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[From the Canadian Record of Science, Vol. TI., No. 2, April, 1886.] 
 
 J. 
 
 Physical Charaoteeistics of the Ainos. 
 By D. p. Penhallow. 
 
 The great timidity of the Ainos, coupled with an instinc- 
 tive delicacy with reference to all matters of a personal 
 nature, ofters a gi-eat obstacle to the acquisition of exact 
 knowledge concerning their physical development. That 
 these feelings are not easy to overcome and often raise an 
 insuperable barrier, has been ihe experience of nearly if not 
 quite all those who have undertaken a study of them. Many 
 important measurements are thus wanting, but thw follow- 
 ing determinations may be of some value as contributing to 
 a more exact knowledge of their leading characteristics. 
 
 The Ainos, occupying Yezo and the Kuriles, are usually 
 spolren of as the " Hairy Kuriles " in allusion to one of their 
 more prominent characteristics. They constitute that group 
 usually designated as " Yezoines " or '* Kurilians," to distin- 
 guish them from those of markedly different aspect, occu- 
 pying the Eussian territory of Saghalien, Kamschatka and 
 the lower Amoor district in Siberia. 
 
 Among those who havo attempted to study the Ainos, 
 
i 
 
 2 Characteristics of the Ainos. 
 
 there appears to be a greater diversity of opinion with regard 
 to their hirwutencss, than any other subject concerning 
 them. This has arisen too often from superficial observa- 
 tion ; again from second-hand evidence, and yet again from 
 the expression of an unrestrained enthusiasm. "Covered 
 with hair lilve animals," is the unqualified description which 
 has more than once been applied to this people; while 
 Mr. Griffis as boldly asserts to the corilrary, that they are 
 «* Not more hairy as to their bodies than many Japanese or 
 other peoples who eschew pantaloons and shirts," and that 
 the term " Sairy Kuriles or Aims, is rather the pet phrase 
 of some closet writers than the expression of a fact." ' It 
 would appear, however, that Mr. G-riffis did not have a suf- 
 ficient number of typical Ainos, upon the examination of 
 whom he could base a reliable opinion, since his studies 
 were confined to the few w^ho were sent to Tokio for educa- 
 tion. From my own personal acquaintance with these same 
 men, it was evident that a study of them could lead to no 
 other conclusion than that reached by Mr. Griffis, but 
 unfortunately they were few in number and not +ype8. 
 
 Wood - remai'ks that " Esau himself could not have 
 been more hairy than are these Ainos." Again, Mr. 
 B. S. Lyman, ■' for several years geologist to the Kaita- 
 kushi, and thus possessing unusual opportunities for the 
 study of these people, says "It was surprising to see how 
 many of them were wholly or partially bald, and though 
 they are reckoned by the Japam a as so very hairy, how 
 many were, naturally, comparatively free from hairs on 
 their faces and bodies." Miss Bird^ cori-ectly observes that 
 " There is frequently a heavy growth of stitf hair on the 
 chest and limbs." Prof Wm. Wheeler employed a guide 
 during one of his surveys, of whom he afterwards said to 
 me, "The hair on his back and over the entire chest was 
 long and matted, and reminded me strongly of the fur coat- 
 ing of an animal." 
 
 • 1 Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc, 1878, No. 2. 
 2 Trans. Eth. Soc, New Ser., iv. 34, etc. 
 •' Rept. Horace, Capron., p. 390. 
 * Unbeaten Tracks, ii. 10. 
 
4 
 
 Characterislics of the Ainos. 
 
 3 
 
 My own experience, extending over four years of inti- 
 mate acquaintance with tliese people, hundreds of whom 
 were brought under observation, shows that while all these 
 views express a measure of truth, they do not accurately 
 represent the true facts. With reference to the baldness 
 Hpoken of by Mr. Lyman, it should be pointed out that, 
 while it is a very common occurrence, it is by no means a 
 true physical characteristic, since it arises, in large part at 
 least, from the great provalence of scalp diseases among the 
 children and youth. 
 
