IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V // L<>/ 1.0 I.I 1.25 II— 1 2.2 2: ii£ 110 1.8 1.4 IIIIII.6 VJ

'"" ' ■*^ K' " -t) UV'l II 77 LINEAR / PHONOaRAPH Y : A NATURAL SYSTEM OF SHORT-HAND, FOR GENERAL USE; WITH AN EASY STENOGRAPHY, FOR REPORTING PURPOSES. BY aOBEBT AEMSTEOITG, M. D. -•-♦-»- ST. JOHxV, N. B.: McKILLOP 4 JOHNSTON, PRINTERS, CANTERBURY STREET 1876. . ' / \ / Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in tl.e year One Thou.an, Eight Hundred and Seventy-six, by Robkrt Armstkonlj, M. P., m the Oftc. of the Minister of Agriculture. INi:)EX. Introduction — Linear Phonography, .... Vowel Sounds and Vowel Piionographs — Kemarks on Writing them, . . . . - The Consonants — Table of Consonant Phonographs, with Ex- amples showing tiie exact force of each, Joinin(t the Vowel and Consonant Phonoguaimis — Ex. I, Remarks, Ex. II. Remarks, . . . CoNTRAUTiNU PRINCIPLES — Added T or, D, Added R, Added L, Miscellaneous Hints and Remarks, Punctuation, STENOdRAriiY — Introductory, Remarks on the Acquisition of the Reporting Style, . . , . Stenotypes — Table of— Small Letter Stenotypes for the Attached Letters, &c., .... Stem and Attached Consonants — Remarks on the Mode of Joining them, ..... Uncontracted Stenographs — Abbreviated Eorms, Single Consonant Stems, Vowel Stems, ... I Phraseography — Remarks on Joining more common words, j Miscellaneous Hints— Reporting Numerals, Remarks, Scrip- tural Quotations, ..... I Punctuation, -----.. [Prefixes and Suffixes, ..... JCONTRACTIONS AND WoRD-SiGXS— Remarks, Word-Signs, Ar- ranged Phonetically, List of Word Signs Arranged Alphabetically, - - - - _ Ieporting Exercises, ----.. Shading— Arbitraries — Remarks on Reporting Exercises Post- Vocalization, Law Reporting, - - - 0-8 9-11 11-13 13-14 lG-20 21-23 23-24 24-55 25-27 27- ''"^-28 28-29 30 3U-31 31-35 35-41 41-43 ERRATA. Page 11, Section 10, instead of ore read is. Plate 3, line 6, the has been omitted after that; and in last line, its re- quires to be supplied before stupendous. Next plate, line 13, the word truth is absent at commencement of line. Page 15, line 7, unrolled should be read after the word stores, instead of following the next line. On the same page, line 19, read glorious instead ef boundless. Section 23, Ex. IV. should read Ex .V. Page 14, Ex. II. line 1, read daily instead of daly. In some few other caoes possibly slight errors may have escaped notice in reading proof. INTRODUCTION. It is likely that nearly all who be^'in the snhject of Short- fhaiid writing" are more or less influenced by the wish to be ible to report verbatim. To take down the words of the Ipiiblic speaker as fast as they aie uttered, is, in truth, the hi;i,hest object of Stenography ; and when it is considered that verbatim reporters can ear" upwards of two thousand lollars per year, it is not to be wondered at that the idea \s attractive, especially when it is remembered that the ittainment of the accomplishment requires less expenditure )f either time, brain power, or money than any other equally Remunerative art or employment. But though verbatim reporting is the highest business of 5horthand, it does not by any means constitute its only claim [o attention. All improved methods of doings things are, in general, popukr Ijecaufce they enable men to perform their )rocesses and attain certain ends, with less drudgery, and in lorter time ; and, in many cases, because without them the [bjects desired cannot be reached at all. Still, to the thought- il, there appear to be wider, deeper and stronger reasons )r thus extending the " range of human power." The use of improved methods tends to lengthen life, by fitting within the reach of the mass of men better condi- [ons, more healthful circumstances and surroundings, as well by diminishing the drudgery of life. Improved methods make life fuller, by introducing within limits more of sensation and thought. They tend to elevate, putting within reasonable reach more of the intellectual 6 INTRODUCTION. and Iiiglier elements of life; and, moreover, in proportion as the energies of men are attracted in this direction, there is less of power wasted in the direction of pampered passion and sordid self-indulgence. Thus, whatever facilitates the pro- cesses of life, not only tends to the actual lengthening of life, but also to making life fuller and more elevated. What is true of improved methods in other matters, and in general, is doubtless to some extent true of the matter of writing, or the written expression of language : so that the growing feeling in favor of a