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\! 
 
 LECTURES 
 
 OH 
 
 TEMPERANCE, 
 
 BY 
 
 ELIPHALET NOTT, D. D., LL. D. 
 
 PRESIDENT or UNION COLLROE. 
 
 I^{ 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION. 
 
 BY 
 
 TAYLEB LEWIS, M. D., 
 
 MOrSSSOR OF GREEK IN UNION OOLLIQI. 
 
 I 
 
 EDITED BT 
 
 AMASA McOOY, 
 
 tXn EDITOR OV *'THB PROHIBITIONIir." 
 
 HAMILTON, 0. W.: 
 A. M. MOFFi»T & CO. 
 
 18d8. 
 
■1^ 
 
 % 
 
 K\ 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA 
 
 J 
 
 -_M.^»Vw^.».u.. 
 
PREFAOE. 
 
 •♦•*- 
 
 1, 
 
 Thb Temperance Reform long since engaged suAoleBt 
 learning and talent in its advocacy to rescue it from con- 
 tempt. Tliis vast agitation, which for more than a third of 
 a century has stirred the mind and the heart of society, has 
 evolved a literature of its own, which is more than respect- 
 able. Yet of the tens of thousands of speeches, sermons, 
 addresses and lectures ; the editorial reports and prize 
 essays ; the papers, tracts, pampblet-s ana volumes which 
 this prolonged and arduous discussion has elicited, there 
 are no productions en tlii.s subject which are marked with 
 80 much learning, eloquonco and wisdom, as these eleven 
 Lectures by President Nott. 
 
 The mature fruits of the orator, who, at the age of 
 thirty, pronounced a discourse on the death of Hamilton, 
 which has made him famous for eloquence ever since— the 
 wise and efficient President, ever since that year (1804), of 
 Union Gollege — the beloved and honored preceptor of 
 fifty -three successive classes of collegians, and now a patri- 
 arch hardly less of Temperance than of education ; the 
 mature fruits of so gifted, so experienced, so profound, so 
 sagacious an intellect ; the vivacity and fervor of the 
 author's style ; the beautiful, truth-seeking spirit which 
 marks his investigations, his tireless patience of research, 
 his unfailing charity and candor to all opponents, his de- 
 vout deference to the teachings of the Holy Scriptures, and 
 last, but not least, his own great personal renown ; these 
 circumstances unite to concentrate upon these Lectures a 
 degree of interest and attention which is commanded by no 
 other volume on this vast social reform ; a social reform, 
 let it be added, which, more than all others combinedi en- 
 
 25 9^" 
 
 s/ O ** £. 
 
 A7 
 
*T 
 
 FUEFACE. 
 
 ffrossei tho tbougbts and the feellngR* the hopes and the 
 rearfl, of this generation of men. 
 
 Often as wo had read those Lectures before, and always 
 with admiration, instruction and delight, we rise from the 
 more careful and critical perusal which is necessary to 
 those who examine the proof sheets for the press, impressed 
 with a deeper sense of their extraordinary merit, and a 
 larger appreciation of their power for good over the minds 
 of others. Our own experience would lead us to urge even 
 veteran friends of Temperance — with whom it is a common 
 mistake, that to them no more reading on the su^ect is 
 necessary — to study anew a volume which, beyond any 
 other ever published, either in America or Great Britain, 
 goes further towards exhausting and placing on an Impreg- 
 nable basis, the arguments in favor of Total Abstinence 
 from all intoxlcuting liquors. 
 
 Intemperance is not an evil of modern origin ; nor is it 
 the wise and good of this age alone who have addressed 
 themselves to its cure. The physical and moral degrada- 
 tion with which it has cursed tho world is painfully foreshad- 
 owed iu the cases of Noah and Lot, as recorded in the 
 Scriptures ; and the same solemn problem is speculated 
 upon in the Republic of Plato. In the fourteenth chapter 
 of the third book of that immortal work, and which the 
 scholars of every age have ranked among the master-pieces 
 of human wisdom, will be found the following sentence : 
 •' We say, then, that they must abstain from drunkenness.*^ 
 
 Such is one of the maxims which have been familiar in 
 all ages. But it was reserved for our own age to discover 
 And promulgate the momentous truth which had escaped 
 all previous sages and philosophers, that " to abstain from 
 drunkenness," and yet to continue to drink, is for society 
 at large a simple impossibility. That to abstain from 
 drunkenness, men must abstain from drink, that is, intoxi- 
 cating drink. These doctrines of Total Abstinence (the 
 legislative prohibitions of the traffic, which follow as a 
 logical sequence, the author has not pretended to discuss) 
 are the great themes of these Lectures by President Nott. 
 Availing himself of the labors of all who had written and 
 spoken before him, he has reduced all existing learning on 
 the subject to a system, and with such clearness, beauty 
 and power, that there is no other one volume in the whole 
 
 l\ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 \> 
 
 range of Temperance literature of such permanent *Dd 
 standard authority. And if Temperance, as here taught, 
 will not raise man from earth to heaven, as Socrates 
 claimed for his philosophy, it Is no small matter — nay, In 
 a nation with half a million of drunkards, it is a very groat 
 matter -^ if it will raise him from the gutter of the streets, 
 and bring him within the influences of the house of pray- 
 er; and if, without being religion, it may thus be used to 
 subserve the sublime and awful interests of religion, It 
 should assuredly be urged upon the profound and attentive 
 oonsideratijn of the pious and the good the country over. 
 
 We suy, "the pious and the good." For it is not to be 
 disguised, that notwithstanding all the mighty things which 
 have been done in the way of public enlightenment on this 
 important subject, there are not only whole classes of so- 
 ciety, otherwise well read and intelligent, who have either 
 forgotten or else never known the fundamental principles 
 of Temperance, but there are very many profound Chris- 
 tians, many ministers of the gospel, who continue so far 
 strangers te the ethics and the philosophy of the Temper- 
 ance reform, that their own personal hubits are still quoted 
 against the suppression of the liquor tralRo, and even the 
 practice of Total Abstinence. 
 
 Besides, a new generation has grown up oven in Tem- 
 perance families, to whom these important and vital truths 
 have never been seriously and systematically addre? 'jd. 
 
 The Prussians have a maxim, that whatever you v, o.ild 
 have appear in the life of a nation, you must put in its 
 schools. The trustees of district schools, the teachers of 
 Sabbath schools, and other guardians of the young, should 
 be appealed to to put one or more copies of this volume io 
 every school library in the land. 
 
 The ^'alue of this volume is Hiuch enhanced by an 
 able and elaborate introduction by Taylor Lewis, LL. D., 
 Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in Union 
 College — a man who is etjually eminent as an acute, 
 original thinker, and for his profound acquisition in classic- 
 al and biblical learning. 
 
 Professor Lewis has expressed especial admiration for 
 the chart of Bible texts, in connection with wines, to be 
 found in the appendix to the volume, and for which chart 
 alone an eminent divine has said he would pay ten times 
 
tiie prioe of the whole work, rather than not have it in hit 
 poaaeasion. 
 
 E. 0. DBLAVAN.Eaq., the distinguished President of tb« 
 New-York State Temperance Society, haa written a letter* 
 in which he speaks in suoh terms as these of the Leotartf 
 of Dr. Nott t 
 
 *' It ii my belief that, in the proportion that this worli U oiroulat«d 
 and read, the oauao of Temperance will advance and be perpetuated. 
 
 " I would urge all mliiifltcrt of the goapel, all profeulng Chriitianii 
 •11 heads of fomilies, oil orgunized Temperance societies, all instructors 
 in institutions of Icsrninf^, from the common school up to the uniTcrsitr, 
 to take immcdiiite steps to give universal circulation to tbia woric, 
 called, by one of our most learned and benevolent dtlsens, ' Tin boob 
 or BOOKS on timpkranck.' 
 
 '* Let me urgo all, In every state, county, town, village and hamlet, 
 whether on the shores of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, or the inter* 
 rening space between the two (who desire the causo of Temperance to 
 advance), to flood the publishers with orders. A million of copies of 
 these Lectures should bu sold in this nation. If the work is Buoces8f\il in 
 the English longuagc, it will be publidbed in the German and other 
 languages, so tliat our follow citizens fVom all nations and of aU 
 languages can have the benefit of the gi-eat and important truths con- 
 tained in this volume." 
 
 Such is the estimation in which this work is Justly held 
 by the most eminent philanthropists of our country. The 
 publishers have undertalcen to present it to the public in a 
 form that must be attractive, and at a price to bring it 
 within the reach of all, and to niuko it convenient for asso- 
 ciations of the friends of the cause to give it a wide circu- 
 lation. It ought to find a ready entrance into every house 
 in this and other lands. 
 
ill hit 
 
 )fth« 
 ett<r, 
 tarff 
 
 iiUt«d 
 
 »t«d. 
 
 ■tUnii 
 
 uoton 
 
 erdtr, 
 
 work, 
 
 ■OOE 
 
 ftmlet, 
 Inter* 
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 isAiIin 
 other 
 of ftU 
 
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 held 
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 I 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The following Lectures produced a very marked 
 effect at the time they were delivered, and few works, 
 it may fairly be believed, have done more to place the 
 cause of temperance on elevated, rational and Scrip- 
 tural grounds. The entire absence of what some are 
 pleased to call fanaticism, or of anything that could 
 by any possibility be brought under that odious and 
 much abused name, the transparent candor, the 
 cogency as well as clearness of argument, the patience 
 of examination, the deference to the Scriptures, and 
 at the same time that spirit of fairness which would 
 oppose their being wrested even to servo what might 
 be deemed the best interests of humanity,— add to 
 these the learning, without pedantry, the science, 
 without pretence, the calm, sound reasoning, without 
 the imposing show of argumentation, and we have 
 the leading characteristics that must be conceded to 
 the work by every intelligent and fair minded reader, 
 whatever may be his opinion on the final merits of 
 the questions that have called it forth. If we allude 
 to the noble style of the writer, — that easy and vig- 
 orous command of language which marked his earliest 
 widely spread productions, rendered still more attrao- 
 
Till 
 
 INTKODUCTIOlf. 
 
 Uf% here by the miUl and mcllowoil dignity of age, — 
 it if simply dotus with tho truthful {xurpoie of com- 
 mending the book as a most ogrooablo and instruct- 
 ive classic to all who have a tasto for elevated com- 
 position, who can appreciate true eloquence as well 
 as distinguish good wine, or who have a relish for 
 the beauties of thought and diction, whether they 
 relish temperance or not. 
 
 A similar remark may be addressed to those who 
 might doubt the entire correctness or cogency of the 
 Scriptural argument as liuro presented. Be that, 
 however, as it may, the work has certainly other 
 merits demanding their attentive and careful perusal. 
 Here is certainly mucli valuable Scriptural informa- 
 tion, presented in a lucid and striking form, and 
 which it may bo worth any man's while to make 
 himself familiar with. Hero are hidden things drawn 
 forth from clasMic research, which the mind is all the 
 richer for possessing: more expanded, more liberal, 
 endowed with a liighcr and more humanizing culture. 
 They have an antiquarian value. They bring us into 
 connection with other social conditions widely differ- 
 ent from our own, yet exhibiting the same unmis- 
 takable traits of our common nature, tho same 
 intimate connection between ever varying outside 
 physical facts and the principles of an eternal and 
 immutable morality. 
 
 The temperance argument from Scripture, especial- 
 ly in the aspect in which it now presents itself of total 
 abstinenceyrom all that can intoxicatey may be regarded 
 as twofold. It is jjositive and defensive. By the first 
 
 ( i 
 
> i 
 
 INTRODUOTION. 11 
 
 w« mean, the direct bringing to bear upon the oon- 
 loitnoe tlio law of love or charity, aa given in the 
 preoepta and oxoinplifiod in tho actual or declared 
 conduct of Christ and his apoitles. Thin argument 
 raiies no question of scionce. It has ulutost as little 
 to do with any question of philology. It lies upon 
 the very faco oi' Scripture in its fairest and most 
 obvious application to a patent and notorious evil. 
 It takes itsoutHidc stand upon theadmitt<Hl prevalence 
 of a most destructive vice, aud the adinitied difficul- 
 ties of prevention, made especially great by the 
 introduction of now substances, new Btiiiiulanti,new 
 indulgences, new sensual habits, all concurring to 
 produce a greatly changed coiuUtioii o( modem 
 society. It is an application, to this cliunged and 
 ever changing exterior, of un eternal, never changing, 
 inward principle. This argument seei^u no specific 
 rule, it looks for no unmistakable dcnuuciationi of 
 particular substances or particular enjoyments, as 
 evil, per sc; it requires no universal literal precepts 
 of outward abstinence, whose observance, on no 
 other grounds than the literalness and Rpeciality of 
 the terms, might degenerate into a dry asceticism, or 
 an irrational superstition, instead of being favorable 
 to an elevated and spiritual morality. It simply 
 presents, we say, a certain condition of our modern 
 society, on tho one hand, and then brings to beai 
 upon it the lucid teachings of Christ in the Parable 
 of the good Samaritan, or the golden Law of Love, 
 or tho noble declaration of the Apostle, ** Wherefore 
 if meal make my brother to ojendt I will eat noJUthwhih 
 
IHTBODUOTIOir. 
 
 th$ world ttandeth, lest I make my brother to offendJ* 
 ** My brother ! ** Here is the soul of the argumenty 
 worth ten thousand rules, per »e. My brother ! mj 
 weak brother ! my poor, vicious, iost, ruined brothers! 
 brothers to me in Adam, and who may yet be brother! 
 to me in Christ ! I will abstain, for their sakes, from 
 anything, from everything whose use in me might 
 peril their souls, or even tfimpt to ways destructiye 
 of the poor measure of earthly good they might 
 otherwise enjoy in this stage of discipline and pro- 
 bation. Logically, it may be summed in a sentence: 
 May there be circumstances in which the higher 
 Christian morality, the true transcendental ethics, 
 would require a man to abstain from '*meaV' for the 
 sake of others, how much stronger the argument now 
 to abstain from intoxicating drinks on this principle 
 alone, without any perplexing, ever irresolvable logo- 
 machies about ** rights" or wrongs per se. Translate 
 the Apostles' language, not the words simply, into a 
 modern vocabulary, put the soul of the language into 
 the corresponding thoughts that come out of the 
 modern social condition, and we have the argument, 
 a fortiori and a fortissimo t for entire abstinence from 
 all those substances, whether old or new, whether 
 simple or combined, that are now producing such 
 appalling desolation in our modem world; 
 
 This argument is perfect. It needs no logical for- 
 mulas; for the sane mind, the sound mind, the 
 spiritual mind, bows down before it upon the first 
 simple presentment of its two premises. Christian 
 love and a ruined humanity. He who. is truly tem- 
 
 N . 
 
v.\ 
 
 I 
 
 iSTBODUOTIOM. » 
 
 perate* truly toiber, truly ^w^puv, whether in the New 
 Teitament or daisical usage of that beautiful word, 
 acknowledges at once its conclusive power. Even on 
 the lower scale of a purely secular ethics,and for minds 
 that will ascend to no higher region, it is unanswer- 
 able. What need then, it may be said, of anything 
 more? Why should not temperance men be satisfied 
 with it, instead of trying to show more specific pro- 
 hibitions, or looking for more literal condemnations 
 of specific acts or substances, per te? Why not be 
 content with the noble moral argument whose immu- 
 table spirit is the same for all ages, and capable of 
 prompt and conclusive application to the prevalent 
 vice or vices of any age? They are satisfied with it, 
 we answer, at least all reasonable friends of temper- 
 ance, all who wish to place the temperance cause 
 upon its highest ground, all who would make it a 
 matter of principle, as the New Testament does, 
 instead of such a mere arbitrary asceticism or super- 
 stition as is taught in the Koran. They are satisfied 
 with this positive, clear, unanswerable. Scriptural 
 argument for total abstinence from certain things in 
 certain well ascertained conditions of society and the 
 world. They are content, we say; but it is their 
 adversaries who are not satisfied. These are the men 
 who are for pressing the Bible into specific rules, 
 regulative of the outward thing instead of the inward 
 principle. They are the men who strive hard to 
 extract from the Scriptures, not so much specific con- 
 demnations as specific commendatlans of what is 
 known to be evil. They are the per te logicians.. 
 
zU 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 They would make out a rights per scy very much like 
 the sin per se of others who would seem to be on the 
 opposite extreme, and yet do actually harmonize 
 with them in the spirit and principle of their 
 reasoning. 
 
 Such is the condition into which perversity of feel- 
 ing, rather than any logical demand of the intellect, 
 brings the reasoning on this question, and hence the 
 necessity, on the other side, of the second Scriptural 
 argument, or the one we have styled the defensive. 
 It is to wrest this weapon from their hands. It is to 
 show that while the higher moral reasoning needs 
 not the aid of specific denunciations of particular 
 substances, as evil in themselves t or irrespective of 
 their moral effects, so neither, on the other hand, 
 must the adversary be allowed, without resistance^ 
 to maintain that any such substance is a good in 
 itself, or declared in Scripture to be such, in any sjnse 
 that would not allow or even demand a total absti- 
 nence from it in a given social state. 
 
 The temperance advocate takes issue on this ground. 
 He denies that wine« the intoxicating wine of almost 
 universal modern use, is pronounced a blessing in the 
 Scriptures, and that, therefore, abstinence from it, 
 total abstinence, is either a contempt or a denial of 
 a good gift of God. 
 
 Such is substantially the position taken by Dr. 
 Nott in these Lectures. The^^cr se ultraists on both 
 sides are avoided. It is a calm, dignified, learned, 
 and we think, in the main, successful argument, to 
 •how tliat the Bible condemns the use of certain 
 
 '*f 
 
 f< 
 
 . . 
 
 I 
 
 It 
 
INTIlODUCriON. 
 
 :n\ 
 
 :^'i 
 
 i 
 
 y^ 
 
 substances, not per 5c, not from any qualities requiring 
 the aid of science to ascertain tlieui as such, not from 
 ay known or unknown chemical mcosure of alcohol, 
 but because, according to the knowledge of the day, 
 they were intoxicatingt and therefore had au immoral 
 influence. The physical or scientific causes may have 
 been, in that age, very imperfectly known, as they 
 are now very imperfectly known. But such a view 
 does not detract at all from the reverence duo to the 
 real inspiration. It does not at all diminish — to a 
 right thinking mind it even enhances — the moral 
 power. There may have been, on the part of these 
 inspired men, ignorance, even error, as to the nature 
 of substances they approve, as well as of substanceh 
 they condemn. The Infinite in knowledge might 
 have made a supernatural advance in their science, 
 but it would still, as science, have been imperfectt 
 still the vehicle of error, still therefore the ground of 
 cavil. It would have removed no real difficulty; it 
 might, it probably would, have created others still 
 greater. But they had a higher mission. They 
 were inspired to denounce a specific psychological 
 or moral state supposed to be produced by certain 
 causes. The state was known; the causation was 
 imperfectly understood, even as it is yet imperfectly 
 understood ; for when we say imperfectly^ it is simply 
 saying there is something more, and still something 
 more, and that indefinitely, to be discovered about it. 
 Liebig is farther on, but, in one sense, he is no 
 nearer the perfect end of these things, even of these 
 physical things, than Solomon, the wisest of Jewish 
 
ST 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 naturalists. The bare statement of the thought U 
 sufficient to show that an exact scientific revelation 
 of the chemical components productive of such a 
 psychological or moral state, would be at variance 
 with the whole known manner in which the Infinite 
 has chosen to communicate with the finite mind. It 
 might be maintained, moreover — we say it with all 
 reverent reserve of any a priori speculations as to 
 the reasons or modes of the Divine teaching — that 
 such a scientific method of revelation would have 
 defeated the great end for which a revelation is mudo, 
 and is alone worthy to be made. If would have had 
 a tendency to increase that which is now the great 
 evil of our fallen condition, — to make the physical 
 predominant to the obscuration of the moral, — to give 
 power and knowledge, especially natural hmwledge^ a 
 higiier place in our souls than grace and goodness. 
 Even in the ethical region, it would have given 
 prominence to the ascetic, and the sesthctic, instead 
 of the higher spiritual. It would have had a ten- 
 dency to make men content with the letter, and thus, 
 perhaps, as has often been exemplified in our way- 
 ward human history, have led them to every kind of 
 device to substitute a false and carnal for a true an 1 
 spiritual obedience. It would, in short, have led tho 
 mind to rest in facts, the exact knowledge of which 
 varies with the ever changing science of different 
 ages, instead of that moral fact which was as perfect 
 and as clear to Jeremiah as it is now to Faraday. 
 The moral fact in this case was the state of soul we 
 call intoxication. The ancients knew it as well as 
 
 'H 
 
iirrQODUCTioir. 
 
 It 
 
 Jil- 
 ls, 
 
 \n 
 
 Has 
 
 we» altliough our experimental evidence is bo much 
 more abundant. Holy men of old were inspired to 
 denounce'this evil. The Inspiring power used their 
 thoughts, their language, their knowledge, as the me- 
 dium through which to give the denunciation clear- 
 ness, force and impressiveness. It was the outward 
 knowledge of their day, perfect as to the effect, or 
 thing denounced, imperfect as to the causation. The 
 same Divine power iilled them with a vehement feel- 
 ing against this state denounced. Under the influence 
 of this feeling thus imbreathed, this thought thus 
 divinely given, and under the special guidance^ too, 
 of the eternal wisdom whence it came, they used the 
 language of their day in the condemnation of sub- 
 stances best known as the producers of the psyco- 
 logical condition which was the real, the unchange- 
 able evil jperse. It w^as intoxication; not intoxication 
 to excess, but intoxication in any degree; intoxication 
 sought as intoxication simply, be it more or less. It 
 was the act of a person in health using certain sub- 
 stances, not as medical remedies (more or less imper- 
 fectly known as the antidotes to an already deranged 
 condition of the system), not for any nutritive, 
 strengthening or restorative qualities, but solely for 
 producing that evil state called intoxication, evil, 
 not as excess, but in any, even the least or incipient 
 degrees,— evil in effect, evil in motive, evil per se. 
 It was the act of a person in health deranging his 
 spiritual nature and putting it in a false state, diiv 
 turbing the organs or faculties of thought, imparting 
 an unnatural impulse to the passions, quickenini^the 
 
(T 
 
 xyi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 @vH>c(f or cxcituble part of our nature, not in the way 
 its Maker designed it, as an auxiliary to the rational 
 and moral action, but for its own pleasurable emo- 
 tion; thus, in a word, running the risk of giving 
 the sensual the predominance over the spiritual 
 powers of our being. This was intoxication; a 
 spiritual fact, A Hebrew prophet, we repeat, could 
 know it as well as the most scientific of modern 
 chemists or modern anatomists. It was evil — evil 
 altogether; that which was sought, that which was 
 desired for the purpose of producing it, that sub- 
 stance in which this, as a known or supposed effect, 
 was the chief Ingredient of value — that was evil also. 
 It was evil, not so much from any chemical consti- 
 tution, but because it w as so sought and for such an 
 end. Now to denounce the state without bringing 
 in the supposed cause — the substance that quickened 
 the evil motive, and was in turn called into demand 
 by it — would have been beating the air. Intoxica- 
 tion was evil, and so were things that would intoxi- 
 cate, especially as sought for that purpose. In 
 speaking of it, therefore, as a thing wrong^-always 
 wrong as thus desired — ^he must use the language 
 best understood by the men of his age, and which 
 might be taken as the representative of the same 
 unchanging truth amid all the changing science of 
 after a^s. 
 
 Here is the ground for the argument brought out 
 in these Lectures. Wine is commended in some 
 places as a blessing. This cannot be for any intoxi- 
 aating effect, even in the slightest degree, but for the 
 
IMTBODUOTIOir. 
 
 STii 
 
 , 
 
 good it doei, its known effects as healthful, pleaiant, 
 nutritive, restorative, non-intoxicating. It might be 
 used to excess, as bread or honey might be eaten in 
 excess, but such was not, such could not be, the 
 common tendency of anything thus declared to be a 
 blessing. Even a tendency to excess, simply as 
 excess, must make a thing an evil (if such tendency 
 belongs to the very essential working instead of being 
 a mere accident, as in bread and honey and other 
 substances commonly regarded as innocent) ; but in 
 the thing denounced, there is clearly an evil distinct 
 from that of excess, as will be seen in its proper 
 place. So the good substance, the good wine, might 
 become changed ; it might be suffered to get into a 
 perverted state, and in this changed state produce 
 intoxication; but such was not, could not have been 
 the state on which the benediction was pronounced. 
 Neither could such have been any usual condition of 
 the thing commended, for then it would not have 
 been ranked with those other substances, ** com and 
 oil,** which, whilst they agree with it in its nutritive, 
 healthful, in a word, blessed properties, would not 
 have so wholly differed from it in this peculiarly and 
 essentially evil effect. 
 
 And so, again, wine (sometimes under this generic 
 name and sometimes under others) is condemned, 
 not as something merely which might be used in 
 excess; for there are other undisputed blessings that 
 might also be thus used in excess, but which are not 
 thus condemned in ternis ot evil attached to the very 
 substances themselves. This is a distinction which 
 
XVIU 
 
 UlTBODUOTIOir. 
 
 U deemed to be one of much importance. A man 
 might cat to excess, and gluttony is condemned, but 
 bread is never called a ** mocker;** no man is ever 
 denounced for putting the loaf to his neighbor's 
 mouth. One might cloy himself with honey ; such 
 excess, as excess, might be reproached as sensuality ; 
 but honey, though so sweet and tempting, is nowhere 
 ■poken of as som^'thing which it was dangerous for 
 a man even to look upon, as an evil thing whose very 
 nature it was to bite like a serpent and sting like an 
 adder. These substances are nowhere spoken of in 
 terms of severe condemnation, directed immediately 
 against the things titcmselvcs, and without the accom- 
 paniment of any qualifying terms connected with 
 such mere excess. 
 
 But there is a wine thus spoken of, condemned for 
 an evil which is not merely that of excess. It must 
 have been a substance known or supposed to produce 
 intoxication ; that unnatural thing which is evil in 
 every djgii3e. It was dilTerent from the healthful and 
 nutritive substance ; and the grand moral distinction 
 was, that it was sought for a different purpose. It might 
 not always bo perfectly easy to draw the physical 
 line between them, in consequence of the tendency 
 of the healthful to degenerate into the injurious and 
 the intoxicating. It may be a long time yet before 
 science settles exactly where that line is, if she ever 
 does exactlv settle it. In modern as well as in ancient 
 times, practical moral results furnish better rules 
 than any chemical tests. It was not anciently, as it 
 is not even now, a question of alcohol as determined 
 
 k' 
 
IKTRODUCTfON. 
 
 xiz 
 
 I 
 
 bj grains, but a higher question, a question of •fi/ai>' 
 ca/ton, as an admitted evil state. The wine that did 
 not intoxicate, and was not used to intoxicate, or 
 sought to intoxicatCy wns good ; a blessing was in it. 
 The wine that did iutoxicnto, and vms twight for that 
 purpose^ was bud; it wus pronounced a woe and 
 a curse. 
 
 Such is the moral truth, the moral statement. 
 Now in what language is this revealed to us in the 
 Bible ? It is answered : in a peculiar language, 
 growing out of the peculiar nature of the subject 
 matter. The good and the evil substances are both 
 entitled logically to the generic name of wine, from 
 the obvious fact of their common unadulterated origin 
 \n the juice of the grape. Such, then, would occa- 
 sionally be the name given to both, especially when 
 pvecision of terms is unnecessary from the fact that 
 thi* context clearly sliows which effect, as character- 
 istiy of the respective kinds, was chiefly in view. 
 StilL if there was a wide difference in such effects, 
 marKiid by almost invariable characteristics, — if one 
 produV,ed only evil, whilst the other was in the main 
 productive of good, — if they were. fought foj- directly differ' 
 ent piirposcsy the one for its intoxicating, the other for 
 its nutritive and restoring qualities, — if the one was 
 regarded by the virtuous as best, in its pure, 
 unchanged state, whilst the other, as is the law of 
 all things evil, kept ever calling for an increase of 
 the characteristic evil quality, and so became con- 
 tinually more and more deleterious in its effects,-^ 
 then there would arise, in time, an adaptation of 
 
IKTRODUOnOir. 
 
 language more ipecific in its terms, growing wider 
 in ita distinctive diffbrenccs, and aiming to dt^soribe 
 iheie two substances by their varying fruits, rather 
 than by that generic union of origin which is the 
 common ground of naming in the infancy or first 
 itagei of human speech. And such, on opening the 
 Bible, we find to be actually the case. Such is the 
 law of naming and derivation. The history of the 
 thing, the rising and divergencyof the evil appears in 
 the words to which it gives rise ; it is seen in the more 
 sparing use of the old generalization and the more 
 frequent employment of specific or descriptive epi- 
 thets. The state of the Hebrew language corresponds 
 well with what we would, a prton, expect it to be on 
 such a theory. Both kinds of wines are occasionally 
 described by the same generic appellation, yayin; 
 but in other and numerous cases, each gets to itself 
 its own peculiar name, more closely associated with 
 its peculiar good or evil (tliat is, its nutritive or 
 intoxicating effect), and the opposite purposes for 
 which they are respectively sought ; so that when 
 the one is mentioned, there is no need of any quali- 
 fying language to show the reason either of the 
 benediction or of the condemnation. 
 
 All need of dwelling farther on this, then, is saved 
 by the admirable manner in which the whole subject 
 is presented in the chart of texts to be found in 
 the appendix. If the reader hns any candor, the 
 effect upon his mind must bo most striking. The 
 general term is yayin ; the name almost always used 
 with approbation, and sometimes with blessing, is 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Hi 
 
 tiroth, or the now uiiintoxicatiug wioe or juice of the 
 grape. There is, in fact, but ono exception, Homo, 
 iv., 1, and. there it will bo Keen, that in reference to 
 the main, wo may say, the only point in this argu- 
 ment, or tiio matter of intoxication, it is only a 
 Hoeming exception. Let the reader look carefully at 
 the context, and he must see, from the conneotioii 
 of tirosh y/ith the other indulgences there mentioned, 
 that it is simply the excessive or surfeiting enjoy- 
 ments there condemned, ruther than any directly 
 intoxicating or immediate soul changing quality, 
 which is the evil element in the species elsewhere so 
 unequivocally reprobated. 
 
 Other iescriptive names are used for the good 
 wine, but this is predominant — so predominant wc 
 say, and so marked in the context for its innocent, 
 non-intoxicatiiig qualities, that any one who would 
 cite these benedictions of tiroth as real commenda- 
 tions of the intoxicating drink sought by the ancient 
 drunkards, shows himself greatly wanting both in 
 Bible knowledge, and a proper reverence for the 
 Holy Scriptures. If uuy one is disposed to go still 
 farther, and quote them in defence of the vile com- 
 pounds of modern times, wc will not attempt to 
 characterize either his learning or morality. 
 
 The reader will notice in this synoptical chart 
 some other terms of the later Hebrew, used for the 
 same purpose as tirosh, but they are mostly descrip- 
 tive, and expressive of u mild, innocent, non-intoxi- 
 cating state of the vinous fluid. For the evil or 
 intoxicating wine, the most common word is yayin» 
 
nil 
 
 nnnoDuoTiov* 
 
 Why thould it take to itself to frequently this old 
 name, thus driving the bettor nnd the unchangod 
 aabitanoa to the uie of a now and more deicriptivo 
 epithet? The reaaon will bo seen by a little cnroful 
 attention to the usual course of things. In this world 
 evil predominates. Language, like all things else, 
 shares in the human degeneracy. Words follow the 
 stream of t\a human depravity. It is thus that the 
 evil thing usurps the gonerio or family title. On 
 this account, in oases whoro ymjin is employed of the 
 innocent beverage, or the simple unintoxicuting 
 juice of the grape, it is usually accompanied by 
 such a context as leaves no doubt of its meaning. 
 
 So, also, the use of the bad wine tends to multi- 
 plicity of epithet. The Anacreontic spirit seeks 
 diversity in song. The pure love of intoxication per 
 $e as something different from restoring aliment or 
 even the excess of olo3ring indulgence, demands new 
 terms corresponding to its own evergrowing strength. 
 Honee such words as sohhct the wine that is sippedt or 
 tupped'^iiM etymology being visible almost all the 
 way down our Saxon or Celtic stream — the mesckf the 
 drugged mMt mixed with hot and spicy ingredients — 
 the shecart or strong drinks synonymous with drunken- 
 ness itself. All these most graphically mark the 
 descent from the commencing divergence of the 
 barely intoxicating yayin, down to those lower Mid 
 still lower degrees into which it is the nature of all 
 evil, once bom, to be ever plunging. That surely 
 must be an evil, per se, to whose very essence it per- 
 tains to breed a deeper and still deeper evil. Thii 
 
IMTBODUCriaN. 
 
 xiiU 
 
 •ril if infuied into the wine when it AirtI bogitit to 
 have ita intoxicating qualit/* Gbemi«ta may Mittle 
 that scientifically, if they can, from the degree of alco- 
 hol, but the practical teat is the one for the inoraliat. 
 That which intoxicatea is evil, evil in the glightest 
 degree of its effect ; and the reason is, that such 
 slightest degree of intoxication ever demands, not 
 the same repeated simply (though that would be an 
 evil), but a stronger and still stronger intoxica- 
 tion. This is the stone that Sisyphus is ever con- 
 demned to roll. The appetite calls for a stronger 
 stimulant; the want invents a stronger substnncc, 
 and this demands a new and stronger word. It U the 
 hot mixed wine, the wine that givcth its color in the 
 cup, that sparkles like the serpent's eye and stingeth 
 ike the adder*s fung — it is the poisoned mcscht tho 
 potent thecar — these are the new ideas and tho 
 new terms, showing that they are the pcrvernions, 
 the adulterations, the poisonous changes of something 
 which in its original state would not intoxicate and 
 would not, therefore, be sought by the drunkard. 
 
 Now it may be said, perhaps, that there area few 
 cases, a very few, in which some of these names for 
 the intoxicating wine are used with language seeming 
 I to imply approbation. But let the reader carefully 
 examine that correct and valuable chart. He will 
 see that such cases are unmistakably marked as medi- 
 cinal. There were cases where an overpowering 
 [depression of body and soul might bo relieved by 
 [stimulating wine ; cases perhaps, of urgent necessity, 
 before other and slower remedies could be applied. 
 
XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 So "strong drink might be given to liim who was 
 ready to perish." How strongly — if a man will but 
 think ^-does tlie apparent exception prove the general 
 moral prohibition of such substances. These cases 
 but confirm the sober principle of interj. retation that 
 runs through these Lectures. The general position 
 may again be stated under two aspects. The good 
 wine might be used to excess, but it was the excess 
 of surfeiting, not of intoxication ; it was incidental, 
 not entering into the very essence ; it belonged to the 
 misuse, not to every vse of the substance employed. 
 So, on the other hand, the intoxicating wine mi|^ht 
 be used for beneficent purposes, but it was in th jse 
 same states of an already deranged spiritual or phy- 
 sical condition which demand other toxical or modi- 
 cinal remedies — such being in their nature mainly 
 poisons ; that is, poisons for the healthy diathesis, and 
 only to be taken as temporary antidotes to other still 
 more malignant and deranging influences. 
 
 Such is the substantial oi^tline of the argument in 
 these Lectures. We have not made any close exami- 
 nation to see if there might not be some errors in 
 the classical or Scriptural references. It is enough 
 that the main positions are sober, cautious, well 
 reasoned, impregnable. There are doubtless readers 
 who will be dissatisfied. Per se ultraists on both sides 
 may condemn the work as falling short. But their 
 real quarrel is with the rational Bible method rather 
 than the fair and candid manner in which it is brought 
 out. Those who would make it a question of chem- 
 istry rather than of morals, may feel a secret disap* 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXV 
 
 who was 
 n will but 
 he general 
 liese cases 
 tation that 
 il position 
 The good 
 the excess 
 incidental, 
 nged to the 
 employed, 
 wine mi&ht 
 vasin tluse 
 tual or pby- 
 Lcal or modi- 
 Lture mainly 
 iathesis, and 
 to other still 
 
 s. 
 
 argument in 
 close exami- 
 ne errors in 
 _t is enough 
 utious, well 
 ►tless readers 
 ,n both sides 
 But their 
 ethod rather 
 it ia brought 
 lion of chem- 
 secret disap* 
 
 pointment. Even tliough they do not venture out- 
 wardly to complain, yet is there an inward vexation^ 
 perhaps, because the Bible has not been as explicit 
 on some of these points as could have been wished, 
 or as their favorite theoiy might demand. Why could 
 not the Scriptures have always called the bad wine 
 yayin and the good wiiie tirosJif so that there could be 
 no possible mistake about the meaning and its appli- 
 cation in every case ? Why could not revelation 
 have told us how much alcohol is in the one, and 
 whether orno there is but little alcohol or noalcohol 
 at all in the other ? But to all such uneasy querists 
 the fair answer is already given. This is not the way 
 in which the Infiuite communicates himself to the 
 finite mind. It employs not the language of science ; 
 for it is ever changing, ever imperfect, that is, ever 
 unfinished. It does not make use of its facts or 
 statements as such ; for they remain not the same 
 from age to age. If it employs them at all, it is only 
 as entering into the common mind, and as having thus 
 become the representatives of universal thought. 
 We would say it with reverence and diffidence : 
 Scripture may even be regarded as avoiding marked 
 precision of language or departure from the common 
 speech, if by such niceties of terms, or such prefer- 
 ence of the special and technical, the mind would 
 be led to dwell on the outward and the physical to 
 the neglect of the great moral idea. 
 
 And yet even the language of the Bible, as dis- 
 tinct from its ideas, must have been an object of the 
 Divine care. It is a book e\ er suggestive. Its holy 
 
""^ 
 
 XXVI 
 
 INTRODUOTIOK. 
 
 texts are ever expanding to a higher and a wider 
 meaning ; but it is only for those who have eyes to 
 see and ears to hear. They who seek for stumbling- 
 blocks may find them in abundance ; but still it 
 remains true as ever, that " wisdom's ways are plain 
 to him that understandeth, and right to them that 
 find knowledge.** That Scriptural simplicity of enun- 
 ciation, which has the greatest charm for all'^ho love 
 the Bible most, furnishes the chief occasion for the 
 caviler. It is perhaps impossible always to refute 
 him logically. And so it may be that in this respect 
 the present Lectures may fail to meet the views of 
 extremists on cither side ; but we have little doubt 
 of their securing everywhere a favorable and grate- 
 ful hearing from the sincere friends of humanity and 
 the candid and intelligent lovers of Divine truth. 
 
 {[ 
 
 I 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Prefatory Letter, by the Editor, 
 
 Introduction, by Prof. Tayler Lewis, 
 
 LEOTUBE No. I. 
 
 PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 
 
 Preliminary remarks — The question at issue stated — Testimony of 
 Moses, Solomon and Pliny— •Other testimony in Scotland — In 
 America — The number of drunkards in this republic — The 
 remedy intimated — No alternative — We must change our social 
 usnge, or meet the expense of their maintenance — What intozi- 
 eating liquors cost Great Britain annually — What those who 
 purchase liquors pay their money for, 31 
 
 LECTURE No. II. 
 
 THE REMEDY. 
 
 Intoxicating liquors useful, but not as a beverage in health — Those 
 wlio use intoxicating liquors, and live to be old, live not in conse* 
 qucnce, but in spite of drinking — Intoxicating liquors analogous 
 to exhilarating gas — The number of deaths by the use of in. 
 toxicating liquoi s very great — The waste of life by intoxicating 
 liquors suppKed from the ranks of temperate drinkers — Delete* 
 riouB effects of distilled liqoors, of beer and of bad wine, ... 09 
 

 XXyill CONTENTS. 
 
 LECTURE No. III. 
 
 THE BIDLE. 
 
 The kind of wino in question — The autlioi ity of Scripture — Wine 
 of difforent liinds, good and bnd — Spolicn of by sacred writers — 
 Grape Juice called wino — Good wino — Better than after formcnta- 
 Uon — If not wine, but grape juice out of which wine i« made, 
 and called wine figuratively,^ then is wine not commended, but 
 grape juice merely — The wine of the press and vat in Palestine 
 slightly fermented — What is meant by unformented wine as hero 
 lued, 80 
 
 LECTURE N©. IV. 
 
 INQUIRY EXTENDED TO PROFANE WRITERS. 
 
 The wine question continued — Grape juice spoken of as a beverage 
 by profane writers — Called wine — Pronounced good wine — Det- 
 er before than after fermentation — The formation of alcohol in- 
 tentionally prevented by arresting fermentation — Dissipated when 
 formed by the filter, or counteracted by dilution — The question at 
 issue a question of d'ogicc, not of totality — The question of sin 
 per te considered — Perfect purity not attainable — Wine placed 
 on tie same footing as other articles of food, 128 
 
 / 
 
 LECTURE No. V. 
 
 WINE — ITS SACRAMENTAL USB. 
 
 The wine made use of at the Paschal Supper, at the wedding at Dana 
 of Galilee — And the wine recommended to Timothj, . . .161 
 
 LECTURE No. VI. 
 
 THINGS, NOT NAMES. 
 
 How wines called by the same name can be distingubhed 
 nence from wine urged on the ground of expediency, . 
 
 Absti. 
 178 
 
coNTEirrs. 
 
 xxiz 
 
 LECTURE No. VII. 
 
 ADULTERATIONS. 
 
 The adulteration of the wines of commeroo — Drunkenness and gliit* 
 tony compared — Analogy between bad oil, bad milk, and bad 
 wine — An appeal to Patriots and Cbristinns, 200 
 
 LECTURE No. VIII. 
 
 MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED TO STRONG DRINK. 
 
 Books of Rerclation and Nature — Misery springs from Tiolationa of 
 law — Nature interrogated — Her answer returned — In crime, 
 disease and death — Spontaneous combustion — DistinoUon between 
 stimulants and aliments — Example of moderate drinkers more in> 
 Jurious than of drunkards — Iniquities of fathers visited on chil- 
 dren — Expostulation with moderate drinkers, 222 
 
 LECTURE No. IX. 
 
 MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED TO STRONG DRINK. 
 
 Nature still farther interrogated — Another page turned — The i*e- 
 sponse in the structure of creation and the orderings of Provi- 
 dence — Man made for temperance and chastity — Excess fatal — 
 The intrepid engineer — The voice of Nature, the voice of God — 
 His disapprobation of intoxicating liquors stamped on the whole 
 human organism — Especially the human stomach — Explanation 
 of the drawings of Doct. Sewal — The maniac, 244 
 
 LECTURE No. X. 
 
 THE TRAFFIC APPEAL TO DEALERS. 
 
 The injurious effect of abandoning the liquor trade considered — The 
 expedient of total abstinence — The manner in which it should be 
 enforced — An appeal to dealers, » . 2fii 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 LECTURE No. XI. 
 
 RECAPITULATION — GENERAL APPEAL IN BEHALF OP TBM- 
 
 PBRANCE. 
 
 ▲pp««l to Fftrenti — To Touth — To Women — Conoluaion, . . 298 
 
 Antnvix, 818 
 
 Letter from Mr. Delavan to Gov. King, 827 
 
 Adulteration of liquors, 841 
 
 Bishop Potter's Address on the Drinking Usages of Society, . 345 
 
 Um and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks, in Health and Disease, 
 bj Wm. B. Carpenter, SM 
 
 .1 
 
 ih 
 
 
[)F TBM- 
 
 • 
 
 . 20B 
 
 • 
 
 . 818 
 
 • 
 
 . 827 
 
 t 
 
 . 841 
 
 ty. 
 
 . 340 
 
 leue, 
 . . 8«« 
 
 LECTUEE No. I. 
 
 FR£LIMIKABY BEMABES. 
 
 Prellminarj remarks — The question at issue stated — Testlmonj of 
 Moses, Solomon and Pliny — Other testimony in Scotland — In 
 America — The number of drunkards in this republic — The 
 remedy intimated — No alternative — We must change our social 
 usage, or meet the expense of their maintenance — What intoxi* 
 eating liquors cost Great Britain annually — What those who 
 purchase liquors pay their money for. 
 
 It is now some eighteen centuries since the temper- 
 ance question was argued in Palestine, by a prisoner 
 in bonds, before a Koman Governor. It has often 
 since been argued ; seldom, however, it is believed, 
 with the same effect, and perhaps as seldom in the 
 same spirit. Saul of Tarsus was scarcely less re- 
 markable for his courtesy of manner than for his 
 fixedness of purpose. 
 
 Mere dictation^ as well as stern rebuke, comes with 
 an ill grace, even among friends, from those, believed 
 to be at least, as weak and erring as ourselves; 
 whereas there is always a charm in meekness, and 
 the persuasive accent of unaffected kindness seldom 
 falls powerless, even on a stranger's ear. Whether 
 the friends of Temperance, I mean its most, active 
 
 IfOTT. 
 
89 
 
 LEO. NO. 1 — PBELIMINARY BBMARK8, 
 
 friends, may not have lost something of their influence 
 oyer the public mind by the advocacy of even their 
 noble cause, in a manner too stem, and with a spirit 
 too uncompromising, is a question which at the pre- 
 sent time may well deserve consideration. 
 
 Even truth bears lightly on minds exasperated by a 
 sense of injury; and conviction is slow to reach 
 bosoms rankling with resentment, and before which 
 prejudice has flung her broad and impenetrable shield. 
 
 Although we neitlier use, nor abet the use, even 
 the moderate use, of intoxicating liquor, in any of its 
 forms, as a beverage, still we do not know, and dare 
 not therefore aflirm, that they who do so use it, in 
 some of them, are, on that account, greater sinners 
 than other men. And even though they were, they 
 are still our brethren : and we have no desire, during 
 this season of divine forbearance, to sunder those 
 bonds which have hitherto united us. On the con- 
 trary, wo wish hereafler, as heretofore, to maintain 
 a free and fraternal intercourse with them ; to hear 
 their arguments, and in our turn to address to them 
 our own. We think that truth is on our side ; and 
 ifit be so, our opponents may hereafter be convinced ; 
 and we trust in God they will hereafter be convinced 
 — an additional reason why we are unwilling, by any 
 indiscretion of ours, to alienate their feelings, and 
 thus weaken the hold we might otherwise have on 
 their reason and their conscience. 
 
 It is well to learn wisdom from the past. Years 
 have now gone by, since I first became acquainted 
 with the late Rev. Dr. Hoosack, of Johnson, now 
 
DOOT. H008A0K. 
 
 88 
 
 gone to his rest. During a journey, taken with him 
 lOon afler our acquaintance commenced, I observed 
 that he uscd'a little brandy and water with his dinner, 
 to aid digestion ; and took a small globs of bitters 
 before breakfast to ensure an appetite ; and though 
 much younger than himself, I ventured to questioii 
 the propriety of such a practice. He heard me 
 patiently, and answered mo playfully, as his manner 
 was — '* Your logic tells mc one thing, my experienc«d 
 another, and in the absence of other evidence I shall 
 continue my former practice ; " and he did continue 
 his former practice. We often afterwards met, and 
 discussed the matter ; but though the one drank spirits 
 and the other water, we always met and parted in 
 friendship. At length a public discussion of the 
 whole question took place, at which both of us were 
 present, when I was as delighted as surprised to find 
 that my old friend Hoosack had come over to our side. 
 *' I continued," said he, giving a reason for his change 
 of opinion, ** I continued to drink intoxicating liquor, 
 
 without apprehension, until I saw and and 
 
 (naming three distinguished individuals) become 
 
 intemperate, when thought I, if such men can not, 
 as life advances, withstand its growing influence, it 
 is time for me to abjure its use." 
 
 And he did abjure its use ; thereafter giving the 
 whole weight of his influence to the cause of tempe- 
 rance, till full of years and honored by the churches, 
 he left the world without a blot upon his character. 
 His was a noble independence. I honored him for it, 
 apd I still honor him for it. My poor argument did 
 
84 ALCOHOL AOCOUNTBD NEEDPUL. 
 
 not oonvinoe bim i the providence of God, however, 
 did ; and when light broke upon his mind he did 
 homage to the truth. 
 
 But, in relation to the question now before uf, 
 what is truth? That some people lean to the ono 
 opinion, and some to the other, decides nothing. For 
 though truth will ultimately prevail over error, the 
 struggle may be violent and of long continuance. 
 Saul of Tarsus is not the only individual, who, when 
 erring grievously, has thought he was doing Govl 
 service. * 
 
 In some countries, when friends fall out, they are 
 required by the laws of honor, to kill each other. 
 In other countries each is required, by the same laws, 
 to kill himself. 
 
 The time was, when our fathers owneo rtlavcs, and 
 even, without compunction, engaged in the slave 
 trade. Now the thought of this fills us with amaze- 
 ment : so the time was when rum and gin and brandy 
 and whiskey, and that whole legion of alcoholic mix- 
 tures, were not only tolerated, but also held in esti- 
 mation by the wise and good, as well as the ignor- 
 ant and vile. 
 
 Then alcohol in some form was accounted needful 
 to the doctor in compounding his medicine, to the 
 lawyer in making out his brief, to the parson in 
 composing his sermon — aye, and in its delivery too. 
 While in every place of concourse, — at the house of 
 feasting, at the house of mourning, — this spirit- 
 stirring element seemed to be considered the one 
 thing needfuL To say nothing of gala days and 
 
PSAOnOB IM THE OITT OF ALUaNT. 
 
 86 
 
 weddings, not * christening could bo porfonned, or 
 even a funeral lolemnized, among largo and respect- 
 able claites of community, without this indispensable 
 accompaniment. And the^man of fortune who should 
 have neglected to provide it, in_anticipation, for his 
 burial, would, in many a place, have been accounted, 
 if not a denier of the faith, at least, less provident 
 than an infidel. 
 
 Even in the exemplary and church-going city of 
 Albany, the time was — I remember it well — when 
 pastors and people vied with each other in the 
 production of the best cherry, and raspberry, and 
 strawberry brandy ; as well as sundry other quite 
 orthodox alcoholic mixtures, to be served occasionally, 
 not only to company, but to bo administered also to 
 the smaller children as a vermifuge, and to the larger 
 ones as a stomachic. While some there were— nay, 
 many there were — and good men too, who, as a 
 preparation for their nightly rest, as regularly took 
 their whiskey punch, as they offered up their devo- 
 tions. Indeed, if the moderate, and especially the 
 occasional, use of intoxicating liquor, in some of its 
 forms, is to exclude from our charity and fellowship, 
 it will be difficult to find, even among our own 
 members, executioners, without sin, to cast at their 
 offending neighbor the first stone. 
 
 Now, notwithstanding this diversity of opinion and 
 practice, all of us wish to live as long, and to enjoy, 
 while we do live, as much as possible. 
 
 Will, then, the use of intoxicating liquor extend the 
 duration and increase the enjoyment of human life ? 
 
 NOTT. 
 
f 
 
 36 
 
 DirrSUKNT OPINIONS IIEhD. 
 
 ' 
 
 If this bo tho case, it in bofittinK tlintoii toiii lulndi 
 ■houldbe ilisabuicd of ugrouiullt»HH i»ri;ju(li«u» uguiimt 
 its U80 ; and on tho contrary, if this bo not the cwur, 
 then is it befitting that certain othrr niindH nbouM 
 be disabusod of a no less groundlcKit projudico in 
 favor of its use. 
 
 Wo who now opposo tho provailing practice, onro 
 thought and acted as those who now advocate it 
 think and act. And who knows but those who now 
 advocate it, may hereafter think and act as we do ! 
 
 Thoy can not Huppose that we who dislike self- 
 denial a-s much, and love good cheer as well, as they 
 do, have all at once, and without some good reason, 
 real or imaginary, changed our habits, and abjure<l 
 forever the use of an article, so long familiarized, and 
 to which many of us at least were so much attached. 
 Ai little can we suppose that they, wlio dread p^iin 
 as much and love life as well as we do, will continue 
 the use of the same article, (unless where inebriation 
 has become habitual,) after they shall discover, what 
 we profess to have already discovered, that however 
 pr^Mrcdf and with whatever other ingredients combinedt 
 death m oftent if not usually^ one ingredient mingled 
 in every cup in which it is contained. For, however 
 some might be disposed, for filtliy lucre's sake, to 
 furnish a deleterious preparation, to be drank by 
 others, few it is believed would be disposed to drink 
 of it themselves. And if such a preparation has 
 been introduced, introduced extensively, they only 
 who are privy to the fraud, and expect to profit by 
 it, will with old the meed of praise from the chemist 
 
 h 
 
»ot the CIIBCS 
 
 iiiiulH nhoultl 
 ^)rojudico in 
 
 ructicc, once 
 advocuto it 
 080 who now 
 t as we do ! ' 
 , dislike self- ' 
 well, as they 
 good reason, 
 , and abjureil 
 liliarized, and 
 uch attached. 
 K) dread p^in 
 will continue 
 re inebriation 
 iscover, what 
 , that however 
 \cnt8 comhlnedt 
 iient mingled 
 fc'or, however 
 ^re's sake, to 
 )e drank by 
 )8cd to drink 
 )aration has 
 [y, they only 
 I to profit by 
 the chemist 
 
 WERE tOUNTAIMS OV WATKU I>0180NI;D. 37 
 
 who ettabUshf^ and the lieral 1 who proclaim < iht^ 
 alarming fact 
 
 Had some drug, slow but certain in its work of 
 death, been cti<it into those tbiintains whence your 
 supply of water is derived, and had some wakeful 
 guardians ot the public welfare witnessed the trans- 
 action ; more than this, had they causod the water to 
 be analyzed, detected the specific poison, tested iti 
 degree of virulence, and traced distinctly to its influ- 
 ence much of the diMiniso and death with which your 
 city is afHicted, ought they, because a portion of the 
 citizens not having themselves as yet experienced 
 any inconvenience, were incredulous ; ought they, I 
 repeat it, the less to sound the note of alarm on that 
 account ? This will not be pretended. As little will 
 it be pretended, that for a similar reason the note of 
 alarm may not, with equal freedom, be sounded 
 where, in the use of any other beverage, a question 
 of life and death is concerned. But is such a ques- 
 tion here concerned ? Many people think there is ; 
 think that in the manufacture and sale of the intoxi- 
 cating liquors in use among us, fraud is practiced, 
 and that under the guise of a healthful beverage, 
 deleterious and destructive drinks are palmed on the 
 community ; and that alike, though in different forms, 
 in the hut of ignorance and the parlor of fashion. 
 