 As to the hairiness of the body and limbs, one remarks 
 the most extreme variations. Durin ' one of my own expe- 
 ditions, eighteen Ainos were employed as boatmen. Of 
 these, twelve were exceedingly hairy, more so than I had 
 ever before observed man to be. Of the others, three, 
 formerly students at Tokio,and studied by Mr. Griffis, were 
 quite smooth, and one had a very fair skin. It has repeat- 
 edly been brought to my notice that the Yezoines are not 
 more hairy than Europeans, while in many more cases I 
 have observed the exact reverse to be conspicuously true. 
 The conclusion appears justifiable that, the Yezoine in gen- 
 eral, is to be regarded as possessing a more than ordinarily 
 hairy body, enough so at least, to make him deserving of 
 the epithet of "Hairy Kurile." 
 
 A stranger gains his first impression of the great hairi- 
 ness oi these people from their exceedingly bushy hair and 
 beards. The latter are a general feature of the men, their 
 absence being rather exceptional; but their very bushy 
 growth is doubtless due as much to the fact that the men 
 never shave and seem rarely even to clip their beards, as to 
 any natural excess of growth. 
 
 The hair of the head is straight, black and rather coarse. 
 It is never brushed, but is allowed to fall naturally, usually 
 to the base of the neck, being trimmed uniformly to this 
 length all round. There is also a frequent tendency ii the 
 hair to stand straight out from the head. The effect of all 
 this upon the stranger is to impress him at onco with the 
 uncouth aspect and great hairiness of the people. 
 We shall see, however, that the Saii-halion AinoH nvoHMit, 
 
Churaderislics of the Ainos. 
 
 a striking departure from the rule of hairiness which essen* 
 tially characterizes the Yezoine; and this would, therefore, 
 I'ather appear, not as a race characteristic, but as a feature 
 due to tlie peculiar and widely different conditions of life, 
 dress and exposure to which these people have been sub- 
 jected. 
 
 In stature, the Ainos are much below the average height 
 of Europeai s, but their bodies are generally well formed 
 and robust, shoulders square, chests full, and limbs muscu- 
 lar. Accustomed to a forest life, and depending for susten- 
 ance upon the product of the chase and fishing, the men are 
 early accustomed to considerable hardship and are soon 
 capable of much endurance. This renders them invaluable 
 as boatmen and as porters, in which latter capacity they 
 will carry very heavy loads over long distances for days at 
 a time. In my journal of an expedition into the interior, I 
 find the following note with reference to this : " During the 
 whole of our tramp of eighteen miles, the three men carried 
 loads on their backs weighing from fifty to one hundred 
 and twenty pounds, and that too through places where it 
 wa3 enough for me to carry myself and gun ; yet they never 
 seemed exhausted, but wallced with a firm, strong step to 
 the last." 
 
 The following determinations will show some of the lead- 
 ing features of the Aino physique : — 
 
 Ijiri Aino. — 
 
 Shoulders square; breadth 17.25 inches. 
 
 Chest well formed, full. 
 
 Height 5 feet 4 . 25 inches. 
 
 Forehead Avell formed; breadth 5.5 inches; height 4 
 
 inches. 
 Eyebrows well developed and prominent. 
 
 Face (exclusive of forehead) ; 
 
 Facial angle 67 °. 
 Height 5 . 25 inches. 
 Breadth . inches. 
 Cheek-bones high. 
 Eyes brown and dull. 
 Chin well formed, medium. 
 
 ^' 
 
Characteristics of the Ainos. 
 
 '^ 
 
 Matami Aino. — 
 
 Shoulders rather square; breadth 16.2 inches. 
 Cliest medium. 
 Height 5 feet 3.75 inches. 
 
 Forehead rather contracted and narnnv in front; 
 breadth 4.4 inches; height 4 inches. 
 Face (excUisive of forehead) : 
 
 Facial angle 74.30'. 
 
 Breadth 5.33 inches. 
 
 Height 5.5 inches. 
 
 Chin medium and well formed. 
 
 Cheek-bones rather prominent. 
 