more natural orthography and a briefer chirography is not only fully justified on the popu- lar ground of greater convenience, but also on the broader and higher grounds of true human progress. The old method of spelling is irregular and capricious to an extraordinary degree. It requires years of the most tiresome study, and is never fully mastered. The old method of writing is clumsy and cumbrous, requiring probably four times as much of muscular labour, of time and of space as is really necessary. These things are felt to a large extent even at present ; for writing has become m'^re or less a necessity in every depart- ment of business and study ; and as the circumstances of life become more refined and elevated, the uses to which wriUng is applied are likely to be even more extensive, and the need of a better system more widely appreciated. LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY. The term Phonography (sound writing) is applied to al method of writing in which the natural sounds, elements of" the voice, used in speaking, are each represented by distinc- tive marks. The task attempted in this sketch is to propose a system of writing that would be Phonetic in the full and natural sense of the word ; which would be naliural not alone in repre- INTRODUCTION. teiD ;ural jpre- senting the sounds of the languatre by distinct characters, having, as far as possible, a certain correspondence witli the sounds they represent, but natural, also, in the order of their writing. It will be noticed that the method followed differs radi- cally from that of Pitman and his followers, in representing the vowel sounds by lines instead of dots and dashes. The vowel is made the basis of the written syllable, as it certainly is of the spoken syllable, and the consonants are so formed that they may be joined to either end of the vowel, without rais- ing the pen from the paper, enabling the writer to represent each sound in regular succession as it is spoken. By this eans all shifting movements in writing a word are dispensed jwith, and the Jouble process of writing, one of the worst fea- Itures of Pitman's method, is avoided. No nominal consonant is needed ; and no awkward shaded letters, indeed no shading hatever is required. This in itself is a very important oint. If the writer chooses in reporting, shading may be introduced to distinguish between the added t and d; but his will seldom be necessary. It will be noticed that no ord or syllabic signs are used in the corresponding or com- on style of the writing ; nor is there any necessity for their nse, the writing being generally shorter, without them, |than that of other systems, even when shortened by their se to the extent of at least twenty-five per cent. In the reporting style arbitrary signs are, for the sake f simplicity, but rarely used ; although it is admitted hat for the special purposes of the reporter there is no ob- ection to their being used if the writer pleases to do so, as as remarked of the shading. No dots being used in common, the usual punctuation arks are all that is necessary, another not unimportant ad- antage over those methods which represent the period by a ross that requires three movements in making it. In 6 INTllODUCTION. reportin^^ no punctuution marks are used, spaces boinjj^ left between the words instead. Tliis leaves the writer tlie dots, commas, crosses, and indeed everytliin^j^ else available (out- side of tlie system), to be utilized as ar})itrarie8 in repo'-tiu;;, if he chooses to so use them. Ihit it should be understood that the idea of shadinj^^, as well as the use of arbitrariey, is no part of the system itself. Believing that the closest harmony ivlth natural condi- tions, in short, ytaturalness, is the highest perfection possi- ble in any direction, naturalness has been aimed at. With what success ? The answer to this question must, in the long run, come from the intelligent criticism of independent, unbiassed observers, and not from the verdict of partial! friendship, nor from the cavilling objections of prejudiced '1 partizans. "The test of time" brings that answer true in I all cases, it is likely; and the easy duty of the party mostj interested is, simply to submit. " What is writ is writ." There is still room for improve-| ment, doubtless. Any unbiassed criticism of any part of thei system proposed will be thankfully received, and carefully| considered. ' ' i \' v* ■;.. I.' LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY. VOWEL SOUNDS. 