 Now be the truth of this what it may, they who 
 believe this to be the truth are at liberty to proclaim 
 that belief, even from the house-tops. " The life oj 
 man it more than meat, and his body than raiment,** But 
 let it not be forgotten that they who do not believe 
 
88 
 
 QUESTION STATED. 
 
 this, are at equal liberty in the same manner to pro- 
 claim that they do not. Though error may, truth 
 can have no reason to shun discussion. To think 
 and speak and act on his own responsibility, and not 
 to do the bidding of another, is alike the privilege of 
 a freeman and a Christian. 
 
 Here then is common ground, where an issue may 
 be fairly joined, between the water drinker and the 
 spirit drinker of every class and character. 
 
 Are then intoxicating liquors of the kind and 
 quality generally in use among us« deleterious, 
 as a beverage, or are they not? 
 
 This is the real question ; and not whether being 
 deleterious, they ought to be avoided? 
 
 That pure alcohol is poison ; that every beverage 
 containing alcohol contains an element of poison, 
 and that other elements of poison are often, if not 
 usually, contained in intoxicating liquors, are known 
 and admitted facts. 
 
 That these elements of poison, however, usually 
 exist in such liquors, in sufficient intensity to disturb* 
 the healthy action of the system, by the production 
 of crime, insanity, disease, or death, is not to be 
 taken for granted, nor to be decided by reasoning 
 a priori. 
 
 The same article maybe healthful to plants and 
 injurious to animals ; healthful to animals and injuri- 
 ous to men ; healthful to one man and injurious to 
 another ; healthful to some men at one time and in 
 one degree, and injurious at another time and in 
 another degree ; or healthful in occasional, and inju- 
 
MOSES — SOLOMON. 
 
 30 
 
 rious in habitual use. Now how is it ^nth tho seve* 
 ral kinds of intoxicating liquors in use among us, are 
 questions of fact not to be determined by clanaor or 
 dogmatism, but by obseiTation and experiment. 
 
 To furnish data for such determination, however, 
 no new experiments are required to be performed ; 
 a series of experiments reaching through more than 
 forty centuries having been already furnished ; experi- 
 ments tried first in Asia on the top of Ararat, where 
 the Ark rested ; and since tried in Europe, in Africa, 
 in America, and in the islands of the Sea. We have 
 only to collect and collate these scattered and recor- 
 ded results, to enable us to arrive at a knowledge 
 of the truth. 
 
 Hear Moses speak : " And Noah began to be an 
 liusbandman, and he planted a vine-yard, and he 
 drank of the wine." Wliat next f " and he was 
 drunken." I need not repeat the residue of the 
 afflictive and humiliating details. Nor need I repeat 
 the still more afflictive and humiliating details of 
 drunkenness and incest, which the use of wine occa- 
 sioned in the family of Lot after their departure from 
 the vale of Sodom. 
 
 Hear Solomon speak : " Who hath wo ? who hath 
 soiTow? who hath contentions? who hath bab- 
 blings ? who hath wounds without cause ? who hath 
 redness of eyes ? 
 
 " They that tarry long at the wine ; they that go 
 to seek mixed* wine. Look not thou upon the wine 
 when it is red, when it giveth its color in the cup, 
 when it moveth itself aright. At the last it biteth 
 
m ISAIAH — PUNT. 
 
 like a serpent and etingeth like an adder." Neither 
 hero need I repeat tlio residue of the afflictive and 
 humiliating details. 
 
 Hear Isaiah speak : " But they have erred through 
 wine, and througli strong drink are out of the way; 
 the priest and the prophet have erred through strong 
 drink ; they err in vision, they stumble in judgment. 
 For all tables are full of vomit and filthiness, so that 
 there is no place clean.'* 
 
 But this, it is objected, is the testimony of sacred 
 writers only. It is so. Would that of profane wri- 
 ters be deemed more conclusive ? 
 
 Hear then Pliny the elder, speak. Pliny, than 
 whom a purer patriot or a profounder sage lived not, 
 out of Palestine, among the nations : **If we exam- 
 ine closely, w^e shall find there is nothing on which 
 more pains are bestowed by mankind, than on wine. 
 As though nature had not liberally furnished water, 
 with which all other animals are content : we even 
 force our horses to drink wine,* and we purchase at 
 great pains and expense a liquor w^hich deprives man 
 of the use of his reason, renders him furious, and is 
 the cause of an infinite variety of crimes. 
 
 * The cuatom of giring wine to horses was known to Homer. 
 Tide, Iliad riii., li., ^8. Philip de Gomines says, that " At tho close 
 of a battle, having mude his war horse, who was rery much exhausted 
 and very old, drink wine, it appeared to renew aiid'rejuvenate hnn. 
 The practice is common enough among all our cavaliers." 
 
 Coluroella, chap. 3, book Sd, recommends giving wine to cat.tle w<}(- 
 ijM and overheated with labor. 
 
PLINY. 
 
 41 
 
 " It is true it is so delicious that multitudes know 
 no pleasure in life but that of drinking it. Yea that 
 we may drink the more, we weaken this liquor by 
 passing it through the straining bag,* and we invent 
 other methods to stimulate our thirst ; we go so far 
 as to employ poisons. Some persons before drinking 
 make use of hemlock,t that the fear of death may 
 compel them to drink. Others swallow powder of 
 pumice-stone and many other things which I should 
 blush to name. 
 
 **The most prudent facilitate the digestion of 
 vinous crudities by resorting to sweating rooms, 
 whence they are sometimes carried forth half dead. 
 Some cannot even wait to reach their couch, on the 
 first quitting of the bath, nor even to put on their 
 tunic. But naked and panting as they are, rush 
 eagerly on great pitchers of wine, which they drain 
 to the bottom, as if to jxhibit the strength of their 
 stomachs. They next vomit| and drink anew, renew- 
 ing the like career twice and three times, as though 
 bom only to waste wine ; as though men were under 
 
 Le to cat.Ue wqr- 
 
 * Columella, bo6k ix., ctiap. 15. — The Greekf were acquidnted 
 with the custom of paK>ing wines thi'OU(;h the saceus. 
 
 [ Tide TheophrastuB de causis vi., chap. 9.] The Romans used to 
 pass tiirough the saceus old and too heavy wines. Vide Martial lib.. 
 11, Epig. 40; also, xii., 61. 
 
 f Wine is a remedy for the poison of hemlock, according to Flinff 
 lib. zxii., see. 1-7. 
 
 X See on this cust«D, Oicero — Fro Dejotaro. Also Martial, book 
 ill, Epig. 82. Suotoniua, Life of YiteUiua ziU., and of OUvdiw^ 
 chap. ziii. 
 
40 PLINT. 
 
 obligation to be the channel by which wine ah<mld 
 return to the earth. 
 
 ** Others borrow from the barbarians most exti»- 
 ordinary exercises to show that they are constituted 
 genuine wine-bibbers. They tumble in the mire, 
 where they effect to lay the head flat upon the back« 
 and to disphiy a broad and muscular chest. All this 
 they shamefully practice, because these violent acts 
 load them to drink with increased avidity. 
 
 <*And uow what shall we say to the infamous 
 representations upon the drinking-cups and ves- 
 sels for wine, whit^h would seem as though drunken- 
 ness alone were iiisufificieat to excite men to lewd- 
 ness. 
 
 ** Thus they drhik, as if prostitution and drunken- 
 ness, ye gods ! were invited and eveu bribed with a 
 reward* 
 
 ** Some receive a certain sum of money, on condi- 
 tion of eating as much as they drink ; while others 
 expend in wine what they obtain in games of chance.. 
 Thus the eyes of the husband become heavy, while 
 those of the wife are wide open, and employed ia 
 full liberty. - 
 
 <* It is theu the most secret thoughts are revealed. 
 Some at such times disclose the contents of their last 
 wills; others throw out expressions, which, in the 
 common phrase, they will thereafter be forced to 
 eat. 
 
 " How many perish in consequence of words ut-^ 
 tered in a state of inebriety ; so that it has passed 
 into a proverb, that ' Wine brings truth to light*' 
 
 H 
 
PUNT. 
 
 43 
 
 '* Such men, at best * see not the rising sun, and 
 thus abridge their lives. Thence proceeds their pen^ 
 dulous cheeks, their ulcerated eyes, their trembling 
 hands, incapable of holding the full glass without 
 •pilling a poiiiion of its contents. Thence those 
 furious transports which disturb their slumberp., and 
 that inquietude, just punishment of their intemper- 
 ance, in which their nights are passed. 
 
 ** The highest reward of their drunkenness is the 
 creation of a monstrous passion, and a pleasure which 
 nature and decency forbid. On the morrow their 
 breath is still infected with the odor of wine. They 
 experience, as it were, a death of memory, and almost 
 total oblivion of the past. Those who live after this 
 sort, call their conduct the art of making time and 
 enjoying life ; though the day of their debauch and 
 the subsequent day are equally lost. In the reign of 
 Tiberius Claudius, about forty years ago, it became 
 the custom at Rome, to drink wine in the morning 
 with empty stomachs, and to take no food till after 
 drinking. This was of foreign derivation, and was 
 introduced by certain physicians, who wish to com- 
 mend themselves to the public favor by the intro- 
 duction of some novelty. 
 
 " To drink is, by the Parthians, considered highly 
 honorable.^ Amjong the Greeks, Alcibiades has thus 
 distinguished himself; among the Latins, Marcellius 
 Torquatus, of Milan, who had been praetor and pro- 
 
 * Tide Seneca, Epig. 122. Athennua, jjb. yi., p. 273; also some of 
 the preface of Columella. 
 Nor. 
 
44 
 
 PLIMY. 
 
 consul, has obtained the surname Tricongius, by 
 drinking at once three congii of wine* in the presence 
 and to the great astonishment of the Emperor Tibe- 
 rius, who, in his old age, became severe, and even 
 cruel, but in his youth was much addicted to drinking. 
 
 "It is believed, moreover, that Lucius Pisco obtained 
 from him the prefectship of Borne, for having re- 
 mained at table two days and two nights in succes- 
 sion with this prince, who had even then mounted 
 the throne. It was said, also, that in nothing did 
 Drusus Cfesar more closely resemble his father Tibe- 
 rius, than in the quality of a deep drinker* 
 
 *• Torquatus, of whom we have spoken above, had 
 no equal in his exact observance of the Bacchanal 
 laws; for the art of diiuking has also its laws. 
 Whatever quantity of wine he drank, he never stut- 
 tered or vomited. The morning found him still at 
 his potations. He swallowed a great quantity of 
 wine at one draught ; and if a small cup was poured 
 out to him, he never failed to demand the remainder. 
 While he drank he never took breath, or spat, and 
 he never left in his glass any heel-taps which could 
 produce sound when thrown on the pavement ; in 
 which he diligently observed the rules for the pre- 
 vention of tiick in drinking. 
 
 •* Tergilla reproached M. T. Cicero, that he drank 
 too congii at a single draught, and that one day, being 
 intoxicated, he had thrown a glass at the head of 
 Marcus Agrippa. Truly these are the works of 
 
 * Three gallons, one quart and one pint. 
 
PLINY. 
 
 drunkenness. But doubtless Cicoro, the ton, whhed 
 to take from Mark Antony, the murderer of his 
 father, the palm of drunkenness ; for it is well known 
 that, before him, Antony had been very jealous of 
 the title of a first-rate drinker, and even published a 
 treatise on his drunkenness, in which he dares to 
 apologize for that vice. But this treatise persuades 
 me only, that the drunkenness of Antony was the 
 cause of all the evils with which he has afflicted the 
 earth. He vomited forth this work a short time 
 before the battle of Actium ; as if to show that he 
 was already intoxicated with the blood of the citizens, 
 and thirsted only the more for it. 
 
 " For this necessity accompanies the vice of drun- 
 kenness, that drinking augments thirst ; and every 
 one knows this *bou mot* of the Scythian ambassa- 
 dor, that the more the Parthians drank, the more 
 they thirsted. 
 
 ** The western nations have also peculiar intoxica- 
 ting drinks. The Gauls and Spaniards composed 
 them of grain steeped in divers manners. The Span- 
 iards give them vaiious names. There is a method 
 of rendering them susceptible of long preservation. 
 Similar drinks an*, also made in Egypt from grain. 
 There is no psrt of the world where inebriation is 
 not practiced ; for they drink such liquors pure — 
 that is, without diluting them like wine. The earth 
 seemed to produce grain for the nourishment of man; 
 but, by Hercules! how industrious is vice ; we have 
 found a method to make even water intoxicate us» 
 
46 
 
 RESPONSE FROM CALCUTTA — SCOTLAND. 
 
 ) 
 
 
 **Twoliquoraare furnUhed by the trees, both very 
 pleAiant, wine for inward, and oil for outward appli- 
 cation. Oil, however, is the most useful, and men 
 have been industrious in their efforts to procure it ; 
 but they have been infinitely more diligent in regard 
 to wine, having invented ninety-five different kinds ; 
 perhaps double the number, on full examination, 
 might be reckoned — and so few of oil ! " • 
 
 If, then, the use of intoxicating wine, deemed to 
 be the least deleterious of intoxicating liquors, re- 
 quired, even in countries suited to the vine, so much 
 caution, was attended with so much hazard, and led, 
 even occasionally, to such lamentable results, what 
 was to have been expected from those other and 
 baser fabrications, which the brewer's and distiller's 
 arts have subsequently palmed on the world ? What ? 
 Precisely what has taken place, — a mighty and gra- 
 tuitous increase both of guilt and misery. 
 
 But what evidence is there that such has been the 
 case ? You shall hear. To recent inquiries sent 
 abroad by philanthropists, to different parts of the 
 earth, the response returned from New Holland was, 
 " that in that colony intoxicating liquors promote 
 crime, induce disease, and hasten death." A similar 
 response has been returned from Calcutta, from Bur- 
 mah, from Malacca, from China, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, from Continental Europe, and from the 
 British Isles. \ 
 
 *PIin., liib. xIt., chap. 22, 
 
EVIDENCE MEAREB HOME. 
 
 47 
 
 In Sootland— exemplary Christian Scotland— the 
 use of intoxicating liquors has tripled in the last 
 fifteen years. In 1823, the whole consumption 
 amounted to 2,300,000 gallons ; in 1S37, to 6,770,716 
 gallons. In Glasgow alone, there are two thousand 
 two hundred spirit shops, that is one spirit shop for 
 every ten dv elling-houses throughout the city. The 
 consumption of spirituous liquors has increased in 
 Glasgow during the last fifteen years five hundred 
 per cent, whereas the population has increased only 
 sixty-six per cent. But, mark ye, in the meantime 
 crime has increased four hundred per cent, fever six- 
 teen hundred per cent, death three hundred per cent, 
 and the chances of human life diminished forty-four 
 per cent. What and appalling result ! ♦ 
 
 But this is too general and remote. Be it so. 
 Turn we then to evidence more specific, and to lo- 
 calities near home. If there be any truth in the 
 declaration of physicians in our cities, or even in the 
 verdict of juries returned over the bodies of the 
 dead, and under the solemnity of an oath, tlien is 
 drunkenness a most frightful source of death among 
 ourselves. Nor is it, if the keepers of prisons and 
 asylums are to be believed, a less frightful source of 
 poverty, insanity and crime. It is apparent from 
 the bills of mortality which have been kept, that in 
 a single year twenty deaths have been occasioned in 
 Portsmouth, N. H., by the use of intoxicating liquors : 
 twenty-one in Salem, Mass. ; thirty-one in New 
 
 * See Edinburgh Roview for April, 1888 ; Trades Uuion. 
 
 NOTT. 
 
4S 
 
 EVIDENCE NKAKKB HOME. 
 
 i- 
 
 Haven, Conu.; thirty in Nuw Briiniwick, N. J., and 
 levon hundred in Diiladelphia. 
 
 The avorugo duration of life to those Irish emi- 
 grants who ptivo the streets and rear tlie ediiices ia 
 the city, and who excavute tlio canals and grade the 
 railroads in the country, tlie average duration of life 
 to this hard laboring (and alas ! that it should bo so, 
 till of late, hard drinking) population, is said, owing 
 to this fatal propensity, to have been reduced to 
 about five years from the time of their landing. 
 
 And it is also said, that those emigrants, who year 
 after year enter the States hale and healthy from the 
 Canadas, stripped of their summer's earnings by those 
 harpies of the dram-shop, enter on the winter beg- 
 gared and comfortless, and that a third of their 
 number, before the next spring opens, are, not unfre- 
 quently, in their graves. 
 
 After examination had, it has been made apparent, 
 that of eight hundred and eighty maniacs in our 
 asylums, four hundred owe their loss of reason to 
 the use of intoxicating liquors. That seventeen hun- 
 dred out of nineteen hundred paupers in our poor- 
 houses, and thirteen hundred out of seventeen hun- 
 dred criminals in our prisons, owe their pauperism 
 and their crime to the same cause. That forty-three 
 out of forty-four murders were committed under the 
 influence of alcoholic stimulus. That sixty-seven 
 out of seventy-seven found dead, died of drunken- 
 ness, and that four hundred out of six hundred and 
 ninety juvenile delinquents either drank themselves 
 or belonged to families that did so. 
 
 *»»*: 
 
DEATH AMONG EJUlQIUMlS. 
 
 49 
 
 rick, N. Jm An<^ 
 
 **I hayo shown,'* suys that indofutigablo agent, 
 Samuel Chipnmii, Kh^., who visited all the poor- 
 houses and prisons iu the State of New-York, **I 
 have shown beyond the power of contradiction, 
 that more than three-fourths of all the pauperism is 
 occasioned by intemperance, and that more than 
 five-sixths of all those committed for crime, are 
 themselves intemperate. In no poor-house have I 
 failed to find the wife, the widow, or the children 
 of the drunkard. In one, of one hundred and 
 ninety persons relieved the preceding year, were 
 nineteen wives of drunken husbands, and seventy- 
 one children of drunken fathers. And in almost 
 every jail were husbands confined for whipping their 
 wives, or otherwise abusing their households.'* 
 
 This is certainly sufficiently near, and sufficiently 
 specific. And yet intoxicating liquors, shame of 
 human reason, disgrace of the nineteenth century, 
 are manufactured and bought and sold and drank 
 among us. More than this, their manufacture and 
 sale are sanctioned by law, as well as usage. And 
 a revenue derived from this polluted and polluting 
 source, by some strange mistake in legislation, is 
 received into the public treasury. 
 
 But have the witnesses relied on no preposses- 
 sions? Is there no exuggenition in their state- 
 ments? I have sometimes thought tliere might be; 
 and I have therefore done, myself, what I advise 
 each of you to do: that is deliberately to look 
 around you and take, within the circle of your own 
 
 acquaintance, the dimensions of that misery which 
 3 
 
ftO 
 
 SOCIAL CLUB in sciiemeotadt. 
 
 I 
 
 ititemporanco occasions, and sum up tho number of 
 tloud which it has sluin. 
 
 A friend of niitie once gave mo the number and 
 iiie names of a social club of temperate drinl^ert 
 which once existed in Schenectady, and of which, 
 when young, he was hunself a member; and I have 
 remariced, how bereft of fortune, how bereft of repu- 
 tutiuu, bereft of health, and sometimes evi'U bereft 
 of reason, they have descended, one after another, 
 pieuiaturely to the grave ; until at length, though 
 not an old man, that friend alone remains, of all 
 their number, to tell how ho himself was rescued, 
 from a fute so terrible, by the timely and prophetic 
 counsel of a pious mother. And I have marked too 
 how those pupils of my own, who, in despite warn- 
 ing and admonition, and entreaty, persisted in the 
 use of intoxicating liquors while at college, have, on 
 entering the world, sunk into obscurity, and Hnully 
 disappeared from among those rival actors, once their 
 companions, rising into life ; and when, searching 
 out the cause, I have, full of anxiety, inquired after 
 one, and another, and another, the same answer hus 
 been returned, ** He has become, or gone a sot into 
 the grave.*' 
 
 Among these cases of moral desolation, I remember 
 one of peculiar aggravation ; it was that of a gifted 
 and aspiring individual, and a professed Christian. 
 Crossed and humbled by domestic affliction, he sought 
 as many still seek, relief in alcohol. His friends 
 foresaw the danger and warned him of it; that 
 warning he derided; he even denied the existence of 
 
 P 
 
 ■fclf^n 
 
0A8R OK PKCIJLIAU AGOUAVATIOK. 
 
 6i 
 
 a propcntiity, wiiich, by indiilguiicis wuh loon thero- 
 aftor rtiudoi'tid uncuiitrullublo; wiu>ufiU(l(loiily,ahrink- 
 ing from tho lociuty uf moti, ho ■hut himBelf up in 
 hii chamber and oudoavorod to drown hit caroi in 
 perpetual inebriation. 
 
 His abuied conititution soon gave way, and the 
 death-scene followed. But oh ! what a death-scene ! 
 As if quickened by the presence of the King of Ter- 
 rors, and the proximity of the world of spirits, his 
 reason suddenly lighted up, and all his suspended 
 faculties returned in their strength. But they re- 
 turned only to give to retribution a severer aspect, 
 and render the final catastrophe more instructive and 
 more terrible. For though at i intervals he seemed to 
 pour his soul out in confession, and to implore for- 
 giveness in the most thrilling accents, shame, remorse, 
 and despair were predominant; and there was, at 
 times, an awfulness in the paroxysms of his agony, 
 which no words can describe, and which can be real- 
 ized by those only who witnessed it. ^* There," said 
 he, pointing to his bottle and his glass, which he had 
 caused to be placed beside his death-bed, *' there is 
 the cause of all my misery : that cup is the cup of 
 wretchedness; and yet, fool that I have been ! I have 
 drank it ; drank it voluntarily, even to its dregs. 
 Oh, tell those miserable men, once ray companions, 
 who dream of finding in inebribtion, oblivion to their 
 miseries, as I have dreamed of this; tell them,— 
 but it were vain to tell them — oh! that they were 
 present, that they might see, in me, the dreadful 
 sequel, and witness, in anticipation, the unutterable 
 
$9 
 
 CASE OF PECULIAB AOORAVATION. 
 
 horrors of a drunkard's death." Here his voice fal> 
 tered — his eye fell upon the abhorred cup — and, 
 as his spirit fled, a curse, half articulated, died away 
 upon his quivering lip ! 
 
 Whatever exaggeration there may have been in 
 those other statements, in these there is no exagger- 
 ation. This is not poetry, but history. Nor is this 
 the whole. To say nothing of the untitled dead ; 
 the heads of families; the members of families, 
 whose number has not been summed up ; but — to 
 say nothing of these-— how many clergymen, how 
 many physicians, how many jurists, in this and the 
 neighboring cities, have, during the existing genera- 
 tion, fallen victims to this destroyer? Who of my 
 equals in age, does not remember those venerable 
 men, all moderate drinkers, who once held, in Albany, 
 their meetings at noon-day? And who does not 
 remember, too, the result of those meetings ? — aye ! 
 and of those otlier meetings, held at a later hour by 
 their sons — those young men of promise, that were, 
 but are not ! 
 
 Over all classes in that beloved city intemperance 
 hath oast its withering influence. Nor over these 
 only. There is no city, or town, or hamlet, known 
 to the speaker, where it is otherwise. Of all the 
 avenues to death, the world over, this is the broadest, 
 steepest, most frequented. The sword hath indeed 
 slain its thousands, — but alcohol its ten thousands! 
 
 Ev^n in this republic, we are told by those familiar 
 with such statistics, that there are more than five 
 hundred thousand drunkards' What a deduction 
 
 jj 1 1 If nill|lfliailif>ipM>Btliiii*ll 
 
 ■fcfc^a^.^ I II ^i i ' i 1 1 r i M **— ■—■■■ ' ■ 1 1 li WA 
 
 MMlMdfMkilMM 
 
FITS HUNDRED THOUSAND DRUNKARDS. 
 
 6>f 
 
 from our national virtue, honor, and happiness ! 
 What an addition to our national guilt, infamy, and 
 misery ! 
 
 Could you see those wretched beings separated 
 from th. residue of community, and congregated 
 together in some great common Aceldama,— -what a 
 spectacle of horror ! How much more so, could you 
 see them individualized, dispersed among their 
 friends and kindred, and linked each in his vileness, 
 by ties tender and indissoluble, to other beings, — 
 and often to beings of the purest virtue, of the live- 
 liest sensibility, and the loftiest aspirings. Ah ! 
 could you see them thus, what guage could measure 
 the extent, or arithmetic sum up the amount, of 
 misery comprehended within your field of vision ! 
 Oh ! could you number those concealed tears, which 
 flow from so many sleepless eyes, as God numbers 
 them ; and hear those stifled sighs, that escape from 
 so many sorrow-wounded hearts, as God hears them, 
 you might then, but not till then, form an adequate 
 idea of the superadded good which intoxicating 
 liquors must hereafter produce, to cancel the dread 
 amount of gratuitous evil they have already inflicted 
 upon mankind ! 
 
 Five hundred thousand drunkards in this repub- 
 lic !! But I will not vouch for the accuracy of their 
 enumeration. I am aware that among the advocates 
 of almost every cause there exists a propensity to 
 exaggerate ; and I will not, even in a good cause, 
 insist on a hypothetical enumeration, or urge an 
 inconclusive argument. Not having verified the 
 
\1 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 6i 
 
 FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND DRUNKARDS. 
 
 details furnished of local drunkenness, I do not know 
 with certainty the national amount. 
 
 But I do know, if drunkards exist elsewhere as 
 they exist in the Empire State, that their whole 
 number must be very great. For I do know, that 
 here they crowd our prisons, our jails, our asylums, 
 our poor-houses, and our work-shops ; and that they 
 may be found in our drawing-rooms, our halls of 
 legislation, our halls of justice, our halls of science, 
 and even -^ alas, that it should be so ! — our temples 
 of devotion ! 
 
 Besides the loss of the intellectual resource, and 
 the physical energy, and the sufferance of the indeli- 
 ble national disgrace, and the deep domestic misery, 
 which this mighty army of drunkards occasion, they 
 contiibute, as- has already been shown, more than 
 any other cause, — nay, more than all other causes, — 
 to augment our poor rates, to augment the expense 
 for criminal arrests, for criminal prosecutions, and 
 threaten ultimately to overthrow our civil institutions. 
 For, if their numbers shall increase hereafter as they 
 have increased heretofore, the time will come, in this 
 downward career, when revenues will be wanting to 
 furnish bread for the poor, and build prisons for the 
 guilty ; because the time will come when the earn- 
 ings of the sober and industrious few will be inade- 
 quate to provide for the wants of the drunken and 
 idle many, when intemperance itself, amid the com- 
 mon privation, will be restrained by the very desti- 
 tution which intemperance has occasioned^ 
 
 ^itei^i 
 
HISEBT RESULTING. 
 
 5$ 
 
 Be the number of drunkards in this republic what 
 it may, that drunkenness exists, and that to a fright- 
 ful extent, can not be denied. And the question of 
 chief concern is i • 
 
 HOW CAN IT BE REMEDIED? 
 
 Can the ax be laid at the root of the tree? Of is 
 the evil incurable ? And must the process of des- 
 truction go on till all that is sublime in intellect, 
 cheering in liberty, and holy in religion, fades and 
 disappear'^ before it ? Must the eye as it glances 
 onward V ;h the vista of futurity, instead of meet- 
 ing with ^j bright and joyous scenes of progressive 
 improvement, until it reaches and rests on the pre- 
 dicted visions of millenial glory — instead of this, 
 must it meet only with poverty, and crime, and de- 
 cay, and desolation as exhibited in diminished trade, 
 in less productive husbandry, in forsaken dwellings 
 and augmented numbers of ragged, squalid wretches 
 lounging in bar-rooms, hanging round the doors of 
 dram-shops, staggering along the public avenues, or 
 snoring in the gutters of those lanes and by-paths, 
 which lead, not to the bread, but to the beer and 
 rum-selling grocery? Must this be so by any neces- 
 sity of nature ? Or is there yet a remedy ? There 
 is — here as elsewhere — remove the cause, and 
 
 THE effect ceases. 
 
 But we cannot now discuss, at length, the remedy. 
 That must remain for a future opportunity. In 
 conclusion, therefore, we have only briefly to say» 
 
 NOCT. 
 
 iSr- 
 
V \ 
 
 I; 
 I' I 
 
 IS THERE ANT REMEDY? 
 
 that if we would rid oureelves of the ourse of the 
 drunkard's drunkenness, we must rid ourselves of 
 the use of the drunkard's drink. There is no alter- 
 native, the prevailing usage of society must be 
 annulled or provision made, and made by us, for 
 its future maintenance — a frightful provision ; a 
 provision of muscle, and of mind, as well as of 
 money ! 
 
 I repeat it, there is no alternative ; this whole 
 existing system of moderate drinking must be abol- 
 ished, or the expense of sustaining it provided for by 
 us, and by those who shall live after us ; as it has 
 hitherto been, by those who lived before us. Yes, 
 as the years roll round, we must consent to the deci- 
 mation of our families, and the families of our friends 
 and neighbors, that we may furnish therefrom victims 
 for the dispepsia, the dropsy, the delirium tremens ; 
 and inmates for the poor-house — the house of cor- 
 rection a nd the house of silence ! More than this, 
 having furnished the victims of destruction, we must 
 furnish also the elements of destruction, and the 
 ministers of destruction. 
 
 We must pay for the growing of the grapes and 
 the grain ; then for the manufacture of the whiskey 
 and the wine, and then for the distributron of both, 
 by those privileged vendors, whose exclusive right 
 it is to dispense among the people from their licensed 
 stalls, these elements of death. 
 
 Frightful system ! What a wreck of life : what 
 a waste of money its continuance must occasion. 
 
HOIXESATK DRINKING — EVILS OF. 
 
 (17 
 
 Britain pays, as appears from a late parliamentary' 
 report, annually, fifty millions sterling,* for the 
 mere articles out of which intoxicating drinks are 
 fabricated. Besides which, she loses annually fifty 
 millions* by fires and wrecks occasioned by the drun- 
 kenness which those fabricated drinks produce. In 
 like manner, she loses seventy millions by the pro- 
 ductive industry thus paralyzed and rendered profit- 
 less J together with the product of one-seventh of 
 her soil, which is appropriated to the raising of arti- 
 cles for the brew-house and the still. 
 
 If such be the ascertained expense of sustaining 
 the usage of moderate drinking in Britain, what must 
 it be in the United States? What in this State ? 
 What in this city ? Were the inhabitants of which 
 assembled, or could my voice reach them, dispersed 
 as they are, I would say to the heads of every family 
 apart : Though you can not ascertain how much the 
 State expends for intoxicating liquors, annually, 
 you can ascertain how much you expend yourself. 
 Will you ascertain this? — and having done so, dis- 
 tribute under appropriate heads, according to your 
 best judgment, the entire amount. 
 
 Say, so much for furnishing victims to disease — so- 
 much for depriving men of their property — so 
 much for depriving men of their reason — and so 
 much for peopling the grave yard — so much for cor- 
 rupting the morals of the youth — so much for aggra- 
 vating the miseries of age — so much for disturbing 
 
 3» 
 
 $200,000,000. 
 
A8 
 
 BRITAIK — UNITED STATES. 
 
 the peace of families — so much for embittering the 
 cup of connubial joy — and so much for mingling 
 humiliation with the exercise of filial piety. 
 
 If you will do this, you will know, not only how 
 much money you have paid away, h>it you will know 
 also what you have paid that money for. 
 
 
LECTURE No. II. 
 
 THE BEMEDY. 
 
 Intoxicating liquors useful, but not as a beverage in health — Thoso 
 who use intoxicating liquors, and live to be old, live not in conse- 
 quence, but in spite of drinking — Intoxicating liquors analogoua 
 to exhillrating gas — The number of deaths by the use of in« 
 toxicating liquors very great — The wuste of life by intoxicating 
 liquors supplied from the ranks of temperate drinkers — Delete* 
 rious effects of distilled liquors, of beer and of bad wine. 
 
 Havinq glanced, in the preceding lecture, at the 
 frightful evils of drunkenness, we come now to 
 inquire, 
 
 Whether these evils arc endured by any necessity of 
 nature-, or whether they are evils for iuhich a remedy 
 exists f 
 
 The latter doubtless. Here, as elsewhere, remove 
 the cause and the effect ceases. What then is the 
 cause of drunkenness ? It is drinking. But bo it 
 observed, that it is not the drinking, or even the 
 excessive drinking of water, the beverage which 
 nature supplies for the allaying of thirst, or of milk, 
 or of various other nutritive and healthful beverages, 
 but the drinking of intoxicating liquors only, which 
 produces these frightful results. 
 
 NOTT. 
 
K 
 
 60 ▲ GOOD CREATUUC — USED V\'1TU IMPUNITY. 
 
 Why thea should the drinking of those liquors be 
 continued? Why? Metlunks I hear the objector 
 asli : Deserves ttiis question even a reply ? — would 
 anyone but a fanatic propose it? Are not intoxi- 
 cating liquors among the good creatures of God, that 
 their use as a beverage must be relinquished? 
 Doubtless they are among the good creatures of God ; 
 and should therefore be received with gratitude, and 
 may be used with innocence. 
 
 Far be it from me to speak irreverently of any of 
 the bounties of Providence. Intoxicating liquors 
 have doubtless their appropriate use, and may there- 
 fore be used whenever and wherever their use is ap- 
 propriate ; that is to say, they may be used in the 
 arts, in sickness, in great physical exhaustion ; and, 
 in one word, on all those occasions and for all those 
 purposes for which intended by the Creator. But 
 does it follow from this that they were intended by 
 him to be used as we use them, habitually and as a 
 beverage in health ? And if not so intended by him, 
 then not rightfully so used by us ; and such usage, 
 by whomsoever indulged, will be productive of ulti- 
 mate misery. It is vain to seek happiness where 
 God forbids it, and the search, by whatever argu- 
 ments defended, and however long continued, will 
 end in disappointment. 
 
 But some, it is affirmed, have used intoxicating 
 liquors— even distilled liquors — through a long life 
 with entire impunity. And some too, it is alsc 
 affirmed, have used arsenic, and even prussic ccid 
 with a like impunity. And were it even so, could 
 
UNITY. 
 
 ) liquors he 
 10 objector 
 ^ _ would 
 not iutoxi- 
 )f God, that 
 linquished ? 
 ires of God ; 
 atitude, and 
 
 ly of any of 
 ting liquors 
 i may there- 
 ir use is ap- 
 used in the 
 Lstion ; and, 
 for all those 
 eator. But 
 ntended by 
 lly and as a 
 ded by him, 
 luch usage, 
 ;tive of ulti- 
 Iness where 
 ,tever argu- 
 inued, will 
 
 Intoxicating 
 a long life 
 it is alsc 
 russic acid 
 so, could 
 
 DOUBTFUL WHETIIBU USKD WITH IMPUNITY. 
 
 61 
 
 any general inference be drawn from this f Or Hhould 
 there be, and should arsenic and prussic acid, in con- 
 sequence, be introduced into common uief What 
 would be thought of tlio man who, standing amid 
 the dying and the dead, occasioned by their intro- 
 duction, should still point to the few Bolitary cases of 
 seeming exemption, in evidence of tlio harmless and 
 even healthful tendency of these destructive agents? 
 What would bo thouglit of him ? Precisely whnt 
 ought to be thought of the man who reasons in the 
 same manner about intoxicating liquors, that liow- 
 ever honest his convictions maybe, the conclusions 
 arrived at are not the loss erroneous on that account. 
 But is it quite certain that any have used intoxi- 
 cating liquors, as a common beverage, through a long 
 life, with entire impunity ? That such use of those 
 liquors has been ruinous to multitudes is undeniable. 
 And yet so gradual has the approach of their ruin 
 been, that years have passed away before they have 
 been convinced of such approach. Nor have they 
 generally been convinced of it till it was too late to 
 profit by the conviction. And who knows but those 
 hoary headed veterans, who having outlived their 
 generation, still drink and live ; who knows but they 
 still live in spite, not in consequence of drinking ? 
 Who knows but each treacherous sip, which even 
 these men of years have taken from the poisoned 
 chalice, may not, in place of adding, have taken 
 some pulsations from a heart created to beat so often, 
 some moments from a life granted to endure so long? 
 so that even these iron constitutions of power to 
 
62 
 
 WHO BEST JUDOBS. 
 
 I i 
 
 withstand lo much, in place of owing anything to 
 alcohol, may hav« been only impaired and enervated 
 by its influence.* But who so well knows whether 
 
 * Dr. A. 8. Plonon, of Salem, in bU iMtimonj b«for« the com* 
 iiiUUt of thf Leglilature of MMMohuMttf, Mid h« had bo«n » 
 praotitionar of medicine for twenty^two yaart, and had had frequent 
 opportunitiea to notice the efTeeta of alcohol on the physical s>atem. 
 lie described the immediate and remote effect which waa produced 
 by alcohol. When introduced into the stomach, a morbid action la 
 produced approzimatitig to inflammation. This waa greater or leM 
 in proportion to the quantity used. It then aaoenda Into the brain, 
 and materially efTeeta the action of that delloata organ, interfering 
 uiih and embnriaagiiig tlie intelleetual operations. It also causes a 
 (luicl(oned motion of tlie heart, the action of which organ is thereby 
 increased — being an exompliflcntlon of the saying that " a man livoa 
 too fast." This excitement is succeeded by a corresponding degree 
 of languor. The froe use of alcohol is oftcu the cause of apoplexy, 
 and congestion of the brain* 
 
 The remote eflecta produced by the use of alcoholic liquors as a 
 drinlc are more extensive. It la often the cause of disease In the 
 stomnch, occasionhig on induration or thickening of the lining of that 
 organ — or producing ulceration. The pylorus, or outlet of the stom* 
 aoh is particularly liable to be affected. It also produces a morbid 
 ciToct on the brain, tending to apoplexy. Also on the heart, and 
 through the blood by means of the capillary vessels to the farllicst parw 
 of the system, causing dropsy, &c. 
 
 It affects the breathing organs — distending the capillaries pf the 
 lungs, and creates tubercles, which is the proximate cause of consump- 
 tion. It alao often causes diseases of the liver. 
 
 The habitual use of alcohol renders the whole system morbid, and 
 makes ordinary diseases more obstinate and diflBcult to be cured. It 
 aggrarates various diseases, and conduces to various diseases. AI* 
 though the effect of cold on the system, while under the immediate 
 exoitemont of ardvnt spirits may be diminished, yet in a short time 
 the system becomes weak and languid and more susceptible to cold 
 liiau when no ardent spirit has been used. Henoe, when a man is 
 •foua-J frozen to death, an empty rum bottle is almost always foimd 
 
DR. PIER801f*8 TE8TIM0MY. 
 
 09 
 
 tho httbituul use of intoxicating liquors is bcnefiolftli 
 at those who use such liquoro habitually ; and why 
 
 by bb tide. Tb« uae of aloubol, altbough it majr for a tima ii 
 •eUoa, duM not Inoreuo powor. 
 
 It ba mUtAkon notion tltat ardent fpbrlt aklta man in enduring ft* 
 tigue. It oaua«i him to oiert himself more for a brief period, b«l 
 at the espenae of hl« oonititution. A man who purtiiaa thie conrae, 
 merely siionces tho monitor which toile him ho haa labored enough. Ha 
 diarcgarda the Toice of hia physical conscience by using alooholio 
 diinlca, and thus ii\J>irc8 his physical system. 
 
 In the cross-examination of Dr. Pieraon, tho following facta were 
 brought out in relation to the babita and age of the late Dr. Uolyoke, 
 uf Salem. 
 
 Mr. Sdllet.— Uowjlong may a pcraon use ardent apirita modcrattly, 
 without any perooptiblo ii\{ury to health f 
 
 Dr. Pierton.— In very email quantities a long time. A man may 
 n^e pobon of any aort, in Tery small quantities, and yet be preserved by 
 tlie conservative principle implanted in the human system aa a defence. 
 
 Jir. JSa/Zef.— Were you acquainted witli the late Dr. Holyoko, of 
 Balemt 
 
 Dr. Pier$on. — Tea. I had the honor of being hia biographer. 
 
 Mr. Malttt.'^ How long did he Uve f 
 
 Dr. Piernon.— One hundred years. 
 
 Mr. Hallet.^ What were his habits } 
 
 Dr. Pieraon.— He was in the habit of being temperate in all thinga. 
 He waa a man of moat remarkable character — never tempted to ex« 
 ceai. He used to live without much care — without thinking w hetber 
 ho would da hiiiuelf harm or not. IIo was wry cheerful, and of a 
 very benevolent heart and easy conscioncc, and patient of little ii\jttrie8. 
 lie was in the habit of using intoxicating drinks in small quantities. 
 He had a preparation which consisted of ono table spoonful of Jamaica 
 rum and one table spoonful of cider, diluted with water, which be 
 used after dinner while smoking hia pipe ; I would mention in oonneo> 
 \\o\i with thb habit, that he did not die of old ago. I examined the 
 body myself with very great care and attention. The heart and orgaiie 
 which are apt to bo diseased in aged persons, and to become hardened 
 .like atone were aaaoft m an iofant'a \ and for augbt that appeared^ 
 
€i 
 
 DR. PIERfiON'8 TK8'tlM0Nr. 
 
 I 
 
 on thU mere ([ucstion of fact in not their tettiniony 
 dociiiivc? Because these liquorM uct on tho mind m 
 
 might \\art> gone •uothcr tmiulroil ytnrn. Aud no of the other organs. 
 The Iiv(>r ntui brnlii wore in a hunlihy Mtnto. Ilu died of tho diaoAM 
 which is inostcuinmunijr produced by th« u.40 of ardent rp'rits nnd to- 
 bacco, su inltrnai eaneer. Ther« was a band three or four incbei 
 broad around tho atoinacli, which was Hoiiirroua or thiokeno'i, I am far 
 from wislthig to mij anything to tho discredit of tho late Dr. Holyoke, 
 who wns my porional frirnd. But if his groat ago Is to ue made an ar* 
 guniont for tho moderate una of spirits, I desire thut his schirroua 
 stouiacli itliouid bo put along side of It. — 2'tmperanct Journal far 
 1830, /). 67. 
 
 Dr. Gordon, of tho London Hospital, stated before the committee of 
 tho House of Commons in Great Britain, ** that soTenty-flve cases of 
 disease out of every hundred could be traced to drinking." 
 
 Ho also declared " that most of the bodies of moderate drinkers, 
 which, when at Edinburgh lie had o[)oned, were found diseased lu the 
 liror; and that tho3o Hyniptoms a|)peared also in the bodies of tcnipor- 
 ate people, which ho had exaniiuod in tho West Indies. Ho more than 
 once says that tlio bodies whoso livers he bad found diseased were 
 thos« of moral and roli^ioui* peopio.*' 
 
 That human lifo shall bo very greatly prolonged bcyond^ Its present 
 limits, is one of tho plain dsclnrution.^ of prophecy. The following !• 
 Dr. Lowth*8 translation of tho 06th chap, of Isaiah, yeree 20, 28: 
 
 ** No more shall there bo an infant short lived, 
 Nor an oldnmik wiiohath not fuiflUod his dajA.; 
 For b« that (Uoili n hundred years old shall die a boy, 
 And tho sinner that shiill die nt a hundred yearn 
 Sl:all,b6 dvenied accursed. 
 
 " And they shall l<uild houses and inhabit them ; 
 And they shall plant vineyards and tat tho fruit of them ; 
 They shall not build and another Inhabit ; 
 They shall not plant and another eat. 
 
 " For as the days of a tree shall be the days of my peoplo, 
 And they shall wear out the works of their own hands. 
 My chosen shall not labor in vain, 
 Neither shall they generate a short lired race.** 
 
STATISTICS OF LONOBVITT. 
 
 M 
 
 well aitho body. IIenc«, all who use them beoone 
 eicitod; somu loMt some moro; loroe even to mad- 
 
 In th« Ubloi of inorUlUj for Knglund Mid Walet, ctHnnieneing at 
 1118, and ending with 1830, b«lng a parlod of •ightotn years, w« find 
 thai from the age of elghtjr-one to that of on* hundred and twenlj* 
 four, upwnrda of two hundred and forty Are thouaand pereona wer« 
 burled, or there cloren thouaand one hundred and aeTenlj*thrt« llred 
 to the age of ninety, and aoTtn hundred and aoron lived to the ago of 
 one hundred jrcara { eighteen lived to one hundted and ten ;. throe died 
 at one hundred and twe:)ty^ and one man tWcd to be one hwxdMd and 
 twenty'fuur. 
 
 The following well authenticated inatancea of longetlly an ••pled 
 from liaker*fl Curio of Britain, page 24, second edition : 
 
 Karnes. 
 
 
 roars. 
 
 Namea. 
 
 Teara. 
 
 Kloanor Ayuinr 
 
 lived 103 
 
 Jehu Gordon 
 
 Bvod 183 
 
 Ellen Prltchard 
 
 ••^108 
 
 John TayUr 
 
 II 
 
 183 
 
 llor 8i«tet8 
 
 
 104 
 '108 
 
 Ca tharino Lopci 
 Margaret Fonter 
 
 II 
 
 •1 
 
 184 
 186 
 
 Paul the Hermit 
 
 «i 
 
 118 
 
 John Mount 
 
 II 
 
 186 
 
 Jumos the Hermit 
 
 (1 
 
 104 
 
 Margaret Patten 
 
 II 
 
 187 
 
 8t. John the Silent 
 
 ti 
 
 104 
 
 Juan Morroygota 
 
 II 
 
 188 
 
 St. Theodos'.us 
 
 •« 
 
 105 
 
 Riibecoa Parry 
 
 (I 
 
 140 
 
 Thomas Pavis 
 
 tt 
 
 106 
 
 Duroltor Radoloy 
 
 II 
 
 140 
 
 His Wife 
 
 II 
 
 105 
 
 Countess of Desmond 
 
 II 
 
 140 
 
 Ann Parker 
 
 II 
 
 106 
 
 Mr. Epleston 
 
 II 
 
 148 
 
 St. Anthony 
 
 II 
 
 105 
 
 Solomon Kibel 
 
 II 
 
 148 
 
 Simon Stylitos 
 
 II 
 
 109 
 
 William Evans 
 
 «i 
 
 145 
 
 Mrs. Ann Wall 
 
 «i 
 
 111 
 
 Joseph Bam 
 
 «i 
 
 146 
 
 St. Epiphani- - 
 
 <« 
 
 115 
 
 Col. Tliomas Wlnsloe 
 
 II 
 
 146 
 
 Araenius 
 
 It 
 
 120 
 
 Slywark Hen 
 
 II 
 
 150 
 
 Romualdos 
 
 41 
 
 120 
 
 Judith Crawford 
 
 «i 
 
 160 
 
 ApoUonius of Tyana 
 
 11 
 
 180 
 
 Catharine Hyatt 
 
 II 
 
 150 
 
 Margaret Darly 
 
 II 
 
 130 
 
 Francis Consbt 
 
 «i 
 
 18S 
 
 Francis Pext 
 
 It 
 
 130 
 
 James Bowels 
 
 II 
 
 152 
 
 WilUam EUia 
 
 II 
 
 180 
 
 Thomas Parr 
 
 «i 
 
 151 
 
 Diunbergor 
 
 II 
 
 130 
 
 Thomas Dam« 
 
 II 
 
 166 
 
 Peter Garden 
 
 II 
 
 131 
 
 Robert Lynch 
 
 *i 
 
 16a 
 
66 
 
 STATISTICS OF LONGEVITY. 
 
 nesB. Indeed it may be questioned whethei our 
 perceptions are not always more clear, and our judg- 
 ment more correct, without than with these feverish 
 excitements. I do not pretend to have had any 
 peculiar advantages for observing the effects of alco- 
 
 Kamo. 
 
 Ysars. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Ye«r«. 
 
 Mrs. Lotitia Cok 
 
 lived 160 
 
 PetPf Portin 
 
 lived 186 
 
 Borah Roviii 
 
 ♦' 164 
 
 Mongate 
 
 '• 180 
 
 Henry Jenkins 
 
 •♦ 169 
 
 Pctratfich Ozarten 
 
 " 188 
 
 John Rovin 
 
 •' 172 
 
 Thomas Oaen 
 
 " 207 
 
 From the Statistics of Russia^ it appears that in 1888 there were in 
 that country the following instances of longevity : 
 
 850 persons had reached from 100 to 106 yean. 
 
 120 
 
 ♦> 
 
 121 
 
 «« 
 
 8 
 
 tt. 
 
 6 
 
 (t 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 8 
 
 (t 
 
 I 
 
 <i 
 
 I 
 
 (i 
 
 <> 
 
 no " 116 
 
 (« 
 
 121 " 126 " 
 
 it 
 
 126 " 180 " 
 
 li 
 
 181 " 140 " 
 
 t( 
 
 146 
 
 «( 
 
 160 to 165 years. 
 
 i( 
 
 160 
 
 (C 
 
 166 
 
 Herodotus tcll^ ua.that the average life of the Macrobians was one 
 hundred and twenty years, and that they never drank anything stronger 
 than milk. 
 
 Speaking of the New Zealandera, Hawkenworth says : " Water is 
 their universal and only liquor, and in our visits to their towns,, 
 we never saw a single person who appeared to have any bodily oom« 
 plaint." 
 
 A further proof of health is the facility with which wounds heal, 
 and a still further, is the great number of old men we saw : many of 
 whom, by the loss of their hair and teeth, appeared to be very ancient, yet 
 none were decrepit ; and though not equal to the young in muscular 
 strength, were not a whit behind them in cheerfulness and vivacity. -«t 
 ^aeehtt»tp. 116. 
 
BXUILARATINO GAS. 
 
 cx 
 
 hoUc stimulants ; but I have often witnessed the 
 operation of a kindred influence. 
 >It is usual for lecturers on chemistry to administer 
 to certain of their hearers a gas» called in common 
 parlance, exhilarating gas ; wliy this is done I know 
 not, unless it be to show how much like madmen 
 individuals previously sane may, by artificial stimu- 
 lus, be made to act ; a purpose, if indeed such be 
 the pui-pose, which is answered most effectually. 
 
 Now, to' breathe this gas too long is death ; this, 
 those who are about to breath it know ; and yet 
 knowing this, no sooner do they commence the 
 breathing of this gas, than they severally persist in 
 continuing to breathe it ; and they would persist in 
 continuing to breathe it even to the death, if not 
 forcibly prevented. 
 
 The case of the inebriate seems to be analogous. 
 For, havipg once acquired the taste for intoxicating 
 liquor, though he foresees the consequence, he clings 
 with a death grasp to the chalice in which it is con- 
 tained, and from which he can only be disengaged 
 by violence. 
 
 But though, (not like exhilarating gas, which al- 
 ways kills if continued,) intoxicating liquor were in- 
 nocuous to certain individuals, since who they are can 
 only be known by an experiment which must prove 
 fatal to most of those who try it, can it be a question 
 whether such experiment ought to be from age to 
 age repeated ? 
 
 Terrible as drunkenness is, it is not only com- 
 puted, as has been shown, that there are five hua- 
 
68 
 
 LIFE OF DBUNKABD8 SHORT. 
 
 i 
 
 5*1 
 
 ' '' Is! 
 
 dred thousand drunkards in this republic, but it has 
 aVio been computed, that of our entire population, 
 one in twenty-six die drunkards. If one-half of that 
 population practice Total abstinence, and including 
 women and children, this is probably the case, then, 
 of all who drink, one in thirteen die drunkards. 
 
 Now the life of drunkards by way of eminence, is 
 short. Generations of them are swept away with a 
 rapidity that amazes. And yet their frightful num- 
 ber is not diminished. 
 
 Whence do the successive columns of this unbro- 
 ken and mighty army of inebriates come ? How are 
 its perpetually thinned ranks perpetually filled up ? 
 Where is the exhaustless fountain that sends forth 
 this everlasting stream of life, to replenish those 
 mighty wastes which death by drunkenness occa- 
 sions? Where ? In the bosom of moderate drinking 
 families ; often intelligent, amiable, and even edu- 
 cated moderate drinking families. 
 
 Who does not know that this class of community 
 furnished all tho raw material, the muscle and sinew, 
 the intellect and virtue, in one word all the bodies 
 and souls of men, to be operated on. Nay, that they 
 perform the operation, unintentionally, I admits still 
 that they perform the operation, by which that fright- 
 ful transfonnation of moderate into immoderate 
 drinkers is effected. 
 
 Yes, those interesting little groups of moderate 
 drinking families, where everything is so tasteful and 
 orderly ; where so many moralities are practiced, so 
 many sympathies cherished, and so many charities 
 
SUPPLIED FROM TEMPERATE DRINKERS 
 
 69 
 
 dispensed ; those groups are the prinar/ assemblies, 
 whence most of the drunkards, which infest and dis- 
 grace community, are sent abroad. Nay, they are 
 the elementary schools in which the first principles 
 of inebriation are practically taught. 
 
 In these familicR, and in those larger social circles 
 in which they meet, temptation in a thousand covert 
 and alluring forms is every day presented ; and under 
 a thousand plausible pretences, usages are main- 
 tained, that go to create the taste, to confirm the 
 habit, and carry forward, through all its humili-ating 
 stages, that downward process, by which one gene- 
 ration of temperate drinkers after another are grad- 
 ually transformed into intemperate drinkers, and 
 thus qualified to take, in their turn, the place of 
 those confirmed drunkards who are constantly mak- 
 ink their way, through the poor-house and the pris- 
 on-house and evtry other avenue of death, down to 
 the charnel-house. 
 
 And if, as has been computed by Chipman, one in 
 thirteen of all who drink, die drunkards, and if, as 
 lias also been computed, the drunkard's life is shorter 
 than the Uvea of other men ; and if the perpetually 
 thinned ranks of drunkards are wholly filled up from 
 the ranks of moderate drinkers, how long, even 
 though there were no oth6r cause of mortality : How 
 long, to .speak in the language of political econo- 
 mists, would it take at the present rate of demand 
 and supply, to remove from the world, by intempe- 
 rance alone, the entire moderate drinking moiety of 
 the human family ? 
 
70 
 
 INQUEST FBOM HEAVEN. 
 
 
 
 i S 
 
 In how many, think you, among thoie who now 
 appear entirely sane and healthful, are the seeds of 
 future disease and dissolution sown? 
 
