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GEOLOGICAL 
 ALFE 
 
 l.'E(JIO 
 
 BOW / 
 
 N( 
 
 EMHRAC'INO 
 -MOUNT 
 FRO 
 
 <iE01i( 
 
 I'UBLIS 
 
GEOLOGICAL AMD NATUEAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R.8., Director. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON TUB 
 
 REGION IN THE VICINITY OF THE 
 
 BOW AND BELLY RIVERS, 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 EMHRACINa THE COUNTRY FROM THE BASE OK THE ROt^KY 
 
 MOUNTAINS EASTWARD TO LON. 110^ 4;V, AND 
 
 FROM THE 4!>TH PARALLEL NORTHWARD 
 
 TO LATITUDE 51' 20' 
 
 IIY 
 
 (iE()R(JE M. DAWSON, D.S., F.G.S., 
 
 A.SSOflATK liOYAI, SCIIOOI, UK MINKS. 
 AWSISTKI) IIV 
 
 R. G. McCONNELL, B.A. 
 
 i'ublishf:d by aijthouity of pakliament. 
 
 MONTREAL: 
 DAWSON RROTHERS. 
 
 1884. 
 
Til Al.KHKD li 
 
 D',rm 
 
 SiH, I heg tc 
 III I he \^ow a 
 J»istii(i of All 
 with illiisd-ali 
 Territdiy of w 
 tidii liMs lu'en r 
 proximity of il 
 Canadian Pacit 
 
 Ottawa, Mm 
 
To Alkkeu E. C. Selwyn, Esq., LL.I)., F.R.S., 
 
 D'<r<ctoT Giologicat nnd Natural HiMonj Siirivy of Cnvada. 
 
 SiK. I heg to present herewith a report on the rei^ion in the vicinity 
 cii tilt' Hi)\v ami litHly Kivers, embracing the southern part of the 
 I)istrit t of Ali)ertii and a portion of the western part of Assiniboia, 
 witli ilhistrative maps. This district is the Hrst in tiie North-west 
 'IVnitory of whicli a systematic and proximately complete examina- 
 tion Ikis been made, and is of special importance in consequence of the 
 ]iroxiinity of its valuable coal and lignite dejjosits to the line of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 I have the honour to he, 
 Sir, 
 Your obedient servant. 
 
 GEOliGK M. DAWSON. 
 
 Ottawa, ^[aivh, ISSj^. 
 
NOTE. 
 
 Most of the olovalidiis stiiti'(| in (his rcpdit iiiv (ho losulfc (i("iiiii'roii| 
 bjimiueliM- uli.soivii(i<iii8, Itnsi-d on (he iicii,'h( oC Toil lloiidm, which i< 
 assumed at 2,700 (Vf(. (uMicnil Jliizou hiiviiii,' ixiiitlly liirnishotl ii cujiv 
 of (he rc,<,'uhii' hai-oinetric oltserviidcms ut (hat phue, (lie whole of the 
 aiu'i'oid readiny;8 have l)een lari-fiilly comituivd willi tliese. Whoiv 
 several observiKions liave been ob(ained at a sinji^Ie locality, and s('|i;i. 
 rately calculated, the results generally agree very closely, and the liinit> 
 of error are probably, in all cases, within lifty fce(. A few |)(iiiits 
 on the line of (he Canailian I'aciHc Railway have Ikhmi oblaincd, siiut I 
 the date of the explorations here reported on, by actual iiistrunieiitii! 
 levelling. 
 
 Whore not otherwise s(a(ed, the bearings given throughout arc with 
 reference to the (rue meridian. 
 
 G. M. D. 
 
 ii. ) 
 
REPORT 
 
 ON THl) 
 
 CurNTUY IN THK VICINITY OK TIIK 
 
 BOW AND BELLY RIVERS, 
 
 NORTH-WKST TERIilTOllY 
 
 This report, iiiul llie maps wliicli nccompiuiy il, cover the fCi'oatcr |{,,^in„ p,„ered 
 Liii't iil'die area draiiiud by the IJow aii*l IJelly Kivors, and portions <»l'l[Jj,[,sr"" "'"' 
 thill tiiltiilaiy to llio IJed Di'erand MilU Ifivei-s. Willi tlie "'xceplion 
 |(>rilit' iailer, tlie whole of its waters eventually reach the South Saskat- 
 iIr'\v;iii. It incliulca tlio southern part of the dislri<"t of Allierta, with 
 la jiitrlioii of the soutli-wcHt of the neiij;hlMiiirin,!^ one of Assinihoia, and 
 |l'i(ini the base of (lie Paheozoic nicks of the moiiiitains eastward, includes Area. 
 KIM area of about 2(»,!M!0 s(|uare miles of prairie and plateau country. 
 Pmst'il on the .softer and newer formations desiniialed.ys ('retaceous and 
 Laramie. This district is tlie tirst in the western territory which lias 
 |n'en subjected to a systematic and proximately com|)lcte exploration, 
 ami was selected for this pnrjxise because of the known and reported 
 lialiif ot its coal deposits, and its relation to tlie adopted transconti- 
 nental railway route. It further appeared, that from its general ti,"'"vK""m.' " 
 prairie character antl the number of the river-valleys traversing it, it 
 iglil likely .serve geoloifically as a typical region, in which the order 
 kiul Miccession of the various formations coultl be determined, and in 
 llif li<;lit of which, future exjtlorations in the great plains and in the 
 il liills of the mountains might be carried on. Its investigation has 
 hi nil wise disappointed these expectations. Tlu' (oal deposits have 
 bioviil to be wide-spread and practically inexhiiustiS.le. and while in 
 m- iletail of its geological structure much addititm is yet to be 
 lisiml, most of its main features are clear and easily read, and it is 
 lopi'd that the pi-esent geological nuiji anil report may answei" all 
 Jiattieai purposes for a number of years to come. 
 Such uncertainty as to the details of gC(»logical structure as may still 
 
G c 
 
 NOUTII-WEST TEnHITOHV. 
 
 Ilisdiry iit' it!< 
 
 Kt'llldKicill 
 
 uxiiliinilioM 
 
 rirpmnstiinns roiiiiiin is dill' fliiofly to two circuinstuiuos wliioli iimy lie lirieliy alliiilol 
 fi'ii'iVaV'hivrTi'i- to. Wliilo tlio I'ivci-viilk'ys goiioriilly att'ord tine stations, givat intiT- 
 Kiiti.m .liilimiit. ^.^.„j„^, ,,.jj,.,^ .„,^, ^,j tiiu'Uly (Irift-covorcd that the uiidurlying rocks sA- 
 dom come to the surl'ace, and absohite certainty as to the position ol'liie 
 outcrops (»r certain lieds aiitl coal seams in these I'egions can only lie 
 arrived at iiy lioring oy)enitions. Again, in the I'oot-liill region, wiuit 
 the beds are sharjdy folded and even overturned, and other accidents 
 occur to com|tlicate the structure, while it is doubtless possible to triite 
 out the subdivisions of the Cretaceous and Laramie with greater cuiii- 
 plctcncss, this woidil itMjuire so mucli time and labour tiiat it has nut 
 lieen judged advisable at present to undertake it, in view of the givat 
 importance of detining and publisliing its general structures. 
 
 Tiu' first geological notes on the district are those in Dr. Jlectois 
 reports, based on his explorations in the North-west as a member nt 
 ('aj)taiM F^alliser's expedition in 185it. No addition was made to these 
 till in 1874 the writer examined the country near the 4!*th parallel as 
 geologist to II. M. North American Boundary Commission. In 1881 
 the entire summer season was s]»ent by me and my assistant Mi-, li. (i. 
 McConnell, B.A., on the area of the accomjtanying map. and in 188i 
 Mr. McConnell, having wintered a* ''algary, continued the exploration 
 independently. In 1SS3 the month .A' June was devoted by me to tin' 
 further examination of a number of localities on the .southern part of 
 the map, in regard to the structure of which doubts still remained, and 
 Mr. McConnell completed the traverse of the portion of the Red Deer 
 included on the sheet. Additional light on the general geology has alsn 
 been obtained through Mr. McConnell's subsequent work in tlie adjacent 
 region to the east. While the main geographical outlines of the map aiT 
 based principally on the insti'umental surveys of the Dominion \,nwk 
 Branch, much of the topography has been added from our own surveys. 
 I would niention especially' in this regard the area of the foot-hills from 
 the North Fork of the Old Man to the Elbow Rivers which was raappal 
 by Mr. McConnell in 1882, and had not previously been penetrated by 
 an}' surve\' lines. Nearly all the trails and travelled routes were als" 
 laid down from our own odometei- surveys, and car.oe traverses of the 
 Bow, Belly and St. Mary, part of the Old Man, and those jiortious of the 
 Red Deei- and South Saskatchewan, included on the map, have added 
 much to the topography previously delineated on these streams. 
 
 Data of tliL' 
 ma|i. 
 
 MAIN TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OP THE DISTRICT. 
 
 divisions' '"^"' The district may be divided naturally by its physical characteristics 
 into the following parts enumerated in oidcr from east to west: — (1) 
 Plains and low plateaus. (2) The Porcupine Hills. (3) The foot-hilk 
 
5».,0N ] MAIN TO|M»UUAl'iri<'.\r. KEATIHKS. 7 C 
 
 Tin- l»'"<'I{y Mountains, whicli lorm its natuial wt'sltM-ii iMHiiidary, aro 
 iKii iiK IikIcmI ill tliis ri'poi'l, (>.\cu|it in so far as inciilonlal niuntion oC 
 tlii'ir >tiii('turo may In) m-fossary. 
 
 'riic I'iMitos >vitliiii till) ar«^a oCtlii' nta|), ti-uvoi-st-d and i-xainincd l»y ii„u((.« 
 niysi'lfanil Mr. McConni'll dmiiij; (lie pioi^ross ol'tlu' exploration, umy •'""VBrscj. 
 Ill' thus appi'oxiniatoly statrd, no accoinil lifin^ laUon ol' those wliirli 
 wt'ii' tuicc travi'i'st'd or |>asst>d ovrr a second tinu? without nieasiire- 
 iiiciil and examination. 
 
 MeRttnred by «Nl(inieter 2315 niilvH. 
 
 J>istant't(s ostiniatcil, ami checked \>y oliservu- 
 
 lions for latitude 835 " 
 
 iMeasured lij- paein^r 275 " 
 
 Total 3425 " 
 
 The hearings given throughout tliis report, unless otherwise t|ualitie<l Beurinau 
 aiv with ret'ereni-e to the true meridian. 
 
 la cnnlliiinit V witii the jfeneral eastward slop • <• the plains from the 
 Rdcky .Mountains, the east«'rn IS low as eonipai with the western elcvHtion. 
 |iiii'tii>n of the district here described. Kast of the ll.'Jth meridian, 
 wliiili nearly bisects the map, a great portion of (he plain is less than 
 ,'{,(I(MI feet in altitude, while westward from the same line, with the 
 exir|ition of inconsiderable tracts along the river-valley.s, the whole 
 oouiitiy exceeds this elevation. f^ast of the al)0ve line, however, 
 considerable tracts still rise above the ;j,0()(>-feet contour line. The 
 most ini|tortant of these lies in the vicinity ot' the Milk River, and 
 foims a raised southern border to the district, the whole region in the 
 vicinity of the 49th parallel west of the lllth meridian exceeding 3,000 
 foot in altitude. To the north, the plateau of the Kocky Buttcs forms 
 an insular area of considerable extent above this contour-line, being 
 st-iiaiated from tlie plateaus to the west by the Snake Valley, while at 
 the extreme northern edge of the map the Hand Hills again encroach 
 upon the lower plains. 
 
 Along the base of the mountains, the elevation at wliieh the rivers ElevBiioimf 
 leave the l'aheo/.oic rocks is pretty constant, and averages about 4,.3tlO*'^' '^"' '""^ ' 
 toi't. The Rocky Mountains, for some distance north of the 49th 
 liarallel, where the foot-hills are comparatively inecuisiderable, form a 
 liistinct and almost mural eastern front, the peaks of the first or outer 
 raii!;e frenuently attaining a height of (],aoo to 7,000 feet, while an 
 elevation of over 9,000 feet is not infreiiuently rcaehetl by the summits 
 at some distance back. Kurther north, the eastern outline of tiie 
 mountains is to some extent masked by the high and crowded foot- 
 hills whicdi here press upon them, but the altitude of the summits is 
 little if at all inferior. 
 
8 
 
 Nt tRTU-W KST 'I' K n H I 'r< i H \ , 
 
 Such iK'ilifi; tho out linos nCtlit' iT^^ion in rcffiird (o elevation, ii In 
 dcHCi'iption <>r tilt' ^I'lU'nil I'wiliii't's nf its lliii'i- iiatiinil division^ 
 aliiiv*' (Iclincd inav now ho u-ivcii. 
 
 Id 
 
 OoniTiilc'liiinic- 
 tcr of the tlilci' 
 diviNiiiiis, 
 
 rilK I'l.AINS. 
 
 DriiiiiiiKi>. 
 
 PliitoauK. 
 
 Tlio plains proper may lio considcroil a . "lendinu wostward In ||u. 
 Inol-hills iioar tlio St. Maiy {{Ivor in llio vicinity of llic HMIi paralicl, 
 Tlui'liiiiis. Iiiit t'urtliur north, find tlirir \vcHt»'rn limit at tlio Itaso oClho roi(ii|iiiM. 
 Hills. Thi'ir surtaco is ironorally iiiulnlatinu; or rollinj^, tli(Hif:fh in somr 
 localities considcralilo traits oi'our wiiitli are almost perfectly jcvi'l, 
 The undulations vary much in amount locally, hut are seldom— :iiii| 
 thuncuil^'in limited areas — entitled to he called hills. I)ccp, trough like 
 valh'ys, occupied hy rivers, or, in some caties, hy i|uile inconsidoraMc 
 streams, and tlien deiiominuted "coulees" trench the plains at interval^, 
 iiiit wide interveiiiiif;' areas are entirely di'stitute of drainuij;*' chaniieU, 
 the rainfall collecting in laUos, or in the innumerahle small jiools ainl 
 slou<i;lis \vhi( Ii dot th- surliice, hut which fre(|uently dry u]» c(unpletelv 
 diiiiim; the summer. Hisiiiif ahove tlie ijoiieial level are a nunihei' «\' 
 elevations which are jj;enerally called '• iidfi,os," hut art- properly speak 
 ing plateaus. The heif^hts of these seldom exceed hy inojv than one 
 hundred or two hundred feet that of the surroundin<; plain, and tlair 
 slojies are usually very liiiht. As viewed from a distance, however, in 
 this Hal country, they are frecjuently conspicuous ohjects, and are 
 pMierally in clo.so and evident connection with tho <>eological struct uro. 
 The more important of these may he enumerated as follows : — Milk 
 Kiver Uidife. west of the MacFiOod-Henton trail and north of tho .Milk 
 Ifiver. averan'c elevation 4,lt)0 to 4.2(M> toot. Belly iiulte and aswh 
 ciated ridii;es ln'l ween tin- St . Mary and I'ppor Melly Ifivers, ruiiniiii; 
 eastward into Wild Turnip Hill. Tlu^'hin, on ('hin ('oulee, forniiiii,' 
 (he western end of a ditVuse ])lateau. IMateaii south-east of Lake I'a- 
 kow-ki, and hi.uh fj;rouiid stretching eastward from the Thire Huttw. 
 Bidl's Head, cast of Seven I'ersons Itiver, forming the southeaslerii 
 front of the IVace Ihittes. Black Spring iJidgc, elevation ll^^i'yH feet. 
 The Thigh Hills. Mutfalo Hills, :{.«■»(► lect. The Rocky Huttes, ah(.ul 
 :i.l(Ml feet. Spy ]Iill, Carcass IFill, S[iring Hill, and Little Itolliiig 
 Hills. Outer and Inner IJainy Hills, ahout 2,T<>(> feet. Wintering 
 Hills, about :i.(»(K» feet. The Hand Hills, with, according to Dr. 
 Hector, an elevation of .'5,1(1(1 feet. 
 |- The general unitorniily of the surface of the country is largely due to 
 the cov»'ringol houlder-clay and other drift deposits, Tiieso have been 
 apparently laiti down in greatest thickness in the jire-oxisting hollows, 
 while the higher plateaus are com|»aratively tliiiily covered; and the 
 result has heen the general levelling up of the surface, and the produc- 
 
 Uniriirinily i 
 gurtiicu. 
 
 ijnii of wide tia 
 (Vriiiceous and 
 Ipiiiik'- of rivers 
 I't'iMiirkiihle unil'i 
 till' M)(|, is iisuall 
 (■lii\. It may he 
 tiiil. :iud mingle 
 i> iiiii>| n^iiiilly I 
 <ty altuMfi her wa 
 liy line watcr-de 
 siml hills, iiave 
 iiii,' iifdy a few 
 S:niil hills north 
 Melly 1,'ivers. 1 
 Near the niou'di 
 I't'li^aii Sand H 
 lliver. 
 
 Ill a few |ilacet 
 
 Im! these areas j 
 
 hipiililfi's is gcnei 
 
 iiwiiig to sonic loi 
 
 materials of iho < 
 
 thus shows how .> 
 
 tiic iloposition of 
 
 S|)oakiiig goner; 
 
 |ihues is eminentl 
 
 is pi'ohahly too sci 
 
 is iihnost iiiiitt)i'ni 
 
 (li'Nert-like ciiaract 
 
 known as " hiitiah 
 
 mid siiinmer, hut if 
 
 I (ions pasture both 
 
 hihdiit the lower J 
 
 :ill the pl:itoausab( 
 
 .!,M'"'«'lh of gra.ss SI 
 
 |iMiil siiiToiinding tl 
 
 a tew years since, c 
 
 Iiiivu now practical 
 
 |lieiv|)hieed hy cati 
 
 The entire rogio 
 
 jas treeless, and ex 
 
 Ntep-sided couliJe, 
 
D**MJS. 
 
 I'lIK I'l.AINS. 
 
 9 c 
 
 linn III' wi<lt' tliit plains in tlit> U'hh t'lcvulcil IrmlH. Tim iniclcrlviMy; 
 
 (Vi i;ii'i'"i"< '""' Ijiiianiic tocUh art' sol<loni mn'u oxcfp) in (Im Hcarpod 
 
 liiiiilo ot fivi'i's ami slivaniH. TIh' sann' <iiMiini.s(iint'(> lias cansiMl a ini(„riiiii.v of 
 
 i<iniiikiilil>' iihirorniity in llu" ^[('nt'ial iliaractcrol' liu- suil, wliicli, Iu-Ihw "'" • 
 
 tlu'MKJ.iH usually 0()in|M>si'(l III' (111- rfairaiii,'(Mi inalciials i»rilK> lionldtT- 
 
 ( l;n . it may In* di'scrilifil ^cnf rally as a clayey li*ani, of lirown or ^^rcy 
 
 lint, iiiul niinuliMJ locally willi a vai-yinj^ |iro|i(U'lion ol' gravel. (Iravfl 
 
 js iii(»| u-nally liniiiil in llic snitsoil in llic lii^licr trads, ami is almost 
 
 nr altnm'l licr waiilini^ in many of llic lower, wliicli arc cliaraclcri/ctl 
 
 hv line \valer-ile|iosilc(l loam. No luryje areas ol' Utosv f's'i'dy soil, (lr^||,|^l l^jH^ 
 
 siiiid hills, have lieenoliscrveil in this ilislrid, (lie most exiensive cover- 
 
 ini; I'div a I'ew sqU' e miles, ol' lln-se the I'ollowini;' may lie noleil : — 
 
 Saml liills north ami . ol' Lake IVi-kow-kl. Ahout links (if How and 
 
 licll.v l.'ivers. In the South hend of the Helly east o|' i,il||e Mow. 
 
 .Nrai'llie moiidi ol° the liittle Mow. The hrit'lini^^ Sand Hills, and (ho 
 
 I'li^'au Sand Hills west ol" lilaekfoot (Vossinu; and near IIm* How 
 
 llivcr. 
 
 Ill a few places tho surl'aee is pretty thickly strewn with liouldcis, nmililoi-strown 
 Im! these areas an^ ipiite ineonsideralile, and the prominence of the 
 hoiilihis is ,<^i'nerally to he traced to the removal hy denudation, — 
 iiwiiii,' to soujc local circiimslame — ol' a consiilerahle depth <il'the linei* 
 inatc'iials of tho drift. The general ahsence of lioidder-strewn tracts 
 thus shows how small must have heen the ert'e<'t of denudation since 
 thcMk'|M)silion of the lioulder-chi}' and other glacial materials. 
 
 8|i('akinsf generally, the soil may be tleserihed as fertile, and in some .Soii, niiiifall 
 |ila(Ts is eminently so, but over a large jiart of these plains the rainfall "'" ''""'""■ 
 is prohalily to<i scanty for the successful gr<iwth of crops. The surface 
 !■< almost uniloiiiily gias.sed, and no tracts of an alisolutely barren ir 
 lit'Mcrt-like character occui-. The grass is iisually the short crisp variety 
 known as '' butlalo grass," which becomes to all apjiearance dry ahout 
 mid-siiinmer, hut is still green and growing at the roots, and liirms nutrl- 
 
 [ (ions |ia.«ture both winter and summer. In some pai-ticularly dry areas 
 ahout IJK' lower JJow River, the grass becomes scanty, but on ahnost 
 all tho pliiteuusubovo enumerated it is particularly good, while u heavy 
 
 j u'lowlh of grass suitable for buy is founti in many of the river bottoms, 
 
 ami surrounding the numerous lakes and sloughs. This whole region, 
 
 a few years since, contained numei'ous bei'dsof biitfalo, and though these 
 
 have now practically disappeared, it will not lie long before they will 
 
 lie ivplaced by cattle und horses. 
 
 The entire region of plain included on the map may lu! characterized 
 
 Treeles.s 
 las Ireiless, and except in tho river valleys, or hei'e and there in some character. 
 
 Isteep-sided coul(5e, no arboreal or scrubby g. jwth of any kind exists. 
 
 ■ ■'■■ ^ 
 
 I m 
 
10 (! 
 
 N( IHI'H-WEWT TKUKITORV. 
 
 The Poronitino 
 Uills. 
 
 TIIK I'OllCtllMNE Illl.rs. 
 
 Pliysiciil 
 tciilurc!'. 
 
 I'riiirie ami 
 HiMiili'diirciis. 
 
 I'lio P(>r<'n|>iiio Hills, projR'rly so-calkHl, oxtond from tlio iioitli 
 liaiik (iC tlio Old Mail Uivcr, w»'st of Koi-t MucLood, to tho lioad-walers 
 ol" Afosqiiilo (-rook, a distanit' ol" lii'ty-li\^c miles in a noith-iiorlli-wcst 
 direction. Tlii'ir greafost hioadtli is pretty unil'ornily maiiitaintil iit 
 from t>i^ii(c('n (o l\v«>Mly milos. The I[(t^'s Hack or Siloko-pawaiililio, 
 siiiilii of tiie Old Man, is icail}-, liowcviM-. a part of the same lanov, 
 while ti» (he iiui'lh it is eontiiiiied liy more or loss isolated ai'eas nf liJirli 
 jtlatean to the How l»iver, and heyoiid that stream liy the Nose Hill. 
 
 The I'oreiipine Hills consist of I'oeks foi-minu,' the upper part of ilic 
 [jaramie, and mark the axis of a wide symlinal. Mr. .MeCoiinell, uIki 
 examined this region in 1S.S2 thus deserihes the jihysieal features of the 
 hills projtor: — 
 
 "The hills aie highest near the southern end, whou' they ri.se ahoiil 
 2,(«l(> feet ahove the plains to the . • ) (at least fi.ttOO feet ahove the soa^ 
 and alioiit l,r)(IO feet ahove the valley lyiui;' aloni;- their western hase. To 
 the north they lieeon>" niueh lower, anti near lliu'lnvooil liiver are only 
 ahout 4(M( feet ahove tint <;eneral level of the country. ' 
 
 " The s\irface of tin- hills is very rout;h, and isi;enerally cut up hy llio 
 tleep antl wide valleys of numerous small strt-ams. The gieat valley^ 
 
 w 
 
 hid 
 
 i even the most insii>niHcant of these streams have excavat 
 
 give evidence of an ero.sive activity at one time, far exceeding anytliiiii; 
 which is now going on. The grassy slopes which nearly all the valley^ 
 present at the present day, showing how small the denudation in pro- 
 gress is." 
 
 "Tlie principal drainage of the hills is to the east and south, in conse- 
 quence of the ditteience of elevation of the country cast and west of 
 them, which amounts toover4r)<> feet. Viewed hroadly, tlieir surfiKv 
 is com])osed of the hroken remnants of a wide plateau with an eastw 
 
 ai'd 
 
 inclination. 
 
 The lowi'r slopes of the liills on hotii sides are opiMi grassed 
 land. At a somewhat greatei' 'levation scattered ti'ees In'giii tn 
 occur, luit it is oidy on some of the higher western points that any 
 areas of continuous woodlanil oeciu'. Tlu^ Hog's Maidv to liie south carries 
 MO wood, hut on tlu^ isolated itlati^au areas north of llighwood liiv 
 
 01', 
 
 lhiek«ds and groves hegin to a|)pear in a lew |tlaees, in eonset{Uence ol 
 tlie greater iiumidily of tlie climate in tliat region. 
 C'atflu emmtry, The eastern margin of the Porcupine Hills is nearly i(h'nlical with 
 tlie western horderofthe liutl'alo-grass country previously ilesciibed. 
 In conse(|uence of the greater rainfall met with on approaching llio 
 mountains, the bulfalo-gniHS is here replaced hy the more luxurienl 
 bunch-grass, and within the area of the Porcupines and tlieir iiortli- 
 
 Wiinl and south 
 (ifllie entire Ni 
 
 Sti'ctchingal 
 is a I'cgion with 
 the '• iM.ot-hills. 
 iind (lislurlicd ri 
 whicli these iniji 
 es'':;;ie llie liotic 
 with vegetation 
 crests liirined h\ 
 with |i:iral!el val 
 which have thei 
 ehiinnels to tli«^ 
 her.' fresh from t 
 roeky hcds, and 
 which is not wt 
 tiinlier (generall 
 some of (he mon 
 The I'idges, wi 
 nearly complete 
 nionntaiiis, and i 
 fiedlogically dist 
 Miuy. I'ppcr H( 
 Pincher ("reek, ^ 
 almut (liir(een m 
 on (lie llignwoo( 
 l^w Hivei', tweii 
 m()nii(ains at the 
 aeedunis t'or the i 
 l''iii' twenty-toil 
 tains from the ^ 
 anil iiicniispiciioi 
 laml. except on 
 is covered with 
 "I'liig the river 
 liilis heconie we 
 ^'siK'iially ill (lie 
 Ilie iiow Kiver 
 i>* iiioiu! or less (I 
 Hiver some of the 
 
-1 
 
 THE l-"()OT-mM,S. 
 
 11 
 
 Tlie foot-hills. 
 
 uiinl Mini soiillnvard oxtciisiunssonuMd'tlie Ik-mI cat lie nmchiiii^ count ly 
 i.rilic ciitiro Nortli-wi'st, is situated. 
 
 THE KOOT-IIILr,.-,. 
 
 Stiotcliiiiifaloncjtlu' wliolo ionu^tli ofllii^ l)as(M)f tho Kocky Mountains, 
 
 i- ;i ivoiou with |H'( iiliar cliaractcristics wliicli is a|i])rojii'iatcly named 
 
 ihi' " Foot liills." 'I'his is eonterniinoiis with a l)ell ()tsliai|tly folded 
 
 Mild distuilied i'o(d<s of Cretaceous and Laramie a,ne, and the character 
 
 wiiitii these inipi-ess on the reijion is so well marUed that, it can scarcely 
 
 I— .;)!' llie notice of any traveller, fionu; ridges, sometimes c(!VtM'ed 
 
 wiih voy'ctation to the summit, in other cases showing; |irojectini;- rocky 
 
 ritsis llirmod hy tin- outcrop of the iiartler sandst<ine bods, alternate 
 
 with ii.irallel valleys in wiiich tlie smaller streams flow, wliile the rivers Woimiain 
 
 ' _ *' strc'iiniti. 
 
 uliicli have their sources in the mountains have carved for themselves 
 
 ( li;iiiii(ls to the plains heyoiul, nearly at ri<j;ht anfi;les. The streams 
 
 lull' iresh from tlu' mountain snows arc limpid, tlow over i;ravelly and 
 
 n>(l<y licds, and are often full of tine trout. That |iiii't of the iey;ion 
 
 uliicli is not wooded is covere<l with lUxiiriant hunch-ifiass, and line 
 
 timlior (o'onerally the houi^las lir) exists in considerahle ipiantitios in 
 
 Mime of the more retired valleys. 
 
 Tiie lidn'cs, with the strike of the rocks which they indiciite. show a 
 
 iifiirly complete parallelism with the liiiseofthe I'aheo/.oic rocksofihe 
 
 iiumntiiiiis, and follow it in its lij^ht sinuosities. The wiilth «d' tiio width or I'uot- 
 
 uooloojicaily disturbed roiiion tind of the toot-hill belt is, on tho .St. '"'"'i'"' 
 
 -Miuy, I'pper Holly and Watei-ton TJivors, tibout sixteen miles; On 
 
 l'iii(li(!r ("reek, Mill ('I'ook and the southern branches of the Old Man, 
 
 ;il"iiit lliirleeii miles; on the north fork of the Olil Man, twelve miles; 
 
 on liic liiifuwood River . and its tributaries, sixteen miles; and on the 
 
 H(n\ Wiver, twenty-seven miles. Tho base of the older rocks <tf the 
 
 iiininilains at the hist ntimeil locality, falls back in a wide bay, whiidi 
 
 iidiiuiits tor the incretisod width <»f the toot hills at thiit place. 
 
 I'll!' Iwciity-four mih's north Westward aloni;' tlie base of the moiin- ,, .. 
 
 I I'm 111' mill 
 laiiis from the -HMh piir.allel, the foothills tire I'ompjirjitivclv low" Ilmi<l 
 
 ;iiii| mconspiciious, and there tire no coniu'cted tircas of wooded 
 
 lainl. except on the upper part of the lUdly N'alley. The country 
 
 h(i)\('icil with line bunch-y;r!iss, tind tho woods tiro chietl\ massed 
 
 iiliiiii;- ihe river vtilleys. Krom this point northwtird the foot- 
 
 liills be(M)ine well developed, there are consideriible wooded tracts, 
 
 ospcciiilly in the immediate vicinity of the mountains, and before 
 
 llic iJow Uiviu- is retudiod ti larire ptirt of the foot-hill rei;ion 
 
 is iiKirt! or lcs.s densely W(»odod. About (ho branches of Jli^fhwood 
 
 liiver some of the fo(»t-hills beeomo so bold as almost to rival the outer 
 
12 c 
 
 NOKTII-WKST TKURITORY. 
 
 AKriiMiltunil 
 uiiil ifriiziiiK 
 IiiikIh. 
 
 uf tiie ilistrict. 
 
 ruiigo ol' tlio inountuins in lici^ht, and ii lew dislricts liavo beoonie 
 nearly inacccssiltle from the qiianlity of burnt and fallon forest. 
 
 Tlio whole of the open eoiinlry in the foot hills is admirably adaptoil 
 for j^razintj purposes, (he rainfall is ample, and in eonsecjuenee of tlic 
 greater humiility ol' the ciiniale, the soil to a eonsiderable deplh us\ialh 
 eonsists of a rieh, blaek, veu;etable mould. In Iho lower valleys wiiicli 
 exist in the Por(ii])ine Hill region and its southern and northern tdii- 
 tinualions, ami in those ol'lhe fool-hill hell, Ihi^ greater ])art of the lund 
 really valuable for agrieulliiral |iur]»oses in the dislriet now re|>orU'il 
 on, lies. Sueh at least is my opinion, foumied on (he results of fann- 
 ing already inilialed, an<l the eom])arison of the diHerent classes dl' 
 eountry met wilh in Ihis dislriet with those of a similar eharaeler, ami 
 beai'ing a similar llora elsewhere. The gi'ealer ])art of Ihe I'orcupiiH' 
 Hills projier, togelher with tiie higher regions of tiie fool-hills, though 
 olherwise well adapted lo agrieullui'e, are too frecpienlly subject to 
 early and late frosls. Where agricuUuio sueceeds, (he crops ])rodu(Ttl 
 are eminently satisfactory. 
 I'listonilwPiiitli It wiuild thus ajjpear that apart from Ihe mineral wealth of llic 
 district, and parliculai-ly the inexhauslihie slore^: of coal ami lignite 
 which ai-e fully described in a succeeding portion of this report, llie 
 resources of the country are maiidy pasloral, and there are few regions 
 whieh can exccll, or indeed e(pial this one in that respect. The 
 HtocUing of this district ma}- be said to have been syslematically begun 
 in ISSl, and it is now being rapidly occupied. 
 
 A few wor<ls may be added in reganl (o climate. We are yet without 
 full and truslvorthy observations of the temperature and rainfall, Init 
 these will doublless be supplied ere long by Ihe meteorological service. 
 The dimale of th:U pari of the district included under the general title 
 of Plains, pi-obably closely resembles that of a largo portion of the 
 soutliiMii j)art of the great plains of the Xoi-th-west Territory. The 
 total annual |»reci])itation of moisture "s evidently small, the summer 
 heat is frei|ucntly great during (iieday, and is quite sufficient in intensity 
 and duration foi' the ripening of all ordiiuiry grains, wherever sutlicicnl 
 moisture is found for their healthy growtii. The winter is severe, and 
 the ex])osed and treeless character of the country causes its rigor lo 
 be more keenly fell, but there is no reason why tree-planting should luil 
 succeed at least in Ihe river valleys and on broken ground, even in many 
 of thedryer portions of the plains ; and whei-ever the rainfall is sufficient 
 for cro]»s, the growth of trees with ])ropcr pre(^aulions is undoubtedly 
 ]»ossible. It is stated that the winter climate in the neighborhood ol' 
 Koi-t Mai'Leod is milder than elsewhere, and thougli little instrumeutiil 
 pi'oof of this can yet be adduced, it may probably be the case, 
 and arise from the less elevation of that part of the distriel, comh'ndl 
 
 Climate 
 
 DAWSON.] 
 
 with its vicinil 
 entire disli'ici, 
 ils aninuuf and 
 ti'iiit,- rcceivini 
 i.ltiliide. The 
 nmlniilitcdly a 
 ami this — up 
 average height, 
 parliiularly Ihe 
 ini|i<)i'tant pari 
 in llie mountain 
 iin llic conti'arN 
 MKinritain Imrrie 
 i'onipai'ati\i'ly 
 known physic;i 
 liitiiiii and eva| 
 feet I y altained 
 range to the va 
 aio gcnci'ally in 
 eUewherc dis('us> 
 the present repor 
 
 (;exkii. 
 
 In this division 
 j;iven of such ph 
 til lie of ceonomii 
 tniets inlerveninj 
 to north, the arr; 
 Mieeeeding sli'ictf 
 
 Mm,i, 
 
 Milk b'iver ris^ 
 'ii'ssing that line 
 iiiii'ili of the paral 
 ils minor Mexurcs- 
 lilt' present niap. 
 map, it rccrosses i 
 ll is known as \\ 
 iiml possesses soir 
 
 I *^ ' Iti'iKirl (if Progress, G 
 
DAASOh. 
 
 MIl.K HIVKH AND VirrNITV. 
 
 i:^ r 
 
 wiili it> vicinity to the inMUiitaiiiH. Tlif snow-tall is light over the 
 iiitiif <liHlricl, anil in the I'orciipine Hill ro!j;ion and foot-hills, 
 its unioiuu and perniHtoncc is largely a matler of elevation, the higher 
 triiit> ii'coiving and beaiing ninth inoi-o sni)\v than those with a less 
 iiltitiiile. The country in the neighhonriiood <;f the mountains has 
 uiiilniililedly a milder climate than that remote from them, 
 iiriil this — up to a certain point — notwithstanding its greater 
 iivi rage height. 'I'lie set of the aerial cnri'cnts from the westward, an<l 
 |i;nliiularly the strong westerly winds known as '• Cliinooks" play an 
 iin|Mirtant part in this amelioration. It is not the ease that low passes 
 ill ilio nioinitains account for the intliu'iice of the westerly winds. It is 
 nil the lunlrary the fact that the passage of these winds over a high 
 iinmiilain harrier, ami their suhseciuent descent into low ground in a 
 i(iiii|)iii"ili\eiy dry and warm slate, in correspondence with well 
 Idiowii physical laws, enaliles them to ad'ect the i'a|)id disso- 
 liilion and evaporation of the snow. This resuli is most per- 
 tWlly attained where the descent from tlu; summits of the 
 range to the valleys helow is gieatest, and as the lowest tracts 
 iiiv gciieially in the rivei'-valleys, is there most mai'Ued. As I have 
 I'lscwlicre discu.ssed this suhject pretty lully, * it is not [troposed in 
 tiio present rcjtort to enter into it at length. 
 
 Mill! eliiiialu 
 iiciir tli(^ 
 m<iiiiitiiiii.4. 
 
 Cliiniioks. 
 
 (iENKKAL DKSCinrTiON^ OF TllH DI.STh'KT. 
 
 Ill this ilivision of this report, a genoi'al systematic ilesci'iption i^oriioi-s 
 givoii of such physical features and facts, in the district as appear ' """"•'''• 
 to be of I'conomic importance. The various river-valleys, and ihc 
 liacis intervening between them are deserihed in order from south 
 to iKirlli, the arrangement being the same with that tbilowed in the 
 MiecTcding strictly geological section of the report. 
 
 Mii.K FJrvKU .VNii CouNTKV IN rrs V'icinitv. 
 
 -Milk Ix'ivcr rises in the lool-hills south of llu' HHh parallel, and, (;,.noriil enurso 
 crossing that line near the lllUh m«>ridian, pursues a course not far"' ' ' '''^'''■• 
 iiniili of the parallel li)i' a distance — without \aking into consideration 
 ils minor flexures— of one hundred and three miles, within the linut of 
 he present map. A short distance beyond the eastern eilge of the 
 inap, it I'ccrosses the llUh parallel on its course to join the Mis.souri. 
 It is known as Ke-nuh-si-suht or Ijitlle KMver by the Blood li"lii>iis,j,,.j,,y,,,|,jp^ 
 and iHtssesses some peculiar and interesting features, in that part ""'""""■''""• 
 
 [« • Hoporl (if Trogrossi, (Jcological Purvey, 1879-80, p. 77 B. 
 
14 c 
 
 NORTH-WKST TEKRITOUV. 
 
 Ill' wator. 
 
 Northwinil 
 slope of 
 country. 
 
 Pry valley?. 
 
 part of its course above (IoHiilmI il receives liesides the South Rranoh 
 whicli is iihout er|ii!il to tlie main liver or Nortli Draiich, a few 
 
 Small Miiiiniity small t ril>iilaries iVom the south, of wliidi IJoil Creek is the in(i>t 
 impoilaiit, and piohalily liolds innnini; water at all seasons. TIk 
 tiiliiilaiies from the mirth are ail very small brooks, even at timesof 
 hifj;h water. The river cannot be considered as navip;ablo even Tn 
 canoes. 1 1 is i-apid and in some parts of its course vciy tortuous on asimill 
 scale, lull in many places difiBcult to cro.-^s on account of (|uicksiin(i.\ 
 In the season of 1ST4 — a more than usually dry year — wo tbuntl itslx>i| 
 completely ilry in some place.< a few miles south of the 4lHh parallel, u 
 short distance east of the limit of tlic pie.M'nt niiip. lietween the ll.'jth 
 and 1 i2th meridians, the ronntry has a u-i'ueral north w;ird slope, wliiih, 
 on the .MacLeod-Benton trail, from the high southern eil.ye of the Rockv 
 Spring Plateau tu the 41Mh parallel — a flistance of twelve miles- 
 amounts tu 405 feet, oi' about thii'ly-tour feet to the mile. The w'vk 
 clayey and Itarren plain southeast of this plateau hits iin elevaliun 
 several hundred feet less than that of the bed of the Milk Uiver in the 
 same longitude. Between the MacLeod-Benton trail and the flaidi of ihe 
 West Butte, near the 41Mh iiarallel, are several wide irremuliir tiuugh- 
 like valh'vs, holding veiy smtdl streams, or entirely without Howin;; 
 water, for which the present conditions of the countr}' fail to account. 
 The drainage of the northern tliinks of the Buttes, which is very sniiill 
 in innounl, also finds its way to the Milk I^iver by a system of valleys, 
 some of which are ot considerable de(>th. 
 
 In the report on the Geology and liesources of the 49th Parallel,* I 
 have described the general aspect of the country .south of the Milk River, 
 
 oi^Tmlt River i>iid west of the West Butte in the following terms :-— As comparcil with 
 the tract east of the Butte and soutii of the Cypress Hills, it improvpv 
 in ajjpearance, and shows evidence of a greater rainfall, and the cactu.'i, 
 grease -wood and Artemisia cease to appear. It is generally much 
 broken, but shows evidence of it former more elevated sitrtitce, in some- 
 Avhat e.xtensive flat-topped hills, which, when tiscended, are found tu be 
 netirly of equal height, anil show mtich drier and more gravelly soil | 
 than elsewhere found in the region. There is usually' a close thick 
 growth of grass, and the swamps and sloughs, Avhich are numerous, 
 generally hold grasses and Carices to the e-xclusion of the rushes t'oi- 
 merly most abundiint. 
 
 Low country to Three wide valleys join the Milk Eiver from the north — the Lonoly I 
 Valley, Verdigris ( '<julde, and the Lake Pa-kow-ki Coul(5e. The twn 
 first carry very small strciims and \\:v latter is dry. In fact, ataiiis 
 
 • A very limited edition of lliis report was issuoci by ttie lliiunilary Commi.'^sion. and as i( if 
 now completely out of print, I have not hcxitiited to incoriionite buch parts of it as refer to the | 
 district hero under discussion. 
 
 nortti. 
 
ipi 
 
 DAASON.J 
 
 Mir,K KIVER AND VICINITY. 
 
 15 C 
 
 ijMiit' i>t' !i i'ow miles iiurlli of Iho Milk Itivui-, tho whole country in 
 liildW llic li'vcl of its bod. Tims, five inilos north-west of the point iit 
 wliicli it fii'st crosses the 411th |iariilU'l, the jtlain is till}- -seven fe«it 
 lower than tlu^ nearest part of (he rivtsr. Twelve miles north-west of 
 llic nuiiith of Jionely Valley, Jn-yond th»' Milk Ifiver Kiili^e, it is one 
 liuiiihcil anil seventy feet lowei- ; ei^ht ai I a half miles noith-west of 
 llic MacLeod-lienton ti'iiil-cfossini;-, nearly on tluMourse of the tiail, 
 lliiily-two feet lower. The most remai'kahle instance is found, how- 
 cvi'i', in tlie Lake IVi-kow-ki ('oulee, where the south-western arm of the 
 hike reielieK to within thret- ami a half miles of the river, lnil is eighty 
 ti'i'i lower than it. Here. l)y a small eiittini^, the river mi;,'hl Ih- tnrne(i 
 iiiliillie lake, and would then flow round liy .Many Berries (.'reek, return- 
 ing In the present valley near its intersection with the 4'.>lh paralU'l. 
 The Milk h'iver thus aetuallvoccupies the central lineof a louii' broken „ ,. 
 
 plati'iiu reuion, of which the Milk Jiiver Jiidne, the Hockv Sprinir I'lateau 'v.'V'r.''" '''^ 
 ' .-^ ' I 1 • 1 ' . 1 •-' ^U\k Kiver. 
 
 ami other elevations, constitute tlu^ hinher jtarts, and its waters at the 
 
 |Hiiiil at which it first crosses the 4!Mh parallel are at a i^ri-ater eleva- 
 
 lioii than those of any of the other laru;e streams in the district, except 
 
 wIh'm these are in the immediate vicinity of the mountains. The 
 
 irniiler part of the .Milk Hiver Kidgc, aud a consi<iei'able [torlion of 
 
 till' lioeky iSfuing Plateau exceed 4,tl(M) feet in elevation. 
 
 The country in the immediate viciiiit}- of the riv«>i-valley from the VaUey wp.-<t of 
 IKitli nieriilian to the point at which the MacJiCod-Henton trail c re jssos, Benton trail, 
 may htMh'scribed as generally atloi'ding fair to good pasturage. The 
 liiwcr tracts and valleys are invai'iably covered with good grass, wiiile 
 .-iinu' of the higher tracts are gravelly anil rather bare. The valley 
 ilsi'lf |iioliahly averages about a mile in width — though narrow 
 and aliout IWii feet ileej> for a few miles below Lonely Valley — and 
 invariably produces ver}' fine grass, of which a consiib'rable portion is 
 siitficiontly long to be cut as hay. The Milk Biver Ridge, to the north, 
 is eUewheic more fully described. Its surface though high, is well 
 grassed, and dotted with numerous sloughs and pools. It will consti- 
 tute a tine summer grazing-ground. No arboreal or shrubby vegetation 
 is met with except a few bushes in one or two deep eoultj»'s. 
 
 Fill' about seven miles east of the trail-crossing, the valley is remarka- 
 
 blv wide with low sloping baid<^s in manv places, but isenuallvdestitutc MiK-^Lcod- 
 
 ' t' . 1 ' 1 .' Benton trail to 
 
 of wooil. Thence to the mouth of Verdigris CouK'-e it seldom exceeds J,'*'"'', H""'''' 
 
 ■- toulcc. 
 
 half a mile in width, and the pasturage to the north for some distance 
 is rather short and inditi'erent. No wood occurs in the Verdigris Coulee, 
 wiiidi is a trough-like valley about three-ijuarters of a mile wide, and 
 holds several lakes in its course. From this point, for eight miles, the 
 Milk KM ver valley expaiuls, and \h about a mile wide north of the West 
 Butte. The bolioni is well grassed, and small groves of eottonwood 
 
IC 
 
 N< IHTII W KST IKU ItlTi IH V. 
 
 Dead Horse 
 • 'lUil.'T to Hii- 
 kiiw-ki riHilC'O 
 
 (Kciir in it. 8aiulst<»no8, which woathei- into inoimmonhil ami Ian. 
 laslic tonus, clstu lu'ii- fully floscriliLMl, liorder itw sides. Tlic |)iis. 
 tiii'Mi^c ill tlio plains unini'iliali'lv to llio iiortliward may be charactcrizdl 
 as fair, though occasional patclios of cad us occur. 
 
 The river next turns aliruidl^- totlie north, in a comiiarativcly narrow 
 valley, while a wide ti'ou;i^li. evidonlly that Ibrnierly occupied hy tlu' 
 stream, ami known as Dead Horse Coulee, conlinuos in the main direclinn 
 for six miles when it is rejoini'd liy the river. 'Iheiice to the IVi-kow-ki 
 Coulee the valley is at least titty and sometimes over one hundred tcci 
 deep, it continues wide, and the eili^e ot' a low dilfuse plateau niib 
 nearly parallel to it some miles to the north. Tlu^ country hetween 
 the, river and the plalcaii-edije all'oids fair to i;ood pastiirane, ami 
 pools and swani|is ari- in soiiu' places frelpn^nl. The level of ihe 
 plateau further to tlu' north sli^'htly exci'ccls ;i,(MIU teet, with an iin- 
 diilatiii:;- siirtace, and generally alfonls a j;ood close growth of liiitValu- 
 giass. It is diversitied liy numoroiis small pools and swamps, most ul 
 which liecome dry iK'hue the end of the summer. 
 Fii.iii I'll kdw- Near i'llkow Ivl Coulee the valley again holds a tew trees. 'I'lio 
 fiisiwiinl I'a kow-ki (Joulee lietwecii the river and arm of the lake is wide ami 
 
 tlat-hotloined with patches of sage hriish and some good grass. From 
 this place to the edge of the map. the .Milk Uiver valley continues wido, 
 hut is deep and foi'hi<ldiiig in aspect, with higli hare clay hanks ami a 
 few groves of trees. 'Phence to the point ;it which it tinally crosses 
 Ihe null jiarallel, it is in some places very ilecp and ditUcult of acci'.-**^ 
 hut is never without will grown cot ton wood trees. 
 
 IVi-kow kl is the largest lake i the district emhraced hy the present 
 report. Il is very irregular in shape, holds several islamis, ami is cvi 
 ilently shallow. The north-west and south-west anus are hordered liy 
 high hanks, and doiihtless represent old drainage channels, hut tliu 
 c(jM;;try mi the north-east side is low, anti as viewe<l from adisluncci pre- 
 sents wide areas of hare sand liills. The water is of a greyish milky 
 cohuir and slightly saline. 
 
 The following description ot the Three liiitles ami their vicinity is 
 again quoted from my n^port on the (ieology and licsources of the VMh 
 Parallel : — The isolated mountains calleil hy the half-hreed IiiiiiIim's 
 Muiitaijius (la Foinili'Siiitcur, are known to the trailers of the Missouri 
 region as tiio "Sweet (irass Hills.' They are roughly indicated on 
 most good maps of the west, and aro there found under the geographi- 
 cal appellation of the "Three liiittes." As indicattMl hy the latlei' 
 name there are three distinct mountain masses. A line passing I'ldm 
 the peak of the easlern through the centrul mass of the West Hiitle^ 
 would have a direction of about N 70° \V., the central Butte lyiiii; 
 between them, but some milea to liie south. The highest summits arc 
 
 Liikc 
 Pa-kow-ki- 
 
 iSwpct Orii."." 
 Hill.sor Tlirco 
 Buttci!. 
 
THE SWKKT (;|{ASS IIIM.S. 
 
 \1 C 
 
 llio-c dl' llic ciisU'i'ii ;iii(l Wfstcni Hiitk's, wliidi iirc ;iIm>iiI (wciily miles 
 jiiKii'l, iihd riso Mfiirly .'tjdlMt Hm'I silmvc I lie level of (lie |tlaiiis ;it their j.; 
 
 Icvatiiin, 
 
 Tlie heii'lil of the suinmil ol'ihe Kii.sl IJiitlc 
 
 iis iiseei'liliiiei 
 
 llieiiiii 
 
 I'liiil iiiii'oiueiei', :iii(l liikii 
 
 i!^lhe mean ol'lwu rea(liiii!;.sse|>ai'ii 
 
 ledl' 
 
 ;iImiiiI ;iii hniif, is (i.liOO lee 
 
 Tl 
 
 lai oi 
 
 I he WesI Uiille was luiiiid to 1 
 
 10 
 
 •j,7 111 H'l't ali()\ e the <le|)i)l eaiii|i al its hase, hy enmparisoii with nearly 
 siiinillaneiiiis rea<lini;s there; ami takiiin' the height of the latter 
 hicitlilv at .'!.7."i7 feet, Ihi' hei<;hl ..I'lhe West Ihitte almve the sea would 
 
 lie ll. h:. I'eel. 
 Tlir cenlral iiiassivs ni the I'liitl 
 
 ll'C (•( 
 
 inijiosed of eruptive trappean ■'['"'"'"i'''"' ''i' 
 
 link, and aronnd llieiii the previonsly horizontal heds of the plains have 
 lioeii tilled up. those immediately surronndini^ the iijneoiis masses restin<^ 
 :it very liiuh ani;ies. The West Ihitte is the most important, an 
 toiiiis i|iiile a liltle mountain reuion. Iiavini;' numerous peaks and ridges 
 with rnimd or lilunted tops, and deep, almosi precipitous, valleys, 
 
 d 
 
 no 
 
 k> 
 
 Kiisl Untie is next in iniporlanee, and ('on^ists of four main pea 
 ;uliUl^•ell nearly as Mleani^■les of a sipiaro. 'I'he north-weslern of these 
 is the must jiromiient ami conical; the south-westi'ru is round topped 
 
 ;uiil connected with the iiorlh-wesi 
 
 tern l>\' a rid 
 
 nd not far helow it 
 
 III lU'll'lll 
 
 The noi'th-caslcrn and sonth-westci-n summits are neai 
 
 ly 
 
 i|iial in elevation, hut consiilcrahly less than the others. ^Phe central 
 
 |Biittc was not a>ccnded, hut aiijicars to ho notahly smaller than 
 
 lilic iiilit I's. ll has, however, .an exceedingly symmetrical conical form, 
 
 ;b vii'wcd from almost cvi-ry ilirection, and its slopes must form an 
 
 anii'lc of nearly l."i' wilh (Ih> hori/.oii. f.ike the ivist and West Huttes 
 
 lit is sin rounded hy gras.sy foot hills, which are es[)ccially |)romineiit on 
 
 [its nor 
 
 I hern 
 
 The height and mass of i in' IJiilles is sullicient to cause the formatif)n 
 |:iii<l arrest of (doiids in their immediate vicinity, wiiere the rainfall is in 
 
 iiisci|iiciice miudi more copious. These mountains and the broken 
 L'nmiid around them f(jrm ii favourite haunt of the hutfalo [in 1874] 
 
 here thev tind ahundance of fooil and water. The sprinji's arisinti: „. 
 
 • " ^ .>trtMiii.< Mil 
 
 liiiin Mime parts of (he Hiittes are very copious, and form streams, '""'*'"■• 
 jwiiirli. on leaving the shelter >!' the wooded valleys and issuing on the 
 |ihiiii> arc rapidly ahsoi'hed hy the dry soil and iitmos|)here, at least in 
 Ihi' siuiinier season. One of these was observed to he a rapidly floM'- 
 liiL' hronk dui'ing the night and morning hours, luit in the afternoon 
 I'lrainc (|iiite dry. The limhcr of the Muttes is chietly pine; 
 kaich of it has heen burned, but it shows a lendeiicy to renew itself. 
 iio trees are not of great size and generally in somewhat inaccossiblo 
 kiirls of the mountains, but cannot he considei'cd unimportant in a 
 l"iiiitry so tretdess. A few of (he i)lants l(nin<l at elevations above 
 
18 «• 
 
 N<»llTir-WKsr TRHRITOHV. 
 
 A neutral 
 tcrritciry. 
 
 w \i 
 
 (!,0<MI t'oct ill I lie Ivocky MiMinfiiiiis ap|ioai- aho on IIm^ siiinitiits ol' the 
 Hultos. 
 
 Tilt' tolluwiiii;- |iaiay;iii|ili, I li<)Uy;li written in IH"! ami iTl\'i'iiiiy; in 
 ('i)nililions olilainiiiL' at thai tiinr, may also still liavc hoiiu! iiitiM.'si — 
 
 'riif cMiintiy siirionnilint^ llio Miillcs is said to liav*- lu't'ii I'oi- a Inn.; 
 liiii«> a nciilral <;'i°iiiiiiil IkM ween various I riiics of Indians. That it Il:|^ 
 Itccn so is I'vidi'iircd li_\- tlic almost compU'tc ahsi'iicc of Imtlalo Imhicn in 
 tlic iici^lilioiirliood, ami tlio raiH' ocfiiri'cnce of tlu' cii-cK's of 8i(iiii> 
 markinijj ram|iin_i; places. Tlio iTi;ioii is at. pirseiit a dchatahlc ifniini,! 
 Iictwet'ii tlu' Ulackfci't, iV'iifaiis, and Hloods )f tlio wvM ; tin- SimiN 
 and As>inilioim's of llu' i-ast, and the Crows and otiu'r Irihcs ol' tin 
 Upper Missouri, it is not passed tliron^h save \<y war parties si roii;; 
 in niiinliers and travidlin;^ rapiilly. 'I'en miles norlh of the .MiiMI' 
 Butte the hodies of ov«'r twenty Crow imlians weii' found, iiiilmiio'l. 
 t)n the sieiie of a coiiHiel. 
 
 I'lains uktwkkn Milk Kivkii .\ni» I'ikm.v IiIvkh. 
 
 iievoml the riii'iiuiof plateau and hi«;h plain which horders Milk 
 cloviiiion intlic Kiver valley on the north, the whole siirliieo ol the country slopi' 
 gradually northward toward the Helly Kiver, till, lictween Coal li;iiik> 
 and the Chin the elevation is ahoiit ."{.(MM) feet, and helwi'en Suvim 
 IVisuiis IJivcr and the South Saskatchewan ahoiit 2,r>IM) feet only. \i 
 must not be supposed, however, that the surface is ipiite uniliiiiii 
 Pinfonii? nml Bosides (ho valleys ol" some important coulees, several low iiliilcinh 
 lallytraots. uppear, of wliicii the (5hin, and that midway i)etween Seven IVr-oib 
 Kiver and (he Saskatchewan arc most important. The Bull's Ihul 
 ctmstifutes the most prominent portion of a still more elevated pliiiiMJ 
 lit (he extreme east of (he map known as the I'eace Buttes. Ten iiiiii 
 south-east of Coal Banks a limiled tract, characterised hy iriT<j;nlar iiiwl 
 hills, is ero,ssed on the MacLeod- Benton trail. The region south nl'iliol 
 Belly, between l)rift-wo(Kl JJciid and its mouth, is i-ollinijor riitlierliilly.l 
 Avilli intervening!; pools and lakes. Some small sand-hillsalsooccuriiniiiel 
 diately soiilb of the eonllueiice of (he Bow and Belly. South of ili 
 crossing of Seven l'(!rsoiis Kiver hy (he Cypress (rail, is aiiiillRTl 
 broken hilly tract, apparently composed of drift materials, and stivwiil 
 with numerous boulders. To the south of this is a valley Ihrco inik> 
 wide, not resembling tiiat of a river or related to thai of an}' cxisliiij 
 stream. The Ixittoin slopes gently southward, but (he main cdiiisiHtl 
 the valley is nearly cast and west. TMiis is again bordered to titfl 
 south by a well marked hilly ridge, which separates it from the Labi 
 riirkow-ki valley, an<l is also about three miles wide. 
 
 ivcciil origin tha 
 laKci', it iiniuedi; 
 wan ln'lvcr'. The 
 ii;iii, llicrc(iir(>, <• 
 ^ aii'l iiiiportanl. 
 ■"^"iilli of (ho C 
 Mill-' ill a nearly 
 i»il<'^. and may 
 valley also hoh 
 I'liilaiiis ;i sma 
 Lake Pa-l:ow-ki. 
 I''il'lfcii-niile Biil(( 
 M.ilian's C()iil('ci 
 jl'v the cxploratioi 
 
 f'lii' 11 Ill of whic 
 
 l'ii"<|'iiplioii of Mil 
 
 j''iail(''c ,.;,s( of the 
 
 {•^ivi'ii miles in Ici,, 
 
 jivsoiiiMcsdioso al 
 
 I'V tlic present eor 
 
 jinln il l()()s(> (hoinf. 
 
 jmiiiK'iil tluod-chan 
 
 lis almost absoliitcl 
 
 |i'>' iiioiitli on (Ii(, jv 
 
 An a grazing coi 
 
 '"' 1^0 ily may bo d 
 
D««<nN 
 
 1 
 
 PLAINS NORTH OP MIliK lUVEIl. 
 
 10 
 
 Tin' ( liiii f'oiili'o is the most ivmirkiihlo of llii^ vallovs tnivorsinif (.iiin Ccml(!o. 
 this |iarl of the |»liiiii, iind from tlu'Cliin lo its junction witli IV-ii^iin 
 ('lick ill lln' castciti crossing of (lie Oypivss liail, has a K'li^^lh of iioarly 
 scvciilv mill's. It is a tn>iii:;h like valley from hall a mile to a mile in 
 wjillii, .Hill ilepi'essoil from !")(( (o 2r»(( feet liolow the prairie level. A 
 iiiiiiilier of small lakes liiMii the valley and are eonnected liy a little 
 
 tlowin^- \va 
 
 lei" at seasons of flood, Imt diiriii!'' the siimmei- some of them 
 
 (ji'v ii|tcnni|ilotely. Moulders are (|uit(i aimndant in some |ilaees, liiivinif 
 Im'oii I'l'iueni rali'd hy the removal of tin- liner jtortion of the ili'ift 
 (Ifiiosils, and the iinderlyinj^Crctacooiis ro(d<sare e.xpnsed in a niimlier 
 in its hanks. On the iiouth sid*" a little seruh occurs, ami in 
 
 III jilaees 
 
 ihc liottoins occasional ihickeis of sa|^e hrush. The Koi'ty-miUi (Jouli^e 
 uiiiili joins it fi-om Ihe northwest is similar in character, hut !■ iiii this 
 I (lie upper part of the Chin Coulee ap|>ear to die out entirely hefoi-e 
 
 iim 
 
 ri'iU'hi 
 
 wiX the hank of the Hellv Hive 
 
 The I'cin'an Creek ahove alluded lo, is really the upper part of Ihe Pfk'inM'n'i.k. 
 Seven Persons I{iver. Us valley is nacrow and evidently of more 
 rnt'iil orin'in than the Chin (Joulee, and when the si ream reaches the 
 liiller, it iniinediateiy adopts it, and flows in H to the South SasUiilche- 
 wiin Kiver. The valley of the Seven IVrsoiis J{iver, north of Ihe Cypi-ess 
 null, tliercfore, constitutes Ihe continuation of Chin Coulee, and is wide 
 anil iniporlaid. it holds, at least in its upper part, a few small trees. 
 
 Situtli of the Chin Coulee is a second ami very similar valley, which 
 
 nuis in 
 
 a nearly piiiallel direction at a distance of from six to elevi-n 
 
 Klzi-knm 
 
 ('01ll(5«. 
 
 Tl 
 
 us 
 
 miles, aixl may he denoted hy its IJlaekfoot name Ktzid<oiu. 
 valley also holds several small lakes, and at its eastern end 
 loiitains a small stream which flows into tlie north-west arm of 
 Lake Pfi-kow-kl. TMio coulee orifj;inatcs in Ihe reu;ioii east of the 
 Kirii'tii mile Hut(«^on theMacLeod-lienlon ti'ail. Ivipp's, .Middle, and Kd. 
 .Mahan's ('ou lees— crossed south of this point by the same trail — wore, 
 !iy Ihe exploration of 1S8;5, found to be branches of Verdifjjris Coulde, 
 I till' iiiiiiith of which has already been referred to in connection with tlut 
 
 script ion of Milk River. There are in all seven lakes in Yerd ii'risX"'"''''"'''' 
 
 . CouKio. 
 
 I'imh'.c east of the MacLeod- Ben ton trail. Of these the largest is about 
 
 seven niilos in leiijuth. This coulee in its steep banks and flat boft;om 
 Iri'soniMes those above described, and like them cannot be accounted for 
 
 liy the |ircsent conditions. Not only <lo the small streams now (lowing 
 liiilo ii loose themselves in its lakes so completely that not even a per- 
 
 iiaiii'iit tlood-channci connects the lakes in its upper part, but i(s bed 
 [isahiiost, alisolutely flat from the trail-crossing of i(s upper branches to 
 |ils inoiith on flic Milk Kiver. 
 
 As a grazing country, the region of plains between Milk Itiver imdo racing [and. 
 Itlu' Belly may be described generally as of fair quality. It varies from 
 
L'O c 
 
 NoKTII-WKsr TKIIItlTOIIV. 
 
 Cairn." 
 
 iiidiUVrciit, to fair ami .h'ixhI, and may Ik- classiMl aw vi-ry j^ood in a ilw 
 liinilcd Irat'tH. Tlii' Ih'mI ami most «'xlcii-ivi' areas of ufaz-iiiu; laml sin 
 Ibiiiid ill liic vicinity nf the Macljcnd I'u'iiloii li'aii and wcslwaiil, in- 
 (•ludiiiii; llu" MilU Ikivcr IJidn'c ici^ioii ; licluccii Clifiry (^oiilrc ami ih, 
 S«'Vfii I't'isoiis K'ivcr iinilli of lilt' ('ypi't'ss trail ; sdiilliof llm (\|iiv«< 
 Trail near till' llllli ini'i'idiaii ; and west nl' liakc I'a-Uow Ui, in tin 
 aii^'lo liotwft'ii it ami Ihr .Milk IJivcr. 
 
 'I'lu- cairn on I lie .soiitli side of I In- Sa>kalclM'wan imar llic conlliii'in, 
 of (lie How and Hclly is iciiiardtMl wi li ininli veneration liy llie lnili;iii>. 
 who rail it () ina\ ukoloU. ImiI I have heen iinaKTe to discover any rejiMin 
 alilc ox|ilanalion of its origin or meaning;, ll is a pile of roiiirh iiiniMn, j 
 ahoiii six feel in liei;iht, with a lueadlh of hase ofahoiil tifleen Hcl, ;iii>| 
 ooeupies a eoinmandiii!^ --il nation on I he hrow of the hill overlooldni,' llu 
 rivor. A tew other small cairns occur in lhi> district, Iml are iirohalijv 
 only landmarks. Ten miles .-oiith of the ('y|iri'ss trail on the lllili 
 mei'idian, and in a few other plaet's, soim- old >tone |iile>, now iiciirlvl 
 imheilded in the sod, appear to cover shallow ^ravt-s. In the l']t/i kura 
 Coulee, a cou|ile of miles from Lake I'a-kow-ki, a, cairn, ap()areiitly ni 
 pretty ivcoiit date, pi'ohahly marks the scdik! oI a tii;ht, as some roiyk 
 low breanlworks of houhlers were also nolice(| there. 
 
 St. MaryRivor. 
 
 Ctiaracferof 
 the valley. 
 
 TiiK St. M.Miv. Ui'i'KH |{km-v. .\ni> \V.\rKitTo\ liiVKUs .vnd fill \riit| 
 
 l\ TllKlll VirlNITV. 
 
 The valley of tlio St. Mary K'iver may lu' charaeleii/.ed i;(>neriill\ a- 
 narrow, and the river is extrt'inely tortuous hoth in its main diiodiMiil 
 and on a smaller scale within the limits of the valley. Its leny;tli liMiii| 
 the tUtli parallel to its nioiilh, measured in live mile slieUdies, is nlmik 
 tifty-seven miles. It rises in a luri;i' lake in the mountains south ol'lli. 
 4ntii parallel, and for some distanci' alter crossing;' the line continiu- 
 elear and hlue. It is extremely rapid, fallinj;' ahoul l,l()tl feet trnnil 
 u point Hvc miles north of ihe 41Uli parallel to its mouth, or at a latt ii 
 twenty-one feef to the mile — its course hein^^ attain measin'cd in tivt 
 miles stretches without ivi^ard to its minor tK'xures. It was not uitiiiiii!| 
 much trouhle aiul some damper that we descended it in a small caiivtol 
 boat in the summer of 1881, and at the low water stage it would l»,| 
 nearly if not (luite impossihle to do so. 
 
 For the first ten miles helow the point ahov*' indicated, it may 
 discribed as almost a continuous rapid, and is tilled with innuiiu'niliitl 
 
 flat islands, some of which are lightly w led. Five miles noriJ! 
 
 the 41Mh paralbd, a lari^e cultivable tlat occurs on the east k\ 
 and for Jil)out twelve miles, or to the month ot" Lee's Creek, 
 valley is moderately wide, attaining in some places a width olil 
 
ST. MAIIV ANU ll'I'KR IIKr.r.V lUVKUS. 
 
 21 c 
 
 III! 
 
 |(.. Kmm till' Hat iili()\(i allmli'il to, liciwi'ViT, to its nmiitli, it 
 
 caiiiiii 
 
 I U 
 
 liil to lioM :iMV liiiid 
 
 !i ciillivalilf cliunictn', 
 
 T 
 
 wo 
 
 nil 
 
 ;in' 
 
 Ics liclow Lt'i''s (Vci'k till' scjiltci-cil ti't'fs coiiit' to an fiid. Tlioiv 
 fen- iiioi-c ill siicltci'eil situations in tliii (ioosflu'iTV Canon Imt 
 xcciition it is Irccli'ss to iinar llic crnssiiiir of tlio MacLood 
 
 Willi ilii-< <• 
 
 liiiiil, Ai II poinl liviMiiiU's lu'low I jcc's Ci'i'i'In, tiio river turns aliruptly 
 
 iiitlic iioilli, a 111 I t'oralioiit tivc mi ics flows tliroiitjii a canon with scarpi'il 
 
 llaiik^ iit'ail\' font iniioiis. This has hccn caHi'il thf (ioosidu-rry Canon, 
 
 ;iiiil II Ijill a lew ffi'l in hfiulit occurs near its lower t'liil. Hclow tlic I'all, 
 
 miIIp' wc^I hank, a rciiiarl<ahlc horse >,hoc shapc.l valley, Ibrmeriy occii- 
 
 ic river, occurs ; Imt the narrow . icUy tonunc which soparateil 
 
 ides ni'tlic licnd haviiiLC since hccii cut thioni^li. it is now dry. 
 
 j|j|ni \>y 1 1 
 
 lllll' IWO S 
 
 The |irc-.cnl aspect ol'lhe St. Mary River valley is such as to indicate 
 1 1 hill il liiis an an'c less than that of most others in tiie distri<"t, iiiid Uiin"'' valli-y 
 irriiliirc is itarticiilarly markud when it is com|iiired with the paralhd 
 
 tioiij^diof the Upper Uclly IJiver. 
 Till' |iiisiiiray;" on the prairies and rollinif hills — constilutin<f thoedifo 
 
 lot' tlic fool hill liidt alioiit the upper part of its course, may ho tdassod 
 
 RiM'cnt origin 
 
 Pusturaite. 
 
 ib viiv tino, and to the (ioostdierry Oaiion as 
 
 Tl 
 
 leiice a drier 
 
 Irmi 
 
 iiliy is entered, hut the ijrass on the siirroiindiiii;' prairies to tl 
 
 10 
 
 (iliLT Uelly 
 
 |iiiiiiilli of the river, is <feiierally ,t;"o()d, and always fair. 
 
 '^llllll^•|l the St. .Mary liiver carries much more water than either the i 
 
 jr|i|»'i r.elly or Wiilerton, tlie valley of the ll|i|»er Helly is laru;er and 
 
 liiiiiii' iaipoi'taiit than that (il'eitiior of the othors. Kroni the vicinity of 
 
 lllicHMli parallel nortliwarti to the .MacLeod trail-crossin<jf, it |)rol>ahly 
 
 pvoriiijcs a little less than a mile in width, and is seldom less than half a 
 
 bnilc. It is generally moreoi' less wooded, and presents numerous hottoms 
 
 tiiblc for farmiiii^. some of which near tlnM-ontluenceof tiie Watorton 
 
 mill crossiiiii' of the trail are already occupiiMJ. Helow the trail-crossini;, 
 
 jtothe mouth, it avera.ijes ahoiit a mile and a half in width, and tiie banks 
 
 lilt' -icldnin scarped. Tlii^ Uii|>er Btdly rises in lakes in the mountains 
 
 ■iiiilli of the lOtli jiarallel, wdiich it crosses at an (devalion of ahoiit 
 
 ■T-S li'ct. ami tails ahout 1,S(I0 i'^'oi in its course of si.\ly-tive miles 
 
 liueiisiircd as hefure in five mile leng'ths) to its mouth. Xear the 
 
 Wiirhi'od Irail-crossinn- the valley is depressed ahout one hundred feet 
 
 lii'low llic level of tiie [U'airit-. 
 
 The Walerltui River, from its s(Uirce in the lake of fhesaine name (o 
 
 , -111- i> 11 • . •! • 1 Waterton 
 
 |l- loiitliu'iice with the I pper l<elly, is lorty miles in len,<fth, and has Kiver 
 
 iliscciit in that distanceof nearly 1,001) feet, it Hows nearly jtaraliel 
 
 • llic Uppfir iJelly, and a narrow holt of foot-hill and prairie country is 
 
 |iii-liiilcil lietween the two streams. 
 Watoilon Lake (or Cliief Mountain Lake, sometimes also ernmioiisly Waterton 
 
 pllod Kootanie Lake) is nine aii<l a half miles in total lenifth. The " " 
 
•>•> 
 
 NitHTll-WKST rKKKITitltY. 
 
 WaliTliin 
 RiviT viillt'y. 
 
 Niiiiip of till' 
 rivor 
 
 Coimtrv in lli 
 vicinity iif 
 llie.jf rivers 
 
 lu'tifiiiL,' of lln' iip|)L'r |H)i(iiiii, soveii mih'H Ion;;, \h iiciirly iiorlli aril 
 siiiiUi. It lies lictwocii i^i'iiiiii iiiid iiii^t^t'il iiKMiiitiiiiis, aiiil (-iinslitiilc. 
 witlioiil (loiilit lliu intHl |)icluro.Hi|iio locality in tlio wliolo dislrii'l. Tlu. 
 lowur (tiu't of tin' liiki>, two uikI it liiilf miles lon^, Im neiirly sc|ijiriUid 
 IVdiii tlio lii>*t, liy II constrifliMii toriiu'il \>y n rocky Hpiir Irttni iIk ^m 
 hide, mill tiii'iiH iiliiiiplly to the etiHt,, A sliort slrcuni conucci-i lliiswitli 
 u Hocoml lake, wliich lies ontiroly in tlif3 loot liilU, \h llii'cc milis in 
 Icni^tli. anil i^ivos issue to llio VVatcHou Jlivcr. 
 
 Tlic valley ol IIk^ fivei- :ivcr:if,'eH tilioiit hall' a mile in widlh, ami 
 contains moi'c of less timlicf aloiiy; iietifly its whole length. .Scar|Hi| 
 Itiinks ai'e of I'l'enuont occiii'ieiice, Iml they are gencfiilly low, lliuiii.'li 
 clitl's all /lit one hiimlceil led in hei<;ht dcciirs at one jioint six iiiili'< 
 lielowtlie mouth of the [Jrvwood Kork. The valley, however, niVch 
 little land suited for cultivation. Thrct> Iriliutaries jnin the river iVom 
 the west. The tirsl, ji lar^e liro(»k, two miles helow the lake, and luitliiT 
 down the North Fork tnid Drywood Koik. The latter is the most ion- 
 Mideralilo, and the lower ptirt of its valley is netirly iis lar^e tis that ui 
 the Walertoii. 
 
 The Watcrton River litis a|ipeiireil under this name on the map for 
 about twenty-Hveyciii's, liiit of late some confusion has arisen, owiiiL,'!" 
 the circiimstiihce that settlers recently entering the coiinlry liavc 
 renamed it the Ivootanic, and Ihiit this name has even iippejircd on 
 some maps. Th' " is nothing to he said in favour of this change, ami 
 the fact llitil tinoth i- and much liirger river on tlu' west side of the iaiii:i' 
 has long hci'ii known l>y the Ititter name, renders its inlrodiictioii lioiv 
 p:irliciilarl_> inconvenient and mish-ading. Nothing luit complete ii^inH 
 rancc of the earlier geographii'iil work in the <listrict, can «'Xcii>i' lln 
 perpetutition of this name as applied to the stream and l.-ikc imtv 
 desi-riliod. 
 
 T'he general ehariicter of the eounlry iihout tiio Upper Belly 
 aiiil Waterton Rivers reiiiiires hut a few words of description. .\ 
 great ])art of it helongs to the foot-hill licit ali'eady charticterized. aii'l 
 yields everywhere miigniliccnl liiMicli-grass pasturage. Netir the con 
 lliKMicc of the two rivers thegra.ss is somewhat shorter, hut still von 
 godil. lUlow this point, on lioth sides ol' the Up]jer Belly, thc^niv 
 niiiy lie d esc ri I led tis generally tiiir to good, though considerahle trad< 
 which must he classed tis inditl'erent, also occur. The Belly Bultc. willi 
 its scarped tind furrowed western front, is a prominent olijcct neiirtk 
 confluence of the two sti-etims. The Little Rocky Ritlgc, ii few mili'j 
 south of the mouth of the Drywood, between the two river*, 
 is another ratiier noticeable landmark. South of this the most niarkeJ 
 feature in the foot-hill.s — partieulai'Iy to the east of the Upper Belly 
 and near the head of Lee's Creek — is the remarkable parallelism of the 
 
««i 
 
 »it,D MAN BIVKR. 
 
 23 (! 
 
 siinl'ii'iif I'iil^^t's, wliifli ofii'ii niii Cor iniU'H, Hcarroly varying more 
 tliiiii :i ilfi,'rt'0 oi- IW(» ill llit-ii- gfiicrul iliit'tlioii. Ni-ar tin- ii|i|Kir 
 iiiiil nl'llii' rivrr, (lien' iii»' also kouh' arcai i'inii|ili'lfly dollyd wild 
 iiliuost iiiniiiiiorul>lc small IuUoh aixl itools. 
 
