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• ■^ ' Ay^^f ";'J.: " "- '"> '"" '
■*^ K'
" -t)
UV'l
II
77
LINEAR
/
PHONOaRAPH Y :
A NATURAL
SYSTEM OF SHORT-HAND,
FOR GENERAL USE;
WITH AN EASY
STENOGRAPHY,
FOR REPORTING PURPOSES.
BY
aOBEBT AEMSTEOITG, M. D.
-•-♦-»-
ST. JOHxV, N. B.:
McKILLOP 4 JOHNSTON, PRINTERS, CANTERBURY STREET
1876.
. ' /
\ /
Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in tl.e year One Thou.an,
Eight Hundred and Seventy-six, by Robkrt Armstkonlj, M. P., m the Oftc.
of the Minister of Agriculture.
INi:)EX.
Introduction — Linear Phonography, ....
Vowel Sounds and Vowel Piionographs — Kemarks on
Writing them, . . . . -
The Consonants — Table of Consonant Phonographs, with Ex-
amples showing tiie exact force of each,
Joinin(t the Vowel and Consonant Phonoguaimis — Ex. I,
Remarks, Ex. II. Remarks, . . .
CoNTRAUTiNU PRINCIPLES — Added T or, D, Added R, Added
L, Miscellaneous Hints and Remarks, Punctuation,
STENOdRAriiY — Introductory, Remarks on the Acquisition of
the Reporting Style, . . , .
Stenotypes — Table of— Small Letter Stenotypes for the
Attached Letters, &c., ....
Stem and Attached Consonants — Remarks on the Mode of
Joining them, .....
Uncontracted Stenographs — Abbreviated Eorms, Single
Consonant Stems, Vowel Stems, ...
I Phraseography — Remarks on Joining more common words,
j Miscellaneous Hints— Reporting Numerals, Remarks, Scrip-
tural Quotations, .....
I Punctuation, -----..
[Prefixes and Suffixes, .....
JCONTRACTIONS AND WoRD-SiGXS— Remarks, Word-Signs, Ar-
ranged Phonetically, List of Word Signs Arranged
Alphabetically, - - - - _
Ieporting Exercises, ----..
Shading— Arbitraries — Remarks on Reporting Exercises
Post- Vocalization, Law Reporting, - - -
0-8
9-11
11-13
13-14
lG-20
21-23
23-24
24-55
25-27
27-
''"^-28
28-29
30
3U-31
31-35
35-41
41-43
ERRATA.
Page 11, Section 10, instead of ore read is.
Plate 3, line 6, the has been omitted after that; and in last line, its re-
quires to be supplied before stupendous.
Next plate, line 13, the word truth is absent at commencement of line.
Page 15, line 7, unrolled should be read after the word stores, instead of
following the next line. On the same page, line 19, read glorious instead
ef boundless.
Section 23, Ex. IV. should read Ex .V.
Page 14, Ex. II. line 1, read daily instead of daly.
In some few other caoes possibly slight errors may have escaped notice
in reading proof.
INTRODUCTION.
It is likely that nearly all who be^'in the snhject of Short-
fhaiid writing" are more or less influenced by the wish to be
ible to report verbatim. To take down the words of the
Ipiiblic speaker as fast as they aie uttered, is, in truth,
the hi;i,hest object of Stenography ; and when it is considered
that verbatim reporters can ear" upwards of two thousand
lollars per year, it is not to be wondered at that the idea
\s attractive, especially when it is remembered that the
ittainment of the accomplishment requires less expenditure
)f either time, brain power, or money than any other equally
Remunerative art or employment.
But though verbatim reporting is the highest business of
5horthand, it does not by any means constitute its only claim
[o attention. All improved methods of doings things are, in
general, popukr Ijecaufce they enable men to perform their
)rocesses and attain certain ends, with less drudgery, and in
lorter time ; and, in many cases, because without them the
[bjects desired cannot be reached at all. Still, to the thought-
il, there appear to be wider, deeper and stronger reasons
)r thus extending the " range of human power."
The use of improved methods tends to lengthen life, by
fitting within the reach of the mass of men better condi-
[ons, more healthful circumstances and surroundings, as well
by diminishing the drudgery of life.
Improved methods make life fuller, by introducing within
limits more of sensation and thought. They tend to elevate,
putting within reasonable reach more of the intellectual
6 INTRODUCTION.
and Iiiglier elements of life; and, moreover, in proportion as
the energies of men are attracted in this direction, there is
less of power wasted in the direction of pampered passion and
sordid self-indulgence. Thus, whatever facilitates the pro-
cesses of life, not only tends to the actual lengthening of life,
but also to making life fuller and more elevated.
What is true of improved methods in other matters, and
in general, is doubtless to some extent true of the matter of
writing, or the written expression of language : so that the
growing feeling in favor of a more natural orthography and
a briefer chirography is not only fully justified on the popu-
lar ground of greater convenience, but also on the broader
and higher grounds of true human progress.
The old method of spelling is irregular and capricious to an
extraordinary degree. It requires years of the most tiresome
study, and is never fully mastered. The old method of writing
is clumsy and cumbrous, requiring probably four times as much
of muscular labour, of time and of space as is really necessary.
These things are felt to a large extent even at present ; for
writing has become m'^re or less a necessity in every depart-
ment of business and study ; and as the circumstances of life
become more refined and elevated, the uses to which wriUng
is applied are likely to be even more extensive, and the need
of a better system more widely appreciated.
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
The term Phonography (sound writing) is applied to al
method of writing in which the natural sounds, elements of"
the voice, used in speaking, are each represented by distinc-
tive marks.
The task attempted in this sketch is to propose a system
of writing that would be Phonetic in the full and natural
sense of the word ; which would be naliural not alone in repre-
INTRODUCTION.
teiD
;ural
jpre-
senting the sounds of the languatre by distinct characters,
having, as far as possible, a certain correspondence witli the
sounds they represent, but natural, also, in the order of their
writing.
It will be noticed that the method followed differs radi-
cally from that of Pitman and his followers, in representing
the vowel sounds by lines instead of dots and dashes. The
vowel is made the basis of the written syllable, as it certainly
is of the spoken syllable, and the consonants are so formed that
they may be joined to either end of the vowel, without rais-
ing the pen from the paper, enabling the writer to represent
each sound in regular succession as it is spoken. By this
eans all shifting movements in writing a word are dispensed
jwith, and the Jouble process of writing, one of the worst fea-
Itures of Pitman's method, is avoided. No nominal consonant
is needed ; and no awkward shaded letters, indeed no shading
hatever is required. This in itself is a very important
oint. If the writer chooses in reporting, shading may be
introduced to distinguish between the added t and d; but
his will seldom be necessary. It will be noticed that no
ord or syllabic signs are used in the corresponding or com-
on style of the writing ; nor is there any necessity for their
nse, the writing being generally shorter, without them,
|than that of other systems, even when shortened by their
se to the extent of at least twenty-five per cent.
In the reporting style arbitrary signs are, for the sake
f simplicity, but rarely used ; although it is admitted
hat for the special purposes of the reporter there is no ob-
ection to their being used if the writer pleases to do so, as
as remarked of the shading.
No dots being used in common, the usual punctuation
arks are all that is necessary, another not unimportant ad-
antage over those methods which represent the period by a
ross that requires three movements in making it. In
6
INTllODUCTION.
reportin^^ no punctuution marks are used, spaces boinjj^ left
between the words instead. Tliis leaves the writer tlie dots,
commas, crosses, and indeed everytliin^j^ else available (out-
side of tlie system), to be utilized as ar})itrarie8 in repo'-tiu;;,
if he chooses to so use them. Ihit it should be understood
that the idea of shadinj^^, as well as the use of arbitrariey, is
no part of the system itself.
Believing that the closest harmony ivlth natural condi-
tions, in short, ytaturalness, is the highest perfection possi-
ble in any direction, naturalness has been aimed at. With
what success ? The answer to this question must, in the
long run, come from the intelligent criticism of independent,
unbiassed observers, and not from the verdict of partial!
friendship, nor from the cavilling objections of prejudiced '1
partizans. "The test of time" brings that answer true in I
all cases, it is likely; and the easy duty of the party mostj
interested is, simply to submit.
" What is writ is writ." There is still room for improve-|
ment, doubtless. Any unbiassed criticism of any part of thei
system proposed will be thankfully received, and carefully|
considered. ' '
i \'
v* ■;..
I.'
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
VOWEL SOUNDS.
1. The vowel sounds are simple, distinct, independent, and
[form the base ^' tlie spoken syllable; tliey are relatively
more prominent, and occupy lon^^'er time than the consonant
jwhii'.pers. The lines representing^ them should be correspond-
ingly simple, independent, prominent and long, as compared
[with consonant Phonographs.
TABLE OF VOWELS. .^
JOTTND. PllONOORAPH. EXAMPLES OF EACH SoUND ITALIC1SBE-.
O ^
1-^
e
a
ah
aw
o
00
/
we, tier, dear, thee.
la?/, bane, gain, feign, there.
father, all.
thaio, all, hourjht.
go, blow, though, foe.
hoot. ,
u
oiv
01
. .'i ; /
^ high, lie, why, huy, rye, hy
«
\ . you, duty, suit, ieu).
now, plough, thou.
to?/5 boil. ■
Vi
10
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
f
Eh
* •
/^
-it, this, biscuit
e
^
met, less, guess.
a
"^
at, mat.
^
not, of.
u
^^
but, nut
00
^
foot.
be
eai
^ wr
-^
I pre
mat
1:1
2. The Vowel Phonographs should be copied several times,
making them as nearly as possible like those of the Table;
and it is a good plan to sound each aloud, as it is written.
This process should be continued till sound and sign are
both thoroughly associated in the student's mind.
3. The Long Vowels are made about one fourth of an inch
in length. The Diphthongs are of the same length. The
Short Vowels are half that length, or one eighth of an inch
in length.
