IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ilM 112.5 IM 40 12.0 11111= 1.4 III 1.6 V, m "J w^^^mmm^mmmfUfHiiffm / [Extract /nihi Trinisai!iii)i'i of Ihi' Canadian Ins/if n/i', lS'.»'i-Ot.'\ NOTICS ()\ Till': I'OSSIIULITII'.S OF IRON AM) STKi:!. I'ROUL'CrioX IN OXTAKIU. Hv Wm. IlAMii.niN Mi.kuiTT. I\(i.S. Miiiibii- Iron iUid Slii! iihliliili, Jiii^hviJ : A.^soci'ifi A'oy.i/ .S, /wo.' c/' A////,:< ; I'lth Ci'iiiini-.'io'i< r /\o\'.>ii>r,s c/' (hr'iiri.', C-r. Tills paper i-; a coiidciis itioii of ihrcc pap ji--;, rc'iil al ililTi.'reiit times before the Gecjlo^ical aivl Miuiiv^' Si.etidii of tlv: Institute, none of which have anpcaretl in the " Tr.insactions." The Uv-A paper w.isoalhe " Laiirenlian Iron Ores of New Jersey," and the second paper was on tiic " Iron Ores of Lake Superior." Tlicse two pa[)ers were written on the fields ile\elo[)ed in the L'nileil States because ^eoloL;ically the\- continue into the Province of Ont.irio, where they exhibit identical features to those found in the United Stales. As will be i)ointcd out later on, the assured abundance of Iron ore, and the magnitude of the niinint,' operations, in the United States, on the same belts as we have in Ontario, have a particularly important and gratifying bearing on the possibilities of permanent Iron and Steel pro- duction in our Province, so far as the suppK' of ore is concerned In my third paper, ''A few Notes on the Production of Iron and Steel in Oistario," I gave a short comparison between the production of Iron and Steel in Canada and in the L'nited States, and touclied on the possibilities of inaugurating an extensi\c production of Iron ami Steel in the Province of Ontario. Till .\i:w i!;ks!.\' ir(>n vm: iKmsi rs. The examination of a gi.olo_;ical in.qi of the L'nited .States and Canada, such as one compiled by Mr. C. 11. liitclieock for the American Institute lA' .' Iniing I'"ngineLr.'i, .^hius ver\- ele.irl\- the p.iss:ige of the Laureiitian iion c irryiii;;' rock.; fiom the .Sta'.e of New Jersey through the northern ])art of ,\e\v \'ork .Slate across the St. Lawrence, where the Thoiis.ind Islands oeeur. into the north-ea-itern portion of ' intario. I ha\e hid opiioiiunitiLS of stuilying these Iron tlepo^itL' in New Jcr.scN' and in Onlario at .i number of places. There is a coinplele geological similarit)' in the rocks, both consisting ehieily of Gneiss, (I"elsj)athi(aiul 1 lornbleiulic or Syenite-tjiieiss;, Granite,Syenite,Clir)stal- line Limestone and .Magnetite. TRANSACTIONS OK THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. II. In New Jeisc)' the formations arc locally divided into: i. Massive Group. ?. Iron lkvirin<:j Group. 3. Gncissic and Schistose Group. It is su^^cstcd that the Iron Hearing Group is the same as the Canadian "Grcnville Scries." It is also considered in New Jersey that the Iron occius in true beds, thoUi^h Ljcnerally more local than the rock strata. .\s nn cxamiile, the "ilihi'mii" and adjacent mines mijjht be ♦juoteci, all of which work an ore iicd along .1 length of two and a-half miles, the ore and the rock walls pitching together. The ore has been worked in the " Ilibernia" mine down to si.\ hundred feet, and at that depth there is no sign of it giving out. The width of the ore varies from 4 feet to 25 feet, and the associated rock is chiefly Gre)' Gneiss. .As a rule in this district Chrystalline Limestones appear generally slightly above the horizon of the beds of .Magnetite, near its contact with the underl)'ing Granulites; a few mines have been opened in the Chrystal- line Limestone. The ore is often associated with Hornblendic and Micaceous Gneisses on the hanging wall side, while the foot wall is composed of Grey Gneiss or darker coloured Hornblendic and Micaceous Gneiss, and it occurs in beds conformable to the wall rocks, consisting of pure Magnetite, or