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WPiPli 
 
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 II LI 
 
 CANADA 
 
 ASA 
 
 FIELD FOR EMIGRATION, 
 
 BEIKO A 0OMPIi«!TB HANI>-B'>0.r OF FACTS 
 BBOUOHT DOWN TO THE FBEBENT I>AT, AMD CONTAININO 
 
 THE NEW ROUTES WESTWARD 
 
 BY THE 
 
 GRAND TRUNKLINE, 
 
 AND OTHER CONVEYANCES. 
 
 BY W. W. FYPB Esq. 
 
 LONDON & GLASGOW: W. B. M'PHUN, 
 
 B00KBEL2.Ea AKD PUBLIBHEB TO H.B.H THE PBIKCE OOMSOBT. 
 
 1861. 
 
I 
 
 GLASGOW: 
 
 C L. WEIGHT, PEIMTEB, 
 
 SUKIiOP STBEBT, 
 
) 
 
 '1 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 A OENERAI. EXPEOTATIOK appears justly to prevail that, in the 
 coming season, a redoubled tide of emigration will set in from 
 this country for Canada, the nearest of our great Colonies. The 
 colonists themselves, conscious of the vast strides that Canada 
 has been making, have well nigh astonished us with their 
 earnestness in disseminating information on the subject in the 
 shape of books, maps, and pamphlets, official and non-offlcial, 
 plans of townships, tracks of railways, and particulars of pro- 
 posals for free grants of land. At length, it would «eem, that 
 judging from a speech of the immortal Sam Slick, Judge Halli- 
 burton, who is now a member of the British House of Commons, 
 the colonists in their turn were not only almost, but altogether 
 astonished at the want of recognitiosa in this country of recent 
 Canadian progress. In a happy moment, however, they appealed 
 to that lady, who is the pride of British sovereignty, to come and 
 behold for herself the rudiments of that mighty empire, 
 which is rising beneath her sway in British North America. 
 That task, conjoined as in courtesy it should properly be, with 
 a visit to the adjacent States of the American Union. Our 
 gracious Queen, although she could not undertake it in person, 
 deputed to the heir of her Crown and honours the young and 
 modest Prince of Wales. And now, indeed, all eyes are turned 
 upon Canada ; and from that Royal visit so auspiciously paid, the 
 Colony may date the occupation of an enlarged space in the 
 sight of all the world. As the Prince proceeded on his way, the 
 varied receptions, from the pomp and circumstance of the public 
 pageant, to the homely greetings of the rough riders on the 
 prairies, and the hearty offerings of the backwoodsman, brought 
 up in succession the shifting scenes of colonial liia ; whilst the 
 fetes in all their splendour; &e addresses crowded with imposing 
 facts and representations : the public institutions which were 
 visited ; the public ceremonies performed, revealed in turn the 
 germ of immediate prosperity and of future grandeur, and im- 
 pressed them on the memory in a manner not to be forgotten. 
 The laying of the foundation stone of the Government Buildings 
 at Ottawa, and the closing of the last rivet of the Great Tabular 
 Bridge, in themselves proclaim the importance to which a 
 country that, in a few short years of reanimation has attained 
 BO much, that boasts of thirty-three per cent, increase of popula- 
 tion since 1852, and numbers already three millions of inhabi- 
 tants, may and must ere long attain. The attentive observer of 
 its rise and progress is not likely to forget that the earlier the 
 settlement henceforth effected in Canada, the more sure and 
 easy the participation in its advancement. Thus it is not 
 difficult to account for the preparations already making for the 
 short, simple, and inexpensive voyage to this land of promise, 
 the most congenial to our own in its institutions and character. 
 
PBEFACE. 
 
 That matter more attractive than the matchless scenery of the 
 Cauadas, than the great river and the roaring cataract, towering 
 woods, stupendous cliffs, lakes like inland seas, and islands 
 of surpassing beauty, should bo found in the under currents of 
 real life and oolonioj enterprise, disclosed in atf<entively follow- 
 ing the Royal visit of 1860, is not therefore surprising Out of 
 dependant toil and common drudgery to step into the position 
 of an industrious, but independant settler, may well be an honest 
 man's ambition, however poor. In remodelling the following 
 pages, and adapting them therefore to the purposes of the pre- 
 sent time, it has been our aim to point out to the emigrant now 
 to proceed in settling in Canada. The facts and statistics 
 regarding the provisions for education in the several provinces ; 
 above all, the arrangements for preserving to the colonists the 
 exercise of the religion in which they have been matured, have 
 appeared especially worthv of being signalised, because there 
 is no other colony in which iie emigrant can calculate with 
 equal certainty, upon obtaining for his children education, 
 and for himsou and family the means of grace, precisely as at 
 home. In Canada, he may do this with certainty ; but it is only 
 in the experience of colonial life, that the full extent of such a 
 blea&ing can be felt. The most heartrending part of many a 
 colonial existence is, that the sound of the Sabbath bell is never 
 heard ; whilst the children grow up in dense and irreclaimable 
 ignorance, from the want of schools and instructors. It is to 
 the infinite credit of Canada and the Canadians, that a noble 
 provision has been made, and an effective system organised, 
 securing— as a first point in civilisation— the instruction of youth. 
 This circumstance of itself, commends the Colony to all who 
 would not only better their own condition in the world, but leave 
 behind them an improving race. We take some pride, in con- 
 clusion, in being able to lay before our readers a series of Routes, 
 and Water and Land Communications for the interior, which no 
 other similar Work— not even the official Canadian publications 
 —have attempted to give. The reason of this may possibly be 
 that the writers of works emanating from the other side of 
 the Atlantic, are scarcely alive to the bewildering difficulties that 
 beset the stranger in a strange land. By closely following our 
 routes, however, from place to place, the emigrant travelling in 
 search of an occupation in Caniiida, will be securely guided to the 
 place of his destination in the tables ; and so we wish all \7ho 
 may go forth, most heartily " God speed." 
 
 W. W. P. 
 
 CfUvgoto, J^ov., ISCO. 
 
 m 
 
T 
 
 ^ 
 
 » 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 y Section 1.— Canada, 
 Boundaries — Froyinces— Government, and Inhabitants. 
 
 1. This valuable portion of the British Empire forms 
 part of the continent of North America, and lies 
 north of the United States. It is distant about 3000 
 miles west of Great Britain, on the opposite side of 
 the Atlantic Ocean. On the east, it is bounded by the 
 Atlantic, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, 
 and Labrador coast—off which, separated by the 
 Straits of Belleisle, lies the island of Newfounmand ; 
 on the north, by the New Colony, "British Columbia ;" 
 on the west, by the Pacific Ocean; and on the south, 
 by the United States, by part of New Brunswick, and 
 by the lakes Erie and Ontario. ** The line of division on 
 the south, from the grand portage on Lake Superior, 
 runs through the centre of the great lak^s down the St. 
 Lawrence river, to latitude 45°, and thence along that 
 line to Connecticut river, from whence it folows the 
 high lands which separate the waters running into the 
 St. Lawrence and the Atlantic, till it reaches due north 
 of the St. Croix River — ^the boundary between the 
 United States and New Brunswick. The latter part 
 of the boundary between the United States on the one 
 
 * See Appendix of Recent Information, A. 
 
 a 
 
EMIQRANT 8 HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 
 hand, and Canada and New Brunswick on the other, 
 has only recently been settled and adjusted. 
 
 2. This extensive tract of country is divided into 
 two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada, each of 
 which, until 1840, had its own local government. By 
 a recent act, however, of the British legislature, the 
 two provinces have been united under one general 
 legislative council, and House of Assembly, whose 
 acts require the consent of the governor,*^ Since the 
 union, the two provinces have been respectively styled 
 Western and Eastern Canada. Lower (Eastern) 
 Canada lies next the sea coast, was originally a French 
 colony, and the greater part of its inhabitants are of 
 French descent ; — the laws resemble ^the old laws of 
 France, on which they are grounded; the French lan- 
 guage is very generally spoken, and the religion 
 chiefly catholic. Upper (Western) Canada, which is 
 divided from the eastern province, partly by the 
 Ottawa or Grand River, lies to the west and south- 
 west of it. It is inhabited chiefly by persons of British 
 descent, many of whom are from Scotland. Here the 
 English law and church are established, and there are 
 numerous presbyterians and dissenters. In both pro- 
 vinces, there is perfect liberty of conscience, and as 
 great security for life and property, as in the mother 
 country. 
 
 Section 2.— Lower Canada. 
 
 Extent— Divisions—Natural Features— Quebec— Montreal. 
 
 3. Lower (Eastern) Canada has been estimated by 
 Mr Evans, and Mr Montgomery Martin, to contain, 
 exclusively of the surface of the river, and part of the 
 Gulf of St Lawrence, 132,000,000 of acres. The 
 whole territory is divided into three principal districts 
 Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers, and two in- 
 ferior one8,Ga8pe and St Francis. These districts are 
 divided into 40 counties, with minor subdivisions con- 
 sisting of seignories, fiefs and townships, &c. — the land 
 comprised in the seignories is upwards of 8,000,000 of 
 
 * See AnnondiT of RecaQt Information, B. 
 
BBITIIH AMEBICA. — LOWER CANADA. 
 
 S 
 
 acres, and has been all granted by the crown. It is 
 occupied chiefly by the French portion of the popula- 
 tion. From a return made by the surveyor-generai 
 of Canada, (5th March, 1842,) it is considered the 
 land remaining unsurveyed may be estimated at 
 118,980,000; that the surveyed land amounts to 
 2,734,735 acres ; and that the quantity available for 
 the settlement of emigrants is estimated at from 
 .5,000,000 to 6,000,000 acres. In 1831, the popula- 
 tion of the province amounted to 501,438, and in 1839, 
 it was estimated at about 700,000. In 1851, 890,026.» 
 4. " The natural features of the territory of Lower 
 Canada," says Mr Montgomery Martin, ** are ex- 
 tremely picturesque — mountain ranges, noble rivers, 
 magnificent cascades, lakes, prairies, farms and forests, 
 alternating in every direction, with sudden and beau- 
 tiful variety. On the ocean boundary, the eastern 
 parts of the river St Lawrence are high and moun- 
 tainous, and covered in most parts with forests. On 
 the northern side of the St Lawrence, the mountains, 
 (the Alleghanies) run parallel with this vast river, as 
 far up as Quebec, when the range quits the parallel of 
 the capital, and runs in a S.W. and S.E. direction in- 
 to the United States." Of the portion of the province 
 north and east of the Saguenay river, and the lake of 
 St John, little is known, except the appearance of the 
 coast, which is bold and mountainous, though in some 
 places the mountains recede from the shore to the ex- 
 tent of 10 or 15 miles, leaving a deep swampy fiat. 
 Forty miles east of the Saguenay, and at other places, 
 however, the shores are of more moderate elevation. 
 The whole tract is well watered by numerous rivers, 
 of which, however, scarcely anything is known. There 
 are no roads along the coast, and the only settlement 
 is at Portneuf, a trading port of the Hudson's Bay 
 company. The country around the lake of St Johnj 
 and at the head of the Saguenay has an extent of about 
 6,000,000 of acres of land fit for cultivation, and fine- 
 ly watered, while the climate is said to be milder than 
 that of Quebec. West of the Saguepay, to the river 
 
 * An InereMe of 13-94 per cent, in IS yean, haring been doubhd In 34 jMkrt, 
 
BMIOBANT 8 HAND-BOOK 07 FACTS* 
 
 St Maurice, forms another natural division of the pro- 
 vince. The city of Quebec is situated half-way be- 
 tween these two rivers. From the Saguenay to 
 Quebec runs a bold range of mountains, forming a 
 very marked coast border, beyond which the country 
 is flat and undulating, and well watered with lakes 
 and streams. North west of Quebec, the coast line 
 is not so bold, the shore rising more softly, and pre- 
 senting a picturesque appearance of water, wood, and 
 rich cultivation. Still kenping on the north side of the 
 St Lawrence, we have the tract lying between the St 
 Maurile and the junction of the Ottawa and the St 
 Lawrence. The aspect of this district, at a few miles 
 distance from the river, is slightly elevated into table- 
 ridges with occasional abrupt acclivities and small 
 plains. Of the interior district bounded by the Ottawa 
 little is yet known ; but it does not appear to possess 
 the boldness of character of the greater part of the 
 province already mentioned. On the south of the St 
 Lawrence, on the east, and bordering on New Bruns- 
 wick is the district of Gaspe, a large tract which has 
 been but slightly examined. Its surface is uneven, 
 consisting chiefly of a great valley lying between a 
 ridge of mountains which border the St Lawrence, and 
 another range on the bay of Chaleur. The district 
 is well wooded and watered, the soil rich, and yielding 
 abundantly when tilled. West of Gasp6 to the river 
 Chauderie, the land is not so mountainous as on the 
 north side of the St Lawrence, but is hilly, with ex- 
 tensive valleys. The district, west of the Chauderie, 
 is a highly valuable tract, consisting of 17 counties, 
 and inhabited, in 1831, by a population of about 
 200,000. Heie,in many places, are seen fruitful fields, 
 luxuriant meadows, and flourishing settlements. 
 
 5. The citjr of Quebec is the capital of Lower. 
 Canada. It is situated on the extremity of a rocky 
 cape on the north bank of the St Lawrence, and is so 
 strongly fortified, as to be considered impregnable; and 
 thus may be looked upon as giving the mastery both to 
 Upper and Lower Canada. The city is divided inta 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. — LOWEH CANADA. 
 
 . 
 
 the upper and lower towns, the latter jeing situated 
 at the base of the cape* level with the water. The 
 appearance of the town from the river is particularly 
 striking. It contains many fine public buildings, 
 among which are the castle of St Louis, on the top of 
 the rock ; the Roman Catholic and Protestant Cathe- 
 drals; the barracks, hospitals, Quebec bank, and a 
 monument to Generals Wolf and Montcalm. The in- 
 stitutions are many of them of a French character ; 
 and the lan,]^uage of the inhabitants is English and 
 French. Population In 1851—42,062, now 50,000. 
 
 6. Montreal is situated on the southern point of an 
 island, bearing the same name, lying upon the north 
 bank of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Ottawa, 
 or Grand River. The island is 32 miles in length, from 
 east to west, and 15 miles in breadth at its broadest 
 part. The surface is flat, with the exception of an 
 isolated hill at the western extremity, which rises to a 
 height of 500 or 600 feet above the level of the river. 
 The river from the top of this hill is very fine, exhibit- 
 ing all around a vast extent of densely peopled, culti- 
 vated, and fertile country, enriched with wood, water, 
 farms, cottages, and churches. The streets of Moatreal 
 are parallel \7ith the river, intersecting each other at 
 right angles. The houses are, for the greater part, 
 built of a grayish coloured stone, roofed either with 
 sheet-iron or tin ; many of them are handsome struc- 
 tures, and would be considered so in Britain. In the 
 extent and importance of her trade — in the beauty of 
 her public and private buildings — in the gay appear, 
 ance of her shops — and in all the intrinsic signs of 
 wealth, Montreal has gone far a-head of the city of 
 Quebec. In 1825, its population was 22,357, and in 
 1831, 27,297— in 1839, it was above 35,000. The 
 island is comprised in one seignory, which belongs 
 to the Roman Catholic clergy, who are consequently 
 wealthy, but act with great liberality in exacting the 
 fines — called lods et venies — due to them on any change 
 of the proprietorship of the land, for which they usu- 
 ally compound. The present population la 75,000. 
 
6 KMGRANT'S HAND-BCOK of FACT8. 
 
 Section 3. — Lower Canada — Continued^ 
 
 Geology-Soil-Productions-Populatlon-EducationallnstituUont. 
 
 7. So far as has been ascertained, the general goo- 
 logical structure of Lower Canada is granitic, but 
 presenting, in various places, calcareous rocks of a soft 
 ^ezture, and in horizontal strata. In the Gasp6 dis- 
 trict indications of the coal formation hare been 
 trr*ccd ; and numerous beautiful specimens of a great 
 variety of cornelians, agates, opals, and ja^ers, have 
 been obtained. Among the mountains to the north 
 west of the St Lawrence, iron felspar, hornblende, 
 native iron ore, granite, and a peculiar species of lime- 
 stone, resembling granite in its fracture, are found. 
 Marble is in abundance, and plumbago of the finest 
 quality. The iron mines of St Maurice have long 
 been celebrated; and there is no doubt that Canada is 
 rich in copper, lead, and tin. Limestone, useful to the 
 agriculturist, is almost e very wherf found. The quantity 
 of good soil in Canada, compart 1 with the extent of 
 country, is equal to that of any part of the globe j 
 and there yet remains sufficient locality to accommodate 
 many millions of the human race. ** The best lands," 
 says Mr Montgomery Martin, "are those on which 
 the hardest timber is found— such as oak, maple, 
 beech, elm, black-walnut, &c., though bass-wood when 
 of luxuriant growth, and pine when large, clean and 
 tall, also indicate good land. Many of the cedar 
 swamps, where the cedars aid not stunted and mingled 
 with ash of a large growth, contain a very rich soil, 
 and ave calculated for the finest hemp grounds in the 
 world. So great is the fertility of the soil in Canada, 
 that 50 bushels of wheat per acre are frequently pr j- 
 r!«ced on a farm where the stumps of trees which pro- 
 bably occupy an eighth of the surface, have not b'^en 
 eradicated — aome instances of 60 bushels per acre 
 occur, and near York in Upper Canada, 100 bushels 
 of wheat were obtained from a single acrei In «icme 
 districts wheat has been raised sucviessi/ely on the 
 same ground for 20 years without manure. " Along 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. — LOWER CANADA. 
 
 the Ottawa there is a great extent of alluvial soil, and 
 many districts of fertile land are daily brought into 
 view which were before unknown." 
 
 8. The following table shows the particulars of the 
 population census of Lower Canada in 1851. 
 
 I>OPULATIOK. 
 Fop. Total. 
 
 SQ.M. 
 
 § Beauhamois County 38660) 
 Huntingdon Village I 670 > 
 Beaiiharnois. I 874 > 
 
 § Bellechasse County. .117732 |. 
 Berthier on bas Vilk | 266 ) 
 
 t Berthier County . . . .33008 ) 
 Berthier en haut Vil. 1600 f 
 
 § Bonaventure County 
 
 § Chambly County. . . 14981\ 
 
 Chambly i 884 I 
 
 Longueuil 1496 ( 
 
 St. John'i ^ 8216; 
 
 t Chf;mplain Coiuity . . 13146 ) 
 Batiscan Village 750 ) 
 
 § Dorchester County.: 
 
 §Drummond " 
 
 §Gasp6 " .4 
 
 § Huntingdon " 
 La-Prairie Village .i 
 
 § Eamouraska County 
 
 t Leintter " 
 L' A3Sumption 
 
 % i.'l8let County 18420 
 
 Montmagny Village 1221 
 
 6 Lotbiuiere County . . 
 
 8 Megantic " 
 
 % Missisbquoi 13015 ) 
 
 Philip ^bursr Village 469 ) 
 
 t Montmoroncy County 
 
 t Montreal " 17696 
 
 City 67715 
 
 Lachine Village .... 1075 
 Colo St. Louid Vill. 996, 
 
 S Nioolet County 
 
 " Village .. .1 •• 
 
 t Ottawa County. ..... 21734 
 
 88888) 
 1757) 
 
 28608 I 
 1084 
 
 Areft. 
 
 Aylmer Village 
 t ortneuf County. 
 t Quebec " 
 
 City ... 
 i Bichlieu County . 
 
 Stours' Village... 
 
 Sorel 
 
 1169 
 
 40213 
 
 17982 
 
 84608 
 10844 
 
 20576 
 
 13896 
 
 43105 
 16562 
 10904 
 
 40645 
 
 20396 
 
 29690 
 
 19641 
 
 16657 
 13835 
 
 13484 
 
 9598 
 
 77381 
 
 19657 
 
 229C3 
 19366 
 
 EBLI6I0N. 
 
 Epu. 
 
 61526 
 
 19474 
 42052 
 21720) I 
 542 V '25686 
 8424) I 
 
 717 
 
 1776 
 
 8410 
 4108 
 
 211 
 
 783 
 
 848 
 1674 
 3281 
 
 238 
 
 4320 
 
 5008 
 
 8044 
 
 735 
 1465 
 
 360 
 
 7396 
 
 i97 
 
 487 
 81669 
 
 8640 
 14240 
 
 • • 
 
 378 
 
 8211 
 
 153 
 
 225 
 1812 
 
 1704 
 
 128 
 
 1117 
 1725 
 1651 
 
 
 Pres, Bom. Metb. 
 
 1361 
 
 13 
 
 584 
 1084 
 
 3353 
 
 24 
 
 668 
 
 8993 
 
 IS 
 
 8251 
 
 1912 
 8489 
 
 478 
 
 9619 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 2087 
 
 103 
 
 97 
 
 442 
 
 326 
 
 18 
 
 866 
 
 10 
 
 283 
 1421 
 
 473 
 
 928 
 2832 
 
 13 
 
 2957 
 
 71 
 
 1371 
 
 110 
 
 2:i286 1571 
 
 I 
 
 17807 
 
 84084 
 7347 
 
 19132 
 
 13668 
 
 41453 
 
 13092 
 
 9047 
 
 36067 
 
 20.395* 
 
 27670 
 
 19566 
 
 15616 
 
 9879 
 
 3222 
 
 0574 
 17595 
 41464 
 
 19536 
 14106 
 
 18485 
 16629 
 82984 
 
 25098 
 
 M 
 
 214 
 
 63 
 726 
 107 
 
 269 
 
 139 
 476 
 
 3287 
 
 153 
 1218 
 
 1203 
 
 2 
 
 89 
 714 
 
 • ouo individual ' ' i'rotestant" is returned, denomination not given. 
 
8 
 
 emtgrant's handbook of facts. 
 
 i RouviUe County .... 
 {BimouBki " .... 
 Fraserville Village.. 
 
 f Saugenay County. . . . 
 t St. Maurice " .... 
 Three Rivers Town.. 
 
 ( St. Hayaointhe Coun- 
 " Town 
 
 S Sherbrooke County. . 
 " Town .. 
 
 $ Shefford County .... 
 §Stanstead " .... 
 fTerrebone *' .... 
 St. Thereae Village.. 
 
 f Two Mountains Coun 
 St. EuBtache Village 
 
 ♦ Vandreuil County .. 
 VUlago .. 
 
 5 Vercheres County .. 
 S Tamaska " 
 
 25887 
 996 
 
 S2626 
 4986 
 
 27810 
 8313 
 
 POPOLATIOir. 
 
 Fop. 
 
 17016 
 2998 
 
 Total. 
 
 27031 
 
 26882 
 20783 
 
 Sq.M. 
 
 Areft. 
 
 429 
 
 8840 
 75090 
 
 25662 
 1129 
 
 96686 
 794 
 
 20986 
 443 
 
 27662 
 
 30623 
 
 20014 
 
 164S2 
 
 13898 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 26791 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 S0470 
 
 21429 
 14399 
 14748 
 
 {)810 
 
 477 
 
 2786 
 749 
 632 
 
 8169 
 1086 
 
 330 
 198 
 283 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 EpU Fref. 
 
 2025 675 
 
 66 
 3 
 
 150 
 
 202 
 
 Bom. 
 
 28067 
 
 644 ?'^370 
 60 20602 
 
 63 
 
 84 
 
 4460 2617 
 2662 601 
 1216 189 
 
 621 456 
 
 1967 8493 
 
 580 
 3 
 
 648 
 2 
 
 27037 
 
 29710 
 
 Meth. 
 
 693 
 
 61 
 
 83 
 
 5823 2321 
 8036 1658 
 1608 6184 
 
 247161 247 
 
 225:79 767 
 
 34 I 17 
 
 1942b 
 14227 
 14606 
 
 87 
 8 
 
 800261 .. 46402 83635 746866 20184 
 
 f Those marked thws are S. 
 Those nuu-ked thus »r« N. 
 
 of the Rt. Lawrence, 
 of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 9. The schools in Lower as in Upper Canada, are 
 now under an able superintendent of education. 
 There are many villages; but all, save the M'Gill 
 and Lennoxville, are Roman Catholic. 
 
 I. PaoTBSTANT. — Royal Grammar School, Quebec; 
 200/. a-year, and 90/. a-year school-house rent, from 
 Jesuits' estates. Twenty free scholars, 11 pay for 
 tbdr tuition; all day-scholars. Terms, under 12, 8/., 
 above 12 and under 13, 10/; per an., above 13, 12/. 
 per an. French and English taught ; course of in. 
 struction as in the grammar-schools in the United 
 Kingdom* 
 
 I 
 
BBITISU AMEBICA. — LOWSB CANADA. 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 11. Royal Grammar School, Montreal; £200 a-year, 
 and £54 a-year school -house rent, from Jesuits' 
 estates. Twenty free scholars admitted j 15 scholars 
 
 Eay for their education ;— all day scholars. Terms, 
 ighest lOZ., lowest 8Z. per annum; instruction as in 
 grammar-school at Quebec ; and this school is in 
 possession of an extensive apparatus for experiments 
 on natural philosophy. Both are modelled on the 
 High School, Edinburgh. 
 
 , III. M'Gill College, endowed with landed property 
 by a Montreal merchant, came into operation in 1842, 
 with Faculties of Arts, Law, and Medicine, constituted 
 by Royal Charter, and managed by governors. Its 
 School of Medicine, commenced previously, had 64 
 students iu 1852. Montreal High School has been con- 
 nected with it. At Lennoxville Episcopal College, Len- 
 noxville, there are also Faculties of Arts and Divinity. 
 Catholic. — I. Seminary of Quebec; no revenues 
 specifically appropriated to the purposes of education, 
 but possessed of sever^il estates. Value made many 
 years ago, computed at 1,249/. a-year, besides legal 
 contributions in grain, and the lods et ventes on mu- 
 tations of property, which amount to a considerable 
 sum. Attended by 188 students; the terms for tuition 
 and board, 17/. 10«. per an.; for tuition only, 1/. per 
 an. Poor children instructed gratis. The seminary 
 of Quebec was erected by letters patent of the French 
 crown, dated in April 1663. 
 
 II. Seminary at Montreal; in possession of estates 
 valued many years ago at about 2,000/. a-year, besides 
 large contributions in grain, and lods et ventes on mu- 
 tations of property, which in the seignory of Mon- 
 treal, comprehending the whole of the town, must 
 amount to a large sura. Attended by 260 students ; 
 terms for board and tuition per an. 21/.; for tuition 
 only, ]/. 13«. Instruction as at the seminary of Que- 
 bec. The ecclesif rtics of St Sulpice, at Paris, were 
 authorized to establish a seminary at Montreal, and 
 allowed to hold the Island of Montreal in mortmain, 
 by letters patent of the French Crown, dated in May 
 1677. 
 
10 
 
 emiorant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 III. Seminary at Nicolet; supported principally by 
 private contributions. The number or students, or 
 the price paid for tuition, not known. 
 
 I V. Seminary at St Hyacinthe ; as No. 3, 
 
 V. Seminary at Chambly ; as No. 3. 
 
 VI. College of St Ann; as No. 3. 
 Numbers 4, 5 and 6, receive legislative grants. 
 There are, in fact, 12 colleges situated in various 
 
 parts of Lower Canada, connected^ with the Boman 
 Catholic Church, affording Classical Education, freely 
 attended by those designed for the liberal professions. 
 Education in Lower Canada still requires improvement, 
 which, however, it is expected that the extension to 
 Lower Canada of the Municipal System of Upper Can- 
 ada will tend to impart. Although the great majority 
 of the Schools are French in Lower Canada, they are 
 exclusively, or nearly all, English in the eastern town- 
 ships. The Superintendent of Education reported in 
 Lower Canada in 1852 — Schools in actual operation, 
 2,277 ; of which 2,006 were Elementary, 78 Model 
 Schools, and 70 of a superior class for girls. Total of 
 pupils 97,582. Independent Schools, 138; Collegiate 
 and Academical, 30 ; attached to Convents, 86. Lower 
 shares with Upper Canada, ann. school grant £50,000. 
 
 Section 4.— -Uppbb Canada. 
 
 Boundaries— luhabitants-'Di visions — Railways. 
 
 10. Upper or Western Canada is bounded on the 
 east and north east by the lower province, on the 
 south-west by a line drawn through the centre of the 
 great lakes, which separates it from the United States, 
 on the north by the Hudson Bay territory, and on 
 the north-west by the undefined boundary of the 
 lands occupied by the native Indians, or, it may be 
 said, by the Pacific ocean. The whole area of the 
 province has been estimated at about 64,000,000 
 acres, of which 3, 180,000 acres ai'e still unsurveyed. 
 The amount surveyed, excluding the land returned 
 to the Commissioners of crown land for sale, and 
 which may not have been disposed of, is 1,326,343 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
SBiriSH AMEttlCA. — UPPKE CANADA. 
 
 11 
 
 
 • 
 
 acres; and the quantity available for settlement of 
 emigrants, may be estimated at 3,754,000 acres. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly British settlers, or native born 
 Canadians of British descent, with a very few of 
 French extraction. The inhabited portion of this 
 province is in general level, gently undulating into 
 pleasing hills, fine slopes, and fertile valleys. At the 
 distance however, of about fifty to one hundred miles, 
 from the north shore of Lake Ontario, and the river 
 St Lawrence, a rocky ridge runs north-east and 
 south-west through Newcastle and Midland districts 
 towards the Ottawa. Beyond this to the north, is a 
 wide and rich valley bounded again on the north by a 
 rocky and mountainous range of great elevation. 
 The settlements are chiefly confined to the borders, or 
 within a few miles of the borders, of the great lake and 
 
 rivers. * 
 
 11. The province is divided into districts, counties, 
 ridings, townships, special tracts and allotments ; be- 
 sides blocks of land reserved for the clergy and the 
 crown, and lands appropriated to the Indians. There 
 are thirteen districts, twenty-six counties, and six 
 ridings, comprehending 273 townships. A district con- 
 tains two or three counties, and each county contains 
 from four to thirty townships. Between the Ottawa 
 and the St Lawrence, two broad and navigable rivers, 
 lie the districts of Ottawa, Johnstown, Midland, and 
 Bathurst, forming the eastern section of the province. 
 Its surface is a table land of moderate elevation, with 
 a very gentle and scarcely perceptible depression on 
 either side, as it approaches the margin of the magni- 
 ficent streams by v }»>^h it is bounded on the north and 
 south-west. " The soil," says Bouchette, ** though 
 sometimes too moist and marshy, is extremely rich and 
 fertile, and chiefly consists of a brown ciay and yellow 
 loam. This section is intersected by numerous rivers, 
 remarkable for the multitude of their branches, and 
 minor ramifications." It has a number of good public 
 roads, both along the great rivers which bound it, and 
 in the interior j and its centre is traversed diagonally 
 
12 
 
 £MIG&ANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 by the Rideau canal, navigable for sloops. Besides 
 its geographical, it therefore enjoys great local advan- 
 tages. Nor have these been neglected, great industry 
 and attention to improvement being displayed upon 
 most of the lands in this tract. The town of King- 
 ston, the largest and most populous in Upper Canada, 
 is in this section, situated on the north shore of 
 the St Lawrence, where it leaves Lake Ontario ; and 
 the thriving village of Perth on a branch of the 
 Rideau, having tolerably good roads communicating 
 both with the south and north. On the shores of 
 Lake Chaudiere, are the fine settlements in front of 
 the townships of March and Tarbolton, chiefly com- 
 posed of families of high respectability, possessing in 
 general sufficient means to avail themselves of the ad- 
 vantages they possess ; and high up on the bold and 
 abrupt shore of the Chats, is Kinnell Lodge, the 
 romantic residence of Sir Alexander M*Nab, who has 
 recently shown that he possesses all the bravery and 
 loyalty of the ancient Highland race from which he is 
 descended, and which he now represents. 
 
 12. The districts of Newcastle and Home form the 
 central section of the province. They occupy a space 
 of 120 miles along the shores of Lake Ontario, from 
 the head of the Bay of Quinte, to a line between 
 Toronto and Trafalgar, and extend northward to 
 French River, Nippising Lake, and the upper portion 
 of the Ottawa. The soil throughout Newcastle dis- 
 trict is in general good ; and it is well watered by the 
 Rice, Balsam, Trout and other lakes, and the rivers 
 Trent and Ottanabee. In front of Newcastle district 
 on the borders qf Luke Ontario, the soil consists of a 
 rich black earth ; but in the district of Home, the 
 shores of the lake are of an inferior quality. With 
 few exceptions, however, the soil of the whole tract is 
 extremely fertile, well adapted for agriculture, and 
 yields heavy crops of wheat, rye, maize, or Indian 
 corn, peas, barley, oats, buckwheat, &c. It is well 
 settled on the fronts of the different townships, and 
 possesses good roads ; and there is yet abundance of 
 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. — UPFSa CANADA. 
 
 13 
 
 
 room for additional settlers. In the vicinity of Lake 
 Simcoe in Home district, the lands are remarkably 
 fine ; and from the depth of soil, and equality of the 
 surface, peculiarly easy of cultivation. A steam-boat 
 on the lake conveys the produce to Holland — landing 
 at its south end, and it has been proposed to connect 
 it with Toronto by a railway. A great portion of 
 this tract has been settled by naval and military hulf- 
 pay officers, who draw their half-pay from govern, 
 ment, so that a circulating medium is not so scarce 
 here as in some other districts. The lakes and rivers 
 of this section abound with fish, and especially salmon, 
 f reat iquantities of which are annually speared for the 
 supply of the western country. 
 
 13. The Western section includes the districts of 
 Gore, Niagara, London, and the Western district. It 
 lies along the shores of Lake Huron, river and lake 
 St Clair, Detroit River, Lake Erie, Niagara river, and 
 Lake Ontario, where it is bounded by the western 
 limits of the district of Home. " The surface it ex- 
 hibits," says Bouchette, "is uniformly level or slightly 
 undulating, if we except a very few solitary eminences, 
 and those parts of the districts of Gore and Ni£^ara 
 traversed by the ridge of elevated land. The variety 
 of soils, and the diversity of their combinations, ob- 
 servable in these four districts, are by no means so 
 great as might be expected in so extended a region. 
 The whole tract is alluvial in its formation, and 
 chiefly consists of a stratum of black, and sometimes 
 yellow loam, above which is deposited, when in a 
 state of nature, a rich and ^eep vegetable mould, the 
 substratum beneath the bed or loam being generally 
 a tenacious gray or blue clay, which in some part? ap- 
 pears at the surface, and, intermixed with sand, con- 
 stitutes the super-soil. There are numerous and ex- 
 tensive quarries of limestone to be found in these dis- 
 tricts, that supply the farmers with excellent materials 
 for building. Freestone is also found, but in small 
 quantities, and generally along the shores of the 
 lakes. The Thames River, in this section, rises far it 
 
14 
 
 emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 the interior, and, after pursuing a serpentine course of 
 about one hundred and fifty miles, in a direction 
 nearly south-west, discharges itself into Lake St Clair." 
 This section is well peopled, and much of the land 
 under cultivation; and yet there is ample room for new 
 settlers. It has the advantage of extensive water 
 frontage, and is intersected by numerous roads. A 
 railroad is constructing, if not completed, between 
 Chatham on the river Thames to London, thence to 
 Hamilton on the broad waters of Lake Ontario, which 
 will connect lakes Huron, St Clair, Erie, and Ontario. 
 London, in this district, is but a small place, but it has 
 every appearance as if it would rapidly increase, being 
 situated in the heart of a fertile country, and on the 
 banks of a beautiful river — the Thames. 
 