4. The Vowel Phonographs, when written alone, are always
made forward, or from left to right, and always maintain
their angular relation with the horizontal line, on which
they rest. In combination, it is often convenient to write
them backwards.
5. The Diphthongs are made a little more curved than the
Long Vowels in allusion to their double nature. In writing
them, their raised ends should be kept well up from the line
of writing, to distinguish them respectively from the inclined
Long Vowels, which latter should be kept well down to the
line for similar reasons.
6. In commencing, do not attempt to write rapidly ; makf
each Phonograph carefully ; speed comes by practice and
will take care of itself. Writing too fast in beginning give:
rise to a slovenly habit, which is apt to be deficient in speed i|
as well as in legibility.
7. The student, it is hoped, can have no difficulty in esti-
mating the exact sound ot the Vowels. In order to assist ii
this, examples are given opposite each in the Table in whict
two or more different spellings of each sound aie given.
9.
bhos
^he
threi
az.,
10
cine
o p
riet
II, e
aifo:
tre, s
4ions
|ike 1
joined
the St
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
11
8. It must be remembered that however the sounds may
be expressed with the letters of the common alphabet,
each is expressed by its own sign, in Phonography. Thus,
for example, e long is with the common letters variously
written e, ei, ea, ee, &c., (see Table, example words of first
;line). But the Phonograph line e is the only means of ex-
^ pressing all these different spellings, phonographically or
Inaturally, because they express one and the same sound.
THE CONSONANTS.
9. In the following Table of the Phonographic Consonants,
those joined to the Vowels are the ones most commonly used.
'he other forms of each are supplementary, and, with two or
three exceptions, are very rarely used. The last in the list,
nz., hwe, is a compound, but is inserted here for convenience.
10. In the following table each of the Consonants ftfe- Cff
joined to a Vowel. This Vowel, however, of course, forms
10 part of the Consonant, which might with equal pro-
)riety have been joined to a or any other Vowel. They are
ill, except ng, n final, and ith, joined to e for the sake of
iniformity, and in order to name them ; for the Consonants
ire, strictly speaking, not sounds but whispers or modifica-
tions of sound ; and some of the Consonants' Phonographs,
like their Consonants, cannot be expressed without being
joined to a Vowel. This is the case with all of them except
the Stroke Consonants.
12
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
CONSONANT PHONOGRAPHS.
Consonant Joined
TO A. Vowel. Name.
CD
O
I— I
P.
H
s '
V I
o
" r
« r
III
te
de
die
ke
fe
ve
/^ C
the
se
ze
she
me
ne
9
Examples of the Power or Force of the
Consonant Part.
m(
p in ^ea rap, &c.
6 " xoh 6ay, &c.
i " ^ime thyme it, etc.
cZ " do ciid dd in add, &c.
ch " c/iin each tch in watch, &c.
^r " ^em % in ridge, j in joy.
^' " A;in, ck in rocZ^, c in can, &c
5i(. in cheque. W-J^ t
(/e g " (/un, ,(/gr in ^uggon, gh in ffli^ited
a^^/tast, &c. W^ P^
/ " fain if, ph in phy.ick, ^^ j ,^ |onoi
V " t'ow loi'e, p/i in nephew. ii„ til
u " lieutenant, &c.
th " ^^in with, &c.
i/i " ^/iem breathe, &c.
8 " sun this, sv^ in less, ps ii
;;salm, c in ceiling, sc in rescind, Ac.
" 2;eal, s in wise, zz in bu00,&c.
s/i " shun wish,s in sure, ^{0^"^^;,
s " pleasure vision, &c.
1 " ^ine W in till, &c.
r " run nor, wr in write, &c.
m " 7)^y, m^i in hymn, &c.
n " 'J^to, pn in j^T^eumon, A:n ic^
know, tjn in si//«, Ac.
i^(7 Tigr " sinry, /^ in liitk, &c.
we lu " 'it'e away, &c.
ye y " year i'/oung, itc.
/i,e /i " he, ivh in w/m">, &c.
hive ivh " u'Aen which, S:c.
fl|^ould
tied to
tOIN]
Pe
Ti(
Se<
La
No
Lei
Tet
Ga
Th,
|13. I
Cons
|low i]
ikwai
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
13
THE FORCE OF THE CONSONANT.
11. Though the Consonants are named pe, be, etc., for
fcnvenience in speaking of them, it is important that the
}arner should have a correct idea of tlieir exact force or
lower, for this alone is of importance in writing. In order
get the exact force of the Consonant, pronounce tlie whole
its name aloud, and then, dropping the Vowel, attempt to
ronounce the Consonant part of its name. Take the first of
iem — pe, for example. Pronounce it slowly p-e, and then,
Topping the e part, you have remaining the exact power of
ie Consonant, which can only be whispered. In the same
ly, the power of each of the other Consonants may be esti-
mated from any of their example words, namely, by isolating
\e part of the words printed in Italics, and attempting to
fonounce it.
12. Examples of the Phonetic method of spelling and of
ie mode of joining the Consonant and Vowel Phonographs
[gether are found in the following Exercises, each of which
kould be carefully re-read and re-copied, till it is familiar-
id to the mind.
rOINING THE VOWEL AND CONSONANT PHONOGRAPHS.
Key (Exercise I).
j. Pea, pay, ape, pie, be, bow, toe, no, say.
Tie, day, do, jay, Jew, key, gay, go, row.
Fye, fee, foe, few, thigh, thee, they, thou, hie.
See, sa}^, sigh, saw, so, she, show, shy, shoe.
Lay, lie, row, raw, rue, may, nigh, knee, now.
No, we, way, woe, ye, he, how, lie> low.
Leap, peel, bale, robe, rope, ball, bill, till, seal.
Teem, time, tomb, door, dare, gaol, care, come, coal.
Gale, feel, leaf, vane, file, fall, full, fell, fill.
Theme, there, this, thus, those, them, game, sail, real.
REMARKS.
|13. In writing words the first Phonograph, whether Vowel
Consonant, rests on the line of writing; and the others
[low in regular succession, generally forward, but sometimes
:k wards, if most convenient.
8
I ^- c^ ^ f}^^ ^O/
2 YC^ Cj-. (_^ .:^ e^
& Q_^ ^- .— ^_-. ^>- -^ ^/'-^
i
'«■
^■w
4
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
14
14. The loop and hook Consonants accommodate them-
)lves to the Vowels. The stroke Consonants liold their j-ela-
fon with a horizontal line, in the same way as the Vowels,
beo-inninj^, the learner will iind some little difficulty in
i)tin<^ the hook and loop letters to their Vowels at their
j)mmencement ; but a little practice soon overcomes this.
Key (Ex. II).
Easy, daly, relish, reason, repose, repays.
Vision, vicious, ration, rushinj.^, wishin<>-, washing, lashing.
Fairy, offer, fissure, fishing, revel, reveal, sable.
Recur, reckless, repair, pairing or paring, rashly, rosy, re-
main.
Sicklyj silver, rumor, Mary, music, maker.
Remaining, demolish, finally, vanity, similar.
Voluble, villainy, finishing, happiness, physical, felony,
famous.
17. As a general rule, when a Consonant comes between
TO Vowels, it is applied to the first of the two ; but it is
ij|[metimes most convenient to apply it to the second.
1 8. Circle se, ze, she and zhe are always applied to the
rst of the two Vowels between which they come, to prevent
Mistaking se for ze and she for zhe respectively. Line 2,
:. II.
^ 19. When more than one form of a word can be written,
id this is often the case, that form should be chosen which
most elegant or easily wiitten.
20. After reading each Exercise, the Key which accompanies
should be written out Phonographically, compared with it«
fercise and corrected. This process should be repeated
feth each till it can be read readily, and written correctly.
21. As with a knowledge of the preceding the great ma-
Jrity of words can be written, the following general Exercises
introduced here. The n ambers in the Key to these refer
the following sections, where the student will find the ex-
Sanation of the principles involved in writing the words
that are thus numbered.
Key (Ex. III).
To sit 2* on rocks to muse o'er flood and fell ;
To slowly* 8 trace 3® the forest's shady scene,
<r ^ ^:jxp 1^ o
III
Q.-. r^
^^
c^-^ 0\
-^ O cr^ f^-_o-e3 (^
-^M,^
C7- ^c?N cP C^ ,^--^ ^ rs^
■ "^ <r^ o/ c^ ^ (^ c>^ ,;-^ ,
-'"''^ ^^-^ C...X? — .r« (3v-:p (2^ -<!^ P •
\
o--
2_
?
^
?
V«)^,^<^::$ OS T^c^t'^
'^
^
LINEAR PHONOGRAIHY.
15
Hiere tliioG^s tbat"* own not^'* man's dominion dwell,
And mortal^ ^ foot'''* liui.li ne'er or rarely been.
To cli'nb the trackless mountain all unseen,
'ith the wild flocks thut"* never need^a a fold^^;
Alone o'er steeps and foaming falls to lean, —
lis is not solitude,^' 'tis but to hold^s
Converse with naUu'e's^s charms and view her stoies
it24 mid24 the strife;2% ^^, the hum, the shock ofmen,^^
unroll 'd,
I To see, to hear, to feel, and^^ to possess,
roam along the woild's^s tired^^ denizen,
With none to bless us, none whom we can bless ;
Minions of splendor^^ shrinking from distress;
)ne that with kindred eonsojousness endued, ^^
If we were not, woidd seem to smile the less
all that followed^s, flattered^-'', sought^a q^ sued, —
lis is to be alone, this, this is solitude^^.
Byron.
|! how canst** thou renounce*^ the boundless ^^ store
jOf charms*'' that nature^^ to her votary yields ?
le warbling woodlands, the resounding shore,
jThe pomp of groves, the garniture of fields ;
II that the genial ray of morning gilds^"^,
I And all that echoes to the song of even;
II that the mountain's sheltering bosom** wields.
