale of
intoxicating liipiors on the island, but nothing came of it.
A very sad accident took place on the seventh of October,
IS.J.'J, by which seven persons lost their lives. The
steamer Fniri/ Queen, from Charlottetown to Pictou, be-
came disabled in a lu'avy sea near I'ictou Island, and was
speedily broken up. The captain and most of the crew
seized the only boat, and pulled aw::y, leaving the unfor-
tunate. i)assengcrs ti> their fate. Fortunately the upper
deck separated from the vessel and served as a raft, by
which all the issengers save seven, — three men and
four women — reached Mesigomish Island. Nothing of
importance was done at the session of 18.11, except that a
vote of want of confidence in the government was passed,
which led to a dissolution and the defeat of the govern-
ment as already mentioned. The governor in opening the
House ret\'rred in congratulatory terms to the flourishing
<'(indition of the province, which was almost free from
debt, which at tlui b, ginning of 18.10, bad amoiinteil to
i!28. (IIIO. Ti) four years this had been reduced to .i';!,(l(MI,
and would Vi'-vo. been extinguished altogiaher but for an
expeiuliture i>f about £.3,000 for educational purposes. In
these four years the revenue had risen from £22,0110 to
£M.").0'i ', although the duty on tea had been reduced. Sir
Alexander Baiinermaii having been appointed governor
of the ISahamas, was succeedt^d, on the twelfth of June,
1854, by Sir Dominick Daly, who had formerly been
secretary of the province of Canaila.
G. — Parliament met in September, 1854, when an act
was passed giving effect to the I{eci]irocity Treaty lately
entered into betv.<'en Great Hritain ami
the Unitei; States, (.y which grain, bread- ci^;'S|^;'i/];!,;;^
stuffs and jMovi. ions were iin|)orted into ,VN-?,nuai''M'ii'.ii'.i'^
the island duty free. I'iie sanies year saw •'''""i'*-
th(> depart uri' of the imperial forces, on account of the
outbreak of the v. rimean war; 'i, id an attempt to make a
partial settleinent of 'he buid (piestion by purchasing
some of the large estates from tin; original proprietors,
the Worrell est.-ite. consisting of eighty-one thousaii<l
three liundred , being so purchased this year for
£24.100 sterling, j^t the session of 18,"),), the city of
(. harlottetown was iiurorporated, and a long felt want on
the island was supjilied by tin- establishment of the Hank
of I'riiice Ivlward Island. TIk^ governor in proroguing
the House deprecated the attempts at escheat which were
from time to tiiiU! made, and advocated a eont'iiuance of
the policy of piireliaso by \\u'. goveriiinent from the pro-
prietors, lie also retiirneil i\u', thanks of lii'r majesty
for the vole of £2,000 passeil by the Assembly as a coii-
triliulicm towards tlu! fund for tho relief of the widows
and orphans of those who fell in the Crimea. A bill
was also jtiissed at this session establishing a Normal
school, which was o|)ened the following year. The nuni-
PltlXCK EnWAUI) ISLAXD — FROM 1^11 TO CONFEDERATION.
48:>
)t;uiiiiig logisla-
lioii, or sale of
ling caiiio of it.
11 til of OctoluT,
;ir lives. Tlie
to Pictoii, be-
Islaiid, and was
ist of the crew
ving the iinfor-
tely the ii|i|)cr
1 as a rait, by
lu'ee men and
1. Nothing of
1, except that a
eiit was i)assed,
', of the govern-
in opening the
the flourishing
Host free from
d amounted to
need to i.'.'i,0(l(),
ilier but for an
al purp(jses. In
•oni £22,000 to
11 reduced. Sir
inted governor
rt-elfth of June,
formerly been
4, when an act
y Treaty lately
Ailniiiiistralimi nf
Sii-linuiiniik Imlv.
Kflalilisliiu.'iil ii'f
11 Nc.rii;al cilincl.
CeiiBUs.
necount of the
Jiiipt to make !i
by purchasing
lal proprietors,
>-oiie thousand
this year for
•">"), tho city of
ig felt want on
lit of till! liank
ill proroguing
I'at which were
Clint 'nuance of
friini the jiro-
if her miijesty
luldy as a eon-
:)f tho widows
liiiiea. A bill
iiig a Normal
iir. The num-
ber of schools had now increased to two hundred and sixty-
eight, with an attendance of eleven thousand, out of a
poi)'ilatioii of seventy-one thousand, as shown by the
census returns of 18r».>. Two acts were passed at this
session with reference to the tenure of land, one ini|i()sing
a duty on the rent-rolls of proprietors in certain town-
ships, and another to secure coiii|)ensation to tenants.
7. — At the opening of the session of 18.")(i, the governor
informed tho House that both these acts had been
disallowed by the Home government, a
s''Mem'rv'''"s''i^''!i>s- decision with which the House was none
tioiis nil ihu liiiul too well pleased, and it did not hesitate
qllt'SUull. • '
to State that the absentee proprietors had
to much inlliience at the colonial olRcc at home. 5Ir.
Labmi'here. the colonial secretary, in intimating the
decision of the government in n.'ferencc to the land acts
of the last session, staled that whatever character might
pro[)erly attach to the circumstances connected with the
original grants, whieli had been often employed against
the maintenance of the riglits of the proiirielors, tlii'V
could not, with justice, bo used to defeat the rights of the
|)reseiit owners, who had aci|uired their properly liy in-
heritance, iiy family seltleinent, or ollierwiM'. Seeing,
theret'oi'(!, that llii^ lights of tin; proprietors could not be
sacrilieed witliout nianii'est injustice, he felt it his duty
steadily to resist, by all moans in his power, measures
similar ill their character to those recently brought under
the coiisideraliiiii of her majesty's govi'mment. He
desired, at the sarnie time, to assure the House of Assembly
that it was with much regret that her majesty's advisers
felt themselves constrained to oppose the wishes of the
peo(ile of I'rinco Edward Island, and that it was liis own
wish to be spared the necessity of authoritative interfer-
ence ill regard to matters alTectiiig the internal admiiiis-
tration of their alfairs. With regard to the main object
which had been freipieiitly proposed liy a large portion <if
the iiihaiiitants. namely, that some means might be pro-
vided by which a tenant holding undrr a lease eiiiild
arrive at the ])i)silion of a fee-simple piuprielor, he was
anxious to facilitate such a I'hange, piovided it cuiild be
eirecled willioiit injustice to the proprietors. Two w.iys
suggested themselves ; first, the usual and naliiial one of
purchase and sale between the tenant and the owner;
and, secondly, that the government of the island should
treat with such of the landowners as might be willing to
sell, and that the state, thus becoming possessed of the
(eo-siiuplo of such lands as might thus be sold, shuiild lie
enabled to afford greater facilities for eonverting the
tenants into freehnlders. Such an arningeineiit eould
not probably be made withuMl a luaii, to lie raised by (he
inland truvernmeiit, llie interest of wliicii would be charged
upon till! revenues of the i>laiid. Mr. Eabouchere in-
liiii ited that the government would not b(' indisposed to
take into consideration uny plan of this kind which might
be submitted to then, showing in wliat way tho interest of
such loan could locally be provided for. and what arrange-
ments would be proj)osed as to the manner of disposing of
the lands of which the fee-simple was intended to be
bought.*
H. — From the time of the opening of tho Normal
school, in IH.")!!, tho ([uesiion as to the admission of the
nible into both tho Central Academy and tIio l.i'sislativi-
,1 X- 1 1 I 1 I 1 • 1* I ('illllli'il illlf.'*Iii)ll«
the Normal school Jiail been raiseil, and tu„ i,.;;,ilii\ ..i iin;
during the .session of 18.).S, petitions in ^ii'''|'„"'ll^i|| i.u',',gii.
favor of its use in these institutions were ""'"i-
presented and referred to a committee, which wi>ely
reported that the com|)ulsory use of the I'rotestant ISiblo
in mixed schools like the Academy and Normal school,
would be most injudicious, and recommended that the
petition be not granted. An amendment was moved by
Hon. Mr. I'almer to the eft'ect that the liible may be
used by scholars, with the consent of their ]iaiiiils and
guardians. The amendment was lost by the casting vote
of the speaker, and the report ailo|ited. A general elec-
tion took place in IX.'jH, lait when the Hou.-e met it was
found that parties were so e\enly balanced that neither
sid<! could eliMt a sjuMker ; a dissolution was therefore
resorted to. and at tlu! ensuing election tlie govern-
ment was di'l'eateil, and resigned, a new ministry being
formed under the leadership of the Honorable Edward
rainier and Honorable Cnlniiel (iray. In opening
tlu^ House the goviriior intimated that the Home gov-
ernment tlid nut propose! recommending to Parliament
the gn.irante(Miig of the .£100,000 rei|uestid by the
Assembly to purchase! lands from the pro[)rietors. On
receipt of this unwelcome intelligence the IIou.se passed a
resolution, introduced by Coloni'l (iray, that her maje>ty
be reipiested to appoint some impartial ])ersoii, not con-
nected with tlu! island in iiiiy way, to iiupiire into the
existing diHiculties between tenants and i)roprietors, and
endeavor to suggest souk! plan for enabling the tenants
to convrrt their leaseholds into freeholds ; the means
suggesti'(l being a largo remission of overdue n nts and
the giving to imtv tenant having a long lease the option
of i)urehasing his land at a certain price at any timi! that
he niav be able to do so. A sei-ioes iplestion was raised
between the Legislative Council and the Assembly at this
session as to the composition of the Executive Council. |
The Legislative Council claimiHl that tho principle of re- '
sponsible guveriimenl h.id not been carried out. iiia-niiieh as
persons were a()[)ointeil to the departnuiital elliccs who I
Were not members of either the Legislative Council or tho !
Iliiuse of Assembly. and that as all members of the Assem-
bly were compelled by l.iw to appeal to tlnir c Mistitu-
ents after ap|ioinlinrMl In olllee under the crown, the ap-
pointment of persons having no constituents to ajipeal to
• I'lmipli'^ll'n ll'i»'i>rii if I'rini'f l.tlinird lulnml.
48G
TUTTLE'S IIISTOUV (Jl' TlIK JH>JI1X1()X OF CANADA.
\v;is au cviisioii of tlic sl:it'.it('. Tlio council iilso coin-
plaiiicd that not one of its niciuhcis was in tlie Executive
C'oinK'il : nor diil it contain a single Roman C'atli(jlic.
ultlioii<;li more tlian one tliinl of the jiopulation of tlio
island was of that faith. (Jn these jrrounds llie Legislative
Council claimed that the E.\ecutiv(^ Council was illegally
constiluteil, anil presented an address to the (|neen jiraying
that it he remodelled in accordance with the royal in-
structions sent when consent was given to ihe civil list
bill, in lH.-)7.
il. — The Assembly passeil a counter-address, in which it
was contended that the Executive Council was constituted
Till' pmpn^.il .it '" citnforinity with the instructions of
11,,. I,n,|,n .i..r» i,^j7 . ^,,,1 ,1,.^ ,1,^, feeling of the island
wall l-cltTi'llre to ' s ^
acominis.sic.iioii was t)p|iosed to the |)resi'nce in the House
of Assendily ol salaried olhcers of ihe gov-
ernment, as was shown by the defeat at the polls, in lHoT,
of the comniinsioncr of jmlilie lands, on his apjieal to his
constituents on accepting ollice. and of the same fate
having befallen the atlorney-geiieral. an<l the treasurer
and postmaster-general. Parliament was prorogued on
the r.lth of May, IS.")!), by Sir Doininick Daly, who
then delivered his farewell ad Iress, he having been ap-
pointed to aii:>thi,'r governineiit. Sir Doininick left in
May. and Hon. Charles Young was sworn in as adminis-
trator until the arrival of Mr. (li'orge Diiiidas, ]\I. I', for
JJidi(hi;owshire, who had been appointed lieiilenant-gov-
eriior and arrived in .lune. During the next iiioiilli a
visit was paid to the island by (leneral .Sir Feiiwick
AVilliams, the hero of Kais, who was most eiilliusiastically
received. 'I'lie Legislative Council and the Assembly not
Working harinoniously together — as shown by thi'ir peti-
tion and c(iunter-|iiiitiiin on the coiistilutioii of the Execu-
tive Council — the governor, in compliance with instruc-
tions from tli(> Hoini? olhce, called livi^ new members to
the Hoard, thus :naking a majoriiy in accord with the
Assembly. During lln^ session of i.SllO, the governor laid
bef(M'(^ the Hou>e a communication from the Duke of
Newcastle, colonial sccreiary. on the subject of the land
commission jietit'oned fur at the last session of tlu^ As-
seinlily. Tins letter enclosed one from Sir Samuel Cunard
iiiid other proprietors, aildressed to the Duke, in which
they .said: "We liiV(H)eeii furnished with a copy of ii
inemor'al, addressed to ln'r majesty, from the House of
Assembly of I'rince r.dward I-laiid, on the (|nestioiis
which have arisen in connection with the original grants
uf land in that i>lanil. .'iml the rights of ]iroprietors in
respect thert'of. AVe observe that the Assembly liavi^
suggested that her niajesly should appoint om^ or liKU'e
cominissioners to iiKpiire into the' relations of landlord
iind tenant in thi' i>land, and to ni'gcitiale wilh (he pro-
prietoi's of the township lands, for fixing a cerlain rale of
prico at wliicli each tenant might have the opli(Ui of piir-
chusiiig his liiiidi und also to negotiate with the proprie-
! tors for a remission of the arrears of rent in such cases as
the commissioners might deem reasonable; and proposin;;
that the conunissioners should re])ort the result to her
majesty. As large proprietors in this isl.ind, we beg to
state that we shall ac([uii'sce in any arrangeinent that iii.ay
be practicable for the purpose of settling the various (jiies-
tions alludeil to in the memorial of the House of Assem-
bly ; but we do not think that the appointment of coin-
niissionors in the manner ju'oposcd by them, would be the
most desirable mode of procedure, as the labors of such
commissioners would only terminale in a report, which
would not be binding on any of the parties interested, we
beg therefore, to suggest that, instead of the moile ju-o-
[lOM'il by the Assembly, three cominissioners or referees
should be appointcel, — one to be named by her majesty,
one by the House of Assdiilily, and one by the j)roju'ietors
of the lanil — and that these commissioners should have
power to enter into all the iiiipiiries that may be neces-
I sary, and to dee'ide upon the different (piestions which
may be; brought before them, giving, of course, to the
parties iutercsleil, an op[)ortunity of being heard. A\ e sliould
I propose that the expense of the coinmission should be
! paid by the three jjarties to the reference, that is to say,
in e(|ual thirds ; and we feel assured that there wemld bo
no diiliciilty in si'cnring tin,' adherence of all llu' landed
proprietors to a settlement on this footing. The precise
mode of carrying it into execution, if a<lopted, would
reipliro consideralion, and upon that subject we trust that
your grace will lend your valuable assistance."
I 10. — ^Tlie colonial secretary endorsed the views of the
MU'oprietoi's and saii! ; "If the consent of all the par-
ties can be obtained to this proposal, I .Vppiiiiitniciit nf n
; , ,. .1 . .. n- .1 P (LlMllllKKililHirillli;
; lielieve tiiat it may otier the means ot laml (iiMstlcin.
! , . • .1 I ' ]. T , i \'isit ul" iln' Prince
bringing Ihese long-iieiidiiig disputes to a ..iWaU's.
! terniii.ation. Hut it will be necessary, before going
further into (he matter, to be assured that the tenants
will accept as liiiiding the decision of the commissiiMiers, j
(U' till' majority of them; and, as far as possible, that tlu!
Legislature of the colony would concur in any measures
which might be reipiin d to give validity to that decision.
I It would be very dcirable, also, that any commissioner
that might be liiimed by the House of Assembly, on behalf
of the tenants, should go into the in(|uiry unlettered by
any conditions such us were proposed in the Assiunbly
l.tst year." The proposal of the iU'o|)rietors was well
received by the 1 Ioiim', and a iiioiion was made on the
tliirteenlh of April, by Hon. Jlr. (iray. premier, that the
proposal be acceplid, and the Asstiinbly agree to hold
itself bound by the deei-^ion of the commissioners, ^Ir,
Coles |)roposed, in ; m inlineiit, that the malter hlionid
first be laid direclly before llie people by means of ii
general eleclion ; but his ameiidininl was lost and Colonel
(ri'uy's motion carried by a vole of nineieeii lo nine, after
wliich it was unanimously agreed that the Hon. Joseph
ill siicli cases as
iiiid [imposing
1' result to licr
■iikI, wo U'is to
■incut iliat may
le various (jiius-
-)Uso of Asscni-
itincnt of c'oni-
1. WOulll 1)0 till!
laliors of sucli
rcjiort. which
iiitcrcsKd, wi-
the mode |ii',,.
I's or rclVrccs
V licr majesty,
the I)ro|)i'ietors
■s should have
may ho iieces-
estions whieli
.'ourse, (o the
ird. Mesliould
i"ii should he
that is to say,
here would he
11 Ihe landed
'Jhe jirceiso
Idlited, would
wu trust that
views of the
all tlie i)ar-
lipiiiiiliiicnt i.f 11
iiiiiiiiissh.iH.nthu
ml i|iii'!<iiiiii.
isil i.l'ilii'l'iiiau
■ WaicK,
liefore goiui,'
th(! tenants
inmissioners,
ihle, that the
ny measures
hat di'cisiou.
'oimnissiouer
ly> <iii hehalf
n fettered hy
It! Assemhly
rs was Well
iiailc! (Ml the
'■r, that th(!
:ree (o hold
oners. 3Ir.
iilir biiould
means of ti
and Colonel
I) nine, after
Ion. Josejih
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND— FROM ISIl TO COXFEDERATION
487
Howe, of Nova Scotia, should he the couiniissioner |
selected hy (he House on behalf of the tenants. On the |
sixteenth of .lune. 18(10, the colonial secrelary, in a
despatch to Governor Dundus, ex|)rcssed his satisfaction
at the prompt action of the Assembly, and announced that
the oilier two commissioners had been apjiointed and that
a royal conmiission would speedily lie forwarded. The
commission consisted of Honorable Joseph Howe, repre-
senling tlu! tenants; ^Ir. John William Ritchie, repre-
sendngthe proprietors, and the Honorable John Hamilton
(liay. representing the (••■(•'.vn. The comiiii-.sioners met
in the colonial building oi. the ."itli of Sejitember, 18(50,
.Mr. (iray presiding. Air. Sa..;;!"l Thomson, of Saint
John, N. n., and Mr. .Joseph Ilensley, appeared as council
for the tenants ; and Messrs. R. (J. Ilaliburton and
Charles Palmer as coimsel for the proprietors. 'Mv.
I5eiijamin DesUrissay was ap[)oint(!d r'lerk, ami after
counsel had opened the cafe on both sides the hearing of
evidence was commenced, and the commission afterwards
visited various parts of the island, h. aring evidence, and
gathering all the infonnatioii they coulil, their report not
being made until the 1 8th of July, IMCI, to which
we shall refer further on. At the session of I8(!(), another
practical ste]) towards settling the land diiriiiulty was
taken by the A-senilily by the iiurcha>u of the liirge
estates of tlu! Earl of Selkirk, containing upwards of
si.\(y-two thousand acri's, for the wry moderate sum of
i'(>..").S('i, being at the rate of J't'/i/ mi/s an itcre, thus
enabling the government to convert the |eas(!hold tenants
into freeholders at a very reasonable rate. In the summer
of this year the island was thrown into a fever of excite-
ment by the aiiiiounceiii(!nt of the intended visit of the
Prince of Wales, and the island stirrecl itself to llttiiigly '
(•(Mninemorato the first visit of royalty to its shores. II.
R. Highness arrived about noon on Thursday the 10th
of .\iigiist in H. M. S. Iffi-n, and landeil shortly after.
He was received by the goveriKU'. and the ma; i>r and
jllicei'
s, l)V whom he was c
ondiicted to Govi:rnmeiit
II
oiise,
detai^hnient of the 'lid regiment acting as j
•d of I
lonor.
our arctics u
■rected on the lii
ot
le proces>ion, at
(1 the utmost enthusiasm was displayed
all along tiU! w;iy. As Roehfort Scpi
uare a larm- stain
id been elected, ftiid on it wiM'e four tliousaml .Siiiidav-
ihool chililren. who sang the national anthem
th<
I'hed. In the i^veninir the tott'ii
was iliuini-
lated, but the ell'ect was
iwii-pour of rain ; the folh
somewhat spoiled by a steady
(lav. I
lowever. was line,
hiirh
111(1 Ins roval liii'hness
after wliic
hehl
a levee in tl
iften
loon.
h hi
:ispect(!d th(! volunteers — about
died strong, and visited the colonial building, where hi
was presented with addrei
of w
■Ic
bv the I''.\ecu
live Council aiul the corporation of tin! city. In the
evening lu! attende(1 a ball in the colonial building, and
took his departure on Satuiday morning, after leaving
the handsome contribution of £1.)0 with the lieutcitant-
governor to he distributed in charity in the manner he
thought most suitable.
1 1. — A great s(>nsation was caused in the island by the
intelligence that the Inited .States steamer iSiiii Jurlnlo
had stopped the liritish mail steamer Trent,
on her way from Havana to St. Thomas, !,':;;;™';,;7,',';,M"i;Ir
and taken from her the confederate agents l"ii'l"'fiii""l'-
Slidell and Mason, on 8th November. 18G1 ; and the
Prince Edward Islanders showed their loyalty by organiz-
ing a volunteer force of over one thousand men. For-
tunately, however, war was avoided, and they were not
needed. In this year, 180 1, a general census was tak(ii
which showed the iiopnlatimi to bo eighty thousand eiiilit
hundred and fifty-six, including three hundred and lifteen
Indians. The industries had greatly increased, there
being eighty-nine fishing establishments which produced
twenty-two thousand barrels of herrings, seven thousand
barrels of niackerel, thirty-nine thousand (piintnls of cod-
li'-h, and seventeen thousand gallons of (ish oil. There
were one hundred and forty-one grist mills, one hundiHjd
and seventy-six saw-mills, forty-six carding mills, and
fifty five tanneries, nianufacturing oik; hundred and forty-
three thousand ])ounds of leather. Churches and schools
had both increased very greatly, the former numbenng
oiu! hundred and lifty-six. the latter three Iinnilic(| and
two. In this year the Legislalur(! passed an act admitting
the l)ibl(! into public schools ; and al.-o established the
I'rince of Wahs College, in commemoration of the visit
of his royal highness to the island. The Executive
Council appointe(l commissioners to superintend the col-
lection of the iirodncts and manufactures of tlii! island for
the international exhibition at London, in I.siIl'. and the
duty was so well peifonned that tlu! island made a very
praiseworthy exhibit. The intelligenc(! of the death of
Princ(! .\lbert. on the fourteenth Decemlier. IStll, — which
reached iIk! isl.ind earlv in Jannarv, IKCiii,— caused uni-
versal sorrow
fortv-lwo minute "iins were fired.
Il
le
lla
hair-
sted, the island went into genera
niDiiriiiiig. and an address of condolence to her m.ijesly ii
her bereavement was adopted by tin! Assembly.
\i Or
eat an
xietv was felt on tlu! island to learn the
result of the report of the royal commission on the land
(inesiion, and. in rrplv to a reipiest of ,. , ,,, „
I , . Ui'iiort of tlii'f I ni-
nor Diindas. the colonial secictarv inii-simiciHoii tho
(!
forward(!d a copy of tin! re|icii'i in a
Imul qiioutioii.
Itch dated the
(III o
f I'
elini
irv. 18(;2. Want of
spaci
imiiiiii' o
not admit of our niMiiii nmre
till
f the
vei'v able and exhaii'-tive report (
brief
if the
eoiiiini-~ionei's. Their report was unaniinous, and emlpraci d
the whole (|uestioii of land tenure from the time of the
division of the island in 17(57, to the date of their report,
18th July. 18(51. The commissioners staled that by making
a lour of the island and holdiiigcouits in various parts, they
m
-:l
488
TUTTLES HISTORY OF THE I)0:ML\I0X OF CANADA.
mi
■'A.i'
w <
liiid I)( ('II iil)l(! to l)riiij( tlio tenants ami [jroprii'turs face
to face, l(» licar hotli sides of iho queslion. ami li> en-
deavor to reeoncili! exislin;; dilTerences ; tliey liad ex-
amined into the whole subjeet of esrlioat, qnit-rents, the
rlaims of the old Freneli settlers, the Indians ami the
loyalists. On tlie siiljcct of escheat tliey were of opinion
that there were no jnst jrrounds on which the est.itcs
coidil now 1)0 escheated on the jdea that the original
jjrantees had not fidfillcd tin! terms on which the lands
hail lieen assigned them ; this i)li'a was valid with the
original projjrietors, and it wonld have been (jiiite cf)ni-
petent for the goveriuiKMit to Iiavo es(;!ieat(!d the estates
when the compact was first hrokeii ; Imt aft<'r the lapse of
nearly a century. t!'i various compronnses maile by the
government and the changes of proprietorship which had
occurred in differiMit g(>ncrations, the commissioners were
of o])inion that it would be most unjust to tlii^ i)rcseiit
proprietors to all'iiipt to conlis'site the lands now. AVith
regard to th(^ eiaims of the descendants of the olcl French
settlers who had occupied the lands before the session of
the island to Cireat liritain. the commissioners were of
o|(inion that no r-'lief could bi; afforded them ; that their
ancestors had been unfortunate in being on the losing
sid(> in a great national contest was their misfortune; but
the coiumissionei's did not see any means, especially after
so long a lapse of time, of relieving them from the penal-
tics which always attached to i state of war. AVit!:
regard to the Indians the ■i>ii::iiissioners thought that
their claim should be made good ; tl:i'V only claimed the
small island of Lennox, and some grass lands around it,
a location whiidi they had held in undispute<l possession
for n|iwards of fifty years, and whi<'h they had greatly
improved, having built a church and nnnierous houses ;
the commissioners thought, therefore, that they should
not be disturbe(l. The case of the desciMidants of the
loyalists was peculiar ; their ancestors hail been induced
to come to the island at the close of the re.olulioiiary
war on the promise of riM'eiving grants of lands from the
proprietors, but the agreement had not been fullilled, and
the commissioners wero of opinion that the local iiiivern-
ment shoidd make free grants out of wh;it lands they had,
or should acipiire from the proi)rietors, to such of the
descenihinls of tlie Inyalisls as could prove that their an-
cestors had been induced to come to the island on ]iroinises
which had not been fullilled. As the best remedy for
existing diiUcultics between laiidloril and tenant, the com-
niissioners strongly recommended the land ])iirchase act,
which had been found to act beiieticially in the cases of
the Wnrrell and Selkirk estates. They advocated t\w
acijuirenieiit by the local government, of the lands by
direct purchase from the proprietors, and tlieir re allot-
ment to the tenants, at rates as low as jjos'^ible for the
settled portions; while the wild and unsettled lands could
bo used by the government iis inducements to attract new
immigration. For this jiurpose they lecommended a guar-
antee by the imperial government of XI (10,000, '11111 went
into an elaliorate statement of the revenue and resources
of the island to show how interest at the rate of six j)cr
cent could be paid and a sufficient sinking fund established
to extinguish the debt in twenty years ; and the commis-
sioners thought this could bo done without increasing
taxation, as the great imjietus to trade, and the increase of
immigration which would inevitably follow the jiermanent
settlement of this vexatious ipicstion. and tin.' release fif
all this land now so uselessly tied up. would vastly aug-
ment the revenue, which was already considerably in
exi'c.'S of tin; expeiulilure. The commissioners had no
doubt but that the pro|)rietors would be ready to sell
when it was found that the Assembly had cash to jiay ;
and the competition of tic vendors would protect the
inirchaser from being forced to pay too much. As, how-
ever, there would be some who would not sell unless
compelled to, the commissioners provided means to force
them to part with their lands to tenants, exception being
made in favor of those who held lifteen thousand acres or
less, or who wished to retain various parcels of land
which did not aggregate more than that iiuaniity. Al-
though the comm'siioners wereof opinion that the origir.al
grants should not have been "laile, and that they could
have been annulled for non-fulliiineiit of the terms on
wliiih t'ley were made ; still, from the freqnont eonlirma-
tion lit the grants by the imperial govfrnraent, the com-
missioners were of opinion that the titles must be held
good, and the basis binding ; at the same time they con-
ceived that it was absolutely necessary for the interests
of both the imperial and local governments, as well as for
the general prosperity of the island, that these leaseholds
.should 111! converted into freehohls, so tha' the troubh^,
bolh to the Home and local governments with regard to
this i|uestiou may be settled once and forever. In cases,
therefore, where the local government could not come lo
an amicable settlement with the proprietors, by jiurcliase
under the land act, the commissioners awarded that ten-
ants who olfered twenty years' jiurehase, in cash, to the
proprietors, should receivi; a discount of ten per I'eiit, and
be entitled to demand a conveyance in fee-simple of the
farms they occupied ; the tenant being allowed the ])rivi-
lege of paying by installments if ho prefe'iied it, but the
jiayments were not to bo less than ten ])ounds at a time,
nor extend over ii period of more than ten years. AVIicre
farms wero not considered worth twenty years' purchase,
the tenant might olTer what be considered the fair value,
and in the event of its being refused the matter was to hi!
Riibmitted to arbitration ; if the sum ofTered was increased
by the arbitrators the tenant was to pay ihe sum awarded
and the exjienses of arbitration ; if it was not increased,
the proprietor was to bear the expense. Willi regard to
arrearages for rent, the commissioners awarded that all
PRINCE EUWAKD ISLAND— FROM 1841 TO CONFEDERATION.
4s;»
mended a giuir-
1,000, ■iiid went
R and n'sourccs
rate! of six jicr
nn(lestaI)lis]io<I
lid till! coniniis-
iimt incrcasinjr
tin: iiicroase of
tlu! i)onnanent
the release of
idd vastly anu--
onsideralily in
sioners liad no
ready to sell
cash to jiay ;
Id protect the
eh. As, how-
ot sell unhss
nearis to force
:ce|)tion heiiig
iisaiid acres or
areels of land
inuntity. Al-
at th(! origir.iil
lat tliey eouM
the terms on
iient eoiilirina-
iient, the eoni-
iniist he Iield
line they pon-
tile interests
as well as for
eso leaseholds
' the troiilile,
vith regard to
n: in eases,
1 not come to
, hy jmrcliase
rded that ten-
1 cash, to the
jier cent, and
simple of the
k'ed the privi-
■ed if, hut the
Ills at a time,
ears. AVhere
irs' ])iirchaso,
lie fair value,
ter was to he
\'as increased
sum awarded
lot increased,
ilh regard to
•thd that all ;
rents should bo released, e.v"pt tliotu that had accrued
during the three years preceding the Ist of Alay, 1801.
" The coiuniissioiiers closed their report by expressing
their conviction that, should the general principles pro-
pounded be accepted in the spirit by which they were
animated, and followed by [iractical legislation, the colony
would start forward with renewed energy, dating a iiev,
era from the year 18(51. In such nn event, the British
governm 'lit would have nobly atoned for any errors in
its past policy, the legislation would no longer be dis-
tracted with eir(jrts to close the courts upon proprietor;?,
or to tamper with the currency of the island ; the cry of
tenant-rights would <:ease to disguise the want of practical
statesmansliiii, or to ovcr-awo the local administration ;
men who had hated and disturbed each other would bo
reconciled, and pursue their eomnioi. interest in mutual
co-operation ; roails would be levillcd, breakwaters built,
the riverbeds dredged, new fertilizers a]>plied to a soil
•iiiiiually drained of its vitality, emigration \V(uild cease,
and population attracted to the wild lands would enter
ii[)on their cultivation, nnemliarrassed by the causes which
pt'r|ilexe(l the early .settlers. Weighed down by the bur-
den ot the investigation, the commissioners had sometimes
felt doubtl'iil of any beneficial results ; but they now, at
the close of their labors, indulged the hope that, if their
.suggestiinis were adojited, enfranchised and disenthralled
from the poisoned garments tliat enfolded her. Prince
Edward Island would yet become the IJarbadoes of the
St. Ijawreiice."
13. — The Assembly met immediately after the receipt
of the Duke of Newcastle's despatch enclosing the re-
Tlmllomi'L'ov™!- I'"'*^ °^ '''° conimissioners, and showed
mcMt .lK.liow« their willingness to abide bv the decision
till' lulls of iliu , ■'
.\ssiMiiiiiy, li.isoil of those gentlemen by at once iiassinsr a
nil tlie aw.nrtl or i • i ' i o
ilu; I'liiniiiissiou- resolution, by a vote of twenty-three to
SIX, pledging itsell to oitrodiHU' a measure
to give the r(>port clTcct ; i)ut iht; jiropiietors were by no
means so willing to be bound by the rejiort of the com-
missioners, ami the col.iiiial sicretary, the Duke of New-
castle, inlimaleil that the imperial (Government would not
be inclined to guarantee the loan of £100,000, although
previous .secretaries had favored the loan. On the lifth
of April, 1.S02, the duke forwarded to Governor Diindis
the draft of a bill jiroposed by the ])roprietors, the pre-
amble of wdiicli stated that the Cominissioners had ex-
ceeded their powers in proposing to submit the matter of
the value of iIk! lands to arbitration, ami that such a course
would lead to endless confusion anil litigation. The locid
goviuMiinent at once adopted a minute in which they de-
rlared that they would a(lli(>re to the report of uw. coin-
niissioiiers ; 'hat the Assembly eoiisideicd the imperial
government pledged to accept ilia' reward, and ihiit it was
not considered that the commissionerH had in any way
exceeded their powers, the wording of the connnission
giving its niembers ain[ile and unlimited power to a(loi)t
any etjuitable means of settlement. The minute denied
that arbitration would lead to endless litigation, holdini'
that one or two cases in ea<'li township would establi.-h a
standard of values which both parties would adopt with-
out further trouble. The minute urged on the imperial
government the aiimuiit of anxiety and annoyaiice, which
had existed for over half a century, on this subject, and
liojied that the two bills passed by the Assembly, giving
elVeet to the re|tort, would be sanctioned, so that the matter
might be finally settled. Tin; interest of the juoprietors,
however, was too great at the colonial ollice. and on the
twenty-second of .Inly, 18()2, the Duke of Newcastle for-
warded another despatch which entirely destiovcd any
hope of settlement. He stated lliiit the main (jueslions
the commissioners were to settle wvif, at what rates
tenants ought to be allowed to change their leaseholds to
freeholds, ^ . . what anionnt of arrearage of rent should be
remitted by the landlords ; instead of doing this llit! coiii-
niissioners had delegated their jiower to lix the amount to
arbitrators to ln! hereafter appointed, a thing they h' . not
the jiower to do ; they had been appointed to v.ukt' the
award ihemselve.' not to delegate their ]iower to others.
If the jn-oprietors li.id been willing to accept tlu; substitu-
tion of arbitrators for the award of the commissioners,
the government would not have obji eted ; but as the
])roprit'tors declined to do so the government was forceil
to admit the force of their argument that a iicrson who
has voluntarily submitted his ease to the decision of one
man, cannot, witlio his consent, be compelled to trans-
fer it to the decision of another. The two bills passed
by the Assembly were, therefore, disallowed, and the land
question was as far from settlement as ever.
14. — A special session of Parliament for the considera-
tion of the land (lUestion was convened f(U' the 2d of
December, 1802; but beforii it met (ioy- „ ,, , ,
eriior Diindas received a despatch from iiiii'sUoinviisiiii.il-
■ . ■ • ;. • , • , Ivpillle.l.
the colonial secretary iiiforniing him that
a bill passed at tlii! last sessimi, changing the constitution
of the island by making the Legislative Asseml.ly elec-
tive, had received the royal assent. \ •.i.;^olnlion was,
therefore, necessary, and advantage was taken of the
geiK'ial election ti> test the opinion of ho people on ihi!
awanl of the commissioners. Public o| i,ii(jii was found
to be almost unaiiimonsly in favor of it. 'ind a largt! ma-
jority of the House was elected favorable to aclhering to
the report. The new Ilousi! nut in iMare'', 1 Ml.'!, when
the governor aiinouiiced the decision oi ile colonial
secretary adverse to the report of the commissioners.
A new miiiistiy was formed with .Mr. d. H. (Jray as pre-
mier, and llu! lirst business transacted was the adoption
of an address to her ini.ie'sty setting forth tin' wlicde
history of the iippointmei.i. ]iroceediiigs ami report of
the commission, and praying her majesty to notify the
'5:
11)0
rUTTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OV CANADA.
propriutors tli.-it, unless tlicy cdiiM sIkivv raiiso Ix'foro a I
proper trilmiiiil wliy iliat i-epurt sliiiulil lie adlicreil to, slie
would liive assi'iit Id llie Mils i.Mviiii,' elTeel to the award.
The Diike of N<\vcaslle ri'plied on the el.ventli of .!iily. ;
ISfio. that hi iliil not know of any iin'thod hy whieh the
niat'er could he suhinittcd to a coirrt of justlfo ; that hn i
had suhniilteil tln^ ea>e to the law ofR 'ors of thn crown. !
and fhoy wore of ophiioii that tiiu coiniiiissiijiiors had not j
fullilled the duties they were appointed to perform, ami
tliat they had no power to delciiate those duties to others. !
Siill the AssiMiilily hoped that the Home government ;
Uiight he indu;'ed to accept the suggestions of tin; com- |
missioners as a basis of action, if they rejected the report i
itsrdf. and ai>pointed ^NFi'ssrs. Edward I'.dmer and \V. II. '
Pope delegates to I'.Mglaiid to endeavor to olitain some
eipiitahle terms of settlement. The ell'(U-ts of tliis dele-
gation, however. Were no more successful th I'l previous ;
elTort> in the same direction : a commuiiii'alion was ad- :
dr<'ssed to the Duke of Newcastle, who sii'.imitted it to Sir |
Samuel Cunard.as repi ativeof the ])roprietors. who, in !
reply, advanced th(^ no\. ind .almost comical theory that
the proprietors were the only parlies who hail sulTered liy
the immense grants of land made them ; that no imtiviilual
on th(^ island had been injured by these grants, but that
on the contrary, the island had been greatly benelit, d, and
that, therefore, no concessions should be made to the jires-
ent tenants. Of course, tlie delegates coidd accom|di h
nothing ; and the land (piestion continui'd a source of!
a^ilation and annovance until the (entrance of the in-ovince I
into the Dominion of C'aiiada. on lirst of .Iidy. l.ST.'! — of I
which we shall speak more fully in the next jiaragraph —
when ;iii .•igrcenii lit was made by which .i loan of 8H(II),-
001) was guaranteed to the province to enabh^ it to buy
up t!ie estates ai.d leallot them. In IM7.") coiiniiissioii- ;
ers were M;)poiMteil to iletermine the value of the estates
whose sale, ii:ider provi-ion of the act, was reiidi'ied com- •
jiulsory. One eomniis^ioner was appointed by the gov-
ernor-iteneral, another bv the lieiitenant-irovernor, on
behalf of the tenants, and the third by the proprietor i
whose property was to be expropriated. Thu^tlie trouble- j
some ipiestioii was at last settled, and the iiijii,tice of a i
ceiilury ago removed, but only at an iumieiise cost to the I
province for the benelit of the ile-;cendants of a set of ad-
venturers who sat for years liki' inciibi on the progress of the
isliind and kept it in a perpetual state of dis;|iiet and unrest.
1"). The ipiestioii of Coiifederation was not brought
prominently before the I'ailiaiiieiit or people of I'rince ]
fn let riiimi Edward Island until the session of IM(>I.
lnpo|nii:iiiiy of when tile following resolution was adopi-
llio iiii'asiiro. 1 . ' 1 ,1.
ed ; '■ 1 iiat his excellency the lieutenant-
governor be aiillioii/eil to appoint deleir.ates — not to
exceed live — to confer with delei^rntes who may be iip j
pointed by the goveriiiiienis of \o\ a Scotia and New 1
liniiiswieU lor ih" purpose of di ■ "ssing the e\peilienc\
of a union of tliesi; Provinces of Nova Scotia, New
IJruiiswick. and Prince Edward Island niider one yov-
eriiiiKMit and legislature, the report of the said delegates
to be laid before the Legislature of tlie colony befor(> any
action shall be taken in regard to the proposed question.''