mi.xetl with I'elspars, Quartz, Ht)rnblend, Augitc, Mica, Garnet, Calcitc, I'yiite, Apatite, and more rarely with other minerals. The usual strike is to the north-cast, the " pitch '' of the ore shoots generall)- north-east, and the dip of the ore bed is generally to the south- east, but sometimes and less frequentlj-, the dip is found in the contrary direction. It has been found that as a rule the anal)ses of the new Jersey magnetic iron ores give a greater amount of phosphorus than usually occurs in the Magnetites of north-eastern Ontario, therefore, in many cases the New Jersey ores arc not suitable as liessemer ores. For example while some of the New Jersey ores give from Co to 65°/ of iron some of them gi\e from 44 to 50}^ iron with from 06 to "5 and even to 1°^ of plios[->horus and from "06 up to 3"5% sulphur. The following, taken from the New Jersey Geological Reports, might serve as examples: Iron. I. 48-00 -> 5 (/(J I 3- G400 4- jO'OO 5- 6200 G. 58 PhospJiorus. •47 •066 Siiipliiir, '■5 3"5 ■44 1-5 •oC 1890-91.] IRON AND STKEL I'KODUCl'ION IN ONTARIO. 3 The feature in connection with these deposits, which was peculiarly gratifying, was their permanency. The result of many years working in this State has enabled the local gcoloi^ical survey to place on record the fact that "their permanent withdrawal and final abandonment has come not so much from the lack of ore or the exhaustion of the veins, but from the heavy expenses attendant on mining operations at a greater depth, etc." As an example of this I might quote the fact that the " Ilurd Mine" has reached two thousand feet in depth, the " Hj'ron Mine" eleven hundred feet, the "Mount Pleasant Mine" eight hundred feet, the " Dicken.son Mine" seven hundred feet, the " Orchard " and " II ibcrnia Mines " six hundred feet, etc. The yield in New Jersey has reached as high as nearly a million tons in one year, In 1 889 it produced 415,5 lo tuns while in tiic same year New York State produced 1,247,537 tiMis from her Laurentian Series. The above mentioned facts are full of significance to us, for the great bugbear held before our prospectors or investors is that tlierc is no certainty as to the persistency of the magnetite ileposits of north-eastern Ontario, as has been shown by many of them playing out in the small development which we have attempted in the past. There is no doubt that many small deposits may prove disappointing in the future, as they have done in the past, but when we fully realize that the continuation ot" the same series has yielded such results as I have above indicated, we may rest satisfied that under the stimulai'jn of a permanent demand, and of systematic mining development, there can be no question whatever, geologically speaking, about the ultimate permanent supplj- to be derived from the magnetite deposits of north-eastern Ontario ; that is to say a supply adequate to meet a dcmantl within any reasonable bounds. IRON ORE DKPOSITS OF TlIK SOUIH AM) NOKTII-WKST SIIoRKS OK LAKE SLTliRIOR. The ores on the north-west shores of the lake occur in geological series running uninterruptedly into the Province of Ontario, and the ores on the south shore of the lake we find in similar, if not entirely identical, rreolofTical series to those occuring in Ontario, on the eastern shores of the lake, and where it is not impossible that somewhat similar develop- ments may be made. Therefore, for these reasons I have thought a short description of the Iron ranges in the Lake Superior section of the United States would not be without interest to us, as having a direct bearing on the possibilities of Tl(AN.H,\ or iiii; (ANMUW iNsi'in Ti:. IVnl,. il our (iwn territory, fur tlic W-rinilliDn aiul Mi-ssahi raM;^u"< (if Ndrthcrn Mimic-M't.i li.iVf been f(iriii\vi.