 I'inclior Creek. 
 
 TiiK Om> Man and Hki.i.y TJiveiis. 
 
 'I'll.' (Hi! Mail aii<l Holly Rivers, willi the ii|t|KM' jiarl oC tlic South |iu,„ftrl,ni,le 
 Sii'«kiii( lu'waii. nr('n|iy Uio cfiilrt! of a wiiic ilt'|ir<'>si'i| aiva, wliicli runs''"''"""""" 
 !i('ni>> lilt' iiiliif ilisU'icI willi a toiiisc a ('fU ilt'i;ri'('s iiorlli ofoast. 
 Tlii^ iiii|Mii-laiil Icaliiif oi'i<;'iiialfs al llic iiioiiiilaiiis picriscly o|)|iosito 
 llic niiiarkalilf i;'a|> in llit> I'alii'o/.o/ic roiUs ol' llic iiiiicr i-aiigi's, and 
 liiilli , '!!'<' iloiilitU-ss dm- lo sniiic i;riit-i'al slriictnral rirritiiistant'i! nol yul 
 clciiily asct'rtaiiiril. 
 
 Till' -tii'anis wiii(di iiniti- wost of Iho ct'iilial axis o|' ihc i*orcin>ino_, ., . . ^ 
 IlilU, Ik lonii IIh' Old Man, oriniiiatc in llio moiinlains ; soino ol ihcni •"'' MunHlvor. 
 till' liMi'k in till* range, ami most of then), in eoninion with tlio other 
 ^tl'^■!llll- of the district, llovv nearly at right angles across the foot-hill 
 licit. The more ini|)ortant of tht>se Mireams are as follows, in order 
 fidiii smith to north:— l'inelier(VeeU, MillC'roek, S(»uth KorU, Middle 
 I'nik nr < 'row Nest Hiver and North Fork. IMneher Creek issues from 
 tlic li;i-e ol" llie mountains as a rapid stream twenty live feel wide, 
 wliirji is not siilijeet to heavy tloods as it does not rise lar haek in tlio 
 raiii;i'. It flows north-eastward live miles, |»as3ing between the ends of 
 two iciiiarkahle, high, wooded ridges, and then nearly north for about 
 ten miles, before resuming its eastward direction. At the crossing of 
 the load near the I'olice Farm, it is a stream sixty feet wide and 
 1,'eiuially ia|)id and shallow. Mill Creek Hows nortiiward, and I'i^*'!^ Mill Creek, 
 tiir hack in the mountains south of the gap in the Paheozozie, 
 iK't'.Mv referred to. For live mile>. from the jtoint at which it heaves 
 ihf I'liiii'ozozic rocks, the country about it is very rough and wooded. 
 Til llic l(>r three and a half miles, to its mouth, it is bordered by 
 wide terraee-flatrt and more gentle slopes eovei'cd with tine grass, 
 wiiiili rise at u short distance to wooded hills. It is a larger and 
 iiinir rapid stream than Iho last. The South Fork of the Did Man South Fork. 
 issiK's through tljo above-mentioned gap in the Paliuozozic mountains, 
 :m(l ill its main direction flows nearly eastwai-d, receiving Mill ('reek 
 iiiiii lliiMi uniting with I'inclior ('reek, it is much larger than either 
 iit'lhe.si'. 'i^he Middle Fork, about eiiual in size to the last described, 
 may ho said to rise in tiie Crow Nest Lake, in th«! jiass of tlio same 
 niimc, with an elevation of 4,42(i feet; und where it crosses the eaHtern 
 huseorthe old rocks it has an elevation of 4,170 feet. It also flows 
 ueuii^- due east, in a wide valley, at first bordered by high wooded 
 
 MkUUe Fork. 
 
•21 c 
 
 NdKTll-WKST Ti;itR[T(ll{V, 
 
 loDt-liills, liiit Iiclorc joiniii!:; Ilic XiU'ili Knrk pusses into n p 
 
 mini' 
 
 North Vork 
 
 cm 
 
 iiilrv. 'riic Norlli l''<>rk. H'll li\ miiiicioiis slrcMiiis wliicli I 
 
 1 have ilicir 
 
 sources in llie iiiiiiii walerslu 
 
 i|, is>lle 
 
 iia 
 
 nun I lie iiKiiiiilaiMs tlin>iii;li a 
 rrow goi'ge at a lieiu'lil nf J.ll!7 led, ami is innri! iiiiportaiil tluin 
 any 1)1' llie utlier li'iliularies ol llie Old Man. For lliirteeii mile-, it 
 Hows soiilli-easlwai'd, crossiiia,' the lool liill ridu'es, wliicli are here v('i.\ 
 (listinel and |irnniinent, soniew hat ohliijiicly, ;ind t'alliu:;' in tlic ahdvc 
 distance ahout ii'iO leet. its main valle\ thi'niin|| (lie Hiot-hills is •■vidr, 
 
 hut til 
 
 e stream it>e 
 
 ' is almost ex'erv where I 
 
 lorderei 
 
 i hv ! 
 
 o\v roei<\ ih 
 
 11^ 
 
 all'ordinii' a line section. l''rom the direction indicated, it turns a hi 
 
 iipliy 
 
 soulliwaid. and flows in a wide well i;ras>eil and pai'lly wooded viill 
 parallel to the h;isc of the l'oi(ii|pinc Jlills. ihirli'cn miles lurlli 
 
 CV. 
 
 cr. ii 
 
 its.n 
 
 inctioii with the Middle h'ork 
 
 ('(iiiMiiy iiiiMMi 'rill' part ol'tlic lliot-liill hell Ihroiinh w hicji the upper hranclios of lli, 
 
 linmclu's III 
 
 oiil .Mini Hiver. Old Man llow, is I'oi' some miles aloii;;- the hase oriin- mountains pi 
 lcns(dy w led. with only occasional prairie valleys, and the hiyi 
 
 clIV 
 
 ridiies continue to hear a lew t riH-s Ihroiiiilioul 
 
 \\ 
 
 lerexcr it is oi 
 
 liowe\ er.it iiresents a maiiiiilicent i;'i'owlli olliiineh o-rass and constiliit 
 
 I'S 
 
 a ri 
 am 
 
 markahly tine >;ra/,in,y rci^ioii. In the \ alleys o^,^ome of the streams 
 1 in tiieir \icinity. iIkmc are considerahle tracts ol' land wiiicli 
 ma_\' he cultivated, ihoiiiih iioex.act estimate of I he ex teni of these can In 
 )i,iven, owiiiii' to the iinceriainty siill cxistiiii;- as to the heiirht in ditlcr 
 cut localities at which fro>tN hecome loo sexcre. 'I'he most iin|iort; 
 
 nil 
 
 lee anil (imcrii 
 
 of .hese is, howe\i'r, doiihlless ihal on whi<'ii llie I'ol 
 meni Indian farms are situated. This is a tract ahoiil three niih 
 wi<lth, which run-' south eastward from rinclicr ('reel 
 Walerton lii\er, and i^ haseil on Ihe oiilcrop ol' a series of 
 
 < towani till' 
 
 ■iol'l riick^. 
 
 The valley just referred lo, with ihal in which ll 
 
 iwH'r part of dii' 
 
 .M.i 
 
 n|,i .M.iM lfiv(i-\()r(h |M)rk of the Old Man Mow s, limits the rorciiiiine Jlills to tlir 
 
 west III liirt ' ' 
 
 '' west. To the eastward, the Old Man Kiver, occiijiyiiii;- the eeiitiv 
 
 of a depressed area nearly ten miles wide, Mows throui;'li tlii'M' 
 hills to |''ort .Maci/cod. The hills to ihi' imrlli are here woinleii 
 at the summit, hut the soiitliern di lached portion hears no trees. The 
 
 hailKs o 
 
 f the ri\cr are frinii'ed with liniher, an 
 
 Pine line hot toiii> ncci 
 
 Hi 
 
 i'ea(d!iiiij,' l''orl .MacLeod the hiimdi i;ra^s has enlireU- iriveii 
 
 Kriiin lAiit .M 
 
 place to Ihe shorter hiitl'alo -^'rass. 
 
 l-'rom l''orl MacLeod lo the confluence of the I'ppcr llelly, at wliirli 
 LiMMl\':l"i'wiii'il. point the r.elly L'iver proper may lie said to henin, and thence to C(i:il 
 Hanks, the course of the river is circiiiioiis. The hard sandslnncs ol 
 the St. Mary itiver suhdivision, ami the shales of the I'iorre, apjieiirti' 
 have olVercd two lines t f coiisiilerahle resistance lo the stream, the lii'si 
 of which has hecn overcome hy a no-thern, the second hy a souIIrmii 
 flexure. The distijincc hy the river from Fnvi .MacLeod to Coal Ea lib. 
 
I 
 
 me;i>iii'oil in twr 
 
 lieiiii:;!.(l!l(!:in(l : 
 
 n mill'. The I'h 
 
 Iioiililcrs ill niiin; 
 
 in curly siiiiimer 
 
 I'l'ci in li('ii;-iil, Jin 
 
 (•litt'-iil<c ii( lh(^ 
 
 ]i;irliciil;iriy iicai 
 
 Mini llic fi\'('r is I 
 
 this |)iirt ((fits (•( 
 
 till' L^rtMt lii'nd I 
 
 iiiirrow. will) low 
 
 the SI. .Mary, tlio 
 
 l;iiii| liii-ms. iind ji 
 
 iicciir. ^^ll■( Ki] 
 
 ilcsiroyctl, was 
 
 I'lil'l \VI,Mn|)-lij)j 
 
 Mary. 
 
 Al Cnal Banivs 
 
 feef wiilc. l'"roni 
 
 Biu' Island Mend. 
 
 i*(.'ar|jL'd liaiiks (x 
 
 hiijli. Thv valk 
 
 ill avfrao-o widtji 
 
 lo sjilc and still c 
 
 I'y tho enlist ant 
 
 Ihils arc iicncrallv 
 
 ill Wliicli the clidk 
 
 Itotliims arc a<lapt( 
 
 On liirniiiii,' cast 
 
 iiii'l is still nearly 
 
 "loiiiii.i;' and y;i'assy 
 
 ftiw. {•Vnm its (ir 
 
 of the Litti(> l!()\v, 
 
 'liyrr ill this direct 
 
 l«iilvs. Al I, the 
 
 >"iiic tinilpcr and pi 
 I'Voiii the Little 
 iKi trecis or sliriilis, 
 '"'lloiu of the valie 
 ■""I I In' I'aiiks are 
 '"^iglil. They are ( 
 I sections of the I'uck 
 
BELLY RtVfift. 
 
 25 C 
 
 iii(;i>meil ill two mile leiii^tlis, is thirty-six miles, the rehativc elovutions 
 
 liuiiinil.OlH) mill 2,7:i2 feel respectivi-ly, giving u lull of aliout ten feel toF,iii,,f ti,o 
 
 ji mil''. I'lii^' river is eonseqiiently rapid, iiiiil hciiig enciimhered witli"*" 
 
 liiiMlilcrs in many phices is only navigable for hoats (luring high water 
 
 ill cariv summer. Tiie banks vary from til'ty to nuv liumlred and Hfty yanks uml 
 
 f.ri ill height, and are often well grassed, though generally searpcd j„i,l '"'''""i-'"'»'«- 
 
 cJiiriiNe at th(^ eonvex bends. Some line botloms (or farming oeciir, 
 
 iiiiiliciilariy near the mouths of tjie ll))pei' Belly and SI. Afary Uiters, 
 
 iind ilic livi'r is more or less fringed with li'ecs and bushes Ihi'oiiginml 
 
 tlii> |iail nfits course. Tiie reaeh of the valley whieh turns south from 
 
 Ihc i;ival lii'nd north-easi of MaeLeod. is for some miles eontimioiisly 
 
 iKinow. with low roeky banks and clin's and no bollomdands. Mdow 
 
 till' St. .Mary, the south bank is high and weathered into rugged bad. 
 
 land liiiins. and jiisl, above (Joal Banks sevi'ral large wooded islands 
 
 iicnir. Fori Ki]i|i, one of the old trading posts, but now entirely 
 
 ilislros id, was siliialed al the eontliieiice of the Upper JJidly. 
 
 Kml \\ l,'iop-u|i, slill in good jireservation. is al Ihe inoulii ol tlu' St. 
 
 Mary. 
 
 .\t Coal Banks l'err\', the high watiu' tdiannel of Ihe rivei" is -l.'!7('iiiill!iink.-'tii 
 leit wide. l''roin this ))oinl il runs norlhward foi' lwel\e miles lo *" 
 liii;' l-land Bend. The prairie level is ;!(I0 feel ab. Ihi' river, and 
 M:ir|ied iianks oeeiir, with tine sections, uecasiona. n\ er 2tM) feet 
 hiiili. The valley is of the usual trough like lorm, aliout a mile 
 iii avei'.'ige width in Ihe botloiii, with the river meandering from side 
 III side and still evidenlly actively engaged in widi'iiing the trough 
 liy the conslani wa^-te of the (dirts al its convex bends. The 
 llal> are geiK'i'ally eovi'red wilh line eollonwood and luxuriant foliage 
 ill wliicli Ihe (dioke-cdierry bushes are |iromiiienl, and several ol the 
 liiiltiiins are adapted to agriculture. 
 
 Dii liirning eastward Ihe valley becomes somewhat more eontined, RitrTslnnil to 
 ;ui(l i> still nearly as deep as before, but wilh Ihe banks more gently 
 dii|iiiig and gi-assy. and fewer good seel ions, to Ihe moiilh of Ihi^ Lillle 
 Ijii'v. l''roni ils lirsl bend below Big Island to wilhin a mile and a half 
 ol tlie jjiltie liow, there are no trees. 'JMie coiinlry evidenlly becomes 
 liryiM' in this direction, and the low eaclus abounds on southward-facing 
 liiiiiks. About the mouth of the Little Bow are wide bottoms wilh 
 Niiiii' liiiilier and probably a liioiisand acres of ce ivable land. 
 
 Imoiii the liillle i)ow to llii' inoulhofthe l?elly, there are |i'"'elieally j.^,,,,, j j,i,g 
 iMi trci^s or shrubs, with the exception of those on a few islands. The 
 I'lilldiii of the valley averages scarcely more than half a mile in width 
 iiiid IIk^ banks are from one hundred to one hundred and tifly feet in 
 iiuiglil. They ar<^ often for considtiraiile dislances grass-grown, and the 
 jwliiiiis of the rocks are not nearly so good as before. Wolf Island, nine 
 
 tiiiw eastward. 
 
2G c 
 
 NOKTII-WKST TEimiTitKY. 
 
 Fall .if the 
 river 
 
 milt's aliovi' tluMnoutli ol' llii> livcr, is tlio liir^t'sl in this part (if its 
 C'Oiirso, bciiiii; Iiaifii mill' ioiii;*. It sii|i|t(>i'ta soiiio collonwooils on it> 
 lowor ciui. 
 
 A mile and a half from the mouth of the river is a flat with a t^novu 
 of Cottonwood and (hicUots of hirij;o Artemisia Imslies. Opjjositi- llii> 
 point tiie fiver is 720 I'eet wide, with a velocity of liG miles jjer liimr. 
 Iiein^ here rather less swift than in most jtlaces on its h)wcr course. 
 
 The heii^ht at the confluence of the liellv and Bow is 2,212 feet, j,n\ in^' 
 a dillcrence IVoni Coal Maidcs oi' 520 feet. The distance, mea-^uiol 
 in two mile stretches, is seventy-six miles, and the averaijfe slope i> 
 at the rate of (J-8 feet in a mile, though i'onsiderahly moi'e in tin' 
 upper ))art and less in the lower. In the autumn the volume of the river 
 is much decreased, and it would not he «'iisy to descend some paiN 
 of it in a large Hat-hottomed hoat. Duiing high-waier, in the earlv 
 summer, it would prohaMy he po.ssilie to make ti few trips with a siniili 
 stern-wheel steamer, as far up as ( 'oal IJanks, hut it cannot he counleil 
 on as a means of carrying eastward any large ([uantity ol coal from liie 
 tine seams in that vicinity. 
 
 In 1.S81 no sign of hahitation existed helow Mr. Sheran's house iil 
 Coal Manks, and in descending the river we saw hut a single Intlian. 
 Sm'River. 'J'''^' '«'"'"' '" ^'"^ conHucme of tlic iUdly and l?ow supjx.rts a e\v 
 Cottonwood trees, hut from this point to the eilge of the map, wu(llJi^ 
 extremely scarce along its course. Between the confluence and Clieriv 
 Coulee, high, scarpetl. desolate hanks occui' on both sides of the Smitli 
 Saskatdiewan, and the general level of the prairie is nearly 25(1 tout 
 above the i-ivei' at the latter point. At the same place the width of the 
 stream was found to be 1,013 feet, and the current three miles an hour 
 onl3^ This river is generally tranfjuil to Medicine Hat at the eastern 
 border of the aci-ompaiiying map, but the valley is narrow, and in 
 places almost canon like with banks 250 to 300 feet high. 
 
 Weftern 
 portion 
 
 General 
 character 
 
 Plains between the Belly and Bow RrvEKs. 
 
 ]}ounded by the Belly and Jiow liivers to the south and iiortli, 
 and between the edge of the Porcupine Hills to the west, the Snake 
 Valley and lower ]):irt of the Little Bow to the east, is a region alumi 
 forty miles in width by sixty-five in length, which is drained by Wil 
 low (!reek, the upper |iart of the Little How and a few small strcani- 
 running into the Bow. The tributaries joining these streams in tlii> 
 region are, however, small and few, and it is evidently one of compaiM- 
 tively limited rainfall and from which the surplus moisture is for tlio 
 most part removed by evaporation. Its western [tortion, lying aluiii; 
 the base of the Porcu]>ine Hills, is a lightly undulating or almost level 
 
DA«»oN ] WlM.tiW AND MOSQUITO CREEKS — UIOIIWOOD RIVER 27 C 
 
 ijlaiii witli an uverajfo hivadtli of ovi-r iwoiity-tivo milus, mul a mean 
 elevation of about !{,;{(tO feet. Its eastern ])art is niucli more bi-oivon in 
 cliiiractcr and laiifely coinposeil ol' platoaus, wliich include the Black 
 SjiiiiiL!; Ritlge, tiie Thigii Hills and Hutl'ali) Hills, of wliich the summits 
 rise from 300 to ovei- 500 feet above the plain. The trail from MacLeod 
 In Oalicary, north of the r)0th parallel closely follows the western edge 
 (jf the level country. 
 
 One branch of Willow Creek rises in the mountains in latitude 50° 7', ^"'"*' ^"''^ 
 uliilt: the Iwo other main branches derive their wati-i- from the Porcn- 
 piiio Hills and foot-hills behind thcni. it is, excejit at seasons of flood, 
 ;iii iusiMiiiticant stream, and in the lowoi- part of its course is extremely 
 tiiitiiiMis with small sharp bends, and not much dcpi'cssed below the 
 level 111' the praii'ie. Trees occur alonuj the borders of its tributaries 
 iiciir and in the i'orciipine Mills, but arc very scarce on the lower jiart 
 III' its eoin'se. 
 
 .Miis(|uito Creek, wlien; it crosses the (!algary trail, is a small, rather f?^°^|^"'" 
 sliiHi^ish stream, full of water-weeds, and flows in a wide shallow valley 
 slmwinj,' no rock. It is joined near the trail by Spring ('reek, a 
 !-iiialler stream also derived from the edges ol' the I'orcupine Ifills- 
 
 The Little Bow does not cross the Calgary trail, but rises in springs a Tj>ttl«Bow. 
 >li(iit distance to the east of it, and ([uite close to the bank of the High- 
 wood llivcr, with no intervening high land. The vallc}' of the Little 
 Bfiw, even above the continence of Muscpiito Creek, is about a mile wide 
 and one hundred feet deep, while the stream, where rapid, is ten to 
 fifteen feet wide only, but frequently forms long sluggish pools of 
 j,'ifater width. At its mouth, Musiiuito ('reek is considerably larger 
 lliaii the Little How, but Hows in a valley coni]»aralively small. Thence 
 lo the Uelly iiiver, the Little How continues to occupy a large flat- 
 liottomed valley of similar character, and pursues a very tortuous 
 course in it. There is no wood whatever in the Little How Valley. 
 
 The Iliii'liwood or High Eiver, rising from several branches in the Higliwood 
 
 • 1 I 1 I ,< 1 ■ .1 River. 
 
 moiiiitanis, carries a consideraole volume of water and is a rapid stream 
 
 with stony bed. "Where it crosses the Calgary trail it is nearly one 
 
 iiiiinlred and fifty feet wide, and the level of the country is but little 
 
 laisfil above it for a considerable distance on each side, but particularly 
 
 tolhf north. Its tributary Sheep ('reek,isa smaller stream, similar in siicoiiC'reelc. 
 
 oii^iii and character, but it.s valley where crossed by the trail is nai-row. 
 
 The lliiihwood is thickly wooded eastward to the (rail-crossing, and 
 
 Sheep Creek for some distance further east. Some groves again occur 
 
 near the mouth of the llighwood on the Bow. 
 
 It appears very probable that the waters of the llighwood have at a 
 t'orniei' period followed the Little Bow Valley to the Belly. 
 
 While the greater part of the tract above defined, between the Porcii- 
 
js 
 
 NORTH -WKST TKIllUTnHV. 
 
 (Jniziiit; iiiiiils pines, (lio Siiiik'O Vullcv iiiid Iciw'cr |iiii'( ol' lli(^ Lildo Mow, licloiii's 
 sli'ielly to (lie ImtViilo-sfi'ass coiiiilry, il^ wt'sU'rii hordtM' Mends with ihc 
 liiiiu'li-n'i'iissdislricl, and Iliisi-hiii-Hclei' even extends over !i portion ()lit> 
 noi'lli-westiTii coi'Mcr. Tlu' paslui';ii;i' may lie clwiiwterized asgoiu'rallv 
 ^ood, and tlKHiu'li in sunie |ilaccs indillerent. it can seldom Ix^ ela-<st>(| 
 as pool-, while extensive areas are veiy ;j;ood. The country is mIni 
 pretty well snp|ilieil with water, in jiools ami swamps, many of wliicli 
 la^t Ihron^honl the sunmu'r. it may therei'oro i>e deserihed as an 
 excelienl jTi'a/.inn' region, and will donhtless het'ore loni;' he I'nlly nlili/.i'd 
 in this way. The i;fass i>n the plateausol" its eastern part, is ^'eneralh 
 H'ood, thoiiii,'h aeenrdini;' to Mr. .1. < ". Nelson's desei'i|ition, (he Tliinji 
 Hills iiieliide a eonsideralile area of land with dry, hard ehiv hills 
 
 aiK 
 
 1 inditl'erent irvi 
 
 IJonlders are vei'v ahiniilunt in ;i few loealitii 
 
 Oiiltivalilo 
 
 wluM'e the siirtiiee has Keen eonsjdi'rahly h>wered hy denudation, parti 
 eularly near tlu^ valleys of streams. 
 
 The western, or more level portion of the tract now under desei'lplioii. 
 
 dill 
 
 ers ecins 
 
 SI 
 
 ideralily in the eharaeter of it> soil from any otlier area nl 
 milar extent ineliided in the present report, heing veiy freipientlv 
 
 covered with several inches, ami occasionally hy a eonsiderahlf 
 deptli of dark mould or sandy loam, which overlies the pale j^rey 
 or yellowish loamy or clayey soil luoi'e usually found. On accnuiil 
 of its comparatively low elevation and not exceedini;ly di'V cliniatc, 
 lialile that a consideralile .ai-i-a ahuiii' the eastern Itaso of tiic 
 
 II IS |)ro 
 
 MUi-dial Hill 
 
 Porcupines nui}' eventuiilly he cultivated, in tiie vicinity of Willow 
 Creek', north of Fort .MacLeod, the prairie avera<i;es about 200 feet 
 ahove the water of the Old ^[an liiver, and much of it possesses a h'doiI 
 auil. Several farms are already estai)lished along the llinhwood IJiver, 
 an<l there is every prospect of this sottloiuent growing to eoiisiderahlc 
 jiro portions. 
 
 \ point of note to the Indians in this regiiui, is that called Sun-dial 
 Hill hv Ml". N(dson. There is lier(! a cairn with eoncentiMc circles of 
 
 ■itoni 
 
 ml railia 
 
 ting 1 
 
 mes. 
 
 I 
 I have n 
 
 Ml it, and Ihei-eforo eamidl 
 
 descrilie it in detail. It is named ()/i«/,v«/.<(/,~/, and regar<led with niiirli 
 
 reverence 
 
 Sniiko Viilk' 
 
 Roiiky Diitti 
 
 Tin' Snake X'alle}' appears, like that of liio ijittie liow, to liave carrieil 
 at some former period a consideralde volume of wati'r, luit now contains 
 marshes and shallow lakes only, most of which (\vy up in tin* autiniiii. 
 it is throughout helow (he .■ilHIO-liiot contour, ami its l)anks sliow occa- 
 sioiuil low exposures of (he days and sandstom^s of the Lariimie. .\n 
 extensive tract of rolling hills and plateaus lying cast of it, is known 
 as (he liocky Buttes, and many ]taf(s of it atl'ord very fair pastu'-aifo, 
 though l)oulders and smaller stones are scattered (biekiy over sonic 
 portions. 'iMu' elevation isoflen considerably ovei- ;{, 000 fee(, i)Ut lias 
 
 nei iieen aceii 
 
 wlii'li abuts o 
 
 i Tlie siiuliier 
 
 il Mild llie lii)\\ 
 
 cli.naclei', wit 
 
 siiidy soil. 'I' 
 
 liiriii .if a geni 
 
 a Idiii;- light si, 
 
 all. Ill I J, SIM) li 
 
 I. idle l!.)w. 
 
 I!iw and l!ell\- 
 
 llie dcjire-^eij .'i 
 
 -Hewn, 'j'lie , 
 
 111' (dassed as fa 
 
 III llie siimnn'r, 
 
 is el (uniparati 
 
 Tlu' iiiiw is II 
 I ludieve be na\' 
 ('nissiiio', tliDiig 
 n'lrlli li.uik will 
 li'in. 'I'll,' How 
 Hide ;")!" |t»'. ;,ii 
 ill !i general sou 
 llie eastward an 
 aii:;'les issues tb 
 ■III elevalinn of. 
 >nili (dear, Idiie 
 li'''l cliaraeler n 
 ill llie district b, 
 I I'll'' glaeiei's of; 
 
 ^^■■ilcrs, and 1 1 
 
 alieiil llie liighei 
 ill'seiil to ihe r 
 livers. Ihe iiow 
 "illi siisjiended 
 ''••inks, wlii(di are 
 iiii'l ill se.asoiis of 
 ''i'"iii llie mounl.'i 
 I'or Ihree mile 
 'iii'l lliosandston 
 
p»*SON.] 
 
 TIIK now HIV Kit. 
 
 20 (' 
 
 mil ln'cii lU'ciiratfly iisccrhiiiu'il. A ii(»rllicrii oiillyt'i- of tliis iilud'iiii, 
 whi'li iiliiits (HI \]\v l{()\v Iii\ or. is kiKtwii, as .liimitiiii;- liiill'ain Hill. 
 
 Till' smitlu'i'ri iKtrlioii oi" llic Irarl wi-st (iI'IIh' liiltli- Uow ai'il Ih-Iwitii \,h,i,, i„.(wicii 
 il aiiJ llic liiiw, is a level or lin-|illy iiiiiliilaliiiL;- plain ol' a cry arid "'"•"" '' ■* 
 clianittcr. will) a m'lii'ral clcvalioii cp|' jiImhiI 2.(111(1 Icel. and clavty oi' 
 Miirlv soil. 'riit< soiilln'i'M i>ortioii of iIh' K'ocUy iiiilles cxti'iids in (,lio 
 lorin ol'a Li-cnlly swclliiiy,' i'ise even lo tlif iJi'lly IJivcr. Il rises willi 
 a liiii!;' Iii;'lil >lo|ii' iVoin (lie Drillwouil iJend ol' (lie Helix to a liei;.;lil ol 
 aliipiil 'J.Sdd (eel. and llien Tails rapiilly weslward lo i lie valley ol' llir 
 l.jiiic I'.KW. A wide slialiow valley lains norlli an<l soiilli lielwei'n llie 
 !!pu and iJelly lliirleeii inile> east ci|' I lieir eondneni'e, and like imos( n\' 
 ihc i|i|ire-^ed areas I'viilenlly e;ni-ed liy denuilalion. is llii(kl\ iioulder- 
 -newn. 'The i;i-ass on (hese plains is '^eiierallN vei'y short, and must 
 lu' I'lassed as lair to pour, and in places \'ery pour, in (lielalter part 
 1)1 llu' siiniiner. water i> extremely st'aree ami as a ,!j,ra/,in,i;' rei^ion this 
 is e( (umjiariitively small value. 
 
 Thk Bow RiVKii. 
 
 The liow is the most important river ol'the eiitiriMlistriet. an<i min'ht 
 I lielieve lie navigatod l>y ii^'lit stern wheel steamers to (lie HhH-l<t'oo( 
 (Vessin^-. (honii,h (he vieini(y ol' liie Canadian i'aeide liailway lo i(s 
 iioiili liaid\ will prevent its I'xtensive iisi- as a eliaiud of eommiiiiiea 
 linn, 'riie How rises in the heartol'Jhe Ifoeky Mountains, ahoiitr la(i-'l!i)w. 
 nulc ft I" |(l'. and Hows helween hi;;'li l*ala'o/.oie rani;es Cor many miles 
 in a general south-eastward direction, al'(er whiidi il (urns aliriiptly to 
 till' I'.'islward and cultiiii;' .across the last ol' these ran;;'es nearly at rinlit 
 an;;ics issues (liroui;'li the 'dap "on I he r(\i;'ion ol' llii\i;'i'eat ])lains, with 
 aiM'Irvalion oC 4,i(l(M'eet. It isalrcadyat this point a nohle stream, 
 with clear, hliie and sparklim;- water and a rajiiil current. The unsul *ii','';'i'|,|"T'" "' 
 I it'll cliar.aeler of this ;inil the other streams llnwiiii;' from (he nioiiidains "''"^ "'" 
 ill Ihe district here deserilied, would alone he evidt'iiceof the ahsenee (if 
 line glaciers of any si/.e in (hose parts ol'the laiiiic sii|iplyin:;' their 
 w.itcrs, and lhou<;'li numerous snow-tields ofvaryiui;' (limcuisionsa|)pear 
 ;iliiiiil the hi^^'her peaks, true i;'laciers seem to he almost, or altogother 
 ;ihs('nl to the east of (he wa(er.she(l. In common wi(h (ho o(hor 
 livers, iIh' liow after h>avinn" the mountains soon hecomes (diari;-ed 
 willi sns|ien(le(l matter, l>y the wear of (he soft forinadons formiiti;' i(s 
 I'Miiks, which are cons(an(l}' heiiii;' iiroUii;h( under i(s acdon hy slides 
 ;iMi| in seasons of hiy;h Hood (he river liecomes muddy neariu- (o its exi( 
 lidin the moiintaiiiH (han a( low wa(er. 
 
 I''()r three miles from (he (Jap (he hanks of (ho l>ow aro (piKo low Tlio diip to 
 !iM(l (iio sandstone and siialc roeUs, hero lilliny a hay in (ho cdgo of tho ' 
 
:$(» 
 
 NORTn-WKST TKRRtTiUlY. 
 
 Piilii'ozoic, lio iit voiy m()<loi':iti!!iiii^los. If m;iy In- t'ordtMl hoiva) sovnui 
 placi's, at !ii\v water. At (liis ]Miiiit, the Kaiiaiiaskis or Swift Kivir 
 also t'l'iirn lli > iiKiiiiitaiiis, Joins it tVorn (lie soiitli, aii<l tlie r<)('l<>; asMiin>' 
 tlio flexed and ilistiirbed aspect eliaraeteiistie of the foot-hill rei,qoii. 
 Imnie(lial<'ly helow the month of the KananasUis, the How i\ 
 
 Itiiw V'.ilU'.v 
 till' KiiDt-liil 
 
 Mnrlcy to 
 Oalgaiy. 
 
 fini' fall of whieh the vertical portio 
 
 IS 
 
 aliont twenty live t 
 
 height. 
 
 constitntinu; the hesl and nio>t availahle water 
 
 |)OWt' 
 
 t'cl ill 
 
 in iIm' 
 
 entire district. The tiill occurs over lianl sandstone hods, which ilipui. 
 sti'catn. and the river inmiediately hclow is hordercMl hv high, ncaih 
 
 iieriieni 
 
 licul 
 
 ir liaid 
 
 of darU Cretaceous shales. Thence to jMorlcv- 
 
 flourishing little settlenn-nt originati'd as a Weslevan mission — llic 
 river is e.xtrenudy rapid and rocky, and Hows jictwcen high haiikv 
 which ot'len liecomo almost vertical. 
 
 The valley of which this part of the Mow occupiivs the a.\is. b 
 wid<'r and more important than (hat ol any other stream travc 
 
 r>iii;; 
 
 th 
 
 and lielwi-en the river and hases of (he hi! 
 
 Ill 
 
 are wide stretcluN of terrace or lu-nch land, through which porii 
 of moraine i-idges, evidt'ntly formed in eoimection with a pre 
 
 Olh 
 
 V 11 lib 
 
 ai'ir 
 
 e glacier from the moiuitaius, occasionally |iroject. The soil oftlii'M' 
 terraces is iintortunately often sandy or gravelly, and tho rogiini i^ 
 ralhei' lialile to summer- frosts from its height and proximity to tin 
 
 civ 
 
 iiii; 
 
 mountains. 'I'iie lioi'dering hills are high and hroail, with comparaliv 
 narrow intervening valleys, and do not precisi'ly resemhle the l( 
 parallel ridges elsowhei'o more usual along the ha.se of the mounliiiii>. 
 These on the south side arc |)re((y densely woodeil, and most of tlir 
 country for some distance (o the south of them partakes of the sum' 
 character. On the north, the hills are nun h less uniformly wikmIciI 
 aiul si'parated hy wiiler valleys, ami in (he aggregate (hei'e is a liiv!;i' 
 area of tine grazing land. 
 
 In I8SI 1 descended (he l5ow IJiver (rom .Morley to its montli in 
 a canvas lioat foi- (he purpose of carefully exuinining (he rock scclimb 
 in i(s banks. The description of its geological features is elsewlioro 
 
 iven in detail, ami in (his portion 
 
 .f (hi 
 
 report it is jn'oposeil (o i;iv 
 
 merely some geiuM'al no(es on (he (diaraider of (lie rivr, its vtdley :iii'l 
 tho coiintrv borderiuij it. 
 
 Kigh( miles lielow Morley, (he Ghost or Deadnian River joii 
 
 IS 
 
 liow. This is usua 
 
 iiy 
 
 a small stream, hut near the mountains has ;i 
 
 gravelly l>ed about a (pnirter of a mile wide, and evidently carries ;i 
 great <iuantity of watei- a( some seasons. Xear its mouth is sKuatcd tiio 
 worst rapid which occurs on the Bow between NForley and Calgary. Six 
 miles lower, a bi-ook known as Coal Creek flows in, also from ilio 
 north, and at (liis point tlie foot-hills may be saiil to come to an 
 end, and are replaced by high, nearly level plutoiius of irieguhir 
 
a: 
 
 a 
 
 X 
 
...] 
 
 oiilli'iit', wliidi r 
 ol' ilii' l'i)rcii|iit 
 siilci'iililc size, w 
 mill's Im'Iow Oc 
 i:iliMl;iri('s nt' ii 
 Tliniiii;'||()iit I 
 the i!mIs luw IVo 
 i^liin.U. Tlio lioi 
 ImimcIi n'l'iiss. 
 
 Tlic Inliil (list; 
 ill IVVo ||li|(> stiH't 
 
 luciily live loci 
 
 mile. 
 
 Till' silii,'iiii)ii ( 
 I'olii'i' 111 soino (1 
 lliiikly coviM'i'd \ 
 liver is t'riiii^oil \ 
 hill"! llii' UiM'ky 
 lirri" ri'ficlu's tilt 
 -oiilii I'm' sDini' il 
 llu' I'lMii liills, — \\ 
 valli'v is wide, 
 willioiil Ilii' hiiSj 
 simo |i;ii't of ilH 
 moi'o HI- loss doi 
 LCI'OWlil nf liiiiicl 
 iipjioiii'iiiico. A ( 
 ■'"kI rioalcil (lowi 
 li'vii mil (liiwn I 
 t'K'VMliori of till. 
 
 Si'|pin'.'ili>i| (i'oiii 
 "I' lii.u'li liiiiii, am 
 (';iigai'y, is aiiolii 
 iiiiiii'alo (oi'inci- v 
 
 Knr li)iii'(o(Mi an 
 >^oiilli on (Iio H4t 
 III its I'DtiHiu'iu'o 
 
 "Ml' lllllllil'cd f'l'Cl. 
 
 >|'iiipoil.ofU'ii boii 
 liii'uc. lull arc si» 
 goiii'rally, is very 
 TIk' s,M'allod r 
 mouth of the E •' 
 
0«**nN.] 
 
 TIIK now ItlVF.H. 
 
 31 C 
 
 CiilKiiry. 
 
 oiiilliic, which muHl Im ro/^'jinled lis formiiij^ the iioi-ihuni ('((ntirjimtioii 
 
 III' ihc l'c>r('ii|>itH' Hill ri'/^'inii. The .Iiimpiiij^ I'ihiikI, a stream nf am- 
 
 sjilcralilt' size, whicli rises in tiic fi>nt-hills to the smitli, thnvs in tlii'co 
 
 miles iielow Coti\ Oreek. ThiHiee Ik ('iil^tiiy I lie liver iceeivos no 
 
 triliiilarics ol' ini|»(irlMMeo. 
 
 Tliiiiiiinhoiit tliisjiai'l of its euui'se, the lianl<> ot'llie rivec ami some ol' 
 
 the llals are rrei|iienliy well woodeij, ami IIkm'*- are al>o many wooileil 
 
 i>laiiiU. Tho Itonlcrint!; [daleaiis are everywhere eovereil with luxuriant 
 
 liiiiieli-i:;rass. 
 
 Tlie total ilislaiiee hv the river from the (iap to CalKarv — ineasin'e(| ., 
 
 ' . . . , ., , •-> " |.„ll ,,| 
 
 in I wo mile st retches —is lil'ly-j'oiir miles, ami the rale of fall, doiliietin^ ''iver 
 
 luciity live feet for tln> walerCall ahove ileserihed, is fifteen foet t(» tho 
 
 mill'. 
 
 Tlie situation of Cali'arv is reinarkaldv heaiitifiil. The iilaleaiis hero 
 I'l'iii'i' to some distaiK'e from the river, which is hordercil \>y wide flats 
 ihii lily covorod with hmu'h-jjfniss, and well udaptod to a,ifri('iilturt\ Tho 
 liver is frini;;od with troos, and from the hi<^her points in tho noii^hhor- 
 hiiod tin' UoeUy Mountains ar<' slill visihle. The Klhow Kiver, which Kiimw River 
 Iniv ii'aches the liow, lias f|owi'(l jiarallol with it a few miles lo the 
 Miiitli fill' some distiiiu'e. It also risos in tho nioiintiiiiis, hut on leavini;' 
 tho foot hills, — whi(h on ils upper course, aro wooded and roiiyh — itK 
 valley is wido, with loii^' Iii;-ht slopes on oither side, and almost 
 willioiit the hi_L^!i scarped hanks wdiieh charaelerizo tho How in tho 
 simc part of its course. Tho hills to tho south of tho Elhow iiiv all 
 moro or loss densely wooded, ".at tho slopes to the north hoar u tine '^"'"'''"■• 
 ;;nnvlli of hunch-ifrass, and the whole valley is very attractive in 
 ;i|i|ioaraiice. A coiisiderahlo (piantity of timlier has already heeii cut 
 .'iml tloM'ed down tho Klhow to ("ali;ary, ami small rafts have also 
 liicii run down the Bow Uiver from the vicinity of Morley. 'Vhe 
 lii'vation of tlu' IJow at ('ali^ary is 3, ;{(!<! feel. 
 
 Separated from the lower roatdi of tho Klhow hya very narrow strip 
 III' lii.uh land, and parallel t() its course and that of the Bow helow 
 • 'iilnaiy. is another of the remarkahlo old lroiii;h-like valleys whiidi 
 iiiclicate former river action. 
 
 I'"iir fourteen and a half miles helow Califarv. the How flows ncarlv due 
 -oiiili on the 1 lltli meridian, after which it turns eastward eight miles iiil,»t'ii'\)f* 
 III its coiifliieneo with tho lEighwood. The hanks are generally ahont "'«''»^'""'- 
 mil' hundred feet in height along the river, and though sometimes 
 M'aiped, often hoar gro\t'sof' cottonwood. TMie hotloms afc not usually 
 laiue. hut aro siunetimes well ada[)tcd to farming, and the country 
 j,'oii('ially, is very well grassed. 
 
 The so-called Pino Oaiion e.xteiiils for ahoiit nine miles helow the pj^^ (^j^^p^ 
 iiiouth of the L' 'wood. The immediato banks of the river ure hero 
 
 !>ry viilloy. 
 
:{2 c 
 
 NdltTll WKST TKIlllimilV. 
 
 iiliiiosi L'IMM'ci't ill licii,'lil. Tlu'V iirc sleep iiiiil uciiuiiill y s(!ii'|«v|, Imi 
 llic liiilldws well wdddcil willi !i iniNliirc nl' >|inn(' iiinl ln'njiil Icm 
 (rci's. Tliis is till' tiirlln'sl ciislwMni uiriici'it'iicc ori'iniifcr'niis In 
 
 rs i,|| 
 
 I'llK' t'lllhlll 
 llllickln.,! 
 
 ('i'ii,«>iim 
 
 Villi nt'lho 
 
 river 
 Ka|>i(l»- 
 
 TilMckfoot 
 Cl'ii^.-^illK. 
 
 , llic llciW. I'Vniii (lii-> |iiiilll llli' Silllcy ilU'ilill Wiilt'lis, ;mil llli' li|||lk> ;u'i 
 
 sc;ir|ifii Hilly Ml (lie cniivcN liciuls iij' ||ir ri\t'i'. 'I'liry iire ill lir-l iiiii.li 
 iiiurr, (ijlcii \'v'H\\ lil'ly 1(1 Nisly Ict'l ii\\\y. lull on iiiiiM'iiMrliiiiu' llif lil;ii k 
 I'lKil ( 'i()>siiii;-, oc;|,lii;i|| V lisc iiiiil ;ill;iiii i\ liri^lil ul li'iiiii one Iiiiiii1iim||i 
 
 liiindreil mid liliy jei'i, 'I'he ^rejiier jiiifl oi'lliis -Ireleli ol' i 
 
 n IT I- 
 
 inoileiiiiely direci in ils eoiiise, l>iil liel'oi'e leneliin^' llie ( Vo^iiii,' ii 
 niiikes sexiTiil ;;re;il liends :ind :i ;;'re;il nilinliei' ol' minor llexiire.-. Tin 
 slreiiiii is ollen wide ;iiid >li:iilo\v willi iiinnnieriilile sloii^li> :iiii| elmn 
 iiels, :iiid ill Iwo |p;iil> of ils eoiii-e Iwelve iind I wo mik's i'es|(CM'livcly 
 .•iliovellie( 'nosiiiL;' -liirnisii eoni|plele |iU'\iis orisl;iiids imd slioals. 'I'Ium' 
 ii|)|ieiii' lo li:i\«' lieeii jirodiieed liy I he aelioii of I lie river on ureal l:iii<l 
 slides lioiii its liaiiks, Tliis |>arl of (hr \ailey may I'e de-<erilii'd as Uill 
 sii|i|ilie(| \\ it li liiiilier on llalsand islamls lliroiiu'iioiil, and t here are sonir 
 liiii' eultivahle hottoiiis, Tlie width of the valley is irregular, hut |iiii 
 liahly aveiau'es lhreo(|iiailers of a mile l.elwi'on the aliriipl slopes. Tin 
 country aliove is well eoviTi^d with line luillalo-iirass, hiil evidi'iin 
 of iiu'i'easiim' dryness of elimale is found on a|i|iroaehiiiu' llu' Crossing;, 
 The soil also heeomes sandy in many places near I he ( 'rossiiiu', and ana- 
 of Hand hills oeeiir on the plains in the vieinily of Ihe river n 
 
 ear thai 
 
 niaee. 
 
 The elevation of Ihe how at I he IllaeUfoot ("rossiny- is a|»proNiiiialt'ly 
 2.57') i\'{'\. as eompared with ;>,."I(!(! feel ul (,"ali;'ary. Tiii^ dislaine Ky 
 Ihe river eii^hty miles, and the resiilliiii!; liill II'TU feel lo tho mile. Tlio 
 worst rapids occur in a reach of a. few miles in len,!;'th helow the nmiitli 
 of Fish OreeU, and are holh roiiyh and stroiii;'. The swiffiicss ol' tlu' 
 eiirreiil, lot;ether with the niiineroiis shallow hars and lioiilders, remlcr 
 this |iarl of the river iiiisiiited for steamhoal naviii,aliini. 
 
 .\lioiil the Iilacktool (Vossinu' are wide llats partly wooded aii'l 
 adapted lo ai;rieiiltiire. This point has, howevor, attained ils im|iiiii 
 aiiee as heiiii;' from lime immemorial ii plaei' of i-esm't to Ihe Indians, 
 partly. iii> doiihl, on aecoiinl of the c.sislenei^ here of a u'ood ford, 
 oiii r,irtiiKMi On Ihe north hank of the river near Ihe ('rossiiii;', are the remaiiisul' 
 
 a forlilied eaiup. which is atlrihiited to the Indians, ami doiihlK'sj 
 eorreelly .so, Iml, does not hear marks of any ^'ivat anli(piity. it i> ii 
 shallow trench ol' semicircular outline, foui- hundred feef in gre.iu-i 
 diameter, with \i-i\ well-detiiied hollows alohi;- ils inner mari^in, uliiiii 
 liave havn shelter |>ils. The iinforlilieil side is formed hy Hie descciiil- 
 inu; slope of the eil-^o of a low terrace, and IIk^ included area is naturally 
 broken. 
 
 From tho Ci'o.s8ing to Horse-whoo Bend, the valley averages about 
 
 lliiee ijiiarlei 
 Well Irin^'erj 1 
 
 (i'l'i in lieiirhi 
 of l"iiilder-ela 
 
 <lll llic south 
 
 lidiii a reniole 
 
 Islands eon 
 
 ll'iis,. >hoc Me 
 
 — Miiall and I 
 
 liiiii'Iri'd and li 
 
 Mialcly correct 
 
 lajiiillv deseeiK 
 
 ai'lii;illy siirrou 
 
 li'n|Ueiiey. 
 
 .\t IlorseNhi 
 iiilK I'Voiu 1 1 
 'li'' v.alley avei'i 
 
 IVnIil |||(. riv,.|. , 
 
 "II" liiindreij am 
 die hanks are n'l 
 |"iM'(l of dark ( 
 '■"Viiini^ofdrift 
 "iMild yield hut 
 III alidund on sto 
 I'lli'ly treeless ai 
 <M"is,sy fslanil- 
 P'lNilioii of the ,,| 
 '"■••Illy miles ih,. 
 iiwirtlie river pr( 
 lines ant rcaidi .-ii 
 '■|'"i' il. Thciv a 
 ill iii"M places alii 
 luislics ;inywhere 
 "lial heller grow 
 •\' llic point no 
 '■"'••^ lliroiiii'li a h 
 llieoiriirrencooft 
 "'"' "II tlio .soulli s 
 ''" I'olllil ry |-is(.s ( 
 I'Pll miles hrlow I 
 '"""''I'cd an<l fifty 
 I'lif'ltaiik-sare.selih 
 ''ei'o again appeal- 
 
IIIK IIUW III V Ell. 
 
 33 r 
 
 tliii'c (|iiiiilfrs nl'ii mill- ill widlli oC luiltitni. ami ciniliiiiu's .iit'iicrally jn,,,,],)-,,,,, 
 
 urll liiiin't'il with w I. Tlic Imiiks hit fvi'iywIuTc over oiic liiiiKlrcd ||'i',',''."!'l,'ii,','o 
 
 I'lri ill lit'ifilil and Irciiiioiilly show liijL?li scarpN, wliidi hit iiiiiitipall.v ""'"' 
 
 III' luiiildt'i'-»'la\'. T\V(i iiii|inrliiiil iilniiidiUK'd cliaiiiicls arc oliscrvfd. nnc 
 
 MM ilic sniilli side, a tow iiiiirs licduw llir CroM.siiii;. I'vidcidly datiii;.; 
 
 Iioiii M I't'inolc |H>riiid. 
 
 Uhiiids I'uMliiMic mimci'Hiis In (he point now rcaclu'd. Imt licyond l"'*"''"' 
 
 lldi'x' >iio(' llciui art' M'Idoin iiid witli. 'I'ln' total iiiiimIxm- of isiandn 
 
 — >iiiiill and lari;(' — noted tioni Morlcy to ilorsc-shoc McihI is two 
 
 Imiiilii'd and lliifly lis c. This cminnM'ation is of course only approxi- 
 
 malclv eorrccl, owiny,' to the ditliciilly in some ea>es of deeitlin^, while 
 
 iii|iiillv deseeiidiiii;' the stream, which portions of the low y-nmnd arc 
 
 iiciiijilly surrounded hy water, hut may serve to ;;ivc .some idea of their 
 
 licniicncv. 
 
 • ■ ■ ■> ■ I I I I I I I I I ii'ii'.'«'-*ii"'' 
 
 .\l llorsc-shoe lieiiil, arc sonic rather reinarlial)le hare liand-laiiil liniiitd (iriisey 
 
 iiiijs. i'Vom this point todrassy Island the width of tht; hottoin of 
 
 llifViilley averages ahout half a mile, and I hi' haiiUs risini!,' immediately 
 
 riiijii the rivei' or at a little distance hack from it, .are n'cncraily aiioiit 
 
 line iiiindred and fifty feet hiyh. There are Imt four small islands, and 
 
 llic li;uil\s are n'crn'raliy harren and desolate in .■ippearance. lioini;- eoiir 
 
 |ii)mmI of ilark Cretaceous elay-shah's of the IMi-rrc ,i,n'oiip, with little 
 
 invtiiiiii' of drift niaterial. The pluiny alxivc hear short liiitl'alo-^rassand 
 
 wmild yiclil hut iiiditl'crent pasture, and the low-u;rowing cactus hej^ins 
 
 loiiluiund on stony and sandy tracts. This part of liio viilley is ahso- 
 
 liilfly treeless and the whole rcyioii is evidently very arid. 
 
 (ri;is-y Island — one mile in lenuth — is noluhle only as mai-king *'it'Qi.y^g^''x"iand 
 [iii>ili()ii of the outcrop of an im]iortanl coal seam. Thence for ahoul 
 tucnly miles the valley is of a markedly ditVerent chiirctcr. The hanks 
 iR'iirtlic river prohaMy av*'rai:;e fifty fi-el in heigiil only, and the coiintiy 
 lilies not reaidi an elevation of one hundred feet for some distance away 
 iViMii it. There are .scarcely any true flats, hut liifht ionii'wlopos extend 
 ill iimst places almost from the wafer's ed,!;e. There are still no tn-es or 
 liMslie> anywhere to he seen, hut tlu' plains arc^ covered with a some- 
 uii;il lieitei\n'rowlh of hiitlalo-LCrass. 
 
 Al the point now reachoil, south of the iiittio Rolling; Hills, f ho river T-i.ttlcRnllinB 
 
 lilts tliroiinh a hiefjior tract which is evidently in connection with 
 
 llieoeeiirrence of these hills. Tiie hanks liec(mie one hun<lrcd feet liin'h> 
 
 Mil'! nil the south side are hrokcn and deeply scored hy ravines, while 
 
 hii iniiiilry rises (o hills 200 feel in hciy'lit at a short distance. Ahout 
 
 icu miles helow this place, had-land hanks from one hundi'eil fo one 
 
 Ininiiieil and fifty feet high again occur, and in the intervening i-oaeh 
 
 [tlio liiiiiks are seldom less tlian eighty feet in height. Narrow flats 
 
 lliere atrain appear, hut the valley does not average half'a mile in width 
 
 o 
 
Noinii wi'.sr ri'.KitiTnitv, 
 
 ol'liol loin. Nciir llii> |tl;ii»' llic fiver liinis aliriipl ly lc> llif ><oiilli, ;ini| 
 I'lHilimU's 111 Mow liclwcoii Itaiiks iilioiit oiic liiimlrcil mid lil'ly ti>i'l lii^h 
 1(1 ils jimclioii willi I lie IJclly, while its v;ilU'v ;ivi'r;i;;('s hall ;i iiiiic in 
 widlh. I he scaijis iiciuMally showini;- ImmiMit riay. 
 
 I'\lll ol III. 
 
 he lolal ilislair.c I'rnii 
 
 1 itlacklool ( 'rossiii!'' In the iiioiil h ol' I h 
 
 l>V 1 1 
 
 ic I'iNcr II 
 
 ica>iii'»'i| as iicloi't' ill Iwo mile Icn^lhs is 1(1,". mih 
 
 iImIiU 
 
 Tht' I'h'valioii al ihi" lallcr |iniiit is I'/Jli' led, and lln- avcraiic sln|ir nf 
 till' liver .".•."►.'! feci lo Ihc mile. 'This Tail is |ii'clly iinilurnily liist lihiilnl 
 lliioiii;hoiil, and lliici' Ici'l olwalt'i' was rniin<i in Sc| l"inl>fr, iSSj, ,i|, 
 all llu' hars, so llial i( may he I'oiisidt'ictl navinaliic lor linhi stirn 
 w Ih'cI slcaiiicrs iVoin Iho ('rossi;;;;' down. .\ low larii'f lioiildcrs ociiii' 
 ill llic channel, and al oin* |ioiiil, Ihird'cii miles iiorlh oriiicconlliieiiic, 
 a niiiiiher o(' lai'iic sandsloiu' Mocks were ohservcil to iiileirii|il il> 
 course. Iml il is iirohalile llial e\en llicse wmild iiol oiler an\ sciioih 
 
 ii|iediiiieiil lo llie passage i 
 
 >\' a sleamer. The widlh ol' the r 
 
 i\ cr, 
 
 TlTcll'SS 
 
 L-liiir!ii-(i'i" (»r 
 
 delennincd al a |ioiiil loin miles li(>low the lilaeklooi ('rossiiin', is ."iT.'l 
 leel, al a poiiil ten miles lu'low (Irassy island. rHidleel, ami il a\■el:l;;l'^ 
 ])rol)alily "((10 feel lliroii;;lioiil this part ol'ils course. 
 
 With the exceplioii ol'two islands, wilhin l<'ii iiiili'sor the conlhieiuc, 
 
 iinvn" viilliy. on which a tew coltonwood Irees have formerly >;i()wn, (he valley i^ 
 
 (|ili(e (reeless (Vom Horse shoe l>end. Uelow * "i'owliM)( ( 'reek il rcccivi". 
 
 no (rihiilary which carrit's ninninu,- waleral all seasons, an*! the wlmlv 
 
 iT^ioii is wilhoiH doiiht arid. 
 
 The porlioii ol'lhe Soiilh Saskatchewan helow the coiillneiice nl' llu 
 How and Indly has heeii descrihed in eoiiiuMlion with (he latter livrr. 
 
 (p. lit! i'). 
 
 CocNTHv I!i;t\vk.i;n tiii', Hhw .vnd K'kii |)Kiat U'lviais, 
 
 r, are in 
 
 The I'olloNiinii' notes, with (hose on (he IJed l>ecr IJive 
 T\lr. MeCoimell. 
 
 " In a traverse made iVom the IMacklool t 'rossiiii:,- to a point on iln' 
 l\«'(l Deer Itiver. ahoiit live miles lielow ihi' inoiilh of the .\rrow \vii(vl, 
 the country |iassed over was I'oiind to he almost eiitii"ly of a lolhiii; 
 character. 
 
 I^ml l.oriu' 
 I mil. 
 
 !iiii- 
 iii'iii 
 
 ris»'s until llie siimmil ol'lhe WiiMerinu,' Hills is rei ed, 
 altlioun'h their slope s'/iilliward is very liulit, presei.i a si e; \';caipi 
 (o llii> iiordi. From (lieir hase the country continues rolling; lo tli' 
 river. The soil over most of this ri\!.^'ion consists ol'a Ljreyish or yellow 
 ish loam, llie hiaiii |tassinii; occasionally into almost pure sand or chiy 
 A varying i|ii!intily of i;-ravel is also usually present. This con 
 s to he especially ada|tled to suiiiini>r n-razini;-, tlie !i;rass lu'in 
 
 llll'V 
 
 seem 
 
 very good uiui tiie wiipply of water (piito siillicioiit. 
 
 " Alter d< 
 i\vcii(\- mil 
 
 Iravci-se wa 
 ■■This I,,, 
 •■I I I'll l<\ widi 
 ilic (rail Ion 
 I'liinfry heci 
 "l'||.i,\ ami II 
 lily ;iiii| ,|,,., 
 
 '■ "^pcakiiii; 
 li'iil l>eer am 
 cMepijon of J 
 
 lll,i;s;|| 
 
 ifilrifi 
 
 liill> which ,.| 
 
 vii\ scant 
 
 llll|l|'U\' 
 
 cs raj II 
 
 •■'lid many of ( 
 
 'i"l 
 
 le vallev 
 
 " I. the poin 
 
 liir alioiit I wen, 
 ■I li.df, :iii(| in 
 il .■III c\lreinei\ 
 
 lillMllll^ section 
 
 >elow that 
 
 I lie V.'iliry M-|.;,,| 
 illM- liills siopiiii. 
 Iirnilllc more ,.\ 
 ill ileplll to Jil, 
 
 .\ 
 
 I'I'i'oacllin 
 
 ^'.^■aiii na rn 
 flies. ||i„-| 
 
 iW 
 
 Ijcaviiii;- the I'.lackfool Crossing on this i .mI, the .omwry g-adiiiillv ■ ||^^^ ||. 
 
 1 s 
 
 1 iiierii 
 I'lilc wider and 
 "'' ' I'cw miles 
 
 llie .av. 
 
 I I). 
 
 IK' KV, 
 
 '" ii'^iially saiMh 
 'lit' "'.ly down. 
 ".-'' '''Ih'of ;il),,i,| 
 
HK,I> UKKIl KIVE!' 
 
 ;;» (" 
 
 ■ Alter ili'sfcinliiii;' IIh> W-iI |)rcr IJivcr in ii I'liimc tn n poiiil .•ilioiil 
 Iwciily miles Ix-luw llio eiossiii!:; t)!' tlu' Koi'd l/nnie Iriiil, .•mnllu'r 
 liMvcrse WHS iiciije li'iiiii tlial |iiiiiil \>nrk In llie r>liiel<t(i()t Crnssiiii;'. 
 
 ■ Tliis I rail |)asses lor a iMimliec ol' miles over low saml y riil,L;es, sepaf CnMiidy nist of 
 Mini I'v wide slialluw (le|iressi(iiis ediilaiiiiiii;- alUaliiie lakes. Ivisl iil',,'.',','!'! ""'"" 
 ihelrail low saiul Iiills were seen. A|i|noaeliiiiM,- Crowlliol Creek llie 
 
 ri III II I ry liei'omes more rnlliiii;' and I lie si li I rnnlains a larL;'er iiro|Misi( ion 
 (il'iLiN and !i,'ravel. 'I'lie ^rass aloni;- lliis Irail is inl'erior lutlh in i|iiaii 
 lily and (|ualily lo llial I'nrllier west. 
 
 '■ S|ieakiiin' ,i:;eiu'rally, llie eoiinli'y inehuled on liie nia|i lielween llieiirncr.ii 
 1,'nl Deer and liie I?ow and easi olllie Lord Lorne trail, is with llie,.,iii;i,n 
 i\re|ilion ol'a tew limited areas, of a \ery int'eriordeseriplion. .\ri'as 
 eliliilliiii;- sand hills are ort'rei|uenl oeeurrenee, while the dry rollin;;' 
 liilN wliieli eharaelei'i/.e the ureater part iittlu^ region support hut a 
 very scanty \ Cii-elat ion. West of ilic j.drii Lorne ti'ail the country 
 improves rapidl\', tlie i:;rass covering tin- hills i;rows Ioniser and Ihitdier 
 ;iiid Miaiiy of the liollows contain small fresh-water Lakes. 
 
 it'Kii l)i',i:i{ K'lviai. 
 
 "The valley of I he K'ed Deei' IJiver, from the month ot Ihe .\rrow VjiIIi.n ..r li.'.l 
 
 Kill- 
 nuiiil, tiie i)oin( where my examinatinn commeiiceil, (h)wn the sti-oain 
 
 I'm ahoiil twenty miles, \aries in width from half a mile to a mile ami 
 
 :i lialf, and in depth from 'A')0 to a.")!! feel. Its steep nakeil haidvs ;^'ive 
 
 il ail extremely eailion like ajipearanee and alVoid mai;niticeiil and eon 
 
 liiiuous sections ol the I'ocks oviM'lyiiii;" the I'ierri' shales. 
 
 • lielow thai point tlH> iidluein'c o|' ihe I'ierre shales makes its(df fell, 
 
 llie valley .i;ratliiaily widens and the sc;ir|ied hanks are replaci'd hy ro||- 
 
 iiiii' hills sloping easily- up lo Ihe prairie levid. I"'urtiier down, the slopes 
 
 lnTdme more oven and are covered willi .n'rass, and Ihe valley decreases 
 
 ill (k'plli to alioul 2(11) feet. 
 
 ■ .\pproaeiiinn- Unntini;' Hill, seai'pe<l hanks re a]»pear, i'nd Ihe \-alley n,,,,,!,,^, mn 
 i- auain narrowed in hy the harder ro(d<s heloim'ini;' to the Belly K'iver 
 
 M'lies, lliifji scai'ped hanks prevail nearly all the \\a\ down to 
 llie 1 1 llli meiidian. Het ween this point and the forks, the valley is :is a 
 iiile wider and shallowi-r than it is tiirlher up, and with (he exeejition 
 of i few milos 111, one place, the haidvs are. ii,i'ass('overed nearly all 
 Ihe -'ay. 
 
 ■•The Ked Deer liiver varit>s in width from loO lo .'!(l(l yards, its lied 
 i> usually sandy, and sand ha rs ami sandy islands occur at intervals all 
 Ihe way down. The eiirroni at the he^inniii!;' of July ran at an aver- 
 age rate of about oiu^ ami three (piarlt'r miles per iioiir,'' 
 
;}G c 
 
 NllRTII-WKST TKHIUTORV. 
 
 DK.sci{i PT] V I-: ( ; looiAx; Y. 
 
 FnriiiiM iims Tlu' roi'ks (losnihcd ill lliis ivporl, cxcliisivo of llif iKiuldt'i-olay ami 
 
 otliiM' "dril'l " (k'|t()sils, aro rot'i-ralilo to the lollowiiiif scries : — 
 
 I I'uicnpiiic Hill IhmIs. 
 
 JvAHA.Mii: Willow Cifck hcds. 
 
 ( SI. Miny I\i\('i lii^ls. 
 
 I Vi)\ Hill Miiidstdiu's ^inconstant). 
 j I'it'iTc shales. 
 C'hkt.ukoi s ... ; Belly Hivcr IkmIs. 
 
 I hark slial"s of liockv Spriiii; Kid'ie, etc., sii|p|pos(h1 to inidcilii^ 
 I the last. 
 
 A iiiort' detailed deseri|itioii, with a discussion of tlie rehilions nf 
 tboso liecls, will he I'ouiul on a buhsetjiieiit page. 
 
 SeCTIO.V o.\ Mm-K lljVKK. AM) IN THE VlCIMTY oK THE -iUXH PaRAI.I.KI. 
 
 (ieiii'nil 
 clmractcr of 
 si'Ctimi. 
 
 Nortli braiK'li. 
 
 SWKET (JrASS HiLI.S. 
 
 The Milk l.'iver flows across the HUh |iarallel northward near the 
 I Kith meridian, and afti'r piirsuinii- an eastwanl course of ahout one 
 I'.Uiiilivd and funrteen miles, reerosses (he same parallel about twenty 
 miles east oj'the Mltli meridian, a short distance lieyond tiie liiiiil of 
 the district embraced hy the present iiiajt and re]»orl. It is ten iiiiK'> 
 nortli of the |!ltli parallel near the crossing of the .MacJjeod-Bcnlon 
 (rail, this being its most northern point. 
 
 Taking into consideration the length of tin" stream, the roci; Mclieii 
 is much inferior to that afforded by soiiu" other rivers in this rcginn, 
 but still pri'sents 11 tew |Ktiiits of special interest. In this portion ot 
 (he repor( i( is |iroposed (o deserlbe its geologicaal feature*; briefly, iiml 
 to inelude such gpological notes as may be necessary of (he coniilry 
 lying to (he south of the riv(>r as far as the edge of the map. 
 
 Where the Milk River first enters (he district, it is flanked to liic 
 Avest by a plateau which may lie considered as forming the western 
 prolongation of the Milk KiviT Ridge. The rocks here shown in the 
 imme<liate valley of the river, have been described by me in the lie|Miil 
 on the CJeology and {{esources ot' the -lOtli I'arallel yi. liil) where this 
 part oftheslream is designated as the Sceoiul Braneli. They belong' 
 to the St. Mary IJivcr subdivision of the classification now adoplei 
 The banks show about fifty feet of pale bluisli- and greenisli grov 
 sandstones ;ind sandy sImIos, generally soft, but with a few liaider 
 layers consisting of calcareous and ferruginous sandstone bands, in 
 one of these, which may be (leHcribcd as a nodular ferruginous liiiu- 
 Bt(mo of about a foot in thiekness, and is at a level of about forty feet 
 
 al'ove (lie st 
 
 (/'■)/ linrf IIS (/ 
 
 III is: I ;, 
 
 miles castwa 
 of Milk Riv, 
 iiliove rcferiv 
 H'linenl piio^e 
 Tlic plaieai 
 ''V one ,)!• ,,,,„ 
 
 I" -'<»() feel of 
 iiig lo I In, \Yi 
 
 ••' light eastwa 
 '"■'"•ecu (lio M 
 "eslcrii ,^.,|„.,, , 
 
 »V|| (lcliin.,1^ , 
 eoillitryal ils 
 »'lii''li separate 
 
 '"> III" Si. .M;„._, 
 
 ''Voiii (he j„,j 
 
 "'""" ten miles 
 -tones of brown 
 '••"I'ral ravines, ; 
 oniie several 1;,; 
 "lii-^ive beds of" 
 I'iver, lo be iinde 
 
 ""0 llieretiire 
 '''y •■''so include 
 'ii-^eoveiy off), 
 "''lif lianks hi; 
 "'■II. These sha 
 ^ili'l cross I he V 
 ii|||)''.'ii- lo (iirn, 
 ^'I'l.^'', whiel, I 
 miles, or nearl 
 ^h'>ti'l (his p„ii" 
 "'"''•"Is liiroi|o-|, 
 '•'"Oil like valley 
 
 "■'■'Kli <rom rim' 
 l"'i''i"n ot the Hi 
 '''-'t'rvivil lo. Till 
 '%^'"i<l thill |ji 
 '■""••'•I'lions. The 
 oljserved. Tlic 
 
 >'.se 
 
■] 
 
 Ul'l'EH l>AUT (tr MII.K RIVEK. 
 
 37 C 
 
 mIiovo the stream, miinei'DUs fossils were (oiind. Tliese iiieliule liuUnus 
 (lisjtiwiits (.') Linmira, J'hi/sd, ami Sii/Kcriuiii. 
 
 Ill IS"! a loose MoeU of similar material was IouikI aliout. fourteen 
 miles eastward, at the erossini;- of the 4itth jiarallel ami South Bi'iiiieh 
 of MilU [{iver (Kirst Hraiieli of report above quoted), and the lied 
 iiliove referred to isa^ain evi<lentlytlu' same as that deserilied in u suh- 
 .-eiiueiil pa^e as oeeurrini;' on the iipj)er part of the St. Mary. 
 
 Till' plateau alluded to as Hankint!" this narl of the river, is truveivsod l'l»tPi"",'' 
 liV 'iiie or more narrow valK'ys, the searped sides of whieli show l^tMicUs 
 lir_'(l(l feel of reddish and j)urplish-i;rey clayey and sandy lieds helong- 
 iiii;- |i) the Willow ('reek sididivision of the Laramie. Those hods have 
 ;i liiilil eastward dip, and thoui;h for a eonsiderahle part of thiMlistanet^ 
 liclweeii the _Mill< and St. .Mary rivers no I'.xposures ai'e found, the 
 -tern edi;*' of the plateau lormcd of the Willow C'reelc heds is so 
 
 WillDW Creek 
 
 we 
 
 II di'liiied, that there is every reason to helieve tiiat the lower 
 
 idiiiitry at its western hascMiiarUs the \ 
 
 wliii'l 
 
 iidi separates tins arc 
 the St. Mary. 
 
 osition of a low anticlinal, 
 )fthe Willow Creek from that oeeiirrina; 
 
 Siiii<ls|iiiiL's at 
 lia.«e of 
 
 Fnmi the [)oint at whieli the Milk Kivcr crosses the MUh parallel, lor 
 iiliiiiii ten miles north-eastward, I lie roeks ohserved are ehietly f.and- ''"'''""'^'• 
 stones of lirownish and yidlowish-n'rey tints. Thesv', in several ot" the 
 lateral ravines, assume monumental forms froui the une([ual resistance 
 i)f the several layers to Aveatheriuii'. At the point last detined, rather 
 
 IllilSM 
 
 river. 
 
 ve hods of these sandstones are found, oii tl 
 
 le sou 
 
 th I 
 
 )anl 
 
 if th 
 
 to he underlain hy the hlackish sjiales of the Pierre, and they 
 limy therefore lie assumed to ri'|iresent the Kox Hill sei'los, hul possi- 
 bly also include the lower beds of the St. Mary J{iver subdivision. The 
 ilisicivery of the I'ieri'o shales, which, owiny' to the roiunled character 
 III' the hank's are here very poorly e.vposed, is due to ^fr. J{. (J. AFct^iu- 
 here, probably, much thinner than further north. 
 
 Pierre slmlos. 
 
 ^hal 
 
 es arc 
 
 ami cros 
 
 th 
 
 all 
 
 ey wi 
 
 111 a width of less than Ihree mil 
 
 Tl 
 
 lev 
 
 ;i|i|pi'ar to form the southern edge of the jilatean of the Milk Kiver 
 Hiili;!'. which herc^ borders the valley to the north, t()r about seven 
 
 or nearly to the ]ioint at which the Lomdy Valley filters, f,,^^^^ „,,„^ 
 
 inilc^ 
 
 HevDud this point, for about, live miles, the river flows south-eastward, {|j'"^!'jjV»jJ[''>' 
 
 ami ruts throun'h a hi<;'lier tract of counliy, fi)rminn'a narrow and almost ^fii*'^- 
 
 lafidii like valley, three hundred feet in dejith and less Ihan a mile in 
 
 wiillh from rim to rim. The rocks here shown beloni;' to the pale iipj)er 
 
 liiiitioii of the Bidly River .series, and underlie the Pierre shales above 
 
 ivlciieil to. They consist ehietly of greenish-grey sands and sandy 
 
 ilays, and thin layers of soft sandstones with calcareous or ferruginous 
 
 iiiiicretions. They are to all appearance horizontal, and nolo.ssils were 
 
 oljsfrved. These rocks and the Pierre shales were more careful I3' 
 
38 c 
 
 NOHTII-AVKST TKRRITDRY. 
 
 Sections iiciir 
 8uutli ISraiK'h. 
 
 Belly River 
 serie!". 
 
 remiiiiis. 
 
 stmUeil in the Milk River llidgo to the iKirtli. and liioir rchilions nic 
 (lescribcd on u siwcfodinu; piiijt'. 
 
 Soufii of the .Mill< iiiver, juid neiii- tiic 4!>tii piiraUel, iihout six miles 
 west of the Soutli Bruneh, roeks beh)nginif to the same area of the IJelly 
 River series were observed hy mo in 1874, thoiii;ii ut that time erroni- 
 ously sup])oscd to iielong to tlie " Lii^-nite Tertiary " of my report.* 
 As this locality has not sinee been visited and the volume referred to 
 is now out of print, the following deseription of tiiese roidvs is (juoted 
 frcmi it : — 
 
 The hest exposures are founil in a group of small hills, which 
 assumes in miniature the appearance of had-lands, and stands like an 
 island of oldei" I'ocks among the drift deposits, wiiieh lap around its 
 l)ase. it is an outlyer of a pl.ateau. whitdi, with irregular edge, runs 
 northward with a little easting whei-e it erosses the line. The hods are 
 horizontal, and are exposed for u tiiickness of about sixty feet. Tlio 
 lower poi'tion of the section is of ])ale greenish-gre^' clays, while above, 
 the greenish coloui- is not so marked, and thei'e are somewhat massive 
 sandstones. Tn some jilaces the latter ai'e almost conglomerates, ami 
 hold many small pel)l)les, the majoi'ity of which are of gi-eenish shale. 
 Diiiosaurian They also liold fragments of reptilian bones ami large Unio shells. 
 Small nodules occur abundantly in some layers of the lower greenish 
 clays, of a tint similar to the matrix. The bones are found in consid- 
 erable abundance in all parts ot'the section, but are niucii crushed and 
 tissui'ed. When imiiedded in the bank they are ]turiilish black i:i 
 colour, but on weathei-jng assume whitish and rusty tints. It is very 
 dittieult to dig the bones out of the bank itself, from the great hardness 
 of the dry clay relatively to that of tiie fossils, and where washed out 
 by the rains they are found onl}' as i)r<dven tVagments, dittieult to 
 re-construct. From specimens obtained here, however, in the course 
 of a few houi's. Prof. Cope finds, besides many lu'oken fragments ct 
 Dinosaui'ians, new species of (Vonoibm and Compseinys, which he has 
 ealljiMl C. sfrnopsis iu\i\ C <t</in>u.^, respectively. 
 
 The greenish clay beds ai'e <loubtlcss fbi'ined of tlie disintegrated 
 material of beds of green shale, similar to those rejji'esented b}' the 
 pebbles in the conghjmerales. A micro.scopic examination of tiie (diiy 
 did not reveal any recognisable fragments of green mineral or nxlv, 
 the colour appai-ently residing in the veiy tine argillaceous matter, 
 through whicii a few large partly I'ounded grains of transparent (piartz 
 are scattered. 
 
 The South Branch of Alilk River where examined by me near the 4!Hli 
 paiallel in 1874, shows drift deposits only. Between this i)oint and its 
 
 South Uraiicli. 
 
 • Geology and Re.«ources of the Wtli iiaritllel, p. 1.3(i. 
 
w*soN.J Ul'I'EU I'ART OK Mtl.K RIVER. H9 C 
 
 nioiiili. (lie viilloy sliows at oik* point yellowish-woatlioring sandstones 
 
 iiiri;iiliii'lv liardonod and heddod, and lioldiiiii; some ironstone. Tiiese 
 
 ,i|i|ir,ir Id lie iiracticaliy horizontal. Several m iles tiiilhor ilnwn, nt'ar the 
 
 ciiiitliieneo of this with the Noi'th Hraneli, these hods re-appear, with 
 
 mill h the same aspeel, but are overlain by IhmIs of a ditt'erent eharueter, 
 
 wliiili, from analoii;y witli tliose seen in the Milk Jliver Rid^'e and else- 
 
 uluTc, with little doubt represt-nt the base of the Pierre. Tliese are 
 
 ucll sliown in a sear|)e(l bank about one Imndred feet higii, a mile and a 
 
 (|i:;nici' up the Soulli JJi-aneh, and consist of greyish and blaekish well- 
 
 linlilcd shales and slialy sandstones, eontainini;;one l)ighly earlioiuicoous 
 
 hivrr whii-h almost resembles a coal. The becMinn" ol' the wholo is 
 
 veiy uniform, init no ren'iilai' dirt^'tion of dij) eould be determined. A 
 
 liw tV.i^nients of shells, amoiiii,' whieh is a Unio, oeeui-. 
 