The delegates ajjpoiiited were Messrs. ,1. H.CJray, Edward
Palmer, W. II. Pope, (ieorge Coles and A. A. .Macdonald,
and they met the delegates of New IJriiib wick .and Nova
Scotia at Ch.irlottetown, on first September, 18(')-1, the
particulars of which meeting, and the suliseiiueiit conveii-
lion at (Quebec on tenth October, we have given in Chap-
ter 102. The delegates, on their return to Prince Edward
Island from the (Quebec conference, found public opinion
decidedly opposed to confederation. A large meetiiiii
was held in Charlottetown in Eebrnary, IHCi."). at which
Hon. W. II. Pope strongly advocated confederation, but
he was ably opposed by the Honorable Mr. Coles, and
.Mr. D.ivid La'rd now (1.S77) (bivernor of Keewalin : —
and the sense oi the meeting was decidedly against iiim.
Other public me ■lings wen; held at which resolutions were
passed antagoiiisiie to confederation; so tliat by the time
the Legislature met on twenty-eighth Fid)., 1,S(;,"». it w'.is
a foregone conclu-,ioii that tlie (.^iieliee scheme would be
defeated. A series of resolutions favoring iJiion with
the other |irovinces was introdiii'ed by Honorable AV. II.
Pope on the twenty-eighth of March, and lost, an amend-
ment declaring confederation injudicious being carried by
the overbalancing vote of twenty-three to five, 'i'lie sub-
ject was brought u|> again at the session of iHOCi, wlica the
following strongly anti-confederate resolution w;is pro-
|)oscd by Honorable .1. C. Pope: "That even a union of
the continental provinces of I'ritish North America
sliould have the elTect of stiengl helling and biiidiiijx more
closely together ihesi' J'rininces, or advancing their ma-
terial interests, this House cannot admit that a federal
iiiiion of the North America Provinces and Colonies,
which would include Prince Edward Island, could ever
b(^ accoin|)lisheil on terms that would prove advaiitagooiis
to the interests and well-being of the people of this island,
se|)arate(I as it is, and must ever remain, from the neigh-
boring provinces, by an imiiiovalile barrier of ice, for
many months in the year: and this House deems it to be
its sjicred and iiu]ierative duly to '' 'lare and recoid its
conyictioii, as it now does, ihaf any Federal rnion of the
North American colonies that would enibraci^ this island
would be as hostile to the feelings and wishes, as it would
be opposed to the best and most vital interests of its peo-
|ile." An elTort was made to put off a vote until an ap-
peal to the people could be had, but it was overruled, and
Mr. Pope's resolution adopted by a vote; of twenty-one to
seven, and an address to the rpieeii, based oti the resolu-
tion, adopted iiiid forwarded to England.
1(). While the delegates from Canada, New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia were in session in London in the
rUINCR EDWAIil) ISLAND— l'l{().M isil To COXFKDKHATIOX.
401
C'niifoiUMation. f''" "f ''^'''''- ''"' """• 'T- C- l'<'['" visitcd
li'ii'lwi'v'ilniieJt"' l*^",-''""'- =""' '"' i'llnrmul olfcr was inudo
him of ii j;i';iiitijf S^SOO.OOO. as iii(lciuiiity
for the loss of tt-rritoi-ial ruvt'iiiie, anil for tlu' jmrposo of
biijiiijf out the ]H'()|irii'ti)rs, if tho ishiud woiilil enter tiie
coufeiU'iMlion ; hut tiie offer was declined, and noihinif
more was heard of eonfederation until the autumn of l.s(i'.»,
when Sir John Young, afterwards Lord Li>i,'iir, (lovi rnor-
(leneral of IJritish North America, visitei! thi; inland,
wiien tiie snl)ject was informally disciisx-d with meinliers
of tile local governnnnit. In Decemlier followiiii; a for-
mal proposition was mailo from tlie Doniiiiion ministiy of
terms on which the island would be admitted into the
confiMli'ration. Tliis was suhiiiitted to the Executive
Council, wlio rejected the oflVr on the t;rouiii! that siilli-
cient inducement was not offered tlie island, and nothing
more was heard of eonfi^ieration for six years. IJiit a
new and powerful inllueiice was now at work to induce the
jieople to tliink more favoral)ly of a union with the I'pper
I'roviiiees. I'rince Edward Islanil is remarkai)Iy de>titule
of stone or gravel, and it lias always been very dillicult to
make or keep the roa<ls in onler. As trade and eoiiimerct^
increased with increasing population, so was this want more
keenly felt, and it at length became evident that to keep
paei! with the rest of the world I'rince Edward Islaml must
have a railway as well as other places. On the third of
April, 1x71, the Honorable J. ('. l'oi)e introduced a res-
olution ill the llou^e of As>embly to theeiVcct that, in view
of the dilliiiilty of olitaiiiiiig stone or gravel to kce|) the
roads in onler, and the ra[)idly increasini; trade of the
island, it was necessary t(j have a railway. A bill was
acconlnigly introduced authoiiziiig tin; government to
build a railroad from ( Jeorgelnwii to Cascnnipcc. tDUehing
at SiiiiimeiNii'e and Charlottetown, with iiranches to
Souris and Tigdish, at a cost of not more than S20,000
per mile, iiicliuliiig e(iui|)ineiit, provided the contractors
would take IkmkIs of Aw. islanil in [taymeiit. The iiili was
" put through uiidei wiiip and spur." and in two days
after It was iiitrodui;id. paNsed its liiial reading by a vote of
eighteen to eleven. Ibil the government soon found it
had assumed an eiitiM'pri-ie it was incompetent to conduct
to a successful termination ; it was I'asy enough to pass
a liill to build a railroad, and to get it commeiued, but
it was very dillicult to olitain the money to build it with,
and when the government began to be distressed lor means
to carry out its great enterprise, it naturally looked to the
Doiniiiioii, to see wlie;lier if was yet too late to be taken
into Its fold ai',1 lielpe I to accomplish that which it was
impossible to achieve alone.
17. — -In .laiiniry. 1S7.'1. the lloiiorabl(> ^fr. Ilaythorne
introduced a ininiili' in Council to the elTect that if the
roiifcMtiTaiinn. Dominion would olTiir liberal terms, the
[■rliiin K.lwanI urovenimeiit would recommend a disso-
Isliiiiil niiniltti'il to ~
till) iiiiinii. liiiion of the House, so that the people
may have an oppoi-tunity of saying at the ])olls, 1
whether they prefer to enter the Dominion. f)r submit
to the extra taxation necessary to build the railroad.
On the suggestion of the I'rivy Council of the Dominion,
that ii deputation be sent to Ottawa to confer on the sul)-
ject. the lliiiioi-able ^Ir. Ilaythorne and the Honorable
David Lain! wen; mi deputed, Imt wrvr not authorized to
do nioi<' than leaiii what teiiiis could be oblaiueil and re-
port to the Holl-.e. A general election was held in March,
and the House met again on the 27lli of April, when the j
governor sent down the pa[)ers referring to the proposed |
union, ami expressed a hope that the Ho.'.se would not
lose this opportunity of entering the union. On the 2d '
of ^lay the committee to whom tlie mailer bad been re-
ferred, reported adversely, not coiisidering that I'lince
Eihvard Island had been offered sullicieiitly good terms.
The eominittee. however, lecuriimeiided the appointment
of a (•oinmittee to proceed lo()ttawa lo endeavor to obtain
better terms. .Me>srs. .1. C. I'ope, T. H. Ilaviland, and I
(ieorge AV. Howland were appoiiitid .-iich commitlee. and i
|)rocee;led to Ottawa, where they had an interview with
the governor-general — Lord DulVeiiii — on tlie 7lli of
May. A commitii'e of the I'rivy Council, consisting of i
Messrs. J. A. MacDoiiald, Samuel L. Tilley, Charles I
Tiipjier. and Hector Langevin. afteiwanls met the I'rince
Edward Island delegation, and on the loth Oi ^Liy. an ,
agreement was arrived at which was satisfactory to both
parties. The terms were snbslantially as follows : On |
condilion of Prince Edward Lsland giving up her revenues, '
the Dominion agreed to assunu! a debt eipial to fifty dol- [
lars a head on the population of tlie island, which accord- |
iiig to the census of lH71.was 9K(»2I.thiis making the;
debt I'rince ICdwaid I~laiid was aiithoiized to incur
$ J.701.0."iO. As llie i-laiid had only a very small debt, it was j
to reC''ive interest at the rate of live per cent on the dif- j
fereiice between the amount of its de!it and the aniount
authorized until the debt anioiinted to ^^ 1.701. ll.")0. The
Dominion government agreeil to ad\aiice to the island j
SHOO.OOO for the purchase of the proprietors' estates, at
live per cent interest, which interest was to Ik; deducted
from a yearly allowance of Sla.OOO made to the province '
of the Dominion For the support of tlu; government j
and legislature of the ]ir(,viiice. the Dominion agreed to 1
pav $.'!0,00(), and an aiiiiiial grant of eighty cents per head
of the population as shown by the ceii^ii^ of 1H71. it be- ,
ilig asireed that the next census was to be taken in 1H8I. j
The Dominion government also assumed the railway which '
was then being constructed, and agreeil to pay the sala-
ries of the lietitenant-governor. and judges of the Superior,
District or Coiintv Courts ; the expenses of l\u; cilstotu-
lioiise, post ollici'. and fisheries department ; and provide
for the mainteiiiiiiee of the militia, light-houses, ipiarali-
tine. marine hospitals, geological survey and penitentiary.
The resolution acceiitiii"; these terms as the basis dI niiioii
'm
Inh:
■11) J
TUrrLK'S HISTORY OF TlIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
1770
I7.s(;
180.5
i,si;i
1H21
was iiiti'uduci'd into this Assomlily by IIdii. J. C. Poik!,
uiid carried by a voteof tw(!iity-suv(Mi to two, ut'tcr which
iiii address to her majesty was iinaniiiioiisly ailopted pray-
ing for tlie. ailiuissioii of Pniu'o Edward Island to the
union ; which prayer heing granted, the province Wii3
admitted to till! confederation on the 1st of July, 187."!.
that being the sixth anniversary of tjie formation of the
Dominion. 'I'lie following is a list of governors of I'rince
Edward Island from its erection into a, province to con
federation.
Walter Patterson. Esfj
Gen. Ednmnd Fanning
t'ol. ,1. F. W. Desliarres
(has. 1). Smith
Col. ,Iohii IJcady
Hon. Geo. AVriglit, Adnist 18l'.) and KSIJ.j
Sir Aretns AV. Young 1831
Sir John Harvey IS.'iO
Sir C. A. Fitzroy 18;i7 |
Sir II. V. IlMnlley 1811 |
Sir Donald Cami»bell 1817!
.Sir .Vlex. IJaniierman l,S."il 1
Sir Dominiek D.dy IHiJl
C!eo. Dundas, Flsq 18i59
Sir U. Ilodgscm 18G8
^\. C. F. liobiiLson 1870
CHAPTER CVHI.
PROVI^XE OF CANAD.V— (lOVERXMFXT OF
LORD SYDENHAM.
1. PlIINCIfAL l-KATLIll:S Ol^ TlIK Xf.AV CoXSTITirTION'.
— l'. Tiir, (Asr. oi' JIcLkod. Ldisi) Svdk.miam's
Speech vnnu rut: Tiiuoxi:. — ;l. Imi-outaxt acts
I'Assr.i) AT Till-; i-ii!.sT f!i;ssiox oi- Tiir. I'aiu.iamic.nt
Of Canada. — 1. Dicatii oi- Loitu Sydi:.\iiam.
1. — The union of the province of I'pjjcr and Lower Ca.
ada was eousuminated by royal proclamation on 10th Feb-
,, . , ,, . niarv.18 II, the olliei's of nenlenant-trover-
1^' tlio iiuwcoiisti- nor for eaih i>ro\inee Iumml' abolished, and
tllliou. ' ■"
the lk)n. C. Ponlett Thomson — now
Pmron Sydenham and Toronto — was ap])ointeii governor
of the '■ I'roviiieoof Canada." AVrits for a general election
were issued on the l.')th I'Vhrmiry, returnable on 8lli
April, and the (irst Parliament of the Province of Canada
met at Kingston on l.'ith Juno, 1811. The new constitu-
tion, as expresscil iu the Union Act, fully estalilislied the
principle of respoiisilile government ; tiiat is, a govei'u-
nient conlrolied bv the colonial ministers of the crown.
who were members of one of the branehi's of tiie Legisla-
ture, and held oHicc only as long as they retained the con-
fidence of the House, which moans as long as the political
party which they represented could commaiid a niajorilv
in the Legislature. These ministers had to be re-elected
by their constituents after aiipointment to oiriee, so that
the people eoidd pass a din' i, vote of conlidenee. or want
of conlidenee in their fitness for the jiosition to whi<'h
they had been appointed. Another great change in the
constitution v, as that the entire control of the whole reve-
nue was giviMi up to the Assembly, so llmt tht; two great
principles for which the Reform party had so long .>-trug-
gled were granted, and the main causes of disciuiet and
uneasiness removed ; but there still remained many ve.x.i-
tious <)nestions — the clergy revenues, feudal tenure, &c.
— which were to cause much troidile and annoyance in
the future.
2. — Previous to the calling together of the House, a
new Executive Council had been appointed, consisting of
INIessrs. Sullivan, Dunn, Daly, Harrison, tikm asi- df >!<•-
Ogden, Draper, I'.ahlwin, and Dav. Con- J'"-!- i "■'ls^,l",.n-
siderable excitement existed in both prov- tlirTlncni!.
inces — especially the upper one — at tli s tiine over the
arrest and imprisomn<'nt in the United Slates of Alexan-
der McLeod, who had been de|)Uty sliei'ilf of the ^Niagara
district, and who was accused of being im])licated in the
destruction of the Cdrn/ini; in December, 1837, and war
beiween the two countries was threatened ; this was. how-
ever, averted by the release of IMeLeod and the .sidise-
<iuent apology by the Uritish governnu'iit for the destruc-
tion of the vessid. In his speech from the throne at the
opening of Parlianuuit, Lord Sydenham referred to JIc;-
Leod's arrest, and assured the House that it was her maj-
esty's intention to fully protect her Canadian subjects; he
also recommended a rocoiistruction of the post ofhce and
public works dcipartmeiitr., a judicious encouragement of
immigration, the establishment f)f municipal councils and
an expansiiMi of tli(> laws respecting education. 1'lie
speech also asserted her nnijesty's determination to retain
the I'ritish North American ])rovinees intact as a part of
the empire, and concluded with a ju'ayer for the future
pros[)erity of the newly re-united jirovince.
.1. — The union had not, however, extinguished the fires
of party political strife, and it needed all the calm judg-
ment and conciliatory jiolicy of T^ord Syd- j,,,,,,,,!,,,,! „,.(„
eidiam to parlially reconcile partv differ- r"-H''l..t ii.o liipt
1 .' ' . i^csswiii nt ilio I'ar-
enees, ai:d get his government into any- liaineiiu.fcanaila.
j thing like good working onhr. The Conservative party
was sore at tlie success of the Reform party at the jjoIIs,
while the latter was rather disposed to propose too sweep-
ing reforms at once; both ])artios were, however, jiartial-
ly hrlil in check by the French party, which, acting to-
gether, held the lialan<'e of power in its own hands, aiul
could support in power which ever party was most wi'Iing to
I'UOVIXCi: OF CANADA.
4i)3
I if till! I.egisla-
I'taiiicd the con-
as (lie political
aiid a majority
() in,' re-elected
) olllcv. so that
Idciice. or want
iiion to which
ciianije in the
the whole levc-
[ tlif two fiicat
.•■o loii^ .'■trug-
)f (liMjuiet and
led many vexa-
lal tenure, &e.
annoyance in
f the House, a
1, consisting of
TIk' lasi- of Sfr.
I. i. I mil SmIi'ii-
liain's i-iui'ih I'lom
till' 'Jliri.iie.
time over the
ites of Alexan-
of the Jsiagara
ilicated in the
]S,'37, and war
; this was, how-
»nd the suhse-
or the dcstruc-
! throne at the
eferred to ]\Ic-
t was her inaj-
an suhjects; lit!
]i(i>t oflice and
'(luraiienif III of
III councils and
ncation. 'J'iie
lation to retain
let as a jiari; of
for the future
lished the fires
he calm jiulg-
IiiipiMlniil nclR
InihH'il lit till' lirst
Hch'sidii (if tlic I'ar-
liaiiR'iitoffaiiailii.
ervative jiaity
y lit the jiolls,
osc too RWeej)-
wever. jiartial-
icli, acting to-
vn hands, and
most williii'' to
favor its views. Before tlic end of tlie session, Mr. liald- i
win resigned lioiii liie ministry, on uccoiint of a dilfereiice
of oiiinion witli some of the otlier ministers, and joined
the oiiiiosition, whii'li suhseciueiitly caused a cliangu of [
government. The House jiiissed many useful bills at :
this session, and laid the foundation of some of the most \
important civil institutions, especially those relating to |
education, the cin-iency and tlie nuiniciiial system. One
very imporlant step was the estahlislinieiit of a Hoaril of
Pul)lic Works, with a cabinet minister at its head,
to control and regiilale all the [luhlic works of tiie province,
which had hitluM-ti) liei!n either entrusted to jirivato com-
panies, or under tiie supervision of (iilfere.it ilepartments.
Tlie Welland Canal was transl'eired from the company
which had vainly tried to o[ieratcit, and iieraine a govern-
ment work. The ]5ii-'rd was also authorized to issue
bonds for £1..JO(),0()0 sterling, under imiicrial guarantee, to
consolidate the debt already incurred for puiilie works,
and to cuinplete those under conslriniiiiii. The session was
a long and imjiortant ; but w.is tia'iniiiate 1 sadly on the
deatli of Lord Sydenham, the House being prorogued on
the ISih ScptcmlM'r by (Jciieral Clillicrow.
■4. — Lord Sydi'iiliam liad a fail from his Iiousi; while' out
riding on tlie fourth Septemltcr, lireaking his leg ; and liis
PiMiili i.f 1.1. ril constitution being naturally wi iik and
s.vtKiihani. delicate, and much impaired by the bard
work of the past two j-ears, coull not sustain the shock ti
the system, under which lit' gradually sank, and expired
on tli(! J'.tth of September Althoiigh he hail only admin-
isteri'd till", ad'airs of the pnivince for two years, he had
greatly eiideii.icd iiii.i'^elf to the pe(i[)le, and the regret iit
his loss was dee|) and sincere. H<i had found the country
split into factions, scarcely yet recovered from a state of
open rebellion, and politics reduced to the. most bitter
personal sipiaitbles ; he iiad restored law and order; had
clTccted a peaceful and satisfactory union of the two prov-
inces ; had done more to ])ropitiate the French element,
and to draw it into accord with the Kngrisb-spcaking
po|mlalion, than any governor since the ilays of (Jiiy
Carleton ; he had elevated politics and opened new fields
for provincial ainbitiun by promoting public education, and
oncouragiiig the exteii>ioii of public improvements, trade
.and commerce. His connection with Canada dihoughs ort.
was brilliant, and laid th ! foundation of much fiiluri! go.)d ;
and the people mourned that he was not permitted to see
the completion of the good work ii'j had couiiauuced.
CHA 'TKIl CIX.
PROVINCF OF CANADA.— OOVEKNMEXTS OF
SHI CHARLES RAGOT AND J,(J1H)S MET-
CALFE AND CATHCART.
L AuMiMSTU.\Tio\' ofSiu CiiAni-KS R.vf.or. His death.
— 2. Al)MlNl.sTU.\Tln\ Of Silt ClIAKLKS ]\H'.TeALl T..
His i)isni:fi,Mtr) ot iiir ^Hxistkks. — ."S. Ri'..si(iNATioN
OF Till-; Raldwin-Lakoxtai.m: JIixistkv acc'KI'Tkp.
1. A GkXEKAI. lU.lXTlOX llESUI.Trt IN .SMALL CO.N-
Sl.ltVATlVi; .MAJOKITV. Dl^ATll Of LoKD iHlTCALFE.
LaUGI; FlKFS AT (^fLIlEC. — .'». A 1 ).M IMSTK ATION OF
Loud Catikaut. Claim fuk lossks Duiti.NO thk
Ri:iii:lliox.
L — A change had again taken place in the EngrL-h ^lin-
istry ; tln^ Whigs had iieeii defeated, and tlie 'I'ories wore
once mori; in power. Lord Melliourne hav- ,\.Iiniiiisiraiimi nf
ing given place to Sir Robert Reel, and sir l liarl.s l!a«.,t.
" " ' _ Ilisilialli.
Lord .Stanley succeeding Lord .John
Russell as Colonial Secretary. This r.iiscd the hopes of
i the Tories in Canada, and they were still further elated by
till" appointment of Sir Charles Ragot, a strong Tory and
great suiiporter of the Church of ICngland. as governor-
general a ]ilaci! of J>or<l Syileiiham. Iiiit they were des-
tined to be di>ap|ioiiited, for Lord Stanley determined to
carry out the colonial policy of his predecessor, and Sir
Charles Ragot, whatevi'r his personal feeling might have
been, fully carried out, the instruction of his cliiet to rec-
n'_nii/.e the principles of responsibli; government. F'iiidiiig
that the existing ministry bad not the conlidein f the
House, he caused several changes, calling Messrs. Raldwin,
Aylwin, llincks. Laiontaiiie and .Morin to his counsels.
Rarliameiit iiiel on tlu! 8t!i September, and after a short
but busy season was ])rorogiied on 22d October. Thirty
acts were jiassed at this session, amongst them one to
make the law uniform with reference to the v.ication of
seats by members of thi! Assembly acceiitiiig oirice. and
another ])rovidiiig £«•'!. 1.'J i'or the expenses of the civil
irovernnieiit for the current yeir. and X'l'7,777 for the lirst
three 'nonths of ].S|'!. detailed accounts of the expediture
of both amounts to lie placed before the next session of
Rarliameiit lilleiii days after it met. Tln^ health of Sir
Charles liagot failing coiisideralily, be rcipiested, towards
the end of the year, to be recalleil. a reipiest which was
complied with, and his successor. Sir Charles Metcalfe,
sent (lilt: but Sir Charles Ragot was too ill to be re-
moved, and he died at Kingston on tin lUth ]\Iay. LSI.').
•_>. — Sir Charles Metcalfe, who arrived at Kingston on
•i.nli ^March, l.s|.">. was esseii
was born in Eiiirland, in 17H."), and at the
tiallv a seir-inade man. He
age ot lilteeii attained a clerksliip m
East India Company's service, wliere
Ailniiiiistratii'ii *<(
Sii-Cliarlis Mit-
iilfr. Ili..lisr.-(;aiil
th
],y of hi« iniiiisliTS.
•191
Tl TTLK'S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Miill
fl!
natural aliiliiy ami the ili>i>!,i3' of jfi'cat hiisiiioss capariiy,
ho steailily vn^r ii> ilir li.^lio; imsiiions, lilliii!,' the oHicu
of iiotinn j^iivcriiDi' (It India lor two years. In Irt.'ilMie
was iiiailf j^ovcriior of Jamaica, wliicli ipositioii liu filiid
for tlirce years, but wis forcoil to rcsijrii in 1812 on ac-
count of till- appi'ar.inc'i' of a ran.'cr in hi-; face. On liis
return to Fii,i;lan<l lie nniler\vent n;<(lieal treatineiit under
wliieii lie so inncli iiiijiroved that lie was aliie to acfept
th(! "^fovoriioi^hip of Canada, when Sir Charles IJagot
asked to l)u recalled The suuiuier was iinev ntful, the only
exeili'iiient hein;,' a lillle feeliiij.' of ciiriosily as to wlielher
the governor would t'l'llow the jioliiy of his ]ire(le(ess<ir, or
whether he Would show any jiPedilection for llie Tory
|)arty now •' in the cold sliadi.'S of o|)posilioii." I'arlia-
nieiit met on the 'JcSih Sejiteinher. and in his opining
s]ieeeh the governor gave no iiidiealion of his future jioli-
cy, hut it soon heguii to be uiipaient that he was not
favoralile to respoiisihlc government, holding that it was
not applieaMe to a eoloiiy, as it was carried out in ICiig
land. He also showed ,i littlt! favor towards the (diiverva-
tive pii!y, of which Sir Allan IMeNali was now the recog-
nizid leader, and inadi! two a|ipoi;:tinents from their
ranks v.illioiit coiis'.ilting his ministry. Messrs. Maldwin
and Lafoutaiiii3 rem mstrated with him, claiming lli.it
they were responsihh" for the aits of the government to
the Legislature, and that if they w<renot consiilteil in tile
matter of appointments they would lusi^ ilie eonlidence of
the IIoiix.' for acis eoniniilt.'d without their know ledge or
consi'iit, and aliont which they ought to he consulted.
o. — Sir Charles alisoluleiy lifiised lo he a<lvised in any
way by his ministers as to appointments, c-l;iiining that en-
tin ly as a royal prerogative with wliich
]!'iM'\''iii-r.'iiV>ii-"' the ministers had iiolliingto do; and (hid-
LiiluVl'.''''''^''"' ■''" ing that they could not conduct tlii; gov-
ernment on I he basis on which they had
accepted ollice, that of a striiJtly responsible government,
the ministers lendercd their resignations in Xoveniber. The
resignaiions were not accepted until after the jiroroiration
of Parliament on the iiintii of Decemlier. when Sir Charles
announced that while ho recogni/eil the right of the people
to regulate the administration of the go\ernnient, through
dieir representatives, he utterly disclaimed their right to
any interferenee with the appointment of executive ollieers,
ai.d he would not allow ministers to degrade the ro\al
prerogative in older to retain thesujiport of the Assembly.
He now tried to f<inii a Conservativi^ ministry, but found
this rather a dillicult ta>k, as the leailers knen* they could
not command the support of the Assembly, and only suc-
ceeded on the understanding that an appeal should be mad(!
to the country, Mr. Draper forming a ministry. Amongst
the acts passed at the last session was one removing the
seat of government to Montreal, which was carried into cf-
fe<;t during the sniiimer of IH It, and Monklands fitted up as
the residence of theirovernor, to whii-li he removeil in .Iiine.
4 — The Iict'orm press w.'is loud in its protests against
the action of the govirnor, and ccin--ider:di!e political ex-
citement was causeil in tin; Maritime
... ,1 . /-. , 1 A KCiicr.il ilortinn
rrovinces as Well as in t anada, the ac- rcsulis in n muhII
....•/'111- .1 • iini-eMuliv.' Illa-
tion Ot Sir C hailes being taken as an in- jmiiv. Himiidt
(Iicatioii that uu\ lory administration i.aru" iircsiii
then ill power in Canada did not intend '^"'''•''^•
to recognize the iirinciple of responsible government as
fully ajijilicable to the provinces; a coiiclu>ioii which
was partly justified in the fall by the elevation of Sir
Charlc-i to th(^ jieeragi^ as l>aroii MelcallV, an indication
that the Home gDVcrniiU'iit approved of his condm I.
After 31 r. Drajier had formed a cabinet the House was
dissoivi'd, aiid writs for a new election were i>sue(i in
September, returnable on the tenth of Xoveinber. Tliii
elections were nxjstly held in October and were keenly
contested, but resulted in a slender m.ijorily for tin! con-
•servatives, .so that when Parliament met, on the tweiity-
eiu:htli of Novi'inber, at ^lonlreal. ihey wen,' abh; to eh'ct
Sir Allan Mci^iab, speaker, by a majority of three voles.
The dclialc! ''ii th(! address was a \\'aliii one, but the con-
servatives carried the day and iin'reased their majority to
si.v. Till! imperial Parliament this year extendril a
])ardoii to all ihosa who had Ircii engaged in the nbel- '
lio;i of If'.'i7-S, with tlu; e.\ce|)tioii of Mackenzie (who
was not pardoned until 18.jO), and some of the lat<i reb-
els were elected to seats in the first Parliiunent that m(!t
at Monti'eal. The cancer in Lonl Melcall'e's face again
gave him great triuible this V'^ir, and he asked to be ve-
calliil on account of ill-health. Although !iis administra-
■■ tioii had not been a |)o[m!ar one, lit! was personally high-
ly esteemed for his kindly disposition and [irivate liberal-
itv, and his death during the following year was greatly
r"Lrretted by many. The yi'ar 18 J.') was marked by two
very exti ii.sive fires in (Quebec, occurring just one month
, from each other, the first being on the -.'.i^th May, the
'' second on 28th June. Whole ilisuiets wen! swept a.iay.
many lives lost, and nearly twenty-live thousand persons
rendered homeless by these vast coiillagrations. Every
l< ell'ort was made to relieve the sulFerers, temporary sheds
were ereC.eil and hi-lp ]ioiired in from all (piart(!rs. Over
£10(l.()ii') w:is i!ollected in England for thi! sulTerers, and
':' nearly half as much in Canada, and before the dose of
summer many houses had been rebuilt and the city began
to recover from its awful visitation.
;'). — IJeuteiiaiit-Gcneral the Earl of Caiheart, com-
mander-in-chief of the forces in British North America,
administered the goveniiueiit after the
^ Ailininistr.itiini of
dei)arture of Lonl ^letcalfc, and was I."r.l i aili.ini.
' . claims for Ii-shch
suhseipieiitly a'i|)oii ted governor-gen- .luring ilm lubul-
eral. The brief administration of Lord
Calhc.irt was marked by the introiluctioii of a measure
whi' h gave much tniulile three years after, and very
nearly caused another rebellion and an attemjit to annex
I'Otl'Sts li;r;Mll-.t.
110 polilicill (X-
A Keiicrnl clpi-tii.n
rcsulis ill umiihII
iiiii-cr \:iiivi' ii:a-
j"iit,v. l)i.|iilii,f
l.onl .-M.'tcilf,..
Lai;;" liii'sui
(Jili'lpiT.
,'<)v<'niini}iit as
icliisii)ii uliiili
•VMtioii of Sir
, Mu indicaliou
liis fdudiii t.
Illi Iliillsi; was
IXTl! inSlUMl in
vomljcr. The
1 wcro keenly
y for the con-
M the tweiity-
'■ al)l(; to clci't,
if tlirce Votes.
, l)!it tile eoii-
■ir ni:ijf)i-iiv to
!• exlencli'd :i.
'. ill the reliel-
lekelizie (wlio
tJK! late re')-
iieiit tiiat met
■'.s face ai^'aiii
ked to he re-
is adiiiiiiisti-a-
•soiialJv iii^h-
rivat(> ]il)eral-
• was yreatly
arked In- two
it one iiionih
^Ih May, the
swept a'.vav,
sand ])ersons
ions. Every
[)orary sheds
arters. Over
uirt'orers, and
i the close of
lie eitv heifaii
. o
ithcart, poM!-
rlli America,
Itninislralioii „(
ril ( (iilicmt.
[linis for ji.sHfH
ring Uie iv\k\-
n.
f a measure
r, and very
ipt to annex
PUOVIN'CE OF CAXADA— GOVEKX.MKNT OF LORD ELGIX.
495 i
Canada to the United Statics. As lias heoti already stated,
the French members li<'ld the balance of power ia their 1
hands and were (]nile willing t.) support eiilur Conserva- i
ti.es or Iveforniers, provided lliey got what concessions
they pleased to demand from the jjarty they supported.
Dnrinj,' the session of IS 15 !Mr. Draper, tin; Conservative
leader, had iulrodiiced a bill to indemnify those loyal in
habitants of Upper Canada for l;)ss.;s sustained during
JIackenzie's mad attempt to disturb the Province ; the
French members at onc(! took advantage of their position,
an<l claimed that if any losses wei(^ paid in Up[ier Can-
ada, the sufferers by thi! rebellion in Lowtr Canada
must al.-u be paid, and in order to get the support of the
French members to kee|i the Conservative party in
powi'r, ^Ir. Drapi'r jn-omised that tlu; losses shoulil be
paid. .V bill was passed to indemnify sulTenrs in Upper
Canada, and £ 10,000 voted for tlie purpose, to be paid
from a siiccial fund from tavern anil other licenses. One
of the last acts of Lord .Metcalfe before l.'aviiig Was to
.ippoint, on 2 Uli November, l:->l"i, six commissioners to
inquire into losses sustained by her majesty's loyal sub-
j 'Cts in Low<r Canada during tlu; rebellion. This com-
mission was conlirnied by Lord Catheart on his assuming
oliice, and llie commissioners re[)orted to Parliament at
the session of ISlI). They rejiorted that they had rec-
o"nized two thousand one hundreil and seventy-six
claims, amounting in the aggregate! to two hiiitihcd and
f:flij-one ihdiisciiuf, nine liundrvd and sixty-five pounds ;
but that they were of oj)inion tint some of the claims
were inadmissible ami others grossly exaggerated, so that
thev thouLtlit XI 00,000 would In; snineient. Amongst the
claims wire £',),000 for interest, £2,000 for (piartering
troops, and £.'10,000 for imprisonment, loss of business,
etc. This report caused great indignation amongst the
British portion of the inhabitants, and Mr. Drajier, with
his very slender Conservative m:ijority, did not like to
take the risk of a defeat by atteni[)ting to pay so largo a
sum ; he therefore satisfied the French party, fo.' the
present, by passing a bill granting about £10,000 to in-
demnify loyal sufferers by the rebellion, anil suffered the
larger claims to remain in abeyance. Amither change in
the IJritish ministry occurred this year, the Liberal party,
under the leadership of Lord .lolin Kussell, coming into
power, and Lord Catheart was superseded by Lord El-
gin, who urriveil at Montreal on oOth January, 1817.
CHAPTER ex.
PROVIXCE OF C.VXAD.\-GOVERXMENT OF
LORD ELGIX.
1. Tl-.HUIBLE Sfrt'EUIN'fiS FliOM SlUl'-FlCVKU OV Till-:
iM.MlliUANT:! Ot' 1H47. — 2. SllCOM) FoitJIATION OI'"
THK Pjali) win-La FoK.VTAi k Ministky. — \i. Intuo-
DLiTiox UK Tiir, Rkiiki.i.ion Lossi.s Hill. — 4.
Sruo.NO Fi r.Lixi; Agai.nst tiii-; Uill. Axmxation
Ai)VO(Ari;i>. Tiir. Hill Passik — 5. Tin: (iovi.u-
NOR AssKXTs TO riii: Ri;iii;llion Lossks Hill. — 0.
Tin; GovKu.voi!-(;i;xi:itAL IIouticd axi> Piltiid ny
Tin; Moil. — 7. Hlumxi; oi- the Pakliami.xt Hi ilk
IXGS nv tiik .Moil — 8. Houses or Oisxuxiois ,Mem-
iJEUs Attaikek iiY Tin; Mon. Loitn Ei.mn's, ue-
CALL demaxi);;i>. — •'.) FntriiEit RioTixi; hvtiieMoii.
TiiEfiovEitNiiu a<;ai\ .Vttackeo. — 10. Removal OF
Tin; Cai'Itai. eko.m ^>Iiixti!i;al. Loud Ei.inx's Cox- i
DUCT AriMiovEi) i!V Tin; Hojie Govekx.mext. — 11.
Caxaoa Exteus ox iieu I'olitk al 'axi> Commeh- i
CIAL MaXIIoOI). 12. AfWTATIOX OX THE CLEI{(iY
Resekve.s Question itv the '•Cleak Gkit " Party.
— I'l. Lakoe Fikes IX Moxtkeal. A Discoi it-
Aoixii Picture oe the City. — 11. Railway Pro-
jects. Good Feelixo iietweex the Uvhed
States axd Caxada. — l.'j. Domestic Progress oe
THE PliOVIXtE. — IC). Tl.X TllOUSAXI) PERSONS KEN- j
DERED Homeless ijy Fire in Moxtreal. — 17. L\- !
cori'oijatiox of the (iuAXD TiiuxK Railway.
The Jluxn ii'AL Loax I'txi). — \x. Satisfaitort
FiNAXCIAL COXDITIOX OF THE I'i'OVIXCE. 1 !) THE
Gavazzi Riors. Their Effects ox the Hixcks ,
Government. — 20. Charoes of Corrupt Prac-
tices aoaixst !Mr. Hiniks. — 21. SiiiXix ; of the
Recii'Rocitv Treaty. Dissolution of Paui.ia-
MEXT. — 22. Defeat of the Hi.xcks Ad.ministka-
TIOX.- 2.I. FORMATIOX OF THE I'lRST COALITION
Government. — 21. Seiilakiz \ riox of the Ci.i;r-
i,v Rfsfrvi's.— 2'<. Passaju; of tiii; Seioxorial
Tenure Pill. Rt.siiiNAiiox ov Lord Eloix.
1. — The Slimmer of bs 17 w.is a memorable one for Can-
ada. The f.iilnre of llie potalo crop in L'cland causeil
gaunt famine to s;alk through the land, T.niiM,. siifToriiiKs
and the cry for help was heard and noblv ''■"iii''i'ii'-i'i'vrr i.r
J ^ . tho Imimgraitia of
responded to fromall ])arlTiif the ('ivilized ^^^''■
world. Canada did her share in sending money and pro-
visions for the destitute. ; but by far the greatest woik she
had to perforin was to provide for thousands of emigraiit.s
who, driven from their homes by faniiiie. flocked to her
shores, bringing death and desolation with them, for
fevers broke out on board the I'lnigrant shi|>s, and hun-
dreds died on the passage while thousanils only reached
the shore to lay their bones beneath the sod of the new
country they were seeking for work and food, (irosse
Isle was made a quarantine, station ; hiiiidreils died there,
while the vast miillilmle jjressed on up llie St. Lawrence
towards the great lakes, leaving their jialliway thickly
strewn with new made graves. Over seventy-five thou-
sand immigrants arrived at Quebec during Ibis nnforiunate
'J
^ •'';
•i;ii5
TITTLE'S HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION ol' CANADA.
suininii', iiml nearly fivt lliiiii-.:iiiil iirii\(il Imt to dii'. Tlic
liirj,'!! triicl 111' iipt'ii i.'1'imiiil at IViiiilSi. Cliiirlrs. Mmitrc:;!,
w.i-i tunii'ii into a lcm|iiiriiry raiii|i. wliin- ilii)ii~aiiilH were
"jivi'ii what iilicf anil a>si.slain'r was iKissilili', iiiit hiiiiilriils
(inlv ri'ailii'l till re t(^ ilii'. ami tlnic was scarnlv a tnw n or
villa;,'i' aldiii; tin,' Si. Lawri iii'i.' and tliu laLis Imt what hail
its i 111 tohiiry, iu sic'k to ln'al, ami itsiU'stitiitr tiipniviilo
for. As colli wialhiT canii' nn ihi' jihi^'iif aliatcij, jml tliero
wasj niiidi ^nll ring tliri>nL;Ii tin' wiiitir on ai nnt of tin.'
iiniucnse nunilicr of drslitiitu persons for whom iniiue-
iliafe work coiilil not he foiiml ; lint the settlers eaim; forwaiil
iiolily ami j;ave all the relief in their |>ower, so that with
returiiiiij^ spnin; hri^hter times ilawneil, ami many ol the
iinfortnnati! iiiimiu'raiits l)e;.'an to lay the fonmlations of
now iiml hapiiy homes wliieh weie to j,'row nji to them
out of till! wilileriiess.
2. — Parliament mil at ^loiilrtal on the seeoml of .Time.
1SI7, anil ill his speeeh from the ihrone Lonl Ki;j;in le-
s.M'<.i,.l f"riiiiii..ii f'rri'il to the va>t. immigration which was
','f ,'.'"' ".•''''"'"■■ takiiiil place, ami the amount, of .sickiie.-s
istry ami siilTering which was acc()in]>aiiyiiiif it,
ami recomiuonili'il that siiino steps towards furnisliiiig as-
sistance ami relief should be taken, a suggestion which
was acted on during the session. The session was a short
one, terminating 'ii! the 'iKlh of July; ami although the
Draper iiiiniMry was il'fealeil several times, it still rttain-
ed ollice. It was appariii', however, that the Coll^erva-
tiv(!s had lost the coulidem-e of the ])eo()Ie. and as a illssiv
lutioii seemeil inuvitahle, the Keform party began an ae-
tivi! campai'un immediatidy after proro., *'^ii, and hail all
their candidates in the field when the .ouse was dis-
solved, on till! Cith of I)eceml)er,aml a new election order-
ed, writs being made returnable on the 2lili of January,
184iS. The triumph of the Ueformers was complete ;
I?aldwiii, I/iFouiitaiiie, Ilincks, Ulake. Malcolm Cameron,
Price and other leaders of the jiarty Were ilected, and
backed by a strong majority. I'apiiiean and Dr. AVolfred
Nelson, of reliellion notoriety, were relurncd to this I'ar-
lianieiit, but the former found liiiiiself shorn of his pres-
tige and his place as leader of the French Canadian (le-
nient, (irmly occupied by ^Ir. L. II. LaFoiiiitaino. Par-
liament met on the "J.'ith February, IS liS,aiid Mr. !Moriii,
a Lower Canadian reformer, was elected speaker. ]Mr.