 14. But although 1852 saw Canada without a rail- 
 way, 1857 saw her with 1500 miles completed, and 
 500 more in process of construction. As the St. 
 Lawrence navigation is ice-locked in the winter, this 
 great system of 2000 miles of railway maintains the 
 communication. The railways completed, and in 
 progress in Canada, are these : — 
 
 Cheat Western, opened in 1854— from State of New York to Sand- 
 wich, opposite Detroit, across the Niagara River Suspension 
 Bridge, and through Hamilton, Paris, Woodstock, IngeraoU, Lon- 
 don, and Chatham ; earning from £8,000 to £15,000 per week. 
 
 QuU and Guelph Branch of do., 28 miles. 
 
 Buffalo, Brancford, and Goderich, from Port Erie, opposite Buf- 
 falo, to Goderich, on Lake Huron, 168 miles ; first 80, Port Erie 
 to Paris, connects with GreaX Western, and at work— remainder 
 intersects the Grand Trunk line at Stratford. 
 
 Woodstock (Great Western), to Port Dover, Lake Erie, 40 miles. 
 
 London (connecting with Great Western), to Port Stanley, on 
 Lake Erie, 28 miles. 
 
 Hamilton artd Toronto, 40 miles. 
 
 JErie and Ontario, 18 miles; connecting with Great Western at 
 Suspension Bridge. 
 
 Ontario, Simco, and Huron, 94 miles in operation, connecting 
 with New York and Erie. , „_ , ^ 
 
 New York Central, Boston and Ogdensburgh, and Grand Trwnk of 
 Canada. „ ^, ,_^ .. 
 
 Geand Trunk or Canada— 1st, Western Section, 170 milea— 
 2d. Eastern Section, 843 miles. 
 
 Bytovm (now Ottawa), and Prescott, 84 miles, flourishing. 
 
 Brockville and OUav>a, 60 mUes, through Leeds, Lanark, and 
 Renfrew Counties J Coburgh and J: etorborough, 28 miles; and 
 Port Hope and Lindsay, 80 miles. 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. — UPPER CANADA. 
 
 16 
 
 Section 5. — Upped Canada. — Continued. 
 
 Toronto— Kingston—Canals. 
 
 15. Toronto is the present Metropolis and Seat of 
 Government in Canada; the administration havingbeen 
 removed from Quebec in 1855. Population in 1856, 
 42,500. During that year, 1000 new houses were erect- 
 ed. It boasts of the largest Church of England Cathe- 
 dral in the province, a Eomish Cathedral, and 40 other 
 churches, chiefly Protestant, the finest pile of school 
 buildings in Canada, two magnificent and richly -en- 
 dowed Colleges, a University, Lunatic Asylum, 
 Court houses, Public Charities, and Institutions. The 
 wide streets cross at right angles. It is the great wheat 
 market of Upper Canada, and, in 1856, received and 
 sent to the United States and Lower Canada two 
 million bushles wheat, besides 200,000 barrels flour. 
 
 Kingston is situated on the north bank of Lake 
 Ontario, entrance at Bay of Quaints, at the head of 
 the river St. Lawrence. It is distant 184 miles east 
 of Toronto, and 189 miles west of Montreal. Its har« 
 hour, Navy Bay, is the chief harbour of our navy on 
 the lake. Next to Quebec and Halifax Kingston is 
 the strongest British port in America, and next to 
 Quebec and Montreal, the first in commercial import- 
 ance. In 1828, its population amounted to 3,528 — ^in 
 1834, to 6,000— now 20,000. 
 
 16. The Rideau Canal — which is, more properly 
 speaking, a collection of raised water, by means of 
 dams, with natural lakes interspersed — opens a water 
 communication between Kingston and the Ottawa, a 
 distance of 132 miles, by connecting together several 
 pieces of water, viz., Kingston Mill Stream, Cranbery 
 Lake, Mud Lake, Rideau Lake and River, the length 
 of the cuts not exceeding 20 miles. The difference 
 of level between the t extremities of the canal is 
 445 feet. There are 47 locks, each 142 feet long, by 
 33 feet in breadth. The total expense of constructing 
 this great work is said to have been about one million 
 sterling. The Welland canal connects Lake Erie with 
 
le 
 
 EMIOBANT 8 HAND-BOOE OF FACTS. 
 
 Lake Ontario, and is conducted over the range of hilU 
 forming the barrier of Lake Erie, at the falls of 
 Niagara. The length of the canal is 41 miles, its width 
 56 feet, and its depth 8^ feet ; the summit level is 330 
 feet. Its cost was £500,000. The Grenville canal 
 consists of three sections, one at the Long Sault on 
 the Ottawa — another at the fall, called the Chate 4 
 Blondeau, 60 miles from Montreal, and 218 from 
 Kingston ; and a third at the Carillon Rapids, 5Q miles 
 from Montreal, and 222 from Kingston, opening into 
 the Lake of the Two Mountains, through which an 
 uninterrupted navigation is practised by steam-boats 
 to La Chine, nine n^les above the city of Montreal. 
 This canal renders the navigation of the Ottawa be- 
 tween the Rideau and Montreal complete. All the 
 locks on the Carillon, and on the Chute k Blondeau 
 are of the same size as on the Rideau, but on a part of 
 the Grenville canal, which was commenced befor^. the 
 large scale was adopted, some locks and a part of the 
 cuttings will only admit boats 20 feet wide ; the locks 
 on la Chine are also calculated for boats only 20 feet 
 wide ; the navigation for boats above 20 feet wide is 
 interrupted at the Grenville Canal, and if large boats 
 be used on the Rideau, and on the higher part of the 
 Ottawa, all goods must oq unshipped on arriving at the 
 Grenville Canal, and be either conveyed by portage, 
 or removed to smaller boats. 
 
 17. The Montreal communication with the Ottawa, 
 by the canal between the former place and Lake St 
 Louis, at La Chine, near Montreal, is termed La 
 Chine Canal ; it is 28 feet wide at the bottom, 48 at 
 the water line, has five feet depth of water, and a tow- 
 ing path ; the whole fall is 42 feet, with the locks; 
 he length is about seven miles. It is the property of 
 a company; was begun in 1821, completed in three 
 fears, at a cost of £137*000, which was defrayed by 
 the company, slightly assisted by government, and for 
 which the public service is exempt from toll. By 
 means of the great and useful works just mentioned, 
 a laro"e eitent of country is onened un to the industrv 
 
BRITISH AMEIUCA.— UPPER CANADA. 
 
 17 
 
 of the British settlers ; there is continuous steamboat 
 communication in Upper Canada of about 460 miles, 
 viz., from the Grenville canal, on the Ottawa to 
 Niagara, 68J miles, to overcome the difficulties of the 
 St. Lawrence, against 363 by Erie Canal to New York. 
 
 Section 6.--Upper Ca^at) a.— Continued. 
 
 Geology— Soli*. 
 
 18. The geological structure of the country border- 
 ing on the great lakes is better known than that of 
 Lower Canada. The whole south-east shore of Lake 
 Superior is a secondary sandstone, through which the 
 granite on which it rests occasionally appears; and 
 in which chalcedony, cornelian, jasper, opal, agate, 
 sardonyx, zeolith, and serpentine, with iron, lead, and 
 copper are found. By the subsidence of the waters of 
 Lakes Superior and Huron, beds of sand 150 feet 
 thick are exposed, below which are beds of clay, en- 
 closing shells of every species now found in the lakes. 
 Amygdaloid occupies a large tract on the north shore 
 of Lake Superior, from Cape Verd to the grand Port- 
 age, intermingled with argillaceous and other porphy- 
 rons sienite, trapoze, greenstone, and conglomerates. 
 Part of the north and east shore is the seat of an older 
 formation. Copper abounds in various parts of the 
 country; in particular, some large and brilliant specimens 
 have been found in the angle between Lakes Superior 
 and Michigan. At the Copper-mine River, the copper, 
 which is in a pure and malleable state, lies in connexion 
 with a body of serpentine rock, the face of which it 
 almost completely overlays — ^it is also disseminated in 
 masses and grains throughout the substance of the rock. 
 The chasm at Niagara- Falls indicates distinctly the 
 geology of the country.* The strata are first, limestone, 
 then fragile slate, and lastly sandstone. The upper- 
 most and lowest of these compose the great seconaary 
 formation of a part of Canada, and nearly the whole 
 of the United States, occupying the whole basin of the 
 
 • According to Mr Schoolcraft, one of agoTernment expedition from 
 
18 
 
 EMIGRANT 8 HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 Mississippi, and extending from it between the lakes 
 and the Alleghany ridge of mountains, as far eastward 
 as the Mohawk, between which the slate is often in- 
 terposed, as at Niagara, and throughout the state of 
 New York generally. At Niagara, the stratum ot slate 
 is nearly 40 feet thick, and nearly as fragile as shale, 
 crumbling so much as to sink the superincumbent 
 limestone, and thus verify, to some extent, the opinion 
 that a retrocession of the falls has been going on for 
 ages. The subsoil around Lake Ontario is limestone, 
 resting on granite. The rocks about Kingston are 
 usually a limestone of very compact structure, and 
 light bluish gray colour, a fracture often approaching 
 the conchoidal, with a slight degree of translucency on a 
 thin edge ; and, after percussion, the odour of flint 
 rather than that of bitumen. The lowermost lime- 
 stones are in general more siliceous than those above 
 them ; and so much is this the case, that in some places, 
 a conglomerated character is given to the rock by the 
 intrusion of pieces of quartz or hornstone. It is re- 
 markable, that both angular and rounded masses of 
 felspar rock, which usually underlies limestone— or, if 
 absent, is supplied by one in which hornblende pref' 
 minates—are imbedded and isolated in the limestonn, 
 demonstrating the latter to have been at one timr; la 
 a state of fluidity. . 
 
 19. The soils of Upper Canada are various ; that 
 which predominates is composed of brown clay and loam, 
 with difftr^nt proportions of marl intermixed,* this 
 compound cOil prevails principally in the fertile coun- 
 try bet\.ce«a Ibe Bt Lawrence and Ottawa; towards 
 the north Bhoie of Lake Ontario, it is more clayey 
 and extremely productive. The substratum through- 
 out these districts is a bed of horizontal limestone, 
 which in some places rises to the surface. The New- 
 castle district, lying between the upper section of the 
 Ottawa and the St Lawrence, is a rich black mould, 
 which also prevails throughout the East Riding of 
 York, and on the banks of the Ouse or Grand River, 
 
 __ J mi 
 
 aiiu 1 names. 
 
BurriaH amebica. — upper canada. 
 
 Itf 
 
 20. The limestone is stratified horizontally, its dip 
 being greatest when nearest the elder rock on which 
 it reposes, and by which it seems to have been upraised 
 subsequently to a solidification ; for its thickness vanes 
 from a few feet to a few inches. Shale occurs as 
 amongst most limestones; and, in some ])laces so 
 blended with it, as to cause it to fall to pieces on ex- 
 posure to air. The minerals noticed in this formation, 
 are chert or hornstone, basanite, chlorite, calcareous 
 spar, barytes, sulphate of strontian, sulphuret of iron, 
 and sulphuret of zinc. 
 
 21. At Toronto, the soil is fertile, but stones are 
 scarce for common use, which is also the case in some 
 townships, bordering Lakes Erie, St Clair, and the 
 Detroit, thus demonstrating the alluvial nature ot the 
 territory. A light sandy soil predominates round the 
 head of Lake Ontario. 
 
 22. The predominating soil of the east shore, Lake 
 Huron, is swd to be a meagre, red, or yellow, 
 ferruginous, sandy loam, varying in depth from teet 
 to inches, often not exceeding three of the latter 
 dimension, and not unfrequently absent altogether, 
 leaving the rock bare but for its hoary covering of 
 lichen j clay, or clayey loams, were rarely seen, and 
 when noticed, their usual position was either in some 
 of the swampy valleys between the rocks, or forming 
 alluvial deposits on the banks of rivers, often deeply 
 covered up by a siliceous sand. 
 
 Section 7 Upper Canada,— Con^mucrf. 
 
 Population— Educational Institution!. 
 
 23. The population of Upper Canada was estimated 
 in 1806 at 70,718; in 1811 at 77,000. The war with 
 the United States, however, tended much to check the 
 prosperity, and consequently the increase of popula- 
 tion in the province. In 1821 the population was 
 estimatad at 122,587. The population was, however, 
 465,367 by the census of 1341, and 952,004 by that 
 of 1851 ; an increase of 486,647, or 104J per cent, in 
 10 years. 
 
20 KMiaRANT'S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS, 
 
 UPPER CANADA CENSUS. 
 
 Addington County, 
 Bath Village, . 
 
 Brant, 
 
 Brantford Town, 
 Paris Village^ .. 
 
 Bruce bounty, 
 
 Oarleton, 
 
 Pop. I ToUl. 
 
 144ti5i 
 700 
 
 19659 
 3877 
 1890 
 
 15165 
 
 Bytowni 
 Richmond Villa. 
 
 Dundas County, . . 
 Durham County, 
 Port Hope, .... 
 
 Elgin County,.... 
 St. Thomas,.... 
 
 Essex County, .. 
 Amhbraburg, .. 
 
 Frontenac County, 
 Kingston City, 
 
 Grey County, .... 
 Olengary County, 
 Glenville County, 
 Prescot Town» . . 
 
 Haldemand Count; 
 
 Haltou County, . . 
 Hastings Town, 
 Belville Town, 
 
 Huron County, .. 
 (Joderich Town, 
 
 Kent County, .... 
 Chatham Town, 
 
 Lambton County, 
 Lanark County, . . . 
 Perth Town, 
 
 Leeds County, 
 
 Brockvillei, 
 
 23203' 
 
 77601 
 
 434I 
 
 -! 25426 
 2837 
 
 28256 
 2476 
 
 24144 
 1274 
 
 14937 
 
 1880 
 
 31397 
 1.S811 
 
 80732 
 
 25418 
 
 19150 
 11585 
 
 18551 
 2156 
 
 27408 
 4569 
 
 17869 
 1329 
 
 15399 
 2070 
 
 25401 
 1916 
 
 Lennox County, . . 
 Lincoln County,... 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 St. Catharines... 
 
 Middlesex County, 
 London, 
 
 Northumberland Cnty. 
 Coburg, 
 
 Norfolk County, . 
 Simcoe, 
 
 Ontario County, 
 Oahawa, . . . . 
 
 27034 
 3246 
 
 16817 
 
 S0735 
 13217 
 17696 
 
 20707 
 18788 
 18322 
 
 31977 
 
 19198 
 
 17469 
 10815 
 
 27317 
 
 80280 
 
 I'op. 
 
 16160 
 8340 
 4368 
 
 82864 
 7036 
 
 TotaL 
 
 27858 
 8871 
 
 19829 
 1462 
 
 29434 
 1142 
 
 Oxford County, 
 
 Woodstock 
 
 Ingersol Village, . . . 
 
 Peel County 
 
 Perth County, ....... 
 
 Peterboro' County, ... 
 Peterboro' Town, ,. 
 
 Prescott County, .... 
 
 Prince Edward County 
 
 Pictou, 
 
 29336 
 21x2 
 1190 
 
 Renfrew County, .. 
 
 Russell County, 
 
 Simcoe County, .... 
 BarrieTowQ, .... 
 
 Stormont County, . . . . 
 
 Victoria County 
 
 Waterloo County, . . . 
 Wellington County, . 
 Welland County, . . . 
 Wentworth County, . 
 
 Hamilton City, ... 
 
 Duudas, 
 
 York County, . . 
 Toronto City, 
 
 13046 
 2191 
 
 17318 
 1669 
 
 26158 
 1007 
 
 24990 
 
 14112 
 
 8617 
 
 7965 
 
 28S98 
 89899 
 81229 
 21281 
 80576 
 
 82638 
 24816 
 16645 
 
 15237 
 10487 
 
 18887 
 9415 
 2870 
 
 27166 
 14043 
 11667 
 26637 
 26796 
 20141 
 
 y 
 
 48944 
 30776 
 
 42619 
 79719 
 
 952004 
 
BBITISH AMEBICA.— UPPER CANADA. 
 
 21 
 
 24. Happily for the Emigrant, few countries have 
 nrovided better means of education than Canada ; and 
 children there find privileges at least equal to those lett 
 behind. Public instruction is carried on under a 
 Council of Public Instruction, and Chief Superinten- 
 dent of schools, each nominated by the Crown. Each 
 township must set apart a suitable school fction, to 
 be managed by three trustees annually elected. 1 he 
 teachers' duties are prescribed bylaw. There are 
 local superintendents appointedby the county councils 
 as visitors; and besides these, all clergymen, members 
 of legislature, magistrates, &c., are visitors. Ihe pro- 
 vincial parUament votes a large annual school g,rant, 
 and the municipalities, in addition, tax themselves. 
 Upper Canada has 70 grammar schools, with 3,72b 
 pupils, and 3,127 elementary schools, with 227,846 pu- 
 pils. There are 5 university colleges, 4 colleges with- 
 out university powers and numerous superior private 
 schools ; raising the tov. 1 educational institutions to 
 3,710, attended by 240,817 pupils, at a cost of nearly 
 
 £300,000. , ^ *.iifl. . 
 
 25. Upper Canada College educates boys till ht to 
 enter the university. 1,500 provincial youths have 
 here been educated. Average annual attendance, 180. 
 Fees— higher forms, £10 cy.; preparatory and com- 
 mercial department, £7 cy.; resident pupils, with 
 board and lodging, £30 per annum. The University 
 of Toronto is managed by a Chancellor, Vice-Chan- 
 cellor, and Members of Senate, with examiners, annu- 
 ally elected, in law, medicine, arts, civil engineering, 
 and agriculture. It confers degrees, and offers 90 
 scholarships (10 law, 10 medicine, 60 arts, 5 civil 
 engineering, and 5 agricultural) of £30 per annum, 
 for annual competition. University College, affili- 
 ated to it, has 9 professorships, viz., of— 1, classical 
 literature (including logic, rhetoric, and belles-lettres); 
 2, metaphysics and ethics ; history and English liter- 
 ature ; 4, modern languages ; 5, chemistry and che- 
 mical physics ; 6, mathematics and natural philoso- 
 phy ; 7, natural history ; 8, mineralogy and geology; 
 
22 
 
 emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 9, agriculture, with lecturer on Oriental literature. 
 Fees— £2 10s. for academic year. At Trinity Col- 
 lege (in strict connection with the Church of England) 
 the resident student's expenses in theology, arts, 
 law, and medicine, do not exceed £50 cy. per annum. 
 Students in theology and arts are required to reside, 
 unless their parents are living in Toronto. The arts' 
 course exten^ls over three years, divinity two more. 
 Numerous divinity and arts' scholarships are founded. 
 The foregoing are situated at Toronto. Victoria 
 College and Wesleyan Methodist institutions are 
 established at Coburg, on Lake Ontario ; the Roman 
 Catholic College of Regiopohs, at Kingston. There 
 are also medical schools and classes, at which an 
 excellent medical education is imparted. 
 ^ 26. We may now add that the territorial appropria- 
 tions, with a view to provide means of public instruc- 
 tion are truly munificent. The number of acres of 
 land originally reserved in Upper Canada, for purposes 
 of education, amounted to 467,675, of which 1 70,719 
 acres were alienated by grants to individuals, and in 
 lieu thereof, 272,600 acres were appropriated to a 
 similar purpose, giving a surplus over and above the 
 quantity deficient of 101,881, There were also 
 alienated, as a per centage to surveyors, 19,282 acres. 
 Since this reservation, 225,944 acres have been re- 
 invested in the crown in place of scattered reserves 
 granted as an endowment to the University of King's 
 College, and 66,000 acres have been set apart for the 
 benefit of Upper Canada College ; after which, there 
 yet remains 258,330 disposable acres for the benefit 
 and extension of education. All this is besides the 
 annual grant by the legislature for the purposes of 
 education. In 1836, the grant voted was £8,055. 
 The legislative grant is now as much as £31,000 per 
 annum, the local assessment about the same amount, 
 and the school fees and voluntary rates about £60,000. 
 
beitish america. — canada. 23 
 
 Section 8. — Canada. 
 
 Climata. 
 
 27. Few countries exhibit greater extremes of heat 
 and cold, than Canada, and the change from the one 
 to the other is extremely sudden. Tfie frost and snow 
 of winter break up, and the spring begins about the 
 end of April, and by the beginning of May, the fields 
 are covered w ith a rapidly advancing vegetation. Ac- 
 ording to Mr Evans,* the range of the thermometer 
 in Canada during the summer months of June, July 
 and August, is Irom 99" 33' to 38° 83', the mean heat 
 of these months being 77 ' 57 ; and in the upper pro- 
 vince, 99' 66 to 37" 33, the mean being 77^ 37'. 
 Spring, summer, and autumn, continue from the month 
 of May, till the end of October—that is, one half the 
 year, the winter extending over the other six months. 
 In November, thick fogs and snow storms betoken that 
 winter has set in, and by the middle of December, the 
 ground is covered with several feet of snow, and the 
 frost becomes intense. The rivers are all frozen over, 
 and even the St Lawrence is covered with ice from 
 Quebec to Montreal. *' All the feathered tribe," says 
 Mr Montgomery Martin, " take the alarm ; even the 
 hardy crow retreats, and few quadrupeds are to be 
 
 seen some, like the bear, remaining in a torpid state, 
 
 and others, like the hare, changing their colour to a 
 pure white." During this season, the thermometer is 
 often from 50 to 60 degrees below the freezing point. 
 The dress of the inhabitants is now completely changed, 
 and caps, dresses, and gloves of fur, are put in general 
 requisition. The country presents one continued plain 
 covered with snow, and nothing is visible but trees 
 overloaded with snow and ice. Within doors, the 
 Canadians are well secured from the cold — the apart- 
 ments being heated with stoves, and Kept at a high 
 and uniform temperature. The severity of the winter — 
 although it stops the navigation of the St Lawrence 
 
 * Treatise on Canadian Agriculture. 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 24 
 
 emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 and other rivers, and the cultivation of the soil— is no 
 obstacle to either out or indoor amusement. The 
 Canadians, laying aside the cares of business, commence 
 tor a time a season of joy and pleasure. Sledges and 
 carioles, carriages fixed on a kind Of skates, are now 
 got ready, and a system of visiting and pleasure drives, 
 tills up the forenoon, while dining, supping and dan- 
 cing occupy the evening. Indeed, in few countries is 
 the season of Christmas more joyously spent. Not- 
 withstanding the extremes of heat and cold, and the 
 rapid transitions from the one to the other, the climate 
 ot Canada is healthy, and upon the whole, well fitted 
 to natives of Great Britain. 
 
 28. Theseverityof the winter is not so great in Upper 
 or Western Canada, as it is in the Lower or Eastern 
 province. The climate of the Western province can- 
 not be better described than in the following state- 
 ment taken from the Report of one of the British 
 Agents in Canada to Government:--" The climate 
 ot Upper Canada is considerably milder than that of 
 the lower province, and the winter shorter in the same 
 proportion. In both these respects it imoroves as you 
 proceed westward.-so much so, that 'although the 
 trost generally commences in November at its eastern 
 tu "^^^^^ ^^'i continues in that neighbourhood till 
 the middle of April, it rarely commences on the shores 
 ot Lake Erie before Christmas, and it usually disap- 
 pears between the 25th of March and the 1st of April. 
 On a comparison with the climate of Great Britain, 
 the heat m the summer months is somewhat greater, 
 but never oppressive, as it is always accompanied with 
 light breezes. There is less rain than in England, but 
 It talis at more regular periods, generally in the spring 
 and autumn. The winter cold, though it exceeds that 
 ot the British isles, is the less sensibly felt, in conse- 
 quence of Its dryness, and seldom continues intense 
 tor more than three days together, owing to the con- 
 stant fluctuation of the wind between the north-west 
 and south-west points. As the forests disappear, the 
 climate improves." On this subject we may farther 
 
BUITISH AMERICA. — CANADA. 
 
 25 
 
 quote the following from an intelligent writer in the 
 Colonial Magazine. " The climate of Canada, espe- 
 cially Upper Canada, may be said, briefly, to be colder 
 in winter, warmer in summer, and always possessing a 
 brighter, clearer, and drier atmosphere than Great 
 Britain, and having far more settled weather j never- 
 theless, it is neither so much warmer in summer, nor 
 so much colder in winter, as to prove disagreeable ; it 
 is neither scorched by the sultry summers of the south, 
 nor blasted by the biting winters of the north. The 
 winter is enlivened by the exhilarating elasticity of 
 its bright atmosphere, and the cheerful accompaniment 
 of the merry sleigh ; and the summer solstice is gener- 
 ally attempered by agreeable breezes from the lakes 
 and rivers. There is at least a difference of a month 
 or six weeks* duration of winter between Quebec and 
 the western extremity of Lake Ontario, the climate of 
 which latter district is so balmy and genial, that cotton 
 and indigo have been planted on a small scale with 
 success, tobacco successfully cultivated, and the mul- 
 berry, for the purpose of making silk, thrives well. 
 The climate of Upper Canada ought (it would be sup- 
 posed) to be milder than it is, occupying as it does the 
 same parallel of latitude as the south of France ; but 
 it is conjectured that the following causes retard its 
 change. The prevailing wind blowing over the large 
 and extensive accumulations of ice near the pole, and 
 traversing regions never thawed ; the multitude of 
 lakes and rivers with which the whole continent of 
 North America abounds, from the polar regions south- 
 ward, which during winter have a thick coat of ice, 
 and act as auxiliaries to the polar ice ; from the ab- 
 sence of ridges of mountains running east and west, 
 and acting as a barrier,— in the eastern part of Asia 
 a vast tract of country, extending from the north in 
 an unbroken and elevated surface, is subject to the 
 same evils from frosty northern winds ; the still vast 
 and thick forests, and immense morasses which abound 
 m them, further augment the tendency to cold ; and, 
 lastly, the absence of artificial heat arising from a 
 
26 
 
 emigrant's hand-book or facts. 
 
 W 
 
 dense population their forges, fires, factories, dwell- 
 ng-houses all of which affect the circumambient avr 
 to a considerable extent. Although it is very problem- 
 atical whether a change of the climate to a great ex- 
 tent would either be serviceable or desirable, yet it 
 appears that Canada has already relaxed some of its 
 tormer rigours, and is in a state of continued mitiga- 
 tion, bince a portion of its forests have been cleared. 
 Its swamps drained, its villages and towns and settle- 
 ments established, the Indians inform us that the 
 frosts have been less severe and frequent-that the 
 snows fall »n smaller quantity, and dissolve sooner— 
 and that the inland navigation is far less obstructed 
 with ice than formeily." 
 
 29. The climate upon the whole is salubrious, but 
 on the shores of the lakes and large rivers the pre- 
 vailing maladies are fevers and the ague. The latter 
 IS an annoying complaint, but is very seldom fataL 
 As the settler recedes from the immediate banks of 
 the lakes and rivers, however, he is comparatively 
 freed from these maladies, the climate improving in 
 healthfulness, and salubrity. The rich and heavy 
 Jand ot the Province is not usually met with upon the 
 immediate shores of the lakes and rivers, but is found 
 generally from ten to twenty miles back. The disad- 
 vantage in easily disposing of produce, and the labour 
 of clearing the wood, which the enterprtsing emigrant 
 encounters by settling in the forest, is thus amply 
 compensated for by the superior soil, and greater ex- 
 emption from the chief enemy he has to fear as re- 
 gards his hedth. And here we would earnestly ad- 
 vise the absolute necessity of the strictest adherence 
 to habits ot temperance. Whisky is much cheaper in 
 Canada than it is in Great Britain, and the tempta- 
 tion to indulgence is therefore the stronger. The 
 emigrant, however who is desirous to succeed and 
 render himself independent-and all must have this 
 desire who seek the shores of America-will above all 
 things avoid intemperance. Injurious it is to health 
 and success at home ; but where the emigrant has to 
 
BKrnSU AMERICA. — CANADA. 
 
 27 
 
 encounter a new climate, and the labour of clearing 
 for himself a settlement, its effects are certain and 
 ruinous. Loss of health must be the consequence, 
 and loss of health under such circumstances is fatal to 
 success. Too many instances have we known of 
 health seriously injured, and bright prospects alto- 
 gether blasted and destroyed by thoughtless indul- 
 gence, not emphatically to warn the settler of the con- 
 sequences of such habits By taking care that his 
 bowels are kept regular, by the moderate use of spir- 
 ituous liquors, and avoiding exposure to the night air 
 till he is seasoned to the climate, the emigrant has 
 little to fear, and will be enabled to preserve his health, 
 even in those localities where ague is most prevalent. 
 
 Section 9. — Canada, — Continued, 
 Commerce. 
 
 30. As Quebec and Montreal are the shipping ports 
 of Upper as well as Lower Canada, it will be necessary 
 to give a view of the maritime trade of the two Cana- 
 das. The commercial growth of Quebec and Mon- 
 treal have been rapid ; but the recent alterations on 
 the tariff of Great Britain must add greatly to its 
 increase. The effect of this measure will also prove 
 of the greatest advantage to the Canadian farmer, 
 and will induce to the investment of capital in agri- 
 culture, which never would have otherwise been at- 
 tempted. Previous to the passing of this measure, 
 the only market the Canadian agriculturist had for his 
 surplus produce, with the exception of ^heat, was the 
 yearly increase to the population from emigration. 
 The market being thus limited, the supply naturally 
 was so. The farmer contented himself with clearing 
 little more land than sufficed for the supply of his 
 family. There was thus no inducement for the invest- 
 ment of capital in clearing land, or in agricultural ope- 
 rations. By the wise measure alluded to, matters 
 will be entirely changed. The Canadian feels him- 
 ■elf to be acknowledged as an integral portion of the 
 
28 
 
 EMIGRANTS HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 11 i 
 
 British empire ; and a sure and unfailing market is 
 opened up for any surplus produce he can raise, so 
 long as beef, pork, cheese, butter, and flour, remain in 
 Great Britain at remunerating pricea. At present* 
 the, then Canadian farmer can export these articles 
 with a profit ; and will be able to do so, till his own 
 country becomes so densely peopled as to raise prices 
 there higher than in Great Britain. 
 
 3 1 . Before the full benefit, however, can be derived 
 by the farmer in Canada, he must be able to prepare his 
 beef, pork, butter, and cheese, properly for the British 
 market. Persons well skilled in the curing of beef and 
 pork, and in the making of butter and cheese, must be 
 obtained from this country, otherwise the produce of 
 Canada may receive a character in the market from 
 which it will be long ere it recovers. The best curers 
 of beef and pork will be obtained from Ireland; and 
 of cheese and butter — for the former, from the western 
 district of Scotland, or the cheese counties of England ; 
 for the latter, from Scotland and England generally. 
 Good dairymaids, or farm-labourers* wives, acquainted 
 with making butter and cheese, are therefore now 
 hkely to be more than ever of value in Canada. One 
 important consequence to Canadian agriculture must 
 result from the alteration of the British tariflf — that 
 is, the more general introduction of green crops, and 
 an end being put to the ruinous system, too much 
 adopted, of overcropping and deteriorating the soil 
 with a succession of wheat crops. The farmer will 
 now be enabled, by raising and feeding cattle, fully -to 
 consume his green crops, to make larger quantities 
 of manure within himself, and thus a better, and con- 
 sequently, ultimately a more profitable system of hus- 
 bandry will be introduced than has hitherto prevailed. 
 82. The following tables give the value of the export 
 and import trade of Canada for the years noted, but 
 they can give no idea of what these are likely now to 
 arrive at in a few years : — 
 
 .1 
 
 4 
 
 ','1 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. — LOWER CANADA. 
 
 29 
 
 I 
 
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 t^COCO<0>00(MOO>rHeO>OJt»C4 
 
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 r-trHiHiHrSiHiHCf 
 
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 rHrH^rHrH<N«eqNSSeOTOOTSe(S^ 
 
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 >i<>0(Ot>>ooebOrHra 
 c!|(?5C5C^ff?Seoeo53S5OTeoeocoeoco: 
 
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 l-(l-(r-lrHr-li-ti-«iH,H'Hi-tf-«FHrHFH»HrH 
 
80 emigrant's hand-book op FAOtS. 
 
 The Imports and Exports at the ?ort of St Ws 
 fiteadilv Droffressed, the former from £223,209, and 
 ?Me? fr^m £91,925 in 1822, to £487,114, and 
 £226,911 respectively; in 1851, when, owing to the 
 Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad Company 
 having extended their line to Rense's Point, the ex- 
 ports and mports at this port fell off very materially, 
 goods, &c., being conveyed without reporting at St. 
 
 At' the Port of Kingston, where the Trade Statis- 
 tice commenced in 1850, the vessels were in that 
 year, 675, the tonnage, 82,567, the value of the Im- 
 Dorts £269.589 10s., that of the exports not declared: 
 ^tr^as inT856, the vessels were 1,372 m n-f e^ 
 with a tonnage of 491,631, value of imports, £691,075 
 16s Id Exports, £117,482 2s. 11a. 
 
 At the Port of Hamilton, the statistics commenc 
 inff in 1843, shows the declared value of imports to 
 have been in that year, £56,645, without other re. 
 
 turns; and in 1850, vessels ^^f^f-^^^Jf^'.^J^^ 
 of 95,087 tons ; value of Imports, £395,78^, ot ^x 
 ports £88,223; whilst in 1856, there wer^^^^^^^^ 
 vessels, of 217,222 tons— imports, £1,348,250— ex- 
 
 "^"tlf^^TeVort of Bbockville, the number of 
 vefsirhad risen, in 1856, to 1,458; tonnage, 
 I 0W54, value of imports, £68,652 6s^8^.,pay^^^^^^ 
 duty, £5,855 7s., and value oi exports, £22 23 J 15s 
 uZ These returns represent the general trade of 
 Canada. 
 
 l_- 
 
3t. John's 
 1,209, and 
 r,114, and 
 ing to tho 
 Company 
 it, the ex- 
 materially, 
 ting at St. 
 
 ide Statis- 
 re, in that 
 of the Im- 
 t declared: 
 n number, 
 3, £591,075 
 
 ; commenc- 
 imports to 
 .t other re- 
 reign, 378, 
 JSS, of Ex- 
 were 486 
 1:8,250— ex- 
 
 3 number of 
 ; tonnage, 
 Sd., paying 
 :22,239 15s. 
 jral trade of 
 
 .1:^ 
 
 
 81 
 
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 82 
 
 BRITISH AMEBICA. — CANADA. 
 
 33. Tho principal exportable articles hitherto, are 
 timber and ashes, the products of the Canadian forests, 
 vegetable food, and agricultural produce, and the pro« 
 du'ie of the mines. An idea may oe formed of the first 
 from the fact, that the capital employed in the lumber 
 (timber) establishments and saw-mills in the neighbour- 
 hood of Quebec, is £1,250,000; this sum is laid out in 
 erecting saw-millw throughout the country, forming log- 
 ponds, building craft for the transport of deals, and form- 
 mg a secure riding for the ships in the strong tide-way 
 of the St. Lawrence, while loading the timbers. The 
 lumber-trade is of the utmost value to the poorer in- 
 habitants, by furnishing their only means of support 
 during the severity of a long winter, particularly after 
 seasons of bad crops (frequent in the lower provinces), 
 and by enabling young men and new settlers most 
 readily to establish themselves on the waste lands. 
 The American ashes contain a larger proportion of 
 pure potash than those of Dantzic or Russia. 
 The corn and flour trade of Canada promises to be 
 a great source of wealth to the colonists. There are 
 manufactories of different articles established at 
 Montreal and Quebec ; and new manufactories and 
 branches of industry are continually arising. The 
 banks of the Lachine Canal, at Montreal, are becom- 
 ing clustered with workshops, including a large 
 sugar refinery, railway car and locomotive works; 
 marine, fire, and other engines ; ship-building yards, 
 &c., which give employment largely in and about 
 Quebec ; wnere, in 1843, 48 vessels, of 13,785 ton- 
 nage, were built ; and in 1853, 76, of 51,637 tons — 
 the average annual value being £500,000 ; and ships 
 built on Lake Ontario, and freighted down the St. 
 Lawrence, being sent to be sold at Liverpool. Large 
 quantities of deals come from the N. shore of the 
 Ottawa, between Montreal and By town, from the 
 valley of the St. Maurice and the Saguenay country, 
 and one firm alone sends £25,000 currency of annual 
 value in shooks or boxes, for sugar, to Cuba, from the 
 Une of the St^ Lawreuoe and Atlantic Railwav^ 
 
EMIOBANT 8 HAND-BOOK OF FACTII. 
 
 aa 
 
 Skction 10.— Nota Scotia, and Cape Bretom. 
 