 1 . II • .11 r. «fii ■>■ I I I 1 ,. I'asi' of Piorre 
 
 III lollowini;- down the mam valley oi .Muk Jliver oelow the mouth ol simies.ouiii 
 
 tlii'Siiulh IJranch, sections occur at freipient intervals foi- some miles, 
 oIImiIs (juito similar to, and evidently on llie same horizon with, tlu)se 
 last described. The carbonaceous eluiraeter of the beds here, bowevcr, 
 lieconies more pronounced, and they hold three or four coal seams 
 whicli occasionall}' attain a (hiekness of over six iiudies. After a eon- 
 n'iiled interval of about a mile and a half, at a ]ioint .about foui- miles 
 wvst (if tlie MacLeoil-Menton trail-crossinu;, yellowish and y'rey sand- 
 stones of variable hardness and appearance, again appear. These were 
 .It the time I'ogarded as probably overlying the Pierre shales last 
 ilescribed, but as more fully shown on a succeeding ])age, reasons 
 have since been found to show that they ])robably represent those 
 ilescribed as occun-ing at the mouth of the South Branch, and really 
 umlcrlie these shales. 
 
 Sandstones of the character of those i\ist described were the only Kxposurcs c,i.st 
 
 • (it tiuil-cro.s- 
 riH'ks seen in the Milk Hiver valley from this point eastward tor many ''ins 
 
 iiiil(s. Iiiit the exposures are infro([Uent and small on this part of the 
 
 liver. East of the trail-crossing, occasional outcrops occur in low blurt's. 
 
 .Vt a point four miles cast, a small section ofgrey, yellowish-weathering 
 
 samlstones with intervening yellowish-grey and blackish shaly beds, 
 
 h.liling Xiicula mnceUata, was examined. There is here ana])]iearanee 
 
 (ifliulit northei'ly dip which may, however, be mei'ely a local undulation. 
 
 Ten miles south of this partof Milk IJiver, very similar' rocks .are UcilCicck. 
 
 auaiii exposed in the valley of IJed Creek, where it crosses the ll)tli 
 
 paiallel. In a bank about seventy feet high the li>llowingsiu'cessi(jn of 
 
 ln'ils was obsei'Ved, though no exact measurenuMil of them was nnide : — 
 
 tlr;i\el and boidders, underlain l)y obscmcly stratitied drift 10 feet. 
 ' (ley isli and yelliiwisli, sandy shales 1 
 
 Yellow isli, Soft, clavey sandstone | .,,. ,. , 
 
 I > 1 . 1 11* 1 t »( > leei ■ 
 
 I Mililish-L'roy shau* 
 
 Vcll(j\vish .sauiistone J 
 
Sftiidstiiiu' 
 outcrops. 
 
 Mouth of Vi'i- 
 digris Coulde- 
 
 Ciistcllatfil 
 Silll istoiit's 
 
 40 C NOnTlI-WEST TEHKITOHV. 
 
 Yollowisli, whaly sandstdiio 1 
 
 Irivfjiilar, liardur, yclluwislisaiulstoim [ ,,„ ..^ 
 
 (in^yisli sandy shales, witli thin laycM's (it'l)la(l<ish carbon- I ' '' 
 aiwni.s clay at baso ) 
 
 The hods ;iro horc boliovcd to htive ;i low noi'lhorly dip, iind ris' 
 southward and eastward witli tlus ^-eneral surtaee of the country lu 
 tlie suniniit of tlie Eoeky S])ring Phileaii, south of the 4!lth ]);iralli'l, 
 wliere tliey are proluilily repi'esonted \>y tliose forming the uiipci' 
 layers in the section in the eastern escarpment of this plateau, rcfencil 
 to on a suecci'dino; page. 
 
 From the point on Milk Hiver last alludcil to — four miles cast nf 
 the trail-crossing — to the mouth of V'erdigi'is Coulee, stindsloncs iml 
 dissimilar in api)ear:inee to those above deserihi'd are seen at intervals, 
 hut generally in small exposures, and presenting no points ol' special 
 interest. They iipj)ear throughout to he horizontal, or atfected hy iio;h( 
 intletiniti' iinduliitinns only, hut the sections tire so ini'onsidcrahle llmt 
 it is hy no means certain that sandstones really ])r<'ponderate among 
 the rocks of this part of the rivi-r. It is frequently the case throiioh- 
 ont this district tlnit the harder sandstone layers alone appear in tiio 
 rounded and grtissy hanks, while other iind more ehariicteristic iicils. 
 owing to their inferior induration, are eoncetiled. 
 
 The rocks exjiosed on \'crdigris Coulee are deserilied suhse<iuently. 
 in connection with those of Milk IJiver IJitlge. At its mouth, ;i peculiar 
 series of castellated or monumentiil sandstones tirst appears, thesuimiiit 
 heing here not nuich ahove the level of the Milk River, and overliiiii tn 
 the north hy the l)eds seen further up \'eriligris C()ulee. From llii- 
 ]K)int to that part of the river immediately north of the West Eiiltc 
 (nine miles) iind Ixyond int(» Dead Horse Coulee, these sandstones 
 api' 'artilniost uninterruptedly, tmd disregarding minoriindulations.they 
 rise persistently eastward and titlain a greater height in the hanks. 
 They often char;icteri/e liolh sides of the viilley, and though occasion- 
 ally forming verticiil clitfs, generally weather out inio fanttislic nionu- 
 menlal forms, one group of which has already iieen illustrated in con- 
 nection with the preliniinaiy note on the geology of this district.-''^ 
 The greater j)artof the sandstone is soft and whitish, hut certain harder, 
 tiiielvstratitied or false-bedded layers, generally yellowish in eolor, have 
 served as protective ca|ipings, or |)roject in cornice-like forms, wliicli in 
 some of the lateral ravines give rise to very remarkable instiinces ol 
 wtiathering. At a point three miles east of Verdigris Coulee, the saml- 
 slones were observed to he roughly fiilse-bedded and to include blackish 
 shaly intercalations and rolled fragments of shale, indicating proximity 
 
 Coiilik'. The th 
 
 • Kepoitof I'n.nri'i's (JlmiI. Surv. ItWO-ltW^. 
 
MIMC RIVER AND VICINITY. 
 
 41 C 
 
 to, :iii<l xtino local donuiliition of, the underlying soi-ios. Tliis, iilioiit a indoiiy 
 riiitlH'i' oust, was observed in small exposures below the saml- 
 
 .slmlt'.s. 
 
 iiig 
 
 Mill' 
 
 siiiiic-, and doubtless represents the upi»er part of the shaly series of 
 till.' Rocky Spring Plateau (p. 42 c) and that, of the mouth of Pfi-kow-ki 
 I'liiilt't'. 'riie thickness of these sandstones is rather variable, but 
 uhnc ii'i-catest is about seventy feet. The beds overlying them are 
 nut well shown till that pai't of the river north of the West Butte is 
 iv:i(li('ii. Here, about one hundred feetof softer brownish and greyish 
 -amlv lieds, which at limes becomes blackish from the a(Ulition of car- 
 is matter, ajipear, and are interbedded Avith friable sandy clays 
 
 IllllCCdl 
 
 Mdin 
 
 ()( 
 
 casional noilularly hai'dened layers of sandstone oi* ir( 
 
 »n- 
 
 -.toiic ill wliifli no ti)ssi!s could be found. The same sandstones, with 
 
 ihc Im>i iiKiilioiu'd ovei'lying beds, continue in the banks through Dead 
 
 ll(ii'-o ('oil lee to its east end, though in consecjuencc, apparently, ol' the 
 
 ;iliH(iii(' iif calcareous matter, the castellated forms here become less 
 
 liaiiiilcristic and eventually cease to ap|iear. 
 
 Ill iiiiiiui- from the Milk River, near the west end of Dead Hoi'se R'x-ks near 
 . . . .IT n .1 •■ 1 Wist Butie. 
 
 CoiiIl'c, I" the west naidv ol the West Butte — eight miles soulli-west- 
 
 wai'il-- tlic country gradually I'ises, and the beds above desci'ibi'd appear 
 
 t(i tiillow the slojie and arc seen in isolated exposures in some ol" the 
 
 vall(\>. The massive sandstone observed on the west Haidc of the 
 
 Bull. 
 
 ■l>cwhere described, is doubtless the same which forms the 
 
 li'aMi'lhiU'i 
 
 I rocks on the Milk Hivcr. 
 
 West Hiitto 
 
 neiirBiiunilarj- 
 
 line. 
 
 riic tract south of the Milk liiver and between the West Butte and Roek.'' west of 
 
 It'll Crick was examined b}' me in 1874, and has not been revisited 
 
 liiiiiuii iiiimeroiis exposures occur in the various coulees, they are as 
 
 a rule siiiall and unsatisfactory. Westward from the Butte, the beds 
 
 ;iiv tiiiiiid lo assume a gentle syiudinal form. About six miles from 
 
 ith 
 
 to hold 
 
 r iiasc of tho Butte, a zone of sandstone appears, which seems 
 
 ;i ]iiisilioii much higher in the series than that on its Hank, above refer- 
 
 ivl III. This sandstone, two miles further west, was again seen, with a 
 
 liu'lii ('.i.-lward dip, the two outcrops forming the eastern and western 
 
 i-Mai'piiiciits of a low [)lateau. A short distance west of this synclinal, 
 
 unUtiiiics evidently representing the castellated beds of Milk Eiver 
 
 iqilitar. and are doubtless also the same with those capping the eastern 
 
 Igi' of tile liocky Spring Plateau. These beds are thus described in 
 
 n' report already several times referred to: — 
 
 111 a system of ravines south of the line, abont twenty miles west 
 I llic Hiille, these siindstones are again Avell exposed, and have an 
 ^timalcil ihickness of thirt}' feet. In the.se valleys they occur not 
 iiaiji lirlow the general level of tlie prairie, and forming the upper 
 ii'ts of the banks, give them a most picturesque anil remarkable 
 ipcaniiirc. The lower layers of the sandstone are generally very 
 
Rooky spring 
 I'latL'iiu. 
 
 42 V NOH "• T TEHUITOIIY. 
 
 ri'i^iilarly IjciMcmI, aiiil so' .icm iwo. fXcc(Mliii<^ly fine and tliiii.aiiil 
 
 sliow WDi'in-tracks and j.hcuiv inarkinn's. Tlio upper IhmIs arc 
 
 more massive, and 1. nodular character, wliicli causes lluintd 
 
 WH'atlu'r out into cas, ,cd Conns, rosondilin;;' in sonic places ilmsi' 
 of'tlio Roche i'erc'ec. Hndorlyinfj; tlic sandstoiu's are h'ss pcrinciilili' 
 chiys, or arenaceous clays, of ligiit coloui's, of which I did not miccoiiI 
 in tindini,' {food exposures, but whicli turn out numerous spriui^s of a 
 hii;hly saline character. The beds appear to bo quite hoi'izonlal in tlii« 
 locality. 
 
 The escarpment mentioned in tlie succeeding;; pai'a{;'riiph oi' my liniin 
 ilary Commission report is thatoflhe Rocky .Spring Ridge or |»latiaii.* 
 Orin'inatinn' near liu' place last des(M'ibed, it I'uns south cast wniil. 
 ii'radiially increasing;' in elevation, till, where crossi-d by the MiKdiCdd- 
 Benton trail, at a distance of fourteen miles, it has a hcii^ht aimvc iho 
 ]>lains at its eastern base, of over 800 feet. The following scclidii. in 
 descending onler, was measured near the point at which the ti;iil 
 descends fi-om tlic plateau : — 
 
 rnioT. isniKs. 
 
 1. Bods iniix'.rfwtly exposed, but evidently soft, and 
 
 wherever seen greyish, slialy sandstones, or 
 
 sandy shales, thinly bedded HO (I 
 
 2. Sandstones, one rather massive bed of thirty to tifty 
 
 feet near the top. Other hods tlagpry sand- 
 stones, passinjr in some places into sandy 
 shales. The bedding of all the sandstones regu- 
 lar, and surfaces often showing ripple-marks 
 and annelido tracks. Two series of jointag(>.- 
 planes, causing the bode to weather into castel- 
 lated forms. General colour on weathered 
 surfaces, dark brownish 1 ;!"> 
 
 3. Palo greyish, antl in ])lacos yellowish-grey sandy 
 
 shales, all finely bedded, and occasionally hold- 
 ing calcareous ntMlides !)0 
 
 4. Grey, finely-bedded sandy shales, rather hard. (Fossil 
 
 bed No. 2.) Baculitca, Inocerami, &c > ■ ■■ 20 u 
 
 5. Jjead-grey, soft sandy shales ;">,■) o 
 
 G. Ferruginous ripple-marked sandstone. (Fossil bed 
 
 No. 1.) tl li 
 
 7. I-i«iad-grey and blackish, thin sandy shales, with lenti- 
 cular masses of dark argillaceous limestone, 
 and calcareous concretions 70 fl 
 
 400 
 
 • Tlie ?oiitli-cii8tern front of this pliitt'iiu, is rouslily ri'iMt'seiitcd mi smuc niiips, ami n:inuillli' 
 Snaku Ilcud Hills. 
 
,.,„] MII.K niVKR — DEAD HORSE COULEE. 4'A C 
 
 I'liiiii llio base of this soctioii, the bi'ils are coiu-oaleil for a tliickness 
 ,ii;i1miiiI liOl) t'l'ot. when tlio .surlace ol' the h)\vei' plain is foiiiul to lie 
 niMiiposfil of lihickiHii shales, whicli continue soiilhwurd lo the Marias 
 
 llivcr. 
 
 Tlio Sweet Cirass Trills ami connti-y immediately adiacent totheni, ai-e Milk Kivcr 
 ,l,Miili('d togolher on a suhse(|enl paf;;e. Ki-oni the j)oint to which the lI"r.''i'('iiul<:'o. 
 ,l,..(ri|iii(Mi of the I'ocks on Milk IJiver has lieen carried, Ihat stream 
 lvHil< idiriiptly to the nortii, iollowin^ a narrow valley which is 
 |,\ili'iitly n|' comparatively recent origin, wliile a wide Iroui^h-Iike 
 Viillev. iiiiu' dry, and above alluded to as Dead Horse Conli'c, runs 
 ilinmuli caslward, and is again Joined by the river six and a half miles 
 lliiitliir oil. ( )n (he river to (he north of this valley, afew exposures of 
 Miiiilstoues and sandy-clays with irons(one were seen, and at one plac-e, 
 tliivc miles north of (b»' river, in (he front of the low ]>lateau which 
 linrennis parallel to it, a bc>il (if lignite-coal, (hree feet six inches in ^'o'l' s«iim. 
 Itliiikiu'ss and of fail- (unility, occurs. This is underlain by a few feet 
 I wliilisli soft sandstone, but the exposure is small. For a mile or 
 imurc fiirtlicr north, similar ]iale sanily beds are occasionally seen, and 
 ilieiv i> some reason to Hus])ec-t a light southerly dip. Unimportant 
 jhiyois (if lignite also appear in the banks of Dead Horse Coul»?e. 
 
 Altoiit half a mile oast of the east end of tliis coulee, in the Milkltiver {;;';';,'^;!^;',flj,,j. 
 ivallcy, the sandy and generally pale beds shown in the coulee are '*""^'''' ^'''"'^'''' 
 livpliiciil in the bank by dark shales. The actual junction was not 
 Imtm. Init the shales arc supposed to be the underlying series. A short 
 jili-iaiiic further east, these shales are again replaced by sandstones, 
 Iwhicli seem to occupy a light sj-nclinal, but arc liore very poorly 
 |^•!;l)ll^t'J. At a point live miles west of the Pfi-kow-kl Coulee, (hey are 
 "iiiitl capping the high bank of the river on the north side, of which 
 tin' greater part is composed of the dark shales. These .sandstones are* 
 ulliiwisji in general lint, hol<l a i'i-\v valves of Ostred and are the same 
 [villi those mor^ fully described as occurring at the mouth of Pu-kow-kl 
 ' uli'c. I'last of the point last referred to, in conseciuence of a light 
 iiticliiial or perhaps merely owing to the decreased heightof tlie bank, 
 till' sIimK's alone are seen for about two miles, when grey and yc^llowish 
 Koneially soft sandy clays and sandstones again form the (he summitof 
 Ik' section, and ccmtinue with increased thickness, due to a lighteasterly 
 ip. 1(1 IM-kow-kl Couk'e. . 
 
 U is iirobable that a light naiTOW anticlinal cro.sses the Milk River ??"""'"[ . 
 
 1 ii-kow-ki 
 
 h'\ inns into the moutli of PO-kow-ki Coulee. The coulee is, in any case, Ooiil^e. 
 
 pictty evident connection with the existence of a subordinate intru- 
 sion of the igneus rocks of the Sweet Gi-ass Hills. A small mass of Trap intrusion. 
 Jiii'k inica-trap appears in the middle of th.e eouU'e near the point 
 ki which it joins the river. This includes fragments of hardened 
 
Milk Rive 
 (■list lit Pa 
 ki CdiiIi"'! 
 
 r 
 
 -kiiw 
 
 Belly River 
 series. 
 
 44 V NdltTII-WKST TEUlllTullV. 
 
 lilackiNli sliiilf, iiiul is iniicli «'i'acl<t'il iiml lissiiii'(l. Caluito, iivritc. 
 and somi' zculilic uiiiioral dccur in .small (iiiaiiUtios. A siiiiil;ii 
 lillle tra])|u'aii iu'dji'didii, wliicli may 1)0 conticcteil willi this, i, 
 Hvvu alxxil two mill's otV to llic soiilli-oast on tliu opposilo siilu uf 
 till) riviM'. 'rill' (lark slialcs anil slialy samlslonos oci-iir on Imili 
 sidi's of IVi-liow-ki Coiilui- at its moiitli. Tliey I'orm ahoiit. cii^htv 
 I'lH't of tlio lowi'f part of liio liank to tiio west, but ai'c not su 
 well ox|)ose(l to tin' cast, owin^j; to tin- porslstont linlit oastcily ilji, 
 wliicli lii'i'ii atVi'cts tlio strata. In liotli places tlio ovi'rlyin^- I'ocks iiiu 
 j;;roy sanilstoni-M and samly days, some layiTs of which ai'c (•li!iri;i'ii 
 with inninniM'aMi) well pivsofviHl spoi'liuons of Ostrea (jlabra. On tjic 
 opposili' Of south side of the valley of the I'iver the shales are mil swn, 
 in the s|»ot first referred to. they hold a few hadly preserved |iis.-i|., 
 amoun' which fragments of Xucula rancelliila nwd Liupi^lhcs {('i/inelk) 
 undatti were detected. 
 
 For .some miles eastward from the IVi-kow kl Coulde there iuv liin' 
 exposures of the handed samlslones and clays above referred to. TIun' 
 beds are I'vidcntly the same with those observed on the Lower Hellv 
 and Bow, and on the South Saskatchewan, and belong 1o the l!elly 
 Kivcr series of (his re])orl. They iii(dude, east of (he coulee, soiiu' 
 beds rich in niolluscs, among which Curhuhi xnhfrii/niKdi.i:, Cuilnili 
 perunddtii, Neritina Oiiptlsta, (.') MeUiiuit iiisculjita, a />'/ii/to/i/ionis.n Vii-i- 
 parus and a Gonioba.-ds have been determined. The following scitiini 
 was obtained about live niiica below the mouth of the coulee in tin 
 nortii bank of the vallcj- of the river : — 
 
 VEKY. I NCI IKS.' 
 
 1. ( rreyisl), sandy days (i (i 
 
 L'. Lauiinated, niriionaceoussliale, witii t'uur-inch seam of 
 
 li^rnite (l H 
 
 3. Brownish and j.'reyish, sandy clays (I (» 
 
 4. Sholl-l)i'.d, with rusty, ferrni^iiious c((inent. Corhiiln 
 
 piruiiddtit, itc 1 (i 
 
 5. Lij;uito (variable) I 
 
 (). Browui.'sh and jireyish clay,s, Corbitla, i*cc 12 
 
 7. J:>rown, thinly be(l(le.d, ripjile.-niarked sandstonct ti 
 
 8. (Jrey i.sli, sandy clay, re<?ularly he(ld(«l 4 
 
 !). Oyster bod :! (i 
 
 10. Hrownisli anil irrcyish, baiuled sandy clays 70 n 
 
 11. Urown, hard sandstone 1 (i 
 
 12. Oreyish, sandy clay 10 n 
 
 13. I.aniinated, carbonaceous shale 1 (i 
 
 14. Ijrownish-frrey, sandy clays, many small OMirx 
 
 Similar beds ixjoriy exposed. To water of river 132 •• 
 
 253 JO 
 
 ■''('"low mill Resource 
 
SWKKT lillASS iiir,i,s. 
 
 45 r 
 
 AiMiiiv; one liiiii<lri'il I'col tn rcpfi'st'iil tlic |Mii'tiiiii <>l tin- loniiiitinM 
 mil iiirhiili'il ill tin- jiliDVo soctioii, (lie total tliicUiu'ss of tlii'sc IumIs 
 i, ijiisdl In iilidiil .'•.'((M't'ol. 'I'lic wlinlc series lias, as aliovc statt'd. a 
 lii^'lit cii^i ward iji)), ami tlicluMls almvf dcscrilu'il can cusiiy l»o distiii- 
 Hiii>li(d. tvi'ii at a cniisidcralilc dislanrc, in tin- scai'jM^d liaiiks wliicli aco 
 liiMv ;iliiiii>t loiitiiiiiiiiis, from tln-ir pri'Valaiil limwnisli and ycliowisli 
 i,.|iiiir> mikI earthy a|ipearaiicc. 
 
 \| I f-cvi'ii n\ilcs liflow llie month of Pfi-kow-Ui Coulee. Ilii- ''''ill*"* {(//nv kSvI*,- '' 
 
 |„r,,Mir roiisideralilv hiu'her, and on the south siile, paler ash-n'reV''"'"'' 
 
 |.,,U iijipear at tin- top (tf the seelioii. These, at a distance estimated 
 
 ;ii ilivci! miles from the same point, form (he upper t »vo-lhir<ls of (ho 
 
 |i;iiik. The same iijiper pale portion of the IJelly I?iver series forms 
 
 till' jiiiili plateau south ami .south-east of Lake lVi-ko\v-ki. as elsewhere 
 
 iiiuilioiied. and it is of this part ot the series tiiat a section was 
 
 iiii'ioiirnl on the iMilk Rivor near the 40tli parallel crossing, a few 
 
 }\\\\f> liiMPiid the i^'Ai^t' of the present map, in 187-4.^'- 
 
 The rocks disiilaved in ami ahoiit (lie reinarkahlu isola(ed mountains'*,",';''' •''■"f-' 
 
 ' •' Hills 1)1- Jlirce 
 
 kiiiinii as the Sweet (irass Hills or Three Huttes are of yreat interest, l^ut'^^^i- 
 III! (juiiig to the constant danger of having our horses stolen hy wuii- 
 ■Iciiiiir parties "f Indians in this vicinity, and (he fact that these 
 niiiiiniMiiis li(! to the south of the International houmlary-line. it was 
 (il iltt'liic'l expedient to I'emain long in the neighlioiirhooii. A general 
 i'Mii]iiiun of (he Sweet (Ji-ass Mills, in which the main features of 
 
 hliiir mMijogical structure are referreil to. has already heen given. 
 !(! c). Siiici' my examination of the Ivist and West I5ii((es in IS74, 
 
 liliiMiiilv jpoint re-visited has heen lh(> Hank of (he latter mountain, and 
 ilic rojliiwing description is, therefore, almost literally ([iioted from 
 iiiv i;(|Mirt on the (ieology and Resources of the 49th ])arallel. 
 Oil ii|p|iroaching the Kast Hiitte from tlu- north to within (en or KaM Hiiitp. 
 
 |lutlv(' miles, the hitherto nearly horizontal heds are found to assume a 
 ^liiut dip away from its central mass. In the valleys of the streams 
 
 |wliirli ^laiii (he thinks of tlie hills and furrow the smiuce unMind them, 
 iiiiiiuMiiiis more or less extensive cxjiosures of rocks evidendy repre- 
 ■iiiiiiiulhe Helly River series of this report, occur, which it is iiiine- 
 n'--[\vy to describe in detail. 
 
 Dykes of eruptive material traverse the sedimentary rocks surround- Trnp dykes. 
 iii^tlio Huttes, in some ])laces, and a]»peai'generally to have a direction 
 railiunl from the higher peaks. In a valley ahoiit ten miles north of 
 tlii'sMininit of the I'last Butte, one of these is well exposed. By the 
 
 IwcMiiiig away of the softer surrounding heds, it stands up like ji mas- 
 MVi' purl ly ruined wall, the rescmhlanco being increased by the fact 
 
 i I 
 
 '•iiiilogy and Rcsmirces,4'.ltli Parallel, p. 120. 
 
k; 
 
 NOHTII WKST TKUKITHUV. 
 
 eittni ] 
 
 |{(i(k,< 
 
 runriiiiiMlinK 
 EiiKl Kiittu. 
 
 SoniiPiiconf 
 rocks, East 
 Uiittc. 
 
 pjruptivo 
 central mass. 
 
 tliiil tlio rock liiis Itccn lirokpii up l»y tho wciitlicr info qiiuilivinirni;,. 
 Mocks. Its olistM'Vod foiirsc is iicarly cast ami wi'sl. Tin- rock js , 
 mica ti'a|> of ilai'k ^^rootiiHli-j^ivy coloiii', ami not very liaid, in \vhi,|, 
 small taliiilar ci-yslals of ii hrown mica arc lliickly scaltortxl. It iii;u 
 |)i'ol)alily oriiiinally liav(> l>ccn of the sanu' natnrc with the iciiiini 
 masses ot the Unites, lail has hecome more hasic hy the ineorimriiiinii 
 of |iortion> ol the siirroiindinu,' sediinuntafy rock, ami has a(i|iiirri| ;, 
 ilitlcreiit miiioruloi;ical character from Miiscircnnistaiicc iiml from rniiii< 
 I'apiil cooliny;. The clays and sandstones on either side ar«! nuarlv Inm 
 /.ontal, cxccpl innnedialely in contact, with the <lyke. whcri^ liu'Viitv 
 conloi'tcd and mn(di idlercil. Valvos of Ostrrd are almmlanl in -im- 
 of the surrounding hods, and specimens of ('urlnitii [lerundilii ui'iciilvi 
 reco;;ni/cd. 
 
 (Ml ascemliiiii; the Kast Untie, the hardei heds are found conslitiitin; 
 more uv less continuous I'idges rmind the central mass, \vhilollio| 
 softer inlervoning strata are not usually well exposed. The total lliiik 
 news of the hcds seen is not very great, as the ground rises mIiivk' 
 o(jually with the increasing dip. The sedimentary i-ocks, in Mim, 
 plucos, rise to within ahout one thousand feot of lln^ summit, ami nn 
 tiien found much hardened and altered, and dipping very steeply away 
 from it. Th»!y are here travi-rsed. like, the igneous rock itself hy n':'. 
 small seams ot crystalline ijuart/., in whi(di a caretui examination tiiili"! 
 to detect a li'aco of any ini'tallic mineral. 
 
 Nearest the igneous mass, and lowest in the sei'ies. on the KasI Biitlo 
 occur heds of hardened sandstone, not of great thickness. On lliiw| 
 rests a considerahlo thickness of hard, hlackish, tissile shale, in wliicliiin 
 characteristic fossils wore found, hut which doiihtless i-oprcsents tlmv 
 suhso([Uently descrihed as occurring at the West liutto. Ahove lliisi> 
 a leather important samlstoao series, much of which is regularly IiimMoI, 
 hut which in sonio places is nodular, and gives rise in the valleys wliiili 
 cut through it, to castellated, step-like and tinted rocdvs of j)iclui'(si|iii 
 appearance. These, with little douht, represent the caslellateil siiil 
 stones desci'ilicd on Milk Eiver, and are followed hy the hcds abuvrj 
 alluih^d to as probably referable to the Belly River series. 
 
 The igneous material composing the higher peaks and central inii>*j 
 of the moinitains, though very hard and compact, is seldom seen acliuilK T 
 in situ, the solid rock being ccmcealed under a givatdepth of itsowii tw- 
 ments. These fragments are very irregular in form, but generally iin:.'iij 
 lar, bounded by plane faces, and vary in si/e from a few inches to!il« 
 two feet in greatest diameter. The rock is very uniform lithologi("illy,| 
 in appearance and composition. Mr. F. I). Adams has ex, "niiml 
 microscopic sections of it, and states that it may be called a hornlilcii'>. 
 trachyte, rich in plagioclasc. Mr. Adams writes "it is composed of 
 
 Dill Ia>e and | 
 
 Iiiii'iil>l<'nde, 1 1 
 ;iii<li'^il>' and Irac 
 Hilly lie a^^e|•|aill 
 
 Till' llJLlliCsl p( 
 
 l:ii'ur I'liinl loppe 
 rlillv West and 
 I'iij^vs, enclosing 
 Till' loot hills ot 
 tlhiM' (if the oil 
 liiiiti'. loinid to d 
 lull ;i roii>iih'ralili 
 I'.iiinlil lip hy Ihe 
 |Mi'liiiii ot' the gn 
 Miiiili (■a>iward at 
 iillt'iol and now i 
 >ii)iit's in which n 
 liiitti' is indislingi 
 ii I'oi'iiis shattered 
 The clearest sec 
 "itli iMi its westei 
 It'll! I'M I v;dley. I 
 ilni^c ilcscrilicil oi 
 'li|i. The section: 
 llii' tliickne.ss of tl 
 A lew t'ossils wi'n 
 llu'sc shales, whic 
 :,'roii|i In consc 
 limi-. Ilic locality 
 limiiil collections i 
 lii'ti'i'iiiined : — 
 
 l).-lrt(i (ijih/i's/ii. 
 >'i<iiiijti/iii<i. Scap/ii 
 rmlcrlying the 
 MoiM's lilted at hij 
 which evidently ri 
 iIk' Hast Untie. 
 yollmvish in coloiii 
 ii |ii'ii:iiiiicnt ridge 
 'III' nc^i, Hank oft 
 mill II liiickness of 
 
 'Ilmvoboi'ii fi-cililjly 
 
I'lOviN ] 
 
 SWKKT nilASS llll.i.S. 
 
 17 <■ 
 
 orilicM'l!i>t' ami |)l:iL!;i<>cl;is«>, iiolli |)rt*si>iil in l:ii',i;(> .'itnounl, anil hoimo 
 
 li,iiiili|i'iiili'. It if* llit'i't'forti intcrnit'iliatt" in nimpu^ilion IxttwiuMi 
 
 ;iiii|i'>iir ami tnu'liylt', anil lo whicli cliiss i(, miiy lionl \m ivivvvi'd fan 
 
 iinlv Im' iiMiTlaiMi'il ity a pai'lial analysis." 
 
 Til,. Iijnlifsl peak nt'llic Wfsl Millie, is III ils castiTn siilc, ami i^ a Wr-f Hum.-. 
 
 Iiir^v iijiiiil Iii|)|mm| iniiiinlain. wliirli In Die east priwi'iils vci'lical nirky 
 
 ilill'-. Wi'^l :in>l nui'lii ul' llii-> suniniil lit- several inipoi'lanl peaks anil 
 
 nilocs, I'lnliiMni;' a riiu'Li'i'il, pine ehul anil lueky area nf some exienl. 
 
 The foul hills ol' I he West- iJiilte urn alsii on a lai'^-er scale ihan 
 
 ihiM' 111' (he olhei's. The seilinieiilary roeks ai'e, as in Ihe l''.asU|"fiii"i'iin| mas.f. 
 
 liiilli'. Iliiiiiil lo ijip away iVoin ihe central ii>neoiis inlriisinn on all >ii|es, 
 
 lull :i (•iiii>iiieraMe nia^s ol" Nli'atilieil I'ock has here lieen, as il were, 
 
 iMiiniit lip liy the eruptive material, ami oceii|tios the ilej»ress(Hl central 
 
 |i(iili(iii III' the i;roiip of moiinlains. A i,n'eat pari ol" these heils ilip 
 
 ^iiiillicii-lwai'il at a rather hii;'h aii:;-|e. They have been censiiltu'alily 
 
 iiliiii'ii iiinl now consist ol' slaty shales, ami hanl, lliin-heildeil naml- 
 
 >lom's ill which no fossils were foiii il. The Irappean nucleus of this 
 
 Hiitti' is inilistinyuislialile litholo^ically from thai of the Kast Butte, and 
 
 il inriii^ shiittereil ami riihbly hill-tops in Ihe same way.-i= 
 
 Till' clearest seetii), IS of the rocks siirroumlini;- this Hiilto were met JVe.^i itmilt of 
 
 ■ . , Unttu. 
 
 Willi oil ils weslern siile, wherti a eonsiileralile brook issiu>s fi'om Iho 
 
 iriiliiil valley. Dark, somewhat imlnratoil shales, precisely resemblin.i^ 
 
 iliiiM' ilescriheil on the Kast i{iilte, here occur, with a liuht westward 
 
 'li|i. The sections are not such as lo admit of exact measuroment, but 
 
 ilii' thickness of (he siiales was roiii^hly estimated in 1S71 at S(l(( feel. 
 
 A lew fossils were found in sandy and nodular layers as.soeiated with 
 
 ilu'M' slijiles, which were at the time supposed to represent tbo Piorro 
 
 L.'nMi|i fn c()nse<|Uence of the im]M>rfancc of dccidiui;' their rola- 
 
 liiii^, llie locality above described was ai^ain visited in ISSl, a/id addi- 
 
 liimiil collections obtained, in which the following species have boou 
 
 ili'lcriniiied : — 
 
 (hired toiKjfsla, Pteriii yrlirascaiia, Pi/rifusm Newherryi, Aporrhais 
 I'hiiiijdiittii. Scup/iilcs \V(ti:irni, /iiiiulifesorafus, var., etc. 
 
 I'liilci'lyinn' Ibese cl:iy-sliales in some places, are rather massive sand- 
 Miiiics lilted at high aiigh's against the flaidcs of the eruptive rock, 
 uliiih evidently reiiresent those found occupying a similar position on 
 ilu' I'liisi Hiitte. Overlying the shales, are massive sandstone bt-ils, 
 yollnwisli in colour, which, from (heir sinierior hardness, generally form 
 ;i linniiiiient ridge at a little distance from Ihe base of the Hutte. On 
 till' wisi, Hank of (he Mutte these di[» away at an angle of about 12°, 
 iiml ;i thickness of ()V(>r fcu'ty feet is e.\pose<l. The investigati(ms of 
 
 ' I havu buoii urodibly iiifurmeil of tho occurronoo of galena on tho oust side of the West Butte, 
 
48 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TKKRlTnUY. 
 
 A(ti" of the 
 Hiitd's. 
 
 Milk River 
 Kiilpc. 
 
 1SS1-S.'{ iippoiir lo hIiow thiU (ho sl'.ilos hci lU^scM'iliod ivprosont (liriM> 
 of (lie K'ocky Sprini; Pliitoau and MilU K'iv* r imcdi (iC (ho ]iii(tc>, whil,. 
 (lie ovoi'lviiii;; «an(ls(()iio.s iiiT (hoso irCoiTod (o !is (ho (•as(clla(o(l simu- 
 (111 (lie saino river. 
 
 Widi i't\irard (o (ho an'O iit'(he inohdol itfiioDiis masses hei'eso |)r(inii- 
 neiilly displayed, all (hat tiio soe( ions prove is that (hey are iatci' thiin 
 (he surroiindiii<;' Cre(aeoou8 rocks, whieh have Ihh'Ii distiirhed h\ iii,,,,, 
 and are cut liy their dykes. They are prolialily ])ro(rusions (nii(e local in 
 eharae(er, (lioUi;ii wi(li possible deop-sea(ed ( iiinee(i()n.\vi(h the similar 
 ind'iisive masses near (he Missouri to ,i.c soudi. They have not, Imw- 
 I'ver, a( all (he eharatier of modorr >oleanie (ones, and no rocks wiiv 
 seen in connecdon \vi(h (hem whieh had even prohahly coolcil m ij,,. 
 surliiee. l('o('(he nature ot volcan(ies they mus( be very aiieien! oik's, nf 
 which the cones or stumps now only remain, and from altout wliicii iht 
 whole of (he ejec(ed material lias been removed. Tliedenudadoiialltrt 
 ing (he rocks (il(ed up I'ound (lie But(es has been very great, ami imist 
 have occurred for the mos( ]»art in Tertiary time and before (he glacinl 
 period. 
 
 Milk Rivkk IJiiKiK and Vkimtv. 
 
 The following n()(es are based in pari of Mr. Mct'onueil's wmk in 
 1SS2 in |iar( on my own in ISS']. — Milk b'iver Kidgn is a rough irn'i;ii 
 lar pla(eaii varying in widdi from six (o (welve miles, and e.xlciulint' 
 from neai- S(. .Mary River, eastward, paralhd (o (he Milk Hivir 
 for abou( forty miles, [ts northern edge is leather abrupl. aii<l li^- 
 in some places as much as (iOO feet above (he plains. l(s sniillicm 
 border is not so well detined and is worn into a succession of d('(|i lllly^ 
 by small stivams which flow in(o Milk l»iver. The Lonely Valliv 
 cuts com)tle(ely (hrough i(s wt>s(ei'n portion, and (here arc M'vcial 
 similar bn( less impor(an( gaps running (hrough i( from (he Milk 
 River valley near i(8 ln(ersec(ion wi(h (he UHli paralUd. The plaltaii 
 (o (he sou(li-eas( of (he SoiUh Branch of Milk K'iver. isevidendy a pin 
 don of (he same area of high land whi(di coiis(i(u(es the Milk Hivit 
 
 revious iiatre o 
 
 .(• (I 
 
 IS rciiiiii 
 
 Ridge propoi'. As ali'eady s(a(e(l on a p 
 
 (he plains (o (he north of tlie ridge are at nearly tiie same level as -am 
 
 ii. many ])laeeseven lower than — (h" water of .Milk River to (lie s(jiiili 
 
 Cnmiilpx Keiilrt- Milk River RMdgc is remarkable on accoun( of i(s complex geoloi^iia 
 (fical fitriieture. ' . .ir.n < i i 
 
 slruetiire. Its western portion, composed o( beds ot the Willow ( nvk 
 
 subdivision (jf (he Laramie, has already been iio(ice(l in connecdon wiili 
 
 the description of secdoiis on (he upper Milk River (]). iJT (')• lajn"- 
 
 ceeding eas(ward the S(. Alary J{ivor subdivision, (he Fox Hill, i'icml 
 
 and Helly Rivers beds, are found to outcrop successively, in coiise(pi('iiin 
 
 of a ligiit westerly dip, wliich, tliough locally interfered with by li!j;lii| 
 
 DAASON.] 
 
 iiiiihila(ioiis, a 
 
 xtIcs, dioiigh 
 
 ill no place ol 
 
 laml above alhi 
 
 biihly cliietly ( 
 
 iicclcd widi it I 
 
 tlicsc were seei 
 
 Uivcr x'ries. '',, 
 
 pt-scii of tlie F 
 
 III' I lie Fox Jlil 
 
 lilatcaii. in a loi 
 
 "hciv Mr. M(>('( 
 
 V(^ll(i\vish-\vei 
 fiicoidal II 
 (■'lack shales. 
 I'la-L'v saiidsl 
 lilacli shales ( 
 
 Tilr lll;|s.sive s; 
 iiii'l'iiililfdly i-op 
 -tivaiii and ex(ei 
 Niiiiliwai'd. it is j, 
 ii|i (lie nordiern .s 
 tiiiKaslic forms w 
 "I'll dispjiu-ed. 
 
 Ill I lie valley o( 
 till' pl.-iicaii, (he Si 
 >t'''liiin, and over 
 Tli(^ occiiiT(>iice ( 
 l'i:il(';iii. has alrea 
 liiickiicss. 
 
 'I'*>lliccas( ofd, 
 '" 'li'^' siirtiice ill 
 •Voilli of die pla(( 
 '"'l"»'iii^' i( south 
 ^iiiiiniil of die plat 
 
 'lit'M;icrj,'0(|-H,.n(( 
 ^''■il'"-. appears to 
 '''^''i- 111 inan\- | 
 *''ll''.\>-' 'if small 's(r 
 ■""li'K'i'lays, sand; 
 wiVs. Ofdiese (h 
 
 ''' I''ll'' Willi ilMlcv 
 
p.^son] mtlk kiver niPdE. 40 c 
 
 umluliitions, appears on the wliolo to lie ]K'rsiMti'iit. Tlio las! nanuMl 
 
 si'i'ics. lliough well tlisplayod in tho eastocn part of tlio ridn-o. was 
 
 ill no |ilat'i' olisorvod to form llio siirt'aci' of the plateau. Tiie hi_nli 
 
 liiiiii aliiive alliuh'd to as i'xistiiii;'siiiith-easl ol'tho South Uraiich, is jiro- 
 
 Iciliiv rjiietlv composed of i'ierre shales; and in hare jilaleaus ron- 
 
 iicctcil with it to the south-west, some miles south of the -tlMh |)ai'allel, 
 
 tiu'sc were seen from a distaneo ovcrlyiui;' the pale iieds of the Melly 
 
 River siM'ies. The eentral and eastei'n portion of the plateau is com- 
 
 |ii,M'(l of tlio Kox Hill, Pierre and lU-lly rivoi' lu'ds. 'I'lie sandstones j^,^,^ l|.|l 
 
 (if the Kox ilill. are well exposed ahout seven miles north of thc"'""'^'""'"*- 
 
 iilatcjui, in a low idll which is cut throui^h \>y th(> Pot-hole IJiver, 
 
 where Mr. McConnell ohserved the following section: — 
 
 i'i;ioT. 
 NCIlowish-wciitiieriiifr, soft, coarse sandstone, sliowin;: hraneliiiiir 
 
 fiicoidal ni!irkinj:s in nianv places (id 
 
 f.huU shales l'> 
 
 l'l:i;:t;y sandstones -0 
 
 l'.l;ii'l<"sliales (to iiase of .section) (id 
 
 15.-. 
 
 Tile massive sandstone t'orming the lop of this section, and which 
 uiiiloiilitedly repri'senis the Kox Mill,-'- forms a steep (dill' facing Iho 
 >tic;im and extending up it ai)out half a nuie. l"'ollowing the striUo 
 siiiilliwiird. il is again ,;oen in conspicuous exposures ahout half way 
 ii|i llic northern slope of >rilk ifiver Ixiilge, where the castellated and 
 liiiitastic forms which this rock frenuently assumes on weathering are 
 wt'll disphiyed. 
 
 In the valley of the west hi'an(di of Pot hole liiver, where it leaves 
 tiic iil;ite;ui. the sandstones ahove dcscrilHHl torm the uppt-r part of the 
 Mition, and overlie ahoul one hundred and tifty feet of Maek shales. 
 Tln^ occurrence of this sandstone on the .^^ilk River, south of the 
 ]ilatc;iii. lias already heen alluded to. It is thei-e ahout sixty feet in 
 tiiiri<iicss. 
 
 To the cast of the outcrop of these sandstones, the Pierrt> shales come ]j,,|t ,,f picno 
 111 die surface in a hell of whicdj t!ie width is extremely va rial ile. "''"'''■'■ 
 Xdilli of the plateau the outcrop is ahout live miles in width, hut in 
 li'llowing it .southward il is found to spread eastwanl over the entire 
 imnil ol'tiie plateau, and readies probahly to within a W^w luiK's of 
 |lln' Macrjeod-Iienton trail; while the western edge, or summit of the 
 -lialcs, appeal's to run almost directly across Ihejdateau to the .\rillv 
 jIliviT. ill many places ahmg tlu' northern slope of the plateau, tiie 
 |v;ill('\s of small streams afford good sections ofilic haseoflhe I'ierre, lia.se dI' ricn-o. 
 
 ml lliv" days, sandstones and sandy clays ol the underlying Heily River 
 
 iTics. Of these tiie hest ohserved ure in and near Fossil ('oulee, ahout 
 
 •CiuiiiPiiiv with it.^ilt'voliipmont on llio iici^lilHrnriiip: part nl' St. Miiry lUvcr. 
 4 
 
 m. 
 
5(» (■ 
 
 NtlKTII-WEST TKRRITfiKY. 
 
 Coal : 
 
 Belly Rivpr 
 
 ln'ils.— Soctio 
 Mil Kdssil 
 I'ouloo. 
 
 ton miles west ol'llio Niiio-inilo IWitto. Tlic actiiiil lias*' of llie P 
 
 I) 
 
 >iii)\vii ill the lu'iiil watersot'a smiill 
 
 icrri'is 
 am \vlii(/Ii flows into Middle 
 
 ('inilec Creek. Tiie sliaies lieiv to some extent loose lludi- eharaideii-tic 
 (lark lint, liecoiiie i;i'0_visli or hi-owiiisli ami earthy lookiiii;, ami |iu|i| 
 
 sever; 
 
 Sll 
 
 seams (d'eoal and carlionaeeoiis shales. The mosi 
 
 ■M||. 
 
 siileraiile eoal seam is not more than eighteen iiiehes lliiek, aii>i |||< 
 section liert' is eloxdy ioiii|iaralik! with thai previoiisly deserilnd ii 
 31 ilk Jfiver south ol' ihe ii(|<re (p. ;!!l r). An oyster-lied identieal will 
 thai ohsi'rved at the month ot'St. Mary K'iver at, the same hoii; 
 occurs in association wilh Ihe coa 
 
 (Is. In ll 
 
 us. 111 soiiK! iiiact 
 
 ;oM, 
 ilio 
 
 calcite of Ihe shells has heen lari;ely ri-placed hy iron oxid*'. 'W 
 exposiiri's on the head wall 
 
 d' Md. Mahan's ( "oiileo are small. Inn 
 
 iro- 
 
 lialdy represent tlu" lop ol' the lieily liivi'r si-i'ies. On h'ossil ("oiilc'c, 
 
 line exposures (d' the serii's last meiitioiied occii-, in hare. Iiadliiinl 
 
 hankie 
 
 there shown, in desceiidinii' order; — 
 
 The lollowiiii;- is a section id' Ihe ,<:,reater [lart- of tin' ind- 
 
 Fl'ilOT. INC1II> 
 
 l>ark grey, sol'l, sandy clay 
 
 Yidiowisli sand or sul't, saiulsluiio 
 
 <iiey,sol't sanils, wiliisunie hands of clay 
 
 (irey, soft sandstone 
 
 ( irc.enisli-t.'1'ey (day 
 
 (i 
 
 sol't, slialv saiulston 
 
 (irey, sol't, sand and sandy clay, 
 (ireenish-izrov (dav 
 
 NiMlnlar layer of impure ludcareons ironstone. 
 
 owisli, iino sand, or soft sandstone. 
 
 I )ark jjrey, sandy (day 
 
 <irt^cnif«li-<j;r(*v sands, irre'rnlarlv liardeiuMl and formin<; 
 
 proj(*ctin,i: cornico-like layi^rs of sandstone. 
 
 (ireenisli (day, with larje impure septarian ironstone 
 
 nodnles 
 
 ( ireenisli-!:i'(<v, saiidv (lavs and (dii 
 
 10 
 
 Y(dlo\visli-<zr(*v, sandv ( l;iv, with laver full of small (dav 
 
 |((dilik\s at lop 10 
 
 Y«dlowisli-j:n(y, liiu*, soft sand 
 
 lirewn-wealheriiiLr, snalv sandstone, hecoiniiifi coiiirlomo- 
 ritic with small (day piddilcs in some places (locally 
 
 dev(doiHid) 
 
 (in'y,sofl, line sand 
 
 (irey, line-j:raine(l sandston(^ 
 
 1 
 
 I'aK^ gre(Mnsh jjroy (day, sli^rlitly handed 15 
 
 Pal. 
 
 II le ';i('( 
 
 iiiisli 
 
 rev, soft, sandv 
 
 (irey. soft, (dayey sand. Tin* iipiKir {Hirlion full of small 
 
 soft iroiisloiH^ concretions. 
 
 ( i rey , s( ift sandst( me 
 
 (iieyisli, soft, (dayey sand. 
 
 12Li 
 
 This seel 
 or pale pi, 
 
 ■'"■•■"Mipunie 
 lion (d'tiissi 
 
 ''I'll,-' (li.i.si. , 
 
 x'lies. The 
 I'l'cil from 
 Millie of (I,,, 
 
 lIlCSC ;|cc : 
 
 ((i'ai^'ineiil), 
 TUi' caster 
 to Ihe |;„d< o 
 
 |'i"l'aMy ,.,.,, 
 M;ili;in"s(',,„| 
 '"I'll in apjK'M 
 ("• 'lie mass (, 
 »lii( ll sandsu 
 fc;iliirc, scare 
 linu,. vcr, arc , 
 "•' 'lie siiiiii! ] 
 "'"x'l'Ved in tl 
 liioccrjiniiis. ol 
 ' 'le exposiiii 
 '111' slopes of (| 
 lii'iidy cimlin 
 i''',^<' and (l,„s( 
 •'""lee. a III in 
 s'liidy clnvs, ( 
 liiird •'(.(hilar ( 
 '"liciic iinini,- 
 ^"iii''"-lia( unci 
 ''i'''Tc. T„„ ,, 
 "111 I Vicipunis 
 "illi Ali.ldl,, (' 
 ■'l'l"ai', which p 
 ''■■ink or Middle 
 '"'luiccoiis layer, 
 '''II '111' exposure 
 •'I'l'iiccasionjil I, 
 •i'"'iil llii'ce mile 
 NUNC horizon wi 
 ^'"ii|"'d hanks w 
 i"iiiiisider;ih|e e> 
 
r ^ 
 
 AWSON.^ 
 
 MILK RIVKII l<ri)(iE. 
 
 51 C 
 
 Tliis section ina\' Jk' I'oganlcd as a ro|tros(>ntiitiv»' one of the upper Fcig?iis. 
 or pale porlion of tlic Holly li'ivor scries, yiv. T. C. Weston, wiio 
 ;icn(iiij)anieil nn* (o this locality in ISS!!, maile here ii considcfaMc collcc- 
 liiin of fossils, wliieli incliulcd Citio and otiier fresh-water shells reseni" 
 liliiii;' llioM' ahiindanl in the lower yi'llowish portion of the Uclly IJiver 
 xiies. These were nnfoi'tunalely lost in Iran.v'tu. Mr. MctVtnncli col- 
 lided from the same locality, in 1SS2. a few fossils whicii indicate tliat 
 ^iiiiie of the iietls ai'c hraekisli-waler oi' marine in eharaetei'. Amoni;' 
 these are: Pteria Xehratn'inui . ('ijinlnipliurd alfd (.') Votset/d. Natira 
 (frannieiit), Aiuiiurd, Spimn'iiKt, AnmliiiUd and Cnlo. 
 
 The eastern odfjc ofthe I'ierre shales on the AlilU Kiver ii'idue, owinii' •'<""''"''''''"''"■ 
 lo I lie lacU of exposures, can ord\' lie vei-y ap|)i'oximalel_\" ilctined. it 
 |ii'oliaiily crosses the I'idy'c nearly ojiposilc the heail-watcrs of VA. 
 Midian's ( 'onk'e. Theseshales are, wherever seen in this i'ei;ioii. very uni- 
 torni in appearance. With the exet'ption of the lower heilsahove alluded 
 (11, the mass of the series appi-ars (o he made up of \-ery darU shales, in 
 uliirh sandstone heds. wliich in some oilier localities form a prominent 
 tout lire, scarcelv occur. Thin layei's of reil-wealheriny ironstone, 
 Imwcvcr, are occasionally found, and numerous concretionary nnisses 
 of the same material are scattered thi'oui;houl. The only fossils 
 nliscrved in thi'se heds in this iici<ihhourhooil wer<' iVau^'nients of an 
 liiDccramus, of an ■Vmmonite an<l of a liaeulite. 
 
 The cxjiosures in Kd. .Mahan's, Middle and Kipp's ( 'oulees. nortii of KiHl<son ivl. 
 
 . .... ...... . Miiliiiti'w' 
 
 ;lic slopes of the ridi;i'. are comparatively insiji,'niticanl. ami not sutti-Mi'iilii,'.,",,,,,! 
 
 ■inilly eonliniious to form a n'ood coiinei'tioii hetween the rocUs of the ^''''" *■"" '*'*' 
 
 riilu'cand those of Verdii^ris Coulee. .\t the trail-crossing of Kd. Mahan's 
 
 t'luilc'e. a thin seam of liu;nitc or shaly ('oal occurs in a hank of yreyish 
 
 siiiidv clays, the \vlioh> iieini;- unilerlain. in the hed ofthe stream, l)y a 
 
 liMid "Ddular calcareous layer, mindi fractured, and showinu' crystals of 
 
 laliilc rniiiii;- the irrei;ular crevices. 'I'lie hori/.on of these heds is 
 
 Miiiii'whal iincertaiii, luil liny may possiiily represeiil the hase of the 
 
 I'icirc. Two or mort- species of Hphivrium and fragments of Goniohasis 
 
 ami \'n'ip(ini!< were ohtained lu're. Near the junctiiui of this coul(>o 
 
 with .Miildle ("oulee. yellowish soft irregularly hedded sandstones 
 
 aiijicar. which |>ossihIy uiidcrlii' the iieds just (lesei'ihed. On tlu' south 
 
 hank of .Middle (Joulee, iietweeii this point and tln^ trail-crossing, a car- 
 
 hiiuaccdMs layer, jtrohahly I'opreseuling that ahove mentioned, occurs, 
 
 init the exposures are poor. West of the t rail -crossing on Middle Coulee, 
 
 arc occasional hanks showing yellow sandstones and grey clays, foi- 
 
 ahniit three miles, where heds of (he same character and on aiiout tlu- 
 
 >aiiu' hori/.on wit h tliosi' of h'ossil Coiilei' appi-ar. an<l are well shown in 
 
 Mar|ied hanks west of the entrance of Middle Coulee ('reek. .Similar 
 
 iiicoiisidei'ahle exposun's occur hoth east and west ofthe trail-crossing 
 
Pocks on 
 Vordifc'ris 
 Cuuli'O. 
 
 Fopsilifcrous 
 locality. 
 
 Rocks on Etzi- 
 kom CuuUc. 
 
 52 (' NOUril-WKST TEIUIITOUV. 
 
 on Ki])p'8 Coult^c. These doulitloss TO]iresv'Mt (lie Belly T\ivor series. 
 Tn Ji iiiiiTOw valley \viii»"h eoiineels Miildle iiiiil Kipp's Coulees, west ul 
 tlio tfiiil, searpt'il haiiks aft'orded the siihjoiiied seclion : — 
 
 VKKV. INnilOS. 
 
 dreyisli, tla},'}.'y sandstone lo o 
 
 White, arcnacomis clay 20 (i 
 
 Yellowish sandstone (to Imso t)f section) K i) 
 
 Verdii>i'is Coulee, already referred to in eonneetion with the dis- 
 eription of sections on the Milk liivei-, affords almost eonlinuoiis sec- 
 tions, for many miles, of the Ei'lly Bivi-r series ; tlioiiyh from their elmr 
 aeter it is ditlicidt to dceidc whelhei- the_\' re|)i'esent its nppei' or lowci' 
 portion. In the lower part of the eoulee, near ^[eConnelfs Jjake, ll:c 
 banks show a tendency to had-land weathei'inn' and are in neiieral tint 
 greenish or pur'plish-iirey. Yellowish sandstone heds ari' |irominciil 
 and very irregularly hardened. Silicitied wood is very ahundaiil in 
 some of the hanks, hut no < d her fossils wei'c ol>scrved. The hcd^ arc 
 to all appearance. |)erfeetl\' horizontal. Similai" beds at the same (ir 
 nearly the same horizon, continue to and along the shores of Nenli- 
 gris Lake, but are generail_\' pooi'l\' shown. In tlu' valley of a srniill 
 sli'eam whi(di enlt-rs the lake from (he south, near its north-wesi cml, 
 there are considei-aiih' sections of gri-y and yellowish shales and slmly 
 sandstones, thin-bedded and rather hard; these a])pear to have a very 
 light, westward di[t. 
 
 About a mile west of Verdigris Lake, in the noi'th bank, a thin hcij 
 very rl(di in well pi-eserved fossil shells of a tow .s])ecios, was foiiml. 
 Among these are Corbiila ptrundata, Corhifula fijfln'riforiiiis (.') (-sfnii 
 and f/nio, but the specimens were unfortunately lost, with other collec- 
 tions from this disti'ict. The rocks in the vicinity are more thinly licil- 
 ded than those near the mouth of the coulee. Thin yellowish ami rcil- 
 dish sandstones occur, with pale oi'dark grey shales, \vhi(di oceasion;illy 
 become impure lignite. Similar rock.s, but in Vi'vy imperfect exposui'cs, 
 in Avhich the sandstones as a rule alone appear, occur on both sides (it 
 Tyrrell's Lake and westward to Suds Lake. Their horizontal alli- 
 ludc, wherever observed, and the absence of slope in the be<l of iln 
 valley, would indicate that nearly the same horizon is I'ciJi'escnicil 
 throughout. Some of the beds on tlie higher part of the coulee |irc- 
 sent a marked rosemblanee to those seen at the trail-cr-ossing of Ivl. 
 Mahan's (\»ulee, but it is impossible to trace out minor Hubdivis.i<»ih 
 of the series in this region. 
 
 In Htzi-kom Coulee, about the meridian of the AVest Hutte, seclinib 
 were examined about tifty feet in thiekiu'ss, which evidently reiuesont 
 
 I'll' ,\cllow 
 • seen Were s 
 
 •'"id c.'irlion, 
 lignite. Tl 
 odici' shells 
 
 '■'ourtccn 
 ■'i--i'cia(c(I \ 
 lulled l,y jf, 
 
 '•.•line coiilei 
 
 I'l'nnulata w 
 
 ''l'''Mlg|jo|i( i 
 miles (o (1,,^, 
 
 i.ilily of (he 
 
 liorizon is rei 
 
 '''he (bllowi 
 
 •'('liiiiCou 
 
 li'iver scries, ; 
 
 •■I ii;iMie given 
 
 I'lc Cypress d 
 
 fellow co;||.,s,, 
 
 "•■•^X\' ^Jiiidsto 
 "Helween ( 
 '■■i-^l 'lie con|(^,. 
 VJllley ,.|C(. iisiiji 
 li'iiis nearly ;i 
 iimiiily of oTe\ 
 
 -loiie, I 
 
 'gnitic 
 
 "Ulce, a dark! 
 
 j'pears 
 
 i;ile ;i 
 
 ''"/■/iidi, 
 
 P<'rii)uh\ 
 
 ''iiiid;in(. Th 
 
 i^'l 'uo he,l,s 
 
 in 
 
 "W 
 
 nil Coulee 
 i'l,\' mile C 
 
 Olll 
 
 HCCK,., 
 
 .\J 
 
 Tl 
 
 lis 
 
 CMK 
 
 iiie Hat.' 
 
 St. aI 
 
 ''"'u' St. M 
 "'J'"'-eas(war.i 
 
 ir\-, 
 
 i;iVe|.. 
 liOMed 
 ''iriue(, 
 
 Tl 
 
 le (raj 
 
 scarce 
 
 h t\ 
 
 b- 
 
 Use 
 
'] 
 
 cum coiri,fiE. 
 
 53 c 
 
 llir yellowish or lower portion of the Belly Hivor series. Tlie i-ocks 
 .M'cii wrre soi't wliilish saiidslones iiiul s;iii(.ly eliiys, yellowish siuulstones, 
 ;in(l ciirlpoiiaeeous |)ur[ilisli-<;'rey shales, which in some ])IiU'es approaeli 
 li^iiilf. The}' are api>areiilly horizontal, Ot^trea (jlabra (?) and a few 
 iillicr shi'lls in a very ]toor state of presei'vation were ohserved. 
 
 I'ourteen miles westward, on the same coidee, similar roeUs, aii;ain 
 MSMPcialed with lii;iiiti(' shales, and holdin<^ fran'inents of [fnlo, were 
 iiDlcil liy Mr. M((!()nnell, A few miles west of Ijake rfi-kow-lvl on the 
 Millie ((udee, yellowish sandy-(days and sandstones, hoidinu; Corlnila 
 IH'ruitiliita were ohservi'd in ISSl. This loiii;' conlei' was not followed 
 llirniin'lioiit its course. IhoHi^'h Chin Coiiiei', runniiiji,' parallel to it ii few 
 iniies to the nfU'tli, was pretty carefully' t'xamined, and the hori/.on- 
 tiilily of the lieds leaves little room for doubt that ]iractically tlu; same 
 iiiiri/.iin is I'epresi'nted on Iiolh. 
 
 The li)llowini;- notes on Chin ('oulde are hy Mr. McConnoll : — 
 
 ■'Chin (loulee runs entirely throui-'h rocks Ijelonii'ini;- to the ]}ollv'^,e''V;'"'^"^'"" 
 liiver scries, <;'ood .sections of which occur at many points. The Chin, 
 ;i iiiinic ii'ivi'n to a small plateau l\int!; north-east from the crossini;" of 
 llic Cypress ti'ail and aliutlini;' on the coulee, is conn)osed oi' hrownish- 
 vtllow coarse sandstones, thickly bedded, and overly iui;- sonie brownish 
 Ihi^uy sandstone. 
 
 • Uelween the Chin and a point about twenty-seven miles further 
 (•;isi llic coulee was not examined, i'l'low that point, the banks of the 
 viillcy ai'c usually mort' or less scarped, and show almost continuous sec- 
 tion^ neai'ly all flu' way down to its mouth ; the rocks consistini;' 
 iiiiiiiily ofii'reyish sands and sanily clays, yellowish and gi-eyish sand- 
 >loiic, liii'iiitic shales and ironstone. Near the mouth of Forty-mile 
 Ciiuli'c. a ilarker band containing a number of beds of carbonaceous 
 sliiilc appears in the section. Fossils were found in many places. 
 Cnrliiiht penindtitd, Coi'hiild jii/riformis •.nu\ Osfrcit i/labra being the most 
 iiliiiiidant. The last nanieil fossil forms in one instanci' the greater part 
 oitwu beds, in the same section, I'ach about thri'e feet thick. North 
 lift 'hill Coulee and near the point where the Cyjiress trail crosses 
 i'nrty mile Coulee, a small coal seam, about fom-teen inches thick, 
 "I'liiis. This scam is pr(diably about the same hori/on as the coal at '^'"'i' ^'''""• 
 -Medicine Hat." 
 
 St. Mauy, IJi'PER liELT.Y A\n Waterton T?1VERS. 
 
 The St. -Mary, Ui»|icr Belly and Waterton (Kootanic) Hivers, flow 
 iiortli-eastward nearly paralhd to eacdi other, toward the juain Belly 
 liivcr. The tract of country embraced between the tir.-<t and last men- 
 lioiifd, scarcely avei'ages over twenty mili^'s in width, and the sections 
 I'oi'mi'd by these streams may in consequence well be treated together- 
 
r.4 (■ 
 
 NURTir-WKHT TERHITOHY. 
 
 OcniTiil 
 oliiiracln- nf 
 sect ion:'. 
 
 Spc'lions iipiir 
 bomiiliiiy-liiK'. 
 
 Coal soaiii. 
 
 Tlic slii;'litly coiiviTii-iMit courses ot' (lie Upper liclly and Wiitortmi 
 BiviM'H hriiii;' tlii'in titujctlior at a jvtiiil aluml ninolccn mill's almvo llif 
 niaiii 15t'lly liivt'i'. (lie uiiiti'il stream lioariiin' tlic last nientioiu'il nanir, 
 tlioiii^li in point <<t' Vdiunn' and li'iii^lli of ('dursi', tlio Old iMan Ifivor 
 has a licttcr <'laini to tiio titio. As a matter ofronvenienco, 1 liavc dis- 
 tin,miislied tiiat part of the so-called Belly U'ivor which is ahovo its 
 junction with the Old Afan, as the Upper Belly. 
 
 The I'ocUs exposed l>y the upper parts oC these streams, from the 
 hase of the mountains, helonii,' to the disturhed toot hill helt, The rivers 
 then cut aci'oss a considei-ahle width of Willow Ci'cek rotdis, forming' 
 the southern extension of the wide syncdinal in whitdi, further north, 
 the Porcujiine Hills lie. They next traverse the rocks of the St. .Mary 
 liiver subdivision, — the I'iver of the same name atfordinii' <he hest and 
 mo.st typical dis])lay of these rocks tbuml in the district, — and enter 
 the Pieri-e shale reu'ion liefore reaehin;j; the lielly. 
 
 The eastern edii'e of the distui'hed licit crosses the fiu-ly-ninlh parallel 
 imly a few miles east of the St. Mary River, so that the portion ol* (hat 
 stream within the limits of the present report, which traverses the 
 region of tlexed rocks, is small ; being in fact not more tiian about six 
 miles. The rocks in the immediate vieiniiy of (he boundarydiue have 
 been described in the lieport on the (leology mid Resources of (he 4IHli 
 Parallel (p. 132), I'rom which the following notes are extracted with 
 little tdiiinge : — 
 
 The lowest rocks seen in the part of the river nearest the line were 
 :it the Boundai'v Commission trail-crossing iibout two and ;i half 
 miles north of the parallel. They are sandstones of greyish iind 
 yellowish tints, regularly bedde(l and (|uite Inird, with some siirtiices 
 showing ripple-marks and worm-tracks. They have a south westerly 
 dip at. an angle of 20", and an- jirestMit in considerable thickness. 
 About half :i mile south of these lower beds, ami overlying the upjicr 
 hiyers of the siinie sandstone zone, a beil of fuel with till the minerolo- 
 gicitl characters of true bituminous coal, was found. II Inis ii thick- 
 ness of idiout eighteen inches oiily, ami occurs just tit the level of the 
 Wiiter in (he river, by which it is |»artly covereil. It bretiks with u 
 clean fracture into cuboidal fnigments with briglifc faces, and is indis- 
 tinguishidile in !i|ipetiranee from mtmy coals of the true Carboniferous 
 system. Below the coal is ti foot or two of iliirk carbonaceous shale, 
 somewliiit indiirtited, and holding imjterfect remains of plants. A 
 similar shtile, but only :i few inches in thickness, rests upon the eottl, 
 and is followed in ascending ortler by a htird shell-beil eighteen inches 
 to two feet (hitdv, tlark colouretl from included carbonaceous matter, 
 
 but in the main c 
 
 Above this is a 
 
 ompos 
 consit 
 
 CO o 
 
 f shells of Ostrca and Corblcula occkkntalis 
 
 erable thickness of flaggy and ripple-marked 
 
 C«W50N,'[ 
 
 siiiiilstoiu's, gro 
 
 Tlie ripple-m:n' 
 
 .\ few hinidi 
 
 '■iiiiiliir to (ho.^' 
 They arc sh;ir| 
 liy :i consith'riii 
 ;iiv cliarged wi( 
 li-^ln■e•;, but Ilov 
 a "ciiitirkabh^ a{ 
 I'lHiiici'lion with 
 till' ciiriionaecoi 
 illnlel'lics the sa 
 it is not well e; 
 :i|i|M'iir in some 
 litrgf and I'ontii 
 III' traced. 
 
 I'"iiiir miles we 
 mill parallel, a I 
 ilic iit'sl of a ri( 
 ixposed it is an 
 liiiii'slone. The 
 M'llioiis ill the i 
 l:iiii'e i'lii'ther wc 
 I'i'csl (if ii ridge. 
 '■"MISC. Thestr 
 timi lilies, is \. ; 
 |a'i'i--tciice of (h 
 tli'iiigli tin. strut 
 very reguliirl\- p 
 iHiilerlies tlic sht 
 li'Cl liclow i(. Ii 
 ill die river, som 
 ^iliiiiik of siljciti 
 The shcll-beaii 
 ivpresciits the w 
 marine waters m 
 ^'■•■11 (in the St. Al 
 •N''||'(li of the o 
 'III' river cuts its 
 iMiict^ lieeonu's al 
 '•I'l.v examined i 
 1"'^'' <il' conneetii 
 'li'-l'liiycd are tin 
 
[»WSON 
 
 1 
 
 ST. MAUV RlVKtl. 
 
 Rr. 
 
 ;)'» 
 
 ,;iii(lsti>iios, t>;i'oyisli mid lp|Mt\v:iisli-u;rcy, willi iidipol'S. 10° W. .".5". 
 The ii|i|ili'-iii!irks iiidiciilc ii ciirrciil willi ii dicfclioii ol'S. 'Mi" \V. 
 
 A Irw liiiiidri'il yiinls soiitli-cusl of the Insl cxposiirt', HiiiKlstuncs Andclinal. 
 miiuImi' to lliost' dvi'i'lyiiii!,' tlio f'oni urt' I'oimd in ;i sd'cp liiiiik. 
 Tlicv iiri' sliiifply folded into an iinticlinal I'oi'ni, and ai'e overlain 
 li\- ;i coiisidcralilc IliicU'ncss of !;'ret'Mi.sli-n'i'e_>' clay Ix'ds. Tlii' lalloi" 
 ;i:v c'larijcd with small (lat masses of calcite, formed a|)|iai'eii(ly in 
 li->iii('s, hut now sealloi'ed over (he surlaic of t.iiu eliiy-liaiik, j^'iviiiu; it 
 ;i iiiiiarkahh! a|>]>oarance. A shell-hed wry similar (o that lonnd in 
 I'liiiiirriioM with the coal, hnt prohahly not identical with it, as it wants 
 Ihc ( ari)onaccoiis coloiirinii,' matter, also a|)|)i'ars here. It |H'ohahly 
 liiidcrlics the sandstone. Imt lhoii<fh laryo hhwdvs ol'it are stri'wn ahoiil, 
 il is Mill well exposed. The rocks are so al>riiptly I'olded that they 
 ;i|i|ifar in some places to lur slii;htly overturned, and in the ahsence n|' 
 liiiU'i' and continuous sei'tions, the precise relations of the heds cannot 
 lit' traced. 
 
 I''iiiii' miles west of' the St. .Mary Iiiver, and aiiout two north of the Hnok.s west oC 
 
 .Ml II I 1 1 .• -I-.' 11 1 .1 !• !• • S(. .Mary Kivcr. 
 
 null |iarallel, a hard lossilitcrous heo ciunes to the surlace, jorminn' 
 
 llic crest of a ridi;o. It dips w cst-norlh-west at an an^le of "JO". Where 
 
 ixpiisod it is an almost solid mass of fossil sliells, fitrmini;' .a roiinh 
 
 liiiK'stone. The same mtdluscs are represented here as in the other 
 
 M'lliiJiis in tlie immediate vicinity of St. .\riiry IJivcr. A short dis- 
 
 iiuirc fiirtln'r west, a hed of haril sau<lstoiH'appears, ai^'ain forming!,' the 
 
 iivsi dfaridni', which can he traced for niih's in a north-westward 
 
 'iiinsc. '^riie strike of the sandstone itself, as shown hy (he stratitica- 
 
 timi lines, is X. lid'' W., with ;i soulh-westcriy dip at hi>,h an.nies. The 
 
 [iiMMstcnee of this hed in the direction of its strike, seems to show th.at 
 
 tliiiiiM|i the strata arc so much disturhcd, the fold intr has t.akcn place 
 
 vi'i'v rciiidarly parallel to ii sinnle direction. 'IMie sandstone evidently 
 
 iiiiilcilies the shell-iicd last referred to, and must ho some hundreds of 
 
 li't'l liclow it. It is yellowish, and not so much indurated as that seen 
 
 ill lilt' river, some layers heini;- still (|uite soft. In this hed was found 
 
 a tiiink of siliciticd wood. 
 
 'riic shi'll-heariny; heil referrctl to in tlu^ ;ihove (juotations. e\i<lently liaseof 
 iv|ii'esciits the well-marked and wide-s])read liorizon of hrackish and 
 miiiiMc waters near the very hase of the Lnrainic. It was not attain 
 ^I'fii on the St. .Mai-y. 
 
 Ninth of (he (lid l?ounilai'y ('ommission trail, for a couple of miles, 
 tlii^ river cuts its way lietwoon liififii I'ocky hanks, and for a short dis- 
 iMiici! Iiecomes almost caili<ui-like. Tlio sections hero won' not particu- 
 liiiiy examined in ISTt, hut this ]»oint was visited in 18S1 foi- (he pur- 
 |iiise (if connect ini; with tlio Boundary Commission woi'k. The I'ocks 
 'lisiil.'iycd are those of the St. Mary Iiiver series, ovt^laiii hy the Wil- 
 
<>C> C NdllTH-WKST TERRITOHV. 
 
 low CrcoU liods, chiiriictoi-izcd liy tlu'ii- iisiiiil reddish coloui-s. TIkj 
 Htralii ill the pnrt of llio valloy liordorod ljy stci'p clitl'H lie al viiiimi^ 
 
 iiiigli's up to Mr, iiiiij (111' direction of dip in loss ri'i^iihir tliiiii iisiml. 
 
 MinUU^ve^^^^^^^^ '1''"' •i>ll'>\\i"i;- wiTtioii will sorvo more cleiirly to illiistratc tlio vhw- 
 
 mI';'"^'''''' "•'^^''" "♦' *•>'■ '"'''^- '''1'^' *»>'''^''' '••^ desccndiii^r ;_ " 
 
 I'lOOT. iN(iii:s. 
 
 1. SliiiloHand saii(1stoiu( intcrluMldcid, hrowiiisli and rcd- 
 dish-wcallu^riu^.', >,'iviii^' tlio l)niik a truiuiral niddy 
 iipiKiarancti I'd ii 
 
 2. Hard, y('ll()\visli-w(*iitlnM'iiij; sandstuiK^ 4 (i 
 
 :'.. Sandstones and sliale.s, interljeddud, ^'rtwisli and red- 
 
 disli-woatlieriiij;; 15 ii 
 
 4. (trey, soft sandstone ami sandy sliale !"> ii 
 
 5. Brownish sandstoiio 4 
 
 (). « irey, soft sandstone 5 (i 
 
 7. Hard, purphsh-weiviierinj;; shale 4 
 
 S. I'urplish-^'rey s.iale 4 il 
 
 ii. Hedilisli-hiown sandstone (i I! 
 
 10. (Jrey sllal(^ 1.' d 
 
 11. Grey sandstone •_' (i 
 
 12- Soft, purplish and lihiisli-i:rey shale 14 ii 
 
 i;>. Cirey and hluisli-jirey erunihlinji; sliale ','< o 
 
 14. Hard, ^'ley sandstone 4 ii 
 
 15. (irey, crumbliui,' slialc. 4 o 
 
 l(i. Hard, ;rrey .saiu Istoue 1 <> 
 
 ] 7. Soft, jrreyish sandstone and sandy siiales IS ii 
 
 IS. Hard, '/rcy sandstone (i 
 
 lit. 1 irey isli and pnrplisli ('ruiiihlin<; shales ;! e 
 
 20. Hrownish sandstone and shale, will I Si mio ironstone. .. . S 
 
 21. (irey slialy sandstone s ii 
 
 22. I>hiisli-<{rey sandstoii(\. ;i (i 
 
 2:!. ( insy , sandy day 1 ti 
 
 24. Irre^'ular arenaceous ironstone 2 
 
 25. Soft clays and sandy clays 15 o 
 
 2(1. V>ro\\ nisii-red clay 15 (Id 
 
 27. Soft 5<rey and l)luisli-<;re.y siiales witli many small 
 
 irreiriilar calcareous nodiiics 20 (in 
 
 2S. Harder llav'^'v sandstones and sandy shales. Finely 
 
 ripple-nuiriied (( 'urrent S. 50° E. or N. 50 W.) 12 mt 
 
 20. Tliinly liedded saiidstoiuvs and sandy shales 15 Oa 
 
 IJO. I'li'ownisli sandstone 2 <i 
 
 ;;i. Soft, ^irey sandy shales IS (in 
 
 ;!2. Hard, ripple-marked sandstone 4 
 
 ;>:i. (irey, sandy sliale.s 4 a 
 
 ;!4. Hard, jirey sandstone 4 !• 
 
 I!5. (ireyish and blnish-^^rey sandy shales and sandstones 
 
 (partly eonroalod) 15 
 
 1)0. < 'alcareons ironsl.<jne, traces of fossiJM 1 
 
 "7. (Irey sa 
 
 ;!s. lirown n 
 
 iii^s an( 
 
 '•'>'<■ (ireyish 
 
 stones . 
 