Draper, leader of tl.e Conservative mini.stry, had been ele-
vated to the bench, and the other ministers, seeing their
majority in l\n'. Assembly hopelessly lost, resigned, and
Lord Elgin called on Messrs. J>aldwiii and LaFoniitaine
to form a new ministry, thus putting into practice the in-
structions of Lord John Kiissell, in LS.'i'J ; and from this
tune is usually dated the firm and solid estahlishnieiit of
representative goYcrnmeiit as the constitutional govern-
ment of the Province of Camilla. The ministry consisted
of eight English and four l''remh members, ami amongst
them were i\Iessrs. liobert lialdwin, Francis Ilincks, AIul-
coliii Cameron. L. II. I,aI'"oniitaine, and E. P. Tailu'.
After a short but lin>y he>>ion. Parliament was iiiijourncd
on the 2.')il of .March. During this summer inimi'.-raticli
continued l.irge ; .and ship-fever broke out again, Imt net
nearly so fatally as in the |irevions year.
;i — Parliament met again on the ISib of .Tannary. If*!!),
ami the governor coinplimenicd the ilon-eon the near
complet on of the St. Lawrence canal-,
and other public works, and on the gen- ,',',','.'j:','.r,;:j|;;','„'''
eral trampiillity of the connliy ; but that '■"'■'■» "'"•
trani|nillity was soon rudely ili~ttirl)ei| by the iiitrodiiction,
by Hon. L. II. LaFountaine. of a bill to pay the relicllio'i
losses, on the basis proposed in the report of the comiiiis-
sioners of 1S|."», that is by an appropriation of i'lOO.OOO.
This was at once the >i;.'nal lor the wildest excitement ill
iMontreal and thioiigliont the province. The bill was
warmly discn>scd in the Hoii~e and .--troii^ly opposed bv
the Con>er\ati\es, who ari.Mii d that nndei- its provisions
jiaMueiil niiist be made to llio^e who were in open rebel-
lion, and they raised t!ie jiaity cry " no pay to rebels."
Till! government, on the other hand, elainied that ample
provision was made in ihe bill to indemnify onlv tho-e
who had been loyal, and that it was speci.ally ])rirtideil
that nothing; should be paid to anyone who had beeii con-
victed of high treason since the l.>t of Noveiiilier, Im;)",
nor to those who had been transported to liermuda ; and
the ]iieanible of the bill bore it out in the assertion.
Speaking of the loose manner in which the commissioner's
report was drawn up, it declared, '• It is neces>arv and
just that the jiarticulai's of such losses, not yet paid and
salislied, should form the .'■ubjeet of more niiiiiite iiiiinirv
under legislative authority, and that the .■•aine, so far only
as they may have arisen from the total or partial, uiijiist,
unneces.sary, or wanton destruotioii of the dwellings, bit Id-
iiigs, property and elTects of the said inhabitants, ,'iml from
the seizure, taking, or cany iii^r away of their propert v and
effects, should be paid and satisfied, provided that none of
the persons who have been convicted of high treason, ril-
Iri/cil I') /iiirp hirii ciniiiiif/cd in that jiart of this ju'ovince
formerly the Province of Lower Canada, since the tirst
day of November, l.S.'iT, or who, having been charged with
high treason, or other oiTences of a treasonable nature, and
having been committed to the custody of the sherilT in the
jail of ^Montreal, submitted themselves to the will ami
pleasure of her majesty, and were then upon transported
to her majesty's island of I'urmmla, shall be entitled to
an indemnity for losses sustained during or after the said
rebellion, or in conseiiuence thereof."
•1. — The (xcitement grew intense as the bill jiassed its
dilTereiit readings: a strong " I>riti>h" party was formed
under the title of " The I!riti>Ii Xorth „ , ,.
Slrnri',' f''i'!iiiK
American I.,eagiie," with head-iniarters at ll)4:lin^t iiii' l.ill.
-,_ . -r ^ II , 1 , , .Mini'XjUinn Jiiiv(»-
Jloiitreal. It was well umlerstfiod that the lat.il. 'JliitblU
passage of the Uebelliou 1 osse.s bill was ''"^
K. P. Ti:.lu'.
HUH ii<ij(iuri;f(l
IT inimi',-r:iti('n
ii^Miii, Imt net
.I.iMiriiv. I)^ 10,
>!• Oil tllc; IK ;ir
lnlr>i<lii<'ll<>ii lit
ll"> li.-l.. llin.l
I...I..S Hill.
In; iiitnxliiction,
ly llic I'clii'llion
111" ilic (•(iinmis-
I of i'loo.ooo,
• M'iiiiiiiiii ill
Till' lull \v,is
'Jy <(Ji|i(isi(l I)y
its |pi-i)\ isioiis
ill <i|ii'!i ri'lic!-
i;iy to icImIs."
iiil lliat .■iiiij>!c!
liiy only tlio-o
i-i;illy jinnidcd
IkhI liccii roii-
)M!iiI)cr. l.s.;7,
I" riiiiidii ; :ii!<l
till' assertion.
•<iiiinii^>i()niT',s
ii(cc»ai-y and
yil Jiaid and
iiiiiiilc iiiijiiiry
K'. so far only
laitial. nnju>t,
villinjis. Iiii id-
mts, and from
iropcrty and
I tliat noiio of
h troason, ti/-
tills ]iiovinr'(!
iiic(! th.. (irst
fliargi'd uith
!'■ natni-f, and
sIktiIT 111 tin.'
ill'' wUl and
II traii>|)o)-tL'd
i<! entitled to
after tlie said
liill jiassed its
V was formed
Irnrv,' f.'cJiny
iiiin.-i I he Ijill.
niii'xalioii ailvfk-
II. il. 'Illi^ bill
U
lMi(»\ I.\( K OK CANADA— (i()VKKN>rKNr ()!•" LORD i:i.(;i>.
497
tlie jiiici' yiv. IJaldwiii and liis T'|>|ier Canada reform
friend^ liad a^'rcid 'o |iay .Mr. LaFoiiLiaiiie and tlic
Fniiili [laity Inr llie ^ii|i|iort licici-^-'iry to ktrp ilie re-
formers ill ollicc. and I lie feelinj' a''aiiist •• I'Veneli doini-
iiat on " jii'ew very liittei, iind tliu antaj;oni>iii of raee
lil.izcd forth ill all il- fury ajxain. The league looked
on ihii wlioh; Frepcli paily in Lowi'r Canada a-i unite as
miilty of rehcllion a> l'a|iiiii'aii. Nel and the few
other seajiej^oats who were cxcliided from luiiclit I'V the
liill on a Hint of lia\in;; liecii I'oiind ;;iiilly of liijih
Treason, and (i|iiio>('d any eonijieiisatiiin to lli' >(■ who had
lakeii 11)) arms a^ain-t thi' sovereign, and who. if ilicy had
siilTei'ed any lii^s. jinl mily what they deserved. The
(h'sirn to e-eape from tln^ tyranny of tlie Kreiicli majority
ill the F.ower ](roviiiei' eaiiscd dilTcreiit ex|M'dieiits to he
pro|>osed. Coiit'ederatioii with ilie Araritime I'roviiii'es was
advocated as the he>t means of hreaking the power of
tlio Frenili ; and the more violent of the iijiitalors o|)eiilj'
advocated ijirowiii^' off alleijiaiieo to Ein;l,'iiid and seeking
annexalioii to the I'nited .States, and this I.illi'r fci'ling
grew to he very strong. Meetings were held iverywhere
and the greatest excitement prevailed, hut as yet only a
few trifling lireaches of the jieaeo had occurred : and the
ministry determined to pn>h the measures throngli the
I.>ower Iliiiisr, where it was passed Uy a vole of I'orlv-
eiglit to thirty-two, and afterwards jiassed the I'pper
lloiiso hy a lair majority.
."). — The passage of the hill wa.s attended hv serion.s
riots in Toronto and other cities in Western Canada;
Tlio r.ovornnr as- J^aldwiii, Illakn and Mackenzie — who had
reliiriied to Canada — were hniiicd in
elligy. and attacks madi^ on the residence
of Mr. George Ihowii. proprietor of the iihilii' — tlio organ
of the lialdwin LalMiniitaine iiiiiiistry. and the house of
Dr. Uol[ih, as well as the hniise in which Mackenzie was
stopping. Popular feeling, however, hegaii to get some-
what cooler as it liegaii to he generally understood — on
what grounds no oni; knew — that tlie governor would
either ahsolutcly refuse his eoii>eiit to the hill or reserve
it for the royal sanction — which latter, ]ierliaps, would
liave h(!eii the most politic conr.so for him to have ]>iirsiie(l
under the circumstances, as the si.\ weeks or two months
which must elapse hefore the royal pleasure could be
known would give time for the excitement to ahati^ P»iit
Lord Elgin had no idea of shifting the resiioiisihility of
approving the act on to the .shoulders of the Home gov-
ernment ; he liad heen sent out to Canada to carry out
responsihlo governnvnt, and he was prepared to do .so.
Ilis i'(>sponsil)Ie mi.".isters, who were supported hy the
majority of the representatives of the pi-ople. had iiitro-
dui'cd this hill ; hoth Ilniises of the Legislature had passed
it, and if vpsponsilile government was to ho anything
niori! than a mere empty name, he could not withhold his
consent ; he had no intention of doing so, and accordingly.
si'llts In tilt' lit'-
ll.'lll.lll l.ossrs
Kill.
on the twciitv sixili of April, lie wcit down to the I'arlia-
liieiit House ; nd gave his a--i lit to Jut ami a lew other
bills which had lieeii ]i.'i>sed.
(!. — The news spriad immediately that the go\ernor
had signed the hill, and all hii|ie of lii.i reserving it for
llie royal -aiictiiui waa o\er; a crowd -ii,,. (i,,v,.rnor-
c|llickh I'athered ill front of the parlia- '"""■■'i ii"""'!
iiieiit liiiilding'.. and when tiio governor "'"''•
appeared he wa- gret'ttd uitn jeers and groans by the
ciduil. — liio>ily composed of well-die>seil, re>pectabli -
looking men. — and his cari'iai;e pelted uiili >|(ine, and
rolleii eggs as he drove olV. .\o furl her elinllition of feel-
ing took place then, and allhongh Sir .Vllaii .Mc.XaU called
the attention of the Hoii^e in the eiicinii-laiiii. and id-
vised the calling out of the niililaiv as a pi i (•.iiilioiiarv
measure, no steps were t,ike;i In suppress an iiillneak
shoiilil one occur, 'llie House met a'.;aiii in the evening;
and about the sarnie time the firi'-belis were set ^oiie,' and
a large crowd assemhled on the ( li.iiiips de .Mars, wjiero
a few inllainmatory speeches were di iivered : hut that
angry multitude was in no hiiiiior to hear speeches; the
demon of desiiiiciion had possessed il, and snnii i|ii> civ
was raised "To the Parliament hiiilclings. " Tiiirhe.s
were suddenly produced, and lit up the darkeiiin;; iii;,dit
with their ruddy Hashes, and. prciiredid liy the bearers of
these, the vast coiicniirse, iinw niimlieiing ihniisalids,
poured itself along the lliornii^hrares leadiiii;' In the Par-
liament I loiise, giving vent to its feelings ill shouts, and
yells, and snatches of ribald songs. No pulieemen were
visible, and, the warning of Sir All.iii .McNab haviii;'
heen unheeded, the inililaiy had not yet lieeii called out ;
so that the nmb had nothing to check or restrain its un-
reasoning fury.
7. — The Pailiameiit House w.is a jdain but siilislaiilial
building of Alontreal liniesinne, ilnee liiindred .'iiid forty
feet long by iiftv wiile, and had heen
, ' 1 \. 't . , .. , niiriiiiiKof til"
used us tliti .St. Ann s market until the I'.irli.iiu. m iiuil.i-
- , 1 -»r lilies l.\ Ihf Illc.l.,
seat of 'government wc.s reinoved to Mmx-
treal, ul."ii it was remodelled inside, and fitted to receive
the various departnii'iits of the governiiient. The House
was in session discussing the .liidicalure Pill, when the
angry roar of many voices broke on the stillness of the
night, and gave warning that an infuriated mob was with-
out. Almost imiiiediately a volley of stones came rattling
against the windows, and the meniliers !iastily heat a
retreat, whilst, almost at tin; same moment, nnmbers of
the mob forced their way into the hall of the ^Vsseniblv,
armed with sticks and bludgeons, and oik; rnirian assum-
ing the s]ieakei'"s chair declared J'ariiaiiieiit dissolved.
Tlu! work of sacking the place was speedilv coninienced,
chandeliers were broken, desks smashed, .scats torn up.
and the mace, which h.'id been left on the talih'. carried
off in spite of the efforts of the si'i'ge,int-at-.'irnis, who
n'tiirned to fetch it. Soon the crv of '• Fire I ' was
f
f'
,,t
4»8
TITTLE'S HISTORY OF THE D0:MINI0X OF CANADA.
raised mid the vast rrowd liurriod fioiii ilio Imililiii;; to the
lUMulihoriiig streets ti> watch the flames and revel in the
work of iJestriictioii. Not a drop of water was permitted
to be thrown on th(' hiirning huildint,', nor any attempt
made to s:ive any ])art of its rah'.ahlo eonleiits. Inih'ed.
tiic vohmloer Fire Department was .stronj^ly in sympathy
with tlie mol), and fonfined its exertions entirely to keep-
i'-p the snrroiiirlinj; hiiildmgs eool so as to prevent the
flaincs from spreadinj^ : so that tho entire hnildiiig and
Its contents, inehiding the vahiuble lilmiry. were eonsnmed,
the only tilings s;ived being a very few li,]oks, and the
mace wliieli some of tho rioters siil)se(|neiitly tooli to the
Doiicgaiii Hotel and left in Sir Allan 3IeXal)"s room.
The military were called out, and kept the <'rowd back,
but were powerless to cheek th<( de: troying flames. I'y
this act of vandalism ^loiitreal lust the finest library it
liad ever had, and the records of the colony for upwards
of a century were destroyed.
8.-^Froni the sinokiiig walls and blackened remains of
what had been the I'aiTiament iiiiililini;. the mob pro-
, , cecded to the liouso of 'Mv. LaFoiintaiiie,
H0U8OS of ot>n(ix-
ioiis nn'ini>ei-siii- which Was .set fire to, but through the ex-
1.11'ki'illiy tlu'mii!>. . . , •-
i.iiici i;iu'iii'» 11'- erfioiis of the iniliiary and the more or-
derly disposed citizens, tlit? flaiiK s were
Fxtingiiislied, not, liowi'V<'r. until the vahialih! binary had
been destroyed, and nearly all the furniture! either burned
or sjioiled. The mob next vented its spite on the olllce
of the Pilot newspaper, which was the government organ
and edited liy Mr. Francis Ilincks, and al-o broke the
wuidows, &('., of the liousis of some of the leading inin-
isters. Under the fear that an attack would be inadi- on
Monkland<, the governor's residence, his excellency was
])ersiiadecl to reiuaia in the city, under the protection of
til'! militiry; but no attack was made, and towards morn-
ing the excit(Miii>nt subsided, .'iinl the sun ro>e on :\ citv
to oiil ward appearance! ti'ani|uil, only the smoking ruins
and shattered houses telling of the wild outbreak of the
previous night. Soiiio of the rioters had been recognized,
and on the twenty-sixth .Messrs. Mack, lliniard. Ferris
and others were arr(!Hted on a charge of arson aii<l com-
mitted for trial; a mob of about three thousand persons
acconijianyiiig tluMU to tlu! jail, i>ut no atti'inpt at res-
cue was inad<'. Sir Menjamin D'l'rbaii, the eoinmander-
iliH'hief, arriveil in town early in the da;,, and took Jire-
cautions to sup|)ress any fiirilier attempt at rioting, but
with the exception of a few personal encounter^, no out-
break occurred during the day. As night closed in, the
rioter.s grew bolder, and attacks were made on the res-
idences of Messrs. llaldwiii, Cameron, Nelson, Ilincks,
Holmes and Charles \S'ilsoM. all of whom were supporters
of the government, and doors and windows Miiiished,
On the twenty-seventh, a body of sp<'cial constables was
swoni in, as exception was taken to the military doing
police duty ; but tlu! fact that many of the .'-pccials were
I'reiieh and Iri.-,h, gave olTence to the! more violent of the
IJritish party, .ind .'oine encounters took j)lace between
the constables and the citizens. A meeting of some of
tli(! respectable citizens was held on the Champs d(! !Mars.
anil resolutions passeil deprecating the riotous conduct of
the mob, but condenniing the conduct; of th(! governor in
signing tlii! bill, and a jietilion to Her ^lajesty was
adopted ancl signed, ]iraying for the recall of Lord I^gin.*
0. — The .Assembly met in the Ijoiisecours Hall on the
twenty-eighth and passed an address to His ]:xcellcncy,
pledging its cordial support iu any meas-
ures he may think necessary to "take iu n".'',''^"'''!-!,"/'' ''''
])rcservin;' the i)eace and "uaranteeinn; p'Y'oi'"' "t"'" at-
aiiv ex[ienses to which he may be ])ut in
attainii!:: lliat obj:'! f. Tliis .address it was thought better
to jirescnt at tli<' old ( iovi'rnincnt Hon e than at !AIoiik-
laiids, and Lord i;i:;iii I'aiiK! ii:to the city for that ])urpose
on the tliiitieth. He w.is escorted by a trooj) of \oliin-
teer dragoons, and his appc-araiici' on St. .lames .Street
was 1' .-ign;d I'or another attack v>ith stones and other
missiles, and it was only wiili diliicnby that he shielded
his face, several stones falling in the c.irriage. The cmwd
continuing to increase, and press around (io\( rnmeiit
House, Captain A\"ellierall. who was a magi: tr:;t:', read
the riot act, and ordered t.ie troops ti) charT • ; but the
crowd did not want to liglu the military, and ran. awav,
only hdwever to wait for the appi'arance o( the L;ovcriior.
lie, howevei-. not wishing to 'Xeile llu! mob bv his pn^s- 1
eiice, (piietly li'ft the building wilhoiit bi'in^ observeil,
and entered his carriage, which was rapidly driven in the
(brcctioa of Sherbrooke Street. Then be^an a most
unseemly ch.ase, cabs, calechi-.. Maylliing that \\n~ on
wheels and a horse attache(l |i> it, were seized bv llie
moll, and a sharj) pursuit of his excillcncy l»g:in, which
was only evaded by the speed of his horses ; but some
of the mob manag d to cross him in .St. Lawrence
Main Street, and showers of stones f( II (ai the i'arria"c,
sinashiiig tli(! panel, and severely wounding hiv excel-
• Tlh' iic'lilinn ri-ad ,is fullims ;
Tci lua: cii.K ims M.v.rrsTV rin: i)ri:i-N-.
Till' hiiinlili' pi'liiinii iif tlin iiiiiliTsiuiu'cl, j.iiir iniiji'stj '« diillfiil 111111
levins siil'ji'i'is, rii-iiiiin; in ilii' rniviini. ot Ciiuail.-i—
Sli.willi. 'I'liai vmir iiiiiji'siyn ii'ini'si'iiiailvi' in ilil.i Trm iin'i-, Hi,, tilslit
lli.iinral'lv llii- Karl nl' i;i^iii ami Kiiiranliiii', liy (.'iviii^' ilm l;..yal assi'iit
t(i .1 bill for oini|iinisaliii;{ ri'lu'i.t Inr l.isrti'S liiili.ti'.l Ijv \ii,ir iiiaji'sty'K
trim' . mill liy hIIiitk nf ymir Inyal Milijn Is. ailiii;; iiinlir lliu iinlns of
yiiiir iiiaJi'sly'K ollii'i'is, lialli si'liiiilsly iiii{iairi'il ymii- iiiaji't»ly'« itiiynl
aiilliiirity, ami t'iiilaiii;i'ri'il iln' inMiri,' ami ti'aiii|>illUty iif ili,. I'ruvim'o.
Tlial yiiiir iii'lilinin'rs fi'i'l iimsl aiMilrl., Ilm iniira:,-!' tliu.s nlTiTi'il to
yiiiir .^lajl■^t.\'^^ 1,'nyal aulliMrlty. ami Ilio liisiiU m lli,'iii«r|v<'..i— an mil-
ni.;i' ami 1111 insiill lln-y lu'lLvr iiinvaiiiflid In tin- liislnry nl' nall.nii,
aiiiluliii'li sirikis al Uii' fonmlalinis <<( a'li';;laiiri.' ami nlnili.'iiri', wliiili
ari' ii'ii|iri"al «illi |;iivi'niiiiinil ami |ii'Mli'rtliiii.
.Villi lli"y liiiinlilv |iiav 111 il Miai' Maj.Miv will trailnuHly li.' plnis.'.l In
ri'< all till' saiil Isail nf lOiiiii ami Kimanlliii' friiin tlu' ;:iivi'i'iiim'iit nt tlilM
I'lnvini'i', wliirli 111' I'aii 111! Iiaiui-r ailmiiihliT willi Hiifi'ty to Ilm ptati' or
Inn 1- 11" In yi'.ir Majfsty ; nml I hat \oni" Maji-sly \\\\\ nlsn illsallow l!ii' kmIiI
liill, ulii'li ii an iiiMill ami a ii>l>l>"ry ti> i-\ i'i'\ inaii \\lii>, in tliiMiiimof
liial, kImiiiI rni'lli 111 ili'Trmt yniir Maji'Rly's iruwii ami ilik'nily.
Ami yiiiir |M'lHI(ini'n< will I'vrr limy, &t".
^ vi(ll(Mlt of tlio
])l:li'0 lift ween
iiijj; of soiuo of
liaiiiiis (Ic JIars,
tons coiiiluct of
lu! jiovoriior in
r ^lajcsty was
of Lord IHgiii.*
urs Ilall on llin
lis I'.xccllcncy,
Furtlii r rio; hi'i I v
llii-liiii:>. Til'
fZoviTiii'l' ai^uin at-
lai'kcd.
i tlioiiL;lit licttor
tlian at 3Ionk-
[or tliat jnirposo
froo]) of \oliin-
t. .lanios Stri'et
ionos and otlicr
that lie slii.ddc'd
ai;<'. 'I'Ik^ crowd
id fioMrnniciit
niairi: trnt!'. read
liaiT ■ : Imt llio
, ami i;in. away,
)f tlic u'uvcnior.
lol) liy liis jiros-
l)('iii;j oihservid,
y driven in the
liii^an a most
; tiiat \\a. on
' seized liy the
y iieij::in, whieii
rses ; liMl soni(>
St. I.awrenco
>n the carriage,
in" lii^ excel-
1 r.x.
njfstyV (liilifnl anil
rrii\iii.'o, till. IMpht
11;,' llm linyal nssi-iU
I by \o.ir inajf^ty'H
uniliT lliu Di.ln-.H of
ir miijcr^ty'rt lUiynl
of til.' I'riniiu'i\
ra'^i' llni!< nlTfli'il to
Ilii'iiiHrIvt'H~aii ont-
liisinry of iiailniH,
ml i.lM'ili.'hw, Hhli'li
lonely 111* iili'iirtcil to
^oviTlllnrltt of tills*
fi'ly |o 111" main 111'
Iso illsalliiw tiii'PliliI
»lio, ill ihii tiiiiu o(
ilit'iiily.
PROVIXCE OF CAXADA— COVERN.MENT OF LOUD ELGIN.
•lil'.l
!eiicy'8 hrotlier. Captain Iiriice. Tlie cliief of police, '■
Colonel Erinatinger, Captain .lones and several others |
were also hurl liy stones. The lawless feeling of tlic !
mol) was again aroused hy a ministerial dinner liein^f I
given at Tetu's Hotel to a deputation from Toronto; the '
crowd collecteil outside, stoned the place, and several
persons were injured, liii; crowd lieing only dispersed hy
the arrival of the military,
10 — On the fifth several parlies were arrested for par-
ticipation in tiie late riots. Xo <)[)posiiion was made at
the tnne ; liiit in the evening anoilierat-
Ilmnoval of tlio .i ., .ii ,-ht
luiiiuii from I'l'"'^ ^^■'■' made on the lionse ol .\Ir. J..a-
K\ih"rtM'iii(li'i''V' Foniitaiiie, and tin- military wen' oliliged to
honu.V;;;veniiui,it. '"''' "" ''"^ »""•'' '^'"'"." '^ '"•'" "■"'"'' -^••'-
son. An inipiest was lleld, and while it
was in progress an tittempt was made to lire the hotel in
which it was sitting, and also to assault ]\Ir. Lat'ontaine.
The man, JLison, who was shot, was Imried on Saturday the
tenth. His funeral was attended liy over two thousand
people, and the scarfs of tlu^ iiall-liearers, tlu^ trappings
of the horses and the <^ 'coration of the hearsi- were of
crimson ]\Ieanwhih! temporary (|iiart<'rs had heen oh-
tained for the goveriiineiit in some new linildings heing
erected by ^Ir. ^L Hayes in Dalhonsie Siinare, and the
sittings of Parliament resinned. One of tin; lirst nieas-
nics considered was the removal of the capital from
.Montreal, and various places were proposed.- — Kingston.
Toronto, (Jneliei; iiiid liytown (now Ottawa), lint it was
liiially sigreed, hy a majority of ei.;lif, that Toronto
should 1)0 tlic; seat of governineiit lor the next two years,
and after that it should alternate lii'tween (^iieliee and
Toronto for jierioils of four years each. A nuniher of
hills were jni^lied ihrongli and llie House was prorogued
on the thirlielh of !May liy the de;iuly-governor. Lieiiteii-
ailt-(!eiieral Iiowaii. Tlio strong opposition to the reliel-
lion I,(isses liill, the riotous conduct of the Mniilreal inoh,
and the petition for liis removal indined Lord F.lgiii to
tender his resignalion as goveriu r. which was not accepted,
the Homo governineiit fully approving of his condnct,
which was afterwards indorsed by Imili Ilou-cs of the Ini-
jierial I'arliament. 'J'lie malcontents, however, continiieil
to keep up an agitation in .Montreal, ai.il the city |iaid the
j)cnalty of the riotous conduct of its citizens hy jiaving
the seat of government removed — which caused an exo-
dus of aiioiit live tlionsaiid of the popiilalion, and a gen-
eral stagnation of trade. The ainiexalinii agitation con-
titiiii'd for a littli' while, and a few merchants of .Mon-
treal tried to eiiinlale the example of tin; celelirated " three
tailors of Tooley Street" liy issuing a manifesto depicliin.'
the wretcheil eondition of Canada, and declaring that an-
nexation was the only cure. Imt the good si'iise of the Imlk
of the peojile was agaiiisl il. and ilie feeling gradually
died out.
II. — The year I'S-'jO was an important one in the hi>-
tory of the r.ritish Xortli Ameiican Provinces, for in it
they may lii' said to have entt'red into the
period i)f their political and conuiUMvial J;,";.';'/:;^7;,V;" ''''
manhood, and freed from all controlling m- lZ\,'C,la'''''^''^
fluenee of Downing Street, they began to
feel, slowly and iinpi'rfeclly at (iist, the advantages to he
derived, from liaving control of their own affairs, (ireat
changes had been taking placi; in the policy of England
during tin- past few years ; the repeal of the corn laws
of l.s 1(1 had thrown the l",nglish market open to all the
world, and acted ilisadvantageously on the colonies, ilie
greater facilities in tr.insportation posse>sed by the Amer-
icans giving iheiii an advantage ; but it did good to the lirit-
ish colonies, inasmuch as it led to a spirit oi emulation, and
il desire to improve the internal coininnnicalion of the
]iro\iiices in order that they niiglit compete favorably wilh
the T'nited States in tlw! English market. The last har-
rier of colonial protection was thrown down in IS IK hy
the repeal of the iia\ i:;.ilion laws, which removed discrim-
inaling diilies anil allowed frei; trade with all parts of the
World liy provincial ships; lint as it also allowi'd .\im ri
can iiiiil other ships free traiie with the provinces, the
blessing was at lirst coiisidereil a very donlilfiil one ; trade
and commerce were deranged, especially in the Maritime
Provinces, and the cry was raised tiiat I'-iiglaiid was cast-
ing off the colonies. As a means of allaying discontent
the Imperial Parliament iiistriicled Lord Elgin to use his
inlluence to procure a treaty of rtciprocity with the I'nited
States, and an agi'iit was despatched to Washington to
opi'ii negotiations on that snliject, but the project was not
crowneil with success until I'oiiryears later. AdetevmilU'd
effort was also made this year by Ilincks to establish
Canailiau credit on a better footing in the J'aiglish inar-
ket. and Canailian securities began to be iploled on the
stock exihange ; Imt the effects of the late riots in Mon-
j Ireal and the cry o ' annexation were very damaging to
Canadian credit, and it was some years before il was
lirmly established,
\->. — Parliament iiiet at Toronto, on the fourleeiilh of
Alay, IH.'iO, and remained in session iiiilil the tenth of
Ati''ust, dnriiii' \\'i:ieli tiini! a number of . , ,
■^ " . Al.'itiitliiii on llio
useful bills were passed. Considerable iloiiiv iikiivib
, . . l|Ul■^lloll liv lllu
excitement was caused by the agitation •• clear ililt"
• < V >f I 1 1 ' ' .' 1 parly.
Ill the (ili)hc and other papers ol ibe
Clerg.V IJe^erves iilleslioli, which hid been setilid by
Lord Sydenham, years bel'ore. Imt not to the satisfaciion
of .Afr. ( ieor,,'e lliown, of ihe (llnlif. and others of the
Wadical wini; of the Kel'orm party, who now began to be
disiingiii'-lieil li\ the name of "Clear Grits," iv soiihriqiivt
which has llrinly .itlached to the party ever since Messrs.
Iialduin, L.iI''oiiiitaiiie, and others of i he old school of Re-
form opposed furlher agitaiion on the subject, and the
a|)proprialion of the Ueserves lo secular piir|iosea us ad
vocated by I he (irits; hut the latter were very persistent
.1;!'
li'l
i:
Vi ' '
fi
.■>()()
TrTTI.KS IIISTOKY OF TIIK DOAIINION (W CANADA.
; !l !
ill tlii'ir iiltiicks uml git';itly wciikoiii'd tlic ministry, al-
tiioiiL'li It still rc'taiiioil a sulliciciit majority in tin; House
to (M)nilui't tlii^ govci-nnicMt. AiiotliiT iiucstion uliich of-
oupicd tli(^ attontion of Parliament was that of making
tilt! Council cluctivc. wiiicli was iiitroducod by Mr. l'ai)i-
iicaii, lint tli(! (iiiondam rulnl had lost his inlliicncc and
the iii('a.--iiiL' was dt'loati'd. Towanls iho elo^e of the year
coiisiderahle agitation was got up liy the eonsorvalives
ill favor of a union of all the Hritish North Amorican prov-
iiires, and that Avas made one of their chief jiarty cries in
the general election of January, IS.'il. tin; result of which
was to considerably reduce the government majority in the
House, and streiigtiieii the hands of the Ch.'ar (Jrit-.
II]. — The year IS.jO was an imtVirtiiiiale one for Afun-
treal. The lawless spirit still showed u>elf in freipi. nt
l,iiri;e iiros In iiiceiidiary fires, and eneounters between
.M.MUiviil. A cii». ,|n3 u J5nti>li •' iiiid '• Fiviieh " factions,
ofiliuiiiy. The iiiiiiiicipal elections ill May Wen; at-
tended by serious riots, in which many persons were in-
jured, and an extensive fire in Grillintown, on the (if-
te<'nili of .lime, laid two hundred and ten houses in ashes,
and reiidereil live hundred families homeless. The lo>s
hy tins lire was upward-, of .£."((l,0(IU. not ipiite half of
which was covered by insurance. Si'aicely had an ell'ort
I been made to (dear away the ruins id' this lire and com-
mence rebuilding, when another lire broke out on Craig
Street, on the morning ot tin' 2.'Jd of August, and spread
up St. LawreiKM' and St Charles llarromee Streets, de-
stroying one hundred and lifiy houses. These fires liad a
g lod eU'ect ill one way. however, as the s<'arcity of water
called the atlcntion of tin; aiilhorilies to the iiece>sily of
providimr ellicient water woi'ks, and a by law was (lassed
forbidding the erection ol any more wooden liiiildiiigs, or
tiie use of -liic'jles for rooling. The following account
of the city from :< Boston paper gives a rather (li^lleart-
eiiiiij,' view of It: •• .Montreal wears a dismal aspect; the
]pojnilation wilhiii the pa^t few years has decreased some
lliiiii^ands , and the removal of tile seat of government
caused some lour llioiisand more to leave The streets
look deserted buddings burned a year ago, and Doiie-
gain's famous hotel, are still in rums. Kvt ry third store
seems to want an ocenpanl. and empty hoii-es groan for
tenants. The blackened walls of the I'arliamenl llmisi'
present an imseeiiily aspect, and llie fate; .if Sodom and
(ioinorrah appears to hang over the city, if we judge by
certain seclioiis. (Jeneral analliy in Hade, ami everything
else, is iippareiit, and there is a Jick ol energy and enter-
])rise. The public buildings are line, and tin; canal and
wharves are iineipiilled ; bc.t while government with a
lavi ii liaiicl expends thousands iii vast works, mid the
repr, 'iilatives of the crown fallen on g 1 salaries, (he
citizens grope about in the dark, becan^e the authorities
and the ( Jas ( 'oinpaiiy ditl'cr about S.'i,lHl..' pt.-r year in
supplying lifteeii hniidrcil lamps."
11. — During the early jKirtof I80I considerable eflorts
were made by the Hoiuan Catholics to obtain separate
public schools, under tlu; provisions of an ][,,ihvav prujiTta.
act lately parsed ^ranling that iirivilege 'i'""' f«li"K i" -
in certain localities where there was a Ntatesmidcaiin.ia.
sullicieiitly large |)opulatioii. About this time the railway
fever, wlii(di had broken out in England, in LSI."), and
ra|iidly spread to the rniteil States, began to he felt 111
Canada, and various schemes were advocated in the press
and at public meetings and began to attracrt the attention
of Parliament. Foremost amongst tlie>e was the St.
Lawrei and Atlantic Hallway, from Montreal to IJieh-
iiioml. a distance of nearly one hundred miles, which v.as
opene<l this year, and madi' llie occa.-ion (d' general re-
joicing ill ^lontreal and elsewhere. This line was after-
wards leased to the Grand Trunk, and forms part of the
general railway system of that extensive eorjioration.
Parliament met at Toronto on ■Jdtli May. I.^.jI, and the
success of the Clear (Irit agitation was shown by the
Honorable Robert IJaldwin being forced out of the
cabinet after a difeat on tin' Coiiit of Chancery IJill.
'I'lie ch'igy rest'rves and railway projects occupied a good
deal of the attention of Pariiaineiil, es| ially the latter
subject, which was now becoming an absorbing oiii' in the
province on account the great railwav aelivily taking
place ill the I'liited .States, ami the many lines beiiiL;
]»rojected there. ]Mr. Ilincks introduced a series of re>o-
lutioiis providing for a trunk line of railway through the
province, which 111 later years developed into thi; (iraiid
Trunk Pailway. The IIousi' was prorogued on the thir-
tieth of August, and 1-ord I'.lgin took occa^ioll t<i con-
gratulate both Houses on the steps which had been taken
for improving inland navigation, and ;iIm) lor promoting
railways , as well as congratiilitiiig llieiii on the very
.satisfactory exhibit which Canada had made at the ;.,reat
exhibition of 1H."i| in London. Trade between Canada
and the liiited Stales was now steadily ini'reasing. and
the utmost good feeling was .springing up between the
two countries. The American railways were a great con-
venience in transporting goods in bond, especially during
the winter, when CaiiailiMi ports were eloxd, .•iml the way
was being gradually paved for tlu' ratilicaiion of the I»i-
eiprocity Treaty, which followed three years later. As an
instance of this good feeling may be mentioned a grand
baih[iiet given in Hostoii, in Si'ptember, to a niiniber id'
Caiiadiim inerchants. at which I,ord Flgiii was ]ireseiit,
and at which spi'cches were made favoring an increase of
eommercial relations niiil advocating UecipBocity.
1."). — Meanwhile the Clear (Irit iigiiation continued, on
the clergy reserve and other ipii stioiis, and ^o mm h
pressure was liroiighi to bear on the min-
istry that, in October, i.^.M.a change m !,, 'Iii;'.'!!;;,ih7.':;' *
the cabinet w.is made, ami two of Oie
most prominent (irits — the I'",x-rebel, Dr. liolpb and Mr.
-i(l(,'ral)l(j cffoi'ts
obtain auparalu
Itaihvny projerts.
<t 1 fceliiiK hc-
IWlM'll Ihl' I'llitlMl
Slates and Cauaila,
iiiio the railway
1(1, ill 181"). and
an to l)c frit in
iti'il ill tlie jiri'ss
•I tliu attention
<(! was the St.
iiitrcal to liicli-
iics, wliii'ii v,as
I of gciiri'al I'L'-
^ liiiu was allcr-
rnis jiart <jf the
vc i.'or|ioratioii.
•. IH.Ji. anil tlio
• shown ])y the
'il out of the
C'hancfi'v IJill.
oi'ciipicil a i^ooil
■ially llu' laltci-
■liiiij;- one in ihu
activity taking
my lines lieing
scries of reso-
iiy through the
into the (irand
letl on the tliir-
i'a--ii)n lo con-
hail lieeii lakeii
for ])rc)niiiiiiig
I on tile Vel'V
ie at till' great
■twei'ii Canada
iii'ieasiiig. and
|i iietweeli the
re a great eon-
|M'eiaily during
1(1, and tlie Way
ion of the lie-
's later. As ail
lioiied a grand
> a iiiiinlier of
II was ]iresent,
an increase of
lioeily.
I I'liiiiiiiiK'd, (III
ai;d Ml iiiikIi
l>iiiiii'<ili' iircij'rwK
nl llli' ri'iivlllll'.
Ilnljili and Mr.
rROVINCK OF CANADA— (iOVKlJNMF.NT OF I.OKI) KUJI.N.
.')(»!
JIah'olin Caiiiproii — were called to seats in the ministry. ''
of which Mr. niiicks now lieeani(j ]trciiiier. and exercised '
almost entire control. A general election followed im-
inediately on the reeonstriictioii of the caliinet, wlieii ■• the
apostle of Gritisin," Jlr. George Brown, of the Globe, was
heateii for thi! county of llaldiinaiid hy Mr. William
Lyon .Mackenzie, K.v-rcliel. and Mr. Ivohert IJaldwiii was
defeated in York hy a Mr. nartman. The bitter feelings 1
which had lieeii engendered liy the reheiron. and inoincn-
tarily fanned into life again by the Uebeilion I^osses l!ill.
were now iR-giiiiiing to be assuaged, and the peoph' turned
their attention from political s(piabi)les to the more prac-
ticid work of improving the I'rovince, socially and materi-
ally. Ill the early da\s of Caiiadaall iinproveiiieiils were
(li^peiidaiit on the! general goveriimeut ; but the success
of the principle of disceiitralization, as apjilicil to iiiiini-
cipal legislation in the United Stales, had attracted at-
tention, and was now lieing generally adopted in I'pper
Canada, and, more gradually, in Lower Canada also; and
till! good ctVcct was soon visible in the coiistruclioii of liel-
ter roads, and in various other local improveiicnts. The
|)assage of an act favoring lla? forinatlon of joint stock
('oin|)aiiies Iiad also a good elfect, and many ii>efii' eiitrr-
prises weri! projected on that basis. Education ivas al-o
receiving iiKU'i! attention ; the adoption of !' unil'oiin sys-
tem of text-hooks had been of great advantage to the
common-schools, and the establishment of aiioriiiMl scIhmjI
at Toronto gave promise of a fiituie sn|iply of good and
com|)eteiit teachers, a waul which had long been I'ell.