And all the diead^^ magiificence of heaven;
These how canst** thou renounce and hope to be forgiven ?
Beaty.
Key (Ex. IV).
["Thus the law" (The Correllation and Conservation of
)rce,) "characterized by P^'araday as the highest in physical 3*
fence which our facuities^^ permit us to perceive, has a far
)ve extended^s sway. It might^^ well have been pro-
timed^ ^ the highest law of all — the most far-reaching
inciple that adventuring reason has discovered^** in the
li verse. Its stupendous reach spans all orders of existence.
)t only does it govern''" the movements^ ^ of the heavenly
[dies, but it regulates the genesis of the constellations.
)t only does it control those radient floods of power which
the eternal spaces, bathing, warming, illumining and
16
LINKAll PHONOailAPHY.
vivifying our planet, but it rules the actions and relations of j
men and rej^ulates the march of terrestrial affairs. Nor ij|
its dominion limited2 4 v,o physical phenomena, it prevails]
e(pially in the world^^ of mind, contiollin^ all the processes
of thoufjjht and feelin<;-. — And if these hi«>h realities'*^ are]
but faint^s and fitful glimpses vvliich science has oljtained^',
in the dim dawn of discovery, vyhat must be the <i;Iories of tliej
coming day? If indeed^s they are but"*® pebbles gathered!
from the shores of the great ocean of truth, what are tlief
mysteries still hidden in the bosom'*'* of the mighty ^^ unex-
plored ? And how far transcending^^ all human thought-^]
that2 4 unknown and infinite^'* cause of all, to which t]ie|
human spirit^'* turns evermore, in solemn and mysterious
worship." Yeomans.
CONTRACTING PRINCIPLES.
THE ADDED T OR D.
22. The Consonants te and de often follow Vowels as well!
as other Consonants, in which cases they may be added bTi
lengthening or shortening the letters to which they are addedj
Of course, when there is danger of mistake as to whether lt\
01 de is intended, the Consonant must be written in full.
23. Te or de is added to any Long Vowel or long strokej
Consonant by leiij;thening it by one-half its length. (Ex,|
IV., lines 1 and 2.)
24. Te or de is added to the Short Vowel or Consonant byj
shortening it one half (lines 3 and 4).
25. When te or de is thus added to another letter endiDgl
with m, Ze, fe or iiig, in reading, the te or de is read afterj
the in, le ox fe hook or inuj (line 5).
26. In all other cases the te or de thus added is read nextj
the Vowel, the other Consonants following it (line 6).
27. Te is added to se circle by changing the circle to
small loop (line 7).
28. The at loop is made as narrow as possible to distiii|
guish it from 'pe loop, which should be kept well open.
LINEAR PIIONOGllAFHY.
Key (Ex. V).
17
[. Eat, eiglit or ate, pate, beat, eats, owed.
I. Apt, sobbed, stitched, art, heart, apart, guard.
It, at, let, wit, nit, writ, set, bit, not, nut.
[. Written, rotten, cannot, bonnet, wetting, rnettle or metal,
settle, little.
\. And or aunt, rent, sent, lent, meant, enter, intended,
rented, wronged, linked.
1. Its, itself, nutshell, pits, lots, fits, etcetera, lights, feats.
[. Step, steep, esteem, estimate, most, fast, least, beast. ,
i
ADDED RE. '
29. The Consonant i^e may often be indicated at the begin-
[ing of a Consonant in such combinations as pr, br, thr, &c.
30. Re is added to the straight stroke Consonants by a
lall hook at their commencement turned towards the left
land or downward. (Ex. VI., line 1.)
31. Re is added to the curve Consonants and large hooks
their commencement by turning a small hook to their
mer or concave sides.
32. Re is indicated to the loop and circle letters by draw-
ig their commencement or termination across the line of
le Vowel to which they are attached, a short distance. (Lines
and 4.) i
i
Key (Ex. VI). j
<
Try, dry, dreamy, trumpet, trinket, wetter, letter. f
Pray, price, present, brave, brine^ crime, acre, graver. '
Either, wither, mother, eager, bigger, longer, younger,
linger.
ADDED LE.
33. Le is indicated after a Consonant in a way similar to
the hook being made perceptibly larger.
1 34. When le is applied to the loop letters a little curve is
ide at the commencement or termination of the loop, as
lines 3 and 4 of Ex. VII.
V
I
cr-~
i r -s ^. ^ 6 .-^ a- J- O Q.
I --^^ .-^ ^^^ jy ^.'^ ^ J o^_^ ^^.^-^
Q_V ^"^ .-.
v/
r — J
2 '^— ^ .^ Ai ;^ y^
VII
' '^'^ -^ -^ ^
A
^
1 JV'-V
V)(|
2- -<3- -'''5^ (?,:,>- (i^f~ Ki, <r~r°
^ ^^^^ "~^_'^ <^-^ ""-^ -^
\ ^^ ^/ ^^^ 4^(5^ ^^^2^3
18
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
Key (Ex. VIT).
1. Idle, riddle, apply, applause, reply.
2. Blunder, blessing, blossom, gloomy, glazing.
3. Pleasant, playful, climbing, clean, classical, closet.
4. Able, rebel, blessing, glisten, gleaming, closing.
MISCELLANEOUS.
35. The Consonant she may be indicated by a small serai-
circle placed outside of the larger circles and loop letters, a?
in line 1, Ex. VIII.
36. The light Consonant the may be added in a similar wajj
by extending the semicircle 35 about double the distance!
(Line 2.) '
37. The terminations tion^ sion, may be indicated after|
circles me and ne, by a semicircular turn inside the circle.j
(Line 3.)
38. This termination may be added after a Vowel by ^
large hook on its convex side. When it is applied to a Coiin
sonant this hook takes the same side as the ne hook. ('Line4.|
39. The lower side of the stroke re is the ne hook side, and aei
the, ste and shn take the same side. In other Consonantsl
the ne hook is put on the same side as re hook. (Line 5.)
Key (Ex. VIII).
1. Stench, winch, wrenches, truncheon, retrench.
2. I:engthen, strengthen, month, monthly, twelfth, selfisl..
3. Attention, luncheon, resumption, option, mention, ex-
empt^' jn.
4. Emotion, commotion, ambition, resolution, occasion.
5. Earn, worth, earth, worst, Urst, worse, fears, harsh.
6. Hark, argue, worked, marked, starve, wharf.
7. Link, think, single, English, linguist, singular, relinquish.]
8. Welsh, wealth, elm, smell, imbue, ruby.
9. Necessary, absolute, linear, really, rebel.
10. Sixteen, sixty, fixed, still, last, rest, best, west.
11. Quench, queer, wrecked, raked, bagged, snagged, writhed!
breathed.
m
LINKAR THONOCRArHY.
19
Remarks.
10. Line 6 shows how ke, ge and ve are applied to stroke
1. Ke and ge are applied to a Vowel after lug, as in the
amples, line 7.
2. The words of line 8 show some peculiar forms, in
u'h several Consonants follow each other. In such cases
tife j^eneral rule is to keep the order of the Consonants mov-
ilig to the right as much as possible.
'erai- 4;j, After ke, &c., st may be added, as in line 10, by a small
^' "■ l#p inside the Vowel line ; st is added in the same way to
iher end of a Vowel.
4. The se circle and st loop may be put inside any of the
>k letters.
5. W may be indicated after ke and ge loops by lengthen-
them. At the termination of a sylli'ble te or di may be
ed in the same way to these two loops, as also to Ith and
(Line 11.)
6. In general it is better that the Vowels should not cross
li other ; but in cases where they do not interfere with
ibility it may be allowed.
7. The me circle, when applied to a stroke Consonant, is
lied to the same side as tie hook, viz : to the inside of
curves and to the left or lower side ot the straight stems.
8. Se circle, when joined to circle or loop letters, is ap-
ed wherever the loop line begins or terminates, as the case
y be, no matter on which side of the Vowel line it may
e.
9. The curve strokes the or straight ge or ke may be used
ex-l^any case where loop the, &c , cannot be formed to 'he Vowel.
0. Tlie Short Vowel e may often be omitted between two
sonants, where it is but slightly heard.
1. Le ne hook may vary from the usual form to accummo-
^ e itself to another Consonant coming after, as in the word
lisli.H^^^' ^^^^ 2*
>2. In any case that may occur in which it would be diffi-
|t to write an attached hook, loop or circle Consonant, a
^plemental stroke should be used.
)3. As previously noticed, the Vowel Phonographs are
le about one-fom*th of an inch in length ; when lengthened
/
20
LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY.
to indicate te or de added, they are three-eigths of an|
inch. The Short Vowels are made one-eighth of an inch inj
length, and when shortened to add te or de, these are made!
one-sixteenth of an inch in length. The Consonant strokes!
are made a little longer than they should be relatively to!
the Vowels, in order that the attached loops, &c., may bej
added to them, as is frequently done in reporti: j. Ge andj
Je are made the same length as t' 3 Long Vowels. The otheil
stroke Consonants are made the same length as the Short'
Vowels.
Writers who intend their manuscript for public reading,:
or those who wish to specially favor their sight, will prefer i
a scale of writing larger than that usual, using a rather coarse!
pen ; as no shaded lines are used, there can be no objectionj
to this, if the enlarging be uniform, so as to retain the same
lelative proportion among the lines used.
PUNCTUATION.
54. The usual' punctuation marks, comma, &c., are used!
as in common longhand. A capital, or capitals, may be in-f
dicated by drawing two light dashes under the letter or let-j
ters to be thus distinguished. Letters, syllables or wordjj
which would be indicated in italics in the common orthogj
raphy have a single line drawn under them as in commor
longhand. The possessive case may be indicated by putting
the raised comma or apostrophe near the termination of th(|
word.