 •ia. iiiijmro 
 
 fresh-wa 
 
 II. (irey, sai 
 
 42. l'.ro\vn,s( 
 
 4:1. (ireyish, 
 
 41. Krowii .s 
 
 4.'). Biiiisli-<'i 
 
 l!clow the hfi 
 stiiiKS and shiii 
 (lilticiilty of til 
 'li»vn (o ahoiii 
 iiiiil appearaiiei 
 ilivisioii, (Iioiiirli 
 vjiry iiiiicii ill 
 "liicrs are seai 
 "Iwrved, hiit al 
 I'l en a fbnner 
 to 1)0 identical \ 
 (p. ;i7r), and ca 
 in wiiich fossils 
 'lip S. I.V W. < 
 :iiiil appear (o as 
 I 'own therivei 
 miles, appi^ai- to 
 tlR'e.\is(eiu'eof i 
 '''!• '^t (lie lowo 
 i'Pp'''"', «'Oi<l oce 
 ii'iilliuard. Th 
 I'lii'jilisli and rec 
 '■™'iil'liii,i4- baiik- 
 I" I'e nearly tlios 
 bi'iiad way, as re 
 ^vnclinal; thoiig 
 '0 recognise th 
 "Iworved in the.v 
 •'''le ca|iping of 
 not here found. 
 
^T^"" 
 
 OAwson] 
 
 :;s. 
 
 II. 
 
 ■IL'. 
 4;;, 
 •II. 
 -l.V 
 
 ST. MARY RIVEU. 
 
 ( ircy saiulstoiK* and sandy .sliaU^s 5 
 
 Urown and fjtroy (la^jjy Nand.st(in(w,\vitli fncoidal niark- 
 
 inf.'.H and worni-bnrmws '_' 
 
 (lioyish and l)hii!sli-f.'riiy .sandy .slialivs and «and- 
 
 .stonns In 
 
 liii|mni furrn^'inous and anMnu'dntis liintvstimo witli 
 
 lri',sli-\vatt(r sholls (/)'»//);mw (UkjiuicIiis .' Siili:irliiiii, (Sn\) 
 
 < >i((y, sandy .slialcs 4 
 
 i*.rn\vn.sand8l(ino 
 
 t iniyi.sh, .sandy shales ti 
 
 i'liDwn sandstone 1 
 
 Bliiisii-sj;roy, soft sandsttmos and .sandy days . 4.S 
 
 :]41 
 
 57 
 
 
 (I 
 
 
 (I 
 
 
 4 
 (I 
 
 (» 
 
 IV'low the base of tlio socUon i.s Jibout Hfly fuot in tliiclviH's.s ol'siual- 
 sldiies and slialcs of general bluish-u;rey lintn. Thi'.se, owing to the 
 ilitliciilly of the hillside, could not he measured. The upper beds, 
 ilinvii lo about layer 2*7, may be assumed fr<tm their eoh)urs 
 mill iippearanee to represent a portion of the Willow (!reek sub- 
 ilivi^ioii, thougli indicated at tiiis ])la(.'e. Tlie .sandstones, throughout, 
 vaiy much in regard to induration, some being quite hard, wliile 
 ntliois ai'c scai'cely consolidated. No carbonaceous Uiyers were 
 oli.M rvcd, but abundance of little plates of calcite, like tliose alluded 
 III nil a former [lage occur in some of the beds. Layer -10 apjjears 
 to lie identical with that seen on the Upper Milk l{iver lo the east 
 (|). .'iT c), and carries similar fossils. It is the only part of this .section 
 ill which fossils were ol)8erved. Tlie beds at the base of the section 
 ili|) S. liV W. < 40^, but the upper layers lie at a much lower angle, 
 mill appear lo assume a synclinal form. 
 
 l)o\vn the rivei" from this point, the banks foi- a distance of two to three 
 miles, appear to be occupied by the St. Mar}' Uiver beds, but owing to 
 the existence of a wide low Hat, a portion of the river-section is conceal- 
 iil. .\( the lower end of the tiat, well characterised AVillow Creek beds 
 Mpliear, and occupy (he valley lor a distance of over seventeen miles 
 iimtliward. They may be described generally as grey and bluish-grey, 
 |iiiriilish and redilish beds, chiefly clays ami arenaceous clays, forming 
 iiiiinliiing banks, but with some sandstones. The hoi'izon a]>pcai's 
 til lie nearly the same throughout, and the whole may be considered, in a 
 broad way, as resting in the southern extension of the Poi'Cupinc Hill 
 Mnelinal ; though light undulating local dips lender it impossible here 
 to reeogiiise the general structure. No fossils were anywhere 
 iiliserved in these expo.sures. The banks frecpiently show a consider- 
 itiile eajiping of boulder-clay, but the undei'lying (juartzite shingle is 
 not here found. 
 
 (iencral 
 (■hiiiai'tcr (if 
 tliv riiukti. 
 
 Wide iircii of 
 Willow (.'roelf 
 Ijfd.". 
 
68 c 
 
 NuKTII-WEST TKRIMTKIIV, 
 
 St'i'lidti? (if St. 
 Miiry kiviT 
 
 l>L'(lx. 
 
 (Idosebcrry 
 
 ClIIKIII. 
 
 Sectidiis below 
 Goi)s»'l)t'rry 
 
 ClIIKIII. 
 
 Fii^lit w«'sU'rly or iiorlh-wt'sU'ily tlips, liuwcvcr, cvt'iihially iinviiil, 
 ami liriiiii," tlio j^roy, IiIiuhIi, uikI yt'llowiHli-i^iny lliin-lMMldod HiiiidslniKs 
 Hiindy sliali's, ami aiifillid's nj' llic lyj)i(al S(. Mary Uivcr scries, In ihr 
 siirlin'c. Near llii' Inp dl' liicsi>, a layt'f holds Vln'/Kinis, ami (iIIiit 
 fi'osli-waU'i' sliclls, liadiy (tiisIumI, willi sonic iiii|icrrccl |ilanl 
 remains, consiHlins;- of lVai;iiicnls ol" Phjisiuimia I'arlittorii. In 
 correspondence witii Ihe liardcr cliaracltM' ol' (liese lieds, llic livir 
 valley auja in lieconies eafion like, and lin'idn^ norlli eastward I'lni-- liii' 
 live miles lietwceii hanUs from one linndi'cd, lo one liundre(| and lliiriv 
 feel, in height jircsenlini^ eonlinuons exposures ol I Ik- rork>, 
 which are almost perfectly horiz(»nlal, though Ihe slopt; of the river 
 •fradually hiiiiiis somewhat lower hi'ils to view. At the lower eml ot 
 this reat'li, a hed eontainini;' the species ahove alluded to a;;ain occurs, 
 
 Ki'oni this point, thetjeneral course of the river is nearly' due cnsl, 
 for three and a hiilf miles, hut the stream is excccilinnly torluoib. 
 The hanks art; somewhat lower and less searpeil, hut a well iiiiiikcil 
 wide I'id^e here impinges on the valley on tiie north side, and niib 
 thence north-nor'h-easlward towai'd the Belly IJutte. The dips a|i|Miii' 
 generally to be north-westward, at angles less than live degrcrs. 
 Some scarjioil hanks, eighty feet in height, ai'c composed entirely nf 
 lioiddcr-cia}' to the watei-level. 
 
 The river here again turns noi'thward, and nearly following llic 
 1 null meridian for three and a half miles, is closely hemme<l in (ui 
 both sides hy high hanks, which are Irequenlly almost vertical clills 
 one hundred and lifty feet high, and alfoid tiim sections of llic 
 bluish- and yellowisli-grey beds of the St. iMurj- Itiver series. SmihI 
 stones liere preponderate, and there is a distinct tendency to nortluily 
 an<l even to north-easterly <lip9, implying a broad lightly-marked anti- 
 clinal arrangement of the beds. Crushed freshwater molluscs (icciir 
 in severed places, and at one point large masses, evidently from the 
 immediate vicinity, were found hokling remarkably well-presorvcil 
 shells, including Bidimusdisjniictits (?). Curhifuld NcbrnniTiisIs, r/V/'y/n/.s 
 Gonlolxmis, &.i-. iiipple-marks, denoting currents in a direction S. 50' 
 E. or N. 50° W. were notec' at one point. 
 
 The river in this jiart of its coiii-s(>, which has been called (lie flooso- 
 berry C'afion, is almost one continuous rapid, and at one place an 
 actual fall a few feet in height occurs. It is exceedingly dangcnuis 
 for canoeing even at liigli water, and is probably (juite impraclicalile 
 at a low stage owing to the great number of l»oulderH in its lied. 
 
 The St. Mary ]liver series eontinucs for a further distanee of five 
 miles by the course of the valley, wliicli tliough witli lower hanks, 
 Btill yields an excellent seetion. The direction of dip now changes to 
 soutliward and south-Avestward at similar low angles to those before 
 
. I HT. MAltV UIVKII. r>!) C 
 
 |„|,.(iv('il, :iMil pi'obulily in no ciisc, ovt'ii lofiilly, oxci'imIh (cii dt'^'i't'OH. 
 
 ]\,i iiiiuktil chaiifj;*' in Mm cliuriu^tt'r (»!' (iio nx-kH whh notoil till within 
 i,|i,iil (li^liiiicc ()(■ tlio hiiHO nl' (he si'iics, wluT*' llio siuulHloni'S wort* 
 „|,>rrvc(l III lii'conH' ycllowisli in ('(iloiii' iiml luss massivo, iin<l (o lit^ 
 
 liiihrlii'ililcii wilji lila('i\i.sli-,i;'ri'y nliak's. I'oorly prusorvt'ij spociincns 
 III iVesii wati'i' niolluscs, anioufj^ wliicli Unio Ih coMspiciioiis, occur al 
 
 |ilii> liiii'i/,nn. Ki-aa;rncnls nl' Imiic wort^ also I'oiind, and cai'lionaccons 
 iii;iil(!r licconics rallicr proniiniMit. 
 
 Al llic liasc ol' tilt- l;aiainic, a niassivo sandstone ol a i;'ivy lint and ^^undmonc. 
 illv Icil in Ihiciviicss ajipcars, di|»pinu; S. f)'!" VV. < ."i". It I'ornis a 
 
 liiiiral cliir of its lull tliicUncss al one point, and a little t'lo'tlicr down 
 llii' rivfi' was seen to ovci'lie alioiil tliirty t'ect of Mackisli clay shale of 
 ilii' I'icirc Lii'oiip. which holds niai'ine fossils. Anions' these, fragments 
 i>\ liinirriiiiiiis and Bdculites, with others doubtfully referable to Proto- 
 cwliiim. were found. Tlu' massive samlslono doubth'ss I'epresents the 
 
 iFiix Hill horizon, and lliere are few placi's in the district embi-aced 
 |i\ liiis report in which if is so well marl\«'d. 
 I'lir ilii' remainder of its courso — ttm miles in a straiifht lino — the St. ''""■™ "''"'''■''• 
 
 Ijlurv displays the rocks of the Pierre ii,roiip of the Cretaceous only. 
 
 iNiiiiieroiis sections of the blackish- and bluish-!;rey clay-shales of the 
 I'iiTio occur, sometimes with a volume of (jue hundred feet in a simple 
 lank. lc> llie mouth of the river, and the characteristic molluscs 
 hviiv joiMid in abundance in several places. The coal-bearintf /.on(! c«ml-i.ciiring 
 
 I ' '^ zone. 
 
 BiiMikiiii,' llie base of the I'ierre, first appears in a low anti(dinal, near 
 lilt' water s edge, nine miles above the moutii of the river. Light vai-ia- 
 
 li ilips bring it occasioiuilly to view for about three miles, when, at 
 bl'Hiit two ndles above the crossing of the trail, it passes behnv the 
 KM- III' ilic section, and is not again seen till the mouth of the I'iver is 
 |v;iclit'i|. 
 
 Ill I lie Mimexcd section, tlie tirst column represents llie first-mentioned '*?*''! '""f,,?! 
 kxiiiwure, while the second is a <ontinuation of the tirst at a spot about 
 |iii' hiiiiilicd yards down stream : — 
 
 KHET. INCUKS. 
 
 lliisly, in iiistuiu* layer 8 
 
 lihicki.sli and rusty sluile 5 
 
 'W ;•> 
 
 Rlaikisii shale (i 
 
 '''"'/ (I (1 
 
 Sol't, rnrlidnaceous shale 4 
 
 '■'"i/ S 
 
 ^^ul'l, tliiii, shale, highly carliona- 
 
 (•(^(lus in iipijor part . < 
 
 Ii'onstone .shale (i 
 
 liltukisli shale li fket. incubs. 
 
 '-'"'il 8 Coal 1 
 
 'li 
 
(iO c 
 
 NullTll-WKST TKIIIUruUV, 
 
 I'Miri'. I Ml I IK 
 
 ri-;m'. inch; 
 
 BouliliT-i'liiy. 
 
 Sections nciir 
 4()th I'unilK'l. 
 
 ReKion of 
 Uexetl beds. 
 
 ( 'arboiuifoous Hhalo (soino coal). 
 Coul (partly bolow waUii) 
 
 I II Shaly coal d 
 
 1 (I (ha/ I 
 
 Sluilo (I 
 
 ClKll II 
 
 (in^y wlinld i 
 
 Colli 1 
 
 (in*y sliiilt* (tn Wiildi) I 
 
 AIkmiI (\v<) miles rni'tiior down tlio St. Miiiy, wlu-rc llic cmils mxt 
 ii|i])Oiir, Micy liuvo llio l()llowin^ di'vciopmi'iit : — 
 
 ('((((/ (rnili»M',slittly) 1 i> 
 
 ('.»(/ ". 1 4 
 
 Shalt* :•. 
 
 ('mil !• 
 
 Slialo lu 1 
 
 (hill ;•. ,s 
 
 Siiali»(\vitli <>l>scnro]ilant imi)roH- 
 
 nioiis) (') (I 
 
 Till" same lidi-izoii, as displayed in (he section at the eontliieiiccofili,' 
 St. Mary and ikdiy, is deserilied in connection with tin' geoloiiy ol'lln' 
 latter I'iver. 
 
 'riion,<;;h not generally referi-ed to in the foren'oini;- notes, the ImiiiMci 
 clay, in greater or less thickness, ca])s nearly all the riversectiniisjiinl, 
 in some places forms entii't^ hanks, it was first seen to ovcilic lln' 
 shingly <iuart/.ite deposit at a point alioiit i'oiir miles from the mniilli 
 of the I'ivei'. 
 
 Upprr Billy River. 
 
 The Uj)2)er Belly Valley, for ahout live miles from the iioini ;ii 
 wliieh it crosses the 40th parallel, lies hetween high and moi'i' or lf<< 
 densely wooded foot-hills, which form a connection hetwetMi Cliiol 
 Mountain and the Mount Wilson liange. Elven in the contracted iiiiiur 
 part of the valley, however, sections are infrequent, and chietly displny 
 drift material. At about four miles north of the 49th parallel, I cxii 
 mined some beds of thin sandstones and clays, di])ping northwanl iii 
 an angle of 15°, which aj)peared to be Laramie. A short dislaiiir 
 further down stream, fragments of lignite were found, which liiivf 
 almost certainly been derived from some bed in situ in tlie upper part 
 of its course. 
 
 Sevi'u and a half miles north of the 40th parallel, a belt of hiiickijli 
 Cretaceous shales holding Inoceraiiti, ci-osses the river. The shales are 
 well exposed In a small coul(5o on the west side, and a little further down 
 the river, are found to be inter bedded witli and overlain by sandstones, 
 
„^] riTEII IIKIJ.V RIVK.H (il C 
 
 «lii(lHli|) .V.2(>° K < 10". lliill'aiiiilf lnitlit>ii|i)\vn llic river, j,'m'iiisli 
 
 .i,V(liiv> ami Kiiiiilstoiics willi :iili|i olX. 20 Iv ■ 15", iirc tiHiinl in a 
 
 ,,,ii|,|i' iitcN|insiMTH. One rcililisli /niioofJM'dH was soi'ii, I lilt it in scarrcly 
 
 |,i,,|i;ili|i' ili.'il iIk'HO I'opn'sont tlic Willow Crook norii'H. They aro likrly 
 
 ||NK(irilie St. Maiy River .MilKlivi.xion, ami folldw the .shales ahove 
 
 liviiiiiij (n coiiloi'iiialiiy. Where I he rocks are again seen, eleven miles 
 
 l„„ill, ,,r the HMh parallel, Iheyilip S. :!(»• W. <: (if)", and mark tho 
 
 .iinli \v( >lern eilireol'a wide helt ol'eriimpled, disturhed and ovi'rtiiriud 
 
 InU ilir euhliniiation ol whieh to tlio south-eastward is shown hy 
 
 iMiiilIrl lidiics siretehing towards liee'.s Creek and tho St. Mary iJiver, 
 
 lilt wliicli appoars to siihsido to a ureal extent helore the Waterton 
 
 llivir !■< reached ill the opposite direetioii. The heds consist, at tlu' 
 
 I |iiiiiil iiiiove rel'crrcd to, of ,i;;reeiiisli shales, with yellowiah .n'roy saiid- 
 
 «iHiii'siiiid arc doiihtless of the Si. Mary l{iver suhdivision. 
 
 Two miles further northward, a second haii<l of dark, sandy Crelace- 
 
 11- -li;ilr> crosses the river, with the samedirection of dip. and an anii'le 
 
 i| III' for some miles northward the only locks seiui are iiitcrliedded 
 
 -liiili- Mild sandstones resemhling, on the whole, those of the St. .Mary 
 
 liiMT -.iilidivisidn. One thin hcd of lii';nitic shale was ohserved. and one 
 
 i| rcil rlay. The dips arc S. -JO" to 40^ W. at angles of 15' to 20". 
 
 I'lilliiuiii^' these, at a point sevi'iitceii miles norlh of the 4!Hli parallel, 
 
 |ali;iiik |ircseiils the siiliioincd sei'tioii : — 
 
 I'Kwr. iNciiiw. 
 
 I. ^l'llll^visll sandstone 1 (J 
 
 :'. I >arl< shales ;{ (i 
 
 :i. Li^iiitic shales 1 ii 
 
 ■\. I.i'jiilh 
 
 1. l.iL'iiitic shales 1 
 
 Ii. tiiTv saiiilstniie ». . II (1 
 
 7. i»Mik shales (I li 
 
 \ l.i'iiiitic siialos I 5 
 
 ■ I- /,/;/// III -Cudl 1 i> 
 
 111. Shales I 
 
 11. SaiKlstmio 1 
 
 IJ. SliMJy sandstone ft (» 
 
 i:'i. I'aik shales ID n 
 
 14. ('("(/ (ofjrood iiuidity) 1 o 
 
 I'i. I lark shalos (io o 
 
 Scrtioii with 
 their t'oal.^. 
 
 U7 
 
 Till' last noted shales inueh resemhic tho.soof the Crotaeooiis (Pierre) Disturhed 
 
 I I ,,,.,,, . :i I I I t ,1 I 1 ;.i 1 . • 1 I ,. (■hiiriietor of 
 
 iJiiM iiia\ possihjy lieloiig to that system. SiiiidHtone inlorealat ions strata. 
 
 iiv so IVcipienl and considorahle in tho Cretaceous shales of this 
 
 ^Iwiiel. however, that without a \'i.'iy groat amount of work, and the 
 
(!2 <• 
 
 NOR I'll WKST TRRUI'I'ORY 
 
 (liscovcrv of niiitiy ;ul(iitioii;il fossil Itcariiii;' locjilitios, (lie ciiiiii 
 si'|i:ii'iilioii ot'dio Crolactioiis ami Lurainiu caiiiiol lie canicd oiil. 
 
 pldr 
 
 Haifa milt' furl her down slrcain, a sharp syiifliiiiil wliicli, liowivn 
 
 is fvidcnliv ol' a local cliararlt'r, 
 
 occurs. 
 
 'I'll 
 
 [owes 
 
 t I. 
 
 '-cell is ;l 
 
 coarse massive siiiidsluiu^ lil'ly feet tiiick. it is Hillnwcd liy liflv |,.ti 
 of lilackisli shales reseiiiMiiiy; (hose of the I'ierr*', hut holdint;- l,;iniiiiii | 
 fossils, and eonlaiiiiiiy; an o\sl»'r Ued of li\e feel in ihieUness 
 Ibllowed li\ alioiil ses ('III \- live feel of "-rex' sandstones wit h I 
 
 'fl 
 
 ii;'iiil(' ;iii<i 
 
 >halesof the usual charaeler. Next followsahont L'(H) feel o| alien 
 
 aiidstonosand shales, Ihen aliout tifl\ feel of soft 
 
 ■•ret 
 
 nisli i;'re\ a 
 
 lilllli; 
 
 ririlb- 
 
 ceoiis sanilstone, allernalinu; with hard reddish-hrown samlslonc in luik 
 a loot ihieU; and then a lhitd< series of greyish and reddish sands! iiiii's;iii(| 
 i;'r«'enisli i;"r»'y shales, which hold a seeontl oyster lied ahoiit se\ciiliii 
 'hitdv, an<l a thin hi'd of eoni;lonierale, the pelihles of which arc i hioilv 
 
 liiiiii'.xtnno 
 
 )ni|i 
 
 d of Koi'l<\' Mountain limestone. The latter 
 
 is an iiiiiiMLil 
 
 loiiKliiiiu'raip. featiiri', hut clearly indicates the pi'o.xiniity of the heds in lliis i 
 to llie I'ala'o/.oic shore-line. 
 
 c;;iMii 
 
 J. 
 
 than a mile further down the river, ahoiil "JOd feet of M; 
 
 li'KM: 
 
 C"retaeeoU8 sliales appear, evideiitiv lower in (h 
 
 'I'ies than tin 
 
 w 
 
 ithadipofS. :!(!" W. .'ill". Interslratitied with the shal 
 
 I iimnlier ot sandstones 
 
 aiioiil 
 
 Hix inelies in 
 
 thici 
 
 kness, ami one iiiaNsU' 
 
 hed tweiilv feet thick. ()verlviiiii' the shali's in this section ;i 
 
 I Mint 
 
 hundred and sevi>iity-liv(^ fecf liiiek of greyish and lirownish saiiil>lMii. 
 occurs, which at oin> jioiiit, wlu>re the attitmle is nearly \ciiii:il 
 hocomes almost a (|uarl/.ile. Tl 
 
 le sandstone iin 
 
 Imh 
 
 an o 
 
 vslcr-lii 
 
 lis other inarine 
 
 iMissililVroiis 
 beds. 
 
 ahoul thrt'C feet thick, ami a second layer eoiilai 
 in association with some lignilic shales. 
 
 'IMie oyster-heds, hesides Oslnit hold Corliinihi Oi'iiilinfiili!< :\\\^ 
 shells aii<l evidently correspond with those st'eii at l\ye i;i"iss 
 on the Old Man, and mark tli(> passa<;'e from the marine condit 
 of I lie Pierre to tiie fresli water fauna of the Ijaramie. 
 
 i"'or alioiil throe miles down the river from tlie point 
 
 lllllrr 
 
 imi- 
 
 last descriliil 
 
 exposures iire not infrei|uent, and show ro(dvs chielly sandsliiiic- 
 whicli contain (htira ijUilini, var. Wi/oininijiiisis, (\irltictilit nrriiliiilii 
 Cfii/rildDiiis, Mfhinid \Vi/oiiiiti(iriisi>i (.'), iVc, ami resi'inhle Ihose ahovi' 
 
 ferred to as overlyiii!;- the I'iern 
 
 A d 
 
 IStlllC 
 
 llllH 
 
 lin:il 
 
 IMS lll'IV. 
 
 however, crosst>s the river, with a north west and south east sli'ikc. iiii'i| 
 the alliliKle of the heils would seem to indicate that thoy iiiiiliiiii 
 the dark Crelaceoiis slialos. The angles of dip are. however. mhI 
 ineonstant, and iinohservt'd tlexiirt's, or possihiy faults, may acn 
 for this appearance. 
 
 mill I 
 
 Tl 
 
 le sou 
 
 th-W( 
 
 'rn edixe of the wide area of Willow ('reek Ipcdswluni 
 
 oeeiipies the soutiioin extoiisioii of the Porcupine Hill syiudinal, 
 
 Urill 
 
 iv'riliiisji cl;iy . 
 
 I'lNilM'. UH'V sa 
 
 i'lill rcii sjiikI 
 
 <'it'v siiiid . . . . 
 
 Iliiiij, tirey Situ 
 
 'iivv s:tii(| .... 
 
 I'lill rciciiiv . 
 
 llnirlil rc,i clay 
 (iivy sand. . 
 
 Vclldwisli clay 
 "'ivy .■ireiiacduii 
 I "nil nvj cliiy . 
 'iivv saiiiis and 
 Vill.iuisji, rcdij 
 'iivv s.indstoiie 
 'ii'|\is|i .saiiii.s. . 
 Vcllowisli, iviic 
 Aii'riai't'diis cia\ 
 
 Iv'ciMlSJl ,111(1 vtft 
 
 N'"lMlar ImmI... 
 
 I\'l''l .'lllij jricv el; 
 
 Vcilowisli, redd 
 ''ii'v saiiil. . ., 
 'li'liiiwisli clav. 
 "ii'v Niiidslone 
 ''"'.v clays . . . 
 ''•'ildisli and urt 
 •'ivy sihhIs aii<| 
 'ii'liiish iiiiil .rp,. 
 
H»*SON- 
 
 IIM'Elt HKI.I.Y IIIVKH. 
 
 (•,:>, «' 
 
 iiiix'il (ii t'i'uss tlio i'i\fi' llii't'c milfs Ih^Idw lliis |M(inl, Imt im »'X|i()sur('s ii,.|iy Hntd 
 imciii' ill I lit- liiiiiUs III till' inoiilli oft lie Wilier) on inlisliiiuc of Iwciily 
 iiiilc^. Wlici-c N(iif|ii'il liiiiiks are round, llifv >lio\v only diill (Icposits, 
 i(iiisi>iiii^- I'oi' llicinosl |iiirl oTsilly iiiiili'iial coMliiiniiiii,' a lew lioiiiilcrs. 
 'I'lii' Ih'IIv liiillc, wliicli sliintls on llic <'asl .side ol' the river near lis 
 {iMii'linn w ill) Hie Wali'i'lon. is a eons|iieuoiis lealiii'e and landmark. 
 ,>|iri ially I'loin llie wesl. 'I'lie ino.sl elevaleil poinl lies liark IVoni llie 
 liver, lull liii;ii. sear|ied liillsides horderliie river-\alley ilselland tliese 
 i.'i' ciilirely fonipost'd of lieils i^-leralile lo (lie Willow ('reek siil>- 
 ,|i\isioii. Tin- iiillow iiii;' seel ion was measured Ih'ih' liy Mr. IJ. (I. 
 Mil'oiiiu'll, and ni\es a !;o(>d idea ol' llie roeks eoiiiposini;' Iliis series. 
 The lirds ajipear lo liave a liiilil south wcslward dip. Small renilorm 
 iiilciireoiis nodules alioiind lliroiiu'lioul llie si-ries, ami Iomci I),.]' wjili 
 lliiki's III' ealeile, similar lo lliese |>re\ ioiisly rel'eri'ed lo in several 
 |il:i<("-. sirew llie siirt'aee« ol' its \vcallu;red lianks. .No I'os.sils wore 
 olKcrscd. 
 
 null 
 
 liiijilisii clay 
 
 ( iiaix', u'le.v siliid 
 
 null K'll sand 
 
 (I lev sand 
 
 Hard, t;r(\v sHiidsloiu* 
 
 ( liry Nam! 
 
 Dull ivilehiy 
 
 I'.riiilil red ('la\' 
 
 (ircv sand 
 
 ^■t'llo\visll eliiy 
 
 t in'V aniiiaceoiiH ('lay 
 
 hull nul ciiiv 
 
 (ii'i'v saiiils and sall(tsl^M(^ 
 
 VclKiuiNh, riMJdisli iimi lifcyisli clays. 
 
 (ircv SiMldstoMC 
 
 • ircv jsh sands 
 
 I'D in 
 •J(t 
 
 I 
 I 
 ■\ 
 
 'JO 
 
 li 
 
 ^ cllnw isli, leddisli and greyish clays pj 
 
 Aicuaci'ims clays (inidnlar IhmIs) 
 
 ilcililisli and iircyisii clays 
 
 Nii'lnlar jied 
 
 iicil .luil iXVi'v clay 
 
 Vi'llnwish, I't'ddisji and greyish chiys, conlainiiincalciin'rous nodules L'd 
 
 • ii'i'v saiici •_> 
 
 Yellow i.sli clay ;; 
 
 (ircv saiidsUmc j 
 
 (iicy clays ;;,") 
 
 ili'ililisli and i^rcyisli ehiys li 
 
 'iii'v sands and sandstoiio li 
 
 Ki'Misli jiiid f;rcyisli clays ITi 
 
 '2i4 
 
 I 
 I 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 Scflinll nl' 
 
 Williiw I'lii'U 
 IkmI.-. 
 
(14 f 
 
 NORTH-WEST TEltlUTORY. 
 
 At two point-' botwoon tlio Belly Hiitto and (■TO.s.sin,ii;-placc rif tho 
 trail to ALu'Leod, exposures were seen showing- grey and yollowisli, soli 
 sandHtoncs, and dark-^rocnish or greyish and brownish clays. At one 
 of these several speeimens of liiio were colleeled. About a mile ainl u 
 lialf below the trail-crossing, on the east bank, another exposure ofciiis, 
 in whieh a massive yellowish-weathering sandstone, thirty t'eel thick, 
 overlies greenish-gre}' shales, with lignitic shales and thinly-lH'(|i|t.i| 
 sandstones. A few fossils were obtained. From this point to tho 
 confluence of (lie Old .>[un Eiver, no sections wer-e found, thougli tliv 
 whole thickness of the St. ISfary lliver beds, and a consideraMc jmr- 
 lion of the u])per jiart of the Pierre shales, must ci-oss this part (iftlK' 
 valley. 
 
 Watciion Rircr. 
 
 Kcicks near 
 
 WiltlTtOll 
 
 Laltc. 
 
 Soptioii? on 
 upper part (if 
 river. 
 
 The country aliout the lower or northern of the Watorton liiikis. 
 from which the river of the same name issues, consists (»f low rollini; 
 hills, largely composed of mortiinic material, and no exposures of the 
 underl^'ing rocks occur. It is, however, from analogy supposed to \k 
 underlain by Cretaceous or Laramie sti'ata. The first section exam- 
 ined near the Waterfon Kiver, is found on the brook which joins it 
 nearly two miles below the lake. The rock's arc very dark blackish 
 gr»y shales or sanily shales, and are somewhat ii-regular in attiUiilc, 
 those furthest down tho bniok dipping S. IS K. <; ;{5°, while Icsstliaiiii 
 (luarter of a mile distant, where seen furthest up the stream, they ilip 
 S. -T) W. < :](r-4(f'. The thickness exposed is at least one hundred t'cct. 
 Layers of calcareous or ferruginous concretions oecnr, with some lar!;e 
 inocc/WH/, one of which where cut across in the baidi measureil two 
 feet in diameter, with ;i maximum thickness of an inch and three i|U!ii- 
 tcrs. A s|iecimen collected here a])pears to be /. llmhonatus, ami i> 
 covered with values oi' Ostrea conjei^ta. 
 
 Tiiis band of Cretaeeous shales does not appear to be contiriuinb 
 with an}- of those seen on the iJ^pper Belly, and has not lH>en traioil 
 further. 
 
 lietween this point and the mouth of tho North Kork of the Water 
 ton, a ridge nearly three miles long occurs on the opposite, or ciisl 
 sitle of the i-iver. On the simimit of the southern end of this ridgo, 
 there are considenible exposures of brownish and grey sandstone cimi- 
 posed of hard jmd soft hiyers interbedded, of which in all about tliirtv 
 feet in thickness is .seen. Thedi]> is N. 48" K, < 'f, and asmall but inmii- 
 takable fragment of //(Ofrmw(/s was fbinid in one of the beds. Kast of 
 the northern eml of the ridge, on the river, bluish-grey beds, chietly 
 sandstone, were observed, with a dip N. 45° E. < HtP. .About a mile 
 up flie North Fork from the river, where the valley becomes canon- 
 
DArtSON.] 
 
 WATERTON HIVKR. 
 
 (i5 n 
 
 ■M 
 
 lil;o, locks rfsc'iiihliiiL!; the last ai^iiiii dcciii'. witli a (lip N. 10° l<].<25°. 
 
 Tiiki'ii ill (•oiiiiiiH'tiun witli tlic soctiidis on ilic I'pjjei' B('ii_y, it is pro- 
 
 liaiilf llitit the samlstoiios oi' llu' soutli end ot'tlic I'id^'o belong- to an 
 
 u|i|i(i' [lait III' the (■I'etaeoous, and tliat those of the noi'th end and on 
 
 liu' North Kork repi'osent tiie iowei- part of tlio St. Mary Rivei' series. 
 
 The helt of dark ("retaeeous yiiaies whieli ;ip|iears on the TpiJei- Beilv ''"'••"'C'lii.^ 
 
 iilioiit seven miles nortii i>f the 4!Uh paraHel, must lie immodiatelv 
 
 lulowlhe ahovo-nientionod Ci'otaceous sandstones, ami the stnke of 
 
 ilio beds wonld carry iheni throngdi to tlie I'.x'posiires of siniilar HJiales 
 
 Hcii on tlie Drywood Kork nine miles west oi' the Waterton. No ssec- 
 
 tions. however, occur on the North Fork where they miglit be expected 
 
 idcToss. The shales probably mark an anticlinal axis, and it is uneer- 
 
 laiii whether the overiyiiii;' sandstones jiavo been removed to a sntti- 
 
 lient depth to expose tiiem thronghont the entire distance above 
 
 imlioaled. 
 
 On the next westward bend ot' the Watei'ton, below the mouth i>f ^he Sniiiiisyiiotiniil 
 
 N'lirtii Fork, beds with the character of those of the NVillow Creek suli- 
 
 livision appear, with a dip of N. ;j.T K. < .'}()°. These doubtless ocen]iy 
 
 iliL' ti'dugh of a .synclinal, to the north of the anticlinal last described. 
 
 Tlio ivlurn or south-westward dip of those beds was not observed, but 
 
 the Centre of the synclinal is probalily marked by a copious tii»ring in 
 
 ilii' north bank of a wide depression about a mile further on. 
 
 From the last-mentioned exposui-e, the rocks wei-o not again seen in 
 
 lir river-valley for some distance, fill, immediately opposite a promi- 
 
 lu'Ml rocky ridge which is situated about a mile and a half east of the 
 
 rivei'. kirgeyeUowish sandstone blocks indicate tlie outcrop of a bed of 
 
 ilie same material. The crest of the ridge, which is bare and scarped, i.iiiic Kcicky 
 
 '■■insists of ratbei' hard tlaggy sandstones, sometimes considerably 
 
 vli;ii'gc(l with ferrous carlionale. and characteristically brown in (Mdonr. 
 
 with ;i ili[) ot S. IS^ W. and very I'cgular. The i'i<lge is about half a 
 
 mile lung, and appears to form a north-western outlier of one which. 
 
 lUiumeiicing on the east side of the Upper Belly, runs across almost to 
 
 i lie St. .Mary River. It forms tlio north-eastern edge of the synclinal 
 
 aliovc described, and is probalily near the base of the Laramie or at the 
 
 tii|Mil'the Cretaceous, as in a coulee some distance to the southward, 
 
 ■xtoiisive exposures of the generally bluish-grey beds of the typical 
 
 "■I. .Miuy liiver series occur overlying it, with a similai'sd'iki- and dip. 
 
 rill' luds in the continuation of the ridge east of tiie Upper Belly, 
 
 Imwover, show an opposite dip. and are probably locally overturned. 
 
 To the mouth of the Drywood Fork, and for a mile furthei-. no addi-^f^i'^^Ynow^'^'^ 
 liona'i opportunities occur for an examination of the rocks. Thence fop Cnoliiioiis. 
 imirly four miles the valley was not examined. The rocks next 
 "Iwrvcd were those of the St. Mary ftiver series, at first rathei- dis- 
 
 I 
 
MiM-iircnicMi 
 of piirt 111' 
 Lanuuie. 
 
 Willow Ci't'i'l' 
 beds. 
 
 6ti r NOHTU-WEST TEKKIToUy. 
 
 turboil by si'vcral uiidiiliilions, ami witli agonoral Ifiuk'Ucy to a --oiitli. 
 westward (lip. wliicli was at ciio ])Iact^ ohscrvi'd at an aii<;-l(' dI iti-iiilv 
 •50°. Tiic i-ocUs tliL'ii turn over an anticlinal axi.s, and hall' a mill' 
 ruftlior north ilip at an aii,u;lo of r)0^ in the oitpositc direction, nr N. 
 L'0° E. At thi "lint, the sti'oani maUes a rather remai'kabic flvxiiiv 
 !o the wostw letween highclill's, and then (dian^-es it.sgoniM'al iliivr 
 lion to norlii-east, cnteriiii!;. in about a mile, the wide area of Willow 
 Creek iteds. These bods continue to characterize it to its luoutli. 
 
 At the bi'iid of the river above alliidcil to, the oircuiustances appi'iir- 
 ing favourable, an attempt to measure the thiekncss of the lu'ds was 
 made, with the following result : — 
 
 n:KT. 
 
 1. St. Miinj liirrv hid.''. — Expo.suves near tiie axis of the anti- 
 
 eliual, nut continuou.s, but with t-'eueral nnrtii-easterly 
 
 dil)s (estiinatt'il) ."iiiii 
 
 2. SI. Min-ij liiri r hah, measiUT.d by pacinjz and triangulatioii 
 
 (actually seen ) i;4ii 
 
 3. St. Manj lihw ami Willoir Crrik hnla. — Interval liotwcen 
 
 the highest lieds of last, and first seen of Willow Creek 
 
 beds, at assumed mininmm dip, least tbicknes.s I,(i8il 
 
 4. Willriir Crick /«r/.s.— Thickness actually .seen (estimated) ... -l.")0 
 
 Total thickness of part of Laramie series 8,270 
 
 The al)ove section is in ascending order, and iliffers in this respect 
 from others in the report. By deducting the observed thicUnoss of 
 Willow Cj'eoU beds, an api)roximate thickness of 2,S0f) feet is obtaiiitHl 
 lor the St. Mary Jiiver beds. This may include a portion of the 
 Willow Creek beds at the top, but the base of the St. Mary Eivcr sub- 
 ilivision was not attained. 
 
 The Willow Creek beds lii-st appear with a north-eastward dij) iit ;in 
 angle of 30°, which flattens out a short distance furthei- down the 
 river, and is then followed by light (under 5°) westward and south- 
 westward dips, alternating with section.s in which the beds appear to 
 be perfectly horizontal, and these conditions continue to the contluence 
 with the Upper lielly. The rocks are of the character usually met with 
 in this subdivision when unatfet oil by flexure and concurrent iiului"!- 
 tion. They consist of reddish, purplish and brownish, hard cnuiiltlin.' 
 clay.s, in which small i-eniform calcareous nodules are fre([uently fomi'L 
 and soft, generally gre_y, .sandstones, which are often rather massive 
 and without evident traces of bedding. Crushed fresh-watci' slu.'ll> 
 wore observed in one locality. The length, without couniinu ii^ 
 flexures, of that part of the Waterton liivei' flowing across iIh'h'i 
 rocks, is eighteen milcH. 
 
 ASC.j 
 
 Sec 
 
 The I'ocks e; 
 its iriliutaries, 
 :'iiil iiilerest. 
 -iili-divisions ()| 
 ■'viiflinal. Ell- 
 lielly is one of 
 is t'lilly ilescriJK 
 Tlic lii'.st sea 
 w;ilcr> eilgc, o: 
 thoiirc fur a d; 
 li'e(|iien( e.Kposii 
 iiiic. The hels 
 ■■>n\-is\ of pale 
 l;iys, with soft 
 lji.''iding is iiiiifo 
 UT. which cause 
 i"i'!iis. In some 
 "iiilorm. and g{ 
 -imil.'ir appearai 
 'vliore. anil are r; 
 possihiy be phos 
 I'o merely calcai 
 !"«• C.'eek beds, ; 
 ^cojilioii of tin, 
 I'l'i'lOil into ii-„nv 
 e-timalc of the I 
 ""(-' section a th 
 
 ■ilUWll. 
 
 Ai the north 
 "'^>t'i'\-ci|, mid the 
 Tln'i'o is no reaso 
 'liU'creiice in oolo 
 =""' 'lie line of s( 
 .Mitioij l,y (i„. 
 »Mi in ,|,c ^^^^^.^, 
 
 '"•''''* licre imnu 
 ''•'vo-cneral bro\ 
 'I'll! shnw j>ersisti 
 ^■'ii'ly and shalv 
 ^oiiifiinies show 
 I'^iiiarkablyreguh 
 
 )\ 
 
1)1,1) M.VN AND HELLT lUVKRS. 
 
 Seotiox on the Or,ij Man and liELLv JirvEiis. 
 
 ()7 
 
 Tin' rocks oust of the disturboil foot-hill belt, on tlio Old Man and 
 it- tiiliiitarii's, liavo boon cxaminod in a fow places, but possess no spo- 
 ii;il iiitoivs(. Tliey consist of the Willow Crook and Porca])ine Hill 
 Miliilivisions of (ho Laramie and form part of the wide Porcupine irill 
 ■jyiu'linal. East of Fort MacLeod the section on the Old Man and 
 IVIly is one of the most interesting and important in the district, and 
 i- I'lilly d('<cril>ed liclow. 
 
 Tlir lirst scarped bank below Fort MacLeod is composed, to the ^^^^^.j^^ ||^,.^|. 
 wiitcrV 01 In-c. of drift clays, but at the mouth of Willow Creek, and l''"' ■^'''^•'"^■"'« 
 tht'iiic I'nv a distance of al)out four and a half miles down stream, 
 imiMonl exposures occur of the Willow Creek sub-division of the Lara- 
 iiiio. Tlio 1(0 Is are to all ap|)eirani^e horizontal or very nearly so, and 
 riiii--i>l of pale purplish, reddish, and greenish-grey clays or sandy 
 
 lays with soft sandstones and occasional bands of ironstone. The 
 l"|iliuii' is uiiiticm antl regular, and the whole series lias a soft charac- 
 ii'i'. wliirii causes it in some phicos to weather into miniature bad-land 
 inrms. In some clayey layers, peculiar whitish-weathering irregularly 
 rcuitoi'm. and generally small sized concretions, abound. Nodules of yg^jui^.j, 
 Minilar appearance frer^uontly occur in the beds of this horizon else- 
 'vheiv, and are rather characteristic. It was supposed that they might 
 [l(l^^-illiy i>e piiosphatic, but they proved on chemical examination, to 
 In: merely calcareous. Organic remains are usually rare in the Wil- 
 in\v (Vcek bods, and in these exposures none were observed, with the 
 exception of the scattered fragments of a single large CJhelonian, con- 
 wi'toil into ironstone. Owing to their nearly horizontal position, lU) 
 estimate of the total volume of these beds can be made here, hut in 
 mie section a thickness of one hundred and forty feet is actually 
 <lio\vii. 
 
 .Vt the north bend of the Old Man Rivor, a light westerly dip is .lumtion 
 "bsorvcil, and the older beds of the St. Mary River sub-division appear, iind.si. Mary 
 There is no reason for the separation of this from the ai)ovo series, but 
 
 littereuce in colour, and to some extent in the composition of the bods, 
 ;iii'l ilie line of separation is in conso([uence only an approximate one. 
 jibtitieil by the ijicility which it att'ords of recognizing a dotinito hori- 
 zon in the extremely thick Ijaramie formation of this district. Tiie 
 l»eils liei'o immediately below those of the Willow Creek soi-ies, 
 li:ive ncneral iu'ownish colours, liut soon become more varied in aspoct. 
 amlslidw persistent "•royish and u'reeinsh-i^rev tints. Thov consist of 
 
 I , > 1 111.- 1 1 1 i" • I . / ,. , St. ^tirv ItU-ei 
 
 "umly and shaly clays and shales, mterbedded with sandstones, whu'li seriiv. 
 
 "iiinotiinos show ripple-markings, and of which the bedding is often 
 
 'viiKiikidily I'ogular. The sandstones are often quite hard, and project in 
 
(uS C 
 
 NdKTII-WKST TKIiltlTOItY. 
 
 Fof.iI>. 
 
 Upturned licils 
 at Rye-t-Tiiss 
 flat. 
 
 taiinii. 
 
 • oriiico-liUc forms from llic litiiiU. Iroiistoncs iilsoocciir in iiodulc., aiMi 
 liiyc'i's, Olio of till' Itiltci' being obsci'voil to lie Jis miicli as 2 IWt i, 
 inciu's in tliicknos-i. Tlioso liods iin loss massivo ami allcrnatc nmf. 
 rapidly than llioso of llio overlying worios. 'I'lioy oliaraclori/.c Ihc rive; 
 for alioiil oiglil miles, followiiig its course, or to IJyo-grass (l;ii, aiii| 
 aro alloctod by ligbt iindidatini;- dips wliieh seldom exoeod ten dci^rci^ 
 in amount. At least 200 foot in tliieUne.ss of bods of Ibis ebaraiici' an 
 exposed, but no precise cstimalo of tludr total tbi(d<noss could be iiiailc 
 Tiiey were found to contain in several pbicos fresli-wiiter niolliiMN 
 iimung wbicb tiio Ibllowing species aro re])re»ented : — (Ivniubaih, 
 like 6'. Nebrnaccntiis .' Cassiojiella n.sj)., Vivijiarus Leai, Sphwrium n. sp,. 
 Ilyalina or Valcata, Aifuloocits, Slenitcs. They also bold a lew (.lixin, 
 impressions of plants. 
 
 Opposite Ilye-grass Hat, after tin interval of netirlv ti mile withon! 
 exposures,;! sniidl low point shows Irownisb and yellowish earth}- 
 sandstone, with a southwest ward dip at tin iinglo of 45°, iind Imldiii:' 
 remains of Ostrca. This is tbllowod on the same side of the river liva 
 sojirped biink composed of simihir rocks, with about the siiiiic dip 
 Facing this, at tho lower end of the wide fliit, the stimo rocks arc ;ii;iiiii 
 widl shown, and dip westward at iingles of 40 to 45 degrees. Those 
 T!rinki«li-wnter i'<»'d<s are evidently of brackish-wiitcr or esliuirinc chariicter tlnoii;;h- 
 out, and hold abundtintly Cnrbula, n. sp. like C. pijrifonnis, with ;i l;ii;;v 
 form of Corbicula occidentalifi and valves of Ostrea. 
 
 Some layers aro iilmost composed of these shells in densely crowdc-i 
 and occiisionally hard masses, but the rocks tire as a rule tpiile suit ii. 
 tduiractor. :uid uia_\- bo described its stmdstones iiiid sitndy cltiys ot 
 yellowish and browidsii colours, with occasiontil ctiibonaceoiis sIkiIi-. 
 Tho totid thickness of tho brackish- water bods here, was nut ascu; 
 tained. but it must be very great, tis tho portion whitdi could acliially 
 bo moiisured,on the left biink, is about S40 foot thick. Occiisional coaly 
 streaks, apparently ])roilucod by compressed masses of drift wood. ar. 
 found in the siuidstones. 'fbe faiinti is that chiiracteristic of the iian- 
 sition beds between the Fox Hill series tmd the generally fresh-watfr 
 Ltirumio abtjve, but tho Fox Hill stmdstonos themsidves were not hero 
 cloiirly recognized, though iit a distance of iibout twenty-one iiiilcxinl}' 
 on tho St. ^[:iry Eivor, they form ;i massive biyer about eighty fuot ii. 
 thickjiess. Tho. betls of Jlye-grass titit. with simihir ii])pear!iiicc aivl 
 molluscous fuunti, re-appear at Scabliy Jhitte a few' miles to the iioriii 
 (page 79 c). 
 
 There is no apparent reason for the sudden interruption at tiiis xp'i 
 of tho generally low dips, or nearly iiori/.ontal attitude, wdiich the rmk' 
 elsewhere maintain oast of the distui'beil foot-hill bolt, within iIil' | 
 limit covered by the present report. On the oiist side of tl 
 
 Fo.\ Hill 
 samlstiiiics 
 
 |inllll Ik.'IoW I 
 
 inr:;'ularly {'>> 
 
 :iiv .-ccM to 1 1 
 
 -hair-, vvvy rt 
 
 111 iliii'kiiess, 
 
 iiid liiive ill I ii 
 
 :i::';dii bcconii' i 
 
 Vfi'v b'i:'lit li)w 
 
 Man Cillers tli 
 
 wilh its disiiuc 
 
 ihc iiioiitji 1)1' ( 
 
 >]M'cihicns (pjV ', 
 
 "'/t'N wt're oblji 
 
 miles tibove IIk 
 
 the drift doposi 
 
 '" the gi'cai ,1 
 
 lic'iiii uorii iivvai 
 
 The liase of 
 
 Mary K'iver, :ini 
 
 :ii a searjicd b; 
 
 -tones (d' the IK 
 
 "•illi the associa 
 
 I'ierre group. 
 
 ''"iiiudl. is as fo 
 
 1 . 1 »ark si 
 
 L'. Irnlls 
 :i. Jil'iiWI 
 
 4. I'iiic 
 
 •">. ( ivstc 
 
 'i. (ii,i/. 
 
 i". ( ai'ho 
 
 <'^. l.aiiiii 
 
 •■I. L'unI . 
 
 Ki. CarlH, 
 
 11- l.iiniiii 
 
 I-. Ciirlx,! 
 
 I-. Cunl c 
 
 J I- < ariidii 
 
 '•>• I.ainiii; 
 
 Kl. Vcll,,\vi 
 
 17. (('.ineci 
 
 l!i. I.^> 
 
 Mt-'llIlK 
 
 iiiinti 
 
 L'll. 
 
 iTilWHI; 
 
 -'b ilanU' 
 ;-':•. I.i-niti, 
 -.'). (( 'liiu'ca 
 24. .S.ft, tr. 
 
.j.^s ] (il.l) MAN AND liKM.V HIVER.S. (V.) C 
 
 ii.iiiii liclow the (lilt, tlic^c rocks .still (•((utiiiiio, lull ai't' somowliiit 
 iiivi;iilai'ly I'iiMimI iiml ln'okeii and in pliictss Iiccohr' alinnst Ihit. Tlicy SiiMiinit ..t 
 nir -cfii 111 111' tnllowcil ill (ic'scoii.liim; (ii'ilcr l»y cotlV't^-ciiloiired cliiy 
 -li;iii'~, very rrn-nhniy si nil iticd, in liods I'jicli of which i> a few inches 
 ill ihirkiicss. Tiicsc consliliiic llio iippci' pari of Uu; Pierre slialcs. 
 ;,iiil liiive al ihis place a tliickiicss of ahoiil lifly feet. The iio<ls now 
 ;i:^;iiii liecniiie (|iiile rei;'iiliii', and are to the eye hoii/.<intai, or att'ccted by 
 vuiy iiii'ht low niidiiiatin,n- dips, .lust helow the point at wliicli tho Old 
 Mini enters the IJeJIy River, iho Pierre licconies well characteri/.od, 
 with its distinct i\e hlacliish (day-shales, iind tlieso continue thence to 
 die iiioiitli ot' the St. iMary I'iver, a distance of twelve niilo.s. Numerous 
 .]ii'(iiiiens (>\'('///iiinfi ot,v«^a vai'., with i'vi\'^monl>>.ofB(iculites and Amino- 
 .(ift'N were ohiaincd from this part of tlie Pierre. From about two 
 miles ahovi' the mouth of the Belly lliver and tlience 1o tiio St. Mary, 
 till' drill deposits iire remiirkably thick, a circumsliince doubtless duo 
 to ilie lireat de|)t]i to which (lie surface of the Pierre .sliah^s liad 
 I'lTii woi'ii away, in conse(|Ucnce of (heir soft clKirac(o!'. 
 Tlic liasc of the Pierre shales is rea(died at the mouth of tho S(. Coiiilnencc of 
 
 iSt. Almy Hiver. 
 )!ai\ llivcr. and tiie anLfle between liic two ri\ers to (he eas(, sliows, 
 
 . Ba-o 111 I'ierre 
 
 !ii ii siiirpcd bank, tlie greyi.sh and yollowish-grey shaleei and sand-i^hiiicsi. 
 
 "tones nf tho ne.x( sub-division of tho ('retacoous in desccndiiiL!; order, 
 
 ivith the associa(ed coal, wlii(di is considered as forming (lie base of (ho 
 
 I'ii'irc gi'oii)). The section in this bmk, as measured by Mr. Mc- 
 
 I'diiiu'il, is as follows, the order being descending: — 
 
 KKIOT. INcnilS. 
 
 1 . I »ark shales 
 
 2. Iruiistiiiic (I () 
 
 :i. J'lriiwnisli, slial.v san(ls(one '2 (i 
 
 ■1. ]'iiic)y liiiniiiatiMl (lark .shales ;> 
 
 ."i. ( lystc'r bed 2 (J 
 
 i\. ('<i,il ■ (I 10 
 
 7. ( arhouaceons sliaU'S !i 
 
 M. Laiiiiiui(cd (lark shales !• 
 
 '■>. CnnI i) 
 
 In. < 'arliiiiiare.dn.s shakes !• 
 
 11. baiiiiiialed dark shales 10 (i 
 
 1-, ( arliniiaciMins shales 1 1 
 
 l:i. ( 'nal (:! ft. to ;] ft. (i in.) :! T) 
 
 14. ( aih.inacwjns sliak^s ?, 
 
 15. Laminated (lark shales 2 
 
 In. ^■cl](l\visll-\vea(herin!J; sandy shales ;>0 o 
 
 IT. (( iiiicealed) 5 ii 
 
 Is. Liijiiitic shales :! 
 
 !■•. I. 'uuiiiatcd (hirk shales G o 
 
 -1). Ili'iiwuish sandstiiiU", :> 
 
 21. i laid, ^ri-eyisli sandstone, (opjKKl with iroiis((iiH'. 1 2 
 
 22. l.iL'nitic shales 5 
 
 2;;. (((iiicealed) 15 
 
 24. Soft, groyish and yellowish sandstone 25 
 
 i;!2 10 
 
 ■i-.., 
 
 ("! 
 
TOf 
 
 NORTH -WKST TEHIUTORY, 
 
 St. Man liiicr 
 to Colli ll.nik.''. 
 
 Rock.i ul 
 Coal liiiiik-. 
 
 Outcrop (it 
 colli senilis. 
 
 [•'roiii till' miiiitli of llio St. Miifv, tin- IJclly I'liiis tliicc miles rjiNi 
 wiii'il, iiiid llifii tiii'Miiii;' sliiU'ply at I'inlil iiiinlfs (lows iiniiliwiinl t;,; 
 
 :il)()lll lllf Sillllf ilislillK'C tn I 111" ])i)illt UlioWll ils '•("dill 15!llll<s " IIP 111, 
 
 •'Colliery." Tins |iiii'l of I lie rivei--v:iiley is enlirely exciiviiteij in :),, 
 siili-l'ierre roeks, ii poi'tioii of the ii|i|per |iiii'l dI' which has jii-t Inn, 
 (lesei'iiieil, and which. tVoin tlu' line sections which ncciir here ;iiii| ,ii 
 othoi' points t'lirther ilowii the river. 1 have ilesi^naleil in a prcvidiiv 
 repni'i iis liie Helly K'iver si-ries. The r(icl<s ol' the lielly lli\er scricv 
 thoiiL^hal tii'st siijlit rosonihliiii;- thn-,1' of pjirts nf ihe Ijai'ainic. iirid 
 |iiirtieularly that portion of it which has heen ilocril'iMl as the Si 
 Mary IJivor suh-division, are found, on eloser e.\ainination, to ditlcr i.in 
 sidei-alily in the more massive and irrei;idar chai'aeter i>\' the hed-. iuM 
 their ".generally softer and more earthy condition. There is a ni.iiknl 
 ahsoiiei' of the rei;'ular and often fhiyyy sandst(ine> which occur >" lii- 
 (|iiently in the younger series, the sandstones df the lielly l!i\ci' >iil:. 
 division hein<i; u;encrally liiiehor, and almost always hkh'c ir'i'eniiliirk 
 liardenod, while ironstone is much more ahundant and oeeui's in huifci 
 masses. The scarped hanks of the river in this part of its course, mr 
 cut by numerous dee]> ravines oi- coulees, and tVenuently siiow bail 
 land weatheiiny'. In coloiii' tlie heds are i;'encrally greyish. (,i 
 yellowish- or girenish-grey, but nearly always (|uite pale in tint. Tin- 
 ironstone nodules are often veiy large in the sections now <lesciiln'i| 
 and generally septarian, the internal fissures being tilled with caldti'. 
 or lined with that mineral in rbomhohedral crystals. The nnly 
 (organic traees hei't^ met witli were fragments of hones, doiihllos- 
 reptilian, but so much broken as to yield very little information. In 
 many eases tho bonos appear to liave been r()un<led and water-woin 
 before their inclusion. The beds are to all a])pearanee flat, and the 
 thickness exposed in tiie banks is about 200 feet. 
 
 At the point known as Coal Banks, the outcrop of t he coal inai'king the 
 base of the Pierre shales, whieli luis run northward west of the river. 
 again appears on the left bank. From this point to Big Island,— adistanee 
 of twelve miles in a direct line, — the I'iver, though with numerc)us niinur 
 flexures, purBues a general north-north-eastward course, and nearly 
 li)llow8 tho outcrop of tho coal-bearing horizon an<l base of the Pierie. 
 The lino of outcrop is, however, somewhat sinuous in outline It 
 crosses the river just north of Coal Banks, and making a sweep, the 
 exact outline of which is uncertain owing to the thickness of the drill 
 deposits which here form the whole sui-faee of the country, recrosse- 
 the river to tho loft or west bank, about six miles above Big Islaml. 
 Thence, owing to the slight divergence of the line of strike and main 
 course of the river-valley, the coal-bearing horizon may be observe'! 
 gradually rising in the bank, till it is eventually cut off by thi' base ol 
 
 thi' drift dcpi 
 111 (iiiisciiiiem 
 III' llic base ( 
 nearly li\-e m 
 eiililrly ocelli 
 lei' 111' llie dip' 
 ihi' bill Imu of 
 |iriilialily iiol o 
 i'X|ii)-iircs. 15 
 III' llic coal >ca 
 
 reaelicd with f 
 leliiiilion of III 
 
 iiii|iiirlaiice. 
 Til." Helly V 
 
 anil liig Islaii 
 't iicMi-ly a in 
 
 ihe plain lo : 
 
 liire. cuts into 
 
 Miiil. with its 
 
 III these, 
 lliiving thus 
 
 fiial oil (his par 
 "11 the outcrops 
 
 ihe SCM||1.:|: 
 
 The coal-bear 
 "Me iif tlii'so is 
 i- lliiil opened 
 ill tlic Xorth- 
 i'iyht bank of 
 ''•^ the •• main st 
 
 Al Shcran's ii 
 •il"ii,H' the naturj 
 level was begu: 
 x'lU'lied bank fii 
 t'luliil'ilie bank 
 "■i'li.'1'al the noi 
 '''•'lice and as.sof 
 ii]iWMrd to liie b 
 
 'III the iircliiniiiiir 
 'i>i'n. Til...... w,.r.. r.ii 
 
 lia.'siiic... c.irri,.,],,,,, ,, 
 "O'tii'ii ivitli ilii. work 
 
«(0S ] 
 
 (•I.I) MAN AM) HEt.r.Y lUVKRS. 
 
 lie 
 
 ilii' iliil'l (li'pDsits iit'iii' Wi'j; Isliiml. :imiI is iiol iiniiiu xh'ii nn tlif I'ivci'. 
 Ill ((iiix'iint'iici! of the iiliovo (ii'-<cril)cil v'.'islcrii siiiiiosily of I lie ()iilcr()|> 
 III' tlir \>;\M' of till' I'ici'ri', ii iiortioii of tlic I5clly N'iillfV cxtcinliiii; 
 iiiiiiU li\i' miles iiortliwiird iVom iIh'<o;iI croiis iicai' ('on! Haiiks, i> 
 ,.iili:i ly occii|ii('il liy ilu- I'ici'i'c; sliiilcs. Tlic li^lii iiinliiliit iiiii,' cliiinu;- 
 ii'P 111 I in- (lips ri'Milfi's i( iiiipossililc lo i'>l iniiilc llic cxacl (icptii liclow lic>|.iii uic-unl 
 the lidlloiii ot the valley Ml uliicli tlif 1 oal woiilil he loiiiid, lull It iM'Millfiuik'' 
 |iii.li:ili|y iiol over 5(1(1 feel iiiidway lietweeii llie iiorllieiai and xnitheni 
 ,x|Mi>.ui'es. Mesides (lie oi)\ ioii-; met liod ol' woi'kilifjf I he visilde outcrops 
 mI llie eoid seam on this part of the Belly Hiver. it min'lil tluis also he 
 ri;uli(il with facility hy shafts in tli(( ci)iiccaled iidei'val, and the exad 
 (Ifliiiilioii of Ihe attilude of the lieiU liecoiiies a iiiatl'i'of coiisiderahje 
 im|i(irlaiiee. 
 Hie Hell\- Vallev, ill ihal part of its eoiirse lietweeii <'()al Banks 
 
 , ■,. ■' I 1 •' I . ... • . .11 ""'I'liiiii in 
 
 ami liiu' Island, is about .!(»(» teet in depth, with an averai^e WK.IIh I'.cilv Vullcy. 
 
 it nearly a mile, while the drifi deposits underlie the surface ol 
 
 the jjlain lo :i depth of about 100 feet. Tho rivci'valley, tliere- 
 
 liiic. cuts into the C'i'etaccM)iis roclcs to a depth ol' about 200 loot. 
 
 ami. with its rumifyini;' couli^os, |)r(jsoiits roiiiarkaiily line sei'tion^ 
 
 n| ihest'. 
 
 lliiviiiLi; thus bi'ietly described tho ijjeneral mode of occurrtMiee of the i»ct tiisnf 
 
 coal (111 this part of the Belly Miver, iho tbllowing mope detailed notes' "-'""• 
 
 III! the outcrops wliieh occur will serve to show tiic actual (diaraetcr of 
 I lie se;mi.-i= 
 
 The coabbeariim; iiorizon embraces weveriv! assoeialod seams, l>ut only 
 iim'iif the.so is here of sutticiont thickness to be worked. Tliis, which 
 i< that o])encd at Coal Bunks in "Sherans mine," and subse(|Uently 
 in tile Xortli-Westi'rn (-oal C(unpany's mine, on tiie opposite or 
 liiiiit bank of the river, may, for the sake of clearness, be reforrc(rto 
 a>- till' ■• main seam." 
 
 Al Shcran's mine, the coal lias been extracted (diietly by (|imrryin,!;' ,.||,|„„,,^.f .^i^,, 
 aliiiii; the natural outcrop. 1hou<;'Ii diirini^ tiio summer of 1S.'^2 a small i','.!'",'|','',l"cvii 
 liwl was beifun. The outcrop is situated in the front of a steep """'^"' 
 -larped bank fiieing tho river, and the seam, which at the southern 
 enddf the liank i.s about tliirty foot above tiio water, dips away below tiie 
 water at the nortliern. The followiny; soetioii shows the mode of occur- 
 iviue and association of the c^oal in the bank, Imt does not extend 
 n])\vai(| to the base of the dritt deiiosits : — 
 
 •In llir iircliiniiiiiry report (111 this district. i)i(i.\iinii(c iiiiiilyses uf this miil iiIIut eoiils worn 
 '"Oil, Tlii'.^c were fur the most jiart miole liy iiiyself, iiiid lire not here rejieated, iH Mr. IlotVmiinii 
 Im? since ciirrieil out ii more eompli'te series of iinalyses, whieli arc reiiorted nn liy liim in eon- 
 witiuh with the work of the laboratory. 
 
(- •• 
 
 Nortl'll-WI'.ST I'r.UIIII'nllV, 
 
 J. I'iiidlv laiiiiiiali'il nicy 
 
 Conl (sillily Inflow ). 
 
 ;?. ( li((y, thiii-iitMliUid sluil 
 •1. lliilistniui 
 
 5. (ircy sli!il(» 
 (1. ( iifi/ 
 
 I r.irr. inciiks. 
 
 (ircv >lia!(> ami notlnlar siiinlstdiir, i iii'boniu'i'.uiis 
 
 IMiiiu 
 
 sciani. 
 
 S. (nil/ 
 
 ii. Slialy partiii;-' ((iflon almost ahsniit) 
 
 Id. Ciitil 
 
 II. Cailidiaivnlis shale 
 
 slial( 
 
 11'. (Iivy 
 
 111. Ironsliiiic 
 
 14. (ircyisli ami lirnwiiish shale 
 
 15. ('arhdiiaci'iins shall' 
 
 Ki. ('(.aly fhale 
 
 17. tiri'V shale 
 
 18. Coal 
 
 lit. C'ailHiiiaceiiiis shale (to water) 
 
 1 1 
 
 Cnal. 
 
 1 J 
 
 Tlio ilip at tlli^ 
 
 is ahoiit N. t;0^ \V, (N. S;;' W. ina.n-., vaiial 
 
 mn 
 
 2'2° K!' K.), at an aimic oriivo to eie'lit do.uTi'Os. 
 On tiic ojiiiosite 
 
 the river, at its ne.\t heiul, tlu' coal >eain i 
 
 au'aiii well slidwii. it is sliylitly iiii(liilatiii>;-. ami dips ^•radiiaily a\v;iy 
 below tlie water-level at the nortlu'ni I'lul of tlu' hank, it is ni'ar llii^ 
 t that the N- W. C Company's mine lias since heen o|ien(Ml, 
 
 )oin 
 
 Tiiis consists 
 
 .fa 1 
 
 evel run in on 
 
 tlic strike, and is already well >itnatii 
 
 for a lai'n-e oiit|iut. 'Vhv \mv\ oI' the section desii;'nated ahove a> lln 
 
 main seam is here as loilow: 
 
 iKio'i'. l^"(■lll:^ 
 
 Cixil 
 
 Shaly pailini;- (1 to:! inches) 
 Coal 
 
 Total 
 
 About four imdies in 
 
 thickness at the l>ase of tin' seam i- 
 
 liciv 
 liiiv 
 
 laminated in texture, but apjiears nevertheless to bo u\' good i|U; 
 The general dip is about X. •JV'" W.. at an angle of less than tiw 
 degrees. 
 
 From this point, for a distance of live miles down the valley, a> ahevi 
 recti'onsot' stated the dark shales overlving the coal are alone seen. When tl 
 
 Comiiariitiv 
 
 sciun betwcci 
 Cniil Htinl<s MiLiI 
 Big li^iaiid. 
 
 main seam again appears, on 
 following section : — 
 
 the west bank of the river, il shows tin 
 
ri 
 
 (-*' 
 
 }wtm 
 
 I'l" 
 
 lie 
 
 level. 
 
 azfras 
 
 ' , < «'?■. 
 
 C - ' 
 '.i - 
 
 •:«1fV i'^- i 
 
 iVl' 
 
 ll.' 
 
 Coal Banki 
 Rivor, (p 
 
 •IKHRK SUA 
 
 / ;i. 
 
 in 
 
IntriTininif DiMiincr 
 1 miU's. 
 
 7 milw. 
 
 lr»n.«tone 8" 
 
 Shalf ,V 
 
 U;»ltT W\ el. 
 
 Coal 3" 
 £l Itlai'ki.-'h sliaW- •) 
 
 Coal f," 
 Clarlxiiuiocf*!!*" shale •<' 
 
 CualS" 
 
 <';»rlioii«coouH chalc ''' 
 
 Iron.-tiiiR' sliiilp •')" 
 
 ({liLki."}! shiile;:' 
 
 • '..air 
 
 CarliiiiiH"'!!''!!-' shall' r I' 
 
 r.,al 2' 
 
 (Jrey shale \' 
 (nil! 1' 4" 
 
 ; — «~j (irt>> <huif r 
 
 C.al r 4" 
 
 Sliali- 111' r 
 
 I'oal o'S" 
 
 Shiilp 0' 
 Water level 
 
 Inlei-veninq IH^tnncr 
 4 miloH. 
 
 Iroiiytoiiv li" ■ ■ . 
 Shaly miiidHtone 2' 
 
 S? Dork shale .1' 
 
 V^ ( lysler be.l 2' <•)" 
 
 Coal 10" 
 
 Carlioiiacecius -hule !i" 
 
 Dark shale 9' 
 
 Colli ii" 
 
 CarljonacvoiiH nhale '.I" 
 
 Dark shale 10' 
 
 CarbonHoeous shale 1' 1" 
 Coal :V ti" 
 
 CarlHmaeeoiis shale .1' 
 Dark shale l!' 
 
 Yellowish gamly shale 
 
 Wafer level. 
 
 /nil rv 
 
 (jrey shal 
 
 Iroii.sfont 
 Urey sha 
 Coal «" 
 
 Shale am 
 
 Coal I' »' 
 Sliale.l" 
 
 Coal 4' 
 
 OarlHiiiao 
 
 Orey sha 
 IrotistoiK 
 
 Shale ;r 
 
 Curbunac 
 
 (Iroy .sha 
 
 CoftU" 
 
 Carhonae 
 
 St. Mary River, 
 miles fnm mouth, 
 
 (p.fiSC;. 
 
 St- Mary River, 
 
 7 miles from mouth, 
 
 (p. tWC). 
 
 Mouth of St. Mary 
 River, (|.. 69C). 
 
 Coal Banks, Belly 
 River, (p.72C). 
 
 ( OMPARATIVE SFXTIONS OK rilE ('OAl.BEARIN* i ZONE AT THE HASE OF Tlli: I'lKI^RE STTALEH, REPi: 
 
Inti rrrniiiii IHitonci- 
 0> miles. 
 
 (Jroy hIiuIo K' 
 Cm I I'd" 
 
 (jrcy t*litile 12' 
 
 Iron.stone I!" 
 Urev shulc I' 1'' 
 
 Shale and Hiinilsttun'T' 
 
 (•(.1.1 r »" 
 
 SllMlC'l" 
 
 OiirlH)n:iecoiis slnilc'J' 
 
 Qrry shale 1!' 
 Ironsttiiic 4" 
 
 Shale ,{' 
 
 Oarbonaceouti shiili' '5' S" 
 
 (lioyshale2' 
 
 (;..al4" 
 
 CarhonacooTi? shale 1' 4" 
 
 /ntiivfnina Dintimcr 
 3 inlloii. 
 
 fvtfreeniiHf IMitavoe 
 flA inileR. 
 
 Coal 1' 11" 
 Shale 3" 
 
 OoMl 4'i'." 
 
 Shiilo 1'(i" 
 Coal 2' !•" 
 
 ■=r_- (Jroy Shale. 
 
 (.'oal 1' fl' 
 
 Coal 2' 6" 
 
 Carbonaceous shale 7" 
 Coal 2' 2" 
 Caihonaeeoufl shale 1' 
 
 Couirn" 
 
 Shaly sandstone 13' 
 
 CiirbonaceouB shulo 2' 3" 
 
 C(.(ii4'r)" 
 
 Shall; and shaly clay 7' 
 
 Coal 1' 
 
 Carbonacfcoufl ?hale 1' 
 Coal 8" 
 
 Shale and clay 8' 
 Coalftcarb. shale TO" 
 
 >al Ranks, Belb' 
 
 ftiver, (p.72C). 
 
 Helly River,'? miles 
 
 below Coal Banks, 
 
 (p,73C). 
 
 T>elly Riven 10 miles 
 
 below (.'Oal Hanks, 
 
 (l).73C). 
 
 (Irassy Island, Bow 
 River, (p.OOC.) 
 
 K sttat;kh, ri<:im{Ksknttn<^j mFi';EREN'r points along its oittc^rop for a length of 88 miles. 
 
 -f-Y 
 
t 
 
 SI 
 
 SI 
 
 a 
 
 I'll.' luv 
 
 ^I'lilt'd ill 
 
 l;iiiiiii;ilO(l 
 
 N=, W. ;i( 
 
 Aliiiiii I 
 
 ;<i;';iiii liiiii 
 
 nliuiil Olio 
 
 lioiiig con 
 
 Eift>r sci'ii 
 
 wai'il, or ii 
 
 Killiiws : — • 
 
 Car 
 Coa 
 Car 
 
 Con 
 
 Till' coal 
 .Xorlli ot 
 
 ^Vi-'ll OXJIOS 
 
 vallvy. O] 
 ;i thickiies.s 
 M'iiiiis of a 
 I'dow the 1 
 'lie ri\-o/-. 
 Ai Hiu- Is 
 'itiiks coiilii 
 " ^lii»\v tine 
 ;'i'iH'i'all_v isl 
 
 "llH'll iippoi 
 
 'liiih liovoii 
 III.' walcr. a 
 lOllolsolViia 
 '''"', u-i(Ii 
 'iwsoftho 
 
„,0N.'] nhU MAN AMI IJKI.l.V lUVKItS. 73 C 
 
 IKKT. INCIllCS. 
 Coal 1 (1 
 
 Slialo (t o 
 
 Coal 4 (i 
 
 Shale. 1 (i 
 
 Coal ,... 2 !• 
 
 Total coal M !' 
 
 Tlir lowest (lixision of llie sciuii at tliis j)l:i('e, is :i])|)ar{'i>tly not r-epro- 
 n'liU'il in tlu' sect inns [ii'evioiisiy ilcscrihed. The coiii in il is soniewhal 
 liiiaiiialcil. Imt sei'nis lo l)e ofijooil (jualily. Tiie ilip i> liei'e aliout X. 
 »T \ W. al an anii'le of five degrees. 
 
 Aliiiiit Llu'oe mile,> fiu'llior north, extensive exposuivs of tiie coal are 
 ;i-aiii found in the ,scar])e(l haid\ oi- clitl' faciny- the river, at, a height of 
 aliuut one hundred foet ahove tiie water-level, the lower part of the hank 
 Iriai;' composed of tiio greyish and greenish-grey beds of the Jkdly 
 Ci^T scries. The dip is ligiit and undulating, hut on the whole west- 
 «anl. oi' awaj' from the river. Tlie main seam is here eomijosetl as 
 Kil|ii\\> : — 
 
 I'EET. INCURS. 
 ( 'onl 2 G 
 
 ( 'arbonaceuus shale 7 
 
 Coal -2 2 
 
 C'arbonaceou.s sluile, 1 
 
 Coal 1 ;i 
 
 Total coal ') 11 
 
 Tl)c coal hero appears to bo of good quality tiiroughout. 
 
 Xorlli of this ])i)int, the eoal-hoaring horizon is not ng.iin found 
 
 ill exposed on the river, liie outeroj) running lO the west of the 
 
 illcy. Op]iosite tlu- lower end of l?ig Island, the drift deposits have 
 
 ;i liiickness of one hundred and sixty-five feet, and below them two ooal- 
 
 naiDs of a few inehes each ai-e seen. These occtqu' a horizon a little 
 
 I'olow the n)ain seam, and have a gentle di]» westward oi' away from 
 
 I'lit' river. 
 
 At iJig Island, the river resumes its eastward eouise, and the scarped 
 
 iiaks continue for a distance of lour and a half miles, in a direct line, 
 
 i >\\n\v fine ^^\posurcs of the series underlying the Pierre. Tiie banks 
 
 ,1 iii'ially show a thi(diiiess of about one hundred feet of these beds, 
 
 rvliicli ajijieai' fo be ]u'actieally hoi'izontal. At the first bend to the 
 
 'iith hcyond Big Island, a hard sandstone layei- about fifty feet above 
 
 fill' water, and in some layers charged with little greenish-grey rolled 
 
 iclsofshaly clay, was obsei-ved to show als(» numerous easts of a large 
 
 HI", with I'ounded fragments of bone. Tiie inclusion of rounded 
 
 [n'ccs of the nearly eontemporaneous eluys in the sandstones is elso- 
 
 Bis Wand. 
 Ciial oiiloiop 
 leaves tlie 
 valley. 
 
 Ex|iiP!^iires of 
 Belly R'.er 
 
 series. 
 
r-ic 
 
 NORTH-WEST TKRRITORY. 
 