10. — In the early part of IH.Vi Mr. IliiK ' s visited Ijiglaiid
in eoniieetion with tlu; pro|)OM!d Grand Trunk Kaiiway.
TiMi tlKiimaiiil pi'd- i"i'l prepared a bill which was to lie pic-
lesViiy^Uo il''ilmi- ''•'II''''! !" <•'" '"'Xt session of rarliallielit.
•'■''"'• IJel'olt! that event took ]ilace, however,
two more large waves of lire rolleil over tlu! devoted city
of .Montreal and laid a very largi! portion of it in a-lie>.
The lii'^l conflagration occurred on the seventh of .Iiiiie,
oriiiinating in a carpenter slioji on St. I'eter Street. iieail\
facing St. Sacrament Street. TIk! Ilaines (|uiekly spread
to St. .Vndrew's Chiircli. and soon the whole spaci! bound-
ed by St. I'cler, .St I''rancois Xavier, Si. Sacrament and
.St. I'aul Streets, was one ma-s of llaiiies. The lire tlieii
]iajued over Ciisloin House Sipiaie ami along St. I'aiil
Street as far as St. Sul[iice, when it was mastered, after
immense dillieiilly. liy this lire ihe fairest part of tin'
business portion of the citv was de lrc.\eil, about two
huii(lre(l houses wei'i! buriieil, many I'amdies rendered di'sli-
tiiie, and loss to lli(!exleiit of about Sl.dllll.lllll) sii-laiiieii.
The I'"rincli('athe(lial and the Hotel Dieil were in great da; i-
;;er. and were only saveil \t\ the nlinost exerli(nis of the
nrlitary. who Inel removed all lln' sick finm tlii! Ilo-pilal,
aad Were most untiring in ihi'ir elforts to save both life
and properly. Severe as was this lire, however, it was
as nolhiiig coiiipaiiil witli the one wliii'li loll jweil a nioiiih
later, and left ten tiiolisand people Iiouseless and destitute.
Oil till! ninth of July a lire broke out on llu; east side of
St. Lawrence iNIain .Street, and spread wilh great rapidity
as far as Migiionne Street ; at tlu! cormr of that street
and St. Domiiiiipie there was a large liimbei' yard, wliii-h
served as a tinder-box for igniting tht! whole neighborhood,
and the llanies, fanned by a strong westcrlv gale, soon
spread over the whole eastern portion of the city as far as
St. Denis .Street, and along Craig, carrying everything
before it. stoiu! houses olferiiig no more resistanci! to its
liery breath than wooden ones. Meaiiwhili! some of the
sparks had been carried by the .-Iroiig wind more than
half a mile, and set lire to the liimbir yards and saw mills
on the river side, which were (piickly consumed. .Ml
day long the llanies ran riot in the eastern portion of the
city, and towards livi; o'clock seemed to have biirnrd \\-v\i
out ; jiist then, however, the alarm was given that il had
lirokeii out ill a fresh place, and soon the workof doiruc-
lioll was renewed with even greater vii.'(U' than licl'ore.
The Hay's Hou>e was an iinmelise block of stone build-
ings, four stiM'ies liiuh, facing Xolri! Dame Street, at tlu!
collier of Dalhoiisie Sireet.aiid extending back to Champs
de Mars Sireet. thei-e lieing a l;iig(t theatri! in the nar
The new lire caii;;lil in some wudeii building, in the
rear and soon coiiiiiiuiiieate(l to llio main building, and
from thence moved slowly along ,St. .Mary and Lai^ainli-
ellere Streets to the jail, a ilialaiiee of nmri! lliaii half a
mile, taking llie whole night lo [lert'iuin its work of di'-
slinction, and it was not until ten o'clock on the t'ollowiiig
iiioniing that it burnt i;.-eli out, for the want of water
and eHici( lit lire apparalua madi! any elTorts to cheek it
futile. Tlu! space burnt over was more than a mile long
by nearly half a mile wide, and over twelve liundred
liou>es Wert! coiisiiniecl, rendering nearly ten thoiisancl
persons houseless, and clcv-.iroying alioiit :r-l,il(iii.ilili) worth
of jiroperty. The dislress was great and widespread, lor
nearly all the families burned out were of the ])oorer
class and lost their all ; but the! riciier cili/cn^. and the!
people' of neighboring cities, came Iioblv to tlic'ir relief.
Temporary places of shelter were proxiihcl in the- eiin-
graiit shecis at Point St. Charles, in the Calholie convents,
and ill tents provided by the military : while Mibseri|itious
poured in from i-!iiglaiiil. the I'nitcil States and tlic^ sister
provinces. .Montreal hacl now had three great (ires in
two yi'ars. aiicl llie folly of allowing wooclc>n hoii^c's to lie
liirlt was seen, as well as the neces>iiy for eMeiiilcd water
works.
17. — I'lider the niigralory sysleiii whieli had Immii
adojiled, < ^iiebci' now beeanii' the capital lor lour _\ ear-, and
Parliament mil tlnrc cm the sl\teeiitli of ,
lH.'..r|ntratlttH ••!
AilL'iisI, ls,"ij, wlnii .Mr. .loliii Saiicllic'ld 111.' ciiiiiidTiiiiik
well 1 I • , l;ail«iiv. ri,.'
.MacilniiaM was clicoell speaker ol llie Miiiil<'i|>Ml l.^an
.\>srinbl\. Larly in the scs^icin Mr.
IlillcU. intrnclneed a series of reMilllliolls willl n I'erclicc'
I,
1 Jl;!'!
1 ':■: : i
I ]
1 1
i
.".OJ
TUTTLKS IHSTOIIV OF TlIK DOMINION' OF CANADA.
to ii sittli'iiu'iit of tin- ■•li.i'gv iv.Hcrvus, wliiili wire passed ;
and ;aiii()iiii(.'i.'d that lie had reason to liulicvc that thu
iuiliorial Parliament would shortly pass au aft sottliii;; this
iruitl'id soiiiii' 111 iini'a.-.iiu'ss and disconti'iit. An address
was also [ireseiitud to iht' ([aui'ii favorinif rcci[)f(U'ity with
tlii^ l.'nitcil States, and strongly op|)ii>.iiig any eoiicossioii
in the disputed matter of the lislieries, on any other hasis.
Tho most im[)ortant leiiislation o( tiie si^sion. howevi'r,
was with reference to railways, no less tlien twenty-eight
hills promoting railways heing passed ami asseiite<l to hy
the go\ernor-geiieral : amongst them I oing one incor-
porating the (iranil Tinnk Uailv.ay. to whi<'li a giiaranteo
of X.'i.dOO a mill' was given. Other acts to siilisidize lh<!
(iraiid Trinik were froni time to lime passed, until the
total amount guaranteeii on aecount of it swelled to aliont
S2.'),(iH0.(lllJ. Still the money was well inveslcul, for al-
though the (Jraiul Trunk never has paid as an investment
and ,,"obalily never will, yet it has licen of iiiealenlahle
good in developing the eonntry iiiid bringing out its
resources. Another linaneial seheiiu! introduced hy Mr.
Ilincks was the con>olidaied Municipal Loan Fund for
I'pper Canada, hy which llie municipalities wen^ author-
ized to borrow money on the credit of the province, for
building railways, macadamized roads, bridges, itc. The
nuniici|ialitics (|ni<'kl\ launched out into all sorts of wild
improvements, and drew on the fund so i^qiidly that, in
I^.Vl. whi'U the act was extended to Lower Canada, it
was found necessary to limit the amount to he u^eil by
each provinet? to X"1,.">()0.0()() and very soon the amount
spent bv t'.ie municipalities amounted to nearly SlO.IMIll,
000, on which the general govermiient had to pay the
interest, for most of the inunii'ipalities were' too jioor to do
so themselves, i.'-d the " improviineiils," although thi^y
benelited the country indirectly, m;ide no direct prolit.
IS. — The finances of the province at this time were
in a most tlourislung condition, and showed a hanclsome
„ ,, , surplus of nearlv SI. ()(K).OUOrcveiiiHMiver
.i:il ...iiiiiii..n iif exiieiKlilure, the former being S.").',)7(p,7l)t'i
llii'pruvl.iri'. . ■ - > T ■ ■ X
lor l.s.iL', against an expenditure ol S.'i,-
OoD.IISl. The debt at this tlini! was $-'-'..').).», II. '). and the
credit of the ppvince stood so high m Kngland that its
six per cent bonds lonnil ready jiuvchasers lit (ifleen to
sixteen per cent preiinmn. Hut the railway mania of
l.S.")2, and the continued railway f^ ver which raged in the
country for some years, soon told a dilTcrent tale, changed
a surplus to a constant delii it, and ran tho credit of the
province down below par. After a, sc ssioii of ihn (' months.
Parliament was adjiuirned on the tenth of November until
the t'oiMtei'iiih of till' Idllowing I'"eliruai'v. the governor
giving aNM'ut to no less than one hundred and iiinely-thi
I hill>, when he liually prorogued I'arliameiit on the four-
teenth of June, amongst them being one altei'ing parlia-
mentary representation by increasing the number from
eighty-four t i one hundred and thirlv, or si\lv live from
each province, and the districts were ie-ailju.>liil so that a
more eipiitahle represi.'Utation of certain localities was
ariivedat ; this act, however, was not; to lake elVect until
the next general election. While the Canadian Parliament
was insession theimperial Parliamentcari'ied out the prom-
ise alluded to by Mr. Ilincks at the opening of the ses-
sion, and passed a hill with reference to the clergy reserves,
civing theCanadian Legislature the power to deal with tho
])roceeds of the fund in future for any purposes they
pleased, excejit that the general stipends of the ministers
of the churches of Kngland and Scotland, and of oiher
denominations coming under the clergy reserves act. were
to be paid during the lil'i^time of the mcumbeiits, and the
existing interests in these reserves to he jirotected. The
ipieeii assented to the bill on the nintli of .May. and a
copy was at once forwan'ied to Canada for iu'tion ; but
arriving towards iIk? end of the session was not prei.ented
by ^Ir. Ilincks this year.
lit. — While the J^egislature was Iti session two disgrace-
ful liots occui-red, one in (^nehee the other in ^Montreal,
eaii--i'd by the preaching of an i'l""*''''" Tl.r linva/zi ii..i8
priest named davazzi, who had beconie '','"■','. ''"',"' ""
1 til.' Him-ks U'.v-
converted to the Protestant faith and I'lmni'm.
sought to make other converts. He attempted to lecture
in the Free Presbyterian church, (Quebec, on the night of
the sixth of June, buta crowd asseinlilcd, stoned the place,
injured several people, and broke Uf) the meeting. i\Ir.
(lavazzi having great dillicnlty in making his escape. A
search was then made for ^Ir. George IJrowii, who w:is
looked on as the leader of the Protestant party in the
House, but he cmrld not be found. On the following day
Mr. lirowii tried to bring the matter up in the jVssembly,
but Was ruled out of order. Defeated in his design of
Kcturing in (.Quebec, (Javazzi proceeded to Montreal,
when he was advertised to lecture iii /ion church on the
ninth of .lune. Great fears of a riot were felt, and
although the church ivas well filled, mo>t of the men in
the audience were armed, and a body of police was iIi'mwu
u|> 111 front of the church, wliili; a coin[)aiiy of the 2li(h
ngmient — which had lately arrived from (Jibraltar — was
ke[it III readiness in ease of emergency. Tiie emergency
eani(\ The lecturer had got about half-way llirmigh his
address wlieii a large, mob — composed chiefly of the lower
orders of Irish — attacked the police, drove them back and
entered the church. Here a light took place between the
rioters and the audience, the latter using pistols freely.
The greatest confusion ]irevailed, and both parties strusr-
gled out of the church, the inol) making for the foot of
the hill, and the congregation being a little further np.
At this juncture Mr. Charles Wilson, mayor of Montreal,
threw the inilit;!ry. in two (1ivi>ions facing outwards,
between the ciunbatants. Shots conlinned to be fired by
the coiilending parties, and stones thrown, and tlie niiiyor
having hastily read thi; riot act, ordered the troops to fire.
IjUnttnl SO tliut a
I liiciilitii's WHS
lak(' clVfcl until
iliaii I'arliuiiu'iit
.'(I out tliii prom-
ling of the si'.s-
(•l,.|-iry reserves,
III (leal with the
iJiirposes they
3f the niitiisfors
i1, anil (if iiihcr
serves act. wero
iniieiits, and tho
irotfi'ted. Tli(!
Ill" .May. anil ii
for lu-tion ; lint
la not 2>reMiili'(l
in two ilisijrai'e-
■r ill .MoMiri.'al,
Thr i!:ivaz/.i ri.its.
'I'llfir rlh'i-! 1)11
til.' ii iiii'ks ^;i>v-
fniiiu-iil.
npteil to leeturo
on the nij;ht of
^toneil tlir ]ilai'(',
e meeting. Jlr.
his esca|ie. A
rown, who was
Mt pai-ly in the
e fiiliiiwiiig liay
I the ^Vsseinlily,
n his ilesigii of
I to IMiintreal,
II clmreh on the
were felt, iinil
<t of the men ill
ilicr was lirawii
iiy (if llu^ 2i;ili
(iilirallar — was
The eiiieigeiiey
ay thiiiiigh his
ly of the lower
them liaek anil
c lietweell tlio
jiistols freely.
1 parties Ktrii!}-
for tho foot of
ilo further up.
ir of Jlonlreal,
iiig ii'.uwarils,
1 til he (ired liy
and I he mayor
e troops to lire.
rUOVlXCE OF CANADA— GOVEUX.MKXT OF LORD ELGIN.
503
Instantly two lines of gleiiiiiing gun-barrels llashed in the
iiiiiiky light of night, :i bright jet of lire sjiuiileil friiiii
each muzzle, a shower of lead fell uiiou tin; niiexiiectiiig
crowds, and livi; dead bodies lay on the cold street, under
tilt! pale moon, whilu about forty other persons were
wounded, some uf them almost mortally. I'liis un-
toward event ctiused the utmost excitement and greatly
intensilied party religious feeling. 'I'he soldiers of the
2(Illi w(M-e wayl.iid, if they strayed tdiout alone, and beaten,
while some one stido into the City Ilall and defaced ti pic-
ture of th(! mayor by ciiltiiig out the head. The iiict that
Mr. Wilson was a Calhnlic iidded gi-eally to the exeitc-
meiit. and readed uiitaviirably on .Mr. Ilincks' adminis-
tration, winch was cli.irgeil by the I'riitestant jio[itilati()n
with Iviiig lukewarm and iirt'judiceil in its investigation
into Mr. Wilson's cimdiicl.so tis to please the Ctitholie
memluM's from Lower CaiiaiLi, and continue to secm-e
their su|)piirt. TIk; ministry was now bitterly tittacked
by the U.idical ring of the Heform press, led by the Globe,
and .Mr. llrowii fast incrciised in pojmlar favor.
20. — I'lililic alt(!ntioii was, li,ip)>ily, distr.icled for a
short time from this bloody picture by the o[n'niiig of the
(irtiiid Trunk IJailwav to I'lirllaml, which
('hiirn.'scifi'ornipl, i ' . , , . ,
pr.i.ti'M..H ii;,':iiiisi took place on the eighteenth ol .lime,
l.S.).). and \v;is celebrated by ;i g and
baiKjuct in Montreai. The ininislry of ]\Ir. Ilincks
now began vi>ilily to lose streiiglh. and it was clear that
it was only ,i (|neslion of time — and tlnit :i very short
time — befiiie ilii^ •• Clear ( Irils " would be the most jiower-
fiil secliiin of the Ueforni party, tiiid (lriv(! iMr. Ilincks
from power, 'i'he death of 'iidge Siilliv.in and llie eleva-
tion of .\t(i)rMey-( leiieral I{ lanls did not sti'eiiglheii the
minisiry by the ticces^ion to iis r.inks of ^Ir. .Iii>eph C.
Morrison as ,solicil()i--gener:il : whih; tlui rumor that the
minisiry did not intend to tak(! immediato Kte|is to secu-
larize the clergy reserves cstraiige(l many from the
Iliiiek's party. JJut tin? greatest blow to the Ilincks' ji.irty
was receive(l towards the end of the year, when a chancery
suit ill which .Mr. linreves, mayor of Toiinilo, was in-
tere^led. developed the fact that he and ^Ir. llilicks had
speculated ill biiiids of the city f Toriiiito to llie aiiioiint
of I'.'il 1,0(11) when they were at twenty per cent discotint.
and that the premier had afterwards iiilriidticed and
c.inscd to be passed a bill in the Legislature which had
the elVect of h'lidilig those bonds up to ])ar. Other
charges of speculadng in land on the pri^posed line of the
railway for the piii|iiise of selling to tlu^ road after he
had located it mi as to beiielil liiinseU' by enhaneiug tlu'
value of his pidperiy, were also made, and his party
HulVereil il.iily in public estimalidii. The premier, mcin-
wlllle, ll.'ld proceeiled to London, wilh Lord Flglli, to
arr,iiige matleis connecied with the proposed IJeciprmiiv
Trealv with the rnited Slates, which was now atlraciiii;'
UttelltlOU in
ith
countries.
21. — The preliminary arrangements were soon per-
fected and the goverimr and |ireniiir iclnrncd to Canada,
tlii^ former .'ilinost iinme.liatelv ifoiii;' to
Washington to coni|ilete the tit'aty, which '.jJ
Si.;nini;i>r IIh' !!•)-
ily 'I'n'.'ity.
lufinn ef l*ur-
was accomiilished on the lifth of June, lii>i"i'"t.
IH.il, and duly ratilied by the two jiowers at once, the
action of the i.'oviiicial legislatun! being only wanted
now to give the treaty elVect. The tresity was for ten
years, and granted free traih^ betweou Canada and the
L'liited States of the pniducts of the forest, the farm and
the mine; opened tiie in>hiir(! lishing and the navigation
of the St. LaWi'ence and its c.inals to the AiiKiicans,
while the lirilish wen^ to li.ive free na\ igatiiin of Lake
Michigan. The treaty was highly |ileasing to tin; pcnjile
of Canada, but was not so favorably received, at lii>t. by
the people of th(! ^laritime I'rovinccs, who did not con-
sider that they ri ived a suHieieiit eipiivaleiit lor their
iisheries. The act. however, went into elTect in .March,
I'S.'i.'i, and gave general satisf leticm to the Canailians
while it rcmiined in force. .Mr. Ilincks was in no hurry
to meet I'.irli.iment. for he could ]irelty cle.irly see "1110
haiiihvritiii_ ipiiii tin; wall," and wished to gain as niui'h
liiiK! as possilile ; I'arlianiciit did not, iherefore, meet
until the tliirteeiiih of .Inne. The governor's speech from
till! throne dwell on the signing of the IJeciproeily Tre;ty,
and toiicheii on several minor. t(i[iics. lint said nothing
about tli(! two vital subjects which were agilating I'pper
and Lower Canada, the clergy reserves and the settle-
ment of the seignorial rights, and an opportunity was
I'agerlv Watched liv th(! iip[ii' eiits of the giiviriiineiit to
get 111 a vii'.e of want of ciniliileiice. Mr. Caiichoii moved
an aim inlnieiil to the aihlres., lilair.ing the niiiii>try for
not .saying ..-oiiiel hi ng about the settlemeiit of the seignorial
rights, and .Mr. .Sii Mtie moved a further ameiidmeiit ceii-
suriiig till! ministers for failiii;,' to take any me,i>iii'es to
settle the clergy reserves. The debate was conlinned
until the tweiity-lirst. when the iiiiiii>tiy was defe.ited by
a m.ijoiiiy of thirteen in a IlouxMif seventy-one. ( )ii
the following day the governor came down to the cuiincil
chaiiiber, and sninmoiiiiig the House of Assembly, pro-
rogued I'arliameiif, before a single bill had been pa-...^ed.
The pi'iirogation was speedily folluwed by iliNsnlntion,
and in •Inly, the coiiiilry was in all the bustle and e.vcite-
mciit of a general eleclion.
22. — .Mr. Ilincks h,id trusted to a general election in
the hope that it Would slreiigllieii his ]iarty .•ind exclndo
soni(M)f the more iironiiiiiiced i;rits ; for , , .
' . " i>i.fi.iii i.f iliii
this reason everv ell'ort ^ Hi put torlll to in . KsailmlnlH-
.' ,. ,, , , . Illllillll.
gam a majoriiy in I p|ier I aiiada — lliat in
Lower Caiiad.i beiic,' .•issiired — and all the power of tho
Lriiilii'. and ollur iinveriiiiienl or;,'aiis was callrd into
rei|iiisitiiiii ; lull llie Clear ( irils had too lirm a hold on
the people of the I'pper J'roviiice, and tln^ lluinders of
the <<i'hi\ K.riniii'iicr, Niirtli Amfririiii, and olher radica
It
504
TUTTLF/S HISTORY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
ll.ii!'
;"IK
piiptTS cfFfctually silciicc(I tlir fccbh^ lin> of tin? Letnh-r,
!iinl placcil ii iiiajorily of tlic cli'iir (Irit caMclidatcs at tlic
lii'ad of till! ])oll.s. ]\Ir. Ilincks was ri'tunicd for two (•oii-
stitiiciicios, but Ills lu'iKrliinaii, Malcolm Cameron, post-
inaslor-iji'iicral, was badly iioatcii by Mr. Georgu I>niwii.
and many ot his staunchcst snpjiorti'r.s were discardeil by
tlieir constituents. Parliament met on the fifth of Se|>-
lember. and the vote for speakir showed that Mr. Ilineks
no longer had tiu; full eonlidenee of the House. Mr.
(ieorjje E. Cartier was i,oniinited as the ministerial can-
didate for .speaker, and Mr. L. V. Sieotte was jiniposed
l)y the opposition. Mr. Cartier had a majority of nine
of the Lower Canada meniliers, lint Mr. Sieotte sliowed
a majority of twelve from the Upper I'rovinee, ijeiii!;; thus
defeated by three votes. Still ^Ir. Ilincks did not resign ;
he wailed to see the elVeet of the governor's speech, which
he ihoiigbt would gain over eiiougli strength from tin;
Urowii party to give him a working nnjurity. The
House was lorinally opened by the governor on tlu! sixth
in a sp ;ecli in which lie foreshadowed the submission to
the Hous(! of all the measures demanded by the Grits, a
settlement of the clergy reserves and seignorial tenure
(piestions, the change of the Legislative Council to an
elective body, and the Keciju'ocity Treaty. I'lUtMr. Urowii
was not to b(! coiicilliatcd ; nothing .short of <lii\iiiu Mr.
Ilincks from ])ower would suit him, and. wiih the help of
Sir Allan McNab and tlut conservative parly, be suc-
ceeded, on the evening of the .seventh a ipnstioii of
|)rivilcge was raised, ami the government a.-keil a delay [
of twenty-four hours which was refusiMl by the House, ■
sevi'i'al of Mr Ilincks supporters — amongst them Dr.
Ilolph, a meinber of the ministry — voting with the oppo-
sition Mr. Ilincks saw it was useless to attempt to
conduct the government any longer, and accordingly re-
signed-
:?.'(. — Mr. Iirown had triiiniplied over Mr. Ilincks. ,'ind
now made sure tliat \v\ would bi^ abl(> to reunili' the party
he had split into two, and conduct a 'Mil
Fiirnmlirm of tlic , . , , . ,
first ■■"Mlitioii goveriiinent hunselt ; but ho soon touiiil
uiivi-rnnmiit. .1.111 .1 1 • 1
that he had created a schism 111 Ins own
party only to ruin it, and leave himself further from
P'lwer than ever. Lord KIgiii, on tht; resignation of .Mr.
Ilincks, committed to Sir Allan .McNab, leader ol liie
conservative opposition, the ttisk of forming a new min-
istry. Sir Allan was a shrewd ])olitieian. and saw at once
that a conservative ministry, pure and siinple. could not
long expect to enjoy the coiifideiico of the House. There
were now really thrive distinct parties in the House, the
Conservatives, IimI by Sir All. in : tlii' Clear (Iiits, led by
^Ir. Mrowii. and the party led by Mr. Hineks, wlii<h was
still niiinerically stronger than either of its opponents.
Sir .Mian determineil on a mtip (feint ; the French p.arty
no longer |)rcsented a solid front ami held the balance of
power, it had split into lUvm ami litiiiyi's^ the former m\\-
porting lli(> old Heforni party and the latter ihe grits ; the
Conservative party, therefore, now held the balance of
power, and Sir Allan at once 0|>eiied negotiations witli
Mr. Ilincks to form a coaliiion. His (irst overtures were
made to Mr. florin, header of the French |)artv. who con-
sulted with Mr. Ilincks. and that gentlcmai agreed to
support the ministry to be formed, providcil that two of
his friends were members of it, and that the programine
of the late governmi'iit was carried out. A coii>ullatioii
I was held with Mr. .loliii A. ^lacilonald and other con-
servative leaders, and the terms agreed to, and immedi-
ately the first coaliiion goveriiinent in Canada was
formed. .Sir .Mian McXali was presidtMit of Council and
minister of a;;ricullure ; .loliu A. Macdonald, attorney-
general west, and I'omiiiissioner of crown lands ; William
Cayley. minister of liiiaiice ; Holiert .Speiice, jioslmaster-
general ; E. 1*. Taclie, receiver-general ; 1'. .(. O. Chavean,
: provincial .secretary. The mini.-iiy was further strength- j
ciied in the following .January by tlu' appointment of Mr. I
(icorge E. Carlier, as solicilor-gciicral east. Thus was j
I ^Ir. Iirown "hoist by his own petard ; " he liad coalesced
' with the conservatives to get ]Mr. Hineks out of )iowcr,
and ^Ir. Ilincks returned the comiiliment by coalescing
with the same jiarty to prevent .Mr. Urowii fioiii getting
in.
21. — The mw iniiiisters. who witc ineinbers of the .\s-
seinbly, had, of course, to go back to their conslituints
for re-eleclioii, and were, without ex-
ception, again returned, in spite of the un'-!"'l"'il?y V'sl^r^^^^^^^
bitter opiiositimi of Mr. Iirown and his
followers. All of the Hineks jiaily ilid not follow their
leader 111 his support of the conserv.itivc ininistry, a small
party, under ihi^ leadi'i'ship of .Mr. John Sandlielil Mac-
donald remained in opposition ; but the majority agreed
to til laiition, .ind the new iiiiiii-.iry I'ouiid itself with a
good working majority. Sir .Ulan .McN'ab at once set
hiniself to work to fulfil his promises to Jlr. Hineks. anil
on the seventeenth of October, a bill to secularize the
clergv leserves, in confonnily willi the bill passed bv the
iiii[ierial Parliament was iiiti'odiii'ed. The (piesiion of the
clergy reserves had always been a troublesome one ; the
arrogant [jreteiisions of ila^ Church of England — most
streniionsly advocated by that "political ])aisoii " bishop
.Strachan — thatlln! reserves were intended for that iliiir<li
alone and no other church had any right to part or share
111 them, had been denied by tlie action of the imperial
P.ii'li.iiiKMit in declaring the church of Scotland eiitilled
to a share, and snbsecpient legislation iiad admiited other
denominations to a partici|)alioii of the reserves ; but. of
\;\W years, a strong cry for an entire separ.'ilion of Church
and Stale had been raisecl : the l''ree Kirk movemenl in
.Scotland, in l><l;i. had rapidly spreail in Canada, and
ended in the bill now before the House, which wiilnlrew
I the eh'rgy reserves altogether from the (•liiirch and placed
IT tlif jrrJts ; the
tlic Imlanco of
ic.irntintioiis with
t (ncrturcs were
party, wlio coii-
in:ii Mirrced to
ilc'ii lliMl two of
tlu' ])n);rfammc
A consultation
and other con-
to, and iinnicdi-
n Canada was
: of Council and
aiiald, attorney-
lands ; William
K'C, postmasttT-
■ .'.O.Chavcau,
iillicr sli-cn;rtli-
)intnicnt of Mr.
list. Thus was
f had coalesced
out of power,
t hy coalescini;
iti fi-oni eettini'
hers of the As-
ir constituents
iilni'i/.rilinii nf
lot follow their
inistrv, a small
Sandlield Ma,;.
iiajority agreeil
i<l itself with a
lb at once set
fr. Ilincks. and
seculari/c the
1 passed hy the
•picstion of the
some one ; liu'
'wiitland — most
)arson " liishop
f<ir that ehurcii
' part or share
f the imperial
)tland entitled
admitted other
serves ; liiil. of
tion of Cluireh '
niovi'inent in |
Canada, and
hieli withdrew
'ch and jilaced
l»ROVIN( i; OF CANADA— GOVERNMENT OF SIR E. V.'. HEAD.
oOJ
them in the hands of tlic different r.uniieipalities. Tro-
vision was made hy the act .or contiimiii:; the stipenils of
incumlieiits during thiir lifetime ; hut this was after-
wards commuted with the consent of the dilTerent minis-
ters, and 11 church endowment fuml formed. The bill was
passed liy a large majority, and the vexed (pii'stion of the
clergy reserves was peacefully laid to rest.
■J.l. — The next important l)ill which occupied tin; at-
tention of tlu^ House was the .Seignoriai Tenure Act. by
I'nss.-i'o i.f ihn which llie last vestige of feudalism v. as
Sciuii..iial 'rimire jiwent from Canada. As has been already
inn. l:r>i}^iialion *
i.t l.md i.it;in. stated these seigiiories were originally
granted hy the kings of France to build up a Canadian
aristocracy which should prove a support to both Chureh
and State ; thest> seigniors had been maintained in their
holdings by the treaty of 17(i."i, buu tin; femlal system was
repUirnant to th<! feelings of I-",nglish settlers, and greatly
retarded the colonization of Lowi'r Canada, the l)iilk of
the immigrants going through to the western |iri)vince, or
to the States. The system at last l)egan to be distasteful
even to liie clergy, and once their inlluence ^v'". turned
against it, agitation for a cliaiig<! soon followed, lly the
bill now introduced the claims of the seigniors were to be
eonimuteil by a commission and the land ac(|uired iiy the
govermneiit, to be afterwards sold or granlecl as it saw
lit. 'J"he bill was passed, and another troulilesome ([iies-
tion disposeil of, but this ime cost Canada dear, and it was
only after many years, and at a cost of over >s"i.<M)(),IMlO,
that thesuliject was linally disposed of. Parliament was
adjourned on the eighteenih of December to the twenty-
third of February, after a nuinl)erof use;'ul bills had been
])assed, aniongst them oiu; giving ell'ect to the reciprocity
treaty, an<l another making some alterations ii ' 'arilY
rendered necessary by the ailoptioii of the treaty. An
•let incorporating tlio Canachi Ocean Steamship Company
was also passed, and another to amalgamate the (iraiid
Trunk Railway with some other companies, increase its
powers and grant it additional assistance, one part of
which was the issue of X1()0,(K)(» j)rovineial bonds lor
building 11 briilgc! across the St. Lawrence at Montreal,
since; known as the world-renowneil Victoria liridge. On
the day after the adjournment of Parliament, Lord Elgin
resigned the governor-generalship and w.is succeeded by
Sir '•".dmuml AV. Head, who liacl for six years administered
the affairs of New liriinswlck. Lord Elgin had long since
onlliveil his teiii|)orary unpopularity at the time of the
Rebi'llion Losses P>ill, and was higlib- esteemed hy the
people as an active ami energetic govi'rnor who had done
iiiiich good for the province. 'I'hat his servici's were ap-
precialiil by lliii Ibmie governiiieiit was shown by liis
iicing sent on a special mission to China and .Tapan, and
afterwards apiioinled to the governor-geneialship of
India, whi'ii hi> fell a victim to the climate. .Mr. Ilincks
did not remain long after Lord l*',lgin, his popularity was
greatly impaired by the charges made against him. and in
the following year he was appointed i. veriior of IJarba-
does and the Windward West India Islands, from whence
he was transferreil to Iliitish (Iiiiana. lie was knighted
and subsequently returned toCanada, where wc shall find
hiu'., later on in our history, again entering political life.
CHAPTER CXI.
I'RDVIXt'i; OF CAXADA-COVKKX.MKXl' OF SMI
K. W. HFAI).
]. — lMi"nnvi;Mi".XT fiK Immkjkatiun Laws. Financim,.
— '2. A FitlA'l 11 MaN-uI-WaK VISITS l^ll.lll.c Kill! TIIK
KiKsr Tisii'; IN Ni;vi!i.v A Cr..NTii!V. — '■'). Tim; Lkhis-
i.ATivi: CoiNciL JiAiii: i-.i.r.criyr.. — 1. Canai>a"s
FiiiST Raii.wav AcriKKXT. Si:vi:.\rv i.ivks lost.
— .").Tw'o Tkkimiu.k Srf.AMUoAT .VcciDr.N rs. Nkaii-
i.v Tiiiti-.r. IIf.\i)i!i;i) I.IVKS i.osr. — (i. FiSANciAi,
CliLSIS C)|- I.S.'(7. Rl'.IMir.SKM ATION IIV Pi ll'l 1. A Til >N.
7. Tin; FlKST VoTKON Rr.l'KKSr.MATIUN UY Pori'-
i.Ariov. I)i;i'i;at UK Tin: MKAsrui;.— H. OrTAW\ ciio-
SKN AS TllK KITIKK Skat (IK( ioVKUN'MKNT. — '.'. .\n A|>-
JIlNISrilATlON OK I'oltrV-ElOIlT ILUKS' Dl UAIIKN.
— 10. TiiK ('AuriKU-MAiDoNAi.ii .Mi.Msrin. — II. In-
VlTArioN TO TIIK (^IKKN TO ofKN TIIK \'lrrol!IA
IiitiixiK. — ]J. pKoTKcrioN c.s. Fi;i;i; 'I'iiadk, ^ — Li.
Tin; Citiis .^cjiTAtK Koi: I'kim i;ai. (Iovkhnmknt.
TiiK Ri;yKNi K anh Tin; Pti'.i.ic I)Kiir.— 1!. Di.-
vv.\T OK Mit. Ukown's "doiNr Ai riioitiTt '
SrllKMK. l"). Tin; \lslT OK TIIK PKINIK OK
WaI KS. Ills KNTllfSIAsrii' Ki:(KI'riON Ar t/lKllKl'
AM> MoNniKAi.. — H'p. Tin; A'lsir ok itii; Pkinck
OK Walks. In \I(;ii!A Hon ok tiik \'i<roiiiA
ISitiixii:. — 17. TiiK A'lsiT OK Tin-; Piiinck ok
Wai.i.s. DiscotifTKors Commi t ok tiii-: ()i{an<;k-
MKN. — l.S. Tin-; Cknsis ok l.si'.l. Oukat inckkask.
IN rwi^NTV VKAiis, — I'.l Ri;ti KKM i;\ r ok .Siii I'",i»-
MiNi> IIkad, (JurnitiAK ok tiii; Soi itikun Rk-
ItKI.I.ION.
1. — Till' adjourned session nf Parliament met again on
the twenty-third of I'VOu'iiary, l.S.'(.'i. The Cabinet had
underj'om; some changes during the recess, ,
'^ * " IlliprnM-tiK'Ilt of
but liail named rather than lost stlelii;lll, liiiihi;;iiUHiii lawn.
and had still a sullicieiit nia{oriiy to easily
conduct the bii-iness of the session. Tin
I ..
ree days after
the reopening of the session. .Sir Edmund Head laid be-
fore the House a despatch from the colonial secretary
in which he expres.-eil Her Alajesty's thanks to the Par-
liament of Canada for the congialulalory resoluiioiis pas.sed
on the occasion of tin victory at tiie .Mina. and also for
.IOC
TITTLK'S HISTORY OF THE DOJIINION OF CANADA.
llio two bills for t'lO.OdO ciuli vi.tcd tow.inls ilii' Patii-
olic Fund. 'J'Ik! lldii-c was I'limIIv l)n)n);.'ii((l on the
tliirticili i>f May, tin; unusually lai'jjo iiuinhcr of twi
Innnlrcil i'nil fii'ty-ono bills liaving boon asscntcil to.
Amongst tlu'se wcru a militia bill and inii: rclalini; to im-
migrants. Hitherto immigranis had bern most shami'-
fully in-glL'Ctcd, and littlo orno provision madt; for accom-
modating them on their arrival. The vessels were fre-
(inenllj' overcrowded, and if ship-fevef broke out there
was no i)ro])er hospital care for the sick. Now (piaran-
tinu harbors were I'stablished, and hospitals proviiled for
the sick, while agents were appointed to fm'uish inuni-
gruiits with reliable information regarding localities, ttc,
and |)rotect them from the hordes of shar[)crs anil swind-
lers who lia<l been wont to ]>rey upon the unsuspecting
new arrivals. Tin; |iublic accounts for IH.jI showtd the
liiiances of the province to lie stili in a very (loin'ishing
condition, the revenue having l)een 87.(I8H,110. and the
expenditures SI, 171.1111. which letl to a recbietion of the
tariir from twelve to ten per cent, a very unwise nieas-
ini". as the jiublii' debt was now increasing nt a rali- alto-
gether out of prop(U-tion to the revenue, and had alri'ady
nearly reached S 10.000,0(11), the gnater ]iart of the rapid
inirease being caused by the large Minis spent on the
Grand Trunk Railway.
2. — In ]Marcli, 18.")."), an Industrial Exhibition was held
in .Montreal lor th(^ ]nirpos(^ of selecting goods to send to
the I'aris I'".\p(>sitioii. The display was
A KriMiHi iiian-of- ., jr,,o<l one, ami the subseiinent exhibit in
war V1SH8 eMHMM't; ■ _ »
iiir 111.' lir-iiimi! I'aris Was a most eredilabk! one, and tend-
in iH-aily a tv-ii- , / , i ■ ,
111!}. cd to greatly elevate (. aiiada in tin; opin-
ion of lho>e who had been accnstoined lo
think of ii r only as a I'oniitry of b.ickwoods. In .liily,
(Quebec was regaled with a sight which had not lieen
witne-^sed in " tin; ancient eapilal ' for nearly a century,
the arrival of a French man-of-war. Admiral de I'xlvezc,
coinmander of the French s(|uadroii on the Newfound-
land station, received orders from the Kiiijieror to visit
Canada for the purpose of extending the commercial re-
lations between that eonntry and France. The flag slii[i
ot the Admiral was the first French war ship that had
visited the .St. Lawreuei! since the conquest; anil what
a cliange had taken ])lac(^ since then. The little French
coloiiv of less than twenty thousand souls had swelled lo
a vigorous |)eople of nearly two millions ; the small for-
tress pen'hed on a rock had grown into a large and pic-
tiii'esipie city, whose wharves \\m\ crowded with ship-
ping, and whoe streets echoed with the busy liiini of
ihous.aiids of iiiihistrious people ; even the very fhigs had
<'hanged, and where the fl<'i(r-(ft'-li/s had frowned down
upon the rnion Jack, the standard of Fnglaiid now
Hoatcd on the breeze and smiled in friendly welcome on
side against the common foe in the Crimea. Two other
great events of the year were tlu^ comph^tioii of the (irst
pier of the \'ictoria IJridge, and the opening of the
Grand Trunk Railway from ^loiitreal to Rrockville,
making over three hundred miles of the road now com-
pleted This little event took i>hu;e on the nineteenth of
November, and was duly celebrated at Muutreal aii<l other
places.
3. — The year 18")G opeflcd qiiiiitly aiifl uneventfully.
Tiiiire was nothing to attract public attention except a
slijiht aifiiatioii in the press on tlic subject „
of making the Legislative Council elective < I'limii nmiie
and ail attack on tli«! Lalliolie majority ot
Lower Canada by the Grit press led by the GMw. now
considiu'ed the Protestant organ. Parliament met at To-
ronto 01 the fifti nth of February, 1H.')(>, when the gov-
ernor in " ic! the ; iou.se that there was a huge amount
of clerg. ■ 'v s inney awaiting distribution amongst
the muni., .ties; i -at a bill to make the Legislative
Council ele-. .-^ wouU; '« introduced ; that a contract for
a line of ocean steamer.-i •■ lii the St. Lawrence h.id bei'ii
comiileted, and that reform in the pohce system woulil
be jiroposed. The address was made thi. occasion of a
strong attack on the ministry of .Mr. IJrown, who was
supported not only by his own party but by a portion of
the conservative party under .Mr. John Sandiii Id 'M-.w-
donald. The ministry managed to carry the address by a
good i.iajoriiV, but it soon became evidint that it was
losing favor, ai d on the tenth of March it was defeated by
ainajori.y of lour. The <iiiestioii was on a motion of Jlr.