 In how many will he secret malady begin to be 
 developed this year, in how many the next, and in 
 how many the year thereafter ? 
 
 Were an inquest held by some minister from 
 Heaven for separating from the congregation of 
 moderate drinkers all infected persons, as the leprous 
 were separated from the congregations of Israel, 
 what think you would be the discoveries of such an 
 inquest? 
 
 Could we, looking round on our families and kin- 
 dred and neighbors, see their i*eal condition as God 
 sees it, might it not be said of one and another not 
 now suspected^ " That in this and this individual the 
 infection has taken, and the process of death begun ? '* 
 So much more time, and so many additional demi- 
 j hns of wine or barrels of beer or jugs of rum, is all 
 that is wanting to ripen into .nuturity the inflamed 
 eye, the bloated countenance, the demented look, 
 the disgusting hiccough, and even the frightful deli- 
 rium tremens. 
 
 This is not history. I know it is not, but I also 
 know that to many a temperate drinking family, 
 within my hearing, unless they change their habits, 
 or Nature her laws, it will one day become history ! 
 Considering the hazard that attends even the 
 moderate habitual use of intoxicating liquors, who 
 can say of any living man» that so uses those liquors, 
 that he is safe ? 
 
 .■ 
 
DISTILLXD LIQUORS BELIMQUI8HED. 
 
 71 
 
 Or, though this might be said of some, is it certain 
 that it can be said of you 1 You have tasted of that 
 chalice, sparingly, I admit — still you have tasted of 
 if, often tasted of it ; and who knows whether the 
 disease it so often generates may not though latent 
 have been already generated. 
 
 A disease destined hereafter to impair your reason, 
 to impair your constitution, and bring down your 
 manly frame prematurely and with dishonor to the 
 grave. 
 
 But though you were safe, itjs certain that your 
 children, and your children's children who surround 
 your table, and have access to your sideboard,where 
 temptation in so many forms is from day to day pre- 
 sented — is it certain that all these are safe also? Is 
 it certain that that son of thine, wise above his years, 
 that daughter, lovely beyond her sex, may not even 
 now be under the inceptive, undiscovered, unsus- 
 pected, influence of a malady, often insidious and 
 lingering indeed, but always progressive, and as inex- 
 orable as death ? 
 
 But in reply to this, it will be said in certain 
 quarters, " Though we and ours make use of intoxi- 
 cating liquors, they are fermented, and not distilled 
 liquors: rum, gin, brandy, and those other obnoxious 
 products of the still, have long since been relin- 
 quished ; and surely ^ mere malt liquor^ when used in mod* 
 "ration, can not injure any one; and as to wine, the Bible 
 sanctioned its use in Palestine, and still sanctions its use." 
 
 It is well to have relinquished the use of rum, gin, 
 brandy and those other obnoxious products of the still. 
 
 NOTT. 
 
n 
 
 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL. 
 
 And it were well for any who have not yet relin- 
 quished their use to inquire into their nature, and 
 their effects upon the human organism, that they too 
 may be the better prepared to decide whether it be 
 not wise in them also to relinquish their use. 
 
 Alcohol (which is the solo intoxicating principle 
 in these liquors, when unadulterated), "pure alcohol 
 coagulates all the animal fluids except the urine, and 
 hardens the solid parts. It instantly contracts the 
 extremities of the nerves it touches, and deprives 
 them of sense and motion. If received into the 
 stomach, it produces the same effects. If the quan- 
 tity be considerable, a palsy or apoplexy follows, 
 ending in death." Alcohol used constantly, and in 
 less quantities, causes inflammation in this delicate 
 organ : *♦ The disease is insidious, and invariably 
 advanced, thickening and indurating the walls of the 
 stomach, and producing sometimes schirrous and 
 sometimes cancer ; the orifices become occasionally 
 indurated and contracted, and when this is the case, 
 death soon puts an end to the sufferings of the 
 wretched victims. 
 
 It should seem that such an article, an article not 
 contained in rye, or barley, or grapes, or apples ; not 
 the product of the vineyard, or the orchard, or the 
 harvest-field, as is usually supposed, but the product 
 of putrefaction ; it should seem that such an article, 
 an article at once the product of death and the ele- 
 ment of death ; it should seem that such an article 
 contained enough of vengeance in it to satisfy the 
 
ADULTERATION OF ALCOHOL. 
 
 70 
 
 3t relin- 
 ure, and 
 tbey too 
 lerit be ^ 
 
 8. 
 
 principle 
 e alcohol 
 irine. and 
 ;ract8 the 
 deprives 
 into the 
 the quan- 
 jr follows, 
 iy, and in 
 is delicate 
 nvariably 
 alls of the 
 •rous and 
 casionally 
 I the case, 
 8 of the 
 
 irticle not 
 >ple8 ; not 
 rd, or the 
 je product 
 
 m article, 
 id the ele- 
 lan article 
 
 jatisfy the 
 
 ATftrice of dealers and the appetite of drinkers, with- 
 out the addition of other and more deadly Jngredicnts. 
 
 fiut so is not the fact ! 
 
 Chemistry, which revealed the process by which 
 alcohol is obtained, has also revealed the further pro- 
 cess by which it may be adulterated, and cheaper as 
 well as more deadly poisons furnished. By such a 
 revelation avance has not failed to profit ; and as the 
 knowledge of that further process has gradually been 
 extended, the use of alcohol has gradually dimin- 
 ished, and intenser poisons been substituted in its 
 place, till death has come to be more certainly than 
 formerly dispensed in the inebriuling cup, whether 
 poured out by the hand of the landlord or the gro- 
 cer 1 * So much for distilled liquors. More might 
 
 * In Dubrunfant and Jones, translated by Sheridan, 4th cd., Lon* 
 don, 1880, it is asserted in reference to French brandies, page 182 : 
 "They are designedly imitated. Dulcified nitre is used for that pur- 
 pose.** Pag« 140 : ** Many distillers substitute caustic alkalies ; in 
 fact, almost evey distiller has some secret nostrum for rectifying his 
 ..irits. They may be all reduced to three ; by fixing alkaline salts; by 
 ftcid spirits mixed with saline salts ; and by saline bodies and flayoring 
 additions." 
 
 Page 145 : " Malt spirit is usually sold by weight to rectifying distil- 
 lers, who distill it over again, combining it with certain materials, with 
 a view of malting it into gin, brandy, ruui," &c. 
 
 Page 158, speaking of the various methods used for tbc " sophist!- 
 cation " of brandy, &c., he says of one of them : " this brandy recedes 
 from those distilled spirits reckoned safe and wholesome." Of another 
 method : " This brandy is more depraved than the first, as it comes 
 over the still nearly as so much ardent spirits ( malt ) mixed with 
 brandy, and it will of course exert its noxious qualities upon those who 
 drink it" 
 
 t 
 
n 
 
 TESTIMONY. 
 
 indeed be said ; but more it not neceuary. They 
 who believe not Moses and the Prophets, would not 
 believe, though one were to rise from the dead. 
 
 ** The moit general mode of adulterating U, by putting • counterfeit 
 kind to the genuine. Thia counterfeit brandj ii made of malt ipirlta, 
 dulslfled by a re-diatlllatlon of acidi.** 
 
 Page 159 : ** Lapla iufernalU, ( Infernal stone X nade of lime, pearl- 
 ash, potash, Ae., Is used for keeping down iht/eintt, has a gi sat cflTuct 
 upon tho wholesomencss of the liquors. The acid used in the prepara- 
 tion of counterfeit brandy is aquafortis. When combined with recti- 
 (icd spirits, it raises a flavor and taste much resembling those of brandy; 
 t)ut if a certain proportion of water be mixed with such brandy, a sep- 
 aration of tlie ardent spirits and acid immediately follows.*' 
 
 The noxious effects of these on the health of those who drink such 
 brandy ore often melancholy in the extreme. 
 
 Page 101 : lie mentions that various simple additions are made to 
 weak spirits to give a heat. 
 
 Poge 198 : "Pearl ashes, potash, ashes, soapcr's ley water, oil of 
 almonds, oil of vitriol, &c., to make artificial proo/.^^ ' So convinced woa 
 lie of the danger of this, th'^t he says : " Notwithstanding I have given 
 it, I do not recommend any to use it." 
 
 Page lUi: "Vitriolic liquor, composed of spirits 'of. < wine, oil of 
 vitriol, and the stronger caustics, &c., used to dissolve and to keep in 
 solution tlie poisonous oils in liquor, and to prevent waste." 
 
 Page 197 : " Dulcified spirits of nitre, made of spirits of wine nnd 
 nitrous acid ; to make counterfeit French brandy." 
 
 Page 206 : " Oil of wormwood." 
 
 Page 210: "Kernels of apricots, nectarines, peaches, and bitter 
 almonds." 
 
 Pago 212 : " Oil or essence of ambergris." 
 
 Poge 214: "Alum." 
 
 Page 221 : " Logwood." 
 
 Page 266 : " Pepper." 
 
 Page 486 : " Potashes, alkalies, salt worts, and lime." 
 
 Page 202 : " Spirits of nitre, cither strong or dulcified, used to f^r% 
 vinoaity to spirits." 
 
TKSTIMONY. 
 
 75 
 
 As to mere niAlt liquor, not now to agitate the 
 question whether it be harmless ; nor the qu«)8tion 
 
 Page S35 : '* Oarbonio add goa for winea, to eonctal their acidity by 
 etrtaio aubatancea, and if tbia cannot be longer done, to turn them into 
 Tinogar." 
 
 Page 47fi : "Acida uaed to give sharpnoaa to llquora, &e." 
 
 Poge 468 : "The eaaential oil, or empyreuma, acrid, and cauatio.** 
 
 Page 468 : " Thia oil ia ao energetic tltat a few dropa are aufBcient to 
 give an obnoxioua taate to a whole pipe. It ia nu>at difficult to auceeed 
 in separating thia oil from diatilled apirita. The diatillcrs use other in- 
 gredicnta to matk their qualities.** 
 
 Pago 460 : " Grain and potatoes, when distilled, haTe an eaaential oil, 
 from certain causes, much worse than that furnished by those, vegeta- 
 bles. Tbia oil is acrid and extremely caustic. Distillers endeavor to 
 disguise its flavor.** 
 
 Pugo 607 : ** The oil in the spirits of lees is so penetrating and aerid, 
 that six drops are sufficient to infect a whole pipe.*' 
 
 Page 608 : "It is certain that leea and spirits contain a peculiar oil, 
 odorous and very acrid, altering their qualities very much." 
 
 ExtraeU from the Wine and Spirit MerehanCt Companion. 
 J. IIaktlky, London, 1836. 
 
 Page 18 : '* Beading fo Srandy, rum, &c. Oil of sweet almonds, 
 oil of vitiiol, &c.** 
 
 Puge 16: "Clearings for wine. The size of a walnut of sugar of 
 lead, with aal-eruxuni." 
 
 Page 25 : " Finings for gin. lionch alum.** 
 
 Puge 20 : "To make gin. Oils of juniper, bitter almonds, casda, oil 
 of vitriol.'* 
 
 Page 81 : " Twenty gnllons of water may be added, aa the Ingredi- 
 (Mita ( 80 ) will give ten gallons more apparent strength.'* 
 
 •Page}i2: '* To clear tainted gin. American potash, roach alum, 
 salts of tartar, &c." 
 
 Page 85 : " Rum reduced with strong beer and water, which is sold 
 for rum." 
 
 Page 41 : "To make brandy imitate the French. Oil of cassia, bit> 
 ter almonds, tincture of isponia, venella, &c." 
 
 Page 88 : " To make spirits over proof. Soap and potashef. 
 
76 
 
 ADULTERATION OP MALT MQUORS. 
 
 whether impure water be or be not ubciI in brewing; • 
 and though it were conceded that «nch liquor were 
 
 Page 127: "ToIraiUte port wino. Cider brandy nod a Ultlo port 
 made rough with certain ingredienta, kc.^ 
 
 Page 144: To $utetfn eaiki. *'BoU fVesh cow dung, and loak th« 
 eaaks with it.** 
 
 Pago 151 : To ttrrngthen gin. " Be parliculur in tlie quantit/ ui«d. 
 The spirits will appear stronger than thcf really are by fire per cent 
 Blue stone, oil of vitriol, oil of almonds, Aic.** 
 
 Page 164 : Cordial Oin. *' Oil of bitter alniouds, oil of vitriul, and 
 oil of turpoutino, &c." 
 
 From a ** Treatise on Brewing and Distilling,** by Shannon, page 167. 
 '* It is a oustom nmong retailing distillom, which I hare not taken notice 
 of in this directory, to put one-third or ono<fourth part of proof mo* ■ 
 lasses brandy, proportionably to what rum they dispose of; which 
 cannot be distinguished except by an extraordinary palate, and does 
 not at all lesson the body or quality of the goods, but makes them about 
 two shillings a gnllon cheaper, and must be well mixed and incorporat- 
 ed together in your retailing cask ; but you should keep some of the 
 best rum, not adulterated, to please some cuatomers whose Judgment 
 and palate must be humored.** 
 
 * Kot that no reason for the agitation of those queitlona exists, for 
 to use the woid^ of a brewer, who, when asked, " Do yon know what 
 filthy water they use in brewing ? '* replied, " Oh yes, I know all aboat 
 it, and the mot e filthy the water the better. In the great brewery in 
 which for years I have been employed, the pipes which drew the water 
 from the river came in just at the place which received the draining! 
 from the horse stables ; and there is no such beer in the world as waa 
 made from it*' " But is not fermentation a purifying process, and doef 
 it not remove from the beer whatever is hurtful, filthy, or disgusting T 
 This question has received, from one competent to reply, the following 
 aBSwer : ** The tartaric acid which may cause the gout in wine, the poi« 
 lODOOi qualities of the hop, the henbane, tho cocoulus indicus, nuz 
 Tomiea, grains of paradise, copperas, or opium used, are not removed 
 by fJermentation firom beer, nor is the foul matter of animal iub$taneei 
 put in to promote the fermentation and vegetation of the malt by *i\j 
 SMADf fully remoTcd."— Jowma/, A, T, 27., for 1887, p. 108, 
 
TESTIMONY. 
 
 77 
 
 good, very good for everybody ; still there are other 
 things, to wit: henbane, nux vomica, coccuIuh indi- 
 CUB, sulphuric acid, and numerous other abomina- 
 tions which are not u whit the less hurtful on that 
 account. 
 
 This is not mere declamation, but known and 
 established truth.* But enough of mere malt liquor. 
 And as to wine — although the Bible did authorize 
 
 • InB. ChUd*« rraotical TrotttM on Brewery, 11 tli edition, after 
 onuoierating tlie numerous ingrcdicnH for browing porter, p. 7, he 
 says : *' IIow«yor much they may surprlMc, liowcvcr disagreeable oi 
 pernicious they may appear, lie has always found tliom roqoiflte in 
 brewing porter, and ho thiulis tlicy roust bo invariably used by those 
 who wiith to continue the ttistc, flavor and appearance of the beer.** 
 
 Page Id : " Though acts have been passed to prevent porter brcwert 
 from using many of them, yet the author can affirm from experience 
 that he could never produce tike present flavored porter without 
 them. 
 
 Again page 16 : " The intoxicating qualities of porter are to bo 
 ascribed to the various drugs intermixed with it. It is evident that 
 some porter is more heady than others, and it arises from the greater 
 or less quantity of stupefying ingredients. Malt, to produce intoxico* 
 tion, must be used in such large quantities as would very much dimin« 
 ish, if not totally exclude, the brewer's profit.** 
 
 The ingredients mentioned by Child, and also by Maurice, and by 
 the author of the *' Home and Country Brewer," are various narcotics 
 for producing stupofacatton. 
 
 Alum, hops, calaraas, cocoulus indicus, coriander, capiiicum, caraway 
 seed, ginger, gentian, grains of paradise, nux vomica, quassia, salt, 
 copperas, tobacco, opium, lime, soda, &c. 
 
 " Jackson, an English chemist, of notorious memory, first fell upon 
 the plan of brewing from various drugs ; and from that time to this 
 there have been varioos written directions, and receipt books for using 
 these preparations. And agents are to be found in England who sell 
 tfie article manufactured for brewers only.** — Accum on Poi»oH$, 117« 
 
fi TKdTlMONr. 
 
 tlie uio in pHlcitino, of certain kinds of wine, there 
 were ovon in Puleiitine, certain other kindf of wine, 
 of wliicli it (iiil not authorize the uie* 
 
 *' To gife Wr • Mu1tflow«r head, b«er htadtng ti um<1, oompoMd 
 of gr«en Titrio), alum, and mU. Alum giroa likowlae a amaok of tft 
 to bcor, and ia penetrating to the pMlnto.*'— /. ChUda% 
 
 Page 23 : **To make now beer older, uae oil of Tltriol.**— /. Ohilit. 
 
 Page 108 : '* Uopa. The intonae bittur aotne hope afford, act Ttrj 
 ii\Jurloual7 on the atomaoh ; it la a faot noticed bj anelenta and 
 modern*, that thoae peraona who accuatom themaelTM to interne 
 blttcra gonerallj die auddeulj.*'— /ouriui/; A. T. U., pp. 18 and 19, 
 for 1888. 
 
 Accum or Culinary Polaona, Phlladolphla, 18tO, p. 118, aaya: "Malt 
 liquor, and particularly porter, la among thoae articlea in the manufko* 
 turo of which the greatest frauds are committed." 
 
 Pago llS: " UnwholHome ingredients are u«ed bj fraudulent brew* 
 era, and torj delotcrloua eubatancca are aI«o vended both to brewers 
 and retailers for adulterating beer.** 
 
 Pago 116: '* Tlio fraud of Imparting to beer and ale an intoxicating 
 quality by narcotic substances, appears to have flourished In IBOA. 
 And during the French war more cocculus indlous was Imported in five 
 years than had been before In tlio course of twelve years.** 
 
 Pago 134; *' Quassia chips are used as a substitute for hops. Vait 
 quantities of the shavlngn of this wood are sold In a holf torrificd and 
 ground state, to disguise itii obvious character, and to prevent its being 
 recognized among the waste materials of the brewers.** 
 
 Pago 132: ''Wormwood has likewise been used by fl«udulent 
 brewers." 
 
 Page 131 : " Otcen > itriol, alum, and suit are used to give a head to 
 beer. And the retailers frequently adulterate with Isinglass, molaasei, 
 gentian root, and mixing beer and porter together.** 
 
 Page 186: "Capsicum and grains of paradise, two highly acrid 
 substances, are employed to give a pungent taste to weak, InalpId 
 beer. Ginger root, coriander seeds, orange peel, &o. It will be 
 noticed that while some of the sophistications are comparatively 
 luuinleae, othcra are effected by substances deleterlooa to health. 
 
 I 
 
TKftTlliOKV. 
 
 V« 
 
 ne, then 
 of winet 
 
 d, oompottd 
 lOMokof aft 
 
 '-/. Childt. 
 d, act ytj 
 melenti and 
 I to IntenM 
 , 18 and 19, 
 
 Mjt: "Malt 
 tbo maoofko- 
 
 dulent br«w* 
 h to brewart 
 
 intozIoAtIng 
 od in 180A. 
 iort«d in fife 
 
 hopi. Vaat 
 orriflcd and 
 ent its being 
 
 ft-auduleut 
 
 re a head to 
 18, molassea, 
 
 ighlj acrid 
 ealc, insipid 
 It will be 
 mparatirely 
 to health. 
 
 But vo cnnnot enter on tho (linciiMlon of this topic 
 now. It mutt remain for a futiiro opportunity. 
 
 In tiu) inoantimo let us reflect on whnt hasnlrcndy 
 been MU(],nmlsofura8 truth has been made apparent 
 reduce the same to practice. 
 
 ( But all are used for IVaudulent purpoaei to deoeire the peopfe and 
 cheat them out of their money)." 
 
 Page 148 : After mentioning manj wajt of aoplil«ticatlon, he layi: 
 *' To make the beer entire, or old, the brewer* now need none of thoie, 
 for by an admixture of lulphurio acid, it i« done in an initant.*' 
 
 Pago 140: "Alicaline earth, or alkali oyiter ahull powder, and rain 
 carbonate of potaah, are u»cd to make four, atale beer, into mild.'* 
 
 Pago 150: "To increase the intoxicating qualitiea of beer, cocoulua 
 iudicua, opium, nux voniico, and extract of poppies are used."— /oMf* 
 nalA.T. U. 1888, p. 60. 
 
 The effect of beer drinking corresponds to the nature of tlie article 
 drank. Bays Dr. Gordon, in his examination] before alluded to : 
 **The mortality among the coal whippcrs wlio are brought to the Lon> 
 don lioapital is frightful. The momont these beer drinkers are attacked 
 with any acute disease tlioy are unable to boar depletion and die di- 
 rectly.** " Medical men," says Dr. Gordon, *' are familiar with the fact 
 that confirmed beer di inkers in London esn scarcely scratch their fln- 
 ger without risk of their liTes. A copious Loudon beer drinker is all 
 one vital part. He wears hia heart on his sleeve, bare to a death wound 
 even from a rusty nail or the claw of a cat. Sir Ashley Cooper, on 
 one occanion, was called to a drayman ( the draymen have the unUroW 
 ted privilege of the brewcr*s cellar), who had raffered an injury In 
 his finger from a small splinter of a stave. Suppuration had taken 
 place ; this distinguished surgeon opened the small abscess with bia 
 lancet. Upon retiring he found he bad forgotten his lancet case; on 
 returning therefore he found his patient in a dying state. Ererj madW 
 oal man in London,** concludes this writer, " draada abora all thiaci a 
 beer drinker for his patient.*' 
 
 KOTT. 
 
LECTUEE No. III. 
 
 THE BIBLE. 
 
 The kind of wine in question — The authority of Scripture — Wine 
 of different liinds, good and bad — Spolicn of by sacred writers — 
 Grape Juice called wine — Good wine — Better than after fermenta- 
 tion — If not wine, but grape Juice out of which wine is made, 
 and called wine figuratively, then U wine not commended, but 
 grape Juice merely — Tliu wine of thj press and vat in Palestine 
 slightly fermented — What is meant by uufermented wine as here 
 osed, 
 
 Having urged, in the preceding lecture, the discon- 
 tinuance of the use of all intoxicating liquors as a 
 beverage, on account of the danger which attends 
 such use, we adverted to the following reply : 
 
 "Though we and ours make me of intoxicating liquors-, 
 they are fermented^ not distilled liquors. Rum^ Gin, 
 Brandy, and those other noxious products of the still, 
 have long since been relinquished. And surely, mere malt 
 liquor, when used in moderation, cannot injure any one, 
 and as to wine, the Bible sanctioned its use in Palestine, 
 and still sanctions its use." 
 
 The pertinence and sufficiency of this reply in 
 relation to distilled liquors, and in relation to fer- 
 mented liquors, so far as malt liquors are concerned, 
 80 
 
THE BIBLE. 
 
 have already been considered. And as to the assump- 
 tion concerning wine, we have said : 
 
 Tluit although the Bible did authorize the use ofcer* 
 tain wines in Palestine^ there were even in Palestine, cer- 
 tain oiAer wints of which it did not authorize the use; 
 and this position is what now remains to be ex* 
 plained and verified. 
 
 Far be it from me to promulgate or defend opin- 
 ions contrary to the announcements of the Bible. 
 The Bible is at once the unerring standard of faith, 
 as well as the authoritative rule of life. I am aware 
 that there are those who read, nay, who study the 
 Bible, who are, notwithstanding, not learners, but 
 teachers of both faith and practice. Men who bring 
 their wit and* learaing and taste to bear authorita- 
 tively on that sacred volume, and who sit, and dare 
 to sit in judgment on its doctrines and on its pre- 
 cepts. Not so the true disciple. He comes to the 
 Bible, as to an authoritative and unerring teacher, 
 and he brings along with him an enlightened faith, 
 and a subdued understanding, and he sits down to 
 his prescribed task with the docility of a child, and 
 the engagedness of a learner. He pretends not to 
 know, beforehand, what will be its counsel ; much 
 less docs he pretend to prescribe what it ought to be. 
 On the contrary, he attends to its several announce- 
 ments as so many oracles from heaven, and surrend- 
 ering all his pride and all his prepossessions says from 
 the bottom of his heart, as he turns its hallowed 
 
 pages: "SpeakLord, for thy servant heareth." 
 4* 
 
I 
 
 SUPPOSED SANCTION. 
 
 We may err in our interpretations of the language 
 of the Bible, but the Bible itself never errs ; and in 
 nothing, as is believed has its import been more 
 misapprehended than in the countenance it has some- 
 times been supposed to give to the use of intoxicating 
 liquors as a beverage. This supposed license, has 
 arrayed many good men on the side of the moderate 
 use of intoxicating drinks, but against total absti" 
 nence ; because total abstinence,a8 sometimes taught, 
 has appeared to them not in accordance with the 
 teachings of the Bible, for which they entertain so 
 profound and so becoming a reverence — a reverence 
 too seldom met with, and which cannot be too highly 
 commended — a reverence to be regarded as favorable, 
 and not adverse to the ultimate and abiding triumph 
 of the temperance reformation. For those men 
 who, having carried forward this reformation on the 
 acknowledged principles of the Bible, up to the limit 
 believed by them to be prescribed by the Bible, refuse 
 to advance beyond that limit, are the men on whom^ 
 during the fluctuatien of a fickle and changeful 
 public opinion, reliance may most confidently be 
 placed for the permanent maintenance of total absti- 
 nence, if it shall eventually be made to appear that 
 the Bible sanctions such abstinence — as made to ap- 
 pear it will be — ^if, indeed, it does sanction it. 
 
 Truth is mighty, and where free discussion is 
 allowed, will, despite even of the errors of its advo- 
 cates, ultimately prevail. Nor has anything hitherto 
 contributed so much to alarm the fears and combine 
 the influence of these revered and wakeful conservar 
 
IS THE BIBLE INCONSISTENT? 
 
 i 
 
 tors of the moralities of our religion, as the occa* 
 sional enforcement of total abstinence, on principles 
 rather infidel than Christian, and with an apparent 
 design to compel acquiescence, whether the Bible 
 should be found to sanction such abstinence or not. 
 
 But if the ultimate appeal for the decision of the 
 question is to the Bible, how can it be considered 
 any longer an open question ; for in that case what 
 room is there even for debate ? 
 
 Is it to be denied that wine is spoken of in the 
 Bible, in terms of commendation ; that it is em- 
 ployed as a symbol of mercy ; that it was offered in 
 sacrifice ; that it was distributed to the guests at the 
 Passover ; at the Supper of our Lord, and at the 
 Marriage of Cana in Galilee ? No, this is not to be 
 denied. As little, however, is it to be denied, that 
 it is also spoken of in terms of reprobation ; that it 
 is employed as a symbol of wrath, foibidden to Naz- 
 arites, forbidden to Kings : that to look upon it, 
 even, is forbidden, and that it is declared that they 
 who an leceived thereby are not wise. 
 
 What shall we say to this ? Can the same thing 
 in the same state be good and bad, a symbol of wrath, 
 a symbol or mercy, a thing to be sought after, and 
 a thing to be avoided ? Certainly not ! 
 
 And is the Bible then inconsistent with itself? 
 No, it is not, and this seeming inconsistency will 
 vanish, and the Bible will be, not only, but will 
 appear to be in harmony with itself, in harmony with 
 history, with science, and with the providence of 
 God, if, on examination, it shall be found that the 
 
 NOTT. 
 
t 
 
 84 
 
 WINE, A OEMERIC TCBM. 
 
 kinds or states of vinous beverago referred to, under 
 the name of wine, wore as unlike in their natiire or 
 efiects, as were tlioso mercies and judgments for 
 which the same were respectively employed as sym- 
 bols, or as were those terms of praise or dispraise by 
 which the same were respectively indicated. 
 
 No less than nine words are employed in the 
 Hebrew Bible to express the different kinds of 
 vinous beverage formerly in use ; all of which kinds 
 of beverage are expressed in our English version by 
 the single term " wine," or by that term in connec- 
 tion with some other term expressive of quality. • 
 
 The term wine, therefore, as used in our English 
 Bible, is to be regarded as a generic term ; compre- 
 hending ditierent kinds of beverage, and of very 
 different qualities ; some of which kinds were good, 
 some bad*; some to be used frequently and freely, 
 some seldom and sparingly; and some to be utterly 
 and at all times avoided. 
 
 ^y a mere comparison of the passages in which 
 the term wine occurs, this will be rendered probable. 
 
 * These terms are, Yat/in, a generic term, coinprc-hending wino of 
 all kinds. Tirosh, also a generic term, denoting the fruit of the vine 
 in the cluster, the press and the vat, cither ia the solid form of grapea, 
 or of griq>e-juice expressed, (i. e.) new wine, Avcia, the fresh juice 
 of the grape, and even of other fruit. Sobhe, iaspinsated wine, corres- 
 ponding to the Latin sapa, or the Greek aireaum and hepactna. Jlamar^ 
 umningled wine, wine red, thick, turbid. Jleaech, mixed wine ; 
 whether with water or with drugs. Shanarin, lees of wine, and some- 
 times preserves or jellies. Eshhha, cooked wine, or grape cake. 
 Shechar^ sweet drink, from the palm or other trcce, but not from the 
 Tine. 
 
DXFFKRENT SORTS OF WINE. 
 
 86 
 
 , under 
 ture or 
 nts for 
 Rssym- 
 raise by 
 
 in the 
 inds of 
 ih kinds 
 rsion by 
 connec- 
 
 Uty. • 
 English 
 compre- 
 of very 
 |re good, 
 freely, 
 utterly 
 
 which 
 probable. 
 
 Ing 'wlno of 
 lof the vbe 
 
 , of grapeii, 
 I fresh juice 
 |ine, corrca- 
 Jlamar, 
 
 \iicd wine ; 
 and soice- 
 
 Irape cake. 
 
 It from the 
 
 For it were difficult to believe that the wiino by 
 which Noah was dishouorod ; by which Lot was 
 defiled ; the wine which caused prophets to err in 
 judgment, and priests to stumble and fall ; the wine 
 which occasions wo and sorrow, and wounds without 
 cause ; wine of which he who is deceived thereby, is 
 not wise ; wine which Solomon styles a mocker, and 
 which is alluded to by One who is greater than Solo- 
 mon, as a symbol of wrath ; it were difficult to 
 believe that this wine — the wine mingled by harlots 
 and sought by libertines, was the very win*: 
 which wisdom mingles ; to which wisdom invites ; 
 wine which priests offered in sacrifice ; evangelists 
 dispensed at communion-tables, and which, making 
 glad the heart of man, was a fit emblem of the mer- 
 cies of God. 
 
 There is a wine of some sort spoken of very fre- 
 quently in the Bible, with express disapprobation, or 
 in connection with drunken feasts, or as an emblen 
 of temporal and eternal judgment. And there is 
 also a wine spoken of perhaps as frequently with 
 express approbation, or in connection with religious 
 festivals, or as an emblem of temporal and eternal 
 blessings. 
 
 That wines of such different qualities, and pre- 
 sented in such different aspects and even in such 
 frequent and frightful contrast, were one and the 
 same article, in one and the same state, would seem, 
 even though history, both sacred and profane, had 
 been silent, quite incredible. How much more so 
 now, that in place of silence, history, both sacred 
 
 f 
 

 86 TEXTS IN WHICH QOOD WINE 18 SPOKEN OF. 
 
 and profonoi hath spoken ; and spoken, not of their 
 identity, but known and marked dissimilarity. 
 
 It is not to be denied that the Bible makes a dis- 
 tinction in the kinds of wine of which it speaks. It 
 allude not to the wine as medicine, but as a beverage • 
 Wine as beverage, was, in the language of the Bible, 
 either good or bad. 
 
 By good wine, I mean wine that in the use is 
 beneficial to the bodies or the souls of men. By bad 
 wine, I mean wine which is injurious to the one or 
 the other, or both. Wine which (when used, not 
 excessively, but moderately as beverage) is injurious 
 cither to the physical, intellectual, or moral consti- 
 tution of man, is bad wine. It is with this distinc- 
 tion between wines that this discussion is concerned — 
 u distinction, recognized in those terms of praise or 
 dispraise in wliicli the Bible speaks of or alludes to 
 different kinds of wine, as either actually existing in 
 the concrete, or as assumed to exist in the abstract. 
 The truth of this will be apparent, by a comparison 
 (in the subjoined schedule) of a few out of many 
 passages that might have been selected. 
 
 TEXTS IN WHICH GOOD WINE IS SPOKEN OF, OR 
 ALLUDED TO. 
 
 Gen., xxvii., 28 : Therefore God give thee of the 
 dew of heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and 
 plenty of corn, and (tirosh) wine." 
 
 Num., xxviii., 12 : " All the best of tlie oil, and all 
 •ihe beet of the (tirosh) wine, and of the wheat, first 
 
 |'<toU_ 
 
TEXTS IN WHICH GOOD WINE IS SPOKEN OF. 87 
 
 fruits of them which they shall oiTer unto the Lord, 
 them have I given theo." 
 
 Deut., xiv.> 24, 25, 2G : *' And if the way be too 
 long for thee, then thou shalt turn it into money, and 
 thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy 
 soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for fyay^^^J 
 wine." 
 
 Psalm civ., lo : **And (yayin) wine that maketh 
 glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to 
 shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.'* 
 
 Zech., ix., 17 : ** Com shall make the young men 
 cheerful, and (tiroshj new wine the maids.'* 
 
 Prov., ix., 1, 4, 5 : " Wisdom hath killed her beasts; 
 dhe hath mingled her wine (yayin) ; she saith, come 
 eat of my bread, and drink of the (yayin) wine I have 
 mingled.** 
 
 Cant., v., 1: " I have drunk my (yayin) wine with 
 my milk ; eat O friends ; drink ; yea, drink abun- 
 lantly, O beloved." 
 
 Isaiah, xxvii., 2 : ** In that day sing you unto her, 
 u vineyard of red (yayin) wine. I, the Lord, do keep 
 it. I will water it every monidnt, lest any hurt it. 
 I will keep it night and day.'* 
 
 Gen., xlix., 11: **He washcth his garments in 
 (yayin) wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes. 
 
 Gen., xlviii., 33 : "I have caused (yayin) to fall 
 from the wine press, none shall tread with shouting.** 
 
 Deut., vii., 13 : "He will love thee and bless thee ; 
 and bless the fruit of thy land ; thy corn and thy 
 (tirosk) wine." 
 
A9 TBXTS nr which bad wine is spokkx ok. 
 
 Luke, xxii., 18 : ** For I say unto you, I will not 
 drink of the fruit of the vine, till the kingdom of 
 God shall come." 
 
 Mark, xiv., 23 : ** Verily I say unto you, I will 
 drink no more of the iruit of the vine, until that day 
 that I shall drink it new in the kingdom of God.** 
 
 1 Oor., X., IG: '* The cup of blessing which we bless 
 ia it not the communion of the blood of Ohrist?** 
 
 Isaiah, Ixv., S: "Thussaith the Lord, as the (tirosh) 
 new wine is found in the cluster, and one saith, des- 
 troy it not, for u blessing is in it, so will I do for my 
 servants." 
 
 TEXTS IN WHICH BAD WINE IS SPOKEN OF, OR AL- 
 
 I^DED TO. 
 
 Deut., xxxii., 33 : " For their vine is the vine of 
 Sodam, and the fields of Gomorrah. Their (yayin) 
 wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom 
 of asps.** 
 
 Amos, ii., 6, 8 : ** Thus saith the Lord, for three 
 transgressions of Israel, and for four, I will not turn 
 away the punishment thereof. Because, • • • 
 they lay themselves down upon clothes laid to pledge 
 upon every altar, and drink the (yayin) wine of the 
 condemned in the house of their God.** 
 
 Mark, xv., 23: "And they gave him to drink (oinon) 
 wine mingled with myrrh ; but he received it not.'* > 
 
 Prov., xxiii.^ 20, 30, 31, 32 : «' Who hath wo3 : who 
 hath sorrow ; who hath contention ; who hath bab- 
 bling ; who hath wounds vdthout cause ; who hath 
 redness of eyes ? They that tarry long at the (yayin) 
 
OK, 
 
 will not 
 [dom of 
 
 , I will 
 that day 
 God." 
 we bless 
 ristr 
 I (tirosh) 
 iith, des- 
 
 for my 
 
 ,0R AL- 
 
 vine of 
 (yayin) 
 
 1 venom 
 
 >r three 
 
 lot turn 
 
 • • 
 
 ) pledge 
 of the 
 
 . (otnon) 
 t not." ' 
 y?, : who 
 th bal> 
 ho hath 
 (yayin) 
 
 BAD WINK* 
 
 89 
 
 wine : they that go to seek fmeseeh) mixed wine | look 
 not thou upon the (yayin) wine when it is red ; 
 when it giveth his color in the cup ; when it moveth 
 itaelf aright. At the lust, it biteth like a serpent, 
 and stingeth like an adder." 
 
 Isaiah, v., 22 : ** Woe unto thorn that are mighty 
 to drink (yayin) wine, and men of strength to mingle 
 strong drink." 
 
 Prov., xxiii., 80 : " Look thou not upon the 
 (yayin) wine when it is red ; when it giveth his 
 color in the cup, when it moveth itself aright." 
 
 Psalm Ixxv., 8 : *• In the land of the Lord there is 
 a cup, and the (yayin) wine is red ; it is full of mix- 
 ture, and he pourcth otit the same, but the dregs 
 thereof, all the Wicked of the earth shall wring them 
 out, and drink them." 
 
 Psalm Ix., 3 : " Thou hast showed thy people 
 hard things ; thou hast made us drink the (yayin) 
 wine of astonishment." 
 
 Jer., li., 7 : ** The nations have drunk of her 
 (yayin) wine, therefore the nations are mad." 
 
 Rev., xiv., 10 : " The same shall drink of the (oinon) 
 wine of the wrath of God, whicii is poured out with- 
 out mixture into the cup of his indignation." 
 
 Jer., XXV., 15: "For thus saith the Lord, • • 
 take t>je (ynyhi) wine cup of this fury at my hand, 
 and cause all the nations to whom I send thee, to 
 drink it." 
 
 Prov., XX., 1: ^^ (Yayin) Wine is a mocker, 
 (thechar) strong drink is raging, and whoever is de« 
 ceived thereby is not wise." 
 
90 
 
 DIlTlMOlIOy BBTWKBir WINlSS. 
 
 The aboTe are samploi merely of panogea (which 
 might if neceisary bo oxtended) in which wines are 
 diitinguithed, according to their qualitiei, among 
 which are gqod and bad; wino that is a blessing, 
 and wine, a curse ; wine, to be presented at sacrifice, 
 and wine, that might not bo drunk in the house oi 
 the Lord ; wine, occasioning joy and gladness, and 
 wine, occasioning wo and sorrow* wine, of which 
 guests were to dripk. abundantly, and wine, not to be 
 drank at all ; wine, the emblem of heavenly joy, 
 and wine, thp symbol of endless misery ; red wine, 
 the special care of the Almighty ; and red wine, 
 that might not be looked upon ; wine, signifying the 
 blood of Christ, and wine, a mocker. 
 
 In the view of these texts, and texts like these, 
 though ignorant of the fact that difierent kinds 
 of wino exist now, who could doubt of their exist- 
 ence formerly, or question, whether wines presented 
 in such frequent and fearful contrast, or referred to 
 respectively in such marked terms of praise or dis- 
 praise, wej^e Qpt afjter all one and the same article, 
 in the same state ?, 
 
 Here th|Bn,.on this broad distinctioq between good 
 and bad wine, recognized in the sacred writings, we 
 take our stand. And be it remeipbered, it is not 
 against the niioderate use (in ordinary time8),of good, 
 healthful wine, which, the Bible sanctions and cm- 
 ploys as an emblem of mercy, but against the use 
 of bad deleterious wipe which the Bible reprobates 
 and employs as an emblem of wath, tbat we ax;raY 
 ourselves. 
 Hon 
 
ORBAT NUIHIER Or VAUIICnif. 
 
 it 
 
 ai;rfty 
 
 The wine, and the only wine that we abjure, i« 
 wine abjured by the Bible, abjured by reason ; wine, 
 which in the use as a beverage, enervates and dis- 
 eases the bo^y, depraves and ccazes the mind, and 
 exerts over the whole man a morbid and a mortal 
 influence ; in one word, wine containing poison not 
 only, but containing it in sulBciiint quantity, also, 
 when used as beverage, to disturb tlio healthy uction- 
 of the system : and such are the winos gencrully in 
 use in this country. Nor Is it muteriul to the ques- 
 tion now nt issue whether thivt poison^bo generated 
 in the juice of the grape by furmontation, or super- 
 added by drugging.. 
 
 Wine, iu which poison is contained in the quantity 
 and intensity indicated, no matter how generated or 
 whence derived, will be found to receive as little 
 advocacy from Revelation as reason ; nor will the 
 drinker of such wine (as the light of truth advances) 
 be able ultimatcl^jr to find protection under the mere 
 shelter of name. 
 
 That the term wine is always used, either by 
 sacred or profane writers, to indicate the same bever- 
 age or to indicate the beverage for which we now 
 use it, is an error which can not fail, on full exami- 
 nation, tO/be corrected. 
 
 Pliny, who was contemporary with tlie apostles, 
 says (Lib. xivi, chap. 22), as we have already seen, 
 " that the ingenuity of man had produced ninety-five 
 different kinds of wine ; and if the species of these 
 genera were enumerated, they would amount to 
 almost double that number.** 
 
 
^ ^ 
 
 %^^\^ 
 
 .0^. *>^^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 A 
 
 ^CT 
 
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 L< %^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 Vi lia |2.5 
 
 •^ Ubi 12.2 
 
 L25 miU 11.6 
 
 I.I 
 
 6" 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 w 
 
 & 
 
 
M 
 
 iSTOXioATma winf, definition of. 
 
 Virgil, who lived about the same time, haying ena- 
 merated several kinds of wine then in use, sums up 
 what he had to say, by declaring the residue innu- 
 merable. Nor does the fact in question depend on 
 the testimony of Pliny and Yirgil only. Horace, 
 Cato, Columella, Plutarch, and many other ancient 
 writers, have confirmed what Pliny and Virgil stated. 
 They enumerated a great variety of wine, and even 
 furnish recipes for making very many of the varieties 
 enumerated. Among which varieties are wine made 
 from millet, dates, and the lotus tree; from figs, 
 beans, pears, all sorts of apples, mulberries, pine- 
 apples ; the leaves, berries and twigs of myrtle ; 
 from rue, asparagus, savory, &c. Spiced and aromatic 
 wines,made from a composition of spices, from myrrh, 
 Celtic nard, bitumen. (Pliny, chap. 26, book xiv.) 
 
 Of the different kinds of wiije formerly in use, 
 some were medicinal, nutritive; some refreshing, 
 exhilarating ; some stupefactive, and some intoxica- 
 tin'g. 
 
 By intoxicating wine cls vted in this discussion^ is 
 meant not merely wine containing poison, but containing it 
 in sufficient quantity and intensity, when used a>s beverage, 
 to poison those who use it. 
 
 By poison* I mean anything which injures the 
 organism, interrupts its healthy action, producing 
 local or general derangement in the syntfm, and 
 which, if taken in quantities sufficiently large, or in 
 smaller quantities sufficiently long, will impair the 
 reason, impair the health, and even extinquish life 
 itself. 
 
FEKMENTATIOK. 
 
 #d 
 
 xiv.) 
 
 use, 
 
 shing, 
 
 oxica- 
 
 All this intoxicating liquors will do : what more 
 can be said of arsenic, or even prussic acid? 
 
 Not to mention remote effects, intoxicating liquors 
 operate with sudden and mighty energy on the 
 whole vascular and nervous system, and especially 
 on the brain, exciting usually to folly, often to mad- 
 ness, sometimes even to death. 
 
 The poison contained in intoxicating liquors is 
 either generated in the liquors by fermentation, or 
 superadded by drugging. 
 
 Fermentation is a chemical process, of which 
 there are several kinds, to-wit : the vinous, the ace- 
 tous, and the putrefactive. 
 
 The elements of fermentation are sacchrine mat« 
 ter, barm or yeast. 
 
 The conditions of fermentation are contact, fluidity 
 and temperature. The degree of temperature requi- 
 site fer vinous fermentation is from sixty to seventy 
 or seventy-five degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 If the temperature be increased, acetous fermenta- 
 tion follows the vinous. 
 
 Grapes and apples, as well as certain other vege- 
 table productions, contain the elements of fermenta- 
 tion in the requisite proportion to secure the process, 
 provided the requisite fluidity, contact and tempera- 
 ture exist. 
 
 . The Tinous fermentation, with which this discus- 
 sion is principally concerned, generates alcohol, one 
 of the most virulent poisons, and a poison contained 
 in many, if not most, of the intoxicating liquors now 
 in use. 
 
94 
 
 DISTILLATION — DRUGGING — HOMER. 
 
 Distillation is a modern art, and the difforenc 
 between fermented and distilled liquors consists h 
 this : that in the former, a portion, though a ver} 
 small portion, of solid vegetable matter is held in 
 solution in the alcohol and water; whereas in thf 
 latter alcohol and water exist alone. 
 
 Alcohol, however, is not the only poison containet 
 in intoxicating liquors; others are added by drug- 
 ging* • 
 
 Drugging is an ai-tificial process, by which for- 
 eign ingredients of any kind in any quantity are 
 added to liquors at pleasure. 
 
 Pliny affirms that calamus and ground oak, to- 
 gether with numerous other ingredients, were added 
 to the juice of the grape, to render it aromatic, me- 
 dicinal, or stupefying. (Book xiv., chap. 16.) 
 
 Homer, who lived long before the Christian era, 
 frequently mentions the potent drugs mingled with 
 wine, in those early times. 
 
 The potion which Helen prepared for Telemachus 
 and his companions was at once soothing and stupe- 
 factive. To impart these qualities, he says, " she 
 mingled in- her wine delirious drugs of power to 
 assuage grief, to allay rage, and to become the obliv- 
 ious antidote of misfortune." Elsewhere he says, 
 that Ulysses took in his boat ** a goat-skin of sweet 
 black wine, a divine drink, which Maron, ^ollo*s 
 priest, had given him, a beverage that was as sweet 
 as honey, that was imperishable, that when drank 
 was diluted with twenty ports water, and that from 
 it a sweet and divine odor exhaled." ^ 
 
 I 
 
 i\ 
 
PLIMT— THE HRUKKWS. 
 
 95 
 
 Sayi Pliny (Lib. xiv., chap. 6), '• Androcydes, a 
 physician renowned for wisdom, addressing Alexan- 
 der, said, ** King ! remember that when you are 
 about to drink the blood of the earth, hemlock is 
 poison to man, and wine is hemlock.*' 
 
 Nor was this process of drugging confined to 
 ancient Pagan nations. Says Bishop Lowth, on 
 Isaiah, i., 22 : ** the Hebrews generally, by mixed 
 wine, mean wine made inebriating by the adoption of 
 higher and more powerful ingredients, such as spices, 
 myrrh, mandragora, opiates, and other strong drugs. 
 Such were the exhilarating or rather stupefying in- 
 gredients which Helen mixed in the bowl together 
 with the wine for her guests, oppressed with grief, 
 to raise their spirits, the composition of which she 
 had lea/ned from Egypt." 
 
 Thus the drunkard is described, as one who seeks 
 " mixed wine," and is " mighty to mingle strong 
 drink." 
 
 And hence the Psalmist took the highly poetical 
 and sublime image of the cup of God*s wrath, called 
 by Isaiah, " the cup of trembling," causing intoxica- 
 tion and stupefaction, containing, as St. John (Rey., 
 xiv., 10,) expresses in Greek, the Hebrew idea, with 
 the utmost precision, though with a seeming contra- 
 diction in the terms ** kekerasmenon akraton^^ mixed, 
 unmixA wine. "In the hand of Jehovah," saith the 
 Psalmist, Psalm Ixxv., 8, * there is a cup, the wine 
 is turbid, it is full of mixed liquor he poureth out of 
 it. Verily the dregs th«reof (the thickest sediment 
 of the strong ingredients merged m it) all the 
 
 NOTT. 
 
I 
 
 M MIXED WINE GIVEN TO 1IALEFACT0R8. 
 
 ungodly of the earth shall wriug them oat and drink 
 them." 
 
 . Stupefying winee were given by the ancients to 
 condemned criminals, to render them less sensible to 
 the agonies of death. Of such wine, it was not 
 allowable for Israelites in their solemn assembUes>to 
 drink ; an offence with which they are reproached. 
 Amos, ii, 8 : '* they lay themselves down upon clothes 
 laid to pledge by every altar, and they drink the 
 wine of the condemned in the house of their God.** 
 
 Dr. A. Clark, in his commentary, says : ** Inebri- 
 ating drinks were given to condemned prisoners, to 
 render them less sensible to the torture they endured 
 when dying.** This custom is alluded to in Proverbs, 
 xxxi., 6 : '* Give strong drink to him that is ready to 
 perish,'* i. e., who is condemned to death, *' and wine 
 to him who is bitter of soul, because he is just going 
 to suffer the punishment of death ; '* and thus the 
 Babbins understand it. 
 
 It is asserted in the Talmud that this drink con- 
 sisted of wine mixed with frankincense, and was 
 given to criminals immediately before execution. It 
 is moreover recorded of our Saviour, that ** they gave 
 him to drink wine mingled with myrrh, but he re- 
 ceived it not.** Allusion is made to these mixed 
 wines in Lam., iii., 15 : ** He hath filled me with bit- 
 terness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood.** 
 In Psalm Ixxv., 8, it is said that " In the hand of the 
 Lord is a cup, and the wine is red, it is full of mix- 
 ture.'* Isaiah speaks of " a cup of trembling and 
 giddiness.** In Proverbs we read of " mixed unne" of 
 
WINES MIXED — BIBLE INJUNCTIONS. 
 
 97 
 
 soporifi< 
 
 of 
 
 di*ink, lest 
 
 of 
 
 which kings might i 
 they should *' forget the law ; ** the same to be givoD, 
 as above stated, to those of a heavy heart, that they 
 might forget their sorrows. 
 
 Thas apparent is it that foreign ingredients were 
 formerly added to wines to render them intoxicating, 
 many of which were the most potent poisons. And 
 it is also apparent that these Were \Hnes disapproved 
 of by the Bible, and in reference to which, not tem- 
 perance, but abstinence, total, perpetual abstinence 
 was enjoined. 
 
 Now, were these wines repudiated because they 
 were mixed, or because they were bad, soporific, 
 oblivious, stupefactive? Not the former, surely, for 
 there were mixed wines deemed worthy of commen- 
 dation, and such were wines mingled by Wisdom for 
 her guests. And if the latter, then deleterious wine, 
 irrespective of the manner in which it had been teU- 
 dered deleterious, is in effect Repudiated by the Bible. 
 Bat wino Containing poison in sufficient quantity to 
 produce intoxication, when used as beverage, is dele- 
 terious wine, and ought not, therefore, on Bible prin- 
 ciples, to be used. 
 
 However becoming and even obligatory total 
 abstinence from all vinous beverage, at a time like 
 the present, and in a country where its use and the 
 use of kindred stimulants has been carried to such 
 criminal excess, it is not to be understood that, under 
 other circumstances, in other times, good nutritious 
 uniutoxicating wine might not be temperately drank 
 with innocence. 
 
V. 
 
 98 
 
 BLOOD or THB OlAPI. 
 
 But if t^iere any luoh wine ? There it; Ibr iioh 
 if ever the fruit of the rine in the original itate. 
 
 That thb fruit or thi vivb, im tbb wobm or orapb 
 
 JUIOB A8 BZPRBISBD rROM THB 0LU8TBB, HAB BBBN 
 - FROM REMOTB ANTIQUITY AKD STILL 18 USBD A8 A 
 BBVBRAOE, 18 ABUMDABTLT IM PROOF. 
 
 Of Gaal and hif brethren, it ii said (Judges, is., S7) 
 that ** they went out into the field and gathered in 
 their grapest and did eat and drink.'* Of what did 
 Gaal and his brethren eat and drink t Doubtless, as 
 the text intimates, of the grapes which they had gath- 
 ered. For be it remembered, grapes furnish to those 
 who cultivate them, both food and drink. 
 
 In connection with the blessings conferred on Jacob 
 (among which are honey, oil, butter, milk, &c.), it is 
 said (Deut., xxxii., 14,) that he drank {**dhamgn€nabh 
 hhamer") the pure blood of the grape. In the Vulgate 
 this is translated {**et tanguinem uva bibitti merum" in 
 the Septuaguint "otiton") ** and the blood of the grape 
 thou didst drink wine;** and Dr. A.Olarke says that 
 ** blood,** as used here, is synonymous with *^ juice" 
 The allusion probably was to the simple must of red 
 grapes— the most approved gi'apes. Among the 
 principal things enumerated as needful to man, are 
 "water, flour, honey, milk, and thebloodof the grapes" 
 meaning, in the language of tiie tJicieni^i ghpe-juice. 
 That the ancients thus understood the terms, there ^ 
 can be no doubt. In the Apocrypha (1 Mac, vi., 34) 
 it is written : "and to the end that they might pro- 
 voke the elephants to fight, they showed them the 
 
m" in 
 
 BxnUMKD BACOHUS. tt 
 
 blood of flrapoi mi roulberrieif'* and in Bocksbo- 
 ticas (xT.), ** and inithing the lervioe of the altar, 
 that he (high priest) might adorn the offering of the 
 Uoat High, he itretched out his hand to the ovp and 
 poured of the blood of the grape.'* 
 
 It ii a foeorded fact, that, in remote antiquity, 
 grapei were brought to the table and the juice there 
 
 expressed for immediate use. An instance occuie in 
 Pharaoh's oup-bearer; the recently exhumed Bius- 
 
100 
 
 ruESH ocAPB juioi— AirrHOBmr. 
 
 ohut, holding a bunch of grapef in hii hand and 
 preiting the juice into the vase, itending on apec'et- 
 tal, ii in evidence of the existenoe of luoh a usage.* 
 
 In keeping with the office here asiigpied to the 
 reputed inventor of wine ii aicene deeoribedbetween 
 him and a Tyrian shepherd (Achilles Tatius, lib. xi., 
 chap, ii.) Bacchus having beeniho^itably entertained 
 by this shepherd with his food and water, presented him 
 in return with a cup filled with fresh grape juice; on 
 tasting which, the shepherd exclaimed, " Whence* 
 my guest, have you this purple water, or where in 
 the world have you so sweet a blood f It surely is 
 not from that which flows through the land ! Water 
 affects (goes into) the breast with little pleasure ; this, 
 however, applied to the mouth, gratifies the nostrils, 
 and though it be cold to the touch, yet when it is 
 imbibed, it raises throughout an agreeable warmth.'* 
 Bacchus replied, **This autumnal water (alluded to 
 the period when grapes were ripe,) and Mood flows 
 out of branches ;** and having led the shepherd to a 
 vine (and pointed to the pendent clusters), he said, 
 ** This is the water, but these are the fountains.** 
 
 ** Grapes ** (says Sir Edward Barry, speaking of 
 the ancients)) ** became at first a usual iM^cle of their 
 aliment, and the recently expressed juice of the grape 
 a coloring dnnk.*' 
 
 The Pylean king who liveoto so great an age is 
 apoken of by Juvenal (lib. x., line 260) as one ** Quive 
 nofmm totiet miuhtm hihiti'* ** who so often drank fresh 
 
 • Ub. UmAiI KnowMg*, Pompctt, toI. xL, p. Sit. 
 
 an 
 
 I ^ 
 
BUT X8 ORAPI JUICI WIMBT 
 
 101 
 
 mtiit.** And it ii recordpd of the noble Venetian 
 Oornaro, who lived to to groat an age, that he found 
 by experiijnoe, that ai soon aa he could procure fireeh 
 grape juice, it presently restored him to the health 
 be had lost while drinking old wine. 
 