1. The vowel sounds are simple, distinct, independent, and [form the base ^' tlie spoken syllable; tliey are relatively more prominent, and occupy lon^^'er time than the consonant jwhii'.pers. The lines representing^ them should be correspond- ingly simple, independent, prominent and long, as compared [with consonant Phonographs. TABLE OF VOWELS. .^ JOTTND. PllONOORAPH. EXAMPLES OF EACH SoUND ITALIC1SBE-. O ^ 1-^ e a ah aw o 00 / we, tier, dear, thee. la?/, bane, gain, feign, there. father, all. thaio, all, hourjht. go, blow, though, foe. hoot. , u oiv 01 . .'i ; / ^ high, lie, why, huy, rye, hy « \ . you, duty, suit, ieu). now, plough, thou. to?/5 boil. ■ Vi 10 LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY. f Eh * • /^ -it, this, biscuit e ^ met, less, guess. a "^ at, mat. ^ not, of. u ^^ but, nut 00 ^ foot. be eai ^ wr -^ I pre mat 1:1 2. The Vowel Phonographs should be copied several times, making them as nearly as possible like those of the Table; and it is a good plan to sound each aloud, as it is written. This process should be continued till sound and sign are both thoroughly associated in the student's mind. 3. The Long Vowels are made about one fourth of an inch in length. The Diphthongs are of the same length. The Short Vowels are half that length, or one eighth of an inch in length. 4. The Vowel Phonographs, when written alone, are always made forward, or from left to right, and always maintain their angular relation with the horizontal line, on which they rest. In combination, it is often convenient to write them backwards. 5. The Diphthongs are made a little more curved than the Long Vowels in allusion to their double nature. In writing them, their raised ends should be kept well up from the line of writing, to distinguish them respectively from the inclined Long Vowels, which latter should be kept well down to the line for similar reasons. 6. In commencing, do not attempt to write rapidly ; makf each Phonograph carefully ; speed comes by practice and will take care of itself. Writing too fast in beginning give: rise to a slovenly habit, which is apt to be deficient in speed i| as well as in legibility. 7. The student, it is hoped, can have no difficulty in esti- mating the exact sound ot the Vowels. In order to assist ii this, examples are given opposite each in the Table in whict two or more different spellings of each sound aie given. 9. bhos ^he threi az., 10 cine o p riet II, e aifo: tre, s 4ions |ike 1 joined the St LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY. 11 8. It must be remembered that however the sounds may be expressed with the letters of the common alphabet, each is expressed by its own sign, in Phonography. Thus, for example, e long is with the common letters variously written e, ei, ea, ee, &c., (see Table, example words of first ;line). But the Phonograph line e is the only means of ex- ^ pressing all these different spellings, phonographically or Inaturally, because they express one and the same sound. THE CONSONANTS. 9. In the following Table of the Phonographic Consonants, those joined to the Vowels are the ones most commonly used. 'he other forms of each are supplementary, and, with two or three exceptions, are very rarely used. The last in the list, nz., hwe, is a compound, but is inserted here for convenience. 10. In the following table each of the Consonants ftfe- Cff joined to a Vowel. This Vowel, however, of course, forms 10 part of the Consonant, which might with equal pro- )riety have been joined to a or any other Vowel. They are ill, except ng, n final, and ith, joined to e for the sake of iniformity, and in order to name them ; for the Consonants ire, strictly speaking, not sounds but whispers or modifica- tions of sound ; and some of the Consonants' Phonographs, like their Consonants, cannot be expressed without being joined to a Vowel. This is the case with all of them except the Stroke Consonants. 12 LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY. CONSONANT PHONOGRAPHS. Consonant Joined TO A. Vowel. Name. CD O I— I P. H s ' V I o " r « r III te de die ke fe ve /^ C the se ze she me ne 9 Examples of the Power or Force of the Consonant Part. m( p in ^ea rap, &c. 6 " xoh 6ay, &c. i " ^ime thyme it, etc. cZ " do ciid dd in add, &c. ch " c/iin each tch in watch, &c. ^r " ^em % in ridge, j in joy. ^' " A;in, ck in rocZ^, c in can, &c 5i(. in cheque. W-J^ t (/e g " (/un, ,(/gr in ^uggon, gh in ffli^ited a^^/tast, &c. W^ P^ / " fain if, ph in phy.ick, ^^ j ,^ |onoi V " t'ow loi'e, p/i in nephew. ii„ til u " lieutenant, &c. th " ^^in with, &c. i/i " ^/iem breathe, &c. 8 " sun this, sv^ in less, ps ii ;;salm, c in ceiling, sc in rescind, Ac. " 2;eal, s in wise, zz in bu00,&c. s/i " shun wish,s in sure, ^{0^"^^;, s " pleasure vision, &c. 1 " ^ine W in till, &c. r " run nor, wr in write, &c. m " 7)^y, m^i in hymn, &c. n " 'J^to, pn in j^T^eumon, A:n ic^ know, tjn in si//«, Ac. i^(7 Tigr " sinry, /^ in liitk, &c. we lu " 'it'e away, &c. ye y " year i'/oung, itc. /i,e /i " he, ivh in w/m">, &c. hive ivh " u'Aen which, S:c. fl|^ould tied to tOIN] Pe Ti( Se< La No Lei Tet Ga Th, |13. I Cons |low i] ikwai LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY. 13 THE FORCE OF THE CONSONANT. 