-(l iMiih-ca^tirl)- inln Oiit.uin, inul appar- cnll\ lai,;i." Irmi doiio^it-; lia\i' l)ri ii Kn'atril on our >\t\c ni tlic liUrr- national line, ulnre, il is a uell l.iiow a lail^ of t'u' Lake Siip'riur l\.in^.;i'', as ilcvclopul ii' the I'nited Slate->, .uc the in >st reinaikahle for richness and e\lenr .it present known an\ wlicie in the world. The he^t known liim ran;^. > to ihc south o| ihe lake an' St ites of Michi;^an ;uv! W'isennsin, are the " Mari|uette," the- " (io;j;el)ie," and die "Ml iiuisiiiiec'" r.nv.;es. whiU' the "WrndlHon " and " .Messab.i" ran:;i;s are on tlie norlli-west dv>re^ iA llie l.d-ce. The prodneliiiii iif ore fnun these ran;,fes reaidicd in I .sw J nearly m.\ million of tons, the estimated anioinU heiuL; placed at 3,900,000 tons, It nii.;lil he of intrre-^t to<[U(.ii from Mr. lu'rkinhine'.s hLlure.s for 1SS7 U) show till' ratio of the consimiption of du' x.irious iron ores u^ed in the United States in the prodvictioii of pi;^ iraine time the production of piu; iron in the United States has increased nearly tiuee million tons, lar,;el)- owin^ to the immensL' development in the southern .Stales. K.\ ri' 1 1 ii ('( iN>r.\iiTn in in 1S.S7. i'rcm Lake Superior t )res j..^.^ ptT cent. l-'orei-n Ores larijely Spanish. 10.5 L.nkc Ciiam])lain ( )ivs O.5 " Cornwall Ore hills-lVim>) Ivania Alahama Ores New Jtixcy ( ),(j> Ti nnoNsee Ores Missouri Ores \"irL;inia Ores ( ihio ( ))•( ^ Sali-^lnu)- ( )r(*s (jcnrijia ( >res 5.0 S-0 44 4.1 3-5 2.4 .8 Mail)- ..f the iron miiiesol'thc Lake Superior re -'w discoveries, yd il is a-,lonis!iiiio- tlie m. inner ii pushed iiilu every pari of lhe^e iron ran-es, and, ,is may he jud-cxl from il'eiioi region , ire comparali\el}' new discoveries, yet il is a.tonisliino- the m.imier in which Railroads have ■3T~ Ij^'.m) IIIOS AMI STKCI. I'l! ililTlloN IN (iNTMIKl the fi-'urcs ahovi' im-ntioncd of the ore oiiti)Ul, thi- tiMtlk: il.>r.c !>>• the I. II hoails is soinithini; prn(li;^n(iii> The r.iihojuU take the nre for the most part t<> tlie l.ake-lvMid where it \< nm nut of hopper ears into poilo from l".-.eanaha. 'I"he mode of oceurreiiee ot th-- Iron ore m these raivj.e-> m;'.y he said m a veiier.d \va\- to he soiiKwh at -iinilar. As a rule it i-> foimd in a certain 1)1(1 or l)<'d> in the Iron bcariiv^ formation eonneet rirerous and NickeliferoMs I'yrrh.tile oeeurs in tlie vicinil\- of Sud- aiid the ijiiry, also ni in which the there is no Jasi)er at Sudbury uronian ftrmation, is e n I ire ien-("s are h \tremel\" sim 1 ir to liie manner lUiul as abo\e meiUio!nd, except that I liaii 11 )W allude horth' m de l,iil to each of the niiv^'es which I have mentioned MAKi Mi:i ri. IKON i;AN(.b:. lie M udue tte Raive in Miehi;4aii, coiiil)rises a main ran;-;e clue lly 111 .Maniuelte Countv, strikin.; ea: ;l aiul west, S to IJ miles wu le, and Go miles i)IU the ores occur with Jasper aiu 1 C'liloiitic Schists, between Diorile and (.)uarl/.ite riil;^es. A sec(jiul smaller ran;;e some 10 miles to the south, comprisiii-- the Republic Group, also beloii-s to the Marquelle <,m''e, an d in .liich the ores occur similarl)- The ores arc fmc Hematites and Mai;netites. As a sample of the composition uf tiic ore from the m aiii raiiiie, the iollowiiiL; analyses can be 'dveii : X(>>/-/>(Ssr/f/i'r Ons. Scirr IlKMAllTKS. I'l. \M niiK. 52-640 I 49 330 •07S •no ■053 •030 TIIAX>*.\< llllNS lir llli: lANAlHAN ISsTITfTi:. lit'ssciiwr Chrs. [v.. I,. II Mitallic Iron, I'liii-^pliiinis Silica , " I.AkK Hi IKMIliK." "I'llAMWIlX." " RKPf m.1)'." 64SO ■06 1 67-00 •0_\ to 054 r)5 to 71 traci' to oj to 46 1 he Miiiiiii; (.■(nuinciiCL'd in 1S54 in tlii^ district and ^mu' of tlu' inino arc In nil 500 to 700 ft. dct')). Sincr iiiinini; started to the ciul of iSSS ahmit J7,i>I I .'('(S tuns ucic miiud from this ran^'c. I'liL' only ininr 1 ui'iit ilown in this ran;4c was iIk- Uarmiin Miiu' at IshiKMniiv^. i'his iniiu' yicKU ;i hanl ore, from a close i;raiiu;d to a M'iiii-i.r\sl.illinc hard specular oi\. 