 Eyebrows large and overhanging. 
 
 Eyes medium, dark brown and dull. 
 
 TjNnopxt Aino. — 
 
 Shoulders sloping ; breadth 16 . 75 inches. 
 Chesl. oi'idium. 
 Height o leet 2. 75 inches. 
 
 Forehead broad in front ; breadth 5 inches ; height 4 
 inches. 
 
 F * ch- (p xduslve of forehead ) : 
 
 Facial angle 73 ". 
 
 HeigJit 5-5 inches. 
 
 Breadth 5.5 inches. 
 
 Eyebrows poorly developed and flat. 
 
 Chin well formed and small. 
 
 Eyes large, dark-brown and rather bright. 
 
 Cheek-bones prominent. 
 
 (Jtteguru Aino. — 
 
 Shoulders square and well formed ; breadth 17 inches. 
 Chest well developed. 
 Height 5 feet 5 .25 inches. 
 
 Forehead narrow towards the front; height 4 inches, 
 breadth 5.33 inches. 
 
 Face (exclusive of forehead) : 
 Facial angle 73 ". 
 Breadth 5 . 33 inches. 
 Height 4.6 inches. 
 Chin small and rather retreating. 
 Cheek-bones prominent. 
 Eyebrows rather flat and poorly developed. 
 Eyes rather large, brown and dull. 
 
6 
 
 Characteristics of the Ainos. 
 
 NrniAN Aixo (Woman).— 
 
 Shoulders well formod ; breadth 15.5 inches. 
 
 Keifiht 4 feet 7.G2 inches. 
 
 Forehead rather well formed; breadth 5.17 inches, 
 
 height 3.07 inches. 
 Chin well develo|)ed. 
 (Jhec.k-bones very prominent. 
 Eyebrows well formed, medium. 
 Facial angle 74.30°. 
 
 So mjiny valuable data l.'avc been obtained by Mr. B. S. 
 Lymun, that ii seems desiiable to introduce them here iu 
 his own words : — 
 
 *' The aveiagc weight of the Ainos with their light cloth- 
 ing was 141 pounds, varying from 108 pounds — the boy— 
 to 183 pounds— the ferryman. In general, their hair was 
 thick, with a tendency to stand out all over the head. The 
 forehead varied from low to high, commonly of middling 
 licight ; it was always round. Their bi-ows were always 
 overlianging ; their eyes commonly of middling size and 
 always black; their cheekbones were rather high; their 
 nose commonly with a very low bi'idge and with bi-oad nos- 
 trils, was often turner up, but sometimes straight. Their 
 mouth, iips and chin commonly hidden by the beard, seemed 
 to be of middling character, the mouth not very small, the 
 lips, as compared with Europeans, not unusually thick and 
 the chin not very large, perhaps even rather small. Of 
 those who had special compensation and were therefore 
 bound to submit to anything, we took a number of other 
 dimensions. Their averageage was twenty-six, height 5.46 
 feet, and weight 1(J1 pounds. Their heads measured on the 
 average from front to back 0.68 feet ; from side to side 0.55 
 feet, and from chin to crown or rather vertical height 0.77 
 foot; from chin to mouth 0.10 foot. The facial angle was 
 taken vei-y imperfectly but seemed to be about 65 degrees. 
 The upper arm measured on the average 1.08 foot long ; 
 the forearm 0.83 foot ; the hand from the wrist bone 0.66 
 foot ; in all from shoulder to tinger tips 2.57 feet, a rather 
 unusual length, I believe, for Europeans of their height. 
 The average length of the leg down from the hip bone- 
 taken by mistake instead of the joint — was 3.10 feet or 
 