John Uillyard Cam(>ron for [uipers in the case of a I'lo.
testanl named Corrigan, who was murdered near .S|. S\ I-
vester, and several men who were on trial for the crime,
all C.itholies, were acipiilted by a Catholii' judge and
jury in the face of what was considered coiieliisive evi-
dence. The case attracted great attention, ami the Glolie
and other extreme pajiers made it a text for calling for i
the forination of a new and entirely Protestant p.'iiv. ui i
which they were backed by the Orangemen, and jiaiiy
religions feeling grew very .strong. ^Mtbongh defeated
on the motion calling for Judge Daval's ehariie in this
case, whii'li they refused lo accede to, ministers refused
to resign. ]iriiii'i])ally on the gionnd that they were siip-
porled by a good majority the same evening on another
division, thus showing that liny had the gciu-ral coiili-
deiici^ of the House. It was deemed e.vpedieiit, however,
to make a change in ihi; prrsnrtl of tin; cabinet, and Sir
Allan JFcNal) resigned to make room for ]Mr. Tadn'', IMr.
.lolin A. !Macilonalil becoming leader of tli(( parly, and
uinler his able managenieiit it soon gained increased cim-
(iileiice. The session teiininated on the first of .Inly, and
under the skilful leadership 'f ,Mr. ^Macdonald, the miii-
Tr"-
I i
t\w Iricnliiiir living iielow, in token of the amity existing ' istry I'^id not only been able to pass many usefnl b
bilweeii the two nations who Were then lighting side by i; liut to increase its power and influence' in the lloi
rUOVINCK OF CAXADA— r.OVERXMENT OF SIR K. W. IIKAl).
SO"
ea. Two other
3tion of tlie first
spelling of tlic
to brockvillc,
road now corn-
II! ninctccntli of
atrwil iiiid otiifr
(1 uiii'veiitfiilly.
eiition except a
Tlw l.cRistiiil)C
( ninit'il iiiuile
fkitivo.
tlie Glohe. now
iHMit met iit To-
wiieii tlie };ov-
a liirgi! amount
DUtioii amongst
tlie Legislative
t u eontna^t for
reiicc liail liecii
system wonld
. occasion of a
•own, wlio was
by a portion of
Saiidll, 1,1 :\Iuc-
le address liy a
It that it was
as dcfeati'd l;y
niotioii of ;\Ir.
•ase of a I'ro-
1 near Si. Svl-
for till' criiiie,
olic judge ami
coiieliisive evi-
aiid the Glohe
for calling for
staiii ]):i:iy, in
len, and party
ongli defeated
iliarge in this
listers refii.-ecl
hey were sn|>-
g on asiiithcr
gi'iicral coiid-
iriit, however,
iliiiief, and Sir
r. Taclu', ]Mr.
he parly, and
increased con-
t of .Inly, anil
liald, the iiiiii-
y ii^i'l'iil hills,
n the IIoiiM'. I
Amongst the most iiii[)ortant ii 'ts passed was the Com-
mon Law I'roceduro Act, 1 y which proceedings in the
Courts of (Queen's IJencli and Common IMcas were greatly
expeiUted, and the bill making the Legislative Council
elective. This change had been asked for many years
before by the Papiiieail rel'ornieis of Lower Canada, but
when tried it was found to work so badly that it was
ubandoiicd at Confederation and the old system oi ap-
pointment returned to.
4. — Oil the twelfth of March, l.S.')(1, Canada experi-
enced the shock of Jt.i first great railway .accident. A
train oil tlu; Cireat Western IJailwav from
('ntinitn'B llrst ,,, n •, , , , ' ,
in'iluay IK. i.i.ni. iol'oiito to Ilaiinltoii, broke down the
linage over tlu! Desjarilins canal leading
into Dundas, and the train Kinashing tlirough tlio ice sev-
enty persons Were killecl. The signing of the treaty of
peace with Uussia, at Paris, on the first of April, was
liaih^l with delight in Canada, as it was liopcil that trade,
which had Iieen duil, would revive ; but there was very
little imiirovemcnt, and the war with China and the
Sepoy rebellion early in l.SjT both tended to keep trade
exceiMliiigly dull. I'arliaiiu'iit met at Toronto, on the
twenty-sixth ot February, and was not marked by ipiite
so much party bitterness as had characterized the la>tfcw
sessions, llie most noteworthy feature of the session was
a speech by Mr. Alexander T- (ialt, member for Sher-
brooke, in favor of the con federation of all the provinces,
as the most effectual means of ]iiittiiig an end to sectional
dilTerences. The siieech did not attract much attonlion
at the time, hut is noticeable as thi! first elfort towards
what was afterwarils found to be the only remedy for tho
dillicullics which had grown up in each province.
5. — Oil the elevenlli of .Iiiiii', ls.")li, a terrible accident
happened at Loiigiieiiil, a small village opjiosito JIoii-
Tw.i ti'-riiiirt treal, at that time the termiiius of the
HU.m.i..«i ...•.■1- eastern division of the Ciand Trunk Rail-
ili'li'H. Nuiirly .mil
livLniosi. \\:\\. Conimuiiicatioii was had wiih tho
city by a steam ferry boat, iind on this fatal morning the
boiler exploded while the boat was loaded with )iassen-
gcrs and thirty-live persons were killed, and a largi^ num-
ber wounded, many seriously. Just a little more than a
year later — twenty-sixth of .lune, lHo7 — a still more ter-
riljo calamity occurred in tin; burning of the steamer
J/oii/real, lilying between (Quebec and .Montreal. She left
(Quebec for Montreal about four o'clock in the afternoon,
having on board two Imndred a:;d fifty-eight iimnigrants,
mostly Highlanders, and a number of cabin p;isseiigers.
Shortly after leaving, and just iis the vessel was opposite
Capo Rouge, still within sight of Quebec, she was found
to bo on fire, and was run on sliore ; but tho flames
8|)rcad very rapidly, and there not being a siilVieieiit (|iian-
tity of boats, or lil'e-saving a|iparatiis, two hundred and
fifty persons were drowned, two liuiidred of whom were
the Scotch imiuigrants. A good deal of excitement was
caused in Augu^t by the first attempt to lay a cable across
the Atlantic from Ireland to Newfouiidlaiid. The elTort,
however, was nnsuccessfnl, the calile breaking after four
hundred miles bad been laid.
0. — The year l.'^.'j" was one of extreuie financial de- |
prcssiou ill the I'liited States, monetary institutions of all
kinds felt the terrible pressure; many t^,„ fln„,„,j_.,j
liaiiks snsiieiiiled. iiiercau'ile failures Were ''risisi.C Ik-.t.
' Iifpirst'iiialion liy ,
minierous, and trade was at .i stand still. iMiinilation.
Ill Canada the financial depression was not felt until tho
fall, but then it was very .severe. The harvest was almost ,
a total failure, trade was perfectly stagnant, and the ces-
sation of almost all work on railways caiiMil great w:iiit
and sun'eriiig. Tlu' revenue fell olf coiisiderablv. showing
a defi(!it of over S-'>()0,Ot)0, and the country now began
to feel the reaction after the vast — and in many instances
extravagant iind unnecessary — expenditures of the past
few years in railways. The leikless policy of the Ilincks
.administration in niniiing in debt simply liecause it could
borrow money, and inducin;' tlie iniiiiicipalities to follow
the same course by giving tlieni a inie iiicial guarantee,
now bore very unpalatabh; f lod, a: lie ]irovinee feund
itself Jiledgcd to Jiay $81)0.000 pi an- n iiiti rest on
railway bonds and aliout 8100.000 a yea 'ore on niiiiii-
cipal debentures, the interest on '.ieh t le iiMiiiicipalilies
themselves were unable to meet A geneial eleetinn look
place ill the fall of 1K,'>7, and called out all the bitterness
ot religious ami national stril'e, besi s adiliiig a new ele-
ment of di.scord 1 y the [iroin- .nee givi 11 to the ery I'nr
" repri'seiitatiou by populalii 'raised in the 67«/«' by
Mr. P.rown, ly whidi he hoped to lirmly establish an
Knglishand Protestant m.ijorily in the House, and en-
tirely destroy the I'rench Catholic inUnence. wliiih in the
existing state of party iiolitics really held the balanei! of
power.
7. — The new Parliament met at Tortuito, on ^.-iih
February, 1H,'>H, and showed a greater nuinber of new
faces than any previous Parliament had Tin. iir»t vni i
dou", sixty-five out of oiu! hiindieil and j!,!,',ViiaUum''i)!.r/iit
thirty being new nieinbers, the most no- "f "i<' i"i'i'-'ii''-
ticeable amongst whoiu was Mr. Thomas D'.Vrcy ^Icdee,
wlio was electi'd for Jlontrcal We^t. Jlr. Henry Smith,
ministerial candidate for sjieaker. w.is elected by a vote
of seventy-nine t> forty-two, sliowi!'.g that the oppo^itioll
( was not very strong. Tho speech of the governor con-
; taiiied nolliing of special moinent except a most emphatic
declaration '' that the country h.id gone to the utmost
limit of pecuninry aid to tho (Jranil Trunk Railway."
The debate on the address was long and bitter, Mr.
lirowii viohuitly attacking the jiolicy of tlie government
at all points, but without tivail, the address beiiiit carried
by a largo majority. The next tot ipiotion wa- on rep-
resentation by po|)ulatioii for the whole [iro\i , witlioul
any dividing lino between the I'piier and Lower por-
.■|0<
TUTTLE'S HISTOUY OF THE I)0:\IINION OF CANADA.
tioiis. This was inado tlio sulijcct n£ a long ai.fl aUlo de-
liafeiii uliicli the Mihjrct was fairly treated oil holh sides
and resulted in tlie jfovernmeiit lieiiij; siistaiiieil l)y twt'lvo
in a House of one liundred and sixteen members. 5Ir.
IJrown's oj)i*)sition developed t!io jrreat imanimily of
Upper C'anaiLi on the sulijeet, liowevir, every Ujip'r
Cana(hi roforin<'r. willi one exceplion, voting lor repre-
sentation by jiopulation.
8. — The next {picstion wlili'Ii w is made a test one was
on the seat of j;o\erhment, ami it will lie propi'r li>re to
make a short (.xiilaiiatiou as to what this
Ollnw.i olmsoii ns . t n i
iin! iii'.ui.iMat o;' cjuestion was. it will he reinemliered that
when the 1 arliament buildings at iMon-
treal were burned by tJi(( mob iu l.SlO, the House could
iM)f. agree on the loeatioii of the new eajiital, the rivalries
of the Upiier anil Lower provinci; preventing eillier sec-
tion having the porinanent advantago of jiossessing the
capital. A eoiiiproinise wa.s ('(Tecteil by lixing the seat of
goveriiiiiont at Toronto and (^uebee for alternate jM'riods
of four years ; but after seven years" trial this was found
to be so expensive and inconvenient an arrangeineiit, that
it was determined at thi! session of ls,)7, to 1 ave the
matter to tlie decision d her majesty — each party feeling
conliileiit that it ha I n l.i:!o t'.ie best of tlie argument, iind
would liave ;> deeision in its favo,'. Hut the Torontoiiiaiis
and Qiiebeeers were both doo-.iu'd t) disa[ipoiiitiiient, for
the decision was now made known, and it wai learned
that her iiiajoly hail selected the i ite of Ottawa, a thriv-
ing town of faiii'teeii thousand inhabitants standing just
on the border hue of tli ; tuo provinces, ea. y of access by
both land and water, well laid out, and wUli a large re-
s(!rve of government ground situated on a bluil highland
overlooking the river and well suited for iiublie buildings.
A better choice it woiiM have been almo.t iinpossiblo to
make, for from its situation on the l.Mid.r hiio it could
scarcely be said to favor cither jirovince, nor wis it
likelj' to become a great lival of the commereial centres
of either province. As was to have been expected, the
diH'ision jiffended the jiartisaiis of both Toronto and
(Quebec, and a motion was carried by a majority of
fourteen that it wa.s a suliject lor deep regret that her
majesty had made such a choice.
'.'. — This was, of course, an insult to her majesty more
than a vote of want of conlideiice on the administration ;
but Mr. J. A. Macdonald, ever anxious to
.'y^om^'il'l™''"'' ">:'liO political cajiital out of an opponent's
bouri'dumtion. p,,,.„,.^ adroitly turned the \olo to good
account by tendering the resignation of the ministry ; thus
assuming the championship of her majesty's judgment,
and gaining a little pn]iular favor. Mr. Rrown was at
once sent for to form n ministry, which he offered to do,
provided the House was at oiico dissolved. Sir Francis
Head refusi'd to do this until tin; supply bill and one or
two other pressing matters were jia-sed. Mr. Brown
assented, anil tlio next evening the following cabinet was
announced ; Iiis|)ector-geiieral and])reinier, ( Jeorge lirown ;
sjieakci Leg'slative Council, James Morris; postmaster-
general, Jlr. Foley ; iittorney-general West, John Sandlield
Macdoiiald ; attorney -general east, L. T. Druinniond ;
provincial secretary, Oliver Mowatt ; solicitor-general
west, ])r. Connor; solicitor-general east, Mr. Laberge ;
commissioner of crown lands, A. A. Dorion ; minister of
agriculture, M.Tliiliau lean; rei'eiver-gcneral, M. Liemieiix ;
minister of jiublie works. I.,uther H. Holton. Jlr. llrown's
triumph was, however, very short-lived, for bis govern-
ment was met immediately by a straight vote of want of
confidence and defeated in the lower House by a vote of
seventy-one to thirty-one, and in the upper House by
sixteen to eight. Mr. ISrowii made an appeal to Sir
F.dmiind Head to dissolve Parliament, pleading tiiat the
House did not represent ih j ciniiitry, but the governor
refused to take! that view considering that a general
ele(!tioii had been so recent; besides which, he held that
according to Mr. IJrown's own showing there had been a
great deal of corruption nt the last election, and it would
be be.l to amend tlu; elect' in law so as to prevent this
before another general election was held ; no coursi',
therefore, was left Mr. Urown but to resign, which he did
after having bet n in olliee fortyH'ight hours, the shortest
administration ev t known in Canada.
10. — 1 lu! governor next called on !Mr. Alexander 'I'
CJalt to form a ministry :, but he, doubling his abihty to
form a sulliciently stable government
under his leadership, declined the task, dum/lJ ilihlibi'i'-j'.'
and the duty was as.iigned to Mr. Cleorgo
K. Cartier, leader of the Lower Canada party in the
House, who, with the assistance of Jfr John A Macdoiiald,
sjieedily formed a very strong cabinet, coin|ioscd of the
following members ; jiresident of the council, John Ko.ss ;
attorney-general east, tleorge F. Cartier ; attorney general
west, John A ^lacdonald ; minister of finance, Alexander
T, Oalt, coinmis-ioiier of crown lands, 1'. Vaiikonidinet ,
commissioner of jiublie works, Louis Victor Sicotte ;
postm ister-general, Si<lney Smith ; receiver-general. G
Slu'rwood. jn-ovincial secretary, C. Alhyn ; solicitor-
general, John Uose ; sjieaker of I..egislative Council. Hon.
Nareisse IJelleau. The new ministers did not go back to
their constituents for re-election, according to constitu-
tional (iistoni. as a clan-e in the Lidepeiidence of I'ailia-
miMit act of 1S.")7 provided that if any minister resigned
ollice, and within a month accepted oiflcu iu another,
cabinet, he was not reipiired to seek re-election, so that by
cTianging the Macdonalil-Cartier ministry to the Cartier-
]\[ac(loiiald ministry, it was hehl that the law was com-
plied with. The (iriis were furious at their si:niiiiary
defeat, and loud in their protests of the uncoiistiliinon-
ality of tile ministers not going ba<'k to their conslitueiils ;
but the matter was tested iu the court of Queen's Bench
; ciiliiiict was
orgi! Itrowii ;
]i()stni!ist<'r-
liiii Saniltii'Iil
Di'iiinnioiid ;
liioi'-gciiLTal
[r. Lalit'i'jje ;
; niiiiistiT of
\l. Ivicniiciix;
III'. lil'DWll's
• liis goveni-
t? of want of
\>y a vuli! of
■r IlcMist! liy
)|ifal to Sir
iiij,' that tliu
lie jiovcnior
It a ;,'i'iR'!-al
ho hold that
1 had liocii a
and it would
]ircv('iit this
; no coui'st',
winch hi; did
iho shorli'st
ilcxaiidpr 1'
lis aliihly to
<':irlior-Mac-
lalil iniiitt^dy.
ai'ty in tho
^lacdonald.
lOSL'd of the
John ISoss ;
my i;(iH'ral
I', Ak'xaiidcr
riiikoindinet .
or Su'oitt- ;
-;;cncral, G
II ; solic'itor-
oiiiifil, Hon.
it go hack to
to constitu-
W! of I'arlia-
tor rt'signcd
ill another,
)n,so that by
till! Cai'lier-
w was com-
■'v M:i!iniary
I'onstiintion-
onstituents ;
I'un's Bunch
-\
rUOVIXCK OF CANADA— GOVKKXMIAT OK SIK K. W . IIKAI).
50!)
and coiuinon I'lias, aiicl the antioii of the ministers uii-
hcld as arcordin^' to law. TIulIuw. Was. however, soon
.iiftjU' rejiealcd. Tlie most ini|KirtaMt acts [lassed were
with reference to the registration of electors ; and the new
eiistoins act, l»y which the tarifY was raised to fifteen per
cent, a step rendered iiece.>sary l)y the large deficit to
meet railway and otlii'r exjienses.
II. — I'',xcept a niiimeiitary excitement over tlu; laying
of the .\tlaiitie eahle iiii the uiiieteeiitli of August, which
ImiCili.iii 1.. !li.' <|"'^'l'''y ''''■'' """< '"^ ''"' ''iihle ceased lo
'>[ ".'",'.'i."'," ''"' wnik almost iinmedialelv. nothiiiix of
\ iiluriii Hi hi;;'' _ _ • ^ _
general public importance occurred until
the opeaingof I'arliament on tlu; twenty-ninth of January.
18.")it. Till! governor in his sp.-ech from the throne
urged tho niM-e-isity of settling the seat of governnuiit
((iiestioli, as well as the Seignorial Tenure (jiiestion. and
al.-o drew atleutioii to the subject of confcdoratioii, which
was attracting a good deal of attention from the Iloini!
goveriinieiit. Very little oppo>itii)n was niaili! to the
address, and the llr>t test of party strength was on a
ipiestiiiii purposely prepared by the goveiniiu nt to try
the slieinrth iif the oppi)>itioii. Mr. liidwii had been a
meniher of the public accounts committi'e, but his nam<!
was de>igiieilly omilled when the committee was struck
and this, as was inlelideil. c;iu>ed a niotinn to be lii.nle til
have his name replaced : tlii' goveriinieiii accepted lliis as a
want of CDiiliileiiee motion, and develnped greater sireiiglh
lli.in was espei'teil. shuwiiig a majoi'ily of sevenleeii.
'I'liis uiii'Xpected strength had the elTect of quieting the
noii^e, and there was less faetiims oppo-itioii ibaii u~ual.
The bill selecting Ottawa as the seat of government in
fiiluie was carried ; and as I'arliaiiiiiif had voted SOOO,.
IIIMI ill 1S.'(7 fur tiie erecliiiii iif piililii' biiiiilihgs, work
was coiiimeiiced nii the I wenty-secnnd of Deceinber.
Canada had now two great undertakings on hand, une of
which was near eoinpletiun. the Victoria Ibiilne and the
Parliament buildings ; and in order to give due celal to
the formal oiiening of the former and the laying of the
corner stone nf the latter, an address was mii\cil to ln'r
majestv inviting her to vi>it the colony and take |iart in
the two ceremonies, accompanied by any members of llii!
Royal family ; and after pa^sing ii number of u-eful bills
I'arliament was prorngued on the fourth of May.
12. — The most iin;ini'tant act pa^seil at this session
was tin,' one relating lii the tariff, by which the diitv on
impiirled goods was rai-ed from fifteen to
KruuTra!!!'!''' twenty per Cent. Tlli^ was necessitated
by the constantly increasing delicit in tlu?
public ;iccounts, and was not intended as a ]irolective
tarilT, although it had that elfcei lo some degree. This
ipiestiou of protection and Free Trade had now begun to
attract considerable attention, and bulb sides of the
question were warmlv e-poused. Th(! proteciiunists held
that Canada ought lo be made, as far as pos>ible, a self-
Mipportinj^ country : that manufactures sliould be pro-
lected by a high tarilT the same as they were in the States,
and had been I'or year.-, in F.iiglaiid ; that penple .-hould be
encouraged to spend their money at liniiie. and not he
encouraged in seeking foreign markets for every little
article of niaiinfacture they may need. The Free Traders,
on the other hand, claimed that Canada was not a inaiiii-
factiiring but an r.gr'.ci.ltural country : that the energies
of iier people sh.iiilil be di voted to developing the ])ro(liice
of the forest, the farm and the mine, and that it was advis.
able not to tax imported nianiifaeinris at all — or as
lightly as possible — and to raise what revenue was needed
for |)ublic purposes by direct taxation. The government
wisely avoided the latter jiolicy. and while increasing the
tariff mainly for revenue purposi's, at the same time gave
incidiiital protiction by exempting altogether classes of
raw material which entered largely into manufactures, so
that eneouragenieiit was given to capitalists to invest in
nianufaclnres. and soon a number of new iiiilii>triis l.-'_'aii
lo be developed and fiiinish em[iloymeiit for many. The
change in the tariff caused con.'.iderable complaint amongst
I'aigli>li maniifaclurers who urged that it put them at a
disadvantage with American niamifactures ; but that was
the only o>tensible reason for complaint ; the real caii^e
for di-^satisfaction was ilial they saw that a stroier pro-
tecti\e tariff' would develop home iiid'.isiries anil lend to
niaki' Canada indetieiidenl of bo'h Fngland and America
for the iiiilk of her manul.icliired i^oods.
•'!. — In Xovember the (irit jjarty had a grand g:-.tbering
at 'I'ol'onlo. and a new ih'ctiine was propoiindcd b\ the
oracle of the partv, Mr. lb-own. \\ liicli. as Tii- l-h- m ■iiiu»
' ' , . . I'ii-fiili ral i;i.vi'rii-
it tended towards confederation, rconired "i'"i- lli' r.\-
fiiiir unit tin-
a little careful consideration. When the iiniiii,' (i.i.i.
I'nion was (list consummated in |sH. ministers adopted
what was known as tin' "double majority" basis for
holding olliee ; that is. that tl.e mini-liy should not onlv
have a majority of the whole House but of the represen-
tatives of each jirovi nee. 'J'liis was done lo avoid sectional
jealousies, and to pi'event oi,e pi-o\ince ha\ing tin/ iilea
that it was being ruled by the majority of the sister
province contrary to the wishes of the majoriivof its own
reprcsi iilatives. This rule answered very Well at first;
but as the differences of race and religion liega'" t- he
more and more developed, it became hnder to conform to
it ; and after ^Ir. lirown's evident violent partisan auila-
tion on religious subjects, it became impossible to maiiit liii
the double majority rule and it was discarded by both the
i\Iaeiliiiialil-* 'artier and Cartier-Macdonald ministries,
they being content with a single majority of the House,
it being evident that the two provinces had beeomo so
estranged in political feeling, that whatever party hail the
eonlideiice of the Upper Caiiu la majorit\ wouhl certainly
be di.striisted by the l.owiT Canada inajorit\, and rice
rcrsii. Mv. IJrown's efforts to obtain representation by
:.i(i
Tl TTLKS IIISTOKV OF TIIK DOMINION Ol" CANADA.
II
r 'I
i; : r
|i<)|)iilalii>ii — uliicli woiilil i,'i\i' l'ji|" r CauiKla ('(iiitrcil of
the Icui^liiliii'i' (Ml iK.'iMiuMt of liiT l:iij,'ir |ii(|puliitii>n —
liMviii!,' failed for tlic prcspiit, tlit! (Jrit coiixciiliou :it
Toronto lioldly (IccliinMl that tli(; I'liioii was a failure, and
demanded a separation of tlu! jirovineeH with ii local
{(overnnient for cadi and a joint imtliority for liotli in
in itteis of eoinnioii interest, >nili as tiio tarilT. del't ik'c,
anil similar matters. For ihr. pa^t two years the harvest
had lieen verv pool', jnd trade e\ee.'diiii.d_v dill! ; Imt the
year l.s.'iK was liicv-sed with a lionntiini harvest, Irailu
revived, ami under the new laiilV llii; revenue rapidly in-
civased so that it once more show<(l a surplus, the receipts
beinj,' SCi.'J IX, (17'.> against all expenditure of St'>.(i!l'.i..'i7il.
The public delit had, however, f^rcatly increased, and now
umonnted to over S'. l,n(Ml,()()U, upwards of S-.'S.dOO.ddO
of which hail lieeii incurred for railways. omm- two thousand
milus of which were m>w open for tralllc in llic province.
14. — DuriiiiT the suniimr the inij;ialory seat of jroverii-
ineut was again ehanued to (^mliec. where Parliament
nut oil the twenty-eii.dilli of Fehruaiy.
Iim«'i'rs'"^j'Jiiit- l'"^'"'*^- 'I'l"'''"' "as iiothiui; of special in-
aiiili.iriiy" tere.sl ill the speech from the throne, and
the address was carried without much
discussion, the opposition reservinj,' its sireii;:ih for a test
of the proiirainmi! determined on at the 'J'lironio conven-
tion. Karlv in the session Mr. ISrown i;ave iiolice of t wo
resolutions, one to the ell'ect that the Lei;islalive I'liion
of th(^ ]irovincrs had lieen a failure, thai it had caused
<;reat dissalisfa t i.i. jxrave polilical aliu-es. and a hu;:e
delit ; and that on account of the liitVelenees of race, leli-
Jlioii and interests of the two jxirtion^ of the provinci! it
was desiralile that tlu^ union should no 1 uipM- he con-
tinued. The second resolution pro]iosed as a leniedy for
these evils tiie re-division of the province into two separate
governments each haviii;; jurisdicliuii over its local alVail's.
and a federal union foi- matters of mulnal interest.
Several attempts wi'le made to pa>s a vole of want of
coiilidence. hut the i;overiiinent was steadily sustained liy
a majority of about twenty-live to thirty ; liesides >vhich
the leaders of thu o|ipositioii were now (piarrelliii!,'
amoll^^st themselves, some of them dilTering from the
extreme radical views of ]\Ir. IJiown. who was nr;,'ed to
resign the leadership of the party. Mr. Itrowii'.s resolu-
tions came up on the eighth of .May ami met with a most
overwhelming defeat, the first lieiiig rejected by a vote of
sixty-seven to twenty-six, and the second by seventy-four
to thirty-two. Thus the '•joint-authority " scheme was
elTectiially shelved, amid the ridicule of ministers, who, a
few years later were forciil to aiknou ledge it the only
feasible plan of solving the diiricnlt problem of provincial
government. That was Mr. Ibown's day of triumph
when his rejected idea was made the liasis of a new con-
stitution ; but the triumph did not come for four years.
Parliament was prorogued on the iiiiieteeiitli of ^lay.
after assent having been given to a niimbi r of bills,
among-t them one appropriating i'l'il.tlilO for the reccp
tioii of the Prince of Wales, who, it hml been annonnced
at the opening of the si'ssion, would visit the colonies
during the summer in place of his royal mother, and
assist at the eeremonies of opening' llie \'ictoria Itridge
ami the la\ iiig ol the corner stone of the- Parliament bi.ild-
iiigs at ( )ttawa.
I.'i. — Never in the history of the lirili^h North Amer-
ican provinces has any < oniing event rast so joyous i\
shadow before as did the proiio^ed vi>itof ,.., . ,. . ,
' ' Till- Mcit nf the
II. li. II. the Prince of Wales. From I'li fWnl.s.
.. , , ». . I,-. His I iiiliuciiiiilli'
St. .loliu, Newlouiidlaml, to \\ imlsor, r.-.i-piion »t (.m.-
.. , , , - . bt.'t:uiHl.Mf»iitr<':4l.
Ontario, glad notes of preparation rang'
out all along the line of tlie jiroposed toiir. and each city,
town, village and hamlet through which ihe royal party
was expected to pass vied with its neighbour in pr.paiinij
titting honors for the welcome gue-t. At Montreal, as
the cominercial centre and the location of the gnat bridge
which his loyal highness was to formally open, pri-jtara-
iions Were made on a gigaiitii- scale, and iieM-r did her
citizens respond so ruyally or so loyally to any call as to
the one to do honor to tin son of the sovereign whose
many virtues were so deeply implanted in the bosoms of
her people. At (^)iiebec a porlioii of the Parliament
building had been lilted up for the receplioii of the prince
and suite, and here he was rei-eived on the t weiily-lirst of
.\iigust by the governor-general and both Houses of Par-
liament, headed by their speakers. Messrs. Narci^^e F.
ISelleaii, and Ileiiiy Smith, both of whom were knighted
by his royal highness. After two days' festivities at
(jileliec the royal ])arly left for Montreal, .•irrixing tin re
oil the tuenty-foiirlh, when his reception was to have
t.ikeii place, but " the I'ates were not propiiion>," a per-
fect torrent of rain fell all day. and the landing had to be
postponed until the following morning, when his royal
hi;;liness landed at nine o'clock and was received by the
mayor and coum'il. magistrates, clergy, itc, and presented
with addresses, after which an immense ]irocession, headed
by a liand of Canglinawag.'i Indians in full costume, es-
corted him to the mansion of the Iloiiorabli' John Kose,
which had been litted up for his temporary residence.
Ill the luoiilh of !Marcli the board of arts and iiiaiiiii'actures
had decided to erect a permanent building for exhibition
jmrposes at Montreal, and had determined to build a crys-
tal palace on St. Catherine street near I'liiversity. This
building was now completed and a grand industrial e\lii-
bilion w.is held in it, which was formally ojiened by His
Hoval Highness at eleven o'clock.
10. — Immediately after the opening of the Fxhiliitioli
a grand rush vas made fo\' Point St. Charles, where "the
great event " of the day was to take ])lact! Tin- \isii <.r iln'
. 1 1 1 .1 r I I I'litl'i' "f W^ali'i.
attwoodock by the b>rmal opeiing ami iriainrinMiinii.f ilie
inauguration of that wonderful triumph V":'""'' l'".it!-'.
ill'
iiinlMT of liills,
for ilii' rcrcj)
a'i'ii aiiliomiri'il
it till' coloiiii's
il iiioilicr, and
'irt(»ria ISrid;;!;
irliaiiii'iit bi.ilil-
1 Norili AiMcr-
i>t so jovolls !l
Till' ^ ii^lt of the
I'lini !• <■( NS'iili!!.
IIU fnlhiirijiiHtir<
l.-r«'Iitiori at (,Mi.--
bi-raijil .Muiitri-al.
and caili rilv,
111' iDVal |ialty
iir ill |in|i.iriinr
I .Montreal, as
ill' Lji'iat l)riilj.'o
opi'ii. |iri'|)ai':i-
iii'Mr dill Iii'r
I any lall as to
ivcrciixn wliose
till' liosoiiis of
lie I'arliaiiii'iit
111 111' llic |iriiiC(;
Hvi'iily-lirsl of
IlnllMS of I'ar-
■i. Nari'i-M' I'",
wi'i'u kiii;;]itccl
.' I'i'>tiviti('s at
irriviiii; ilii re
was to liavi!
ilioii>." a |M'r-
liiti: liad lo In;
Inn liis royal
('(fivi'd liy till)
and |irrsi'nli'il
i'.->ion. ln'ail('(l
COsllllIU', C'S-
li' .loliii Hosp,
try r('>idcni'('.
I inaniifai'tiiri'.s
fur r\liiliiiioM
to liiiild a i'r\ s-
vi'r>ity. 'I'liis
idiistrial i'.\lii-
|iin('d liy His
111' I'!\liiliilioii
•'•, wlicru ■• I III!
!!' <i^il I'f llli'
iii..'..f Wall'!!.
ali^Mialhiii i>f llio
ctoria IJrMj^if.
PUOVI.\( i: OK CANAI).\— GOVKHN.MKNT OF Silt M. W. III.AI).
fill
of cnginooriii;; skill mil! |)t'rscv<'rainH'.tlnj Victoria Iliidi.'!'.* I Rnyai lli;;iiiii'>s. Tlu^ lin','i! liloi'U of jjraiii; ! \\;\f siis-
Tralns iiail lirrn ii'o-.>iin,' tin' liridijo siiit'o tlii' Dci.'cinlx'r , pi'iidi'd over llii' |ilair it was to oi'rii|iy. iIh' Trini'i' l.:i I tin'
pri'vioiis. liiil till' last stone had lieeii left tinlaiil. ami tlie iiioitai'. tlie .■.tone Was lowerid into its place, two iiiai.'i<!
celitrc'|ilatu uiiriveted, ceremonies to lie [lerioi'iiied liy His ta|)> willi tlie trowel, a .>-lioiit from the crowd and lliat ]iart
j of tlie ci'iemoiiN was ccinipleted. Till' I'riiiie ilii 11 ( nil n il
•Tho foIliiwliiuviTT Pirfilli'iit ili-sr-rlptioii cf tlie wnnili'rfiil woik of , . , .' , i i . i . r i
iirt,luk..n from Sanilhain-H M.mir,,,' /■„.„ ,„„l I;:.,,,,, will ilouMl.'.-s i '^ H I''' ••■'l' '>' '■'■'"' "'"1 lin.eeeded to the ci'lltre of llio
IHovf iiiliii'MlnK anil in IriirliM' to many iif our remli'is. " 'Ihr Iniiliii' , liridi'e, where the la>t lilale was to lio riveted. 'I'lil'ei!
, . .• .■ . 1 I :.. .1 _.. r..... .. Ill I _• I
ordinary rivet', were driven lioine hy two workmen, ami
then a rivet of Miliij silver was diiiclieil hy His IJoyal
Hiohne--, who thus coiii|iletid tin- coii>tniction of tho
hridge. 'i'lie party then |(roi led to the St. Lamhert's
} end of the hridoe, where the i'riiii'i,' was pre>eiiti d wit!i a
gold imdal coninirinoralive of the event, and the other
\ memhers of the suite Were each presented with a silver one.
After liimhiii^' in one of the workshops His IJoyal Hiidi-
lioss Went home, and in the evening' drove llirou'.;h t!i<!
city, which was hrillianlly illiiniinated. A oraml hall wa»
oiven on Monday iiitrht and another on Wednisday ; ihiri;
was a lircman's tonhliohi procession and a great ilisplay
of fireworks, and on Wednesday a grand review of iho
troops on Logan's farm wa> atieiidid liy llie I'ri « ho
aiipeared in iinil'orm as culni.el of the Idutli. Prince of
<] \?,des IJoval ( anadiaii Iie''iiiii'iit. On Thiir>dav moriiin!'
II _ ' ... ■
the I'lince and siiile left for Oltawa, wlni'e auolher giaiid
receplion awaited him. ami where the cereiniiiiy of laying
the corner-stone of the new Parliament IJnildings was
perfornied.on the lirst of Septiinher. Iiefore one of ihe most
lirilliaiit gatherings ever witnessed in Canada, .\fter shoot-
iiigthc timhcr slides of the (haiulicre, on an nnliiiaiy Inm-
hcrmaii'- raft. His Royal Highness proceeded up the Ottawa
to .\rnprior, crossed to lii'oekville. where lie was most
|ii\ ally received, and on the I'liliuwin;; dav eniharked on
the sleanier Aiiii/.ifnii and proceedeil westward through
the inagniliceiit scenery of the 'riioiisand NIaiids.
17. — It had hoeii intended to stop at Kingston tiiid
lielleville. hut tllO ( )riinge Societies of those [ilaOCS ill>i.>t-
nl upon making :i jiarty deinoiisl ration of
the vi-it, and ]iarailiiig willi their jiarly i' I-lm' '^''f'wal'.'^.
flags, regalia and mii^ic, a course to which /i,!r7/."nl.''i'iran'""-
the adsisers of the prince very proper- """■
ly olijected, and the two cities were left -ont in the cold"
on account of this jiartisaii folly. At Toronto he was
lon^ii-l.iof -j:! s|ians, i;!.' fi'i-t I'aili, uinl one in llni I'l'iilre, :i:»l fc.l, willi an I
aliiilinunt, j:ia lufi loiij!, on carli liank ot iliu liMa-. Tlic jiiii':- whiili sii|i-
jiori till' liiM'.'i.' an' .1:1 ti'i-l liy li. al iln' ;o,i. ami imnaKi' lo 11:; l.y jji^ at
Iho fonnilaiioii. Tlio iiiUH'r niilo of tli.' |iiorrt arc fonm-.l liko a wi ilj;i', lo
ai-t as i('i'lin'aki'r>, anil llnsn ur.' ilronr'l miumhIi, wiiilr llio li'iiiainin^'
bI.Ii'S of iliu li.i an- lifl in llnir roniili siaii'. '1 lio two uni iv riiis iiii' ;;i
fi'i't by '.'I at till' lop, anil Iihti'msu |iioporilonali'ly In iliinii.iions n» liny
ainnoai'li Iln; loun.lalionH. 'I lii' lonrsi-s ol inaMiniy roinini.-ini; lln' piris
mil fioin lliH' ■ lii't Ion iinlns to one fool six iinli >, 111- iiilii iiln-.il
sloni'. of whi'li ranu'ii from >ix In si'Vinti'in lon». 'llio.^u in tlio Im ak-
watirari' fa-U'in'il lojoilnr liy sllonK iloii rrainps, t'J imlns liy."ii ^ lliirk,
tlirou^li wliirli liolis. I|j ini'lioK in iliami'li'r, ami |ii'o\iili'il willi a i>lit in
lliii liaso for llio iiitroiliio'ii f an iron wiili;i', aro [lafM il ^ix imlns iiilo
tl iirso lii'liiw ; wlii'ii llio liolt nai'lii's llio lioiioinof llio liolo iiropanil
for 11 in llii' lowori-oursi'. Ilic woiL'i' i.» Ion iil nii inlo ihr kMi, ilins iliviil-
in'.;llio iron, ami foroin-.; it aiainslliio si'lo?. cf llio rav ily liiado for il.
from wlioin-i' il is imiiossililo oM'r to In- wiilnlrawii. '( lio wlioli- ma.-s of
111.! riii-wiiii'r is 111 IK I'oiivi'rli'il inlo oiio liii^'o Mock. .Vii Iniiiorlaiit foa-
turi! ill llii' rliarai'tor (if tMi' liriiliro Is llio alniiim'iit at laili oml. ami
wiiii'li jjiv.'.-i so ma.-isivo .-in ajiiioarain'o to tin' wliolo slrin'lnri'. Tlioy arc
LII I fi'i'l loiii; In :ij in uiilili HI III'- roi'k loiimlaiion. nial 1 arriiil n|i to 11
lioijiii of ;;r, foot aliov,' mii r waior lovi'l. 'Iln' tiil.is of llio Lriil;;'
liavi' a 11 ariii;; of s foot ini tlioso ali. Iinonls. Al llio ioM-l of llio Inliis
llio iliiili' ision.« arc loiliiooil l<i I'll; tool l>y 114 fool ; a |iaiaiiil is llioii car-
rioil upon all siilo.n to a lioi;;lii of -jii fool :; im-lios, torminaliii;: in a heavy
proji'i'iiim I'lirnif'o. niih ilal linlols lii foot in wiilih.ovor llio I'litraiioi',
Hihl, hoinj.' in Iho Ku'vpiian stylo of aroliiliotiiro, Iho olTiil lUiMliiot'il is
Cianil ami improssiM', roiuoyinn Iho iilo.-i of i-mirinoiis soliiliiy ami
mronuth. lln llio oiiliai linlol of tlioso iiaiaiiol.t, nliovo Iho roinlway.