 84. Nota Scotia \a a peninsula connected with that 
 part of the continent of North America called New 
 Brunswick, by a narrow isthmus. It measures about 
 300 miles in length, and is of unequal breadth. The 
 area of land may be estimated at 8,000.000 of acres, of 
 which about 5,750,000 acres have been granted; and 
 of the remaining 2,225,000, not more than 280,000 are 
 supposed to be tit for cultivation. No part of the 
 land is more than thirty miles distant from navigable 
 water, and everywhere it is intersected with fine 
 streams and rivers. It has been permanently posses- 
 sed by the British since 1712. It is divided into ten 
 counties, including the island of Cape Breton at its 
 eastern extremity. The chief towns are Halifax, 
 Truro, Luncnberg, Windsor, &c. The capital, Halifax, 
 is agreeably situated on the declivity of a rising ground, 
 in front of a spacious bay, which forms a fine harbour 
 on the eastward or seaboard side of the peninsula. 
 It contains about 25,000 inhabitants, and is a central 
 point for the fishing trade and foreign commerce. It 
 is the chief Naval Station of British America. 
 
 35. The soil of Nova Scotia is very various. By 
 far the largest portion of the good land is situated on 
 the north-western portion of the peninsula. Towards 
 the Bay of Fundy in particular, there are many thou- 
 sand acres of alluvial land, made by the deposit of the 
 tides from the soil brought down by the rivers and 
 streams. This has been dyked in, so as to exclude the 
 waters of the rivers, and is of extreme fertility. In 
 the neighbourhood of Windsor and Truro, this land 
 yields three tons of hay per acre, which it has contin- 
 ued to do for the last fifty years. Immense tracts of 
 land have been enclosed, and gained from rivers and 
 shores in this manner ; for instance, at the head of the 
 Bay of Fundy there are 70,000 acres in one connected 
 hody. The next best quality of land is found in tho 
 valleys, on the banks of the fresh water brooks and 
 
li ' 
 
 K 
 
 i 
 
 S4 BIIITISU AMiittlCA.— NOVA iCOTlA, CAPfi BKJBTON. 
 
 streajns, and is also alluvial. Great quantities of this 
 land is found in every part of the province, forming 
 fine meadows, covered with natural grass several feet 
 in length. The upland varies much, but there is one 
 tract, commencing at Cape Blomidon, and running in 
 one continuous ridge for upwards of one hundred miles 
 towards Digby, and seven or eight miles in breadth, 
 which is of excellent quality. It is a strong soil, pro- 
 ducing wheat and other grains in abundance. The 
 mineral productions of the province are valuable, and 
 of these coal is certainly the most important. It is 
 found at Pictou, in the northern part of the peninsula, 
 and also at Sydney in Cape Breton. I ron ore has also 
 been found in several places. Limestone, freestone, 
 slate, and clay for bricks, are also in abundance. In 
 the rivers, salmon, trout, and other fish of the finest 
 kmds are plentiful ; and the sea-shores yield large 
 supplies of white and shellfish of various kinds. The 
 fruits produced are numerous. All the British fruits 
 are m abundance and of fine quality, besides a great 
 variety of wild fruits. Culinary vegetables, such as 
 potatoes, artichokes, cauliflowers, cabbages, beans, 
 peas, carrots, onions, parsnips, beet, celery, and cu- 
 cumbers, are plentiful. The grains raised are wheat, 
 rye, buckwheat, barley and oats. Pumpkins and 
 Indian corn are extensively cultivated. The natural 
 wood consists of elm, cherry, white, black, yellow 
 and grey birch, red oak, beech, white and yellow pine, 
 white, red, and black spruce, maple, &c. Jhe climate 
 IS healthy, but like Canada is extremely hot in summer, 
 and cold m winter. Snow generally covers the ground 
 trom Christmas till the 5th of March. When vege- 
 tation commences, it is very rapid ; and the summer is 
 Short but powerful, and the crops are quickly brousrht 
 to maturity. r ^ j q 
 
 36. The island of Cape Breton lies close to the east- 
 ern extremity of Nova Scotia, from which it is separ- 
 ated only by a narrow strait called the Gulf of Canseau. 
 It IS one hundred miles in length, and about sixty in 
 breadth; but its shores are indented by numerous 
 
 J 
 
 xi 
 
 
 m 
 
 rt 
 
 V 
 
fi BKJSION. 
 
 ttities of this 
 nee, forming 
 several feet 
 there is one 
 d running in 
 Lindred miles 
 in breadth, 
 ng soil, pro- 
 arice. The 
 aluable, and 
 tant. It is 
 e peninsula, 
 ore has also 
 J, freestone, 
 dance. In 
 ' the finest 
 yield large 
 inds. The 
 riti»h fruits 
 dcs a great 
 es, such as 
 es, beans, 
 ry, and cu- 
 are wheat, 
 ipkins and 
 he natural 
 ik, yellow 
 ellow pine, 
 he climate 
 n summer, 
 he ground 
 hen vege- 
 summeris 
 y brought 
 
 > the east- 
 f is separ- 
 ' Canseau. 
 It sixty in 
 numerouH 
 
 EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 35 
 
 6ays. The productions of the island are similar to 
 Nova Scotia, and its minerals, particularly its coal, 
 are valuable. The possession of this fossil must yet 
 prove of vast importance to Nova Scotia and Cape 
 Breton. It is remarkable this source of wealth which 
 the coal must yield, has been hitherto so much over- 
 looked, considering its value in the United States j 
 but the increase of steam-navigation in these seaSi, 
 has now begun to call it forth. 
 
 Sbction 11. — New Brunswick and Pbince 
 Edward's Island. 
 
 37. On the mainland of North America, northwest 
 of Novd Scotia, and south of the eastern portion of 
 Lower Canada, lies the province of New Brunswick. 
 On the south-east it is bounded by the Bay of Fundy, 
 and the isthmus which connects it with the peninsula of 
 Nova Scotia ; on the east by the Gulf of St Lawrence ; 
 6n the north by the eastern extremity of Lowe* Can- 
 ada, which separates it from the riv^r St Lawrence ; 
 and on the west by the United States. The area of 
 New Brunswick, as its boundary was settled in 1842, 
 is 25,320 square miles. About 11,000,000 acres are 
 ungranted, and fit for cultivation. This extensive 
 province, it is said, is capable of maintaining 3,000,000 
 of inhabitants, but it is as yet very thinly settled, 
 and the population but small. The greater portioii 
 is still covered with dense forests, but the soil is 
 generally fertile, and excellently adapted for the set- 
 tlement of emigrants. The climate is healthy, and 
 very similar to that of Nova Scotia, both being 
 milder in winter, and cooler in summer, than Lower 
 Canada. The natural productions are numerous 
 and valuable. The rivers and lakes abound in fish, 
 and the sea-coast is prolific in cod, haddocks, sal- 
 mon, &c. Cuttinff and exporting timber is, as yet, 
 the principal trade. The chief rivers are the St. 
 John, which falls into the Bay of Fundy, and the 
 
 M'ir«m^'*T^>i ■orVii/iTi om-n't'.icio inixk f.liA Glllf Cif St.. Tjaw. 
 

 GJ 
 
 B&ITISH AMERICA.— NEW BRUNSWICK, &0. 
 
 L 
 
 rence. The banks of these rivers are the seats of 
 the timber trade, and the principal settlements are 
 on the former river and its lakes. On the northern 
 side of this river, where it enters the Bay of Fundv 
 stands the town of St John, the largest in the pro- 
 vince, and a place of extensive trade. About ninety 
 miles above St John, on the same river, is Fred- 
 ericktown, the capital of the province, but a mere 
 village. The only buildings of importance it contains 
 are the government house, and a college. The Mir- 
 amichi is navigable for large vessels for about forty 
 miles, and on its banks are seen the huts and houses 
 ot settlers, who, however, attending chiefly to the 
 timber trade, the staple of the district, show but small 
 advance in the cultivation of the soil. The village of 
 Chatham is on the south ban!, of the river, aTbout 
 twenty miles from its mouth. Here merchants have 
 settled, stores and wharfs been erected, and manv 
 ships are loaded. Extensive veins of coal, lying a few 
 feet above the level of the water, and running hori- 
 zontally, are found on the shores of the Grand Lake 
 in Queen s County. An excellent vein has been 
 opened on the banks of the Salmon river. Iron ore is 
 abundant. Copper, plumbago, and manganese, have 
 also been found, and gypsum and grindstone are in 
 inexhaustible quantities near Chignecto Basin. 
 « u r?. I® '^® abundant natural resources of this 
 fine but hitherto neglected colony, we quote the fol- 
 lowing remarks from the St John's Chronicle, of a 
 recent date:— 
 
 •' This province possesses many resources inBnitelv 
 superior to her trade in timber, that have been losi 
 sight of m consequence of the timber mania. Her agri- 
 culture, fisheries, and mineral wealth, have all been 
 heretofore rather matters of theoretical speculation, 
 than practical nnd profitable operation ; against the 
 
 fh! KM-?' ^P'^J"^^^^ ■'^a^ed in total ignorance of 
 
 the capabilities of both soil and climate, has existed. 
 
 Ihese prejudices, however, we are happy to find, are 
 
 o o "v - - --w"Tjvi.iuM ui tneiriaiiaeies, irom unre- 
 
the seats of 
 tlements are 
 the northern 
 y;of Fundy, 
 
 in the pro- 
 tbout ninety 
 Jr, is Fred- 
 
 but a mere 
 
 e it contains 
 
 The Mir- 
 
 about forty 
 
 and houses 
 iefly to the 
 >w but small 
 le villi^e of 
 •iver, about 
 chants have 
 
 and many 
 
 lying a few 
 inning hori- 
 jrrand Lake 
 I has been 
 
 Iron ore is 
 anese, have 
 tone are in 
 isin. 
 
 •ces of this 
 >te the fol- 
 micle, of a 
 
 Js infinitely 
 3 been lost 
 . Her agri- 
 ^e all been 
 peculation, 
 igainst the 
 norance of 
 as existed. 
 o find, are 
 rom unre- 
 
 EMIGRANt's HAM/-BC0K Of TACTS. 
 
 37 
 
 L 
 
 futable Droofs that are daily making their appearance. 
 We will quote one instance only which will set the 
 matter quite at rest. In the Stanley settlement, per- 
 haps the finest wheat ever grown on the face of the 
 glibe has been produced under the fostering hands of 
 the English farraers-the gram is both beautiful and 
 perfect in its kind, and weighs 70 lbs. per bushel. 
 Had the agriculture of this province been pursued 
 with a hundredth part of the vigour that has been mis- 
 applied to a fluctuating, and as it now proves to be a 
 profitless business in timber, this province would not 
 have been in the state it now is. Our fisheries, too. 
 have been fairly neglected, or carried on in such a 
 listless, and, as a natural consequence, prohtless man- 
 ner, that little or no benefit has resulted from them ; and 
 while we have nearly the whole of the fishing ground 
 1(1 this quarter of the globe, and the markets of the 
 whole world open to us, we have made nothing ot it; 
 while the Americans, who first unlawfully take the 
 fish from our waters, and labour under high duties Cto 
 which we are not subject, in our West India ports), 
 undersell us, and make it a profitable business. As to 
 minerals, if we take that of coal only, we find it in 
 inexhaustible beds, and of undoubted quahty; and 
 while we have so many steam-boats on the move, and 
 it brings so good a price in the United States, we are 
 at a loss to discover why it is not made a profitable 
 source for investment. Indeed, the resources of this 
 province are both varied and vast, and with industry 
 and capital, are capable of making this country one 
 of the most wealthy in the world, if we should never 
 build another vessel nor export another ton of tim- 
 
 89. Mr M*Gregor gives an instance of what can be 
 done here by energy and industry, which it is to be 
 hoped will yet be extensively imitated, as there is 
 ample room and verge enough for hundreds doing so 
 " On coming down the south-west branch of the 
 Miramichi," says he, " in the autumn of 1828, from 
 where the road from the river St John joins the 
 

 I ft 
 
 38 
 
 BRITISH AMURICA.— NEW BaUNSWICK, &C. 
 
 Miramichi, about eighty milea above Chatham, I was 
 astonished at the unexpected progress made durino- so 
 short a period in the cultiration of the soil. Near 
 where the road parts off for Frederickton, an Ameri- 
 can, possessing a full share of the adventurous activity 
 of the citizens of the United States, has established 
 himself. He told me that when he planted himself 
 there, seven years before, he was not worth a shilling. 
 He has now (1829) more than three hundred acres 
 under cultivation, an immense flock of sheep, horses, 
 several yokes of oxen, milch cows, swine, and poultrv. 
 He has a large dwelling-house, conveniently furnished, 
 m which he lives with his family and a numerous train 
 of labourers, one or two other houses, a forge, with a 
 powerful trip-hammer, worked by water-power, ful- 
 ang-mill, gris^-mill, and two saw-mills—all turned by 
 water. Near these, he showed me a building, which 
 he said he erected for the double purpose of a school 
 and chapel, the floor of which was laid, and on which 
 benches were arranged so as to resemble the pit of one 
 of our theatres. He said that all preachers who came 
 in the way were welcome to the use of it. An 
 iinghsh parson, a Catholic priest, a Presbyterian 
 minister, or a Methodist preacher, should each, he 
 said, get something to eat at his house, and have the 
 use ot the chapel, with equal satisfaction to him. He 
 then showed me his barn, and in one place a heap, 
 contaming about ninety bushels of Indian corn, that 
 grew on a spot (scarcely an acre) which he pointed 
 out to me. This man could do little more than read 
 and write. His manners were quite unpolished, but 
 not rude ; yet he had wonderful readiness of address 
 and, as far as related to his own pursuits, quick powers 
 of invention and application. He raised large crops, 
 ground his own corn, manufactured the flax he culti- 
 vated and the wool of his sheep into coarse cloths: 
 sold the provisions which his farm produced, and rum 
 and British goods, to the lumberers ; kept a tavern • 
 employed lumberers jn the woods, and received al8<I 
 .im^p in payji,e«t for whatever he sold. He made 
 
 J 
 
emigrant's hand-book of iACTS. 
 
 39 
 
 L 
 
 the axes and other tools required by the "J^berers at 
 his forge ; he ate, gambled, and associated with his 
 own hbourers, and with the lumberers, and all others, 
 who made his house a kind of rallying point. He ap- 
 peaked, however, to be a sober man, and a person who 
 Ld in view an object of gam in ^^^^'•y/^^!"/^^^^ ^^1 
 ea-ed in. He talked much m praise of the rich in- 
 Lrfor country, and how rapidly it would be ^settled 
 and cultivated, if possessed by the Americans. 
 
 40. Prince Edward's i^^J"^ ^^ ^^^^V' pin Arc^on 
 of St Lawrence, betwixt the Island of Cape Breton 
 on the east, and New Brunswick on the west. It s 
 separated from Nova Scotia by a narrow sea abou 
 nine miles in breadth, called the Straits of Northum 
 berland. The island is about 140 miles m length, 
 and its greatest breadth is 34. but, being much in- 
 dented with bays, it is in some places connected only 
 by narrow isthmuses only a few miles in breadth. It 
 is divided into three counties, called King s. Queen s, 
 and Prince's, counties. The area of the island con- 
 tains about 1.360,000 acres, of which only about 6000 
 remain at the disposal of the crown, fhe capi al, 
 Charlotte town, is situated on the south side of the 
 island on the north-west bank of the river Hills- 
 borough, the ground on which it stands rising in 
 gentle slopes from the banks of the river. The har- 
 bour, which is capacious, is considered one of the 
 finest in the Gulf of St Lawrence. The island is 
 governed by a lieutenant-governor, council, and house 
 of assembly, the members of which are chosen by the 
 people. The colonists are chiefly from Great Britain 
 and Ireland, with a few Dutch and Germans: and are 
 described by Mr M'Gregor as an hospitable, kind, 
 obliging people, and generally moral in their habits. 
 The island is rich and productive, the soil being fertile, 
 and yielding good crops of wheat and other grains. 
 Potatoes, turnips, and all other green crops, succeed 
 well. The climate is somewhat similar to Canada, 
 out the winter is shorter than that of the Lower pro- 
 vince, and the atmosphere is free from logs. opniig 
 

 II;- 
 
 40 
 
 BRITISH AMEBICA. — NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 grains are sown in the beginning of May, and the 
 harvest is usually reaped and '?f-....TpA hy the end of 
 October. The island has recommended to 
 
 those who combine a knowle ^ of agriculture, with 
 that of curing fish. The bays and shores are rich in 
 fish of various kinds, and the Magdalens, a small group 
 of islands to the north-east, which have been added 
 to the government, are chiefly occupied as fishing 
 stations. The whole population is 56,00©. 
 
 Section 12. — NEwrouNDLAND. 
 
 41. This island lies on the north-east side of the 
 Gulf of St Lawrence. Its whole eastern shore is 
 bounded by the Atlantic Ocean j and on the north. 
 east and north, it is separated from the coast of Lab- 
 rador by the Strait of Belleisle, which is about 50 
 miles in length, and 12 in breadth. The island is 
 bounded on the north-west by the Gulf of St Law- 
 rence, and on the south-west, at Cape Ray, it ap- 
 proaches Cape Breton. The extreme length of the 
 island from Cape Race to Griguet Bay, is about 420 
 miles ; its widest part from Cape Ray to Cape Bona- 
 vista is about 300 miles. Excluding its broken and 
 rugged shores, the circumference may be stated at 1000 
 miles, comprising an area of 36,000 square miles. It 
 is the nearest portion of America to Europe, the dis- 
 tance from St John's in Newfoundland to Port Va- 
 lentia, on the west coast of Ireland, being 1656 miles. 
 Little is known of the interior of the island, the settle- 
 ments made being all upon the coast ; and even but a 
 portion of this is occupied by the British. In conse- 
 quence of a claim made by France to a right of exclu- 
 sive fishing, (which, however, is contrary both to the 
 meaning and words of every treaty made between 
 Great Britain and the French government on the sub- 
 ect,) the largest and best half of the coast has been 
 virtually ceded to the French ; for, from Cape Ray 
 to the Quirpon islands, not ten British settlers are to 
 be found, although the land is exceedindv well adanti^d 
 
 .H 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 41 
 
 and the 
 p end of 
 nded to 
 ire, with 
 e rich in 
 ill group 
 '.n added 
 I fishing 
 
 B of the 
 shore is 
 i north, 
 of Lab- 
 bout 50 
 sland is 
 5t Law- 
 , it ap- 
 of the 
 aut 420 
 I Bona- 
 :en and 
 at 1000 
 es. It 
 ;he dis- 
 art Va- 
 > miles, 
 s settle- 
 i but a 
 conse- 
 exclu> 
 to the 
 etween 
 le sub- 
 s been 
 ►e Ray 
 are to 
 
 rlanfMi 
 
 ' •■ft 
 
 both for cultivation and pasturage. Hitherto New- 
 foundland has been chiefly valued for its extensive 
 fisheries, and has been little, if at all. looked to for 
 purposes of emigration or colomiation. Although, 
 However, a large part of the island consists of plains, 
 studded with rocks, and termed " barrens, there is a 
 large extent of alluvial soil capable of growing wheat 
 and other grain. Springs of fresh water everywhere 
 abound, and the island is well adapted for the ms- 
 turage of horned cattle on an extensive scale. 1 he 
 climate is milder than that of Canada, and the salu- 
 brity of the island is best shown by the longevity ot 
 the inhabitants. In no country is old age attended 
 with greater bodily vigour and mental animation- 
 there being instances of fishermen 100 years of age 
 being still actively employed in the arduous duties ot 
 their calling. Coal has been found on the banks of 
 the Humber; and the oldest inhabitants assert that 
 Conception Bay contains mines of several sorts. At 
 Chapel Cove there is a coal mine, and a limekiln was 
 erected there several years ago, and worked with suc- 
 cess. There is said to be an iron mine on the northern 
 side of Belleisle, and a other at Harbour Grace, and 
 it is affirmed that there is a copper mine near St John s, 
 which has actuallv been worked. The attention of 
 the present settlers has been turned to the subject of 
 emigration, the capabilities of the island are therefore 
 likely new to be brought before the public, and to be- 
 come better known, and its agricultural and mineral 
 wealth turned to account. Its fisheries, the on y 
 source of wealth at present cultivated, are exceedingly 
 valuable. Recently they amounted to £808,066 ster- 
 ling. The total trade of the island has been estimated 
 at £2,000,000 sterling per annum. Lately the popu- 
 lation amounted to 75,904. The affairs of the island 
 are administered by a resident governor, with a legis- 
 lative and executive council, and a House of Assem- 
 bly, consisting of fifteen members, chosen by the 
 people. 
 
49 british america — advicb to emigrants. 
 Section 13.— Advice to intknding Emigrants. 
 
 Who may emigrate ? 
 
 42. The question of who may with advantai^o 
 emigrate, is one worthy of very serious consideration. 
 The life of a colonist settling in Canada must neces- 
 sarily be, as it unquestionably is, one of toil and pri- 
 vation for a time. Even those possessed of capital, 
 must be reconciled to labour with their own hands, and 
 all should remember that they are to settle in a country 
 covered with extensive and dreary forests, with inter- 
 vening settlements often distantly scattered, and rude 
 in their appearance. Where the emigrant is most 
 likely to be obliged to locate himself, the absence of 
 the refinements and society to be found in the old 
 country must be submitted to without a murmur; and 
 he must be content to place his happiness in the know- 
 ledge, that although his lot in the mean time is inces- 
 sant toil, he is with ordinary prudence laying the foun- 
 dation for almost certain success, and for ihe future in- 
 dependence, ease, and comfort of himself and his family. 
 It is obvious that some classes of people are much 
 better fitted for emigration than others ; but all who 
 have strength for out-door labour, joined to energy of 
 character, and a determination not to shrink from 
 temporary diflBculties, may safely turn their attention 
 to western Canada, or some of the other portions of 
 British America. To persons therefore of this descrip- 
 tion, who can find the means of removal, and who are 
 pressed with diflBculties they see little prospect of over- 
 coming at home, emigration to these settlements can 
 hardly fail to be highly beneficial. '• The persons,*' 
 says Mr Howison, '« who may be inclined to emigrate 
 to Upper Canada, are of three diflferent descriptions, 
 namely, the poor peasant or day-labourer; the man 
 of small income and increasing family ; the man pos- 
 sessing some capital, and wishing to employ it to ad- 
 vantage. Persons of the first class never would re- 
 pent if they emigrated to Upper Canada, for they 
 could hardly fail to improve their circumstances and 
 
 J 
 
NTS. 
 
 SRANTS. 
 
 id vantage 
 ideration. 
 jst neces- 
 1 and pri. 
 >f capital, 
 lands, and 
 a country- 
 nth inter- 
 and rude 
 t is most 
 bsenco of 
 1 the old 
 nur; and 
 he know- 
 : is inces- 
 the foun- 
 future in- 
 is family, 
 ire much 
 b all who 
 snergy of 
 ink from 
 attention 
 rtions of 
 descrip- 
 who are 
 i of over- 
 eats can 
 ersons,*' 
 emigrate 
 riptions, 
 the man 
 nan pos- 
 it to ad- 
 ould re- 
 br they 
 ices and 
 
 emiorant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 48 
 
 ..J 
 
 condition. The poorest individual, if he acts P^u^entW 
 aSd is industrious, and has a common share of good 
 ortune will be able to -quire an md^^^^^^^^^^ -/J^« 
 soace of four or five years. He will then n?^® P'^"^^ 
 tSeat and drink, a warm house to reside in, and no 
 tLes to pay; and this state of things surely forms a 
 delSi fuFcoitmst with those hardships and privations 
 tS are at present the lot of the labouring popula- 
 
 '%V^U "fviteat some description, of em^^ants 
 win sue eed better in Upper Canada than others.^^^^ 
 
 who have been accustomed to a country ^^'^^^^^ 
 countrv labour, are of course more fitted to cultivate 
 Lnd, and endu e the hardships at first attendant upon 
 L re'sidence in the woods, than -tons or manutac. 
 turers, whose constitutions and habits of l^Je J « ««"^®^ 
 what unfavourable to the successful pursuit of agricuU 
 Ture But every individual, who, to youth and health 
 join perseverance and industry, wjU eventually pros- 
 per. Mechanics cannot fail to dp well in Upper 
 fcanada • for when not employed in clearing lands, 
 they till find it easy to gafn a little money by work- 
 ing^at their professions; and they likewise have the 
 advantage of being able to improve their dwelling- 
 houses, and repair their farming- utensils, at no ex- 
 pense. Weavers, being ignorant of country affairs, 
 and unaccustomed to bodily exertion, make but n- 
 different settlers at first, and their trade is of no use 
 to them whatever in the woods. Married persons are 
 always more comfortable, and succeed sooner in ban- 
 ada than single men; for a wife and family, fo far 
 from being a burden there, always prove sources of 
 wealth. The wife of a new settler has many domestic 
 duties to perform ; and children, if at all grown up, 
 are useful in various ways.'* . ^ , • 
 
 44 Every intelligent traveller in Canada concurs m 
 these views ; and it may be observed, that they are 
 equally applicable to our other settlements m North 
 America. «* Of this, I think,'' says Fergusson. * there 
 can be no doubt, that either the moderate capitalist, oi 
 
44 BRITISH AMERICA.— ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 the frugal, sober, and industrious labourer or artisan, 
 cannot fail of success." 
 
 Section 14.— Advice to EmonATSus,— Continued. 
 
 Paasage-Chargos-ViotualUng-CautloDB regarding Provisions. 
 
 45. The principal means of communication with 
 Canada are by Liverpool or Glasgow, and now even 
 Gal way, to Quebec ;«» and from Quebec, the combined 
 facilities of the Grand Trunk Railway, the Great 
 Western Railway, and the unequalled system of Cana- 
 dian ship canals, enable the emigrant to reach at 
 pleasure any part of Canada, or of the middle, western, 
 or northern States of the American Union. Messrs. 
 Wilham Barnett & Co., of London, issue contract 
 tickets for all classes by trains, to every city or town 
 of note in the British possession and United States— 
 thus enabling persons before leaving home to know 
 tue exact outlay required for the voyage and inland 
 journey. They also furnish, on application, the cost 
 tor outfit, and all requirements for tradesmen, me- 
 chanics, or labourers, as well as rates, diet, «&c. The 
 rate charged by steamer to Quebec (12 to 20 davs 
 voyage), is now only Eight Guineas in the Steera4 • 
 
 &n '°^/if ? ^?* *? ^^ ^^y'^' ^^ ^'- i^ t^« second 
 cabin, and £4 5s. m the steerage. Children under 8 
 years of age, half fare and 10s. ; infants, 10s. 
 
 rh€ ahovt itwludfs . ' 1 following Weekly allowance of Provttionjt /•*« 
 
 Si lb. Bread. 
 
 1 lb. W, Flour. 
 U lb. Oatmeal. 
 
 2 lb. Potatoos. 
 li lb. Rice. 
 
 li ]b. Peas, 
 lilb Beef. 
 
 1 lb. Pork. 
 
 2 oz. Salt. 
 1 lb Sugar. 
 
 2 oz, Tea. 
 
 4 oz Mustard. 
 21 Qrts. Water. 
 
 1 Gill Vinegar. 
 _4^z. Popper. 
 
 bee. there boin^' no TSrm2.n«^nf«**"'^ proceeding to Q„e- 
 Low«r P..««i"„:_ ° ^efiruiar meana of conveyance then n« fnM,- 
 
 -._J 
 
emigrant's hand-book op pacts. 
 
 4d 
 
 Whoever resolves to supply his own provisions, 
 must be careful not to lay in an insufficient stock. 
 Fifty da^^s has been recommended as the shortest 
 period for which it is safe to provide; but as the 
 emigrant, on arrival, can sell whatever he may 
 have over, we urgently advise that a safer pro- 
 vision than this be made. Of the vessels^ sailing 
 from British ports of late years, althougn there 
 were instances of some making the voyage v/ithin 
 30 days, the longest passage wajs 78 days, and in 
 the month of June, 75 days. The misery and loss 
 of health to the emigrant being on snort allowance, 
 under such circumstances, where he is in want ot 
 funds, and the expense incurred by those who have, m 
 purchasing at an extravagant rate from the captain, 
 may well be conceived. We would urgently recom- 
 mend therefore emigrants sailing with the ordinary 
 M ships advertised, not to victual for less than 10 weeks. 
 
 Mr Buchanan, government emigrant agent at Queoec, 
 gives many instances of the danger arising from being 
 short -victualled, in his reports to the governor 
 during the year 1841. **In the brig, Lady Hood 
 from Stornoway," he says, "were 14 famihes, 78 m 
 number, all very poor; and landed here after a passage 
 of 70 days, in great distress, from want of provisions. 
 They had expended all their money in purchasing 
 supplies from the master during the passage." ** 139 
 passengers in the Cumberland Lass from Belfast, were 
 66 days on the voyage. Many of them landed in 
 greut distress, from want of provisions. They pur- 
 chased from Captain Smith as long as their money 
 lasted, and he had to support from 40 to 50 of the 
 poorest for the last three weeks. When he arrived 
 here, all his ship's stores were exhausted, besides sup- 
 plies which he obtained from different places in the 
 gulf.'* We would also impress upon the poorer class 
 of emigrants, the danger of trusting to potatoes as an 
 essential article of food. The liability of this valuable 
 root to become rotted, is apparent ; and under any 
 
 <.:««.• MA «4nnnAo rrraa¥. navo alinill<{ VlA t.A.K(>n OT thCli* 
 

 4ft BKITISH AMERICA.— ADVICB TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 stowagre. ^^r Buchanan, in one of his weekly reports 
 says, *' the j.assengers per China, from Limerick, were 
 10 weeks on the voyage ; their supply of provisions 
 falling short, they were obliged to purchase from the 
 captain at high rates. They stated that their supply 
 of provisions was sufficient when they left, for tnree 
 months, but that their potatoes, which constituted their 
 chief stock, owing to the wet and heat in the vesseCs 
 hold, soon rotted ^ and became unfit for use. Mr 
 Buchanan adds, " several cases have occurred this 
 season, in which this most essential, and I may say 
 principal food of the Irish emigrants has been destroy- 
 ed from neglect and improper stowage. I should re- 
 comrnentl, if considered practicable, that this article of 
 provision should be placed in charge of the master of 
 the vessel, and be issued by him to each individual 
 twice a week, or oftener, if he thought proper. At 
 present, they are brought on board in sacks, and 
 thrown into the hold on the wet ballast, or on the 
 water casks, and in the course of a few days, owing 
 ,to the thoroughfare made over them by the crew and 
 passengers going for water, and other provisions or 
 baggage, they soon become so trampled on, and bruised 
 as to be unfit for use." The safest way to keep po- 
 tatoes is in a barrel having a lock. The passenger 
 has them thus under his own charge, and the danger 
 of heating and rotting from wet is thus in a great 
 measure prevented. 
 
 46. Oatmeal, beef, eggs packed in salt, tea or coffee, 
 and sugar, ship-biscuit and loaf-bread hard baked, are 
 all indispensable to making the voyage with anythinc^ 
 like comfort. Milk, boiled with loaf sugar, a pound to 
 a quart, and bottled, will keep during the voyage— an 
 Gg^ beat is a good substitute for milk. A supply of 
 porter and ale will be found useful. Rice and sago 
 tor puddings should also be taken, and dried fish and 
 red herrings. A Scotch emigrant, in a letter from 
 Upper Canada, published in the Counsel for Emi- 
 grants, gives the following list of provisions for four 
 persons sailing as steerase oassenr-prR >. «« ia nt. la 
 
 —.J 
 
|lfiailANT*S H4N0-100I OF PACfJ. 
 
 47 
 
 sions or 
 
 necks of potatoes in a barrel with a lock on it ; 40 lbs. 
 of (rood beef, well salted in brine; 16 lbs. of butter ; 
 3 lbs of coffee ; 3 or 4 dozen old bottled beer, which 
 has less chance of flying than if new; some dozens of 
 ejrjfs packed in salt; half a dozen cod-fish, cut in 
 pieces for boiling ; some dozens of Buckie haddocks, 
 well dried for keeping. Milk does not keep well ; no 
 sweetmeats are relished at sea. A few oranges, which 
 at times taste very pleasant to the parched palate ; 
 gome cheese ; 8 lbs. of treacle in a flagon ; 1 stone ot 
 barley; a good deal of pepper and mustard ; plenty ot 
 carrots, turnips, and onions, for broth-they will keep 
 allthe voyage; 28 lbs. of fine ship bread; 8 or 10 
 quartern loaves, baked hard ; 1 boll of oatmeal, 6 
 pecks baked into bannocks and cakes, very well fired, 
 and flat for packing; some white puddings; some 
 suet for dumplings •, a few candles, and a white-iron 
 lantern with horn ; 1 bottle of vinegar, to use in water 
 on shipboard ; 1 bottle of castor-oil ; 2 or three doz- 
 ens of colocynth and rhubarb pills ; 6 lbs. of Epsom 
 salts, and 1 lb. of senna— these medicines are very 
 dear here ; tin pan to fit the stove of the ship, and it 
 is convenient to have one for hooking on the ribs of 
 the grate when the top of the fire is occupied ; kettle 
 for making coffee, &c. Use no crockery, but instead, 
 jugs and bowls of tin ; broth pot, frying-pan, and tm 
 
 kettle." . .^ „ 
 
 47. *' There are some things which are requisites,^ 
 says the author of the Mechanic and Labourer's 
 Guide to America, "and essential ones also, and 
 not always paid sufficient attention to, on the part 
 either of the voyager or the supplier, and others 
 which would materially conduce to .his comfort and 
 even perhaps his health, which are omitted altogether. 
 Acids of all descriptions— that is, those used at 
 table— are not only highly serviceable at sea, but par- 
 ticularly grateful also to the palate. Of vinegar, 
 therefore, as the most common, there should be an 
 ample store ; pickles likewise of various descriptions ; 
 
'k8 BBITISH AME&ICA. — ADVICE TO £UIORANTS. 
 
 I 
 
 Kind of acid, there can be no proper substitute : it 
 counteracts the effects of salt diet, allays sea-sickness, 
 and forms occasionally a very refreshing and invigo 
 rating beverage. About two or three dozen of these 
 will be found suflGcient, which, if obtained fresh and 
 wrapped separately in paper, will keep good through- 
 out the voyage. Two or three pounds of figs also 
 should be taken to be used medicinally, and a box or 
 two of soda-water powders. A small hamper of porter 
 likewise, and a bottle or two of spirits, not omitting a 
 little brandy.* A few good keeping apples and some 
 oranges also, n:anaged in the same manner as directed 
 for the lemons, may be provided ; and of vegetables, 
 besides the potatoes supplied with the stores, onions, 
 carrots, and turnips, which will keep nearly the whole 
 of the time, and are highly serviceable for soups, &c. 
 Two or three pounds of portable soup, and about the 
 same quantity of preserved meat should be taken, if 
 the voyager*s means will permit." 
 