5 >. The preceding includes all the important material!
which was thought appropriate to be introduced in the coml
mon rhonography. As noticed in the introduction, no worl
signs or arbitraries are needed, and accordingly none ar^
used. It is probable that the omission of syllables or part^
of a word is as objectionable in common writing as are al
breviations in common conversation. The omission of the
short e and w, coming between two Consonants, are the onh
cases in which liberties have been taken in this respect, bu|
this omission can never lead to hesitation or mistakes.
STENOGRAPHY;
OR,
VERBATIM REPORTING.
After mastering the principles of the Linear Phonography
as to be able to write by them correctly, if the student
[tends to master Reporting, he should not tarry longer with
»e simple Phonography, but at once begin the study (>f the
renography, or Steno-Phonog'^'^hy. In doing this he "lust
lance agai'x at the supnleir dry stem Consonants, and
[ake himself acquainted with uie Stenotypes and their use,
id the mode of joining the stem Consonants with the at-
Iched letters.
This much accomplished, he may begin copying the Ke-
^rticg Exercises, taking a small portion at a time, writing
[first from the Exercise itself, then from the Key, comparing
correcting; and in case of portions not understood, turn-
to the explanatory sections to which the numbers of the
J refer. Continue this process with each portion, till the
^ole of the Exercises are thoroughly understood, and can be
idily written and read. In this way the tudent will get
idea of the Exercises and the contracting principles at the
le time. Of course, if the student prefers it, he can take
opposite method, and study the explanatory sections with
^ir examples first and the Reporting Exercises afterwards,
whichever method is followed, the student must endea-
ir to do his work thoroughly, as far as he goes, writing
characters, as nearly as possible, like those of the en-
jyed plates. In writing the Exercises a fine-pointed pen
3est at first, though when it comes to practice a lead
|cil (Faber's No. 2) should be sometimes used, since it is
.always convenient to have pen and ink at hand.
22
STENOGRAPHY.
After he is familiar with the Reporting- Exercises, the stu-
dent should miike himself aciiuainted more thorouohly withf
the principles illustrated in the subsequent sections, part ofl
which he will of course already understand, havin<); referredj
to them from the numbers of the Key Exercises. The List of]
Prefixes and Suffixes, as also the List of Abbreviations and!
Word Signs, come in for a share of attention. At first it is!
best to learn those Word Signs only which are most useful, or
of most frequent occurrence, which in the List are marked in'
italics. But the student will find it much to his advantag€|
to thoroughly learn the whole List, as it is much more easjl
to change from short forms to long ones, (if the writer thinksl
best lo do so,) than to write short forms, if once in the hahit|
of writing long ones.
The student, having made himself acquainted with thej
engraved Exercises, the principles, and the more useful of the
Word Signs, should begin to practice writing after a reader!
In this exercise the reader should read only as fast as the!
writer can follow, without hurry or inconvenience. In other!
respects the reading should be as natural as possible, so as m
give the writer the advantage of the pauses in forming hia
phrases. The writer should not for one moment endeavoi
to write rapidly. As remarked before, be careful only t(j
write well ; with practice, rapidity will take care of itself.
Care should be taken to make every character as nearlj
perfect as possible. Rapidity mainly depends upon family
arity with the word forms, so as to be able to write thei
without hesitation ; and this is more quickly acquired
the patient and careful writer than by one who begins moi
rapidly ; and legibility, a most important consideration, ii*
of course, secured by the first, and is sure to be more or le^
injured by a careless style.
The extracts to be used as exercises should be chosen froif
every source likely to be of service to the reporter, such
sermons, lectures, conversations, trials, etc. ; and as much tii
should be spent in reading' the written notes as in writii
them, otherwise the student will find difficulty in transcri/|
ing. The student should meanwhile take every opportunitl
of takin}^ notes from sermons, speeches, etc. In doing tli|
he should not attempt to follow the speaker till he is abl
STENOORAPHY.
23
do so easily, Imt should endeavour to write only so much
he can write down well, correctly and legibly.
It will hardly be necessary to remind the writer that
le is not expected to come down to absolute models in
[ctual practice. Owing to the variety and fertility of Pho-
lographic material, as well as to individual differences of
frganisra, there will be different methods of writing many
rords and phrases. Since reporting notes are usually in-
jnded only for the writer's own use, this variety is not an
Ibjection, as it does not interfere with legibility.
After five or six months' practice from reading, during, say
ro or three hours a day, the industrious student will be able
write verbatim tiie words of almost any public speaker,
id need not fear to shoulder the responsibility of reporting,
lat is if he has had a fair opportunity of practicing at in-
nvals from public speakers. In his first attempts of this
tnd^ owing to several causes, the writer may possibly be
tsappointed ; but he must not be discouraged. Let hira try
gain, taking a light meal, or none, if inclined to be robust,
;fore the speech or meeting he is to report, and he will soon
master of the situation," master of one of the most
)lendid of accomplishments, whether it be considered as a
[eans of mental culture or as regards its practical utility.
STENOTYPES.
1. Stenotypes are representations of Phonographic charao-
Irs by means of printed letters of the common alphabet,
led to indicate the writing of abbreviations and word signs,
[thout the trouble of engraving them.
2. In the following Table the Names of the Phonographs
printed below their Stenotypes. This Table will serve
ja Key to the writing of the List of Word Signs, &c. Thus,
U would indicats that the long e is to be written, with the
loop attached to it.
TABLE OF STENOTYPES.
LONG VOWEL.
E
A
AH AW
00
e
a
ah aiv
00
'! I
24
b-TENOORAPHY.
DIPHTHONG.
1
ow
U
01
•
010
SHORT
n
VOWEL.
oi
/
E
AH
U
00
•
e
a
o
u
00
CONSONANT STKM
p
li
T
D
CH
J
K G
pe
he
ie
lie
die
>
A» ge
F
V
TH
TH
S
Z
SH ZH
fe
ve
ith
the
se
06
sAe 2;/i0
L
U,R
M
N
NG
w
H HW
^e
re
me
ne
ing
we
he hwe
4. The stem Stenotypes being all capitals, the attache
letters, hooks, loops, circles, and added te or de are all indi
cated by small letter Stenotypes.
5. Ne circle is represented by n as its Stenotype ; in hool
by N ; the curve re by R.
6. The small I hook applied to the concave side of steni'
at either end has I for its Stenotype.
7. The position of a Stenotype is indicated by the numei
ala 1,2, 3, 4 and 5. The figure 1 after a Stenotype in
dicates that the Stenograph it represents is to be written o
the line ; 2, that it is to be written above the line slightly[
J5, still higher above tlie line ; 4, through the line, or, if
horizontal stera, close under line ; 5, below the line.
STEM AND ATTACHED CONSONANTS.
8. In Steno-Phonography, the loop and hook letters ai
frequently attached to Consonants as well as to Vowel stemgj
and it is therefore necessary to have a clear idea as to whiclj
side of the Consonant stem the loop or hook is to be placed
9. So far as the Consonant stems are cvirves, the loop aii|
hook letters are applied to them in the same way as they ani
to the Vowels, the concave attacliments being placed on till
concave side of the curve, and the convex ones on the convtsj
or outside of the curves, at either end. Line 1 (Ex. IX).
10. Some of the Consonant stems being straight, iiil
in
OTENOORAPHY.
ift
»ir case it mi'st be borne in mind, that the left side of J>,
"Jl and y, and the lower side of k, g and r corresponds to the
leave side of the curves. This, for convenience of refer-
ee, may be called the inside or n side, and the opposite
ie may be called the outside or I side, corresponding to the
I vex side of the 3urves. Lines 2 and 3.
fll. The re, shn and large le hooks being put on the inside
the Constniant stems, it is necessary to make the/e and ve
ioks on the outside of these stems. Line 4.
1 12. The ^0 may be indicated by a small tick at the com-
iucement of the Consonant stem, blending with it. When
lis written on the convex side or outside of the stem it is read
ifove it ; on the concave side or inside this tick comes after
[e stem in reading. Line 5.
1.3. At tlie commencement of a stem the ke loop may be.
gthened to add w ; at the termination of a stem, may be.
igthened to add t or d. Line 6.
14. The I and ?' ticks may be applied to loops or circles
jined to Consonant stems, in the same way as when they are
ined to Vowel curves. Line 7.
1.5. The Hiook may be applied outside any hook letter.'
\ue 8.
1 16. iS and m, though belonging on the concave or inside,
lay sometimes be placed on the outside.
17. The stem letters are all made a little longer than usual
len hooks or loops are put inside of them or attached to
[em, especially in case of large loops. Line 9.
Tick ing may be written independently or may have a
ined either before or after it, and when written alon6=
made downwards.
UNCONTRACTED STENOGRAPHS.
18. A large class of words are already so brief that, even
the purpose of Verbatim Reporting, no contraction is ne-
jjssary ; such are the words itj at, wit, wet, let, and, &c.
19. This class of words are never indicated by word signs,
fthout some special reason. When written singly they
[cupy the first place (on the line).
20. When joined to other words they take any position
[uired by the phrases in which they occur ; as a rule, being,
26
STENOGRAPHY,
fully indicated, they take care of themselves in regard k
legibility.
ABBREVIATED FORMS.
21. A second class of words omit any unimportant letter*
each as unaccented Vowela, when not used as stems foij
attaching Consonant loops or hooks. Words of this cl,isj|
are used in the same wa}^ as those of the first class ; whei
singly, on the line; in phrases they take any position.
SINGLE CONSONANT STEMS.
22. A third class of word forms are composed of a Consol
nant stem, with or without attached hooks or loops, havin||,
their leading Vowel indicated by position. As a general'
rule words of this class have Vowels implied thus :
Written in the 1st place (on the line) they have A or indi
cated.
Written in the 2nd place (above the line) they have E, A\l]
or E indicated.
Written in the 3rd place (above line ^ in.) they have I,
or I indicated.