'llic ore litv-. Iiitwccn .» Jasper, on llu font wall, and a h.ird compact i^re), and jjvohiil)!)- silicious Hydro inic.i .Scliist mi tin- hani;in^ \v,dl. 'l"he ore varies it\ thickness from .} to 4'"! ft. ;ind .i-> the "vv \- h.irtl, pill.irs ,ire left ;md there is no filling; or tiinl)rrini;. There ari' tiirce styles of workin.; on the " Soiith Shore." 1. The h.ml ore, with pillar-^ as al)o\e mentioned, and the soft ore ; hy 2. Ni'vada tiinl)erin.,f ; an rnund and strikes ivulh-west. Ikui-iiiL; wall is (piart/ite and foutwall j,i>])er ; hut betwei'ii both w.ills and the ore there is a linin;.j of soai)>tone ih)(.lro-mic.i schist which in ])laces surrounds the ore. 1 he Jasper and ore aic 100 ft, tliick, llll. MI Nn\i|M.;|.; ikdN U.\N(,i:. 1 he Metinininee kanL;e only commenced shipment a- - 200,000 tons a \ear since it u.is opened ami in 1SS7 exceeded an output of 300,ocK) tons. I visited this mine ami was much struck with the ma-^nificent machiner)-. The hoi-.t- in;^ en;>;ines for example have 30" and 60" double c)-linders act in:; direct on two conical wroui;ht iron drums of an avera^'e diameter of 12'.. feet. I'he chief fe.iture, howi\er, aixuit the machinery in connection with this mine, anil other smaller mines ojieratinL;' at Iron .Mountain, is the f.ict that all under-j^M'ouml power, for pumps, motive power, drills, etc., is su ini p]>liril hy comjiressetl air from three miles off. The largest compress- ant e\er built is situattil at ( hiinnesec h'alls on the M enonunec Ki\er, ;, nules from Iron Mountain, dri\en In' watir power. Thi> jilant consists of thrie paiis of j- X C)0" conipress(jrs, driven in- three independent \ertical 4.S' inward How turbines, and one pair jO- x 60" compressors driven In- a 54" turbine. The deli\er\- of air throu^L,di a J fet-t wrout;ht iron pipe is stated to be i,S27,35o cubic feet of 60 lbs pre-sure an( 16l teni[H'rature per 24 hours ninie |-"ull details of the mode of uorkin;.; ado[)letl in tin: " Ch.ipii (where a filliuL; in process is adopted by waste or earth brou^^lit from the ^urfice to fdl the space left in inininij the ore) is to be found in a paj )i.r by Mr. 1 er. Larss. .n, reail before the American Institute of .Miniu', lCn''ineers, and much other information of value is also L;i\en in the pai )er. Tl le ore occurs in linses, o f which three have been worketl in thi.> mine. The main lens is 60 feet to 75 feet wide, and has a leni,'th of some 2,500 feet. The strike is with the strata X. 70 det^recs \V. About Soo tons a day are mined, and 600 men employed. Tin; (;ut;i;iii( ikon UANdii. The GoL^ebic Irtjn KanL;c runs nearly parallel with the southern shore of Lake Superior, and about 15 miles distant from it. It is about '4 to TI!.\N'-\i TliiNs 0|- llli: CANM'IAV l\s TIITTK [Vol,, ir. 1 mile wi'A', aiKi 30 miics Imu 1 M i:uiT.il [\\cv (\\lii(.!i is il le bmnulun' !n.t\\icn the Sl.ilr df Wlscun^iii ;iiul llu- upper l\'iiiii--ula of Michi.L^aii lluwin.; nnrth,\-,ir..l into llic l.ike,t.uU tlii()ii;_;li llic r;ui|^e nearly tl le piesnit c.\i)l()itatiiMis, al)()ul one midway l)el\veen the cNtrenu- hali'dt'lhe (lie -trike. a-, now behe>e(l tu he tlelerniined, l)iii;4 in Ontona- L»in C'luntv, Miehi 'an, ami the I'lhcr hall" in A ■•I.I and. L'nunlv, W i-ei 'iisin. Tl lore >Lein- ■drea^iin tn luin. \e that the oics he in len-'e> ot 're.ilcr or Ics-^ width a th, th t[iiart. ntiatnni, cunlnK l)V (■•jniav .nid (linnte, whieli 111 ])l.u"es is demin- )ose(l mil) so-eal A d iiai) loeK n p,ac(.s >niaU p;w in the dioritc of th e Di'e be inn ■ p tl) "O M,)^t 1)1 the anah'scs o f tl le Iron ores show that th o\- are neii 111 m etallic Iron, iroin 50 to '')'') \ jer ei verv iW ni 1 h()sphiirii<. x'ariable in Sil lea and hee truiii ^ulnluir. ■lit. he .u;tn- nune a> an example Miows metallic Iron h-nin . pliurus '04 to xiS ; Silica, J tn S number of other mines ^Im • , I'c. :i t,, 1, and a little Mn. in - ■; 48 to 6: lios- and Mil. I t^ i 1 : anal\-ses from a OJ to \)S Si. ^. tl 'le J Tl lis ran^e was only upeiieii in i.s.S;, and the results ha\'e been simply prodi;,;ious. M"! )m .1 wilderiu \'er\- lew \cars avo, if railroad commimication, been •peiied into a tliriviiiL;' pii|nilous it has b\- means o tli-lricl. Several railroav! s\-slem^ now run into ihi> ra tile nUkr raii'ie-;. iv'c, uhieh has o ulstripi) A. 3 an example of the ore deposits I mi'.hl iiienlioii the " Ashlaiul Mine' which I viMted. The st: tl ike 1- N. S. D.l )ot wa 11 6;" N. On I'' properly there are 4 len- ot ore dip[)iii;4 to the North and [litchiiiL;- tu le La>t. I he u idth of ore is jj , ^^ 2^0 feet in u idest jiart. The usual manner of workiiiL;- in t a slopedoA'ii tlij quart/.ite f)i)t ns district, a- aw it in this miin', is b\- rimnmi wall and rminiii'. le\els from it. The foolwall bl 1.-^ ipiart/ite, into which tlie\- r.ui (>S feel, below that i- ui >h ari,Mllite, and beknv that to ih e south is Liramle. \) to crwstaline horn that iorite, \ar\iiu )leiidic rock', i■^ seen on the haiv'-iiv. wa II : and next to Come mix eO 01 mixed ore and (luart/.itt Nevada st\-|e of ijml e ami (;uarl/.ite, tluii allernatiii'' bands of dioritc limb 'criivj- in this 1 H'riiv^r i,, ^^^^.^| .^„(| [\^^^.y^. ;j,.(_. ^ niillioii of feet of 60 feet hi-h and lime. :o feel .\^ loU'. Th an example, the rir->l room is 14C1 feet wide b}' ;. and ihis space is all built ii[) with liniber. e ore is an open lieniatit i^ It it was for the most part the result of e ill kiyers with cavities, lookini; very much of it is hard steel bl a secomlar)- formation ; some to ore. At the " Gcrmaiiia Mine " in the same raiiiic, / 1 1S90-91.] IKON ANO STKKI, PlIonrcTIOX IN ONTAIMO. where the ore lx)(l>' is s;ii(.l to be .:'o to 30 feet witle. I examined the ore on the stoek heaps. As a rule it is a soft retl henicatite, in sinall jMeces like coarse saiul, but all angular; much of the ore is also harder and shews a lamination in tkit open texture with ohcreous stains, there is also lu-drated and brown ore in places, and as an exception it occurs as a scilid steel blue ore \ery close L^raiiied and called " blue ore." Vi;ital 4.o75,<'^39 At r owcr ^nver" there are a number ol openinL;-s or mines, namel\- : Xor/// A'/V<,'V. Xo. I." Ore bod\- 20 to 60 feet wide as an average, and at nnc point I feet wide. T owcr X o. 2. -Or e D(Ki\- 100 feet wide. VAv Mine." — Ore bod)- from 20 fee t to 120 feet wide. .Stone Mine."— Ore bod>- from '> I eet to 120 feet wide. Stunt/. Mine."— C^re body from 20 feet to 60 feet wide. ;\Iine." — ()rc body from lO feet to 40 feet wide. llreituu" So!///i K/i/lTi'. North Lee."— Ore body from 30 to 40 feet wide. South Lee."— Ore body about 20 feet witle. The quality is shown from result of 150 analyses by F. Prince, in 1S8;, whicli i^ave an averai;e content of Iron 677 ; ; P. o-o6,/ ; Si. 1 •5%. The ores arc t^^encrally separatetl into three t,n-ades, namely : " Red Lake" 577; "Minnesota" 62' ;;•' Vermillion " 67 [ Lron. All the 10 TUANSArTIOSS OK Till'. CANADIAN INSTITUTE Vol.. II. iiiLS arc large open cuts, but anangcmcnts for (kcp mining arc l)cin in made. There are two ore raiiu s near I owcr, tlu ernullion, A\k\\ is hematite, and further to the S.I'., the " Messaba Range," which >iclds chiell\- magnetic ores. Tliis latter range >ields ore running from ^o to 60 J metallic Iron, and 01 to ■{(> in I'hosphoriis, The N'erniillion Range has l)cen followed in a \.M. tlirection lor ^5 miles to I->ly, where the " Ch.mdler Mine" has been opened up. Of this deposit Mr. 11. S. I'ickaiids sa\s : " Th e \cin has been provet fur length of over 100 feet, .uid a depth of 90 feet, showing at e\er>- puinl of test high cpialit)- Hessenicr Ore." The an.d)-sis of the ore is I'e. (><) to G6 ; r. -01 to o;. ; Si. S to 4 . The deposit has been testeil b\- drill to 306 feet in depth. Hclwecn " Idwcr " and the "Chandler" Mine, in about a straight line, the formation <>f coimtr)- mck ;ind J.'ispcr is nearly continuous; hut .dthough nuich e.