 48. "In place of hard bread or biscuit, for which in 
 most cases there is soon a disrelish, loaf-bread should 
 be substituted, prepared in the following manner : — 
 For immediate use, a few stale loaves may be re- 
 baked, that is, put a second time in the oven in order 
 to take out all the moisture from them, and in this 
 state they will keep good for at least a fortnight ; but 
 to last well for a longer period, the loaf must be cut 
 up into thin slices and toasted slowly on both sides, 
 until they become perfectly dry— oi. a gridiron over 
 a slow fire perhaps is the best way of preparing them 
 — and then let them stand separately on end until 
 perfectly cold. If these be kept in a dry place, they 
 will continue in a good state for months, and all that 
 is necessary previous to use, is to moisten them with 
 a little water and hold them a short time before the 
 fire, or else immerse them in any hot liquid, as tea, 
 soup, &c. If bread thus prepared be put up in a tin 
 box with a tight-fitting lid or cover ; and when used 
 
 ♦ This is the more necessary to be attended to, as shipmasters art 
 (irohibited, under penalties, froiu •(>lling spiriu to paa«engera. 
 
 Biwr iB Bi 
 
EMIORANT*S HAND-BOOK OP FACTS. 
 
 49 
 
 treated as directed, it will be almost impossible to dis« 
 tinguish any difference between a toast of this descrip- 
 tion and one from a loaf only a day or two old." 
 
 49. The tin articles required are, a water-can to hold 
 the supply of water, the quantity being a gallon per 
 day to each individual, a wash basin, baking dish, a 
 tin pot to fit into the ship's stove for broth, &c., a can 
 for drinking from, a pot to hang on the stove for heat- 
 ing water, tin plates for meals, small tin dishes for 
 tea or coffee, table and tea spoons, and knives and 
 forks for each individual. All should be marked, and 
 all packages should not only have locks, but be kept 
 locked, and the keys taken out. This cannot be too 
 carefully attended to, as loss of articles on shipboard 
 are not unfrequent, and such losses cannot unfortu- 
 nately be supplied. 
 
 Section 13. —Advice to Emior|NTS, — Continued. 
 
 Best period for sailing— Cautions as to the Selection of Vessel— Erai. 
 grant Agents— Arrival— Directions regarding Landing— Conveyance 
 up the country. 
 
 50. The shortest passages are made in the begin- 
 ning of the season, consequently the best months for 
 leaving this country, are April and May. For 
 the poorer class of emigrants, it is absolutely essential 
 to leave early. In the report for a late year, Mr. 
 Buchanan says, ** it is of the £,'ieatest importance that 
 the advantage of arriving in the colony at as early a 
 period in the season as possible, should be impressed 
 on the labouring portion of the emigrants who come 
 out at their own expense, and also on the landholders 
 who wish to give assistance to their poor tenantry to 
 emigrate, as everything depends on the time of their 
 arrival here. Those who sail from the United King- 
 dom in the months of April and May, arrive in time 
 to take advantage of the spring and summer work. 
 They have thus time to look about them, and secure a 
 home for their families, agidnst the coming of winter. 
 On the other hand, if emigrants arrive at a season 
 
I £1 
 
 50 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 when nearly all employment ceases, the winter ap- 
 proaches before they can get themselves and their 
 families into the interior of the country, and they are 
 thrown on the benevolence of the colonist, or have to 
 drag through a long and severe winter, depending on 
 charity for support. This is equally an injustice to 
 the poor emigrant, and a serious tax on the colonist, 
 which might be avoided in a great measure by leaving 
 their homes at a proper season. By sailing at an early 
 period in the year, they can calculate on a more ex- 
 peditious voyage, which is an all-important considera- 
 tion. To the unprovided state, and late arrival of 
 emigrants in the province, and to the other causes 
 which I have alluded to, many of which are set forth 
 in my weekly reports during the past season, I must 
 attribute, in a great measure, the expense incurred by 
 the different agencies in the province. 
 
 5 1 . The names of vessels to sail being advertised, in 
 the proper season, the emigrant can always have a 
 choice. The convevance of passengers to the British 
 colonies is regulated by Act of Parliament, and provi- 
 sions issued according to a dietary scale, approved of 
 by Government Commissioners. "^This should be in- 
 vestigated by the intending 3migrant,and he should not 
 sail unless he finds the provisions strictly attended to. 
 The agents appointed by government attend no doubt 
 to the enforcement of these, but in a matterof such vital 
 importance, the emigrant cannot be too careful in 
 seeing to this himself. The most necessary for him to 
 be assured of is, that the proper quantity of water be 
 on board, and that more passengers are not taken than 
 the tonnage of the vessel allows. The character of 
 the vessel for swift sailing, and her sea-worthiness 
 should be strictly inquired into ; and if at all within 
 his reach, the emigrant should not embark except 
 from a port where government has an emigration 
 agent, or where there is an efficient custom-house 
 establishment. The professional skill, habits, and 
 manners of the captain should also as far as possible 
 be ascertained. A tyrannical or rude and boisterous 
 
EMIGEANT S HAND-BOOh OF FACTS. 
 
 i>i 
 
 master of an emigrant ship, has it in his power to 
 make the voyage very disagreeable to the passengers 
 On the other hand, passengers for their own sakej 
 should be careful not to give annoyance, or thought 
 lessly to complain of matters, which are unavoidable^ 
 in a sea voyage. The emigrant should put himselt 
 in communication with the emigrant agent of the port 
 at which he means to embark, and be guided as much 
 as possible by his advice. The duty of this officer 
 is thus described by the Times newspaper, at the time 
 these were first appointed. . ■, ^ 
 
 52 ** The agents will be instructed to furnish all par- 
 ties wishing to emigrate (before they quit their homes) 
 with information relative to the ships fitting out ior 
 passei^gers at their respective ports, the probable 
 period of their sailing, and such other intelligence as 
 may be required. Thus the poor emigrant may, by 
 timely caution, avoid the abominable impositions too 
 often practised upon him. Passenger-brokers as they 
 are termed, for the ship-owner has rarely any thing to 
 do with the matter, frequently promise the immediate 
 departure of a ship, and subsequently on some pretence 
 or other detain whole families until their slender 
 njeans have entirely passed into the pockets of a set 
 of low lodging-house keepers, to be found m every 
 seaport, in whose profits it is not impossible that these 
 brokers may in some way or other participate. Farther 
 assistance will be afforded to the emigrants on their 
 arrival at the seaport, by the agent's advice, in case 
 of difficulty, or by a more direct interference when 
 frauds are attempted, of which the law takes cogniz- 
 ance. In short, the agent is to act as the poor man's 
 friend and adviser, whenever he is deserving of pro- 
 tection, and to relieve him from those innumerable 
 embarrassments to which he is liable, at a time and 
 under circumstances which render it peculiarly difficult 
 for him to help himself. To see that the provisions 
 of the Ship Passengers' Act are complied with, will 
 be another arid most important duty of the agents ; 
 and as they are selected from the half-pay list of 
 
d2 BEITI8H AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 naval officers, they will be peculiarly able to judge of 
 the quality of the provisions in store, and of the 
 general arrangements for the comforts of the passen- 
 gers." 
 
 53. On arrival, the emigrant ought not to be in a 
 hurry to land. If the vessel is bound to Montreal, 
 and he intends proceeding to Upper Canada, he should 
 on no account leave the vessel at Quebec, except it be 
 to go with the long boat direct with his luggage to 
 the steamer for Montreal ; and not unfrequently the 
 steamer comes alongside the emigrant ship, and thus 
 facilitates the re-embarkation of the emigrant. The 
 captain of the ship can easily arrange this with the 
 steamer. If his supplies are run out, a few hours at 
 Quebec will suffice to provide the necessaries of life. 
 The emigrant should wait till the vessel is at the 
 wharf, or comes to anchor in the river, if she cannot 
 immediately get a berth. He is entitled by the Pas- 
 senger Act to remain on board for forty-eight hours 
 after the vessel has arrived at the port to which he has 
 contracted to be taken, and it is illegal for the captain 
 to force him sooner ashore ; and he will do well to 
 make use of as much of this privilege, as will enable 
 him to have his luggage all arranged, to land himself 
 and his family without hurry or confusion, and as it 
 will prevent the necessity of going into lodjiings where 
 he disembarks. His luggage should be put into as small 
 compass as possible, if he intends proceeding farther, 
 and the barrels and boxes in which his provisions were 
 carried, now use]'?«s, are not worth the expense of 
 transport. He should boil a few pounds of pork or 
 beef, before leaving the ship, to serve him for a few 
 days ; in a few minutes he can procure fresh bread, 
 and he can with ease get hot water in the steamer in 
 which he is to embark to make tea on the way up. 
 The passage by the steamer from Quebec to Montreal, 
 180 nkiles, is usually made in twenty -four hours. 
 When the emigrant has got all arranged for leaving 
 the ship, or if he has come by the steamer from 
 Quebec, he should immediately get his luggage trans- 
 
EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 A3 
 
 r 
 
 ported to the barges of the forwarding company. He 
 will always find carters ready to transport them, but 
 care must be taken not to be imposed on ; Is. 6d. 
 should be sufiRcient for taking all his things to the 
 station of the barges. The same barges continue all 
 the way through to Kingston, the luggage need not 
 therefore be moved till arriving there. In the barges 
 he will find utensils for cooking, and the females and 
 children will find shelter in the cabin. In case of 
 foul weather, the emigrant can get his family on board 
 the steamer at Lachine, where the barges are taken in 
 tow to Carillon, about forty miles from Lachine. The 
 barges here take seven or eight hours in getting 
 through the locks, and getting up to Grenville. On 
 the way the emigrant can buy a few potatoes from the 
 farmers on the canal ; and pork, butter, flour, tea, 
 sugar, eggs and butcher meat, can all be obtained. 
 From Grenville to Bytown** the Barges are towed by 
 jteamers, and reach the latter place in fifteen or six- 
 teen hours. On their arrival at Bytown, the barges 
 have again to pass through locks, which causes a 
 delay of some hours. The passage from Bytown to 
 Kingston is rather tedious ; but as it afibrds to the emi- 
 grant various opportunities of seeing the country, and 
 many of engaging as a farm servant, he should not look 
 upon it as altogether lost time. At Kingston, there 
 are steamers for Toronto, distant 170 miles, and for 
 Hamilton at the head of Lake Ontario, distant from 
 Kingston 210 miles. The entire distance from Quebec 
 to Toronto, is 606 miles, and the time occupied in 
 performing it, in the year 1841, about ten days. 
 
 54. The expenseof this journey may be calculated thus 
 in the currency of the country :— 
 Fare from Quebec to Montreal, at one time, Ts. 6d.. is 
 
 often reduced by competition to 5s.; in 1841, was 
 
 reduced to 2s. 6d., say, 5s. No charge for luggage. 
 
 Carting luggage at Montreal to Barge 
 station, 16 
 
 Fare from Montreal to Kingston 10 
 
 * Now Ottawa, aelected by the Queen for the capital of Canada. 
 
 j, -;-.i. 
 
 J 
 
 i J 
 
 V, 
 
 -ff. 
 
i 
 
 h 
 
 64 BRITISH AMEBICA.— ADVICl TO BMIOBAIITS. 
 
 Allowed for luggage I owl. or l^th cwt*.; 
 28. 6d. per cwt. charged for all extra. 
 
 Fare from Kingston to Toronto, Ts. od. • 
 
 £14 
 
 Tfiis 18 exclusive of provisions. , , , - . 
 
 55. Children under 12 years are charged half-price, 
 under 3 years nothing. Families, on arnval at Mon- 
 treal, who are unable to pay, or unwilling to incur the 
 expense of lodging, will find shelter in the emigrant 
 sheds at the entrance of the Lachine canal. Lodgings 
 can be had at from 4rf. to 6c/. per night. If supper 
 or breakfast is required, the charge for each meal is 
 from lOd. to 1«. Bytown, on the River Ottawa, at 
 the entrance of the Rideau Canal, is a convenient 
 place to obtain a supply of fresh provisions. At 
 Kingston, as at Montreal, there are sheds for the ac- 
 commodation of emigrants, to which they will be ad- 
 mitted on application to the government agents ; and 
 in no case need the emigrant, if his destination is 
 further, remain more than one night either at Mon- 
 treal or Kingston. Emigrants paying the fares, w« 
 have noted above, must provide their own provisions 
 for the passage, as in no instance are passengers of 
 this class furnished with food on the route. The pro- 
 bable expense for provisions for the whole journey, 
 which as already mentioned, occupies about 10 days, 
 has been calculated at 10s. From Kingston to the 
 western end of Lake Ontario, there is a regular chain 
 of feieam-boats; there are two for the Bay of Quinte, 
 two for the Rice Lake and Otanaba River, two on 
 Lake Simcoe. There is constant intercourse between 
 Toronto, and Hamilton, and Niagara, and between 
 Hamilton and Queenston. Steam-boats run up the 
 River Thames as far as Chatham, and the Canada 
 company have a steam-boat on Lake Huron. 
 
 56. Mr Evans, in his work already quoted, gives the 
 following table of distances from Halifax, Nova Scotia, 
 to Quebec; and from the latter City to Fort Erie, 
 Western (Upper") Canada, which will be found ex- 
 tremely useful to emigrants ; but see at end of this 
 guide, railway and Btcambout routes. 
 
 is 
 
 S i 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 55 
 
ftd 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 i 
 
 57. A great error is committed by the labouring emi- 
 grant in asking exorbitant wages on his arrival ; he 
 should content himself at first with 33. or 4s., and take 
 the first employment that offers. The following ex- 
 tract from a Report from the chief Emigration Agent 
 at Quebec, to the Governor-general of Canada, is very 
 important, and should be carefully attended to by 
 emigrants. ** The most important measure is, first, to 
 endeavour to undeceive the emigrants in the very er- 
 roneous ideas which they almost all entertain as to the 
 remuneration which they will receive for their labour 
 on arrival in this country. Instances occur almost dailj 
 of persons who, in their own country, (Ireland) wera 
 glad to work for lOd. to Is. per day, refusing employ, 
 ment here at 3s., and they dc not consider that, for 
 t!K^ first season, until they become acquainted with the 
 labour of the country, their services are worth little 
 more than one-half to the farmer. Many, to my cer- 
 tain knowledge, have been offered advantageous en- 
 gagements in this neighbourhood, but refused perma- 
 nent employment, preferring to proceed in hopes of 
 better wajres, but in which very many are disappointed. 
 
 58. *• Wages, for agricultural labour in the eastern 
 townships, and in almost every section of the western 
 division of the province, are higher than in the neigh- 
 bourhood of this city (Quebec), or Montreal j six to 
 seven dollars per month is as much as farmers will, or 
 can afibrd to give to newly arrived emigrants, with 
 buard and lodging. Good hands, after a year or so of 
 residence, will generally command from ten to twelve 
 dollars, and found. Labourers who board themselves 
 receive here from twelve to fifteen dollars per month. 
 Day labourers always get 2s. 6d. to 3s., and at this 
 season oftener the latter than the former, but if they 
 possess the means of proceeding further, they will 
 seldom work for this. 
 
 59 ** It is most desirable to impress on the intending 
 emigrant the necessity of their being in possession of 
 sufiicient means to enable them to proceed to where a 
 demand for their labour exists, and it is extremely 
 
emiguant'8 hand-book o» facts. 
 
 5/ 
 
 difficult, I may say impossible, when from 2000 to 
 3000, and in some instances 5000 people arrive here in 
 a week, (as was the case this season for several weeks 
 in succession) that employment can immediately be 
 found for all who stand in need 
 
 60 ** Facilities have occurred this season which were 
 not formerly to be obtained in the neighbourhood of 
 this city (Quebec) and Montreal; viz., Immediate em- 
 nlovment to all classes of emigrants on the pubhc 
 works and road improvements. This, however, can- 
 not be relied on in future beyond another season. 
 
 61 . Many emigrants, on arrival at Quebec and Mon- 
 treal, have not the means to carry them forward, but 
 they find no difficulty in getting work at the coves at 
 Quebec, and are very soon enabled to lay up suthcient 
 to carry them up the country. They should on no 
 account remain in Quebec or Montreal during winter, 
 as they will assuredly have much privation and hard- 
 ship to contend with. However high the wages may 
 be in the busy season, the winter presents to them a 
 barren field indeed. , . , a c 
 
 62. If the destination of the emigrant is westward ot 
 the head of Lake Ontario, he will proceed from Niagara 
 by the Welland Canal to Fort Erie, hear the eastern 
 end of Lake Erie, from whence he will find steam con- 
 veyauce to the western district or the southern portion 
 of the London district, and other parts m the vicinity 
 of Lake St Clair. If intending to settle on the lands 
 of the Canada Company on Lake Huron, or in the 
 vicinity of Lake Simcoe, he will proceed from Kings- 
 ton to Toronto, as directed in the preceding section, 
 and from the latter place he will find conveyance to 
 the northern and north-western districts On the 
 other hand, should his object be to settle in the eas- 
 tern districts, he may have occasion to leave the barges 
 of the Conveying Company before he arrives at Kings- 
 ton. If bound for Bytown, Grenville, Hull, Horton, 
 or other places on the Ottawa, he will proceed by that 
 river by the ordinary conveyance from Montreal ; and, 
 ;f fnr Pprth nr New Lanark, h«3 can go by Bytown op 
 
 ..! 
 
53 BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 by Prescot. Those bound for the Newcastle district, 
 should, after leaving Kingston, disembark at Coburgh 
 or Port Hope on Lake Ontario; and, for Seymour, 
 the best route is from Kingston by the Bay of Quinte 
 to the mouth of the river Trent, whence there is a 
 good road of eighteen miles to that place. In a 
 country so rapidly advancing, however, as Canada is, 
 new facilities of conveyance are every season opening 
 up. Wherever his destination nrny be, therefore, the 
 emigrant should consult the government agent, either 
 at Quebec, Montreal, Bytown, or Kingston, as to the 
 best and cheapest route, and he should carefully note 
 down for his future guidance the information he may 
 receive. If time at all permits, and a short time will 
 suffice, this information should be obtained from the 
 government agent at Quebec ; and if the emigrant has 
 no fixed destination, it is of course absolutely necessary 
 that he should, before proceeding farther, get all the in- 
 formation here necessary for his direction. The emigrant 
 should also be careful in listening to the statements of 
 private individuals with whom he may come in con- 
 tact. He cannot tell the motives from which any ad- 
 vice he may receive flows ; and many have been much 
 Hiisled and seriously injured from the ignorance of 
 their informant. The safe course is, in all such mat- 
 ters, to tske the disinterested advice of the government 
 agent, 
 
 63. And here it is necessary to warn the poorer clashes 
 of emigrants against an erroneous impression which 
 was last season, and we fear is yet too prevalent, — 
 that the poor emigrant would, on arrival, be supported 
 and forwarded at government expense to any section 
 of the province they wish to settle in% This, however, 
 is not the case. Many sailed last season under this 
 impression, conceiving that if they could only reach 
 Quebec all their wants would be provided for, and that 
 they would be enabled to go to the locality, where, from 
 the previous residence of friends and relations, they 
 wished to settle, without further expense. The con- 
 •equence of this error was niuch diisappointuient to ine 
 
 0\- 
 
emigrant's hand-book or facts. 
 
 50 
 
 noor emigrant, and much unavailing regret. All that 
 fhe government agent can do under such circumstances, 
 and all that the government undertakes, is to put he 
 emigrant on the way of obtaining employment .n the 
 neighbourhood of Quebec, when they must depend on 
 their own industry for their support; or, if employ- 
 ment cannot be obtained there, to assist them in gmng 
 to situations where he knows it can be.obtained a^ul 
 where labour is wanted. It must be obvious, however, 
 that, under such circumstances, emigrants car^not have 
 thei; own choice of locality ; and they would do well, 
 therefore, at once to put themselves under the direc- 
 tion of the government agent, and be gulfed by his 
 advice, taking the employment which can be obtained. 
 m they have time to look about them and judge what 
 
 "ef DurtgTrecent season, 663 em^rants from 
 Glasgow and Paisley, chitay weavers and mechanics, 
 were landed at Quebec, in very poor and destitute 
 circumstances, and depending on ^"^"^fdiate employ 
 ment for the subsistence of themselves J«d Ui^^ 
 numerous families. They were members of Emigra 
 tion Societies; had been enabled to ^J^^^^'^P^'l^^ 
 from the funds raised by these Soc eties from he 
 contributions of their members, and partly by pub- 
 he subscriptions; and all had left home under 
 the erroneous impression to which we have alluded 
 Several families, numbering about 60 peruins, by the 
 advice of Mr Buchanan, the agent, remained at 
 Quebec, and worked for two oi three months on the 
 roads a; 2*. 9d, and 3.. per day. They were soon 
 settled on land in the flourishing townships of Leeds 
 and Ireland, about 50 to 60 miles from Quebec, and 
 were then in a fair way, from their own .industry, ot 
 bein"- in a few years independent. " I nave, says 
 Mr Buchanan, lately, "the gratificatioa at present 
 to know that their families are above want. Iheir 
 success has been promoted by some influential Scotch 
 gentlemen in this city, who. seeing their v^rilhngness 
 and industry, have assisted them with provisions and a 
 
 0\- 
 
60 BRITISH AMERICA. — ADTICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 few other necessaries, to enable them to get through 
 the winter." With these exceptions all the others 
 were doterrnined to go up the country, their desire; 
 appearing to be to reach Toronto. A few were able 
 to pay for their journey, and others disposed of their 
 effects to procure the means of reacliing Montreal, 
 where some obtained employment, but the greater 
 part were forwarded at government expense to To- 
 ronto. The natural consequence was, that, after all, 
 these emigrants were unsuccessful. Being mostly 
 weavers, their want of knowledge of agricultural la- 
 bour rendered them of little or no use to the farmer, 
 and as there were no public works at the time in that 
 section of the province, they found great difficulty in 
 obtaining employment. Mr Buchanan says they were 
 the only emigrants that season who appeared to be 
 unsuccessful. It is to be regretted, too, that their 
 want of success was partly to be attributed to their 
 refusal of the wages olfered ; although from the na- 
 ture of their previous employment, and the locality 
 they had selected, they could not expect the wages 
 of a skilful agriculturist. Mr Hawke, the emigrant 
 agent at Kingston, on hearing of their want of employ- 
 ment, visited Coburgh, Port Hope, Toronto, and 
 Hamilton, on the upper part of Lake Ontario, and 
 he reported that many confessed they had refused 
 offers of four and five dollars per month, with their 
 board, as tliey would not work for such low wages. 
 It certainly would have been for their ultimate advan- 
 tage had these emigrants been guided by Mr Buchanan, 
 and worked at what offered at Quebec and Montreal, 
 till they had time to look about them; and we would 
 again earnestly advise the emigrant against the folly 
 of remaining a day idle after his arrival, where he has 
 not means for his support ; and even where he has, the 
 sooner he engages in some employment, and the less 
 he expends in wandering about, tije better for his pros- 
 pects of ultimate success. 
 
EMIURANT*8 HAND-BOOK OF FACT 
 
 61 
 
 Section 16.— Advicb to Emigrants,— Con^inwed. 
 
 -Prices— Title?— Cleared 
 -Land Otficeu— Profits on 
 Houses- Waget of La- 
 
 EmiR'antt with Capital— Purchase of Land 
 Land— Wild Land— fcixpense of Clearing- 
 Orazing— Tillage— Expense of Erecting 
 bourers. * 
 
 65. The following information has been condensed 
 from the answers returned to the queries put by the Com- 
 missioners for Emigration, and from other sources, for 
 the use of emigrants possessed of capital, intending to 
 settle upon land in any of the British provinces o^ 
 North America. The smallest quantity of land sold 
 by government in the Canadas or New Brunswick is 
 50 acres ; but in Upper Canada, town or building lots, 
 and park lots in the neighbourhood of towns, are sold 
 in smaller portions. The smallest quantity • i 'fih can 
 be purchased from the Canada Company, whose pos- 
 sessions, as already mentioned, lie on Lake Huron, is 
 100 acres. In Prince Edward's Island, town lots in 
 Georgetown and Princetown, of a quarter of an acre 
 each are sold ; pasture lots of eight acres each ; and 
 township lands, in lots of 100 acres each. Till lately, 
 the mode of selling crown lands in these provinces 
 was anything but satisfactory— the mode being to have 
 periodical auctions of land, at upset prices ; in conse- 
 quence of which, the emigrant had to wait the occur- 
 rence of a sale, and often might find himself outbid in 
 the lot he wanted, when it did occur. This disad- 
 vantageous mode of disposing of the crown lands is 
 now discontinued in the Canadas, and land can at once 
 be purchased at certain fixed prices. These neces- 
 sarily vary in all the provinces, according to locality 
 and soil. In Lower (Eastern) Canada, the price of 
 land in the Ottawa country, and on the south bank of 
 the St Lawrence, to the west of the Kennebec road, 
 is 4s. 9d. sterling, or 6*. currency, per acre, and in 
 other parts of the province, 3«. Id. sterling, or 4s. 
 currency, per acre. In Upper (Western) Canada, 
 the nriofi of government land is generally 8«. currency 
 per acre J clergy reserves are higher, averaging 12s. Qd* 
 
I 
 
 |! 
 
 i 
 
 62 BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 currency per acre. By the same Act, however, by 
 which the system of selling land by auction was abo- 
 lished, the price of lands is to be fixed from time to 
 time by the governor and council. The prices may 
 vary, therefore, from what has been stated, but those 
 given will form a guide to intending emigrants, while 
 any change can be easily ascertained. The price 
 charged by the Canada Company, according to Mr 
 Widder, varies from Is. 4d. to 35». per acre, for wild 
 land, according to the situation. In New Brunswick, 
 the price also varies according to the situation ; but it 
 generally ranges about 3s. currency, or 2«. 8d» ster- 
 ling, per acre. A considerable rise has, however, 
 taken place in the value of land ; in old settlements, 
 remote from lake ports, it has doubled itself in five 
 years ; whilst wild lands, in new settlements, near 
 which a railway passes, have been, within the same 
 period, trebled or quadrupled in value. Land adapted 
 for farming, seldom being to be had from land com- 
 pa)nes, speculators, &c., under 30s. an acre ; every 
 purchaser is required to become an actual settler. 
 
 66. In Western Canada, New Brunswick, and 
 Prince Edward's Island, the validity of titles to lands 
 offered for sale by private individuals, can be easily, 
 and at little expense ascertained, there being registry 
 offices in every county, where all transfers are recorded, 
 and the records in which are open to inspection for a 
 trifling fee. In Eastern Canada, hitherto, this could only 
 be ascertained with considerable difficulty, there having 
 been no regular office for the recording of transfers. 
 This defect will now, however, be in a great measure 
 removed, as registry offices have been instituted in 
 terms of the Registry ordinance of 9th Feb., 1841. 
 Where land, partially cleared and fenced, is purchas- 
 ed, the price in Eastern Canada is about 20s. per 
 acre ; in Western Canada it may be bought at an ad- 
 vance of from 3/. to 41. per acre, on the price of wild 
 land ; in New Brunswick, the price varies from 9*. to 
 9/. sterling, according to the situation ; and in Prince 
 Edward's Island, a farm of 100 acres, one-fourth part 
 
emigrant's hand-book of FACT8. 
 
 6a 
 
 cleared and fenced, will fetch from 150/. to 200/. 
 Great care should be taken in purchasing cleared 
 lands, that the intending settler does not purchase a 
 farm which is completely exhausted. Where an emi- 
 grant can afford to purchase land wholly or partially 
 cleared, it is a very good plan, where caution is used 
 and saves him much labour and inconvenience; but 
 from the careless mode of farming too often pursued, 
 the emigrant, if he does not look well about him, may 
 be most grossly taken in and deceived. The mode 
 adopted with many after clearing land, is to t^ke crop 
 after crop of wheat, until the soil is utterly incapab e 
 of supporting vegetable life, and will no longer yield 
 a crop. The proprietor then looks about for new land 
 for himself, and, at the same time, for a purchaser for 
 his old exhausted farm. He easily finds a xxm comer 
 desirous of cleared land, to whom he sells his tor a 
 handsome profit on the original price, and the dupe 
 only finds too late, when he looks m vam ^r the ex- 
 pected crop in the following autumn, how grievously 
 lie has been taken in. No one should buy a cleared 
 farm till he has had it in lease for a year or two; and 
 for a stranger, it is safer to buy wild land, notwith- 
 standing the expense and labour of clearing. 
 
 67. The expense of clearing land cannot be preciselj^ 
 stated, as it necessarily varies from circumstances and 
 situation. In Eastern Canada, it is said to average 
 about 2/. sterling per acre, but may c^f^^'^^rf; f^° J 
 ino- to the nature of the soil and the quality of the wood. 
 In the Western province, it has been estimated at dj. , 
 and from 3/. 10*. to 4/. 10s. per acre ^^ clea"ng and 
 fencing- but in remote and unsettled parts of the pro- 
 v?nce,^n consequence of the difficulty of procunng 
 labourers, the cost is necessarily greater tMn in others. 
 The expense in New Brunswick of cutting and clear- 
 ing off the trees, leaving the stumps standing, ave- 
 rales 2/. 14*. to 3/. 125. sterling; and m Prince bd- 
 ward's Island it varies from 2Z. to 4/. per acre. The 
 lands most expensive to clear, are swampy lands, 
 and those covered with heavy timber, such as pine, 
 
j 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 Br. 
 
 £ 8 d» 
 
 80 
 7 10 
 
 Cr, 
 
 d. 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 64 BEITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMlGRANTa 
 
 hemlock, &c. ; which, however, is reckoned the best 
 description of land. The following statements give 
 the cost of clearing twenty acres of heavy timbered 
 land in the London district, in the manner usually 
 adopted in Canada, with an *;stimate of the value of 
 the crops produced during the first three years after 
 clearing : — "~ 
 
 First Year. — Chopping, clear- 
 ing and fencing 20 acres, so 
 as to leave it fit for sowing, 
 4/. per acre. 
 Seed, 1^ bushel wheat to the 
 
 acre, say 80 bushels, 5«., 
 Sowing and Dragging at os. 
 
 per acre, 
 Harvesting at 7^. 6c?, per acre. 
 The value of the straw tailing, 
 wheat hulls, &c., on the 
 farm are supposed to be 
 equal to the thrashing and 
 cartage to the barn. 
 By 20 bushels of wheat per 
 acre, 400 bushels, at Ss. 9d., 
 Second Year. — To timothy and 
 clover seed at 2s. 6d. per 
 acre, .... 
 Mowing and taking off hay at 
 
 Is. 6d. per acre, . 
 By 1 ^ ton per acre of hay at 6 
 
 dollars per ton, . 
 Third Year. — To mowing and 
 taking off the hay at 7*. 6d. 
 per acre. 
 By 1 ^ ton per acre of hay, at 
 6 dollars per ton, 
 Balance, . 
 
 2 10 
 7 10 
 
 75 
 
 7 10 
 
 45 
 
 By balance brought down. 
 
 47 10 
 165 
 
 45 
 
 163 
 
 £47 10 
 
emigrant's hand-book of tacts. . ea 
 
 68. The same quantity of land cleared by slashing: — 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 d. £ s. d. 
 
 First Year. — Slashing 20 
 
 
 
 acres, at 4 dollars per acre, 20 
 
 
 
 
 This is to be allowed to lie 
 
 
 
 three years. 
 
 
 •t 
 
 Interest on 20/. for three years 
 
 
 
 at 6 per cent., . . 3 12 
 
 
 
 
 Burning, clearing, and fenc- 
 
 
 
 ing, at 8 dollars per acre, 40 
 
 
 
 
 Ploughing twice at 15s. per 
 
 
 
 acre, 7s. 6d. each tir:ie, 15 
 
 
 
 
 Dragging and seed, . . 12 10 
 
 
 
 Harvesting, . . . 7 10 
 
 
 
 
 By 23 bushels wheat to tl^e 
 
 
 
 acre, 500 bushels, at 3s. 9d. 
 
 * • 
 
 98 15 
 
 Second Ye AE of Cultivation. — 
 
 
 
 Ploughing once, at 7s. 6c?., 7 10 
 
 
 
 
 Sowing and dragging, at 5s., 5 
 
 
 
 
 Seed, 11^ bushels rye per 
 
 
 
 acre, at 3s. 9£f , . . 5 12. 
 
 6 
 
 
 Harvesting, . . , 7 10 
 
 
 
 
 By 20 bushels rye per acre 
 
 
 
 3s. 9d. Rye in Zorra al- 
 
 
 
 ways brings an equal price 
 
 
 
 with wheat for distilling. 
 
 
 
 but say, to be quite certain. 
 
 
 OS* LaUty • • • • • • • 
 
 .. 62 10 
 
 Thibd Year. — To timothy 
 
 
 
 and clover seed, at 2s. Qd. 
 
 •• 
 
 
 per acre, . . . 2 10 
 
 
 
 
 Mowing and taking off hay, at 
 
 
 « 
 
 7s. 6d. . . . 7 10 
 
 
 
 
 By 1^ ton of hay per acre, at 
 
 
 
 6 dollars per ton, . .... 
 
 
 45 
 
 Balance, . 67 6 
 
 
 
 201 5 
 
 
 
 201 
 
 By balance brought down, 
 
 £m 6 
 
 H 
 
 -J 
 
H.i 
 
 U(j BBITISH AMERICA.— -ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 69. On his arrival, the emigrant can at once ascer- 
 tain, by application at tho proper office, what crown 
 lands are surveyed and open for sale. Lists and plans 
 are kept in the offices of the crown land commissioners, 
 and also of the surveyor-general. Crown lands open 
 for sale in Canada, are, besides, regularly advertised in 
 the Gazette. The Canada Company issue printed lists, 
 from time to time, of their lands on sale. The Pro- 
 vincial Government, we find, have lately laid out 
 three great lines of road, and opened for settlement 
 the lands through which these lines pass. 1. The 
 Ottawa and Opeongo Road runs east and west, and 
 will eventually extend 171 miles in length, so as to 
 connect the CLtawa River with Lake Huron. 2. 
 The Addington Road runs north and south, 60 miles 
 from its starting point in Addington County, until 
 its intersection with the Opeongo Road. And 3d. 
 The Hastings Road runs 74 miles, nearly parallel to 
 the Addington Road, and connects also the County 
 of Hastinf^s with the Ottawa and Opeongo Road. In 
 order to facilitate the settlement of this part of Cana- 
 da, the government therefore authorise Free Grants 
 of land along these roads, of not exceeding 100 acres 
 each, on condition — 1st, T'hat the settler is 18 years 
 old ; 2d, That he take possession within one month ; 
 3d, That he put into a state of cultivation 12 acres 
 of land in the course of 4 years ; and 4th, That he 
 build a log-house 20 feet by 18, and reside on the 
 lot. Families may reside together on a single lot, 
 however, although the several members may have 
 had land allotted them, as they will, in that case, be 
 exempt from building on each individual lot. Non- 
 fulfilment of the conditions will cause immediate for- 
 feiture of the land. These lands are of excellent 
 quality, well adapted for husbandry from soil and 
 climate, and the government have several million 
 acres more for disposal to intending settlers at from 
 Ifld. to 4s. per acre. In Canada, the crown 
 reserves the right of making roads, bridges, and erect- 
 ing buildings for military purposes, but must indemnify 
 
 r 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 07 
 
 I 
 
 the proprietor for land taken from him.^ Gold and sil- 
 ver mines are also reserved, with the right of working 
 them, and all white pine timber, but the latter right 
 " never enforced. In New Brunswick and Prince 
 
 IS 
 
 Edward's Island, all precious metals and all coal are re- 
 served to the crown. There are no government taxes 
 in Canada, nor any impost except local taxes, appli- 
 cable to the general purposes of the district in which 
 the land is situated. These amount to 5«. 5d. per an- 
 num on each 200 acres of wild land, and Id. per acre 
 per annum for cleared land. In the other provinces 
 there are no taxes but those made from time to time 
 for local purpos^^s. 
 