Written in the 4th place (through line) they have AH, 0(|
or 00 indicated.
Written in the 5th place (below line) they have U or 0^^
indicated. Ex. X. Il
23. Many of the word-signs are formed by the precedin***
table, and the intelligent student will find no difficulty i
proposing as many of this class as he may think necessarjp^
from the models given.
24. Horizontal stems, in the fourth position, since th
cannot be written through the line, are placed under, am
dose to the ruled line.
VOWEL STEMS.
25. A fourth class of Stenographs are composed of sing
or double syllables (one or two Vowel stems with or withou!
Consonant attachments), having one or more additional 8j'|
lables, either before or after the one written, indicated 1)|
position.
STENOOnAPHY.
»7
Woivis of this class written in the Ist position liave but
le 8vllal)le, or only the two syllables that are written.
In 2ik1 place (above line) they have one syllable follow-
kig, to be supplied.
In 3rcl place (^ in. above line), they have two or more
lyllabies following the one written.
In 4th place (through line), they have a syllable preceding
[nd following the one written.
In 5th place (below line), they have one or two syllables
preceding the one written. The last two contracting princi-
ples are but little used. Ex. XI.
26. In writing words of this class it is usual to choose the
lost suggestive syllable in the word, writing it according to
he above plan. Words of the above class are usually written
lingly ; and by means of the plan the student can at leisure
)rm as many abbreviations as he maj require.
27. The principles of third and fourth classes may be
[ombined with propriety in some cases ; that is, a single
Consonant stem, with or without loops or hooks, may be used
tlie same way as the forms of class fourth, and will have
Ihe Vowels associated with each position as well as the addi-
ional syllables indicated by its position. Several of the
rord-signs are based on this application, which, however,
Ihould be but sparingly used.
28. Lastly, a number of words are indicated by using sin-
He letters, to indicate words, without reference to any of the
[receding prin iples. These are more or less arbitrary and
ike tlie shading and signs not derived from the alphabet,
Ire only allowable on the ground of the reporter's notes be-
ig intended for his own special use.
PHRASEOGRAPHY.
29. About one hundred of the common words make up
le half the words used in speaking and writing English.
[hese words, part of which are written in full and part of
lem indicated by abbreviations and word signs, are usually,
Reporting, written in groups without raising the pen
[om the paper ; thus : InEnKs, — In-any-case ; THrmBs
iRsfTh, — There-may-besome-reason.
30. As a rule, words of this class are joined in the same
n^m
48 STENOGRAPHY.
v?ay as rapid writers often join words in common long luind,| g.
i»eginning the second at the termination of the first, and wf
on, the lines taking the direction most convenient. Ciirt
jihould be taken not to carry the writing too far ahove or W|
low the line ; and generally Phraseographs should terrni
iiate at a pause, that is, the words before and after a paiisel
ahould not be joined in writing. It is not well to extendi
them too much, or to include in them word-forms that do^
rtot join easily together.
31. Sometimes it is convenient to include in the termina
tion of one word a letter or letters belonging to the begin
iiing of the following word by the application of one of the con- ^
tractingprinciplesjthus: luEtKst, — I n-t he-text ; wi^ndKnd,j
-^Wonder-aiid.
32. In the Reporting Exercises the student will find many
examples of both kinds of phrase writing. As this systenif
is peculiarly adapted to the joining of words together, Phrase-|
ography is the prevailng mode of writing in its KeportingI
wtyle, as will be seen in the engraved Reporting Exercises,
The difficulty at the outset will be to choose the best und
easiest forms among the many possible, l>ut this is soon dis-
posed of by practice in reading and writing.
33. The Consonant representing there or their may oftenl |
1)6 added to Long Vowels and to some Consonant stems, bjl
lengthening them more than is required generally, or foiQ
adding the te or de. I
34. In the middle of phrases the may be indicated by the^|
added te^ thus : /ntKst, — In-the-text.
MISCELLANEOUS.
35. Se 'jircle may be applied to the left side of ncf tick'
either when the two belong to the same or to diflferent ,£^1%
36. Sh circle may be applied to the right side of ng.:\
Both Ng and H supplemental may point the opening either'
upwards or downwards.
37. F hook may represent for in phrases and it may b
placed either on the concave or convex side of the Vowel
signs to which it is joined, at their commencement.
38. Of may be indicated by the f ox v book, at the term!
STENOORAPHY.
Hb
ition of either a Vowel or Consonant stem. Have may )ye
uHeatcd in the same way.
39. With may be often added to a stem by the loop j'i/i, as;
\o-with-U8, — Gthf/s.
40. No is sometimes added hy n hook ; and generally in
lay be added in the same way, thus : I-have-7t,o-roomy —
mRm; i8-realli/-iii-the-text, — ysH^EutKst.
41. The w liook may generally Im used instead of hio^
MIS : 1 H'the- ivheds, — InEwEh.
42. Have or of may often be added l)y the /hook after
le added t or (Z, tliough usiially, or by rule, it is read before
le t or df as, that-have or that-of,- - Tlliv.
REPORTING NUMERALS.
43. In writing numbers the common numerals may some-
tmes be used, or the words may be written out in full. But
[hen long numbers are frequently oceuring, a more brief
lode of expressing them is desirable. For this purpose
[honographic characters may be used, as in the following
Ian, witli which the Reporter sliould make himself familiar:
44. 1,7 and w ; 2, J? and t ; 3, AH and th ; 4, and f ;
I, U and e ; 6, 00 and s ; 7, E and st; 8, A and m ; 9, A W
id n, or N final, the cypher by and k.
45. Hundred, or hundreds, P; thousands,T ; millions, CH :
illions, K ; trillions, R ; quadrillions, J ; quintillions, G.
40. In writing numbers by this plan, the first character is*
[ritten below the line, so as to prevent mistaking for con)-
lon words or word signs.
47. Each of the Digits, it will be noticed, is represented
a Vowel as well as by a Consonant, so that long numbers
Miy be written without raising the pen. The periods of
jiindreds, thousands, &c., are indicated by the straight;
[rokes, so that they can be joined to the other without rais-
jg tlie pen and without confusion.
48. As Examples of the mode of u.-nng the above take the
llowing: 1876, ImEs* ; 9324, AWth^f* ; 100, IF*] 2000,
IT*; lOOOOOOO, IkCH4.
[49. In reporting scriptural jjuotutions, the chapter if<
pit ten on the line, with the common numerals, and the versy
verses through the line.
V)
STKNOnUAPHY.
PUNCTUATION.
60, No Punctuation marky are used in roportinjj;, spacefj
l)eing left for tlie periods, and longer spaces for tlie note of|
interrogation. In transcribing notes these can \)e inserted;, ^
at leisure, as well as the other marks used in composition, '^m
51. J^aughter may be expressed by a line sweeping up-f' ^
wards like a lengthened re. Cheering is noted })y a line like*
a lengthened P, downwards and to the right. Laughter and.
applause by joining the two together.
PRhFIXES.
.52. Con, COM, COO and CUM are indicJited by a small dot
written near the commencer.ient of the body of tlie word, or-,
by writing the Stenograph to which the Prefix is to be add-|
ed, near the termination of the word preceding. Ex. XI.|
(line 1.) I
53. When these Prefixes are preceded by a Vowel or Con-;i
Bonant, they may be indicated by writing thj body of the| |
Stenograph near or under the preceding stem ; that is, thej
last stem of the previous word (line 2).
54. B^OR or FORE is represented by F written near or joinedj
to the body of the Stenogiaph (line 3).
55. Magna, magni-e is indicated by writing me circle^!
over the body of the word (line 3). |^
56. Self is written by a ae circle written on the line, the^;;
!>ody of the word following it (line 4).
57. CiRCUM, CIRCU are expressed by the Se circle raisedM^
up from the line, the body of the Stenograph being writteill
close to it. With by TH written betbre the Stenograph
body (line 5). r
58. Contra — i — o Counter is indicated by K before th%
Stenograph (line 6). Inter— TRO by 7nt.
59. Bene by B ; Hypo by H ; Omni by 0, written neaig
the commencement of the Stenograph (line 7).
SUFFIXES.
60. Ble or ELY is indicated by stem B, joined or disjoined
when Bl cannot be conveniently written (line 8).
61. BiLiTY by B written disjoined.
62. Ever hyfe or ve hook (line 9).
STKNOGUAPHY.
(13. Full Uy/« liook.
\',A. FuLLNKSS hy Fs detaclicd (1. 0).
().'). Lkssnkss by 88 (1. y).
(U). Ino l)y /joined or by tick n<j (1. 10).
(17. ]N[kntal-tality, by position raised above line (1.10).
(18. Ology by J written close (1. 10).
(i!). Sklf by 86 circle joined (1. 11).
70. Kkl^' w by «s joined (1. 1 1).
71. SHlP-thl, sb joined (1. 11).
72. SoEvKii by 8V joined (1. 11).
LIST OF CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-SIGNS.
As has been already remarked, Stenopfraphy being- intended
[r a special purpose, that of Verbatim Reportin<jf, its
)te8 to be read only by the writer, ani_ the highest attain-
)le speed of execution being desirable, there is no objection
hatever to the use of Word-Signs, Arbitraries, or indeed
ly otlier method of shortening. Of course the more con-
jtent the word-abbreviations are with principles already
id down the better ; and the more simple the Arbitraries
^e less objectionable they will be.
With these considerations in view, there is here intro-
liced a very full list of Word-Signs for report ng purposes.
|ost of those used are more or less dependent upon princi-
3S already laid down. A few of them are Arbitraries.
[Those deemed most important are marked in Italics.
lese the student should commit without delay. The Re-
rter anxious to gain a high rate of speed will of course
imit the whole list. The taking them from their Steno-
)es and changing them into Stenographs will be an excel-
it exercise.