 Columella says, ( book iii., chap. 2), ** the vine ii 
 planted either for food to eat, or liquor to drink.** 
 Maho'j.iet says, in the Koran, **of grapes ye obtain 
 an inebriating liquor, and also good nourishment.** 
 
 From a quotation in Com, Michaelitt it appears that 
 the Mahomedans of Arabia press the juice of the 
 grape through a linen- cloth, pour it into a cup and 
 drink it as Pharaoh did ; and Oaptain Oharlos Stewart 
 says, ** that the unfermented juice of the grape and 
 palm tree are a delightful beverage, in India, Persia, 
 Palestine, and other adjacent countries.** 
 
 To this use of grape juice, Milton alludes in the 
 
 following words : 
 
 ** For drink, the gnp« 
 She orushM — inoffeuiTO muat" 
 
 And in Gray we meet with a similar allusion — 
 
 '* Soent the new fragvanca of the breathing rose, 
 And quaff the pendant rintage ai it growa." 
 
 It were easy to multiply authorities — but it is 
 unnecessary. That the fruit of the vine, as expressed' 
 from the cluster, in the form of fresh grape juice, 
 has been from remote antiquity used as beverage, ia 
 not to be denied. 
 
 But is such ibapb juice wine? 
 
 That is the question — a question which must be 
 answered in the affirmative, if either Moses or the^* 
 prophets are to be accredited. 
 
108 
 
 •0 DIOUBMO. 
 
 AmoBg the bleatingi granted to Jeeob, it is rtocNT 
 ded,M we have leen, th»t he ** drank the pure bleod 
 of the grape;** that by the **piira blood of the 
 grape *' woe meant wino, it admitted by Dr. Adam 
 Clarke and other distinguiihod commentatora. The 
 pasiago, as wo have alsa seon, is oven rendered in 
 tho Vulgato, '* Et tanguinem uca hibUd MBRUM '* — 
 that is, and of the blood of the grajte thou didst drink 
 {oinoHt Soptiiugiut,) wine» 
 
 Now, if tlie buverogo of which Jacob drank, and 
 wliich is so often referred too among enumerated bles- 
 sings, was not wine, then the translators of the Sep- 
 tuagint, and also of tho Vulgate, as well as of the 
 English Bible, were mistaken, ; and if they were, and 
 if this blood of the grape, declared to be wine by 
 patriarchs and prophets; declared to be wine by 
 their translators and their commentators ; by men 
 belonging to different nations, speaking different lan- 
 guages, and living in different ages ; if this blood of 
 tho grape, after all, be noi truly wino, and if some 
 other and further process be necessary to convert it 
 into wine, what was that process, when or where did 
 it take place ; how long did it occupy, or by which 
 uf the sacred writers has this fact been recorded ? By 
 uone of them. In relation to each and all these par- 
 ticulars the Bible is silent, or rather it speaks only to 
 give assurance that none of them were requisiie. 
 
 Here we are not left to inference. The sacred 
 writers are explicit : This fruit of the vine, in its 
 natural state, is, and it is declared to be, **tikosh,** 
 
 TO BE " YATIK,** TO BE " AU8IS,** ABD, TO ADD NO 
 
 UOBC, TO BE *<HHEMER ;** all torms rendered oinis in 
 
•OEIPTUBI TBtnUOVT. 
 
 lot 
 
 fi 
 
 U^KIIK, VISUM OH MBBUM IM LaTIN, IND WINE IV 
 iNOUtH. 
 
 Here there can be no mistake. The blood of tht 
 grape, that it, grape juice in its natural itate, ii, in 
 the judgment of these high authorities, wim ; and it 
 is declared to be so ; declared to be wine, as expessed 
 in the vat ; to be wine in the press, by which it 
 is expressed ; wine in the cluster from which it is 
 expressed ; wine in the vineyard where the cluster 
 ripened, and when it was gathered, and to crown the 
 evidence, declared to be sweet wine, new wine, and 
 wine in the season thereof. 
 
 THE ritUIT OF THE TINE IS DECLARED TO BE (tirOih) 
 WINE, AS EXPRESSED IN THE VAT. 
 
 Joel, ii., 24 : "And the floors shall be full of wheat, 
 and the vats shall overflow with (in Hebrew, 
 Uirosh;* in Orcek, *oin(m;* in Latin, *vino;*^ and in 
 English) wine.*' 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE (tirosh) WINE, IN THE PRESS 
 BY WHICH IT WAS EXPRESSED. 
 
 Proverbs, iii., 10: *' So shall thy bama be filled 
 with plenty, and thy presses burst out with ftirotht 
 oinon, vino) new wine.** 
 
 •» 
 
 * The Hebrew, Orcek and Latin term* in thii and the following 
 quoutiodii are traiiaferred from the Hebrew Bible, the Septaugint and 
 the Vulgate, ai they exist there, in the correaponding paaiage* with 
 out change of cue. 
 
104 
 
 SCRIPTDRB TBSTIlCOinr. 
 
 Hosea, ix., 3 : ** The floor and the wine preM shall 
 not feed them, and the (tirotht oinot, vinum) new wine 
 •hall fail in her. 
 
 IT IB DECLARED TO BE (Hrotk) WINE IN THE CLUSTER 
 FROM WHICH IT WAb EXPRESSED. 
 
 Isaiah, Ixv., 8: "Thus saith the Lord, as the 
 Ctiroth) new wine is found in the cluster and one 
 saith, destroy it not, for a blessing is in it ; so will I 
 do for my servants* sakes, that I may not destroy 
 them all.'' 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE (tirosh) WINE IN THE VINEYARD 
 WHERE THE CLUSTER IS RIPENED 
 
 Judges, ix., 13 : "And the vine said unto them, 
 should I leave my (tirosh^ oinon, vinum) wine, which 
 cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over 
 the trees.*' 
 
 Psalms, iv., 7 : ** Thou hast put gladness in my 
 heart, more than in the time that their corn and (tirosh, 
 ainou, vinij wine increased." 
 
 Joel, i., 10 : " The field is wasted, the land mourn- 
 eth, for the corn is wasted ; the (tirosh, oinos, vinum) 
 new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth.* 
 
 ts 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE (tiroshj SWEET WINE, NEW WINE, 
 AND WINE IN THE SEASON THEREOF. 
 
 Micah, vi., 15 : *' Thou shalt sow but thou shalt 
 not reap ; thou shalt tread the olives, but thou shalt 
 not anoint thee with oil ; and (tirosh, oinou) sweet, 
 wine, but shalt not drink (yayin, vinum) VfiXiQ**' 
 
 I \ 
 
80RIPTURB TBflmiONT. 
 
 105 
 
 Iiaiah, xxiv., 7 : '* The fUroshf oinoi,) new wine 
 mourneth, the vine languisheth, all the merry-hearted 
 do sigh." 
 
 Haggai, i., 11 : " And I called for a drought upon 
 th«» land, and upon the mountains and upon the com, 
 an£ upon the ($iro$hf oinont^ vinum) new wine, and 
 upoi the oil, and upon that which the ground 
 bribgeth forth, and upon men, and upon cattle, and 
 upon all the labor of the hands.'* 
 
 Zech., ix., 17: "For how great is his goodness, 
 and how great is his beauty ! com shall make the 
 young men cheerful, and (tiroth, otnot, vinum) new 
 wine the mAids.'* 
 
 \. Neh., ziii., 6: "And he had prepared for him a 
 great chamber, where aforetime they laid the meat 
 offerings, the frankincense and the vessels, and the 
 tithes of the corn, the (tiroth^ oinou, vinij new wine, 
 and the oil, which was commanded to be given to 
 the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and the- 
 offerings of the priests." 
 
 Neh., xiii., 12 : " Then brought all Judahthetithe 
 of the corn and the {tiroahy oinoUt tint) new wine, 
 and the oil unto, the treasuries. 
 
 Finally, the fruit of the vine in its natural stafce is 
 declared to be (tirosh) wine, as associated with com 
 and oil', and other products of the fold, and of the 
 field, and existing almost, if not always, not in an 
 artificial, but in the natural state ;> and thus associ- 
 ated with corn and other natural productions, as a 
 blessing — as first fruits — as tithes — as offerings,-^ 
 as increasing and languishing in the fields as in ii^ 
 5* 
 
106 
 
 AOSIPTDRAL BTIDEMOI. 
 
 ■eafon — at gathered from the field — and with con 
 and (yayin) wine. 
 
 IT 18 DBOLABED TO BE WINS WHEK ASSOCIATED WITB 
 CORN AND OTHER PRODUCTS, IS THEIR KATURAT 
 8TATB COKSIDERBD A BLESSING. 
 
 Gen. xzrii., 28 : " Therefore God give thee of the 
 dew of Heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and 
 plenty of com and (tiroth, oinout vinij wine." 
 
 Gen., xxyii., 37 : " And Isaac answered and said 
 unto Esau, behold I have made him thy lord, and all 
 his brethren have I given to him for servants ; and 
 with corn and (tirwht oiiwt vino) wine have I sus- 
 tained him { and what shall I do now unto thee, my 
 son?" 
 
 Deut., vii., 13 : " And he will love thee • • •he 
 will bless the fruit of thy land, thy com, and thy 
 (tiroik, oinou,) wine, and thine oil," &c. 
 
 Deut., xxviii., 61 : ** Which also shall not leave 
 thee either corn ftirosh, oinon, vinvmj, wine, or oil,'* 
 &c., *< until he have destroyed thee." 
 
 Deut.xxxiii., 28 : ** The fountain of Jacob shall be 
 upon a land of corn and (tiroth, oinou, vini) wine, also 
 his heaven shall drop down dew." 
 
 Hosea, ii«, 8 : " For she did not know that I gave 
 her corn and (tiroth, oinon, vinum) wine, and oil, and 
 multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared 
 for Baal." 
 
 Hosea, ii., 22 : " And the earth shall bear the com, 
 and the (tirosh, oinon, vinum) wine, and the oil," ^Ct 
 
ftCBlPTUBfi TKSTIMOSrT. 
 
 107 
 
 Joe1| ii., 19 : ' * Behold I will send you corn and 
 ftiroih, oinout vinMm) wine, and oil| and ye shall be 
 satisfied therewith.** 
 
 2 Kings, xviii., 32 . ** Until I come and take you 
 away to a land like your own land, a land of com 
 and ftiroth, oinou, vinij wine, a land of bread and rxne- 
 yards, a land of oil-olive and of honey**' 4;c. 
 
 Isuah, zxxvi., 17 : " Until I come and take you 
 away to a land like your own land, a land of com 
 and (tirothf oinou^ vini) wine, a land of bread and 
 vineyards.** 
 
 Isaiah, Ixii., 8 : ** Surely I will no more give thy 
 corn to be meat for thine enemies ; and the eons of 
 the stranger shall not drink the ftirothf oinontvinum) 
 wine for the which thou hast labored.*' 
 
 Jer., xxxi., 12 : " Therefore they shall come and 
 sing in the height of Zion, and shall flow together 
 
 to the goodness of the Lord — for wheat, and for 
 Uiroshi oinoui vino) wine, and for oil,** &c. 
 
 Neh., v., 11 : " Restore, I pray you, to them, even 
 this day, their lands, their yineyards, also the hun- 
 dredth part of the money, ♦ • • and of the com, 
 the {tiroshi oinon^ vini) wine, and the oil, that ye 
 exact from them.** 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED 
 WITH CORN AS FIRST FRUITS. 
 
 Deut., xii., 17 : " Thou mayest not eat within thy 
 gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy (tirosh, oinmi, 
 viniJ wine, or of thy oil,*' &c. 
 
 Deut., xiv., S3 : ** And thou shalt eat before the 
 Lord thy God in the place which he shall choose to 
 
 NOTT. 
 
V 
 
 108 
 
 SOBIPTUBB TE8TIM0NT. 
 
 place hii name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy 
 ftirotht oinout vim) wine, and of thine oil«" Ac. 
 
 IT 18 DEOLABED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED 
 WITH COBN, ETC., AS 0FFEBIN08. 
 
 Neh.; z., 39 : *' For the children of Israel, and the 
 children of Levi shall bring the offering of the com, 
 of the (tirothi oinout vini) new wine, and the oil, unto 
 the chambers." 
 
 IT IS DBCLABED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH 
 COBN, ETC., AS INCBEASINO (» LANGUISHINO IN THE 
 FIELD. 
 
 Deut., xxxiii., 28 : *' The fouutain of Jacob shall 
 be upon a land of corn and ftirosht oino, vinijt wine, 
 also his heavens shall drop down dew.^' 
 
 2 Chron., xxxi., 6 : <* The children of Isra^ brought 
 in abundance the first fruits of corn ftirosh, oinau, 
 vini), wine, and oil, and honey, and of all the in- 
 crease of the field," &c. 
 
 Psalms, iv., 7 : *< Thou hast put gladness in my 
 heart, more than in the time that their oom«nd their 
 ftirosh, oinon, vini) wine increased." 
 , Joel., i., 10 : " The field is wasted, the land mourn- 
 
 » 
 
 eth, for the com is wasted ; the (tirosh, oinot, vinum) 
 new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth.* 
 
 
 t> 
 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED 
 WITH COBN IN ITS SEASON. 
 
 fio^.ea, ii., 9 : »* Therefore will i return and take 
 awsy my corn in the time thereof, and my (tirosh 
 
8C5K1PTURE TESTIMONY. 
 
 109 
 
 n- 
 
 (finon, vinum) wine in the season thereof, and will 
 recover my wool and my flax," &c. 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BK WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED 
 WITH- CORN AS QATHEHKO FROM THE FIELD. 
 
 Deut., xi., 14: "That I will give you the rain of 
 your land in his due season, the first rain and the 
 latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and 
 thy (eirosht oinon, vinum) wine and thy oil." 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED 
 WITH CORN, ALSO WITH (yayitl) WINE. - 
 
 Hosea, vii., 14 : ** They assemble themselves for 
 corn and (tiroshf oinoi vinum) wine, and they rebel 
 against me." 
 
 Hosea, iv., 11: *^ Whoredom and (yayin, oinon, 
 vinum), wine, and (tirosh) new wine take away the 
 heart." 
 
 THE FRUIT OF THE VINE IN ITS NATURAL STATE IS 
 DECLARED TO BE (ausis) NEW WINE. 
 
 Joel, i., 6 : ** Awaye, ye drunkards, and weep ; 
 and howl all ye drinkers of (yayin, oinouy in dulce- 
 dine) wine, because of the (ausis) new wine, for i< is 
 cut off from your mouth." 
 
 Joel, iii., 18 : " And it shall come to pass in that 
 day, that the mountains shall drop down (ausis, glu- 
 Icasmon, dulcedinum) new wine, and the hills shall 
 flow with milk, and all the rivers shall flow with 
 waters, and a fountain shall come forth of the house 
 of the Lord, and shall water tho valley of Shittini." 
 
no 
 
 SCRIPTURE TE8TIXDNT. 
 
 Amos, ix., 13 : " Behold the dayi come, saith the 
 Lord, that the ploughman shall overtake the reaper, 
 and the treader of grapes, him that soweth seed ; 
 iiiid the mountains shall drop fautUt glukasmofii dulcc' 
 dinum) sweet wine, and all the hills shall melt.** 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE (yayin) ^ilTE IN THE PRESS. 
 
 Keh., xiii., 15: **In those days saw I in Judah 
 some treading wine presses on the Sabbath, and bring- 
 ing in sheaves, • • • ti9 9\%o (yayin^oinOiVinum) 
 wine, grapes and figs." 
 
 Isaiah, xvi., 10 : *'And gladness is taken awny, 
 and joy out of the plentiful fields, and in the vine- 
 yards there shall be no singing, neither shall there 
 be shoutings ; the treaders shall tread out no (yayin, 
 oinon, vinum) wine in their presses ; I have made 
 their vintage shouting to cease.'* 
 
 Jcr., xlviii., 83 : ** And joy and gladness is taken 
 from the plentiful field, and from the land of Moab, 
 and I have caused (yayin, oinos, vinnm) wine to fall 
 from the wine presses ; none shall tread vdth shout- 
 ings ; their shoutings shall be no shouting.*' 
 
 IT IS DECLARED TO BE (yayin) WINE IN THE TINETARD. 
 
 1 Chron., xxvii., 27 : ** And over the vineyards 
 was Shimei, the Ramathite, over the increase of the 
 vineyards, for the (yayin, oinou, vitiariisj wine-sellers 
 was Zabdi, the Shiphmite." 
 
 Amos, v., 11: "For as much therefore, as your 
 treadingisupon the poor, • • • ye have planted 
 
8CBIMUBB TESTIMONY. 
 
 in 
 
 * 
 
 pleasant vineyards, but ye shall not drink (yayin, 
 oiHOHi einum) wine in them.*' 
 
 Amoft, ix., 14 : **And I will bring again the cap- 
 tivity of my people Israel, • • • and they shall 
 plant vineyards, and drink the (yayiut oinon, vinum) 
 wine thereof ; they shall also make gardens and eat 
 the fruit of them." 
 
 Zeph., i., 13 : ** Therefore their goods shall become 
 a booty, and their houses a desolation ; they shall 
 also build houses but not inhabit them ; and they 
 shall plant vineyards, but not drink the (yayin, oinon, 
 vinum) wine thereof.'* 
 
 Isaiah, xxvii., 2 : ** In that day sing ye to her, 
 (hhemer, vinea meri) a vineyard of red wine." 
 
 Gen., xlix., 11 : '* Binding his foal unlo the vine, 
 and his ass's colt unto the choice vine, he washed 
 his 'garments in (yayin, oino^ vino) wine, and his 
 clothes in the bloodof grapes." 
 
 Deut., xxviii., 39 : " Thou shall plant vineyards 
 and dtess them, but shall neither drink of the Cyayin, 
 oinont vinum) wine, nor gather the grapes, for the 
 worms shall eat them." 
 
 2 Rings, xviii., 32 : " Until I come and take you 
 away to a land like your own land, a land of corn 
 (tirosh, oinoui vinij wine, a land of bread and vine- 
 yards, a land of oil-olive, and of honey, that ye may 
 live and not die." 
 
 Isaiah, xxxvi., 17 : " Until I come and take you 
 away to a land like your own land, a land of corn 
 and (tiroshf oinou, vini) wine, a land of bread and 
 vineyards." 
 
118 
 
 FBUIT or TUB yiHB CALLED WIKB. 
 
 Jer., xl., 10 : '* But ye, gather ye (yayiut oimoih 
 nndemiam) wine and summer fruits, and oil, and put 
 them in your vessels, and dwell in your cities that 
 you have taken/' 
 
 Joel, i., 6 : **Awake, ye drunkards, and weep ; and 
 howl all ye drinkers of (yayiut oinoth vinum) wine« 
 because of the (auais) new wine, for it is cut off from 
 your mouth.'* 
 
 FINALLY THE FRUIT OF THE VINE, IN ITS NATURAL 
 STATE, IS DECLARED TO BE (hhemvr) RED WINE IK 
 THE VINEYARD. 
 
 Isaiah, xxvii., 2: **In that day sing ye to her 
 (hhcmerj a vineyard of red wine." 
 
 Thus apparent is it, that in the opinion of the 
 translators of our English Bible, the fruit of the 
 vine, in its natural and unintoxicating, as well as in 
 its artificial and intoxicating state, was called by Moses 
 and the Prophets, wine.*' 
 
 Nor in the opinion of the translators of our Eng- 
 lish Bible only, but in the opinion also of the trans- 
 lators of the Septuagint, and the Vulgate also. These 
 all, as bias been shown, render the terms by which the 
 fruit of the vine in its natural state is designated, by 
 the same terms which designate it in its artificial state. 
 
 Had there been but a single undisputed text in 
 which the fruit of the vine in its natural unintoxi- 
 cating state was called wine, that single text ought 
 to be deemed conclusive. How much more so, when 
 there are so many texts in which it is so called by 
 different writers, and during so many ages. 
 
 J 
 
 L 
 
UNPKRHENTED WINK OP SUPERIOR QUAUTT. 113 
 
 J 
 
 What the teniig were whicli the sacred writers 
 actually employed to denote the fruit of the vine in 
 the press, the vat, the cluster, and the vineyard, 
 admits of no debate. They called the fruit of the 
 vine in this state tiroth, aiuit, hhemtnr, yayin^ rendered 
 over and over again, oinos in Greek, vinum or tnerum 
 in Latin, and wine in English. 
 
 By the name wine, and by no other name, this 
 article has always been known to the reader of the 
 English Bible. There it is always called wine, as 
 every reader of the Bible ean assure himself. And 
 whether it is rightly called wine there ; and rightly 
 called oinoi in the Sept., and vimtrn in the Vulgate, 
 has never (it is believed) till of late been called iu 
 question. 
 
 Be this, however, as it may, that the unfcrmented 
 fruit of the vine in the form of grupe juice was called 
 wine, is as apparent as it is that it was used as a 
 beverage. More than this, it was not only called 
 wine, but it was also accounted to be good wine. 
 
 Wine of superior quality, for it was employed by 
 way of distinction as a symbol of mercy, enumerated 
 among other blessings, and declared to be Itself a 
 blessing. 
 
 TiROSH, always used by the sacred writers to denote 
 the fruit of the vine in its natural, and not in its 
 artificial state, occurs but thirty-eight times in the 
 Hebrew Bible ; in thirty-six of which it is clearly' 
 used in a good sense and with approbation. It is 
 used once ( Hosea, vii., 14) in a doubtful sense ; and 
 once and only once (Hosea, iv., 11) in a bad sense or 
 

 J 14 TIBOtB — TATIir. 
 
 with dUapprobationt and then in connection with 
 yayini but not on account of any imputed inebriat- 
 ing qualitioi, but ai contributing to take away the 
 heait.* 
 
 Yatim is a generic term, and when not restricted 
 in its meaning by some word or circumstance, compre- 
 hends vinous beverage of every sort) however pro- 
 duced, and whether the fruit of the vine or not. It 
 is, howtiver, as we have seen, often restricted to the 
 fruit of the vine in its natural and unintoxicating 
 state. But when so restricted, we have in no instance 
 found it used in a bad sense, or with disapprobation. 
 Yayin is also frequently restricted to the fruit of the 
 vine in its artificial or intoxicating state, in which 
 state it is usually, if not uniformly, used in a bad 
 sense or with disapprobation. 
 
 In most, if not all the following passages, yayin is 
 clearly used for the fruit of the vine in an artificial 
 and intoxicating state, and with disapprobation, ex- 
 pressed or implied* 
 
 Yayiui used as causing, or in connection with 
 drunkenness, or drinking, to wit : 
 
 With th« drnnkennMi •t Noah, G«d., Iz., 31, 34. 
 
 •* ** ofLot, 0«n^xix., 32, 33,8<U. 
 
 * " of Ksb*l (luppovcd), 1 BMn., xxT., 87. 
 
 * •• of Anmoa, f Htm., xUU 88. 
 
 ** "of priMta ftad prophet!, ...... iMUh, zxtUI., 1. 
 
 *• ** of King* Mid people, Jer., ziil., IS, 14. 
 
 Ai OftiwiDg.dnink«Bnca&to patpheti, Jer., zxlil., 9. 
 
 * " te prieiU and prophet!, iMUh, xxviii., 7. 
 
 With woe to tkoM ioflwMd hj It, haiak, ▼., 11. 18; 88. 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 \ 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 *lo« Appendix. 
 
TAYIM, Uf OOimtOTlOM WITS DBUKKEVHSM* 1 U 
 
 with WM t«lk« 4ff«akM4a of IpUralM,. ImUk, n«lt^ 1* 
 
 Af M lllMtr»tl«a of drttaktaiMM, Iwtob, t*H., t. 
 
 As • tjmboX of tfniaknoMt, lakM, U.,n, 
 
 With wfcplag of draaktHa, Joel, I., ft. 
 
 With dlMotttlracM, JmI, IU., «. 
 
 ftlao lloMt, 1?^ 11. 
 
 With trMcherjr....... Ota., mtIL, tt. 
 
 With th« ^Imb of dncoiM, Dovt., snIU M* 
 
 With IdoUtrjr', D«nt., sulUW. 
 
 WIthfurx, Jar., »v., 1ft. 
 
 With MtonlahoMiit, PmIim, la., S. 
 
 Wllhdrugi, PMlma, lixT., 9. 
 
 With vinlenef Ptot., It , 17. 
 
 With bbrbood, Mlooh, II, 11. 
 
 With tlitmockfcr, ProT., ix.,1. 
 
 With w..» aiKl »orrow Prov.t iilll., M^, 3S,fti 
 
 With prorMnrncM, Amoi, II., 8. 
 
 With vo|ii|itui)n»npM, Reel**., II.; 8. 
 
 With ffMtlTltjr Hndjitfrrinwot, EccIm., s, !*• 
 
 ... alw Amni, tI., 2« 
 
 ilMlkil, T., 11., 13, SS. 
 iMlah, Mil., 13, 
 IraUh, hi., IS. 
 
 With trunKfrcmtton, , Hab., II., ft. 
 
 With WOP iMlah, zxtIII.,1, ahoT. 
 
 WUli prohibition to NuiaritM, Nam., tI.,8. 
 
 " " to tht mother of Sampiion Jud., ill!., 4, 7, li. 
 
 ** " to the mothtr of Samnel, 1 8am., I., 14, 15, 
 
 •• " to the H«chabltes Jer., nxr., 6, 7, *. 
 
 " " to the pricate, Ur.,%.,9. 
 
 ahw Eaekiel, zltr., 21. 
 
 With nprnnf to king*, , PrOT., nxl„4. 
 
 With t< inptatlona to Naiaritea Amoa, il., 13. 
 
 With ti>iTi|it«tlon to RecbaMtaii Jar., zxzt.,2, ft. 
 
 With rv[jM\ by kecbubitea, Jer., nzT., 8,8, 18. 
 
 With nfunalby Dantol Don., i., ft» 8, 18. 
 
 alae Daa., z., S. 
 
 With puiiiiihiDent, Pfahiu, Ixzr., 8. 
 
 With uiadneM, Jar., zll., T* 
 
 In most if not all the following passages, yayin is 
 used to denote the fruit of the vine in its natural and 
 unintoxicating state, and in none of them is it used 
 witli disapprobation, either expressed or implied ; 
 nor is it elsewhere ever so used when employed to 
 
 KOTT. 
 
110 USID TO DBNOTK UMrUlMBllTBD WINI. 
 
 denote the fruit of the vine in its natural and unin- 
 toxioating state : 
 
 Oen., xliv., 11 : Uiod for new wine or the blood 
 of the grape. 
 
 Deut., xxviii., 80 : For the same in connection 
 with grapes. 
 
 2 Kings, xviii., 32 ^ For the same in connection 
 with corn and vineyards. 
 
 Psalms, '^iv., 16 : In connection with oil and bread. 
 
 Isaiah, xvi., 10 : In connection with wine presses 
 and the treading of grapes. 
 
 Isaiah, xxxvi., 15 : With com and vineyards. 
 
 Isaiah, Iv., 1 : With milk. 
 
 Jer. xl., 10 : As a blessing in connection with 
 summor fruits. 
 
 Jer., xl., 12 : Same. 
 
 Jer., xlviii., 33 : With wine presses and the tread- 
 ing of grapes. 
 
 Lam., ii., 12 : With com. 
 
 Amos, v., 11 : With vineyards. 
 
 Amos, ix., 14 : With vineyards. 
 
 Neh., xiii., 15 : With wine presses* 
 
 Zeph., i., 13 : With vineyards. 
 
 Cant., vii., 9 : With sweetness. 
 
 Cant., v., 1 : With milli. 
 
 Besides the foregoing, there are passages in which 
 yayin is used, where there is nothing in the imme- 
 diate connection to indicate whether it be used for 
 the fruit of the vine in its natural or artificial state ; 
 that is, whether it is iu the state in which it existg 
 in the vineyard and the vat, or in the state in which 
 
SaBCHAl. 
 
 US! 
 
 It exitta a(U*r being removed Uivrefromandiulijected 
 to further fermentation. 
 
 Shkchar, tweet or §§ouliarif»e beverage, from the 
 ■ap of the palm, or tlie sap or fruit o( other troMi 
 except the vine, ii rendered em^f* in the Sept. (from 
 the Hebrew verb ihachttr ) ; and with a single excep- 
 tion, strong drink ill the English Bible, thatejiocption 
 is £xod., xxix.,40, where it is rendered strong wine ; 
 by Thcoderct and Chrysostom, both natives of Syria, 
 it is called palm wine. That it is rightly so called, 
 is confirmed by the testimony of Doctor Shaw, at 
 well as of the modern Arabs. 
 
 It occurs but twenty-three times. It ii usually 
 aiaociated with yayin. One or the other, or both 
 of these terms, are used in connection with drunken- 
 ness or drunken feasts, or are spoken of with disap- 
 probation, upwards of seventy times, and in twenty- 
 one instances are employed to express temporal or 
 eternal judgment. Whereas tirosh, expressive of 
 the fruit of the vine in its natural state, is never 
 once used in such connection, nor employed for such 
 a purpose ; nor, with the single exception before 
 alluded to, is it ever spoken of with disapprobation 
 of any sort. And here it may not be impertinent to 
 remark, that whenever wine is denounced in tlie 
 Bible, the denunciation is never against tirosh, ausis, 
 hhemer or sobe, but always aguinst yayin. And 
 that whenever any other word expressive of vinous 
 beverage is associated with shechur in speaking of 
 drunkenness and drunken feasts, that other word 
 
V 
 
 118 
 
 DI8TINCTI0H IK USB OF TERMS. 
 
 is never tirosh, or ausis, or sobe, or hhemer, but 
 always yayin. 
 
 So mauy and such repeated commendations of the 
 fruit of the vine in its natural and unfermented state, 
 and so many and such repeated condemnations of it 
 in its artificial and fermented state, cannot have been 
 left upon record without design ; and if chat design, 
 to say the least, be not to encourage the use of the 
 fruit of the vine in the former state, and to dis- 
 courage the use of it in the latter, it would be diffi- 
 cult to divine what it was. 
 
 The difference existing in the kinds of vinous 
 beverages formerly in use, and which is so distinctly 
 marked in the Hebrew text, is for the most part 
 concealed from the reader of the English Bible by 
 the uniform manner in which the several terms 
 expressive of that difference are translated wine. 
 But for which uniformity, the fact of the existence 
 of such difierence, it is believed, would not now be 
 made a question ; and notwithstanding that uni- 
 formity, it is reasonable to suppose (especially con- 
 sidering the poverty of the Hebrew language ) that 
 seven difierent words have been employed by patri- 
 archs and prophets to express the same identical 
 beverage in the same state. 
 
 In the preceding analysis we have found, as it might 
 have been expected we should, one generic term 
 (yayin) expressive of vinous beverage of every sort. 
 We have also found a term (tirosh) expressive of 
 the fruit of the vine as it exists in the cluster in the 
 vineyard, or press, or vat ; a term ( ausis ) expressive 
 
RESULT OF ANALYSIS — TERMS. 
 
 119 
 
 of it as it exists dropping or expressed fresh from 
 the cluster ; a term (sobiie) expressive of it as in- 
 spissated or boiled ;,a term (hhemer) expressive of it 
 when unmingled with other ingredients, and a term 
 (mesch) expressive of it when mingled; whether 
 with water or with drugs.* 
 
 That the fruit of the vine in all these states is 
 called wine, there can be no doubt. The proof of 
 this is palpable and abundant, and if rightly so called, 
 then different kinds of wine formerly existed, and 
 unfermented as well as fermented grape juice is truly 
 wine. 
 
 But it may be said, though the fruit of the vine 
 in its natural and unfermented state is called wine, 
 it is not really so, and is only so called by a well 
 known figure of speech, the applying of the name 
 of the product to the material from which it is pro- 
 duced. 
 
 It is readily admitted that in poetry and in other 
 imaginative writings this often occurs, and some- 
 times, even though rarely, in mere prose. But were 
 this admitted in many, nay in most, nay in all the 
 passages quoted (which it is believed no scholar will 
 claim to be the case); but were this admitted, it is 
 not perceived that the admission would change the 
 issue made, or in the least weaken the arguments 
 adduced. 
 
 The fruit of the vine in its natural state is eithei 
 wine before fermentation or it is not. Be it then tha* 
 
 Kosr. 
 
 Soe Appendix. 
 
1'20 COMMENDATIONS DIRECTED TO UNPERMENTED. 
 
 *! i 
 
 i-' 
 t 
 
 before fermentation, though often called wine, i** U 
 not so ; but merely something else out of which wine 
 is made. This admitted, then all the commendations 
 of the fruit of the vine, previous to fermentation, witli 
 which the Bible abounds, are not commendations of 
 wine at all, but merely commendations of that out 
 of which wine is made ; and all the condemnations 
 of wine with which the Bible also abounds are con- 
 demnations of the fruit of the vine, not before but 
 after fermentation, and are therefore condemnations, 
 not of that out of which wine is made, but condem- 
 nations of the veritable article made, wine itself. 
 
 And if the numerous commendations of the fruit 
 of the vine, before fermentation, with which the Bi- 
 ble abounds, be laid out of the account, it will be 
 veiy difficult to find any clear and unequivocal com- 
 mendations of wine in the Bible at all. For it is 
 before and not after fermentation that the possession 
 of the fruit of the vine is spoken of as a national 
 blessing, its loss as a national curse. And it is after 
 and not before fermentation that the fruit is styled a 
 mocker, associated with crime, and employed itself 
 as a symbol of wrath. 
 
 To test the truth of this, let any reader of the 
 Bible collect and arrange in one column all the 
 passages in which wine is spoken of with approba- 
 tion, either expressly or by implication; and let him 
 also collect and arrange in another column all the 
 passages in which wine is spoken of with disappro 
 bation, eitlioT* expressly or by implication, and if he 
 does not discover in the sequel that the approbatior 
 
FERMENTED WINE NOT COMMENDED. 
 
 191 
 
 oxpressed in the passages selected is usually, if not 
 always, approbation of the fruit of the vine before 
 fermentation, and that the disapprobation expressed 
 is disapprobation of the fruit of the vine after fer- 
 mentation, he will have succeeded in collecting (and 
 arranging in separate columns) a series of texts which 
 have been overlooked in this inquiry. 
 
 If wine be commneded at all in the Bible, and 
 there is no doubt it is, its commendation will be 
 found, it is believed, chiefly if not wholly in the 
 commendation of the so-called wine of the vineyard, 
 the cluster, the press and the vat. Grapes and grape 
 juice, then, before fermentation (whether wine or 
 not), are articles which God approves and commands 
 — ^whereas grape juice after fermentation, though truly 
 wine, and the only article by supposition rightly so 
 called, is an article often repudiated and abundantly 
 spoken against — and, if its nature has not changed, 
 not without reason was it spoken against. For it is 
 now what it was said to be then, '* a mocker:*' and 
 now as then it causes woe and sorrow and redness of 
 eyes and wounds without cause ; and now as then it 
 is armed with the serpent's bite and the adder's sting. 
 
 To conclude : That the fruit of the vine> in its 
 natural state, was not only called wine, but was 
 accounted by the sacred writers a better article, 
 being more frequently commended and less frequently 
 spoken against than the fruit of the vine in its artifi- 
 cial state, would seem sufficiently apparent from the 
 authorities already quoted. 
 6 
 
( 
 
 122 
 
 UNFIiRMENTED WINE DEFINED. 
 
 Whether the fruit of the vine in the former state 
 might not possibly be procured and preserved at so 
 low a temperature as wholly to prevent the forma- 
 tion of alcoholi by preventing fermentation, it is not, 
 in so far as this discussion is concerned, needful io 
 inquire; since it ijR readily admitted that in the 
 climate of Judea this could not ordinarily if ever be 
 the case. 
 
 By unfermented wine, therefore, as used in this 
 diticussion. is meant wine that has undergone no arti- 
 ticial or other or further fermentation than what 
 ordinarily takes place in the vat and the press, and 
 sometimes perhaps even in the cluster. Such wine, 
 though not entirely free from alcohol, contains but 
 little of that element, and that little so modified by 
 the remaining saccharine matter, with which it exists 
 in admixture, as to prevent its producing intoxica- 
 tion, evsen though used freely and to the extent 
 required for common beverage. Nor would it, even 
 if used to> excess (though it might produce sickness), 
 produce intoxication ; and it may, therefore, in dis- 
 tinction from the more fully fermented fruit of the 
 vine, be fitly called, as we have called it, unintoxi- 
 GATiNQ WINE. Whether profane writers have made 
 the same distinction as the sacred writers have made, 
 in the states in which the fruit of the vine exists, and 
 whether, when in its natural state, they call it wine, ^ 
 and in what estimation it was formerly and is still 
 held by them in this state, will be made the subject 
 of inquiry in our next lecture. 
 
 >.^4ail...4».«^ 
 
LECTURE No. IV. 
 
 INQUIRY EXTENDED TO PROFANE WEITEBS. 
 
 The wine question oonUnued — Ompe juice spolcen of aa abeverftge 
 by profane writers — Called wine — Pronounced good wine — Bet- 
 ter before than after fermentation — The formation of alcohol in- 
 tentionally prevented by arresting fermentation — Dissipated when 
 formed by the filter, or counteracted by dilution — The question at 
 issue a question of degree, not of totality — The question of sin 
 per ae considered — Perfect purity not attainable — Wine placed 
 on the same footing as other articles of food, 
 
 We have attempted, in the preceding lecture, to 
 show that sacred writers make a distinction between 
 the fruit of the vine in its natural (that is, its unfer- 
 mented and unintoxicating) state, and its artificial 
 (that is, its fermented and intoxicating) state; that 
 in both these states it is called in the Hebrew text 
 yayin, in the Greek version oinosy in the Latin vinumy 
 and in the English wine ; that the fruit of the vine, 
 in its natural state, was not only called wine, but 
 was accounted better wine, being more highly com- 
 mended, and less frequently and severely spoken 
 against, than the fruit of the vine in its artificial «ad 
 
 intoxicating state. 
 123 
 
1S4 
 
 CATO. 
 
 f 
 
 Now, though thiH were peculiar to the sacred wri- 
 tersi it would be decisive of the question at issue. It 
 is what Moses and Samuel and David and Isaiah and 
 Jeremiah and other sacred writers, and not what 
 Aristotle and Plato and Columella and other profane 
 writers say, that we are chiefly cone -med to know. 
 But whether this be peculiar to the sacred writers, 
 or common to them and to profane writers, we are 
 now prepared to inquire. 
 
 That the profane writers made the same distinction 
 between the fruit of the vine in its natural and arti- 
 ficial state, as the sacred writers made; that the fruit 
 of the vine in its natural state was used as a beve- 
 rage, and that in both states it was called wine, 
 would seem apparent from the following testimony : 
 Cato the elder, in his work on ** Rural Affairs,'* 
 has a chapter concerning pendant wine. **Lex vini 
 pendentis" is the heading of this chapter. It is the 
 cxlvii. 
 
 The regulation concerning the hanging or ungath- 
 ered wine is as follows : " Hac lege vinum pendens 
 venire oporfet, Vinaceosillotoaet faces relinquito. Locus 
 vinis ad kalendas Octobris primas dabitur; si non ante ea 
 exportaveris, dominus vino quod volet /aciet" "Accord- 
 ing to this regulation, the hanging wine ought to be 
 sold. You are to leave the husks un watered, and * 
 the dregs. A place shall be set apart for the wine, 
 down to the first kalends of October j if you hii/3 
 not carried them clear off before, the proprietor shall 
 do whatever he pleases with the wine." That Cato 
 used the term vinum, for wine in the cluster, is appa- 
 
 
LIVY — OVID — PLUTARCH — PLA UTU8. 1 26 
 
 rent from the next chapter, in which he treati of 
 vinum in doliis — the wine in the casks. 
 
 Livy, who flourished in the golden ago of Roman 
 literature, when accounting for the settlement in the 
 plains of Italy of the Clusii (one of the barbarous 
 tribes of ancient Gaul), says (lib. v., chap. 33): ♦*£«//* 
 gentem (scil. Cluiinum) tradilur fama dulcedine/rugum, 
 maximeque vinit nova turn voluptate^ cajUam, Alyes trati" 
 tiasey agrosque ah Etruscis ante culloa possedisse : ct inccx- 
 isse in Galliam vinum inlicienda: gvntis caum Aruntcm 
 Clusinum" ^, " There is a traditionary report thub 
 that nation (the Clusii), captivated by the luscious- 
 ness of the fruits, and especially of the (vinum) wine, 
 crossed over the Alps, and took possession of the 
 inclosed lands, hitherto cultivated by the Etruriaub; 
 and that Aruns, the Clusian, for the purpose of allur- 
 ing his people, imported (vinum) wine into Gaul." 
 
 Ovid applies the Latin merumi wine, in the same 
 manner: '* Vixque merum capiunt grana quod intus 
 fiabent" ** and scarce the grapes contain the wine 
 within." 
 
 Calmet says : ** The ancients had the secret of pre- 
 serving wine sweet throughout the year;" and Plu- 
 tarch affirms, that '* before the time of Psammeticus, 
 the Egyptians neither drank fermented wine, nor 
 offered it in sacrifice." 
 
 According to Plautus, who lived about two hun- 
 dred years before Christ, the Latin mustum signified 
 "both wine and sweet juice." * 
 
 Leigh's Oiitica Sacra, p. 68. 
 
IM 
 
 TIBCLLU8 AND OTUEBfl. 
 
 Says Nioauder : ** Olvev^ i'iv icoiXnidiv dno^XiiJHMi 
 denaeaaiv olvov Ukijae.** ** And (Enus having squeez- 
 ed the juice of the grape into hollow cups, called ii 
 wine {olvovy* Thus the Greeks, as well at the He- 
 brews, culled fresh grape juice wine. 
 
 Says Tibullus, iu his fifth Elegy : *'i//a dco scict 
 
 ngricoUe yro vitibus uvam^ i}ro segete spicaa grege ferre 
 
 dujtem" 
 
 '* With p'raus c«re, will load each rural ubiinc, 
 Fur ripened crop* a golden theaf aaaigm, 
 Gates for my fold, rich eluiten/or my wine.*' • '~ 
 
 «< 
 
 A white sweet liquor distils from the Palm/* 
 which, Prof. Kid says, ** is used extensively in India, 
 under the name of Palm wine." t 
 
 ( Yayin^ ) ** Wine which is made by squeezing the 
 grapes — tlie expressed juice of grapes." | 
 
 ** Pressed wine is that which is squeezed with a 
 press from the grapes ; sweet wine is that which has 
 not yet fermented." ^ 
 
 " Must, the wine or liquor in the vat." || 
 
 ** The modern Turks carry the uufermented wine 
 along with them in their journeys." ^ 
 
 That profane writers, both Greek and Latin, have 
 not only made the distinction between the fruit of 
 the vine in its natural and its artificial state, and 
 spoke of the former as beverage, and called it wine 
 — but that they have also spoken of it as good 
 
 * Grainger. § Rees^ Eucyclopedla. 
 
 f Bridgeiniter*fl Treatise, p. 214. J Dr. Sanders. 
 
 X Farkhurat. ^ '% Sir Edward Barry. 
 
 Uk. 
 
UORAC£. 
 
 l«l 
 
 wine, and spoken of other wine as good, which, on 
 account of its anintoxicating nature, resembled the 
 fruit of the vine in its natural state, will be apparent 
 from the following authoiities. 
 
 Whatever may be the decision of those whose tasto 
 has been, depraved by the fabricated wines of com- 
 merce and the drinking usages of the moderns, there 
 cannot be a doubt that the wise and good men among 
 the ancients, as well uninspired as inspired, appre- 
 ciated wines of every kind the higher, the less alco- 
 hol, and the more saccharine matter they severally 
 contained ; and the contained alcohol, other things 
 being equal, depended on the extent to wliich fer- 
 mentation was curried. 
 
 £vcn Horace was evidently aware of the distinc- 
 tion between intoxicating and unintoxicating wine : 
 
 *' AuQdius forti mii.cx'bat mclla Falerno 
 Mendose ; quouinm f acuis committerA renit 
 Nil nisi lene deoet, leui prsoordia mulao 
 Froluerit melius." * 
 
 " AuJlditiM first most injudicious, quaflbd 
 StODg wine and honey for his morning dnuight ; ^ 
 
 With lenient beverage fill your empty vniu, 
 For lenient muat will better cleanse the reini." 
 
 Elsewhere the same poet says: 
 
 ** Hie innocentis pocula Lesbii, 
 Duces sub umbra ; nee SemeUoa 
 Cum Marte confundet Thyoneua 
 Prwlia." 
 
 ^OTT. 
 
 * Horace, Sat. 4, 24. 
 
vts 
 
 COLUMELLA. 
 
 ' 
 
 He telli his friend MecionaB, that he might drink 
 a ** hundred glasses of this innocent Lesbian/' with* 
 out any danger to his head or senses. In the Del- 
 phian edition of Horace, we are told that ** Lesbian 
 wine could injure no one ; that, as it would neither 
 affect tho head or influence the passions, there was 
 no fear that those who drank it would becoiuo quar- 
 relsome.*' It is added, that ** there isno wine sweeter 
 to drink than Lesbian ; that it was like nectur, and 
 more resembled ambrosia than wine ; that it wus 
 perfectly harmless, and would not produce intoxica- 
 tion." 
 
 Atheneeus (as translated by Baccius) says, ihut 
 **Surrc7itmum yingueet valde dcbile" ** Surrentiiie wine 
 was fat and very weak ; " which is in keeping with 
 the words of Pliny : ^^Surrentina vina caput non tenentJ'* 
 ** Surrentine wine does not affect the head." As are 
 also the words of Persius, iii., 93 : 
 
 " Lenia loturo nibi Surrcntlna rogav't.*' 
 " He has asked for himself, about to bathe, mild Surrentine." 
 
 Columella (book iii., cap. 2), alluding to the weak 
 wines of Greece, says : ** Those small Greek wines, 
 as the Mareotic, Thasian, Fsythian, Sophortian, 
 though they have a tolerable good taste, yet, in our 
 climate, they yield but little wine, from the thinness 
 of their clusters, and the small ness of their berries. 4 
 Nevertheless, the black Inerticula (the sluggish vine), 
 which some Greeks call Atnethijaton^ may be placed, 
 as it were, in the second tribe, because it both yields 
 a good wine, and is harmless — from which, also, it 
 took its name — because it is reckoned dull, and not 
 
 L ^ 
 
ARISTOTLE — FLINT. 
 
 Id9 
 
 to have spirit enough to affect the nerves, though it 
 ii not dull and flat to the taste." 
 
 Speaking of sweet vvino; Aristotle tayi (Meteor., 
 lib. iv., cap. 9): **olvo^ ^\ b ftev yXvicv^ 6ib itat ov fu* 
 dvaitei," **.that sweet wine would not intoxicate." 
 
 There was a Spanish wine says Pliny (lib. xiv., 
 cup. 2), culled ** incrticulam juatius 8obriamt viribus 
 innoxiamt »iquidem temulentUim sola non/acitt^ *'a wine 
 which would not intoxicate." 
 
 Pliny and Varro speak of a wine called murrituif 
 ** a wine not mixed with myrrh, but a very sweet 
 aromatic drink, much approved of by Roman ladies, 
 and conceded to them because it would not inebriate." 
 **Dulcis nee inebrienst** are the words of Varro. Of 
 this wine Pliny also says ( lib. xiv., cap. 8), that it 
 would not intoxicate. 
 
 Athenieus speaks of the ^* innocent Chian," and the 
 ** unintoxicating Biblinum," and Plautus of the 
 " toothless Thanium and Coan ;" all of which vinous 
 beverages are comprehended under the term oinost 
 each of which is designated by that term ; and even 
 when different kinds of wine are indicated, the same 
 name is applied to more than one kind. It is not 
 sufficient, therefore, to say, •*He drank Crete wine," 
 for as Baccius affirms, ^^Duplex meminet vinosum et 
 DULCE quod possum dicit" It is needful, in judging 
 ancient wines, to attend to the quality as well as the 
 name: "(/Mia vinum no» temetunij sed passum DULCE, 
 permittitur mulieribus; dulce vero nan inebricns," Thus 
 the vinosum iemetum, or strong intoxicating wine, is 
 exhibited in contrast with the weak unintoxicating 
 6* 
 
1«) 
 
 ANDREAS BAOCIUH — DR. K. CLARK. 
 
 ! 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 wine. Thti outt data Uipoken of m **imteiuvinumt** 
 powerful wiiio ; tbo otheri an having *' nihil vinastim,** 
 nothing vinous. 
 
 **A11 Italy,'* snyi Andreas Huccius, '* naturally, at 
 thii time, abounds in wines and didights throughout 
 in sweet wines, and not less in black wines ; but 
 these arc altogether diiTerent from the ancient wines, 
 both in their preparation and in their treatment, as 
 well as their quality, for our sweet, as well as the 
 white and black, intoxicate.*' 
 
 There were wines which, without being subjected 
 to any special treatment, would, ou account of th«ir 
 excess of saccharine matter, remain without ferment* 
 ing, in their natural and uniiitoxicating state, fur a 
 great length of time ; such, es|)ecially, were the wines 
 of Tencdos. 
 
 Says Dr. £. Chirk, in his travels : ** Perhaps there 
 is no part of the world where the vine yields such 
 redundant and luscious fruit ; the juice of the Cyprian 
 grape resembles a concentrated essence. The wine 
 of this island is so famous all over the Levant, that, 
 in the hyperbolical language of the Greeks, it is said 
 to have the power of restoring youth to age, and 
 animation to those who are at the point of death.4 
 Englishmen, however, do not consider it as a favorite 
 beverage ; it requires near u century of age to deprive 
 it of that sickly sweetuess which renders it repug- 
 nant to their palates." 
 
 ** When it has remained in bottles for ten or twelve 
 years, it acquires a slight degree of fermentation 
 upon exposure to the air ; and this, added to its 
 
 .,.-»--:. ... — .. .jJ -^-tY-^ 
 
DK. K. Cr.AUK — C.vr.MKT. 
 
 131 
 
 ■wt'etnoM Htid high color ciiiisea it to riNcniiblo 
 Tukny more than any otiior wine; but thi; ('ypiiots 
 do not (h'iiik it in this state; it is pret«>rv(>(l by them 
 in casi^H lo vs hich the air has constantly acccNi, ami 
 will koep in this manner for any numbf>r of years. 
 After it Um withstood tho vicissitudes of the seasons 
 for a sini^le year, it is supposed to have pamefl the 
 requisite proof, and then it scdls for three Turkir»h 
 pinstreH a gooHe (about twenty-one pints). After- 
 wards the price augments in proportion to its age. 
 Wo tasted some of the Commuuderia, which they 
 said was forty years old, although still in the cask. 
 After this period it is considered as a balm, and re- 
 served on the account of its supposed restorative 
 and, healing quality for the sick and dying. A greater 
 proof of its atrcngth cannot be given, than by relating 
 the manner in which it is kept — in casks neither 
 filled nor closed. A piece of sheet lead is merely 
 laid over the bung hole, and this is removed every 
 day when customers visit their cellars to taste the 
 different sorts of wine proposed for sale." 
 
 Even in wines expressed from less luscious grapes, 
 wine could be, and often was produced, that would 
 remain permanently sweet and unintoxicating. 
 
 Calmet informs us, that " the ancients had the 
 secret of preserving wine sweet throughout the 
 year;" and Plutarch records, that •* before the time 
 of Psammotticus, the Egyptians nether drank fer- 
 mented wine, nor used it in their offerings." And 
 there are writers who inform us how the preservation 
 of wine sweet throughout the year might be effected. 
 
132 
 
 COLUMELLA — DIDYMUS — SUIDAS. 
 
 1 
 
 i F 
 
 Says Columella (lib., xii., thap. 27): **DcvmoduIci 
 faciendo:" " Gather the grapes, and expose them for 
 three days to the sun ; on the fourth, at midday, tread 
 them ; take the mustum lixivium, that is, the juice 
 which flows into the lake before you use the press, 
 and when it has cooled, add one ounce of pounded 
 iris, strain the wine from its fseces, and pour it into 
 a vessel. This wine will be sweet, firm or durable, 
 and healthful to the body." 
 
 Says Didymus, (lib. vii., chap. IS): •* In Bythinia, 
 some persons thus make sweet wine : " Thirty days 
 before the vintage, they twist the twigs which bear 
 the clusters, and strip off the foliage, so that (the 
 rays of) the sun striking down, may dry up the 
 moisture (sap), and make the wine sweet, just as we 
 do by boiling. They twist the twigs for this reason, 
 (viz.): that they may withdraw the clusters from the 
 sap and nourishment of the vine, so that they may 
 no longer receive any moisture (sap) from it. Some 
 persons, after they have bared the bunches from the 
 leaves, and the grapes begin to wrinkle, gather them 
 together in the clusters, and expose them to the sun, 
 until they have become uvtB passce (raisins). Lastly, 
 they take them up when the sun is at the h<fttest 
 point, carry them to the upper press, and leave them 
 there the rest of the day, and the whole of the fol- 
 lowing night, and about daylight they tread them." 
 