\ tliu I'ulliiHiii); iii.M riplion, in larjio lottoiH, is iiil inlu tho slono :
i-itroTiai. A. 11. muccclix.
kobi:i:t sTi:riii':.\s((N .\si> .\ia:\. m. i;nss,
KMllNirilS.
Till) liiitcl ovur Ihu tiibo boars Un.' lollowinj,' ;
m ii.T
iiv
JAMES HODGES,
I'nU
Silt SA.ML'IM. MUKTO.V IM-'.TO, n.MlT.
TUO.M.XS llUASSKV ASI) EhWAllll l.AlMi ill ITS.
CnXTllAi lulls.
Tho onili.iiikmonls nro "S foot in wiillli al rail lovol. "^lio miporstrm"-
tiir.'. ili'sijjnoil by Mr. ttoliort .si.'iilioiison, i'on>ists of '.'.") ti.bos of iiiiifurm
wiillh of 11; foci ilirioi;:lioMt. for the accomtnoilaiioii of .1 ^linolo lino of
railway, but (liifcrini! ill lioioht as iln'V a|i|iroa< h tin litre. Tims the
ih'iuhof Ihctiilio.s oicr tho lir.-i iwo spans i.'< Is fed o inches, the next opeiie.l I'V 11. II II. Ihe I'riiice of Wal.'s o-.ili A iiousi. Iscn. Total leiiuth
.f brllli'e,:l,l^^ feel hno.il. .Nnmber of spans, r.'i . - 1 "t i':u fi c|, 1 of ,'l,'ll)
two P.I feel, ami so on. e\ory conph'il iiair ;:ainini: an .'iibliiional 1; iiiehes
lo Hie centre one, whicli is .".' fci'i in ilo|iili. Th.' iiibos ar ii|iose.l en-
tirely of wniinhi iron in the form of b.iiler iilaie. raiii;in« from 4-I1I to
lL*-li; of nil inch in thtekin ss, with llio joints and niioles slilfeiied ami
stri'iiuthe 1 with tin- a.hliiiiin of tee ami alible irons. Wiinliw.- are in-
trinluceil inlo the siil s of llio tnlics.ami serM' lo VtiiUl u|i the insiile. The
In lies are eoverctl wiih a sloiiin;:, aiioular roof, iii|m»sciI of j;ri>o\eil a nil
toimnoilhoarils. 1 ovcreil willi Iheliol ipialil.\ •■ i. .\ footwalk, Jiliinlics
in wiillh. extemU aloii,' lln; lop of the roof the . lo leiiulh of the tubes,
forth itiveni ' of Ihi' 1 m|iliiyoes eniiiieciol , i|i the work. Tlie i-s-
limati'il cost of lie. work wa< .<T.iMi,n»1. This was afli'vwa ils reilnecil to
feet, ileiiiht fioni the surface of llio water to nmlcrsiile . f ci-nini tube,«iO
feel, lloioht from be.l of liM'r lo t"|i of centre lube. Ills feet, (ireatefl
ile|iili of water, 'j'J feel, (ieiieral lapiiiily of oiirrent.T niilos an hour. <ulii«
fool of inasoiiry, .l.iwiii.iiiio. Ciiliie foot of timber in teiniiorary work. 2,'.'.jO,-
dlln. Cubic janls of elav lis 'd in luidillin;; eoller-dains, I l'l,illKl. Tons of
iron in tubes, s,J.;ii. N. mil or of rivels .•,.-.'iii,ii(i(i. .\cros ori.aiiilin;,' 011 tuben,
one c 0:11 ::ii, or for llie four coats, l.'ii acres, rorce oin ployed upon tin)
works in t.s.'is, .1,11 III men, iisleamboais ami TJbarucs. When ibc luiilie w.a.i
eomtileloil the solidily of the work w.is teslcd by plai ino:i tiain of idat-
form eurs,."Jii feci in leuL;lli,i'xteniliiioi(vor two tubes, timl loaih d, alniosl
[~
Sil,.''sm,iliiii, ineliiilin.i .1 bonusof .S;'.oil,niiii«ivenihe <'oiiir:ictorsforioin|ib't- to the l>^e;lUill^' limits of ili.i ears, Willi lars;.; Mocks ot stone. Tiiimivo
iiiuiti yo.'ir in adiam f the time s|i.'cilied. Tic i.iUouin^' |iai'.icu- ilils enormous load iliree Immense <>iigines were rciinlred ; yet beiiciih
lars of the bridoe and the material used in it^ coiisiruclion cannot but n , ill, when the tr;lin covered tlie tirst lubo tin' detlecliou In llie leiitre
prove inleresiiim. First slone of pier No. I. Inhl 2iltli .Inly. Is.vt. Kirst iiuioinited lo Init 7-s of an ineli. provlnt' coiicliisivc|y tinii the work had
|>UiW!iii;er train piisseil ITlli Deeember, IsiJU. I'Viiiiially eoiiiplileil and b 1 n erueUil In a iiinsl Halisfa lory and siibslantial muiimr. "
il
!1
1. 1 t
512
TITTLE'S HISTORY OV TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
N|(ltn(li ilv I'cciivi il , liiil line :i;,'.iiii tlic i>iri(Minis Mjiolry
of tlu! l)i;iiigfiii<ii luunril wli.it would oilicrwiso li;ivu
l)ueii tlu^ iiii)>l, l<i_v:il ri'iTptiori dI any "I llif citii'^. Tlii'
Oi°:iii:.;t'itit'ii iiisinliil oit uniuinniil.ig iiiu: <il llic ti'jiuii|ili:il
ari'lii's Willi parly ll;i;;s ami ciiilpli'm-, allliiiii;;li liny liad
bci'ii W'ariK'il lliat iid ili-|>lay ol' llii^ kiml would I iiii-
t^'iiaiii . d ; liii' couxMiiiciici' was that, l)y liic advicr ol' llic
Diikr ol' Ni\vc'a>li('. llic I'linci' rcl'u^rd to pa s iiiidir il.
and liu! OiaiiL;. iiiiii ri'vcnjicd llii'iii-,(l\, s on tiir Dnkf ol
Nrwi-a.-'lic and Sir Kdiniind Head liy linrniiii.' lliciii in
cH'i^iy on ('ollioi'iif Sircct. Tlii! I'rlinUi' iiad llic doiicd cf-
I'cct, iioWi'ViT, and diiiiiiif tlio iviiiaiiicjiidl' liis Iriji lliidu;ili
till! wcsli'in pcniiisiila tin; iniiicc was iiol annoyi'd liy any
more Oi-aiiLjc dciiion^lrations, the pi'oplc w i>cly coiitfiitin'^
tlioMisiKis wiiii an t'xliiltilion of llnir loyally without at-
ti'ini'liii;; lo inaki' parly polilii'al <'apllal oiil of ii. Ills
royal iiiL;iitir^s Iclt Canada at Wind-oi, on llir I wiiiliclli
of Scpliinlici', pas>iinr over lo llir rnilcd Slates al \)r-
troil, fioin wlii'iiic III' vi-.iuMl Cliica^o.Si. I.nnis, Cinciniiali,
I'll. dimi;. rinladclpliia. lialllniori'. rt a>iiini;ton, Nrw
York. liosion and Pol t land, from vliii'h [ilai'c in.' saili'cl
for lioino on ilu' iwcntii'ili of ScpicniliiT. |
IS. — I'ai'lianu'nt nu'l al (^lutln'i' on ilii' .sLxtcinlh of
Mari'li, isi;i, a'lcl llio yovt'nior-iji'niial aniiounccci that hi'
li id icci'ivi'd from her maji'sly iicr (.'lati^- ,
Tlio «'''ti-nsof IM.I. ,1 I II . r .1 i' 1
(iii'at 111' 1 iiM' ill '"' ai'Uiiow li'duniiMts ot tlic loyal nianntT
IWL'nly.v.'.-.,; •„, ^^iii,.), ,1„, I-i-j,, ,f ^Val.■s had h.'.'ll
rpci'ivcd llir pii'Vioas yrar. Iml the IIoii.si' was vit, miirh ,
di>po>(d lo j;inmlplt' ahmit ihc rcc.'piioii of il.i' i'rnii'r of
Wales, and the ( )iaii;;i'mLii Weif olVriidi'iJ liccaux' they
W(>l'i> Hot allow I'd lo make the oeea>ioli one of .seetarian
siril'i! 'instead of tjeiieral hainiony, while the ma>oiiie hodv
felt indiiiiiaiit that the eorner .stone of the I'.iiliair ii
huildiiiL; was laid witliont masonie hoii'ii-s. 'tnd ilie I'l'is-
liyterian and .Mi'llioili>l IhmIIi's lhoni:lit la. \ had heen
sli:;liled liy th.' inaii'iei' in whii'li llieir addre«>e> h.iil lice.i
received. Tlie^-e \aiioiis ecimplaiiils wire mule llie
};ioiiiids for several allai ks on ihe :iiini>lry during; t''i' de-
hato on the address — wliieli lasted sj.x days — liiil ail liio
tiolis were steadily voli'd down hy lar^e majorities. .\ii
amendment olVered hy Mr. .lohn S.indlield .M'ledonald.
■ hat ininisters should adhere lo the iliiiilile-maiuriiy prin-
ciple, wa.'i voted down hy a majority of nineteen, and a di-
reet vole of wailt of eoiilidelii'i' lieili;. k| hy sixlv-two to
forty-nine, the npposition irave up fiirilier wraiii;lini: and
ths address was passed. Diirini; the session a |iart of the
census reams just taken was laid on the tahle. w!iicli
showed that the li.lal pojiiilal ion of the pnx iic'e w.i-
•_'..")( M'i,7.'t.''i. of which rpper C.iiiada h.id l.;!',((i.O',ll, and
Lower Can.ida 1,1 ID, I II. Twenty years hefore, at the
time of ill!' rnioii, the joint pupnlatioii had hei n
l.l.")ii, I."i7. of which rppi'i" (iiii'i'hi had iri'">..">7."i and Lower
Canada ri'.>ll.7'SL>. il will lliii> lie M'cn llial llii' I'll il pop-
nlalinii oi ihe pro\ini'c had increased iicarlv L'I7 percent
in twenty years, hut the increase had liecii liy no means
eipial III the iipjier and lowi'r |iorti(iiis, for while I pper
Canada hail mcreasi'd at the rate of three liiindred per
cent. Lower Canada lia'l only imrea'cd at the rale of a
lilile <iver one limidred and -i\ly per cent, in l.^ill the
popiilalioii of Lower Canada wa> I'J.'i. 107 more ihan I pper
Canada: in \^t')\ the popnialion of I'pper Caiiad.i was
2'S').r>l7 more than thai of Lower Canada. The ()ppo>i-
tioii made ilii^ a siron;,' ground for lepreseiilalioii hy pop-
ulation, a re^oliiiioii in favor of which was aiMiii inlio
diiceil : hut the government opposed it on the ;.n'ouiid that
it was contra. y lo the I'liion act. which reipiired llial each
section of the province should alw.iys have the same 1111111-
her of repri'M'iitatives, and that this rule had heen fol-
lowed hy allowiii;; I'pper Canada the same iiumher of
repreM'iilalives at the Inioii, allhoii;;ii she had liflvper
I'eiit le>s po[iulalion than the Lower I'rovinee. The ijiiv
I'rnmeiil wa> ajj;,iin ^u^laiiied. aii'l ii'pre-.eiitati(iii hv popu-
lation had to wait loi (•onfeileiatioii hefore the principle
was admilled. Parliament was proioiiiicd on the eit:litli
of .May, without any hiisiness of special importance liaviii;,'
heen doiit!; and 11 few weeks after the coiintry was in all
the hustle and excitement of a j;eiieral election. The
contest wa.s very rip;oidii>ly conducted on hotli sides, and
resulted 111 soiii' ;;alll for the Opposition, especially in
I'pper Canada, although it siilTiM'ed two severe Mows in
the ilei'eat of .Mr. ISrowii in Toronto, and of .Mr. A. A.
D-.rioii for .Monlreal l'",a>l. where he was hadly lieateii hy
(iiorue P. Cariier. liolh, h "vever, ohlained olher con-
st 11 nencios.
I'.l. — .Noihini; of iniporlance occurred after the eleciioii
until the lall, when Sir Kdmiind Head was icheved of the
L'overii(M''lii|i i \ the arrival of his siicces- ,. ,
' liilili'llli III el .Sir
sor. Lord M k, at Oiii'liec.mi tlu! tweiit V- 1 :iliiiiiii'Mi.i.|.
, , , I . ■ IMlll.li'iil, 1.1 llli'
thud ol ()ctolii'i'. Uiit while time was Siiiiiliiiii Uili. l-
... . , ,1 lion,
slipping; ipiieily away, and the year was
ilrawiiii; ipiietly to a elo^e ill Can.ida, events were occiir-
riim in her iminediate iieiuhhorhood which weic to have
no small elTect on her iiolitical Ininre. and to hasten that
consolidalioii of the Iliilish North .Vmericaii I'roviliccH
which had hei'ii the dream of so many statesineii. For
over a ipi.irter of a '.'enliiry the auitatioii of the aholitiiiii- '
ists in the riiiled States had Ik'cii jiiadnally ('ii!::endcriii>j
a feelinir of di^lru-'t and dislike in the minds of the
soiiiliern sla\e owners against their iioriliern coiinhymeii ;
and the doctrine of Slati; ri;fhts was liiini; ye.irly more
emphatically enmiciated hy the leading,' politicians of llu;
siiiilh. and foremost aiiion;,'st the Stato lijjhts claimed was
the ri:,dit of any State to leave the I'liion if she felt iij;-
ifiieved or dissatislled ; this i'i;;ht the Norlli denied, claim-
in<r that the rnion was indis^olnlile, and llial dim iitcrud
it could never he secedi'd from. Another i^real point of
dilVcrence hetweeli the two sections was on the (piestion
of free trade or proleclion. The Noilh with its llioii^ands
I"
rROVIXCE OF CANADA— OOVKRNMKNT OF LORD :M0NCK.
5i;t
111 liy 1111 imaiis
Inr wliilr r|i|ifr
rci' IjiiimIi'i'iI jK.'r
lit llif niti" ot' a
It. Ill IS 1 1 ||„.
lilulc \]\:\\\ r|i|i(T
[MT CmiimiI.'I was
Tllf ( )|i|ii(^l-
I'lit.'itliiii liy |i<ij)-
ivas ajraiii iiitio-
llii' uii'iiii'l that
i|iiii'('(l llial < acli
I' lllc SMIIIC lllllll-
Ic hail lit'cii fol-
aiiK' iiiiiiilicr (if
III' iia<l tillv |i('i-
iiirc. 'I'lic jrnv
ilatidii hy |i(>|iii-
)i'c till' |>riMri|il('
'<! oil till' I'l^liili
i|ioi'laiic(' having;
iiiilrv was III all
tliMiion. 'I'll!'
lllllll .sides, anil
III, »'s|pi'cially ill
scvric Mdws ill
mI uf .Mr. A. A.
liaijly Im aliii liy
ilU'il ollii'i riiii-
flrr till' clrciiiMi
■1 irlicveil (if llu!
Itilirfiiiiiii of sir
I'Mllllllhl II I.
iiuilMi'ali i.l till'
» SnIlllllTII Ul-lu'l-
lillll.
Ills Wile ncciir-
ih Well' III liavo
I III hasii'ii that
icaii Pkivuiccs
taii'Miit'ii. For
I the aliiililioii-
liy ciiyi'iiilniiiir
iiiiiiils (i| the
I'll ((iiiniruiicii ;
iii; yi'arly iikhc
iiii'iaiis ol' the
Us claiincil was
ll' .-111' fell Mg-
li ih'liii'il, I'laiiii'
lilt oiiri' ilili'l'i'ii
i.'1'l'lll |lliilll of
III thr i|iii'sll(iii
I ll-' lliiiii>aiiils
of factories and coiintliNS niecjianical industries, was vio-
leiillv |inili'rtive anil desired liy an alinn-l iimhiliitive
tarilT III ixeliide all liirei;;n niaiiiil'actiiies ; ilie Smiili,
(III till' nllier liaiiil. had few iiianiilai'liires and desired
free trade thai she niii;lil liny in the eheajiest market in
wiiii'li she eiinid sell her raw material in the <vay of cot-
ton, siii^ar. tnliaeeii. iVe. scarcely any of which was man-
iifactiired where it was |ir(idiici d, lint was sent away in
the raw slate and lironnlit hack mannl'actnred. The am-
miisilv whii'h had hecn irrowin;; for years, cniistaiitly
fanned liv ihc attacks of the niiscni|iiiliiiis |iarlNin press
of llic Ninth, at last led l.i an iipeii rii|itiiie in the fall of
IMI'iil. 'I'lie Deiiiocr.-itic party, which had been in power
for maii\ years, had ifiowii arrii'.i:iiit on accimnt of its
great majiirilv. and ran Iwo candidates for the presidency
this year, which !j;,iV(> the aholitionists an opporliinily to
elect their candidate, which they did in the person of .Mr.
Aliraham Lincoln, I'liited States senator Irom Illinois.
This was the signal for a ;reiicral mitlireak on the pari of
the South. Sonlli Carolina was the llisi State to lireak
(lilt ill open revolt, and on llie tweiilieih of nccciiilier,
I.S(il), her ll ;ii-laliii'e passed an ordinance declaiiii;; liial
Sonlli Carolina was im loiii;er in the I'nion, Iml was .1
sovcieiijn and independent Slate, an example which w.is
ipiiekly followed liy .Alississippi, .Maliami, I'lurida, ( Jeor-
I'ia, Louisiana, Texas. N'irjjiiiia. .\ikaiisas. Norili Carolina
and TciiiK'sse(N so that liy the spriiii; of ISIll, ilie eleven
slavi! Slates, with an ayifrejiate population of ('i.lllllt.dUII
whites :ind ;!.()IM»,(II)() Macks, had .ecednl. 'I'lic excile-
ineiit in the Norlli was intense. \ small Imdy of rniled
Stales troops, niulcr comniand of .Major .\iii|ei>on, was in
cliari;e of Fort Sninter, siliialed 011 an island in Charles-
Ion harlior, which was licsii'mMl liy Siiiilhein iroops. an
elVort was made liy lIu! sleamcr Shir of ihf W'isl lo con-
vey reinforcemeiiis to the fort, lint she was iliiveii olT liy
the slioro liatleiics, and on the tliiiteeiiih of .\pril. ISol,
a liirions cannonade was opened on ihe fortress, which
soon compelled .Vndersoii lo liaiii down the stars and
stripes and capitiila'e. The news of the tail of l''ort
Slimier caused a j;i'iieral iipiisin:;; iliiiini;liiiiii ihe North;
rnioii ineeliii!,'s Were held every where , ".LiHIK nieii were
called mil ; volunteers llnckcd in lliinisands to the recriiil-
ini; stands, and the, iilmnst eiitliiisiasin prevailed lint
ihe lecniils were exceediiii;ly raw. and tolally nniliscip
lined, and tlii^ ollicers. for the most pari, were no lielter
than till! incii, for nearly all llie regular ollicers had re-
signed their coiiiiiiissions in the rniled .Slates army, and
joiiu'il tlio South, .lust one moath after the fall of I'ori
Slimier llie Hritisli irovernment recou'iii/ed ilic .Soiiili as
lielli!,rerents, and issued a proclainalion onleriiiir all Hril-
isll snhjecls lo alistaiii from parlicipalion in llic war — an
order which w.'is s-^'vy iinperfeclly olieyed. for il is esii
m.'iled that lielweeii forly and lli'ly thmisaiid men from
Canada were i;iil as sulisiiiiiies li_\ Norllieiners, who pre-
f(!rro(l to pay a tlioiisand or tifteeii hundred dollars lioimiy
'o a man to i.'o and li^ht for llieiii, while lliey remained
at home and specnlated in uold or provisions, or got fat
army eoniiacts. The liist hallle of the war was fonj;ht
at Uuirs Run. on the I'otomac River, near AVashiiii;tiin,
on the twenty lirst of .Inly, and resulted in a victory for
(he Soiitlierners ; after which liotli sides Imsied tiiemselves
for some time in niarsliallin;.' their forces. driUiiii; their
men. and Iryiiii; to make soldiers mil of the raw material
suddenly called from the plough, the workshops, ur from
huhiiid till! counter.
CHAPTFR CXIL
riJOVINCK OF CANADA— (;o\FRNMKNT OF
I LORD .M()N( K.
I.— Tiii: Tkiint Aii.viit. CiiAMii; ok Fi ii.inc iv
C.w.M'.v. — "_'. Di;i-i;.\i' (ii- 1111: C ak rii;u->L\riniN.M.i)
.MiMsiuv iiN Tin; .Mii.hia I>it,i.. — .'i. Fihima rin.v <ir
Till', .ALv( iiiiNAi.ii-Sniirn; .MiMsriiV.— 1. I^m.i.isii
Fi.i.i.isi; <iN riii: Diri.vriiK 1 111; C.vnakian .Mii.hia
ISii.i.. — i">. ni.MiiriAi. I''.irf.('r (IN Canaha (II' 1 111:
AMi.iiUAN Wau. — Ii. Di'.i i;a r m iiii: .ALm iminaih-
j Siciirri; AKMiMsruArms". As .Vi'i-im. to iiik
(.'oixritv. — 7. Fnsa nsi' A( roKY Fin,vn( i.vi. Comh-
I THIN (If tin: I'kuvim 1;. — h. .\n(>tim:k MiMsri.itiAi,
( uisis. RiiiitN III- .Ml!. .L \. .ALvciiiiN.M.n tu
j riiWI.K. — '.•- Dl.ll.AT <>l' Tin: 'l"Arlll.->L\( ImSAI h
I (Jiivr.ii.NMi NT. A I'di.rncAi. Di;.vi>-L(ii K. — in. .\
CllAl.lllllS ( idVIKVMI \ r T'liliMIII td (AliliYdir
Com- i-;i>i:n.v I id\. — 11. Ram.wa v .Accim n r at 1!i i.-
(i-:ii, Ilitiiiia:. Nini.tv I'i.ksiins Kii.i.i:ii. — IJ. Tiior-
! Ill i;sd\ii: visiTous- Raid on Tin: .St. Ai.iiANs' Hanks.
i — 1.1. Cd\i'i;iii:i( vridN Ri:sdi.i-| ion Aixiitii) ny
r.diii lldisis — 1 I. Tin: Assassinatihn m- I'm si-
I»i-NT Lincoln. — l.'t. Lakui: Fun: in (^i iiii.c. Di Atii
Of SiK F. 1'- TaCIII.. — ll). A (^LIKT Si;ssioN-
' . '. ''
I ■'■■'''
1. — Tlie year ■H+*t*^'liised dark riiiil u'looiny. with the
War cloud haiigiin; willi llircaleiiin;,' menace over C.inada
and lialil. at aiiv moment to Imrst foilli
. I lit' / 1*. Ill nlliiir.
ill a storm of lilood and cariiaL;e. delu^iiii; i imin;.' oi iii-Mn;;
... -I 11- ■ ' 111 ' HllMilil.
our lair fields willi gore and liriiigiiii.'
di'solalion and ruin inlo many happy homes. On tlieeighlli j
day of Novemlier. Captain Wilkes. commandini,' the Lniied
■Slates gimliii.it Sun .liiriiilo, hoarded the I'.uglisli mail
steamer 7Vch/. on Inr way fioiii Havana In Si. Thomas '
and look from her the Soiilhern ( 'iiinmissioners Slidell :
and Ma-oii. who wire going lo I'aigl.iiid in emlciMir to I
have llie Confederale .Slates recogni/i d as an imli penilriil
f !
'ii
m
!li
!V:lilliltl
ifil! i
:,n
TITTLE'S lIISrOKY OF TIIK DOMIMOX OF CANADA.
power. The net was lomllv iipplMiKliil in tln' SimIis and
lli(! ncwspaiii'is went liall iVaiilii: over lli<^ daring feat [
a iiMplislird liy a nian-nl'-vvar ni stojipinj; an iinariiu'd ■
mail sti'anicr and diai.'j.'injj; two jiassungcrs from lior ; Imt
llm shouts of ixidlalion wcro soon clianiiid lo tones of
apolojry and contrition, ami wo sooner was llie dcniaiid |
for ilie release of Slidell and Miison made li.v ilie Uriti.-li '
Oiivernnient. tlian they wi're ^nven np. Wiike- snd-
deidv leli I'roni tile piiinaele of liis momentary poptijanty,
and tile United States (Joverninent apolo;.'i/.ed fur tli(!
insult otfereil to the Iiiili^h flai;. 15nt Wilkes had raised j
a storm of an;:er and ill-feejiiiij wherever the Fii;.dish llau; I
Hiiated, aj,'ain>t the North, whieh no apoloLiy eonid at
once allay : and a ji;reat deal of the sytnpalliy iVit for the
South in Kiijilaiid and her colonies dnriiii; the remainder
of the war, dates from tho day that the F,iiLdi-h tla^r was
insulted on the hi;;Ii seas. In Canada imlilie teeling was
i;"eatly exiited, vidiMileer eeinpanies were fonnicl, and
aetives measures taken lo prepare for the expected f■trM^-
i;le, the principal field of operations for which Wciuld he
our own fair cnuiitry. The liritish ministry, with Lord
I'ahiierstoii at its head, acted with the iitnio-t ]>roniptitnde ;
lO.tMHJ thousand troops were at oiicm; ordercil to Canada,
anil throui^h Decemlier ;ind .lanuaiy transports were con-
stantly arrivinjj; ai Ilalilax and St, .Folin and the troop.s
lieinn hurried tlirou^h to the Canailian frontier towns.
The cMitement did not la>l very lnii;;. liowever, for on
the first of .laniiary, Ist'i.'i. Slulelland Ma^on weri' released
nild saileil Irom Iloslou fur l'Ji;;laiid. I'mt the year had
(■ndeil >adiy. for with itsclo^e lame the ne«s of the death,
on the fifteenth of Decemlier, of I'rince .Mil It. and there
was gi'iieral inoiirniiiLt lliiiiiiuhoiit thi' wlioli> of Canada.
2. — Parliament met at (^tueheceii llie twenty lii>l of
March, 1H(!2, and was opened with more than the ii-naj
i)i(iiit ..f 111.' < ar- 'li-l'l'iy hy Lord .Moiick, liflecll hnndled
ili't Ma.-.l.iiiaM re:;ulars and \oliiiiteers takiii'' part in the
Mhiislrv III! llio '^ ■" '
MlliUu Hill pau'cant, while ilouhle salvoes of artillery
aiiiiouneed the ai rival and departure of His Kxeilleiicy
at and from llie I'ailiaincnt liniMinj,'. C^nehec is loud of
II niililarv display, and the iiiinsii;d cereinony oliservcd Kv
the new i;overiior-i;eneral created a f;oiid impression in his
fiivor. The Caitiei-.Macdonald ministry elected Mr. Tui-
cottc sjieaker liy a majority of thirteen ; lint it was evi-
dent at an early sla^e of the session that tlie Opposition
liad j,'ained streii;;th liy the late election, and that the
tciiui f ollice of the iMiiiisters Was a very insecure one.
iind that they were lialile to defeat at almost any moment.
III Ills openini; speech the f.'o\einor had alluded to the
necessity for providing; proper means of defence ; and,
uccordiii;;ly, the i.'o< ernineiit lii(iii_dit in u hill providing,'
for II reor^uni/ation of the militia. A stroiiji; opposition
wax ){ot up against this hill, partly on the ^ooiind of
eeoiioiny, and partly on the ;.'i'oiiiid that Canada wniiM not
I'oinmit anv act wliicli would involve her in war, and (hat
if (ireat llrilain and the I'liited Slates iiecanie involved in
war it would he on some sulijei't ovir wlii( h Canada had
no control, and she would siilfer ciioiiirh liv lii'iii^ made
the theairc of the war, in the event o. its oc(airriiit;, without
lieiiij( put to till' expense of prepariiij; for it lieforehand.
This was ahout tlu^ suhstaiK'c of the ariiumeiits of the
Opposition ; ami. on a vole liein:; taken on the second
readiie,'. many of the Lower Canadian iiieinhers <lesertcd
the iiiiiiisiry, so that it was defeated liy a majoritv of
■sevi'ii, and at once resigned, llie 1 loiisc adjimrniii;.' to allow
the formation of a new miiiistiy.
;i. — Till' House reasseinlileil on the twil!tv--i\tli of
April, when Mr. Louis Walliridp', of ISelleviik. aiimninced
that the I'.illowiin; caliinet 1 ad lien firmed
under the h.adership of Mess.s. ,lolin !^:;;'";I,a'hl!;Ii!',':uo
Saiidllrld >Li,doiiald, .and Louis Victor i:ii'i-ii>.
Sicotte ; president of the Council, 'I'homas D'Any Mi'-
(iee; attorney ;;elieral la-t, Louis N'ietor Sicotte;
attorney Lieneial west, doliii Saiidlii Id Maedoiiald; minis-
ter <if finance, \V. 1'. Howland ; coiiiiiiissiomr of crown
lands, William .Mi-Dougall ; eoniiiiissioner of puhlie works
riric Joseph 'I'essier ; postmasiii-^ciieral, .Michael H.
I'oU'y; receiver-j;eiieral, .lanies .Morris; pro\ incial secretary,
A. A. Dorion ; minisierofai;riculture, Francois lOvaniurel;
! solicitor-u'eiieral west, Adam Wilson, solicitorp'iiera]
east, .1. .1. C. Alilinii. Tlie |iro;'rainine of the new niiiiis-
1
try. as annoiiiiced, einliraced :! return l.i the dimMe majority
! prim-iples in all matters specially atVeetin;; either section
of the proviiii'es, a I'l adjiisUniiil of the representation of
■ liotli sections of the provime ; an amend d militia law ;
a protective tarilf ; an insolvent act ; eroimniy in [lulilic
1 expel. ditiires ; the niaiuteiiain e of Her -Alajesty's decision
with rcjiard lo ( Jliawa lieini; the capital, and an investifiii-
iioii into some 1 1 arges with regard to the construi'tion of
the I'aiTiaineiit Imildiiigs. This progranmie was wtdl
received iiy the pulilic generally, and the leaders of tho
' late iiiiiii>try eonlially oirered till' iieweal iiiet a fair trial,
hut 11 did not suit lli • '• ( lear (liits." and .Mr. liidwii was
soon aclively at work in the 67<i/«' making rigorous on-
slaiiulits on the caliinet for not having adopletl representa-
tion hy population, and for pandering lo the tastes of the
l''reiicli pari) logaili its support. A'cry little tiiisiiiess was
I transacted after lli.i formation of the new caliinet, hcyi iid
' passing a short and uiiiinportani ameiidmeiit to the militia
I act, and tlu; House was |iror(igiiei| on the ninth of .lime.
).— Coiisideralile feeling was aroused in I'liiglaiid hy
the defeat of the Caitiei- .Maedoiiald government on the
(piestioii of military di'I'eiise ; and llie gen-
j eral impression was that Canada, in the J-^'vK^'i'.'ff
at
llii' t Miiailiiiii
.Mlliiia mil.
event of war, which seemed proli.ihl
any niiiineiii, proposed to lriis| to F.ngland
entirely for her del'elise ; a Mlppositioll which at once
raised the i|Uestioii wild her the colonies Were wiirlli de-
feiidiii;.', when ihe\ Mould take no ineiiHures for their own
• iiivolvrd in
('Mli:iila li:i<l
riiiiT. witliDiit
I)i'l(inll;iU(l.
iiiUs of the
I tlir Si r<iii(l
l)frs (IcscrfL'd
majority of
iiiiiy; to allow
■iily--i\lli of
I, aMiKMiiicod
rmr.tiiiiiof lli«
I'll. luiid-Sii'otte
Mi.stn.
!)• Any JIc-
11- Sicotlo ;
iiaKl ; iiiiiiis-
it r ii{ cidwii
jiiililii' works
-■Nliilia.! II.
■ialsciTclary.
s l\vaii;iircl ;
i(ilor-'.'''iit'ral
!■ now iiiiiiis-
iililf majority
iilicr si'i'tioii
csentation of
militia law ;
my ill [iul)lii'
-ly's (lici.sion
an iiivc>.stiji;a-
iislructioii of
111' was WfU
ladi'is of till!
t !i fair trial,
'. Uiiiwii was
ij;oroiis oti-
il rfpivsi'iita-
la^tis of till'
liir-iiicss was
)in)'t, licyi 11(1
to tlu' lllililiil
Itll of >llllll'.
I'iiijilaiiil liy
mciit on till'
llii^lisili fi'i'liiifj
III llii' ill fiiil iif
111' I iniiiiliMU
MiliiialSlll.
liili at oiK'i'
ll' Wollll (l(-
<il' tllrir ()\\ II
PUOVINC'K OF t ANADA— GOVKKN.MKNT (>!•' I.OUD M().\( K.
■.i:>
protection. Loni Palnur>toii ilirlartil, most cmpliati-
cally, tliat EiiLrlaml hail ilmii' all slu' llitiinliil to do for
till! (K!fL'ii>e of Canada, and that lln' |m'o|i|i' iiii;>t iitlur
nitiko i)ru|)aratioiis for dcfi'iidinu iIhiiimJvo, or disgrai't'
till! raro from wlii'iiri' tliry siiran;.'. Lmd ^[oln•k, at a
])ulilii! diiinir a: Monirial ri'lioid tlii' wui'iU of tlii' liritish
I'reiiiii'r, and said vory plainly that in tlii! uvi-nt of war '
the Caiiadians must lir iiri'parid to fnriii'li dif hulk of
till! armiis ii'ipdrcd llirinxlvi's, and not drpiml I'litiruly
I oil Knitland lor pnitii'tioii. Tho I'',iii;li^li pinplo wtTc,
liowi'Vi'r. wrong in allrihiiliiig any di^iinlination to pro-
I tect tlit'iii^ilvi's to the Canadians; tinir only disiiicliiiii-
tioii was to pri'pariiig lor an I'vi'iit winch thry did not
think tlii'ii' was any prohaliilily of ever oicnrring, and to
addiiiir to their already I'liormriis diht. a ^a^t siiin for
military deli'iises which they did not helicvc there would
ever be any neees>ity for. The uoveriior-iieneral visited the
I'pper Province ihiriii;; Sipteinlicr, and was cordially re-
eeiM'd every wlieic. especially at 'I'oronto. where he opined
the Provincial K.xliiiiition, and where he was entertained
at a grand hall.
;"». — The war was now In iiig vigorously prosectiled in
the States, hundreds of thousands of men were in the
Held, and hundreds of millions of dollars
i.i'i'i"a1lMii!Mlf'i'im ''•"' •'•'•■" liorrowed liy the .North to prose-
AimiK-Hii War. f,, to the war. Prices of all kinds of larm
produce rose with scutling rapidity, and an enoiuious
trade sprang lip \\ iih Canada, when! the lieiieliis of the
Peciprociiy Treaty were never so fully felt helore. The
free eiilraiice of Canadian products t.> American markets
gave the fiirmer an imineiise advanlage in the matter of
cheap pnidiiilion, as .he escaped the enormous inteinal
taxation which the I'liited States government found itself
o!ilii;ed to iiiipo>e to meet the exiieiises id' the war. Ks-
)ieoially was the trade in horses si imiilated hy the great
deiiiaiid for them caused hy the large ipiantities needed
hy the cavalry and arlillciy ; ami troops of horse dealers
from Xcw York, \''ii:'.oiit and the iieigiilioring slates,
Were coii>laiilly in Canada liiiying up all the surplus ^loek
they could liiid, and as noiliing was too old or too poor
to sell to the governnieiil, many a farmer got a tir>t class
prion for nil animal lie had considered utterly usi'les4 iiiid
liad turned out to die in peace. This pn)s|.ierity contin-
ued dining the war, and had a most heiielicial effect in
restoring a lieahhy tone to the agrii ullural intc ic-ts,
which had sulVered gnaily from poor liarve-.tn and low
prico!<,.atlileil to it more expensive and luxurious mode of
living into which the fanners had gradually fallen, and
which only loo frei|ueiilly led to a morlgage on the farm,
if lint, worse. liesidcs llie liellcr mai kit opened to her
proiline, Canada was ;il.>o lieiieliied greaily during the
war liy the large floating popiilalion which caiini to her
from holh North and Soiiili. causing iniim y to iie exceed-
■ngly plentiful ; indeed, so plentifij that while upeeie
payments Were suspeinled in the States. Canada was
grnaning under a jilethora of silver, which gul to he n-
gaiiled as a •• nuisaiioe," and of which we shall have to
sjieak further on.
(i. — Pailianient lint at (^uehee on the thirteenth of
Peliruary, 18(i;i. and it was soon evident that the Alac-
donald-Sicotte ministrv was not sironif ; , , ,,, ,,
" l>. fi'ut iif till' Miu'-
hiit it maiiajied to avoid defeat on the ad- iii'iialil-sifiitii'
" . M.l!:iliii,.irati..n.
dres.s, allliougli twice attacked on ilieniies- .vi :ip|.. al toilio
.. . , , . ii.imtrv.
tioli ol representation liy piipnlatinii,
which was now r.qiiilly growing in piipti,.,r favor in I'liper
Canada. Since his defeat in rnronlo ai the general elee-
tion of ISl'iI. .Mr. lirowii had imt had a seal in the House,
hilt he was niiw elected for South <)Nlord. in |ilace of Dr.
Ciiiiiior, who hail lieeii elevated to a judgeship in the
Coilit of (Queen's lleiicli. The m;;;'.lry continued to
lose favor, and the hiidgel s| eh of .Mr. Ilnuland de-
stroyed «l;al little ( olllidelici' Was left, lor ill spile of the
increased taxation the reveiine ,vas still less than the ex-
pendiliire. .Mr. .Inliii A. Macilonald imw mnved a direct
vole of want of < onlideiice. and the government wasde-
fealed hy a vote of sixlv-loiir to lifty-nine. The minisiiy
[ireferring an appeal l" the cmiiiiiy to resignation, Par-
liament w.is pioiogued on the twelflh of .May. and a
general eliiiinii followed. Mr. Macdonald tried to
strengthen his lahinet hy iccolislriicting it, hefore election,
taUiiii; in some of the liinwnites of I'pper Canaihi. and
solii" of till! Lower Canada Itniiiies. hut the ell'nrt u:is
not very successful, for he lost almut as iiincli as he i;aiiied.
and the action was assailed hy the nppnsiiiun pn-s as
uncoiisiituliiinal. on the gininid that an appeal to lln-
country was gianted lothe .Maeiliiiiald-Sicoitegoveriinient.
not to the Maciion:ild-l )oriii gnvernnieiil, as it h.id iniw
hecomo. 'I'he new Parliament nut on the lliirteeiiih
of August; and tifier a Very acrimonious deli.iie nf four-
teen ilavs' iluraliun, the address was carried li\ the nanow
inajority of three, «ait of a limise of one liundred and
twenty-three.
7. — The (iuaneial ] n~i|ion of Canada was now rapidly
hecoining Very critical. 'I'he host df railway and oilier
schemes sprung upon the country hy the
If I 1 • • . .' 11 *i * • I Sati>rarti»rv lliiaii-
Iliiicks iidiniiiislralion hail laiiscil a rapnl , |,,| , \n\ ,r
iiiereaso of the piililie delil. and each sue- H"' I'l"*'""'
cessi\i' goveriiineiit had gone on honowing as long as it
conld liiid leiidei •< ; hut matters were now I'a-t appioach-
iii;; a climax. The province owed aliniil Si7<l.tlOll.(l()li,
which n'i|nired S.'),.')(i.!,2t'..'! lo pay the inleicsi, and tlio
revenue liad heeii falling heliind llie expendiliire ever
since is,")", so that tlie delicil now aiiioniiled to ahoiit
Sli.flOO.OdO. Added lo this, the estimates for llie\ear
^ were nmisiially heavy, amoniiiiiig to S lo. I 1 '.'.-'"(, of
which :? !,•.".• I. (IIIO was reipiiied for I he redemption of
seigiKU'ial tenure lioials. 'l"o iidil to the einliarrassiupi't
of the liovenillielit the (piestioli of the leruiillillioll of the
_l
'ff
' 11
i' 1
^n
.fit;
Tl TTLi:S IIISTOKV UV THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
h
.c^'
Uuriprooity Ti'imIv now iniraii tn \>r >riiiiu>)_v ;igit;it' il in
tli(! .Sitilis. This iii'atv li:iil liiiu lnn:iil vcn i)i:iiulii'ial
to C'uiiiKlu. litit llic inijn't'>-inii in the I'liitc'il States was |
tliat it favii I'd tliis coiiiitiy tixj nniili ; uhii'li, aildcii tu i
tile j;ciitM-al iVcliii"^ oi iirilati((ii a;;ain>t I 'i, l',nt;l:'ii' I and
Canada, on aci'onnt of llicir --yniiialliv willi tl'i' :- miIi. iud ^
to a stroni; dfniand f'lr tl.c non-ivniH.ii ■•<: i... iriMly ulicn
tin; ten years were U|). and C'nug'i; -, during tlu; sl's- !
sion of I.SC..!, |]:i'-.fd a Will anilioriziiig the President to ;
i.'iv(,' notice to lii !iiit;>h au'l Canadian y rici nineiiis that
tlio treaty woidd lie terniinati'd. Ii; spile of all its dilli-
eillties, howevef. llie Maedonald-DorioM government man-
aged to get thiniiuh the .session, although siijiiiorted liy a
very slei..ii-r inajofity, and Parliament was jn'orogned on
tlic (iftiiiitli of O. tolie;-.