\plor.ition work has been done, no ether remarkably valuable tlepo^ii .if cie has thus far l)een found. To the ea-^t of the Chandler the same may a!-<. probabl)- be said. Tiie formation extends almost unljn.keu, in a north-easterlv direction, to the Canatli.m border, arid sliows ore at v.irious jiMints. A lean black ore outcrops lor miles in length and of great widlii, l)Ut as yet determined, its Metallic Iron is not over 50' ,, ;nul Silica Irom JO to 30 . CON riMWTION 111 Till, \ l.K M 1 ! I.ION ixA\( !. IN uNlWKIo. In the vicinilN- of " Ciun I'lint ' Lake and "North" Lake, on the Canadian sideamdoubledly go,,d m.ignetic ore has been found, analysing Metallic Iron f,^ , rhc)>phorus xuS .\t other place,-^ oi', •• jluiilers' I-!;md " and near "Knife" and " Hass- woud ' Lakes, good ure is also rcporteil to have been found. There is every reason to believe that this Ir, ,11 bearing formation runs N.L. up as far as the Kamini>ti(|uia River. To the west, at Attikokan Lake, there IS also said to be a very large dcpoMt of a high grade Magnetic Iron ore. I have, I think, proved conclusively froir. the ioregoing that, in ortler to supply any reasonable demand for iron ore in the Province, it is merely a question of exploration and mining development. I shall conclude by making a few statements ; l"irstl\-, on the alleged necessity of our iron ore to the United States ; and, Scc(jndly, (\. the advisability of smelting our own iron in Canada, and particularl\- in Ontario. sri'l'i.v IN riii; UNirF.i) sT.\Tt:s. In the first place we h.ue constantly been told that the iron ores of the United Slates are becoming exhaustetl and that, therefore, they must '"V 1890-01. IKON AND STKKL rUODUt'TION IN OSTAltlO. 11 ill the immediate future have our ores. This is quite erroneous as I can testif\- from personal observation and also from the reports of corres- pondents in the annual statistical numherof the EngiHccruig and Miniug foiiriKrl of this present )-ear. ThouLjh the increased consumption in the United States durini; ihis past year has been enormous, yet the development of new deposits has been so much L^rcater that the suppl\- is more than cnous^h to meet the demand. T.ike the re[)ort on the " Lake Superior Iron Ore market in iSiji," as an example and we find it stated : " Lari^e deposits of soft ore ha\c btcn discovered in the Gogebic and Western Menc^iiinee district, which ()\\in;4- to their i^reat size and in many cases pro\'imit\- to the surface, have been worked at a cost much less than was necessarj- to produce a ton of ore from the old hard ore mines of the Maniuctte C'ouiil}- ili^trict; it can be rcadil>- seen tliat the prices which ore brouj^ht on cars al ihc mine rani^ed from $l.oo, for the lowest tirades, to $>50 per l;ti)-;s tun fir the hi,L;her grades. Now no nn'iie pnnluces onl\- the hii^hcr i;rades. The production of most of them consists of a \ariet>- ot •grades, rani^ini;- from the lowest to the hiL;hest Some companies onl>' produce the lower tirades, etc." Also ill the case of the Southern States, 'reniu-ssce, Alah.ima ami \'irL;iiiia, the reports are unsatisfactory, it beiii;,; stated : " It has been i'\i(lrnt to all unprejudiced obscrxers that much unwise haste has been mull" ill the South in the production of pi;4 iron, for which tlicr2 was no local clcmand. It is obvious that while 80 , of the \)V^ iron produced in the Southern States has to be sent away from h(jme to find a market, competition must be exccediiv^K- severe, and onl\- those plants which are well located and possess ever>' ad\.uitai;e can hope to