 Dinosiiiiriaii 
 ri'tiiMiii'^, 
 
 saiijstoii 
 
 where fniiiid to bo ratlior cliariU'leristic of the upper oi- ])iile part of'tiie 
 Holly liiver series, and taken in conneotioii with the irroi,nilar i>eililiiiy 
 anil seatlt'rod and hrolo'ii chai'aotor of llio lai'i^'or bones, would seem ti' 
 show that the sheet of water in whicdi the beds were laid down was a 
 soiucwhat tnrbident one. At tliis place a detached tooth was alsn in!- 
 Iccted, which Prol'. (,'n|)e has been si» kind as to examine, and jiroMMun- 
 ces to be that of a carnivorons Dinosaui'ian. which as it- comes In im 
 below the Pierre shales may be a Jjifhipfi, thoUii,h it looks much like 
 Anbli/sodon of the Laramie. .At the next bend to the north, the scarpfi 
 banks of tiie river are 275 feet in heit!,ht. The up]ier one hundred t'cut 
 consists of drift deposits, elsewhere described. Below (here is u vol- 
 lowish sandstone about twenty feet thicdc, irretrularly hardened. Tiii- 
 is followed to the water's edi;-e by a series of bluish 'j;vey and iirccnisli- 
 grey clays and sandy bcd.s, which occasionally become hard sauil- 
 r,ap ill si'.'tidii. stones. J5elow tliis jioint a gap of about a mile and a half occms li. 
 the section on the I'ivcr, in which a few scarjicd banks show bmilHir 
 clay only, to the water's edge. 
 
 The next rocks seen occur at about six miles above the month of the 
 Little How l^iver, and ai-e supposed to represent the summit <>[' the 
 lower or yellowish portion of the Belly IJiver series. A rather niassiw 
 yellowish sandstone hei-e appears on the north 'oank. It forms a low 
 clitf twenty to thirty feet high, at the edge of the water, and is nvci- 
 lain by greyish and ^'ellowish sandy clays holding some selcuiie. 
 Similar rocks, anil a])parently on almost exactly the same horizon, uiv 
 seen in several places between this point and the Little J^ow, the 
 sections being, howevei', genei'aHy near the water's edge, and cappoil 
 by a lieavy covering of drift deposits. Coaly layers now begin ti^ 
 appear in the rocks in some places. 
 
 From the mouth of the Little Bow to the confluence of the Holly 
 and Bow, rocks similar in general character to those last mentioned, 
 and probaly not far from the same horizon, continue to appoar 
 in numerous exposures. At seven and a half miles below the Littlf 
 Bow, a well defined coal-seam, about eighteen inches in thickness, wa? 
 first observed. It is here at a height of about twenty feet above tin; 
 river. The sections not being ab.solutoly continuous, and the characloiei 
 the beds somewhat variable, it was impo.ssible to arrive at certainty as t' 
 the equivalency of the beds, but it is probable that the coal-seani Jii>i 
 mentioned is that which characterizes the banks ni'arly t(j the moiillinf 
 the river. It appears at a height above the river-level which variosiiwu 
 cordanee with the light dips by which the bods are affected. The rocks 
 associated with the coal are yellowish, brownish and grey, soft 
 sandstones and dialcs, with occasional layers of ironstone. Thoysliow 
 numerous alternations of coloui", and pi-oduce a generally liamloi 
 
 Roelts fiom 
 Little bow 
 eastward. 
 
 Coiil-boariiiK 
 horizon. 
 
:»*soN.J 
 
 OM) MAN AND HELLY HI VERS. 
 
 ■ 75 
 
 ;i|i[)( ,:i;iiici) in (ho bunks when viewed from a distance. Xeai- tlio coal- 
 ^c'uiii. iiiid botli al)()vo and below it, are several carbonaceous shales, 
 whicli. iiowever. are not very constant. The greatest thickness of 
 lioil> iif (he character Just desci'ibed, seen below (he coal-seam, was 
 mIiouI niie humlred feet. Some beds on this yavt of the river yield fresh- 
 ;mil ln'ackish-water molluscs in !i;i'ea( aliun(.an('(', the following being 
 amtiiig (lie most characteristic forms : — Corl>ul<i aulitriuomdis, Corbahi 
 lieniniliifa. Corbicti'a A'^cbrascensis .' Yclatella baptista .' ('(tsaiopcllo 
 n, s|p. Cainpeloma like C. /irodncta ; also species of the gciiera 
 Gon'hiliasis, Vlriparus, P/i>/sa. l/iuo and Sj'hocrium, as yet undetermined. 
 Fi'iiin the close resemblance, lithologicaily and in fauna and accom- 
 paniiiiciils, ot' the beds in (lie vicini(y of the coal in these sections 
 im the Lower Belly, with those seen on the Milk Eivor north of 
 the l'"a-( Butte (p. 44 c), and again in 1874 nearer to the Butte.* 
 1 am inclined to suppose the almost absolute identity in horizon of 
 llio strata in these localities. 
 
 At a mile and three-quarters below the point above referred to at 
 ^vhic•il I lie coal was tir.st recognized as a well-dotincd seam, it is 
 Hmml at a height of tifty feet above the river, still maintaining a 
 thickness of about eighteen inches. Its greater height above the 
 river i> nwing to a light northerly dip by which the measures are 
 here ati'ected, and in i'ollowing the river in its next groat bend to 
 the south, at a further distance of about two miles, the coal is abjut 
 one hundred feet up in the bank. Two miles further on, it is again 
 seeti '111 the opposite or right bank at a similar elevation. 
 
 From this ])oint, the river turns abruptly north, making a great 
 loop which may be called Drift-wood bend. Following this reach 
 of the river to the north, in about a mile and three-(iuarters, the 
 lual-seam comes down to the water's etlge. It is here associated 
 with yellowish sandstone, and has a thickness of three feet three 
 iiielies. The seam here appears to be of gootl qutility throughout, 
 ami this is the most favourable locality observed for working it. 
 The coal containa 0-18 of hygroscopic Avater onl}', and is a very ftiir 
 fuel. (See p. 2(5 m.) 
 
 The coal, for several miles to the north, undulates at low angles from 
 the water's edge to about twenty feet above it. It varies in thick- 
 ness t'roin the maximum just given to about eighteen i indies, and is 
 iigaiii seen with the latter dimensions at the north-western [loint of 
 Ih'ifi-vvooil bend. This coal was not again observed in anything like 
 workable thickness on the Belly, and, indeed, from this point to 
 near the mouth of tlie river, the sections of tlie CrotaceoMs rocks 
 aie eomparitively inconsiderable, the banks being more rounded, and 
 
 •Ciodldiry mill llosources of tlio 49tli Parallel, p. 122. 
 
 I'ossils. 
 
 Drift-wood 
 bend. 
 
 Workable 
 
 coal-si. 111. 
 
rfi 
 
 I ■ H 
 
 liclly Itivcr 
 .-crios iii'iir 
 
 ClilllllU'tlCI' w 
 
 IJDW Ki\ er. 
 
 Cunlliienci' 
 111' lii)\v and 
 Uelly to Clu 
 Ccmlee. 
 
 Jtock.s niirili 
 Cherry CduI. 
 
 TH (' NORTH-WEST TERIUTilIlY. 
 
 llic .n'roiiU'r pai'l of tlic ileplli of tlir viilli'V Ikmiil;' ('Xcavuti;il in diin 
 ileposits. wliicli liei'i' sliow intcrcstiri.u,' pcciiliai-itics cIscwIick.' (Icscril,,.,! 
 A tine li.s|)lii\' i)t' llie licils di' tliis scries is. JKnvc'ver, iii^'aiii Umnil 
 il; about tlu' I'oiilliUMicc "1' t ho IJow ami iidly. At (ho first soiilii lioiid dn 
 ilio Holly above the eontliionce, (lie I'oliuwiiii;' gonoi'ul section Wii> 
 oxaiiiiiied : — 
 
 I'l'.ITr. INCIIKs. 
 
 1. r.iiiiiieil, saiiily shales, solium layors crtriiniUKeous. . l.'i (i 
 
 -. NiKJiilar, yellowish sandstone (0 to 8 feet.) <S 'I 
 
 o. .SoCt, lannnated sandstone 4 () 
 
 4. ( ii'e.yisli, nodular sandstone 4 
 
 5. Sandy shales, in plaees sliLrhlly earhonaceons. 
 
 Some ironstono nodules (Jvl^l)tilian bones and 
 
 teeth and scales of Ganoids about the nuddle)- • • 12 
 
 (!. Nodular ironstone (i 
 
 7. Grey, sandy clay ;] 
 
 8. Carbonaceous si lalfi, or impure lij^nite lo 
 
 9. Grey, sandy shale S 
 
 10. I51ackishcarl)onaceouslayer,or very impure lignite. 1 (i 
 
 11. Alteriuitiuf; >:reyish,yello\visli and purplish sandy 
 
 clays, with occasional soft, or nodularly-hardened 
 sandstones to base of .section, P.ank present inir a 
 :_'eneral banded aj)i)(«irance, thoui:h bods poorly 
 exposed in detail, about !>(> o 
 
 14ti 10 
 
 SOT'TII S.VSK.VTCIIEWA.N'. 
 
 From the confluence of the Bow and Belly to llio mouth of ("hciiv 
 ,i.y • "ouleo, — eleven miles, — the South Saskatchewan Hows in a narrow 
 valley between hi.e'h scarped banks. The j'oeks ox])osed are lliosi 
 illustrated in the last section, and continue fltit or nndulatini^ at vcrv 
 low angles, ^'ei^•ctation is almost alisent fi'om man^' of the slojies. anil 
 the sombre tints of the clays and sandstones j^ive the valley a ,i,dooiny 
 and forbidding' ajjpeiU'aiice. Sonic of the beds yield fossils in tdjund- 
 ance, embracing Ostrea i/lahra, Auomia micronema, ('orhula penmdata. 
 Velatella h(iptis,ta .' Melania iiisnUjita. Campebimn multiUniain, Vicip- 
 ariis. Phy!<(t Cnjici \-ar, (('v.* 
 
 The rivt'r from this poinl lo the mouth of Svvit't Current (!rcek wib 
 cxaminoil, and a track-sui-voy niailc of it by Mr. MeConnoll in tlu' 
 autumn of 18S2. Only the upper ])ai't of this traverse is, however 
 included in the area of tlie present re])orl. 
 „f For seventeen miles Ixdow ('hei'iy Cou!(5o, beds resembling tho-c l;i*t 
 '■• described, and at about the same horizon, continue to appear in nuiiKi- 
 ous sections. At the end of this reach, the beds include very littk' | 
 
 * Mr. T. C. AVcston Iia.« since niiiilc cxten?iveco11cetion.-i here, which have iiol yet been cxninini'i 
 
 MttMiM^mx.tXtaM 
 
„*soN.] SOI TU SASKATCmnVAN. 77 c 
 
 |,;u'il siiiulsloiio, aiwl tlic lirnwiiisil, gi'ovisli and yellowish bcdis alternate 
 with riirliDnaeeoiis clays, which hecDMie inipMro liL!;nitc-c<ial in some 
 iiistiiuccs. At this place the t'nllowini;' section was noted: — 
 
 i-i;iyi'. iNCMios. 
 
 ( irey isli sands 
 
 I,ii/iiiti-c(>(d, slialy ;i 
 
 Uliick shales 5 <> 
 
 fjgiiilr-riiiil, sluiiy r> 
 
 ^'el!()wisll ar'_'illaeeims saii<ls 
 
 licjiiw tjiis ])oint, for some miles, the river becomes canon-like. The iw.. -cIj nf 
 liiownish oai'thy-lookinti; i)eds which abo\H' have been exposed in tin '"' ' 
 livei' hanks for many miles, now occu[)y only one hundi-ed t(j one 
 huiidi'ed and twenty-hve feet of the lower part of the scarps, tlie 
 ii]i|icr half being composed of light coloured greyish beds, between 
 uliicli and the former the carbonace(jnH zone intervenes. This arrange- 
 iiu'iii is precisely that described on the Bow (p. itl c), and the horizon 
 is umlnubtedly the same. 
 
 ,Vl a point twenty-two miles below Cherry Coulee, two seams of lignite- i.i^'inio eoiits 
 coal are ex])osed, the largest being about four feet in thickness. Three 
 miles further down the following section was measured : — 
 
 r-EHr. i.Ncm-3. 
 
 Yellowish sandstone. 
 
 Slialcs 10 
 
 L\(jniti''Coal (fair quality) 4 6 
 
 Sliales 1 3 
 
 ."Sandstone 1 
 
 l,ii/)iiti-coul (lair ((uality ) 4 
 
 Shales (i 
 
 26 i) 
 
 The higher coal-seam is one hundred and twenty five feet above the 
 watci' level. Still higher in the section two more coal-seams occur. 
 "Hc (if which is over four feet thick. 
 lievDiid this localitv, the South Saskatchewan passes out of the limit Kxu'iision oi 
 
 ' "... r 11111 ''""' •'*'''"I'S •<) 
 
 or the map accompanying this report, it may he added, however, that .Medicine lint. 
 
 ilio coal-bearing zone above described continues in the rivor banks, and 
 
 » that which yields the lignite-coal of the vicinity of Medicine Uat. 
 
 which, since the date of the examination here referred to, have been 
 
 'i|ieiied and is already .somewhat extensively worked. A slope has 
 
 Ijcoii constructed from the prairie level to the horizon of the seam, and 
 
 levels run in on the coal. The screens and houses of the mine are 
 
 ^ilmilcd at tlu! head of the slope, iind a branch line has been constructed 
 
 to Loiuiect this ])oint with the Canadian Pacific Railway. The seam 
 
 worked here varies from four feet six inches to five feet tour inches in 
 
^PIRIII 
 
 78 c 
 
 N(»RTII-\VK8T TERRITORY. 
 
 thiclcness. ft coiiliiiiis ;i chiy |)!ii'tiM,i^, wliicli in >()1ik' |)lacfs is as 
 inueh us tlicou inches tliick. Prolimiiiaiy oponiii^s liavc l>ccii imulo 
 olscwliorc iiloni;' this part of tlio river, sonic of wiiicli siiow a ■.(■am 
 soinewliat tliickcr tlian liic above. The (luantity of I'ucl iici-e availalilr 
 is practically ine-xluuistihle, ami liie ([Uality, though inferior to I hat ,ii 
 Coal Banks, is such as to lit it for all oi'dinary purposes. (Sec p. 1_'m. 
 
 Willow Creek 
 bods. 
 
 Northern p.art 
 of iMiicLeoil- 
 t'lilBiirv truil. 
 
 Lower Part or Wn-i.ow Creek, ano the Trail I'lioM 
 M.vcLeoi) to ('ai.qary. 
 
 For about thirty-oii^ht niiles north-west of Foi't .MacLeod, the ti;iil in 
 ('ali^ary follows the eastern liase of the I'orenpine Hills nearly parallul 
 to the courseof Willow Creek, tiie tributaries of which sti'i'ani How iual 
 ri_ij;ht ani^les from the hills to the west. Clays and sandstoiH;s oi' ilir 
 Willow Creek sub-division, witli their usual characters, appear near the 
 mouth of the creek, iinnicdiatoly north of Fort MacLeod. Twelve 
 miles north-west of .MacLeod, at the ''Cut Hank," scarps about twcuiv 
 feet hig'h show .sandy clays, ^wy, lead-coloui'cd anil blackisii. in ImiI- 
 which blond too,-ethcr. A few irrei^'ular layers of fei'ruginou^ >aMil- 
 stone, a foot to two feet thick, are also included, and fraii;nu>nts of 
 crushed shells wore found in one place. The cdiaracteristic reddish 
 colour of the series is not hero shown, and it is probably n ii ilii' 
 beyond this ]>oint that this dies out entirely, leavini;" the lied-; which 
 may be so easily di.stino'uishcd in the southei-n part of the roi;ii)ii, 
 indistinguishable from those of the remainder of tlie Laramie, on the 
 Bow. 
 
 Sixteen miles further on, at the " riCavings," low exposures ot' 
 greyish, sandy shales and sandstones occur, but oll'ei' nothing worthy 
 of note. Still further north-westward some sandstone beds appear 
 in the scui'ped banks. All these rijcks ai'O horizontal or nearly so. 
 
 It will be observed that tho .sections generally on Willow Creek 
 are inconsidei'able, and not so instructive as to the c:)nipnsitii)U nt 
 the scries of tho same name, as those of Belly Butte and elscwlieiv 
 The beds so-called wore, however, tirst recognized at the niouih ni 
 Willow Creek and on tho neighbouring part of the Old Man liivci'. ani 
 Willow Creek fbi- a considerable ])art of its course follows their siriho, 
 
 Tho northern part of the trail from MacLootl t<i Calgarv. docs m. 
 fall strictly into tho orrler adopted in this I'opoi't, for notice Ik'p, 
 No sections of any importance, however, occur in its vicinity, or in tin 
 banks of the several rivers in the neighbourhood of the crossing idaee- 
 A few localities show sandstones, which are invariably bori/.ontal m'v 
 nearly so that no inclination can Itc detected in small exposures. TIkn 
 belong to the Laramie. Shaly beds also, no doubt, occur, Ihu arc 
 concealed by the sod. 
 
Ooneral prairie level. 
 Prairie level 
 
 Ilniililci-pliiy, etc, 
 liiise (if l)fml(U'r-el!i.v :i1iiii\t here. 
 
 Ijinlil Piindy .«liaU"< luiil cliiy?. 
 
 Diirk clay shales. 
 
 Impure coiil, 8 in. 
 
 " " fi in. 
 
 " Oin. 
 
 Small ironstone bands. 
 
 Hani ;aMily clay. 
 
 Coal, 8 in. 
 Brown ironstone, 8 in. 
 
 Coal, 4 ft. S in. 
 Umlcrclay, .Sft.fiin. 
 
 Sandy cliiy and clay shale. 
 
 Oyster hod. 
 
 Shell bed. 
 
 Coal, G in. 
 
 Good coal, 5 ft. .'! in. 
 
 Clay,;Ut. 
 Good coal, 2 ft, in. 
 
 Sand clay. 
 
 Coal, Oin. 
 
 Sandy olay . 
 
 ironstone band. 
 Dark sandy ebiy. 
 
 liidlit sandy clav. 
 
 3,1^. «, .tail 
 
 on bank of valley. 
 
 2S0 
 
 230 
 
 IDO 
 
 — 170 
 
 H 
 ISO w 
 
 h 
 
 b. 
 140 O 
 
 ISO ^ 
 
 — 100 
 
 — 60 
 
 1 — SO 
 
 — 30 
 -- 20 
 
 — 10 
 
 Low water level, S. Saskatchewan. 
 
 Section incliding Li(iNiTJ>coAi.s nuar MEniciNB Hat on the South 
 Saskatciiiowan Kivbr (!•. 77 c), HY J. P. Lawson, Es(j. 
 
 i' 
 
:j»<on.] 
 
 Tile |il'!l 
 ilivrl' |)1'('S 
 
 iiiidci'lyiiiH' 
 ll:!lli niiTi 
 i^ known i 
 
 lifl'll Wiil'll 
 ili^;' M'Clioll 
 
 1. L 
 •1. 15 
 
 ;!. (i 
 
 ). I! 
 
 7. L 
 
 S. G 
 
 Thr cllio 
 lioilcs. ;ipi»l 
 wi'iillicrcd 
 
 tl) 1)0 tllO I5 
 
 (iilruady sc 
 liods l)i'(\vt 
 s|ii'citiciiUy 
 
 mi>liiisc. 
 tho pui'ts 
 
 iHTIllTOlU-e 
 
 hiii'tlor hod: 
 
 Ml', yh-c 
 
 -vliicli lu) f 
 
 "Fiitllc 
 lli-^'lnvood 
 in a soufli 
 miles \w\o\ 
 Hlackt'oot ( 
 ai-e very ii 
 ilio Dlacic ,^ 
 shales and 
 
 I'A']iiisili'CS 
 
 moiiili of .t. 
 
SfAllliY IllTTTK. 
 
 r!)n 
 
 SCAHHY IJi'TTE. 
 
 Thr |ii!iiric i'ci;ii)u botwooii Willow (Ir-colc iiml I lie riitllc ]^)\v' 
 i;iv( r |)rcsciits, in so liU" as iviiowii, Imt a siiiglo point at wliich thi- 
 iiiidcilyiiii!,' I'ocks ai'o well oxposed. This is almost exactly on the 
 li:!ili meridian, tivo ami a half miles south of the TjOtii pamiiel, and 
 i^ known as Scaldiy Hutte, Tiio edi^o of a low plateau has here 
 lurii wdi'n away, and shows, acconlini;' to .\[i'. McConnell, the follow- 
 iiw' M'ciion : — 
 
 IlvET. INcniJS. Si'cti.ill lit 
 
 1. Lijrlit yc.llowi,sli sands 7 
 
 1'. iJrownisli, ii^nitic slialos !5 
 
 ;!. (iroyish and yellowisii sands 5 
 
 4. Iirownish shales 8 
 
 ."). Liirlit iireyisii sands, 11 iie.il in [ilaces with yellf)\vish, 
 
 and holdinfi s()in(i thin ironstone layers 20 U 
 
 (). Lignik-coal 1 3 
 
 7. fjii^nitic shales 2 
 
 5. Grey isii ijuiuls 
 
 52 3 
 
 The ehiof iiuportanco of this seetion lies in the fact that many Vcitobrat.' 
 lioiHs. apparently of dinosaurian reptiles, arc found strewing j(.^roiniiin>. 
 wcailiered surface. Fo.ssil sheila also occur, and indicate the horizon 
 to lie the same with that shown at liye-i^rass flat, on the Old Man, 
 (already sevei-al times ref'erretl to), anil to represent the transition 
 lials lielween the Pierre or Fox Hill and Laramie. A Corbula, 
 ■i|U'citicaUy the same with that of Rye-grass flat, is Iho most abundant 
 molhise. Miv. ^lev'onncll observed no scarped banlcs or outcrops in 
 tin' p.'ii'ts of the Black Spring Ridge which he visited; though its 
 Hcc'iirrenee i.s doubtless in connection with the suiiej'po.sition of the 
 haiilei- beds of the Laramio on the Pierre. 
 
 Mr. .McConnell furnishes the ibllowing notes on Little liow River, 
 Aiiicli he examined : — 
 
 '' bittlo Bow River heads in some springs near the crossing of Roiks on Little 
 Hi-hwood River by the MacLeod and Calgary trail, and running"'"" '^'''"• 
 III a south-easterly direction, empties into the Belly about twenty 
 luiK's In-low Coal Banks. The valley of the Little Bow above the 
 Hlackfoot Crossing trail is wide and shallow, and exjmsures of rock 
 aiT \ei-y infrefiuent. Below the trail, good sections occur op|)OSitc 
 'lie lilack Spring Ridge. Little Bow River cuts through the Pierrro 
 diales and partly through the Ikdly River and St. Mary River scries. 
 Kxpnsiircs of the Pierre shales commence tibout three mdes below the 
 :nouiJi of .Snake \';dley, and continue down the river for several miles. 
 
 ti 
 
 "J 
 
 i:} 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
m V 
 
 Ndlllll-WKST TKHKI'I'dUV, 
 
 Tlic I'orks iii'c III' Ilir iwiiiil cliMrarici', lOMsist iiiM' III' liliiiki> 
 
 I lit I. 
 
 u\v Mini lii'ii\\ni«li iiiiil cliiiCDhiU'-ciiloiircd miih 
 
 lliiri/.iin 
 liiiiiks iifiiin. 
 
 ill's mImivi', aii< 
 ,ic,,il iMi'liulc iicca-iiiiiiil iiiU'islr.'ililioil licds of urcvNIi >iiiiil>. Near lli 
 
 'ly 
 
 lax' II 
 
 r \\\i' rnrinalinii a small coal-scam alimil six incin's iliji 
 
 \va- 
 
 HCH 
 
 II. liic main ('na! l>aiiUs scam in'iiii;' (•iiiici'aicil, (iinnl scciious 
 
 tlio rocks licjiiw tlu) I'li'iTc 
 
 ■III' aliiiiii U'li miles aliovc 
 
 lie ('(III 
 
 consist iiii-' iiLiiiilv 
 
 fluoiico of llic liitllc How and the lielly liivi 
 of i,'i'eyish ami yellowish saiuls, sainly clays ami samlslone, iiili 
 stratilicil willi lliin linU nl' ii'imslone. Xear llie mmiili of llir hut 
 Bow llio rocks lieeome <'oiicealeil. " 
 
 Tho I 
 
 OCKS O 
 
 f tlie Si. .^^aI■v liiver series are well exposed al all ll 
 
 laru'oi 
 
 Ciintinimlimi of 
 
 liliu'kl'iiot 
 
 Cr<i.''sin(J!St'aiii. 
 
 Iieiitls of tlie river lielweeii llio JMaekfool Crossing trail ami tin 
 mmilli of Snake Valley." 
 
 " Near the month of Snake Valley a veiy conspicuous haiul nl 
 argillaceous samls, liloaelie<l almost pure wiiite, a|i[K'ars in tliis fonii;i- 
 tioii. These samls alternate with and pass into, in a short distance aloiiL' 
 their strike, heds stained dill'creiit shades of yellow and hrown. In aildi 
 tion to the samls the suction contains Ihick lieds of earlionaceoiis shalcv 
 and beds of greyish, liliiisti and yellowish sandslones. A .small cmil- 
 Hcuin, ahoiit tifteen inches tiii(dc, occurs a short distance ahuvo tin 
 mouth of Snake X'alley. This scam is proliahly a continuation of ihai 
 
 ul tho Blackfoot Crossi 
 
 W' 
 
 A\ 
 
 io\o till' lUackfoot ("i'os>ing trail oiih' 
 
 few small exposures were seen. These consi>t principally of grey 
 
 Ml 
 
 and y 
 
 ellowisn s 
 
 mdst 
 
 ones ami t 
 
 of Laramie bed^ occur in th 
 
 the Si 
 
 lark clays. A few very small exposiin- 
 ake Valley." 
 
 MetU near 
 • 'oek. 
 
 Section on Uow Uivkii I'Ivstwakd from tiik Kniii; ok tiii; 
 
 DnsTUKHKii Hklt. 
 
 Colli Tlic boh of flexed and disliirlied Cretaceous and Laramio rucks ui. 
 the Bow liiver extends from the mountains eastward to (Joal Creek, n 
 distance of twcnty-tive miles. On the west side of Coal Creek sovorai 
 abrupt antielinals and synciinaks of Lai-amie rocks are found williiii 1\k 
 length of a mile, and the eoiirsi^ of the creek for some distance al lea>; 
 from its mouth coineides with the last of tliese, and the point at wliich 
 the beds as.sumo a general eastward inclination. The horizon of tho 
 beds is supposed to be near tho base of tho Laramie. In the scarpo'l 
 bank on the e:ist side of the crook, near its mouth, associated with saml- 
 Coal seam. stoii'^s and sandy shales, a seam ot' good coal, rather variable in char- 
 acter, occurs. It is hero, from eight inches to a foot in thickness, ainl 
 may be traced round tho angle of the bank to that bordering the How 
 Eiver, and in the opposite direction, for about (|uartei' of a mile fmiii 
 the mouth of the creek, when tho dip carries it to the watoi- level oi 
 
■] 
 
 BOW niVER. 
 
 81 
 
 llie stii'iim. It mi^hl (loul)tloss lie iiiicovorcMl witliout diucIi luliour oa 
 till' Miiilli Hide of tlio Bow, in the nlriki' ol' llio IhmIh. Sinc'i- my visit it 
 Ii;i. Iici'ii opened at iuiotlior locality, a short diMtanco t'artlu'i' up the 
 creek lo the westward, and liore cxliiliits, uccordiii^^ to Mr. .MeConnell, 
 a liiii'lvncss ot'alioiit tiiree leet of jr,,()(l coal, with several tecl of eoaly 
 shiilcs. It is much less at a short distance on the striUo in each dircc- 
 lidii, lm( thoii<i;h evidently very varialile, may, in sorao parts of its 
 exli'iil, constitute a valuahle source of fuel. The lieds at the mouth of 
 th- civck dip N. 47°, H. < m°. 
 
 1)'. reforencG to Mi'. Ilotl'mann's analyses (p. .'52 m.) It will ho seen Rocks near 
 tliiit tills is a fuel of very fair <|uality, containing; 4'!K{ per cent, of '||','",',Ii,|J,'puunil 
 livi^MiiM'opic watei', hut a lai'^e proportion of ash. The horizon of"'*"'"' 
 the M'iini prohahly crosses .lumping Pound itiver, three or foui- miles 
 south (if the Bow, and this locality is therefore one worth examination.* 
 This coal may occupy the same position in the Laramie as that of 
 the Indian Farm near Pincher Creek, and that elsewhere found near 
 the hasc of this formation. For about three and a half mdes down 
 the liiiw, or to the mouth of the Jumping Pound Eiver, similar 
 siiKUtones, shales and sandy clays appear in a numher of places, the 
 >aiKlst()ues being somewhat more massive and roughly bedded than 
 those hefore seen, and the whole overlying the coal bed with light 
 eastward dij)s, averaging a little more than ten degrees. The minimum 
 thickness of beds thus displayed on this part of this river may bo stated Tliiokne-ss, 
 as alKiiil :J,300 foot. 
 
 East of the Jumping Pound, within a distance of less than three 
 miles, the river makes a wide bend to the south, and an abrupt north- 
 ward flexure. The prevalent dips are here westward, imjjlying tho 
 (xisteiice of a synclinal about the mouth of tho Jumping Pound, but 
 tile angles observed wore very low (5° to 10°), and are probalily not 
 constant, and do not result in bringing more than a small part of the 
 rock scries above described again to the surface. 
 
 It will be obsorvetl that tho thickness above given consi(lei'al)ly ex- Conumrutivo 
 cteds that determined for the ht. Maiy Kiver sub-division (p. Ot> c), in Jiiiramie. 
 the southern part of the district, and might be expected to bring the 
 Willow ("reek beds to view. As elsewhere ex])Iained, however-, the 
 siiliilivision of tho Laramie applicable in tho southern part of the 
 district cannot be cai-ried out in the Bow River region. It is 
 probable, however, that the rocks exposed in a bank about two miles 
 i below the Jumping Pound, may represent those of Willow Creek, 
 though wanting tho characteristic reddish tint. These consist of sand- 
 stones and shales, with some ironstone bands, and are much softer in 
 
 l.\ 
 
 ',.,* 
 
 * Since writing tlie above, I tiuvo been informed that the aeaiu has been t'uuiid here, but 
 [ apparenUy in inconsiderable thickness. 
 6 
 
d). 
 
 ■^ ^ n%. 
 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
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 % 
 
 LP 
 
 ^V '"^^ 
 
 'M/. 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 li^ilM Ijll^ 
 12.0 
 
 illllil 
 
 11:36 
 
 U III 1.6 
 
 
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 & 
 
 /# 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .'■s 
 
 <p% 
 
 >'y 
 
 A 
 
 Z;.^^ 
 
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 A 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY M580 
 
 (716) 873-4S03 
 
 \J 
 
 fV 
 
 '^^ 
 
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 ^9) 
 
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82 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRrTOUY. 
 
 cfries west of 
 Calgary. 
 
 general character than those above descriheil. They have i^'ciu'ral 
 Virowniwh and olive colours, and holil, Goniohasis tcinticarinata, Limmva 
 • tenuicostata, Unto Aldrichi or senectua, and Viviparus. Tlieso lioils, 
 though n.f identiiiod, must recur above tlie Jum])ing Pound, and nii^dit 
 probalily reduce the thickness of the representatives of the underlving 
 St. 'Shwy River series to nearly that before given. 
 Porcupino Hill From the point to which the descrii»tion lias been cari-ied above, to 
 Calgary — twenty mile.s — the rocks are seen in th(> scarped banks of 
 the I'iver in a number of places, and are generally horizontal, or \ eiv 
 nearly so. They consist, for the most part, of sandstones, whicji ;iiv 
 often (piite massive, and generally differ from those of the lower pair 
 of the formation in colour, being yellowish-grey instead of greenisli- 
 groy. One clitf on tlie south side of the river exhibits al)Oul one 
 hundred feet in thickness of soft sandstone, and the edge of tjie 
 plateau, in the immediate vicinity of the river, rises from 2.")0 to aliout 
 500 feet above it, indicating a considerable additional thickness of 
 Laramie rocks. Olive-green and blackish-grey shaly beds, often 
 almost clays, also, however, occur in some places, and oceasioindly 
 hold ciushed shells resembling those last referred to. A small clitf, 
 composed of santlstono of the character above noted, appears on the 
 east side of the Klbow River at Calgary. The rocks on this part of the 
 TJow, with little doubt, represent those of the Porcupine Hills sub- 
 division of the Jjii'amie. and closely resemble them in lilholoi^ical 
 character. 
 
 At several places between the Jumping Pound and Calgary, seetion.s 
 of boulder-clay occur. In one bank, six miles above Calgary on the 
 north side of the river, blocks of sandstone from the Cretaceous or 
 Laramie, in some cases eight feet in diameter, were observed to lie 
 strongly glaciated. These are associated with boulders from the 
 Rocky Mountains, and the whole imbedded in a rudely stratified samly 
 clay. No Laurent ian fragments occur, nor were any observed in the 
 gravels of the river west of Calgaiy, though a few were founil at that 
 place. 
 
 From Calgary to the mouth of the Ilighwood River, — a distiineodf 
 twenty-four miles b}- the course of the stream, — the rocks maintain so 
 great a general similarity in character that it is unnecessary to note in 
 any detail the composition of the numerous exposures examined. The 
 beds are, as a rule, nearly hori.'.onfal, but the dips, so far as obsei'veil, 
 are westerly or north-westerly at very low angles, and this, with the 
 eastward slope of the river bed, ap])cars to render the section in the 
 main a descending one. The rocks are still for the most part 
 sandstones of general yellowish and gi'cy tints, and seldom much in- 
 durated. Shaly beds of olive, brownish and grey colours also, how- 
 
 Bouldcr-clny. 
 
 Cnlpmry In 
 
 IllOlltll 1)1' 
 
 Hi, 'nvood. 
 
OAWSON.J 
 
 BOW RIVER. 
 
 83 r 
 
 ivei', occur, iind appear to be most abundant on that part of the rivei- 
 wliicli runs Houthward between Calgary and Fish Creek. Tliey were 
 also observed in a bank about three miles above tlio moutli of the ' 
 Iliiflnvood. Tlie beils on this southward-flowing reach of the river, it 
 is i)r»'suined, roi)resent tliose above referred to as probably the equiva- 
 lents of the Willow Ci'cek series. Ti-aces of carbonaceous matter and 
 obscure fragments of jdunts also occur, but none of a determinable 
 {■iiura(;ter were found. Boulder-clay is frecjuently exposed and some- 
 times in considerable thickness. Laurentian fragments were again 
 found on the river at about four miles above the llighwood, but 
 noiK! are of lai'ge size. The boulder-clay was bore also observed, for 
 the tii'st time in the section on this river, to rest on a shingly deposit of 
 i[uaitzite gravel, like that elsewhere described as intervening between ' 
 it and the imderlying rocks. 
 
 In a bank about one-fourth of a mile up the llighwood, on tiie east Thin coal 
 side, associated witli sandstones, sandy shales and shales like those'''"""''' 
 aliDve ilescribed, at a height of thirty feet above the water, a seam of 
 lii;iiile-coal three inches in thickness occurs. It appears aliso in tiie 
 ninth liankof the Bow immediately below llighwood River, about fifty 
 led up in the baidv, and at about a mile fui-ther down the river, is again 
 ^een in a scarped bank one hundred feet high, at a height of seventy 
 I'eet aiiove the water. It is, wherever observed, (juite too thin to be of 
 eediiumic i)nportance. The beds at the last mentioned locality have a 
 light dip westward, at an angle of about 5°, and a few feet below the 
 liori/.on of the seam there is evidence of contemporaneous local 
 enisidii, hollows having been produced which cut across the edges of 
 MiiiK' of the beds. In these a coaly layer occurs which has, locally, a 
 thickness greater than that of the overlying seam. This seam is 
 possibly represented by that which occurs at the junction of Sheep 
 Crock with the llighwood. The seam is there about nine inches 
 thick, and the quality poor. The beds appear to be horizontal. 
 
 Fur six miles below the Highwood, the Bow is hemmed in closely pjneCanon- 
 by iianks one hundred and fifty feet high, which are scarped on 
 altornating sides of the river, and present an almost contiimous ox- 
 ]iosui'e of beds which show locally light undulating dips, but probably 
 nil the whole maintain a very gentle inclination westward. The rocks 
 ai'o sandstones of general dull greenish-grej' colours, sometimes J-ather 
 massive, but more often well bedded, and alternating with greenish- 
 jjroy or brownish, and occasionally somewhat rusty, shaly clays; the 
 whole, frori a distance, when prominent sandstones are absent, often 
 presonting a brown colour and earthy appearance. Some very ob- 
 spure vegetable impressions were seen, and in an exposure immediately 
 buluw the canon, specimens of Unio and Vivijxirus were obtained. These 
 
Equivalency 
 beds* 
 
 Sections ncnr 
 Arrow-wood. 
 
 MinsIiDg of 
 brackish and 
 fresh-wmtcr 
 forms. 
 
 84 C NORTH-WEST TERRITORY, 
 
 of beds maybe Kupposed, in a general way, to represent those which 
 occur immediately to the oast of the Willow Creek series on the Old 
 Man Eivcr, and tho.so which form Gooseberry Canon on tlie St. Marv. 
 
 From this point, for about twenty-six miles, the rocks shown in 
 occasional sectitms in the banks possess no special interest. They are 
 chietly sandstones wliich are often somewhat massive, but arc occa- 
 sionally associated with shales. They are horizontal, or very nearlv 
 so, and the section is not sufficiently continuous or provided witii 
 sufficiently well marked zones to enable one to determine whether the 
 beds have any general direction of inclination. Boulder-clay, gener- 
 ally brownish and earthy, is seen in a number of places, and invari- 
 ably ca2)s the sections in greater or less thickness. 
 
 At the point now reached, however, near the south-western angle of 
 a wide southerly flexure of the river, a low bank shows about twenty 
 feet of sandstone and shalj- clays, among which a coal-seam one inch 
 in thickness is included. Obscu'-e impressions of plants also occur, 
 and in a grey soft sandstone at the water's edge Unio Aldrichi or senec- 
 tus, Goniobasis temiicarinata, Viriparus, Cassopella and Sp/uirium, with 
 fragments of reptilian bones. Above the whole lies fifteen to twenty feet 
 of the shingly drift, and over this ten feet or more of hard boulder-clay. 
 
 About two miles further down the river, on the east side of tlie 
 mouth of the eastern Arrow-wood Creek, a verj' interesting section 
 occurs, in which beds of marine or brackish oiugin are found imme- 
 diately underlying, and passing up without the least unconfoi-mity or 
 break of any kind into those which are shown bj- their fossils to he 
 fresh-water. The section in the bank is as follows, in descending 
 order. The beds appear horizontal, but their relatio.n to those last 
 described above, shows that there must be a general light wesiwanl 
 dip. The measurements given are approximate only : — 
 
 VKhJT. 
 
 1. Soil and subsoil 6 
 
 2. Gravel G 
 
 3. Soft sandstones with two zones of largi ironsstone con- 
 
 cretions 10 
 
 4. Harder sandstones 15 
 
 6. Sinall|liard ironstone ))alls, irre<;ularly scattered 
 
 6. Soft laminated sandstones 8 
 
 7. Carbonaceous clay, witli thin streak of coal 4 
 
 8. Soft sandstones, shaly beds Vy 
 
 9. Thin irregular ironstone layer 
 
 10. Somewhat harder sandstones, with U)n<>, Vmparus, ate. 20 
 
 11. Ironstone and ferruginous sandstone filled with Unio 
 
 Dana', Viviparug, etc 3 
 
 12. Soft sandstone, with some sandy shales 10 
 
 13. Somewhat harder sandstone, charged with Corbicvla 
 
 oceidentalis, Unio Danx and Ostrea 30 
 
DAWSON.] BOW RFVER. 85 
 
 Tho general colour of the rocks hoi-o shown is yellowish-grey, but 
 when unaifectod by the weather they have no yellow tint. 
 
 Two miles below Ari-ow-wood Creek, on the south side of (he river, 
 locUs similar in appearance to the last, and horizontal or nearly so, 
 appear. In a layer of ironstone a foot thick, at the water's edge, abun- 
 danio of marine or bratkish-water and fresh-water shells woi-e found, 
 including Corbula, n. sp., like C. pyrifoiinis, Corbicula like C. Durkci, 
 Fhi/S(i (^opei var., Unio, Viviparus and Goniobasis. For about tive miles Sections near 
 furl her similar beds, still horizontal, continue and are seen in a number of crossing? 
 places, till at the point at wiiich the river again turns northward (four 
 miles south-east of Blackfoot Ci-ossing) a section, still nearly in the 
 same horizon, shows seams of lignite-coal. A narrow tongue of land 
 from the north here forms a peninsula, and tho best exposure is in the 
 lower end of the scarped bank on its west side. The beds here jji-esent 
 the following arrangement, in descentling order : — 
 
 KKBT. INCriES. 
 
 1. Soft, greyish sandstones 10 
 
 2. L(<7(nte-coa/ (8 in. to 1 ft.) 1 
 
 3. Dark grey clay 8 
 
 4. Pale grey, sandy clay, with rootu 1 
 
 5. Dark grey, soniowhat carbonaceous clay 2 6 
 
 (). Grey banded sandstone, ironstone lialls 3 
 
 7. Ligniti'-coal 3 
 
 8. Irregular layer of sandstone (0 to 4 inches) 4 
 
 9. Carbonaceous sandstone, with thin coaly layers ... 1 9 
 
 10. Cirey soft sandstone, with some shaly layers, and ironstone 
 
 balls (partly concealed) 10 
 
 11. Lignite'Coal (irregular) at water level 6 
 
 31 0~ 
 
 Tho ironstones hold in some places a great profusion of well pre- 
 served and large shells of Viviparus Lcai ' with Unio Dance. The 
 lignite-coals are not here sutticiently thick to possess economic 
 value, but are of interest, as they with little doubt represent those 
 which immediately below the Blackfoot Crossing assume considerable 
 Jiniensions. 
 
 From this point, the river turns abruptly northward, and then Drift deposits . 
 maUing an eastward bend, in six miles reaches the Blackfoot Crossing. 
 No sections of the underlying rocks were observed in this part of the 
 river, but in two places the banks showed shingly quartzite drift 
 overlain by boulder-clay, and the whole covered by a thick coating 
 of sand similar to that which tbrms a series of sand hills at a short 
 Jistiincc fi'om the valley. 
 
 Immediately below the Blackfoot Crossing the banks show small soetions below 
 sections of sandstones and shales, with traces of lignite-coal, but crossing.* 
 
 '1 
 
 I'' 
 
 ;1 
 
 ■.-i: 
 
T^ 
 
 i: 
 
 i 
 
 8(» C NdllTll-WEST TEltlUTORY. 
 
 (listui-liod liy slides. Foiii- and a IiuH" mik's Ik'Iow llio Orossini^, liow- 
 evcr, on the north side ot'lho fivi-r, an I'xeollont section whicii pr'o-ciiis 
 Lignite-ooal. the lii'nito-coal seams ol'tliis ioealily in tlieir ln'i>t known develo|)nu'iil, 
 (K'curs. The coal is iioro lavoiiralijy Hituuled tor working;, the lowest 
 seam iieini;- ai)oiit thirty feet al)ove the water's ed^e and nearly liori- 
 /.ontal. The underlying; rock is a somewhat hard whitish sandstone. 
 Tlie section is iis i'ollowa: — 
 
 FBIOT. IN(in>. 
 
 Coal 1 8 
 
 Black carbonacotjiis shiile 1 4 
 
 V'Kil 1 8 
 
 Shale ;5 
 
 Coal (I !) 
 
 Shale 3 
 
 ( 'oal 2 
 
 Shale 1 
 
 Coal 1 10 
 
 Total 11 10 
 
 Total coal 8 11 
 
 Nearly opposite, on the south side of the river, the coal with a 
 similar development, appears at intervals in the scarped bank for at 
 least a quarter of a mile. Though practically horizontal in the main, 
 it is att'ected by a number of light undulations. Below this scarped 
 bank a wide, flat-bottomed valley, which has evidently been at a 
 former period occupied by the river, opens, and after making a circuit 
 to the south rejoins the i-iver some miles lower down. In the 
 eastern arm of the old valley a small brook flows, which at about a mile 
 back from the river enters the old river-course by a narrow, steep-sided 
 coulee. In the latter, numerous exposures of the same coal-bearing 
 horizon are lound. In the south side of the wide old valley, for some 
 distance oast of the point at which the brook joins it, the position of 
 the coal is also marked by shales reddened by its combustion along the 
 ou terop. 
 Outcrops of The coal is last seen to the south, two miles up the brook valley from 
 
 river!°"' ° the river, at a point six and a half miles south-east of the Blackfoot Cross- 
 ing. At this place a small quantity of coal was extracted for use at the 
 Blackfoot Agency. The deposit here consists of two scams, separated 
 by about a foot of carbonaceous shale, the up|;er averaging 1 foot 8 
 inches in thickness, the lowei- 3 feet. The bed may be li-aced hei-e for 
 altout 500 feet in the natural exposures, and is att'ected by variable dips 
 which do not exceed 5° in amount. The seams ])ass below the level of 
 the bottom of the coulde at the upper end of the exposures. Their 
 thickness is nearly uniform, and they would att'ord, say, 4 feet 6 inches 
 
 ll' 
 
 
OAWSON.] 
 
 now IllVKR. 
 
 87 c 
 
 (if clcMi' coal, (ho wliolc of wliich might lio worked ut oiieo. The iinino- 
 
 4i;iU' Iniiiks of Lho C(HiIoO at tliis phirc ai'o about oii^hty foot liigli, llio 
 
 uppor two-thirds boini,f(.'oni))osoil of drift doposits wiiich rest on ii worn 
 
 iiuiliilaliiiii; siirfuco of tho rooks l)olow. The ifonorul surfaoo of llio 
 
 |ii'!iiiit' is over ono huiidrod fool above tin' iovol of liio coal. 
 
 In f illowiii!^ tho couloo iiorlhwiii'd from tho s|)ot just desoril>ed, tho 
 
 ro;il is troi|Uoiitly seen in tho right, or oast bunk, foi- about a mile, or to 
 
 the wide old vullcy previously mentioned. Owing to the slope of tho 
 
 bottom of tho coulee towards the river, tho beds are cut into more 
 
 ijccply near its mouth, and at tho last exposure tlio coal is about thirty 
 
 I'oet lip in the bank. The upjjor seam is liero not well expo.sod, but the 
 
 jiiwei' exhibits a few inches over lour feet of good coal. In an oxpo- 
 
 suio iiiiormediate between this and tho iirst, the upper seam is 8 inches 
 
 thick, the shales 1 loot, and tho lower seams 4 foot 4 inches. The 
 
 fcaiiis are underlain by at least twenty foot of soft whitish sandstone. 
 
 The natural exposures thus serve to prove the continuity, in good I'rovcd coni- 
 iiii-ini. • /. beariugarea. 
 
 woi'kablo thickness, of tins coal deposit over a tract ol country Jit least 
 
 several s(|uare miles in extent, its moderate do])th below the surface 
 of the plains, and nearly horizontal attituilo, would enable it to be 
 proved by boring, at a small expense over any desired area, and be- 
 fore undertaking any mining operations away from the vi.sable out- 
 (I'nps, it would be advisable to test it in this way, owing to the 
 knowletlgo of its variability already obtained. 
 
 On Crowfoot Creek, about six miles north-cast of the Elackfoot BorioKs mado 
 Cnissing, Mr. McConnell ob.sorved a seam t)f coal about eighteen inches 
 in thickness, whidi he describes in a succeeding page. This at the 
 time was supposed to represent one of the closely associated groups 
 above described on the Bow lliver. Since the railway has traversed 
 this |)art of the country, however, several borings have been carried 
 out in the vicinity of the line in townships 21 and 22, ranges xx. and 
 xxi., by Mr. Pucker, working under the direction of the Canadian 
 Piieitic Railway Company. Mr. J. H. McTavish lias kindly furnished 
 me with details of those borings, which show that the scam observed 
 ill the natural exposures on Crowfoot Creek is more than sixty foot 
 above the horizon of tho main seam shown on the river, and that the 
 main seam retains much the same thickness as on tho river exposures, 
 liiit is at a lower level, in consecjuence of the persistence of tho light 
 norlli-westeily dip which here affects the beds. It will therefore be 
 very easy to open this seam by a shaft sunk to a moderate depth 
 
 beside the railway lino. 
 
 Of Mr. Hoft'mann's analyses (pp. 19-21 M.) Nos. 12, 13 and 14 refer 
 to specimens collected from different outcrops of tho seam above 
 ilescribod. No. 15 is from the seam on Crowfoot Creek, mentioned in 
 
 I v\ 
 
-S-S9se— 9EBB 
 
 880 
 
 NORTH-WEST TKBRITORT. 
 
 Horse-shoe 
 bund. 
 
 tlio preceding piij-ogruph. This fuel contains considerably leas hygros- 
 copic water than that of the Medicine Hat mine, though loss lilu' a 
 true coal in physical oharactoi-. 
 Great doiiiii of Iinmcdiateh' Ijolow the mouth of the small stream on which the aliove 
 
 bouldei^elay. 1 .• , , . 
 
 descnbc'd exposures of the coal are fountl, a bank shownig an imper- 
 fect 8ccti(m, which may have been disturbed by a slide, occurs. Moldw 
 this point, for a length of abcmt seven miles in a straight direction, the 
 river's course continues extremely tortuous, and though high scaqxil 
 banks characterize almost evoiy bend, they are composed oxclusivoly 
 of boulder-clay, which forms the whole height of the bank, often one 
 hundred feet. If the underlying shingly deposit occurs, it is below the 
 pi'esent river-level, and wo evidently have here a wide pre-glai;iiil 
 hollow, which has been filled by the drift deposits. 
 
 The underlying rocks hgain appear four miles below the mouth of 
 Crowfoot Creek, on the south bank, and are still referable to the 
 Laramie series. Small broken hills, remnants of the elevated edge ot 
 the plateau, fringe the river. They are composed of sands and sandy 
 clay, in places reddened by the combustion of lignite-coal scums. 
 From this point, the river flows three miles duo east, and then turning 
 abi'uptly back on its former course, produces a sharp flexure, which, lor 
 want of a better name, I have called Horse-shoe bend. The bank at 
 the outer side of this bend is again composed of boulder-clay, but to 
 the south of it, fine exposures occur on the right bank of the river of 
 the rocks already imperfectly seen in the hills above alluded to. The 
 river-bank here assumes tlie broken hummocky character with bare 
 hills and deep intervening ravines which is generally designated bad- 
 lands in the west. The banks rise irregularly from the river to a 
 height of about two hundred feet, and are composed at the base of 
 brownish and fawn-coloured sandy clays, and grey or yellowish-grey 
 sands, or very soft sandstones, with thin ironstone layers. Towards 
 the top, whitish and pale-grey soft sandstones predominate, and there 
 again show marks of the combustion of lignite-coal. 
 
 A short distance further on, three miles nearly due south of Horse- 
 shoe Bend, a high scarped bank att'ording a fine section occurs on the 
 same side of the river. The beds in this region must have a pro- 
 nounced general westerly dip, and those above described be near the 
 base of the Laramie, for, capping the cliff at this place, at a height ol 
 one hundred and thirty-five feet above the river, is a bod of lignite-coal, 
 and below it to the water's edge ai-c the Pierre shales. This coal 
 seam mus, underlie the whole of the rocks seen in the bad-land ex- 
 posures, and is not the same with that the combustion of which has 
 produced the reddening above alluded to. The latter must occupy a 
 place in the series about two hundi'ed feet higher, and was not any 
 
 Coal seams 
 ■ear Horse- 
 shoe bend. 
 
[I«*!0N.] 
 
 BOW RIVEB. 
 
 89 c 
 
 whoro found well oxposod, «o that itw thickness or character mif^ht be 
 (ieteiinincd. The discontinuity of the exposures and variuliiiity of the 
 ilip, I'lMilier renders it uncertain whether the upper seam is the same 
 n-illi liuit occuring about the Blackfoot Crossing, or yet another in- 
 uinu'iliato between it and the base of the Laramie. The (|uestion can 
 jiioliiilily only be solved by a boring cai'ried at least two hundred feet 
 lielow the Blackfoot (crossing seam in the region whei-e it is well 
 (letinod. 
 
 Tlio coal-seams capping the dift" above described, may either t**" Jif'ti'^l" ^ ""?!i* 
 leiriiidcd as forming the base of the Tiaramie, or summit of the IMcrro. 
 The Fox Hill sandstones, elsewhere well defined, are hero either wanl- 
 in;,' or inseparably blended with the Laramie. The coal seam appears 
 again on the opposite bank, a short distance down the river, making a 
 total length of outcrop hero seen of half a mile or more. It is four 
 feet four inches in thickness, compact and hard when not long weath- 
 eml, iiiid dift'ei's considerably iii physical character from that of the 
 Blackfoot Crossing, being divided by vertical cleat planes in such a 
 way as to bi-eak into euboidal blocks, which resist the action of the 
 weatJK'r better than the irregular fragments derived from the con- 
 choidal-fracturing or shaly fuels. This seam was, however, not 
 leeoifDized either on the Eed Deer River to the north, or in the 
 >outiiein part of the district, and is therefore local in character. 
 
 This seam is represented by No. It! of Mr. Hoffmann's analyses 
 (p. 22 M.) It contains U'la of hygroscopic water and 919 of ash. 
 
 The beds here underlying the coal to the water's edge do not present 
 
 the ordinary blackish color of the Pierre shales, but represent the 
 
 upper ])ortion previously described on the Old Man River (p. 69 c). 
 
 They arc rather soft sandy clays or shales of general rich brown tints 
 
 and hiinded aspect, with occasional grey, red-weathering ferruginous 
 
 I and eaicaieous layers, which are usually hard. 
 
 From this point, the Pierre shales characterize the banks for a Wide bolt of 
 , ' ' Pierro abales. 
 
 distance of about thirty miles by the course of the river, or twenty 
 
 miles at right angles to the strike. The general westward dip no 
 I doubt continues, but it is so light that it can scarcely be observed. 
 iFor some miles below the cliflf-section above described, brownish 
 icolours are characteristic of the rocks, and the thickness of this part of 
 Ithe Pieri-e must here be considerably over one hundred feet. The drift 
 IJeposits are almost absent in the section above tlescribed, for several 
 piles, and further down seldom exceed fifty feet in thickness. As lower 
 Js are gradually reached, the ordinary slaty-grey or blackish colour 
 
 pf the Pierre appears. Fossils are moderately abunilant in a few 
 laces, and layers of ironstone concretions also occur. At about 
 
 polvo miles down the river a zone of very soft sandstone of a pale 
 
'li 
 
 no NORT1I-WK8T TKRUITnuv. 
 
 fvoy tint, and iru'Iii'liiig soiuo ironstone iayci's, appears at tlio water's 
 
 I'li^e. A few friif^iiu'iit> ofinariiio Instils were foiiml in this, imf vorv 
 
 SBiiily iMtiTcii- liadiy preserved. Tliis iiitercaialion in tiio I'ierre must liave a Ihick- 
 
 liitioniiil'iirri'. ^^.^j^ ^^^^ .,|,„„j jjj'^y ^•^,^,^^ ^^1 (i,()ij^l, the exposiu'os are not extensive in 
 
 tiiiH part ol' tiie valloy, it may be noen gradually rising in tin: i>aiik lur 
 several ndles. till it (ivenlually passes ahove the t()|) ol' the -(■ctliin 
 The lieds underlying it have the usual character and colour of tl,,. 
 I'ierre shales, and in aclitVa mile above (irassy Island have a thiclvnts^ 
 of at least one hundrod I'eot. Tiie sandy intei-calation in the Pierre is 
 again found even more largely developed on the Red Doer liivcr tii|JH> 
 north. The poi-lion of the rivi'r-valley occupied by the I'iei'rc roclo 
 is sombre ami forbidding in appearance. The banks, though iioi >,, 
 high and steep as in some other places, are frequently almost destitute 
 of vegetation, and very extensive land-slips have occurred in nmnv 
 places, giving them a I'uined and de.solate aspect, 
 flrnssy isiami \i (Irassv Island, the base of the Pierre, with the coal-bearing liori- 
 
 foil I sen lu. . ' ' o ' 
 
 zon elsewhere characterizing it, is found ; the first outcroj) of the Cdal 
 and harder beds associated with it. at the water level, producing a little 
 rapid about a mile ami a half above Grassy Islanil. The be>t exposures 
 occur in the scai-ped banks on the south side, near the island, the nortli 
 bank bob quite low near the river, and rising gradually in griisjiy 
 slopes. In their genoi-al arrangement, appearance and thickness, tlie 
 seams here exposed correspond closely with those about Coal Banks nn 
 the Belly Jlivei', tiity-sevon miles distant, and show the remarkably 
 constant character of this coal-bearing zone. The beds at (rrassyj 
 Island have a general westward or north-westward dip at an angle of 
 about 5°. The section including the coal-seams, as constructed from | 
 several exposures in this vicinity, is as Ibllows: — 
 
 FBBT. ix(in;s. 
 
 Ijcad-jrroy shale 25 
 
 Coal 1 <i 
 
 Soft, grey and yellowish-grey shaly sandstone 13 
 
 Carbonaceous shale, coaly str(*aks 2 I! 
 
 CoaZ (good and sound tliroughout) 4 (> 
 
 Dark grey slialo and shaly clay 7 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Carbonaceous shale 1 
 
 Coal () 
 
 Soft shale and clay 8 
 
 Coal and carbonaceous shale (to water) 1 ti 
 
 The seam of 4 feet inches in thickness may be assumed to be thej 
 representative of the "main scam" at Coal Banks. It is superior iiil 
 quality to that of the Blackfoot Crossing, ditl'ering from it in physicall 
 
{i«iaii.] 
 
 HOW HIV Kit. 
 
 01 C 
 
 iliitiMid r ill tlio manner iibovo doscribctl in CDnnot'tion with the IIoi-ho- 
 ^liiii' Ih'ihI seam, Imt il is iiilerioi- in composition lo liiiit al Coal HaiilvH. 
 (Si'i' aniiiysis No. 11, p. Is m.) 
 
 Below (inissy Islanil the inelinalioii of the heils must lu'come RiHUsnr HHiy 
 
 vorvliu'lit, toi" "' a ilistuncc of aixml Iwo milcN to Ihe east, iii a low 
 
 i.xiittsiiiv on tiie north lianU of the rivi'r, at the water's edi^e, one of ihe 
 
 (dill soains was an'aiii ini])erfeetly seen. Thenee for a distance of ten 
 
 ii,il,,» __tlio river tlowiiii^ almost due soutli, — occasional low exposures 
 
 iu;ir ihf river show I'rom ten to thirty feet of pale greyish and 
 
 ;.'rci'iiisli-n'ri'y sandstones, ginei'aliy soft, covered ahove hy hoiilder- 
 
 I dav Id the top of the scarjted banks which are here less than sixty 
 
 I'lrt ill lieiglil. These beds show occasioiwil coaly streaks, ami in ono 
 
 I pliu'f r II i't •,\ni\ fragments of bone were observed. For the next ten 
 
 I miles the river still tlows southward, but wilii more easting, the banks 
 
 H'Moia c.\ceed tifty feet and boulder-elay only was seen in the low 
 
 H'fti'|is which occur. 
 
 Two aiul a half miles west of the 112th meridian, the river makes a E;'i'"''"rc? near 
 lidil ;iiigle. turning abruptly to the east. Here greyish and ferrugi- 
 I nulls siunlstoncs occur, somewhat irregularly hardened and bedded, and 
 lincimliiig some ironstone, but in low jioor exposures. .Similar small 
 ix]i()siii('s iip])ear liere and there for about tive miles further, but show 
 111 niiiikod ])eculiarities. At two and a half miles east of the 112tli 
 Inuiiiliaii, the country on both side.« of the river rises suddenly to a 
 Iconsidcrably greater elevation, probably over ono hundred and tifty 
 jtect above the water-level, and in a broken scarped baid< ono hun<lred 
 Ifoet ill height, tifty loot of similar rocks, to all appearance iiuite hori- 
 Izoiitiil, and overlain by bouldor-elay, are exposed. Smaller exposures of 
 IbeiJsof the same series are found for nine miles beyond. The bedding 
 liMisiially rude and massive, with harder sandstones, which are usually 
 llirniii'inoiis, forming i)r()iectini!: lavers. Lari^e ironstone concretions, Law ironstone 
 
 J 1 . . , .,,,., , . , "•oMcretions. 
 
 lolten scvoral tons m weight, are included m the sandstones in numbers 
 
 tonsidi'i'ablo that thoy may eventually prove of economic value. 
 
 Iiov are often, however, solid ironstone in the centre only, and 
 
 (i;hs i,q;uliially outward into orilinary ferruginous sandstone with a 
 
 fi'mparalively small percentage of iron. 
 
 Al the point last defined, nine miles east of the 112th meridian, an '■"'''" coal 
 
 ' seams. 
 
 iipiiie ligiute-coal or carbonaceous shale was for the lirst time seen in . 
 |his series on the Bow, at u height of twenty feet above the water. In 
 ii'Veral places within the next few miles carbonaceous zones recur, 
 plying from three to tive in number, and occasionally becoming 
 lignite-coal, but t(»o impure and thin to possess any importance. The 
 uiuliilate slightly, and in ono bank were noticed to have a distinct 
 h'tli-castward dip at a very low angle. Twelve and a half miles east 
 
92 
 
 NORTir-WBST TERRITORY. 
 
 Soctionn noiir 
 mouth of IJuw 
 
 of tho moridian the river bocomos frin/^wl on the south sido, fiir| 
 Ji Hliort distance, by bmI<on bad-lands which exhibit lino Mction. 
 The coaly /.one is here seen in plaoos nearly titty t'eot above the livir, 
 overlain by about u hundrml t'eot of tiie pale ^voy sandstoiie> wliM, 
 contain ironstoi concretions in ^reat abundance TIioso bavtt bienl 
 descM'ibed asonurrin^ at the water-level further up the riviT, j'o! | 
 four miles eastward the undulations of the beds boconu) inoi'o niarkeil 
 than bolore, and tho general north-westward inclination must licre l^i 
 locally reversed, for tho coal-bourin^ zone descends to ami in [iliKesI 
 passes bolow the water-level. At the point now reached, — roiiitoenl 
 miles nortii of the mouth of tho Bow, — this /.one includes, at tiui'il!;e| 
 of the water, a soani of tiiir lignite-coal eighteen inches in tliiclviiw. ' 
 The coal is separated into two parts by a shaly layer of three inches, wnrj 
 included in the measuremciii. This seam is without doiil)t thoconf 
 tinuation of that described on page 75 o. 
 
 Two miles below, tho river again turns definitely to the .->oiilli, biitl 
 shows nothing but boulder-clay in its banks for about nine miles, orl 
 to within six miles of its mouth. A low bank of dark slialy beds wiili| 
 flaggy sandstones and ironstone here occurs, holding numerous sjuvi- 
 mcnaof Corhu la jieruiKlata, Ostrea, etc. One more similar exposure wn. 
 •noted between this place and the mouth of the river, where beds ot ibel 
 same series, previously described, are again found disj)layed on a inuik 
 grander scale. 
 
 EOCKS BETWEEN BoW AND EeD DeER RiVERS, AND ON TIIE ReD 
 
 Deer River. 
 
 The following notes on the country north of tlie Row and llioEi^il 
 Door Rivers, with the ensuing section on the Porcupine Hills, are brl 
 Mr. McConnell, who conducted the examination of these portioib«| 
 the field. 
 
 Crowfoot Creek "Between tiie Blackfoot Crossing and tlic mouth of tho Roseluul orl 
 AiTow-wood Rivoi', exposures of rock along tho route jmssed over arel 
 very infre(|uent. In Crowtbot Crook, abcmtsix miles from tho lJlackti»)il 
 Crossing, and near the place at wliich tho Lord Lome trail enters itil 
 valley, a small coal-hoam about eighteen inches thick was soon. The saiii<| 
 seam, but with somewhat incrcasod thickness, is exposed again dm 
 a mile farther down tlio stream, and is then seen to bo associated aliovJ 
 with rather hard, grey sandstone, and beneath with a small bed ot'clavJ 
 After leaving Crowfoot Creek, no further indications as to the cliaracH| 
 of tlie rocks lying beneath the surface were met with, until the Wintej 
 ing Hills were reached. 
 
 '• Tho Wintering Uills form a wide, rough ridge, running in a soiitbl 
 easterly direction irom Rosebud River and j)roacnting a st«|j 
 
 Winteiing 
 Hills. 
 
I ("SO" ] 
 
 nKOION DKTWKKN HOW AND RED DEER RIVERS. 
 
 98 
 
 i.i'!ir|imoiit to the iiortli-cast, t'roiii the liuso of which a roui^h, hilly 
 iiluiii sli>|n's gently down to the viillcy of the I{cm1 Diht Ifivop. Tiio 
 ,|,i|n'ot the liil^o to till' south-west is Very /^iiidual, and may not exceed 
 till' 41)1 III' tlic strata. Tiic Hunirnit of this riduc wlioro crossed iiy niir 
 Imiil Ih ahoiit 4'iO feet alM>vc the level of Bow Hivcr at tiie HlackfiMtl 
 |('^ll-^illl^. anil ahoiit S0(» feet ahovo the level of the Fled JJcer liivoi- at 
 llhf mmilli i>f the Uoschiid. 
 
 iioili llanivs i)f the rid^^e near its Humniit att'ord j^ood exjioswres ()fu,„.i<s in M'in- 
 
 I riM I i ■ I I II ' I ■ I >i ti'i'iiiK Ililla. 
 
 .Ulmie. J iicso sandstones are tfreyisli and yellowish in colour, i-atncr 
 
 |vi;iiM' in le.xturc, and very hard, and to their jjrotcctini; influence the 
 <xi»uiiri' of the hills Ih undouhtedly due. They are underlain hy u 
 i^iiliMiiiid more frialtle variety of the Hanio rock, altornatin^j; with more 
 'illiicciiiis lieds, and these are followed hy ahout sixty feet of dark 
 Bil;i>lir clays, which are well exposed near the hase of the escarpment, 
 liiil i^rciuly resemble in aj)pcarance the Pierre shales. The clays are 
 ^iiiri'odiil liy lii;ht-coloui'ed ar<i;illaceous Hands, very slightly indurateil 
 I >lrcaked at intervals with thin, reddish, day-ironstone beds. No 
 -il- were found in any of these rocks, although they were carefully 
 Icirclu'il. 
 
 'The sequence of the beds in these hills is almost identical with that Antioiinul of 
 Bwiilicd by Dr. Hector, as occurring on the other side of the Red iiuHliTlufs. 
 Mwr Jiivcr in the Hand Hills, in which, reversing the order south of tho 
 vir, the principal escar|»inont faces to tho south-west, while to tho 
 rtli-ciist the hills slope gently away with the dip of the strata, and 
 iuiliiiiiLC from tho relative position of these two series of hills, anil from 
 uiililM)!' the rocks which compose tliem, there seems little reason to 
 liMilit I hat at one time tliey formed part of a wide low anticlinal, the 
 Isis of which is now occui)ied by tho deep, gorge-like valley of tho 
 Dcci- JJiver. The river is now about 1,300 feet beneath tho 
 i:.'ia'st part of the fragments of the anticlinal yet remaining. 
 'Tlio h'ed Doei" River vai'ios in width from 15t)to;J00 yards; its bed Red Doer River 
 iiMiiilly sandy, and sand-bars and sandy islands occur at intervals, 
 I tile way down. The current, at tho beginning of July, ran at an 
 rem^c rule of about l.i^ miles jter hour. 
 Ntjir llie mouth of Rosebud Jlivor, the rocks forming the river- R„gjjs „oar 
 llniiiv composed principally of pure and arenaceous clays, altcrna- "[JH'""'' ^"*''" 
 iyuitji some bods of induratiid sands, and with a few seams of day- 
 luiMiino. Tlics(^ rocks, being very soft, are greatly cut up by deep 
 Nw> riMining back from the river, the I'amitications of which, uniting, 
 plimlly detach small portions of the plateau, and leave these an easy 
 p' til the degrading influence. of sub-aerial erosion, by the agency of 
 nich they have been sculptured into dome and pyramid, scarp and 
 Iniici', and all tho endless variety of form characteristic of the " bad- Bad-lands. 
 
ntc 
 
 NORTH- WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 ,.] 
 
 liiiiils" of tlu> Wost. The otli'cl in this instance i« intonsilioil liy the 
 
 lniiilitncssiuiii i'!i))i(i!ilti'rniilii)ii oftliocoiourinir, thin iiedsofiTd, ydluw, 
 Siliciflcd wooii. I'l'owii, i^fcv ami while, oxtiMiiliiiu: alonu; tlio iianks wilh riiiliunlik,' 
 
 reii'iilaiilv' lin' inih's . 
 
 '• Ai'oiit lialt'a mile iiclow liio moiitii of Uosoiuul River, and iicai' iho 
 
 base of (he section, a lic<l of silicitied wood was ol)served. Tiii> Iml. 
 
 whicii is ahoiit ')Me fool lliick, is. on a tVesii fracture, of a dcc|) limwi;. 
 
 Macix color, lull nr. exposure to lhealinos|)here weatlierstoa liulil v\vim\ 
 HLxt'ui'. ''' ''"^ '''''''•''■• '''''^' ^■'nii^' ''d is incniioiied by I)r. Hector as occurring ii«ir 
 
 llio month of Slieli (!reelv, about three miles and a half further down 
 
 the river. The section indudinu' it is (,fiven by him as follow-, in 
 
 descendiiiii; order : — '■' 
 
 rnivr. i\( iiu-. 
 
 j'.ut!', iinstratilicd earthy clays -. TJ o 
 
 Asli-:-;rey and creani-ioloiireil sandy clayn in liands, with 
 
 ^e:\nis i>r clay-ironstone and carhonaceons layers I!n (i 
 
 Si^ani of pure li^'nite ;! (i 
 
 r^anileil ilays, sandy in [ilaces 
 
 Siliiilied Wood, cdinposed (if stems, trunks and roots of lai'fjro 
 
 trees , 1 
 
 Brown coal 1 tl 
 
 Sandy clays, vary ini: from ;.'rey to liLrlit cream coi.nr HKI i; 
 
 "The coal se;im included in the above section can be traced bv i 
 
 IIUIIi' 
 
 t'oalscam in 
 Liiraiuiv. 
 
 ous e.\|»osnres from the month of Ifosebml i?iver down the stre;iiii|n 
 a distance of about eleven miies. at \vlii(di jioint it rojiclies the sinlii i 
 and is cut otf at a heij;lil above the i iver of aliout 27') feel. It is mt: 
 aijain for a short distance about eii;lit miles further down, m'ar theiiioiniil 
 of a larye coiUt^e, its rc-a|)|iearaiice beini; due lo the i:;reatly inerciiM- 
 heiifjit of the plateau above the river. The side of the valley soiiihiil 
 tlie river at this point is r)50 foet lii^'h, ami the coal appeals in ll:el 
 liank about I Id feet above the liver-Ievel. 
 
 " This seam beloni!;s to the same ^'eolon'ical horizon as the coal ut 
 BlacUfool ('rossiny, and it is (juite possible that the two scams iiiiiyl*! 
 identical and so underlie the wlu)le country between this part el' tliJ 
 Ked |)'','r Kiver and the How River. 
 
 "On the Red Deer River this scam is seen al its best in a small ((myei 
 about four miles below thi' mouth of the IJoschud River, where ii isj 
 over six feet thiidv. Three miles further up the stream it measures li' 
 feet, while (lown the stream it shrinks in some ])laces to two feet, IcI 
 enlarges ayain considerably befoi'c it finally disa()])ears. The real 
 usually associated, botii above and below, with a varying ()iiaiilil,vii 
 Ciirbonaeeous shales, hut those are not constant, ami die out oceasionally.J 
 wdien the coal comes in direct contact witli the samly clays beneath, III 
 many })laccs thi:: seam has been entirely burnt away, and the red clifJ 
 
 • Quart. Journ. Qc)!. Soc, Vol. XVII, p. 425. 
 
 M'Oii al II 
 .i|' the c, 
 >i.\ly lee 
 
 •The 
 [larlol til 
 
 :Ih' I'ieiT 
 
 -'l|iiire;it 
 Ihiiii I lie 
 liirther sn 
 
 ■• .VIlDlll 
 
 i.'ic walei 
 tht'iii to I 
 rm'ks loi'ii 
 r|;iy-, cdii 
 iiivcr lieii 
 
 •The <• 
 
 ilillcfclil .- 
 Wirrr illcji 
 
 ;iiv illidcri 
 iiiiirh i,rc; 
 "lialc, .V 
 
 IVlTC vl,;|i 
 
 -cncl, Tl 
 
 Maml oil II 
 
 I lie 
 
 ('"rain ml 
 many (jf 
 !iniici|ia 
 IJivcr M. 
 inilo !„. 
 
 >ll'iU-s II, 
 Tlu've |'( I, 
 with u-|.i.y 
 
 aNo Illicit 
 
 «"i'ro seen 
 
 appear on 
 
 llie colli is 
 
 area of tin 
 
 "Opposi 
 
 i^l'iirped bji 
 
 ''linahvlnc 
 
 t'rally liiiin 
 
 •■Altli„i| 
 
WWtON 
 
 .] 
 
 RED DEER RIVER. 
 
 95 r 
 
 hOii ;iI iiitorvals iilnn;? tlio valley aroduo to its comliustioii. Tlio lieiii;lil 
 
 „t' lin' coal-soam aiiovc llu' top of tlio Pii-iTo is aliout oiio liuiuliTil ami 
 
 >ixty I'oct. 
 
 "Tlic total thickness of tlic rocks i-xposod in the sections alonj:; this ■i'i||,.k,n,^^„c 
 
 |,;irtii| tlic I'ivci- ami in llic Winterinu; llills, measurin^u; IVoni the top of""' '"■ 
 
 iho rici're up. is almut WO feet, of which ihc ifreater jiart is eoniposcd ^^,',',,''^,'^,1',!^" 
 
 ,if jiiiiv and arenaceous clays, and <litl'ei-s li'reatly in litliolo,i,ncal charaetei- i^l'nv '^^'jaiol.. 
 
 inun I lie l''ox Hill jn-opci' which occupies the same relative position 
 
 lartlii'i' .-oulli, and which is distinctively a sandstoni' fornialion. 
 
 "Aiiout two miles helow Shell (^I'cek, the I'ierro shales a]ipoar at 
 
 !!n' \v;itci--level, the sliii;ht dip Ihey have to llu noi'th-wesl liriiiiriiii;' 
 
 tlniii to the top ot' the hank ahout seven miles fui't her down. The 
 
 r.uk-. toiiiiinii' the iijiper jiart ot' this formation consist liert' of sandy 
 
 ihiv^. contaiiiiiii!,' in places thick heds of greyish saixls, the sands 
 
 uivcr iieiiiu' persistent for any great distance. 
 
 •Tlic clays vary from alight yellow to a ileep coiree colour, the ii.piiiuds.it 
 
 (iiltciiiit shades alternating with one another in layers only two or 
 
 liiric inches thick. Ahout "jIKI teet of these (days is seen. They 
 
 ;iiv underlain hy ahout ^.'id feet of darker shaly clays, whi(di have a 
 
 iiiiirli giealer rcsemhlanco than the pi-eccding to tlu' typical Pierre 
 
 >h:ilts. Ahout two mile^ helow Snake Creek, and near the hase of the 
 
 Picnv >Iiales, a small coal-seam ahout eighteen inidies thick was oh- 
 
 -rivi'd. This >eam i> prohahly an extension of the seam at (irassy 
 
 M;uii| on liow IJiver. and ot the Coal I'laiiks seam on I'xdly h'iver. 
 
 ••'riie Pierre shales .-ire seen along the valley of the l{ed Deer Hivor ;vi,iti, ,4i'i,.rro 
 
 fiiriilioiit thirty miles, and are Avell exposed in the scarjied faces of'"'" 
 
 niMiiy "if the rolling hills t'orming its hanks, as well as at all the 
 
 ]iriii(iliMl heiids of the river. They are underlain liy the '^elly |>,,|i^. ^1,.,,^ 
 
 llivtr series, wliiidi liist appears near the water-level, uhoiit foui ■"'''""'• 
 
 milt'-- helow Smdcc Ci'cek, hut soon rises to the top of the hanks, and 
 
 ■liHUx nearly continuous sections for a distance of almost tifty miles. 
 