 T 
 
 
 i 
 
I 
 
 Characteristics of the Ainos. 7 
 
 probably the ti ue length of the leg 2.70 feet, of which 1.14 
 was thigh and 1.56 feet, measured, foot and leg below the 
 knee. The foot averaged 0.85 foot long by 0.37 foot wide, 
 and the heel was always short. The shoulders averaged 
 1.4G feet in breadth, the neck 0.20 foot in length, the body 
 from shouldoi's to hip bono 1.60 feet, or to the hip joint 
 probably 2.00 feet. But their muscles wore the most strik- 
 ing featuie from their enormous size. The men seemed one 
 mass of hard muscle, and in feeling for the hip bone I could 
 not perceive it, even when they pointed out to me its place. 
 Around the chest they measured on the average 2.99 feet ; 
 around the upper arm 1.04 feet ; forearm, 0.97 foot; wrist, 
 0.56 foot; thigh, 1.70 feet; calf, 1.26 feet; ankle, 0.86 foot. 
 A few other measurements were also taken, but probably 
 less important ones." 
 The following detailed list is also from the same source :— 
 
 >>'AMB. AGK. WEIGHT. HEKinT. 
 
 POUNDS. FEET. 
 
 Chabo 36 135 4.80 
 
 Atashlte 35 147 5.38 
 
 Taegato 35 136 5.28 
 
 Chilkamakura 33 133 5,07 
 
 Shinangura 33 150 5.49 
 
 Kusiirengara 32 155 5 . 46 
 
 Ikuyango 27 142 5 .53 
 
 Yoshimatsu 26 150 5 .40 
 
 Shussa no Aino 25 184 5 . 74 
 
 Shokubashite 23 150 5 . 40 
 
 Huriranku 25 135 5.37 
 
 Patekuwengum 28 150 5 . 35 
 
 Idatsiba 28 137 5.22 
 
 Naoba 28 133 5.20 
 
 Jasnutoku 25 150 5.34 
 
 Pashikura 22 145 5.28 
 
 YukyashitG 21 133 5.22 
 
 Krotokura 16 142 5 .29 
 
 Okonokara 40 142 5.22 
 
 Youde 34 128 5.06 
 
 Tetta 28 155 5.37 
 
 Nisago 26 128 5..33 
 
 Kinshuka 26 132 5.18 
 
 Fugari 25 137 5.11 
 
 Tare 23 132 5.05 
 
 Xtt-kichari 13 108 5.16 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
»rM 
 
 3 
 
 Gmrartmsticn of the Aiitos. 
 
 From the facts thun obtained, we may fairly summa.izo 
 tlu^ |)liysieul charaeteristics of the Ainos as follows. — 
 
 The forelicad is usually high, though narrow ; eyebrows 
 heavy and ovoihaiiging; nose somewhat inclined vo flat- 
 ness, thou^;h but little more so than in Euiojiouns; moutn 
 wide, but well formed ; chin well formud and medium size; 
 eyes straight, brown and dull; cl.eoi<bones inclined to he 
 prominent; facial angle high, the mean of our measure- 
 ments giving an angle of 72 ° ; the body is compact, well 
 btn'ltand muscular; much more than ortiinarily hairy ; skin 
 of light color, comparable to that of Europeans. 
 
 With regard to the ages given, it may bo stated that the 
 Ainos have no delinito methcd' of reckoning Age, and it is 
 exceedingly ditficult to determine how old a man really is. 
 The same standards accoi-ding to which wo would estimate 
 age among our own people, will by no means apply here, 
 and one is as likoly to guess too much as too little. Thus 
 most of the ages given 'ire only approximations. In a few 
 instances they seemed to bo known witli some degroo of 
 accuracy. 
 
 From the heights given ii vvouid appear that Davis' con- 
 clusion, based upon measurements ol* skeletons, " Thai the 
 Ainos average not far from 5 feet 2 inches in height," ' is not 
 very fai" fi-om the actual truth, though Id possibly falls a 
 little below. 
 