[A good mode of committing them to memory is to writ«
jm down, including them in short sentences like the fol-
ding: ^^ Are-you-able to estimate his ability f — RUBl
tMt /-s-B." " He went-about-his-work the-moat ably of
\y, -h ^ntBt/swRk i^mS Bl v En."
WORD-SIGNS— ARRANGED PHONETICALLY.
?he numbers show the position in which the Stenograph
^o be written.
6
32
STENOGRAPHY.
' lili!! i
SINGLE STEMS VOWELS.
I — 7, highway 2, high^, higher', why*, underlie^. E-|
we, weary*, wearily 3, agree^. A — away, waver *, wavering^f
AH — Ah, father, hurrah^. OW—now^hoiuever^. 01 — em-
ployer, employment*, loyal '-ally. AW — all, always^, alto-l
gether^. auUior^-ity^. 0— Oh, 0, overthrow*, moreover',;
00 — who, whose*-ever*, untrue^. U — you, imite-ed*, imi-
verse-al^, disunion^. I — tuill, willing-ly*, unwilling^- lyf
E — the, yesterday*. AH — after-wards*, hereafter-*. O-g
or, order*-ly*, disorder*, counterorder". U — of, other'"
wise^, another*, Vjrother^. 00 — foot-footing, underfoot^
afoot*. It — it, itself^, reiterate-ation^, submit*, issionl
Et — yet, educate^ -ation^, let*-erS. At — at, attempt*, at|
mosphere^-icaP, combat*-ive^. Ot — ?tO^, notwithstandinoj'l
God 3, ungodly. Ut — but, utter*, utterly 3. OOt— ivouli
could^,
CONSONANT STEMS.
P — pay, up, pea*, heap^, pie', whip', pioneer', happy ^
unhappy^. B — be, obey, ebb*, by^, buy', to-be^, absolute*
imbue^. T — to, wait, wet*, eat^, tie', time^, tyranny', out*
attraction*, too^. D — de, aid, head*, heed*, die^, diamet
add^, due^. CH — which, each^, watch*, witch*, itcli
much*, chew^. J — advantage, jay, edge*, wedge*, Jeli
vah', large*, Jew 5. K — come, make, key^, weak*, kii.
dom', council*, cue^, cow*^. G — Go, gave, egg*, give'-
God',
half*
wag*. F — for, forever*, fie', finance'-ial
ever^, weave*, everlasting*, ror,
, few 5. V — ivave.
vieiv^. TH — with, think^, hath^, youth s. TH — tJifi
thee^, thy^, thought. S — say, see*, sigh', science'-tific, sue'j
Z — was, ease*-y, eyes^, wise', hazard*, has*, use 5. SH-
shall^, she^, wish^, hash*, hush^, shoe^. ZH — pleasure'!
usual^. L — lay, heal-ing, ill', lie', hallow*, allow*, whole'j
Y — ye, year*-ly, you^. R (supplemental) — our, hear\
hire', arrow*. R (straight, up oi down stroke) — are, her^P
raw*, royal', hurrah*, row*, rue^. M — may, am, me*, my'i
mow'', mew. m (circle) — aim, emotion*, him^, imminent'!
eminent', whom^, ambition*-ious. N — no, nothing^, niglil
'How'^. n (circle) — own, anniversanj* , union'', InnocencS
ent'-ly'. NG — language, English', hang*, hung'
STENOGBAPHY.
88
(tick)— he, hay, who*, high^. W — way, we^, away*,
36*, hw (tick)— why3.
Xt — (o-it, tie-it^, ti(/ht^, tat*, tut*. Dt — date, do-it,
iht, died, had-had*, added^, doubt^-fuh Vt—put, peat^,
)ii^, petition^, repetition*, apt*, pat*, pewter*^. Bt — bate,
liiit, tu^ beats bet*, biteS bitter^, batS boot*. CHt—
diich-itS watched*, bewitched^, chat*, chewed*. Jt —
ide,jet*, jirMcial-cious^. Kt — con ^cZ'^, except*, kit^, kite,^,
iiii"^ cowed •
(}t—good,get^, gate^ Ft— for-it, feet*, fi^ht^, fit^, fat*,
^itile*, future* . Vt — have-had, we-have-had*, I-have-had'*,
Hewed^. THt — thought, theatre, with-it, hath-it, youth-
lad. THt — that, breathed, thy-aid, though-it*, without*.
ft — station, estion-ate*, situation^, astonish*-ed*. Zt —
MS-it, eased*, wisdom^, hazard-ous*, used*. SHt — shut,
leet*, wished^, shout"*, shoot*. Rt — ar^, irritate *-tation*,
[rticulate-tion*, hurt^. Rt — rate, rode, road, read *, right*,
;)"i^e^, rat*, rude^, rued*. Wt — wait, weed*, witness^,
rood*.
Included in the abovo list there are several words fully
[ritten ; they are so merely for the sake of uniformity, as,
course, they can hardly be termed Word Signs.
By adding the loops and hooks to the Vowel and Conso-
[ant stems the student can, from the models given above,
)rm as many Word-Signs as he wishes. The following list
)ntains only a few of the more useful words thus formed,
rranged alphabetically.
LIST OF WORD-SIGNS.— ARRANGED ALPHABETICALL f.
WORD-SIGNS.
Bl^ (small hook)— Able, Bl^ ably, Bt* about, Bv above,
^n upon, Krt according-to, Krts in-accordanse-with, Krlt
ccordingly, Knt account, KJ acknowledge, J advantage, AH
["ter, Gn again, AW all* altogether*, A America, Ung
long, En any, C7"*, another, R are, s as, At attract *-ive*.
B be, Bn been, Ks* because*, BK become, Tn* between,
|nd* beyond, Bs* business, Bis bless, Brth (ith loop)
34
STENOGRAPHY.
brother, Brt* British, Br^ bear, remember 2, Brt*^ brute. B*?
but, Kn can, Knt cannot, Kp capable, KP call, K come,
KT/T catholic, Srt certain, Kr care, CHld* child, Kd* could,
Kr^ Christianity, K* council, sRk circumstance, sRkl cir-?
cumstantial-ly, Pn company 1, accompany*, sRn concern,-
sDr consider, Kns' consequence-tially, Knt contradict-tion,,
Krs?. cross.
D— do, die% Jr* danger, Dr^ deliver, Df 3 difficult, DsCH
discharge, Dst'^ distinguisli, Dstr^ destroy, destruction. Di
— does, Dn done^ down"*, Dr^ doctor, during"*. '^'
Ed^ educated-cation^, JE'nd endeavour, /ng English, sF
especial^, Est est-ablish^ment^, Etst etcetera. ;.
F — for, forever^, if •'', few ^, Fr-from, free^-dom, f ?7 fulfil,|
iOO full, st First. I
G— General, generation 3, G give 3, go^ ago, 0.
God-ly, Gl glory, glorious^, Grt great. D had"*, I)i*
done. Ps happens. V have, ever^. ^f half, h-who. \^
hear, R her, Rs hers, s^ his. m^ himself, h G Holy GhostJ
R* however, m^ human-anity. /str history ^-ical 2. i.P
ignorant, Iv I-have, I believe, InK inquire, 7m* immf
nent, mP* important, mB ambition-ious, Tnd indeed^, in(i:|
vidual^ or Indvd, /ns influence, /ntl^ intelligence^ intellel
tual^, /nTr interest-ing, Int^ into.
Knd^ kind, Ns knees, N know, K^ kingdom, N" kneij
NP knowledge.
NG (supplemental) — language. J* large, Jl"* largely, Js!|.
largest, U Lord Jesus.
Mn^ mine, mG magnify-iicent, Mn many, Mrs Mrs, 3I|
Miss, Br number, Mt might^-y^, Mr more 1, moreover^ Mi'J
Ms must, CH much, msh machine, mm memory, MsK miJ
tp^'c, Ml multiply. Nt nature, Nst necessity, Nsr necessarv|
N V nevertheless^, Ot rot, Ut\\ other, Nr^ honour, Nst hoi?
est. NBd nobody, Br* neighbour, NV Never, B^ object,
of, Fn often. Pit opportunity, Pn^ opinion. R our, T^ out]
Rg organize, organization*.
Prt* part, Pk^ peculiar, ZH pleasure, Pr perfect, Pi^
prophet, profit, Kw (tick lo) quality-fy, pB public, RsV ,e*^
ceive, Rk recognize, Rks reconcile^-ciliation^, RsP responr
sible-bility, Rs righteous^-ness, Rsl resolution. Js^ religil
ous*. Br remember. Mr remark^. RP representative-tion
STENOGKAPHY.
35
hslin revelation, Vlshn revolution^. sJ-t satisfaetion^-ory^,
ilSl same, similar^, sefm^, sV save, several^, severity^, s/m
liinilar, SH shall, SHd should, sKr script' ue^-al-^, S say,
^ee^, sigh^, sue'', ss circumstance^, sSH selfish, sTs some-
times^, sP spirit, sRst substance^-stantial^, sB subject-tion,
l.Tst sug<;est, smP sympathy^. Tmp temperate ^-ture^-ance^,
the, TH they, thee^, thy* thou'', THr their, there, either^,
^'Hs these^, those^, thus'*, thyself^, sPk spectator, jTH^ think,
ath'^, T time', Gr together, Tr true, truth, Und under, un-
iertake^, N universe- al or Un, Nn Union 5, Vrst university,
^IsK unmistakeable^, P up, S us, VI valley, Vr very, Z was,
^R where, were, CH which, / will, wE well, CHI which will,
hit without*, wRd world, /wRd in-the-world, THn within,
If year^, Es yes, Et yet.
REPORTING EXERCISES.
Key (Ex. IX).
1 . Sf, fs, fn, Vp, THS, Zs, sZ, Zn, shn, Iv, vl, ITH, fv, f TH,
fz, shZ. Sten 9.
2. Pn, ps, sp, pst, stp, tn, ts, st, tsh, psh, chf, chs, sch,
, kn, ks, gn.