 SuidaL calls '* yAev/co?," which is said to be mustum, 
 vinumf et succus dulcis, must, wine and a sweet juice, 
 **T0 orroaTayfia rrjg aTa<f>vX,fjg nplv TTaTifdri" the wine 
 " that dropped from the grape before it was trodden." 
 
 L- 
 
EXPEDIENTS TO PREVENT FERMENTATION. 133 
 
 Mr. Buckingham says that wiiie in Smyrna is 
 called *• the droppings of the wine press," and "vir- 
 gin wine." 
 
 According to Pliny, Protropum was ^^mustum quod 
 sponte projluit antequam uvce calcenturt** the " must 
 which flows spontaneously from the grapes before 
 they have been trodden." 
 
 These rich, slightly fermented, unintoxicating 
 wines were not only held in peculiar estimation 
 among the ancients, but by them various expedients 
 were adopted, not to increase, but to diminish the 
 production of alcohol, by arresting the process of 
 fermentation in their other and less luscious wines, 
 among which expedients were the exclusion of air, 
 and the reduction of temperature, the evaporation 
 of contained water, and the absorption of the con- 
 tained oxygen. 
 
 1st. TUB EXCLUSION OF AIR, AND THE REDUCTION OF 
 TEMPERATURE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTINO 
 THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL, BY ARRESTING THE 
 PROCESS OF FERMENTATION. 
 
 It was a well known fact that air and a certain 
 degree of heat were requisite to fermentation, and it 
 was also a well known fact that wines were less liable 
 to run into the vinous fermentation, afler they had 
 been kept a considerable length of time in an uufer- 
 mented state. 
 
 Hence the Bomans were accustomed to put the 
 new wine into jars, which, being well stopped, new 
 ones being preferred, were then immersed for several 
 
: 
 
 13-4 FERMENTATION PREVENTED BY EVAPORATION* 
 
 weeks in a cistern or pond ; in fact, as the wine was 
 made about September and October, they were some- 
 times allowed to remain immersed during the whole 
 of the winter, until, as Pliny naively observes, ♦* the 
 wine had acquired the habit of being cold.'* Some- 
 times the same object was effected by the cask being 
 buried deep under ground.* 
 
 Says Columella (lib. xii., cap. 29) **qHemadmodum 
 miistum scmpei- dulce tanquam rccens jpermaneat : " *' that 
 your must may be always as sweet as it is new, thus 
 proceed : before you apply the press to the fruit, 
 take the newest must from the lake, put it into a new 
 amphora, bung it up, and cover it very carefully with 
 pitch; lest any water should enter; then immerse it 
 in a cistern or pond of pure cold water, and allow no 
 part of the amphora to remain above the surface. 
 After forty days, take it out, and it will remain sweet 
 for a year." 
 
 2d, THE EVAPORATION OP THE CONTAINED WATER FOR 
 THE PURP08E OF PREVENTING THE PRODUCTION OF 
 ALCOHOL, BY ARRESTING THE PROCESS OF FERMEN- 
 TATION. 
 
 4 
 
 It is conceded by modern chemists generally, it 
 is believed, that the ancients were correct in the 
 opinion, that a certain degree of fluidity is essential 
 to fermentation. 
 
 When grape juice is very weak and watery, boil- 
 ing may indeed, by increasing the relative proportion 
 
 * Fliny^s Natural Historj, lib. xir., chap. 9. 
 
 i i^.. .. 
 
BOERHAAVii: — A Ul^rO I LE — DKMOCRITUS. 1S5 
 
 of the saccharine mutter, facilitate the process of 
 "ermentation. But where tlie requisite fluidity, and 
 the requisite proportions between the barm or yeast 
 and the saccharine matter already exist, boiling will 
 obstruct or prevent fermentation. 
 
 Says Boerhaave : ^^By boiling, the juice of the 
 richest grapes loses all its aptitude for fermentation, 
 and may afterwards be preserved for years without 
 undergoing any further changes." 
 
 Savs Newman : '* It is observable, that when thick 
 juices are boiled down to a thick consistence, they 
 not only do not ferment in that state, but are not 
 easily brought into fermentation when diluted with 
 as much water as they had lost in the evaporation, 
 or even with the very individual water that had 
 exhaled from them. Thus sundry sweet liquors are 
 preserved for a length of time by boiling. From 
 these considerations it is probable that the qualites 
 for which the Romans and Greeks valued their wines 
 were very difterent from those sought after in the 
 present day ; and that they contained much saccha- 
 rine matter and but little alcohol." 
 
 Says Aristotle : *' The wine of Arcadia was so thick 
 that it was necessary to scrape it from the skin bot- 
 tles in which it was contained, and to dissolve the 
 scrapings in water." 
 
 Says Democritus : " The Lacedaemonians, elg to irvp 
 mm rov olvov, kug dv to ttshtttov fiepog a<j}e ^tj^ij kcu fitTa 
 Teaaapa -:77j KpdvTai, were accustomed to boil their wine 
 upon the fire until the fifth part had been consumed. 
 It was drunk after a period ot four vears bud elapsed.*' 
 
136 PREPARATIONS INCLUDED UNDER TERM WINE. 
 
 Says Pliny : ** musto usque ad tertiampartem mensura 
 decocto; quod ubi factum ad dimidiam es^ defrutum voco' 
 
 mus,** • 
 
 The practice of boiling wine was and still is pre- 
 valent among the Asiatics. To the existence and 
 prevalence of this practice, D* Bowering bears tes- 
 timony. Among the boiled wineu spoken of by the 
 ancient writers, are SapUf Defrutum, Siraum, and 
 Hepsima. 
 
 These wines are very similar, and the chief dif- 
 ference between them appears to consist in the degree 
 to which they were severally reduced. The derivation 
 of sapa may have been, perhaps, from the Hebrew 
 sohke, as sircEum may have been from the Hebrew #yr, 
 caldron, in which the process of boiling was per- 
 formed. 
 
 Fabbroni, an Italian writer, treating of Jewish hus- 
 bandry, says : ** The palm trees, also, which especi- 
 ally abounded in the neighborhood of Jericho and En- 
 gaddi, served to make a very sweet wine, which is 
 made all over the East, being called ^palm wine * by 
 the Latins, and * syra * in India, from the Persian shir, 
 which means * luscious liquor or drink.* " « 
 
 These preparations are all distinctly included under 
 the class olvo^^ wines. In deciding, therefore, concern- 
 ing ancient wines, it is necessary to consider the 
 quality, as well as the name, because, as Baccius 
 informs us, "duplex meminit nt dulce quod possum dicit;^^ 
 and hence as another ancient writer says : ** Quia 
 
 * Pliny*8 Natural History, cap. ix. 
 
FEUMENTATION PREVENTED HY OXYGEN. 387 
 
 I 
 
 vinum non temetum sed pasmm dulce permiftitur tnuUeri- 
 
 bus — DULCE VERO NON INEBRIANS." 
 
 Sd, ABSORPTION OP THE CONTAINED OXYGEN, FOR 
 THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING THE FORMATION OP 
 AIXIOHOii, BY ARRESTING THE PROCESS OF FER- 
 MENTATION. 
 
 Says C. Reading in hla history and description of 
 modern wines, p. 41 ; '* Its object (sulphurization) is 
 to impart to wine clearness and the principle of pre- 
 servation, and to prevent fermentation." 
 
 Says Dr. Ure : '* Fermentation may be tempered 
 or stopped by those means which render the yeast 
 inoperative, particularly by the oils that contain 
 sulplmr, as oil of mustard; as also by the sulphurous 
 and sulphuric acids. The operation of sulphurous 
 acid, in obstructing the fermentation of must, con- 
 sists partly, no doubt, in its absorbing oxygen, 
 whereby the elimination of the yeasty particles is 
 prevented. The sulphurous acid, moreover, acts 
 more powerfully upon fermenting liquors that contain 
 tartar, as grape juice, than sulphuric acid. This 
 acid decomposes the tartaric salts; combining with 
 their bases, sets the vegetable acids free, which does 
 not interfere with the fermentation, but the sulphu- 
 rous acid operates directly upon the yeast." 
 
 In the London Encyclopedia, "stum" is termed 
 an unfermented wdne; to prevent it from fermenting, 
 the casks are matched, or have brimstone burnt in 
 them. Sulphur is placed among the antifermeDts 
 mentioned by Donovan. 
 
<1 
 
 1) 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 i i 
 
 188 
 
 SULPRURIZATION. 
 
 Says Count Dandolo, on the art of making and 
 preserving of the wines of Italy, first published at 
 Milan, 1812: *'The last process in wine making is 
 sulphurization ; its object is to secure the most long 
 continued preservation of all wines, even of the very 
 commonest sort. The classifications (spoken of in a 
 former section) tend to assist this keeping of wines ; 
 but sulphuiization, or the application of sulphur 
 (sulphurous acid) to the wine, is that process which 
 more directly attacks that prenicious fermenting 
 principle, in the very bowels of the wine itself (if 
 such an expression may be cCllowed), and destroys its 
 power of mischief. The action of this vapor of sul- 
 phur not only neutralizes, changes and destroys the * 
 fermenting principle existing as yet undeveloped in 
 the must fresh pressed from the grape, leaving un- 
 touched the saccharine part, but it operates equally 
 upon the quantity of ferment "remaining in the wine 
 which has already undergone fermentation.*' ** This 
 process shows the effect of sulphurization to annihi- 
 late entirely the power of the fermenting principle 
 in the wine, and even in the must, without #ver 
 changing the sugary substance in the must, or the 
 alcohol in the wine." By this means, a sound wine 
 though on the very point of changing, and a wine 
 which could not be carried twenty miles without 
 becoming muddy, or being spoiled, after clarification 
 or sulphurization, is in a state for keeping a hundred 
 yeai's, and will bear the motion of a long journey. 
 
 And not only is it the rich and generous wines, 
 such as the well known ones of Bordeaux, which b^ 
 
 tf* 
 
ALCOBOL DISSIPATED BT ANCIENTS. 
 
 189 
 
 ;*-* 
 
 lulphurization can be rendered capable of long keep- 
 ing and bearing a journey, but even the very light- 
 est wines, liite those of Burgundy, are equally influ^ 
 enccd by it, and become fit for exportation or removal 
 to distant places. 
 
 Sulphurization, then, not only leaves untouched 
 the alcohol which may be already existing, and the 
 aromatic principles of the wine, but when a wine 
 that has been sulphurized contains any sugary matter 
 not decomposed, that sugary matter continues per- 
 fectly untouched, in consequence of the ferment 
 (which would have converted it into spirit) being 
 neutralized by the sulphurization. 
 
 The ancients were aware that the process of fer- 
 mentation could thus be arrested, and hence both the 
 interior and exterior of the vessels in which the new 
 wine was contained, were said to have been covered 
 with gypsum. 
 
 The ancients used means, as well to dissipate 
 or nkutualizb tub alcohol, when generated, 
 in their wines, as to prevent its generation. 
 
 1st. The yeast was not only separated from the 
 saccharine matter by subsidence, but the wine itself 
 was passe ^ through the filter. 
 
 Says Pliny : ** Ut plus capiamus sacco franguntur 
 vires; et alia irritamenta cxcogitantur ; ac hibendi causa 
 etiam venena conficiuntury ** That we may be able to 
 drink a greater quantity of wine, we break, or deprive 
 it of its strength, &c., by the filter, and various inceu- 
 tives to thirst are invented." 
 
140 
 
 WATKU MIXED WITH WINB. 
 
 I ' 
 
 Says Horace : ** Liquies vinut^ Oar. lib. i., Ode IJ. 
 On these words the Delphiti notes are as follows : 
 *' Be careful to prepare for yourself wine percolated, 
 and def(rcated by the filter, and thus rendered sweet 
 and more in accordance to nature and a female taste. 
 Certainly the ancients strained and defoecated their 
 must through the filter repeatedly before they could 
 have fermented ; and, by this process, taking away 
 the fucces Umt nourish and increase the strength of 
 the wino, they rendered them more liquid, weaker, 
 lighter and sweeter, and more pleasant to drink/' 
 
 2d, Where the alcohol generated by fermentation 
 was not sutHcicntly dissipated by the filter or other- 
 wise, its influence was counteracted by the addition 
 of water. 
 
 Hippocrates informs us that the wines of the an- 
 cients were divided into dXiyo<f>opoi, andTroAt^opot, such 
 as did and such as did not require dilution by water. 
 
 Plutarch mentions three dilutions. Hesiod pres- 
 cribed, during the summer months, three parts of 
 water to one of wine. 
 
 AthenoBus has treated of the manner in which^he 
 ancients mingled their wines. He represents Archip- 
 pus as inquiring : " Who of you has mingled an equal 
 quantity of water with wine ? It is far better to use 
 one part of wine and four of water." 
 
 Nichocates considers one part of wine to five of 
 water as the most desirable proportion. ^ 
 
 According to Homer, Pramnian and Maronian wines 
 required twenty parts of water to one of wine : and 
 
 i I 
 
ANCIENT GREEKS. 
 
 141 
 
 Hippocrates considered twenty parts of water and 
 one of Thasian wine to be a proper beverage. 
 
 Pliny declnres that Maronian wine, celebrated by 
 Homer, had maintained its character ; for during the 
 time of Mutianus, their consul, each pint was min- 
 gled with eighty parts of water. 
 
 In the receipt for making Cato's family wine, the 
 vinegar and sea-water greatly exceeded tlie sapa ; 
 and to the grape juice was to be added five times its 
 quantity of pure water ; and from the whole the air 
 was to be excluded ten days. Thus a celebrated 
 wine was produced, that would keep till the follow- 
 ing summer solstice. What the strength of such a 
 wine must have been, and how it would be appre- 
 ciated by wine-drinkers of our day, can readily be 
 imagined. 
 
 The ancient Greeks, like the ancient Romans, hea- 
 thens though they were, furnished, by their exem- 
 plary abstemiousness, a severe rebuke to modern 
 christians. Their festivals were schools of tempe- 
 rance and sobriety. The wines used on these occa- 
 sions were invariably mixed with water. None other 
 were allowed. Indeed, in reputable society, the 
 practice of mingling their wine with water was uni- 
 versal. 
 
 Those" ancient authors, who treat upon domestic 
 manners, abound with allusions to this usage. Hot 
 water, tepid water, or cold water, was used for the 
 dilution of wines, according to the season. 
 
 The process was common, and reduced to system. 
 " Sometimes they were so luxurious as to mix their 
 
14S 
 
 ANCIENT 0RKEK8. 
 
 wino with hot water, to as to secure perfect coinbi- 
 nation, and then cool it down with ice or snow. In 
 Italy the habit was so universally difTused, that thoro 
 was an establishment at Home for the public sale of 
 water for mixing it with wine. 
 
 It was called Thermopolium, and from the 
 accounts left of it, was upon a large scale. The 
 remains of several have been discovered among the 
 ruins of Pompeii. Cold warm and tepid water was 
 l>4'0curable at these establishments, as well as wine ; 
 und the inhabitants resorted there for the purpose of 
 drinking, and also sent their seiTants for the water. 
 The fact of the practice being interwoven with the 
 daily habits of the Greeks, may be judged from the 
 circumstance of the Greek term for bowl or gobict 
 x^xrrjp quasi xspaTijp) — literally implying '*aniin 
 gler," being derived from a verb signifying "to 
 mingle." Each nation, as already shown, had its 
 peculiar terms for inspissated wines which required 
 mingling, as sapa, caranum^ sirautnt and hepdema, 
 each, too, had its peculiar term to denote wine not 
 yet mingled, as the Greek ax^^yov, the Latin merum^^ 
 (tirosh lo yayin.) 
 
 Nor was it peculiar to pagans to mingle wpter with 
 wine for beverage and at feasts ; nor to profane wri- 
 ters to record the fad. It is written of wisdf)m, not 
 only, that she had killed her fut things, but also that 
 she had mingled her wine ; and so written by an 
 inspired penman. 
 
 But what gives the greater weight to the inference 
 to be drawn from these usages of the ancients is. 
 
 I I 
 
WEAKEST WINK CON8IDKBUD BK8T. 
 
 143 
 
 that thoy not only resorted to expcdientu tu prevent 
 the generation of alcohol, and to disHipato it when 
 generated : 
 
 But that thoy also pronouned that the bettor wine 
 in which, the generation of alcohol had been the 
 most cflfcctually prevented — or having been gen- 
 erated, where it had been most effectually dissi- 
 pated, or its potency otherwise counteracted or 
 destroyed, 
 
 Snys Pliny: ** Utilissimum vinum omnibus sacco viri' 
 tmsfractit,* The most useful wine is that which has 
 its strength broken or destroyed by the filter, "tVivc- 
 termi vina aaccisquc castrari^* and again, ** Minus 
 in/estat nervos quod vetustate dulcescit,** ** Wines which 
 become sweet by age are less injurious to the nerves." 
 " Wines were rendered old, and deprived of their 
 vigor by filtering." lib. xxiii., chap. 1. 
 
 The lamc author mentions, (lib. xiv., chap. S) a 
 wine called inert iculam Justus sobriamt virihus innoxiam^ 
 siquidem tcmidentiam sola non facit ; a wine which 
 would not intoxicate, incrs^ without spirit, more 
 properly termed, "sober wine," harmless, "and 
 which alone would not inebriate." 
 
 Columella speaks (lib. iii. chap. 2) of a wine 
 called " Amethystou," unintoxicating. He adds, 
 that it was " a good wine — harmless," and called 
 **iners** — weak — mid would not affect the nerves. 
 
 "Be careful," sjiys the Delphin Notes on Horace's 
 11th Ode, "to prepare for yourself wine percolated, 
 and defcecated by the filter, and thus rendered sweet, 
 
 NOTT 
 
i 
 
 144 
 
 TEOTIUOMY. 
 
 adJ more in uccordarico to imturo — find a female 
 taste.*' 
 
 Thoophrustus called wine that had been ** cattra- 
 turn" deprived of its itrength, *♦ ^&i*ou,'* •* morul 
 wine." Nor Theophrottus only. The ancients, when 
 speaking of wine deprived of itH potency, use the 
 terms, '* eunuchumt** " effaminntum,** *• coilratum*** 
 The corresponding Hebrew word is even used by 
 Isaiuh, i., 23, when speaking of wine reduced by 
 water. 
 
 Poly bi us, in a fragment of his 6th book, states : 
 "Among the Romans the women were forbidden to 
 drine wine; they drank a wine which is called pus- 
 sum fLatinSi Pauumjt and this was made from dried 
 grapes or raisins. As a drink, it very much resem- 
 bled ^goithenUm and Cretan (^Xfuxo;), sweet wine, 
 and which is used for the purpose of allaying thirst." 
 
 Both Pliny and Varro treat of wine which was con- 
 ceded to Boman ladies, because it did not inebriate. 
 
 Says Plutarch (in his Sympos): ** Wine is rendered 
 old or feeble in strength when it is frequently fil- 
 tered ; this percolation makes it more pleasant to the 
 palate ; the strength of the wine is thus taken uwuy, 
 without any injury to its pleasing flavor. The 
 strength being thus withdrawn or excluded, the wiiio 
 neither inllaines the head nor infests the mind und 
 the passions, but is much more pleasant to drink. 
 Doubtless defoecation takes away the spirit of poten- 
 cy that torments the head of the drinker; and this 
 being removed, the ^ifififi is reduced to a state both 
 mild, salubrious and wholesome." 
 
 ; 
 
UMINTOXICATINO W1NR8. 
 
 IM 
 
 That unintoxicating us well ns intoxicutiiig wineM 
 existed from remote antiquity, nnd that the former 
 were held in higher cstimutioii than the hitter, hy the 
 wise and good, there can, I think, he no reasonuhle 
 douht. T4ie evidence is nniMiuivocal and plenary. 
 Not indeed that the wines in use in Syria or tlie 
 Holy Land were universally or even generally unin- 
 toxicating. We have demonstrative evidence that 
 they arc not so now, and presumptive evidence thni 
 they were not so formerly. We know that then, as 
 now, inehriety existed ; and then, as now, the tastu 
 for inebriating wines may have been the prevalent 
 taste ; and intoxicating wines the prevalent wines. 
 Still, unintoxicating wines existed, and there were 
 men who preferred such wines, and who have left 
 on record the avowal of that preference. That these 
 men were comparatively few in number, and that the 
 wines they recommended were not generally in 
 request, docs not surely render it the less probable 
 that they were wines deserving commendation. It 
 might then as now, and, in reference to this as well 
 as other questions of right and duty, be said : 
 
 <• Broad is tho road that leads to death, 
 And thousands walk together there ; 
 While wisdom shows a narrow path, 
 With here aud there a traveler." 
 
 From the foregoing examination, it is apparent 
 
 that the fruit of the vine, in the state it exists in the 
 
 vat, the vineyard and the cluster, is called in the 
 
 original by the sacred writers of the Old Testament, 
 
 tirosht yat/itit aiisut hhcmer^ &c., that in the Greek 
 7 
 
r 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ;i 
 
 v^ 
 
 I 
 
 I ( 
 
 146 
 
 TERMS USED IN OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 translation of these terms by the Seventy, it is called 
 oinorii in the Latin translation, vinum, and in the Eng- 
 lish, mne. And it is further apparent that the fruit 
 of the vine, in the same state, is called by the same 
 name by profane writers j hence we meet in Aristotle 
 with (oinon)y wine of the vat ; in Livy, with (vinum)y 
 wine of the field ; and in Cato as well as Isaiah, with 
 (viniim pendens), wine of the cluster ; and hence, also, 
 when we do so meet with these terms, though the 
 presumption will be that they refer to the fruit of 
 the vine in some state, it can only be determined in 
 which by considering the attendant circumstances ; 
 and for the obvious reason, that the terms yayin^ oinos^ 
 and vinumy are genenc terms, and embrace in their 
 comprehensive meaning the fruit of the vine or pure 
 blood of the grape, in all of the states in which it 
 exists. 
 
 But whatever question may be raised about the 
 quality of other kinds of wine, there can be no ques- 
 tion about this pendent wine of Cato ; for if is the 
 wine of the cluster of Isaiah. This wine must be 
 good wine, for it is wine approved of God ; and there 
 was, as we have seen, a time when it was approved 
 of man also ; and however it may now be spoken 
 against, we believe it still to be not the less worthy 
 of commendation on that account, because we believe 
 it still to be what it then was (in the sense in which 
 we use the terms), untntoxicating ivine. Not that we 
 affirm the pure blood of the grape, as expressed from 
 the ripened cluster, to have been always absolutely 
 nnafiected by fermentation, but only slightly and 
 
QUESTION NOT OF DEGREE BUT OF TOTALITY. 147 
 
 insensibly affected by it* In olden timet wine, as we 
 believe, was appreciated not as now, according to 
 its strength, but according to its weakness. 
 
 * The admiflflion in Dr. Nott'a Lectures, that there may perhaps be a 
 very slight degree of alcohol, even in the wine allowed and pronounced 
 good by the Bible, gave offence to many sincere friends of temper* 
 ance, when they wore first published ; and several able and esteemed 
 advocates of the cause folt it their duty to repudiate and condemn ifc. 
 as a needless and injurious concession. This matter has been referred 
 to the author, with reference to the publication of this new edition of 
 his Lectures, and we learn that utter carefully and candidly examining 
 the whole of this criticism, he still does not feel it to be his duty to 
 suppress or alter the text. And certainly no such liberties would 
 be warrantable in the Editor. He will have discharged his duty, after 
 advertising the reader that this is debatable ground, on which 
 equally honest advoatcs of temperance truth maintain conflicting 
 opinions. 
 
 There is a question of science involved in this discussion, which is 
 still an usettled one. It is well settled, indeed, that of the three stages 
 of fermentation (vinous, acetous and putrefactive), alcohol is the product 
 of the first. But tehen it has reached that stage, and therefore when 
 olcohol enters into the expressed juice of the grape, is still undecided. 
 One chemist has said that if the must is exposed to the air, for a few 
 {seconds only, it absorbs oxygen, and fermentation takes place. Olhciv 
 h.tve given the opinion that a much longer time mu^t ellipse before the 
 compoflition and quality of the liquid can be snid to be tinged by the 
 admiiision of alcohol. One of the latest writers, the author of the 
 •• Chemistry of Common Life," (see vol. i., p. 262, would seem to hold 
 that no "sensible quantity of alcohol" had been found in the body of 
 the liqui<l until the lapse of •• three hours " of ordinary summer 
 we&tiier. But we do not understand that either of these views are ad- 
 vanced as matured scientific opinions, and the result of actual experi- 
 ments. We regard the point in hand, thcn'cfore, to be still an open 
 question x>f science, to bo hereafter determined by scientific men. 
 
 The most, occurate writers and speakers on Temperance, when they 
 reason fiom the Bible, in eouDectioa with wines ( the products of th« 
 
148 QUESTION NOT OF DECREE BUT OF TOTAUTT. 
 
 I am aware that there are those who consider the 
 question of fermeatation in wine a question not of 
 
 DEGREE BUT OF TOTALITY. 
 
 ■:■ 
 
 brew-house and distillery are inventions sought out by man since (he 
 canon of Scripture cloeed), recognize this as a question still in dispute. 
 They do not speak of the good and bad wine of the Bible, as alcoholic 
 and non-alcoholic nor as fermented and imfermented, but as intozicat- 
 iny and unintoxieatinff ; the unintoxicating being clearly the the good 
 wine of the Bible, and the intoxicating being clearly the bad. 
 
 As this point is an unsettled question in the science of temperance, so 
 we regard these views in Dr. Note's Lectures as among the disputed 
 questions in its ethics and philosophy, which are to be cleared up by 
 future inquiry and discussion. 
 
 But let it be observed, even by those who regard this admission by 
 the author as gratuitous, and unfortunate, that his Lectures elsewhere 
 contend for abstinence, not only from intoxicating, alcoholic and fer* 
 mented wine, but also from the freshly expressed juice of the grape. 
 So that, if tlie author here is in error, he has not left the reader entu*ely 
 wihout an antidote. In the closing para|;raph of the fourth lecture, he 
 says: 
 
 *' SttU it does not follow that even the pare blood of the gnpe shiald sow ba 
 OMd by oa as » beverage. The circumstanoea of soeiet/ (since the grant to Jaoob) 
 hare changed; distillation has.been discovered ; chemistry has mixed new poisons 
 frith the wine cap ; and to save the church and the worid from ruin, it has be- 
 come necessary, and it is, therefore, as we have already said, inoambent on as, In 
 the spirit of the first law of Christian love, wholly to abstain from the use of via- 
 aan beverage of every sort." 
 
 Whatever fault may be found, therefore, with these particular pas- 
 sages in Dr. Nott's Lectures, their general tenor, it will be seen, teaches 
 temperance doctrine which is sufficiently comprehensive and severe. 
 And it is supported by an argument so authoritative and conclusive, 
 (hat it must ever silence all cavilers at Abstinence, who arc not bold 
 enough also (o question the inspiration of Scripture : "/< t« good neither 
 to «at fleshf MOR TO drink wink, nor anything whereby thy hroHur 
 ttvmbUthy or it offended, or t« made weak.^ — Bomans, xir., 21. 
 
nn, it hu be- 
 
 QUEBTION NOT OF DBGBBE BUT OF TOTALITY. I4t 
 
 Pure alcohol, say they, is poison ; and because it 
 is so, every beverage in which alcohol is contained, 
 how minute soever the quantity, must be poison 
 also. This though plausible, is not conclusive ; and 
 were it so, the water we drink, nay, the very air wo 
 breathe, would be poison ; for oxygen and nitrogen, 
 of which it is composed, are so ; and so is every mix- 
 ture of the two in any other proportions than the 
 proportion in which the God of nature has united 
 them in the vital air ; and yet, when so united, they 
 are breathed not only with impunity, but of necessity, 
 as an essential element of life. In like manner, 
 thou^'^ alcohol be poison, and though every mixture 
 of it ny greater proportion than that in which 
 
 God '■, united it with those other elements in the 
 " pure blood of the grape^* may also be poison, it does 
 not follow, if so united, it must be so. 
 
 On the contrary, the beverage thus formed may be 
 not only innocuous, but nutritious and renovating, as 
 the noble Oanaro found it when he drank the fresh 
 new wine of the recent vintage ; and yet this same 
 beverage, so bland and healthful, while its original 
 
 Nature and Science unite, with a thousand tongues, to plead for and 
 enfurce the doctriuos of Total Abstinence. But if, through lacic of 
 sufficient linowledge or the imperfections of human reason, the prmciple 
 is ever for a moment involved in doubt, we have only to fall back 
 upon this sublime saying of the Apostle Paul, and which ia accepted 
 by the whole Christian world. Here, at least, our author plants his 
 feet on ground which is incontestable, and as firm as the everlasting 
 hills. !Nay, it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than oae 
 tittle of the law to fail.— [Editor.] 
 
V 
 
 160 
 
 ALCOnOL IV KEW WINE INNOCUOUS. 
 
 ; 
 
 elemental proportions are maintained, may increase 
 in potency, as its contained alcohol is increased by 
 progressive fermentation, till, changed in its nature, 
 it becomes what the Bible significantly calls it, a 
 ** mocker;" executing on those who drink it a ven- 
 geance which the Bible no less significantly describes, 
 by comparing it to the bite of the serpent and the 
 sting of the adder. 
 
 It is urged, lam aware, that these terms, and terms 
 like these, when applied to wine of some sort, are to 
 be understood not as conveying counsel to refrain 
 from the use of bad wine, but merely to avoid excess 
 in the use of good. But according to what principle 
 of interpretation is this urged If Is wine, in distinc- 
 tion from all the other bounties of Providence, always 
 of good quality, that wine of bad quality should 
 never have been spoken against by any writer, either 
 sacred or profane ? And, as if this were proven to 
 be the case, are we bound, contrary to e^erience, 
 contrary to reason, contrary to express declarations 
 of Scnpture, when we meet with passages in which 
 wine is spoken of in terms of reprobation, and as a 
 base article and an article to be avoided ; are we 
 bound in such cases, in disregard both of the spirit 
 and the letter of the text, to understand the terms 
 employed, not as implying the avoidance of a bad 
 article, but merely as a caution against the abuse 
 
 ofa good one? 
 
 Or, if bad wine as well as good wine exists, then 
 it may be asked whether good wine, among all the 
 good creatures of God, is alone liable to abuse, that 
 
 >'■[ 
 
V 
 
 [JS. 
 
 iy incroas« 
 creased by 
 its nature, 
 calls it, a 
 . it a veu- 
 describes, 
 it and the 
 
 and terms 
 
 >ort, are to 
 
 to refrain 
 
 oid excess 
 
 ^ principle 
 
 in distinc- 
 
 :e, always 
 
 ;y should 
 
 ;er, either 
 
 Toven to 
 
 perience, 
 
 larations 
 
 in which 
 
 and as a 
 
 are we 
 
 he spirit 
 
 le terms 
 
 of a bad 
 
 le abuse 
 
 sts, then 
 all the 
 ise, that 
 
 GOOD WIKB LIABLE TO ABUSE. 
 
 161 
 
 it should on that account be singled out and spoken 
 against as a vile thing, and to-be avoided? Are not 
 com, and oil, and milk, and honey, as well as wine, 
 abused ? Or, is the abuse of these not sinful, that 
 neither of them on that account is ever styled the 
 "mocker?" employed as a symbol of wrath, said to 
 occasion wo and sorrow, that neither of these is 
 forbidden to kings, forbidden to be brought into the 
 house of the Lord, forbidden to be looked upon, or 
 said to bite like a serpent or sting like an adder? 
 
 If because good wine can be abused, such wine 
 deserves to be styled a "mocker," and can fitly be 
 employed in the same state, and in allusion to the 
 same attributes, as a symbol of wrath, as well- as of 
 mercy, why may not sunlight and Sabbaths, andeven 
 the visitation of the Holy Spirit, be spoken of in 
 the same manner; for all these (good and glorious 
 in themselves) are, as well as wine, liable to abuse, 
 and the abuse of these, as well as the abuse of wine, 
 is sinful ; and yet no such array of texts against 
 these, or either of these, can be found in either 
 Testament, as meets the eye against wine in both. 
 
 The fact that good wine may be abused, but ill 
 accounts for the application to such. wine of those 
 terms of reprobation replied to ynne of some sort 
 so often in the Bible. To justify such an application 
 of such terms, in such frequency, it should seem that 
 not only good wine, which in the use might be 
 abused, must have existed, but bad wine, and wine 
 therefore uftfit for use, must also have existed. 
 
 KOTT. 
 
 , 
 
159 
 
 WINR COMHEKDKI) GOOD. 
 
 Since good and bad wine both exist now» why 
 should they not have existed then? And if both 
 existed then (as the Bible assures us it did), why 
 should it be doubted when wine is commended, that 
 the commendation respects the former kind of wine ; 
 Olid when wine is condemned, that the condemnation 
 respects the latter kind ? Does either the honor of 
 religion or the analogy of faith require that it should 
 be otherwise? 
 
 When commending wine, if, in place of commend- 
 ing the weak, nutrtious, unintoxicating wines of 
 nature, the Bible commends the strong innutritious, 
 intoxicating wines of art, it does so in cont raven Jon 
 of the will of God, as everywhere else expressed ; 
 and the doing of this, here stands forth an isolated 
 fact, at variance with all the other facts recorded in 
 the Scriptures, a fact unexplained and unexplainable. 
 
 All the other articles recommended ^ food or 
 beverage, are not only pronounced good, but are 
 practically found to be so. Elsewhere, in reference 
 to articles of diet, the word and providence of God 
 are in harmony ; here only at variance ; for, however 
 bland, refreshing and life-sustaining the nutritious, 
 unintoxicating wines of nature may be, the strong, 
 exciting, intoxicating wines of art are, and have ever 
 proved themselves to be, both life and soul- destroying. 
 
 Against the use of such wines, God hath not left 
 himself without a witness in his Providence. From 
 the chalice that contains it is audibly breathed 
 out the serpent's hiss, and visibly darted forth the 
 adder's sting. Around this chalice ruins are strewed 
 
 
BAD WINE CONDEMNED BT NATURE. 
 
 168 
 
 3w, why 
 i if both 
 id), why 
 led, that 
 of wine ; 
 imnation 
 ^onor of 
 it should 
 
 »inmend- 
 irines of 
 itritiouSf 
 aven Jon 
 pressed ; 
 isolated 
 orded in 
 ainable. 
 food or 
 but are 
 3ference 
 
 of God 
 However 
 
 ritious, 
 
 strong, 
 ive ever 
 
 roying. 
 
 lot left 
 From 
 reathed 
 
 rth the 
 
 trewed 
 
 — strewed by the mocker — in which ruins there is 
 a voice that tpeaks, and it speaks for God, and its 
 language is, Touch noty taste not, handle not, T 3re 
 there can be no mistake. That wo, and sorrow, 
 and crime, and disease, flow from this inebriating 
 chalice, none can deny ; nor can any sophistry shel- 
 ter its bewildering, crime-producing contents from 
 deserved reprobation, or bring its use as a beverage 
 within the sanction of the sanctuary. 
 
 The books of nature and revelation were written 
 by the same unerring hand. The former is more full 
 and explicit in relation to the physical, the latter in 
 relation to the moral laws of our nature ; still, how- 
 ever, where both touch on the same subject, they 
 will ever be found, when rightly interpreted, to be 
 in harmony. 
 
 There was a time when the Copemican system, the 
 truth of which was stamped on tLe pi^ases of the 
 planets, and proclaimed in the revolution of the 
 stars, was pronounced a heresy, because it was 
 believed to be irreconcilable with the language ot the 
 Bible. Councils decreed that the earth stood still, 
 and that the sun and stars revolved around it. Regard- 
 less of that decree, the sun and stars maintained 
 their unalterable position, and the earth, unawed, 
 moved onward in its orbit, and revolved on its axis ; 
 and it has continued to do so, till mankind, familiar- 
 ized to its movements, see no longer any contradic- 
 tion between those movements and the language in 
 which they were formerly spoken of by patriarchs 
 
 and prophets. 
 
 7* 
 
V. 
 
 154 NATURE AND RBVELATION NOT AT VARIANCE. 
 
 Nature and revelation are as little at variance on 
 the wine question as on other questions, and when 
 rightly consulted, they will be found to be so. It is 
 not in the text, but in the interpretation, that men 
 have felt straitened in their consciences ; and though 
 this feeling should continue, unless the providence of 
 God changes, it will not alter the facts of the case. 
 
 In vain will sophists teach, or councils decree, 
 that intoxicating wine, wine the mocker, is good 
 wine, and fit for beverage, so long as God in his 
 providence proclaims that it is not. In despite of the 
 teachings of sophists and the decrees of councils, the 
 purpose of God will stand, and human arrogance con- 
 tinue to be rebuked, till it shall be felt that the laws 
 of nature are sacred, and that it is as fatal to resist 
 as idle to reason against the will of Him who 
 ordained them. 
 
 To condemn as sin yer se^ all use or intoxicating 
 wine on the one hand, and to vindicate its use as a 
 common beverage on the other, appears equally 
 erroneous. 
 
 The wine of the condemned was doubtless an 
 intoxicating wine, disallowed to worshippers in the 
 house of the Lord, disallowed to kings, rejected by 
 the Saviour, and yet it might be given to the sad 
 of heart, as strong drink might to those ready to 
 perish. 
 
 Doubtless other intoxicating wines follow the same 
 rule. None of them was made in vain ; each has 
 its appropriate use, and may be used whenever the 
 use is beneficial, and to the extent it is beneficial ; 
 
iKOB* 
 
 MBATI AND HBRB8| GOOD ABO BAD. 
 
 IM 
 
 nance on 
 nd when 
 80. It it 
 that men 
 td though 
 idence of 
 he case. 
 B decree, 
 , is good 
 )d in his 
 >iteofthe 
 ncils, the 
 Eince con- 
 the laws 
 to resist 
 im who 
 
 xicating 
 use as a 
 equally 
 
 tless an 
 8 in the 
 cted by 
 the sad 
 Bady to 
 
 le same 
 ich has 
 ver the 
 eficial ; 
 
 and each is to be avoided when its use would be 
 injurious, as experience shows it to be, when used at 
 custom sanctions its use as a beverage. 
 
 It is true that wine, as well as flesh and herbs, and 
 bread and milk and iioney, is contained in the orig- 
 inal grant of good things to man, but this implies 
 no sanction of bad wine, any more than any other 
 bad article. 
 
 Because flesh is contained in the same grant, no 
 one feels called upon to defend the use of the flesh 
 of horses, or of dogs, or of reptiles ; nay, not even 
 the flesh of kine, when diseased or rendered noxious 
 by putrescence or otherwise. Neither does any one, 
 because herbs are contained in that grant, feel called 
 upon to defend the use of henbane or deadly night- 
 shade, or even of garden herbs, after having become 
 wilted, and especially after having become delete- 
 rious by decay. 
 
 , As little, because wine is contained in that grant, 
 can the wines of Sodom be defended ; nay, nor even 
 wines from the vines of Eschol, or of Lebanon, after 
 they shall have been rendered deleterious* by the pro- 
 cess of fermentation, or any other process through 
 which it may have passed, before reaching ultimate, 
 utter putrefaction. 
 
 I Who ever thought, because bread and milk arc 
 sanctioned in the Bible, that therefore bread must be 
 eaten after it had become mouldy by age, or milk, 
 after it had become sour by fermentation ? 
 
 From the moment the animal is slain, the herb 
 gathered, or the cluster of the wine plucked, the pro- 
 
 NOTT. 
 
166 MAir TBBATBD A8 A BATIONAL 0RBATC7BB. 
 
 eeu of decay oommences, which, unleu arrested, 
 will continue in each, till all alike are rendered un 
 fit for une, by progressive fermentation. 
 
 With wines, as with herbs and meats, some were 
 originally comparatively good, and some compara- 
 tively bad ; and some which were originally good 
 became bad through mistaken treatment,the progres- 
 sive process of fermentation, or some other inciden- 
 tal process through which they may have passed. 
 
 Moats recently slaughtered.herbs recently gathered, 
 and wines recently expressed from the cluster, are 
 usually the most healthful, nutritious and refreshing. 
 And though wine perfectly free from alcohol may 
 not be obtainable, and though its most perfect state 
 be the state in which it is expressed from the cluster, 
 Btill it may be more or less objection4ible. as it devi- 
 ates more or less from that state till it becomes ^po»- 
 itively deleterious and intoxicating. 
 
 Though God's grant to man covers wine among ' 
 other good things, it designates no particular kind, it 
 gives no directions as to the mode of preparation, or 
 the time when it is most fit for use. These and simi- 
 lar instructions are to be looked for, not in the book 
 of revelation, but of nature. 
 
 Man is a rational creature, and God treats him as 
 such. The great store-Louse of nature is flung open 
 before him, and permission is given him to slay or 
 gather and eat ; not indeed inconsiderately and in- 
 discriminately, but of such and only such as are 
 suited to his nature, and as are good for food. 
 
ABMTINBNOB FBOM BAD WINE A DUTT. 
 
 157 
 
 In tho selection ond prupAration of the articles, 
 reaiion is to be exercised, oxporicnco consulted, the 
 good distinguished from the bad, tho precious from 
 the vile. 
 
 That P.atriarch8 and Prophets drank wine, and 
 that the Scriptural right to drink, it still remains 
 unimpaired, there can be no doubt ; still, in making 
 the selection, other directions than what the Bible 
 contains must be followed. Here, ns we have said, 
 reason must bo exercised, and experience consulted. 
 Who, in the selection of herbs, or milk, or meat, 
 would venture to take a contrary course ; or who, 
 having taken it, would not find in the sequel liiM 
 temerity rebuked? 
 
 How often, in tho course of events, have herbs, or 
 meat, or milk, proved poisonous, and produced dis- 
 ease or death ? In cases of this sort, how unavail- 
 ing to declare that these articles, because included in 
 the original grant, were not poisonous, when God 
 declared in His providence that they were. Herbs, 
 and meat, and milk, stand on the same footing as 
 wine, and we only insist that the same discrimination 
 should be exercised in relation to the latter that is 
 exercised in relation to the former. The question, so 
 far as good wine is concerned, is a question of expe- 
 diency, ai\4 only of expediency, and abstinence be- 
 comes a duty only wlien indulgence would be injuri- 
 ous. But abstinence from bad wine is always a duty ; 
 and whether intoxicating wine, wine that enervates 
 the reason, defiles the conscience, destroys the cor-^ 
 stitution, and peoples tlie prisonhouse with criminals 
 
 ! 
 

 ii 
 
 UB 
 
 WIMK COMPARID WITH OTHIR DIET. 
 
 and the graveyard with victims, be not bad wine, 
 will hardly,where prejudice is not indulged and appe- 
 tite consulted, at thia late day, be made a question. 
 
 Perfect purity nowhere exists on this crime-curst 
 planet. Earth supplies neither air, or food, or beve- 
 rage, fluited to immortal natures. Even the well, at 
 the entrance of which Jesus Christ n^vealed to the 
 woman of Suniaii a his Messiahship, contained not the 
 w«ircr of life. Jacob, who drank at that well, wns 
 dead; the Patriarchs who drank at it were dead. 
 Were porfect purity insisted on, man could neither 
 eot, or drink or breathe. This insisted on, would ex- 
 clude the mechanic from the workshop, the husband- 
 man from the harvest field, and the worshipper from 
 the temple of his God. But it is not insisted on — 
 at least, not elRewhere— why th^ should it be in- 
 Risted on here ? 
 
 It is enough, if wine be placed on the same footing 
 as other articles of diet, with respect to each oT 
 which, the question in relation to deleterious qual- 
 ities is a question of degree, not of totality. 
 
 If we procure tjie best articles in our power, it is 
 all that can be required of us ; and it is only those 
 articles which contain deleterious ingredients in such 
 quantity or such proportion as produce disease of 
 body or mind, the use of which is to ^e avoided. 
 Here, not temperance, but abstinence is a duty. 
 The evil to be apprehended in the use of deleterious 
 ingredients often depends less on quantity than in- 
 tensity. A single drop of pure alcohol may inflame 
 some point in the mucus membrane of the stomach. 
 
BAD WIHK ALONK IITJURIOUS. 
 
 159 
 
 id wine, 
 ind app«- 
 quettion. 
 ime-cunt 
 , or b«vc- 
 9 wellt at 
 ed to tho 
 id not tho 
 veil, wnn 
 ere dead. 
 Id neither 
 would ex- 
 I husband- 
 pperfrom 
 ited on— 
 1 it be in- 
 
 ne footing 
 each ot 
 0U8 qual- 
 
 )wer, it is 
 nly those 
 ts in such 
 disease of 
 
 avoided. 
 
 1 a duty. 
 
 lie tenons 
 
 than in- 
 inflame 
 
 stomach. 
 
 with which it comes in contact, and thus produce 
 the inception of a disease which may afterwards 
 difi\iie itself over the entire surface of that vital or- 
 gani which drop might have been innocuous, or at 
 least have produced no appreciable injury, had it 
 been diluted to a certain extent by water. 
 
 In estimating the eflfect of other agencies than poi- 
 son, intensity as well as quantity must be taken into 
 the account. There is a temperature conducive to 
 life and health, and there is a temperature above 
 and below which life becomes extinct. The rays 
 of solar light and heat, so grateful to the eye and 
 the body under certain circumstances, become as 
 distressful as destructive, when their intensity is in- 
 creased, as it may be by the intervention of a burn- 
 ing glass. 
 
 AUhv'^ugh the heat concentrated in a spark of fire 
 or a drop of boiling water might blister some small 
 and delicate portion of the human cuticle with which 
 it might chance to come in contact, still the effect 
 of that same heat, if imparted to a volume of water 
 sufficient for the immersion of the body, if apprecia- 
 ble at all, might be only bland and genial. 
 
 In diet as in respiration, the action of one element 
 may neutralize that of another ; or its own action 
 may depend, as in the case of light and heat, less on 
 quantity than concentration. 
 
 Hence, wine in which its (entire) saccharine mat- 
 ter has been converted by continuous fermentation 
 into alcohol, may be highly exciting and deleterious ; 
 and, at the same time, wine in which the process of 
 
1 
 
 160 
 
 TOTAL ABSTINENCE INCUMBENT. 
 
 I 
 
 fermentation is inceptive merely, and in which but 
 a small portion of its saccharine matter has been so 
 converted, may be both nutricious and healthful ; and 
 the more so, when the proportion in which these 
 elements exist in the cask, is the proportion in which 
 they existed in the cluster or the vat ; as that pro- 
 portion may be the proportion best suited to the 
 constitution of man, for whose use, in this state, 
 wine has been from the beginning spontaneously 
 furnished by the Creator himself. 
 
 Still it does not follow that even the pure blood 
 of the grape should now be used by us as a beverage. 
 The circumstances of society (since the grant to 
 Jacob) have changed ; distillation has been discov- 
 ered; chemistry has mingled new poisons in the 
 wine cup ; and to save the church and the world from 
 ruin, it has become necessary, and it is therefore, as 
 we have already said, incumbent on us, in the spirit 
 of the great law of Christian love, wholly to abstain 
 from the use of vinous beverage of every sort. Even 
 as medicine, intoxicating liquors will seldom be re- 
 quired ; other and safer remedies exist. As an ele- 
 ment at the Lord's Supper, the use of wine will in- 
 deed be perpetual. This, its sacramental use,, will be 
 considered in the next lecture ; to the consideration 
 of which, the distinction in wines and the principle 
 governing the selection hinted at in this, may be 
 coifsidered as preliminary. On all these several 
 questions, research and caution are necessary, for all 
 the circumstances that bear on such must be taken 
 into account if we would arrive at the true result. 
 
 
 i \ 
 
lich but 
 been so 
 ful ; and 
 h these 
 n which 
 iiat pro- 
 i to the 
 8 state, 
 meously 
 
 e blood 
 Bverage. 
 ^rant to 
 1 discov- 
 ; in the 
 rid from 
 efore, as 
 le spirit . 
 
 abstain 
 ;. Even 
 n be re- 
 
 an ele- 
 will in- 
 , will be 
 leration 
 rinciple 
 may be 
 
 several 
 
 , for all 
 le taken 
 esult. 
 
 . LECTURE No. V, 
 
 WINE—ITS SACRAMENTAL USE. 
 
 The wiue made use of at the Paschal Supper, at the wedding at Ca:ia 
 of QaKlee— And the wine recommended to Timoth j. 
 
 In the preceding lecture we have shown that differ- 
 ent kinds of wine existed, and were known to exist 
 from remote antiquity, some of which were nalu- 
 bnous, sober wines, and some deleterious and intox- 
 icating. 
 
 Since these things are so, since different kinds of 
 wine exist, and are known to have existed from remote 
 antiquity — to ascertain which of these, whether salu^ 
 brious and sober, or insalubrious and intoxicating 
 wine was used by our Lord in the Sacramental Sup- 
 per, it will be of use first to ascertain which of 
 these kinds of wine was used at the Paschal Supper. 
 
 And here it is obvious to remark that the fruit of 
 the vine in none of its forms constituted any part of 
 the original institution, as will appear from the thir- 
 teenth chapter of Exodus. On the contrary, on the 
 fourteenth of Nisan, a lamb without blemish, was by 
 each family to be eaten, with bitter herbs ; eaten 
 standing with their loins girded, their shoes on their 
 
 feet, their staves in their hands, and eaten in haBte« 
 161 
 
162 UNINTOXICATING WINE USED AT PASSOVER. 
 
 In whatever form the fruit of the vine was subso- 
 quently used, it was probably introduced uftur the 
 settlement in Canaan — when the guests, in place of 
 standing ( as appears from John, xii., 23 ), reclined on 
 their left ann on couches placed round the table — a 
 posture which, according to the writers in the Tal- 
 mud, was an emblem of that rest and freedom which 
 God had granted to his people. 
 
 But at whatever time wine was introduced at the 
 paschal supper, it might be presumed, in the absence 
 of evidence to the contrary, that the kind selected 
 would be in keeping with the nature of the ordi- 
 nance. And this it should seem could not well be 
 intoxicating wine, since this w^ld but ill accord 
 with a solemnity in which bitter herbs were to be 
 eaten, and from which leaven was to be excluded. 
 " Unleavened bread shall be eaten seven days ; and 
 there shall no leavened bread be seen with thee, 
 neither shall there be leaven seen with thee in all thy 
 quarters.*' 
 
 Gesenius declares that the Hebrew word which 
 the English translators have rendered leaven^ applies 
 to wine as well as bread. 
 
 " The word chomets," says Mr. Herschell, a con- 
 verted Jew, *'has a wider signification than that 
 which is generally attached to * leaven,' by which it 
 is rendered in the English Bible, and applies to the 
 fermentation of corn in any form, to beer, and to all 
 fermented liquors." 
 
 The Rev. 0. F. Frey says, " that during the pass- 
 over Jews dare not drink anv liquor made from 
 
TesTIMONT. 
 
 163 
 
 grain, nor any that has passed thro'jgh the process of 
 fermentation," 
 
 The testimony of Mr. Frey is corroborated by 
 another Hebrew writer, who declares "that their 
 drink during the time of the feast is either pure 
 water or raisin wine prepared by themselves, but no 
 kind of leaven must be mixed therein." 
 
 And M. M. Noah, Esq., says in a recent publica- 
 tion : *♦ unfermented liquor or wine free from alcohol 
 was alone used in those times, as it is iised at the 
 present day at the passover." 
 
 But not to insist on this. Whatever the kind of 
 wine made use of at the paschal supper, it was 
 always, if the writers in the Talmud or even the 
 Christian fathers are to be credited, diluted with 
 water. • 
 
 * Dr. Lightfoot (I quote from Home's introduction to the Practical 
 Study of the Scriptures) Dr. Lightfoot has collected from the Talmud a., 
 variety of pcssagcs relative to the Je'vish mode of celebrating the pa88> 
 over; from which wo have abridged the following particulars calculated 
 to illustrate the history of our Lord's last passover : 
 
 1. The guests being seated around the table, they mingled a cup of 
 wine with water, over which the master of the family gave thanks and 
 then drank it off. The thanksgiving for the wiue was, " Blessed be 
 thou, Lord, who hast created the fruit of the vine. Blessed be thou 
 for this good day and for this convocation which thou host given us for 
 joy and rejoicing. Blessed be thou, Lord, who hast sanctified Israel 
 and the times." 
 
 2. After which they washed I heir hands and the table was furnished 
 with the paschal lamb, bitter herbs and cakes of unleavened bread. 
 
 8. The person presiding took a leaf of salad, and having blessed God 
 for creating the fruit of the ground, he ate it, as did the other guests ; 
 after which, the table being cleared, the children were instructed in 
 
 Not*. 
 
104 
 
 TESTIMOMT. 
 
 But if the wine made use of in the paschal sup* 
 per was diluted with water, then probably the 
 wine made use of at the supper of our Lord was also 
 diluted. 
 
 For we are told that, having on the night before 
 bis passion retired to an inner chamber at Jerusalem 
 and celebrated for the last time the paschal supper, 
 he took bread and the cup, and having blessed and 
 brake the one, and poured out the other, he gave both 
 to his disciples in token of his love and as memorialu 
 
 
 the nature of their feasts. In like mannfr the Saviour made use of the 
 Lord's Supper to declare the great mercy of God in our redemption, for 
 it shoiirs forth the Lord's death until he come. 
 
 4. Replacing the supper they explained the import of the bitter 
 Derbs and paschal lamb, repeating the 118th and 114th psalms, with 
 xn eucharistic prayer. 
 
 0. The hands were again washed, and the master, after an ejacula* 
 lory prayer, proceeded to break and bless a cake of unleavened bread, 
 which he distributed, reserving a portion thereof for the last morsel; 
 ( the rule, after the destruction of the Temple, was to conclude by 
 eating a small piece of unleavened brea'). 
 
 In like manner our Lord, upon instituting the sacrament of the 
 ettcharist, which was prefigured by the passover, took bread, and 
 having blessed it, brake it and gave it to his disciples, saying, Take, eat, 
 this is my body which is broken for you. This do in remembrance 
 of me. 
 