sur\-ive. Xauicr- ous furnace companies have alreadv fdleii by tin; wa\- and others are now sick unto death." With the above f icts before us we must once and for all accept a- final the fact that our iron ores will not b essential to the United St.ites for man\- many years to come, and that our best polic>- is to develop them and use them ourselves. SMKl/riN*; IN' ONTARIO. I now come to the advisability of smeltin-- our own iron in Canada and particularly in Ontario. So far as available statistics -o to show we are practically standin- still, if not actualK- recediiiL--, in our manuficture of pi- iron, while in i Ti:.\\s\(TioNs or Tin: cAwniw institcti:. |V,,i l| 11- United St,U.., undu- a n^m. v,,MvuH iron p,.lic.v, llun- ar. a.lvanan^ 7^'^ '^"'■^•^■'^'"- ^^'■'''-' -•' t.'->^>v arc tlK. ,r.at.sMron and SU.I n,-: diu-,n^ c.untrv in the w„rM, having at last outstripped (nvat liritain. •ni^ ^'11-vin^ figures sp.ak lor tlu-nisclves. Those of Canada hav. "nlybeuiavadal.lef.a-lhela.t feu- years. .,,, Xel 'r..ns. ,s- ■■■■ i'"'.;;^'. 'r' ^.sr,s,j-s. ,,, ;,i rs,! j.\ ■■■■■' io,3o7,ojs. iss- ^'^'' '•'"""• iNSs. --+•^-"■ 1NS,^......_. -'•7""' ■■■■■■' -5.V- I • ^•'I'H.i (ii ,,ui pMpulatiiin. '■'-' -V „,;,;,/■;„' ;■;,':;;■;' -■ " a'-« /„,„. ,, „„,,, „,, „„„, ,,, ..r''t:"::;;:;::"::^;::':;"V^'^'^' i-- ■i.m.n.,, „„.,.,.„-. „„.„ ; " '^ ....m,.,„ ,., ,|u. .Iis,,:,n,y >W„V|, iscshil,iu,l ,„ " -'«^.::::!;.i:':;::;,;;;;,;r"''''^''"^ '-'"-->■•--- 1 ''"!'"y niako the a— , ha., ereated spK.ndid -Itoh .u^. ;;7T'"^'"'^^^^^''"^^ These ,„avh. WdK.t if UX-t ,d " '' "' "'■'■ ''"' ^"" ""' ■''■'■''•■'' {Picturing that" Jhicl '"v vill' he' , '^ !'" "' , ^■;"^^^^'^'' =">cl were now niann- ''^"^' •'>tcan,.hins hues " .'" '" ''^^" "^^^^■'>- P'-^'J^'^^ted raih'oa Is • "■'-•t--yn.,thn,,or all the mnltitudin„us re.,uire- ls',iO-;il. ii;n\ ANT) sTi:i'.i. I'lioDifriDN in (>\r.\ith(. 13 in n nii'iits itt" (.'M-ryday cuiisumntiini < f thv l- nation in the world that aniwunts to .mvthin^ wlii.li dojs not inanutactnre its own ip)!i and steel. ( )ne wlio lias iie\er visited a "hlaek eountry " eannot eonceive the stupendous scale of each ine'inhei- , if the family of industries that ""oes to make up the creation of iron and sted. I-'irst the uivler-round world tc-.'min^- uitli miners to proiluce th.; ore and coa', or the Ijuse n, i/h!)!iMr- 1mo,is wl'.ere the fore-ts .siq)])!)- tJKireod, the -real tiaiVie of these piouuets to the railro.uls to S'.nie cnlral point I' u smeitm^, t!,e men d.iv ami i'.i:-;'ht round, the blast furnaces, tiie swarm (jf workmen at puddliuL'' and rolling;- the pioduct, if iion, or con\ertin-' the pi^ into steel aiui tlieii roilin,;- it. In all of these the consumptic)n of nearl\- e\-ere other PKuhict is so pi-odi.;ious that a thousand other trades are pei'maneiitK- i.Kiiefited, from the farmer, who produces fo.xi for tlie w oi kman, to the cloth m.akei- wlio turns out his Snnda\- clothes. A ko\al (ommis^ion reported last \-(.aroii tlie mineral re-^ouires of Ontario, and in connection therewith some information was LM\en about thi- .|uestion of Iron and Steel .sm.jjtiiv^^ Tlie report states on pa-e 2\ ; " '1 he indu.-.tr_\- is of first class importance and e\ try pioper me.ms should be taken [.o sci-ui'e its establishment in Otitario;" also on the same paL;e : "It is im(|uestionabl>' n a country's interest not only to smelt its own ores, l)ut to refine and maniifactm-e the metals, ])ro\idin,i;- al\\a_\-s that the v.irious operations can be carried on econoinicalK- and without ta.xin- other interests intleilnitely for their maintenance." With re;4.i;(l to fuel. I ma\- state the al:o\-e mentioned Arinin-- Com- ini-ion reported that there i-> no more ta\our.d)ly situated district f)r cliarco.il iron smelt in;;- in North .Xnierici than l-'.a-.:ern l)!it,n-io. In tliis coimectioii I would add tiiat tlie l\atlibim Compane, of 1 )eseronlo, i- >liip[)in-- lari^e tiuantities of charcoa! to the L'niled .