3. Pk, kp, Ip, pi, tk, kt. It, tl, tsh, jk, kj, jsh, rsh, rk, kr,
hr. Sten 10.
4. Fv, fth, fk, fg, thf, vf, pv, vp, rv, vr (11).
5. \Vr, wk, wp, wv, kw, pw, gw, dw (11).
6. Kwk, kwp, kwg, kwv, kkt, pkt, rkt, jkt, vkt (13).
7. Pkr, pstr, strp, prp, rktr, krktr, krkr, pmr, ppsr(14).
8. Lv, vl, Ik, kl, If, fl, nl, ml, shl (14).
9. Ethr, ith, uthr, rthr, pthr, dthr, gthr, fthr, nthr,
ithr(17).
Key (Ex. X).
1. Are, our, be, lay, so or say, was or owes, goes or
|aze, case, cake or coke, raised (22-1), (on line).
2. Raw, hear, ease-y, lea, see or sea, geese or eggs, keys, rest
)re), reck or wreck, pest, peck or peak (22-2), (above line).
3. Rye or irritate-ation, hire or higher, by or b'n', lie,
Igh, wise, guise (gives), kiss Ckingdoms), kick, kissed,' wrist,
[lie or pill (22-3).
I\
r
^\? c_ c_. J _^(J V,\3^ ^C^
s
N
r
S\^= ' i- O, KJ' n, r^ ^ ■
X
2
o
o; o D )
-) J CD -
o y c:) )
^^ \ \>
y?3)
^ \\
(^G.:— oov ri pe-
STENOGRAPHY.
4. Hurrah, to be, below, show, whose, gas, accuse, cook,
[custom, roused, past, pool or happily (22-4), (through
le).
5. Rue, thou, new, few, grew, subdue, shoe, view, allow,
|iie, brew, flew (22-5).
Key (Ex. XI).
1. In, when, as, yes, or, of, but, not, who, would, under,
d,L how (25-1).
j2. Innoccut, winner, anterior, enter, butter, undertake,
ja, how3o-ever, witness, attract, educate-cation, litter, wit-
|y, wilfully (25-2).
Is. Innocently, indicate-ed-tion, atmosphere, literature, wit-
)ism, fiifully, philosophy, villainy, illegitimate, readily,
»taphysical, undertaken, antiquarian-quary (25-3).
L Could-not, submit, illiterate, community^, deformity,
Iwillingly (25-4).
J5. Substantial, supplemental (25-5).
). Bay obev, by biography, absolute-ly, to, tie, day,
?d, die, dit*meter, add, additional, which, each, cheer-
witch, witchery, much (27).
'. Advantage, advantages, joy, Jehovah, large, enlarge, go
together, egg, kingdom, kill, coal, like, give, or given (27).
Key (Ex. XII).
1. Contain, convey, cumbersome, commercial, cognomen,
[y-conipound, they-contain, we-connect (52).
J. Inconstant, reconciliation, recommend, decompose, un-
)mpensed, accommodation, inconsistent (53).
Foreknowledge, forward, forever, foretaste, foremost,
nvarn, forbidding, magnify, magnificent (54).
k Self-evident, selfish, self-command, self-control, self-
[ance, self-respect, self-conceit (56).
Circumspect, circumlocution, circumvent, circumstan-
circumflex (57).
f. Contradict, countermand, countersign, counterpoise,
roduce, intervene, interfere (58).
BeLevolent, benefactor, hypothesis, hippodrome, hypo-
, omnipresent, Omnipotent, omnivorous (59).
XI.
1 /^ "^ ^ ^^^' — , ^ ^ ^-~- ^ -^ -^
^ ^ 5 t/ 9^ C^
9 —
7
/^
r r— -
7
/
. . , XIL
CD o
-^ o"--^ o — on
7 ^(^ yc^ "(^ o^ ^^ -^ \
STENOGRAPHY.
87
8. Sensible, defensible, sensibility, ability, reprehensibility
50, 61).
9. Whichever, wherever, whosoever, whatsoever, faithful-
'ss, carelessness (60, 65).
10. Sing, thinking, something. Geology, Theology,
^irenology (66, ijH).
11. Himself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, whoso-
ier (69, 70, 72).
Kkmarks. — The words formed by the principlee of Ex. 1 1 ,
[e many words depending upon position, are not available
phrase writing.
No reference numbers are given, from the remainder of
le reporting Exercises to tlie explanatory sections a careful
fcrence from them to their Keys will be sufficient.
Key (Ex. XIII).
THE NATURE OF TRUE ELOQUENCE.
j" When public-bodies-are-to-be-addressed on-momentous-
3asions when-great-interests are-at-stake and-strong-pas-
j»ns -are-excited nothing-is valuable-in-speech further-than
[is-connected with-high-intellectual and-moral-endowments,
harness, force, earnestness-are-the-qualifications which-pro-
^ce-conviction. True-eloquence does-not-con sist in-speech.
kannot-be-brought-from-far. Labour and-leaming may-
U-for-it, but-they-will toil-in-vain. Words-and phrases-
ly-be marshalled in-every-way, but-they-cannot-compass-
It-must-exist in-the-man, in-the-subject, and-in-the-oc-
5ion. Affected -passion, intense-expression, the-pomp-of-
ilamation, all-may-aspire after-it; they-cannot-reach-it.
[comes, if-it-comes-at-all, like-the-outbreaking of-a-foun-
from-the-earth or-the-bursting-forth-of volcanic-fires,
th-original, native-force. The-graces taught-in-the- schools,
-costly ornaments-and-the- contrivances of-speech shock-
disgust men, when-their-own-lives, and-the-fate of-their
^es and-children hang-on-the-decision-of-the-hour. Then
rds-have-lost their-power, rhetoric-is-vain, and-all-elabo-
7
r
9
XIIJ
A^S
^^ -^ ''^ -^ -^^ C^
(d tr^
I/--.
...<-^,
Lf^-^^
(^
..^^
o
^vo
^"7
.
X1\J.
^v^^
-^Ir^— ^ '^
/7 o
■X.
"^
,(
>"
■>fe
ON5-
XV. 0^^ i^^<^^
88
STENOCUAPHY.
rate oratory-contemptible. Even-j^enius, itself, feels-rehuk-
ed, as-in-the-presence-of hifjflier-qualities. Then-patriotism-
is-elo(juence, then-selfdevotion-is elocjiience. The-clear-con-
ception oiitring the-deductioiis-ot-Iogic, tlie-high-purposej
the-firm-resolve, the-dauntless-spirit speaking by-the-tongiit,l
beaming-from-t he-eye, informing-every-feature, and-urgiiiJ
the-whole-man-onward to-his-object, — this, this-is elo(juence;
or-rather it-is something-greater-and higher-than-all el(>|
quence ; it-is-action, noble, sublime, God-like action."
Webster.
Key (Ex. XIV).
MEN ALWAYS FIT FOR FREEDOM.
"There-is-only-one-CTire for-the-evils which-newly-acqiiire(i|
freedom produces, and-that-cure-is freedom. When-a-pri.*
oner-leaves-his-cell he-cannot-bear-the-light-of day ; he-it-l
unable-to discriminate colors or-recognize-faces ; but-the-j
remedy-is-not to-remand him back-to-his dungeon, but-to
accustom-him to-the-rays-of-the-sun. The-blaze-of truth-aii!|
liberty may-at-first dazzle-and bevvilder-the-nations whiclij
have-become lialf-blind in-the-house of bondage ; but-let]
them-gaze-on-and-they-will-80on be-able-to-bear-it. Tn-a-fe«|
-years-men-learn-to-reason ; the-extreme-violence-of opiniod
subsides; hostile theories-correct-each-other; the- scatterpJ
elementa-of-truth cease-to-conflict and-begin to-coalesce ; am
-at-length a-system-of-j ust ice-and order is-educed out-of the
chaos. Many-politicians-of our time are-in-the habit ofj
laying it-down-as-a self-evident proposition, that-no-peopl|
ought- to-be- free till-they-are-fit to-use- their freedom. The
maxim-is-worthy the-fool in-the-old-etory, who-resolved not]
to-go-into-the-water lill-he-had-leamed to-swim. If-me&
are~to-vpait-fo r liberty till-they-become wise-and-^ood im
slavery they-may-indeed wait-forever," Macauly,
Key (Ex. XV).
man's DEVELOPMENT.
Men come-in to -life perfect animals. There-is-very-litti|
tiiat-culture does in-that-direction, giving-them-a-little-mor[
■mgftt im - w nK.m
i
Lj^^^^^
<^
e^
D
n u--. (^-5r _^ v.— ..^^^
/fo-^3 4 ;^^^^/^-
^'b
(J
I' ^ ^u. -^ i ^^TT^rt)3 Cr^
^^
^
w-
,'tr~\^^,-
^0 '^^^ ^'-^ ^{^ ^ j ^
I
i
39
STENOGRAPHY.
or-a-little-lesfl iise-of-themselves, as-the-case-may-be. That]
wliich-we-mean-when-we-Hpeak-of developing manhood in-aJ
child, is-8omething-more- than-the development-of-symmetr
-of-form-and-power-of physical organization, when-we-speakj
of-the-civilization and-refinement of-a-race-at large ; develJ
opment-does-not-mean bodily power nor-bodily-skill ; it]
means-reason ; moral-sense ; imagination ; profounder-affecj
tion ; subtler, purer, sweeter domestic relations. ManhoodJ
grows-away-from bodily-conditions without-ever-leaving-theD
The-body becomes-a-socket and-the-soul is-a-lamp-in-it. AdJ
-if you-look narrowly at-what-we-mean by growth- in-manj
kind, whether-: c be-applied to-the-individual or-to-the-racej
you-will find- that- we -mean -an unfolding whicla-takes-man
away from-the-material toward-that-which-is-subtler, morj
spiritual, exicting-outside of the-ordinary senses though act]
ing from- til em as-something-better-than bone-and-mu8cl|
Derve-and-tissue.