 Tlioe rocks consist mainly of greyish argillaeoous sands, alternating 
 
 with greyish sands and greyish and yellowish sandstone. In places 
 
 II thick heds of greyish and dark (days, and thin heilsot' ironstone, 
 
 iwric seen. Ahiiut ten miles helow Snake Creek, a couiileof coal seams , , 
 
 ' Ccial-sciiiiis. 
 
 ;i|i|H';ir oil the hank, the larger of whiidi is ahout three tecl thick, hut 
 I the ciial is of int'erior (luality. Around Dead Lodge Canon a large 
 liiroaof these rocks has heen worn into baddands. 
 
 ''Opposite the Kainy Jlills, the Pierre shales rc-apiiear capping Die 
 
 I I I 1 > I II ir !■ I I 11 ~ .>^viiclinal iif 
 
 m:ii'|)c(I liaiiivs ot the viiUey. IJere near the centre of the siiallow syn-l'uTie.-iiuiioi*. 
 [diniil wlii(di they form, they have a thickness cd' ahout 1^50 feet. As gen- 
 ji'ially tuimil elsewiiere a small coal-seam occurs near their hase. 
 
 ■Although no soctionsof Piorro wei'o scon botwoon Hunting Hill and 
 
96 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 Dead Lodjyjo Canon, it m pmliably continnous alonj;; thi.s part of (lie 
 river a short distance back from the edge of the valley. 
 Edgo of Pirrro "The Piorrc shales disappear about tive miles west of the 111th 
 *""'"■ meridian, and are followed in the course of three or four mil s \\y the 
 
 m7t'of''Rua""'^^i'''y R'^'»''' '^♦^'■'•^'•'^- I" the next ten or twelve miles no rocks of any 
 ■"• kind were seen, tlie sides of the valley being low and covered with 
 
 grass. The absencoof exposures in this distance is probably due to the 
 occurrence of a diift-tilkHl depre-^sion in the Cretaceous rocks. Tweiity- 
 Hve miles west of the Forks the plateau again rises, and has forccMl the 
 rivei- to make a sharp bend (o the north-west. Around this beml, aiul 
 above it for a few miles, e.\posures occur which probably belong to the 
 lower pai't of the Belly JJiver series. The rocks seem to be more com- 
 pact than those last seen, and contain a larger pro])ortion of yellowish 
 sands and sandstone. Tiiey also hold a snudl coal-seam. East ot the 
 bend the valley widens out, and its banks become grass coveretl. and 
 show nothing but drift all the I'est of the way down to the Forkn or 
 contluence with the South Saskatchewan." 
 
 The Porcupine Hills. 
 
 Cliaracter of 
 rock?. 
 
 Sections in 
 Willow Creek 
 
 Tbiuknosa. 
 
 " The geological sti-ucturo of the Porcupine Hills is very simple, 
 They consist princinally of sandstones belonging to the upper ])art of 
 the Laramie, which has l)een designated as the Porcupine Hill siih- 
 division. These rocks have been thrown into a gentle synclinal form, 
 the highest dip observed not exceeding ten degrees. 
 
 "Numerous small exposures of sandstone are found scattered over 
 the hills, but these represent only the harder varieties of the rook 
 of which they are composed. This sandstone is 8oft, coarse-graiiieil, and 
 usually of a greyish or light brownish colour, the moi-e massive varieties 
 often showing false-bedding, the lamina' being about an inch to an 
 inch and a half thick. 
 
 " More instructive sections are found in the valle}^ of Willow Creek, 
 one branch of which cuts through the hills transversely. These show 
 fine- and coarse-grained sandstone, often weathering to a light yellow, 
 and alternating with bands of more thiidy bedded sandstones, clays 
 and shales. 
 
 " The only fossils found in these rocks were fragments of Unio 
 Limnaea, and a few other fresh-water shells, 
 
 "The total thickness of the beds forming the Porcupine Hills cannot 
 bo less than 2,500 feet." 
 
T 
 
 ..] 
 
 PINCHER AND MILL CREEKS. 
 
 9*7 
 
 ill8 ciinnol 
 
 PiNciiER Creek, Mill Creek, South, Middle and North Forks of 
 
 Old Man Eiver. 
 
 As alroaily stated, the foot-hill belt is characterized geologically by K„ot-hiilbeit. 
 Cretaceous and Lai-ainie beds, with a strike generally parallel to the 
 bn<o of (ho mountains, sharply folded, and resting at all angles up to 
 viitioiil. With the exception of a single gap through which the South 
 Folk of the Old Man issues, it is eveiywhero sharply bounded to the 
 west l)y the Paheozoic rocks of the mountains. The lino of junction 
 appears usually to bo a taulted one, with extensive down-throw east. 
 ward, and the Cretaceous or Laramie rocks near the line of contact, 
 ^'onerally dip westward, or toward the mountains. It is, however 
 pidl), lile that in some cases, owing to overturned folds, the Palojozoic 
 looks actually overlie the Mezozoic along the line of junction. 
 
 Tlie portions of the St. Mary, Upper liclly and Watertou Eivers 
 whidi traverse tiiis belt, have been described on a previous page. 
 N'oi'tli of the North Fork of the Old Man, the streams which cross the 
 fi)0l-hills to and including the Elbow Eiver, are noticed in the sequel 
 I'V Ml'. McConnell, and the arrangement of the beds in their banks 
 dearl}' shown in his sections. A few notes will here be given of the 
 sections atforded by the streams enumerated at the head of this 
 tliaplcr. 
 
 Pinchor Creek, after leaving the Palaeozoic rocks, flows north- ^^^^1^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 oasHvai'il for a few miles in a comparatively low country. It then cuts Piuclier Crock. 
 through some prominent and partly wooded hills, which constitute the 
 soiitliciiuiiost of the well marked foot-hill ridges, after which it flows 
 uortliward for some miles before resuming its eastward direction. On 
 the ii|ipci' ])ai't of Pincher Creek the dips are generally south-westward, 
 aiiil the I'ocks exposed are for the most part sandstones, though whore 
 irood sections occur shales are also seen. Two important bands of dark si,aio bands. 
 Pierre-like shales were, however, observed to cross the valley, one im- 
 mediately west of the hills above alluded to, the other in a minor hol- 
 low in those. The first of these bands was again seen on the north branch 
 fifihc Drywood Fork of the Waterton, and probably also runs through 
 to Mill Creek. From Nelson's house, for about a miiedown stream or to 
 the road-crossing, strata comjiosed of alternating grey, yellowish and 
 ?reenisli-grey sandstones and .shales are almost continuously exposed, 
 Ivith a noi'th-eastward dip of about 25°, These rocks evidently 
 represent the St, Mary River sub-divisi(jn of the Laramie, and exten- 
 Mve collections of well-preserved Laramie fossils have been made in 
 jthem liy Messrs. McConnell and Weston. Almost exactly at the road- ^Vost ed^o 
 pissing these ai-e followed in ascending order by the redilish and scries, 
 tmrplisli-grey beds of the Willow Creek sub-division, with their char- 
 7 
 
98 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 acteristically soft and masBivo appearance. A Hhort distance lielow 
 the road-crosHing, thoy ai-e found dipping in the name direction at an 
 angle of about 15", and giadually flattening out. 
 Sections at ^'^^ uj^per beds of the St. Mary Jiivcr sub-division here form t!io 
 
 Indian fann. front of a wide low ridge or plateau which runs south-eastward, while 
 the wide valley to the north ea-st of it i.-s based on the soft Willow 
 Creek beds. Seven miles south-eastward, at the Indian Farm, the c(i"o 
 of this plateau is cut into by a small bi-ook which displays fine sections 
 of the St. Mary River sid>division, extending downward from near tho 
 biise of the Willow Creek beds. At the farm Imilding the dip is 
 N. 50° E. < 20°, but gi-adually and pretty regularly increases, till at 
 about a mile up the stream it reaches an angle of 54°. About one 
 hundred feet beyond this point, a seam of coal oct-urs, and the lieds he- 
 com', absolutely vertical, but this disturbance is shown to be local hv 
 the fact that at about an equal distance still fui-ther up tlie valley the 
 beds resume their former direction of dip at an angle of 60°. This coal, 
 where exposed, is excellent in quality, though much broken and slick- 
 ensided, so as to crumble easily on handling. (See p. 29 m.) Tht 
 Coal-soam. seam where examined was two feet in thickness. The opening made 
 on it had, however, fallen in at the time of my visit, but the seam 
 was said to be considerably thicker a few feet into the bank. The 
 coal is seen to be underlain by one hundi-ed feet of yellowish beds, 
 chiefly sandstones, and overlain by grey sandy sliales and sandstones, 
 It must occupy a position very near the base of the lower or St 
 Mary River sub-division of the Laramie, and the rocks of this sul>| 
 division here shown have an approximate minimum thickness of'2,' 
 feet. 
 
 Continuation of As stated in the preliminary report before referred to, this seam I 
 seam. should outcrop about a mile above the road-crossing on Pinther| 
 
 Creek, or near Nelson's house. The I'ocks at this place are, Imwover. 
 for the most pai't concealed. It is very probably the continuation ml 
 this seam, which lias since (1883) been discovered in a coulee whiili 
 opens into Pincher Creek, in the vicinity of the road-crossing. 
 
 On the upper part of'Mill Creek, the beds, so far as examined, icaMul 
 ble those above described on the corresponding portion of Piiicherl 
 Creek, and show general south-westward dips. About four miles abovej 
 Coal-soam. the mill, an excellent coal-seam occurs, of which, owing to the dis-l 
 turbed chai-acter of the rocks, the horizon has not been ])roti>elyl 
 fixed. It contains, according to Mr. Hoffmann's analysis (p. 40m,)I 
 1-63 per cent, of hygroscopic water and 1237 of ash. The followinJ 
 sections of the seam, on opposite sides of a break oi- fault wliiclil 
 here traverses the measures, are quoted from the preliminary rcpoit:-! 
 
 Mill Creok. 
 
SOUTH F«^UK OF OLD MAN RIVEH. 
 
 99 c 
 
 FBBT. INCHra. 
 
 Coff/ (ratlior shaly) 3 1 
 
 Coal 2 
 
 Shalo 1 4 
 
 Coal 2 
 
 Shalo 1 4 
 
 ViMtl 2 
 
 Total coal !» 1 
 
 FBKT. INCIIBK. 
 
 ( 'ual (rathor shaly ) 2 
 
 Shalo 1 
 
 Coal (ap])arontly jiood tliroufjhout, with tho oxpoption 
 of a fow shaly partings not equalling four inches 
 
 in all () 
 
 Totalcoal 8 
 
 At tlie mill, several luindretl foot of hard blackish shales appear, shaics nt mill. 
 dipping S. 20° W. < 50°. Those are probably Pierre, and are over- 
 lain by a series of grey and brownish-grey sandstones, and green- 
 ish- and bluish-grey shales which are nearly vertical. Those, with 
 little doubt, belong to the St. Mary River sub-division, and have 
 yielded a number of species of fossil plants which have not yot been 
 examined. 
 
 The South Fork of the Old Man, issues from the mountains at a South Fork of 
 point at which the continuity of tho outer hmostone range is broken. ""' 
 A fow notes on the Cretaceous and Laramie rocks which here occupy 
 .1 considerable area in the mountain country, are given on a succeeding 
 page. The point which may bo called the entrance to the North 
 Kootanic Piws is at about two miles and a half south-west of Garnett's 
 hou.-;e. A small stream from tho north (locally known as Koolanie 
 Brook) here enters the South Fork. In its banks two coal-seams aro oonl-seams. 
 exposed, tho upper, overlain by about twenty feet of massive sand- 
 stone, is two loot ten inches thick. Below it is about thirty feet of 
 shales and sandstones of general dark colour, and then a second seam 
 one foot five inches thick. The dip is S. 45° W. < 20°. Tho coal ap- 
 pears to bo of very fair quulity, and may prove of some local value. 
 On the main stream, for a distance of two or three miles below this 
 point, (lark shales resembling those of the Pierre grouj) characterize J^^JjJj'^'i'''" 
 tile banks, and appear to underlie the beds containing tho coals. The 
 shales are, however, evidently repeated by folding, and it is possible 
 that the rocks aro in some places overturned. Just above the junction 
 of the South Fork with Mill Creek, the stream is hommed in by clirt's 
 composed chiefly of groonish-grey sandstones with some shales. 
 
100 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERKITORY. 
 
 Ian 
 tJai) in 
 Palojozoic 
 range. 
 
 Weitodgoof Between the point last described and that at which the base of the 
 
 wi o»ynoina. -yyiji^^y Creek Mub-division crosses the SoiUii Forlc — about fbiir miles 
 eastward — a thin seam of coal is reported to outcrop in the l)anlv, but 
 was not visiteil. The appearance of the Willow Creek beds above re- 
 feri-ed to, may he ro^ai-ded as constituting the western edge of the 
 Porcupine Hill synclinal. 
 
 Miji^o Forkof The gap through which the Middle Fork of the Old Man, orCiw 
 Nest River, leaves the limestone ranges, appears to be connected with 
 a remarkable change in the strike of the limestones, which amounts to 
 about 40° in direction. The limestones on the south side of the iraiidip 
 nearly south-westward, while those to the north dip more nearly wist. 
 The inclination in both cases is from 40° to 45°. The eastern Junction of 
 the limestones with the Creta?eous rocks is proljably a faulted (inc, 
 and isaccompanie<l by considerable disturbance. The dip of sonioof 
 the beds of the latter Ibrmation nearest the limestones is nearly in the 
 same direction with that of the limestones, but at a lower angle, Fiom 
 this point south-eastward to the crossing place of tiio Middle Fork by tlic 
 Crow Xest Pass trail, the valley crosses the strike of the Cretii, .-oib 
 or Laramie rocks obliquely. The south-westward dips continue, and 
 the rocks observed are chiefly greenish-gi-ey sandstones, which often 
 
 Conglomerates, weather brown, and are occasionally shaly. Near the first large 
 tributary from the north which is crossed after leaving the lime>toiie>, 
 the sandstones become for a considerable thickness conglomoritic. The 
 pebbles are largely cherty materials from the limestone series, butak 
 include many (piartzite rocks probably deriveil from an underlying 
 series not now seen in the mountains in this vicinity, together with a 
 few porphyritlc pebbles of a kind not yet observed in place in am 
 part of the range. 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 Laramie (?) Sandstones. 
 J-. 
 
 Pierre shales. Ilnrizimtal tmlc 2 milca to 1 iwh. 
 
 GENERAL SBCriON ON MIDDLE KOUK OF OLD MAX RIVER EAST OF CROSSINO OF 
 TRAIL 1-ROM CROW NB8T PASS. 
 
tir 
 
 -.■:■- 
 
 f'.-r 
 
 F^ - 
 
 ' /( 
 
 ?^'- 
 
 [^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■<-l 
 
 „,MN.] MIDDLE PORK OP OLD MAN RIVEK. 101 
 
 Near tho trail-crossiiii^ iihovo veforrod to, dai-k shalos begin to piorre shales. 
 oriii|iy tlic banks of tlio valley, and eontiniio with little interruption 
 lui' ;i distaneo of nearly two miles. These shales are prohably of 
 Pierre aiiC and are many times folded together. Their position cor- 
 responds witli that of a low iract of country which hero strotcho.s 
 across to the iSoutii r<\)rk. Eastward tiiey are followed, apparently in 
 aMi'iiiling order, by a Heries of rocUs wliich are chietly sandstones, and 
 may [irohably bo Laramie. These extend, with undulating dips at 
 luff angle-, for about three miles along I'.e stream, or to a point about 
 half a mile below the fall. Tlie fall is about thirty feet in lieight, and R*J«k? at fall. 
 iXTiirs over massive grey sandstone beds, which are at this place nearly 
 hmizontal. These sandstones ai-e interrupted to the east by a narrow band 
 ol black shales, which appears to fold over a compressed anticlinal of 
 Minilstonc beds to tho east, whore tho shales are again found, but with a, 
 thickness apjiarently much greater than before. Ihis appearance is iieiow fall. 
 doubtless due to a series of repetitions by folding. They eventually 
 take an eastwai'd dip and form a small synclinal, the axis of which is 
 occupied by j-ellowish and pale beds chiefly sandstones. On the oast 
 Mde of tho synclinal the I'ocks above described as forming a compressed 
 anticlinal, reajjpear, and at this point, — about four miles above the 
 jimctioii of the Middle and Xortli Forks, — contain two good coal-seams, coal-soams. 
 The following section, which extends downward from the base of the 
 dark shales, was in part given in the preliminary report: — 
 
 FEET. IXCHES. 
 
 1. Yollow-woatliorinsj sandstoiioc and sandv shales 8G0 
 
 2. Dark shales, with a few tliin sandstone layers 380 
 
 3. Cirey to black, very fine shale, with ocoasional small 
 fish scales and hones, becoming sandy and yoUow- 
 isli at base 6 
 
 4. rerruginous sandstone 6 
 
 "). (Ireyish, soft sandstone or arenaceous clay, with some 
 
 thin Ironstone layers 10 
 
 (i. Harder, greyish and ferruginous sandstone, with some 
 
 obscure plant fragments 6 
 
 7. Hard, flaggy, yellowish sandstone 2 
 
 5. Grey, sandy shale and shaly sandstone 3 
 
 '^. Cml 3 
 
 10. Suit, black carbonaceous shale 9 
 
 n. (Jrey, sandy shale 3 6 
 
 Vl. ( irey, sandy shale and sandstone 4 6 
 
 1:5. (irey, flaggy sandstone, weatliering rusty 2 6 
 
 14. Grey, sandy shale and shaly sandstone 5 
 
 lo. Voal. Imperfectly soen.but at least 3 ft. of good quality 3 6 
 
 K). ( 'arbonaceous shale 1 
 
 17. (irey, sandy shale 4 
 
 15. Ferruginous sandstone 6 
 
 l!i. Greenish-grey sandstone 10 
 
 20. Grey and blackish carbonaceous shale 4 
 
 21 . ( ireonish-grey , soft-sandstone 6 
 
 22. Sandstone and arenaceous and carbonaceous shale, 
 general greenish-grey tints, (about) 80 
 
 1395 9 
 
102 
 
 N0RTU-WE8T TERRITORY. 
 
 OONTORTBD HHALBH AND SANDSTONjaS IN HANK OK MIDDI.B KOnK OF OLD MAN RIVKR. 
 
 Wildly contor- 
 ted rooks. 
 
 Rocks between 
 Middle and 
 North Forks. 
 
 For some distance below thits point the beds shown on tlio ^[iddle 
 Fork are so mucli disturbed jind contorted that no attempt was made 
 to work out their structure in detail. The accomiianyini^ sketch-isee- 
 tion of some of the l)eds in this vicinity, ilhistrates the e.\tont to wiijch 
 fle.xure lias l)een carried in some parts of the foot-hill belt. At tlio \i\>\ 
 stream which joins from the north before the North Fork is rciuiuil, 
 the Willow Creek bed-* appear in a noai-l}' vertical attitude, and are 
 followed eastward by beds which probably belong to the next over- 
 lying, or Porcupine Hill sub-division, and which on the lower jmrtof 
 the North Fork ai-e found dipping regularly eastward into the high 
 land of the Porcupine Hills. 
 
 An attempt was made to trace out the belts of dark shales and those 
 characterized by sandstones, in the foot-hills between the Middle and 
 North Forks, and though this might doubtless be accomplished by the 
 expenditure of suffioient time, it has not yet been fully oiiocted. The 
 Bhnly belts generally exist as anticlinal or synclinal folds more or les^ 
 complex, which in some instances disappear by running beneath the 
 sandstones of the highest tracts or slope up till they pass above the 
 plane of the surface. 
 
 The most remarkable feature of this part of the foot-hills, is the 
 existence of several wide valleys occupied by very inconsiderable 
 streams, which nevertheless cut across the ridges at right angles to 
 their strike. These can scarcely be explained except on the supposition 
 of the occurrence of a number of parallel lines of fracture. 
 
 The North Fork of the Old Man Eiver, leaves the mountairis near 
 Lat. 49° 52 ', and after running a little south of east about thii-teen miles, 
 bends more to the south, and runs parallel with the western tlankof 
 the Porcupine Hills. 
 
 Near the bend, good sections of the Willow Creek series occur, the I 
 Porciipino Hill beds dipping to the east at an angle of 12°. Half a mile further up the 
 
 eynolinal. i i o i ■ . . , . 
 
 stream, they are underlain by the more massive and harder sandstones 
 and shales of the St. Mary River sub-division, which dip at first to the I 
 east at an angle of about 1.5°, but soon become vertical and oven 
 slightly overturned in places. 
 
 Near the centre of this band, which is about one mile and three- 1 
 
 Remarkable 
 Talleys. 
 
 North Fork of 
 Old Man. 
 
 West Edge 
 
DAWION 
 
 NORTH FORK OF OI,D MAN RIVER. 
 
 103 
 
 (jimrtci'ft wide, iiino liundrod feet of claj- ^ and sandstones rosomblintc tho 
 Willi)\v Creole scm-ius occur. The next rocks seen are shales belonging 
 to tiie Pierre formiuion. Those shales are sonicwiiat sandy, and alternate 
 at intervals with a ihicic betl of bluish sandstone. Tho dip is nearly 
 veitical. They are succeeded by a great series of thicUly bedded bluish 
 and grayish siindstono, alternating with more thinly bedded sandstones 
 and with greenish and (hirk shale-*, tho whole forming a band about a 
 mile and a half wi<lo. 
 
 Tlio remainder of the section is occupied by alternating bands of 
 sandstones ami shales almost e.\actly similar to the two just described, 
 the dip is usually to tho west at angles varying from (JO" to vertical 
 anil the strike about N, 25" W. 
 
 Xcar the mountains the sandstones lie at lower angles and enclose coal-seam. 
 a few beds of conglomerate ami a coal-seam lour feet thici: and of 
 excellent (luality. (See p. 33 M.) 
 
 The band of dark shales next the mountains on this section, is very p;„,j p^^^ gf 
 iniieh Hexed and crumpled, and is underlain bv about forty feet of green- '""O"""'*'- 
 ijh and bluish sandstones and whitish (luartzites, and these oveilie, 
 ajiparontly quite confbi-mably, the Pahvozoic limestone. The dip of the 
 limestone is, in this instance, at first eastward at an angle of about 
 W. but in about scventy-tive yards, it folds over an anticlinal and 
 dips in toward tho mountains. 
 
 HiGiiwooD EiVEh, Sheep Creek, El, how Eiver. 
 
 The following descriptions of the rocks on tho Ilighwood Eivcr, Sheep 
 Creek and the Elbow Rivor ai-o by Mr. McCormell, and are illustrated 
 by the accompanying sheet of sections. 
 
 " Ilighwood River atl'ords the best section through the foot-hills of riiiciiwood 
 any of the streams flowing from the mountains between Bow River '^"'^' 
 and the 49th parallel. 
 
 " From tho mouth of a coulde running into it, about eight miles west 
 of the fifth principal meridian, where tho disturbance of the beds first 
 beeomos well marked, on to within a short distance of the mountains, it 
 flows in a deep canon-like channel, the sides of which afford almost con- 
 tinuous sections of tho nearly vertical sandstones and shales character- 
 istic of this region. The v.'idth of the disturbed area on Highwoo<i 
 Eiver is about eighteen miles, though the rocks undulate slightly for 
 seven or eight miles more. 
 
 " Going up Ilighwood Eiver from tho crossing of the Calgary ti-ail, good Laramie rooks. 
 sections of rock appear at all tho principal bends of the stream. Those 
 are of the usual character of the rocks belonging to the St. Mary 
 K'.ver sub-di .sion, consisting of sandstones and clays. A thick band of 
 yellowish-weathering sandstone is a pi'ominent feature in many of the 
 
 « 'lit 
 
 '! f 
 
104 c 
 
 NuilTII-WKST TEHHITORY. 
 
 Jower forks. 
 
 sections. Ili^liwood Rivor forks about six miles west of tlio tltUi 
 priii{'i|)ul iiiofidian, after which the valley of the main stream lumls 
 to the iioitii. and gradually assimu's the (diaraetcr of a eafion. 
 
 " Tiie Southern Fork branches aj;ain alioiit two miles furthci' wiM, 
 and on«' of the streams bendinif to tlm south runs j)arallel with iho 
 Por<'U|)in(' Hills, while tlu' other continues westward to the mniin. 
 tains. Neither of tlu'sti streams have valleys at ii'l comparable in size 
 or ;u;colo^ical interest with the valley of the North Fork, and ex- 
 posures ot i-ock in them are very infre(|uent. In one place the vallov 
 of the Miildle Kork almost disappears, the stream being depressed but 
 very little btdow the general sui'face of the country. 
 
 "Near the lower forks, good sfcli(jns of sandstones and clays occiii', 
 tho rocks dij)ping westward at a low angle, which gradually incrcuM's 
 further up tho stream. Three miles lui-ther on, some cai-bonaceoib 
 scams appeal' in the section, and near them some fresh-water shells woio 
 found. A mile and a half up stream from this point, tho rocks bccDino 
 for the first time suddenly and violently disturbed. They are tliiown 
 into an almost vertical ]iosition, and for a short distance reseinlilc 
 in the complexity anil sharp ])lications of the subordinate loltis the 
 gncis.ses of the Ijaurentian system. The strike of these rocks is alioiit 
 N. 18° AV., and following this direction northward the next transvci^' 
 section that is met with is that of the South Fork of Sheep Ci'Cek, dis- 
 tant about twelve miles, but the rocks ap])earing in it do not belong to 
 tho same horizon, but to the undei'lying I'iorre shales, showing that 
 tlie disturbed rocks on Ilighwood Hiver must mark the axis of an uplift 
 which a little farther north has broken apart the rocks of the St. Mary 
 Eiver sub-tlivision, and brought the Pierre shales to tho surface. Tho 
 soam/^'*'* '^""' tJontorted I'ocks on Ilighwood Rivor consist of sandstones and shales, 
 and include three small coal seams, all so ci-umplod as to be almost 
 woi'thloss. They also include an oyster bed composed of shells of 
 an Ostrea, which is probably 0. glabra. 
 
 " From this point tho river i-uns in the strike of the rocks about throe 
 miles, then bending more to the west, cuts across thom. 
 
 " The rocks continue highly distui'bed for several hundred feet acro.ss 
 their strike, then the contortions gradually die away, and the stratA 
 dip I'ogularly eastward at a high angle, until tho/y gfQ I'oplaced by the 
 Pierre shales. Tbo rocks .oppoaring In tho section above the disturbed 
 area ^'Oiisijjt (,f sandstones, in beds varying in thickness from si.\ 
 to thirty, and even fifty feet. The softer beds are usually of bluish 
 and greenish colours, and tho harder, yellowish or brownish, the 
 different beds being separated by greenish and dark-colored shales and 
 clays. 
 
 " Succeeding, and underlying the rocks just described, is a great thick- 
 
o.„oN.] niUHWOOI) HIVKR. l(ir) c 
 
 no-s of (lark slialos. These at tii'Hl (li|) to the east iit an ani^Ie ofaliniil Thick Mmlo 
 
 ,')ir, hut .soDii becdiue vertical, and dip we-itwai'd hcf'orc l)eiiij{ rephieed 
 
 liv -Hiidstono. This sorios has the lonii <>t a simple sharp aiiticliiial, 
 
 uiiii measures altoiit a mile across its strike, which would ;^ive it, if 
 
 iiiiiiillueiiced liy local t'nlds or hy faults, a thii-kiiess ol' at least 
 
 lilOii toet. A soetiou measured ut the eastern outcrop ol' lhe>e rocks 
 
 gives : 
 
 hKm. 
 
 Saiiilstoiie 
 
 I Mack «! lilies T") 
 
 Sanilstoue, weatlieriii;; hrijjiit yoUow :>(• 
 
 Aitcriiatin^r sandstone and shale "•') . 
 
 IJhu'k slialo 
 
 "The sandstone hod appearini; in this section, althouij;li traceable aloni^ 
 it~ strike li)i' over a mile, does not ap])ear at the other side ot the anti- 
 (liiiiil, nor at any intermediate point, wliich seems to show that the 
 1,'n'at thickness of those hods is not duo to roj)CUted folding, 
 
 "The next ro(d<s in t ho general section arc heavily* bedded sandstones 
 
 lyinii: on top of the sliales, ami dipping westward at a high angle. 
 
 TlitM' sandstones differ greatly in every resi)ect from the rocks east of Alternations of 
 , , , , , 7 , ,. . . , , ., slnilo and sand- 
 
 ilie shiiles, tliey tire harder and nrmer in texture, much more heavily sKme. 
 k'il(k'il,!ind the colors tire green, rod and brown in pltice of bluish and 
 yclliiwish. These beds undulate a o(mple of times without bringing any 
 otlici' rocks u]i, iind are then followed by a sorioh. of thinner anil more 
 iiigillnceous beds, alternating with beds from ton to twenty feet thick 
 and with ti thin band of siuile about one hundred foot thick, the 
 wliDJe unduliiting in a succession of sharp folils for several miles. 
 A thick bed of greenish snntistono underlying the shales can be traced 
 through several of those folds. North of Highwood Eivor, on Sheep 
 C'l'wk, in the exact strike of this series of altorniiting sanilstones and 
 shales, scarcely any sandstone is found, tlio shales occupying the en- 
 lire section. West of the rocks Just described, the valley of tiie river 
 is occupied for several miles by an immense thickness of almost vorti- 
 'cal sliales. These tjhales are hard, in some places almost passing into 
 slates, and are very dark in color. The}' arc intcrstratitied in pliicos 
 with thin bands of rather Inird flaggy sandstone, but none of those bands 
 j lould 1)0 identified a second time. 
 
 "This band of shales was traced northward across Sheep Crook and 
 Fish Creek to the Elbow River, and southwiird to Willow Creek, Ji dis" 
 tai.ee of over fifty miles. In some parts of its course its direction is 
 marked by a wide valley, but more frequently the harder sandstone 
 bamls included in it project above the surface, forming hills and ridges- 
 
106 c 
 
 NORTII-WEHT TKRHITORV. 
 
 Character of 
 (iindstoneH. 
 
 Coal-soam- 
 
 Shoop Creek 
 
 Elbow River. 
 
 " Hotwcen the liund just doHcrihed iiiid tho motintainH. ihts hIiiiIoh rev 
 uppoiu" nix tiiucM in hands viiryinj^ from ono-rtt'th ol' a niilo to ti mile 
 and H (|uai'ti'r in width, thoir j^cnoral cluiractor hoing much tho Humo 
 in all. Thoy dip to tho wost at a very i»i;^h anglo, being often vortical, 
 and occasionally oven overturned. 
 
 "Thosundstones alternating wilii tlio shaios vary greatly hoth in tex- 
 ture and colour, but they nwiy bo generally described as conHisting of 
 thick beds, greyish or bluish on a I'resii fracture, but ofttm weathor- 
 ingy»'llo\vish or brownish. These alternate with bands consisting of nioro 
 tlunly bedded sandstones, and greenish or reddish, antl reddisli and 
 dark shaios, tiio tiuck beds of sandstone standing prominently out on 
 tho sitles of the valley, and tho sotter rtK'ks sepai-ating them beinj,' 
 concealed. Near the mountains these sandstones form liills which 
 viso 2,000 feet aijove the valley. 
 
 " In the last aj)pcnranccof tho shales near tho mountainH they hold a 
 coal seam about two feet thick. 
 
 "A small stream falling into Ilighwood lliver about eight niik'!' 
 from tho mountains, gives a very good section of rocks parallel with 
 the section on Ilighwood Ilivor, and distant from it from four to live 
 miles, tho only noticeable ditl'eronco between tiie two sections boinj; 
 the division on the creek of one of the bands of shales, and the up- 1 
 pearanco of an additional bantl of sandstone. Near the mountains, the | 
 sandstones lie at lower angles than on Ilighwood Ilivor further east, 
 and several bods of conglomerate appear. 
 
 "On Shcej) Creek tho disturbed rocks are about twonty-five miles I 
 wide, and are remarkable for the largo pi-oportion of shaios which they 
 contain. 
 
 "Those shales first appear about ten miles west of tho fifth principal I 
 meridian, forming a sharp aniiclinal, tho dip at both edges being! 
 about 50°. They are succeeded by about half a mile of sandstone,! 
 dipping wost at a high anglo, ami then tho shaios again como in and 
 occupy fully nine miles out of the ne.vt ten of tho section, the dip 
 ing to tho west at angles varying from 50° to vortical. These shalesl 
 resemble in oveiy respect, except in width, tho shales soon on High- 
 wood River. Thoy are succeetled by several smaller bands, wLichj 
 altoi-nato with bands of sandstone of about an equal size. 
 
 " Noai- the mountains the sections on Sheep Crook, owing to tho almost! 
 impassable character of tho country, wore not examined.' 
 
 '' The Elbow River aftbnls in its upper part a good section of thel 
 rocks near tho mountains which there as elsewhere consist of alternatingl 
 bands of sandstone and shaios, the sandstones however being morel 
 
i 
 
 \T 
 
(0 
 
 (l) Scclioii on lilt' Mlbow 1U\HM- III ilii'Fooi Hills 
 
 'K .K'.A' \.\ Xli'WW \'.\ >■■ A ■■'..■■'. .'..v. ■■','.> '..,v,\/. ':-■•■.■■ ./A.; • 7.y'-/ :r' . :/■.'■/: --i/r': .j^y.^ ■ .''-■; ".'.n;^ 
 
 ■■:3 
 
 Q 
 
 5 
 
 'J) 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 (.*>^ S(Hlion ihroii^ili llu' Foot Hills o 
 
 r-!l 
 
 
 
 T .11 
 
 i^») Section llirouoli lilt' Fool Hills tMi Iht' North Fork ol" 
 
 C -li 
 
 
 -'htil/x mart) Ji.tturifti 
 
 SECTIONS ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 ififeiil 
 
 ii 
 

 (2) StH'. 
 
 r 
 
 mmse}gt>!m!mssimMsMm& 
 
 Foot Hills oil the llit^liwootl Hivor lYoni a poiiil aboul lour miles West of the Forks to the base of ll 
 
 
 sorlh Fork of llu' Ohl Man lhv(M- 
 
 Setir Soiitlterti Hrtid 
 of'Svrth Fork 
 
 H 
 
 llMM»lllil.illlf^^^/'-;^iAMj?'fia:ii:fe 
 
 ASTERN EOG£ DISTURBED BELT 
 
 St'clunirt 11' MorrAontal Sfalf I niile lo ;it\ iiuli 
 
 Ge 
 
 
 I .') ) Baroiiu;tri(' St'cliou across the Porriij)iiie Hills. 
 
 Uorixoiitiil Sc'U.lt> 1 iiiilt> 111 'Z iiichei* . 
 VerliiMl Scale »•()<)() IVei »o I incli . 
 
 TRATINGTHE CRETACEOUS AND LARAMIE ROCKS OF THE DISTURBED BELT AT THE BASE OF THE MOUNTAI 
 
 Ffoni lueaHiirHinenta l)A' H ('»MV Oontifll, B. .V. 
 
i'd) Section on Sheep Greek in the Foot Hills, 
 
 '^m^^m^^^^M^^M^m^ 
 
 s to the base ot" the laoun tains. 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 'iiimiismiiiii^g mim^m ^' 
 
 
 m 
 
 forks 
 DISTURBED BELT. 
 
 A'OTE . Owina to tlu wcuit f>l' Pahtoni 
 tn chartuttr of ttie rorka iti //«• virtiiit' 
 has been made lo uiduate the fanoiis siibii 
 liararriie on these steliona, M-hirh thtrefort 
 UthobtqwaL charactej- and aeaiLt^ter uf tlu 
 
 Willow i 
 
 M'iUtfw Crvek rocks' 
 
 : OF THE MOUNTAINS. AND THE PORCUPINE HILL SYNCLINAL 
 
 IfeM 
 
 m 
 
GEOLOfjICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 I4-Miifjf Wejit from 
 cro.9jfUHf of' Caitftry Ihatl 
 
 D 
 
 ^^m^msBBm^^^ 
 
 
 4^5 
 
 1« 
 
 ■wa^ 
 
 BASTCRN EDGE DISTUfiBEO BELT. 
 
 Much tiisiiirhrii 
 
 to Uu tva/U ftl' PahriiiitoltHiirfi/ n-iderue MiJ vttruibiliU- 
 the rocka in l/tr vifiiiily iH'thr moimtainx^no aUentpt 
 
 mdirate the fitrious siilnii\'isio<ij/ of thr CrrturffiiKV and 
 
 steliona, u-huh Uurrfort rrprment onLv tlu ^rnej-al 
 •actej- and seaiLtjicr uf Ote ntckn tls aetiiaJ/v oStirrf'fd ■ 
 
 LiiiJiiii-iii: ^'an/isi*iu» 
 
 0^ S/iil/eS f^r/uniUi,' dark J 
 
 1 11. I.imejttoi 
 
 □LI 1 -iJ 
 
 WHlou- Creek- 
 
 '■'•■'■'•' •---■'-'-•■■ ' - • • •,•'•• -1 
 
 yOTF. . Tht lints in these stetians 
 rtf/rf'*ml obxerrrtl dipx and 'u>t 
 actual beds. 
 
 THE ■UNLANO UTMHAmiC COMONTRCAL. 
 
DAWSON.] 
 
 nearly horizontal 
 met with dip ojist) 
 
 Section! 
 
 The foot-hills v 
 piesent the narro 
 istic (if ihem, and 
 iioction with a cha 
 beils of which the; 
 lelism in Ntriko t( 
 maiiitiiin, and in s 
 right angles to the 
 horizon ta I. West i 
 direction of thoed^ 
 form a bay in the i 
 tlie centre. The d 
 and it would apj 
 newer rocks. 
 
 On the Kananas 
 
 like shales with ni 
 
 exjiosed. Immedit 
 
 above referred to o 
 
 sandstones with li, 
 
 ently underlain by 
 
 From this place, 
 
 below the Ghost Ei 
 
 but us these have ni 
 
 description of them 
 
 appear to consist ol 
 
 slono intercalations 
 
 shales appear to lie 
 
 tints and a predon 
 
 resents the Laramie 
 
 the shales are seen 
 
 •Tho above paragraph, I 
 curries the description west 
 tins ijciiiit lies a refrion o 
 explored, and regarding wh 
 thiit tlie limeiitono above i 
 limestone ringes are finally 
 aiiU "jiiclinal folds are or 
 CrctiU'cous. Tho arrangeui 
 possible that tho western I 
 which the anthracite doposi 
 try is here, however, near tl 
 rise in consequence to an in 
 
DAWSON.] 
 
 BOW RIVER IN THE FOOT-HILLS. 
 
 107 
 
 nearly honzontal than is usually tlie case. The limestones where first 
 met with dip eastward at an angle of about 30 degrees." * 
 
 Sections on the Bow Eiver in the Foot-hills. 
 The foot-hills west of Morley, in the vicinity of the Bow, cease to Peculiar 
 
 I • 1 ■ ■ ., ■ . Ill ohariioter of 
 
 present tlie narrow ruige-liKO and parallel forms generally character- f"ot-iiiii region 
 
 . ,. 1 11 1 1.1 1 1 1 rni • • ■ "" Bow. 
 
 istic ol them, and become l)road-to2Dped and rountlod. Ihis is in con- 
 neetion with a change in the attitudes of the Cretaceous and Laramie 
 beds of which they are composed, which hei'e depart from the paral- 
 lelism in strike to the base of the mountains which they usually 
 maintain, and in some cases — as immediately below the fall — turn at 
 riglil angles to their former direction and become occasionally nearly 
 horizontal. West of the fall, (which i:s nearly in a line with the general 
 (iii'i'ction of the edge of the I'alii'ozoic) the Ci-etaceous or Laramie rocks 
 tbi'in a bay in the edge of the limestones, of which the river occupies 
 tlic centre. The dips are quite low, and as usual toward the mountains, 
 and il would appear that the limestones are folded back over the 
 newer rocks. 
 Oil the Kananaskis, a short distance above its mouth, dark Pierre- Roelts near 
 
 lull. 
 
 like shales with numerous bands of red-weathering ironstone, are well 
 exposed. Immediately below the confluence of the Kananaskis the fall 
 above referred to occurs, the beds producing it being a series of massive 
 sandstones with light westward dip. These are followed and appar- 
 ently underlain by, a considerable thickness of shales. 
 
 From this place, following the Bow to a point three and a half miles shale and sand- 
 below the Ghost Eiver, there are numerous fine exposures in the banks, 
 but as these have not been examined in detail or measured, no connected 
 description of them need here be attempted. As a whole, the rocks 
 appear to consist of a very thick series of dark shales with some sand- 
 stone intercalations and a few beds which become conglomeritic. The 
 shales appear to lie between two series of rocks characterized by pale 
 tints and a predominance of sandstones, one of which doubtless rep- 
 resents the Laramie. At the point above defined, below Ghost Eiver, 
 the shales are seen for the last time, and are followed by sandstones 
 
 •Tilt' above parngraph, by Mr. McCciniicU, refers to the first section of the folding sheet, and 
 curries tlic description westward to a point about thirty-seven mile." above "The Elbow." Beyond 
 tlii.s piiiiit lies a region of broken and very rugged hills which lias since (iu 1884) been partly 
 e.\|]|(ircd, and regarding which the following preliminary note may be added. — It would appear 
 lliiit the limestone above mentioned constitutes merely an outlying ridge, and that before the 
 liiiu'sloiie ringes are finally reached at a further distance of about ten miles, several anticlinal 
 and .synclinal folds are crossed— the former constituting limestone ridges, the latter troughs of 
 CrctiiceouB. The arrangement of these, so far as determined, is shown on the map, and it is even 
 possible that the western trough may connect north-westward with the continuation of that on 
 wliicli the anthracite deposits of Cascade and Bow Kiver arc situated. The surface of the coun- 
 try is here, however, near the base-level of the Cretaceous formation and the plication has given 
 rise in cousequence to an intricacy of outline which has not yet been thoroughly worked out. 
 
 kuk 
 
108 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TKRRITOKV. 
 
 and sandy shalos which, witli littlo doubt, rciirosont Iho bascoftlio 
 Laniiiiio, (hout!,li muoli disturbed and wharply folded. At the inonth 
 of Coal Crook tlieno beds assume a i'eij;ulai- eastwai-d clip, and this may 
 1)0 rcifarded as the western edije of the wide Porcupine Hill sj-neliiiii!. 
 The rocks occui'ring on tiio Bow Eivor below this point have bucn 
 noticed on a previous pa^e. (p. 80 c). 
 
 Cretaceous and Laramie Hocks in the Mountains. 
 
 That portion of tho Rocky Mountains near the -tOth parallel, whicli 
 was examined in coiinoclion with the Houndary Commission oxpeiiition 
 in 1S74, is composed entirely (with the exception of remtiaiit> of 
 Triassic rocks) of I'aheo/.oic strata, and the lino between these and the 
 newer formations of the plains is there perfectly distinct. Itwas, jiow- 
 ever, discovered, in tho autumn of 18S1, that a considorablo area of the 
 nowei- vocks occurs on tho North Kootanie ami Crow Nost Passes 
 within tho line of tho eastern limestone ran^^e. Some time was 
 devoted to the examination and outlining of this area in ISS,"}.* and 
 much informaticm rogardinji? it obtained. This will j)ropcrly form a 
 part of a succeeding report on the Rocky Mountains, it is thought well 
 to give here a few notes on this area, which, on account of tho occur- 
 rence of several good coal-seams, and the fact that tho lower liilU 
 characterizing it bear a much more considerable quantity of good 
 timber than other portions of the mountains, ajipoars to possess consider- 
 able economic importance. The outlines of this area are also in part 
 shown on the accompanying geological map. 
 Notes here The notos here given with regard to this area are, however, meicly 
 
 preliminary, of a preliminary character, and refer chiefly to the position of tho coal- 
 scams. These, though rather inaccessible as soui-ces of supply lor the 
 country in general, will in event of tho discovery of motalliforous depo- 
 sits, assume inimodiate importance for smelting purposes, particularly 
 as they are generally of e.Kcellent quality. 
 
 Tho area of Cretaceous and Laramie rocks extends from the Little 
 South Fork, or south branch of the South Fork, to the sources of the 
 North and North-wost branches of the North Fork, and thence (accord- 
 ing to the exploration of 1884) to tho head -waters of tho High wood 
 River and Sheep Creek. 
 
 The country underlain by this trough of Cretaceous and Laramie 
 rocks, resembles orographically and geologically the rougher portions 
 of the foot-hill belt, already described. It is over ninety miles in ex- 
 treme length, and in its southern part averages about ten miles in 
 width, with a total area probably exceeding 750 square miles. It is 
 
 • The explorations of 1884 havs since adJed largeb- to our knowledge of this and other troughs 
 of Cretaceous and Laramie rocks in tho mountains. 
 
 Extent of 
 trough. 
 
OAWSON.] 
 
 CRETACEOUS AND LARAMIE IN TOE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 109 c 
 
 soparatod from tho foot-hills, fru- the f^fretiter part of its length, by the 
 eastern limostono range, named tho liivingstone Eange on Pallisci-'s 
 mai». As already stated, however, there is a wide gap to the south of 
 this range, through which this area inosculates with the foot-hills 
 ])io|)er. This appears to occur also at one other point, where on the 
 Xortli Hraiu'h the limestone range is again interrupted for a few miles. 
 
 On the South Fork, probably owing to the absence of tho protection ^°''''"''°'^''^'''- 
 att'ordod by tho eastern limestone range, tho Cretaceous and Lai'amie 
 bi'ds have been much mora closely foklcd together and arc more dis- 
 tui'lu'd than they are elsewhere generally found to be in this area. On 
 tlio Middle Fork or Crow Nest River, tho beds are remarkably undis- 
 turliod, and generally lie at low angles, while on the North Fork, they 
 arc in an intermediate condition in respect to folding and disturbance. 
 
 Willi one exception, no marked ditl'orence is found between the J.'^'^Yg"^*"°*^ 
 imks of this area and those of tho foot-hills. They consist principally 
 of sandstones of varied degrees of induration, interbeddcd with sand}- 
 ariiiiiaceous shales which are often greenish- or bluish-grey, and a 
 seiies of dark shales with sandstone intercalations, from which marine 
 Cretaceous fossils have been obtained, recur in a number of places. Con- 
 i;lonuM'ates are not unusual, anil it is evident that the deposition of the 
 C'l'ctacccjus and Laramie rocks here occurred in proximity to a shore- 
 line, oi-at least whore insular masses of tho older rocks were at hand to 
 supiily nuvterial of a coarse character. The exception above alluded to Cmitempora- 
 
 ... /> I 1 1 1 1 i iieoiis volounio 
 
 IS llie existence of an important intercalated series of bedded rocks of deposits, 
 volcanic origin. These are for the most pai't coarse or fine-grained ag- 
 jjlomerates or ash beds which have been arranged by water, but beds 
 whicli appear to have been trappean flows are also found. Tho rocks 
 of this part of the series are generally hard and compact, and vary in 
 coh)ur from purplish to greenish-grey, though the latter tint is most 
 characteristic and universal. These rocks have a great thickness on the 
 Crow Nest Pass, where they form a prominent ridge which runs for 
 many miles north and south, and crosses the stream about seven miles 
 west of the Livingstone or eastern limestone range. To the north, 
 tlioso rocks were again seen, but in very inconsiderable thickness, and 
 pnibalilydyingout, on the North-west Branch of the North Fork. They 
 't])|)car three times on the South Fork, being repeated by the excessive 
 tbidiiig, liul are here again much less in thickness than on the Crow 
 Xest Pass. 
 
 The occurrence of two thin coal-seams at the entrance to the North so[j{jf^j^r™nJir 
 Kootanie Pass has before been referred to (p. 99 c). About four miles ^>f Old Man. 
 above the mouth of the Little South Forlc, on the main river, an 
 important coal-seam outcrops in the rocky banks of a small canon 
 through which the stream here flows. Tho beds are folded into a nar- 
 
Coivl-'oams in 
 Crow Nest Pass, 
 
 Coal-soams on 
 North-west 
 Branch of 
 North Fork. 
 
 110 C NORTH-WEST TERRITOUT. 
 
 row Hynelinal. and thoro is some appearance of irrogulanty in tho 
 mcasui-oH. The principal coal-seam iw nine feet nine inches in thick- 
 nc88. It i8 underlain by eight inches of shale, below which is a second 
 seam fourteen inches in thickness. These seams are capable, togctiior, 
 of yielding about ton feet of clear coal, and the quality appears to be 
 excellent. 
 
 On tho Crow Nest Pass, three miles west of the Gap, or western 
 edge of the first limestone range, a considerable brook tlows in from 
 the north. Haifa mile above the ti-ail-crossing of this stream, three 
 coal-seams occur in a bank about forty feet in height, which is chiefly 
 composed of brownish, greenish, and blackish-grey sandy shales, and 
 is capped by a massive gi'ey sandstone. 
 
 The highest seam is two feet thick, the next two feet ten inches, and 
 the lowest, one foot five inches. They are separated by such a con- 
 siderable thickness of shales as to preclude theii- being worked 
 together, but the quality of tho coal seems to be very good. The dip 
 isS. 85°W. <30° 
 
 On the North- west Branch of the North Fork, coal was found ii, wo 
 places. One of these is at the point at which the stream changes its 
 general direction from south-east to east, about two miles and a-half up 
 from its mouth. The section in the right bank is here us follows:— 
 
 FBBTT. INCHES. 
 
 Superficial gravels 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Shale 1 
 
 Coal 2. 6 
 
 Shale 4 
 
 Coal 5 6 
 
 Shale 6 
 
 Coal 9 
 
 Sandstone 2 
 
 Coal and shale '-^ " 
 
 Black sliale 1 *• 
 
 Sandstone 2 
 
 Black .shale, with coaly layers and some ironstone 9 
 
 Clay shales and ironstone (to water) 6 ^ 
 
 Totalcoal 9 ^ 
 
 This coal is, so far as composition goes, of good quality, burning 
 with a long flame and coking, but has been much crushed by the move- 
 ment of the i-ocks, and is traversed throughout by slickensided surfaces, 
 so that it crumbles very readily. 
 
 The second locality is about ten miles further up this stream, near 
 the water-shed range, and in a somewhat inaccessible place. The outcrop 
 examined is half a mile below a picturesque waterfall. The measures 
 
0«*SON.] 
 
 GENERAL QEOLOOY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 are vory much distuflxKl, but there uppoftrn to he about three foot of 
 coiil in tlio soaiu, though much crushod like that histdoH( [•il)cd. 
 The coal ronresented at those localities on tho head watei'H of theOld Jl'";'»on of'" 
 
 i coal. 
 
 Miin, togctiior with tliat proviouHJy noticed on the North Fork east of 
 
 llii'LivingHtono l?ange(p. 103 f), thatonihe Middle Fork (j). 101 c), and 
 
 tlmt at the entrance lo tho Noi'th Kootanio Pass are, on various grounds, 
 
 not necessary to detail at pi-osont, ^suppo8od to be on the same or nearly 
 
 tlio Slime hoi'izon in tho Cretaceous rocks, it being repeated by tho 
 
 fdMiiig of tho measures. 
 
 Tliero is reason for the belief that the coals on tho head waters of the Coni» on Elk 
 Elk River, west of tho wator-sliod range, again occupy tho same horizon. 
 These, though examined in 1883, Ho without the limit of tho present 
 report. 
 
 'I'liin coal-seams have also boon observed on the head waters of the 
 Hiu'Iiwooc and Sheep Creek, and it is probable, from the strati- 
 gni|iliical arrangement of tho rocks and from tho observation of rolled 
 iiaginents of coal in a number of jilacos, that natural outcrops of coal 
 may be found in many additional localities, in this area of Cretaceous 
 and Laramie within the mountains. Those above noted may be said to 
 have been discovered by us almost accidentally, and tho complete 
 e.xamination of tliis rough wooded i-egion would occupy much time. 
 
 No allusion is hero made to 'he trough of similar rocks in which Anthracite of 
 anthracite has been found, which occurs on the Bow Pass in the vicinity"""'^*** 
 of tho r'lilway line, as this again lies to the west of tho ai-oa of tho 
 present report. This trough is, however, merely a special instance of 
 the inclusion of the newer coal-bearing series in the mountains, in 
 which the disturbance and consequent alteration have been carried so 
 far iis to expel almost all tho volatile constituents from tho coal. 
 Additional instances of included areas of the newer rocks may also 
 probably be found as the mountains are more fully explored. 
 
 GENERAL GEOLOGY. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT AND COiMPOSITION OP ROCKS. 
 
 On a former page, a synoptical table has been given of tho ai-range- 
 mentofthe sub-divisions of the Cretaceous and Laramie of tho dis- 
 trict. Tho following scheme shows the sequence and character of the 
 formations of the district in a more detailed form, with tho ajiproxi- 
 nate maximum ascertained thickness of each series.* 
 
 * The discovery of the Miocene area in tho Hand Hills, of which u small portion appears on 
 the wirthorn edge of tho map, is the result of work by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell in 1884, in tho next ad- 
 joiniiiK area. It is not described in this report. Prof. E. D. Copo, who has been so kind as to 
 eiamine some of the bones obtained from this formation in the Cypress Hills, reports that these 
 indicate its age to be lower Miocene equivalent to the White River group. 
 
112 c 
 
 NORTII-WEHT TERRITORY. 
 
 Table of 
 formatioDP. 
 
 Thickness of 
 8crieg. 
 
 No 
 unconformity. 
 
 Lardtnie, 
 
 J'orciipiiii mil liids. Sanil»tonoH, fro(]nontIy thifk-twddod iiml m^n- 
 orally comparativoly soft, witli iiitorcalaUid greyish and blackisli 
 8liak« and alialy days Fresh watur. — 2,5fM) foot. 
 
 Willi, If ('ink liiih. Soft sand.stoni's, sliahv, days and sandy days, t.'oii- 
 orally witli a pronoumwl rwldiali <ir purjiliBli tint. Frosli wator. 
 —450 foot, 
 
 *S7. y{iirij Riiir bid.t. Sandstones slialos and slialy days in fro'iuont ,t1- 
 t»*rnations, and iionorally well boddod. Frosli wator oxcopt ni'.ar 
 base.— -'.SOO foot. 
 
 Crclaccmin. 
 
 Fox Hill S(indM<m<ii. In soino i)arts of tlio distrid well doflniMl as n 
 massive yoliowisli s.Tiidstoiio, hut inconstant, and api)arontly oftiwi 
 roprosontod by a sorios of brack isii-wator transition bods t)ot\vc(in 
 tiio Laramie and Pierre. — SO foot. 
 
 Pitrri nholin. Neutral iin\y or brownish to nearly black shales, in- 
 dudo a zone of pale soft sandstone in the north-<*astern part of dis- 
 trict, and freciuent intercalations of harder aantlstonos near the 
 mountains. Marine. — 750 fe(^t. 
 
 Iklhi lilirr nerifs. Composed of an upjKir, or " pale" and lower or " yel- 
 lowish " portions, and consistinj; of alternations of sandstones, 
 sandy (^lays, shales and days. — !)10 feet. 
 
 Loinr ilnrk kImIih. ( irey to nearly black shales, frequently with arena- 
 ceous shales. — XOO foot. 
 
 Tlio figures above given may bo regarded as representing the 
 greatest thickness observed in each case, but with the exception of the 
 Pierre shales and Fox Hill sandstones, and possibly of the St. Mary 
 River scries and lower dark shales, the exposure:^ from whi<'li the 
 thickness was determined were not such as to 'diow that the whole 'if 
 the series in question was displayed, so that the actual volume may be 
 greater. It should also be remarked that as the measurements given 
 have been dcriveil from dirteront parts of this somewhat extensive dis- 
 trict, it may be that the rocks do not show the development above imii- 
 cated in any one locality. Tt is probable, however, that the total noi'iual 
 volume of the series included in the list does not fall short of that 
 resulting from the addition of the above figures, viz., 8,290 feet, of 
 which"), 750 foot would represent the Laramie and 2,540 feet the Creta- 
 ceous proper. 
 
 Thoi'o is no evidence of disturbance or any unconformity greater 
 than that caused by trifling local erosion throughout the whole of this 
 great thickness of beds, the passage from one series to the next '"''ing 
 frequently of so gradual a character as to leave the observer in •■^ome 
 doubt as to the point at which the dividing line should be drawn. 
 
1 
 
 QKNKRAI. QEOLOOY. 
 
 li:{ 
 
 Willi n-i^'iinl In till' (•()iii])i)siti(>n nf'llio Porcupine Hill lio(l« l)iit littio pi.romiino Hill 
 iiirdiiimlioii c'liii l>o y;ivt'ii in julilitioii to that iibovo talmliitoil. Mut tor 
 ilic oxistonco, in tho Hoiitliorii part of tlio <li8trii't, of tho well niarkod 
 Willi>\v Crook horizon, tlio separation of thoso from tlio h)\v(!r part ol 
 ilu' Liiramio would lie inipossihio; and as previously stated, it has not 
 liiiii Mlli'nipted to cany out on the niaj) tlie siihdivision o*' the Jjaraniic 
 ill ihr nnithcrn part of tho district. 80 far as oxaniinod, tiie Porcupine 
 Hill heds are reinarUahle for thi> ])aucity of thoir orgaiic remains, hut 
 liiitlicr search will douhtloss loail to tho discovery < ' some localities 
 ill which fossils occur in ^I'oator niiundanco. So fai as ascertained 
 ihcif ;ire no paheontoloj^ical j^roumls iiir a sepai-ation of these hods 
 Irmn the riMuainder of tlio Laramie. Tho fossil plants from "' .Shas^'anappi 
 I'liiiit," ahoiit two miles west of Calgary, are from this suhdivision. 
 
 The Willow Crook hods constitute a zone well defined by colour, and Willow Crook 
 tiiMimc extent by physical diaructer, in the soiithei-n part of the dis- 
 ti'irt. The most typical Hoctions examined in ilotail are thi>se of Belly 
 lliitlc (p. 'jtJ c) and of tho upper part of tho St. Maiy IJiver (p. (»;{ c), 
 tlimiLih tho bods in tho latter place are inclined at high angles andcon- 
 ^illl•l■;llllv in(hirated. The thickness measured at the tirst-montioned 
 lociility is 100 feet, at tho second 214 feet. On tho Waterton, a thick- 
 iR-s III' 450 foot was actually observed, and it is probable that the sub- 
 (livi>i(iii is at least lifty foot gieator. A thickness of 140 foot is act- 
 ually seen in single hanks on the Olil Man Kivor. The beds of this 
 MilHlivi>'i)ii are also singularly poor in organic remains, and these (as 
 wiili ilic foi'ogoing sub-divis ion) are so fai- as observation goes, con- 
 liiRil l(p fresli-water molluscs, with tho excopti(m of a single cholonian. 
 Tilt" mldish and purplish tint of many of tho bods of this sulxlivision 
 i^ tlicii' most characteristic feature, but tiiese alternate with pale grey 
 liivci"' which ditfer from them in colour only. 
 
 The Willow Creek bods evidently extended well in to the base oforiffinof 
 \\w mountains in tho south(M'n part of the district, as narrow ti-oughs iicas"" "" 
 iiftlu'iii occur in the disturbed belt. The section above referred to as 
 iiiruniug on the upper part of the St. Mary is one of tliose. On tho 
 Biiw liiver this sub-division appears to be I'oprosented on both sitlos of 
 llio J'oi'cupine Hill syncliiuil — as described on a Ibrmer page — but has 
 lost il> ilistinctive colouring. The i-eddish lint of these beds is, with 
 little iluulit, connected in some way with a period of greater waste ot 
 tluM'cd (probably Triassic) beds of the Rocky Mountains, which oc- 
 lunvd 111 the time of thoir deposition. This is rendered evident by 
 llie fact that tlio extension of the characteristic tint to the north is 
 loiitonninoiis with tliut of tho development of the above-mentioned 
 roil In Is in the mountains ; a fact which also tends to prove that a 
 
 great part at least of the material of the Laramie was derived di- 
 
 8 
 
114 c 
 
 NOIITII-WEST TERRITOKV. 
 
 i-ec'tly from tho region of the proHont. Itocky Mountiiin ningos on tho 
 went. 
 St. Mary River Tho St. Miiiy Kivor stilHlivlMion is chiiracton/.od by morn nipiil iiltur 
 natioiisin iitiiologiciili'lmriu'teriHundHtoncH, which nro often thinluMlded 
 or tliigtcy, iind shiilesand nandy >hal('s hoiiig roprtwi'iit«'d (in tho whole in 
 ahoiit ot|iial proportion. Tii<' HantisloncsocfaKiooaily weather to a yellow 
 colour, hut iiro more usually grey or greenisli-grey and often (jiiilo 
 hard. Tlio shales and elays are of similar colours but often also cur- 
 bonaceous. On the Watei'ton Kivor, the thickness given in the I'dio- 
 going table was ascertained, hut tiCty feet or iiiorc of the upper poll ion 
 of the Iteds here measured may belong to the overlying sub-division, 
 anil tho baso was not seen. At tho Indian larm thest" bods have an 
 estimated thickness of 2,700 feet, and this probably com|)riscs aliiioM 
 the entire vohinie thoi'e ilcveloped. On the west side of the I'orcii|iiMe 
 Hill synclinal, on tlu» Mow, a lhi<'kness of about .'{.iJOO feet of the 
 lower part of the Laramie is shown, but of this a portion ])rol)uli!y 
 belongs to the Willow Creek beds. 
 
 The St. .>rary iJivcr bt-ds have yielded numerous remains of fresh- 
 water molluscs, the i'i(ddy fossil ifei'ous bods described as occurring on 
 tho St.. Mary and I'incher Creek (pp. 57f', OTr, .JT*') belonging to a horizon 
 in its upper part. It has also atfoi'iled dinosaurian remains, anil eon- 
 ftiins beds of lignite or coal, particulai-ly in its lower part. The coaK 
 loUMil near tho Indian farm and Coal Crook proiiald}- belong in tlii- 
 series, and a well defined iignite-beai'ing zone i)utcro])9 at Scabby Butto, 
 on tho Little Row, Mow anil lied Deer itivers. 
 
 The Laramie beds do not anywhere extend to the eastern ed^'o of 
 the map, and. with the exception of its northern part, are now reine- 
 sentod onl}' in its westt-rn half. 
 
 The Fox Hill sandstones are well detined only in tho south-western 
 part of the district, crossing tho St. Mary with a tbiekiu'ss of about 80 
 feet, as above indicated. These ty])ical beds have yielded no fossils, 
 but they may evidently be regarded as an upper portion of the IMerre, 
 with thesluiles of which some sections show an intor-bodding. Tlieyiire 
 Extensive included under a single colour with tho Pierre on tho map. On the OM 
 tniiicitiun " ' Mtin Rivor at Kye-grass flat, at Sciibby Butte antl on the Little Bow, Bow 
 and lied Deer rivei's, the western outeroj) of the Laramie is assoriatod 
 with a thick series of yellowish iind greyish s, ndstonos and samly 
 shales and clays, holding a brackish-water fauna and passing clown 
 into tho Pierre. As the Pox Hill beds proper are not hero devolopeJ, 
 it is probable that these may represent that series in whole or in part. 
 but as their fauna appear to ally them most cltjsely with the Laianiie, 
 they have not boon separated from that series. These beds are also 
 displayed at a number of places in the disturbed belt west of the St. 
 
 Extent of 
 Liininiie. 
 
 Fox Hill 
 Handstune!!. 
 
 .Uuiy and sou Hi of 
 they CI in tain are C<. 
 uml a hirge rough 
 diiiKsanrian and chi 
 ai.fi) Di'ciir, and the 
 near the Boumlary 
 to it. At one plact 
 lii"ieki>li-water or i 
 olwerved in a single 
 A thickness of Sd 
 tiat, and they form 
 Mi'Connell to ovorlii 
 The I'iorre shales 
 -laiit, and may bo i\ 
 
 ihe entire district. 
 
 their total volume h; 
 
 they are T')!) feet in 
 
 'JiiasiiMial layers hi; 
 
 lei'veil in the layi'r; 
 
 There is reason to be 
 
 liie entire section — a 
 
 Piidge, 
 
 O.itheOhl Man Ui 
 x'rios, tor a thicknesJ 
 -amly shales in ver 
 i'^'^. Xorth-eastwai 
 '"H thickness of l.'JS 
 'lireilion, on the lied 
 kiiu jiMrt of the wli 
 I'erniirinous layers tii 
 Siinily IhmIs. The Pi 
 !iiriiite-ci)al, but this 
 wieson the Bow is 
 jTohahly 50 feet or m 
 Wherever the botto 
 terizo-l by a carbonai 
 wetroi|iiontly of wor 
 Belly llivorand are ill 1 
 ■nWuilos alternating j, 
 |litl'eront in character 
 "ig 0.<tmi mbtrujonaU. 
 \ 'Jf Cnio have been obs 
 
'.] 
 
 • IKNERAL OEOLoaV. 
 
 115 
 
 ^i. 
 
 Uiirv ni'l HOuHi of the Old Miin. Tlio most clmnu'toriHtu' forms which 
 tlicv ciintiiin uro Corhiculd ocrulcntaUs, Corlndii ti. Hp, lil<o ('. pyrifonnis, 
 and ;i lai'ifo roii^h Ostrcii. At Scubliy Uutto Ihny yield t'lii^moritaiy • 
 ditiii-iiiii'iiiu iiiid elieloi\ian romuiiiH in great ul)Uiidaru'o. ('oaly /oiiet> 
 
 ah iiir, and the coals at the Imlian fai'm and on the St. Mary Uivor 
 
 lu'iii' lli>' Moiihdary line aro near this hori/.on aixl may possihiy Itclong 
 til it. Atone phu^e on the How (p H4 c) the pas.sage upward from 
 Inaclii^h-wator or marine conditionH to fresh-water may a(!tiially be 
 (iIisitvlmI iti a single seetion. 
 
 A iliiclviiess of S4() foot of these luvls was inoasiirod at I{yo-gra.ss 
 ilal, and they tl)rm a portion of the It'.MJ fcot ot' bed.s observed by Mr. 
 MfCiinuell to overlie the Pierre on the lied Doer, 
 
 The Pierre shales aro us a whole ronaarkiibly eharactoristie ami con-P'^fo'^alea. 
 -laiil. mid may be regarded a-i forming the key to the stratigraphy of 
 ihiM'iiiirc district. The only place in which a satisliiclory cstimateof 
 ihoir loial volume has been obtaineil is on tiio Red Deer Uivor, whoro 
 liev lire 7')<> feet in thickness. They are marine througiiout and in 
 or(a>iiiiial layers liigby fos-^iliferous, the Ibssils as a rule being pre- 
 serve 1 in tlie layci's or nodules of ironstone, which are ai)un<lant. 
 Thuic is reason to believe that those shales — and probably the rocks of 
 the I'litiit; sccti(jn — are abnormally thin in the vicinity of Milk Uivor 
 Ri.lirc • 
 
 On llic Old Man Uivor below liyo-grass flat, tho upper portion of the Upm;r portion 
 I'lics, liir a thickness of about 40 foot, is composed of cotVoo-colourod AmiWs. 
 •iatidy ■<h;iics in very roguliir beds each of ji few inches in thiclc- 
 no>s. .North-eastward, on the I?ow, these peculiar be<ls have increased 
 to a thickness (>f l;>5 feet or rather more, and still further in tho same 
 liivi tiiin, on the Ked Doer, have a volume of 500 feet and constitute a 
 lai'iio |)ai't of the whole series. Those bods include red-weathorlng 
 foiTiigiiioiis layers and also, in tho last-mentioned locality, greyish 
 suiiily beds. The Pierre on the Bow is cappotl by a good seam of 
 lignitii-coal, but this was not seen elsewhere. Near tho base of tho 
 series mi the Bow is a zone of palo soft arenaceous beds which is 
 imilialily .')(• feet or more in thickness, 
 
 Wliorcver the bottom of tho Pierre has boon oUserved, it is charac-ni,ioof piorre 
 terizcd l)y a carbonaceous horizon, yielding coals or lignite-coals which ''"''"^' 
 aro tVciiuontly of workable thickness. Those aro best developed on tho 
 Belly River and are illustrated in the sections facing p, 72 c. This horizon 
 ineludos iilternating greyish and blackish shales and arenaceous bods 
 litroiont in character from tho typical Pierre shales. In it a bed hold- 
 ing O.ifmi subtrUjonalis in great abundance, with occasional fragments 
 of Unio have been observed at the mouth of the St. Mary and at Milk 
 
 t- : r- 
 
116 
 
 N(tUTll-WE8T TKlllUTORV. 
 
 nivt'i- Hidi^o. It oviilcnlly constitiilcs a sorio8ol'])as8iige bivls Ih'Iw 
 Iho Piorro and (ho next iiiulorlviiiu; series. 
 
 ceil 
 
 Picrrp slmlos 
 
 neiirliiUMin- 
 
 tains. 
 
 Near (lie inouidains, tlie Pieri-o sliales lieeome mueli more 
 
 aiciiacc- 
 
 Unjnor- portion 
 of ftolly Kivor 
 
 Fossils mill 
 coal8. 
 
 lyowrr iKirlion 
 
 of lil'lly KiVLT 
 
 surics. 
 
 OII8 and include many l>eds (»(' sandstone, wliich in a tow places Ihcoimc 
 acdial coni;l()mei'ates. and lliciv is every evidence of a])|)ron(li in a 
 slioir-line in this direction. 'Pliis remlers tlic delinilion of (lie i'ii'i'iv 
 in (lie disdirhed belt addidonally dillicult, and it is besides oil en iin- 
 ]M)ssible in this ivi,non to Ki\o\v whether a i^ivcii shaly zone iicloin;s lo 
 this or the lowt-r shaly series. 
 
 The |iale iippcr portion of (hi> Belly Iviver series'is well shown dii 
 (he Heily alio\e Coal HanUs, and a typical section of a |)oi'tion of it ii; 
 Fossil Coulee, Milk Iviver Hidi^e is deseribotl on pa<j;o 5()c. It is coni- 
 ])osed foi- the most piirt of sandy clays, with shales and sandsioius, 
 tiie latter often of considerable thicUness, and usually rathei' mij'i, ,ii 
 in'0<;;iilarly htii'dencd. liayers of ironstone nodules, which are ai liine- 
 vei-y lai\i;o, are of frequent occurrence, and the beds generally li;ivca 
 characteristic bluish- or ojreonish-i^rey tint, and are on the whnK' 
 riither massive, and weather easily into bad-l;inds. In these t'eatiuv*. 
 with the occurrence of rolled clay pellets, and the rounded chiirutcr 
 of many of the included bones, there is evidoneo of a considoialilo 
 amount of current or wave action. 
 
 • In Fossil Coulee, a thieUness of 12:{ feet of this part ofthe Holly 
 River series was observed ; on the Old Man Rivei- above Coal Hank.-, 
 at least 200 feet ; on the Ifed Deer IxMver at leasttCO feet.* On the .Milk 
 
 Hiver east of the aiva of the prose 
 
 lit m 
 
 ap 
 
 at least ;U.O feet, and hv .Mr 
 
 3IcConnell on the South SasUatcbewan (also east of the map) at Icasi 
 400 feet. This and a |»ar(, of the lowcu' or yellowish portion of iho 
 same series ari' ro|)rosented still turtlicr oast by the si>ction iiicaMinil 
 by nic near the Kast Kork of Milk Jliver.f 
 
 Near the top of this upper jiale portion of the Belly llivci series, ma- 
 rine or brackish-water inollii-cs ;.re occasionallv found, but il must In' 
 
 Mollu 
 
 scs arc, how- 
 
 considered on I lie whole as afiv h- water formal ion. 
 
 ever, evervwhere i .ijier rare, Mi^U'fh <lin<)saiirian remains are in muuo 
 
 jihices modiM-ately abund:-: 
 tion of the series, or in'ai ihe 
 
 " , ;IS ('). At the base of Ihi- jmr- 
 u'.ii of the next, a earbonacenus /."iir 
 
 occurs on the Bow, Belly ;ind .South SaHkatcliewan b'ivers. 
 
 'fl 
 
 If li::- 
 
 nite-c(>als ol these .some 
 
 nvhal 
 
 widely sop 
 
 [irated localities ma\ not icj 
 
 resent u single seam, but are in all probability not far I'roin one 
 zon. On the l{e(l Deer two seams of lijj;nito-coal occur which Jipi 
 to be some distance above the base of tin' pale beds. 
 
 The separation of the lower, or yellowish and bunded jiortioii nl' 
 
 Imri- 
 icar 
 
 Iho 
 
 ♦Qooloity and Kosoiircos of Iho 'tiitli I'lirallol, p. 120. 
 tibid, p. 114. 
 
 lit'ily liiver soric 
 vcnieneeof (le.sci 
 '•(ii>c. Thedisti 
 iiiilci'd so indi>lii: 
 i^aliiii;- ;i i^iven la 
 vaiii-ji when .•iny 
 i>li ;iiiii bi'(nvnish 
 wilh ili(> liici of ( 
 
 ami uell-pre.sorve 
 
 -erics is more ovc 
 
 l.iycrs. Those CO 
 
 .|ih'nily lijend so < 
 
 cull hi i;iv(' (li>tini 
 
 mill Tlic may be li 
 
 III' Ilie series ajipi 
 
 iiia-.ive yi'llowish 
 
 lii'u. On tl,,. Mil 
 
 iiicnl of I he K'ock 
 
 slmies, irreN'iihirly 
 
 lasl.'ll.ilcd forms, ( 
 
 II'. iliiiosaiirian. eh 
 
 inN-^iilenihle abiind 
 
 Olllicsc yellowi^ 
 
 <'ii.-lii|'r:i-kow-ki 
 
 pliKv, while l.-)!) f( 
 
 ii^'iiiiccoiil ias( :illu 
 
 lln'.-c licds, hut so 
 
 I'liar.'icicr. 
 
 'I'lie Belly b'iver 
 P'ti'l of Ihe distur 
 '■""•pliciiled charai- 
 
 '" 'liscriniinate bet 
 liaraiiiic. 
 
 The lower dark si 
 liiiuofllu. Helly III 
 
 "lilill lilholo^riijjil , 
 
 l'"''''l uilh Ihe r 
 ''''"■•'i'''"Ns shales. 
 ''"' eoiMilry south 
 '""''I'll size appear 
 Hie fossils ui-e mari 
 '"'Ill's from the west 
 '" h'ocky Spriiii. 
 
M*SON.j 
 
 OKNKR.\I. (lK<n.O(lY. 
 
 inc 
 
 Belly U'ivtM' series, from that above referred to, is mado merely for eon- 
 voiiit'iu'e of description and is pi'olialtly not warranted in any other 
 M'liM'. The distiiu'tive charaeters of the two portions ot' the series are 
 iiulft'il so indelihite that tiioiii^h little hesitation miu'ht he felt in role- 
 i^'Mliii^; a u'iven iai'ije exposure to one or other, the points of ditVeri'nee 
 viinisli when any alti-mpt to di-aw a i)reeise line is nuule. The yellow- 
 \-\\ :iimI hrownish colours ot' the lower heds are prohahly in connection 
 Willi the lad t)f their hraeUish-water character, evidenced hy aliundant 
 ami well-preserved molluscs; [)ut in addition, this lower jujrtion of the 
 •icrics is more evi'idy bedded and com|)osed of moie rapidly alternutini^ 
 layci'-. 'i^liese coi\sist of sandy clays, sandstones, and siialcs, which fri'- 
 (|iU'Mlly blend so eonii»letely with each other as to render it very ditU- 
 oull to nive dctinilc measured sections. Those descrilted on |ta.i;'i's 140 
 ami "tic may be taken as most characteristic. The toji of this portion 
 of the scries ajjpears to be detined on the Helly liiver by some rather 
 iiia--i\(^ ycllowisii sandstones, and this' is pi'ol)ably also the case on the 
 l)ii\v. On the Milk River near Dead Horse (^)ldee, and in tiie escarp- 
 iiu'iit of the Ivoeky S|)rin,!.!; I'lateau. m;issive i^'rey and yidlowish sand- 
 sidiies, irreifidarly hardened and often weatherinii; into remarkable 
 ia>l('ll;ilcd forms, oci'ur at its base. Mesides ihe molluscs abovk! alluded 
 111, ilinosiiurian, cheloiuan and other boiu's are found in some places in 
 I'tHi-iilcralile abundance. 
 