)^. — Tlie year isOl did not opiii |)i'!>|iilion .ly fur the
liiiiMstry. Tlie olliee of srliritol-general west, hail lieell
Aiiiiili.r Miiiist.i- '"^''' vaeaiit when the ealiiiiet was last
of' .Mr"'.!' \">ia'i'' I'eeoiistriieted it was How filled by the
iiniil lo [.uwor. ai)])oiiitrnent of .Mr. .VlbiTt N. IJii'haids, I
mcinhor for South f.ei'ds, who had lieeii retiiined at hist
election by a majority of one hundred ami thirty-live; but
on ri'tiirniiig to his constituents for reH'leeiioii after taking
ttllice, he was defeated by seventy-live. Tills was a serious
blow to the ininisiry, as it left it with only a in:ijoity of
(Mie : and on the meeting i>f Parlianient, on the nineteenth
of Febni iry, l.Slil, after vainly strivin;^ to streiigiheii liis
oaliiiiet. Mr. Sandlield .Macclonald had no cciir-e left bun
lint to re-ign. The torii.atioii of a cabinet w.is eiitiii-'ted
to Sir Kiieiiiie P Tai h •, a in niber of the Legislative
Council and a conservative, who with the assistance of
Messrs. Cartier and .lolin .\. .Maedonald formed the fol-
lowing cabin 't : receiviir-geiier.il and minister of militia.
Sir K. P. Tai'hi' ; atlorii'y general east. (Jeorge Iv Car-
tier ; in.nister o;' li.i tn,-e, Alexaiid.'r T. (lalt; eoinniis-
sioiier of pnlilie wo.ks. .bMii Loms ( 'bapiis : minister of
iigriciilinre, Thomas D'.Vrcy M.tice; solieitor-i;eiieral
cast, il •eior Louis Langeviii ; attorney-general west,
.lohii \. M (iilonild ; coninis^ioiier of crown laiwls. .\le\-
andcr Cain|iliell ; |iresideiit of council, Isaac Ibichanan ;
posimasler-general, .M. II. Foley, provincial secretary,
■loiiii Simpson ; solicitor-general west, J.aiiies Cockbnrn.
The iiniioiinced [trogramme of the new cabinet was — the
remodelling of the militia in thu bestiniiiiiier possii>h' with-
out increasing' the expense ; tlii" mainteii.ince of the |{eci-
procity Trciiyjif po-sible, .a com n leial iiiiioii wllii the
Maritime Provii s; general economy and rel'oiin in liseivl
matters, and the i|iiestion of representation by poiinlalion
to be left an open one. The lliill-e WIS adioiirned to the
third of .May to enable ministers to appeal to their con-
stituents, iiii act which reunited in tin- reeleciion of all the
ministers exci'pt .Mr. Foley, who was defeated by a Mr.
nonm.aii, in North W.iieiloo.
'J. — There was no ehaiige in the ani.au :•' ;he IIousr,
altliongb the yn ;■,<«;(, •/ was varied a little; lint tli" same
factions spirit disiilaved itself imiiiediatelv
, , ;. ,. , ,, D.f.at of ilio
alter tiio reassembling ol tin; House on I'.Mhr-.Ma.di.iinia
.1 1 * 1 1^ « r 1 II' 1 uovi'i tiint'iit. \
the tli.rd el ->lay. aril on the thirteenth |».iiii.al deml-
tliii ministry only escaped defeat on a ''"'"■
straight motion of want of confidence, by a ii.ire inajoritv
of two. in a House of one hniidred and tweniv-six. After
lighting aloiig for a iiioiith. with \fv\ iiieaLtre majorities,
the goveriiiuent W;is liiially defeated on the foiiiieeiith of I
.lime on a vote of want of conlideiice arising out of a loan
of SKMI.ikiII made to .Montreal live \ears before, the Mile
standing sixty to liity-eiglit, Messrs. Kaukiu and Dnii kin .
having <liaiiged from the ministerial side to oppo-ition.
^la'ters bad now reached .1 climax, and the goveri'inelit of
the proviiK"^ was at a perfect dead-lock. Kverv parlv lia<l
ill tiiiii tried to I'oiin a cabinet wliicli could win i;eiieral
support, ami cai'ii in turn had failed : parly spirit and llu!
fight of fictions had so com|)leteiy hampered ihe hands
of each adininislrali<ni, that no one could now be found
willing to iiiidcilake the task of alteinpliii:.' to assiinil.Ue
the various and eonllieiing phases ol poliiieal opinion, and
form a cabinet which would receive any thing like a popu-
lar support. The more tlioiii^hifnl and considerate of
both sides paused to lelleet. anil endeavor to liiid soino
means to linak the dead lock. .Viiotln'r appeal to thu
coniitrv would be Useless as the last few general <li'clions
bad sliovMi that certain loe.iliiies were weddid to certain
idea-, and would only leluin iiii u pl'ilt;i'il 1 ny out
those ideas ; il tliereloie remained to find •oiiie means
wiii(-'h woulil not only alVord temporary relief, but woubl
put the administralion of the fiiliire on a firm and solid
basis, not so liable to snll'er iioiii local jealousies, or niero
personal or party-poliiiral spite : and tlir only remedv
suggesting itself to those who Were inclined to colisider
the matter calmly, coolly, and from a patriotic insiead ot'
a parlisaii siaml-poiiil. was ;i confcdei ii'ion of all the
Itritish North .\iiii rican Pro\ iiices, or failing thai, thu
siibslitnlion of a I''eilei'.i| instead of a Lei^is|ati\c I'liion
for the Pri>\iiii'cs of I ppc r ami Lmver Canada, or. in
other words, to take ' . . serioiiscousi.i :\ ri.ai r>lr. lirowii's
" joint-anlhority " scliciiie.
1(1. — The supplies Were hurried llnough the House,
and Parliament was adjourned on the liiiileenth of.lnne,
but prior tiiis. o:i the lwenly-se\eiilh inst., .\,.,,|,iii|,,ii,.,.M.rii.
.Mr. .lohn .\. .Maedonald read a long ;';;;;\\',';,','','',;,',.'''
doiaimi'llt to the House, setting forth the ("liialiiin.
basis of an agreenieut entered inio lieiween Mr. (Jeoi'go
Ib'own and him-elf — with the ailvice and assislain'c of
their respccii\e friends — for the I'orniiition of a Coaliiioii
(io\ernmcnt tocomlnct the linsiness of the country for the
present, with a view to elVeciimr 11 ('oiifederalion of the
lliilish Nortli .American Provinces, or at least of a l''ede-
ral Cuioii for Canada, each proviiiee, in clilier rxeiil. lit
have sole control of all matters purely local, in order
bill til" same
ii'ffjil of i!i(.
!..lir-.Ma,,lc.nnUl
itvi-niiiH'iit. A
■ ■liti.iil di'Mil-
i.k.
iiarc iiiMJoritv
ty-.-ii.v. Al'lir
;n' iii:ijorili('s. |
lolll'lcclitll 111' i
r (iiil (if a liinii
'lore, tlir \iii(' \
1 anil l)iiii kiii 1
<> i)|)|io>itiiin.
;()Vcl-|'Mirllt, of '
irv pailv had
win j;cii('i'al
s])ii'ii ami tlic
■I'll llic liaiiils
IliW 111' I'llUlIll
III a^siinil.Uo
I n|iiiiiiiii, ami
i; liki' a |i.i|iu- I
iui>iilri'ali' (if
til liml siiiiu!
ipiK-al to tliu
ii'ial t'k'ctioiis
111 to ct'i'tain
III l-TI'V llllt
■iiiiii' inian.s
'f. lull WOlllll
nil ami ^ojiil |
ii.-ii'S. or iiii'i'i!
only rciiii'ily
1 to riilr>ivlrl'
lir ili>lrail of
HI of all iho
lili.U llial. till!
-lalivr I'liioii
aiiaila, or. in
.'>lr. lirown'.s
I ilii' IIouso,
mill of Jiini',
('<':iliti(iiijr,i\,.rii.
lilt rxIMii'il in
ill\ "lit iiih-
ili'iaiii'i).
Mr. dcOI'^i'
a.-NislaiM'i; of
if a Coaliiioii
iiinliy for tlic
r.'ilinn of till!
1st of a I'"i'ili'-
lirl' r\illl. Ill
il. ill Ul'lIlT
1M{()VIX(K OF CANADA— GOVKH.X.MKNT OF LORD MONCK.
•)i;
tliat tlie |iidi;i aiiiiiir ••■ J>r l)c p"li~l':ii';oriIy I'arricil out.
tl'i-ijt! seats in lliu cabiii' '. n«rij ottfiiil lo Mr. Drown anil
111. siiOjiortiM's, aiii! .'.:.• t^liowin^' ('lianj,'i'.s wi-ro aniioiinccil
lii'fii. iirorOjjatioii : Messrs. 15urliaiiaii, Siinpson, ami
I'li'.n ruliri'il. ami tlirir jilaei's wi'io taken by 3I('ssr.s.
Geor^'e IJrown. William .Mi'l)mij,Mll and Oliver Movv.it.
iis jirusidoiit of the cuiiniil, proviiicial secretary and po.st-
ina.st(U'-j;eiR'raI rcsiiectivtly. 'llie cabiiief. so forineil was
;i stroiii; one, the stroiijfcst goveriinient the province had
kliJWii fo! years, and enjoyed the full conliili'iiie of the
people, althoilgli party spirit and pergonal .spite still showed
itself ii little, as eviileneed by Mr. .Mit'iew Crooks
Caini'ron riiiiiiiii:f a;;aiii-t Mr. M.-l/oiiu'all for NoilhOiitario,
beiliiii,' him by a IiiKiilrrd votes ; .Mr. .MeDnnLiall, how-
evi r, soon obtained a scat for North Lanark, 'llle niiiiis-
try now set ilself /e.ihnisly to work to prmiiote eonfedera-
lion. The .M.iriliiii.^ I'rovinees were about to meet in
eoiiventioii at Charloni'lowii, P. E. I., and deh ijates froiii
Canada altemliil. A subseipieiit imelinir was held at
Quebec, in October, for pai'ticiilars of which we refer onr
reader to chapter lUl'.
11. — The siiininer of ISCit was inaikid by the ni;isr
terrible railway accident which has occurred in (V.naila,
and whii'li was occasioned bv a uros.s act
liiiiUvnv ncriil '111 . , , ." i ■
HI lii-l rnii.i.l^r. ol carelessness on llicpartot the iiii.'im'er,
IH) IK-lHOllH kilioil. , , , , 111
who. however, pud the penally wall Ins
life, toiretlier with other eiiiployees on the train. On the
niorniiij; of the iwenly-ninlh of .lime, an eniii;raiit train of
eleven ears. haviii;:f on board tlirei? hiindied and lifty-fonr
(ieriiian einij,'raiits, on their way up froiii (Quebec, on the
(iraiid Trunk line, left St. Hillaire station for Montreal.
On rcacliiii;f ihe bridge across the Kiciielieii l{i\er at
Iielicil, the cnLiiiii'i'i' did not stop, as is ciistoniaiy, but ran
his Irani rij;lit on lo ihc brnlj^e, the draw of which hap-
pened to be open to let some liar::es tlirmiudi. and in a
few seconds the whole train was one eonfuscil mass of
brnkeii cars, crii^liiii;.; to d"alli the unfoiliinale iniuate.s.
ihe cars jided up i .i ill • baij^es. which were broken and
sunk, and it was with i;reat dillicully that the pa>seii;,'ers
could be jjot out, many bciiiij diinviicd before they i'eiild
be extricated. About ninety persons were killed and u
lal'j;i' nuiiiber wiminled by this sail accident.
12. — The lar^c nnmlier of .-I r nereis who made Canada
their tein(ioraiy lioaie dnriii;; the \v,ir, were not ipiileaii
Tiiiiil'liwiiinn iinmiM'd blessinu' ; alliion^h ihcir presence
n^'srAiS''" '''"'^'''l 'i ,i:"i'-l 'l''^"! of iiioiii'.v ti> «'irciilal(>,
"""'*''■ tiny i;.'ivc i;ieat troubl" and caused much
(iiinoyance to ilie !.riivi'riim( til by their partisan cnndiict;
a coiii'M' which was alxi followed by a larue portion of
the Canadian press which w.is violently " .Sesesh '' in its
tone, and the j^eiieral fediliir of the people was ilecldedlv
ill flivor of the Siiiilh. liiil the sli'iin;f Southern feeliiiy
led to iinfiiitniiate lesiills.aiid crcally imiieiilled the peace
ot 'Jreat Hi'ilaiii and the I'liiled Slales. Niiiiibers of
.Soiithevners made ''aiiada — especially Montnai. Toronlo
and (^uebce-their residences, so as to lia\ o free e.,ni-
niaiiication with their friends in New York and oiher
iii'-therii cities, where !lie.i \\ ^> a siron^ fci mi;; in favn--
ol the So ith. As 'lit! condition of ihe .Smrli becum!
more and nmro desperate ; as the Norihern ;irnnes pressed
! closer and closer iind the Inave but slender forces of
I the confederacy, and there seemed no lonjjjer to be any
hope for them a;.'ainst (irant's overiiowerin;; niiiiibers,
the S<iutlierii leaders jrrew reckless .-is to the means they
used to inflict dania;;e ami injury on ihe Noi'tli, plots of
all kinds Were Inrnied in the Smuh. and an allempt was
made to use C.maila as a ba^e of operation for carrvinj;
them out. In Scptenibi'r. iMi 1. a parly of S.julheriicrs
seized, on lake Frie. the Amciican sleannrs /'///A. /'(irsmis
and hhiiiil (Jiiirii, with the intenlinn of atti'in]iliii;,' to
release the Southei'ii piisoneis contined on .Inlnisdn's
Island, but beyond partly jihinderiiij,' the vessel noihinj^r
further was doi.e. Another outrage was planned in
Canada, an.l cm cuted on the liilieleciith of Octobir. Ixill.
when a jiarty of twci ly-thrce Souiherners passed froiii
( aiiaila to the fr.intier town of Si. Albans, in Vermont,
robbed ihe banks of nearly a iiiiarter of a million doll.irs,
shot the cashier of oiie of the banks, .mil made gond their
escape to Canada. I'lompt in 'asiiics were taken by the
Canadian airhorilies to arrest the pcrpeirators of this
outrage, and foiirtcen of their were c.iplnred and S'.lO.llDll
of the jilunder recovered, 'lie raiders were liied at
IMoiitreal ill December, before I'olice Magistrate CiiuisdI,
and by some legal Imrus j iiciif, were hurriedly nli a~ed,
and chief of Police l.,aniiillie. mil to be iiiildone in ]inliie-
ne-s, leinrned the S'.KI.UIKI to ihein in a gnat liurry and
they gni out of til" city as speedily as piissibl,., as warrants
fur their re-arrest Wei'c being issued. This o\er zeal on
the pari of Mr. Lamolhe cost him his pl.ici'. and llie
province S'.'K.tldO, which it sulisci|uenl!y had to make
good; bill 11 generous reform geMrnmiiit has sim e
riM'ogiii/ed Mr. Laniotln''s elaiiiis to eiinsiil.raliun for the
inconvenience he then siifl'eied by iii.iking him Postnia-ler
lit iMontre.il. The St. Albans' raul, and tlie mbsciiin nt
I release id' the raiders, eaiiscd intense evi itemenf in the
I I'liiled Slates, mill the liloie violent poltinn of lb. press
demandeil an iiiiiiiediali' declaration of war with F.iii;laiid;
but more peaceful counsels prevailed ; the Canadian
gov eminent reciilied, as far as was in i; power, the fault
i of its olliccrs in allowing the raiders to escape wilii their
' phinder. and a force of thirty companies of volunteers
i was called out and slalioiicd on the fionlier to prevent
iiiiv more lireaches of the iiiulralily laws, or onliaires nn
.\tiieriiMii cities : and the iil-feeling engendered b} lln-
,St. \ bans' raid giaunally snbsidi d.
1 l.'l. — Pai'liamiiil met at Quebec on the niiieieeiiih of
' ilaieiary. iMl-'i, and the eiivernor in his upeiiiiig speech
' liefore that liodv lefeiied to llle St. Albans' raiil. and
ii
.18
TL TTLK'S I1IST<»I;Y OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA.
ic<'(iiilliiiliiliil llir foliiwiliiili i>l' :i ilitci'tivc
CoIlf.clilUllMll
r.>;'..liiiii.:i iMl"|ptc(l I'dicc, aii'l tlR' |ia>.-:i;.'c ol an act ;;i\iiiii
by liiiili lliiusuB. , . 1 1 • 1 "
liiiii j^rcati T piAvi-r to ucal uitli persons
who violated the laws of neutrality. He spoke htronglv
in favor of eonfedi'ration, and said the colonial seei-etary
hail informed hini that he was piep.ired to iiitioduce a
hill into the imperial I'ailianicnI. a- ■-ooii as the dilVerent
provincial Parliaments should have a;;reed on the .'.idijeet.
The dcl)ate on the aildres.s showed that a wonderful change
hail come over the spirit of iIk! House, for inste.i! ol its
lastiiii; a week or two as had hec )me the rule, it was
adopted in one day. the old}' amendnii^nt lirini; to the
elTect that i'on federation was not desiralile, wliicli was hot
1(V ii vote of si,\ly-four to twi'iily-tivi". In thi' Lejiislative
Council the Hon. K. I*. Taeln'' moved the followinj;
rexilutiou on tin; third of Fehruarv : '•That ;)n humhle
address he jireseiited to her majesry, praying that she may
he iiraciou^ly plea-^ed to cause a mea-ure to he snl'inilled
to the imiierial rarliainent, for the purpose of uniliiigihe
colonies of Canada. Nova .Scotia. .New IJrunswick. Nevv-
foundlaiid and I'rince Edward Island, in one government,
with pro", i-i. ills hased on the resolutions, which were
adopted at a eonferenee of delegates from the said
colonies, at the city of t^uehee, on ihe tenth of Octolier.
isi'it." The resolutions were then set forth in par-
ticular. After a long dehate the resolution was adopted
liy a vote of forty live to liftee". Ii. ilie lower Iloii.se
the Hon. .lohii A. Maedonald iiilroducc d a similar
motion the si\lh of Feliruary. Tin dfb.iir la-led several
weeks, till! -.ju 'ch ol the Hon. Christopher Diiiikin, in
oppositiop to the resohition, aloiio occupying two days
and two nigh's. It is impossihie to give e\en u lirief
resume here of these sp 'lies, which wen; • ulisei|iu'ntly
pulilished liy ordtT of I'arliiiineiit and .i.-ciipy one thousand
and lliirtv two octavo pages ; >uHici it to say that the
position of (,'anada in liie past was levnwed. and all the
arguiiieiits for and a:,a!nsi. c nfederation fully discussed ;
the principal argunients in favor heiiig that it would
remedy the e.\lsting state of things in the province wiili-
oiit iiiterfer'ii.; with local interests, as it would estalili>li
a general governineiit for matters of general interest to
all while it would leave local matters in the hands ot
the local governiiient. l'[)per Canada would Im- satisfied
hy the introduction of the principle of representation liy
|io|iulatioii in the general gov viiment. v.hile the l''rencli
of Lower Cr'.naila wi,uld he as-und that llnir laws,
laiiguiige and religion would n it he interfered with hy
•hose siihjects heill:,' left to the I il legislature. Itefor ■
llu! deliate was (iiii-.heil, news was received that N"i\
liriinswiek had ])roiiouiire(l against confeiieraiion hy re-
jecliiig nearly all the supporters of (inl'ederaiiou at a
general (flection, and the ministers, therefore, pressed '.he
discussion to a vote, which n'siilted in iIh; adoplion of
the Union resolutiuiiN hy iihiety-oiie votcH to thirty-llireu
— there heiiig only live inenihers aliment from the Iljuse
when the roll was called*
II. — Parliament was prorogiiid on the ii;;hteeiilli of
j March, after having pus.scd a numher of useful hills,
amon-'st them one providin;' I?1.UII0,()0() „.,
, ", ' f _ 111.' .■i-a>.slii;iluiil
tor defence, uiiil a deputation consi.-^ting in.-iikut i.iu-
of Messrs. John A. Macdoiiald. (Jeorge
F. Cartier, CJeorge ISrowii and Alexander T. Gait pro-
ireedi'd to England, in April, to further the scheme of con
federation. While these events were progressing in Can-
ada, the war in the I'liited Slates was slowly hut surely
drawing to a close. I'or over a ye.ar (ieiieral (iiaiit had
heleaguered Richmond tvilh hnll-dog per.sisteiiev. and al-
though repulsed again and again hy (Jeiieral I.ee. his !
ever-increasing iiiimhers rendered the uliimaie defeat of |
the S.iiiih only a mailer of time, cut oil as ii was from
, any hope of help hy either l.ind or sea. On tlu! second
of April, IKCi."). Kichmonil capitulated, and shortly after
(ieiieral Lee, finding fiirlhef resistance useless, surreii-
i deri'd his whole army of ahoiit tweiily-seveii ihoiisand
men. totii'iieral (•rani, .. Apponiatox Court House, and
, llii .Southern rehelliou was at an end. The defeat of the
i .South was deeply regretted in Caiiiida. hut that feeling
was (|iiicUly changed to grief :ind ahhorreiice as the tele-
graph Mashed the news on the inorniiigof the fifteenth of
.\pril, that I'rcsideiit Lincoln had heeii foully inurdei'eil
the privioiis evening hy .John ^Vilkes IJooih, while he
was witnessing thecouicdy of •• Our American Cousin," in
Ford's Theatre, Washiiiglon. The assassin eiiteii'd thi^
1 .ivate llox of the I're-idenl. jii.-t as llie lliird act of the
I p'.'y had ciiiiiineneed. shot the I'lisideni in llie hack of
I the head, and .sprang on to tlu! stage, .shouting Sic mm/ifr
fi/i(iiiiiis. the iiiotio of the Stale i.' \'ir;xini,i — from
wlieiit'e he made good his escape for the tiui' Im iiig ; hut
having hrokeii his leg hy the jump, he was easily tracked,
and was shot in a haiii ii few d.iys after hy a jiariy of
• .\»tt iii:iy priivi" iiitiTi^liiiK to our roiiiliTH we (jiic ilic voUm>ii iIiIb
iiiU>ortaiil ri'Holiiti.tn.
__ , llij;j;onsun, Ifouliunl, lliioi, li viiir. 'Iiicksuii,
.lont'H iN'ortli l..'.Mi. anil lirt'iivillfi, .loufKiSoutli l.vt'.l.-t, Kni^lii, Ljin^.'-
V11I. l..-»iv,lli, -, vitonii'v-di'iii'ml M.i. .lonal.l, MMi'lMrliiiu', .Miiik.'ii/io
il.iiir.lii .111, Miiikfii/.i.^ iNorili iixIopIi, .\liii;iil. M.i onki'v, Milioin;iill,
.\lr(l. . ■>li'(ilviMin, Milntyr.', .Mi'i<illar. Morris, Morrison, I'arkiT, Popi!,
I'ouli'i. I'oiipiiri', I'owi'll liaiikin, li.iyin.iiiil, Koinlll.inl. Koliliatlli', Uom',
]t ,H!i (rhi.i'M.laitit, l{< SH (IIiiimImio. Ko s (Priiici' l-Mwanlt, Si-oMi-, Shaiily,
siiillli (Kn<l i;u<'liaiie. Siiiitli I'l'oroiiio ''.mli, Siiinir\illc. .Sllrion. Sln-rl,
A\.vaiii, liiomi „m, WaMi. H'.'IiIp. Wrllx, Wliit<', Wils W 1, Wrlglil
mi-.m:. Coi.ne.i. Vrli;lil iI'MKi V..iki, — !il.
.\f(,7 , Mt'Kvrs. iMe^;ar, il.iurahsor, raiii'Tini iXortli OiitnriiO, Curoti,
I oii|uil, Dorl' <mII: u iiiioihIiiimI Arllialiaski >. |:>'iion i Iloilii'latmi, iMK'kutI
lliifri'Kiiii '!'.,.rvil;" , KortiiT, (lau'iioii, (ii'oirrion, llolion, llovulr, lliinl-
iimloii. ,loty. Lalliv- 1'.., Vii,"'i, l.afraiiil.ol».., I.ajolo, Maiiloiuitil (Coni-
walli, M.i.-il,.i'ali| nil. hi-ariyp Manloiml.l ri'o.onio W.'tl). (I'llallm
waiii. .^i.t.-a-.i'-iHt o.:M(v'ariyi .^lartioiirii-i iio.onio w .■kii, i i iitiiinraii.
l'ac,iiii. IViT.iiili, I'liiNiini'i null, I'oiilloi, llynial, Siiili'lirnl, 'riimliuri'aii,
Tlillmiiili iiu, Triniililiiy, \VulMiriil|ji> (Nunli HiutiiiuHl, —M.
■ ran. |
li'oiu (iiu Il'juse
(' ri^fliii Tiiili of
of USl'lul Itills,
Till" a •~a^^ill;ttillIl
i'll SillL-ilt l.ill-
lolii,
liT T. Giilt |)i-o
; Kclit'inc of coll
,'ressiiig in <';iii-
owly l.iii Mircly
ici'iil < iiaiil liu<l
sistuiicy. ami al-
piioral I-i'o, liis
iiiialc (li'fcat of
n-i U was from
( )ll till! SCCOIIll
111 shortly after
listless, siirreii-
MVeii tliousaiiil
iiii't I louse, ami
lie ilefeat of tins
pilt that feeliiijjr
I'liee as the telu-
the lifleelitll of
foully iminlereil
Miotli, whilo he
icaii Cousin." in
-in I ntcieil tlio
third art of thu
in the liaek of
tiii;^ Sif seiii/ji'f
X'iiiriiiia — from
111!;' Iiiiiii; ; Imt
1 easily traekeil.
r liy a jiarty of
i\r lllL- viiU) (III thiH
liiii, Hi'll. Ilollrtwc,
11, ' iltllCtnll (I'L't'l),
uhlh'ii, cliaiiilx'rH,
urhi'iville, l)iiili<,
ii^i'iril, livaiiliiri'l,
I, ilaiii'licr, (iaiiilut,
'I. Iiviiir, ,la> ksiiii,
!.-<. Khit^lil, Lan^e-
lailaiu', .Markni/.io
'iiki'v, M.KciUKall,
i^<|||l, I'arkfi, l'"|u.',
it. IIiiliilMillc, lt,>Ht>,
rill, Sii.lili-. Sliaiily,
ilii'. Sllrii.n. SUvri.
s \Vi..icl, Wllijlit
Ii iiii|nH(i\ Ciiniii,
Ici.lii'larnt.Iiiiikfll
iKii, I|..mMi'. IIiiiiI-
MMr.loiialil lOini-
W.Mi. o'llalliiraii,
'lifrtl, 'J'Hrtfiierciiii.
— .11,
PUOVIXCE OF C'AN.M)A— CJOVKRXMKNT f)F I/)KI) MONCK.
r>i'j
I'liitLMl States eavalry sent in ]mrsuit. Lincoln liever n;- i'
eovereil eonseionsness after thei fatal shot was lireil, ami ,
ilii'd early iie.vt nioriiiii<r. The news of the fmil deeil
sent a thrill of liorror lliroiiiihont Canada, ami tin; day i
of the murdered President's finieral was General I v oh- i
served in Montreal, ai.d other cities, as a day of mourn- :
iiiij. while resolutions were jiassed ;it |ml)lii; meetings, .and i
by the niuiiiei|i;il liodies. de|)reeatiii;x tiu' assassination, and
expressiiiir the utmost Kym[»atliy for the jjeoiile of tlii^ ;
.North. " ' I
l.'i. — Sonii: little anxiety was felt in Caiiaila for a short
time, after the a.^sassinalion of I'nsideiit Lincnlii. as to
. . the course whiih would he piiisued hv
l.arji> lin^ ii (im- . , . '
1p •■• li«!i;li ••? Sir his successor, \ ice-l'residelit Andrew
!•;. I'. Tailir. , , , . I i
.lohiisiHi ; hut the peaceliil reliitioiis ex-
istiii'.; Iietweeii the- two countries was not distiirhed. al-
lliou;.'li the ill-feelin;x eiiterlaiiied towards Canada was
e\ineii| hy the refusal, oil the part of tile l';iileil States,
to enttn'lain .any |iro|iosition liir the ri newal of the lieci-
proiity Treaty, and formal notice of its aliroi,'ati(>n in
M:iri;h, lH(!(i. The Minimer of iMti") was net an event-
ful oim for Canada, with the e\ci |ition of a laii;.' liii' at
• ^aeiiee, which ociuriiil on the twenty-tiiiid of June, di -
siroyiiii{;i larije niimher of wooileii linildin^s. and proprrtv
to till! valiii) of over one inillioii of doll.ars. aid leaviiiLi
iipw.irds of three thousand people lioiisele.ss and destitute.
In duly, Si' iMienne 1'. 'I'aclii'. president of the Council.
die<l at tin? a;te of M'\enty-one. deeply reiirett'd by all
cl.isses, holli French and F,in;lish. He took an active
part in the war of lUCJ-lo. and was always stioiiiily in
favor of .'I eonlinuiiice of the connection willi (ireat
liritain as the surest means of preserving the laws, reli-
ition and l.inj,'ua,i;i! of the French Canadians, aiifl a favor-
ite expression of his was that " the last shot that would
be (ired on the .American continent in the defence of llii'
I5i'ili-li III:,', would be by a French Canadiitn. Sir. (iia\,
in his //is/on/ nf Ciiii/'fiii-niliuii, pays the followiiij^ jii-t
tribute to his meniory : '"He passed away full of honors
and of years, and the future historian of Canada will
refer to him as one who left to his countrymen of French
descent a name without reproach ; to Ins countrymeii of
iMiiilisli ilcscent the noble txample of a m.iii risinj; above
the prejudices of race, and devoting; iiimsidf to the ud-
vancenient of .ill without distinction. A •.niod niaii and a
true patriot, his ineinoiy will Ion;.' be revered by the
stati'smi 11 over whom ho presided, and by the people
whom he loved.
Hi. — I'arl'ameiil met for the last tim(> iit Quebec on
the eiijhth of A;ii;ust, r">i>.l, t!u> new buililiiij;s at Ottawa
, ...,,. , beiiii; niw nearlv completed. A confer-
elice was held between Messrs. Macilonald
iind Ilrowti as to his successor in the Cabinet, which re-
sulted in the acceptance of the |)osiiiuii of Premier by
Sir N'arcisse F. Hellean. on the iindersttindini.' that the
policy with r(\;jard to Confederation, agreecl on inlHtJI.
should Im- carried out as nearly on the original terms as
tlie diliienllii'S wliii'h had .•iriseii in the Marilinie Provim-es
Would permit of. The session was an nuiisnally short
one, as tin; larrt" majority had by the };over!iinent ena-
bled it to jmsh i'lS ineasiires tliroiijrh with rajiidity. iind
till! session was principally noticeablo for the larjji!
amount of jprivatt- bills jiassed, the only jmblie measure
of any importance passed being one imposing a stamp
duty oil notes and bills. .Some attention was ji.aid to tlio
siil^ject of !i renewal of tin; Rieiprocily Treaty, and dis-
patches from lie Colonial Secretary laiil before the House,
in which he inforined t!i governor that he had iiisivmted
.•iir Frederick liruee, tin; IJritish minister at Washington,
to assist the Canadian Cabinet all that 1 ly in his jinwer
in its negotiations for a renewal of the treaty. Tin; cd-
lonial seiTeiury also iissured the governor of the uiilin;,'-
ness of the Home government to ji.^i-t all it jiossilly
could ill'' scheme if ConfeiletMlion. !i line ol' poliiy wliii h
was iiiii aii'iried by the dealli of the Fiigli h Premier,
Lord Palmersl'Ui, in October. Nothing of spivial niD-
ei'iit occurre'l ihiiing tin- latter |iart of the year, i xcept
the removal of the government ollices to Ottawa in the
fall, and a little excilenieiit about the wailii.e jiiepara-
tions in the States of fh T'eiiinn ISrollierhoud, of which
■We .shall .speak in the ne.xl chapter.
CHAPTKIl CXITI.
PROVIXCE OF CAXADA— (iOVFRN.MEM OF
LORD .AIONC K— ( < •n„/iiuw,/).
1. FoijM.VTioN Of TiiK C'oixcii. ovroMMintriAi. Tui:a-
Tll.s. — 2. AtTF.MI'TTo (iK.TTIli: RliffliOeiTV Tlit;ATV
iu.m;wi.u. — 3. IIiiw Tin; ai!I!o<;atii>n or riii; Ricci-
lM!nrITirTui:ATV lll.I.IMI) CoXI I Iil.IIATIOV. — I. I'lliST
TiiiiiATiA'iNcs ni- nil; Fi;xiA\ IwAstoN. — .'». Tilt;
Fi;mans, Om; Tiidisank Two Hi nhuik Sntn.vi;, j
Cnoss AT FoiiT Fun;. — ii. ^'l^Tol!Yl)l■••l in Fi:mans
AT Rii>iii;\VAY. — 7. Rktukat of Tin; Fi;maxs.— .s.
F.xDof Tin; Ft;xiAN Invasio.n. — '.'. F<ast Skssiox or
Tin; PAin.tAMi;xT oi- Tin; Pkovim i; or Caxada. —
Id. TwKNTY-TiiorsAXi) ri;usox!« luitxio oi t at
(.^ii;iiKC. '''itiAi. Ol- Tin; Fkniaxs. (.o.vfkuiuatiox. i
I
j
1. — The threatened abrogation of the Reciproeity Treaty
was regarded with alarm by a portion of the people of ;
Canaila; ami the government found
itsell caileil on not only to make every i .. ui. ii ,>ii i
,v . . I -. I I . i • I iii''r'ial 'fr'-aiifs.
elTolt to have it renewed, jmt to provide
other channels 'or tnide in the event of all .•illeinpls of a
prolongation of ihe period of the trr:ily failing. The
:
y
i'
;
I
1
i
1
■:
! r
I; I V
520
TUTTLKS IIISTOUY OF TIIK I)()>. AlON OF CANADA.
triulf wliicli liad ^|iriin,' np iiii(l( r lliis Ircaly liiiil ii>;-iliticil
v:l^t |>i(i|MPili(iii -. .mil liinv :i:^i;ri'i;;iui| iilioiil l:<7(l.tMlll,(l(Ml
|ii'r aiinuiii, all aiiiuiiiit of I'liiiiiiii'rci' wiiiili C':iiiii<hi was
iiatiirallv iiiixiou-- in ivlaiii : Imi iln' Ann ricaiis wen:
inilaUvl at tin; (•iiiiiiltuaiici' jiiviii in ilic Smilli iliiiinir tin'
war l)V Caiiaila. ami imw soiiiilit ifvt'in;t'l)y tlifalii'djiatinii
III' liic riiMlv. aini Mil i'ii((iiiiML;<iiiriit III' liic Fiiiiaii iirj;a-
lii/atiiiii. ( liir ^llVl'l'llll|l'lll aitnl trMi|>< ral< I v and iiiiiil-
cratiiy in thr nialtrr. On tlic lild cilli of. Inly, iMl't, u
minnli' in ('(inmil was ailnpli'il In s( ml two ininilurs nf
llu' laliiiiit ti) \Vasilill^tlln tn ((inliT willi Sir I'liilcrick
IJi'iii'c. ilir i>rit4sli miiiislcr. wilii iti.Miil In a rimwal oi'
the KcciiiiiH'iiy 'I'lraty ; Imt liclniv ariy aclinii was takrii.
a ilis;i:ili'li was recrivcd friiin llie llniiir guvciiiincnt
snu.ri'>iiiij; tilt' forinatidii nf a ('onl'i'dfrati! t'onnril on
Ciiinini'n'ial Trfatit's. In consist of dilrgatcs from liin
various pro\ iiiccs, and In liu [in-idrd over liy llic L'ovrr-
nor-LTi'iii'ial, tor llif piii|ios(( of making sucii .su^'iri'^tions
as may In' llionnht piopor ti inr inajcsty'. government
on tlie sni jicl of coniniircial liiaiic^ in wliii'h I lii_' interests
(if the provinci's were espc.inlly iii\n|\ed. In aceordance
with this Mi'.';,'i"-tioii tile Coiincil was formed at (jneliee
carlv ill Septemlier, l.sil.'i, ami eitiisisted of the following
ireiilleineii ; .Messrs. lirowii and (!alt for Canada. IJilehie
for \ov:i Scotia. Wilinot for New liriiiiswiek. I'ope for
I'riiieo Kdward Island, and Shea for N'ewldnndland ;
Messrs. Carlier and .MaidoiiaM were aiso, liy eonrtesy,
permilteil lo tak'' part in thediNeiis^ioiis of the Coniieil.
I'.^l ndir liie liolice fn ni the rniled Slates llu; treaty
was to expire on the t.e\ iil.h of Maii'h, IHt'ill. 'I'lir
Coiineilon Cunineiiial Tiealie^, ilurefoie,
lli''I'nl'!'Ii'i'v Tivlii'v '""1^ iielion as speedily .-is po>silile, and, on
'■''"•'"''''• the eiihleenlh of Septemlier, L^Ci'i, (hew
up a series of resolutions lo llni elTee[, that the eolonii^ w.re
satislieil with the exi^liiitf treaty, li'it that in the event of
a new one lieiin; entered into the, coasting trade and ii ;;i--
tralion of vessels oiiuht lo he included. 'I'lie eoiincd also
reeoiiiinended that in the event of iiei^olialiiins lieiny
entered into, some of the niiuiliers of the eniim il should
go to Wasliinirton. ami if liiial ariMiiLrenienis conid not lie
made liefoie the sev elileeiilh of .March, aiieirorl slnilldhe
made lo (Mend ihi' ii'.'aiy niiiil suih time as the negoiia-
tiolis could lie coiiipleleil. The council also recommended
that steps he taken lo ( nahle the |>roviiices to open coiil-
miinii'ation with the \\'e>l Indies, Spain ami her colonies,
and Soiiih America, for the purposes of tr.ide. Messrs. Gait
;iiid Ilowlami of Canada, Smith of .\ew I!niii-vvick, and
Henry of Nova Scolia went to Wasliiiiirlon as delegates
on the first of .lanu.'iiy, l.sCii'i, .md opeiieil cimiu'iuicaiiou
with the I'liili-d Slates aiilhnrilir-. thrnu'^h the I'.iilish
lliinister. Tin' advances of the Can.idian delegali's were
met with the iilmo-t coldnes.s, and it was speedily evident
that the I'nited Slates did not intenil to consider any
terms lo which Canaihi coiihl hy any possihiliiy Mihtnit.