 70. In purchasing land from government, they give 
 considerable accommodation regarding payment of the 
 price where this is required. One instalment being 
 paid down, three years are given for payment of the 
 balance — an instalment being paid yearly with interest 
 at six per cent. Even should the settler be unable to 
 fulfil this contract when due, government is seldom 
 urgent for some time; but the sooner he is enabled to 
 get his land cleared of the burden, and his title com- 
 pleted, the better. The Canada Company give four 
 years for payment of the price of land purchased from 
 
 them that is in five instalments, one paid down, and 
 
 the other four at intervals of twelve months. Neither 
 will they ^ ^ over urgent on an industrious settler, if 
 the intere. ^s regularly paid, but will give a little ad- 
 ditional time if circumstances should render it neces- 
 sary. It is extremely dangerous, however, to pur- 
 chase land, payable by instalments, from a land dealer. 
 The settler may rest assured that if his instalments 
 are not paid when due, he will be turned out, losing 
 all the money he has paid as well as his labour. There 
 are too many land-jobbers in Canada who make a 
 trade of getting emigrants into their power in this 
 way, and turning them out of the land after draining 
 them of all they possess. As a safe rule, the emigrant 
 who purchases from a private individual, should pay 
 the price in full at once, and get his title. If he ii 
 
m 
 
 
 (Jd BalTISH AMEKICA. ADVICE TU EUIGUANTS. 
 
 enable to do this, let him have nothing to do with the 
 land. Indeed, it is extremely dangerous for a settler 
 to get into debt at all in Canada, and we advise him 
 never on any account to take credit from a store. A 
 poor land-owner will readily obtain credit from the 
 store-keeper, but it is almost certain ruin to accept 
 it. By the laws of the country, a creditor can attach 
 land for the amount of his claim however small it may 
 be ; and as cash may not be easily raised at a moment's 
 notice, the settler may be speedily stripped of all he 
 possesses, and the str •"(^-keeper become the owner of 
 the spot on which he had hoped that he and his family 
 would have become independent. Prudent settlers 
 will suffer almost any privation rather than run the 
 risk which getting in debt to a store-keeper entails* 
 
 71. In Upper Canada there are no farms exclusively 
 devoted either to tillage or to grazing cattle. Gener- 
 ally speaking, in the older clearings the greater por- 
 tion of the farm is under grass, &c., to provide food 
 for the cattle during winter. On new farms on which 
 the clearings are not extensive, the greater part is in 
 tillage ; the farmer usually first raising such crops as 
 he may require for iiis own consumption, or that will 
 meet with a ready sale. In Lower Canada the great- 
 est proportion in the Seigniories is under tillage — in 
 the townships in pasture. Throughout the eastern 
 townships of this province grazing is very general, 
 because it affords the easiest method of sending 
 farm produce to market under the present means 
 of communication, and as avoiding the heavy expense 
 of labour. In Prince Edward's Island the great pro- 
 portion of the land is in tillage, the < properties of the 
 soil being considered better fitted for that species of 
 husbandry than foi: grr</;;ing. In New Brunswh-k 
 there are no farms where grazing is exclusively ;*ur- 
 8ued; but in many situations a great proportion of the 
 land is appropriated to the growing of hay; and aftev 
 the hay harvest the cattle are turned on the meadow 
 land. The present mode of farming adopted in Up 
 per Canada being very imperfect, and grazing exclu- 
 
EMiaRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 t^U 
 
 eively having never been tried, it is not easy to speak 
 as to the comparative profits of tillage and grazing. 
 Many farmers, however, are of opinion that the ad- 
 vantages of the latter are not sufficiently understood 
 or appreciated, and recommend its adoption. There 
 can be little doubt, that one effect of the present 
 British tariff will be to increase the quantity of land 
 kept in grass or green crop, and to encourage the 
 rearing and feeding of cattle. 
 
 72. Mr Widder, one of the commissioners of the Canada 
 Company, has furnished the following statements cf 
 the profits upon grazing, which he gives on the au- 
 thority of a respectable and intelligent i'ldividual re- 
 siding at Zorra. The value of stock i^i that township 
 is as follows: — 
 
 " Sheep (store), after shearing, 10s. a piece; work- 
 ing cattle, per yoke, 50 to 60 dollars ; year-old hogs, 
 125. Qd. to 155. each; horses, from HOl. to 40/. the 
 span; cows, 16 to 20 dollars each. It appears that 
 stock farms are much more profitable than merely 
 grain farms, on account of the great increase in the 
 value of cattle. In the first three or four years the 
 following is a fair statement of what may be done with 
 them. In the fall of the year ox-calves, calved in the 
 spring, may be purchased for 20s. currency per head ; 
 generally at something less. The next autumn the 
 same calves are worth 40s. each. The succeeding 
 autumn, when two and a-half years old, they are worth 
 80s. each, and the spring following are fit to break 
 in, and then are worth 5/. each, or 10/. per yoke. 
 The stock farmer should not keep them longer, as 
 they will not continue to increase in the same propor- 
 tion. Heifer calves are equally profitable to keep." 
 The profits on tillage we have shown iii p. 63. 
 
 "The profits on grazing," Mr Widder says, "are 
 very considerable ;'* the demands for cattle for the use 
 of the colony cannot be supplied except by importa- 
 tions from the United States, where considerable 
 numbers of sheep are raised for the wool. In the 
 
 Huron tract, and Wilmot, the pasture afibrded to the 
 
if 1 
 
 w 
 
 lii 
 
 70 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 cattle in the woods is so excellent, that without any 
 assistance thev get remarkably fat, and fit for slaying. 
 In Wilmot, the Huron, and Waterloo, the number of 
 sheep is much on the increase, and large flocks are 
 seen. In Waterloo, several fulling mills are erected, 
 and large quantities of woollen yarn spun by the 
 women and children, which is made into a durable 
 flannel, stockings, and coatings. 
 
 73. It is not usual to take farms on lease in Canada, 
 land being so cheap that farmers generally prefer pur- 
 chasing land to renting it. In the Upper Province, 
 rent, when paid in cash, is from 10s. to 20s. per acre, 
 for good cleared and fenced farms, having the necessary 
 buildings, and near a principal market ; and from 5s. 
 to 10*. per acre, for land farther back and more re- 
 moved from a market. The most common mode of 
 letting land, however, is " farming on shares," the 
 proprietor receiving either one-half, or generally one- 
 third, of the produce, without reference to the cost of 
 production. The system of leasing by government 
 having been found inconvenient, has been discontinued 
 for some years. Where land is let in the Lower 
 Province, it is generally on condition of receiving 
 half the produce, the proprietor supplying half the 
 seed, and all the implements and stock. Land, in the 
 wild state, is let in Prince Edward's island on lease 
 for from 40 to 999 years. The latter is most common 
 at an annual rent of I*, to 2*. per acre, with the op- 
 tion of purchasing the freehold at 20 years* purchase. 
 The tenant or settler is always at the cost of clearing 
 the land. In New Brunswick land is usually let on 
 short lease, from 3 to 5 years, sometimes for a money 
 rent, but generally upon shares of half the produce. 
 The erection of » good log-house costs, in Upper 
 •Canada, from 35/. to 60/.; a frame-house, about 90/.; 
 barn and stables, from 30/. to 40/. Stables for three 
 horses, including sheds for cattle, 30/. Many houses, 
 however, occupied by farmers of the country, cost 
 much less. The Dutch farmers attend more to- the 
 comfort of their cattle than that of their families, and 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 7i 
 
 their barns and sheds are their first consideration. 
 Their dwelling-houses are quite out of character with 
 their offices. In Lower Canada the house costs about 
 20?. sterling, the barn about 20?., and the stable about 
 101. In New Brunswick a comfortable frame-house 
 costs from 150?. to 200?. currency, (135?. to 180?. 
 sterling) ; a frame-barn from 30?. to 50?. currency, 
 (27?. to 45?. sterling). In Prince Edward's Island a 
 suitable house for a small farmer may be built for 
 120?., a barn for 40?., and a stable for 3 horses, for 
 25?. sterling. The usual rate of wages paid to a 
 labourer, is, in Upper Canada, from 25?. to 30?. per 
 annum, from 2?. to 2?. 10s. per month, and 2s. to 3s. 
 per day, with board and lodging. During harvest 
 from 4s. 6t?. to 5s., with board and lodging, in 
 Lower Canada the wages are rather less. The wages 
 of a labourer in New Brunswick average about 
 21?. 12s. sterling per annum, or 36s. sterling per 
 month, with board and lodging. Day labourers, with- 
 out board, 2s. 8c?. sterling per day, but in harvest 
 3s. 7d. sterling. In Prince Edward's Island, with 
 board, 16?. to 18?. per annum, 30s. to 40s. per month, 
 and 2s. per day. 
 
 74. We are unable to state of our own knowledge, 
 nor although we have taken some trouble in the 
 matter, have we been able to ascertain precisely the 
 rate of profit on farming operations in Canada. In 
 the answers to the queries by the Emigration Commis- 
 sioners, it is calculated at 30 per cent, on the capital 
 laid out. No data, however, are given from which the 
 correctness of the estimate can be ascertained. It 
 seems quite sufficent for the emigrant, however, to 
 know that farming, if conducted with prudence and 
 industry, is uniformly successful. An industrious 
 farmer is sure of securing a comfortable living, parti- 
 cularly if he has sons and daughters to assist him in 
 his labours in the field. The instances of farmers are 
 numerous who commenced with very limited means, 
 and who are now independent. The same observa- 
 tions apply to the other British provinces. There is 
 
i: i 
 
 i 
 
 i ii 
 
 73 BUITISH AMEKiLA. — Ai>VIi.ii 10 k.MI«UANT8. 
 
 one agricultural prod.ict for which the soil and climate 
 ot Upper Canaua are well adapted, and which, al- 
 though important in a national point of .,iew, has 
 been hitherto neglected. This is „l.e ouitivatiou of 
 hen.p. There is a great deal of rich land in alluvial 
 bottoms or valleys, which is too strong for the growth 
 ot wheat in the first instance, but which, after a crop 
 or two of hemp, would be well fitted for grain crops 
 In remote districts, hemp would be a much more urol 
 htable crop than wheat, as it is uiore valuable in. pro- 
 portion to its weij,'ht, and would cost, as a matter of 
 course, less in the carriage to a market. The great 
 want for this crop is a mill for its preparation! It 
 would, therefore, be highly advisable, where the land 
 IS fit ed for the growth of hemp, that a number of 
 neighbouring settlers should join in the erection of a 
 mdl, and enter into an agreement, each to raise a cer- 
 tain quantity of hemp. The profit would be certain, 
 and the advantage national in rendering Great Britain 
 more independent for this staple article, of the northern 
 nations of Europe. Flax would also be a profitable 
 article for cultivation, but there is not we believe a 
 single flax mill in the province Hitherto all that has 
 been cultivated has been dressed and used lor domestic 
 purposes in the family of the grower. 
 
 Section 17.— Advice to Emigbants,— Cr^n/me/erf. 
 
 75. For the information of emigrants of the labour- 
 ing class, we have also condensed the following infor- 
 mation from the queries already alluded to, adding 
 what we consider useful from our own and other 
 sources. In emigrating to the Canadas, or New 
 lirunswick, it is not considered desirable that the 
 labourer should take with him any implements for the 
 ordinary occupation or clearing of land. AU such 
 implements can be purchased in the colony, and any 
 advance on the price is balanced by the expense and 
 trouble of carriage. Besides, after arrival in the colony, 
 the emigrant knows exactly what he will require, and 
 
 J 
 
i 
 
 emigrant's hand-book of facts. 73 
 
 can purchase them better adapted for the purposes re- 
 quired than he can do in this country. In emigrating 
 to Prmce Edward's Island, however, spades, shovels. 
 West India hoes, and scythes, will be found useful, 
 tor convenience- of carriage, we would advise the iron 
 part alone of these articles to be taken out. Artisans, 
 on the other hand, should take with them the tools of 
 their trade, which they already have in their posses- 
 sion. where these are not too bulky; and, indeed, 
 carpenters have been disappointed in getting work in 
 Lower Cai.ada from not having their tools with them, 
 but all such tools can be purchased in the colonies at 
 no great advance of price. 
 
 76. It is advisable that emigrants should take out 
 bedding and warm blankets, to all the colonies, parti- 
 cularly il they leave homo late in the season. Warm 
 clo hmg IS also indispensable, and the labourer and 
 artisan will do well to take out as good a supplv as his 
 means wil afford. In all the colonies^howe ve 
 Xh T."\ ?^^ ^^" ^' ^■'^^' --^e in the count'; 
 mal. «f h^'' "^m'^J* ^r« "^««-e durable than those 
 
 tak n ou "i^.i/h'^"""'^ for the voya|e, should be 
 «hmL h" rV ^^^' ^'.* S^eneral rule, the emigrant 
 Perslt w?th ' ^"^"'"^^^^^[l ^ith luggage as pos'^sible. 
 .ZTa *r • /"' "' '"Y' however, after they have 
 to I HI ^•'' ^^'-'t' r '^^ '^"^ «" ^hich they intend 
 of frial """ ""''^ *^'"^ T''y ^''''^'' ^hieh^iU be 
 JjiT ^^"^^'"*-*n««- Yet even this is not ab- 
 
 supplied m the provinces at an expense not greatlv 
 exceeding the cost at which they Luld carry them 
 out. In addition to ready made clothing and beddi^ 
 persons in circumstances may take out some crockev 
 
 and"b7t;er"P' r' ^^"^^l^^^^-" be procured cheapo'; 
 ana better in Great Britain. But. even of these 
 
 ti)in^s they ought not to take too umch, as the frdght 
 
 sTo Sfn^nff^ Furniture, for this rea on 
 
 should not be taken, and especially bv the l.honv.r J 
 
74 BRITISH AMERICA.— ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 77. The class of labourers most in demand are those 
 acqiiainted with agriculture, but all able for out-door 
 labour will find employment. As we have already 
 stated, however, labourers unacquainted with agricul- 
 ture must not expect such high wages at first as are 
 given to those who are more experienced. Young 
 men without families more readily find employment 
 than married men, as the employer generally provides 
 them in boarding and lodging. Good house servants, 
 especially females, bringing with them satisfactory tes- 
 timonials as to character, are much in request, and 
 will also quickly find employment. It is not so com- 
 mon in any of the provinces for women to be employ- 
 ed in field labour, as it is in this country. A married 
 labourer must not trust, therefore, to his wife's labour 
 as any assistance, especially in the Canadas. To a 
 certain extent, however, they will find employment 
 during the summer, and children above twelve years of 
 age will readily find some employment during that sea- 
 son. In the western districts of Upper Canada, where 
 tobacco is grown, women and children are regularly 
 employed in weeding and hoeing. During the win- 
 ter, women can be usefully employed at home, in spin- 
 ning and preparing wool and flax for home-made cloth, 
 and the children can go to school. When a labourer 
 settles on land of his own, his wife and children can 
 be of use to him in many ways, and will be found of 
 great advantage. Mechanics and artisans of all kinds, 
 except weavers, readily procure employment at their 
 trades. It is difficult to say which are most in re- 
 quest, but if any distinction is made, bricklayers, stone- 
 masons, carpenters andjoiners, cabinet-makers, coopers, 
 millwrights, millers, blacksmiths, shoemakers, ship- 
 wrights, boat-builders, tanners, tailors, and wheel- 
 wrights, are most required. The labourer or arti- 
 san will recollect, that all money is calculated in cur- 
 rency, and not in sterling — 1*. sterling being equal to 
 Is. 2^d., or Is. 3d. currency. His wages, therefore, 
 he will find not really so great as they nominally are. 
 Ke will Boon, however, become aceustonied to the dif- 
 
 
KMIQRANT*8 HAND-BOOK OF rACTI. 
 
 7ff 
 
 ferenco. But in the far back and newer settled dis- 
 tricts, where money is scarce, wages are often paid in 
 goods, and not in money. When this is the case, he 
 would require to know the prices of the goods in which 
 he is to be paid, as well as the nominal wages, or he 
 may find himself a considerable loser. 
 
 78. In Canada there is a capitation tax of 5*. cur- 
 rency on each adult emigrant. All above 14 years 
 are considered adults j and below 14 and above seven, 
 two reckon one adult; under seven, three children are 
 reckoned as one adult. The money raised by this tax 
 is applied, under the direction of the governor, in af- 
 fording temporary medical attendance and relief to 
 diseased and destitute emigrants on their arrival, and 
 in assisting them to reach the places of their destina- 
 tion. In New Brunswick there is the same tax of 6«. 
 on each adult, two children under 14, three under 
 seven years, or one under 12 months, with its mother, 
 being classed as one adult. The funds thus raised are 
 applied in a similar manner as in Canada. In Prince 
 Edward's Island there is no such tax, and no means of 
 relieving the destitute emigrant. Vessels arriving in 
 Canada, having thirteen or more steerage passengers 
 on board, are required to stop at the quarantine sta- 
 tion. The detention, however, does not on an average 
 exceed two days, and healthy emigrants are allowed 
 to proceed immediately after the vessel has been 
 cleared. The expense of the quarantine establish- 
 ment is borne by government, and convalescents are 
 forwarded to Quebec free of expense. The rules are 
 much the same as in the other colonies. As soon as a 
 vessel with emigrants for Canada arrives at the 
 quarantine station, about thirty-three miles below 
 Quebec, printed hand-bills are circulated on board, 
 informing them where and to whom to apply for in- 
 formation as to their future proceedings, and the go- 
 vernment emigration ageni boards the vessel as soon 
 as it arrives at Quebec. Every information as to land, 
 where employment is most likely to be had, and mode 
 of transit, can be obtained from him, or will be afford- 
 
ii 
 
 i i 
 
 If M 
 
 70 BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 ed at the government offices. The emigration agents 
 at present are — at Quebec, A. C. Buchanan, Esq., 
 chief agent ; Montreal, A. Conlan, Esq., ; Bytown, 
 George Burke, Esq., ; Kingston, A. MacPherson, Esq., 
 chief agent for Upper Canada ; Toronto, A. B. Hawke, 
 Esq. ; Hamilton, T. C. Dixon, Esq. ; and Ottawa, 
 Francis Clemow, Esq. There are also agents for the 
 sale of crown lands on the different districts, who will 
 furnisah emigrants with information of the lands for 
 sale. The Canada Company, besides their agent at 
 Toronto, have also one at Quebec, to afford informa- 
 tion for emigrants. In New Brunswick, every infor- 
 mation will be afforded at the offices of the emigrant 
 agents at St. John's and Frederickton, and also by the 
 committees for emigrant societies. In Prince Ed- 
 ward's Island there is no government agent, but ad- 
 vice is readily afforded by the agents of the proprie- 
 tors, who reside in Charlotte-town, to the emigrants, 
 as to the best means of obtaining employment. 
 
 79. In New Brunswick the expense of a journey 
 from any of the sea-port towns to the neighbouring 
 settlement districts, will not exceed from IS*, to 11 h, 
 sterling, for an individual,- and even should he go first 
 to the seat of government, Fredericton, to select land, 
 and then to the situation chosen, the actual travelling 
 expense will not exceed from 1/. 16*. to 4/. 10*. ster- 
 hng. This province is intersected by numerous rivers, 
 and rapidly improving roads, by which the settler can 
 with facility transport himself and his family to the 
 interior of the province. In Prince Edward's Island 
 the emigrant, on landing at Charlotte-town, can go to 
 any part of the colony at a very trifling expense. We 
 have already stated the charges of moving up the 
 country in Canada, from Quebec and Montreal ; and 
 we need here only add, that in the lower province a 
 waggon can be hired at the rate of about 3*. steriini? 
 per cwt. for 50 miles. ^ 
 
 ^ 80. The following are the present rates of wages 
 given in Canada : common labourers receive is. to 
 6s. a day, and often more ; bricklayers, 7s. ; smiths, 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 77 
 
 6s. ; bakers, 6s. ; butchers, 6s. to 7s. ; masons, 6s. ; 
 carpenters, 7s. ; painters, 6s. ; joiners, 6s. to 7s. ; 
 domestic female servants, from £12 to £16 per 
 annum. A labourer thus employed, however, learns 
 nothingc of the country, or of agricultural occupations, 
 and is much more tempted to give way to intemperate 
 habits. In general, government labourers put up tem- 
 porary buildings for themselves and their families near 
 the works on which they are employed ; but sometimes 
 the contractors of the work provide houses for them. 
 Farm labourers are sometimes hired by the year, but 
 generally by the month, receiving higher wages during 
 the summer months. In none of the provinces is beer 
 the common drink of the labourers, but it is coming: 
 more into use in Upper Canada, where it can be had 
 of excellent quality at Is. per gallon. All farm pro- 
 duce is cheaper in settlements remote from a market, 
 than in the towns, but groceries are proporti'^nally 
 dearer in consequence of the expense of carriage. 
 The expense of erecting a log-hut varies from about 
 31. to 10/., depending on the kind of dwelling required. 
 An usual mode of putti.ag up buildings, by small set- 
 tlers in the country, is to obtain the assistance of all 
 their neighbours, which is called a Bee,— the settler 
 providing provisions and liquor for them vi hile so en- 
 gaged. 
 
 Section 18, — Accounts given of THiiSE Pro7ince3 
 
 BY Settlees. 
 
 81. We quote the following from " Memoranda by 
 a Settler in Lower Canada," published in the Quebec 
 Mercury. This settler was from Scotland, and emi- 
 grated with 300/., his portion of his father's property. 
 His elder brother having the same sum, after visiting 
 Canada, settled in the United States, attracted to the 
 Illinois by the descriptions of the late Mr Birkbeck. 
 
 82. " When I reached Montreal, (to this port 
 emigrants should always take their passage, if they 
 possibly can at the same rate as to Quebec, and n.ore 
 is seldom asked), I put my money, which had suffered 
 
 i ,n 
 
78 BRITISH AMFRIc.-..— ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 
 
 but a trifling diminution, into the bank at five per cent 
 interest, and immediately went out into that part of 
 the country inhabited by EngUsh settlers. After tra- 
 velling about forty miles, through the intricate mazes 
 ot Canadian roads, 1 reached the settlement I was iq 
 search of. As it was too late in the season to com- 
 mence upon land of my own, and as my little capital 
 vvould have suffered no small diminution had I gone 
 about the country hunting for a farm— a practice as 
 common as it is ruinous— after making some inquiries 
 into the character of the inhabitants among whom ray 
 lot had thus accidentally been cast, I attached myself 
 to the family of one of them, a substantial farmer, a 
 native of the country. I did not actually hire myself 
 as a labourer, but, by making myself as useful as I 
 could, was to pay nothing for my board j this was cer- 
 tainly a foolish bargain; but, as I happened to fall into 
 good hands, suffered no loss by my imprudence, for he 
 gave me, in stock and seed-grain, as much as I could 
 have expected, had I stipulated for regular wages. 
 
 83. "In the following spring I purchased, in that 
 neighbourhood, a farm of 300 acres, about 50 of which 
 were cleared, with a log hut, as a dwelling-house, and 
 a good frame barn upon it; the price was 300/., 100/. 
 01 which was paid at the time, and the remainder I 
 was to pay in annual instalments of 50/., with interest 
 atter the first year, which was free, at six per cent. 
 Ihis mode of paying for land is very common, and 
 not unfrequently in the end, turns out to be more ad- 
 vantageous to the seller than to the buyer; as farms 
 so sold, after a year's labour or more in improving 
 them, sometimes revert back to the original proprietor 
 from the purchaser's inability to complete his pay- 
 ments; when he loses, besides, all he may have paid, 
 such being a general condition of the bargain. ! no w 
 bought a yoke of oxen for 15/. or 60 dollars; three 
 cows for 15/., ten sheep for 5/., and a horse for 17/., 
 several implements of husbandry, some little furniture, 
 a tew kitchen and dairy utensils, pigs, poultry. &c. 
 tJ4. ♦* The first summer was spent in getting in a 
 
 s 
 
EMlORANt's HAND-BOOK OP PACTS. 
 
 79 
 
 little crop, putting up fences, and in clearing- up th/ee 
 and a-half acres of woodland, which I 3ovved with 
 wheat in September, after my earliest cropa were 
 saved; the rest of the autumn was occupied with my 
 late oats, potatoes and Indian corn. I then hired 
 another man, and commenced clearing away the under- 
 brush, and as soon as the snow came, I cut the treea 
 down, and into lengths of from twelve to fifteen feet, 
 for piling in heaps to burn; this work by the 10th of 
 April was completed upon about thirty acres, besides 
 several hundreds of rails cut, split, and hauled out of 
 the bush, as the woods are called, as well as my winter 
 and summer fire-wood. The produce of my farm, this 
 year, did not amount to more than was sufficient t6 
 pay its own expenses, and keep me and my family^ 
 until the following harvest, nor hardly as much, as I 
 had so ne provisions to buy. 
 
 85. " In the spring I began to feel rather uneasy 
 about my prospects, my money wasting away very 
 fast; I had only about 50/. left, and still owed more 
 than three times that sum for my farm; and the thirty 
 acres, my chief dependence for a crop, looked like any 
 thing rather than producing one ; covered as it was 
 so thickly with felled timber and heaps of brushwood, 
 as to preclude the possibility of passing through it ; 
 and to add to my apprehensions, the rain fell in tor- 
 i-ents for nearly a fortnight, soaking it so completely 
 tliat I thought it would never dry again, not at least, 
 in time to be burnt over for a crop; and to perplex me 
 still more, ray horse died, and two of my sheep were 
 killed by the bears or wolves, or perhaps by my 
 neighbours' dogs ; but what annoyed me more than all 
 these, — perhaps because it was the last misfortune that 
 befell me, or probably because we are most apt to be 
 distressed at trifles, — a ravenous old sow that I had, 
 getting into the place where my goslings were kept, 
 and crushing them all up. I immediately went to my 
 old friend, the farmer I have mentioned, and laid be- 
 fore him all my misfortunes. The v/hole family felt due 
 commiseration for my distresses; but when I mentioned 
 
 h 
 
I 
 
 r 
 
 lii 
 
 bO 
 
 BUITISH AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OP IT, 
 
 my last, the old man said I v/as rightly served, as I 
 could not expect better luck, without a wife to look 
 after such things. He might, possibly, I thou-nt after- 
 wards have been in earnest, for he had a ^daughter 
 that he would naturally like to see married in the 
 neighbourhood ; be that as it may, in less than three 
 months. I had some one to take better care of ray next 
 brood of goslings ; but before this important event 
 tookf place, the weather cleared up, and my prospects 
 brightened with the brightening' sun, as it shed its 
 scorching rays upon my .9/a*A,-as the timber I had 
 cut down, is here significantly called, -for it was soon 
 
 R\u T ^'^* ^"i^ *° '^* ^"^ *^^<^ an excellent burn. 
 All the brushwood and branches, as well as the scurf, 
 toruied by the accumulation of leaves, small roots, and 
 weeds, were completely consumed, and nothing left but 
 the heavy ti.nber. I then planted Indian corn among 
 these logson about twenty acresof it j half of the remain, 
 ing en acres-for it will be remembered that there were 
 thirty m all--I cleared for oats and spring wheat, the 
 
 indX r.h''\''f. 'tT? ^'^r P^""^^"^^ '^'^ I"^^'^n co^n> 
 «« ! ^'A^u' ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ '° ^^ ^^^^'•ed for fall wheat. 
 .°P' ' ^ther crops upon the old cleared land, though 
 ot little consequence compared with those in the new, 
 were all well got m, and while they were growing I 
 commenced clearing up the fiv^ acres for wheat, in 
 whicn work I spent the remains of my last 50A, de 
 pending upon the sale of my produce, together with 
 some potash i iiad made, and'intended to make to 
 meet my next instalment, which would become du^ in 
 the following spring; and in order to subject myself to 
 as httle ri.k as possible, and my mind to the less 
 anxiety, I turned my oxen into good feed, (after my 
 fIttTn Sr TVM^' ^^^-^""'"^ «f Sep'temberU. 
 
 of wTnW h ?' **"" ^^'"'''""^ ""''^'^ ^y ^he latter';nd 
 ot winter; but my crops were good, my potash brought 
 
 ihi?r th^';"?' '" '^.r*' ^ '"'^^«^^d «« '*^'e" in every. 
 
 ox*^ P in /• T'' ^^^^ '" P'^'^^^^^ ^"«t^^-r voke of 
 oxen, in time to get out my fire- wood and Vendn- 
 timber, before the expiration of the winter. ' 
 
 ..J 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 81 
 
 87. "In the rnidst of all my difficulties and dis- 
 tresses I received the following letter from my brother. 
 
 ''^°w^'!,"'"^ '* ^"^'^^'^' i» the Illinois State 
 which tended, as may well be supposed, not a litt e to 
 increase them. "^ ^" 
 
 rpJ.Ji^l '^'"* Brother,-Your letter of last March only 
 reached me about three months ago; I am extremelv 
 
 Kn tT '- '' ''^* ^.^" haveVurcVased a fTrt 
 but sell It again imme .lately, at almost any sacrifice 
 and come here, where you can get as much land a 
 you like, and of the very best quality, for a mere 
 nothing, and what s better still, perfectly free from 
 wood. We can raise upon it. without any other e™ 
 pense than fencing and ploughing, upwards of one 
 hundred bushels of Indian corn to the acre: the cu! 
 jnate is rather too warm for wheat, though wc do rai e 
 nVn" r' l^^^'^'n but grazing is ou? chief dep^n! 
 
 nf n Hi u-^u V^^^^ "J'^'^''^' «^" «»e hundred Ud 
 of cattle, which did not cost me much more than half as 
 many pounds. The climate is not so unhealthy as 
 your fears have made it. Europeans, generally, hfow! 
 ever, are subject, on their arrival, to slight attacks of 
 ague and intermittent fevers. And in order that ^ou 
 may not be disappointed, if you should come, I wil 
 give you a faithfuUccount of the few disadvantages 
 ^e labour under, which you can balance against those 
 of the country you now live in. The price of farming 
 produce IS certainly rather low, while clothing and 
 what you have to buy is very dear; but then an 
 economical farmer will . .Ve his own clothes, and live 
 w'lthm himself as m' /n .s possible. I '^oit is also 
 ^y hig^ ndeed, such ..e?he facilities C; I;^' ^ 
 .-et up the farming busmess himself, it is hardly to be 
 had at any price. We have also some few laxes but 
 where is the country without them ? 
 
 ' You have certainly one great advantage over us in 
 having a church in your neighbourhood, !s we are, i" 
 
 state of society I confess, is dreadful; but, recollect 
 we have none of the severities of yo^r I^;erbo^^^^^^^^ 
 
1!^ 
 
 1 ?; 
 
 b2 BRITISH AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 
 
 climate to contend with ; and if our produce fetch but 
 a small price, it costs but little to raise it, and the' 
 market is at our doors, for we find a ready sale for 
 everything, in the vessels as they descend the river to 
 New Orleans ; therefore, sell everything and come. 
 
 * I have written for Henry, in Ohio, and James, in 
 Upper Canada, and have little doubt but they will 
 also come, as they both seem a little dissatisfied with 
 the part of the country they have settled in. I rejoice 
 in the prospect of our being again united and living 
 comfortably together in this fruitful and happy country ; 
 in the full anticipation of so desirable an object, I am, 
 &c., 
 
 'George W .' 
 
 ** What a paradise, I said to myself, and what a 
 fool I was to be so stubbornly bent upon coming to 
 this miserable country ; and, had I met with a pur- 
 chaser, at almost any sacrifice, I should certainly have 
 taken ray brother's advice, had there not been cir- 
 cumstances that prevented me from exerting myself 
 to accomplish an object otherwise apparently so de- 
 sirable. 
 
 88. " Shortly after this eventful period in my little 
 history, I was informed that two of ray brothers, 
 Robert and Edward, who were also in the far west, 
 had died of those diseases, which George mentioned in 
 his letter, and, that I may not subject myself to the 
 imputation of putting a construction upon it, twisted 
 into accordance with the change in my opinions— 1 
 must give his own practical illustration, which I re- 
 ceived from him five years afterwards, in the follow- 
 ing letter from the same place : — 
 
 * My dear Brother, — I have not written to you now 
 for a long time, sorrow, and sickness, and misery, and 
 disappointment, must plead my excuse ; and as they 
 must have formed the only subject of my letters, you 
 may the less regret my silence. Indeed, I could not 
 find in my heart to mar, with a detail of my own 
 sufierings, so much comfort and happiness as seem to 
 have fallen to your envied lot : my continued silence 
 
 -^J 
 
 .,AJJ\ 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. sa 
 
 should still have saved you from the painful commis- 
 eration I know you will feel for me, had not the 
 thought struck me that you might possibly be able to 
 hnd some one m your neighbourhood who would ex- 
 change farms, •'.c, with me here, if the rage for coming 
 
 W^A u! ^""""^'^ ^^* ^^^^^^^ yo"' '^t which I make 
 lit Je doubt, as It seems to have reached everywhere. 
 
 V \,9^"".''^ ^''^P<^«e of my property in some such 
 way (selling ,t is out of the question), I am doomed, I 
 was going to say, to live in this country, but rather to 
 die— 1 have had more than a hint of this durin? the 
 summer— I have suffered dreadfully-you would hardly 
 kno^y me-- 1 am literally and really an old man-but 
 this is not all— my farm has been totally neglected, as 
 1 could do nothing, and hiring being impracticable; I 
 have consequently no crops, no hay saved for my 
 cattle, of which 1 have more than 150 head; and I 
 cannot sell them, not even at lOs. a-piece— bread corr 
 1 can get for my own consumption, as much as I want 
 tor nothing, as everybody who has not been sick all 
 summer like myself, have more than they can sell, 
 even at 7^d. a bushel, I mean, of course, in the ea- 
 Last year, when it was a little more saleable, I had to 
 give fifteen bushels for common cotton cloth, enough 
 to make a shirt. We have no money in the countrv, 
 and our bank notes but ill supply its place; some of 
 them are at 7o per cent, discount, while others will 
 not even pay a hopeless debt. I offered three bushels 
 ot Indian corn to the postmaster in payment of the 
 posta-e of your last letter, which he refused to take, 
 and I had to pay him Is. 3d. in hard cash. I was at 
 hrst entirely carried away with the fruitfulness of the 
 country, the fineness of its soil, rhe cheapness of land, 
 cattle, &c., as all Europeans are, without duly con- 
 sidering that they must also sell at such low prices • 
 but the difficulty of selling at all is the principal ob- 
 8tacie. 
 
 • I have lately heard from Henry, in the Ohio 
 country, who had just returned from a visit to James 
 m Upper Canada; they both complain of the un- 
 
m BRITISH AMERICA.— ACCOUNTS GIVKN OF IT. 
 
 healthiness of the climate, the want of markets, and 
 the high price of labour. I have often wished to hear 
 from you a detailed account of all the circumstances 
 that led you to make choice of so happy a country, 
 raaugre all the prejudices prevailing^ against it. 
 » * I a;n, &c., 
 
 •G. WV 
 
 89. * I am fully aware that there is a very differ- 
 ent opinion so generally prevailing as to become, (as 
 my brother terms it) a rage, and people with such a 
 bias, previously entertained, may fancy, on a cursory 
 view of the last letter, which I consider conclusive, 
 that it is only the ebullition of a mind struggling 
 under disappointment, and sinking under bodily dis- 
 ease ; but let them compare this letter with the former 
 one. and they will find the principal facts mentioned 
 in each, exactly to correspond ; viz., the high price 
 of labour, and the low price of farming produce, be- 
 sides, even the first letter appears to me, and I do not 
 think 1 judge too unfavourably, to give a clear and 
 comprehensive, although a succinct account of the 
 country, as adapted to farming purposes, evidently 
 framed under a predisposition to view everything in 
 the most favourable light. Siill, he does look at 
 everything, but miscalculates the chances against the 
 fulfilment of his almost unbounded hopes, and the ac- 
 complishment of his exaggerated expectations. In his 
 second letter, admitting that he was equally predis- 
 posed to look at everything in the most unfavourable 
 point of view; stil) again he does look at everything. 
 The same data are given in both, from which very 
 different deductions are drawn— as diffierent as practi- 
 cal ones are from theoretical in a variety of other 
 causes; and in none is this difference more manifest, 
 or inore frequent than when applied to farming, or 
 settling in America. 
 