 6. They then ate the remainder of the cake with bitter herbs, dip* 
 ping the bread into the cha'*oseth or sauce provided. To which 
 practice the Evangelists Matthew and Mark a'lude ; into which 
 our Savior is supposed to lave dipped the pop which he gave to 
 Judas. 
 
 7. Next they ate the flush of the peace olTerings which had been 
 sacrificed, and then the padchul lamb, wh ich was followed by returning 
 ».banks to God. 
 
 I 
 
LOBD*S SUPPER. 
 
 166 
 
 \a\ mip* 
 bly the 
 vas also 
 
 
 before 
 rusalem 
 
 
 supper, 
 od and 
 ve both 
 rnorial* 
 
 
 i8e of the 
 iptioD, for 
 
 A 
 
 he bitter 
 ms, with 
 
 
 ejacula* 
 Bd bread, 
 
 morsel; 
 $Iude by 
 
 h 
 
 t of the 
 ead, and 
 'ake, eat, 
 mbrance 
 
 
 rbs, dip* 
 
 which 
 
 > which 
 
 gave to 
 
 
 Did been 
 sturoing 
 
 
 f|f his death ; which solemnity was thereafter to be 
 repeated, that by its repetition his death might be 
 showed forth until his second coming. 
 
 As our Lord in this latter ordinance, for aught that 
 appears, made use of the elements previously pre- 
 pared for the former ordinance, it may fairly be con- 
 cluded, that if water was mingled in the wine, con- 
 tained in the cup made use of in the former, it was 
 also mingled in the wine contained in the cup made 
 use of in the latter. 
 
 8. A cup of wUie was then filled, over which they blessed Qod, and 
 hence it was called the cup of blessing. To which circumstance Paul 
 alludes when he says : ** The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not 
 the communion of the body of Ohrist ?" It was at this part of the 
 Paschal Supper that the Lord took the cup and said : " This i« the New 
 Testament in my blood which ia shed for you and for many for the re- 
 mission of idns." 
 
 9. The last eup was called the cup of hallel, over whicb they sang 
 or recited the Psahns from the 116th to the llStb inclusiye, and con* 
 eluded. 
 
 in like manner our Lord and his disciples, when they had sung on 
 hymn, departed to the Mount of Olires. 
 
 So much in relation to the wine of the Passover. 
 
 Besides the passover, there was a mingling of wine with water at the 
 feast of the tabernacle in the Temple, referred to by our Lord, John, 
 vii., 87 and 38, and fully described by the Talmudists : 
 
 ** When the fruits of sacrifice were laid on the altar, one of the priests 
 with a golden tankard went to the fountain Siloion and there filled it 
 with water. He returned back into the court of the temple through 
 the water gate. The trumpet sounded. On the altar stood two basins^ 
 one containing wine, and the other empty, into which the water was 
 poured ; and they were poured into each other by way of oblation. 
 The ceremony was in honor of Qod ; and in gratitude for supplying 
 water to the children of Israel in the wilderness." 
 
166 
 
 KECE8SITT OF DILUTIOV. 
 
 And thuB the Fathers of the church believed, aud 
 the early councils authoritatively ordered.* But it' the 
 wine made use of in these offices of religion was not 
 tntoxicatingi why wat it diluted with water ? Does not 
 its dilution prove that it was intoxicating wine? Cer- 
 
 * Tho Oouncil of Trent decreed ( ch. ?, the mass ) : ** Further, the 
 Holy Oouncil reminds all men thut the priests are commanded by tho 
 church to mix water in the wine in the cup, when they offer the sacri- 
 fice ; partly because Christ the Lord is believed to have done the same, 
 and partly because water together with blood flowed from his side, 
 which sacrament is brought to remembrance by this mixture." 
 
 Says Cave, in his Primitive Cnristiauity, speaking of the earl/ 
 Christians : 
 
 *' Their sacramental wine waa generally diluted and mixed with water, 
 as is evident from Justin Martyr, Irencus, Cyprian and others. Cyprian 
 in a long epistle expressly pleads for it, as the only true and warraata* 
 blc tradition, derived from Christ and his Apostles, and endeavors to 
 find out mar^j mystical significations intended by it, and seems to io^ 
 male as if he had been peculiarly warned of God so to observe it.*' 
 
 In like manner the sacramental wine was originally diluted in th« 
 Episcopal Church ; and among the changes made in the Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer, is expressly mentioned. ** The omitting the rubric that 
 ordered water to be mixed with the wine " used in the eucharist. 
 Wheatly, iu his apology for this omission, says that Dr. Lightfoot ol>> 
 serves from the Babylonlnh Talmud that this (" the fruit of the vine ") 
 was a term the Jews used in their blerisings for wine mixed with water. 
 He admits that before the time of Oiigen the mixture was the general 
 practice of the church. That F. Cyprian pleads strenuously for the 
 mixture, and urges it from the practice and example of our Lord. 
 " And indeed,*' says he, " it must be confessed that the mixture Iiaa 
 iu all ages been the general practice, and for that reason was e!^oined, 
 as has been noticed above, to be continued in our chur Jt by the first 
 reformers." 
 
 Says Palmer, in bis antiquities of the English ritual : " The custom 
 of mingling water with tho wine of the eucharist is one which prevf^iled 
 
 I' 
 
PROBABILITT IN0HEA8KD. 
 
 167 
 
 tainlj not. Other qualities apart from its contained 
 alcohol may have rendered dilution necessary. The 
 unintoxicating wines of antiquity were often thick 
 and even ropy, and therefore required to be diluted 
 to fit them for convenient and sometimes for health* 
 ful and pleasurable use. * 
 
 iniTersally in the Christian church from the earliest ages. Justin Mar* 
 tjT of Syria, Ircncus of Gaul, Clemens of Alexandria, and Cyprian of 
 Carthage, bear testimony to its prevalence in the second and third oen* 
 turies. There is in fact no sort of reason to deny that the Apostles 
 themselves had the same custom. It is even probable that the cup 
 which our Savior blessed at the last supper contained water as well as 
 wine, since it appears that it was generally the practice of the Jews to 
 mix the paschal cup, which our Savior used in instituting the sacrament 
 of his blood.** 
 
 Bernard, in speaking of persons who thought water essential, adds : 
 ** The judgment of theologians is certain, that consecration is valid 
 even if water be omitted, though he who omits it is guilty of a serioui 
 offence." 
 
 In the Church of England the wine of the eucharist was always no 
 doubt mixed with water. In the canons of the Anglo-Saxon church, 
 published in the time of King Edgar, it is eiyoined.that no priest sha'l 
 celebrate the liturgy, unless he have all things that pertain to the holy 
 eucharist, that is, a pure oblation, pure wine and pure water. In after 
 ages we find no canons made to enforce the use of water, for it was an 
 established custom : certainly none can be more canonical or more con> 
 formable to the practice of the primitive church. 
 
 * Pliny says it was common in Italy and Greece to boil their wines : 
 thus the must was sometimes boiled down to one-half and sometimes 
 to one-third part of its quantity. The wines of Arcadia, as we have 
 seen, were declared by Aristotle to be so thick that they dried up in 
 the goat skins ; that it was the practice to scrape them off, and dissolve 
 the scrapings in water. Very similar to the wines of Arcadia were the 
 wines of Lebanon and Helbon, spoken of in Scripture. The wines of 
 Syria, among the best of which were those of Lebanon, are, says a 
 
 Non. 
 
168 
 
 PROBABILITT IKCKEASBD. 
 
 !. 
 
 Since then the unintoxicuting wines of antiquity 
 required dilution, and since the wines made use of in 
 the offices of religion were actually diluted, the fact 
 of their dilution increases rather than diminishes the 
 presumption that the wines so made use of were un- 
 intoxicating wines. 
 
 On the whole, since the bread of the passover 
 must be unleavened, that is unfermented ; since the 
 ube, nay, even the possession of leaven wa^i prohibited 
 during this festival ; since many of the modern Jews, 
 who may be supposet^ to understand the usages of 
 their fathers better than we do, refuse even now the 
 use of fermented wine in the cup of blessing which 
 they bless — to say the least, it is not improbable 
 
 modtrn traveler, " prepared by boiling immediately aAcr tbey are ex* 
 preaaed (torn the grape.** There is reason to believe, nays W. 0. Brown, 
 that this mode of boiling their wines was in general practice among the 
 ancients. It is still retained in some parts of Provence, where it ia 
 called cooked wine. " The wines of Syria,** says Hons. Volney, '* are 
 of three sorts, the red, the white, and the yellow. The white, which 
 are the most rare, are so bitter as to be disagreeable : the two others, 
 on the contrary, are too sweet and sugary. This arises fh)m their being 
 boiled, which makes them resemble the buked wines of Provence. 
 The general custom of the country is to reduce the must to two-thirds 
 of its quantity. 
 
 *' The yellow wine is much esteemed among our merchants, under 
 the name of Golden Wine (Vin d'or), which hns been given to it from 
 its color. The most esteemed is produced from the hill sides of the 
 Zouk, a village of Mazbeth, near Antoura. It is not necessary tohefit 
 it, but is too sugary. Such are the wines of Lebanon, so boasted by the 
 Grecian and Roman epicures. It is probable that the inhabitants of 
 Lebanon hare made no change in their ancient method of making 
 wirop, nor in tlie culture of their vinos." — Volney'i Travels in Egypt 
 and Si/ria, vol. ii., ch. 29, p. 206, f^d. 1786. 
 
 
 M 
 
ARQUMEMT FKOM USE INCONCLUSIVE. 
 
 109 
 
 ntiquity 
 [ige of in 
 the fact 
 islics the 
 vere un- 
 
 passover 
 since the 
 rohibited 
 jrn Jews, 
 isagcs of 
 I now the 
 ng which 
 nprobable 
 
 
 they are ex- 
 N. G. Brown, 
 ice among the 
 le, where it if 
 rolney, "are 
 prhite, wWch 
 e two othert, 
 their being 
 
 of Provence. 
 
 to two-thirds 
 
 ihanti, under » 
 en to it from 
 1 sides of the 
 iissary tohejxt 
 loastcd by the 
 ^habitants of ■ 
 Dd of making 
 iu in Egypt 
 
 that unferniented wine as well as unfermented bread 
 was made use of at the paschal supper, and if at th« 
 paschal supper, then probably at tbo supper of our 
 Lord. 
 
 Nor let it be forgotten, that however much may of 
 late have been said by the disciples about fermented, 
 that is, intoxicating wine, the Master has said nothing 
 of the use of wine of any kind in that solemnity. 
 Nor is the term wine ever once employed by tho 
 sacred wiiters in connection with tiie sacramental 
 supper. It was the *< cup " that Jesus Christ gave 
 to his disciples ; and neither fermented nor unfermented 
 wincj but the ** fruit of tue vine'' are the terms 
 by which the contents of that cup are, by hrm that 
 poured it out designated. And surely the pure blood 
 of the grape, as it is expressed from the cluster, is 
 quite as intelligible and striking an emblem of the 
 blood of Christ, and quite as truly the fruit of the 
 vine, as that same blood of the grape will be after 
 continued fermentation shall have converted a nutri- 
 tive and health ''^x mto an intoxicating and deleterious 
 beverage. And if it be so, then surely it may be 
 used on sacramental occasions without scruple and 
 without offence. 
 
 As to the dilution of the paschal and sacramental 
 wine with water, the usage may be said to have been 
 peculiarly pertinent and proper, if the wine itself 
 was unfermented wine, because such wine often, if 
 not usually, required dilution. 
 
 If these things are so — if the wine used in primi- 
 tive times and on sacred occasions, and whether fer- 
 
 I 
 
170 
 
 IIAKUIAGK AT C'ANA AT OALILEe. 
 
 monted or unfeniiontL'd. was dilufod with water—- 
 then how inconclusive the argument drawn from such 
 usage, in favor of the uho, as a common beverage, of 
 fcnnonted wine without dilution f 
 
 As to the wine at Canaof Oalilee, if it be arrogant 
 to assume that it was certainly not intoxicating, it is 
 no less arrogant to assume that it certainly was intoxi- 
 cating. AH that the sacred text communicatcR is, 
 that water was converted into wine; but the question 
 Hs to the kind of wine, is left an open question ; and 
 the same, for aught asserted to the contrary, may 
 have been the wine of Ilelbon or of Lebanon, or of 
 any of those numerous kinds of wine alluded to by 
 Pliny. Some of which wines were bitter, poisonous 
 and stupefoctive ; some sweet, healthful and invigo- 
 rating ; and some acid, fragrant and refreshing. Amid 
 this variety, which was selected as the most appro- 
 priate for manifesting the Saviour's power and good- 
 ness in his first miracle, has not been told us, and can, 
 therefore, only be inferred from the occasion, the per- 
 son performing the miracle, and the circumstances 
 under which it was performed. 
 
 What, then, was the occasion, who were the 
 guests, who the person performing tlve miracle, and 
 at what stage of the entertainment was it performed ? 
 
 The occasion was the solemnization of an ordinance 
 of God ; the guests were grave, devout persons ; Jesus, 
 the mother and disciples of Jesus, were there ; the 
 person performing the miracle was Jesus himself; 
 the time was near the close of the entertainment, 
 when the guests, it would seem, had already well 
 
rnoBADLT •*oood" wine. 
 
 171 
 
 drank, and the original supply of wine provided 
 wai exhausted, and the additional supply furnished 
 at this lut(! hour wii8, iu the judgnu^nt of the master 
 of the festival, of the iikst quality. 
 ' Had Pliny, Columella, Thcoplirastus, Plutarch, 
 and other ancient sages, some of whom were cotem' 
 porary with the Apostles, presided at tiiis festival, 
 the question at issue as to the kind of wine miracu- 
 lously supplied, woidd have been decided; for these 
 men have sut in judgment on the quality of wines, 
 and pronounced the weaker, unintoxicating wines 
 the bettor wines. 
 
 But tliesc men did not preside at this festival, and 
 whether the master of the feast, who did, agreed 
 with them in tiieir opinion concerning the relative 
 goodness of wines, we are not informed, and will 
 not, therefore, presume nuthoritatively to decide ; 
 but, on the contrary, leave the question whether the 
 Saviour of the worhl miraculously supplied on this 
 occasion deleterious, exciting, intoxicating wine, or 
 sober, moral, unintoxicating wine, to be passed on 
 by the enlightened reason and conscience of others. 
 
 For ourselves, however, we may be permitted to 
 say, in view of all the circumstances of the case, we 
 incline to the opinion that the wine declared hy the 
 master of the feast to be "good wine " was good wi7ie f 
 — good in the sense that Pliny, Columella or Theo- 
 phrastus would have used the the term " good " when 
 applied to wine ; that is, good because nutritious and 
 unintoxicating ; and of which the guests, even at such 
 an hour,miglit drink freely and without apprehension, 
 
17S 
 
 PAUL*fl DIBE0TIOH8 TO TIMOTHY. 
 
 beoAuae it wai wine which, though it would refreth 
 and cheer, would not derange, demoralize or intoxi- 
 cate. 
 
 But bo tliis ai it may, did not Paul oxpresily 
 recommend the use of wine to Timothy V Ho did lo. 
 But it wftH but little, and that mcdicinuUy. Hit 
 words arc, *' Prink no longer water, but uso a little 
 wine for thy stomach's sake, and thine often infirmi- 
 ties.*' Doth the qflantity and the quality of the 
 wine recommended hero arc indicated. 
 
 Timothy at the time was an invalid, and Paul was 
 proscribing fur him as such. The quantity of wine 
 prescribed was smnlly the kind medicinal for it was 
 prescribed for his stomach's sake and his many infir- 
 mities. 
 
 Though we do not know what all the infirmities 
 of Timothy were, we do know that among them was 
 a discoscd or disordered stomach; and the wine pre- 
 scribed, be the kind what it may, must by the 
 apostle have been deemed good for such a stomach. 
 
 Now at the time this prescription wu8 given, 
 there was in use, as we have seen, wines, the pure 
 juice or blood of the grape, in the state in which it 
 was expressed — ^also wines containing a diminished 
 quantity of succhnrine matter and an increased quan- 
 tity of alcohol, produced by converting the former 
 into the latter by continued fermentation — as well 
 as wines to which drugs had been ad<1ed, most of 
 which were intoxicating, and some of which, as Ar- 
 istotle and Pliny both affirm, were deleterious, and 
 ** produced headaches, dropsy, madness, dysentery 
 
KrrKCTS OP ALCOIIUL ON Tllli: 810MACU. 178 
 
 I refresh 
 r intoxi- 
 
 >xpreMly 
 [«^ did lo* 
 ly. Hit 
 
 I) a little 
 I iiiBrmi* 
 J uf tlie 
 
 Paul was 
 
 of wine 
 
 »r it was 
 
 any infir- 
 
 iifinnitics 
 tlicin was 
 ^•ine prc- 
 by tlie 
 ;omach. 
 s given, 
 the p\iro 
 wliicli it 
 minished 
 ed quan- 
 e former 
 —as well 
 most of 
 h, as Ar- 
 0U8, and 
 ysentery 
 
 and . tomach complaints; ** and some of which, on 
 the contrary, as tho same authors ailiim, were salu- 
 brious and medicinal, and particularly commended 
 for enfeebled or **(liHeaN(>d stonuudiN." 
 
 Although we do not know the eifect produced 
 upon the human stomach, by all the poisons con« 
 tained in ancient drugged wines, we do know the 
 effect produced upon that delicate organ by alcohol* 
 the poison contained in fermented wine; for it has 
 been made apparent from post mortem examinations. 
 ** Alcohol used frorpiently and in oonsi lerable quan- 
 tities causes iuflauunation of this delicate organ, 
 which is generally of tiie clironic kind/* This disease 
 is insidious in its character and slow iu its efleots, 
 but it invariably advances while the noxious cause is 
 continually applied, until great induration, schirrous, 
 and sometim^es cancers and ulcers, are the deplorable 
 consequences. 
 
 The pyloric and cardiac orifices become occasionally 
 indurated and contracted, and when this is the case, 
 death soon puts an end to the tantalizing suflering 
 of the wretched victim. 
 
 But not from post mortem examinations alone are 
 the effects of alcohol upon the human stomach made 
 apparent. 
 
 By a singular providence, ocular demonstration 
 of these effects, while in progress, has been furnished. 
 
 A young Canadian, St. Martin by name, was 
 wounded by a cannon ball, which in its passage 
 opened an orifice in his stomach, which, though tha. 
 wound was healed, was never closed. 
 
 I 
 
171 
 
 EXPERIMBNTS UPON ST. IfARTIN. 
 
 1 
 
 
 >. i 
 
 Hence it became necessary, in ordar to prevent th# 
 escape of food, to cover that orifice by a pad. 
 
 Dr. Beaumont, the army surgeon, who effected 
 the cure, being impressed with a sense of the import- 
 ance of the opportunity thus furnished for investi- 
 gating the progress of digestion, received the young 
 man into his fumilyv and instituted a series of experi- 
 ments, which were continued two or three years. 
 
 During these experiments he found, that whenever 
 St. Martin drank fermented liquor, "the mucus 
 membrane of the stomach was covered with inflam- 
 matory and ulcerous patches, the secretions were 
 vitiated, and the gastric juice diminished in quantity, 
 and of an unnatural vicidity, and yet he described 
 himself as perfectly well, and complained of nothing. 
 
 ** Two days subsequent to this, the inner membrane 
 of the stomach was usually morbid, the inflam- 
 matory appearance more extensive, the spots more 
 livid than usual : from the surface of some of them 
 exuded small drops of grumous blood : the ulcerous 
 patches were larger and more numerous ; the mucus 
 covering thicker than usual, and the gastric secretions 
 much more vitiated. Th*^ gastric fluids extracted 
 were mixed with a large proportion of thick ropy 
 mucus, and a considerable mucopurulent discharge, 
 slightly tinged with blood, resembling discharges 
 from the bowels in some cases of dysentery. Not- 
 withstanding this diseased appearace of the stomach, 
 no very essential aberration of its functions w^as 
 manifested. St. Martin complained of no symptoms 
 indicating any general derangement of the system, 
 
 r J > 
 
'event th# 
 Ad. 
 
 » effected 
 
 ;e import- 
 
 ir investi- 
 
 he young 
 
 of experi- 
 
 years. 
 
 whenever 
 
 le mucus 
 
 h inflam- 
 
 ons were 
 
 quantity, 
 
 described 
 
 f nothing. 
 
 nembrauG 
 
 e inflam- 
 
 ots more 
 
 of them 
 
 ulcerous 
 
 e mucus 
 
 ecretions 
 
 xtracted 
 
 pck ropy 
 
 iseburge, 
 
 Ischarges 
 
 Not- 
 
 ktomach, 
 
 Ions was 
 
 [mptoms 
 
 I system, 
 
 PAUL BBCOHMBNDED WINE HEDICINALLT. 
 
 175 
 
 except an uneasy sensation and tenderness at the pit 
 of the stomach, and some vertigo with dimness and 
 yellowness of vision on stooping down and rising 
 up again/' Dr. Beaumont further observed, that 
 ** the free use of ardent spirits, wine, beer, or any 
 other intoxicating liquor, when continued for some 
 days, has invariably produced these changes." 
 
 Now whatever may have been the other infirmities 
 in question, is it probable that Paul recommended 
 even a little of that kind of wine which produced 
 such effects on the stomach, to be drunk ^ , his 
 young friend Timothy for his "stomach's sake?'* 
 Especially, is this probable, when there existed at 
 the time other kinds of wine known to be harmless 
 not only, but medicinal also ; nay, even adapted 
 especially to disordered or diseased stomachs'? 
 
 If any, in view of so many probabilities to the 
 contrary, shall, notwithstanding, be of this opinion, 
 they will, it is to be hoped, since the question cannot 
 be authoritr-tively and infallibly settled, admit that it 
 is not altogether w^ithout color of reason, that the 
 advocates of total abstinence from all that can intoxi- 
 cate differ from them in opinion. But though the 
 probability were much greater than it is believed to 
 be, that the wine recommended by Paul to Timothy 
 was intoxicating wine, still it would be obvious to 
 remark, that it was recommended medicinally, and 
 has therefore no bearing on the use of wine in health 
 and as a common beverage. And it is also obvious 
 to remark, that be the kind of wine in question what 
 
 it may, up to the time this recommendation was 
 Nor. 
 
 i \ 
 
176 
 
 HABITS OF PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANS. 
 
 i K 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 given, Timothy was, in the fullest sense, a cold water 
 drinker ; and that an apostolic recommendation was 
 necessary to induce him to take even a little wine, 
 and that medicinally ; and judge ye, what must have 
 been the state of society, and the conviction of duty 
 among Christians, at a time when such a license was 
 requisite for sucji a purpose. 
 
 With all that tendency to ultraism said to prevail 
 at present, it may be doubted whether evangelists 
 might not even now be found who, though in health, 
 would require no sucli license for such a liberty ; and 
 it may also be doubted, whether a mighty change 
 does not yet remain to be effected in our manners, 
 before our abstinence will equal the abstinence of 
 primitive Christians, or come within those limits 
 which the Bible prescribes. 
 
 Speaking of the exemplaiy and self-denying habits 
 of those Christians, says Minutius Felix : " Our feasts 
 are not only chaste but sober ; we indulge not our- 
 selves in banquets, nor make our feasts with^wine, 
 but temper our cheerfulness with gravity and serious- 
 ness." With these primitive habits, how will the 
 habits of modern Christians compare ? To say nothing 
 of public festivals, how is it at ordinary meals and 
 among those select and exemplary persons called by 
 way of eminence, temperate drinkers ? Alas ! that it 
 should be so, but so it is, among such temperate 
 drinkers, wines, even intoxicating wines, are drunk 
 habitually and freely and without dilution ; a license 
 this, which, among the more moral Pagans, was 
 fonnerly deemed disreputable. The Greeks regar I 
 
did water 
 Uion was 
 :t1e wine, 
 nust have 
 n of duty 
 :ense was 
 
 to prevail 
 rangelists 
 in health, 
 3rty ; and 
 :y change 
 manners, 
 nence of 
 se limits 
 
 ng habits 
 )ur feasts 
 not our- 
 th wine, 
 i serious- 
 will the 
 nothing 
 eals and 
 ailed by 
 ! that it 
 mperate 
 re drank 
 a license 
 uis, w^as 
 .8 regar I 
 
 CUSTOMS AMONG THE GREEKS. 
 
 177 
 
 andiluted wine as the symbol of drunkenness, and 
 as constituting the boundary between the sober and 
 moral and the dissolute and drunken. 
 
 Laws were enacted, as we have shown, disallow- 
 ing wine not mixed with water to be drank even at 
 festivals. 
 
 Young men below thirty, and women all their 
 lives, were forbidden to drink intoxicating wine at 
 all as a common beverage. 
 
 And wine among the Romans, when drank on 
 ordinary occasions, and by men of character,, was 
 always diluted with water.* 
 
 Whereas among us, wine, intoxicating wine, even 
 brandied wine, is drank, and drank unmixed, as a 
 common beverage, by men, women and children ; 
 and drank, too, without reproach, without scruple, 
 and perhaps even occasionally on principle and for 
 conscience sake. 
 
 It is impossible to have glanced, even as we have 
 doi . in passing, at the opinions and practices of 
 primitive times, without being struck with our man- 
 ifest departure from that reserve and caution once 
 observed in the use of liquors, the product even of 
 the vineyard and the wine press. 
 
 *Pottor'8 AnliqaiUca. 
 
 . 
 
(. 
 
 
 LECTURE No, VI. 
 
 THINGS, NOT NAMES. 
 
 How wines called by the same name can be distinguished — Absti- 
 nence from wine urged on the ground of expediencj. 
 
 V 
 
 If in primitive times, as has been attempted to be 
 shown, distinct kinds of wine actually existed, some 
 of which were pure, healthful, and a fit emblem of 
 mercy ; and some of which were impure, deleterious, 
 and a fit emblem of wrath, it might naturally be 
 expected, it is said, that products and preparations 
 so distinct in their nature and opposite in their 
 eftJBcts, would invariably have been designated by 
 terms equally distinct ; and some of the advocates 
 of total abstinence may have unadvisedly assumed 
 that such was actually the case. 
 
 I say unadvisedly, for though such an assumption 
 would be verified by an appeal to the sacred text, in 
 many oases, as we have shown, still it would not be 
 uniformly and universally so verified, and the dis- 
 covery that it would not, has by the opponents of 
 total abstinence been hailed as a signal and decisive 
 triumph. 
 
 
NO coNi'usioN OK THixaa. 
 
 179 
 
 ed — AbsU- 
 
 cy. 
 
 ;ed to be 
 ;ed, some 
 iblem of 
 cterious, 
 irally be 
 )aratioDS 
 in their 
 lated by 
 dvocates 
 assumed 
 
 iimption 
 text, in 
 1 not be 
 the dis- 
 lents of 
 decisive 
 
 With how mucli reason it has been so hailed, will, 
 by an attention to things, in place of names, ulti- 
 mately become apparent. 
 
 For however numerous and various and inter- 
 changeable the terms may be, which are used to de- 
 note those different kinds of vinous preparations of 
 which the Bible speaks, all of which terms in our 
 translation are rendered mtie, the broad and notorious 
 fact, that a marked and mighty difference existed be- 
 tween the different kinds of such preparations, is not 
 a whit the less undeniable on that account. 
 
 Be the confusion of terms then^ithat it may, there 
 is no confusion of things ; different kinds of wine 
 actually existed, and are known to have existed, some 
 of which were intoxicating, and some of which were 
 not intoxicating. 
 
 The one kind usually safe and salutary, the other 
 always dangerous, often hurtful, and sometimes even 
 deadly. 
 
 By calling both by the same name, though they 
 were uniformly so called, which they are not, would 
 not alter the nature of either. • 
 
 * See the analysis of Scripture texts hi Lecture Third, from which 
 it will appear, that though yan/in in Hebrew, like wine In English, is 
 used for vinous beverage of every kind, tirosh is uniformly used for the 
 unfertnented fruit )f the vine, as it exists in the cluster or ou the vine 
 or in the vat, and never for the fermented fruit of the vine as it exista 
 in the cask ; and that amis is used for the droppings of the juice from 
 the cluster, or newly expressed in the vat, as aobhe seema to be for the 
 same when inspissated, so that it is not the fact that in Hebrew no dis- 
 tinction is made between the different kin Js of vinous beverage called 
 wine in English. {See Appendix, A.) 
 
 NOTT. 
 
 ...Ji 
 
IdO 
 
 MOT DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH. 
 
 1 
 
 But if both kinds of wiiiu ure culled by the same 
 name, how can the two be distinguished? How? 
 As other dissimilar things are distinguished by their 
 distinctive attributes and effects. 
 
 When the fruU of the vine is spoken of at one 
 time as the syaibol of mercy, ir^ at another time as 
 the symbol of wrath, even though the same terms 
 were used in both cases, would it follow that they 
 were used in both in the same sense, and that in both 
 the same kind of wine was in the contemplation of 
 the prophet ? 
 
 There is a kind of vinous preparation, pure, bland, 
 cheering, a fit emolem of mercy ; and there is also 
 another kind of vinous preparation, impure, deleteri- 
 ous, demoralizing, maddening, a fit emblem of wrath. 
 
 And whatever may be the similarity, or even iden- 
 tity of terms employed in referring to these distinct 
 kinds of preparation as emblems, w^ho would be at a 
 loss to divine which of these two kinds of prepara- 
 tion was referred to as an emblem of mercy, and 
 which as an emblem of wrath ? 
 
 If " teetotalers " cannot in all cases prove by ver- 
 bal criticism, when wine is spoken of in terms of 
 commendation, that unintoxicating wine is meant, 
 because the terms employed are common to both 
 intoxicating and unintoxicating wines, their oppo- 
 nents, be it remembered, cannot, for the same re»-v 
 son, prove the contrary. 
 
 What the truth is, however, is not the less disco- 
 irerabl^ on that account. For the real question at 
 istue iti not a question of words, but of facts. 
 
 !| 
 
1LLU8TBATI0N BT ANALOOT. 
 
 181 
 
 3 samo 
 How? 
 ^ their 
 
 at one 
 time as 
 I terms 
 at they 
 in both 
 ition of 
 
 !, bland, 
 
 s is also 
 
 ieleteri- 
 
 f wrath, 
 u id en- 
 distinct 
 be at a 
 repara- 
 cy, and 
 
 by ver- 
 
 jrms of 
 
 meant, 
 
 Ito both 
 
 oppo- 
 
 e re}»^ 
 
 disco- 
 stion at 
 
 Whether distinct kinds of vinous preparations, the 
 one intoxicating and the other not, actually existed 
 in the Holy Land, and whether the Bible recognizes 
 their existence, and not whether they are always 
 designated by different names, is what concerns us to 
 know. 
 
 And the fact that such 'distinct kinds of wine did 
 exist, the one intoxicating and the other not, and that 
 the Bible does recognize their existence, are facts, 
 and facts which denial cannot alter. 
 
 More than this the friends of total abstinence from 
 all that intoxicates may not claim, and more than this 
 the cause of total abstinence does not require. 
 
 Let us attempt an illustration by analogy. 
 
 What we call bread may either be made of the 
 flour of wheat, of rye, of corn, of barley, of oats — 
 or it may be made of the starch of the potato, or of 
 various other farinaceous vegetables ; it may be made 
 even of bran, even of spurred rye, than which few 
 poisons aie more destructive to the health or fatal to 
 the life of man. Moreover, the same may be fer-^ 
 mented or unfermen ted— debased by the mixture of 
 innutritions ingredients, and even of the most deadly 
 poisons ; but however made, or of whatever made, 
 it is still called bread. 
 
 But because it is so called, are wc to believe, when 
 bread is spoken of in terms of commendation, that 
 among all the kinds of bread which exist, the 
 very vilest of them all is had in contemplation ; or 
 because the use of bread is sanctioned in the Bible, 
 sanctioned habitually, sanctioned even at the com- 
 
182 
 
 MIXED WINES. 
 
 munion table, are we to believe that the use of that 
 nort of broad which is known to be destructive of 
 health, and even of life, is therefore sanctioned ? 
 
 And that although it might be well to partake 
 sparingly of this bread of disease and death, still to 
 abstain from its use altogether, since the use of bread 
 is authorized by the Bible, would be both ultra and 
 funatical ? 
 
 Who does not know that mixed vinous beverages 
 are sometimes spoken of in the Bible, in terms of 
 commendation, and at other times in terms of con- 
 demnation? And who does not also know that a 
 corresponding difference existed in the mixtures 
 themselves ? 
 
 Some being mixed with pure water or healthful 
 medicaments, and some with deleterious drugs — the 
 former by wisdom for her abstemious votaries, the 
 latter by folly for her licentious guests. 
 
 And who, knowing this will believe that because 
 both preparations are called mixed wines, it cannot, 
 therefore, be known, when these terms occur, which 
 mixture is meant? And because it cannot, that all 
 the commendations of ** mixed wines " contained in 
 the Bible may be legitimately claimed for those stupe- 
 fying or maddening mixtures, prepared for idolaters 
 in their worship, for convicts at their executions, or 
 even for the guests of harlots in their adulterous 
 chambers ? 
 
 Be the ideutity of the terms employed what it 
 may, the distinctness of the mixtures indicated by 
 
1 
 
 WHICH IS THE BEST WINE. 
 
 183 
 
 ihoir U80, is not a whit the less real or intelligible on 
 that account. 
 
 The same may bo said, and with equal truth, of 
 unmixed vinous beverages. 
 
 The good and the bud stand out in contrast on the 
 sacred page ; and not the less distinguishable because 
 both are sumetimos dtaiguated by one common name, 
 each kind being made apparent, notwithstanding 
 this identity of name, by the manner of its use, the 
 effects produced, or by the terms of pruise or dispraise 
 joined in the context. 
 
 Since then there existed, and was known by the 
 sacred writers to have existed in Palestine, different 
 kinds of wine, distinct in their nature and opposite 
 in thqir effects ; the one safe and salutary, the other 
 dangerous and sometimes deadly — the one the pure 
 juice of the grape — the other the juice of the grape 
 after having become deleterious, by a change wrought 
 therein by continued fermentation or by drugging ; 
 since these two kinds of wine existed, and were 
 known to exist, will it be pretended, when whie is 
 spoken of, at one time as an emblem of mercy and 
 at another as an emblem of wrath — that it cannot 
 in either case be known which kind of wine was in 
 the contemplation of the speaker? And if so, why ? 
 
 Is it because it cannot be known which kind of' 
 wine, the good or the bad, is the fitter emblem of 
 mercy, and which of wrath ? or whether the bad and 
 the good are not each equally fitted to become an 
 emblem of either ? 
 
184 
 
 TBI COVVIOnOX I1ID1CATE8 IT. 
 
 When Moiei ipeaki of a wine that dishonored 
 Noah, that polluted Lot — a wine thut ii the poison 
 of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps — when 
 Isaiah speaks of a wine that causes priests and even 
 prophets to err in vision and stumble in judgment, 
 so that it could be said in reference to its effects : 
 ** All tables ore full of vomit and filthiness, and there 
 is no place clean'*— when Solomon speaks of a wine 
 that is a mocker, that biteth like a serpent and 
 stingeth like an adder— that causeth wounds and 
 sorrow, and may not even be looked upon— when 
 Asaph speaks of a wine of retribution, poured from 
 a cup in the hand of God, the dregs whereof are to 
 be wrung out and drank by the wicked $ ii it to be 
 believed that the wine in question is the lam^ kind 
 of wine as that which wisdom mingles ; to which 
 wisdom invites— a wine fitly joined with bread and 
 oil, and milk and honey, a wine that not only sua- 
 tains the life but mokes glad the heart of man? Is 
 thid to be believed, and believed in the face of so 
 much evidence to the contrary, because vinous pre- 
 parations, however distinct in their nature and oppo- 
 site in their effects, are designated by the same name 
 in the English Bible, and often even in the Greek 
 and Hebrew ? 
 
 But do not the very terms of the text alluded to, 
 ** And wine that maketh glad the heart of man," do 
 not these terms show that the wine in the contem- 
 plation of the Psalmist was inebriating wine ? Not 
 in the judgment of "teetotalers,'* and why should they 
 be thought to do this in the judgment of other men ? 
 
i 
 
 WINKS DaTmOT IN THBIR EKTBCTS. 
 
 185 
 
 5d to, 
 I," do 
 item- 
 Not 
 they 
 len? 
 
 It it bocaufo no joy evor arises in tlio bosom of 
 the pioui vine dresser, wlien, weary and exhausted, 
 he reclines beneath the shadow of his vine, breathes 
 the peculiar fragrance of its opening blossom, tastes 
 the rich flavor of its ripened fruits, or allays his burn- 
 ing thirst with the delicious and refreshing beverage 
 pressed fresh from its overhanging clusters ? 
 
 Although the sensualist, inMeuHiblo to the gratitude 
 that ought to be called forth by these bounties of 
 Providence, can perceive no gladness thut cuuld have 
 been excited in the bosom of the Isruelite by the 
 contemplation of the vine, except that which springs 
 from the intoxicating poison which its fermented 
 juice contains, ^till there are those who can, and it 
 is quite possible that the Psalmist did. 
 
 The wine commended by Duvid wns wine that 
 causes joy and gladness; thut is associated with oil 
 that causes man's face to shine, and bread that 
 strengtheneth man's heart. Whereas the wine con- 
 demned by Solomon was wine that causes ** wo and 
 sorrow," is associated with '* redness of eyes and 
 wounds without cause." 
 
 With what color of reason are wines producing 
 such opposite effects believed to be one and the 
 same article ? 
 
 And yet for the latter intoxicating, dementing, soul 
 destroying beverage, are claimed all the commenda- 
 tions of wine contained in the Bible, as confidently 
 and exclusively as if it were the only beverage that 
 the vine produced, or that God when speaking of 
 the vine regarded ; as confidently and exclusively at 
 

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 2.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 t" _.. 
 
 ';q 
 
 /» 
 
 y: 
 
 7 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)873-4503 
 
ISO SORIPrURE OOMMBKDATIONS IMTELLIOIBLE. 
 
 if the vine dresser derived no joys ftrom breathing 
 the fragrance, or reclining beneath the shadow of his 
 vine ; as if the clusters that hung from its richly 
 laden branches neither served to allay his hunger or 
 quench his thirst ; in one word, as confidently as if 
 the eye of the prophet, as he delivered his eulogium, 
 overlooking so many benefits and blessings, were 
 like the eye of the wine bibber, fixed only on the 
 treacherous, maddening contents of the intoxicating 
 chalice. 
 
 And yet, had the process producing intoxicating 
 wine never been discovered, not a drop of intoxica- 
 cafcing wine produced, the commendations of the 
 vine contained in the Bible would not have been a 
 whit the less intelligible or pertinent or proper on 
 that account. 
 
 And were that discovery lost, the fact of its exist- 
 ence forgotten, and the very law of God, by which 
 it is produced, obliterated from the book of nature, 
 no obliterations would in consequence be required 
 fVom the book of revelation, except only the oblitera- 
 tions of the cautions therein contained in relation to 
 the juice of the grape, in form of intoxicating wine ; 
 and except, also, the recorded condemnation of that 
 drunkenness that springs from the use of such 
 wine. 
 
 AH else that had been written, and written in 
 commendation of the grape and the vine, and the 
 vineyard and the wine press, might remain un- 
 touched, and would not, I repeat it, be a whit the 
 less intelligible or pertinent or proper than before. 
 
 t 
 
 
t 
 
 DB. DUFF. 
 
 187 
 
 That the voluntary transformation of the fruit of 
 the vine or orchard, or the barley field, into intoxi- 
 cating liquor by continuous fermentation is a profile 
 nation, I will not affirm ; nor will I affirm that the 
 article so produced in certain cases may not be useful 
 and used with innocence—- but I will affirm that for 
 the wine bibber to claim for intoxicating wine fche 
 exclusive commendations pronounced by Moses and 
 the Prophets in favor of the vine and the vineyards of 
 the Holy. Land, is as absurd as it would be for the 
 cider drinker to claim in like manner for cider, the 
 commendation of the apple tree by Solomon, or the 
 beer drinker for beer, the commendation of barley 
 by Jeremiah, or even the whiskey drinker for whis- 
 key, those beautiful allusions of the Saviour himself, 
 to the husbandman, the harvest field and the reapers.* 
 
 In in 
 
 the 
 un- 
 the 
 te. 
 
 * Says the Rev. Dr. Duflf, " In these coontries mantled with Tine- 
 yards, one cannot help learning the true intent and use of the vine in 
 the scheme of Providence. In our own laud iHne has become so ex- 
 clusively a mere luxury, or what is worse, by a species of manufacture, 
 an intoxicating beverage, that many have wondered how the Bible 
 speaks of wine, in conjunction with com, and other such supports of 
 animal life. Now, in passing through the region of vineyards in the 
 east of France, one must at once perceive that the vine greatly 
 flourishes on slopes and heights, where the soil is too poor and gravelly 
 to maintain either com ft>r food or pasture for cattle. But what is the 
 providential design in rendering this soil — favored by a genial atmos- 
 phere — so productive of the vine, if its fruits become solely either an 
 article of luxury or an instrument of vice ? The answer is, that Prov- 
 idence bad no such design. Look at the peasant and his meals In vine 
 bearing districts. Instead of milk, he has a badn of pure unadultera- 
 ted * blood of the grape.* In this, its naUve, original state, it if a pbda, 
 
 Korr. 
 
188 0A8B HERB DIFFBBENT TO THAT OF AMOlBNTfl. 
 
 Ai healthful, lober, as well as deleterious intozi- 
 oatiog wines existed, and as the same terms are fre* 
 quently applied indiscriminately to both, it is not 
 and cannot be shown to be certain that deleteriout 
 intoxicating wine is even spoken of with approbation 
 throughout the entire Bible. 
 
 But though it were otherwise, though the com- 
 mendations of the vine in the Bible were merely 
 commendations of intoxicating wine rr- and though it 
 were admitted that the habitual use of such wine ar 
 a beverage were both safe and salutary in Palestine, 
 it would not follow that such use of it would be either 
 safe or salutary here. * 
 
 ' 
 
 rimple and whoIeBome liqaid ; which, at erery repast, becomes to the 
 husbandman what milk is to the shepherd — not a luxury but a neees* 
 sary — not an intoxioutlng, but a nutritive iMverage. Hence, to the 
 Tine dressing peasant of Auxerre, for example, an abundant vintage, 
 as connected with his own immediate sustenance, is as important as an 
 ovorflowing dairy to the pastoral peasant of Ayrshire. And hence, by 
 such a view of the subject, are the language and the sense of the 
 Scripture vindicated from the very appearance of favoring what is mere* 
 ly luxurious or positively uoxipus, when it so constantly magnifies a well 
 l«plenishod wine press, in a rooky, mountainous country, like that of 
 Palestine, as one of the richest bounties of a generons Providence." 
 
 * lutiaicating wife here is not what it was in Palestine. Even 
 Palm wuie, the strong drink of Scripture, coptained but very little 
 alcohol. 
 
 The strongest native wine which the mere fruit of the vine produces^ 
 contains only about one-third of the alcoholic poisons contained in the 
 stronger and more favorite alcoholic wines here in use. 
 
 In view of this fact, would it follow that because it was Scriptural 
 to drink the alcoholic wines of Palestine, that « was also Scrir*|ral 
 to drink our intoxicating wines, in which so much intcnser p 'pat 
 
OORSUPTION DY DISTILLKD LIQUORS. 
 
 169 
 
 Here the uad of wine, by moderate drinkers, oreatoi 
 the taste and prepares the way for the use of brandy, 
 and, among reclauned inebriates, reestablishes the 
 taste and reopens the way for a return to it again. 
 
 We are no longer what we once were, distinguished 
 for sobriety. 
 
 In this one respect at least we have changed for the 
 worse our social character, all classes of community 
 having, previous to the late attempt at reformation, 
 acquired the taste and become accustomed to the use, 
 in sQme of its forms, of alodholic stimulants ; so that, 
 not without reason, a distinguished statesman not 
 long since said that we were in danger of becoming 
 a nation of drunkards — and it is well if this be not 
 even still the case. 
 
 Long familiarized to the use of distilled liquors, 
 and corrupted by that use, we cannot (however 
 others might) safely indulge in the use of mere fer- 
 mented liquors ; so that could we obtain the fermented 
 winps of Spain, France, Italy, or even of the Holy 
 Land, no matter in what purity or abundance, with 
 our present love of rum, gin, brandy, and even 
 
 cure contained? And even though this absurdity would follow, the 
 argument in favor of the use of wine by us, under existing eircum- 
 stances, would still be iiiconclusrve. We live in a different age. Our 
 climate, our eoiistitution, our habits, are different from those of tho 
 aaoiont dwellers in the Holy Land. 
 
 And beudes, since the canon of scriptoro was completed, distillation 
 hits been invented, or at least, introduced into Europe. Hence, we 
 have come into the possession of vastly intenser stimulants than the 
 strongest wines in the Holy Land Aimished. 
 
190 
 
 QUESTIONS PUT. 
 
 whiskey, and our facilities for procuring them, even 
 ■uch wines and in such abundance, it is believed, 
 would not prove a blessing but a curse ; so that with 
 our propensities and habits, the only alternative is 
 abstinence or ruin. 
 
 I am aware that ** teetotalism,** as it is called, it 
 smiled at by some as a weakness, ridiculed by oth(>rs 
 as a folly, and by others censured as a crime ; and I 
 am also aware that there is nothing imposing or 
 exclusive in the use of water, that common beverage 
 furnished by God himself in such abundance for the 
 convenience and comfort of man ; and that he who 
 uses no other beverage, must remain a stranger to 
 that transient and fitful joy, that alternates with a 
 corresponding sorrow in the bosoms of those who 
 indulge in the more fashionable use of intoxicating 
 liquors. Still, in the view of that withered intellect, 
 those blighted hopes, those unnatural crimes, and 
 that undying misery, that the use of these liquors 
 everywhere occasions, I put it to the candor of eviery 
 ingenious man who hears me, even among those who 
 still indulge in that use, whether we who have abjured 
 it, have not, under the existing state of things, a very 
 intelligible and weighty reason for our conduct ? 
 
 Will not the thought, as you return to your homes 
 to-night and sit down amid a virtuous and beloved 
 family, but a family familiarized to the use of intoxi 
 eating liquors in some of those forms which fashion 
 sanctions — will not the thought that those same 
 liquors, to the temperate use of which you are 
 accustomed in your household, must be to them the 
 
WHY BBUNQUIBR ABV8BD COMPORTS ? 191 
 
 JViBry 
 
 who 
 
 jured 
 very 
 
 I? 
 
 )me8 
 
 loved 
 
 boxi 
 
 Ihion 
 
 iame 
 
 are 
 
 the 
 
 J 
 
 occasion of so much peril ; perhaps of so much 
 suffering ; suffering in which, though they escope, so 
 many other human beings must participate ; — ^will 
 not the thought of this mar the pleasure to be derived 
 from that cup which is to be hereafter, as it has here- 
 tofore been to multitudes who drank of it, the eup 
 of death? 
 
 Will not the thought of those uncounted thousands 
 who have lived and died accursed on this planet, in 
 consequence of intoxicating liquors ; and those other 
 and yet other thousands who will hereafter so live 
 and die upon it, as long as the use of such liquors 
 shall continue to be tolerated ; and will not the 
 thought of this wanton, gratuitous and unmeasured 
 misery abate somewhat the displeasure you have 
 felt, and soften the severity of the censures in which 
 you have indulged against those who have combined 
 to banish the use of those liquors as a beverage from 
 the earth ? More than this, will it not induce you^ 
 after all, to cooperate with us in consummating so 
 humane and benevolent an enterprise ? 
 
 Not now to question the healthfulness of the wines 
 of Palestine and of other grape bearing countries, 
 when obtained in purity and used in moderation ; 
 not now to question your ability so to obtain such 
 wines, or your disposition so to use them when 
 obtained ; still, considering what multitudes there are 
 who cannot so obtain those wines, and who would 
 not so use them if they could ; considering the taste 
 that has already been created by other and stronger 
 stimulants ; considering the impossibility of correcting 
 
 NOTT. 
 
198 
 
 LIMITS TO THK LAW OF LOVK. 
 
 that taste' and of reclaimiog the drunken, or of 
 preventing the drinker fVom hereaOier becoming 
 drunken, while custom everywhere pampers appetite, 
 and fashion on every side invites her guests, her 
 deluded guests, to partake of other banquets than 
 those of wine : considering these things, is there 
 not a cause for questioning the wisdom of existing 
 habits, and making one great united effort to effect a 
 change ? 
 
 But why should we relinquish comforts because 
 others abuse them ? Why ? Because it is great, 
 and good, and God-like to do so. Needs it to be told 
 in this .assembly who it was that being rich, became 
 poor for the sake of others, even for our sakesf 
 Since the Son of God has visited the earth on an 
 errand of mercy, reason, conscience, religion, sanc- 
 tion self-denials, especially among that race he came 
 to save, and on that planet where he submitted to 
 his privations, endured his sufferings and planted his 
 cross. 
 
 True, there are limits to this law of love. But 
 the sacrifice in question comes within those limits. 
 So Paul thought. Though an inhabitant of Palestine, 
 the land of vines and vineyards, he deemed it not 
 only admissible, but also **good neither to drink toinei 
 nor anything whereby thy brother stumblcth, or is offended 
 or is tnade weak.** 
 
 Do you inquire, Who is my brother ? So inquired 
 a lawyer, " Who is my neighbor ?" You remember 
 that beautiful and touching narrative in which the 
 answer was conveyed; you remember the hapless 
 
ABBTIRISNCE RRQUIRED FOR EXAMPLE. 193 
 
 , or of 
 icoming 
 ppetitOf 
 Its, her 
 its than 
 is there 
 existing 
 I effect a 
 
 because 
 s great, 
 9 be told 
 became 
 ■ sakesY 
 h on an 
 n, sane- 
 he came 
 itted to 
 nted his 
 
 re. But 
 limits. 
 
 ilestine, 
 it not 
 \k wine, 
 offended 
 
 iquired 
 
 lember 
 
 lich the 
 
 laplesa 
 
 Jew who fell among thieves; you remember the 
 unfeeling priest and Levite who having stood ond 
 looked upon the sufferer, passed by on the other side, 
 and left a countryman to perish ; you remember the 
 good Samaritan who flew to a stranger's and alien's 
 rescue ; and yoii remember too who it was that said, 
 '*Go thou and do likewise.'* 
 
 O ! it is not to the narrow circle of kindred and 
 of caste that the charities of man's common brother- 
 hood are confined. The men around you are your 
 brethren — bone of your bone and flesh of your flesh. 
 Qod hath not only made of one blood all nations to 
 dwell upon the earth,but hehitth also bound together 
 by ties of reciprocal dependence the different classes 
 of the men which compose those nations. 
 
 It is for you, ye rich men who live in affluence and 
 ease, it is for you, that the husbandman toils and 
 sweats by day, and the shepherd wakes and watches 
 by night. 
 
 You owe the raiment you wear, the dwelling you 
 inhabit, the furniture you use-^yOu owe the sofa on 
 which yoft recline, the carriages in which you ride — 
 the steam cur that conveys you by land, and the 
 steamboat by sea, with so much dispatch and ease in 
 your excursions of pleasure and business, to the skill 
 and industry of the artificer ; while that sailor boy 
 that climbs the mast, that breasts the storm and 
 perils his life upon the ocean, does this to furnish for 
 your possession and enjoyment the comforts and the 
 luxuries of other and distant countries^ 
 
101 APOIX)aiM rOB TIIK l*OOE DUi;*NKAItD. 
 
 But for these men, the men who conduct the agri* 
 culture, and the manufacture, and the commerce of 
 t!ie world ; but for these men, you and yours must 
 perish ; or putting offyour ornaments and relinquish- 
 ing your life of ease, you must betake yourselves to 
 the practice of those self-denials and the endurance 
 of those hardships which these men in your behalf 
 now practice and endure. 
 
 It is in behalf of these men, the sufferers of so 
 many privations, and at the same time the producers 
 of so many comforts; it is in behalf of these men, 
 to whose wearisome days and sleepless nights you 
 are so much indebted, it is in behalf of these men 
 that we wish to apply the apostolic maxim : ** It is 
 good not to drink wine or any thing whereby thy 
 brother stumbleth* or is offended or is made weak." 
 
 You have, as you affirm, the self-command to avoid 
 excess. Bo it so. Still they by whose industry you 
 subsist, have not. You have the knowledge to dis- 
 tinguish the pure from the adulterated. They have 
 not ; and even if they had, they want the ability to 
 profit by that knowledge. So long, therefore, as you 
 continue the use of the former, they will remain the 
 victims of the latter. 
 
 It is not in man to be insensible to the influence 
 of fashion, or to set at naught the power of example. 
 If you cannot forego the exhilaration of wine, you, 
 living at ease and surrounded by comforts, how 
 should it be expected that they should forego the 
 exhilaration of whiskey, they, exhausted by fatigue 
 and exaspirated by privations? 
 
 \\ 
 
BZHQBTATIOll. 
 
 195 
 
 agrl- 
 
 De of 
 
 must 
 
 [uiih- 
 
 res to 
 
 ranee 
 
 »ehalf 
 
 of so 
 luocrs 
 men* 
 tM you 
 e men 
 *♦ It is 
 by thy 
 jreak." 
 ) avoid 
 ry you 
 to dis- 
 have 
 ity to 
 ,8 you 
 lin the 
 
 luencQ 
 
 [mplc. 
 
 you, 
 
 how 
 
 ro the 
 
 Ltigue 
 
 Know you not that the poor drunken day laborer, 
 standing with his tin cup and rum jug in his hand, 
 finds an apology for liis conduct in the demijohn and 
 wine glass of his rich and moderate drinking employer; 
 and that from those who lack fortitude and self-denial 
 to abandon the one, exhortations come with an ill 
 grace for the abandonment of the other ¥ 
 
 And yet the other must be abandoned, or the 
 mother continue to mourn, the wife and the widow 
 to suflfur, and the orphan to supplicate. 
 