All-development then-is from-the animal toward-the spirj
itual and-the-invisible. This-is-the-public sentiment of-mai
kind even-in-the-lower-forms-of society. Whai-are-consideJ
ed heroic traits, the-things-which bring admiration to-meiT
if-narrowly scanned-will-be-found to-be not-che-things-whit|
belong to-men as-brutes, though th 8se-things-may-be-en
ployed by-them-as-instruments. Even-in-the-cases of-suct
men-as Samson and-Hercules, who-were-rude-brute-men, ill
was-not their-strength that-drew-admiration to-them ; it-waf
-their-heroism, their patriotism ; it-was-that-which they-dil
by-their-strength for-their-kind and-not-for-themselve^'. Atj
-in-lower societies it-is-courage, it-is selfdevotion, it-is-tM
want-of-fear, it-is-the-higher form-of animal-life that-attractj
-admiration. But-as-we-develop out-of-barbarous into-civi|
ized-conditions, we-admire-r *^.ot-because-they can-lift-sl
much, or-throw-such heav'f' .ts, or-endure-such-hardsbiH
-of-body. Admiratioii ^oc-accounts-has-its-place, li
higher than-these-is-tl ,r^er-of thought, the-power-of-pla
ning, the-power-of-executing, the-power-of-living at-one|
point, so-as-to-comprehend in-the-efFects-produced all-circuitj
-of-time-in-the-future. Thought-power ; emotion ; mora
sense ; justice ; equity-in-all-its-forms ; higher-manhood an
-its-branches, which-stretch-up-into-the atmosphere anil
^
<><?
"^.
^1^^:^
<^r-
J 1
-^ — i^ Pi.
(■ — tp>*»« 1^1.
\
5)
-©
"^ — r~j^ -i^^^^ .-?.^j. "^
x^
^
^-^^^ <r^
-vi
40
STENOGRAPHY.
reach-nearest-to-fche-siin ; these-are-somethmg- other -tlianl
those-qualities that-develop earliest, aDd-are-lowest--neaiest|
-to-the-ground. True-manhood,-then, has-its-ripeness-in-tliJ
higher-faculties. Without-disdaining the-companionship-ofj
the-body, the-manhood of-man grows-avvay-from-it iii-iin{
other-direction. i"here-is-not-simply the-ripeniug of-the-l
physical-that-is-in-man, but-there-is, by-means-of the physi-
cal, the-ripening of-the-intellectual, the-emotional, the-moral
the-a3sthetic, as-well-as-the-whole-spiritual-nature.
Key (Ex. XVI).
THE CHARACTER OF THE ENGLISH.
The-people-of England are-some what-phlegmatic. Thi
complexional-ch" er is-extremely-striking when-contrastecl
with- the-suddenr ass-and-vivacity of-many-of our-nei^hbori
on-the-contii»''mt. It-even-appears remarkable among-the-
several kindrtJ tribes which-ccmpose the-great-mass-of-the-
British-Empire. The-heat-of-the-Welch, the-impetuosity-of-
the-Irish, the-acrimony-of-the-Scotch, and-the-headlong-vio-|
lence-of-the-Creolians, are-national temperaments very-dif-
ferent-from-that-of-th»-native genuine English.
This-slowness-of-feeling is-in-some-respects inconverieLi
but-on-the-whole-view-of-life, it-has,-T-think,-the advafttagej
clearly-on-its-side. Our-countrymen derive-from-thence a-
firmness, an -uniformity, and-a-perseverance-in their-desigDS,
which-enables-them to-conquer-the-greatest-diffieulties, 'and
to-arrive-at-the ultimate-point-of-perfection in-almost everj'
thing-they-undertake.
Their-slowness to-passion has-also-another advantage. Ni
wise-man-will lightly-venture to-do-them-a-real-injury. Theii
-anger-is-not-suddenly kindled, nor-f asily extinguished ; it
is-dark-and gloomy ; it-is-nourished to-a-gigantic size-and
vigor, under-a-silent meditation on-their-wrongs, until-at
last-it arrives-at-such-a-mature and-steady vehemence as-be-l
comes -terrible indeed. It-was-on-a-consideration-of-this-l
kind-of-character that-a-grdat poet says-with-a singular em
phasis — " Beware-the-fury-of-a patient mau."
It-is-surprising how-much this-is-exemplified in-every-partl
STENOGRAPHY.
41
f-
to-
the-
our'history. The-long patience, amoun ting-almost
,meness, witli-which-the-people-of England liave-borne-
trages-of-evil ministers, has-only-been-equalled by-the-
•esistable-force by-vvhich they-attacked, and-the- unrelenting
verity with-wh ich-they-finally-punished the-authors-of-their
reat-grievances. Junius.
Key (Ex. XVII).
FIDELITY TO THE CONSTITUTION.
If-an-honest, and-I-may-truly-affirm, a-laborious-zeal for-
^e-public-service has-given-me-any-weight in-yoiir-esteem,
-me-exhort and-conjure-you never to-suffer-an-invasion-of-
j>ur political-constitution, however-minute the-instance may
Ippear, to-pass-by without a-determined, persevering resist-
)ce. One-precedent creates-another. They-soon-accumu-
te and-constitute law. What yesterday was-fact to-day-is
ktrine. Examples-are-supposed to-justify the-most-dan-
[rous measures ; and-where-they-do-not-suit exactly, the-
kfect-is-supplied by-analogy. Be-assured that-the-laws-
lich-protect-us in-our civil-rights grow-out-of^the-constitu-
)n, and-that-they-must fall-or flourish-with-it. JUNIUS.
SHADINa AND ARBITRARIES.
J As previously admitted. Shaded Lines and Arbitrary Signs,
lough not admitted as part of the Linear System, may
letimes be of use in reporting.
|D may be indicated at either end of any character by
ickening the ends. When the commencement is thickened
d is to be read first.
I When the middle or the whole of a character is thickened,
is indicated, coming after it.
|D may be added before or after ring or loop letters as well
hooks, after ing and in or any final hook, and before
mmencing hooks.
[Atibitraries have no relation to the Phonographic ele-
cts, and require no comment.
8
<r
^ -
o-^
)
L
^^
\.
^WV*'*V»IW*P
XVfl
^-
-p
\
■v
1;-
~v-
0-
(T^
a
^^5-/-
— • o>
-1.^
.■S\
^
C^
STENOGRAPHY.
42
REMARKS.
In the Reporting Exercises there are a few practical appli-
Ications of contractions, etc., not previously introduced.
Among them may he noticed the me circle, used to represent
)e, when placed on the le side of the straight stems. Tliese
[and others, which the intelligent student may suggest, are
[useful only as they expedite the writing or increase its legi-
Ihility. In this matter, as in the choice of the best and
Ihriefest Stenographs, there is a fine field for exercising the
[writer's taste and ingenuity.
The extent to which phrase writing may be carried is an-
)ther matter on which there may possibly ue difference of
lopinion. Some may incline to think phrase writing has
)een carried too far in the engraved Exercises. It has been
remarked that the joining the more common words together,
30 long as the phrase does not cross the limits of a pause or
Luns the writing too far above or below the line, rather favors
the easy reading of notes, and it most certainly diminishes
the labor of writing.
POST-VOCALIZATION.
in notes that are intended for reference, possibly far in the
future, it is a good plan to insert at leisure the Vowel
)mitted in the hurry of reporting, in any cases where there
|is likely to be doubt or hesitation in reading. In such cases
Vowel coming before a Consonant stem should be written
Defore it, and close to it or touching it. If the Vowel comes
ifter the stem, it should be written to the right or below the
stem. If it comes between a stem and a hook or loop at
jither end of the stem it may be placed across the stem, but
learest to that end whose hook or loop letter it is intended
to vocalize.
In Verbatim Reporting, in order to get at the exact mean-
ing of the speaker, it is important to take down his exact
?ords. But in transcribing or writing out the notes in com-
lon long-hand, it does not follow that the exact words of
the speaker must be given ; indeed the exact words are
48
STENOGRAPHY.
scarcely ever given, it being generally necessary to re-model
many of the sentences, and sometimes the whole speech.
Very few extempore speakers woiihl be willing to see their
speeches printed word for word as delivered. For this rea-
son a thorough knowledge of the language and facility in
composition is an important qualification in the reporter.
His duty generally is, in transcribing, to keep as closely to
the exact sense as possible, putting it in the best English he
can command.
LAW REPORTING.
In Reporting the evidence of witnesses in courts of law,
etc., it is important to re-produce their exact words, and
even the unusual pronunciation of a word should be noted.
A mispronunciation may often be of use in estimating the I
relative importance of testimony, and the same is true of
ungrammatical expressions, in cases that may be appealed to
higher courts. Of course the reporter in this department
should take care to make himself acquainted with the more
common forms and technicalities of law, since many points
in connection with it cannot be fully written out, as this
would make reports too voluminous and lengthy. This re-
mark applies especially to the reporting of "objections,"]
" rulings," " motions," etc.
Attention is called to this matter, because, owing to the I
increase of "Acts of Parliament" and the complications of
law, both to some extent due to the extension of the powers
of Parliament beyond their natural limits, there is sure to
be a vast increase of business for courts and lawyers, and I
Stenography must soon become a necessity in all courts of I
any importance. Present limits forbid more than a hasty [
reference to this important matter, vhough more is likely un-
necessary, as the reporter, once thoroughly master of the I
general subject, wiu find it quite easy to qualify himself in|
any special direction.
Qodel
leech.
their
rea-
ty in
3rter.
ly to
ih he
law, I
, andj
oted.
J the
ue of
ed to
merit
more
oints
this
3 re-
ons," '
) the
as of
)wers
re to
and!
ts of I
lasty
f un-
' the
If in