 90. ♦* At the time I received my brother's lact 
 letter, I could not help comparing my circumstances 
 with his; not only as they then were, but as they 
 would have been, bad all the fine expectations in his 
 
emiukant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 85 
 
 former one been realized. We had a church, and a 
 church of Enj^Iand clergyman, in the settlement— not 
 that every settlement has one, though few are desti- 
 tute of the labours of a minister of some persuasion of 
 other; and / would strenuously advise all well dis* 
 posed emigrants not to overlook this circumstance in 
 deciding upon their location. Few there are, if any, 
 wjjo come to this country, having never been so situ- 
 ated as to be unable to attend the public worship of 
 God, however negligent they may have been in avail- 
 ing themselves of the privilege, that would not feel 
 most poignantly if they were deprived of the oppor- 
 tunity ; nor would they see, without some annoyance, 
 BO little respect paid to that day, set apart for relaxa- 
 tion and rest from the cares and labours of life, even 
 admitting they forgot tlie nobler purpose for which it 
 was intended, and to which it ought to be devoted, 
 because it would at least be a constant witness to him, 
 on its weekly return, that he was, if not a houseless 
 exile, a stranger, in a strange land. Every emigrant 
 may feel assured, that however anxious he may be to 
 leave his native country, and however much it may be 
 to his advantage to do so, he will retain a painful re- 
 collection of it to the litest hour of his existence; no 
 one brought up in a country like England, where such 
 order and regularity prevail, can form any idea of the 
 demoralized state of society in many portions of the 
 United States, whereas the part of the country where 
 I had located myself, might challenge the whole world 
 for its superior in orderliness and morality. 
 
 91. " My brother mentions, as a disadvantage, some 
 few taxes; I never heard from him a detailed account 
 of these taxes, but I can give one from my other 
 brother, in the state of Ohio, where tliey are lower 
 than in almost any other portion of the Union. 
 There is first a tax for the support of the United 
 or General Government, then a s ate tax, and a 
 town tax, exclusive of the road d^Jty, which must be 
 a tax everywhere ; besides which, he cannot well avoid 
 paying something towards the salaries of the minister 
 
«0 
 
 flRITlSH AMKIUCA ACCOUNTS OIVEN OF IT, 
 
 and schoolmaster, amounting, without the last, to 
 about one per cent, upon his whole property, or two 
 shillmgs in the pound upon his annual income, 
 supposing his property brings hira ten per cent, 
 upon his outlay. I leave it to the emigrant him. 
 self to compare this with the taxes he pays at 
 nome. In Upper Canada*, the taxes are much lighter- 
 but in Lower Canada, the case is very different! 
 At this moment I have increased my property, by 
 care and industry, under the blessing of an over- 
 ruling Providence, about ninefold, as I consider 'it 
 worth httle less than 3,000/.-and I might have made 
 It much more, if I had not remitted in my exertions to 
 increase it. and indulged in more of the comforts and 
 luxuries of life than were absolutely necessary: yet in 
 all the course of my progress to wealth and indepen- 
 dence, I never paid one farthing neither of direct 
 taxes, nor to ministers' nor schoolmasters' salaries, 
 which are provided for from other sources, and all the 
 indirect taxes would hardly amount to a moiety of 
 what 18 thus paid by the inhabitants of any other 
 civilized country upon earth." 
 
 92. The following extract is from a letter from 
 Matthew Houston, a Paisley weaver, who emigrated 
 to Canada several years ago. It is dated Carlton 
 Place, Beckwith, Upper Canada, and addressed to 
 James Houston, weaver, 24, Queen-street, Paisley— 
 I am very sorrv to hear of your distress at home 
 —so many going idle, and have no work to do. We 
 may be thankful that we have left the place and have 
 come here. We have all plenty of work to do here! 
 I agreed to work at the oat-mill for the winter: mv 
 wages, are 10*. per week for board, and 8 dollars per 
 month. I am to act as foreman of the mill. Mv 
 
 monev n„f nf . M^^T P^' ™'^"*^' «"^ "« outlaid 
 money out of It. My house rent is 5*. per month. I 
 do not rue (regret) of coming to this country as yet. 
 The people who are settled in this place for some time 
 are quite happy. They have all plenty of work and 
 
BMIORANTS H\NO-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 87 
 
 plenty of provisions. For my part, we have three 
 months* provisio'^ on hand, and we know of more 
 when we need Uicm. You mav know the state we 
 wore in when we left you — we had neither meat nor 
 money, but we have plenty of everything that we need 
 at present. How long it may last we do not know; 
 but I am not afraid of dull trade as long as I am here. 
 The provisions run not so hij^li as at home. Butcher's 
 meat is 2d. to 3d. per pound, pork runs to 2d. per 
 pound, gunpowder tea is 5*. per pound, flour is 30«. 
 to 35*. per barrel, or 200 lbs., tobacco is Is. 2c?. to 
 1«. 8d. per pound, sugar 7d. per pound, butter 6Jrf. 
 per pound, cheese 7d. per pound, potatoes ]0d. per 
 bushel. Boots are dear — my boots cost 18s. 9d., 
 Anne's cost 12s. 6c/., James's 16«, If we had been in 
 Paisley, however, we would not have had them at all. 
 Magdalen and James are out at country work, and are 
 doing well." 
 
 93. The following letter of a Canadian emigrant, 
 from the parish of Beith, in Ayrshire, we extract from 
 the Ayr Advertiser : — 
 
 ** We had an excellent, I may say pleasant, passage 
 of thirty-three days to New York, whence we sailed 
 up the Hudson to Albany, About thirty miles fur- 
 ther, I left my family at the house of Mr James 
 Holms, from Beith, and set out on a tour to the west, 
 resolving to have a view of those fine prairie lands de- 
 scribed by Stewart and others in such a flattering way. 
 I travelled by the Erie Canal, passing through many 
 thriving towns to Buffalo. This is also a busy place, 
 and rising fast. From thence I took a steam-boat to 
 Cleveland, in Ohio, and travelled through that state, 
 sometimes on the canal to the Ohio river. On my 
 route, I saw some excellent land and fine thriving 
 towns; but the land where 1 travelled, in a general way 
 was rather broken and rather poor, and apparently not 
 very good for wheat, but good pasture, and in general 
 the cattle were good. Saw some places there that 
 pleased me well ; but they were rather dear for me to 
 purchase, rating from 30 to 100 dollars per acre. On 
 
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 BRITISH AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GiVEN OF IT. 
 
 arriving at the Ohio river, took a steam-boat for Gin- 
 cinnati, which is a fine city, and rising fast. From 
 thence sailed down the river for Louisville, the pret- 
 tiest little city I have seen in America ; but the curse 
 ot slavery IS there. . . . From thence sailed for 
 M Louis, in Missouri, on the banks of the Ohio and 
 Mississippi rivers. The land is verv rich, but the 
 people look unhealthy; and I found that bilious fever 
 and ag-ue prevail in those flat places a good deal. St 
 Louis is an excellent city for business, but inhabited 
 by a rough people. 1 was much disgusted with the 
 practice that generally prevails in these slaveholdin^ 
 states, of carrying what are called bowie knives; and 
 It IS not at all uncommon that fights take place, and 
 people are killed. The common people wear those 
 knives in a sheath at their side. They are like those 
 nsed by fleshers, but rather sharper at the point. 
 Ihose carried by gentlemen are similar to pocket 
 knives, and have a blade about six inches long, which 
 when opened, will not shut without pressing a spring 
 on the back. From St Louis I sailed up the Missis- 
 sippi, passing the mouth of the Missouri and Illinois 
 rivers and the city of Alton, which stands on a rueo-ed 
 limestone height, or bluff, as they are called, on the 
 Illinois side of the river, and near the mouth of it. 
 «.iri! '"/';«««^"& rapidly. Numbers of the house, 
 are built of stone, which is not the case in many places 
 
 hniirir" 11 •^™*'"^*' ^}^'^ ^^^y ^'^ generally 
 built either of brick or wood. I kept sailing up the 
 
 Mississippi upwards of a hundred miles farther, and 
 then travelled across the state of Illinois a consider- 
 able distance. The quality of the soil, and the gene- 
 ral appearance of the country, pleased me much, except 
 m places where the land is flat and swampy, which is 
 often thecase near rivers; and, in general, so far as 
 1 travelled m Illinois, the land is rather level ; but still 
 
 fnl7rr '' ^^'^ '""^^'^"^ '^ ^^^ ^y^ «*■ people accus. 
 1?«T r 11 i!^^ ? ^" "P''" r^'^'^'y- W«?es for work- 
 men of a kinds are very high, and people may get a 
 hvmg with the half of the labour they will do in 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 .81) 
 
 Scotland. In the neighbourhood oF Jacksonville, fine 
 land in cultivation could have been got, for from six to 
 ten dollars an acre. The principal crops raised in 
 these western states, so far as I, travelled, were Indian 
 corn, some oats, and a little wheat now and then. 
 Potatoes also grow well ; but the farmers depend most 
 on cattle, hogs, and corn. Some of the farmers have 
 several hundred hogs, part of which they faiten with 
 corn in the fall, and dispose of for slaughtering. I 
 had the offer of an excellent farm of 600 acres, for six 
 dollars an acre, 400 acres of it prairie, and the rest 
 woodland — 230 acres of it fenced and improved, and 
 situated in a good place for markets, being not more 
 than twelve miles from the Illinois river, and about 
 the same distance from a town of considerable extent; 
 but the sickly appearance of the people frightened me. 
 They appeared either to be indolent, or unable to labour, 
 and, so far as I saw in these new countries, they had a 
 very bilious appearance ; and from what 1 have since 
 learned from people that have resided in them for 
 some time, my conjectures v;ere right. Although I 
 cannot say that Stewart has exaggerated the beauty 
 of the country and goodness of the land, he has not 
 told all the truth — he has not alluded in the way he 
 ought to the sickliness of the country. Fever and 
 ague prevailed to a considerable extent in Illinois last 
 fall, so much so that the medicines used for the cure of 
 the disease became scarce, and rose to an enormous 
 price. Stewart gives too favourable an account of the 
 American people. I admit there are many very intel- 
 ligent, respectable people in the United States; but, 
 generally, the working people I fell in with were 
 haughty, proud, and insolent ; and if you asked any thing 
 of them, the general answer was, ** I don't know," in 
 a manner not to be misunderstood. Considering the 
 unhealthy appearance of the people in the new states, 
 where land could not be got at a price to suit me, and 
 not yet being so much of a republican as to wish to 
 live in a country where the mob govern, I made up 
 my mir.d to settle in Canada, as I there found the 
 
90 
 
 BRITISH AME1.ICA, — ACCOUNIS GIVEN OF IT. 
 
 people and manners more agreeable to me than in 
 most places of the States. On the morning after my 
 arrival at Toronto, I v,as accosted by Mr John Somer- 
 ville. from Beith. He kindly invited me to his house, 
 ifir ""^i.^^^ *«'*^^*^^ ^" ^ very friendly way both bv 
 Mr and Mrs SomerviUe. Mr^Somerv^lle Appears tl 
 
 wllf r? "ir/^ii' '' ^ "1^^" ""^ ^°°d abilities, and 
 well qualified for the situation he fills in the bank I 
 remained in Canada about ten days. Before leading 
 it for the States, I saw some fine farms for sale, which 
 would have suited me well, and were selling fir two- 
 thirds 01 tneir value. Numbers of the people that 
 were disaffected to the government, and suT^ee c^^^ 
 of having a share in the rebellion, were ansiSus to 
 
 on Tu' P^°P®'*7' a"d SO to the States ; but. after 
 all nothing would satisfy me till I had a bette; view 
 
 P.^! f H*f • ^ r"u* '^ Hamilton, from thence to 
 Fans, a distance of about seventy miles, and staid two 
 nights with Dr M'Cosh. I also staid a night wkh 
 a Mr Dickie ; he and his family have 400 acreTof 
 good land and say they have done much better than 
 they could have done in Scotland. On returning to 
 Canada, I got a farm that pleases me very well • al 
 though, had I had the sense to have purchased a farm" 
 which was oflfered me when I first arrived in the couT 
 try, i could have had a property worth 200/. more, 
 for the same money I paid for the one I got Sm 
 we have not much reason to complain. Farms have 
 sold since we came here that would let to pay 10 per 
 cent, interest. The general rate is from two to thVee 
 i'tm'' of/ent per acre for the land cleared on the 
 
 ZZ\ ""a u *^® ^^l^"* ^^^^'^'^^ *o clear more of the 
 woodland, he may do so without paying any more 
 
 hv^h.Z^ "^"1^ *^^ ^^^^owlng from a letter written . 
 by a settler m the township of Nichol, Upper Canada, 
 
 *' From the experience of myself and friends, I give 
 my plain candid opmion on this matter, when I say to 
 
EMI0RANT*8 HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 91 
 
 the emigrant newly come amongst us, beware of at- 
 tempting to clear more than you have a rational pros- 
 pect of finishing in time for the season of sowing or 
 planting. Two acres well cleared are worth five acres 
 indifferently finished ; and if you can set about it by 
 the first or second week in July, you may get two 
 acres nearly ready to receive fall wheat. Should you 
 attempt seven acres, unless you have a strong force 
 and plenty of dollars, it is ten to one but you will fail 
 of being ready in time ; and if the spring is as backward 
 as I have seen it, you would be too late for cropping 
 them Now, if you can get two or two and a half 
 acres sown with fall wheat the first autumn you are in 
 the woods, and get half an acre cleared for potatoes 
 by the 15th or 20th of May, which may be quite prac- 
 ticable, and perhaps another half acre cleared for tur- 
 nips by the 20th of June, I maintain there is a rational 
 prospect of your eating the pi;oduce of your own farm 
 during the second year of your settlement, and have 
 as much as bring you to the next crop ; but bear in 
 mind that during the first year you must buy in your 
 provisions or work for them. Go on clearing for fall 
 wheat during the summer, and perhaps you may get 
 four or five acres ready by the second autumn ; and if 
 you can get the stubble burned off, when your firsst 
 crop of fall wheat grows, by the 20th or 25th of May.- 
 next year you may get in a crop of barley without 
 ploughing, and timothy-grass seed grown along with 
 it, to give you a crop of hay during the third year. If 
 you can get another acre or so cleared for potatoes, 
 you will have some of them to dispose of after supply, 
 ing yourself ; and where turnips and potatoes grew 
 the previous year, you may get spring wheat or oats 
 sown the next. This may be a rational prospect of 
 the fruits of your industry at the end of your third 
 autumn or second harvest, and thus you may begin to 
 feel yourself in a thriving way. This, however, 
 brings me to speak upon the next matter for the emi- 
 grant's consideration — live-stock. If he can possibly 
 afiord it, he must endeavour to procure a cow to begin 
 
!l 
 
 92 BU1T1SI1 AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 
 
 the world with. During the summer months, a cow 
 gets her meat in the forest without costing the owner 
 a farthing for keep; and for the other six months straw 
 and turnips will be advantageous, but tops of trees, 
 felled down for the purpose, seem to be the food 
 they are instinctively inclined to prefer. The last, 
 of coarse, costs the farmer the trouble of chopi)ing 
 them down, but as he may be engaged doing so 
 for the purpose of clearing, he thus * kills two dogs 
 with one bone.* Clearing can scarcely be carried on 
 without the assistance of a yoke of oxen ; but unless 
 the emigrant can buy *bod for them, I would not re- 
 commend him to purchase these during the first au- 
 tumn, but rather hire a man and a yoke to assist him 
 when and where necessary ; and he may have some 
 more encouragement to buy a yoke during the follow- 
 ing year, with the prospect of having some food grow- 
 ing for them. You will understand that I have been 
 writing about the hush farmingy as it is called, and 
 taking it for granted that I am addressing an intend- 
 ing emigrant who is possessed of a moderate supply of 
 money. In fact, supposing he had a considerable 
 amount with him, still he will be nothing the worse 
 for adopting the plan I have laid down. Were it 
 possible to get a small cleared farm to commence upon, 
 it would perhaps be more advantageous to the emi- 
 grant. — I now finish my letter by giving my opinion 
 on the subject as a whole. If a man has firmnes^^ pa- 
 tience, and fortitude, combined with perseverance and 
 prudence, he will in the course of a few years be quite 
 comfortable— I might say independent — even suppos- 
 ing he set himself down in the bush at a considerable 
 distance from neighbours ; but if he could get the 
 chance of u farm with four or five acres cleared upon 
 it, I would recommend him to fix upon such in pre 
 fer.nce to one completely wild, unless he is careless 
 of what sort of neighbours he may be likely to have 
 about him." 
 95. Extract from a letter dated Sandwich, West- 
 
I — 
 
 emigrant's hand-book of FACTf 
 
 Ud 
 
 ern district, Upper Canada, which appeared in thf 
 Inverness Courier: — 
 
 ** In this district, after mature consideration, I havp 
 finally settled. Havincf at a very early period been 
 colonized by the French, and since that time vastly 
 improved by its numerous proprietary, it has all the 
 commercial advantages of the mother country, with 
 infinitely greater capabilities of supplying the raw ma- 
 terials. The fertility of our soil is even here prover- 
 bial, and our produce superior in quality ; so much so, 
 that our wheat is uniformly a shilling ahead of any 
 other. Along the sides of the isthmus on which we 
 are planted, (for with the Lake St Clair on the one 
 hand, and Erie on the other, it almost is such,) there 
 is ready and cheap conveyance by steam ; while the 
 Thames, a noble and majestic stream that intersects 
 the interior, opens up the inland parts. Not even a 
 tree is felled in the remotest parts of the country, 
 but may be conveyed by water to market. That of 
 Detroit, on the American side, is f ocked to from all 
 parts of the Union and of the British possessions; 
 and, both from the numbers that attend, and the qua- 
 lity of the c\Tticles produced, is among the best in the 
 country. There is abundance of woodcocks, snipes, 
 and deer in the district. But what chiefly fixed my 
 determination was the salubrity of the climate, which, 
 compared with that of Lower Canada, and most parts 
 of Upper, is immeasurably superior. We have abun- 
 dance of room for settlers. Were you to sail down 
 the Thames, for instance, and see the country along 
 its banks studded with cultivated farms, and closely 
 shaded behind with the * tall trees of nature's growth,' 
 waving their majestic foliage to the breeze of heaven, 
 and seeming to court the hand of man to remove them 
 from the situations in which they have so long flour- 
 ished untouched; were you to meet the steam-boats as 
 they ply their course upwards— their decks crowded 
 with emigrants, driven perhaps from the land of their 
 tathers, and now come to seek a home 'beyond the 
 
 

 9i BKITISH AMERICA.— ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT, 
 N 
 
 western wave/ you would, as I have often done, heave 
 a sigh for the wretchedness in other climes that here 
 might be relieved—for the starving inmates of many 
 a hovel that here might have * plenty and to spare.' " 
 98. Extract from a letter by a clergyman, at Perth, 
 Upper Canada, to a correspondent at Quebec :— 
 
 *' A great many Scotch bonnets are sold in Perth, 
 U.C. Boys' bonnets sell for about Is. 3rf., and men's 
 from Is. 8rf., to 2s. 6d., according to the size. I am 
 informed, however, that there is reason for supposing 
 that these articles can be imported and sold at a lower 
 rate than they can be manufactured here. Govern- 
 ment has no land in the tovt^nship of Drummond to 
 dispose of, that is worth taking. Land, however, may 
 be bought at any time from private individuals, vary- 
 ing in price according to its distance from the town. 
 As to farming, with a family able and willing to work, 
 your friend may live very comfortably. Without as- 
 sistance, however, he could not attend both to his 
 business and his farm, and labourers' wages are very 
 high. I do not like to take it upon me to advise your 
 friend either to come here or not to come. There 
 are few people accustomed to comfortable circumstances 
 at home who like this country at first ; but most set- 
 tlers become fond of it after a short residence." 
 
 99. Extract from interesting Beport, by Mr. Bu- 
 chanan, the Government Emigration Agent at Que- 
 bec: — 
 
 ♦* By a report received from the agent at Bytown, 
 which will be seen at page 25 of the Appendix, I beg 
 to direct your Excellency's attention to the favourable 
 and advantageous condition which those emigrants en- 
 joy who have been induced to settle in that highly 
 advantageous (but still to the emigrant irooerfectly 
 known) section of the Ottawa country. I consider 
 that no portion of the province possesses greater 
 facilities, or offers more encouragement to the indus- 
 trious immigrant than the Ottawa river. This being 
 the great lumbering depot of the country, the farmer 
 is certain to find a ready sale and a good market at his 
 door for all the surplus produce he may be able to 
 
EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 Ud 
 
 raise. To the poor but industrious labourer, it also 
 presents a sure and certain field for employment at 
 all seasons of the year — a most important consider- 
 ation. The thousands of settlers throughout that 
 section of the country in prosperous circumstances 
 are living proofs of the truth of this fact. It hav- 
 ing come to my knowledge that labourers were in 
 demand in this district, I forwarded in the month 
 of October, eleven poor families, in all eighty per- 
 sons, who had been employed during the summer on 
 the public works ; but owing to their large families, 
 could not, living in town, do more than support them- 
 selves ; and who were desirous of proceeding into the 
 country to seek employment for the winter. I sent 
 on these people to Bytown at government expense, 
 and furnished them with recommendations to influential 
 persons who took an interest in the establishment of 
 immigrants in that part of the province. By the 
 accounts which I have received, all these families who 
 followed the advice given them have done well, hav- 
 ing procured immediate employment on their arrival. 
 They are chiefly settled in Clarendon and Litchfield, 
 about 70 miles west of Bytown. Any facihties which 
 government may aflbrd poor immigrants to proceed to 
 settle in the Ottawa country are well bestowed, as they 
 are certain in the course of a year or two, to become 
 permanent occupiers of land. Nor are they likely to 
 be seduced or imposed on by the alluring, though false 
 reports circulated by those who wish to lead them to the 
 United States. And it may be stated here, without fear 
 of contradiction, that every immigrant family settled 
 in this province, after the second year, becomes a con- 
 sumer of British manufactures to a greater or less extent." 
 
 100. Extract of letter from the Emigrant Agent at 
 Bytown, referred to in the above extract : — 
 
 " I am in receipt of your favour of the 27th ultimo, 
 requesting information concerning several emigrant 
 families named therein. Accomj)anying this, 1 beg 
 leave to transmit a statement showing the places 
 to which they have been forwarded ; and although I 
 
/ ' 
 
 00 
 
 anniBH AMERICA.— ACCOJNTS GIVEN OF IT. 
 
 can give you no particular information as to the sue- 
 
 ces they have met with, yet 1 am perfectly satisfieJ 
 
 hat those who went up the Ottawa r ver to the places 
 
 by yourself, Mr Kerr, and others, could not fail in 
 obtaimngr immediate employment, provided they used 
 he necessary exertions to procure it. The only ob- 
 stac le in the way of those who came up latterly,'^ was 
 the lateness of the season at which they arrived • but 
 
 s^ttTemenr'r""'r l'^' ^^^'^ P^''-"^ '-•"-* in ^o 
 make their way. I am convinced that they did not 
 suffer from that cause If similar exertions were made 
 at an earlier Denod of the season, a great many more 
 
 nTltt ^r r^f '^^P'^^'^^d ^0^ •« the settlements. 
 on the banks of the Ottawa, above this 
 
 '• You could not possibly serve poor emigrants more, 
 CI mean, of course, a reasonable number of them) than 
 by encouraging them to try their fortune up the 
 
 h^t^Z^L' f T P'r* °^ ^^"^^* «^» they have a 
 better, or indeed so favourable an opportunity of 
 speedily bettering their condition, th.re being in al 
 
 f«nnl r^'^^"'""?' of settlers in prosperous circum- 
 stances, living proofs of the fact. The immense lum- 
 ber-trade going on, eauses wages to be hia-h • and 
 
 i^a'ni nth' ' '""T^ ^S"^ ?^" ''' ^^^^^ accorplish t 
 o s^t^l. ^'i^'? otO^mde^, the emigrant is enabled 
 
 of afinnd" v: ^""'^'"'^ ''• '^^^y P^^^"^^d' ^«^J that 
 ^.l ! . u"^"^!''^ ^? ^"^ ^» the province,) he has a 
 
 spare, at P^ces which are nowhere to be exceeded." 
 
 101 Letter from William Anderson, one of the mem- 
 bersofcommitteeof the Glasgow and Gorbals Emi- 
 gration Society, who, last year, in company with the 
 members of several other societies, sailed from Clyde 
 in the barque Renfrewshire :— ^ ^ 
 
 UK X.A T^ji -x "Dumfries, Upper Canada. 
 Archd. Edmiston, Esq., Glasgow, N.B. 
 
 "Respected Sir,-I deem it now about time to 
 
 redeem ray pledge to you. I would have wrote you 
 
emiufiant s hand-book or facts. 
 
 97 
 
 sooner, but I wished to have some little knowledge of 
 the country and manners of the people, so as I could 
 }iive you my opinion of it. [Here the writer gives a 
 detail of the voyage to Quebec, which we have omit- 
 ted.] We left Quebec upon the 1 1th, in a steam-boat 
 to Montreal ; we got a tree passage, with a little al- 
 lowance of oatmeal and biscuit. In Montreal, we got 
 some oatmeal and a free passage to Kingston for our- 
 selves, but had to pay 2*. per cwt. for luggage. At 
 Montreal, we got the start of all the other societies, 
 as I put in our list to the government agent early. 
 Those of us that wished up the country made as little 
 stay as possible in the towns. We then got a free 
 passage from Kingston to Toronto, and from that to 
 Hamilton. Here, I and some others left our families, 
 and went out through the country in search of work, 
 and I got engaged in a saw mill at 12 dollars per 
 month, with a free house and a cow, and my own 
 board from my employer, but I soon found out that he 
 was one of the American sneaks that are apt to take 
 the advantage of strangers, and I made no second 
 bargain with him. I then went to hay-cutting and 
 harvesting, with all which I got on tolerably well. 
 Harvesting is all done here by the scythe, and a rail- 
 ing upon the sned, which they call here a cradle. 
 Those who are accustomed to it here can cut down 
 from two to three acres per day with one cradle, and 
 it takes another man to rack and bind it. There are 
 but few old country people that can come up with the 
 people here, at first, at this kind of work, but I was 
 determined not to be beat, and i was able to keep up 
 my part upon the third day. For hay-cutting, a man 
 has 3s. per day, and harvesting 4*. do., with their 
 board from their employer. At the end of harvest, 
 I engaged with a man in this place, to work his saw 
 mill, for 16 dollars per month, and mt the end of 
 the first month he spoke to me to stop with him 
 all winter, to which 1 agreed, but the mill required 
 some repairs after I had been about two months 
 with him, for which time I was at home preparing 
 
U8 BRITISH AMERICA ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 
 
 firewood for winter, and by doing so I have met with 
 rather a serious accident. As I was one nijjht taking 
 a piece of wood upon my shoulder, my left foot slip, 
 ped and broke the small bone of mv left leg, and splin- 
 tered the main bone, but although*it is not much over 
 two weeks since I got it, I am now able to be out of 
 bed, and I expect to be able to resume my work in a 
 short time. But although this misfortune has hai). 
 pened me, I am in no way badly off, for I have in 
 the house a barrel of flour and a leg of beef, and 20 
 dollars to lift, so you see I am no way afraid for win- 
 tor. The system of their saw mills here is one per- 
 pendicular saw, 7 feet lonjr, and an 8th and 16th thick, 
 bho takes out one-fourth of an inch each cut, and 
 goes with great velocity j only one man attends her, 
 urid a fair day's work on a mill is 2000 feet. If a man 
 takes in two logs into a mill here, he gets one cut for 
 the other, or whatever number of logs, he gets the 
 one-half of the boards. Inch boards sell as follows— 
 the best 5s. per 100 feet ; coarse from 2*. to Ss, per 
 100. Now, Sir, 1 shall give you an account of v.ages 
 and provisions:— Masons, 5s. per day; wrights, 5*. 
 per day; labourers, Bs. per day; a journeyman black- 
 smith, 40/. per year ; a ploughman, 30/.— a good hand, 
 lailors and shoemakers make excellent wages, and 
 country weavers can make os. per day in the winter. 
 A master blacksmith is the best trade in this country. 
 It well employed. Wheat, 2*. per bushel, and by 
 taking It to the mill we have 40 lb. of flour in return. 
 Potatoes, ]s. per bushel; beef, from lOs. to 145. per 
 
 cwt. ; pork, 6s. per cwt. ; oatmeal, 2s. per 25 lb 
 
 but there is very little of it used in this country ; but- 
 ter, 5d, ; eggs, 3cl. per dozen ; tea, best green, 3*. 6d. 
 and 4s. per lb. ; black, 2s. per lb. ; sugar, 5d. per lb. 
 Now, Sir, I have given you the above statement in 
 sterhng money, as here their money system is not 
 easily understood in this country, for they have cur- 
 rency, cents, and York money, but sterling money a 
 Canadian knows nothing about. The farmers here 
 are complaininu of hard times vprv miioS no tK« »^«« 
 
 < ' ' 
 
EMIGRANT S IIANU-BOOK OF PACTB, 
 
 99 
 
 diice is selling very low. I believe it makes worlc 
 rather scarce to be had, for the farmers do all tlieir 
 cropping most in the winter, and there is but little of it 
 going on in this place this winter. The snow has fallen 
 aboui a foot deep ; the people in this country seem to 
 like it well. They say it is the best time for doing busi- 
 ness ; they expect it to lie abor ^our months. The place 
 where I live in is within 1 J miles of the village of Gait ; 
 this village contains nearly 1000 inhabitants, and seems 
 fast increasing ; it is about 70 miles ; .bove Toronto, 
 and as wc are living upon the road-side, we see the 
 sledges passing every hour in the day most ; they have 
 one or two horses in them, and they drive very fast 
 with heavy loads. There is a number more of us 
 around this place. Joseph Dunbar is in a flour mill, 
 and has 210 dollars per year, with a free house, bat 
 has no board ; Robert Melville has rented a farm at 
 20 dollars per year ; William Buchanan has taken of! 
 a lot a few miles above this ; John Morrison is in Ha- 
 milton Foundery, but he has got 30 acres off in the 
 Queen's Bush, and he and some others is upon the 
 principle of a community ; but I think they are best 
 off thg* can stand in their own shoes ; Peter Morrison, 
 blacksmith, was working: a little above this, and had a 
 dollar a-dav: but nothing else; but his master failed, 
 and he lost 20 dollars by him. For my own part, I 
 have not given myself any concern about land as yet, 
 for I think one is better to learn the customs of the 
 country first, as their mode of working is very differ- 
 ent from home ; but, however, I have got the offer of 
 a 100 acre lot from a gentleman in this place, with 40 
 acres cleared on it, and a house and barn, and tl.e 
 frame of a saw mill ; i| is situate in a fine place for 
 timber, I told him I had no money for such an un- 
 dertaking ; he told me there was no use for money 
 here ; that a man must go ahead in this country with- 
 out money. He said I was the only man for it, see- 
 ing I had a family of stout sons, and just to go and 
 commence, and he would credit me. There was like- 
 
 ii'ioo a »v»i!!«iri»«nr'fi* fnaf nffnyaA ^r\ i-*!.* ♦V«q »T»'M '*i /\*«H*»1» 
 vT Ko^ tM xftxiil TT 1 x^ is '. vnt^i/ r^xtviwLt uv K^ut t/xi^ xlatji ixi vrx \AT^-S 
 
 
 J 
 
I i 
 
 100 
 
 iJRitlSH AMERICA. — CONCLHSION. 
 
 for me, and both of them was to take boards for their 
 pay. The whole cost would be about 2200 dollars, 
 but whether 1 may try it in the spring or not I do 
 not know. Now, i fear I have encroached on your 
 time by this long epistle, but I shall conclude by wish- 
 ing yoi". a great length of happy days, and a good new 
 vear. 
 
 " I am your most obedient, 
 
 " William Anderson." 
 
 Section 19.— Conclusion.— 'Emiquation to British 
 
 America. 
 
 102. We have little more to say regarding emigration 
 to the British provinces of North America. Sufficient 
 has been stated to show the emigrant whether pos- 
 s«'3sed of capital or not, what he has to expect by re- 
 moving to these provinces, and especially to Canada. 
 A fine climate and a fertile soil, with complete exemp. 
 tion f om taxation, and perfect civil and reli"-ious 
 hbertv ; are before the emigrant in the land oi his 
 adoption. It would be improper to conceal, thai in 
 some of the low uncleared lands of Canada, fever and 
 ague prevails, but it is unquestionable that this dis- 
 appears as the land is improved, and that it will ulti- 
 mately disappear. From the dryness of its climate, 
 Canada notwithstanding the coldness of its winters, is 
 peculiarly free from consumption and all pulmonary 
 complaints j and taking it as a whole, Canada is de- 
 ciaedly more favourable to human health than even 
 Great Britain, That the emigrant, rich or poor will 
 have difficulties to contend with at first, has 'bee-.i 
 shown ; and no one need emigrate to these lands, fin- 
 less willing to lead a life of labour. But with patv^ace 
 and persevering industry, the result is sure to be a 
 comfortable competency to all— and to many,, wealth 
 and independence. «* Canada," says a re-ent tia- 
 veller, « has held and always /ill retain a fore- 
 most place in mj remembrance. Few Englishmen 
 are prepared to find it what it is. Advanring 
 quietly ; old differerces settling down, and being fast 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 101 
 
 forgotten ; public feeling and private enterprise alike 
 in a sound and wholesome state ; nothing of flush or 
 fever in its system, but health and vigour throbbing 
 in its steady pulse : it is full of hope and promise. To 
 me — who had been accustomed to think of it as some- 
 thing left behind in the strides of advancing society, 
 as something neglected and forgotten, slumbering and 
 wasting in its sleep— the demand for labour and the 
 rates of wages ; the busy quays of Montreal ; the 
 vessels taking in their cargoes, and discharging them ; 
 the amount of shipping in the diflPerent ports; the 
 commerce, roads, and public works, all made to last; 
 the respectability and character of the public journals ; 
 and the amount of rational comfort and happiness which 
 honest industry may earn ; were very great surprises. 
 The steamboats on the lakes, in their conveniences, 
 cleanliness, and safety; in the gentlemanly character 
 and bearing of their captains ; and in the politeness 
 and perfect comfort of their social regulations j are 
 unsurpassed even by the famous Scotch vessels, de- 
 servedly so much esteemed at home." 
 
 103. From the statistics of the province, recently col- 
 lecred by Mr Fothergill, it appears that Upper Canada 
 now owns as many horses as were to be found in 
 England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who ordered 
 a census to be taken, on the prospect of invasion 
 by the Spanish Armada, when all that could be mus- 
 tered were stated at 56,000 a number much less than 
 Upper Canada can now furnish. This too, it must 
 be remembered, was several hundreds of years after 
 the first struggle of our ancestors ; and Upper Canada 
 scarcely can lay claim to half a century's existence. 
 So that in the short space of fifty years, that infant 
 province, a very giant in its cradle, has an accumula- 
 tion of agricultural wealth, equal, if not surpassing that 
 of our ancestors, after the toil of some four hundred 
 years, without either famine, pestilence, or murrain 
 amongst cattle, so frequent in the first settlement of 
 England. The field then that this vast, extensive, 
 fertile, near domain, offers for British emigrants is un- 
 
107 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA.— CONCLUSION. 
 
 surpassed; and the success which has already followed 
 but a partial colonization is abundant security l^o^v 
 glorious and glowing the results would be Sn ex 
 tensive, well-arranged, judicious, and continued emT 
 gratjon Many parts of the Newcastle, the Home 
 the London, and the Western districts, were peonTed 
 by the deserving indigent population of the & 
 Kingdom who, having drawn forth the dormant re 
 sources of a noble country, are themselves partStors" 
 
 ?839%hr- "^' ^^'^'^"^^ ^"*^ existence. In th^lar 
 1832, the immigration of Upper Canada was ne^Z 
 52,000 persons ; and 180,000 acres of land were sold 
 principally, to actual settlers. The rise of nrLlA ' 
 was very considerable in consequencT Mo^S 
 pmgr was employed from the parent s^telS 
 schooners and steam-boats plied on the lakes and r?Jers 
 -and the whole country seemed animated wkheiw 
 
 terpr.se. and industry of Great Britainfit U time'tZ 
 both the government and the people turned th,ir 
 a«e„t,o„ more deeidedly to tl^. fnteSg cot 
 
 consltittr^o'flh^'rf/"'''"' recommend the careful 
 
 drei of th. I • k?. **?"""■'"» ""■««'' f™" the ad. 
 drew of the Irish Emigrant Society of New York 
 
 to the people of Ireland, published by them il. 
 