II
I On the sixlh of I'rlirnaiy, i.SI'ill, ihe ih legates iiecaiuo
' conviin;'! thai ihey could ai'complish iiolhiiiL'. and sent
the following lepi- lo the (".immillce of ways and means :
j •• In refeiini'c in he meuioramliiiu received from the
j coiniiiitlee of way.-, and means. iIk? I'lovincial delegites
regret to he olili'.eil to slate, that the propo-.als therein
conlained. in regard to the eommercial relations helweeii
the two couiili ies. ari^ not such as liny I'aii lecdiniiiend
for the adiiplion of iheir re-piclive le:^i~laliiii>. The
imports which it is pi'opoM'd lo l.iy upon ihe productions
of the I'liilisli I'rovimes, on llieir ciiirv inio 'lie m.iiUei,
of ihe Cniled Sl.ales. are such a>. in llnir opiiiioii, v\ ill he
in some cases prohiliitorv, and will ccrl.iiiilv seriou>lv
I iiilerl'ero with the naliiial i-onise of trade. 'I'lir-e imposts
[ are so much hryoml what the delegates conceive to he ,'111
eipiiv.deiit 'or the iiilernal ta\alion of the rniled Stales,
th.-il ihey ;.re rclucianlly hrouuhl t ' ihe conclu-ion ihat
the comm'.ttee no longer ('e^q-e ihe trade lietweeli ihe two
connlries lo he carried on upon the priiniples of recipi'o-
I city. \\\{\i the eoneiirreiice of ilu' I'.iiii^h minister at
j Washington, ihey are ihercf.ire oliliged respectfully lo
declin • lo enter into the engagement sugi;e>tecl in the
I luemo.'andnin." *
\ :>. — Thus ended the elVorls to rciicw a treaty under
which ihe tr.nle hetweeii the two couiilries had grown to
such colossal 1 ill onions, that llie Amer-
ican jjoliiici.'iiis loudly hiiped thai its slid- ii,','",!|"iii,' m!"!'!'
di-ii willidr.-ivval would ihrow Caii.ida into IhIp,") V.li'i'f,',^l,Ti»-
such commercial .>traighls thai .she would '"'"•
• It «ill 111- riMMlli-.i..liliiit iiiicliMili,. IiiTi|iri>riiyTr.',il> llir |irii.|iii'l.< of
111.' S:\ni\. iliv r.iioi. ami ilir iiiiiM' |.;is-. il I'm. liiMH..,n ilu' i«ii oiiiiuiii's;
ill iinliT I.I >li"« llii' ilill.m |ini|"';.iil li\ llu. 1 iiii,-,l .si:ni.,s •■,,• (.h,. n,,.
iiii'iiiiiraiiiliiiii Hiilmiiili'd liy llu' i- iiiitiiiiii'c i'l'\\a,\siiiiil iiuaun, a- rullnuii:
Isl. 'I li.'ii ilii'v s'li.iulil il.'riiiii' 111 M.linii fii'i' aii\ ai'iirli' \\liati'\i'r friiin
Canada, with ilir i\.''|ili"ii nt lunr iiiillsu'iics, mijjk. liri'W'iMil.miiiili'liini'ii,
I iilasl.'i', :um1 ;:i'\|i>uiii.
I '.'iI. That ilii'v a.ilv a ri^'lil lo lisli as al |ln■^'■lll. 'I'lii'v wc.ul.l almlMi
I llii' iHi'si'iil I'sh I liliis. Iiul liii|u.M' an iiiii>.>il .Inl) in'Ti' Ui.-in an
I ri|iil\al< nt l<> tins.' r.ainlit'^,
I :;.!. rial llif iia\ii:ai|..ii anani;. iiii'iii wi.nlit i lintii', |irii\ iilini; tlial
II. I lUsiritiiiiialinn i\A 111 IiiIIk slmulil lii' inailf liciwi'in I niii il .sialri. ami
i.iili.-li .ran.
j nil. Tli.-ii Ilii' ini-s. Ill 1 ilinu" i-vsii'in sliiiiilil riiiilimii'.
.Mil. Thai 111.' f.. Hutting sli.'uhl In' ilu- iliili,'« Irv i,,,l , IliiT arlicli'B
|ii-ulii>t«i-.l t.i li.' iiirltiil''il ill this tii'aiy : aninrils. Ii\ in-.^ of .dl ..^orls, -jii |ii>r
I'lMil iii/rii/'iiiiii. .Vindi's. and nardi'ii I'liiii and M'|.'<'ialili's, In j.i r ci'iii
. .11/ iiili.r, III. llarliy, 1,1 rinln |nr hiislnl llr.ins. i',\r(|ii V.iiii.'n and
I ('nslnr I'll. ^10 rinls |ii'r liiislK'l. Itccr, 1 rriil |nr|i..nnd. Ilinknliial, 111
^ ,','iils |i.'r lni>Iii'l. IliiitiT. I ct'iits iH'i' )ioiniil. chci'sr. 1 ^•('nI^ jn-r I'mtiid.
I 'urn. Indian and 1 lais. In friits |ii'i- Imhln'l. Cuni inral, linlian and 1 lal-
int'al. l."! I'l'iiis Ilir Ini^lii'l. Coal, Ilitnniinons, .'ill rt'iils )i*'i' Inn, ('. .al, ,'ill
(itln'r Kinds. iJ.'i 11 Ills [HT loll. Kloiir. .'.■, |i.'i' <iiii ii,l r.ilnr, in. Ilan..". J
ri'iits |M'r |ioiiiid. Hay, ^1 iht Ion. Iliih--. '11 [u r ri'iii 01/ rn'on ;ii. laid,
.1 ri'iits |«'r |ii'iind. l.iiniliiT. |dni'. round or !►•!:. .si,."iii pi'r l.nnn fii 1. I'lin',
unwi'd or lii'«n. ■*:'.. Ill |ii'r LiKHifci'l ;|ilani'il, loipjindaiid hioom'iI, nr llniKli-
rd, 'J.'i iiiT I'lMil 'I'l nil'irf III. SpnU'o, and Innihii'l,. win id nr Invvii. ir'l |ii'r
l.iHKI f.'i't, Siirii.'i', iilani'.l, linlslicd, or |iarily liiiislird, 'J,-i |ii'r i I'lil <ii/
riilnrnn. Sliiii'^li' li.ills. |n ini .■■'iil nj i-.ilor, „i. Sldnnli's. '.'ii |ii'r I'l'iil ml
V'if.iniii. .VII oMii'r Iniiili r "I Idai'k vs.'ilmil, I'lii'Minl, I ■.imi, h liili'-wood,
a-li. onk-ioiind. In'wii or saivrd.'jn |K'r ri'ul 'nl (■•l^•/'.»l. ir|i|aiii'd.
iiinjiii'd and irioov.d. or l.nislu'd, J' pi'r I'ciit ml ni/nc. hi. (lars. in jirr
. I'lit ,1:1 niinn ill. I'l'iis. '.'."ici'iif^ |ii'r liuslnl. I'nrli, 1 cent pvr iioiind. I'ola-
I0.H, III ri'iiis |ii'r liii'-lirl. Si'id. limoiliy and I'lovi'r, yi iirr iint <iil
filiTiin. 'I'ri'i'S, |ilaiil-i and Hliriihs, oriiain nial and Irnil. I.'. |ii'r .iiil rii(
rillimm, 'rnllnvv, ;! i'i'IiIh |inr ihhiikI. Wlniil, Jii rnnU \if\ hiii-ht'l.
\
■;;,-iU'.H liccaini'
iiiiii:. ami >c'iil
ys ami iiu'aiu :
IvimI rrom llio
irial i|i-li'j,rili'S
i|i(i^alN llii'i'c'iii
llilPII> llctWilll
III I'lM'iJiiiini'iiil
>latuii^. I'lic
lie IH'oihii'liuMs
III 'ill' iiiai'ki'l^
|iiiii<iii. w ill lilt
inly MTiiiii^ly
I'liisr iin|iiisls
iciivi' III III' an
I'nilril Siah-.
'iimhi-inii iliat
■IWiTll lllf IWil
|ili's 1)1' rcci|irii-
-li niinistir at
H'^|iiTtrnlly III
;ui->lt'il in I In;
a tiraty ninliT
s hail ui'iivvn to
Ih'W 111'' :lliri'Kll-
liiiii mI III. Iii'i i-
J»l".ii\ ■ri.-;!iv
ll. I|„il ( ..iir,;i,T:i.
lion.
t\ till' |inp<lui-t:i of
lit- two i*oitnl|-h>.4;
SlMll-.-i 'Vf c.iVi' llli'.
Ill»-:U;!*. a» foMnui^;
ll- »lllllrM'r fliMll
« I.HlilhMi.lll'H,
'Ik'V HMuMnliMlMi
a\ iiiKi'i' ihaii an
|in'\i<lin'j tlinl
I lliu ll Mull h .'iliil
I "11 iillirr aitli'li'H
r .ill SI iris, "jii [HT
lalil.s, III iii'i- I'l'iit
vir|ii Vaiii.'a ami
lliiiknliiat, III
I ( i-llls |ii-l'|'iillllil.
I, liiiliiiii anil I iiil-
ii'i till. Ci.'il. all
linn HI. Han S.J
(/ ftifin-i III. 1 aiit,
I i.iiiiii fi ll. riiit.,
Uii.iivi'il, iir lliiisli-
1 nr Jii.\\ 11. M pi-r
fil. 'J."i I'l r ii'iil 'III
L'li |ii r rviil ml
li;iss, « IliU'-wimil,
>n III. If titiiiii'il.
' III. liars, til prr
|nr |i.iiiiiil. I'lila-
r, HI (H'r i-riit ml
lit, l.'i |ii'i I I'lii ml
I. I l.ii.-lii'l.
ri!()VIN( K ()!•• CAN.VDA -( K )Vi:i{N.MKN T OF I.OIM) MONCK.
■VJl
Ik; !.'lail 111 lii^' tiilio iiniK'.vvil totlin I'iiIIimI Sttitt's ; liiit for
oiicn till! Aiiit'ricjiii iiiiliririiins wrfu wintiL'. fur iiishaii of
c'au.siiif; aiiv ilisirii for aiiin'.vatinii, llio alirnji.itinti of
the Hi'aly ilnw llir [iniviin'is closrr toyi'ilnr, iia.stt'iii'il
I'lMifi'ilii-.itiiMi, ami iliiTiliy j,'ri',iily iiicrcascil uii inter- 1
lirovitiiial ti-aili; wliicli, to a ;:i-iat ixlfiit. stipiiiicil a mar- '
lift for tlio |iroiliirliiiiis of till' vai ioii.s proviiiri'.s iiitlu'rlo
funii.'hfil to till! I'liitcil States umli'r tin; Ki'i'i|imcity
Treaty. Tiio aliro^iition of tin; treaty eaiiseil a ;;;reat [
cliali!,'!! ill tiie eiiaiiiieis of Caiiaiiiaii eimiiiiern' ; iii.>itea<l
of inr ]ifiiilm'i! lieiiig fnniislicil. to a irri-.il ixtitit, to tiie
L'niteil Stall s ami liltireil iIiiiiiil:Ii Aimiiraii markets to
foreign ones as Atiuriiaii l;oiii1s. Canaila wa-^ now tlirnwii I
into .sharp rompeiitioii witli ihe States in tin; tirtii'les
wliii'h lioth proiliiee, ami as the experience of ten years
lias sliowii. Caiitula litis heeii ahle to liolil Inr own. New
mtirlii'ts were sotijiht. ;iml ilireet trtule openei] u|> to ports
whieli liail liillierto only hein reaeheil hy (.'.inailir.ti pro-
iluets ihriitigli Amirii-in ]iorts. In .Ititiiiary, ixM, the
{'ominis.^ion tippoititiil at, the ,siiu';iestiiiii of the Confiil-
erati) Coiltieil on Cotiiinercial Tretities, proceeileil to llie
Iii'itish ami I'oreiirti AVest Ttnliti Ishimis, Brtizil ami Alex-
ieo, ;iml maile valiialile impiiiii s with I'eL'aril to iiitninerce
with those cotmtries, whiih have sitiee l.il to eonsiilenihle
traile sprini;iiii( up lietweeii '.hi in ami Canaila.* 15esi(les
irivitiij ('.ui.ula tin incentive to liiiilil nj) a foreijxn tr.nle of
her own, the ahroi^.itioii of the treat.' li.iil an iinineiliale
j,'ooil elTect, as it took tiway till the surplus .slock, ami iii-
* riiis rniniiiissiiin onnsisti'il i.f Ilmi. William Mai'iloiipall ainl M.-ssrs.
Itvaii. Iii'lisli' anil liiinsi-iinili (111 lii.li.'ilf ..f Canaiia; Messrs. M.irilunal.l
aii.l 1. •vis,...iit.. nil li'lialfnF N.i\.'l S.-.ilia : Mr. Willi.ini Sinilli, r.iinii-
ti..|l..riir riisliins at St. .T.iliii. na lii.|i.ilf .if N.-iv llrua-«i..|< ; ami linn.
W. II. Piii>''. nil li.'li.-ilf nf I'riln-.. Ivlu.'ir.l Ul.an.i. 'I'll., i 'niiiinissiolicnl
r..p.irti..| in May, Im»i'., m.-ikin^; tim fi.lli.uiiij: siij.^;i.siiiiiis :
tst. To iist.-ililisli iironi[iily a liii-* nf sti'aini.rs Hiiit.'ihlt: fnr hii rarriairi'
of mails, |iasst'ii;;i'r!i ami fri'i,;lit |i..tw..|.|i Halifax, N S., ami St. 'riimiias
ill 111.. Wi'St liiilii's, loni.liiii:: ('iiilil tin' roiii|ili.|inn nf llii. liitiTinlnnlil
]i.'iilv\ayi at I'nrllaml, in ili.- I'liitiii SialfS. s.< a^ tn nisuru n';;iilar si-iiii-
innntlilv rninmiinii-atinii lu'lun-n tin- jmrls im.ntiniii.il.
Hil. To MV'lo' ai'oiui.iiiinn nr anniim'iit with tin' puslal anllinritli'» of
tin; I'liit 'll Stall's for tin; iirmniit i raisiiiissioii of loiter-, ii<\, fmni Can-
aila ami tin* Maritinn; rpiviiiees. hy I'verv I'liileil States mail wliieli
li'av.'S tin; pnrt nf linslnn or New Ynrk for tin' West linlies, liia/.il. .Mi-\-
li'o, ,^e., ami al.-n for tlie '.raiismisHion tluniiLrh the l'niteil Slali.-s mails of
corn'spoiiiteiiei' oi ii:iii:itint,' in tlms iintries.
.'111. T l.ilillsli a weekly lim; of sieaiiiers liitHe.-n Montreal ami Hali-
fax, anil to eoin|ilete, art soon as imssilili , ilie Iniereolnnlal Kaitway.
till. To proi lire, by reeiiiroeal treaties or nlln-rwi.He, .-i reiliieiion of tin; [
(lilti'S now levieil on llnitr, tisli, liimlier, pnk, Initt.-r, ami other staple
proil net ions of Itritish Nnrtli .Xnieriea, in tin; West linlies, ami espeeially
with l»..izll ami tin; I'nlniii -s nf Sp lin. I
.Mil. To nliiain, if piMslhle, frnii ilin Spanish ami Urazilian anlhorlties,
n retnission of the liea\y line- now eliarc- alite on ihe transfer of venselH
frmn the llrltl-h In tin; Spanish ami Itra/ili in llaa».
(ith. To proeiire, ny iii'^otiaiioii with the pioper aiilhorith'it, an nssliel-
lalloii of the tarlirsnt the Itritish West Imlia ( nloiilesln respeet to ilmir, I
liimher, llsli ami oilier slaiilen of Itriiisli N'oilh .Viin.r|i'a,a ini'iiMiri; wlih li
woiilil greatly faeiliiale ,- ,iiinereial op-'ratlniis. ami may will I.e iir;:eil
111 view nf Ihe assliiiilalinii iilioiit to liii iii.nle ill the tariir of ranaila ami I
the Maii'.i:.i.' I'rnvliiees. !
Till, ami l.islly. To prninote, liy priiilent leitislatlon am) a soiiml llsral
poliev. 111., soliii ile\i.|opmi.|it of the ([teat natural leMiiiin's of ili.. Ilrltlsli
Nnrtli Vinerlran I'mvimes, ami to presiiil, as f ir as 11. h In lln-ir (lower, :
til ' ailMiiila ;e wliieh th.-y never possesseil of lieinjf aMe to proiliiee at a i
I'he.iper eosi than any other eoiiiitry most of the ureal Biaples wlii. Ii the
Inhal'itaiits of the troph's iiiiist proeure fm n Niirllit'rn polls, I
ileeil, almost more than coiihl he spttreil. hv the emleav-
ors of ihii Atmrie.in ptinha^els to hiiy in the cheapest
market as Imi;; tis their {.'overniiient wouhl let them ; titnl
a large ainoiiiit of re.nly inoiii y t'otiml il- way itiln Canaila
immeiliati'ly Infnre the expirtitinn of the triaiy. in e\-
ehtinge for priiihiii'. .\merican ihahrs in farm iloik ami
piinlnce spnail themselves in every iliiieiion over the
ciiiintry, tilreaily largely lieiiiiileil of .sal.ihle arlieles. ami
purchased everything liuyahle. Tin; Viiiioii^ inlernalional
ferries were choki ll ti[i coiilintially with vast ilrove^ of
cattle, sheep, ami hur^es. as thungh a hostile army hail
liarrieil .-ill Caiiinla, while the i'oiive\iiig c.ip.icil v of the
railways, in every ilireciiun. was tixiil In it~ nimo-t limits
to meet the ueeils of proilnce lilivers ;it this jiitiit lite.
Colonel ( Irav trtilv s.'ivs : " To this action of the Amer-
• • •, .... , !
lean govermmiit on Ihe ipiesiion ol leeipriiinv, ami to
the Trent aftait, the r.i|iiil aihieveimiil nf Catiailian
' I'nion may he mainly titlrilniieil. It wotiM ha\e come j
in time, lint the latter, ticling ii|iiin the Urili^h ooveiii- \
meiit, ami the lornnr upon the l!riii>h I'roviiices, hrotioht j
it tiliotil at once; aipl if hereafter a grt.it Noilhern iia- j
lion shoiilil spriiii; from the Coiil'i ihratioii, ri\aUiiig
the l'niteil Slates in |)owi r, in con>tilnlional freeilnni, in
commercial etitetprise timl in the ilevelopmenl of all those
elements of strength which imiieate a progressive ami
coiiteiiteil people, rivals in ;tll the pursuits of peace, ami
eipi.'ils in the emergeiieie-; of War, the I'liiteil Slates will
have to look hack to their own action in IHi'iJ jiml 180.'>,
as one iif the main eonihicing ciiiiscs." '
•I. — The (liscussioli on the IJeiiptiicily Tiealy cailseil ll |
change in the eahinet, .Mr. Krown ililTiiiiig ftnin his col-
leagues ami relii'ini.' frmn the Imafil in
, , . . I,. 1 ., l-'irst tlireateiiiiii.'H
.liiliUJiry, J.'Slili. Ills |iliii'e as pte-lilent, nf ilie l , nian
oltheCouiicil wasttikeii liy Mr.llow laml,
ami -Mr. I'ligii^nii lilair sii eileil .Mr. Ilowlaml. We
have to tili'ii I'lsiili; fiom tin; eoiisiileratioil of confeilera-
lion for a moment, to ,'hroiiii'li; ,'i most waiitoii hreaeli of
tlie laws of nations, .iiiil one which, without having any
ilii'cct hetiring on confeileration, still showeil the necessity
lor a eoinliitiation on the part of the |iiovini'es to resist
the tittack of an otilsiile foe. All ihroiinh t! e winter of
l.si'i,')-!'!. tin; fornialioii of a society known as the I-'eiiiiHi |
ilriitlnrhooil, \\\i- ihe iivoweil piirpo^i; of invmlin^f Cati.nla
ami Using that country as a hasis of opertiliiiiis against
Ktiglaml fur the " lilici.ttion " of Irilainl, wtis Hot only
allo«eil imt openly eneoiii'ageil in the I Jiileil States, The
I Keiiians were iliv iileil into two parties, one under Stephens
and ( )'.M.ihiitti'y, making Irelaiiil their tihjeetive jioint ;
while the oilier, iitider Sweeney ami Holierls proposed In
ciimpier Canada. .\ii imineiiM! imiiiln r of " eelilres " wert!
funned, not only in alino-t every one of lit.' Notllieili
Sitiles, hut also in Canada, where some inisgiiidi d men
Were found I'ooli-h ettotigh to join in llie m.id scheme,
i 'I'lie tliieal of itnasiiiii was oijcnlv made ami ( ieiienil
HmlflU
111: .
mm
m
Trnr.Ks iiisroiJY of the dominion of caxada.
Svvriiicv's |irii^'iMiiinii! iiiilili.^lii il, iIh; ji1:u« lu'lng ;i scries
111" riiiiiliiiicil inovriiiciit-i iVoin viii'ioin |HiiMls,i)ii St.Piilrick's
l):i_v. llii; 17th of .M;inli. tlio very ilay iit' tliii i-xpiiMtioii of
lliit l{.i'i|)rociiy Triply. Ton tli(Mi>iiii(l voluntct-rs wvrti
(mIIimI mil i:i (':iii;iil.i. .Hill sii|-:iiii; to uriili witli alaciily ;
))iil tlin ITlli ui Manli <Mriii' :iii<[ went, ami no iill'i'ii-.ive
liiovii was made. Ill Ajpill a >\l^\\t tlciuoiislialioli was
inaili! ill Ni«' liiiiiiswirk, as alnady iiu'iitiiiijcil, Itilt by
the niiiiilii' iif .M:iy evcrylliiii;,' l(M>kcil so (|iiict on tiu."
froiiiiir lliat >oiiie of the voliiiitcci's were allowi'd to go
hoiiic.
5. — Till- closd of ilu! war ill Ap'il, lS6d, gave a great
iin|Mtui lo till.' I'cniau iiiciM'iiiciit. Tlioiisaiids of iiieii who
scrvid ill tiie army — many of tlirm lawless
il.^'i,,!??n'"r;,i ■'"''" individuals, the seiiiii of the lar!,'.i cities,
■■'""^ '•'''• wlio had either l"eli teniiited liy the lii;;h
lioiiiities, or liad enlisted to escape tlii' meshes of tlic law
— were suddenly disliandecl and thrown on the eoiintry to
sii|Piiort themselves. A sliort term of service hail ii iider-
ed liiese men disinclined lor the n-iia. icaeefnl avocations
of lifi', and ready for any wild adveiiiiire wliieh promised
exciteiiiciit and prolit ; and it was not Ioiil;. therefore,
hefori! thoiisaiids of them joiiieil themselves to the Fenian
leaders, and were ready lo make :i(lc-iceiit on Canada and
sack her fair cities. Active (preparalioiis were conmieneed
alioiit the middle of .May, the Fenian leaders proposhig to
make simult.ine(iiis attacks from Cli! m^'o and oilier West-
ern cities, on the Lake lliirou dlstriet ; from Ihiifalo and
Hoi'iicstcr oil the Niaj^ara frontier, and from ()_nlcnsliurg
on Oltawa and Montreal. That the Fenians could iiave
the audacity to prepare so lold a plan, and one reipiiiinj;
such considerahle resources, shows not only the extent of
the movement hut the immunity from iiiterferenee liy the
riiited Slates authorities, of which they felt iissiired.
Diiriiii; ihc last week in IMay, the city i linlTalo was fairly
alive wiih iiands of the intending marauders, who asseiii-
lileil there from New York and other .V|l ilie ciiies ; and
earlv on tin- iiiornini; of the lirst of .Iiiiie. (iciieral O'Neil
and twelve hiiiidred mill crossed the .Viagara IJiver at
niackrock, and look possession of the ruins of old I'\)rt
Fri;', and also of the depot of the HiitTaloand Lake Huron
railway, but I'm'tiinately tlio rollini; stock had all heeii
removed. After the crossing had heen made the United
Slates aulhorilies made an ostentatious display of prevent-
ing it, and the war steamer MIrlilijitn patrolled the river
all day, liiit m ide no elTort lo stop the small boats with
provisions and reinforcements from crossing, and iininliers
came over during the day. O'Ncil remained at Fort Frie
during Friday, and beyond taking all the provisions he
wanted for his men, and all the horses he could lind, did
not olTer any iiijiiry lolhc iiihabitanls. If lu? had expect-
ed any rising in his favor he was di~.ippoinled. for not
liilf ,1 dozen persons joined bini. .\fler re^tini; lii^ men
Fridav niiilil. he made a display in force on .Satiiida\
nioriiing down the Niagara River ; but ipiickly rciurning
to Fort I'jie he left a guard there to keep his eominnniea-
tioiis with liiilfalo open, and marched the main bod v of
Ins force ten miles towards the Welland Canal, to a placo
called Liiueridge, where he took up a good position on a
slight elevation and began to throw up bieasi works.
(J. — The news of the iiiviisioii spread rapidly and caiiseii
11 feeding of the utmost iiidij;nation tlironghoiit C.inada,
volunteers sprang to arms, and much
.1 . ' ,. Ill .• Viiiiirv iif till'
eiitlinsi.ism w.is dNplayed, laii nnlortn- r.nians at i,iiii;u-
liately there was aNo much iiusnianagc- "''^'
meiit and want of proper org.inizalion. so that the blow
struck at the Fenians u.isnot mar sm ITcetive as it should
liav(! been, ami was attended wilh grealer loss of life tliaii
was iieces.sary. the f.iiill lying in tlu! iiiex]icrieiic(' and
incompeteiicy of the olliceis, and their woeful ignoraiici' of
the country in which they were opcialiiig. Imincdialilv
on hearing of the invasion, the t^iiecn's Own, of Toronto,
a volunteer corps composed mostly of collciie bovs ; the
loth Ilaiiiilloii volunteers, a:al the Voik and Caledonia
vidunteers, were despatched to Port Colborne to protect
the Wellaiiil Canal. This forei! was aboni nine Inindred
strong and was under comniand of Colonel liookcr, an
iliex[ierienced vohinteer ollicer, who trusted too much to
his own supposed wisdom, and diil not obey the orders of
Ins siijperior ollicer, Colonel I'e.icock. .Meanwhile other
troop,-, had been hastily g.ithering on the Niagara fronlicr,
and late on Friday night .'-cmii hiiiidied and liltv n '.:iilars
and about one thousand \(iluiiteers. the whole niider coni-
liiaiid of Cidonel I'eacock. had asscii!lii<il at Chippewa,
where It was expected that Colonel Mookcr would join
him. Farly on Saturday morning that olficer left I'orr
Colbiune, and ad^ancid six miles by rail ami ;'ireiMUi fool
to form a juiielioii with I'eacock. The utmost ignorance
prevailed as to the w hereaboul.s of O'.Ncil. but lie w.is
generally supp.ised to be still at I'orl Frie. and Honker
was greatly .-iilprised v. l.eli l.i em ountered liic T'eniali
otltpests at Limeriilge (or Ividgi way), about nine o'clock
on Saturday luorniiig. Instead of w ithdrawing his men,
and awaiting a jiinciioii with Peacock's forces, he rashly
determined on an tittack with the few raw forces he had.
The (Jiieeii's Own were thrown forward in .skirinisliing
onh'r and drove back the I''eni!iii outposts ; but the ad-
vaiK'c of a few horsemen threw the voliiiileeis into confu-
sion while frying to form a Mpiare. and a tlischarge i.f mus-
ket iv<'a Used the panic so eoiiinioii with raw troo|is. ;iiiil I loo-
ker's whole force was soon III full retreat. lia\ii.g had one
ollicerand six iiieii killed, and four ollicers and niiieleeli
men wimnded. The loss of tht> Fenians was slight, but
has never been correctly staled.
7. — .Vlihoiigh O'.N'eil had achieved an easy victory lie
was not disposed to fidlow it up liy pursuing Hooker's
lemor.ilized command, but. learning that it(.|i,.nt of iliu
Colonel Peacock Was ailv, lining against l''^"'"""-
iiiii
kly n-turiiinj;
is<'iiilimutiir:i-
niiiiii lioily of
li;il. to :i |iLii'U
|io-iiti<iii oil 11
-twoiks.
Ily ami causcM
;li(illt Caiiaila,
Vi.tnry iif tlio
Kfiiiiiiis ill Itiili^f-
njij.
I tlial till- Iilow
ivo as it .slioiilil
o>s of lift' lliaii
xjit riilicc and
111 i};iiniaiicc of
Iiiiiiii'diaii'ly I
HI. of 'riirimlo,
l( ;;i' lioys ; llic
and Cali'iloiiia
(line to protci't
I iiiiir liiiiidri'd
lu'l liiiokcr, ail
'd loo iiiiicli to
y llic onli'i-i of
caiiwliilc otlicT
ia<;ai'a froiilirr,
d lilty ii;:iila!s
If iiiidci- com-
at ('lii|i|nwii,
IT would join
llictr left Toft
III ;"ii(i' on iiini
iio>l ii;iioranci'
il. Iiiit 111' \va^
I', anil I'xioki'l'
■(•(I tiif Ki'iiiaii
It iiiiio o'clock
nviiiu' liis men.
iiccs. lie raslily
folics lie liad.
in (■kll•Mll^llln^;
: lint llie ad-
cr> into confii-
cliaii;c i.f linis-
i(Mi|i>. and 15oo-
lia\ iiij; l.ad one
s and niiiclccii
\va> >]ij^lil. Iiut
■asy victory lie
-iiiiiiT IJookcr »
K.'iifnt (if I 111'
FLniaiiH.
PROVINCE OF CANADA— CO VKUN.MK NT OF LORD MONCK.
rr>.\
mil wi
ih
liodv of
.1 Ml
irtilli
Albi
fr
oni u'lu'iii
It two iliiiii>aiiil nun,
(irtiTinint'd to riircat to I'orl Kri«', and kii|> o|icn lii^ coiniuand of a man called Spear, crii~>iil tin
coinniiiiiication with lliill'alo; In^ accordingly fell liack
raiiiilly on tlin fort, iirrivinif there about iwo o'clock in I
the afteniDon. .Meanv. Iiilc a liiL'-iio;it frnin I'mt ( 'iillim ne.
with l.iciitcnant-C'oliinel Deiiiiiii and a coiiipany of almut. i
st'Voiity iiu'ri, had arrived lit tho fort, caiiturcd llio sixty '
Fenians left, in cliar;;e of it. and taken po-;sc.s>ioii. O'Neil
on his arrival at once attacked the foil and speedily ru- i
captured it. tliirli en of ihu volunteers lieiui: woiiiidcil anil
forty' niadu pri^niicrs ; ho did not rieupinrc his own
pri.-.oni!rs, however, as they had lie* ii conveyed lo the lii;;
and secured in the hold. The I'eiiiaiis lo>i live men in
thu attack hoides many wniinded. Me.inwhile tin- l''enian
svinpalhizers In liiilValo were making ^nal elVorls to
reinforce O'Xeil ; and near midiii'^dit almut four hundred
men, with pliiily of arm-- and prinisimis. were enil'arked
III two canal boat-, and towed out i>l the hailior. with the
intention ot ci'o->iiii; lo Furt I'^rie. l>iit by this lime
O'Nid had made up his mind that he had had enough of
Canada; already niinibei's of his nun had deserted and
escaped to ilie American side in small bouts, and when
he saw the bai'i^es being towed over, lie sent a small boat
to intercept them, ordered the troops to return, and the
barires to be bi'oiij;lit back imply for his iiieii to i'ecro>s
to Itull'alo. This was done, and early on Sunday morniiiij;
about nine hundred of the Fi uians embarked on the boats,
aiiilwi-re tui:i;ed over to the Auiirican -ide ; but lure
they met with a new dill'icully. the American antlKirilies
were nov/ fully aroused, and the armed propeller //tim'son
inforce[iied the boats, and soon had them anchored under
the iruiis of the .}/ir/iii/itii. The Fenians who were left on
Canadian soil endeavored to escapi! as best they could,
some crossed in small boats, others tried to cross on ])laiiks,
and son.e took to llie woods and were captured on Sunday,
when I'eacock's forces came up, Tlie prisoners taken by
the Fenians were left in Fort Krie, an<l those Fenians who
had been captured were sent to Toronto jail.
H.— The Fenian ort;aus in New York claiiiii il that the
movement of O .Neil was only intended as a feint, and, of
course. mau;iiilied tho success of the raid ■
lH^m!" '''""""' '""• ll'^'i'- '^'■™"tl iitteinpt the following
Week showed that a combined nioveiueiit
had been intended, but failed for want of propei' ori^aniza-
tion. At the same time that O'Neil was invadiiii; Canada
from Fort Frie, other bodies were collectiuj; at Ojrdeiis-
burj,' and St, Alhan-, the forme- beini.' inteurled to cross
lo I'rescott and attack Ottawa; but the rapid massing of
two thousand troops at I'rescott, and the appearance of a
Uriiish gunboat in tho river elfcclually checked any
attempt to cross, and they moved downwards to IMaloue,
nu'iiaciiig Cornwall, but the conceutration of three
thousand volunteers there foiled any elTmt in that direc-
tion. The last attempt at invasion was made from St.
the seventh of .liiiie and advanced lliiee miles into the
t'ciintry to a placi- called I'igeou Ilill, where they
formed a camp and miiI out parties forai'iiig the country,
robbing hen-roosts, &!'. ; Iiii the advance of some tido|is
on the eighth laiised them i > make a ha>ly reirejit across
the frmilier, where Spe.ir . id some of the other leaders
were arretted by the I'ni'ed States authorilics, l»y ihis
time I'residetit Johnson had di>i'overeil that uiili"<s he
wanted to involve the I'liited .Si;iie>- in war with (inat
liritain, lie must take riirnrniis niea^iins to suppress the
Fenians; he therefore despaii In d Meade to the Canada
frontier, and that ollieer at once seized all the ;iiui^ and
amiiiiinition he could liiid at Ogdeii-biirg. jirevenieil any
more reinlorcenients coming North, arre>ted all the leaders
he could caleh. and -ent the bulk of the l'"eiilaiis back lo
New Yolk and olliei points they had come from. With-
in ;i lew days after Meade's arii\al at Ogileu^iinrg. all
was ipiiet along the frontier; nor was ;iny fuiilur attempt
madi: during the summer; gunboats guarded the lakes and
river and troojis were stationed along tin,' frontier so as
to render any further attempt abortive. Thus ended the
lir>t Fenian raid. Tin; actual lo-s inllicled w.is not very
heavy, but the expense of calling out forty thiiiisaiid
Mihinleers, and kee|)ing them in the lii Id, was very great,
and the loss of lite was sadly felt thioughoiil Canada.
The I'niversity of Toronto erected aliaiid-ome liionumeiit
to the nieino'.y of those who fell at IJidgeway, in the
(Queen's Park, ToidiiIo ; and a grateful counlry showed
its apfireciation of it-- citizen— oldiers by jiensions to
widows and orphans, and C'..mpeiisatioii to those who
, tell.
I ',1. — While the Feniuii excitement was still at its height
Parliament assembled, on the eijiith of .luiie. for the lirst
time in the new Pailianient iMiildings,
I Ottawa. LoriLMonck in opening the ses- llarSifZ'niViVillf
sion >poke of the necessity for finding ''j'-vii'ii' "' <-"»-
new eliaiinels for trade to fcupply the
place of that lost by the abrogation of the Reciprocity
; Treaty, and referred to the commission sent to the West
Indies, &C., which we have already referred to. ^N'ilh
reference to the Fenian iiiva-ioii he asked to have the
I/(ibf(is Corpus ae; suspended, and also said that the
, reve.iue receipts had been so much in excess of the esti-
mates, i' It lie hail been able to meet the large expense
caused bv the raids out of current receijits. 'lue most
important net pa--ed during the session was the one alter-
iiiu the tariff by reducing the rate on imported goods from
twenty percent to lifteeii. but at the same time some en-
' couragement was given to home maiiufaotures by placing
a number of :irticles, which entered largely into m.inufiic-
ture^. on the free list. Resolutions were introduced and
passed, delining the constimtioiis of Upper and Lower
-d
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
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521
TUTTLK'S lirSTORY OF THE DOMIXIOX OF CANADA.
Canada after the proposed division of tlio I'rovince of
Can.id.a, and tliese ivsoliitions were afterwards embodied
in the ISritisli Xorth America Act. The writ of Habeas
Corpus was siisj)eMded tor a year, and several otlier use-
ful measures passed, and the last session of tlie Province
of Canada was brought to a close on the fifteenth of Au-
gust. "Thus passed away in calm a constitution which,
born in strife and turmoil, sprunj^ from mal-administra-l
tion and rebellion — forcecl upon a reluctant Province
(the oldest and at the time the most imiiortant section j
of tho Union), without consulting its peoi)le, and against!
tlie wishes of tho majority of its inhabitants — hail,
nevertheless, during twenty-five years of unexampled ■
prosperity and material progress, laid the foundation j
Jeep and strong of true Constitutional liberty, had re-
moved tho asperities of race, and taught the united
descendants of France and England that the true source
of tl'.'ir future greatness and power on this continent
would lie in a mutual regard for each other's rights, a
mutual forbearance for each other's prejudices, and a
generous, strong, conjoint effort towards consolidating
their extensive territories, and developing their vast
resources under one government and one flag." *
1ft. — A wild attempt was made by some politicians
in the United States, who feared to see a strong Con-
federation growing up in Canada, to sow
Tw.Mity tluMisn.id t r t i i • ^ i •
(iMxins imrntoiit the Seeds ot discord uv introducing in
at giu'lice. Tiiiil ,, , . tt !• t> i. ^•
of iiii' h'oniaiis. tlie American House ot Jtcpresentatives
a bill providing for the admission ot Can-
ada and the Jlaritime Provinces into tho Union as four
States; but the people of Canada only laughed at the
idea, and the scheme failed utterly. The summer and
fall were not marked with any very noticeable features,
except that Quebec was again visited by a terrible fire,
which swept away twenty-one hundred houses, and left
nearly twentj' thousand persons homeless and destitute.
Tho whole of St. Koch suburb and most of St. Sauveur
were destroyed, and the burnt district covered a space
about one mile long by half a mile wide. The catas-
• Gray's Confederation of Canada.
trophe called forth, as usual, the heartj' sympathy and
generous assistance of all the cities and towns in Can-
ada, and considerable help was sent from England and
other countries; but Quebec has never thoroughly re-
covered from the successive devastations of the fire fiend,
add<'d to the removal of the seat of government, and
the loss of her trade by the rapid growth of Montreal,
as the deepening of the channel through Lake St. Peter
has allowed the largest ocean-going vessels to come up
to the liead of navigation, and "the ancient capital"
has gradually fallen behind tho other Canadian towns
during the past few years. In October the tri.il of the
Fenians took place at Toronto, and resulted in the dis-
charge of all but a few of the ringleaders, the grand
jury returning " no bill " against them. The leaders
were, however, tried and condemned to be bung, but
their sentences were afterwards commuted to imprison-
ment. Immediately after the prorogation of Parliament
the governor-general and a deputation proceeded to
England to complete the necessary arrangements for
Confederation, an account of which mission we have
already given in chapter 102; and on the first da}' of
July, 1867, — just ten years from the day on which we
write these lines, — the Dominion of Canada was born,
amid the universal rejoicing of a happy people, whose
faith that in union they would find strength, peace, and
prosperity, has not been betrayed by an experience of
ten years. In concluding tiiis chapter we give, as usual,
the names of the governors and administrators of the
Province of Canada :
Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 1841.
Gen. Sir II. Jackson, Adm., 1841.
Sir Charles Paget, 1842.
Sir Charles Metcalfe, 184.'!.
Earl Cathcart, 1845.
Earl of l']lgiii and Kincardine 1847.
Sir Edmund W. Head, . . • . . . 1854 and 18o7.
Gen. Sir William Eyre, Adtn., ISHT.
Lord Viscount Jloiick, 18G1 and 1800.
Gen. Sir John Michel, Adm., 1805.
End of Volume I.
synipjitliy and
towns in Can-
1 Englaml and
tlioroiij;lily re-
>f tilt; fire fiend,
ivernmont, and
Ii of Montreal,
Lake St Peter
;ls to come up
icient capital "
anadian towns
he trial of the
:ed in the dis-
ors, the grand
The leaders
bo liung, but
d to itnpri.son-
: of Parliament
proceeded to
angenients for
^sion we have
he first day of
y on which we
lada was born,
people, whoso
;th, peace, and
oxijerience of
give, as usual,
itrators of the
. . . 1841.
. . . 1841.
. . . 1842.
. . . I84;i.
. . . 1845.
. . . 1847.
854 and 1857.
. . . 1857.
8G1 and 1860.
. . . 1865.