11. Though the Consonants are named pe, be, etc., for fcnvenience in speaking of them, it is important that the }arner should have a correct idea of tlieir exact force or lower, for this alone is of importance in writing. In order get the exact force of the Consonant, pronounce tlie whole its name aloud, and then, dropping the Vowel, attempt to ronounce the Consonant part of its name. Take the first of iem — pe, for example. Pronounce it slowly p-e, and then, Topping the e part, you have remaining the exact power of ie Consonant, which can only be whispered. In the same ly, the power of each of the other Consonants may be esti- mated from any of their example words, namely, by isolating \e part of the words printed in Italics, and attempting to fonounce it. 12. Examples of the Phonetic method of spelling and of ie mode of joining the Consonant and Vowel Phonographs [gether are found in the following Exercises, each of which kould be carefully re-read and re-copied, till it is familiar- id to the mind. rOINING THE VOWEL AND CONSONANT PHONOGRAPHS. Key (Exercise I). j. Pea, pay, ape, pie, be, bow, toe, no, say. Tie, day, do, jay, Jew, key, gay, go, row. Fye, fee, foe, few, thigh, thee, they, thou, hie. See, sa}^, sigh, saw, so, she, show, shy, shoe. Lay, lie, row, raw, rue, may, nigh, knee, now. No, we, way, woe, ye, he, how, lie> low. Leap, peel, bale, robe, rope, ball, bill, till, seal. Teem, time, tomb, door, dare, gaol, care, come, coal. Gale, feel, leaf, vane, file, fall, full, fell, fill. Theme, there, this, thus, those, them, game, sail, real. REMARKS. |13. In writing words the first Phonograph, whether Vowel Consonant, rests on the line of writing; and the others [low in regular succession, generally forward, but sometimes :k wards, if most convenient. 8 I ^- c^ ^ f}^^ ^O/ 2 YC^ Cj-. (_^ .:^ e^ & Q_^ ^- .— ^_-. ^>- -^ ^/'-^ i '«■ ^■w 4 LINEAR PHONOGRAPHY. 14 14. The loop and hook Consonants accommodate them- )lves to the Vowels. The stroke Consonants liold their j-ela- fon with a horizontal line, in the same way as the Vowels, beo-inninj^, the learner will iind some little difficulty in i)tin<^ the hook and loop letters to their Vowels at their j)mmencement ; but a little practice soon overcomes this. Key (Ex. II). Easy, daly, relish, reason, repose, repays. Vision, vicious, ration, rushinj.^, wishin<>-, washing, lashing. Fairy, offer, fissure, fishing, revel, reveal, sable. Recur, reckless, repair, pairing or paring, rashly, rosy, re- main. Sicklyj silver, rumor, Mary, music, maker. Remaining, demolish, finally, vanity, similar. Voluble, villainy, finishing, happiness, physical, felony, famous. 17. As a general rule, when a Consonant comes between TO Vowels, it is applied to the first of the two ; but it is ij|[metimes most convenient to apply it to the second. 1 8. Circle se, ze, she and zhe are always applied to the rst of the two Vowels between which they come, to prevent Mistaking se for ze and she for zhe respectively. Line 2, :. II. ^ 19. When more than one form of a word can be written, id this is often the case, that form should be chosen which most elegant or easily wiitten. 20. After reading each Exercise, the Key which accompanies should be written out Phonographically, compared with it« fercise and corrected. This process should be repeated feth each till it can be read readily, and written correctly. 21. As with a knowledge of the preceding the great ma- Jrity of words can be written, the following general Exercises introduced here. The n ambers in the Key to these refer the following sections, where the student will find the ex- Sanation of the principles involved in writing the words that are thus numbered. Key (Ex. III). To sit 2* on rocks to muse o'er flood and fell ; To slowly* 8 trace 3® the forest's shady scene, ^ ,;-^ , -'"''^ ^^-^ C...X? — .r« (3v-:p (2^ -h realities'*^ are] but faint^s and fitful glimpses vvliich science has oljtained^', in the dim dawn of discovery, vyhat must be the