 Nay, the poor-house, the prison-house, the house 
 of silence, and even the hell that lies beyond it, must 
 continue hereafter, as heretofore, to be supplied 
 gratuitously, prematurely, and in numbers ; numbers 
 who might otherwise have lived for usefulness on the 
 earth, and honor and immortality in heaven ; Oh ! 
 for their sakes, if not for your own', we urge — we 
 entreat you to lend to this enterprise the countenance 
 of your example; especially for the sake of those 
 who have already fallen, or who are about to fall. 
 
 Christians, patriots, men of humanity ! will you 
 not come along with us to their rescue, who, mis- 
 guided by the example and emboldened by the coun- 
 sel of others, have ventured onward in a course 
 which threatens to prove fatal alike to their health, 
 their happiness and their salvation ? * 
 
 Will you not, in place of casting additional im- 
 pediments in the way of their return, contribute to 
 remove those which already exist, and which, with- 
 out such assistance, they will remain forever alike 
 unable to surmount or remove ? 
 
IM 
 
 rRBVAlLINO USAOEf. 
 
 j, 
 
 i 
 
 On your part the lacrifioe will be tmall, on thein 
 the benefit conferrecl immense ; a sacrifice not indeed 
 without requital ; for you ihull ihare the joy of their 
 rejoicing fricnda on earth, and their rejoicing friends 
 in Heaven, who, wlieo celebrating their rcturni to 
 Ood, shall lay; **This, our son, bur brother, our 
 neighbor, was lost and is found, woa dead and is 
 alive again." 
 
 You sec. Christians, that although you lived ia 
 Canaan, and in the vicinity of the Cana of Calilee 
 where water was changed into wine, you would not 
 be authorized to use wine as we now use it, and 
 that you would not be required even to use it at all ; 
 that they wore not suints, but men who forgot Ood, 
 concerning whom it is recorded ** that the viol and 
 the tabret, and the harp and wine is in their feasts," 
 and that its use aS a beverage is nowhere comnmnded ; 
 that largo clasAcs of men, and men approved of God, 
 abstained wholly from its use ; and that it is not only 
 lawful, but befitting for Christians always so to 
 abstain, when the circumstances of those around 
 them call for such abstinence. 
 
 This you see, and seeing this, I ask what, under 
 present circumstances, is your duty 1 
 
 In view of the prevailing usages of society in 
 which you live, and the obvious inroads drunkenness 
 is making on that society ; in view of that frightful 
 number of ministers at the altar and advocates at the 
 bart whom drunkenness, robbing the church and the 
 world of their services, has demented and dishonored ; 
 in view of those master spirits in the field and the 
 
WOULD PAUL 10 nAYI USED ItT 
 
 107 
 
 SeDtU chamber, whom drunkonnoM has mattered ; 
 in view of thoae familiei made wretched, thoM 
 youth corrupted, and those poor-houica and priion- 
 houaea and graveyarda peopled — ond peopled with 
 beings made guilty and wretched by drunkcnneis ; I 
 put it to your conioienco, Ohriatiunt, whether at such 
 a time and under such circumstunecs you would 
 be at liberty, though supplied witii wine made 
 from the grupes of Eshcol, to use it as a beverage ? 
 
 At such a time and under such circumstances 
 would Paul* so have uaed it f 
 
 Would Timothy, or any other of those suffering 
 and self-denying men, sent forth to reform the man- 
 ners of the age in which they lived, and teach man- 
 kind the way of salvation ; would these men, or 
 either of them, were an effort making — no matter by 
 whom, or with what want of insrifliution of address 
 or suavity of manner^— to stem the torrent of licen- 
 tiousness, to change the current of public opinion, 
 and purify the church and the world from drunken- 
 ness, would these men, in such a state of things, 
 array themselves on the side of the many who drank, 
 and against the few who abstained from drinking? 
 Would they hesitate, and waver, nnd finally draw 
 back and refuse to cooperate ? Above all, would 
 they lend their influence to weaken the resolution of 
 the wavering, to reassure the faltering courage of 
 the drinker, and to relieve the conscience of the 
 drunkard by drinking thomsclveR— moderately, I 
 admit, but still by drinking and by declaiming 
 against the fanaticism of all who refuse to drink ? 
 
19S 
 
 THE Potanovf TO me ohoskk. 
 
 I know not how othen might, but I do not belie v« 
 that Apostles or Apostolic men would act thus ; and 
 I dare not, therefore, act thus myself. 
 
 If, between the ultraism of relinquishing the use 
 of even wine, and the ultraism of continuing to use 
 it under existing circumstances, I am called to 
 choose, it behooves me to make the choice of safety, 
 not of danger. 
 
 And it seems to me that if I knew the day of 
 judgment wore at hand, as the ddy of death is, and 
 were that day to come suddenly, as the day of death 
 may come, I should prefer that my judge should find 
 me standing and acting with a few fanatics, among 
 whom no drunkards, already declared to be excluded 
 from the kingdom of God, could be found, than with 
 that multitude among whom, though no fanatics, 
 many drunkards might be numbered; and many 
 others, who, though not now drunkards, were pursu- 
 ing the way to become so thereafter. 
 
 It was not concerning him who drank with the 
 drunken, but concerning him who watched, that it 
 was said : ** Blessed is the servant, who when his 
 Lord Cometh, he shall find so doing.'* 
 
 In conclusion, I do not ask. Christians, whether you 
 are, or propose to become members of a temperance 
 society ; or whether you have taken, or propose to 
 take, the old, or the new, or the still newer pledge ; 
 but I do ask, whether you are not bound, by the 
 very circumstances in which God has placed you, to 
 refrain from the use of intoxicating liquors, of every 
 name and nature, as a beverage, and whether you 
 
tXIMtfLU&IOK. 
 
 19f> 
 
 the 
 
 kt it 
 
 Id his 
 
 you 
 ranee 
 to 
 
 |dge; 
 the 
 
 [u,to 
 
 (very 
 
 you 
 
 cou, without sin, refuse to give your influence, your 
 whole influence, to the cause of total abstinence? 
 
 Be it so, that this cause has advocates who are 
 neither courteous nor conciliating, that their measures 
 are often ill-ohoscn, and their spirit fanatical ; still it 
 is to be remembered, that to adopt ill-advised 
 measures, is not peculiar to the advocates of total 
 abstinence, and that whatever of fanaticism there 
 may be in this advocacy, it is all in a safe direction ; 
 and for a long time to come, the interests of virtue 
 and religion will have much less to fear from restraint 
 than from indulgence ; and besides if devils be cast 
 out, even by some who follow not with us, it were 
 wiser to encourage than forbid them. 
 
 Paul rejoiced when Christ was preached, though 
 preached out of envy, and in the hope of adding 
 affliction to his bonds. So we, without any sacrifice 
 of principle, may rejoice when temperance is advo- 
 cated, though advocated by disguised enemies or 
 misguided friends ; and though advocated in no better 
 spii'it. or for no higher end than was apparent in 
 those invidious preachers of whom the Apostle spoke. 
 
 Nwt. 
 
LECTURE No. VII. 
 
 ADULTERATIONS. 
 
 Tbe adatteration of the ^-!nc8 of commerce — Drunkennen and glut- 
 tonj eompared — Analogy between bad oil, bad milk, and bad 
 wint — An appeal to Patriots and to Christians. 
 
 In the preceding lectures we have seen that distinct 
 kinds of vinous beverages existed in the Holy Land ; 
 the one a good, nutritious, sober beverage ; the other 
 a bad, innutritious, intoxicating beverage ; the one 
 conducive to health and virtue, the other to diseabO 
 and crime ; the one suited in its nature to the tempe- 
 rate festivals of Christians, the other to the drunken 
 revels of Pagans — and both usually called by the 
 same name in our translation of the Bible* and often 
 in the original itsetf — that if in consequence of this, 
 the advocates of total abstinence can not prove by 
 verbal criticism, when wine is commended, that un- 
 intoxicating wine is meant; so neither, for the same 
 reason, can their opponents prove the contrary — that 
 uninspired men deemed sober, moral, unintoxicat- 
 ing wine the best, and that the presumption is, that 
 inspired men were of the same opinion ; a presump- 
 tion strengthened by the fact that such wine is usually 
 spoken of with commendation — that though it were 
 
TOl'AL ABSTINENCE MOST IMPERIOUS HERE. 301 
 
 » and glut- 
 Ic, and bad 
 
 t distinct 
 
 1y Land ; 
 
 bhe other 
 
 the one 
 
 diseabO 
 e tempe- 
 drunken 
 
 1 by the 
 nd often 
 e of this, 
 )rove by 
 that un- 
 he same 
 ry — that 
 itoxicat- 
 
 is, that 
 
 resump- 
 
 usually 
 
 it were 
 
 otherwise, though the Bible sanctioned the intoxica- 
 ting wines of Palestine, it would not follow that it 
 sanctions our own still more intoxicating wines. 
 
 Or, though even this absurdity would follow, that 
 still the argument in favor of wine drinking among 
 ourselves would be inconclusive — that, be the kind 
 of wine, the use of which the Bible sanctioned, what 
 it may, and even though it were conceded, for argu- 
 ment sake, to be intoxicating — still that its use was 
 not commanded, or commended as a common beve- 
 rage ; the multitudes who feared God and worked 
 righteousness, never used it ; and that circumstances 
 were liable to occur, even in Palestine, that would 
 render its use improper, and make total abstinence 
 even there a duty ; that here the use of such wine, 
 supposing it to be intoxicating, would be less admis- 
 sible and more perilous, because here its effects would 
 be liable to be aggravated by the action of other and 
 intenser stimulants; which stimulants are every- 
 where accessible, and for which a national taste has 
 been already formed — so that, were the wines in use 
 among us as pure as the wines of Spain, France, 
 Italy, or even the Holy Land, under existing circum- 
 stances, total abstinence would be an imperious duty, 
 as it would have been in Palestine, if then and there, 
 as now and here, it had caused a brother to stumble, 
 to offend, or to become weak. 
 
 How much more imperious must that duty be felt 
 to be, when it is considered that generally and truly 
 speaking, we have no such article as even intoxicating 
 wine, in the Bible sense of wine, in use among us. 
 
902 
 
 ADULTERATION OV WINE. 
 
 Wine indeed, falsely so called, we have, and in 
 abundance $ but names, as we have elsewhere said, 
 do not alter the nature of things. 
 
 The extract of logwood is not the less the extract 
 of logwood, nor is the sugar of lead the less the 
 sugar of lead, because combined with New England 
 rum, western whiskey, sour beer, or even Newark 
 cider, put up in wine casks, stamped Port, Oham- 
 paigne, or Maderia, and sold under the imposing 
 sanction of the collector*s purchased certificate, 
 passed from band to hand, and perhaps transmitted 
 from father to son, to give the color of honesty to 
 cool, calculating, heartless imposition. 
 
 O ! it was not from the vineyards of any distant 
 grape-bearing country, that those disguised poisons, 
 sent abroad to corrupt and curse the country, were 
 derived. On the contrary, the ingredients of which 
 they are composed were collected and mingled, and 
 their color and flavor imparted, in some of those 
 garrets above, or caverns beneath, the observation of 
 men ; caverns fitly called hells, where, in our larger 
 cities, fraud undisguised finds protection, and whole- 
 sale deeds of darkness arc securely and systematically 
 performed. 
 
 I do not say this on my own mere authority. I 
 had a friend who had been himself a wine dealer ; 
 and having read the startling statements, sometime 
 since made public in relation to the brewing of wines, 
 and the adulteration of other liquors generally, J 
 inquired of that friend as to the verity of those 
 statements. His reply was: "GOD FORGIVE 
 
FACTS* 
 
 303 
 
 I 
 
 [alor ; 
 ^time 
 rines, 
 
 y. I 
 
 Iboso 
 IVE 
 
 Ufkat Kai patted in MY OWN cellar, hut the ttatements 
 
 MADE, ARE TRUE, ALL TRUE, I aSSUrO yOU." 
 
 That friend has since gone to his last account, as 
 have doubtless many of those whose days on earth 
 were shortened by the poisons he dispensed. But I 
 still remember, and shall long remember, both the 
 terms and tone of that laconic answer, ** THE 
 STATEMENTS made are true, all true laseure you,** 
 
 But not on the testimony of that friend does the 
 evidence of these frauds depend. Another friend 
 informed me that the executor of a wine dealer, in a 
 city which he named, assured him that in the inven- 
 tory of articles for the manufacture of wine, found 
 in the cellar of that dealer, and which amounted to 
 many thousand dollars, there was not one dollar for 
 the juice of the grape. And still another friend 
 informed me, that in examining, as an assignee, the 
 papers of a house in that city which dealt in wines, 
 and which had stopped payment, he found evidence 
 of the purchase duiing the preceding year, of 
 hundreds of casks of cider, but none of wine. And 
 yet it was not cider, but wine, which had been sup- 
 posed to have been dealt out by that house to its 
 confiding customers. 
 
 I might proceed, but it is unnecessary. These are 
 not, and are known not to be, solitary cases, but 
 samples merely, of what is taking place in almost, if 
 not quite, all our larger cities, and in many even of 
 our towns and villages. 
 
 But to this it is replied, that although spurious 
 wines may be fabricated at home, pure wine, and in 
 
 Norr. 
 
{ 
 
 804 VINTAQB OF OPORTO USED IN LONDON. 
 
 quantity, ii imported from abroad. Is it so? Where 
 and by whom, I ask, is pure wine imported? No- 
 where, and by no one ; nor in the ordinary course of 
 importation can it be. The ocean barrier lies between 
 us and the vineyards of the east. The God of nature 
 has placed it there, and it cannot be removed. To 
 cross the sea, wine must be " brandied,** and ii 
 ** brandied,*' as analysis has shown. 
 
 And yet the Christian fathers refused the use of 
 wine, even in the sacrament, unless mixed and diluted 
 with water ; whereas the purest wines we use are 
 not only fermented, but also mixed with brandy, or 
 otherwise rendered pungent and corrosive, by the 
 introduction of some other ingredient, or of alcohol 
 in some other if not intenser form. 
 
 Such is the boasted article, falsely called wine, 
 with which our market is supplied. Would that it 
 was the only article ; but it is not, nor is it the worst. 
 Spurious wines ^ wines of the vilest character, and 
 in the greatest quantities, are imported from abroad, 
 as well as manufactured at home. This the nation 
 does not know, but they who supply the nation 
 know this. In London alone, more port wine is 
 drank than is furnished by the entire vintage at 
 Oporto ; and yet London supplies the whole civilized 
 world with port. Whence is this excess derived ? 
 Not surely from the vineyards along the banks of 
 the Douro,but from the caverns aside the bed of the 
 Thames. Nor from these alone. At Oporto itself, 
 at Madeira* and elsewhere^ throughout the grape 
 
 ^ f 
 
AttTICLE FROM THE LONDON UMBO 
 
 20ft 
 
 Where 
 No- 
 irse of 
 eiwcen 
 ' nature 
 a. To 
 and is 
 
 use of 
 diluted 
 use are 
 ndy, or 
 by the 
 alcohol 
 
 bearing region, similar, if not even greater frauQi^ are 
 oommitted. 
 
 ** It is not, perhaps, generally known," I quote 
 from the London Times, " it is not, perhaps, gener- 
 ally known that very large establishments exist at 
 Celte and Marseilles, in the south of France, for the 
 manufacture of every description of wines, the 
 natural products, not only of France, but of all other 
 wine growing and wine exporting countries ; some 
 of these establishments arc on so large a scale as to 
 give employment to nn equal, if not a greater num- 
 ber of persons than our large breweries. 
 
 " It is no uncommon occurrence with speculators 
 engaged in this sort of elicit traffic, to purchase and 
 ship imitation wines, fu bricated in the places named, 
 to Madeira, where by collusion with persons in the 
 custom-house department in the island, the wines 
 are landed^ in the entrepot, and thence, after being 
 branded with the usual marks of the genuine Madeira 
 vintage, reshipped, principally, it is believed, to the 
 United States. The scale of gratuity for this sort of 
 work to the officials interested, may be estimated by 
 the fact that, on one occasion, seventy pipes were 
 thus surreptitiously passed at a chargeof $1000. It 
 is a circumstance no less singular, that the same 
 manufacture is said to be commonly carried on with 
 counterfeit wine made up in Celte and Marseilles, 
 and thence dispatched to Oporto, where the same 
 process of landing, branding and reshipment as 
 genuine Port, is gone through ; the destination of 
 this spurious article being most generally to the 
 
206 
 
 FACTS. 
 
 United Staton. Sucli is the extent of this nefarious 
 commerce, that one individual alone has been pointed 
 out in the French porta, who has been in the habit 
 of dispatching, four times in the year, twenty-five 
 thousand bottles of champagne each shipment, of 
 wines not the produce of the Champagne districts, 
 but fabricated in these wine factories." A scientific 
 gentleman purchased from the importer a bottle of 
 cliumpagne in Now- York, and had the same analyzed. 
 It was found to contain a quarter of an ounce of 
 sugar of lead. 
 
 Correspondent to this, was that letter from Madeira 
 by an officer of our navy, stating that but thirty 
 tiiousand barrels of wine was produced on the island, 
 and fifty thousand claimed to be from thence, drank 
 in America alone 
 
 In confirmation of this statement, a friend of mine, 
 and a citizen of ours, James C. Duane, Esq., in- 
 formed me that having been induced to purchase a 
 cask of port wine, by the fact that it had just been 
 received direct from Oporto, by a house in New- 
 York, in the honor and integrity of which entire con- 
 fidence could be placed, he drew off and bottled and 
 secured with his own hands, its precious contents, 
 to be reserved for the^ especial use of friends ; and 
 that having done so, and having thereafter occasion 
 to cause that cask to be sawed in two, he found to 
 his astonishment that its lees consisted of a large 
 quantity of the shavings of logwood, a residuimn of 
 Hlum-and other ingredients, the name and nature of 
 which were to him unknown. 
 
INQRKDIRNTS. 
 
 307 
 
 What secrets other wine casks would reveal, were 
 their contents cxuniined, is not difficult to conjecture, 
 or if knowledge be preferred to conjecture, even that 
 would not be of difficult attainment. * 
 
 id to 
 large 
 of 
 re of 
 
 
 * Would you wIhIi to be iufornicd what the ingrodieiitfl are that ciw 
 tcr into the oomposition of those fabrioatioiii called winvs, to obliging* 
 ly prepared in caverns and garrets at home, or no less obligingly sup* 
 plied from the brew-houses of the grape bearing countriea abroad ? 
 That wish may be gratified by oonsulting M. P. Orfila on poisona, (first 
 4mer!can ed., I6ltt), from which author (he following extracta havo 
 been made : 
 
 Page 198: " Wines adulterated by rarious substances. The obj«>ct 
 is to mask defects, or give color, odor or strength.*' — Jour.^ T. I/., p, 
 48, year 1888. 
 
 Page 199: " Wines adulterated by lead. Sugar of lead, ceruse, ond 
 still more frequently, litharge, are mixed with acid or sharp tasted winei*, 
 in order to rendet them less so, and tliese substances do in fact give 
 them a sweet taste." 
 
 Page 74, fi : Speaking of sugar of lend he says : " It gives a sweet, 
 astringent, metallic taste, constriction of the throat, pain in the stomach, 
 dcsiro to vomit, or vomiting (47), foetid eructations, hiccough, difficulty 
 of respiration, thirst, cramps, coldness of limbs, convulsions, change 
 of features, delirium, &c. 
 
 Page 202: ** White wines adulterated with lead.** 
 
 Pago 208 : *' Red wines adulterated with lead. Wines adulterated 
 
 with alum. The object of this adulteration is and to give 
 
 them an astringent taste ; effects — digestion painful, vomiting from 
 time to time, obstruction of bcwels,and piles, are the results of drink- 
 ing wine thus adulterated.** 
 
 Page ROd : " Wines adulterated with chalk: Design — to saturate 
 acetic or tartaric acid, and destroy the sharpness.'* 
 
 Page 807 : ** Wines adulterated by brandy. It occurs sometimes 
 that brandy is added to weak wines ; hi other circumstances, wine with 
 a mixture of cider or other spirituous liquor, and brandy, logwood, saa- 
 dal wood, or some other coloring matter being added.** 
 
 \ 
 
808 
 
 IMOBBDIBirra. 
 
 Indeed chemistry has lupplied such fftoilitiei, and 
 avarice luch motives for the adulteration of intoxica- 
 ting liquors of every kind, that though fermen ted 
 
 H) 
 
 P«ge 908 : *' Me«M employed to give color to wine — old wlnef be 
 log In general, of • deeper color than new wlnei. Tbie Is done bj ex 
 poeing to the air, by eager, bj tlie acid of eulpbaroue eold gee ; and b j 
 Taeoliinm, myrtillue, logwood cbipe and other eubetancea which aleo 
 render them aitringent,*' 
 
 Page SllO : *' WInee adulterated by awcet or aatrlngenk eubitancoe, 
 •ugar, raUloe, extract of oak eud willow bark.** 
 
 Pago 84, 36 : " Sulphuric and nitric acid, and the alkalioe, Ac, In* 
 flame the parte with which thrj are placed In contact, but In different 
 degreee. Tliere are eome which produce lo great an inflammation that 
 they may bo regarded as cauetica almost aa powerful aa the actual cau- 
 tcry. They are called coroaire or eacharotica : they oTldently canre a 
 death in the aaroe manner aa burns. Such are the concentrated aclda, 
 alkalies, Ac. There are othera whoae cauatic effects are leaa intense, 
 but which produce death in a more rapid manner, because they are ab- 
 sorbed, mixed with the blonMl, carried into the olfciilation, destroy tlie 
 vital properties of the heart, lungs, brain, and nenroos system.'^ 
 
 Page 44 : *' The effects of the alkalies is nearly simlhr to that «f the 
 acids, Ac.** 
 
 Page ?S : ** If In place of taking a htrge dose of lead, water or wine, 
 containing but a small portion, is taken, no immedUte inconvonienco 
 will be felt ; but If the practice be long continued, a diseaso similar to 
 that of the oholic of painters will arise, wnioh, in certain cuses, la 
 t^ie palsy." 
 
 Psge 100 : " Nux vomica, cocoulus indlcus, introduced into tho 
 stomach, or applied to wounds, are repeatedly absorbed, and affect tho 
 brain or spinal marrow near the neck. They occasion a general rigidi- 
 ty and convulsions. The head Is thrown back, the chest is dilated with 
 difficulty, respiration is greatly impeded, and death is the consequence, 
 and that in a very few moments, if the dose has been great. I'ho ef- 
 (cQts on some are not cofitinual, but give rise to fits from time to time, 
 in the intervals of which the individual appears little affected. Opinm 
 and poppy heads are more or less poisonous.** 
 
ONI.T BAD WINE OOMDBIINED. 
 
 S09 
 
 ei, and 
 itoxica- 
 naented 
 
 wiaM b« 
 one by «x 
 I ; and b 7 
 ivbioh diO 
 
 ubstanoM, 
 
 Bi, ke., Ill- 
 in diffcrtDl 
 ution that 
 lotiul o*u* 
 itly oatf « a 
 •ted acidt, 
 la iiikciise, 
 \ey are ub- 
 lealroy Uie 
 
 that Af the 
 
 )r or wine, 
 
 liivonienco 
 
 liinUar to 
 
 caaee, la 
 
 into tlio 
 laiTect the 
 {ml rigid!- 
 katcd with 
 jquenoe, 
 1 ho ef- 
 to time, 
 Opiam 
 
 llquort wero liormleM, iftfety can only be found In 
 
 TOTAL ABSTINKNCK. 
 
 From Accuni on Culinnry Potiiont, the following eitiacta are made : 
 
 Page 74 : '* It In milflolttntlj ovt«ieDt, that few of the>e comntoditic*, 
 which are the otj eta of comme re , are atlultrratcd to a greater ei* 
 tent than wine. Alum, Braxil wood, gypnum, oal< anw dnat and hunks 
 of fliborta, are utfd to h i.^litcn, cotor, d'araiid make a«tritigpnt, winea. 
 A miiture of a;>oiK>d foreign and homo made winca ia conrcrttfd into 
 the wretched compound frequently void under the name of genuine 
 old Port." 
 
 Pago 76 : " Various expedlonts are resorted to for the purpoae of 
 cnmmunicaliiig ptuiirulnr flavors to insipid wines. fiitUT almondfi, 
 cherry, Innrcl water, &«., «rc uaod." 
 
 Pago 79 : *' The sophistication of wines is cnriird on to an anormnita 
 extent. Mnny tiioiwandii of pipes of tpoilcd cider arc annually brougitt 
 hlihcr from tiic cointry (n:- the purpone of being converted into fnctU 
 tiou) wine.** 
 
 Pago 78, 8''^ : " Artisans are regularly employed in stainicg caaka 
 and crusting casks and bottlea, and making an oatringent extract fos 
 old |)ort. Tliero are many other sophistications which are deceptive, . 
 and which are connected with another branch of an absolutely crimi- 
 nal nntu e." 
 
 Page 81 ■ *' Several well authenticated facts prov* these adulterations 
 of wine with aubatances deleterious to health to be practiced often*r 
 than is perhaps expected." 
 
 Page 82 : " The most dangerous adulteration of wine la by som« 
 preparations of lead. Lead is certainly employed for thia parp<*se. 
 Merchnnts persuade themselves that the minute quantity employed for 
 that purpose i.'* P'Mfectly harmless. But ch"niii*al ai'olysis proves the 
 contrary, and it must be pronounced Itighly deleterious. liCad, in 
 whatever state it is tiiken In^o the stumnch, ocensiuns terrible diseases. 
 And wine adulterate 1 with the minutest quantity of it becomes a slow 
 poison. 
 
 *' The morcliantor dealer who practices thin dangerous sophistication, 
 adds the crime of murder to tiKit of fraud ; and deliberately scatters 
 the aeeds of disease and death among tiiose wlo contribute to hie. 
 emolument.*' 
 
910 
 
 IMITLUIMOI or A MAMK. 
 
 And yet when we mention total abstinenco from 
 even the adulterated liquon here in ute, we are met 
 at before, and tomoiimei even, alaa ! that it should 
 be 10, by good men too, with the authority of the 
 Bible ; aa if the Bible had ever had anything to say 
 in favor of thii modern drunkard's drink, in any ol 
 its forms in use, in these ends of the earth. 
 
 Bo it so, that the Bible sanctioned the fruit of 
 the vine in Palestine, does it follow from this that 
 it sanctions also the juice of the grapes of Sodom 
 and the apples of Qomorrah f And yet it as truly 
 sanctions these as it sanctions ** that wine of drag- 
 ons and poison of asps** in use as a beverage in 
 America. 
 
 Can it be needful to repeat, in the conclusion of 
 this article, what we said at its commencement, that 
 it is only against bad wine, wine that Solomon repro- 
 bated, wine that caused woe and sorrow and wounds 
 without cause, that we array ourselves ? 
 
 The wine that David commended was good wine; 
 the wine that Jesus Christ miraculously supplied wiis 
 good wine— wine worthy of its Author, of the guests 
 and the occasion ^ and when He shall again honor 
 the bridal chamber by His presence and supply 
 
 These words of Accum are in perfect keeping with the recent eon- 
 fi>88ion of a wine dealer, who on his death-bed, aclcuowledged in the 
 bittemcfls of penitential sorrow, ** that he had often seen his customers 
 wasUng away around him, poisoned by that he had meted out to them, 
 and that same wine which was the cause of their decline, was ofloa 
 prescribed bj their phyaicinns aa the means for their recoTery.** 
 
nrFLCKKCI OF A HAUMs 
 
 811 
 
 }t con- 
 I in the 
 Itomerit 
 ilhem, 
 ofloa 
 
 the gueiti by Hit agency, or wh«ti anotker ia HU 
 Btme and by Hia authority ahall do this, and we 
 refuio that cup of bleaaingt, it will be time enough 
 to confront ua with Chritt*a example, and accuae ua 
 of impugning hia authority. 
 
 What influence there ia in a name ! Because Christ 
 changed water into wine in Cana of Galileo, Chris- 
 tians may not abjure the use, not of the fruit of the 
 vineyanls of Palestine, not of the fruit of the vine 
 at all, but the product of the still and the browhouse 
 in America ! as if an inference, assented to by the 
 intellect and binding the conscience, could be drawn 
 from the one to the other* 
 
 Be it then distinctly understood, that it is not tho 
 mere fruit of the vino, the pure wine of Palestine, 
 nay, nor pure wine at all, about the virtues of 
 which we hear so much, that this dispute is concern- 
 ed with ; but it is ubuut a brandied or brewed article, 
 falsely called wine, in the sense the Bible spcuks of 
 wine with approbation, or even speaks of it nt all, a 
 fa#tiftiou8 or spurious article, always supplied in 
 fraud, and usually drank in ignorance ; an article 
 which is corrupting the morals of youth, paralyzing 
 the energies of manhood, polluting even female vir- 
 tue, and bringing the grey hairs of age down with 
 dishonor to the grave. It is, I repeat it, so far as 
 respects wine, such an article, with which this dia- 
 pute is concerned. Tliis is the true issue. 
 
 If there be a fruit of the vine in Palestine, or 
 elsewhere, healthful, or even harmless, let the 
 dwellers in those favored lands enjoy the full benefit 
 
 Korr. 
 
$12 
 
 WHY THIS ULTRAI8M? 
 
 thereof; but in the name of humanity and religion, 
 I protest against their palming on us, under the 
 guise of such an article, the vile compounds now 
 n market. And in the same name, I protest against 
 our consenting any longer to receive those co > 
 pounds. 
 
 But, after all, it is asked, why this ultraism ? No 
 one thinks of abstaining, on account of gluttony, 
 from eating ; why then from drinking, on account 
 of drunkenness? Especially why, since gluttony is 
 quite as prevalent and injurious as drunkenness ? Is 
 it so, indeed ? Where, then, 1 ask, is the evidence 
 of the alarming fact? Where are the families that 
 gluttony has beggared, the individuals it has brutal- 
 ized? 
 
 Where is that utter degradation, in form, and 
 feeling, and intellect, produced by gluttony, which 
 is every day exhibited by those ragged wretches 
 with which intoxication strews the very gutters of 
 the streets along which we pass ? Where are the 
 poor-houaes, and prison-houses, and the lunatic asy- 
 lums, that gluttony has peopled with its miserable 
 victims ? 
 
 That evils are occasionally produced by gluttony, 
 I doubt not; but that those evils are either so fre- 
 quent, or so frightful as the evils of drunkenness I 
 have yet to learn ; and tlie world has yet to learn 
 this ; or even, if it w^ere so, be it remembered, these 
 are evils allied to drinking, not to abstinence. Show 
 me a glutton, and you will show me a drinker, if 
 not a drunkard. And however numerous such pitia- 
 
EATING — DRINKING. 
 
 213 
 
 jligion, 
 ler the 
 h now 
 against 
 e CO V 
 
 1? No 
 uttonv, 
 iccount 
 tony 18 
 ess ? Is 
 vidence 
 ies that 
 brutal- 
 
 m, and 
 which 
 retches 
 ters of 
 are the 
 tic asy- 
 iserable 
 
 uttonv, 
 80 fre- 
 nnesa I 
 o learn 
 d, these 
 Show 
 ikcr, if 
 h pitia- 
 
 ble objects may be in the ranks of moderate drinkers, 
 ia the ranks of ** teetotalers ** there are none of them. 
 And you may go through the length and breadth of 
 the land, and marshal the whole army of cold water 
 di'inkers, without finding one bloated, over eating 
 gourmand among them all. So that drinking is 
 chargeable with the double condemnation of both 
 gluttony and drunkenness. 
 
 But were gluttony as prevalent, which it is not, 
 as drunkenness, where would be the pertinence of 
 the argument attempted by the comparison ? Man 
 cannot live without eating. Eating, then, be its 
 incidental evils what they may, cannot be dispensed 
 with. Not so with drinking ; as far as the drunk- 
 ard's drink is concerned, man can not only live with- 
 out it, but he can also live longer and better without 
 than with it ; all the tremendous evils, therefore, 
 resulting from its use, are wanton and gratuitous. 
 
 Gluttony results from excess in the use of aliments 
 of every kind. Not so with drunkenness -—it is pro- 
 duced by distilled and fermented liquors only. . 
 
 But were it otherwise ; were gluttony confined, 
 like drunkenness, to the use of a single article, and 
 that the vilest and least nutritious article existing ; 
 and an article rendered vile and innutritions by vol- 
 untary debasement, in the manner of preparing it 
 from other articles, which, in the state God created 
 them, were both nutritive and healthful; were such 
 the case with gluttony, who would not cry shame to 
 tiie man who would still persist in selecting that 
 article, to the neglect of other and unobjectionable 
 
 I ij 
 
914 
 
 COUNSEL OF WISDOM. 
 
 articles, for the daily use of his family, cause it to be 
 spread out before the eye of his children, and recom- 
 mended to the taste of his guests ? 
 
 Be it so, that drunkenness, unlike gluttony, springs 
 only from the use of a single kind of beverage ; still, 
 to pretend that that beverage should be altogether 
 abandoned on that account, is said to be not reason, 
 but fanaticism. It is said that, up to that limit 
 where sobriety ceases, and intemperance begins, men 
 may indulge in the use of intoxicating liquors with 
 safety, and ought not, therefore, to be deprived of 
 the privilege of doing so. 
 
 Hearer! Christian! does wisdom counsel thus? 
 To me, it seems her voice counsels the inquirer after 
 safety to keep away from even the vicinity of that 
 slippery, treacherous cliff, down which the feet of 
 the presumptuous sinner slide to ruin. 
 
 Is it forgotten who it was that taught his disciples, 
 day by day, to offer up that petition : ** Lead us not 
 into temptation ? '* And shall God hold that man 
 guiltless, who, having oiTered it, shall go away, and 
 day by day spread temptation before his children, his 
 family, his friends, and the stranger that comes 
 within his influence ? 
 
 " Up to the limit where sobriety ceases and 
 intemperance begins, men may indulge in safety." 
 Fatal maxim ! And the man who, now acting on 
 it, dares to approach that limit, will, hereafter, given 
 up of God, transgress it, and become, what so many 
 temperate drinkers have become already, an habitual 
 drunkard. 
 
it to be 
 recom- 
 
 springs 
 e; still, 
 ogether 
 reason, 
 at limit 
 ns, men 
 rs with 
 rived of 
 
 b1 thus? 
 
 rer after 
 of that 
 feet of 
 
 [sciples, 
 us not 
 it man 
 ly, and 
 en, his 
 conies 
 
 IS and 
 
 kfety." 
 
 ]ng on 
 
 given 
 
 many 
 
 ibitual 
 
 BE NOT DKCEIVED BT NAMES. 
 
 215 
 
 But be the dangers of indulging what they may, 
 in abstaining there are no dangers. I have heard of 
 multitudes ruined in health, and fortune, and fame, 
 by the use of intoxicating liquors ; never of one, in 
 either of these respects, by abstaining from their use. 
 
 It is safe, then, and therefore wise, for parents, for 
 Christians, and especially for Christian ministers, to 
 take the side of abstinence in its totality ; and, stand- 
 ing between the living and the dead and the dying, 
 to say, both by precept and example, ** touch not, 
 taste not." 
 
 Be not deceived by names. When you hear men 
 quote the Bible in favor of a beverage that is filling 
 the world with crime, disease and death, you may be 
 assured that the quotation is made in error; that the 
 article, here so fatal, is not tlie article which the Bible 
 recommends, or that our manner of using it is not 
 the manner which it sanctions. God wills the virtue 
 and the happiness of his creatures, and cannot there- 
 fore will the use, I mean such use of anything as 
 tends to the subversion of both. 
 
 Oil is as distinctly recommended in the Bible as 
 wine ; and yet who ever thought of insisting on the 
 use of train oil, the oil of ambergris, or even of 
 tobacco, on that account ? And since there are more 
 kinds of wine than oil, it were at least as reason- 
 able to defend the use of bad oil as of bad wine else- 
 where, because good oil as well as good wine were 
 once used in Palestine. The defence of the use of 
 those kinds of oil, known to be offensive to the taste, 
 or injurious to the health, and especially to the life 
 
 NOTT. 
 
SIG 
 
 REASONINa OF THE APOTHBCART. 
 
 
 I 
 
 of man, would be deemed an absurdity not to be 
 entertained. Why then entertain a similar absurdity 
 in the defence of the use of similar kinds of wine ? 
 Why should the term wine, any more than the term 
 oil, consecrate the use of the poisons designated 
 by it? 
 
 What would be thought of the apothecary who 
 should insist that wine to which antimony had been 
 added was Scriptural, and ought to be used as a com- 
 mon beverage, because wine to which no antimony 
 had been added was allowed to be used in the Holy 
 Land ; especially, what would be thought of the 
 apothecary who should insist on this in the face of 
 the qualms, and retching, and faintness, and prostra- 
 tion apparent on every side, in consequence of the 
 use of such poisonous wine ? And yet, it is not per- 
 ceived why this reasoning of the apothecary would 
 not be as legitimate as that of the moralist who 
 insists that wine to which alcohol has been added is 
 Scriptural, and ought to be used as a common beve- 
 rage in America, because wine to which no alcohol 
 had been added was so used in the Holy Land ; 
 especially of the moralist who should insist on this, 
 in the face of the withered intellect, the paralyzed 
 energy, and the ultimate death which brandied wines 
 were known to have occasioned ? 
 
 Take another and a parallel case. Milk and honey 
 were among the promised blessings of the land of 
 promise, and they are employed in Scripture as 
 emblems of the richest mercies ; iind yet yi'ho does 
 not know that honey is often deleterious, and that 
 
to be 
 surdity 
 
 wine? 
 le term 
 ignated 
 
 ity who 
 Bid been 
 s a com- 
 itimony 
 le Holy 
 t of the 
 J face of 
 prostra- 
 e of the 
 not per- 
 would 
 Ii8t who 
 added is 
 u beve- 
 alcohol 
 Land ; 
 on this, 
 tralyzed 
 ■d wines 
 
 honey 
 land of 
 bure as 
 iio does 
 
 id that 
 
 MILK POISONED. 
 
 S17 
 
 there are timet and places in which to taste of milk 
 is death ? 
 
 **At Logansport,'* I quote here flrom a letter in 
 the Danbury Herald, dated July 11, 1833: "At 
 Logansport, on the banks of the Wabash, I was 
 cautioned by an elderly lady against using either 
 milk, butter or beef, on my way to Vincennes ; as a 
 reason for her caution, she informed me that the milk 
 sickness was common in the state. I had heard of 
 it before, but knew little of it ; she informed me 
 ,^ that very many deaths occurred annually by this 
 dreadful malady. There is a difference of opinion as 
 to the cause that produces it, but the general opinion 
 is, that it is occasioned by the yellow oxide of arsenic, 
 in the low ground and woodland, and particularly 
 near the Wabash river ; and that some weed, yet 
 unknown, imbibes the poison, and when eaten by 
 the cattle, causes them to quiver, stagger, and die 
 within a few hours. If cows eat it, the milk is 
 poisoned, or butter that is made from the milk, and 
 I it is sure death to these who eat of either, as it is to 
 
 the animal that eats of the weed. Great care is taken 
 to bury such cattle as die with it ; for if dogs eat 
 their flesh, they share the same fate, and it operates 
 upon them as violently as upon the creature that was 
 affected with it. The batcher, uniformly in this 
 state, runs the victim of the knife a mile to heat the 
 blood, and, if it has eaten the weed, it will at once, 
 on stopping, quiver and shake ; if it does not, it is 
 considered safe to butcher ; and this is the uniform 
 10 
 
 ft n 
 
 .;'f 
 
 ;--f". 
 
 
Si8 
 
 AUSURDITY iNVOLVKO. 
 
 test, even whon the beef cattle show no ligni of hav« 
 ing ate the weed. 
 
 ** Indiana is not alone in this misfortune ; there 
 have been many cases in some parts of Ohio, and 
 south of St. Louis, and other southwestern Statt s. 
 I have se^n many farms, with comfortable buildings 
 and improvements, entirely abandoned, and their 
 owners fled to avoid this dreadful curse.** 
 
 Now what, I ask, would be thought of the sanity 
 of a man who, with his Bible in his hand, and his 
 fmgor pointing to the text that speaks of the milk 
 and honey of the Holy Land, should undertake to 
 rebuke that mother in Israel for presuming to 
 recommend to that stranger traveler, not the mode- 
 rate use, but total abstinence from an article, in 
 Indiana, which God himself had authorized to be 
 used in Palestine ¥ What would be thought of the 
 sanity of the man who, standing in the great valley 
 of the west, amid the dying and the dead — and after 
 having surveyed the sick rooms where the victims of 
 milk were agonizing, or the fresh graves where their 
 corses had been buried, should gravely talk, not of 
 abstinence, but of moderation in the use of this fatal 
 aliment — should provide it for his family, place it 
 on his table, proffer it to his friends, and even make 
 a show of tasting it himself, out of reverence for the 
 Bible, and through the dread of appearing to give 
 countenance to ultraism ? What would be thought 
 of the sanity of such a man? And yet what are all 
 the ills which milk has occasioned on the other side 
 ■f f the mountains, since the foot of the white man 
 
APPEAL TO OBSEBTATION AMD EZPEBIBNCI. 319 
 
 man 
 
 first trod the great valk^yof the west, compared with 
 those which intoxicating liquor occasions annually, 
 in any one of the cities of the east ? 
 
 If these cases are not parallel, their want of paral- 
 lelism only gives additional force to the argument 
 'drawn from their comparison. For, the milk in the 
 valley of the west, deadly as it may be, is, notwith- 
 standing, truly the milk of kine ; whereas the drunk- 
 ard's drink of the east is not even the fruit of the 
 vine, but the product of the brew-house; or, if it 
 indeed ever partake of the fruit of the vine, it is not 
 of that fruit in its purity, but in admixture with 
 articles that debase it, so that the mixture no longer 
 comes within the limits of that license granted to 
 the wine of Palestine, whatever that license may be ; 
 hence the whole question of the merit or demerit of 
 the intoxicating liquors here in use, and of the inno- 
 cence or guilt of using them, is to be decided, not by 
 appealing to the Bible, but to observation and expe- 
 rience. To that tribunal we appeal, and are prepared 
 to abide the issue — the only rightful issue ; and in 
 making this appeal, we take no vantage ground ; we 
 claim no right to bind the conscience of others, or 
 to sit in judgment on our brother. 
 
 If patriots shall think — I speak as to wise men — 
 if patriots shall think, having examined the facts of 
 the case, and with all these evils before their eyes, 
 that it is befitting in them to continue the use of 
 brandied, or even brewed wines; if they shall think, 
 on the whole, that the happiness these liquors confer 
 
280 
 
 AMEBIOAN W1MR8 PEOFANE. 
 
 excoedi in amount the miieries they inflict, let them 
 drink on and abide tlie consequence. 
 
 If Christians think -^ I speak as to consciontioutA 
 men — if Christians think, having examined the facta 
 of the case, and with all these evils before their eyeSf 
 that the benefits resulting from this drink of drunkard% 
 are so numerous or so signal us to require the influence 
 of their example in the furtherance of its use, espe- 
 cially on gala days and at weddings, let them give to 
 the good cause the benefit of their influence ; but 
 let them do this understandingly, and on account of 
 the benefits which the church and the world are 
 likely to derive from continuing its use, and not 
 because the Bible sanctions it. If this drunkard's 
 drink is to be hereafter drunk by Christians, let it be 
 done by the authority of reason, and in the name of 
 Ceres or Yestn, and not of Religion and Jesus. And 
 why not by the authority of Beligion and in the name 
 of Jesus ? Neither the Bible or its Author, whatever 
 may have been said of the mere fruit of the vine in 
 Palestine, has said any thing in commendation of the 
 products of the still and the brew-house in America. 
 
 These unbidden, exciting, maddening mixtures are 
 in every sense profane, and befit the orgies of Bacchus 
 rather than the festivities of Christians. They are, at 
 best, mixed wines, mixed with brandy, or even worse 
 materials, which mixture the Bible nowhere tolerates, 
 and which cannot, therefore, under its sanction, be 
 distributed even to bridal guests. If hereafter, 
 therefore, any Christian shall claim the liberty of 
 countenancing the use of wine, falsely so called, o^ 
 
 
LET US TURK TO TnS BOOK OF NATUBB. 221 
 
 gala days and at weddings, let him do so as a man, 
 not as a Christian ; nor let him lay to his soul the 
 flattering unction, that in doing so he is borne out 
 by the Bible, and sheltered behind the example of 
 his Saviour. If the use of these articles as a com- 
 jnon beverage can be vindicated at all, it is because 
 of their utility, and only because of their utility, 
 and not because religion either requires or sanctions 
 such use; for no such article as even the brandicd 
 wine of commerce existed in our Saviour's time ; for 
 brandy itself did not then exist. This intenscr poi- 
 son is a product of human skill, and of later times. 
 Having disabused our minds of the bewildering 
 influence of that miserable sophism-— that because^ 
 the Bible authorized the use of good wine in Pales- 
 tine, it had also authorized the use of bad wine in 
 America; that because it spoke in terms of com- 
 mendation of vineyards and wine presses there, it 
 had, by implication, spoken in like terms of brew<>. 
 houses and distilleries here ; having disabused our 
 minds of the bewildering influence of this sophism, 
 having learned what God has not said in the book 
 of Revelation, concerning the intoxicating liquors 
 here in use, we are prepared to turn and open the 
 book of Nature, and learn what he has said, and is 
 still repeating there. 
 
LECTURE No. VHI. 
 
 MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED 
 TO STRONG DRINK. 
 
 Books of ReTeUtion and Nature — Mlacrj spring! fVom viulaUoM of 
 law — Nature interrogated — Her answer returned — In crime 
 dliease and death— Spontaneous combustion — Distinction between 
 ■dmulants and aiiments — Example of moderate drinlien more in* 
 Jttrious than of drunlcards — Iniquities of fathers Tisited on chil* 
 dren — > Expostulation with moderate drinkers. 
 
 The books of Revelation and of Nature were boti\ 
 written by the same unerring wisdom, and written 
 for our instruction and reproof, on whom the ends 
 of the world are come. 
 
 The moral laws of God*s kingdom are embodied 
 in the former, the physical in the latter. The 
 knowledge of the former is acquired by reading and 
 meditation ; of the latter, by observation and exper- 
 iment. As the character of moral agents is mode 
 manifest by the works they perform, so the nature 
 of material elements is made manifest by the effects 
 which they produce. 
 
 The laws of God, whether physical or moral, tend 
 to promote the virtue and secure the happiness of 
 
 all who are subject to those laws ; and were that 
 
 222 
 
TBITPHS IN RBVBLATION AND IV VATUBIU 993 
 
 lubjeotion entire And uuivenul, happineei would also 
 be entire and univerial. 
 
 Miiery never iprings from obeying, alwayi (torn 
 disobeying the Uwi of the Creator. When we obey, 
 we are in harmony — when we disobey, at variance 
 with hie government. Wherever misery exists, it 
 always exists, therefore, in evidence thit Ood*s will 
 has been disregarded, and some law of his physical 
 or moral kingdom violated. 
 
 On carefully examining those varied productions 
 of nature with which we are surrounded, and which, 
 like the forbidden fruit of Eden, may appear pleasant 
 to the eyes, good for food, and to be desired to make 
 one wise, it will be perceived that some were designed 
 of God for sickness, some for health, some for 
 habitual use, some for occasional use, and some to be 
 wholly avoided. What his design was with respect 
 to each several production, is revealed to the inquirer 
 after truth, by the effects which they severally 
 produce. 
 
 That the useof every good creature of God, that is, 
 such use as will, on the whole, conduce to happiness 
 and virtue, is conformable to his will — and that such 
 use of any of them as is subversive of either happi- 
 ness or virtue, is contrary to his will, are truths 
 inscribed alike on the pages of the book of Revela- 
 tion and of Nature. 
 
 Let us then, keeping in mind this obvious rule of 
 interpreting the manifestations of Providence, consult 
 this latter oracle, as to the will of God and the duty 
 of man, in relation to intoxicating liquors. Yes, let 
 
 Ir 
 
t94 WHY TRIII UBI AMD ABUSE SO IDRNTiriEDf 
 
 OS enter And interrogate Nature in her own sanctuary, 
 and let ui attend to the response returned. Returned 
 from whence 1 From the bar-room — the banquet— 
 the harvest-field^the decli of the merchantman and 
 of the man-of-war— from the poor-house — the prison- 
 house'^ the mad-house and the graveyard ; in one 
 word, from every place on every part of the footstool 
 of Ood where the inebriating cup is raised to humon 
 lips, or where the victims of its contained poison are 
 assembled ; from a thousand places, and in a tliou- 
 sand forms is this response returned. It is returneu 
 in the sigh of the widow — the supplication of the 
 orphan— the wail of the mourner — the howl of the 
 maniac, and the death-groan of tlie expiring. 
 
 But do not these evils spring from the abuse not 
 the use of the articles in question ? Doubtless from 
 the abuse of them, for to use them in a manner in 
 which they were not intended to be used, is to abuse 
 them. 
 
 If the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage in 
 health, be such use of them as God ordained, and as 
 God approves, how comes it that there use and their 
 abuse are so identified, that the one seems to follow 
 from the other consequentially, and us if by some 
 necessity of nature ? It is not thus with rest, or 
 sleep, or food, or any other of those bland restoratives 
 which nature furnishes, and our exhausted strength 
 requires. These all, though used habitually, and 
 though their use be repeated from night to day, and 
 from day to night, still operate benignly on the 
 
OUR FELLOW CRKAtURRS DYIMO AROUND. 0*26 
 
 •jfitem, and loie nothirnr of their revivifying and io- 
 rigoratiiig eittcaoy. 
 
 Kot Ro with intoxicating liquors. H«re by the 
 fvry ordinations of God, habitual use defeats itself, 
 for it impairs the aeAsibility on which it operates. 
 Hence the quantity must bo increased as the sensi- 
 bitrty is diminisliud, in order io keep up that plea- 
 surable excitement at fint produced ; and hence by 
 merely keeping up that excitement during a suffi- 
 cient length of time, the constitution becomes im- 
 paired and the process of inebriation commenced. 
 
 But why debate this question, surrounded as we are 
 by such numbers of wretched beings, whose enfeebled 
 intellects or shattered constitutions evince that either 
 alcohol is poison, or some other drug that is so, is 
 combined with it in those fatal preparations dispensed 
 alike from the bar-room and the grocery to unsu»* 
 pecting multitudes, under the imposing names of 
 Rum, Gin, Brandy, Wine, Beer and even Cider. 
 
 Here, at least, there is no mistake and no exagge- 
 ration. Our fellow creatures are literally dying 
 around us, dying in numbers, dying in the city, dying 
 in the country, dying of an insidious and loathsome 
 disease, a disease thut regards neither rank, or age, 
 or sex ; a disease distinctly marked and known to 
 be induced by liquors purposely manufactured and 
 distributed far and wide, as the common beverage of 
 which the nation drinks. 
 
 Do any of you who hear me, doubt the truth of 
 
 this? Qo then yourselves to the bar-room and the 
 
 grocery, as I have done ; go see with your own eyoa 
 11» 
 
 h * 
 
 H 
 
 J : 
 
1^26 
 
 EVIDENCE OF 00D*8 DISPLEASURE. 
 
 the haggard countenance, the emaciated forms, the 
 trembFing nerves and the demented looks of those 
 wretched beings, once human beings, who appear 
 like spectres from another world, within those dens 
 of disease and death. Go, hear with your own ears 
 their lascivious and silly jests, their idiotic laugh, 
 their sepulchral moan, and that unearthly curse 
 stammered forth from their quivering and blistered 
 lips. Does any one still doubt ? let him then interro- 
 gate the poor-house, and the jail, and the prison-house, 
 and let them answer whence their wretched inmates 
 are supplied ! Let him ask the sepulchre, and let it 
 say what sends such numbers, prematurely, and un- 
 called for, to its dread abode ! 
 
 ! if the dead could speak, the response returned 
 from thence would move alike the surface of the 
 earth and the bosom of the sea ; for there is scarcely 
 a spot of either that has not witnessed the drunkard's 
 degradation, and become itself the covering of a 
 drunkard's grave. 
 
 Now, this whole downward process is an evidence 
 of God*s displeasure on account of abused mercies; a 
 displeasure written on many a page of Providence in 
 frightful characters,sometimeseveniti character of fire. 
 
 The end of Nadab and Abihu, whom fire from the 
 Lord consumed, was :,oarcely more signal or more 
 terrible than the end of those miserable beings who 
 are, with increasing frequency, consumed by the slow 
 and quenchless fires which the use of intoxicating 
 liquors hath gradually kindled in the living fibres of 
 their own bodies. 
 
•P0MTANK0U8 COMBUSTION OF DBUMKABDS. 237 
 
 It, the 
 thoie 
 appear 
 ) deni 
 a ears 
 laugh, 
 cune 
 Lstered 
 iterro- 
 house, 
 imatea 
 I let it 
 nd un- 
 turned 
 of the 
 sarcely 
 ikard*s 
 g of a 
 
 idence 
 cies; a 
 ence in 
 r of fire, 
 om the 
 r more 
 gs who 
 le slow 
 icating 
 brea of 
 
 When, a few years since, a case of spontaneous 
 combustion, occurring in the person of an habitual 
 drunkard, was referred to in a temperance address by 
 a distinguished layman, it was generlly regretted. 
 Few of the fViends of temperance were prepared to 
 endorse what then seemed to them so improbable a 
 statement, while the manufacturers and venders, and 
 drinkers of this fiery element took occasion to pro- 
 claim more loudly than ever the folly and fanaticism 
 of men who could be so weak themselves as to be- 
 lieve, and so impertinent as to attempt to impose on 
 others the belief of such ridiculous occurrences. 
 
 But these cases of the death of drunkards by inter- 
 nal fires, kindled often spontaneously, as has been 
 supposed, have become so numerous and so incontro- 
 vertible, that I presume no person of information will 
 now be found who will venture to call the reality ot 
 their existence in question. 
 