 .9 sufficient to read the stafement made in ™; ad 
 
 dre s, to be convinced that emigration to the United 
 
 States holds out no prospect of superior advantage 
 
 over emigration to Canada. The meLcholy descrin 
 
 tion given of the fate of persons above the das, Cf 
 
 iotrrfttirr .'° e^ioymentin^hlcouZ;! 
 nouses of the merchant, or the office of the lawyer ha. 
 no parallel m that province. The emiJrationTe'n o? 
 
 I 
 
emigrant's hand book op facts. 
 
 103 
 
 labourers to the Atlantic cities is feelingly deprecated 
 While nothing- can be more judicious than the recom 
 mendation of the Society tliat all emigrants should 
 bring with them sufficient means beyond their passage- 
 money, to convey them into the interior, and to loca- 
 tions proper for settlement. The truth as to emigrants 
 being enticed, on promise of finding them employment, 
 to proceed to unhealthy parts of the country, is not 
 disguised in this address. The general results of the 
 emigration to Canada may be appealed to in favour- 
 able contrast to the picture presented by the New 
 York Emigration Society. The emigration to that 
 province during the past season has been, generally 
 speaking, highly successful. Few have failed in ob- 
 taining employment, and with respect to those who 
 may have so failed, it can only be attributed to their 
 perverseness in not following the advice which they 
 received on landing. 
 
 105. ** Desirous," says this Society, ** of promoting, 
 to the utmost practicable extent, the interests of 3ur 
 emigrating countrymen, we must, at the same time, 
 endeavour to avoid, by timely precaution, any evil 
 consequences which may arise from mistaken or 
 exaggerated conceptions of our capability to serve 
 them. With this view we have determined on laying 
 before you the precise objects of our association, the 
 sphere of duties to which its operations are limited, 
 and such advice, relative to the important subject of 
 emigration, as diligent inquiry, attentive observation, 
 and information, recently received from various parts 
 of the Union, enable us' to afford. Ours is enti«rely a 
 benevolent association. It possesses no property, no 
 influence, except the moral influence arising from the 
 conviction which we trust prevails among our country- 
 men in America, that our motives are disinterested, 
 and our method of carrying them into execution pru- 
 dent and hitherto successful. We can only assist the 
 emigrant by advice and information. By advice we 
 are able to protect him against the imposition, by 
 
i 
 
 r 
 
 104 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA.— CONCLUSION. 
 
 which the unfortunate stranger is frequently plundered 
 of his money, or induced to vest it in some unsafe and 
 tottering business ; or enticed away, if a labourer, to 
 some unwholesome spot, where^ after a brief career 
 of toil and vain regrets, and unavailing complaint, he 
 falls a victim to the malaria. There is a considerable 
 portion of our countrymen who have no chance of suc- 
 cess in the United States of America. This is em- 
 phatically the land of labour, and although too many 
 even here eat the bread of idleness, yet their speedy 
 and inevitable fate is contempt, disgrace, and want. 
 Numerous and ingenious indeed are the contrivances 
 by which the indolent and worthless strive to appro 
 priate to themselves the fruits of labour. We allude 
 the more particularly to this subject, in consequence 
 of being obliged to witness for many years past the 
 cruel sufferings and disappointment of hosts of inter- 
 esting young men, who have been induced to visit 
 these shores without a single qualification for success. 
 Never were persons in a land of strangers so utterly 
 helpless as the persons to whom we allude. Brought 
 up in the lap of comfort, perhaps luxury, in their na- 
 tive country, unable to work, without a trade or any 
 vocation, and completely ignorant of the most ordinary 
 details of business, it is easy to anticipate their fate 
 m the land of labour. Their fate has been in many 
 cases deplorable. Time would fail us in recording the 
 hapless history of the many noble-hearted, well edu- 
 cated, and tenderly reared young men, who, incapable 
 of providing for themselves in this country, have fallen 
 victinjs to penury in its direst forms. We regret to 
 say that a large class of our countrymen at home, pos- 
 sessing small incomes, and engaged in no regular oc- 
 cupations themselves, bring up their children to no 
 business, habituate them to no pursuit, and indulging 
 the disgraceful prejudice against labour, encourage 
 them in lounging and idleness; and yet they think 
 they provide for them, if they furnish them with an 
 outfit, pay their passage to the United States or the 
 colonies, and give them money enough to last a few 
 
 
emigrant's hand-book of facts. 
 
 105 
 
 weeks after their arrival. To the friends and parents 
 of such persons, duty compels us to say, that this 
 course is in the highest degree cruel. And not only 
 such would we caution against coming to America, 
 but we would extend the same advice to clerks, ac- 
 countants, and copi/ists, and all who seek for employ- 
 ment in the counting-rooms of merchants, or the 
 offices of lawyers. All such occupations are over- 
 stocked. For many years, in consequence of the great 
 stimulus given to trade, there was a constant rush 
 ironi the agricultural districts to the towns and cities, all 
 striving to avoid the necessity of manual labour ; pre- 
 ferring the cares and vexations of a commercial life. 
 Young men in multitudes abandoned their paternal 
 tarms where they would have been blessed with healthy 
 independence had they not aspired to the fictitious re- 
 hnement and wealth of cities. Many obtained situa- 
 tions and became themselves principals in mercantile 
 concerns ; but the revulsion came, and while numbers 
 ol the former were thrown out of employment, several 
 ot the latter were reduced to hopeless bankruptcy. 
 Ihe consequence is, that all commercial places are 
 crowded with young men natives of the United States, 
 entirely destitute of support, and who, when a vacancy 
 ofters, are invariably preferred. Many of them now 
 rue the silly ambition that eqticed them away from 
 the wholesome and independent avocations of their 
 lathers. 
 
 106 In short, we cannot with confidence, advise any 
 persons to remove to America, except labourers, me- 
 chanics, and those who, possessing a small capital, and 
 some practical acquaintance with agriculture, are wil- 
 ling to settle in our new states and territories. We 
 would tell all to avoid the Atlantic cities, and to dis- 
 tribute themselves throughout the land. And here we 
 would urge upon all the necessity of providing them- 
 selves, before their departure, with something more than 
 the price of their passage and supplies. Thousands con- 
 tinually land entirely pennyless, and are at once in a 
 state of lestitution; whereas each person should have 
 
lOU 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. — CONCLUSION. 
 
 at least 5/. on his arrival to enable him to prosecute 
 his journey to the interior. Immediate application for 
 information and advice should be made at the office of 
 the Society, so that there may not be a moment's un- 
 necessary delay ; never considering the journey ended 
 until the ^oint in the country, selected as most suit- 
 able to his capacity and circumstances is reached. 
 The condition of the emigrant who remains in the 
 Atlantic cities, is very little if at all improved. He 
 has pot the same chance of employment ; he is more 
 exposed to the contagion of vicious habits; all the 
 necessaries and comforts of life are fourfold higher 
 than in the country ; and he has not the same oppor- 
 tunity of providing respectably for his family. We 
 need not add, that, for all persons, in all occupations, 
 temperance, integrity, and the love of peace, are in- 
 dispensable, and that the pledge of the National Tem- 
 perance League stands higher than the best letter of 
 recommendation. It is, at all events, prima facie 
 evidence in favour of the emigrant. 
 
107 
 
 *** Since the first edition of this work was printed, 
 the following interesting communication has been 
 received from John Kirkpatrick, the intelligent 
 Secretary of a party of Emigrants who left Glasgow 
 in May to form a colony for themselves. Me Kirk- 
 FATRicK says :— 
 
 ** I now write from the land of promise, the land of 
 our hopes and fears. We arrived here yesterday after 
 a passage of seven weeks and a day, safe and sound in 
 
 body and spirit We felt the want of 
 
 fresh provisions, and particularly flour, (of which we 
 had very little,) and fresh meat; our potatoes were 
 done several weeks since, we having to eat them up 
 quickly, as they spoiled on our hand, and we lost abouc 
 two-thirds of them. I would decidedly advise Emi- 
 grants not to oring many of these roots with them; and 
 to follow the Advice of the Hand-book for Emigrants ^ 
 published by M'Phun of Glasgow, in regard to the 
 kind of Provisions to take. We felt the want sadly 
 of many of the things stated there, as during the whole 
 time we could get no variety, but a fresh cod which 
 we caught on the banks of Newfoundland. . . . 
 
 (Signed) John Kiekpatrick, Sec.** 
 
 THE END 
 
 'I 
 

 APPENDIX. 
 
 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTES IN 
 CANADA. 
 
 (From the Canada Directory,) 
 The Routes under Letters are Main lines havincr ,t 
 direction generally East or West ; thos^uider nifm 
 bers are s-.ibsidiary or intermediate. The £es ?d 
 Italics can be reached by two or more routes 
 
 A. By Grand Trunk Railway. 
 From Quebec Eastward to— - 
 
 n^. . _ . Miles 
 Pomt Levi, i 
 
 Chandi6re Junction* \\ 8 
 
 St. Henry, 27 
 
 St. Charles, 25 
 
 St. Michel f^il 
 
 Berthier, (en has).... 40 
 ot. Thomas 49 
 
 I From Quebec Westward to— 
 
 Point Levi, , , 1 
 
 Chaudiere, 9 
 
 Craig's Road, \',\ 15 
 
 Black Eivei', 20 
 
 Methofs Mills, 20 
 
 Bepancour, 41 
 
 Somerset 49 
 
 Stanfold, *.* 55 
 
 Arthabaska., .* 64 
 
 Warwick * 72 
 
 Danville, \ 54 
 
 Richmond Junction, .\ 96 
 
 treal.) 
 
 From Montreal Westward to 
 Blue Bomot's, 5 
 
 ?"rham, 106 
 
 ^,«ton, 118 
 
 Upton, 124 
 
 Britannia Mills, 130 
 
 ot. Hyacinthe, .... \:vi 
 
 boixante 1^4 
 
 St. Hilaire, \ 159 
 
 Beloeil !!l51 
 
 Charons, \\ igg 
 
 Longeuil, ! ! ! .* 167 
 
 (Thence by Ferry to Mon- 
 
 Pointe Claire, 15 
 
 St. Amis, 21 
 
 VaudreuiJ, 24 
 
 2^<lars, 29 
 
 Coteau Landing , . 37 
 
 River Beaudet ', 44 
 
 Lancaster, 54 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 Miles 
 
 Summerstown, 60 
 
 Cornwall, 68 
 
 Moulinette, (Mille 
 
 Roches), 73 
 
 Dickinson's Landing, . . 77 
 
 Aultsville, 84 
 
 Williamsburg, 92 
 
 Matilda, (Iroquois) .. 99 
 
 Edwardsburg, 105 
 
 Prescott Junction 1 13 
 
 Prescott, 113 
 
 Maitland, 120 
 
 Brockville 125 
 
 liyner, 129 
 
 MallorytowD 137 
 
 Esoott, 142 
 
 Lansdowne 146 
 
 Gananaque 155 
 
 Kingston Mills, 169 
 
 KINGSTON, 173 
 
 Collins' Bay, 180 
 
 Ernestown, 188 
 
 MHe* 
 Napanee, 199 
 
 Tyendinaga, 207 
 
 Shannonville, 213 
 
 Belleville, 220 
 
 Trenton, 232 
 
 Brighton, 242 
 
 Colborne 240 
 
 Orafton 256 
 
 Cobourg 263 
 
 Port-Hope, 271 
 
 Port-Britannia, 274 
 
 Newtonville 280 
 
 Newcastle, 286 
 
 Boromanville, 290 
 
 Oshawa, 300 
 
 Port- Whitby, 304 
 
 Baffin's Creek 310 
 
 Frenchman's Bay, .... 312 
 
 Port-Union, 316 
 
 Scarborough, 320 
 
 East York, 327 
 
 TORONTO 334 
 
 From Toronto WeTstward to- 
 
 Weston, 10 
 
 Malton, 17 
 
 Brampton, 23 
 
 Georgetown, 31 
 
 Acton, 37 
 
 Rockwood, 43 
 
 Guelph, 51 
 
 From Montreal 
 
 Richmond Junction, . , 71 
 
 Windsor, 82 
 
 Brompton Falls 90 
 
 Sherbrooke, , 96 
 
 Lennoxville, 99 
 
 Waterville 106 
 
 Compton 110 
 
 Brookville, 113 
 
 Coaticook, 118 
 
 Schantz, 68 
 
 Berlin, 86 
 
 Petersburg, 68 
 
 Baden 74 
 
 Hamburg, 77 
 
 Shakspeare, 84 
 
 8TBATF0RD, 90 
 
 Eastward to — 
 
 Boundary line, 126 
 
 Norton, 133 
 
 Island Pond, 143 
 
 Wenlock,.. 161 
 
 North Stratford 158 
 
 Northumberland, .... 176 
 
 Stark, 170 
 
 West Milan, 183 
 
 Berlin Falls, 196 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
3 
 
 appt;ndix. 
 
 „ , Miles Miloa 
 
 '^orham 201 { Meohanio's Falls, .... 365 
 
 Shelburne 207 Empire Road, 269 
 
 Gilead 212 
 
 Bethel, 222 
 
 Lock's Mills 227 
 
 Bryant's Pond 280 
 
 North Paris 237 
 
 South Paris 244 
 
 Oxford 261 
 
 Danville Junction,. . . .264 
 
 New Gloucester, 270 
 
 Pownal, 274 
 
 Yarmouth Junction, . .280 
 
 Cumberland, 283 
 
 Falmouth 287 
 
 PORTLAND 293 
 
 From Portland there are lines of steamers bi-weekly 
 to Calais, St. Andrews, and St. Johns in New 
 Brunswick ; with Halifax in Nova Scotia ; daily with 
 Boston, and tri-weekly with New York ; and this route 
 is the most convenient for persons proceeding from 
 Quebec or Montreal to the northern part of the State 
 of NTew Hampshire, or to any part of the State of 
 Maine. [The " Great Eastern " will run to Portland.] 
 B. By two Lines of Steambbs. 
 From Quebec Westward to— 
 
 Miles MUes 
 
 Batiscan 69 Sorel 135 
 
 ThreeRivers, 90 | Monteeal, 180 
 
 Connects with 3 at Quebec. 
 
 C- By Royal Mail Through Line. 
 From Montreal Westward to— 
 
 Miles 
 (Beauhamois Canal) 
 (Teohanta, 24 
 
 \St. Timothy, .... 34 
 
 Coteau Landing 42 
 
 Cornwall, 82 
 
 Dickinson's Landing, . . 93 
 
 Williamsburg, 106 
 
 Matilda (Iroquois) ..116 
 Preseott, 130 
 
 Miles 
 
 KINGSTON, 198 
 
 Cobourg, 293 
 
 Port-Hope, 300 
 
 Bond Head, 314 
 
 Boumauville, (Darling- 
 ton) 323 
 
 Port.Whitby, ........331 
 
 TORONTO, 363 
 
 Oakvill 384 
 
 HAMILTON, 408 
 
 Brockville, 141 
 
 Gananoque, 176 | 
 
 This Route (also occupied less definitely by other 
 steamers) connects with E, F, G, H, 14, 15, 16, 17, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 18, 19, 22, at Prescott, Brockville, Kingston, Cobourg, 
 Fort-Hope, Toronto, Hamilton, &o. 
 
 p. Bt American Line. 
 From MoNTBEAL Westward to— 
 
 MUes 
 
 Alexandria Bay, 165 
 
 French Creek or Clay- 
 ton 178 
 
 KINGSTON, 203 
 
 Cape Vincent, 217 
 
 Sackett's Harbour 235 
 
 Oswego, 270 
 
 Bochester, 840 
 
 TORONTO, 895 
 
 Niagara, 431 
 
 Lewiston 488 
 
 MUes 
 (Beauhamois Canal) 
 
 {Teohanta, 24 
 St. Timothy, .... 84 
 
 Coteau Landing 42 
 
 Cornwall, ■.. .. 82 
 
 Dickinson's Landing,., 93 
 
 Williamsburg 106 
 
 Matilda, (Iroquois) . . 115 
 
 Prescott, 130 
 
 Ogdensburg 132 
 
 Morristown 142 
 
 Brockville 144 
 
 This Koute (also occupied less definitely by other 
 steamers) connects with B, F, H, (via G) 14, 15, 16, 
 19, 22, at Prescott, Kingston, Toronto, &c. ; at 
 Ogdensburg, with the Ogdensburg Bailroad ; at Cape 
 Vincent and Sackett's Harbour with the Watertown 
 Railroad ; at Oswego with the Syracuse and Burling- 
 ton Railroad ; and at Bochester with the New York 
 Central Railroad. 
 
 E. By Ottawa and Pkesoott Bailway. 
 From Prescott Northward to — 
 
 Miles 
 
 Prescott Junction 2 
 
 Spencerville, 9 
 
 Doyles 13 
 
 Oxford, 17 
 
 Kemptville, 23 
 
 Osgoode 31 
 
 Miles 
 
 Kelly's 34 
 
 Middleton :. 35 
 
 North Osgoode, 38 
 
 Gloucester, 43 
 
 Billings 48 
 
 OTTAWA, 54 
 
 Connects at Prescott with A, C, D, and with 
 ferry steamers for Ogdensburg ; and at Ottawa with 
 12 and 13. 
 

 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. By Ontario, Simooe, and Huron Hahjioad. 
 From Toronto, North-westward to— 
 
 -. Miles 
 Davenport, 6 
 
 Weston^ 8 
 
 York, 12 
 
 ThomhilJ 15 
 
 Biohmond Hill 1 
 
 King 23 
 
 Aurora 30 
 
 Newmarket, 35 
 
 Holland Landing 38 
 
 Bradford, 42 
 
 Scanlins 45 
 
 «.,« , Miles 
 Gilford 49 
 
 Lefroy, 52 
 
 BellEwart, 54 
 
 Craigvale, fis 
 
 Barrie, 03 
 
 Harrison's, 09 
 
 Esaa 7X 
 
 Angus, 74 
 
 Sunnidale, 80 
 
 Nottawassaga 86 
 
 COLLINOWOOD 96 
 
 Connects with A, 0, D, G, at Toronto ; with 26 at 
 15ell Ewart ; and at Collingwood with 26 and 27. and 
 with Steamers to Green Bay, Milwaukee, aud other 
 parts m the State of Wisconsin. 
 
 G. B» Toronto Branch of Great- Wbstern Railway. 
 From Toronto Westward to— • 
 
 ... . Miles 
 Mimico (J 
 
 Port-Credit, ,. , 12 
 
 Oakville oq 
 
 Broatd 
 
 w ir * « Miles 
 
 Welhncfton Square 81 
 
 Waterdown 34 
 
 Desjardm's JuR'jtion, . . 86 
 
 w^ UAMIjurON^ 
 
 88 
 
 H. Bt Great-Western Railway. 
 From Niagara Suspension Bridge, Westward to— 
 
 Thorold, 9 
 
 St. Catharine's, . ...! 11 
 Jordan 17 
 
 „ . Miles 
 
 ^«^. 72 
 
 Princeton 79 
 
 T}^ .„ -• I Woodstock 91 
 
 BeamsviUe 22 BeachviUe, qq 
 
 ^"°^^^y» 37 IngersoU,'... iSS 
 
 2P}li?r^r;,\\; 32 Edwardsburg,.. . 110 
 
 HAMILTON 43 LONDON, .. lig 
 
 Dundag. .......... 48 ^omoka. ...... ;;:i29 
 
 Hamborough 52 Mount Brydges 134 
 
 ?«P«^<«wn 55 Ekfrid........ 139 
 
 tei^°/ 69 Mosa, or Glencoe, .. iuQ 
 
 Earmhurg 62 Newbury, I55 
 
 J 
 
 -^'■WTn-r- ; 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 „ , . Miles 
 Bothwell, 100 
 
 Thnmeaville, 168 
 
 Cliuthara, 183 
 
 Hapti8to Creek 11)8 
 
 Belle Rivi.^r^, 212 
 
 „ . Milo. 
 P"«e, yiu 
 
 VVindspr, y^U 
 
 (Thenoo by Ferry to 
 DETIIOIT.) 
 
 Connects with Now York Central, Niagara FrUls 
 Canandaigim and Elmira, and New York and Erie 
 Railroads, at ^iuspension Bridge; with 23 at St 
 Catharines; with A, D, (via G,) and C, at Hamilton; 
 with 24 at Harrisburg; with K at Paris; with 21 at 
 London ; and with Railroads and Steamers for Michi- 
 gan, Wisconsin, &c., at Detroit. 
 
 K. By Butfalo and Lake Ottawa Rah^wai. 
 From Buffalo North-westward to 
 
 ■r^ X, . Miles 
 
 Fort-Ene (by Train- 
 
 Ferry,) g 
 
 Ridgeaway, 12 
 
 Fort-Col borne, 21 
 
 Wainfleet Canal, 26 
 
 Welland Feeder, 34 
 
 DunniviJle 40 
 
 Canfield (or Layiiga), 49 
 
 Cook's Station, 53 
 
 Caledonia, 61 
 
 Middlepcrt 67 
 
 Onondaga, 70 
 
 Cainsville, 74 
 
 Brantford, 78 
 
 Paris, 86 
 
 Drumbo 04 
 
 Platsville, 100 
 
 Tavistock (late Inker- 
 
 mann), 107 
 
 STRATFORD 117 
 
 Mitchell, 130 
 
 Seaforth (harpurhey), 143 
 
 Clinton, 150 
 
 GoDEEiCH Harboue, . . 165 
 
 Connects at Bnifalo with New York Central, Lake 
 Shore, and New York and Erie Railways ; with H at 
 Pans ; with A at Stratford ; and at Goderich Harbour 
 with Steamers for Sarnia, Detroit, Kincardine, Port- 
 Head, Bail du Dard, Saugeon, &c. 
 
 SUBSIDIARY OR INTERMEDIATE ROUTES. 
 
 (Their frequency is expressed only when they are less 
 
 often than daily, to and from the places given). 
 
 !•--% Steamer from Quebec westward to St. 
 Nicholas. 15 miles* 
 
'1 
 
 ' APPENDiA. 
 
 2.--By Steamer, bi-weekly, from Quebec westward, to 
 Platon, 36, Fortneuf, 38 miles. 
 
 S.—By two lines of Steamers, bi-weekly, from Que- 
 bec eastward, to — . 
 M51es 
 
 Eboulemens, 69 
 
 River Quelle, 78 
 
 Murray Bay 90 
 
 . Milea 
 
 Rivi^re du Loup (now 
 
 Fraserville), 180 
 
 Saguenay River 180 
 
 ,p.. . Rimouski 180 
 
 itiis IS a summer route only, and connects with B. 
 4.— By Montreal and Three Rivers Navigation Com- 
 pany's Steamers, bi-weekly, from Montp^ial 
 eastward, to — 
 
 St. Sulpice 24, Lavaltrie 30, Lanoraie 36, Berthier 
 (en haut) 45 miles. 
 
 5.— By Industry Village and Rawdon Railroads, from 
 Lanoraie northward, to St. Thomas 8, In- 
 dustry Village 12, Rawdon 28 miles. 
 
 6.--By Montreal and Three Rivers Navigation Com- 
 pany's Steamers, bi-weekly, from Montreal 
 eastward, to — 
 
 Miles jiilos 
 
 Machche, 78 
 
 Port St. Francis, 84 
 
 Three Rivers, 90 
 
 Verch^res 23 
 
 Sorel 45 
 
 Maskinong^, 60 
 
 Rivi6re du Loup (en 
 haut) 66 
 
 7.— By People's Line of Steamers, bi-weekly, from 
 Montreal eastward, to Sorel 45, St. Owrs 57 
 St. Charles 70, Belceil 78, Chambly 90 miles! 
 
 8. — By Terrebonne Steamer, bi-weekly, from Mon- 
 treal northward, to Boucherville 9, Varennes 
 15, L'Assomption 24, Terrebonne 24 miles. 
 
 9.— By Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, from 
 Montreal southward, to — 
 
 M"es Miles 
 
 St. Lambert, 1 
 
 Junction, H 
 
 Lacadie, 15 
 
 St. Johns ?,1 
 
 Grande Ligne 27 
 
 Stottville, 34 
 
 Lacolle, , 37 
 
 Rouse's Point 44 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 « 
 
 Connects at Rouse's Point, with several lines to 
 Boston, Albany, New Yoek, Ogdensburgh, &c. 
 
 10. — B7 Montreal and Plattsburgh Railroad, from 
 Montreal, southward to — 
 
 Miles 
 
 . 8 
 
 Lachine, 
 
 Caughnawaga, 10 
 
 St. Isidore, 15 
 
 St. Rfemi, 21 
 
 La Pigeonniere, 25 
 
 Sherrington, ........ 80 
 
 Johnson's, 32 
 
 • •••••••• 
 
 Miles 
 
 Hemmingford, 36 
 
 Mooer's Junction, .... 42 
 
 Sciota, 47 
 
 West Chazy, 52 
 
 Beckmantown, 67 
 
 Plattsburg 62 
 
 Connects with 12 at Lachine ; at Mooer's Junction 
 
 with Ogdensburgh Railroad ; and at Plattsburg with 
 
 'Lake Champlain Steamers for Burlington, Whikhall, 
 
 11. — By Steamers, via Chateauguay, Beauharnois, 
 Cornwall, and Fort Covington, four times a- 
 week, from Montreal westward to — 
 
 Miles 
 
 Chateauguay, 17 
 
 (Beauharnois Canalj 
 
 C Teohanta, 24 
 
 { St. Timothy, 34 
 
 Valleyfield 42 
 
 Coteau Landing, 42 
 
 Port-Louis, 51 
 
 St. Anicet, 56 
 
 Miles 
 
 Lancaster^ 64 
 
 Summerstown, ....... 70 
 
 Baker's Wharf, 72 
 
 Fort Covington 76 
 
 Dundee, 76 
 
 St. Regis 81 
 
 Cornwall, 82 
 
 Connects with A at Summerstown, &c. 
 
 12. — By Ottawa River Steamers, from Montreal 
 north-westward, to— 
 
 Miles 
 
 Lf ujhine ( by rail. ),.... 9 
 
 Pointe Claire 22 
 
 St. Ann's 27 
 
 Snyder's Landg. (Vau. 
 
 dreuil), 36 
 
 Pointe k Cavagnol, .... 39 
 
 Pointe aux Anglais, ,. 39 
 
 Miles 
 Witlock's Wharf, or 
 
 Rigaud, 41 
 
 Jangris Wharf, 43 
 
 Pointe Fortune, 49 
 
 Carillon, 51 
 
 Chatham (by rail.) .... 57 
 GrenviUe (by rail.; .. 62 
 
 J 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 T>r\ ' ' 1 Miles 
 L Original (jg 
 
 Montebello (Alajor's** 
 
 ^Wharf) : 71 
 
 Treadwell go 
 
 Parker's or Petite Na-* 
 
 tion g(j ^ 
 
 I'hurso, Q2 { 
 
 Connects with 
 
 Clai-ence or M^Caul's 
 
 ^Whnrf, 95 
 
 CumberJftud, 107 
 
 Buckingham, 109 
 
 Templeton li« 
 
 OTTAWA, m 
 
 wit^ lo'^rr'^'i!!' ^ ^*3 ^?^^*" ^^^^^ ^^d SL Ann's, 
 with 10 at Lochine ; and with E, 13 and 14 at Ottawa! 
 
 ld.-By Ottawa Eiver Steamers, tri-weeklv, from 
 Ottawa westward- to— ^* 
 
 22 
 33 
 40 
 
 .""estward, to — 
 jL t ,, Miles 
 Aylmer( by stage),.... 8 
 Mardi 14 
 
 Kocky Point, 
 
 Quio, 
 
 Fitzroy Iliirbour* * .* .* ,* .* 
 Pontiao (3 miles tram', 
 road to), 43 
 
 Union ViUage, .;.*.'.*; 45 
 Arnprior, 4(] 
 
 i^P^Ppij^t ; 62 
 
 Bristol, . . . , 5y 
 
 Clarendon, .....**.** ,' * hq 
 
 Bonnochire Point,' .' .' '.* (j2 
 
 •n ,. -.. Miles 
 Farrel's Lauding, .... tj3 
 Snows 60 
 
 Gould's Landing, .... flQ 
 Portage du Fort (18 
 miles staging to), .. 70 
 
 Cobden, §3 
 
 Pembroke, 100 
 
 Pettawawa, [no 
 
 Fort William 116 
 
 Foot of Deep liiver, ..118 
 
 Scheyau, 139 
 
 Point Alexander, . . . . I35 
 Les Joachims, 145 
 
 Connected with E, 12, and 14, at Ottawa: 
 
 l4.-~By Eideau Canal Steamers, bi-weekly from 
 Ottawa, wfisf.wnv^o +^ ' yy ovarii, irom 
 
 Ottawa, westwards to— 
 
 HartswelH ^'^l' 
 
 Hog's Back .*.**.* 5 
 
 Black Rapid .** iq 
 
 Long Island, .*." 15 
 
 Kemptville, * 28 
 
 -Bui-ritt'sEapids, .'.*;; 36 ' 
 
 Nicholsons, 39 
 
 Clow's Quarry, ...*;;; 40 
 
 Mmckville, 53 
 
 Maitlands [[[[ 49 
 
 ICdmunds .*.'.'.*.* 54 
 
 Malheson, * * gg 
 
 Smith's Falls,... !.*."* 57 
 
 First Rapids, ^'09 
 
 Port-Elmsley, .' e.d 
 
 Oliver's Ferry, 71 
 
 Portland, ['\ 73 
 
 Narrows * * * * 79 
 
 Isthmus, * 83 
 
 Westport, ,....*!].*.* I 89 
 
 ■Davis's ** 95 
 
 Jones' Falls, ,,./.'/.', 93 
 Brewer's Upper Mills, * 107 
 Brewer's Lower MiUs, 109 
 Kingston Mills, ... 117 
 KINGSTON, ',i2o 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 10 
 
 Connects at Kingston with A, C, D, and Steamer 
 for Cape Vincent, «&c., and at Ottawa with 12 and 13.<=> 
 
 15. — By Bay of Quinte Steamers, bi-weekly, from 
 MoNTBEAL westward to — 
 
 Miles 
 Cornwall, 82 
 
 Dickinson's Landing, . . 94 
 
 Williamsburg 110 
 
 Matilda (Iroquois), ..IJJO 
 
 Prescott, 136 
 
 Brockville 146 
 
 Cananohue, . , . . , 179 
 
 KINGSTON, 198 
 
 Miles 
 
 Bath, 216 
 
 Adoljphustown, ........ 230 
 
 Piton 238 
 
 Bowen (Mill Point),.. 254 
 
 North Port, 261 
 
 BeUeville, 273 
 
 Bedversville, 276 
 
 Trenton 289 
 
 MUea 
 
 Picton, 42 
 
 Roblins Mills, 53 
 
 Mill Point 58 
 
 North Port,.. 66 
 
 BeUeville, 78 
 
 Connects at Kingston with A, C, D, and with 
 steamer for Cape Vincent, &c.; and with ferry 
 steamers at Prescott for Ogdensburgh. 
 
 16. — ^By Bay of Quinte Steamer from Kingston 
 westward to — 
 
 Miles 
 
 Amherst, 13 
 
 Bath, 18 
 
 J'redericksburgh, .... 28 
 
 Marysburgh, 88 
 
 Adolphustown, 34 
 
 Stone Mills, 37 
 
 Connects with A at Belleville, and at Kingston 
 with A, C, D, and steamer for Cape Vincent, &c. 
 
 17. — By Coboiirg and Peterborough Eailway, from 
 Cobourg northward, to Baltimore 5, Bradin's 
 10, Harwood 15, Indian Village 18, Keene 21, 
 Peterborough 28 miles. 'Connects with A and 
 C at Cobourg. 
 
 18. — ^By Port-Hope and Peterborough Railway, and 
 branch from Millbrook to Beavertown, from 
 
 * This, though rather tedious, is a cheap route, and is, therefore 
 cmefly used in cases requiring the transport of families or con- 
 siderable baggi-ge; persons une&eumbexed in these resoects gene- 
 rally prefer to travel by the regular stage, from Bro<^lle, and 
 other parts convenient to destinations on the route of the Rideau 
 river or Canal. 
 
11 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 m™ ?.^P? ?'^"^! ^ Millbrook 18, Otne- 
 ^Z 'p^''"'i°'''"^Sli 32, and Lindsay 41 
 miles. Connects with A and C at Port-Hope. 
 
 "■~^Lri' pq'V *''•? ^,°"°™ westward, to Nia- 
 A n' i7'^<. ^^ ""''• Connects with 
 A, 0, P, and F at Toronto ; with 20 at Nia- 
 gara; and with roatefor Buffalo at Lewiston. 
 
 20— B7 Erie and Ontario Eailroad, from Niagara 
 westward to Queenston 8, StkmfZ 10 X 
 pension Sridgt 12, Clifton House 14 Chn 
 pawa 17 miles. Connects with New tZ 
 m1?» '•/iJ?^"^ ?''"^' Canandaigua and El 
 Zl °^p^7^°''^'^'* ^™ ™»foads at Sbs- 
 ^^on^Bridge, and with BulTalo routes"^* 
 
 St. Thomas 15 
 
 Harts, 2Q 
 
 Union .*.'.*.** 21 
 
 Port-Stanley, ../.*/.*/ 24 
 
 Pond Mills .^"'3' 
 
 Westminster m.;,..., q 
 Westminster (S.), Glan. 
 
 worth, 9 
 
 Yarmouth, " 12 
 
 ^d F at Toronto, and with 23, and WeUand 
 Canal Boats at Port-Dalhousie. 
 
 Lml^S?^'* -""^ Port-Colborne Railway. 
 rinS 4 ^^F'pT "O"*^''"'!, to St. Oatha- 
 w?th 22 J P *i°i'"??'* .25 ■"■•««• Connects 
 C^^es. ^°'*-»'"^<'"«'«. "-1 with H at St. 
 
 ^*'~\™"'^'' ?r* °' Great-Westem Railway. 
 
 Hone^rtd'^P*" ?f }?, Preston 16, Ne^ 
 
 wTa »; n , ?"^'?'' *^ »««'• Connects 
 with A at Guelph, and with H at Harrisbnrg. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 12 
 
 Milds 
 . 15 
 . 19 
 . 21 
 . 24 
 
 25.~By Steamers weekly, from Collingwood west- 
 ward, to Cape Bich 33, Mahnetooahning (Great 
 Mamtoulin Island) 170, Bruce Mines 290 
 Sault Ste. Marie 340 miles. Connects with 
 F and 27 at Collingwood, and with Lake Su- 
 Penor Steamers at Sault Ste.Marie. 
 