^tate.-, and it is a known fact that for a kau;- time cliarcoal has been shipped, fi'.an k',-se.\ to hetroit chielly fwr iron siueitin,; piu'poses. \\ ith iVL^Mrd to coke let m<: briell\- ivm.ark- th.it the liliuois .Sti'el ( ompaii)- at l'hica_;o ])rodnced in l Soo the l.u'^esl outj)ut of stce! rail- ol .ui_\- fn-in in the' L'niled .Stales-^iiearly a million tons (exact amount 9^5,000 tons , ;uk1 we sluaild not !i,i\e to briiiL; our cok-e or ore so l.ir ti the works— say at Toronto. .\ new and ^eat laclor in steel m.akiiiL!', ,'is you al! know, !ia> leciait!}- appe.ired. Mr. James Rile_\-. of (dasL^cjw, and otaer^ 7 to 2S blast I'liniaccs bciiii^ itscii per a)tiiiiiu in CaiiadfU instead of what we often I,i.,ii-_tli;it one blast furnace would i;lut our market. I take the basis of furnace output, the standard atlopted b\- Mr. Hartlett, alhuled to in his i.\idcnce i.-'"()re the Minini;- Commission. If howe\cr, we take the wonderful yields of the latest luli^ar Thompson luniaces, the market would be sup[)lie(l 1)\- a smaller lunnber of furnaces, hut e\en on the liberal staiulard of the I.uc\- furnace .\o. J . _\ieldin^- 9 1 tins per diem, we should need some JO blast furnaces to sup[ily mir (Kniaiid, when we make allowance for an avera^^e number beiiiL^- nut of blast. In 1S70, aftia- I had been for some time at smelting- works in North Staffortlshire, I wrote an article, "A l'\\v Words About Iron," in the CiVhhtinn Montltly. In it I pointed out that iron of the fmest cpKilit)- was beiuL^f produced at that time in North Staffordshire for $5 a ton, while it was costin;^ $JO a ton at l'itl>burL;- to smell .1 bes>emer L;rade, prices in both cases not including- man,i;4emein, interest, etc. 1 then stated that 1 was xX. a loss \u know how we in Canada were to builei up our iron and steel industries under a smaller protection than the Tniled St.ites. I have yet to be enliL,ditened on that point, antl the existing' state of affairs .seems to indicate that no satisfactory basis has \-ct been arrived at. It would surel\- be better to have no jirotection than a half-heaited one, which is a tax on the consumer and \-et one which will not build u[) a national industr\'. The expenses in connection with the cstablishint; of smelting works are .so enormous that without a policy which says " //V ARK going to smelt our 0:0;/ iron and steel;' little can be hoped for. But once that policv is adopted, whether by protection or by bonus, and the -i-antic indu.stries can be launched and set runnin- we shall have taken\a t;Tcater step in the commercial development ot our country, even tiian by buildiii-' the Canadian raeific Railroad. A verv practical, and I believe satislactory solution, so tar as (Ontario is concerned, woukl be for the Local Covern.nuU to oll.ra bonus sumlar to that of the Dominion (kuernment, on iron and steel suicited m the ; 16 TnANSAC'TIOXS OV TIIK CANADIAN INSTITITK, [V"!.. II. Province diiiin;^- a term of years, and the Dominion Govcrnnicnt sluuiUl encourage tliL' niainifacturc of steel rails in Canaila. This (lueslion is one of iiuniense, na\-, of vital importance to us who arc citizens of the rrovince of Ontario. Tlvie oii^dit to he no iioint more favourabl)- situated. Iron ore can he i)rou-ht from the north-ca.st nickel from the nortii-wesl, and coke from across the lake. 'l"he niacjni- tiide of tlie oper.aions can be rcali/.ed when I say that, from m\- personal kncnvled-e, one- private works in luigland paid in waj,'es alone $40,000 a week. Aiul n<.t oiiI\- Ontario, hut the \.aole Domiuii.n would be benefilled if we smelted our own iron and .a\- what part <>( the rr(j\ince mi-ht not be directly benefitted b\- minin--, boides the -eneral renewed prosperity it would give to the whole countr\-. ~"^^fe