 Ofilu'se yellowisii beds about .'i^tl feet was foiuid on the Milk Uiver riii'kii''"?- 
 oat-l of IVi kow-ki Coulee, and this is j)robably the fidl thickness at this 
 place, while 1.")!) feet or more is shown on the Belly Mnderl_>in,n" the 
 liiliiiie coal last allii led to. Lii^nite scams are also tiiund well down in 
 llie.^e beds, but so far as observed they are ([uiti' uni'U])ortant in 
 dianielcr. 
 
 The lU'lly I?iver series has not yet been delinitely identilied in any 
 pari of the disturbed belt, bordorinjj; the inomitains, wiiere, from tiio 
 iiiiii|ili(aied ei\aracter of t lie sections and absence of Ibssils, it is ditlicidt 
 I" iliNciiniinate lietween it and the lithogically similar beds of the 
 Laramie. 
 
 The lower dark shales are clearly seen to underlie Ihe yellowish por- L„w«r dark 
 lion oiihe Kelly Itiver series on Milk .1,'ivcr at ITi-kowdci Con\6o. The •■"'"' ''"• 
 main lit liolotfical dilVerencc which their ujjper portion shows, as com 
 p,iivil with the Pierre, is Ihe j^'reator abundance of sandy and 
 laleareoiis shales. The lower beds were not well seen, except in 
 lilt' eoimlry south of Ihe lioeky Sprinj^ I'lateau, where sections of 
 limited si/.e apjjcar to show tiiat they are soft and very dai-k sjiales. 
 The tiissils are marine, and with tiie exception of a few lar/fc reptilian 
 bones from Ihe west Hank of the West Hulte, all molluscs. 
 
 In Koeky Spring' I'lateau a thickness of :i;}r) foot of these beds waH Tlii.'knos,>.. 
 
118 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TEURITOUY. 
 
 0A*SON.] 
 
 Conditions of 
 deposit iiuiilii'd 
 by rock-serii's. 
 
 Comparison 
 with Ponce 
 River section- 
 
 Qonoral bear- 
 ings of the 
 question. 
 
 examined (p. 42o.) It i.s probable (hat Ibcir cntiro thickness is about 
 800 I'cot at the West Butte. Jt is almost certain that a number of the 
 bands of dark shales met with in the disturbed belt belont; to this 
 
 series. 
 
 ft 
 
 We thus find that the oldest Cretaceous l)eds so far defined in this 
 district are marine, that the marine are succeeced by brackish-water 
 conditions, in the lower part of the Be^j River series, while a IVosh- 
 water lake followed in the period represented by the upjicr jxjrtidii. 
 Eenewed subsidence brought the sea once more over the region, luid 
 the Pierre shales were laiil down, but toward the close of this period tlio 
 waters became shoal, limited areas supported a brackish-water fauna, 
 and as this was gradualh' extinguished the great fresli-water Laramie 
 hike covered the region and continued to prevail to the clo.se of Ihis 
 record. The whole tlistrict was probably one of gradual or intermit- 
 tent subsidence throughout CretaceouB and Laramie time, and thcro is 
 reason to i)elicve that the amount of subsidence and thickness of sedi- 
 ments Avas greatest in the vicinity of the present position of the eastern 
 ranges of the mountains. The ('retaceous and Laramie beds spread 
 far into the mountain I'egion, where they now occur in isolated ti-ougiis 
 and basins, and it is evident that the greater portion of the existing 
 Eocky Mcmntain range was upheaved at a date long subsciiucnt to 
 the latest of the beds here described. It is also shown, however, that 
 land, possibly in the form of an arcliipelago, existed in this vicinity 
 ami that rocks similar to those of the mountains of to-tlay and hai'dened 
 to n like extent, were there undergoing denudation, anil su])])lic(l the 
 material not only for tlie conglomerates above alluded to, but also for 
 the finer beds now underlying the area of the i^lains. It must further 
 be conceded that tracts of low land appeai-ed above the surface at 
 a number of epochs, and inileed that at several stages the region was 
 preponderatingly one of swamp and morass in Avhich the vegetation 
 which has produced the coals and lignites grew and accumulated. 
 
 The general seipience of events is precisely similai- to that proved to 
 have taken place mnch further north in the region of the Peace Jtiver, 
 with the rock series of which the j)resent section may instructively he 
 compared.* 
 
 StUATKIRAPUICAI, position of TUE IJEDS OK THE liKLLY RiVER SkIUES. 
 
 As the general section of the rocks of the region embraced by this 
 report ditfers so considerably from that usually taken as typical in tlie 
 contiguous Uppei' Missouri region, it seems necessary to review the 
 main points in evidence which have led to its adoption. These points 
 have been carefully considered in all their bearings, and have also 
 
 •Uoport of Progress Oeol. .Surv. Can.,187',)-80 
 
 heeii made the sul 
 It has not been ti 
 lieoii proved untei 
 o.\|iicsscd in 1875 
 nil ill the (rcology 
 
 .Ue->is. Meek and 
 
 ilie Cretaceous sul 
 
 The views now 
 
 nearly with Ihosi 
 
 whirli — ^^judgiiig fr 
 
 seetioiis on the 4!)t 
 
 Hrictly stated, il 
 
 iini- that consider 
 
 nite Tertiary"— hi 
 
 Belly IJiver series 
 
 .shales, or jit least t 
 
 beds ijius separate! 
 
 relateil with the Jti 
 
 o.xtensive collectioi 
 
 mit, coiitii'm and 
 
 sumption that the 
 
 lio.sjtion well down 
 
 that this was the \ 
 
 and supported, it n 
 
 the vertebrate rem 
 
 Mratigraphical evi 
 
 impressions result! i 
 
 make of the Mis.si 
 
 iiseendiiig the river 
 
 the seqiience of th 
 
 these into exact p 
 
 I'eaee Rivei-, nea- l 
 
 While allowing t 
 
 ligiitioii, il may be 
 
 in the region now u 
 
 ing these rocks as 
 
 present a synopsis ( 
 
 '(loiiUiKy and Resource 
 
 t See also Note on Uco 
 
 ofCaniwU. Section IV., p 
 
 t 0|i. (it. p. 150. 
 
 SProc. Aoad. Nat. Soi. 1 
 
0»WSON.] 
 
 OENERAL OEOLOllY. 
 
 119 
 
 been inailo tho subject of additional special investigations in the field, 
 [t has not iieon till, as I conceive, eveiy reasonable alternative has 
 lu'eii jiroved untenable that 1 have been obliged to change the opinions 
 ex|Mcssed in 1875 in I'Cgard to a considerable part ot'tliobeds reported 
 on ill the Geology and Resources of tho -Wtii Parallel, and to adopt the 
 •-clu'me here given, which appears also to involve some nioditication of 
 .Me^Ms, Meek and Ilaydon's later views on tiie order of succession of 
 ihe Cii'laceous subdivisions. 
 The views now held, however, it may be mentioned agree more i^r. Hector's 
 
 ' , r views. 
 
 iiciiilv with those entertained by Dr. Hector, in his tinal reports, 
 which — ^^judging from Missouri analogies and my own i-cading of the 
 -eclions on the 49th parallel in 1874 — I was inclined to doubt. -i- 
 Hriftly stated, it would a])pear from the investigations now reported Present 
 
 , ., 1, /.,,!, ,■ , • \r.u. I 11 1 ;(T' position of the 
 
 (iiiv tiiat consulerabie areas ot the heds, winch m 1874 1 called Jjig- (niestion. 
 nite Tertiary" — here and in previous announcements designated as the 
 liolly liiver series — must be i-elegated to a position below the Pierre 
 shiilos, or at least to one below an upper portion of these shales. The 
 beds thus se])arated as the Melly River series, were, in 187'), by mecor- 
 icliited with the Judith Rivei- series of the Missouri.;}; Additional and 
 extensive collections of fossils since obtained, and now being worked 
 mil, eontii'm and strengthen this correlation, and . lead (o the pre- 
 siuniition that the so-called Judith River series must also occupy a 
 position well down in tlie undoubted Cretaceous. It may be added 
 that this was the view originally held by Messrs. Meek and Ilayden, 
 and sii])pi)rled, it would appear, not alone on tho supposed analogies of 
 the vertebrate remains examined tor them by Pi'of Leidy, but also on 
 strut igra])hical evidence.*^ — evidence which perfectly agrees with the 
 impressions resulting from such cursory examination as T was able to 
 make of the Missouri sections from the deck of a steamer while 
 aseemling the river in 1881. It may further be interesting to note that 
 tiie sequence of the Cretaceous subdivisions here maintained, brings 
 these into exact parallelism with those previously studied on the 
 I'eaee River, nea" the 5(ith parallel of north latitude. 
 
 While allowing that tiie (juestion is (me deserving still further inves- 
 lii^'ation, it may be slated that a careful study of all the available facts 
 in the region now under discussion, leaves mo no option in represent- 
 ing these rocks as they aiipear on the luap. It is proposed here to 
 present a synopsis of these facts. 
 
 *(icolugy and Resources of the 49th Parallel, p. 158. 
 
 t See also Note on (JeoloRy of tho How and Helly River Region, 1882, Proc. Royal Society 
 <jf Cuimdii. Section IV., p. .'ill. Science Vol. iii., p.(547. 
 t 0|i. fit. p. 156. 
 § Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. viii., p. 114. 
 
 ; t . 
 
120 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITOUT. 
 
 DAWSON.] 
 
 Widounduiii- Eiustwiird from tlie edge of the disturbed bolt of Ci'etaooous and 
 Cretnccoua and Lii ramie rocks which iminediiitoly fringes the mountains, the ii'oiiofal 
 ramie. structural features of the district are very simple. We cross tirst a 
 
 shallow synclinal, which widens much northward, and the axis ,)\' 
 which is occupied for a considerable portion of its length by the Por- 
 cujiinc Iliils. Kast of this, and occupying the whole eastern ])ai't of 
 the map, is a still more diffuse anticlinal swell, the axis of whicii runs 
 first a few degrees west of north, to the conHuence of the How and 
 Belly, then east of north to the edge of the district. The intrusive 
 masses of the Sweet Grass [lills occupy the centre of this great anti- 
 clinal swell, where it crosses the 49th parallel ; and around the nortiiern 
 flanks of these, and in the valley of Milk River opposite them, what 
 appear to be the oldest rocks oxjtosed in the district occur. Those 
 are dark shaly and sandy beds, elsewhere fully described, which tliou<;h 
 holding a rather mixed fauna, still show sevei-al forms usually cDn- 
 sidercd as distinctively belonging to the horizonof the Pierre, and render 
 it probable that these beds do not represent the typical Benton gioup, 
 which their relations would 'otherwise appear to favour. These lieds 
 undoubtedly underlie the Belly River series, as is clearly i<lio\vn 
 on the Milk River, at the mouth of Pfi-kow-ki Coul(5e. They re-appear 
 in the south-eastern escarpment of the Rocky Spring Plateau iniiuedi- 
 ately souih of the 49th parallel. (See p. 42 v.) 
 
 Along the eastern side of the broad anticlinal above defined, the rela- 
 tion of the Belly River series to the typical Pierre shales is very clear. 
 Lying above the lower dark shales, at the point on Milk River just 
 alluded to, it is continuously exposed in the valley of the river to 
 the eastward to its crossing of the 49th parallel. The yellowish, or lower 
 part of the Belly River series at first occupies the banks to the prairie 
 level, but in conseciuence of a light eastward dip, which — as estimated 
 in a distance of seven miles near the 49th parallel — amounts to at least 
 thirteen feet to the mile, the whitish, oi- pale coloured upper portion of 
 the series soon appears, forming a somewhat higher plateau on both sides 
 of the river ; anil before the valley ultimately crosses the Boundary line, 
 seems tooccupy the entire height of the river-banks, with a thickness of 
 at least 300 feet. The north-eastern edge of the higher plateau altove 
 noted, is found near the Lacdes Marrons, Iteyond the edge of the present 
 map, and in this region (which is at present being majjped by M r. ^IcCon- 
 nell), similar light easterly dips have been found to prevail, though the 
 angle is probably somewhat greater than on the Milk l{iver. As a result 
 of this dip the Pierre shales are soon found tooccupy the whole surfaa' 
 of the country, notwithstanding the fact that the level of the prairie to 
 the eastwai'd is lower than that of the above-mentioned plateau. On 
 Sage Ci-eek, north of the Lac des Marrons, Mr. McConnell has actually 
 
 Relations of 
 series" near 
 cast edge of 
 nap. 
 
 ohservcd the supc 
 
 beds of the Belly 
 
 As above state 
 
 westward and sot 
 
 one liinidred ands 
 
 neaily in the cc 
 
 just described ap 
 
 to quote Messrs. H 
 
 authors write : — ' 
 
 whicdi air not se 
 
 aixain rise to view 
 
 series (Xo. 5 and 
 
 to the cast, are fou 
 
 that nearly all the 
 
 shell rdvers, cousin 
 
 the mouth of the I 
 
 ahovc the water \c 
 
 Xo. .'{,t not being 
 
 inereasing inclinat 
 
 in the vicinit^'of i 
 
 ilissiiiiri. Here, < 
 
 as the Mauvaises 1 
 
 in those Bad Lane 
 
 with beds of clay j 
 
 tortod. It was foi 
 
 formations time ei 
 
 and Tertiary strati 
 
 off from the party 
 
 fossils collected, it 
 
 to tiiiiik with Prot 
 
 taceous system, a 
 
 however, as there 
 
 in these Had Land 
 
 remains may beloi 
 
 distinct species fi 
 
 loealitics in this re 
 
 It ma}- be wortl 
 
 above stated, but t 
 
 on the line of the 
 
 referred to. I am 
 
 ' I'lix Hill and Pierre. 
 t Dakota, lientDii and f 
 tl'iuc. Acad. Nat. Sci. ; 
 
DAWSON.] 
 
 OKNEKAL (lEOLOflY. 
 
 1210 
 
 observed tlio snpci-position of the Pierre on the upjier or p.ile-coloured 
 beds of the Belly River soi'ios. 
 
 As :il)ove Mtated, the axis of the wicU^ anticlinal runs in a north- similar 
 wo-twitrd and south-eastward course near the 49th ])arallel, and about 'bn''is'iiM the 
 one lumdred and seventy miles distant, at the mouth of the MilU Iliver, ' 
 nearly in the continuation of the same bearini^, the arrangement 
 just described ap])earod to be exactly repeated. It may be well 
 t(i quote Messrs. Meek auil Hayden's observations on this point. These 
 authors write: — "Xeai-tho mouth of the Milk Iliver, Cretaceous strata 
 which are not seen for a loni:; distance below this on the Missouri, 
 ajfain rise to view. They consist of the upper two members of the 
 series (No. 5 and No. 4),* which, in consequence of their inclination 
 totlie east, are found to rise liigher and his/her as we ascend the river, so 
 thai nearly all the hills close to the Missouri, betweei. Milk and Mussel- 
 shell rivers, consist of these formations. Some four or rive miles below 
 the month of the Musselshell Eiver, a lower rock, — a sandstone, — rises 
 above the water level. This is probably Xo. 1 of theseiies, No. 2 and 
 No. ;{,t not being represented here.'" * * -J^ " In consequence of the 
 increasing inclination of the strata, this last-mentioned sandstone rises 
 in the vicinit^^ of North Monntian River as much as 250 feet above the 
 ilissdiiri. Here, or near this, begins a wild and desolate region known 
 as the Mauvaises Terres or Bad Lands of the .Judith. At various places 
 in these Bad Lantls a santlstone similar to No. 1 was seen alternating 
 with beds of clay and lignite, all of which are upheaved and much dis. 
 torted. It was found impossible to devote to the examination of these 
 formations time enough to determine their relations to the Cretaceous 
 and Tertiary strata of this region, without running the risk of being cut 
 oft' from the party and murdered by the Indians." After a notice of the 
 fossils collected, it is added : " From these facts, weare strongly inclined 
 to think with Prof. Leidy, there may be here, at the base of the Cre- 
 taceous system, a fresh-water formation like the Wealden. Inasmuch, 
 however, as there certainly are, some outliei-s of fresh-water Tertiary 
 ill tliese Bad Lands, we would suggest that it is barely possible these 
 remains may belong to that epoch, though the shells ap[)ear to be all 
 ilistiiut species from those found in the Tertiary at all the other 
 localities in this region."|' 
 
 It may be worthy of note, that not only the Sweet Grass Hills, as Line of intm- 
 above stated, but the Bear's Paw and Little Rocky Mountains lie nearly anticlinal, 
 on the line of the southern portion of the anticlinal swell previously 
 referred to. I am unaccpuiinted with the geological structure of the two 
 
 *F(i.\ Hill luui Pierre. 
 
 t Dakota, liontDn and Niobriini. 
 
 1 hoc. Aciul. Nut. Soi. Phil., Vol. viii., p. 114. 
 
 ■^ 
 
122 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TEIIIUTO T. 
 
 DAWSON.] 
 
 Bnsc of I'icrru 
 shiilcsiprii|ier. 
 
 Western cdKo 
 of I'ierro iirua 
 beyond limit 
 of ma|i. 
 
 Eastern out- 
 crop of upper 
 gart Belly 
 .iver scries. 
 
 last mimed ticroups of mountains, but tliink it pi-obalilo tluit it I'osemhlos 
 tliat()t'tiioS\s'oet(ini.ss Hills, wliilo tluMlistiirbod reunion, above ilcsci'iljed 
 by Mossi-s. MooU and Ilaydon, neai-ly forms a continmvtion of the >aiiic' 
 line, and tlie disturbances, wliifli ai-eof ti local eharactcf, are eonticftod 
 ■with tlie apjieai-ance of i^'ncoiis dyUes ami pi'otrusiotis. 
 
 As ])i'evioiisly shown in detail in this re|)ort, one of the most const iint 
 featm-es throuu;bout the entii-o district is the occtii-rence of a cDal- 
 beai'ini; or liifnitiforoiis horizon at the base of the typical Pierre 
 shales/'^ 
 
 Tills is found in its usuid position in the sections on Sage C reck 
 above iiUuded to, and serves to assist in the detinitive correlation of 
 the overlying shales witli those above the coal at Coal Btmks, Ik'lly 
 River, On Sage Creek a length of outcrop of two miles showed a south- 
 eastwiird slope of tlie base of the Pierre at tlie rate of twenty-five foot 
 to the mile, though this may not represent the direction of greatest 
 inclination here. Beyond this place, tiie general trend of the western 
 or lower edge of the Pierre shales is a few degrees west of north fur 
 about forty miles, to tlie low hills near the Bull's Head and north of 
 Peigan Creek, the outcrop of its base nearly following a contour line at 
 a height of 3,000 feet, but declining slightly to the north. Kast of Ltike 
 Pa-kow-ki the Pierre forms well marked plateaus, while the lower coun- 
 try between these and the lake, in the vidley of Many Berries Creek and 
 two streams north of it, shows tine sections of the upper or pale- 
 coloured portion of the Belly River sei-ies. After a concealed interval, 
 the base of the Pierre shales, with its usual carbonaceous character, is 
 again seen in a tributary of Peigan Creek, south of the main siroani. 
 From the hills above characterizoil as near the Bull's Head, where the 
 base of the Pierre shales is found distinctl}* overlying the jial" hods, 
 it appears to run north-eastward for about twenty-eight miles to Ross 
 Creek, t near the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where its 
 relation to the underljing beds and coal}' base were again observed by 
 Mr. McConnell. In this tlistance the level of the base decreases by 
 at least three hundred feet, though the direction of dip is probably 
 more nearly east than noi'th-east. 
 
 With the exception of inconsiderable concealed areas, the upper por- 
 tion of the Belly River series is traceable from the Bull's Head Hills 
 north-westward to the South Saskatchewan near Medicine Hat, whore 
 it is again recognisable, and caps the lower or yellowish portion of tiie 
 same series. North of the railway line, in this region, the drift covering 
 is 80 deep that it is difficult definitely to trace the edge of the PioiTe, 
 
 * This horizon I observed occupying the same position on the Missouri, where it is also de- 
 scribed by Prof. Cope. Bulletin U. S. (Jeol. and (Jeott. Survey, Vol. VIII., p. 5GG. 
 t Near Irvine Station, sixteen miles east of Medicine Hat. 
 
 but on the Rod D( 
 
 iiiiscrved the Pieri 
 
 Kivcr series, the t 
 
 and tifty feet. Tli 
 
 South Saskatcliew 
 
 over, owing to tl 
 
 porb.'ips some doi 
 
 caiboiiacoous beds 
 
 From the Medic 
 
 bod- have been fol 
 
 tlio confluonce of f 
 
 continuously, fir w 
 
 aro concealed, to t 
 
 (lolincd on the m 
 
 merely light local 
 
 original ii-regulari 
 
 vious pages of thi> 
 
 the Bow, the disti 
 
 and passing into t 
 
 On the western 
 
 Belly, the sujierpt 
 
 Roily River series 
 
 mouth of the St. M 
 
 where o\-amined b 
 
 this junction is not 
 
 ing the river is tin 
 
 In the Milk Riv. 
 
 Benton trail the r( 
 
 are not so distino 
 
 study, it might hi 
 
 lower iiortion of tl 
 
 lyhhf the Pierre sh 
 
 Hill synclinal and 
 
 tional anticlinal 8\ 
 
 found. This is ra 
 
 perhaps, be tracoa 
 
 liolow the mouth 
 
 Mahan's Couldes, t 
 
 the coal-beariug 1 
 
 much reduced in i 
 
 Banks. The pale 
 
 in sevei-al places 
 
 Coulee, and a few 
 
• ■•ON ] 
 
 GENERAL OEOLOdY. 
 
 12:} C 
 
 liut 111! tho Rod Door River, north of Ruiny Hills, Mr. McConnell has 
 iili-ervoil tho I'iorro shalos ovorlyiiiij; tho pivio ujjpcr bods of tho JJoUy 
 Kivcr Morios, tho thioknoss of tho shiiios soon boinu' about ono hiindrod 
 ami tifty foot. Tho same oircuinstanoo is also roportoil by liiin on tho 
 Soutli Saskatoliowan, thii'ty miles north of Modieino llat, whcro, liow- 
 oviT. nwini;' (o tho small Ihicknossof tho ovorlyint;; shalos, tlioro is 
 piM'liap.s somo doubt as to thoir identity. In i)oth localities, howovoi-, 
 (.arliiinacooiia bods occur neai- the base of tho shaie.s. 
 
 Frdui the Modieino Hat exposures of the Belly River series, these Tmnsverso 
 licils have boon followed westward alonu,' the South Saskatchewan toiimiof itoUy 
 the confluonce of the Bow and Belly, and thence up both these rivers, 
 iMintiiiuously, or with but small and unimportant gaps whcro tho beds 
 ai'o concealed, to tho western line of outcrops of the Pierre shales, as 
 ilctincd on tho map. The beds arc thi'oui^hout horizontal, or show 
 merely light local undulations, scarcely greater than maybe due to 
 original irregularity in deposition. At two points, describe*! on ]ire- 
 vioiis pages of this report, one on tlie South Saskatchewan and one on 
 the Bow, the distinctively pale upper i)art of the series is seen overlying 
 aiul passing into tho lower yellowish and banded beds. 
 
 On tiie western side of the wide anticlinal, below Coal Banks on the Kciiitions of 
 
 . . 1 r-.. 111.1 "LTics near 
 
 IxMJy. the superposition ot the I'lorre shales on the pale beds ot t ho Cuni Banks. 
 Bolly River .series is perfectly clear, and is again well shown at tho 
 mouth of the St. Mary River. The same may bo said of the Rod Doer, 
 where examined by Mr. McConnell. On tho intervening Bow River 
 this junction is not actually seen, but the general sequence in descend- 
 ing the river is the sanu. Those sections are elsewhere fully described. 
 In the .Milk River Ridge a. 1 on the MiIk River west of the MacLeod- Roiat ions of 
 
 ' Ti 11 Ti • .teries 111 .Milk 
 
 Benton ti-ail the relations of the Pieri-o shales to the Bolly River series River Kidee 
 
 . 1 1- • -111/, and oil Milk 
 
 arc not so distinct, and had this been the only district available torUivor. 
 ^tudy, it might have been assumed that the yellowish, and as I believe, 
 lower jiortion of the Belly River series, formed an upper set of beds over- 
 lyinij tile Pierre shales. Between the southern end of the Porcupine 
 Hill synclinal and the great low anticlinal previously defined, an addi- 
 tional anticlinal swell of the slight kind characteristic in this region, is 
 found. This is most pronounced at the Milk River Ridge, but may, 
 perhaps, i»e traceable northward in a much reduced form to tho Belly 
 hclow the mouth of tho St. Mary River. South of Middle anil Ed. 
 Mahan's Couldes, the Milk River Ridge is capped by the Pierre shales, 
 the coal-beariug horizon being displayed in a number of places, but 
 much reduced in importance as compared with its development at Coal 
 Banks. The pale upper portion of the Belly River series is well shown 
 in several places below it, particularly at the locality named Fossil 
 Coulee, and a few miles oast of this point an oyster bed, identical with 
 
 ,. \ 
 
N0RTH-WK8T TERRITORY. 
 
 ■] 
 
 Rocks on 
 VcrdiBris 
 CouI<So. 
 
 oc'onpyini^ a similiir position at the mouth of the St. Mary, is as-io. 
 
 tied with thin coal-soaius. Tj^om Fossil Coule»5 to u point on the Milij 
 Biver, twelve miles south-eastward, the base of the Pierre dips at i1h> 
 rate of nearly sixty foet to the milo, and it is not known whether this i^ 
 the direction of greatest slope. After a eoneealed interval of alioiit n 
 mile and a half on the river, yellowish sandstone and sandy clays appoar, 
 and so far as the rather limited sections show, run down the Milk h'iver 
 for many miles, nearly following its eastward slope. 
 
 Along Verdigris Coulee to the north-cast, are good sections of lii'(U 
 which, from their lithological character might represent either the 
 pale or yellowish portion of the Uelly River series. The appearance 
 is at tirst sight quite in favor of the belief thai all these overlie tiio 
 Pierre shales. On working out, however, the barometric elevations t(ir 
 this part of the country, it is found that to the north-east of the ridno, 
 the general level of the surface descends about as rapiilly as the slope 
 above determined for the Pierre, for a partnf the distance, and I believe 
 that pi'obably in consccpience of a light westward dip affecting the Iu'ds 
 of the region eastof the >[cLeod-Benton trail, combined wi;h the general 
 descent of the level of the prairie, the Pierre shales run out eastward, 
 and the bods above referred to on Verdigris Coulee occu]»yin realil3'an 
 interior ])osition, as the previously detailed observations appear to 
 prove elsewhere. 
 
 On the hypothesis thus accejited, however, it is evident that the whole 
 
 eeric's oil Milk thickness of the Bellv River series must outcrop alonii; the Milk Itivor 
 Rivor. ■ ' 
 
 between the Pierre shale cx|)Osui'es in the vicinity of the Mac-Lood- 
 
 Benton trail-crossing and the ajjpearanceof the lower dark shales on the 
 river north of the Middle Butte, — a distance of about thirty miles, A» 
 a matter of fact this distance is still fui-ther j-educed to that between 
 the McLeod-Benton ti-ail and mouth of Verdigris Coul^ie — abou' twenty 
 miles — by the circumstance that the castellated or pillared sandstones, 
 the top of which sinks below the river level near the mouth of 
 Verdigris Coul(5e, have been traced at a varying height along the sides 
 of the main valley to the mouth of Dead Horse Coulee, and through 
 this coulee, in a modified but perfectly recognizable form to its 
 east end, whei-e they closely approach, but were not observed in con- 
 tact with the supposed lower zone of dark shales. Disregarding light 
 minor undulations, these sandstones may be considered as indicatin;; 
 the proximate horizontality of the beds, for, in a short distance of 
 three miles below Verdigris Coulee, they rise eastward at the rate of 
 about twenty-three feet to the mile in the bank, a rise which is 
 neai'ly accounted for by the slope of the river-valley itself, but perhaps 
 favors the belief in a very light westerly dip in addition. F'rom observa- 
 tions detailed elsewhere, there is little doubt that these sandstones 
 immediately overlie the lower dark shales. 
 
 Thickness of 
 Belly River 
 
 On the suppc 
 elevation of tli 
 near the McLeo( 
 liinidrcd and si> 
 tiic iiiaxiinum oi 
 inaximiiin thicki 
 liiickiu'ss of tho 
 tiiiin the thickne 
 e.v|iect. and may 
 roiiiifction, howi 
 the Milk River- 
 are evidently mui 
 that the sections 
 show that the U)\ 
 eoinpared with th 
 These facts conci 
 River b'idge may 
 Cretaceous and J 
 as compared witl 
 whicdi may he ref 
 ing nothing, — is 
 places along the 
 angles to the treii 
 bai'rici-suchassh(i 
 explain. 
 
 Before leaving 1 
 shales of the serief 
 Spi'iiig Plateau, c 
 Butte, their agree 
 north of the Midd 
 on the hypothosi 
 lower subdivision 
 show only the up 
 viz.. that the who 
 tiiis correlation ai 
 and Coal Banks s 
 any case, be prej) 
 Taking the wh 
 alternative schem 
 isii and liandetl 
 holding. I udithRi 
 implies their unc 
 no possible iloubt 
 
0«W5ON.] 
 
 OENKKAl, OEOI,()(IY. 
 
 125 
 
 On the Hupposition of the liDi'i/.oiilality of tlio bo<l8, tlio ini'ivascMl 
 I'lcvatiDU 1)1' tlie count ly westward to tlio Pionv nlialo outiTop 
 mar tlio MfLcttd noiiton trail-fi-os.siiig allows a thicknoss orulioul four 
 InimliH'tl and sixty foot of bods to ho aceountod for, adding; to wliioli 
 the laaxiiniini ohsoi-vod thicUnoss of tho sandstones theinsolves, a total 
 luaxinuini thielviiess of aiioiit r)l50 feet uiii;'ht ho allowed for the ontii'o 
 tliickni'ss of tho Belly Uivor soi'ios in this rei;'ion. This is somewhat less 
 lliaii the thieknossof the series as olsowhoro developed would lead u« lo 
 oNpect. and may hy closer examination be still fiirthei' reduceil. in tliis 
 coiiiu'Ctioii, however, it is interesting to note that the I'iorre shales on 
 ilic Milk Kiver — thougli their jireciso volume has not been determined — 
 are evidently much thinner than on the Belly at Coal Banks, and furtlior, ''rctacooua nml 
 
 . 1 ^r-ii I.- 1 1 . . liiUiimil! Illlll 
 
 that the sections on the .Milk Kiver, near the west end ol the ridge, "V'lrMiiltKivcr 
 
 Kiilifc. 
 
 .sjiow that the lower, or St. Mary Kiver isiib-ilivision of the Laramie, as 
 compared with tho section to the north, on the St. Mary, isc^uite thin also. 
 These facts concur in indicating that tho region now occupied by Milk 
 liiver Kidge may have been an area of small iloposition throughout later I'lubiibh'slumi 
 Cretaceous and Laramie time, probably owing to its greater elovati(m IliwUilm uf'tiio 
 as comi)ared with the i-est of the sea-bottom. A further circumstance " ""' 
 which may be referred to as favouring this view, — though in itself prov- 
 ing iiotiiing, — is the existence of ripple-marked sandstones in several 
 piai'es along the St. M^ary, to tho north, indicating currents at right 
 angles to the trend of tho base of the mountains, which, if no tranver.se 
 barrier such as shoal water or land existed in this vicinity, it is ditflcult to 
 explain. 
 Bei'ure leaving this region, it may bo well to note that while the dark diversity in 
 
 r , . , ., . n , ,. , I'liaractur ot 
 
 shales ot the series exposed in tho south-eastern escarpment of the I(oek3'.'<liiiies. 
 .Spring I'latoau, closely resemble those soon on the flanks of the West 
 Butte, their agreement is not so satisfactory with those of the ^[ilk liiver, 
 north of the .Middle Butte and at the mouth of Pu-kow-kl Coulde, while 
 on the lij'pothesis adopted, all these localities must represent a single 
 lower subdivision. The Milk Eiver sections just referred to, however, 
 show only the upper part of the series, while the alternative hypothesis, 
 viz.. tiiat the whole belong to the Pierre shales proper, also necessitates 
 tiiis correlation and besides involves their identity witii the Milk Eiver 
 and Coal Banks shales, which are still more dissimilar. We must, in 
 any caso, be pre])ared to allow considerable local diversity in this area. 
 Taking the whole district into consideration, the only reasonable Otlior possible 
 
 , .' , ,. n ii 1 1 I 1 . 1 1 II hypDltiosoii as 
 
 alternative scheme of arrangement ot the beds by which the yellow- 1" pi'sitimi of 
 isli and banded series here included in the Bell}' Eiver series aiuUirios. 
 holdiiig .fudith River fossils can bo assigned a position above the Pierre, 
 implies their unconformity on the Cretaceous proper. There can bo 
 no possible doubt as to tho position below the Pierre shales of the pale 
 
126 r 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERUITOIIY. 
 
 . !. 
 
 Piili»><)nt(il"Ki- 
 eul uviduiicu. 
 
 Evidcnou 
 atlbnlod bv 
 fuels. 
 
 bo(l« which aio horo cliissitiod hh tho upper portion of the Hi'lly Hivcr 
 series. It iniijht bo assiiined that (ho yoMowish and banded beds over- 
 lie those iinoonforraabiy, but wo must then also admit tluit on the How 
 and Sasivatcliowan rivoi-s the^e are oa]i|)od by a second pale series, litho- 
 loifically precisely tiio same witii that above referred to. Further, we 
 must supi>ose tiuit a great basin had been produced in the (y'retaconiis hy 
 denmhition, and that this was so formeil that around its whole mari,'in, 
 both on the east and west sides, its shore-lino consisted of the pale luMs 
 known to underlie tho Pierre shales proper. However improbal)lo mkIi 
 a co-ordination, it a[)peui'od to atl'ord a possible alternative. Diiriii!,' 
 the past season, however, it has been found that in a number of places, 
 tho pale bods actually soon beneath tho Piorro shalos, hold molli^cs 
 identical with some of those in the yellowish lu^ds, and witii those of the 
 so-called Judith River formation. One of tho most characteristic and 
 abundant is f'orhula perundata. Even tho adoption of the improbable 
 hypothesis above outlined, therefore, docs not froo us from the necessity 
 of allowing tho existence of a Judith River fauna below the (ypicul 
 Pierre shales, and it was this very circumstance which led to the omlea- 
 vour to explain tho section on tho supposition of tho superior position 
 of tho yellowish beds, and tho wish to establish a line of distinct ion 
 between these and the pale beds, with which all the observed facts 
 seem to show that they aro insopaiably connected. 
 
 "Without entering at length into tho paheontological evidence, which 
 is at present being investigated by Mr. Whiteaves, it may bo propci' 
 to state, in further continuation of the section hero adoj)teil, tluil 
 where beds known to represent the brackish-water base of the Laramie 
 occui', at Rye-grass flat on tho Old Man River, at Scabby Hutte, ami on 
 the Bow a few miles above Blackfoot (Ji-ossing, the general facios ot'the 
 fauna ditlors considerably from that of the Bolly Rivor series. This is 
 particularly shown by the constant presonoo in these beds of a la r^e 
 CorlnUa resembling 0. pijriformis, but specitically now, which has not 
 been found in the Belly River series ; also by the entire absence from 
 those beds of Corbula pfrundata,''^ one of the most abundant and charac- 
 teristic forms of the Belly River series, and this though the conditions 
 under which both sots of bods have been deposited, must have been 
 pi-actically identical. 
 
 The position which the fuels contained in tho I'ocks of the Belly 
 River series, are found to occupy with respect to composition appears 
 to atford additional confbrmatory evidence of the jDosition assigned to 
 them, from an unexpected (|uartei'. (See p. 130 c). 
 
 • A single exception to this statement may possibly bo found in the ciiso of a shell much resi'm- 
 blirg ('.perundata, which occur") in tho loose fragrant referred to on p. 37 c, aa being probably of 
 Laramie age. 
 
COALS AND LI0NITE8. 
 
 127 c 
 
 USKFFL MINERALS. 
 
 CC»AI,S AND MONITKS. 
 
 Ill tlio tiroii inoludod in tlio prosont report nolliiiiij is more remark- (i rent iiimn- 
 alilc tiiiin tlio universal distribution and vast a,i,'f^ro^alo qumititv of'!,';',,'|''i'i|^,'|itil!i.' * 
 t'lU'ls availaiiio for economic, purposes. The liolly Rivci- scries, the 
 Picric and the Lui-amio formations all contain fuels of a worUablo 
 cliMraclei', and it may l>o stated without cxai^t;eration, that practically 
 ihc wiiole of the area wliich in a preccdini;- chapter isdesi<^nated as '• the 
 lilains," is, so far as can be ascertained from the natural exposures, 
 niiitiiiuoiisly underlain by coals or lignites, while considerable tracts 
 arc underlain i)y two or throe successive fuel-bearing horizons. With- 
 in the area of the accompanying map there is, in fact (with the excep- 
 tion of a small district in the north-east coi-ner which may yet bo 
 ibiind to lie near outcrops in the adjoining areas to the north or cast) 
 no |Hiiiit more remote than thii'ly miles from some natui'al coal or 
 lii,niilc outcrop suitable at least for local use, while the natui-al cxpo- 
 >uics in several localities serve to prove the existence of availublo and 
 ea>ily accessii)lo fuel for centuries of consumption on the most liberal 
 scale. 
 
 The data available from the natural outcrops are insufHcient to i;.<timate.-<i)f 
 eiiahlc .my general estimate of the quantity of mineral fuel existing in luoi'.'" ^ " 
 the entire region, but of this some idea of an approximately correct 
 ohaiuctcr may ho formed tbi- certain limited districts, and this is amply 
 jiittirient to show that the supply is practically inexhaustible. The 
 h'iri/.(in at the base of the Pioi-re is the most persistently coal-bearing c,mi-?oninsiit 
 so far proved in this region, and has been found to carry seams of'^""''"' I'^^^to. 
 varying thickness and quality wherever good sections of it occur. The 
 outcrop of these fuels wluch occurs on the Belly River, near (.'oal 
 Uaiilvs. has boon traced southward at intervals nearly to tho 49th par- 
 allel, and north-eastward to the Red Deer, a total distance of about 
 Olio luindrod and fifty miles. Tho southern and south-eastern extremi- 
 ties of this outcrop can not, owing to the thin character of the seams, 
 he milked as workable, but on the Belly and lower partof theSt. .Mary 
 a length of outci'op of fully eighteen miles may lie considered — from 
 tho existence of numerous good sections — as workable throughout, and 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of Coal Banks, as stated in the prelimi- 
 nary report, is estimated to hold 5,500,000 tons of coal per square mile. 
 AsMiniing — an assumption probably far below the mark — that this fuel 
 may be worked with the greatest facilitj' for a width of a mile, the 
 lenicth of eighteen miles of outcrop above defined would alone contain 
 90,000,000 tons. It is the same coal-bearing zone which occurs at a 
 
128 
 
 NOIITII-WKST TKRUITdKV. 
 
 It 
 
 Medicine lliit 
 seam . 
 
 Honie-slioo 
 Bend sciiiji. 
 
 Dlnckfont 
 Cruiiiiiug scum< 
 
 Pnictieitlly 
 
 inoxhimstiblu 
 
 character. 
 
 <lisliiin't' from llic St. Mary IJivi-r Ht'ction.s of sixty-six iiiilt>s, un t||,. 
 UdW IJivor iit (Jnissy Isliiiid. wlicro u <jiiiiiitity of 5. (MHI, ()()() tons Im, 
 licfii oslimiitiHl us undorlyin^ t'lidi s(|iiiiro inilf, 'I'liis miiy bo assiitntil 
 as !i |irohnli|{> niiiiiimim lor llii> portion of tin- oiitcr(i|) aliovo slatcil, 
 Tiial it coMtiniios at (his or a ^roate-r tiiii'lviu^ss alon<^ liio oiitii'c intcr- 
 Vfuiiii;' It'iii^th can Ijd actually (lotoiiiiiiicd only hy a systom of lii)riiii;>, 
 liiit if it falls Ik^Iow tliiis li^uro in sonic places, this is |irolial)ly nimo 
 than compensated hy the increased thickness in others, and liy the tin.! 
 that it may he worke 1 — -in conse(iuence of its nearly hori/.ontiil iiiti- 
 tilde — much furtiiorfrom the outcrop than one mile, Takitij; the almvi' 
 mininuim li<;iiro, liowover — merely for the pnrpoHO of forming; a r(iiii,'ii 
 estimate of the capahilities of this seam — it is found that the rcKiihinif 
 quantity for one mile in width alon^ the line of outcrop is .'{;j(),()(iii,()iiii 
 tons, or, aliowinj^ for wiiste, eiiuivalont to an output of about l,0()(),(iOn 
 toi\s for a period of 300 years. 
 
 The thickest soam found underlying Iho county in the vicinity of 
 the Medicine Hat mines, may also be stated, on tiie average, to eipial 
 about 5,000,000 tons to tho squaro mile, and tho sections in the riva" 
 banks may safol}' be assumed to prove its existenco for an area ni 
 thirty square miles, the workable coal uiv^/.rlying whicli would, iIk'ic- 
 fore, be about 150,000,000 tons. Tho seam near Horse-shoo Bend, on 
 tho Bow, has been estimated to equal about 4,900,000 tons per s(piait' 
 mile. As this soam has, however, only been .soon at a few places in 
 this one locality, and is probably of a local character, it would scarcely 
 bo safe to assume that it underlies more than ten scjuaro milos, niviiii; 
 a total of 49,000,000 tons. Tho river exposures in the noighboin-hood 
 of the Blackfoot Crossing-, toitothcr with the boi-ings lately carried out 
 by tho Canadian Pacitic Jiailway ('om|)any and thogenei'al persi>teiiie 
 over the entire region of a soam at about this stage in tlio Laramii'. 
 ap])oar to render it safe to state the proven ai'oain this vicinity at about 
 thirty square miles, which, as tliis scam is a thi(dc one, should hold 
 coal to tho amoimt of 9,000,000 tons per s([uai'e mile, or a total ot 
 270,000,000 toi\s. 
 
 By compiiling the amount of fuel for a small area in connection 
 with the outcrops on the Ilcd Deer, and in the numerous localities in 
 the foot-hills ami mountains at which good seams occur, the tiguie- 
 above given tor a few disti'icts might be vastly increased, but the j)rac- 
 tically inexhaustible chai-acter of the deposits once conceded tliost' 
 would possess little additional meaning. While over the area of tlii? 
 plains tho nearly horizontal attitude of i! ' bods and tho j)ersislent 
 cover of drift deposits prevents the foot-by-lboi tracing of tho seams, 
 they may be very readily pi-oved wherever desired by boring, and may 
 
 lio cheaply and 0( 
 iiiiirc llior'oughly 
 localities will don 
 a ninnlier of linos 
 of a w^vy minute < 
 I'Vi'M llie natural ( 
 aiii;lcs up (() verti 
 |ilif!iti()ns in ext 
 (|iialily, Iho fuels ( 
 tVoiii the lignito-C( 
 apply lo the very 
 tiirtniMg basins or 
 tains. 
 
 Tiiiicliing tho (| 
 
 ili'IaiU will 1,0 fouij 
 
 uiierc also remark 
 
 iiMil utilization are 
 
 it i> iMuiccessary tt 
 
 loniiiag a part of i 
 
 (k'.siraMo to add, he 
 
 foot-hills rank no v 
 
 in;,' turniation of N( 
 
 ola.>.sed as true li 
 
 [U'otlucing power, u 
 
 finployed successfi 
 
 >twuii-rai>ing and : 
 
 '""'"i'tg bricks, wlii 
 
 "i' construction is 
 
 lowest class may bo 
 
 The value ot the 
 
 "iili the mining, si 
 
 likely there to be d( 
 
 kind some oven of t 
 
 '""'ly be utilized. 
 
 Tlie annexed list < 
 f'litcropsof coal hav 
 '*J the descriptive ])o 
 
•<•] 
 
 COALS AND UONtTKS. 
 
 129 
 
 t|. 
 
 (imility of the 
 
 lie clH'iiiily and f'ouvcniontly miiuMl. As tlio loot-hill I't'^'ion becomes c,,,,!.- in the 
 iiioic llioroiitilily liiiown mill lliicUly sottk'<l, huiihm'oiis ailditioiiul foiil 
 lii(';ilitioM will (ioiibtloss lio t'oiiinl, tor tlio soiiiiiHuri) tlioi-o ri'|ioatoil along 
 ;i iiiiiiilu'r of linos i)y the parallol I'oMiiii,' ot'tlic lic'<ls, and notliing short 
 (it'll vory miniito examination will soi-vt- to oxhaust tho possihilitios of 
 fVi'ii tlio riatui-al I'xposiiros. The scams ai't', in this holt, found at all 
 iiiiLdi's ii|' •" vorticality, and Ihouf^h tims liludy to caiiso u;ri'ati'r com- 
 iiliiiiiions in I'xtrui'tion, tiiis is componsatt-d for by tboir suporior 
 i|Uiiliiv, I ho fuels of this district boinj^ all true coals, as distinf,niishod 
 tViiin tlio liji;iiite-coals and li^nitos of tho plains. Tho same remarks 
 iilipiv to tho very intorosting areas of C'rolaoeous and Laramie rocks 
 liiiiniiii;' basins or ti-oughs between tho I'ula'ozoio ran^^os of tho moun- 
 tains, 
 
 TiiuihiniC the (|Uidity of the coals and liujnitcs, full ami precise J u'J'is'.' 
 (li'tail> will be found in tho accompanying report by Mr. C. llotl'mann 
 wiicic also remarks and experiments bearing on their practical value 
 ami utilization are given. Further statements under this head, which 
 it i> uunecossary to repeat, are published in my preliminary re))ort) 
 Hii'niing a part ot' the lioport of Progress for 1880-H2. It may bo 
 (losiralilo to add, however, that somo of tho coals of tho mountains and 
 t'uut-hills rank no Avhit behind those of the Carboniferous or coal-bcar- 
 ini,' formation of Nova Scotia and tho Kastorn Str'os, while oven those 
 iliifM^d as true lignites are greatly suj)erior to wood in bcat- 
 proilucing power, and may, with suitable conditions of combustion, bo 
 iiniiloyed successfully not only for ordinary domestic heating, but for 
 ^tt'iuu-ralsing and in manufacturing purposes generally. For use in 
 liuruing bricks, which on account of the scarcity of wood for purposes 
 of construction is an important consideration, lignites of even tho 
 lowest class may be employed. 
 
 The value ot the coals of tho mountains and foot-hills in connection 
 with the mining, smelting, and reduction of tho metalliferous dej)osits 
 likely tlioio to be developed, is very obvious ; and for purposes of this 
 
 kind sonio even of the more remote and inaccessible seams may even- 
 tuiilly be utilized. 
 
 The annexed list enumerates the principal localities where natural 
 
 oiitoroiis of coal have been found, and serves, in this regard, as a key 
 
 to the descriptive portion of the report : — 
 
130 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 List of the principal loddities in ichich natural outcrops of coal and Ui/nite 
 are knaicn to occur, icttkin the area covered by the present report and 
 map. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Tbi('knc88 (if 
 8eam. 
 
 Milk Rivor miles nost of Maclxiod-ltonton trail- ' 
 
 ITOSsillg 
 
 i 
 
 Milk Kivor Ridgo; north sIoih' at head waters of 
 !Mi(Ullo ami Ed. Mahan's Coulet'fs 
 
 Threo niilo.s north of Milk Rivor, ojjposito Dead 
 Horso ( "oul^'O 
 
 4 Couleo 3 niilM south of oast ond Lake Pa-kow-ki 
 
 5 Forty-mile Coul<5e, near Cypress trail-crossing . . 
 
 6 St Mary River, 2 miles north of 49th parallel . . . 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 IG 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 Upper Belly River, Ki miles north of 49th parallel. 
 
 St. Mary River, 9 mile,s abov j im.uth (several seams, 
 two separated by two inches shale) 
 
 St. Mary River, 7 miles above|mouth (several seams, 
 thickest) 
 
 St. Mary River, at mouth 
 
 Coal Banks, Belly River (main seam) 
 
 Belly River, G miles below Coal Banks (main seam) 
 Belly River, 9 miles below Coal Banks (main seam) 
 Belly River, near Woodpecker Island 
 
 Belly River, north-west angle of Drift-wood Bend 
 (The seam referred to in this and the note im. 
 mediately foregoing is the same, and is seen in 
 a number of placivs along this part of the river) 
 
 South Sasketchewan River in numerous exposures 
 from near INledieine Hat to a point 24 miles west 
 of that place 
 
 Scabliy Butte 
 
 Bow Rivor, near mouth of Highwood 
 
 Bow River, 4 miles west of Blackfoot Crossing 
 
 Bow River, 3 miles east of Blackfoot Crossing 
 (sm'ei'al seams closely related, total coal) 
 
 Coulee G miles south-east of Blackfoot Crossing (two 
 seams closely related) 
 
 3 to 4 seams of 
 about G inchea 
 
 1 ft. G in. 
 
 3 ft. G in. 
 
 1ft. 
 1 ft. 2 in. 
 1 ft. G in. 
 
 1ft. 
 
 2 ft. 
 
 3 ft 8 in. 
 
 3 ft. 6 in. 
 5 ft 4 in. 
 
 6 ft. 
 
 4 ft. 8 in. 
 
 3 ft 3 in. 
 
 1 ft. G in. 
 
 1 to 8 ft. 
 
 1 ft. 3 in. 
 
 A few inches 
 
 1 ft 
 
 8 ft. 11 in. 
 
 4 ft 6 in. 
 
 .')ll(. 
 
 •13 c, 
 
 5:u, 
 
 .")4 c. 
 Gl c. 
 
 59 c. 
 
 GO a 
 Gllc. 
 70 c. 
 71] c. 
 73 c. 
 75 c. 
 
 75 r. 
 
 77 c. 
 7!) r. 
 83 c. 
 .So c 
 
 80 c 
 86 c. 
 
 DAWSON.] 
 
 List of the pritu 
 
 22 I!ow River, 3 i 
 
 23 <;r;itsy Island, 
 
 24 l!ii\v Kiver, sot 
 
 est seam) . 
 2.") Little How Ri\ 
 
 y< Uvd Deer Kive; 
 
 27 IJim! Deer Rive: 
 
 2S; Ivrd Dcur Rivei 
 
 ' (two.seam.s) 
 
 2!) H(h1 Deerliivei 
 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 Indian Farm C 
 One mile south 
 Mill Creek, 4 mi 
 
 South Fork of C 
 house 
 
 South Fork of 
 Cianiott's Iioi 
 
 35 Middle Fork of 
 
 Ctarnett's hoi 
 
 36 Xorth Fork ofO 
 
 tains 
 
 37 High wood Ri 
 
 Forks 
 
 3S Highwood Rivoi 
 
 Vf 
 
 39| X(^ar Highwood 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 4ti 
 
 •Iiimpiiig I'ount 
 
 (n'i)orted) . . . 
 
 <oal Creek, Bow 
 
 I( 
 
 S'liith Branch, ( 
 I'ittle f^outh 
 Clow .\cst I'ass, 
 
 >«"itli-\vcst Ih-an 
 
 mouth 
 
 North-west I5ran 
 
 Hills between N( 
 sources of Hi 
 

 o,wson] coals and lignites. 131 
 
 List of the principal localities in tvhich natural outcrops, dsc. — Continued. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 22 I'xiw Kiver, 3 niilra south of Ilorse-shoe Bend 
 2/1 t'latsy I.sland, How Kivor (main seam) 
 
 24 I'-iiw i;iv«r, south-east of I.,ittlo Rolling Hills (thick- 
 (^st seuni) 
 
 Thickness of 
 Seams. 
 
 4 ft. 4 in. 
 4 ft. G in. 
 
 1 ft. fi in. 
 
 25 Little 15o\v Kivor, nortli of Black Spring Kidgo j About 3 ft. 
 
 2(i lii''l Deer River, near mouth of Rosebud 
 
 27 Ki'tl Deer River, 18 miles below mouth of Rosebud . 
 
 28! Kcd Deer River, about S miles above Hunter's Hill 
 
 I (two stmms) 
 
 201 \li'i\ Deer River, 13 miles above Hunter's Hill 
 
 Indian Farm Creek near I'incher Creek 
 
 One mile south of road-crossing of Pincher Creek. 
 Mill Creek, 4 miles above the mill 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 33 South Fork of Old Man, 3 miles west of Garnett's 
 house 
 
 34 South Fork of Old Man, about five miles east of 
 Ctarnett's house (reported) 
 
 35 Middle Fork of Old Man River, (J miles north of 
 
 Garnett's house (two seams) 
 
 36 North Fork of Old Man River, li mile from moun- 
 ! tains 
 
 37 Hi^'hwood River, Middle Branch 3^ miles above 
 
 Forks 
 
 3S Highwood River, 4 miles above Forks 
 
 4 to 7 ft. 
 3 to 4 ft. 
 
 2 ft and 3 ft. 
 1 ft. 3 in. 
 
 2 feet or more 
 
 39 Near Highwood River at east base of Mountains .. 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 Within Morintain Area. 
 
 Jumping Pound River, a few miles above Bow 
 
 (reported) 
 
 ( oal ( reek, Bow River 
 
 9 ft 
 
 2 ft 10 in. 
 
 1 ft 6 in. (?) 
 
 3 ft. & 3 ft 6 in 
 
 4 ft 
 
 1 ft. 
 1 ft. 6 in, 
 
 2 ft 
 
 Not known 
 1 to 3 ft. 
 
 South Hranoli, Old IMan, 3 miles above mouth of 
 
 Little South Fork 
 
 ( row Nest Pass, 4 miles west of the Gap 
 
 Nmth-wcfit Mraneh of North Fork, 2^ miles above 
 
 month ." 
 
 Nortli-west Branch of North Fork below I'all 
 
 Hills between North-west Branch of North Fork and 
 sources of Highwood, near water-shed range. . 
 
 •1 ft. n in. 
 2 ft. 10 in. 
 
 „ 5? -1 fJ w 
 
 89 a 
 
 90 c. 
 
 92 c. 
 
 94 c. 
 
 94 c. 
 
 95 G 
 
 98 G 
 
 98 a 
 
 99 a 
 
 99 a 
 
 100 a 
 
 101 c. 
 
 103 a 
 
 104 a 
 
 KM c. 
 
 106 a 
 
 81a 
 
 80 c. 
 
 109 a 
 
 110 a 
 
 8 ft. or more. 
 3 ft. 
 
 Numerous thin 
 seams 
 
 110 a 
 Ilia 
 
 111 a 
 
132 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 Chanifcin A point previously alluded to and of much interest in connection 
 
 fuels liear the with the couIh and lignites of the district included in the jjrusi'nt 
 report — wliether regarded from a theoretical or practical point of 
 view — is the gratlual change which these materials are found to unilL'ri,'() 
 on approaching the mountains. Though the analysis available for the 
 North-west at the time of the publication of my report on the Geoloiry 
 and Resources of the 49th Parallel were comparatively few in muiiiIilt, 
 and repi'esented fuels scattci-ed widely over the whole territory ; lius 
 examination enabled the following general statement to be made : — 
 
 " On I'cviewing the whole of the analysis of the fuels, and refcrrini,' 
 them to their localities on the map, it will appear that lignites which 
 contain, when thoroughly air-dried, above twelve per cent, of water, 
 occupy the eastern part of the area occupied by the Lignite Tciliaiv, 
 while beyond about the 113th meridian, many, if not most, of the I'uel.s 
 met with, contain less than that amount of moisture, and pass by easy 
 gradations in some instances to coals indistinguishable from those of tlie 
 Carboniferous foi'mation. These two regions are not, howcer, mutually 
 exclusive, for west of the line above indicated, lignites of the former 
 class are often found, and also, aijparently, fuels representing all iiitor- 
 mcdiate stages. The mixture of the two classes in the extreme west 
 would suggest either the presence of two distinct coal-bearing fornui- 
 tions, or two dilVerent horizons of the same series of rocks."* 
 
 The increase of our knowledge of the fuels of this region has sorveii 
 
 to confirm, in a general way, the proposition then tirst stated. It has 
 
 since been several times referred to in discussing their character, and it 
 
 has been j)ossible to make it oven more detinite than at that time. 
 
 Diita available rfjiQ series of vcrv Carefully conducted analysis made bv ]\[i', 
 
 in tnisUistnct. j j j „ 
 
 Hotfmann, (p. 11 m, et .se(i.) of specimens specially collected by us as 
 representative of the various seams, renders possible a more precise 
 investigation of the nature and amount of change by which the fuels 
 have been attected in relation to their proximity to the mountains. It 
 is still, however, a subject on which much more information is desira- 
 ble, and the following discussion is to be regarded rather in the light 
 of a suggestion than otherwise, as the number of analysis for the 
 present region might, in this regard, be advantageously increased by 
 three- or four-fold. 
 Positions of iho We have in this region, on the west, the Eocky Mountains, consisting 
 largely of Palieozoic rocks, but including also several long ti-oughs of 
 Cretaceous and Laramie Hocks. The eastern Palajozoic range is remark- 
 ably straight and oven in outline, and constitutes the edge of the inmin- 
 tains proper. East of this is a belt averaging about titleen miles in 
 width, compo.sed entirely of Cretaceous and Laramie rocks, folded 
 
 * Geology find UesourccB of the 4'Jth Parallel, p, 180, 
 
 fuels. 
 
v^so^.] 
 
 COALS AND LIGNITES. 
 
 133 C 
 
 parallel to the direction of the base of the mountains, frequently verti- 
 
 oiil iH' nearly ho for miles in width and eveiywhero showing evidence of 
 
 iuti'iise lateral pressure and disturbance. The eastern edi^'o of this belt 
 
 i> anain very detinitely bounded, and the i-ocks subside ahnost at unco 
 
 [n a condition of ])ractical horizontality, and so continue over the 
 
 entire area of the Great Plains. 
 
 [ii (lie now isolated Cretaceous and Laramie basins of the mountains, Conls of 
 
 ' in()iintiiin.s and 
 
 till' iiiiiuded fuels are for the most part of the character of bituminous foot-hiUs. 
 
 coals, hut in one case — that of the Cascade and Bow Jiivers basin — 
 
 Avluire pressure from the west has been such as to completely overturn 
 
 the syncliual trough, tiie alteration has proceeded so fai- as to produce 
 
 an aniiiracite. In the disturbed bolt of the foot-hills the fuels are also 
 
 all riilitled to rank as coals, and the hygroscopic water in the fuels of 
 
 the region may be stateil, according to Mr. Hoffmann's analysis, to 
 
 range from 163 to 6"12. The eastern edge of this belt — at a mean dis- 
 
 lanec, as above stated, of fifteen miles from the mountains — may bo said 
 
 iiractieally to coincide with a water-C()ntent of 5 ])er cent.* On Porccntngcof 
 
 arranging the remaining analyses in their relative order oi distance unifdrmly 
 
 fnini ilie edge of the disturbed belt, without reference to their strati- "'"'"'^^'"^ " 
 
 i;ra|ihieal positions, the percentage of hygroscopic water is found to 
 
 intreasi' in very regular proportion with that of the distance, while the 
 
 iiimmi of volatile combustible matter shows a similar increase. That 
 
 of the specific gravity of the fuels is too much atibcted by the quantity 
 
 of ash to Ibrm a basis of comparison. 
 
 With a view to arrive at the best standard of comparison, the united Fuels compared 
 per-eeiitages of the water and volatile combustible matter have been jijul^!}'"' 
 iom]i:ii'ctl in a similar way, and the subjoined table also shows the per- 
 ceiitago of the former constituent calculated for the fuels without ash, 
 which it was thought might bo eliminated Avith advantage. The result, 
 however, shows but little ditference from that obtained by considering 
 the water as a constituent of the fuel in its natural state — ash included. 
 
 ' Of Mr, Uoffmiin'a analysi.s Nos. 2.'}, 24, 25 and 28, miiy be taken as alino.'<t exactly reprcaont- 
 inelliis fdsft of the disturliod belt. These, with a spocimen from the eontinuiilion of tlio same 
 liiR"ii the St, Mary Uivor (Ueology and Resources 49th Parallel), represent tlie margin of the 
 liijtuiljuil t)elt for a length of 170 miles, and give an average water-coiiteiit of 5*]4 per cent. 
 
134 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 Table (1) showing per centago of Water, Volatile combustible matter, 
 &c., of Fuels, arranged in order of distance from edge of Disturbed 
 Belt. (From analyses by Mr. C. Hoffmann.) 
 
 LOCALITT. 
 
 1. Indian Farm. Pincher Creek. 
 
 2. St Mary River 
 
 3. Milk River Ridge 
 
 4. Coal Banks. Belly R 
 
 5. Belly R., below Little Bow 
 
 6. Blackfoot Crossing, (mean of 4) 
 
 7. Horse-shoe Bend. Bow River. 
 
 8. Grassy I. Bow R 
 
 9. Red Deer R, (mean of 2) 
 
 10. Red Deer R. (mean of 2) 
 
 11. Red Deer R. Coal Banks seam 
 
 12. Medicine Hat ■ 
 
 II 
 
 as 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 04 
 
 74 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 ^ 
 
 
 5-38 
 
 7-02 
 
 9-84 
 
 6-50 
 
 9-18 
 
 11-55 
 
 11 13 
 
 11-90 
 
 13-64 
 
 13-34 
 
 12-62 
 
 17-70 
 
 5-92 
 
 7-49 
 
 13-82 
 
 7-03 
 
 9-85 
 
 12-33 
 
 12-26 
 
 12-65 
 
 14-19 
 
 14-59 
 
 13-80 
 
 18-41 
 
 U 1 
 
 -i^ 
 
 rt o » 
 
 feWS 
 
 ''OS 
 
 .Hra 
 
 ^a „ 
 
 
 
 
 E'^l" 
 
 K^-°'^ 
 
 32-57 
 
 36-43 
 
 38-50 
 
 38-09 
 
 39-84 
 
 41-82 
 
 47-65 
 43-10 
 44-84 
 43-66 
 44-70 
 46-33 
 
 9-09 
 ()-29 
 18-83 
 7-00 
 6 -85 
 
 6 -in 
 
 9-19 
 5-93 
 3-87 
 13-34 
 S-oS 
 384 
 
 Influence of 
 (tratigraphioal 
 position on 
 Water-content. 
 
 It will bo observed that with the exception of one specimenf the 
 results are closely concordant with the rule above referred to, and by 
 arranging them in the form of a diagram in which each of the vertical 
 lines represents a distance often miles from the edge of the disturbed 
 belt, while the horizonial indicate the percentage of water, this is made 
 even more apparent, and the rate of increase is shown to be about ono 
 per cent, in ten miles, very nearly. 
 
 On a careful inspection of the tigures, however, it is observed that 
 while the relation of the fuels to the disturbed belt has preponderant 
 influence, there is also a quite perceptible effect due to stratigrapliical 
 position, the lower and older containing i-elatively less water than the 
 
 tThis (No. 3) is from Milk River Ridge. The seam is very thin and earthy, and the results are 
 quite anomalous, however treated. It is just possible that the specimen may have been wrougl)' 
 assigned. It has been practically disregarded. 
 
 higher. With a 
 the analyses ma; 
 three formations 
 
 Table (2) showi 
 etc., of Fuels, a 
 the ecig3 of the 
 
 1. Indian Farm. 
 
 6. Blackfoot Crossi 
 
 7. Horso-shoe Bom 
 9. Red Deer R. (mt 
 
 2. St. Mary R . . . 
 
 3. Milk River Ridg 
 
 4. ( 'oal Banks. Bel 
 8, Grassy I. Bow 
 
 11. Rod Deer R. Co 
 
 5. Belly R., below I 
 10. Red Deer R. (m 
 12. Medicine Hat. 
 
 In the second di: 
 the lilies rcprescn 
 
DAWSON.] 
 
 COALS AND LIGNITES. 
 
 135 0- 
 
 higher. "With a view to eliminating as far as possible the latter factor, 
 the analyses may be arranged in three series, corresponding with the 
 three formations in which the fuels occur thus : — 
 
 Table (2) showing percentage of Water, Volatile combustible matter, 
 etc., of Fuels, an-anged according to age and in order of distance from 
 the odg3 of the Disturbed Belt. (Prom analj^ses by Mr. C. Hoffmann.) 
 
 
 
 
 I. O 1 • 
 
 ►" i 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Locality. 
 
 o-P 
 
 .2 
 
 'a. 
 
 m 
 
 
 c3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I'll 
 
 
 .a 
 
 en 
 <1 
 
 Laramie. 
 
 1. Indian Farm. Pincher Creek. 
 
 
 
 5-38 
 
 5-92 
 
 32-57 
 
 9-09 
 
 6. Blackfoot Crossing (mean of 4). 
 
 64 
 
 11 -55 
 
 12-33 
 
 41-82 
 
 6-31 
 
 7. Horso-shoe Bend. Bow River. 
 
 74 
 
 11 13 
 
 12-26 
 
 47-65 
 
 9-19 
 
 9. Red Doer R. (moan of 2) ..... 
 
 86 
 
 13-64 
 
 14-19 
 
 44-84 
 
 3-87 
 
 Pierre. 
 
 2. St. Mary R 
 
 3. Milk River Ridge 
 
 4. Coal Banks. Belly R 
 
 8. Grasey I. Bow R 
 
 11. Rod Deer R. Coal Banks seam 
 
 35 
 
 7-02 
 
 7-49 
 
 36-43 
 
 38 
 
 9-84 
 
 13-82 
 
 38-50 
 
 42 
 
 6-50 
 
 7-03 
 
 38-09 
 
 86 
 
 11-90 
 
 12 65 
 
 43-10 
 
 100 
 
 12.62 
 
 13.80 
 
 44.70 
 
 6.29 
 18-83 
 
 7-5:; 
 
 5-93 
 
 8.58 
 
 Belly River Beds. 
 
 5. Belly R., below Little Bow 
 
 64 
 
 9.18 
 
 9.85 
 
 39.84 
 
 0.85 
 
 10. Red DeerR. (mean of 2)- 
 
 100 
 
 13.34 
 
 li.59 
 
 43.66 
 
 13.34 
 
 12. Medicine Hat 
 
 128 
 
 17.70 
 
 18.41 
 
 46.33 
 
 3.84 
 
 In the second diagram the stratigraphical arrangement is illustrated, Explanation of 
 the lines representing separately the rate of increase in water of the 
 
136 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERttlTORY. 
 
 fuels of each of the Ihi-ec horizons above I'efen-ed to. The uiihrokon 
 line is dnuvn with reference to the points representinjL^ the Lanimie 
 fuels, and it is quite probable that all of these are near the base of the 
 formatii)n and practically on the same horizon. The points on the 
 dotted line represents the seam at the base of tlie Pierre, with tiie ex- 
 ception of No. 7. wliich is aseani locally developed at the top of that 
 series. The line of dashes is drawn with reference to the points indi- 
 cating the fuels of the Belly lliver sei'ios, and these again are very pi'D- 
 bably on precisely the same stratigi'aphical ])lane. This diagnun, 
 thei-efore, brings out very clearly the ditferonce due to stratigra]ihi(.iil 
 position, and by applying our local knowledge of the thickness of the 
 strata, it would appear that in this district it amounts to about two jmm' 
 cent, of watei- foi' 1,000 feel in thickness of strata, that being appi'ox- 
 imately the volume of the beds intervening between the Laramie anil 
 ^orapo.^iUon of I'icrre seanis. This fact has further a bearing on the question of the 
 tionVf"a«e.'''" '^f^^ •'^' '^'^*^ Eelly River series discu>sed in a preceding portion of this 
 rejwrt (p. 118 c et se([.) as if this series really held a position above 
 the Pierre, the fuels derived from it should in the diagram occupy 
 positions in the upper line, rather than on a level with or rather below 
 those of the Pierre. These fuels, from their comparatively^ large wator- 
 content might, at tirst sight, seem to compare more closely with those 
 of the Laramie, but when the ditterence due to their greater geogra- 
 phical distance from the disturbed belt is allowed for, they fall naturally 
 into the place assigned to them in the table of foi'mations. 
 Definition of Mr. II(jtfmann, in the introductory portion of his report, alludes to 
 Laramie fuels the possibilitj' of defining three zones parallel to the base of the inoun- 
 per cont.'wiitcr. tains, the fuels in which correspond generally to the divisions adopted 
 by him in classifying them in relation to composition. By marking on 
 the geological map the positions of the various fuels rejiresentwl hy 
 analyses, with the pei'centage of water in each, and measuring from 
 these towards or from the edge of the disturbed belt, in lines drawn at 
 right angles to it, on the basis above determined of a mean difference 
 of one per cent, in ten miles ; a theoretical line can be drawn separating 
 the fuels which contain less from those which contain more than ten 
 per cent, of hygroscopic water. In endeavoring, however, actually to 
 define this line, it is found that it shows a marked eastward trend in 
 the vicinity of the Belly River, whereas the edge of the distui-bed belt 
 here actually retreats in the opposite direction. This, however, evi- 
 dently depends on the fact that the coals here used as standards belong 
 entirely to the Pierre zone, and by applying a correction of two pei' 
 cent, to these (equal to twenty miles in distance) the line falls back 
 at this point and assumes an almost perfect parallelism throughout to 
 that of the edge of the disturbed belt. The line thus arrived at for 
 
 li 
 
I 
 
 (ft '3 
 
 
 i\l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " -r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~:^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^' 
 
 " 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •6 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^-= 
 
 ' f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rr-— ^ 
 
 :"- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2n 40 fiO so 100 , 120 140 
 
 Mihafvdiii idgr nf ilinliiHiid Inli, 
 Diagram I- 
 
 :? 
 
 :? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 ."^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 -^9 
 
 , :'••■;; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >y 
 
 • •' 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 •'..■ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 y 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,/ 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 TJO 110 
 
 40 00 80 10(1 
 
 Mih H frn>ii n/i/r nfdintiirlinl Ik It. 
 DlAORAM II. 
 TlACiRAMS ILLUSTRATING RATE IX DFX:RBAfiK OF HYGROSCOriC WATER 
 
 IN Lignites and Coals on Ari-iioAciiiNG the mountains. 
 
DAW50N.] 
 
 tlic Lni'iimio, oi 
 the I'.laclcfoot Ci 
 ii;:i' (lisijinoo of I 
 
 T'liiciiiniif tlie 
 (ili-i'i-vod ill tlio ( 
 If tlic flexure ail 
 ben lining' (jraduL 
 fdiiinl lo cliiuii!;!' 
 ihiiiinv was (lirec 
 sliai'i)ly-(letino(l cl 
 liraciically lioi'i> 
 liccoiiies eviileiit 
 line to tlio coinhi 
 worlliy of eonsi( 
 thickiiesH of su])e 
 Avisc, (in). The 
 distiirlii'd belt ui 
 lau^L's ill the foil 
 
 Assuming, as h 
 from I lie appro x 
 (litiV'iviu'e ill wat 
 admit a lliickne: 
 edn'o of the distu 
 the 10 i)er cent. 
 since been remo^ 
 Iiypotbosis we m 
 and if that bo 8U 
 given must be inc 
 require to lie neai 
 
 We liave theref( 
 of overlying beds 
 the mountains, tlu 
 that some other i 
 tan scarcely have 
 iiig the change. . 
 part of the mountii 
 vanges must have I 
 of the beds. It is 
 this way could hav 
 hie to believe that 
 i>t least one hundr 
 
OAWSON.] 
 
 COALS AND LI0N1TE8. 
 
 137 c 
 
 llic Tjaraniie, or upper fuoln, crosucs tho How about ton miles west of 
 ihc lilackfool Crossiiii;, tlio Ik'lly iioar Coal Hanks, ami is at an avcr- 
 ii:;i' ilislanc'c of tit'ty-tlircis miles from tho oastorn edge of tho (lislurhod 
 bell. 
 Touchinff the causes which have produced the remarkable chance Pv^^,ii)lo iiiuses 
 
 ^'^ ^ _ ' ^ (>l flllllllH' III 
 
 (ili-crvi'il in tho fiU'lsof the plains, as thoya])proa('li thedisturbod licit: — cniiipii>itiim. 
 If till' Ib'Xiireand disturbance of the beds obtained ovei- the entire area, 
 biMMinilMj^ ijnuluull)/ reduced eastward, and the contained fuels were 
 f'diiiid lo ehuMife in character jiari pasn, it might be su]>posed that tho 
 iliiiiiLic was directly <lne to the disturbance. Kast of the edge of tho 
 sli;ir|ily-detined disturbed belt, however, as before stated, the beds are 
 |iriuiically hoi'izontal. On an inspection of the second diagram it 
 k'comes evitlent that tho actual amount of change in the fuels must bo 
 iliio to the combination of two oi-moro causes. Three factorsonly .seem 
 woi'lliy of consideration, — age. (rt), pressure as represented by tho 
 thickness of superincumbent bods, (/>), motamoridiism by heat or other- 
 Avise, (ill), Tho increasing change which occurs in approaching the 
 disturlied belt may therefore have resulted from ono or more of these 
 causes in the following probable combinations, a. + ?» ; {(i-{- J>) +wij 
 
 (« + ]') +('» +iO ; (« +i') 4- /'; <>i'i^ + ?■ 
 
 Assuminij, as by the last hvi)Othe8iH, pressure to be the only factor ; Rfnuirod 
 from tho approximate measurement before arrived at — 2 ])er cent. of<ivuriyiiiK bods. 
 ilitlV'ivnco in water for 1000 feet of strata — it would be necessary to 
 admit a thickness of superincumbent beds 2.500 feet greater at the 
 odiic of tho disturbed belt (5 per cent, line) as compared with that of 
 the 10 i)or cent, lino, and to assume that this thickness of bods has . 
 since boon removed by denudation. By the fourth of the above 
 hypotiiesis we must attribute a portion of the loss of water to age, 
 and if that be supposed to equal lialf the total effect, the figures last 
 given must be increased to 5,000 feet. Both these figures would also 
 require to be nearly doubled for the disturbed belt itself. 
 
 Wo have therefore to suppose either that a groat additional thickness Pircct 
 of overlying bods existed in a belt of uniform width along the base of inomitains 
 the mountains, the strata gradually thinning eastward from this belt, or ""''™^* 
 that some othoi- agent, which may be denoted as metamorphism, and 
 can scarcely have been other than heat, operated or assisted in produc- 
 ing the change. As igneous intrusions are practically absent from this 
 part of tho mountains it would appear that an}' heat emanating from the 
 ranges must have been that produced by the crumpling and compressicm 
 of the beds. It is difficult, however, to conceive that heat produced in 
 this way could have had other than a local influence, and almost impossi- 
 lile to believe that it could have attected horizontal beds to a distance of 
 at least ono hundred miles. . 
 
 Ill 
 
i;}8 c 
 
 N(»RTII-\VKST TERIIITOIIV. 
 
 Probable 
 
 oonditiuiiHof 
 
 ububge. 
 
 With rofercnco to tho tirst of tho aliovo hypothoHOS we liii%'c pie- 
 vioiisly t'ouiul poasoii to l)oliovc^ tlwit a slioro-lino existed near the present 
 position of liio mountains, and it is (|uito prt)bahle that t lie strata art 
 thiekor in this part of tho region und that overlying bods — lilco those of 
 thoPt)riiipiiio Hill series — may have been developed hero only and suli- 
 setiueiitly removed by denudation. In the disturbed lielt itself a heaping 
 up of beds to almost any required amount may probably have oecuri'od 
 at tho time at whieh tho folding oceurred. The burial of tho fuels tor 
 aprolongod period under a great depth of strata implies not only grciitcr 
 pressure, but their subjeetion to the influence of the proper heat of tho 
 oarth, and these two causes may probably bo assumed as sutlicient to 
 account for the facts without resource — excejit locally — to tlie influence 
 of tho heat developed <luring the [dication of the bods of the disturbed 
 belt. 
 
 IRONSTONE, LIMESTONE, ETC. 
 