 26.— By Steamer on Lake Simcoe, from Bell Ewart 
 to Jackson's Point 12, Port-Bolster 21, Bea* 
 verton 30, Barrie 32, Hawkstone 35, Atherly 
 47, Orillia 50 miles. Connects with F at Bell 
 Ewart. 
 
 27.~By Steamer from Collingwood westward, to 
 Meaford 24, Cape Bich 33, Leith 43, Owen 
 bound 50 miles. Connects with F and 25 at 
 Collmgwood. 
 
 St. Laweence Eiveh Feebies, 
 
 Between 
 (Island of Orleans. 
 Quebec and- Point Levi. 
 
 , iGrand Trunk Railway Station. 
 
 Batiscau and St. Pierre. 
 Three Pvivers and St. Gregorie. 
 Berthier (en haut) and Sorel. 
 
 fLongueuil. 
 Montreal and. St. Lambert. 
 
 ( Laprairie. 
 Lachine and Caughnawaga, (open at all seasons.) 
 
 Summerstown and 12"°^^^' . 
 
 n ^^ .c ^ Fort-Covington. 
 
 Cornwall and St. Regis. 
 
 Williamsburg and Waddington. 
 Prescott and Ogdensburgh. 
 Brockville and Morristown. 
 Robkport and Alexandria Bay. 
 
 Passage Lines Across Lake Ontario. 
 
 JBGtWPPTl 
 
 Kingston and Wolfe Island. 
 
 Kingston and Lake Vincent, Oswego, and Rochester. 
 
 Colborne Harbour, ^ 
 
 Brighton, Cobourg, 
 
 Port- Hope, Bowmanville, ^ 
 
 Toronto and Fort-Dalhousie, and Niagara. 
 
 and Rochester and Oswego. 
 
 I 
 
13 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Passage Lines Across the Upper St. Lawrence and 
 Through the Upper Lakes. 
 
 Between 
 Fort-Erie, Chippawa, Port-Colbome, Port-Dover. and 
 
 Port-Burwell, Port Stanley, and Cleveland. 
 Moore and St. Clair. 
 Windsor and Detroit. 
 Samia and Port-Huron. 
 
 Buflfalo to Dunkirk, Erie, Geveland, Sandusky, Sheboy- 
 gan, Milwaukee, &o. ^ 
 
 Port-Stanley to Amherstburg, Sandwich, Windsor, De- 
 troit, St. Clair, Sarnia, &o. 
 
 Windsor and Deti-oit to Chatham; also to St. Clair, Sar- 
 ma, Godench, Kincardine, Port-Head, Saugeen, and 
 Lake Supenor. 
 
 CoUingwood to Green Bay, Milwaukee, and Chicago. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 U 
 
 APPENDIX OP RECENT INFORMATION. 
 Note A., p. 1. — Geographical Features of Canada. 
 
 The map shows the province of Canada to extend at 
 one point (Point Pele), as far South as lat. 42° n. North, 
 near Lake Maniconigan, as far as lat. 53° n. Eastwards 
 to Cape Gaspe, in long. 64° e., and westwards to Goose 
 Lake, long. 90° w. The average breadth of Canada from 
 s. to N. is 300 miles ; its length from Lake Superior to 
 the Island of Anticosti about 1000— comprising, accord- 
 ing to Bouchette's estimate, an area of 346,863 square 
 miles, and comprehending a great variety of climate. 
 The immediately adjoining States are New York, Ver- 
 mont, New Hampshire, and Maine. The Gulf of St. 
 Lawreace, the great physicical feature of which the 
 stranger first makes the acquaintance, is formed be- 
 twixt the western shores of Newfoundland, the eastern 
 shores of Labrador, the eastern extremity of the Pro- 
 vince of New Brunswick, part of the Province of Nova 
 Sfjotja, and the Island of Cape Breton. By three differ- 
 ent channels, viz., the Straits of Belle Isle, between 
 Labrador and Newfoundland, on the north— the south- 
 east passage betwixt Cape Bay (s. w. point of Newfound- 
 land) and Cape Breton Island, and the Gut of Canso 
 dividing Cape Breton. Island from Nova Scotia, the St. 
 Lawrence is accessible from the Atlantic. The Island 
 of St. John, commonly called Prince Edward's Island, a 
 British Province under a Governor and Legislature of 
 Its own, lies upon the south side of the mighty Gulf, 
 having the Magdalen Islands, 7 in number, comprising 
 78,000 acres to the northwards — occupied as fishing 
 stations, by a population of 12,500, under the Canadian 
 Government, and parliamentary representation of Gaspfe 
 country. The seaward clifi's of these Islands are, for 
 several miles, composed of abundant ochres of varied 
 colours, as well as gypsum or plaster of Paris. On the 
 threshold of the Province, the voyager also encounters 
 in the Gulf, the great unsurveyed Island of Anticosti, 
 stretching betwixt the 49th and 50th parallels of lati. 
 tude, and from the 6l8t to the 65th meridians of longi- 
 tude. Situated 420 miles below Quebec, comprising 
 nearly 2,000,000 acres of well wooded land, much of it 
 believed to be arable, with excellent harbours and valua- 
 
10 
 
 AITENWX. 
 
 Note B., p. 2.^0overnment of Canada. 
 vestelinTa '"'''' of Canada, as a United Province, is 
 
 by the CroCsd of Is ^femSro^T*^* '■°"'°«'«a 
 stated, is appS byl^^Zi'^f' »' '"'«''^' 
 
 dissolution by the GoveraOToZV ih ''°''«™/' *» 
 Legislature extends to the r^lSn J ♦* ^'"'*' "^ *« 
 
 ffio^ry'^'ir^zr'"'' "^ »"' ^ -«'^^^ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 2d, 
 
M'Phun's Working Man's Family Bible, 
 
 can 
 
 oi- 
 
 ls OEBTAINLY ONLY ENTITLED TO BE GALLED 
 
 "THE CHEAPEST AND THE BEST/' 
 
 For it is the only Bibk tiut hu erer prored ititif to h 8o,-~ 
 IsT, By the large sale which it has obtained for itself— Thirty- 
 Five Thousand Copies within Seven Years—a sale that 
 no Bible at its price ever reached before in so short a time. 
 2d, By the approving voice of public opinion, so universally 
 expressed, on its merits ; by Clergymen of all denomina"- 
 tions, even by Bishops of the Church of England. 
 3d, By the hearty welcome it has received from the class for 
 whose benefit it was originally devised. 
 
 NoTB.---One objection, and one only, has ever been made to 
 this Bible, and that only by a very few in number. In 
 order to remove this objection, the Publisher, ever ready to 
 meet the wishes of his friends, has prepared, although at 
 an outlay of more than Two Thousand Pounds^ An En- 
 tirely New Edition op this Bible, but 
 
 In the Quarto in place of the Folio Shape, 
 
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 Post, on application being made for it. This obviates the 
 only objection that has ever been advanced agapst this 
 valuable work. Some prefer the Folio, and some the 
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 now have the opportunity of making his choice, in accor- 
 dance with his taste. 
 The Publisher begs to direct attention to the immense increase 
 in the centre column of Notes, in ihe Quarto Edition, selected 
 from foreign and British Commentators. These nearly fill every 
 page, throwing much light on many passages of Scripture, not 
 easily understood by those who have not been favoured with a 
 classical education. 
 
 i^rom the CHRISTIAN TREASURY fw April, 1858.) 
 •• ctome months ago, while recommending^to our readers the smaller 
 Edition of Dr. Campbell's Expository Bible, we strongly urged the 
 expediency of a large type edition of it. Similar advices having been 
 given in other quarters, Mr. M'Phuii has commenced the issue of an 
 Edition in imperial 8vo. We trust that in this, and in all his Bible 
 enterprises, he may be more and more encouraged. We were de- 
 lighted to learn a few days ago that he had succeeded in getting into 
 circulation not fewer than THIRTY-FIVE THOUSAND copies of 
 his Folio Family Bible, and these disposed of, almost exclusively, to 
 Working Men. Let him prosecute vigorously the plan of operations 
 hj which he has obtairied hundreds of Subscriben) iu tdugle publio 
 works, and ere long he may have to report 
 
 Copies, instead of Thirty-five Thousand. He is doing a {^reat work in 
 his department. We commend his Bible scheme to the attention of 
 Minister8,Manufacturers,and large Employers of labour everywbera." 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 § 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 J 
 
PUBLISHED BY W. B. M-PHCN, GLASGOW t LONDo y. 
 
 dented number of Th.«tv.f.ve ThoS»; S,'" '■J^Ls'";;'."-; 
 reraeinbered, ha, been accomplishe,! in little m^Btbfn' ' 
 
 18 an twdtajmtotte/ac^- and though a f iMn!,fh ?T fi " A^housand 
 
 publisher, yet it does not follow tLatkir.i„, ^''•"'^l«res by any 
 said-an impossibility. '^ '""■*' '^"'^ ^«"^d l^ve it 
 
 use thus happily helpin-^ to explode tL ofd oltive To^d elnensit 
 system of supplying the industrious artisan with B Wes^n N.f.^ 
 through the medium of Book.Canvasserr«nd Hawl^^^^^^^^ 
 accommodation he was not unfreqTenty ^ulcf^^^^ 
 Umes the intrinsic value of the book "'^ ""^ ^''^ 
 
 The Publisher's lengthened experience has thus enabled him fn 
 accomplish what never was done before in the sDhpr^nf „1S i 
 
 BibTSw"'"^ ""^^ P'"^^^^ ^-^^ aU%^':at:;7n\rbror: 
 
 hi^ rerio. eS^^^^^ '^'"^ '" P*'«'»^^"S ^^' circuladon 
 
 pist ^^^ Scriptures, as they have done in time* 
 
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 Sing. ' ' ^^' ^^'' ^^^ ^'ccording to the style of 
 
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 nch store of Biblical research left by Dr. Scott and MatthewTen, v 
 upon the univorsally-admitted excellency of whose w Ss it wouhi 
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 mentnry is. in fact, so extensive as toSTn^ead; do ble th^ 
 
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k LONDON. 
 
 a the For- 
 cing that the 
 
 a the unprece. 
 
 This, be it 
 
 than Bix and 
 
 say, that the 
 the (Jay it was 
 )wn, the more 
 
 1 increase. 
 
 )e credited by 
 town to have 
 Qiiod before: 
 TH Thousand 
 Ilia was never 
 tures by any 
 vouid have it 
 
 k was never 
 
 anted by tho 
 
 ted for, and 
 
 benefit the 
 
 • And not a 
 n has arisen 
 at ouce in a 
 i, ready for 
 id expensive 
 n Numbers, 
 i, for which 
 four or five 
 
 bled him to 
 
 * usefulness 
 his brother 
 rculation of 
 □e in timeg 
 
 >ntinues as 
 he style of 
 
 « 
 
 d from the 
 tew Henry, 
 ?s it would 
 his volume 
 lortion the 
 Notes, se- 
 ilucidation 
 
 1 A rnafimt 
 
 [iven as to 
 The Com- 
 lonble the 
 >re than is 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. R M*FaUN, GLASGOW & LONDON. 
 
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 kinds of Settlements, Marriage and Death. 6. Bevocations and 
 Codicils. 7. Legacies. — Chap. IL Effect and Construction of Wills. 
 8. Delivery of Writings. 9. Two or more Writings. 10. Foreign 
 Writings. — Chap. III. Challenge of Wills. 11. Challenge by Heir. 
 Id. General Grounds of Challenge. Appendix of Forms. 
 
 A New and complete Treatise on the 
 
 Law of Partnership, including Limited Liability. 
 
 Contents. Chap. I. Definition and Constitution of Copartneiy. 
 —Chap. II. Different Descriptions of Copartnery.— Chap. in. Joint- 
 Stock Companies *' Limited." — Chap. IV. T necial kinds of Associa- 
 tions.— Chap. V. Dissolution and Winding-Up. 
 
 The Law of Succession in Moveable Bights in 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Contents.— Chap. I. Subjects of Intestate Moveable Succession.— 
 Kinds and Forms of Scotch Succession.— Nature of Intestate Sue 
 cession, &c. Chap. II. Order of Succession. — Executors. — Next of 
 K'l. — Lex hci, or law of Domicile, &c. Chap. III. Mode of Succoh. 
 sion.— Executors require no Title to Possess.— Different Kinds of 
 Executors. — Executors must give up Inventory, but may first pay Pri- 
 vileged Debts, &o. Chap. IV. Inventory and Succession Duty.— In- 
 ventory Stamp. — How Kegulated.— Additional Inventory.-- -Exhibition 
 of Inventory on Oath, &c. Chap. V. Questions between Heir and 
 Executor.— Collation by the Heir, its Nature and Extent. — Collation 
 in Case of Foreign Succession, &o. Chap. VI. Eights of Husband 
 and Wife. — Husband's jus mariti during Marriage ; and Statutory 
 Protection against Claims of Wife's nearest of kin thereafter, &o. 
 Chap. VII. Legitim; or Children's Eights. — Father on Deathbed 
 Deprived of Eight to Dispose of Effects to the Prejudice of Chil- 
 dren, &c. Chap. VIII. Miscellaneous Poinis. — Presumption of Death. 
 
 Personal Eesponsibility of Executor, ko. Chap. IX. Operation of 
 
 Foreign Law. — The lex loci. — Administration in the English Eccle. 
 siastioal or Prerogative Courts, and Effect of " Statutes of Distribu^ 
 tioQB," &c. 
 
 A Summary of the 
 
 Law and Practice of Sheriff Courts in Scotland, 
 
 and Duties of Sheriff Officers. 
 
 GoHTENTH=--Ohap= I, The Office of Sheriff. Chap. II. The She. 
 riffs Civil Jurisdiction. Chap. III. Sheriff's Small Debt Court- 
 Chap. IV. The Sherifi*8 Ordinaiy Court Chap. V. Powers and Du- 
 ties of Sheriff's Officer. 
 
 i 
 
 
RE-ISSUE OF DR CAMPBELL'S 
 
 SABBATH-SCHOOL EXPOSITORY BIBLE, 
 
 Accompanied with a beautifully engraved Portrait of Dr Campbkll. 
 
 IN MONTHLY PAETS. 
 
 to that large and interesting SS i2r«A«. i * *^ * re-issue of it were offered 
 of Sabbath-SchMiroras fhe PunLTninH-''^^ are engaged, either as Teachers 
 i be conferred upon theL thereby ttwh^ '"'*" ??°°"' * «'"'*^ ^°"« ^«"l^ 
 or who might So? otherwsehav; tfonit nAT^ "''' ^* T*'' °{ ^*« existence, 
 attention thus speciX diawn to ifi^^lSl °^ becoming purchasers, by having theii 
 to it, and if they onWo tMs thev tT^n^TI ^ '"^"'"^ ^" 'V'" ^beir attention 
 most beneficial f„^ a"dfng them ' in SeTrstX/S?kf?- '^^"' *?'.'""' ^^^<^ ^^ ^^^^ ^' 
 of the sacred Scrinturps X hal ♦ho^!? J ' f ^'°'"^ ^'*'®'' "n^erstandinfj 
 
 '^'^::i^^^' ^^- ttcotiitreifa^;; ^th^; ar '^^^^' ^ 
 
 aga'^^nfo^rrd*7r'M'p,r^^^^^ ^" ^° P-fect a fornrthatTn bringing it 
 
 on its behatr He humW^^^thTnks t^af t^^^^ir'T' ^ ^^vance.any new^lfim 
 brine forward ia fn ia fn„!i • fu r ^ strongest recommendation he can now 
 were J,ld M^^^^ that, nearlv Twenty Thousand Copfes of U 
 
 unknown • and tha7 «1n«f of'g'Dally appeared m Numbers, and was compJrativelv 
 lationt. has bTen cabled for hvth'/n:;?^ ^"'^^ '^ *'°°' '''^'^^ ^''^^ 'doubling its crcu? 
 say, that many puS^^^ ^ * l^^^i"®' /* « gi-atifying to he able to 
 
 carefully revised, and anv slight fvn.S.w' '*"** *t® J®** *"? "<**e8 have been 
 
 in the hurry of premri„7it for thFn.^^^^ TT '*'^'?'' ni«y have crept into it. 
 
 to secure for suihTw" rk the B^notSSrir'* -l^^f '"^^'t^^^e. «»id the effort 
 
 , corrected so J^toh^^itJl^il^^^^^V'^T^ i^sue-have been carefully 
 
 I perfection. ^ ^ ''^' " P"^^^®' *« ^^»' ^ ^ all things aims at^ 
 
 Cusl, aided him L^ln otkir "ffi' i? . rtSS with'1?'-''"' "" «'?- 
 
 fart Km to appear on Ktiiday, the let of Nowttber. 
 
 P0BLI8HBD BY W. B. M'PHTO. GLASaOW AND lONBOH. 
 
 ^a 
 
 MRMTH 
 of the ■ 
 H^isbed clei 
 cooimendati 
 upon the pr( 
 
 SiK,— J at 
 means, undi 
 atum fbr Su 
 a great blesi 
 
 8m,—l re 
 
 «« Sabbath £ 
 Buuday-Scl] 
 the only, if 
 To a vast n 
 as well as t 
 ledffe of Sci 
 " gabbath-J 
 in cbntribm 
 to the pupi 
 an addition 
 ttgemeut of 
 4tfn, Sir, yoi 
 
 Mt Deai 
 
 " Sabbath-I 
 are charaut 
 by sound jt 
 that is qua 
 tures nmcl 
 great impo 
 should be i 
 success. 1 
 sound ju4g 
 scholarshii 
 8ir, very ti 
 
 Dear St 
 by the Re^ 
 Notes with 
 to secure r 
 the Biblicn 
 read the di 
 this perfoi 
 o'ciie^ I cni 
 and if my 
 cai. to pro: 
 
 PC 
 
BLE, 
 
 SLL. 
 
 Expositor J 
 still exist)! 
 ^ere offered 
 IS Teachers 
 joon would 
 existence, 
 Living theii 
 r attention 
 b it will b« 
 erstandinjt 
 ' delay, to 
 
 bringing it 
 new claim 
 e can now 
 'opies of it 
 paratively 
 ? its circu- 
 he able to 
 hey found 
 » they had 
 les: these 
 I's admir* 
 rer-" and 
 able trea< 
 have been 
 pt into it, 
 the effort 
 carefully 
 lims at— 
 
 progress- 
 excellent 
 at it will 
 
 ch; but, 
 and who 
 in Penny 
 
 riends to 
 80 gene- 
 ouraging 
 nded all 
 ;1 of our 
 
 *. 
 
 DR CAMPBELL'S 
 
 MB M'PHUN feels honoured to have it \n his power to lay before liis friends— the friends 
 of the Bible— the following cnmmuuications (selected from among many) from distin- 
 fuished clergymen. In no instance, in all his experience, has he been honoured with 
 commendations of his labour:) so numerpus and so unqualified as have been bestowed 
 upon the present work. 
 
 Jfif^m. tluB lUffht Bevvread th« Bishop of QurUsle. 
 
 RosK Castlb, Carusls. 
 SUk,— J am rejoiced to see you have undsrtalcen another work which is likely to be th« 
 means, under God, of propagating Gospel truth. Such a Bible I feel to be a great desider- 
 atum fbr Sunday-School Teachers. The terse, clear style of the Notes, I exiiect, will prov* 
 a great blessmg to Sunday-Schools throughout the country — Yours faif.n fully. 
 
 From the Bight Beverend the Bishop of Kanehest^, 
 
 ]tf AULDETH QAtL, 'i/lAXIOWESTKR. 
 
 fSiB ^1 regret that a press of business has prevented niy paying earlier attention to your 
 "Sabbath-School Expository Bible." by Dr Campbell. In this diocese the importance of 
 Bundav-Schools cannot possibly be exaggerated. To many thousands they afford almost 
 the only, if not the only means of religious training, except the services of the Church. 
 To a vast number of teachers they provide a means of seeking Isirgely to do good to others, 
 as well as a practical experience in self-denial, patience, as well as more accurate know- 
 iedffe of Scripture truth m seeking to unfold it to their less informed neighbours. Your 
 " Sabbath-School Expository Bible" promises to become, under Providence, a valuable aid 
 in contributing to these results. As an assistant to the teachers, and means qf recalling 
 to the pupil the instruction received, it cannot fail to do n^uch good. You have thus added 
 an additional good work to those which already entitle you to the sympathy and encour- 
 nfforoent of every well-wisher to the spread of God's truth.— With Bjn^fresfood wishes, I 
 Wj, Sir, youi-8 fttithfuUy, J. P- MANCHESTER 
 
 f II " 1 , '-■ 
 
 From the Beverend Professor Gil^son, Qlfsgow* 
 
 My Dear Sir,— I have perused with care th^ portions of the Notes in Dr Cwnphell's 
 "Sabbath-School Expository Bible" which you submitted to me. .... x he Note* 
 are characterised by his usual vigour of style, by simplicity as well as force of expression, 
 by sound judgment, and by great point and conciseness, while there is nothing in them 
 that is quaint or affected Considering that thera are seme notes to the Scrip- 
 tures much in use in Sabbath-Schools, whose accuracy is at la^st doubtful, it is of very 
 n-eat importance that such an " Expository Bible" as that of Dr Campbell promises to be, 
 should be in the hands of Teachers of youth. It has my hearty wishes and pmyers for itc 
 success. The References selected by Mr M'Meikan, as, my personal knowledge of his 
 sound judgment, extensive acquaintance with Scripture, accurate theology, and snppnor 
 acholarship, would have led me to expect, are judicious and appropriate.--I am, niy Dear 
 Sir, very truly yours, ' / JAMES GIBSON. 
 
 From the Ber. Dr M*Leod of St Colnmba Church, Glasgow. 
 
 Dear Sir,— I thank you for the specimen number of the " Sabbath-School Bifposito^'' 
 by the Rev. Dr Campbell, which you have sent me. I have read a gi-eat portion of the 
 Notes with care and great pleasure. The very name of Dr Campbell was of itseh auffioient 
 to secure my entire approbation, for I am no stranger to the great talents, the sound^sense, 
 the Biblical knowledge, and the accurate theology of that highly respected divm^. I have 
 read the different commendations which you have received, regarding the excellency ot 
 this performance; and in all the unqualified pmise bestowed on the work, so far as it has 
 irnn« I cordiall v concur. Most earnestly and smcerely do I wish it all mannwr of success, 
 and if my testimony can be of any weight, I do indeed recommend it, and, «iiiU|U fio au l 
 ca. to pn>inoV its 4rcuktion.-I am. Dear Sir. yours Mthf^ly,^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. E. M'PHUN, GLASGOW AND LONDON. 
 
BOTlCES OF THE FIRST ISSUE 
 
 or 
 
 DR CAMPBELL'S 8ABBATH-8CH00L EXPOSITORY BIBLE. 
 
 From (h^ nev. Dr OiUan, Glasgow.—' Tae axpositions of the leadW points in 
 each chapter are dear and mstructive-the reflections are judicious aSd strik 
 ing—while the doctrines deduced are in strict accordance with orthodoxy ' 
 
 From the Rev. Dr Raffles, Liverpool— ' It is really an admirable work, and bo 
 far as I know, perfectly unique. The marvel is, how so much valuable matW 
 can be comprised withm so narrow a compass-the essence of a BibUcal Ubr^ 
 in a pocket volume. "^wj^ 
 
 From the Rev.J.W. Richardson, London.—* I am glad to state that, while the 
 teachers generally have resolved to take it, upwards of fifty of the children hav 
 already begim to subscnbe for it.' 
 
 *.i!'T '^ ^: ^^''''^^^raser, Viewfield, BlacTcbum.-* I have recommended 
 iT 1 .J P"lP'*' and otherwise, your edition of the Bible, adapted for Siindav- 
 bchool Teachers, and young people in general' ^ 
 
 ^rom «A« i2«;. Dr M'QUvray, Aberdeen.—' The skill with which such a mass of 
 matter has been digested and compressed within the narrow limits assigned to 
 It, 18 really qujne marvelloua' assignea to 
 
 From the Rm>. Principal Falding, Rotherham.—' I cannot but think that it 
 wiU prove widely acceptable and emmently profitable, not only to Sabbath- 
 School Teachers, but to Bible readers generally.' oauuaui. 
 
 From the Rev. Henry Bachelor, Sheffield.—' The notes are short but not shal- 
 T-kT*^^""'®*^ ^"* ^''^ confused. They are as clear as they are compact, and 
 exhibit the rare merit of suggestive, forceful brevity ' if , <^^ 
 
 VnflT *\ ^^•Jr<;h. Jack Northshields.-' The Expository and Practical 
 Notes are all strictly m accordance with sound Evangelical doctrine-their sue- 
 gestiveness is a great recommendation of the work; and the accuracy and 
 appositeness of the marginal references, so far as I have been able to verifv 
 them, IS another. J' 
 
 ««f '^•5' ^'1' -^^^l^^^y* S^y Stratford.—' I am struck at the extensive 
 and vaned reading, the accurate information, the condensed knowledge, the 
 pei-tment bearing, and the practical improvement comprised in such naWow 
 bounds. The idea of a commentary of great worth at five shillings, must, in 
 my judgment, be deemed one of the wonders of the age ' 
 
 .J^'Tt^ ^''^^' ^^ff^y^T^*? Magazine.-' Dr CampbeU's notes are luminous 
 and striking, seizing the chief points of intei-est, and casting much lighten 
 them m a few well-chosen words.' ^ ^ 
 
 From the London Chri»tmn Times.— "The work is exceedingly cheap We 
 muat confess that, to our minds, every attempt to combine, with advantage, the 
 fSf?«ibl"'^ "'**^*^''' '' ' commentary has'.ppeared diSCi^ 
 
 From the London Christian WeeUy News.—' Perhaps two men could not be 
 found more likely to co-operate efficiently in a work of this kind than the nulh 
 
 JSexI^iJ^*"'- ^^'^^^'«bibUcal'enteipriseshaveberk.sorXe^^^ 
 
 From the Bntish Quarterly Reinew.—"rhe type is necessarily smaU and the 
 
 fhT' " "^''T^^ *?^^ ^"*,*^« ^«*«™ theSelves ha^^^y eS^e^ed to 
 the same extent m giving a dear tiarrft with guch materia- ' ^oc^^ou w 
 
 From the London^Recoi^.-' W welcome suth ^'contribution to our stock of 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. E. M'PHUN, GLASGOW AND LONDON. 
 
RY BIBLE 
 
 iding points Iq 
 ious and etrik. 
 rthodoxy.' 
 I work, and, l. 
 aluable matter 
 Biblical library 
 
 that, while the 
 ) children have 
 
 recommended 
 id for Siinday. 
 
 such a mass of 
 ts assigned to 
 
 think that it 
 y to Sabbath- 
 
 but not shal- 
 compact, and 
 
 and Practical 
 le — their sug- 
 accuracy and 
 ible to verify 
 
 the extensive 
 
 lowledge, the 
 
 such narrow 
 
 ngs, must, in 
 
 are luminous 
 Luch light on 
 
 cheap. "We 
 ivantage, the 
 3d difficult, if 
 
 could not he 
 han the pub< 
 loma respects 
 
 aall, and the 
 succeeded to 
 
 our stock of ' 
 >m it is more 
 
 FDON. 
 
 M'PHUN'S PICTORIAL SERIES OP 
 
 POPULAR NARRATIVE TRACTS. 
 
 PUBLISHING IN WEEKLY NUMBERS. 
 
 Mii.M'Phx7N having acquired by purchase the property of the valuable series 
 of Narrative Tracts, formerly published by Messrs. .^'ohnstone & Hunter, 
 takes leave to announce that he has commenced a re-issue of them, in a 
 somewhat similar style to that in which they previously appeared, and m 
 which they proved so acceptable to a very numerous class of readers. 
 
 In order to add to their already justly-acquired popularity and well-known 
 usefulness, Mr. M'Phun has had prepared for them a senes of Ongmal 
 
 MUCKLE KATE. 
 
 «i 
 
 The first of this re- 
 
 issue which we intro- 
 
 duce to our friends, 
 
 U MucKLE Kate, 
 
 one of the r/.ost strik- 
 
 ing narratives, brief 
 
 though it be, that has 
 
 ever met our eye. It 
 
 is one of those short 
 
 and simple annals of 
 
 the poor, which can- 
 not be read without 
 
 producing a thrilling 
 
 eflfect. It narrates 
 
 the conversion of one 
 
 of the wildest of her 
 
 race, who, the narra- 
 
 tor tells us, was " a 
 
 wicked old sinner," 
 an ill-looking wo- 
 man, without any 
 beauty in the sight 
 of God or man," and 
 " who was supposed 
 to have been guilty 
 of every crime for- 
 bidden in the Deca- 
 logue, except mur- 
 der." Such were the 
 elements the minis- 
 ter had to work upon. 
 But by the grace of 
 God he did work up- 
 on them, and that 
 successfully, as the 
 result m the narra- 
 
 brougbt Mickle Kate actually so to weep fountains of waters from her eyes, 
 that " she wept herself stone blind." 
 
 /** 
 
 
Sketches, illastniitive of loenes (Jesoiibed in ihe narrttives Tlifl.u» i,. i 
 
 tothepubiw in a con»eouUve form, he purposes isauiug «hem in wl!tN 
 
 inrwl'ii .1, .t^*"**-. """"'«'''•*'" oonsUtute 8 very admirabl. 
 n A7 T."^ ""* ""'■"ion of «11 who desire to pusses, a 8^6^ d«„ 
 of reiJiy useful tracts, tdmirtbly .uiapted for ii oivcml <iir»u?at "oo 
 
 ^HE HIG HLA ND KITCHEN MAIL). 
 
 Ihis is another in- ~~ 
 
 ftructive narrative, 
 
 |n which the mani- 
 
 lestation of the work 
 
 q{ the Spirit in the 
 
 oonversion of sin- 
 gers is 8trikin<?ly 
 
 l^roaghtout. It for- 
 
 eibly illustrates the 
 
 iinportance of every 
 
 one professing the 
 
 name of Christ ri. 
 
 gidly acting up to 
 
 his profession, un> 
 der whatever cir- 
 cumstances he mnv 
 be placed. The mi*, 
 nister wJio was here, 
 the honoured in- 
 Btrument in the con- 
 version of a soul, 
 insisted that the 
 whole household, 
 even the humblest, 
 "the Highland Kit- 
 chen Maid," should 
 assemble together at 
 family worship. It 
 was after the even- 
 ing projyer that he 
 found an opportu- 
 nity of learning the 
 state of ignorance 
 that this poor girl 
 
 Waa in nn 4l><x «11 
 -— — --»5 ',-sz isi'cr sii- 
 
 I important of all sub- 
 jeots. She knew not 
 evwn wh^t was meant _^ 
 "Lord show me thyself, 
 Saviour. 
 
 - ^ and simple prayer,—- 
 
 brought to seek and find her blessed 
 
 This 1 
 Biogfuph 
 real lil'e- 
 of manne 
 
 They r 
 have evil 
 those adv 
 duty thej 
 arousing 
 happincB 
 for the yi 
 Saviour, 
 of their 3 
 
 Aunt Be 
 
 quite tlit 
 
 from eit 
 
 two prec< 
 
 From th 
 
 isdceng! 
 
 site to tl 
 
 readily (i 
 
 great fa 
 
 was wit 
 
 nephews 
 
 for all, ii 
 
 ranee of 
 
 at their 
 
 val, are 
 
 riape to 
 
 to their 1 
 
 sist in t 
 
 ofherlu 
 
 thehous 
 
 rative,it 
 
 lioned, 
 
 pen of a 
 
 ed.well 
 
 ui-ylady 
 
 whose ] 
 
 uble ( 
 
 enhanct 
 
 value 0] 
 
 It is wr: 
 
 ver, ra< 
 
 is full ( 
 
 lessons 
 
 who ii 
 
 leuru ai 
 
 home t 
 
 It cent 
 
 for the 
 
 —for t; 
 
This Pictorial Series consists of above S. venty ftttractive xNlarrativeH— 
 Bio«iuphical Meraoira; Instrucdve IncidentH; ohiefly the ocouironoes of 
 real life— with numerous exceedingly graphic and cliaractenstie sketches 
 
 of manners and society. . , . t. ii> # ♦!.»« 
 
 They may properly be divided into two classea. Abont one-half of them 
 have evidently been written, with the view of putting -nlo the hands of 
 those advanced in life, for the purpose of awakening them to a sense ot the 
 duty they owe to God, as ^vell us to their fellow-men; and, it possible, 
 arousins? them to a concern for their immortal soulsj and their everlasting 
 happiness. The other portion, ogain, will be found equally well a< apted 
 for the younger branches, in leading them to seek and to find their blessed 
 Saviour; beioie the cares and the clouds of the world overshadow the dew 
 of their youth. 
 
 Aunt Becky is of a 
 quite different class 
 from either of the 
 two preceding tracts. 
 From the character- 
 istic engraving,' oppo- 
 site to this, we may 
 readil guess what a 
 great favourite she 
 was with her little 
 nephews and nieces, 
 for all, in the exube- 
 rance of their delight 
 at their aunt's arri- 
 val, are on the car- 
 liage to welcome her 
 to their horae.and as- 
 sist in the removing 
 of her luggage inside 
 the house. Thisnar- 
 rative,it may bvi men- 
 tioned, is from the 
 l)en of a distinguish- 
 ed, well-known liter- 
 ary lady in the South , > 
 whose many admir- ^ 
 able contributions 
 enhance greatly the 
 value of this series. 
 It is written in a cle- 
 ver, racy style, and 
 is full of instructive 
 lessons for every one 
 who is willing to 
 ieut'u auti taKo tne<u 
 home to themselves. 
 Itcontaiosa lesson 
 
 AUNT BECKY. 
 
 forXTung » well - f« ''''» o"-^"' '"• ■^""* " "'" " '" *"*"»'* 
 —for the mistress as well as for the servant. 
 
4P^^ 
 
 now got ready, with the asalnce thau^^^^^ ?o foS^T'not u' 
 
 interesung nor instruoUve. and weU fitted for eSCuon to^d^d t^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 U.is co^t^^tLU'^as^^^^^ -d in 
 
 desire of every one to aid in securing for theLSeSS* JlCsfon. ' 
 
 HEYWOOD. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 n 
 11 
 
 ]e< 
 
 Sil 
 
 LUKE 
 
 LuKB Heywood ( Na 
 4 of our re-issue), 
 at one time the sol* 
 dier of Fort George, 
 but afterwards the 
 soldier of the Gross, 
 is written with a view 
 of showing the im. 
 portanoe of every 
 professing Christian 
 Being instant "in 
 season," as well as 
 •* out of season," in 
 making converts to 
 the cause of Christ 
 Of the principal ac- 
 tor in this tract, the 
 Bev.HectorM'PhaiJ, 
 it is stated — 
 
 "This remarkable maa 
 is aaid to have been 
 awakeued to spiritual 
 oonoem after he had 
 entered on the work of 
 the miQiatry, and to 
 have oontinued under 
 deep distress for a pe- 
 riod of no less tmm 
 •even years, during 
 three of which his men- 
 tal euflbrinfTB were ao 
 OTeat that he never 
 knew what It was to 
 have a night's oomt^u 
 rest" 
 
 This pious minister, 
 
 brought torealize his 
 
 own lost condition, 
 
 made a solemn vow, 
 
 "That should the Lord 
 
 be pleased to grant him a sense of pardoning meroy, he would never pass a sinner, with 
 
 Whom an opportunity of oonverslnof should oooor, without urging upon his aooeDtonoe 
 
 that Saviour whom he himself had ftiund." » b *~ mw wiwwywimw 
 
 This tract is oalottlated to teaqh many professing Christiana an Lnpoimit. 
 
bed, and a 
 pleted. 
 ) publisher 
 Hue he has 
 re not less 
 nd young; 
 stian oom> 
 )n ; and in 
 t to be the 
 
 M 
 
 ¥ 
 
 aV 
 
 issat 
 
 ooer, with 
 Mioeptanae