 The Ainos from Saghalien and other Eussian territory, 
 are in some respects quite ditferoiii from the Yezoines. In 
 stature and general pi'oportion of both men and women, 
 there is no essential ditt'erenCe. Their hair is also worn 
 long, l)Ut, unlike that of the Yezoines, it is not cut so 
 squarely; it is also not so bushy, but falls more gracefully 
 ai'ound the head and neck, while the ends fi-equently have 
 a strong tendency to curl, and in both men and women it is 
 usually neatly brushed and parted, much cai-e frequently 
 being displayed in this respect. Doubtless this, as many 
 other striking departures from a more savage appear.ance, 
 as common to their southern relations, is to be traced to the 
 
 ' Man. Anthrop. Soc, ill. 36(i, etc. 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
t 
 
 t 
 
 ChiiraderiUics of the Aino». 9 
 
 influence of mere intimate contact wit} civilizing influ- 
 encoH. Wh^^tevci* the cause, however, the result is a total 
 diaappoanMico of that extreme uncouthness which so 
 impresses the .stranger when first brought in contact with 
 a Yczoine. The latter, however, are capable of the same 
 .change, as is amply proved by those Ainos of the Ishikari 
 tribe, who spent some time at the Tokio schools. In their 
 case, the removal of accumulated dirt and unkemwt beard 
 and hair, did much to reveal, in a fair skin and intelligent 
 face, the natural good qualities they possessed. 
 
 One peculiarity which at once distinguishes thoSaghalien 
 Aino from the Yezoine, is the grc ^.- absence of beards, nor 
 do they appear to have so hairy . ,dies generally. I have 
 frequently seen Saghalien Ainos divested of their clothing, 
 and their bodies were in no caso more hairy than those of 
 Europeans, and it seems highly pi-obablc that the great dif- 
 ferenfe in hairiness, becweon these people and the Yezoines, 
 is to bo ascribed fco their different conditi-ns of life; thi 
 Saghalien usually being provided with plenty of warm cloth- 
 ing, furs, etc., while the Yezoine makes little or no change 
 between his summer and winter clothing. 
 
 The skin is quite light and may very properly oe i-om- 
 pared with that of the Caur-asian, the hue of which it very 
 closely resembles. The foreheads are high bat narrow, in 
 some cases conspicuously so. The carriage of the men is 
 active, and their general bearing and fiicial expression 
 denote an intelligence much superior to that of the Yezo- 
 ines; in fact, if we are to measure their mental ability by 
 their achievements, then the Saghalions must certainly be 
 accounted the superior, for since their residence in Yezo 
 they have applied themselves with success to various pur- 
 suits, including silk-weaving, boot-making, tanning, harness- 
 making and several other industries in which the Yezo 
 Aino does not or cannot engage. One or two have also 
 become petty officials in the agricultural bureau, showing 
 that they have capacities capable of improve.nent a^i 
 expansion. 
 
 As one first encounters the Aino, their general appear- 
 ance is by no means calculated to produce a, favorable 
 
 ^ 
 
10 
 
 Characteristics of the Ainos. 
 
 impression, but rather as Wood remarks ' '' The uncouth- 
 ness and wildness of their aspect is calculated at first to 
 strike a stranger with dismay or repugnance." Upon closer 
 examination, however, the forbidding exterior is largely 
 lost sight of in view of their quiet demeanor and gentle 
 though rude politeness which is so constantly manifested. 
 In respect to external features, the Saghaliens produce a 
 really favorable impression which is in very marked con- 
 trast to the feelings developed by contact with a Yezoine. 
 It is hardly to be doubted, however, that this arises largely 
 from the fact that the formei- are usually cleanly in appear- 
 ance, while the bodies of the latter look as if water had 
 never come in contact with them. 
 
 The opinion is sometimes expressed that the Japanese are 
 an oti'shoot of the Ainos, but a critical examination of the 
 pure types would not permit such a belief to be entertained. 
 There is an undoubted mixture of Japanese and Ainos, as 
 invariably occurs along the border line of contact between 
 two distinct people, and this half-breed type is as easily 
 recognized in those parts of northern Japan where it chiefly 
 occurs, as it is in our own Northwest. The Japanese, how- 
 ever, are unquestionably Mongoloid while the facts here 
 stated not only show the Ainos to be physically distinct, 
 but the accounts given by our best authorities all agree in 
 the great resemblance which they bear to Europeans, — the 
 prevailing view being that they are distinctly Aryan.