 Clay-iron?tono. Clay-ironstones, of varying quality, occur in a great number of 
 localities in association with the Cretaceous and Laramie rocks of this 
 district, and in some cases in proximity to the coals. In a few places 
 this material has been found in considerable quantity, notably on that 
 part of the Bow River described on p. 91 r, and on the Kananaskls near 
 its mouth. The manufacture of iron in this district — unless some very 
 rich class of ore should be found in tho mountains or foot-hills in large 
 quantity- -must, however, in the present state of the iron trade, be con- 
 sidered as a possibility of the roniote future only. (See Apjiendix III.) 
 Calcareous and argillaceous concretions and nodular layers, likely lo 
 prove useful in the manufacture of hydraulic cements, are abundant. 
 None of these have so far been put to any practical test, but they are 
 likely to be in demand .soon. 
 
 Some of tho bouldei'-clays, and the silty deposits in some places overly- 
 ing them, may doubtless prove applicable to the manufacture of ordinary 
 b-icks, but in the clays, soft argillites and fine silty materials of the 
 undei'lying Cretaceous and Laranue series, materials suitable for the 
 production of bricks of a very high class exist in the greatest abundance. 
 Some of these are tru« fire-clays, and woukl be available for the manu- 
 facture of the heavier and rougher grades of pottery, and for tiles 
 and drain-pipes. 
 
 Building stone. Stono suitable for building ])urposes is by no means so universally 
 found, and considerable care should bo used in selecting Cretaceous or 
 Laramie sandstones for masonry, as those of tho plains are often but 
 feebly coherent, Avith a scanty calcareous cement, and likely to disinte- 
 grate rapidly undei" the intluenco of tho weather. In the foot-hills, 
 however, many sandstones of excel lent quality occur, and may be locally 
 
 Cement stone. 
 
 Brick and 
 pottery. 
 
'■] 
 
 SUPERPtCTAI, DKPOSITS. 
 
 139 c 
 
 einployod, while tho railway affords a moans of briii^ini^ down from 
 the niDimtaintj tho liinostoiios and other hard Pahi'ozoic rocUs there 
 lllMllldilllt. 
 
 LiiMOstono can scarcely be said to occur in tho plains or foot-hill belt, Limestono. 
 {.■\vv\i\ in tho form of scattered boiildors, transported thither in tho 
 ^'l;iii:il poiiod, and occasionally in siiiiiciont niimhors to ho locally useful. 
 The massive limestones ol the mountains must serve as tho main source 
 III "iipply of \iva.o for the entire region. These are well situatiod for 
 working where the railway enters tho mountains, particularly in sovi^-al 
 ])l;ii(- on tho lino between KananasUis and a point eight miles west of 
 th;il station. The eastern border ot the I'alaiozoic rocks, as dotinod on 
 the map, may bo said to be throughout composed of limestone, with 
 the exception of a length of about twenty-eight miles northward from 
 Waterton Lake, in which older silicious and slaty rocks — all [)robably 
 III' ('aiiibri'Mi ago — are largely developed in tho eastern range. 
 
 The occuri-enco of gold, which in some of the streams may be found Gold. 
 to exist in remunerative (luantity, is referred, to on a subsetiuont page, 
 in connection with tho description of tho drift deposits. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS AND GLACIATION. 
 
 The superficial deposits, or those materials which, resting indiffer- 
 ently on the worn beds of tho Cretaceous and Laramie, form tho 
 aftual surface of the district now under description, are so largely 
 those of the glacial ago that to describe them is practically to outline 
 the history of that very interesting peiiod. In general the older rocks 
 are deeply mantled with these deposits, and it is seldom, except in tho 
 neighbourhood of the mountains, that those appear, save in the <^loep j^jj.^^j'^f^P°[jj,_ 
 river-valleys. Tho superficial deposits have, in fact, not only greatly 
 nioditieil the appearance of the county as a whole, but have given 
 character to, and impressed a general uniformity on, the nature of its 
 soil. 
 
 The general characters of tho several deposits of the glacial period 
 are, however, so similar, that it will not be necessary to enter in great 
 detail into the description of localities. One of tho most striking 
 features, indeed, of the glacial deposits of the North-west is their 
 extraordinary persistence and similarity of character over immense 
 areas. Compared to their vast extent their thickness is almost infinit- 
 isimal, j'ot they everywhere characterize tho surface in uninterrupted 
 continuity for hundreds of miles. 
 
 As a part of the discussion of the superficial deposits of the plains as previous notes 
 a whole, in connection with the Boundary Commis,sion exploration, i "" 8i»<=iation. 
 
140 c 
 
 NOIITII-WKST TKURITORY. 
 
 rr<'-(fliii'iiil 
 (•oiMlitimi III' 
 till' niiiiitry. 
 
 01(1 iiiul new 
 rivur clmiiiifls, 
 
 flcnornl thick- 
 iiL'ii« lit' ilrifl. 
 
 Tabic of 
 deposit?. 
 
 Quiirtzito 
 
 snin(?lebuli)W 
 
 bouldor-clay. 
 
 have ali'i'iiily ^ivon mucIi lai-ts as caini' iiihIiM' oltscM-vation in iIh^ 
 iinnu'diali' vic'mily lit' llu' llMli |)ai'allol, aiiil wliiln tlio tj;i'('iiti'r kiidw- 
 
 ll'cl!;c nf till' (li>l rid MOW illil!lilU'(| CIIJiIpIi's IIMlrll to In' aililod l(» tlli'Sf 
 
 (li's('i'i|)ti()tis. it iloc's not altur llii'iii in tlicir main Ifaliii'i's.^- 
 
 Tlio pi'i'-ylai'ial a-^iu'cl of llu' coiinty \nix Iuh'm iniicli i'oiii,'Ii(>r mul 
 inoi't' (livoi'siliod lliaii that which it at |)iv>i'rit |ti'i'sonts, It nuist Iimvc 
 Im'i'Ii lof a vi'iy loiiM' time in the later Terliai'V periods siilijecli'il lo 
 denudalion, and deeply niaiUed ly rain and rivers. The liiacialiii;,' 
 aii'ents have doiihl less planed (iir many of lhes(! ii'r(\i,'iilarities, and iln' 
 siirliieo has ln>>idi'.s heen <U'e|)ly hiiried in its deposits, to wliieh the ^cn 
 ui'al name of drift lias heen a|)i»lietl in the |ir(H'eilin.!^ i)iirts of this re|Mirl. 
 Thosi' have heen lanl down in greatest Ihiekiiess in the pre-exisiim; 
 hollows and low traels, and the i,'oiieral oll'eel has heen a tilliiin' iip nf 
 llie asperities, and the |»roduetioii of wide areas of idinosL porferdv 
 level prairie. That tliis has heen t\w ease is ovideneod liy the fact tlini 
 whih' some of the hin'hei' plateaus and ridn'cs are hut Hcantily cijvercil 
 with drift, the thickness shown in many of llie river seetions is ovor 
 two hundred feet. 
 
 Whatever the eouises of the pre-glaeial rivers (and there is no evi- 
 deiiee that they departed widely from the present wost-to-east system 
 of draiiian'e) the new streams whieh lieijaii to form ehamiels tor llniii- 
 selves when the y;laeial eondilioiis luul passed away, certainly did not 
 follow the old heds. This is sliown by the fact that while in sonii.' 
 oases almost the entire lioight of the scarped banks along the streams 
 is formed of (!retaecous and Laramie rocks, in others these hanks are 
 altogether composed of <lrifl deposits, the base of whieh lies even 
 lower than the jiresent river-bed. 
 
 As a rough estimate of the importance of the drift deposits in the 
 district, it mtiy he stated that in the region east of the l\)rcii[)iiiu 
 Hills, they probably average at least one hundred feet in thickness. 
 
 The following is a list, in descending order, of the superlicial dep(»il> 
 developed in the region under discussion : — 
 Stratified sands, gravels and silts. 
 Upper boulder-clay. 
 Intergliicial deposit with peat. 
 Lower boulder-clay. 
 Quartzite shingle and associated beds. 
 
 Resting immediately on the surface of the Cretaceous and Larainif, 
 in a number of widely senarated h)calities, is a deposit of well rolled 
 pebbles or shingle, consisting for the most part of hard quartzites. ami 
 
 'Sec Quart. Journ. Qeol. See, Nov., 187.5, ai\d Geology and Resources of tlio 4ytli Paralltl. 
 
 1875. 
 
•J 
 
 i 
 
 X. 
 
 3D 
 
 >■ 
 
 _i 
 
 III 
 
 " 
 
 J 
 
 : 
 
 J 
 
 —. 
 
 •:; 
 
 - 
 
 > 
 
 S 
 
 ;- 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 OJ 
 
 a] 
 
 
 m 
 
 C 
 
 X. 
 
 
 — • 
 
 ; 
 
 m 
 
 -:: 
 
 Iju 
 
 ~ 
 
 JU, 
 
 - 
 
 "j 
 
 ■J 
 
 m 
 
 > 
 
D«*SON.] 
 
 iliM'ived entirely 
 Linipstono is occi 
 shiiiii'le as a whol 
 Avliilo on its east' 
 birii altogether g 
 fniin tlie place of 
 iiuiios in (liameti 
 closely packed bi' 
 axes parallel to tl 
 
 This quartzite i 
 below Fort MacL 
 u|))n'i' part of the 
 pdiiil six miles t'r 
 rin'hl side of the 
 jiovoral other plat 
 nortii-wesi angle 
 Wolf island. ' A 
 stratitied sand am 
 
 Tlu> section hei 
 
 1. i'alo yollo 
 
 hoiildor-c 
 
 2. l'nri)lish, 
 
 ironstone 
 Laurentii 
 
 3. I'nstratilio 
 
 diauioter 
 
 4. Stratiliod 
 
 few stout 
 
 5. Kino ])al« { 
 t>. Strati tied j 
 '. Ciiuirt/.ito ; 
 
 lieconiiiiy 
 
 uudorlyii 
 
 f^. Crotacoons 
 
 water) . . . 
 
 t)n the section 
 ■"^oou ni a nninbev 
 miles above Himh 
 
 •Tlu'ro is 110 luliiiixti 
 castiTii origin would li 
 iisjiici.'iti'd roclis iiiuy ha 
 fiirtoilid riortli, hut in t 
 iitliiili.(;ic,ii clmriicturs— 
 till' sliiiiKlo, are procifici 
 llicy Imve hcon ttionoo d 
 
o,*soN.] SIPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 141 C 
 
 ili'i'ivinl ontirely from tho Palioozoic roclcB of the Rocky Momitains.-I* 
 Liinostono is oecasionally found in this bed near the mountains, but the 
 sliiniiii' as a whole has evidently been subjected tosuchprolonj^ed wear 
 wliilo on its eastward course, that this aiul other soft materials have 
 bfL'ii altogether f^round down before attainin^f any very great distance 
 i'lmii the place of origin. The ])ebble8 are seldom more than ji few 
 iiiciu's in diameter, and are often very uniform in size, forming a 
 ildsely i)acked bed. in wiiich the stones are arranged with their longer 
 axes |tarallel to the plane of deposit. 
 
 Tills ([uartzite shingle bed has been observed on tlie Old Man River Distriliution of 
 k'ldw Korf. MacLeod, in several phices. It is entirely wanting on thesliinnio. 
 u|)|H'i' |iart of the St. Mary Itiver, appearing for the first time at a 
 point six miles from its mouth. It may be seen on the Belly, on the 
 liu'lil side of the valley near the trail-crossing at Coul Banks, and in 
 several other places on its lower course, as at Big Island bend, the 
 nortli-west angle of Drift-wood bend, and in the north bank opposite 
 Wolf Island. At the last-mentioned locality it is associated with 
 stiuliticd sand and clay bods, a circumstance not elsewhere observed. 
 
 The section here is as follows, in descending order : — 
 
 I'HOT. 
 
 1. I'alo yellow ish->rroy, more or loss perfectly stratified W^^^li'T-'r d 
 
 boulder-clay, about 100 
 
 ■J. I'lirplisli, linoly-bodded sandy clay, with thin layers of 
 ironstone and a lif^nito hod ei^diteen inches thick. A few 
 Laurentian pebbles near the base 8 
 
 3. I'nstratilied boulder-day, holding stones up to 2' (>" 
 dianu'ter 15 
 
 -1. Stratified yellowish and browniab-yollow sands, with a 
 f(\w stones, some of which are Laurentian 15 
 
 T). Kino pale iHirplish-sj;rey clay 4 
 
 •i. Strntilied yelloviisii sands (3 
 
 7, l^uartzito shingle deposit, without Laurentian fragments, 
 becoming clayey and full of derived fragments from 
 underlying rocks at base (about) 15 
 
 ■S. Cretaceous shales and sandstones with eroded surface (to 
 water) 10 
 
 17;? 
 Oil the section formed by tho Bow River, the quartzite shingle is .l||i','!('ie '"n Bow 
 -ecu in a number of places. It wa« first recognised at a point a few ij-^!u„'' ^"'"' 
 mik's above Higliwood River, where it has a thickness of fifteen feet, 
 
 * riuro is 110 ailmixtiiro of biiurcntian or lliiroiiiiui niatoriiil, to wliich nil tmsterii or iiortli- 
 c^istirii origin would liiivo to bo iigsiKiit'd. It is poasiblo tliiit ii portion of tlie iiuiirliitc.>< and 
 a>.-ii('i;itii| rooks niiiy Imvo been originally derived from portions of tlio Hoi'ky Mountain.s raiino 
 lar lo ihi' imrtli, hut in the absence of any evidence to that eflect, and in view of the fact that the 
 litliiiln({iial thanictors— even some of a pcculiiir and expectional kind— found in the pebbles of 
 till' sliiiiKle, are precisely those of tho rocks of the mountains to the west, it is most probable that 
 thoy Imvc boon thonco derived. 
 
 m 
 
142 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TEURITORY. 
 
 CAWSON.] 
 
 Origin of 
 ehiiiKlc. 
 
 Miocene 
 ooDglomoratcs. 
 
 and is near the wator-lcvel. Bolow tho Ilighwood it was soon at ono 
 place near tho lower end of Pine Canon at an elevation of sixty feet 
 above tho rivei-. At a point, a few miles above the Arrow-wood Crocks, 
 it has a thioknoss of tifteen to twenty feet, the base bcin;L; about twenty 
 feet above the water, and the summit capped by ton to tifteen foot of 
 hai'd bouldor-clay. About three miles above tho Blackfoot Crossin^r it 
 is again well shown. Its existence was also suspected at several 
 points bolow tho Blackfoot Crossir.g, but could not be proved owing to 
 the extensive slides which have occurred in tho banks. It was also 
 i-ecognized by Mr. McConnoll at several places on the Ecd Door liivei' 
 within the limits of the map. 
 
 The origin of the (|uartzite sliingle is a question of great interest. 
 but at the same time a very difficult one. It at tirst appeared to be 
 certain that it must have been brought eastward from the mountains 
 by rapid streams, of a date immediately preceding the glacial period, 
 and that it must either still occupy the channels of those, or have liecn 
 spread abroad in some wide body of waters into which they fldwed. 
 The discovery in the Cypress Hills, in 1883, by Mr. McConnoll. of an 
 extensive Miocene foi-mation, the greater part of which is composed of 
 precisely similar shingle more or less cemented together by calcareous 
 matter, must now, however, be taken into account. It is possil)lo that 
 this formation which now caps the high plateau known as the Cypress 
 Hills, at one time spread much more widely, and that its giavels have 
 been re-arrangod and spi-ead ovei' the neighbouring plains by pro-glacial 
 streams as denudation proceeded, ard further, that these Miocene beds 
 may have supplied much of the quai-tzite material which enters largely 
 Two sources of into the composition of tho boulder-clay and its dei'ived deposits. The 
 fact, however, that exactly similar quartzite gravels can be traced up 
 into the footrhills, in the valleys of .some of the streams, forming a thin 
 layer beneath the boulder-clay, where there is no evidence whatever of 
 the existence of any Miocene beds, tends to prove that a portion, at least, 
 of the ([uartzite gravels here referred to, have boon dei'ived iinme- 
 dialoly from the mountains, in times ju,-it preceding, or mai'king the 
 initiation of the glacial period. The question is one admitting ot much 
 additiimal investigation. 
 
 The level of these prc-glacial gravels, oi'ten difl'ors very con,•^ide^ 
 ably in the river sections, as comjyared with tlio water-level of the 
 modern rivers. The gravels, however, tend generally to charaetoii/.c 
 the lower parts of the district, and are, for oxiim])lo, quite wantin;,' 
 along almost tho entire course of tho St. Mary. They are by no means 
 universally spread even in tho pai-ts of the disti'ict which thi'y char- 
 acterize, a fact which may be due either to an original irrcgnlaiily in 
 distribution, or to their subsequent partial removal and mingling with 
 
 sujiply. 
 
 IrreKiiliirity in 
 distribution of 
 shingle. 
 
 the general subst 
 stones were anyw 
 and the boulder- 
 section which 8h( 
 that already quoti 
 lie roga riled as a i 
 
 The l)Oul(lor-cl 
 meiiilior of tho di 
 some places a vol 
 quite thin. It pr 
 rule, a liard sanih 
 able pro|iortion o 
 thigmontsof quar 
 from the Ci-etacec 
 huwovei'. usually 
 ing it at no in'Oi 
 plouglied up and 
 stance its colour 
 bluisli-grey to lig] 
 grey or fawn-colo 
 it was observed tc 
 the coloui's of the 
 division of the La 
 divisible into an u 
 and though not w 
 marked manner, v 
 stralitiod but also 
 on the Belly River 
 bnuliler-cluys the 
 succeeding paragi 
 
 The boulder-cla 
 
 • Since the iil)ove wii.s 
 ihi' I'imiilr.v north of thi 
 ri'iK the llainl Hills, p 
 liiil tliiT(. (;an lie little di 
 liifciiviT.v .ippeiirs lo.slio 
 aii'lini|,.,rtant tliiui prcv 
 uiclii'i- iiliiteaiis, are now 
 alinvc (IcscrilK'il as undci 
 Mii'i'ciii' fcirniation, llie i 
 "uiUli'il ill llie valley.sot 
 fvcr, l.cadniiltod that si 
 [\wfc have prohahly u„ p 
 'lireclly Ironi the nioui 
 lityii|\.,i;irso (travel to SI 
 the suit liedsofthcphiin 
 oni'. 
 
OAWSON.] 
 
 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 143 
 
 tho ironoral substance of the drift of the glacial period. Xo glaciated 
 stones wore anywlierc founil in tiiesegravelH, and the line hutweonthem 
 m\ the boiildor-clay is usually a perfectly distinct one. The only 
 section which shows a blending witii the base of the honlder-clay is 
 that alreiidy quoted at Wolf Island, apart from which the shingle might 
 \w regarded as a deposit refei-ablo to the last stage of the Tertiary.^'-' 
 
 The l)0ul(lei--clay, which constitutes by far the most important 1''"''wulJer- 
 meinl)or of the drift deposits, is very variable in thickness, having in 
 siMiie ])lacos a volume of nearly two hundred feet, while in others it is 
 quite thin. It presents the usual characters of this deposit, being, as a 
 rule, a hard sandy clay, containing a variable and often very considera- 
 able proportion of Laurentian and Iluronian erratics, mingled with 
 fragments of quartzites fi-om the Jlocky Mountains, anil sandstone blocks 
 ti'oin the Cretaceous or Laramie. The mass of its liner com])onents, 
 however, usually appears to have been derived fi-om the hods underly- 
 ing it at no gi'eat distance, and has been formed of these materials 
 ploughed up and kneaded together. In consequence of this circum- colour. 
 stance its colour varies considerably, ranging from dark blackish- or 
 hhiish-grey to lighter tints of the same, and often becoming yellowish- 
 ifi'ov or fawn-coloured, especially where weathered. On the St. Mary, 
 it was observed to have in some places a distinctly reddish tint, due to 
 the colours of the neighbouring reddish clays of the Willow Creek sub- 
 division of the Laramie. AV^here shown in j^ood sections, it is generally lowlf/pults. 
 divisible into an upper and lower part, the latter being more compact, 
 and though not without stratification planes, showing them in a less 
 marked manner, while the former is, as a rule, not only more distinctly 
 stratitied but also less compact. This feature is specially well shown 
 on tlio Belly [liver below Coal Hanks, and between the up])er and low".r 
 hiiulder-elays the remarkable sedimentary depo.sits, described in a 
 succeeding paragraph, hero occur. 
 
 The boulder-clay, from its massive character, frequently weathers in Distribution. 
 
 • Siiu'o tlio above wns written, Mr. .1. B. T.vrrcll, in the c jrse of the gooloBioiil examination of 
 Ihc ciiiiiilry iiorlli of tlie Rcil Doer llivcr, hiis foun(" ;;riivi'l!' or inoolieri'iit oongloiiicratos cap- 
 I'iiis till' lliniil Hills, procisoly like tlicisi- of tlio Cypres-i Hills. Tlicse hiivo yieliicil no fossils 
 but tliiTu Ciin lie little doubt that they lire like those of tin- Cypress Mill.-*, of Miocene tigv. Thi.s 
 ilisnivcry ,i|ipe:irs to show tliiit the .Vlioeeiio sIuiikU'-IxmIs ni.iy have been inneli niciiv widt'sproiid 
 :ni<l iiii|inri:int thiiii previously supposed, I liougli but oco.isional reiUTuints cd' llieni, ivippiuu' the 
 liiclnr piiiieiius, lire now found. It may oven be. that in the clistribution <d' the i|Uarlzite »rravel.s 
 al)i)vi' (U'scribi'd as unilerlyiun the bouliler-clay. we have ii Ki'iLeral deliiiitiou of the iirea of the 
 Midci'iii' fiiruiatioii, the iininediiitely pre-(?laeial (Travels liaviiKtri'siilteii from its wiiste, and aecu- 
 mulatcd in the valleys of streams wliieh ran throuiih the (dd .Miocene area. It must still, how- 
 ever, lie .•iduiilted that similar gr.ivcls underlie the boiihler-elay near the mountains, and that 
 Ihcsi' hiive iirobubly no eoinicetion with the denudation of Miocene beds, but have been derived 
 ilireetly fnuu the mountains. The question of the mode of transport of so trreat a (|iian- 
 tUy iif cu.'irse uravel to such a sreal distanoo from its source in the mountains, and its deposition cm 
 tlic-'ioft beds of the plains in Miocene times, without any evidence of ice action, is a very dilKcult 
 one. 
 
Intcrgliiciiil 
 beds. 
 
 Section at 
 
 Drift-wood 
 
 Bend. 
 
 Intorglacial 
 peat. 
 
 144 C NORTH-WEST TEBKITORT. 
 
 river-cliffs into prismatic and columnar forniH, and it is this deposit wliicli 
 is concerned in most of tlio heavy land-slidos which occur idong the val- 
 leys of the streams. It may be regarded as entirely covering by tin- the 
 larger part of the surface of the district, but on tippi-oaching the base 
 of the mountains is replaced by morainic accumulations due to local 
 glaciers. Certain tracts characterized by the presence of a great tliiek- 
 ness of boulder-clay have already been alluded to in thegenei-al descrip- 
 tion of the river sections. It rests often directly on the Cretaceous ami 
 Laramie rocks, even in the immediate neighborhood of localities where 
 the intervening shingle deposit was observed well developetl, ami its 
 base is often below the level of the water, even in the deeper river- 
 vallej's. 
 
 The intercalatetl tiner beds, above alluded to, are well shown in tlie 
 section at \Yolf Island (p. 141 c). They are seen also in a number of 
 places on the Belly between Wolf Island and Coid Banks, and the body 
 of water in which they were laid down must have been a very extensive 
 one. On the east side of Drift-wood bend, seven miles west of Wolf 
 Island, the following section occurs : — 
 
 FEET. 
 
 1. BonlJer-clay, with traces of stratification, to top of bank .... 40 
 
 2. Finely stratified, pale-groy sand, with irregular lenticular 
 
 masses of soft ironstono, a few indies thick 15 
 
 3. Brownish-grey, earthy, sandy day, distinctly stratified, with 
 
 ■ carbonaceous layers, which in places become impure Hg- 
 nito ; small selenite crystals and concretions. 3' or more 
 (variable.) 3 
 
 4. Grey, fine sand with ironstono concretions, (like No. 2) . . . . 15 
 
 5. Massive boulder-clay with large stones and boulders, sonio- 
 
 tinies distinctly glaciated. Laurentian and quartzite 
 fragments (to foot of bank) 80 
 
 153 
 
 Four miles fiu'ther up the Belly, at the north-west angle of Drift- 
 wood bend, the siime beds are again shown, but the carbonaceous layers 
 have here coalesced to form a distinct bod, about a foot thick, of imper- 
 fect li^-nite or indurated peat. A specimen collected here has been 
 examineu by Mr. C. Hoffmann. It is very strongly acted on by caustic 
 potash, affording a dark-brown li([uid. On analysis by the method 
 adopted for the Cretaceous and Laramie fuels it yielded the following 
 results : — 
 
 Hygroscopic water 7 -74 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 23 -IS 
 
 Fixed Carbon 2205 
 
 Ash 47-08 
 
 100-00 
 
 
 o.° ; °/. <: 
 
 
 .Section lit Wolf 
 Inland (p. 141 c.) 
 
 SECTIONS ON 1 
 BOUUJI 
 
4 
 
 ^HHP 
 
 I'l. '' Ao" 
 
 C.".. 
 
 ITppcr bnuldpr-olay 100' 
 
 
 o - 
 
 o }~ 
 
 i;> 
 
 Purplish saiuly clay with iron- 
 stone iind litriiito S' 
 
 Lower bonUler-chiy l.V 
 
 Yellowish A- brownish sanils 15 
 :^5£^^^^ Purplish clay 4' 
 
 Upper Imulilor-nliiy 40'. 
 
 (iroy sand, willi ironstone 15' 
 
 lirownisli sandy clay, 
 oarl)ona<'rinis layers I!' 
 
 (irey sand, witli ironstone 1 ' 
 
 
 Yollowisli sands C 
 Quartzite shingle 15' 
 
 Cretaceous shales 10' 
 Water Icycl 
 
 
 d 
 
 - — 
 
 ■■ 
 
 
 a ^ 
 
 Q>' 
 
 ^ ^_ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ u 
 
 cf- 
 
 Of 
 
 N . 
 
 '" 
 
 
 
 -",} 
 
 
 <c> 
 
 / 
 
 ^ " 
 
 - 9 
 
 - 
 
 __ 
 
 (9 -=-■' 1 
 
 cy 
 
 
 l-^ . - 
 
 r- 
 
 
 o > ■ 
 
 - ., 
 
 a 
 
 C > 
 
 ■ _ - 
 
 _ 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 
 — < 
 
 
 • <• 
 
 & 
 
 _ ** 
 
 
 o 
 
 C7 
 
 
 
 Lower bouldor-elay 80' 
 
 Spotionat Wolf 
 It'land (p. 141 c.) 
 
 Section on oast side 
 Drift-wood Itond (p. 1-14 c.) 
 
 (MIXTIONS ON TUB BBI.LY ItlVKU II.LUSTHATING RELATIONS OK Ul'PKU AND I.OWKK 
 BOULDBR-CI'AYS, INTKJtOLACIAL DEPOSITS AND QUAKTZITB SIIINOI-H. 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 'li^i 
 
DAWSON.] 
 
 In the appro 
 
 C'lrltoii, and its 
 
 liirg(* pi'Ojiortio 
 
 quality of j)oat. 
 
 Ovoi'lyin;^ tli 
 
 (listriliution of 
 
 tracts of level p 
 
 soil I'onsistingol 
 
 on the slopes of 
 
 flio liods ovei'iyi 
 
 i'o-arran<fenriont 
 
 catt'd liy ihe fiici 
 
 chararterizing t 
 
 t!io surface of tli 
 
 t'lst'wiiere to ov 
 
 below and sandy 
 
 over most of thi 
 
 yellowish-grey ii 
 
 Along the l>as( 
 
 ilograded conditic 
 
 glaeiors which di 
 
 material of taese i 
 
 the lioulder-clayj 
 
 are entirely of lie 
 
 of hardness, the i 
 
 far as oltserved th 
 
 On the Watert( 
 
 about ten miles fi 
 
 some miles below 
 
 moraine of the W 
 
 same character, w 
 
 ing from and scat 
 
 lake and opposite! 
 
 miles northward ii 
 
 oeeurreiice, ami cji 
 
 character of the f 
 
 i^'iving issue to a I 
 
 liiteral moraines, s 
 
 ijaso of the mount 
 
 The Bow Hivev 
 
 mountains tributar 
 
 than any elsewhere 
 
 several places som 
 
 10 
 
'] 
 
 SUI'ERKICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 145 
 
 111 the approximate oqiiality of volatile combustiblo matter anil tixod 
 ciirlioii, and its percentaifc of water (wiien allowance is made for the 
 l;ir<,r(> proportion of ash) this material resemhlos a poor lignite or good 
 (piiiiity of peat. 
 
 Overlying the iioukler-clay are wiilc-sprcad stratified deposits, the I »i'iio,«it!< 
 
 , . , . i • II • • • ... . uviM-lyiiiR 
 
 ilistriiiution ot which assists materially in giving unitormity to the ijuuldLT-ulay. 
 (nuts of level plain. It is, indeed, quite exceptional to find the surface 
 siiil consisting of boulder-chw disintegrated in place, and thisoccurs only 
 on the slopes of jilateaus, or in hollows formed 1)3' denudation. That 
 tlio beds overlying the lioiilder-clay have not been merely formed by its 
 rearrangement in water without the addition of now material, is indi- 
 cated by the fact that in many places erratics much larger than those 
 eliararteri/.ing the boulder-clay of the locality are found strewn o.'or 
 t!io surface of the country. The beds observed in river sections and 
 olsewhere to overlie the boulder-cla}'' are generally gravels or sands 
 below and samly or clayey loams above. The latter form the subsoil 
 over most of the region, and aie generally rather pale brownish- or 
 yellowish-grey in colour. 
 
 AloiiiT the base of the Eockv ^lountains, moraines, in a more or loss Mnniinop 
 ilei'Tiided condition, are abundant, and evidently due to considerable local ''','"" ''""iiler- 
 glaciers whiidi debouche<l from the present valleys of the range. The 
 material of tiiose moraines, when seen in section, differs considerably from 
 the lioulder-clay proper, not only in the fact that the included fragments 
 me entirely of llocky Mountain, or local origin, but in its greater degree 
 of hardness, the greatei- roughness and angularity of the stones, and so 
 tar as observed the complete absence of bedding. 
 
 On the Waterton River, moraine material of this kind was first seen .Moraines near 
 about ten miles from the base of the mountains. West of the river, for "' '"""" "'"^' 
 some miles below the lake, u ridge which has evidently been a lateral 
 moraine of the Waterton Lake glacier, occurs; and several hills of the 
 same character, with largo blocks derived from the mountains protrud- 
 ing from and scattered over them, are found about the lower end of the 
 lake and ( )pposite the valley of the South Kootanie Pass. For about thirty 
 miles northward along the base of the range, moraines are of constant 
 oeeurreiice, and can easily be recognized owing to the sparsely wooded 
 cliaraeter of the foot.-hill belt in this region. Each little valley now 
 i^iving issue to a brook, has formerly contained a glacier, and the old 
 lateral moraines, sometimes still very well preserved, run off from the 
 Liaso of the mountains like spurs. 
 
 The Bow River valley, in correspondence with the large area ofBowvaliey 
 mountains tributaiy to it, appears to have held a glacier of larger size 
 than any elsewhere originating in the mountains in this district. In 
 several places some miles up the pass the rocks bear traces of heavy 
 10 
 
 •J 
 
140 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TEIIKITDRV. 
 
 0A«90N,] 
 
 Termoos ami 
 
 Sliini's ol' 
 onudatiiiii. 
 
 Highest 
 terraces. 
 
 glaciation, and at " tho Gap " tho limestone is deeply /grooved and fliitccl 
 by the passage of ice. Near and above Moi-loy, poi-tions ot latiMiil 
 moraines of this glacier piojeet through terraces of latei- date as ridges, 
 parallel to the direction of the valley. 
 
 Between Morley and Calgarj' on the Jiow, a deposit more closclv 
 resemliling lpouldcr-clay than true morainic matter was observed in 
 several places, but tlie stones in it are entirely those of the mountains 
 or sandstone blocks from the underlying beds. 
 
 TciTaees are prominent features in some parts of the river-valleys in 
 this district, but are generally clearly due to tho acti(m of the river itself 
 at a foi-mer jieriod. Tho extensive tracts of almost perfectly level 
 prairie which occur, atfoi-d evidence of water action of some dui-alion, 
 and may be regai'ded as wide terraces. Tho eastern face of the Porcu- 
 pine Hills appears fi-om a distance to be very distinctly terraced, but 
 this aspect was found to bo due to tho outcrop of tho iicai'lj' horizontal 
 sandstone beds. On approaching tho mountains, however, true terraces 
 of a more signiticaut character present themselves in manj' jilaces. 
 Terraces in the entrance to tho South Kootanie Pass at a height of 
 about 4,400 feet liave already been dcsci-ibed in my Boundary Coinniis- 
 sion report. In the valleys of Mill and Pincher Creeks, and tliose of the 
 Forks of tho Old Man, east of tho actual base of the mountains, wide toi-- 
 racos and terrace-flats are found, stretching out from the ridges of the 
 foothills, and running up tho valleys of the various streams. Actual 
 gravelly beaches occasicmally mark thojunetion of the terraces with the 
 bounding slopes, and they have no connection with tho present 
 streams, which cut through them. The level varies in ditfei-ont local- 
 ities, but the highest observed as well characterized attains an eleva- 
 tion of about 4,200 foot. 
 
 In the Bow Valley near Morley, and thence to the foot of the 
 mountains, similar ton-aces are found which are quite independent of 
 tho modci'u river ; and in tho wide mouth of the valley of tho Kan- 
 anaskis Pass a scries of terraces were seen from a distance, which 
 must rise to an elevation of at least 4,500 foot. 
 Terraces in tho l" the Bow and Crow Nost Passes, within the first range of the 
 mountains. mountains, terraces are in many places well developed, but as local 
 conditions, such as the stoppage of those valleys by transverse glaciers, 
 may account for the existence of water at the elevations tho}^ mark, 
 thev do not possess so much interest as those above described. 
 
 Tho occurrence of Laurentian and Huronian fragments in vast num- 
 bers as erratics over the district now described, at such a great distance 
 from the nearest points of outcrop of the parent rock, and at elevations 
 Western limit. SO considerable, is a matter of much interest. The western limit of the 
 Laurentian and Huronian drift may be said to reach the base of the 
 
 Tcrrnoes in 
 Bow Valley. 
 
 Tjaiirentlannnd 
 
 Huronian 
 
 boulders. 
 
 Horky Mount! 
 
 these rocks W( 
 
 lake, within tl 
 
 at an eievatioi 
 
 Old Man, Laui 
 
 the mill on Mi 
 
 tiaii lioulder w 
 
 loading to tho ( 
 
 Iio\v(!Ver, obsor 
 
 and it is probal 
 
 ly the higher 
 
 baiirentian oi- . 
 
 afler their first 
 
 the height of tl 
 
 western limit o 
 
 contour-line of 
 
 South of the 
 
 Benton, on tho 
 
 thickly strewn ■ 
 
 the stones were 
 
 and doubtless oi 
 
 ill laigor or i 
 
 Lanientian rock 
 
 the highest port 
 
 however, partici 
 
 granite boiildoi-s 
 
 quartz, which I 
 
 <lerived from so 
 
 •Marias tho condi 
 
 iJentical with t 
 
 rejtoi't, 
 
 III this entire 
 Laurentian and ; 
 tains, which do i 
 ijchists. 
 
 The actual hoi 
 found are in som 
 cases may be not 
 within fifty feet, 
 i'i'.ii:ular baromet 
 kindly supplied I 
 forming the sout 
 crossed by the ro 
 
0»*90N.] 
 
 SlIPKBFIOIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 Ulc 
 
 l!iul<3' Mountains, in the vicinity of the 49th parallel, for fraj^nientH of 
 iIr'si' I'ot'kH wore found on the Watorton J{ivei- two miles bolow the 
 lal<t\ within three miles of the actual edji^c of the Pala-ozoic rocks, and 
 at iiii elevation of 4,200 feet. Northward, on the head waters of the 
 Old Man, Laurentian drift is found, though sparingly, as far west as 
 the mill on Mill Creek, at a height of 3,800 feet, and a single Lauren- 
 tian liouldor was seen aliouthalf u mile west of (Jar-nett's, near the trail 
 loading to the Crow Nest Pass, ata lieight of ai)Out 4,200 1'eet. 1 did not, 
 however, observe any Laurentian drifton the North Fork of the Old Man, 
 and it is proi)able that it is absent or nearly so in the district sheltered 
 hv the higher parts of the Torcupino Hills. On the Bow Iliver no 
 banroMtian or liuronian erratics were seen west of Calgary, and oven 
 afior their first appearance they are very scarce for some distance. As 
 the height of the Bow River at this point is only about 3,300 feet, the 
 western limit of the Laurentian drift cannot eonfoi'm strictly to any 
 (ontoiirdine of the present surface of the country. 
 South of the 49th parallel, the country travelled over fi-om Fort? •rift <i«p<''<its 
 
 ^ ' *' 111 iiorllieni 
 
 Benton, on the Missouri, by the MacLeod trail, is all more or lessMnntaiia. 
 thiekly strewn with Laurentian erratics. South of the Marias River, 
 the stones were observed to be chiefly quartzites of varying colours 
 and doubtless of Eocky Mountain origin, but with those are mingled 
 in larger or smaller proportion, granitic, gneissic and schistose 
 Lanreutian rocks, and these occur equally in the river-valleys and on 
 the highest portions of the plains crossed by the trail. There is also, 
 however, particularly in the vicinity of the Missouri, a proportion of 
 giaidte boulders witli tlosh-purplo felspar and bluish, rather opalescent 
 quartz, which I did not recognise as Laurentian, and which may be 
 derived from some not far remote mountain region. North of the 
 Marias the conditions continue similar, and are, in fact, practically 
 identical with those of the region more especially treated in this 
 repoi't. 
 
 In this entire district there is no jiossibility of confounding theNocrjistaiiine 
 Laurentian and Huronian erratics with those from the Rocky Moun-mountahis" 
 tains, which do not afford any granitic or gneissic rocks or crystalline 
 i^chists. 
 
 The actual heights at which Laurentian and Huronian erratics are Great elevation 
 found are in some instances very great. A few of the more striking ;|J,,ni',IroniaS 
 oases may be noted. The heights given are probably ti-ustworthj' to *''''"'"^'' 
 within fifty feet, having been worked out by comparison with the 
 roii'ular barometric observations at Fort Benton, which have been 
 kindly supplied by General Hazen. — At the summit of the high .ridge 
 forming the southern continuation of the Porcupine Hills, which is 
 onjssed by the road between Fort MacLeod and Pincher Creek at an 
 
 m 
 
148 
 
 NOllTII-WEST TKRRITOUY. 
 
 |i 
 
 oloviition ()(' 4, .'{DO loot, LivurciitiiiM Htonos wi'i-o touixl, lli(»Ui;li ii,,| 
 iibiiiidaiit. In IHSU sovonil iii(liil)itublo Liuiroiiliiui bouldoi's, rcpicNiiii- 
 iiiu; tiircio variclii's of fi;raiiiti(! uiul ^ncissic locks, woiv I'oiiikI iilmin 
 twoiitv miles north ot'tho 4!Hli |iar!ilU'l, at an olovation of 'i.'JSo ici. 
 Tlioy ofciir on tho summit of a liii^li fiii^o, which is cvidonih <i\' 
 morainic orii^in, within u fow milos of tho I'ala'ozoic rocks nf il,o 
 mountains, iiut for the reasons olsosvhcro i^ivon they can not iiiivc 
 been derived from these niiiiiiilains, and their oriii-in must he MHinlu 
 witli that of those so numerous at lower levels, to tho oast or iKirtJi- 
 cast. This is the highest i)oint at which Laurentian houldcrs Imvc 
 been fnund in the district. Numoi'oiis similar erratics are found un 
 tluUiiyh coiinti-y near tho .Milk Jliver, and bi'tweun that slroam and 
 tho St. .\[ar3- Kivor, ahout the inlerHCCtion of tho VMh parallel mihI 
 lliUli meridian, at an elevation of about 4.-00 feet. 
 N.Miiiir (in A few miles south of tho 4!>th pai'allel, on tin; MacLood-Henton Iniil 
 
 siinunil 111 1 ' 
 
 Ijdckv SpiiiK.' (he liocky Si)rinii; idatoau iserossed. The south-eastward tVont is a slwn 
 
 PlutCllll. .1.-11 I 
 
 escarpment faciiii^ a eomparalivi'ly low j)lain. and is very thickly sircwii 
 with Laurentian and llui-onian erratics as though it had at one periml 
 constituted a shore-lino. Xorthward, the plateau slopes fpraduallydnwu 
 from its,a;roatest elevation of4,l7t) foot. The hif^'hest point of the |)lalciiii. 
 crossed by tho trail, is. for a mile oi- moro, (|ulte without drift deposits 
 or erratics. i)ut before any considorablo descent is made to tho norlh, 
 erratics become abundant, though not large, and much resemble the 
 roniain.s of an old boacli deposit. Tho lioight of tho Laurentian diil'i 
 horo is about 4,100 foot. From other ohsorvations it is certain lliai 
 this elevation does not constitute tho limit in height of the liaurcMliiiii 
 material, and it seems possihlo that tlio summit of this plateau was occu- 
 pied by a snow-field during glacial times which prevented tho accunui- 
 lation of tho do])08ilH elsewhere found. 
 ji.,,,.i,,j,,^ ,,ii Tho Three IJuttes, forming isolated high summits in the centre of n 
 
 tliniks (it Swuet ^yj(]^> pijii,, (,HVi. peculiar facilities for tho determination of the higlio.-i 
 points attained by the glaciating agent and Laurentian erriitics. 
 Much more time might profitably bo employed in tho investigatinn of 
 the facts here than 1 was able to spare. In 1881 an e.Kamination ofllio 
 westei-n flanks of the West Butte, howovei-, ]»roved that Laurciitimi 
 houldcrs of small si/.o, with cream-coloured limestone resembling tlmt 
 of the Winnipeg basin, are ahundant at an elevation of 4,(500 feet, while 
 the highest observed Laui-entian fragments attained Ji height si.xty foot 
 greater. 
 
 Very large boulders were noted in a few places in the district. .V 
 remarkable grou]) of these, composed of Huronian quart/.ilcs, occuis 
 near tho lower part of the Watcrton Eivcr, and it is notable generally 
 that some of the heaviest boulders are found not far from the weslorn 
 
 Occiisiiuml 
 itrcut sizi' uf 
 bmililciv. 
 

 f- 
 
 X 
 
 -f, 
 
 X 
 
 •Hi 
 
 •^ 
 « 
 
 Q 
 
 m 
 
 ^It 
 
OAWI.ON.] 
 
 liiiiil lA' lliu Laii 
 4:' X 40X20 loot 
 
 III >t 1)0 hotwi'oi 
 tHiMt'i's ol' tho ( 
 ,'|iivssi()n, cauM 
 
 lorii (jiiito sinof 
 
 I'OIll. 
 
 While tho mail 
 f'oot-liillH and 1.' 
 
 fusion, tho ^or 
 ,)im's sooms to h 
 (wiiii'ii umior an 
 ot tlio ^'lacial pc 
 liiiols occupying 
 'iitiro absonco o 
 i;enoial intVociuo 
 tilt' eastern porti 
 since tlie glacial 
 .sidi'i'ably ioworec 
 and their compai 
 <lno only to tiio j 
 times. 
 
 Theoretical coi 
 
 have, as far as pc 
 
 the facts. Apart 
 
 evident that it hi 
 
 or south-westwai- 
 
 of the Great Plai 
 
 quantities of Lau 
 
 oft!ie4inh parall 
 
 distant from the : 
 
 tion more than t 
 
 Lam'cntian area. 
 
 tain that we must 
 
 relatively to the 1 
 
 I liave elsewhere 
 
 some length the q 
 
 for the facts, it i 
 
 Two theories onl; 
 
 glacier, occupjnn^ 
 
 tho Ilndson's Cay 
 
 Kocky Mountains 
 
OIOION.] 
 
 Hni'EKI''ICIAJi DEIMIMITS. 
 
 149 
 
 liiiiil ot'tho Lauroiitiaii und Iluroniaii <lfit't. Ono of tlieno orratirs in 
 U'XK>X-<> foot, a HiH'oiitl 4(IX3<tX--. iiiul liolh aro partly Imriotl in 
 ' I' soil. Till' liini^lit oriliis point was not exactly liotcfniincij, l)iit 
 iiist lio Ipotwt'i'ii i{,200 anil ■'{,.■{(»() tool. In coninion with all tlio lander 
 (Mildors of tlio tlistriot thi'MO arc Hiirroiindod liy a shallow Haucordiko 
 ,'prossion, caUMcd Ity tho pawing of till' ImtValo, and tluir ani;los aro 
 iiirii ([iiito smooth and glossy by tho rublnnji^ of those animals njion 
 I't'iii. 
 
 Whilo tho main rivor-valloys whether on (ho area of the plains or in tho ,'i'','|^',„f|',"|',li'' 
 tool hills and Porcupine Hills, ovidonce very considorablo post-glacial 
 in>i(in, tho general sin-face of tho plain country cast of tho i'orcu- 
 , lilies seems to have sutl'erod very little in this respect since the waters, 
 (which under any hypothesis must have eovored it at least at tho close 
 (it the glacial period), left its surface. In the numerous laUes and 
 |i(M)|s (iccupying shallow depressions and without delinod outlet, in the 
 ■iitire absence over considerable areas of drainage channels, and their 
 i,'eiii)ial infretiuoncy, evidence appears to bo given that tho rainfall of 
 the (iistorn portion of tho district has been continuously very small 
 siiuo tho glacial period. Wherever tho surface has locally been con- 
 siiji'iably lowered by denudation, groat numbers of boulders appear, 
 anil their comparative rarity over great portions of tho plains can bo 
 line (inly to tho persistence of the tinor surface covering since glacial 
 times. 
 
 Theoretical conclusions as to the mode of glaciation of this district Mode of 
 liiive, as tiir as possible, been excluded fi-om the foregoing summary of tiir Gioa" " 
 the facts. Apart from tho local glaciers of tho Eocky Mountains, it is 
 evident that it has been accomplisheil by some agent moving westward 
 (ir south-westward from tho Laurontian axis which bounds tho region 
 of the Great Plains to the east. Tins agent has carried with it great 
 quantities of Laurentian and fluronian material, which in tho vicinity 
 of the 4!tth parallel roaches at its extreme limit a point over 700 miles 
 distant from the nearest exposures of the parent rock, and to an elovjv- 
 tion more than twice as great as that attained by any part of the 
 Laurentian area. To explain this latter fact it seems now .ilmost cer- 
 tain liiat we must assume that the western region was, in glacial times, 
 relatively to the Laui'cntian area more depressed than at present. As 
 I have elsewhere, in the publications before refen-ed to, discussed at 
 some length the question whether a glacier or floating ice best accounts 
 for tho facts, it is not here proposed to recapitulate tho arguments. 
 T\v(i theories only, however, seem tenable. Etilier a great confluent 
 glacier, occupj'ing the Laurentian highlands oi- passing over them fi-om 
 the Hudson's Bay region, stretched continuously to the slopes of the 
 Eocky Mountains, or such a glacier, extending but a limited distance 
 
 IMiiiiis. 
 
150 
 
 NORTII-WKST TKimiTORV. 
 
 tiArfV.sDN ] 
 
 mm tlH'sd 
 
 hiifhl 
 
 III u 
 
 rrc 
 
 iliiiiil 
 it. iiil:iii<l 
 
 HiiiiplitMl iiinnorous ;iii(l in;issivo ic< 
 
 • licrir 
 
 ;>< Wlllrli 
 
 >t'ii occiiiiyiiit 
 
 tlio 
 
 prosoiil [Kisilioii of l||i 
 
 SikimIiciiihi' 
 M .1 
 
 I'MirLi;;!' 
 
 I'lmiiiu'l.- 
 
 lloutci I 
 pliiiiis. 
 'I I slill liclifvo IliMl (lie liiltor Nii|)|»)siti(/M liosl iiccoiiiit-s lor llic linl-,!,!' 
 
 nriiicr 
 
 llir ylju'iiilioii iiiul L!,lii('i;il (U'])osi(s ot'tlio phiiiis. I would, liowcvt'r, 
 oiil, one cii'dimsljinci' wliicli siHMiis (o mivc soiiii> coltdir lo tlic t 
 
 y\ 
 
 >lli 
 
 ollic; 
 
 T 
 
 Il- 
 
 ls the i^xisU>ii('»( ol'ii iiiiiiiliiM' of wido, old, :ili:iii 
 
 (' f.'ii'ricil 
 
 Wiilci-cliMiiiicls, wliicli iiiiiy lie .siipposcd liy Miis theory to liiiv 
 
 the di;iiii;i;j,(> of llic coiiiily, Jiinl Wilier |irodiic('d liy I'lc nuill in;;- of 
 
 i^rcal yl.'icH'r ol Ilic kiiid iiiipliod, roiim 
 
 its front Ml dil 
 
 creiif |u'iii 
 
 its r(!trt'!il. Tlic exist ciii'i* of tlu'se 1 :iiii iiiiiilile otiierwise siilistiicloiiK' 
 
 to e\'iil;iiii, except on I lie 
 
 ■iitioii of eoiisi(ler;ilil(^ relative elian 
 
 of 
 
 t ditVereiit parts of tiie dislrici in post-iilaeial liiii 
 
 Mr 
 
 ilU 
 
 ()r<M( rniilc 
 
 Warren I pliaiii has latel}' traeed a niiinher of siieli cliaiinelsin l>ak 
 (hypollietieally exteiidin-^' his reasoniiiii; also to wesloni Maiiitnli;i i, 
 Hir wliieh lie aeeoimts liy the tirst-nienl ioiied or i;reat-if|aeier Iheoi'V. 
 
 In the southern |iail of the district of the present report, ami |i;ii' 
 ti<ularly in the country south of the Molly liiver, i;reat old channels nl' 
 the kind ahovo iH'lerreil to .are displa}'ed in a very striUinir inaiiin'i- in 
 X'erdii^ris, Ml/.i-koni, l'ri-lv( 
 Tl 
 
 lese resenihle old river-vallevs loiiir disiisei 
 
 )W-I 
 
 and Chin (,oulees and their Irihiilai 
 
 di 
 
 d and 
 
 now earrviiiL li 
 
 iiriKMi. 
 
 Illo 
 
 Tlii'ir |iini,iiiiii> oi' no water. 1 am inclined to rei;-ard lliem as .a portion of the eai-rH'-l 
 (Iraiiiii^^'e system of the plains, outlined at the liiiit^ at which the watcis 
 which dislrihiited tlio stral ilied materials overlyinji; tluMioiilder cliiys 
 first .suhsided, ami when the lainliill of the ret;'ioii was considerulily 
 ii'rea'iM' than at present. 'That these tirst, channels havi^ not, in the piii- 
 
 ticiilar part of the rcijjion now referre(l to, continued to he th(MlraiiiaL,'i'- 
 channels of the country, i.s piM'liaps in part iliio to the iniieh ii:realcr 
 depth and imporlancc^ rapidly attained hy tJm valleys carryint;' copioii.s 
 and ])ereniiial streams dcii'ivcd from tlu^ inoiinlains. In the entire 
 ohiiteratioii of the orij.i;inal soul li-easi ward slopes of l-ho valleys nt' 
 V^M'iliii.-ris and I'fi-kow-kl CouUH's, and other poeiiliiir circiimstaiicis 
 referred to, in a pnnious |)art of this report (p. lie) in connc'liiui wiili 
 their present aspt? 
 
 )f Mi 
 
 lii 
 
 ill 
 
 Ivor, as well as in st^veral loca 
 
 I <|rl:iiU 
 
 iH'spei 
 
 tiiiii' tlu> relations of tlio i»ros(Mit draiiiaii'(^ and the old cli.iii 
 
 (JrrntiT 
 
 "(-kIii 
 
 WO appear to tiiid evidonoo of a irroatcr amount of elevation of \U< 
 
 ii 
 
 cli'viilioii lo Ihi' 
 
 .-UMlh. 
 
 HO 
 
 iilherii as coinpaiod with the northern pari of the dislrici. ■'■ Si 
 
 till' 
 
 IIS it has atl'ocled these old drainai;-e ('hannols this iniisl have octiiiri'il 
 
 mil iiias' have lieiai a coiitinii:il:<'ii 
 
 in immediately post iilacial tim 
 
 of the same process which has i .iltiid in the prestMit much !.;rc,(l('r 
 
 oU'vatioii of erratics in tlii; souI1um:i as compaiHid with tlu! iioiilicin 
 part of the reii;ioii. 
 
 *Si'r iiImi (mm.Iokv imki KcMcurci'.-i of lliu I'.Hli I'nriiltrl, |i. ail. 
 
 I 'lllc.ss oxpl 
 |ii'ri(id, sili'li ;i 
 Miiil that iK'ai 
 ever the rei;-i 
 i'Ni>lenco of 
 ic;;inn (() f(.||,| 
 
 dial such u-|;,,. 
 
 il "UMJd ••ll.so p 
 lclllpi>|';niii.(y 
 
 '"id liaiiroiitiii 
 iiioiintains hai 
 'li-'pcrsioii of I 
 'ii--liM<'l nioi'.'iii 
 That the eio 
 "I' llie pl.'iins, V 
 
 M'lNls ;i rciisoui 
 
 an li,\ poih,..siH, 
 l"'iildor-(day o| 
 
 ill' Slljipo.scd III 
 
 I'videnecs of (r 
 
 I'll'c.'llilli;- ('(jn', 
 
 |'"iisideraMo. 
 l'i'r()onjj,j,,„. .^ 
 
 I'loxiiiijilely ii( 
 \vcre lornied. 
 •■ij''!'' ;il which 
 miles in ;i dire( 
 aiiiive liio riv,.|' 
 'II'' latter. oiKi 
 I'll' mile in adi 
 I'l' assumed jis 
 a uIkiIc. 
 
 The elevatioi 
 is :iii(iiil ninety 
 "II III.' s.anie liii 
 I" llial of the ri 
 I h u-realer II 
 
 Tlie r'ale of f; 
 ■iii'l its mouth, I 
 i"^ llial of its iic 
 H'cl In (he mile 
 'III' iiile-calalei 
 l'''''l to the mile 
 
M 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 SUl'KRI'lCIAI, DKl'OSITH. 
 
 151 n 
 
 rnli'ss o\'|iliiiiu'(l l)y roliitivo (litl'croMcos ill '^ vcl diirini;- tlio i^^laciiil 
 iliovo siinjfosttMl, Ik'Iwihii tlio IJow Kivt'r cniiiitry 
 
 iiciiiiil .such IIS lli()s»> :i 
 
 mill 
 
 lliiil. iK^iir Mu) l!t(li |)iii"illcl, till! iilist'iH'i^ ol rjiuiroiitiiiii ui-fiitics. 
 
 ll 
 
 If i-('ii;ioii \V('s( of C'iili^iiry fiiu only I'O .•iccn 
 
 imti'il t't'i- liy tlu^ 
 ll 
 
 (•\i>U'iH'o of K'dcky Mouiiluiii n'liiciors <i|' suHicicnl s\/.r in tins 
 
 ii;;i(Hi (o lend oil' (he oasltwii i;liU'iiiliiin' iin'i'iil. ll is iiol iiii|iioli;iliU) 
 
 ihal siicli i;liici('i's ohliiiiifd, iiiid il'tlicy ciiii lie Toxcd lo Iiiim- oxisli^d, 
 
 il would iilso prove, in tlu; most, coiiviiiciiin' Wiiy, (iu" !i|»|)r(>\ini;i(u cim- 
 
 liiii|M.i"iiru'ly ol'iicliDii o|' (lie L;l;ici:itiiii;- ;iii,('iilsol llm l{o(diy Moiintiiiiis 
 
 :iiid liJiuroiitiiiii rui^ioii. ll is cfrlaiii, lio\V(n'(>r, lliiil llio i;l:Hi('rs ol' llio 
 
 iiioiiiilains had soiiu'what diH-i'cascd holoi-c al Icasl. Ilic liiial |t(!riod of 
 
 (li-~|K'i-sioii of Laiirciiliaii erralics, |oi- Ihcsd havK Ikhmi IoiukI ovta'iyiiii; 
 
 (li^>liiicl iiiofaiiiic inati'iial of l{o(d<y Moiiiilaiii oi'i!j,iM. 
 
 Thai IIm' (ihu-alidii of Ihc vvosloni as fompart'd with Ihc eastern pari I'l""!'"''.^"''"' 
 
 I ' iipiiti 111 
 
 111' (he plains, wan relatively niiicli less in glacial times than ill present, ».siini rfKimi 
 M'liiis a I'easonalih' sii|i|)osil ion, Iml must he rei;anled no lonL!,er as merely 
 an iiypiilhesis, for the posilion of tln^ iiiiei;;lacial material.s in the 
 li"iilder-(day oilers !i St rcMii;- positive ary.iiment in its favour, it niii.sl, 
 111' supposed Ihat these hods, from llunr finely slralilied eharaeter ami 
 (•\ iileiuM s of lram|uil deposit, were laid down, not aloii^' I he ii;radiially 
 icli'ealini;- e(|H(. of ji jjiji,,^ lull i,, t.|ie hottom, and at depths not very I'Iiimc> oi 
 
 • I 11 flit • t • I II • it ..iiilcrKhn'iiil 
 
 rciiisuleralilo. I Ins liiunn- the ease, the deposits n'lve us the imtaiis ol ,i,.|Mi.-.iis. 
 ircdnnizini;- a siirfaei^ - Ihat^ ol the lake hottom — which was at least. 
 |irnxiniatii|y hori'/ontal during' Ihe inler<;lacial pcM'ioil at which they 
 were formed, {'"rom Wolflsluiul lo("oal HaiiUs, the two points furthest 
 a|i;irl al wiiicli the deposits wiM-e ohst'rvi'd, is a<iistaiico of forty-live 
 miles in a direct lint, on a hearini;- of ahoiil S. 7t>' W. The liei,i!,lit 
 aliovc I he river of the deposits at the former locality is sovenly ibid, at 
 llic latter, one huiidredand li\c feel, n'iviiiij a slope east wai'd of 0'77 li'ot 
 |iir iiiile ill addition to that of the pri\si'nt river hed. The latter may 
 III' assumed as indiealiiii;- that of tln^ present surlhc(> of the coiinlr}', as 
 a whole. 
 
 Tlie ('leva I ion of t..*' heils in the inlermi'diate Drift -wood heiid .section 
 is .'ihout iiiiiety-six fee;, hut I lie locality is only ■.hoiitsi.x miles westward 
 nil 111. I same line, and the rt'siillinu; slopii per mile is i;t feel, in addition 
 III Ihal of llio river, in the same easterly direct iiui, a rale of fall locally 
 iiiiiih i^realer than tli.-it ahove determined t'oi- the whole ilislance. 
 
 The rale of fall of the iielly IJiver, hy its I'ourse, hetw cen ( 'oal ii.inUs 
 and ils mouth, isti'S ftu'l to the mile, hut on the line ahove deliiied (which 
 is that <if ils trenoral direction) helweon VvOlf Island and ('oal liaiiU, 12 
 It'll III ihe mile. Addiiiji; the t;eiieral Hlo|)e previously aseerlained for 
 till' iiilc'calaled heds, we find liieir eastward inclination to li(> i2"77 
 I'cot lo the milo. 
 
152 r 
 
 NORTH-WEST TKRUITOHY. 
 
 Ooiiprai cisi- The "'eiicral oastwunl slope of the plains ti-om the base of the iiKiiin- 
 ])iaiiisiii(Miii.i(i tains to tliat ol tiic liauventian ref^ion at J^akc \\ innipoif is about o t't'oi 
 
 HI |ii>st-Kliici:il 
 times 
 
 plaCLT KdUl. 
 
 to the luilo, but tbc elevation increases more ra])i(ny westward 
 and in the region now considered; and if the intei'calatcd beds referred 
 to were again brought back to horizontality, the plains betw.een tlio 
 moutli of the Belly IJivor and Coal Hanks would become nearly hori- 
 zontal also.* 
 DisfriimtiMii (if Besides tho ctt'cct of the "ilaciation of the country on its soils and 
 general features, a further result of economic importance in coiiiicctinn 
 with this ])eriod is the distribution of gold. Di-. Selwyn in IST-tj- 
 expressed the belief, based on an examination of the country new 
 Edmonton, that the gold found in the rivers of the Great Plains has 
 been derived from th" Laurentian and lluronian region to the east, 
 and not from the Rockj- Mountains. The facts met with in the district 
 now reported on conclusively prove the correctness of the above state- 
 ment. In favourable spots on all the streams of which the banks and 
 beds show abundance of Laurentian ami lluronian drift, fine gold nuiy 
 be obtiiiicd, while be^'ond the edge of this drift in the immediate 
 vicinity of the mountains, 1 have never been able to detect a " colour." 
 It would be premature to state positively that none of the streams 
 in the mountains yield' gold. It is possible that local auriferous 
 deposits may occur, though' from the nature of the rocks so far observed 
 in the eastern ranges, not very probable. The general auriferous 
 character of the rivers (,f the plains depends, however, on the distri- 
 bution of gold, usuallj' in a very tine state, which has been derivL'd 
 from the old crystalline rocks of the Laurentian and lluronian. In 
 the Bow and Beily district no s^'stematie attempt has yet been made 
 to work the i)lacer dc2iosits on the rivers. 
 
 • In the region west of the Missouri, the present inelinec! position of the I'liocene bods shows 
 that since tlie time of llieir disposition that part of tlie region in Iho vicinity of the Uoeky 
 Mountains lias been greatly elevated. It may \vcll be tlnit the eastward slope of t lie portion of 
 the plains here treated of may have been produced as ii result of the saiue tireat movement, ami 
 if so the facts above recorded would assign it a date suhscciuent to that of the glacial perioil. 
 
 t lleport of I'rogress, 177.'i-71, p. M. 
 
 The following li 
 Canadian Pacific Ii 
 ing this re])ort : — 
 
 South Saskati 
 
 Stair 
 
 ]5o\vell 
 
 Sntlioid 
 
 Lini<revin — 
 Kiuinvio • . .. 
 
 Tilley 
 
 Haiitry 
 
 <'assils 
 
 Soiithesk .. 
 Latliom .... 
 I?assaiio .... 
 Crowfoot . . , 
 
 Cluny 
 
 Ciloicdion. .. 
 
 Naniaka... 
 
 St rat li more .. 
 
 <'lioailIo ... 
 
 Laiiirdon . . 
 
 Sliejihard. . 
 
 <'aljrary ... 
 
 (liivei 
 K(uth 
 
 <Vichrane . . . 
 
 Radnor 
 
 .M.irloy 
 
 Kanaiiaskis 
 
 How Kivor— W 
 
 tains (" Tl 
 
APPENDIX 1. 
 
 LIST OF'' ELEVATIONS. 
 
 riio (bllowinj:; list c'om2)rise8 the Htations on the portion of Iho 
 
 • 'anailiaii Pacific Railway within the limits of tho map accompany- 
 iiiiT this report : — 
 
 FBOT AHOVH 
 SEA I.EVHL. 
 
 South Saskatcliowan River at Modicino Hat 2,101 
 
 Stair 2,403 
 
 ]?owoll 2,559 
 
 Sntliold 2,431 
 
 Langevin 2,471 
 
 Kininvie 2,405 
 
 'I'illey 2,438 
 
 Baiitry 2,44!» 
 
 CassiLs 2,403 
 
 Soiitliesk 2,477 
 
 l.athom 2,534 
 
 Hassano 2,503 
 
 Crowfoot 2,072 
 
 (Croek) 2,715 
 
 Cluny 2,823 
 
 Glcidion 2,920 
 
 Xaniaka 2,945 
 
 Strathmoro 3,005 
 
 < 'lioaillo 3,105 
 
 ]-aiiv'«lon 3,208 
 
 Slioi)liard 3,344 
 
 < iilgary 3,388 
 
 (River level) 3,306 
 
 K(uth 3,522 
 
 < Vichrano 3,712 
 
 Radnor , 3,825 
 
 •Morley 4,032 
 
 Kananaski.s 4,170 
 
 Bow Rivor — Water level at point of issue from the moun- 
 tains ("Tho Gap") 4,100 
 
154 c 
 
 NORTII-WBST TEIlUtTOUy. 
 
 E»*SON J 
 
 Elevations Hakomktrioali.v Determined. 
 
 Tlio olovations of (lio following points liavo hocn dotorinined with 
 some accuracy by one or more scloctod i-eaclin^s of aneroid buiometor 
 conipai-cd with the regular observations of the mercurial baromctt'i' n\ 
 Fort Benton, corrected by interpolation to correspond with the lioiir 
 at which each of the aneroid readings was made. The huightof tlu' 
 observing |)oint at Benton is taken at 2,'700 feet. 1 am intlebttxl to 
 General W. .15. llazen, Chief Signal OlHcer, IT..S.A., for a co|)y n\ liie 
 obsen-ations at Fort Benton. 
 
 Principal Elevations Barometricalli/ Determined, 1881. 
 
 MacLeod-Bcnton Trail. 
 
 Kioirr Aiif)\ i; 
 
 aioA 1,10V HI,. 
 
 Plain N. of .Marias b'., ^fontaiia ;>,0(I7 
 
 Plain inuneiiiatoly .S. of R(ici<y Spring IMatoau M.li'Ji' 
 
 Camp at sprinj;, Rocky Sprinfj; riatcau U.d.Ml 
 
 Siiinniit of" l\orky Spriii;_' Plateau KlVd 
 
 C'aiiii) at Kcd C'niek ( "rossin^; (wator-lovol) ;),.")4'.> 
 
 Milk Kiver Crossing (water-level) ;i,r)4(i 
 
 Lake at i)-Milo Butte ;i,.J14 
 
 Ed. Mahan's ( 'ouU'c. (water-level) 3,44!l 
 
 Lake at 15-Mile Butte 3,082 
 
 " Coal Banks," Bolly Kiver (water-level) 2,717 
 
 Fort -MacLeiid (water-level) o.O'Jti 
 
 Contluence Bow and Belly liivers (water level) 2,L'12 
 
 Camp, prairie 4 m. W. of Seven Persons' K., !) in. N. of 
 
 Cypress Trail 2,(i4(l 
 
 Seven Persons' Jiiver, trail-crossinj; (water-level) 2,()7;5 
 
 Plain 10 m. S. of Crossin<:, loii^'. 111° 2,()7(i 
 
 Crest of ridiie \. of L. Pa-kow-ki, lonjr. Ill " 2,811 
 
 Lake Pa-kow-ki (water-level) 2,735 
 
 IVIilk R. at Pa-kow-ki Coulto (water-level) 2,81<1 
 
 Flank of W. Bntt(\ (Laurentian drift abundant) 4,(101 
 
 " " " (hijilicst observed Laurentian drift) 4,0(12 
 
 !Milk R. at Verdigris Coulee (water-level) 3,0()5 
 
 :Milk R. 20 in. W. of MacLeod-Benton trail-ciossint; 
 
 (water-levol) 3,720 
 
 ]Milk K. 1 m. N. of 40th parallel, long. 113° (water-level) 4,173 
 
 Camp at two lakes 5 m. W. of above point 4,110 
 
 St. Mary R. m. N. of 40tli parallel (water level) 3,850 
 
 Waterton R. near mouth (water-level) 3,21 7 
 
 Waterton Lake 4,24C> 
 
 S. Brandi I)r 
 Southern strc 
 
 edge of 1 
 Mill on Mill I 
 Kootauio ]5rc 
 E. base of Su 
 Sumnnt of S. 
 Summit of jx 
 ( 'algary 'f rai- 
 Ilighwdotl R, 
 Black foot Crr 
 Middle, Fork ^ 
 
 Un^el)... 
 (-'row Nest Lj 
 Summit C'rf)\ 
 Camp I! 111. ^^ 
 Camj) \V, bafc 
 
 N. Fork ( 
 N. Fork Old 
 
 level) . . . 
 Little Bow at 
 
 level). .. 
 ( 'amp summi 
 Lake in Siiak 
 Camp near si 
 ( 'amp at lake 
 Camp at S. l)i 
 Camp on plai 
 :Mouth Little 
 Summit of 11 
 
 Principal li 
 
 Plains fl m. ^ 
 
 " 11 m. : 
 
 " IS 
 
 " near S 
 
 " 13 111. : 
 
 " S 
 
 Suds Lake, V 
 
 3Iiddlo Coule 
 
 Camp in vall( 
 
 Nine-]\Iile Bu 
 
 Fifteen-Mile : 
 
 Coal Banks, 1 
 
 Summit N. K 
 
 Summit S. Ki 
 
 Garnett's Hoi 
 
 Middle Fork 
 
HEIGHTS OF POINTS ON MAI'. 
 
 S. JSrancli Drywocwl Fork at i,«suo from inoiintains 4,711 
 
 SoiitlK^riiHtniain of N. lirancli Dry wootl Fork i tii. VV. of 
 
 (mI};o of I'aluio/.oic rocks 4,KU2 
 
 .Mill on Mill Crook (walor-lovol holow dam) 3,807 
 
 Koolanio IJrook at I'orks in S. Kootanio i'a.ss 4,7015 
 
 E. l)a.so of Summit liid;,^, S. Kootaiiio 1'a.sH 5,701 
 
 Summit of S. Kootaiiie I'ass on trail (approx.) 7,070 
 
 Summit of [Miak I ni. N. ol'S. Kootaiiio I'aiss 7,H78 
 
 Caluary Trail 4 m. S. of I'iiio Couh'o 15,240 
 
 lliirliwood K. at trail-croKsing (water-lovol) 3,.'!.s:5 
 
 lilackfoot ( 'rossinj; of ISow !!. (approxiniatc* only) 2,595 
 
 MiddlolMirk Old Man 1.'. atissuo from mountains (wator- 
 
 Ic.vol) '. 4,170 
 
 ('row Nest Laku, in I'ass 4,420 
 
 Snmndt (Jrow Xc.st Pass (5 m. W. of first watorsliod). . 4,8515 
 
 Camp ;! m. W. of summit Crow Nost Pass 4,5315 
 
 Camj) W. baso of Porcnj)iiio Hills, about 40 feot ahovo 
 
 N. Fork of Old Man II., at an^do 4,110 
 
 -V. Fork Old .Man H. at i.^snii I'rom mountains (watcM-- 
 
 lovol) 4,4;!7 
 
 Jyittlo Bow at (rrossin}: of 151ackfootCros8in)^ trail (watcr- 
 
 lovcl) 3,053 
 
 Camj) summit of JJnIl'alo Hill 3,857 
 
 J,ak(i in Snako Valley 2,872 
 
 Camp noar summit lovdl of Koc^ky J5utt('.s 2,U72 
 
 ( amp at lako on plu.ii at S. K. baso Rocky Buttes 2,050 
 
 Camp at S. baso of Black S|irin<r Uidfje 3,030 
 
 Camj) on plain noar Scabby Butto 3,1 12 
 
 Moutli Littk* P>ow K. (ajjiiroximatu oidy) 2,578 
 
 Summit of lloyr's Back on trail W. of Ft. MacLeod 4,390 
 
 155 c 
 
 Principal Elevations Barometrically Determined in 1883. 
 
 VKYTt. 
 
 Plains m. X. E. of mouth of Pa-kow-ki Coulee. 2,892 
 
 " 11 m. X. of E. end Dead Ilorso Couleo 3,050 
 
 "18 " " " 2,967 
 
 " noar S. Iwnd ]'>t/.i-kom Coulee 2,971 
 
 " 13 m. N. W of mouth of Yordit;ris Coulee 3,000 
 
 "8 " " " 3,030 
 
 Suds Lako, Verdi;.'ris Coulee 3,000 
 
 Jliddle Coulee at trail-erossinfr 3,117 
 
 ( 'amp in valley of stream near head of Fossil Couk-e . . . 3,4G0 
 
 Xine-Milo Butte Lako 3,540 
 
 Fifteen-Milo Butto Lake 3,090 
 
 Coal Banks, Belly River 2,()55 
 
 Summit N. Kootanio Pass 0,090 
 
 Summit S. Kootanio Pass (mean of obs. of 1881-83) 7,040 
 
 Garnott's House, noar S. Fork Old Man 4,100 
 
 Middle Fork Old Man, trail-crossing 3,904 
 
156 C NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 Crow Nest Lake (moan of obs. of 1881-8;S) iflSl 
 
 Summit Crow Nest I'as.s (5 inilos AV. of (Irst \vat<>.rslnHl) 4,8.'!8 
 
 " " " (moan of obs. of 1881-83) 4,84.0 
 
 Camp in valloj' at E. foot Livingstone Range, 10 m. S. 
 
 of Nortli Fork Gap 4,i»20 
 
 Nortli Fork Old Man River (inside (lap) 4,()fi() 
 
 Nortli Branch North Fork Old Man R., 2 m. from Gap. 4,709 
 
 " " IG " 5,:571 
 
 N.W. " " " " 8 " 4,»(i(i 
 
 " " " " " (above fall) .. . 5,512 
 
 Camp in valley in foot-hills ni. S. of N. Fork Old INIan 4,070 
 
 Mouth S. Branch S. Fork of OUl Man 4,239 
 
 Small lake in foot-hills near Upper Pincher Creek 4,751 
 
r\ 
 
tmm 
 
 MM 
 
 158 c 
 
 NORTH-WEST TEIUVITORV. 
 
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INDIAN NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
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APPENDIX TIL 
 
 The following are partial analyses by Mr. G. C. Hoifmann, of npeoi- 
 mens of clay ironstone, derived from the rocks of the district eniitraotil 
 by the foregoing report. These analyses are quoted from the K'i'|)iiit 
 of Progress, 1880-82. 
 
 How Kivoi', eight miles above Grassy Island, (p. 90 o.) 
 
 Fenuus oxido 40..'547 
 
 Ferric oxide .878 
 
 Watx>r, liygroscopic .85(} 
 
 Insoluble residue 10121 
 
 Metallic iron, total amount of • 31 .99(i 
 
 Bow River, twelve miles above Prairie Island, (p. 91 c.) 
 
 Ferrous oxido 28.818 
 
 Ferric oxide 818 
 
 Water, hygroscopic 938 
 
 Insoluble residue 13.93r» 
 
 Metallic iron, total amount of 22987 
 
 Kananaslvis or Kapid River, near its conflnence with Bow River, (p. 
 107 V.) 
 
 Ferruus oxide 13 . 78f! 
 
 l-'erric oxide 772 
 
 Water, hygroscopic 473 
 
 Insoluble residue 66.966 
 
 Metallic iron, total amount of 11-263 
 
 Belly River, at Coal Banks, (p. 72 c.) 
 
 Ferrous oxide 41 .458 
 
 Ferric oxide 328 
 
 "Water, hygroscopic 1 .042 
 
 Insoluble residue 10.294 
 
 Metallic iron, total amount of 32 . 475 
 
 Belly River, about seven miles below Coal Banks, (p. 73 c.) 
 
 Ferrous oxide 30.730 
 
 Ferric oxide 1 .398 
 
 Water, hygroscopic i • 272 
 
 Insoluble residue 23 754 
 
 Metalliciron, total amount of 24-880 
 
■i 
 
 c«wgoN.] ANALYSES OK IRONSTONES. IC!) 
 
 Holly Rivor, jilioiil >ovcutoon inilos euMtof Iho mouth of tho Little 
 l?')\v Kivor, (|». 74 c.) 
 
 Forroiis oxide ;!0.:)02 
 
 I'onif oxide 1.487 
 
 WattT, liynruHcopic 1 .-l-l."> 
 
 ln8iilul)le rt'sidiio iL'.lL'O 
 
 Molailif iron, total amount ol' 2(i.l65 
 
 llilK.'i'oolv, iitcoal outcrop, about four miio-s tibovo Iho niiii, (p. [)\)c.) 
 
 Ferrous oxido :]7.085 
 
 I'orric oxide .811 
 
 Water, liyv'rnscopic .(j;54 
 
 Insuluhle residue 12.r)ll 
 
 Metallic iron, total amount of 30. 112 
 
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