 Says Professor Silliman, after having examined this 
 subject : " In all such cases (of consuming alive in 
 consequence of drunkenness), the entire body having 
 become saturated with alcohol, absorbed into all its 
 tissues, becomes highly inflammable, as is indi- 
 cated by the vapor which reeks from the lungs in the 
 breath of the drunkrvrd ; this vapor, doubtless highly 
 alcoholic, may take fire, and the body gradually con- 
 sume/** 
 
 * U has be«n suggested by « learned friend (ReT. J. N. Campbell), 
 that recent experiments made in France had failed to confirm tht 
 •pinion of Professor Silliman, and that it was supposed that the real 
 •ause was the presence of phosphorus. It seemed due to truth to 
 
 Kort. 
 
 f v^ 
 
 r 
 
 L 
 
 !i 
 
 III 
 
988 
 
 CASE CITED. 
 
 For the informatioD of those who may not hereto- 
 fore hare had their attention called to this visitation 
 Df God on drunkards, and of all the dwellers on the 
 earth, only on drunkards, it may, perhaps, not be 
 amiss to give the melancholy details of a single case ; 
 which details will be given in the words of the physi- 
 cian (Dr. Peter Schofield, of Upper Canada,) who 
 reported the same. 
 
 The case in question was, says he: <*that of a 
 young man about twenty-five years of age. He had 
 been an habitual drinker for many years. I saw him 
 about nine o'clock in the evening on which it hap- 
 pened ; he was then, as usual, not drunk, but full of 
 liquor ; about eleven o'clock the same evening, I 
 Was called to see him. I found him literally roasted 
 from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet. 
 He was found in a blacksmith's shop, just across from 
 where he had been. The owner, all of a sudden, 
 discovered an extensive light in his shop, as though 
 the whole building was in one general flame. He 
 ran with the greatest precipitancy, and on throwing 
 open the door, discovered a man standing erect in 
 the midst of a widely extended silver-colored flame, 
 bearing, as he described it, exactly the appearance 
 of the wick of a burning candle, in the midst of its 
 
 mention thia ; although, should this supposition be confirmed, it will 
 not nuteriallj affect the argument. For whether in these oases al- 
 cohol be the actual combustile, or merely the exciting cause of the 
 combustion, the fact still remains, that of all the dwellers on the 
 earth, inebriates are the most exposed to this frightful Tisitation of 
 Proridence. 
 
reto- 
 ation 
 n the 
 at be 
 case; 
 )hy8i- 
 who 
 
 b of a 
 [e bad 
 wbim 
 ; bap- 
 full of 
 
 ling* 1 
 oastod 
 
 18 feet. 
 
 8 from 
 
 dden, 
 
 [bougb 
 
 He 
 
 CASE CITED. 
 
 289 
 
 own flame. He seized him (the drunkard) by the 
 shoulder and jerked him to the door, upon which tlio 
 flame was instantly extinguished. There was no fire 
 in the shop, neither was there any possibility of fire 
 having been communicated to him from any external 
 source. It was purely a case of spontaneous igni- 
 tion. A general sloughing soon came on, and his 
 flesh was consumed or removed in the dressing, leav- 
 ing the bones and a few of the larger blood vessels; 
 the blood nevertheless rallied round the heart, and 
 maintained the vital spark until the thirteenth day, 
 when he died, not only the most loathsome, ill-featur- 
 ed and dreadful picture that was ever presented to 
 human view, but his shrieks, his cries and his lamen- 
 tations also, were enough to rend a heart of adamant. 
 He complained of no pain of body ; his flesh was 
 gone. He said he was suffering the torments of hell ; 
 that he was just upon the threshold, and should soon 
 enter its dismal caverns, and in this frame of mind he 
 gave up the ghost. O ! the death of a drunkard ! 
 Well may it be said to beggar all description. I 
 have seen other drunkards die, but never in a man- 
 aer 80 awful and affecting." 
 
 1, it will 
 
 jases al- 
 
 of tho 
 
 on the 
 
 fttion of 
 
 _3 
 
S30 
 
 SCUKDULE OF NiXKTEEN CASES. 
 
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 bo. 
 
 tf 
 
 -§ 
 
 m 
 
 a ~ 
 
 CO 
 
 '^•3^ 
 ^^(S 
 
 -I 
 
 •iS 
 
 O 
 T3 M) 
 
 •S, .*f 
 
 I: 
 
 .A 
 
 I 
 
 
 :i: 
 
 Si's 
 
 
 
 CO • . . ^ to a» a> 94 o e 
 
 CO ^'♦^t-Qoefloo^ 
 
 *- t-t-t-*-e-aooc ^t-t- 
 
 00 
 
 i^ 
 
 ^e«eo-^>o«Oc-aoo>o^c4ei9'^io«foook 
 
WHAT DO THESE INDICATIONS MEAN? 201 
 
 Now, I asky whut moan these indications of Provi- 
 dence ? or can any sane man doubt what they mean ? 
 Is there anything obscure or equivocal in them ? 
 Are the loss of reason, conscience, self-respect, tho 
 loss of health, the loss of life — the loss of life by 
 deliiium tremens, and especially by the slow fire.'i 
 of self-inflicted vengeance — Are these the blnnd and 
 balmy rewards of obedience? or are they judgments, 
 the fruits of sin; judgments as intelligible as awful ? 
 Doubtless they are judgments, all, all judgments — 
 death by drunkenness, by delirium tremens, and 
 especially death by spontaneous combustion, re- 
 quires no comment. 
 
 Those living human volcanos, exhibited usually, 
 if not always, in the persons of inebriates, furnish a 
 spectacle unutterably appalling; in the view of 
 which, as well as in the view of those other indices 
 of wrath, it would seem as if habitual inebriety was 
 a violation of the laws of life, visited in the providence 
 of God, by signal tokens of his displeasure. 
 
 How else are these signs and signs like these to be 
 interpreted ? or why this distribution of the bounties 
 of providenceMnto aliments and stimulants? why the 
 marked and mighty difference in the effects which 
 they produce by the ordination of God upon the con- 
 stitution of man, if it be not intended to secure on ' 
 his part a corresponding difference in the manner of 
 their use ? 
 
 Does, then, the habitual use of stimulants uni- 
 formly impair, and that of aliments as uniformly re- 
 store the sensibility on which they operate — and is 
 
 
2d& 
 
 EVEN MODERATE USE FOKDIDDEN. 
 
 this an ascertained, settled law of nature f then is it 
 a law that cannot with impunity be transgressed, 
 and they who do transgress it, array tliemselvts 
 against the established order of God's eternal provi- 
 dence, and they do this at their peril, no matter 
 though done in ignorance — done, even on principle, 
 done without the previous intention of offending 
 God, or the knowledge thereafter of having offended 
 Him — no matter though done by God's own children, 
 still, true to his own unchanging nature of the gov- 
 ernment He orduined. He maintains inviolate his laws, 
 even though that maintenance should embitter the 
 joys and shorten the days of those who both love and 
 fear his name. 
 
 Hence, on even the moderate use of intoxicating 
 liquors, the frown of the Almighty is seen to rest ; I 
 say on the moderate use, for no one ever became at 
 once a drunkard — the process is progressive ; each 
 successive victim is led down to ruin, by the slow 
 and almost imperceptible degrees; gradually his 
 reason is impaired, his moral sense is impaired, his 
 constitution is impaired; at length, brutalized in 
 feeling, in character, in appearance, he is disowned 
 by the human family, and stands forth apart, an out- 
 cast, a loathing and a by-word, till finally his abused 
 constitution gives way, and the death scene pre- 
 maturely follows ; which death scene, together with 
 the whole train of antecedent evils, are but the pre- 
 ordained penalties of God's violated law ; a law dis- 
 tinctly announced to transgressors, in every inflictioa 
 
 
RETRIBCTION. 
 
 998 
 
 pre- 
 with 
 
 of its penalty, that meets his eye, through the whole 
 line of his forbidden and disastrous way. 
 
 If these things are so, then the manner of life per- 
 sisted in by the wine drinker, beer drinker, and even 
 cider drinker, as well as the rum and brandy and 
 whiskey drinker, is at variance with the established 
 order of nature, and the will of God as therein re- 
 vealed. You, therefore, who persist in suich a man- 
 ner of life, cannot expect to attain that age to which 
 you might otherwise attain, or to enjoy, even while 
 life lasts, that blessedness which you might otherwise 
 enjoy, or that your children, or your children*s 
 children will attain the one or enjoy the other. 
 
 Here, as elsewhere, the law of God will find the 
 transgressor out. Yes, drinker, moderate drinker, 
 know that ere long you will pay in your own person, 
 or in the person of a son or daughter, or brother or 
 sister, or other kinsman or friend, the mighty forfeit 
 you have dared to stake on the issue of transgressing, 
 with impunity, the established order of God's un- 
 changing providence. Nor are the evils which you 
 are about to bring upon yourselves, or on your 
 family, the only evils. Your position is one which 
 more than any other obstructs the onward movement 
 of the temperance jause, and may be compared to 
 that of those men of old, who, planting themselves 
 before the gate of heaven, neither entered in them- 
 selves, nor suffered those who were entering, to go in. 
 
 Talk not of the innocence of such a course — I 
 address myself to those on whose minds the full force 
 of modern discovery has been brought to bear-^talk 
 
 ' 
 
 I 
 
934 
 
 EXAMPLE MOST POWERFUL. 
 
 not of the innocence of luch a course ; there wot a 
 time when it might have been admissible so to talk ; 
 but those days of ignorancei with regard to many, 
 are past. New truths have been developed, addi- 
 tional light has been shed upon the world ; the specific 
 and deadly poison contained in intoxicating liquors 
 has, in the providence of God, been fully revealed, 
 and, through that revelation he now calls on inebri- 
 ates and the abettors of inebriation everywhere to re- 
 pent. Yes, moderate drinker, he calls on you ; you 
 whose manner of life is at variance with the settled 
 order of his providence ; he calls on you not only to 
 save yourself from the doom of drunkenness, but to 
 save also- those other misguided beings, whom you 
 are urging forward by the force of your example to 
 a like destruction. 
 
 The ragged, squalid, brutal rum-drunkard, who 
 raves in the bar-room, consorts with swine in the 
 gutter, or fills with clamor and dismay the cold and 
 comfortless abode, to which, in the spirit of a demon, 
 he returns at night, much as he injures himself, 
 deeply wretched as he renders his family, exerts but 
 little influence in beguiling others into an imitation 
 of his revolting conduct. On the contrary, as far as 
 bis example goes, it tends to deter from, rather than 
 allure to, oriminul indulgence. From his degrada- 
 tion and his woes, the note of warning is sounded 
 both loud and long, tbut whoever will ^ay hear it, 
 and hearing understand. 
 
 But reputable, moderate. Christian wine drinkers, 
 that is, the drinkers of brandy or whiskey, in admix* 
 
 
 i 
 t 
 h 
 
MODBSATB DRINKBR8. 
 
 236 
 
 who 
 
 the 
 
 and 
 
 ion, 
 
 isclf, 
 
 but 
 
 ition 
 
 tar as 
 
 Ithan 
 
 rada- 
 
 idcd 
 
 ir it, 
 
 Lcrs, 
 
 lix- 
 
 ture with wine or other preparations falsely called 
 wine, the product, not of the vineyard, but of the 
 still or the brew-house ; these are the men who send 
 forth from the high places of society, and sometimes 
 even from the hill of Zion and the portals of the 
 sanctuary, an unsuspected, unrebuked, but powerful 
 influence, which is secretly and silently doing on 
 every side, among the young, among the aged, among 
 even females, its work of death. It is this reputable, 
 authorized, moderate drinking of these disguised 
 poisons, under the cover of an orthodox Christian 
 name, falsely assumed, which encourages youth in 
 their occasional excesses, reconciles the public mind 
 to holiday revelries, shelters from deserved reproach 
 the bar-room tippler, and furnishes a sulve even fur 
 the occasional inquietude of the brutal drunkard's 
 conscience. 
 
 Begard this conduct as we may, there can be no 
 question how God regards it. He has not left him- 
 self without a witness of his displeasure, in any city, 
 or town, or village, or hamlet throughout the 
 land. His judgments are, and are seen to be abroad 
 among us. 
 
 Which, even of our own families, or the families 
 with which we have become connected, have not 
 been visited in the person of some of the members 
 thereof with the curse of drunkenness, that appoint- 
 ed retribution for the sin of drinking ? Which? It 
 is not, hearer, yours, or yours, or mine : certainly 
 there are not many, perhaps not even one within my 
 
 hearing, who has not seen some friend or relative in 
 Non. 
 
 J 
 
836 
 
 ABE NOT THE CUILDBEN VISITED. 
 
 rain, unutterable ruin, produced by this useless, inju- 
 rious, and yet reputable habit of moderate drinking ; 
 a habit to which men cling, against their reason, 
 against their conscience, oflen even against their in- 
 clination, and this because they shrink from acting on 
 their own responsibility, and lack the courage to 
 obey God speaking in his providence,rather than man. 
 
 If there were but one such pitiable object as a 
 drunkard — a poor, diseased, demented drunkard, 
 within the whole circle of our acquaintance, on whose 
 intellect, on whose moral sense, on whose whole 
 organism was inflicted the vengeance which alcohol 
 inflicts, it might well All us with dismay; what ought 
 our emotions then to be, when there is not perhaps 
 a single family throughout that circle which does not, 
 in its relations, contain more than one such object ? 
 
 Is not God evidently visiting the iniquities of 
 fathers upon children in this respect ? The fathers, 
 enterprizing and industrious, accumulated wealth, 
 acquired honors, but they conformed to the usages 
 which fashion sanctioned, and presented the inebria- 
 ting cup to their families, their friends, and even 
 pressed it, early pressed it, to their children's lips. 
 And where are those children now, and what is their 
 condition? Ah, me ! their condition is that of hope- 
 less poverty, and they may be found, if not in prisons 
 or hospitals, in the veriest rendezvous of vice, and 
 among the most degraded and abandoned of the 
 species. Or if not yet thus totally reduced and pub- 
 licly disgraced, they may be found in concealment, 
 disgraced in their own estimation, disgraced in the 
 
U THERE AMY AUSOLUTK NKCESBllY. 
 
 237 
 
 I 
 
 eatimation of friends, hnmblod, agonized friends, who 
 are struggling to keep up nppeurances, and conceal 
 from tlie public eye those blasted hopes, those un- 
 natural crimes, and that unutterable misery that 
 exists, in all the aggravation that despair can impart 
 to misery, within their once peaceful and perliaps 
 envied and joyous place of habitation. 
 
 Why then in sober reason (for I may say as Paul 
 said, **I am not mad, but speak the words of truth 
 and soberness") why then, though no fanatic, and 
 having no sympathy with fanatics — I repeat the in- 
 terrogation, why should we, since neither revelation 
 Qor nature enjoins or even sanctions the procedure 
 — why should we in the face of all the warnings of 
 the present, of the past, of the word and the provi- 
 dence of God, persist in the use of intoxicating 
 liquors as a beverage ; especially in the use of such 
 liquors as are bought and sold and drank among us 1 
 
 Is there any absolute necessity, or even any plau- 
 sible, I hud almost said imaginable reason for it — I 
 mean a reason which an intellectual, and moral, and 
 immortal being would not blush to name? 
 
 Have those who use these liquors as a beverage 
 any advantage over those who do not ? If so, what 
 is it ? To Buy nothing of the guilt or innocence of 
 their use, do those who use them live longer, or do 
 they enjoy life better while they do live ? Is their 
 muscle firmer, their complexion more healthy, or 
 their breath less offensive? Cantliey endure the sum- 
 mer's heat or the winter's cold longer ? Are they 
 more exempt from sickness, or when sickness comes, 
 
S38 
 
 WHBNOI TBI8 mCOVSIHTKirOT. 
 
 iMt litble to detth t IUto they t elearer intelleot, a 
 ■erener frftme of mind, a lest irritable temper or a 
 more approving conscience ? 
 
 With oil this array of bottles, and decanters, and 
 demijohns, and beer barrels, and rum jugs, is there 
 one attribute of body or of mind, one joy of earth or 
 hope of Heaven, in reference to which he who drinka 
 has any advantage over him who does not drink of 
 this profane, bewildering, intoxicating beverage T 
 
 Let us not lose our reason with our temper. Now 
 that the times of that ignorance which God winked 
 at are passed ; now that chemistry, which reveals to 
 the brewer the methods of adulteration, reveals also 
 to mankind the methods of detection ; now that it is 
 known not only that alcohol is poison, but also that 
 olher andintenser poisons are mingled with it in the 
 distilled liquors, in the fermented liquors, nay, even 
 in the ^ery wines, falsely so called, which we drink ; 
 now that religion and philosophy are both arrayed 
 against it ; what is there to induce a Christian, a 
 patriot^ or even a political economist, to desire to 
 perpetuate among his countrymen and kindred the 
 use of liquors — liquors never necessary, often hurt- 
 ful, and sometimes even deadly 9 
 
 Whence this inconsistency ? How comes it that 
 individuals otherwise intelligent and sagacious, quick 
 to perceive and prompt to pursue their true interest, 
 should in this particular commit an error as flagrant 
 as fatal, and already sad with disappointment and 
 bleeding with wounds, — 
 
 " sun preH against that «pear, 
 On whoae aharp point peace bleeds and hope expires?" 
 
DRUVKINNKM 18 TBBRIBUC, 
 
 239 
 
 ilUot, % 
 )r or a 
 
 in, and 
 ii there 
 arth or 
 drinka 
 Irink of 
 ige? 
 
 Now 
 ivinked 
 veali to 
 aU also 
 Imt it !■ 
 Iso that 
 ; in the 
 y, even 
 drink; 
 irrayed 
 tian, a 
 sire to 
 ed the 
 1 hurt- 
 it that 
 , quick 
 iterest, 
 agrant 
 it and 
 
 After all our experience, our hitter exporiunoc, of 
 the frtittfl of intoxicating liquori, they must not be 
 rclinquiiihod ; must not, unleM in very measured 
 terms, be spoken against. 
 
 And yet it is not blessings, but judgments, nume- 
 rous and grievous to be borne, that the use of these 
 liquors has brought u}>on us ; nor on us alone — pau- 
 perism and crime, disease and death, have marked 
 their introduction, and their progress, as a beverage, 
 on every continent and island, and among every 
 kindred, and tongue, and people, on the planet we 
 inhabit* 
 
 Drunkenness is terrible, and is admitted to be ter- 
 rible. Half the miseries of the human family spring 
 from drunkenness, and are known to spring from it ; 
 and yet we are unwilling to relinquish the use of the 
 very articles that produce it, the only articles thut 
 produce it, and which, unless we change our habits, 
 or the course of nature changes, will continue to 
 produce it among our posterity, through all future 
 generations ! 
 
 Talk not of ultraism ! than this, can there be 
 greater ultraism? For Christians, for Christian 
 parents, following the biers of neighbors, and friends, 
 and kindred, and standing amid grave-yards filled 
 with the victims of intoxicating liquors ; for Christ- 
 ians and Christian parents thus situated to cling to 
 their cups, and array themselves against the tempe- 
 rance reformation ; or for them to lack the moral 
 courage to remove at once and forever, from their 
 tables and their side-boards, and from before the eyes 
 
 NOTT 
 
240 
 
 TEETOTALERS FREE FROM BLAME. 
 
 r I 
 
 of their children, those elements of temptation, which 
 are the admitted cause of all this guilt and misery , 
 if this be not fanaticism, and- fanaticism the most ad- 
 verse to the hopes of the country and of the world, 
 then I know not whether anything exists upon this 
 planet that deserves the name. 
 
 In the guilt of this infliction of misery and waste 
 of life which intoxicating liquors occasion, we who 
 practice total abstinence are not partakers. What- 
 ever other sins may be laid to our charge, we are 
 free from this one sin ; we do not taste this treacher- 
 ous cup ourselves nor put it to our neighbor's lips. 
 
 Since we became " teetotalers," we have not 
 codperated with the distiller, the beer brewer, or the 
 wine brewer, or rum selling grocer, in training up 
 victims for the dyspepsia, or dropsy, or consumption, 
 or cholera, to operate upon. 
 
 Nay, we have done nothing to furnish, even indi- 
 rectly, by inebriation, new recruits of paupers for 
 the poor-house, criminals for the prison-house, 
 maniacs for the asylum, or sots for the gutter or the 
 grave-yard. Of the thousands of the debased beings 
 now begging in rags, toiling among convicts, or rav- 
 ing with delirium tremens, none owe their debase- 
 ment or their misery to the influence of our counsel 
 or example. 
 
 But 80 far as we are concerned, we have taken 
 from the inebriate the shelter of both ; we have put 
 it out of his power, while harranguing to his com- 
 panions in public, or communing with himself in 
 private, to lay that flattering unction to his soul, that 
 
A CONSOLATION. 
 
 241 
 
 indi- 
 
 8 for 
 
 lousei 
 
 Ir the 
 
 jinga 
 
 rav- 
 
 »a8e- 
 
 insel 
 
 iken 
 put 
 50in- 
 Lf in 
 Itbat 
 
 lober, reflecting, moral men, nay, that even profes* 
 BorH of religion, nay, even teachers of religion, are on 
 his side, and that in their conduct he can find a vin- 
 dication of his own. 
 
 Especially have we put it beyond the power of 
 those interesting youth, removed from their friends 
 and their home, and entrusted to our care ; youtli 
 surrounded by so many snares, exposed to so many 
 temptations j especially have we put it beyond their 
 power to find, in our precepts or example, either 
 pretext or apology for tasting even of that fatal 
 chalice which,by bewildering the reason and inflaming 
 the passions,prepares the way for taking the inceptive 
 step in that downward course that leads through the 
 dram shop, the oyster cellar, the play-house, the 
 gaming room and those other nameless places of 
 juvenile resort, aye ! places which I may not name, 
 down to the abodes of death. 
 
 In this thought there is a consolation, as well as in 
 that other thought, that whatever may be our future 
 lot on earth, whatever unknown and unexpected ills 
 may be held in reservation for us and ours, one thing 
 is certain, come what will, if true to our principles, 
 we are at least secure from that whole class of curs- 
 es comprehended in the single curse of drunkenness. 
 
 Drinkers, I mean moderate drinkers, of all intoxi- 
 cating liquors, whether students or citizens, profes- 
 sors of religion or not, be assured that neither reve- 
 lation or nature are on your side, and that whether 
 you hear or forbear, the uniformity of Providence 
 will be maintained and the purposes and go vernmezit 
 
2U 
 
 PAU8K AND LOOK BACK. 
 
 of Gk>d will stand, and in the onward progreM of 
 time, what has been will bo hereafter. 
 
 Pause, then, I beseech you ; look back on the past, 
 and see within the circle of your acquaintance h6w 
 many families you can number up who have not fur- 
 nished to this dread destroyer at least one victim. 
 Here I might But I forbear. •••••• 
 
 It were not befitting publicly to lift that veil that 
 covers the painful reminiscences that occur. Let it 
 rest ; or rather lift it mentally, and in the retirement 
 of that secret chamber of your hearts, lift it ; 
 yea, ye parents who have childfen now moderate 
 drinkers — husbands that have wives now mode- 
 rate drinkers — wives that have husbands now 
 moderate drinkers — lift that veil, and, in the light 
 the past sheds upon the future, consider what they 
 will hereafter be, and prepare betimes for your com- 
 in<; destinv. 
 
 ! Great God ! if the past be an index to the 
 future !^^nd why should it not be ? — ^if the past be 
 an index to the future, who can, where intoxicating 
 liquors, as a beverage, are in use, look around upon 
 a family, however lovely, however innocent, howev- 
 er full of promise, without shuddering? 
 
 And why should not the past be an index to the 
 future ? Admit this, — and is there anything unrea- 
 i^onable in its admission? — admit this, and I ask no 
 more. 
 
 This admitted, and what discreet parent is there, 
 what ingenuous child is there,who would not practice 
 the self-denial and make the sacrifice, if there be 
 
I I 
 
 of 
 
 e h6w 
 ot fur- 
 victim. 
 
 )il that 
 
 Let it 
 
 rement 
 
 ift it; 
 
 ^derate 
 
 modc- 
 
 \ now 
 
 ^e light 
 
 t they 
 
 r cora- 
 
 to the 
 
 >ast he 
 
 eating 
 
 upon 
 
 owev- 
 
 to the 
 lunrea- 
 lask no 
 
 SELF-DENIAL. 
 
 243 
 
 i) 
 
 either self-denial or sacrifice, that would he availing 
 to change the course of destiny, and ward off from 
 those we love th^ iippendin^ danger? 
 
 There is, hearer, as has been shown, such a self- 
 denial and such a sacrifice. 
 
 Time will tell who of you have the magnanimity 
 t^ act accordipgly, and eternity reveal the naigl^ty 
 consequences of t|iA^ QiQtioii. 
 
 "A 
 
 there, 
 ractice 
 $re be 
 
 1 
 
LECTURE No. IX. 
 
 MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED 
 TO STRONG DRINK. 
 
 Nature still farther interrogated — Another page turned — The re- 
 Rponse in the Htructure of creation and the orderings of Frori- 
 dence -•- Man made for temperance and chastity — Excess fatal — 
 The intrepid engineer — The voice of Nature, the voice of God — 
 Ilis disapprobation of intoxicating liquors stamped on the whole 
 huronn organism — Especially the human stomach — Explanation 
 of the drawings of Doct. Sewal — The maniac. 
 
 In the preceding lecture we proposed to enter, and 
 interrogate nature in her own temple, concerning the 
 will of God, and tlie duty of man in relation to the 
 use of intoxicating liquors. We have done so, and 
 have heard the response that was returned. 
 
 Let us again enter the same temple — repeat the 
 same interrogation — and turning another leaf in the 
 booii of nature, attend to the response returned — a 
 response returned in the visible structure of creation 
 and the daily ordjrings of Providence. 
 
 Throughout the entire empire of Jehovah design 
 is apparent, and in all the provinces of that empire 
 means are adapted to ends. 
 
 The oak, exposed to the onset of the tempest and 
 liable to be riven by the lightnings of thunder, while 
 it raises upwards its massive trunk, and spreads out 
 
 U 
 
WT1Y THIS DIFPERENCB OF STRUCTURE. 24/S 
 
 VI 
 
 I 
 
 itf giant branches, sends downwards its roots of 
 strength amid the crevices of the everlasting rocks, 
 and thus stays itself on its broad, deep, strong foun- 
 dations. Whereas the ivy that entwines that trunk, 
 and the osier that grows beneath the shadow of those 
 branches, are frail, delicate, and proclaimed by their 
 very structure to be designed, not to furnish, but to 
 receive protection. 
 
 The eye and the wing of the eagle ** that dwelleth 
 i^pon the crag of the rock and seeketh her prey afar 
 off,'* are suited to her daring flight and extensive 
 field of vision. 
 
 Strength is given to the war horse ; his neck is 
 clothed with thunder — the sinews of BeheiDoth are 
 like brass, his bones like bars of iron. The album of 
 the forest tree is protected by its rind ; the organism 
 of fish by their scales ; of brutes by their fur ; of 
 birds by their plumage \ but the human organism is 
 furnished with no adequate corresponding protection, 
 against either the summer's heat or the winter's cold, 
 and yet that organism is frail, delicate and compli- 
 cated, beyond all imagining. 
 
 What means this difference of structure and of 
 defence, if it do not indicate a corresponding differ- 
 rence of design? In this, O man, "fearfully and 
 wonderfully made,'* thou hearest the voice of thy 
 Creator saying, *• thou wast made for temperance and 
 chastity — for the government of reason, for the 
 restraints of conscience and of religion — destined to 
 partake of purer joys and presently to enter on a 
 higher and holier state of being, for which thou 
 
; 
 
 246 
 
 LAVOISIER. 
 
 canst only be prepared by a practiced self-govem- 
 ment, and a voluntary self-denial ; thy frail me- 
 chanism cannot endure the unrestrained cravings of 
 excited appetite or the rude impulses of inflamed 
 passion. 
 
 In health, aliments alone supply all the energy 
 that such a structure as thine can endure ; and it is 
 on rare and great occasions, only in sickness or other 
 marked crises of thy being, that additional and 
 auxiliary stimulants are admissible ; and the man 
 who indulges in the habitual use of such stimulants, 
 does this in defiance of law, a law written by the 
 finger of God, in living characters, on the delicate 
 organism of his own body ; * an organism against 
 
 * Aliments ar« necessary aa well to provide for the growth of the 
 bodj in early life, as to repair the waste which, in old and young alike, 
 is ever taking place. 
 
 Laroiaicr, a celebrated French chemist, states *' that the skin alone, 
 during every twenty-four hours, parts with twenty ounces of useletie 
 matter. To this important source of waste may be added that of the 
 alimentary canal and various organs of excretion, not omitting also the 
 impiurc air which is continually being emitted from the lungs. Tbia 
 large separation of useless matter indicates the necessity of a continual 
 •upply of fresh nourishment. The system otherwise would be liable to 
 premature dissolution or decay. To affect this restoration the reparative 
 organs must be in a healthy condition. Derangements of the digestive 
 functions, in particular, is inimical to healthy restoration. The lungs, 
 the heart, the liver, &c., have each their separate functions, and con* 
 tribute their appropriate share towards restoring the wastes of the 
 iiystem. Derangeniont, then, of any or all of these functions is more or 
 less injurious to health by preventing those processes which are essen- 
 tial to its continuance." 
 
 To supply this waste which is perpetually taking place (Anti>Bac- 
 cbus, p. 17d), " our food is digested, converted into blood, and circu> 
 Utcd to every point, both externa) and internal, of our frame, and by thif 
 
BT. MARTIK — DIFFUSIVE STIMULANTS. 
 
 947 
 
 which, by such indulgence, he is performing a suicidal 
 act, the effect of which act soon becomes apparent, 
 
 meant wo aro nourished and our itrengh Ii renewed. Animal food, 
 wholefome bread, nutritioui yegetableii and fVuita, when properly 
 digested, nmplj and suitably supply the waste and absorptio'i of the 
 body. The gastric Juice is produced in exact proportion to the wants 
 of the system. In a laboring man the expenditure and exhaustion it 
 much greater than in one who is inactive, and it is a well known faot 
 that in the stomach of the former there is a larger quantity of gastrio 
 juice ready to digest or chyme a greater quantity of food, and for this 
 reason, the recluse, if he cat as much as the plowman, must suffer 
 from indigestion, because his stomach finds it difficult to digest more 
 than his absorption actually requires. It must also be observed that 
 nothing but * solid substances ' can be dij^estcd. Tho stomach cannot 
 digest water or any fiiher liquor, and therefore cannot turn it into 
 blood. Dr. Beaumont found, in the cose of St. Bf urtin, that liquids, as 
 soon as they entered the stomach, were absorbed 'ly the v'^rous capil- 
 lary tubes which are spread over that organ, and consequcntl.v <;arricd 
 out of the body by the kidneys. Milk was immediately conguIateO. the 
 whey absorbed and the curb digested ; soups, by these little tubes wv^rc 
 filtered, the parts retained for digestion and the liquid or water taken 
 into the veins. The same is the case with beer, cider and wine. The 
 water which they contain, and the spirit, or strength, which is lighter 
 than water, are taken up by the absorbents, and the very, very small 
 portion of solid matter which is lell, is, if not too hard for such a pro* 
 cess, subjected to digestion. 
 
 *' Aliments are indispensable to health and vigor,, and even to life 
 itself. It is otherwise with stimulants. Stimulants, whether local or 
 diffiisible, that is, whether acting merely on a single organ or on several, 
 neither repair the wastes of the organism, or add to the energy of the 
 vital principle. They accelerate, merely for the time being, the action 
 of the syHtem, and by accelerating exhaust the vit vtto, as well as 
 blunt the f^cusibility of the whole nervous structure on which they 
 ciperate. 
 
 Local or simple stimulants (Bacchus, p. 816), irritate the parts with 
 which they come in contact, and affect the other parts of the system 
 
 NoTr. 
 
248 
 
 CONSCIOUS SENSATION. 
 
 in the deranged movement of that organism ; in the 
 suspended performance of its several functions ; und 
 
 only byreMon of the rital connection which ezLiti between the poiti 
 li\)arod, and the other portions of the systtii. A strong stimulnnt, fur 
 instance, applied to the stomach, ii^jures its Ainctions, and consequenMj 
 more or less interferes with its cnpability to carry on perfect digention. 
 Hence other organic functions sufTer indirectly, in part, by reason of 
 their being deprived of proper noari:»hmcnf, and partly because of the 
 n*.orbid sympathies which arc excited in tlint important organ. 
 
 2d. Diffwtive atimulanti also act ii\juriousIy on the pnits witb 
 which they come in contact, but difler from the former clara in their 
 Influence, being cxtcnted over the whole of the system. If an indi< 
 viduai swallow a small proportion of pure spirit on an onipty stomnch, 
 A sensation of burning or irritation ensues. Other and more distont 
 organs, however, shortly afterwards pnrticipato/ M'he brain- in par* 
 ticular, exhibits marks of disorder, and a species of temporary dell* 
 Hum, or mental excitement follows, in addition to general physical 
 disturbance. All of thcsa symptoms indicate some peculiar influence 
 by which diffusive stimulants expand and operate over the whole of the 
 animal functions. The organic medium by which this is cfTected will 
 subsequently be referred to. 
 
 For these reasons it will easily be perceived how incomparably 
 more dangerous are the class of diffusive stimulants than those desig* 
 Dated as "simple stimulants.** The latter exercise their injurioui 
 powers on a limited scale only ; wh!le the former possess the property 
 of iDJuring one or more of the vital functions at the same time. The 
 brain, for example, may be silently undergoing destructive changes 
 while at the same period the stomach and its functions may be so dia 
 ordered as to hinder digestion and nutrition ; and thus the two granc 
 sources of life and energy suffer either Bimultuneously or successively 
 from the same pernicious cause. 
 
 The brain in this case, of course, is affected thiough the medium of 
 the nervous system, which is essential to life, and suppHes all the func* 
 tions through their respective organs with their vital energy; cons^ 
 quently an injury done to the nervous, necessarily extends itf 
 deleterious effects to cll the operations of the system, and this in 
 
STIMULANTS — THK VITAL POWER. f^ 
 
 the speedy and inevitable dissolution of all its parti 
 -—I Bay suicidal, because this premature dissolution 
 
 proportion to the RU^ceptlbillty and energy of the different parts, an 
 regulated by their organic constitution. 
 
 The pociilinr powcrd of tho nervous system bear an important rela- 
 tion in regard to tlie prcnont inquiry. In roiution to diet, one of 
 nature's sentinels consists in the dittinct sensation witich is experienced 
 when the stomach is ^.oaded with food, either improper in its quantity 
 or injurious in quality. The class of difiVisive stimulants, howerer, 
 when taken in moderate quantities, produce more or less injury with- 
 out exciting- conscious i«n$ation\n the stomach* General exhiliration 
 usually follows moderate Tinous indulgence, but the stomach itself, 
 when in a state of health, may or may not display conscious gratifl* 
 cation or dislike. 
 
 In thu conMiiti the great danger of moderate drinking. Individuals 
 commonly do not feel any uneasy sensations consequent on moderate 
 indulgence in wine. They cannot, therefore, for a moment suspect the 
 slightest possibility of injurious consequencecs arising from a cause 
 apparently so Innocent and devoid of danger. Experience and ex* 
 tended obserration, however, lead us to a contrary conclusion. The 
 healthy relation of the system may for some lime be almost impercep* 
 tibly undermined, and its harmonic us operations disturbed, and not tho 
 slightest suspicion be entertained that tlicee changes have originated 
 in some ii\juiious though silent action on the digestive organs. " Thia 
 circumstance,** remarks Dr. Johnson, '* leads us to divide into two 
 great classes those symptomatic or sympathetic affections of various 
 organs in the body, dependent on a morbid condition of the stomach 
 and bowels, viz : into that which is accompanied by conaciout eentatiott, 
 irritation, pain, or obviously disordered functions of the organs of di* 
 gestion— and into that which is 7wt acconiponied by sensible disorder 
 of the said organs or their functions. Contrary to the general opinion, 
 I venture to maintain, from very long and attentive observation of 
 phenomena in others, as well as in ray own person, that this latter class 
 of human afflictions is infinitely more prevalent, more distressing and 
 more obstinate than the former. It is a class of disorders, the source, 
 Deat and nature of which are, in nine cases out of ten, overlooked, and 
 11* 
 
950 
 
 TBI VITAL POWBB. 
 
 of a itructure, formcu originally for greater endmv 
 anoe, ia not ov/iog, either in ita inception, ita progreM 
 
 for T«i7 obvioiu raatoiia, bceauM the morbid phenomeiM pr«Mnt Uiem> 
 telret anywhere and eTerjrwhero except in the spot where they hare 
 their origin.**— J^May en It%dig*UUm^ pmg* 8. 
 
 Thouiande and teni of thoutanda of indiriduala are in the preeent 
 day martyr* to indigeition, and more or leM auffer from organic dia- 
 ordera of rarioua kinda, altogether attributable to the moderate and 
 habitual use of intoxicating liquora. 
 
 Stimulanta not only diminish the excitability of the iiyitem, they also 
 dimiuuih the vital power, **<Aa< proptrty potnttd by ike Avmaik 
 /VaM«, wAtVA may h* dtnominmted tht tel/ prtatrvimg potttr ofnattitt,^ 
 The vital power ia that roysteriouM influence which pervadea all living 
 matter, imparting life, vigor, and animation, in addition to the power 
 of Buataining exiatence for a limited period. It snataina man through 
 extraordinary phyaical exortion, and endowa hie conatitution with the 
 power to roaiat, to a certain extent, the effieota of exccasive heat or 
 cold, labor and fhtigue. Man ia peculiarly aubjeot to the vioiaaitudea 
 of climate and of aeaeona. -BuBineM or'^pleaaure may direct him to 
 countriea, the olimatea of which are either in the extremea of heat or 
 cold. In hia own or foreign lauds, he may be exposed to sudden im- 
 preseions, arising from the changes of the aeaaona. All of theae vi- 
 cissitudes the vital power enables him to sustain with comparative im- 
 punity, provided he has not exhautted iU influence by intemperate 
 habite. The same power, in a healthy condition, preserves him from 
 the injurious influence of marsh miamna^ poisonous vegetable exhala- 
 tions, and other noxious effluvia, to the dangera of which most persons 
 are more or less subject. 
 
 The vital power is the same in all human beings ; modified, it is trn<>, 
 by peculiar circumstances. It is possessed by the native of the toi vid, 
 as well as the frij,id and temperate zones, and sustains him in all the 
 physical exertions to which he is liable. The tenacity of this principle 
 of nature displays itself in the wonderful exertions of travelers. 
 
 The Arab, with a very small proportion of sustenance, traverses 
 scorching deserts for hundreds and even thoosanda of roilea ; the 
 soldier, in the midst of the mo:tt trying physical circumstances, 
 
DR. IIUKELAMD. 
 
 tt^i 
 
 or ilt oontunimation, to any unavoidablo acc{ilent<*^ 
 to any neoeuity of nature, but to the violence of a 
 
 I 
 
 Midarca tong and raenrating maroliei. A light proportion of food, a 
 fflw hour's rest, and the body is iiiTigorated, and again oapablt of 
 •neountering labors of an astonishing charaeter. Saoh is the sustain* 
 hig and life preserving Influence of the vital power. How important, 
 then, than mankind should minutely ascertain tlioae circumstanoea 
 which contribute to enerTate and destroy this active principle. 
 
 It may be observed, that this power can only be secured in a healthy 
 state by* the regular and harmonious action of all the functions of the 
 system. It is subject to, and a consequence of a due performanee of 
 the organic laws. Proper food, air, exercise and rest are essential to 
 Its oontlnuanoe. Every circumstance, Ihereforo, which tends to derange 
 or enfeeble the animal functions, diminishes in a greater or less degree 
 the force of the vital power. Many circumstances contribute to this 
 result, but among other causes none have so groat a tendency tu de« 
 crease the vitality of the system as that of intemperance. Intoxi> 
 eating liquors for a time increase the excitability of the vital power. 
 This effect, however, is quickly succeeded by languor and exhaustion. 
 Intemperance thus shortens the duration of human life. Each act of 
 indulgence decreases the energy and strength of the vital power, until 
 at lost the unhappy victim of strong drink fulls an unavoidable iuhI 
 premature victim to his unnatural career. « 
 
 To obtain a more familiar notion of the nature of the vital power, 
 U may be interesting, by way of Illustration, to compare the human 
 fhime to a machine of limited powers, in other words, one which, by 
 previous experiment, Is calculated to undergo for a limited period a 
 certain degree of labor. Produce more labor from this roacliinc than 
 it Is calculated to perform, and in the same proportion will be the 
 limit of its duration. There Is an exact analogy in this case witii 
 respect to the human frame. The Creator has given to our phyisieal 
 constitution a power sufllcient for all natural purposes. If by intem- 
 perance, of whatever character, or arising from whatever source, 
 we excite irregular action in the system, the human machine becomes 
 .>n>portionably debilitated In its power and limited in Hi duration. 
 
 XotT. 
 
 i 'i 
 
 i I 
 
869 
 
 DR. DOD. 
 
 preMuro to which it had hu'ti Hubjucttfil through the 
 rathneM of tho agent tu whoso suporvision it hud by 
 itt Maimer been subjected. 
 
 Tli«a« genoml remark* will enable tlio rvnclur to undsratand why U bat 
 
 b««o MMriud that titu longlh of a niairit life may bo catlinattfd l>jr tb« 
 
 pulsalioni h« liaa ■trongth to perform. An Ingnnioua author, from 
 
 ihU olroum«tanoe, makoH the following caloulatlona : If we alto'f Mventj 
 
 yeara for the uaual ago of man, and aixty pulitationi in a minute for tht 
 
 common measure of pulaca of a temperate pcrion, tho number of puU 
 
 •ationa in hit wholo life would amount to 'J, 207,520,000. If by lutein* 
 
 peranott he force his blood into a more rapid motion, so aa to glv« 
 
 MTonty*flve puNea in a minute, the nan e number of pulsca would he 
 
 •ompleted In flfty-slx ycara. Hla life by thla roeana would b« 
 
 reduced fourteen ycarH. Tho celebrated phyaiulan, Dr. Uufuland, 
 
 appears to lay much atrcaa on tho circulation with respect to longevity. 
 
 He roroarka that " a 1/010 uniform puha is a strong sign of long life and 
 
 a great ikienna to promote it." And ngain, *' a principal cnuso of our 
 
 internal conaumption or spontaneous wasting, lies in tho continual 
 
 eiroulation of the blood. He who has a hundred pulsationa In a minute 
 
 may be waatcd far more quickly than ho who hua only fifty. Thoso 
 
 therefore whose pulse la alwaya quick, and in whom every trifling ogl* 
 
 totion of mind or erery additional drop of wine increasea the motion of 
 
 tho heart, are unfortunate candidates for longevity, since their whole 
 
 *ife iaa continued fever." Dr. Dod Informs us that under tho increased 
 
 •zcitement of alcohol '* tho circulation is quickened and thu diameter 
 
 tflheveasels through which the blood has to flow is diminished.'* 
 
 More work is demanded at the very time that the capacity of thette 
 
 wonderful tubea for their labor is dcercaaed. In tho wiso economy of 
 
 ■ature, " a given amount of blood, with a given force in a glveu 
 
 lime," and through pipes of a given and proper ** diameter," js to bo 
 
 circulated ; by drinking intoxicating drinks, we Increase the quantity 
 
 of fluid which we have changed into fiery, contaminated blood, we in< 
 
 crease the force that propels it, we shorten the time in which it ie tob« 
 
 done, and at the same moment decrease the diameter of the tubei 
 
 through which it is to pass — and is it any wonder that blood vessela 
 
 burst, sometimes on the brain and cause instant death f sometimes in 
 
 Uio lungs, and aflOJot for life that mysterious purifier of the blood i la 
 
TBI IXint:PU> R.NOINEER. 
 
 S63 
 
 When during the Uto storm on the groat weatorii 
 loket, that intrepid engineer, of whom we have heard 
 ■0 much, planted hiifoot upon the lever of the safety 
 valves,and caused his fires to bo plied with that inflam- 
 mable combustilo, which suddenly supplied in such 
 
 from 
 
 Icsin 
 
 It wondtrAil (hat by tht buraUng of oTorworked, OTcrliMt«d Mid pois* 
 ooed TOMoU, " dlMiMd dcpoxits'* ahould b« formed whioh lOfty ulcerate 
 the lungM, OMlfy tho heart, produce caitroi'a and oalouU of TariouK 
 d«Mrlpt(oni and kinds? 
 
 Bleeding at the noac, hnrriorrhoidal and otiier dlieaaed fluxei and 
 •welling* occur (h>m the tamo oauio. Ai alcohol oapeoialljr, leeka tho 
 heart, the aeat of life, and propeli it with a deadly velocity, and 
 ■eeka the brain, the fioat of thought, intelligence and moral Judg- 
 ment, and, by loading the blood Yeesela uf that delicate organ, 
 enoumbera the head, ia it to bo wondered ot that palpitation of the 
 heart enauea, or that the mind ia too confiiied to think, or that the 
 oye beeomea dim, the ear* deaf, and tho tonguo clammy f Persona 
 that drink itimulating liquora have a swimming In their heads, a 
 dimness before their vision, a ringing in their ears, a nervous 
 sense of obstruction in the organs of speech, a supposed ball rising 
 up in their throats, and a palsied shake of the hand and tottering 
 of the limba. And nothing could be more natural than that it should 
 be so. 
 
 Dr. Gordon, of the London hospital, states that firom actual obser> 
 ration on his own patients, ho knew that seventy^five eases of disease 
 out of every hundred could bo traced to drinking. He also declared 
 that most of the bodies of moderate drinkers, which, when at Edin> 
 burg, he had opened, were found diseased in the liver ; and that these 
 symptoms appeared dso in the bodies of temperate people whioh he 
 had examined in the West Indies. He more than once says *' that 
 the bodies whose livers he had found diseased were those of moral and 
 religious people." the same witness observed that ** the mortality 
 among the ooal whippers who are brought to the London hospital is 
 ftigbtftil.** fie alHO adds that " tlie moment these beer drinkers are 
 atUicked with atoy acute disease, they are unable to bear depletion, 
 ftod die directly." 
 
26i 
 
 TUU INTREPID ENQINEEfi. 
 
 quantities the mighty agent by which that noble 
 steamer, in despite of the billows and the tempest, 
 forced her way off* from that rock-bound shore on 
 which she had been driven, and which threatened all 
 on board with instant and inevitable death — when 
 during that storm that intrepid engineer planted his 
 foot on the lever of his safety valve and caused his 
 fires to be plied with such inflammable combustible, 
 would he have done this, think you, in the same assur- 
 ancc of hope, had his manner been, reckless of con- 
 sequence, to subject his boilers and machinery, on 
 every trivial occasion, to the like extreme and fright- 
 ful pressure; or had these been so subjected and 
 weakened and rent thereby, would they have re- 
 sponded to the demand made upon them in this hour of 
 danger? Ah no! it was because that engineer, prudent 
 as well as intrepid, had hitherto spared his machinery 
 and husbanded his resources, that when the crisis 
 came, awful as it was, he was prepared to meet it. 
 
 There are crises in other voyages to which the 
 crisis just alluded to is quite analogous, when un- 
 wonted energy of action is demanded, an energy 
 which stimulants are availing to call forth. But even 
 stimulants avail not where the organism itself, or' 
 the sensibility of the organism on which stimulants 
 operate, has been impaired by stimulants. And hence 
 the victim of disease often becomes prematurely the 
 victim of death, because he has familiarized in health, 
 and by familiarizing in health rendered impotent in 
 sickness, those remedial agencies which God in 
 mercy has provided for those seasons of affliction. 
 
 { 
 
ASK TOUR PHYSICIAN. 
 
 255 
 
 Know you not, drinker, that by the use in health 
 of that which was provided for sickness, you are 
 reversing the order of nature, and rendering health 
 more precarious, sickness more speedy and more 
 violent, and recovery therefrom more doubtful and 
 more difficult ? 
 
 Ask your physician, and he will tell you that even 
 the moderate use of intoxicating liquors in health 
 shortens its duration and increases in sickness the 
 chances of death.* And how should it be otherwise ? 
 
 I 
 
 * Those who have been aooustomed to liye freely, invariably fall an 
 easy prey to the attacks of disease. With such persons the slightest 
 injury is fVequeutly attended with the most serious results. The vital 
 ftinctions are unable to pei^^rm their accustomed labors, and conse- 
 quently the vts natunx is incapable of resisting the effects either of in- 
 ternal or external ii\jurie8. Thus the slightest cold or comparatively 
 trifling physical injury, is in general attended with danger and often 
 with loss of life. In some inebriate cases the principle of vitality is so 
 small that it is suddenly extinguished by little more than ordinary exer- 
 tion or exposure to unusual heat or cold ; and even, as has not unfre- 
 quently happened, 6y aimple indtUgenee in a glatt of cold water. 
 The substance of the following remarks not very long ago went the 
 rounds of the public papers: Medical men of experience in the metrop- 
 olis are familiar with the ftict that confirmed' beer drinkers in 
 London can scarcely scratch their fingers without risk of their lives. 
 A copious London beer drinker is all one vital part ; he wears his hear, 
 upon his sleeve, bare to the death wound even from a rusty nail or tht 
 claw of a cat. The worst patients brought into the metropolitan 
 hospitals are those apparently fine models of health, strength and sound- 
 ness, the London draymon. It appears that when one of these receives 
 a serious injury it is always necessary to amputate in order to give the 
 patient the most distant chance of life. The draymen have the unlim- 
 ited privilege of the brewer's cellar. Sir Astley Cooper on one occa- 
 sion was called to u drnyman, a poweiful, fresh colored, he althv lookin^p 
 
2tf6 
 
 ARE THESE FIT BEVEKAOES )( 
 
 What are intoxicating liquors ? They are liquors, 
 containing poison not merely, but containing it in 
 quantity and intensity sufficient to disturb the healthy 
 action of the system when used as a beverage, and 
 were they not so, they would not be intoxicating. 
 And are such liquors fit for use? 
 
 The Providence of God has answered this interro- 
 gation, which answer is conveyed in ruins, stamped 
 by his appointment, from its first inception to its 
 final cosummation, on the whole living human 
 organism. I say human organism, for of all God*s 
 creature's having organs, man alone is chargeable 
 with the folly, I had almost said the madness, of 
 making use of poison as a beverage. On man's 
 whole organism, therefore, is the influence of thai 
 poison stamped — on the brain, the heart, the lungs, 
 the stomach, the viscera, nay not on these only, but 
 also on the inteltect, the passions, the moral sense, 
 on the whole man in both natures, corrupting the 
 body in anticipation of the sepulchre, and effacing 
 the image of God from the soul. 
 
 And can liquors which produce such rufns be a 
 beverage fit for man ? fit to be placed on the side- 
 
 inan« who hmA suffjered an ii^jury in his finger from a small q>lint«r oi 
 a stave. Suppuration ^had talcen place in the wound, which appeared 
 but of a trifling description. This distinguished surgeon as usual 
 opened the small abscess with his lancet. Upon retiring, however, he 
 ascertained that he had forgotten his lancet case. Returning to re- 
 cover it, he found his patient in a dying state. In a few minutes, or at 
 most a few hours, the unfortunate man was a corpse. Every medical 
 man in London, concludes the writer of this statement, above all things 
 dveads a beer drinker for his patient in a surgical case. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
be a 
 side- 
 
 vor, he 
 to re- 
 , or at 
 
 nedical 
 things 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 TOUCH NOT — TASTE NOT — HANDLE NOT. 257 
 
 board, and on the table in private fu milies, to be 
 provided for guests in the retirements :>f friendship, 
 and spread out before the eye and proffered to the 
 taste of youth, at New Year's salutations, on public 
 occasions, and in promiscuous assemblies ? 
 
 O that I could present before you the outer man, 
 scathed and blasted, as it stands forth in real life, 
 bearing on every fibre, and on every feature, that 
 loathsome, leprous, vinous impress, of which those 
 dark, dismal lines traced on canvass, about to be ex- 
 hibited to-night, are merely symbols. 
 
 O that I could jM*esent before you the inner man, 
 still more scathed and blasted, bearing on every 
 attribute and element of its immortal nature that 
 same loathsome, leprou8,vinou8 impress, but in colour- 
 ing so horrible, that no lines ever drawn on canvass, 
 however dark, can become an appropriate symbol 
 thereof. 
 
 Could I do this, I would not ask, nor attempt to 
 return an answer to the question, whether such 
 liquors — ^liquors which enervate and disease the body, 
 degrade and defile the soul, were a beverage fit for 
 immortal, heaven-descended, heaven-aspiring man to 
 drink of. 
 
 Nor would it be needful that I should do so. In 
 that array of guilt and misery, with which these 
 poisons have filled our world, there is a tongue that 
 speaks, and speaks for God, and its language is (as I 
 have before said) to you, to me, to all, touch not,, 
 taste not, handle not. 
 
263 
 
 REVELATION AND NATURC 
 
 That voice not only spedks for God, but it is Go(i*« 
 voice that speaks. Yes, throughout the wholo of 
 nature, God's voice is heard. It is heard in the ocean's 
 roar, the tempest's howl, and in the mutterings of 
 thunder. Aye, it is heard, too, in the murmur of the 
 rill, the rustle of the leaf, the whisper of the breeze, 
 and in that deeper stillness in which no breeze whis* 
 pers, nor leaf rustles ; the temple of nature is God's 
 temple, and throughout all its chambers he is present, 
 is heard, is seen, is felt. He it is that '* warms in the 
 sun, refreshes in the breeze." 
 
 Think not that God is heard only in the book of 
 revelation. Th^ book of nature, as well as the book 
 of revelation, is a h^ok of God. Both were written 
 by him* and hence David bound thorn up together, 
 and in the 19 th Psalm you will find a summary of 
 both. 
 
 ** The heavens," saith he, " the heavens declare the 
 glory of God," and having said this, be adds in un- 
 broken < .mtinuity, ** the law of the Lord is perfect, 
 converting the soul." 
 
 These two books, which David more than thirty 
 centuries since bound up together, have not yet been 
 separated, and are both, with reverence, now, as for- 
 merly, to be consulted ; and both, consulted on the 
 question now at issue, return the same answer. It is 
 the book of nature, however, with which chiefly we 
 are now concerned. Let us examine its contents. 
 Let us obey its teachings. 
 
 Whatever obscurity there may be elsewhere, here 
 there is no obscurity ; here there are no opposing 
 
 r 
 
4. 
 
 TEMPERATE USE I3IP0SSIBLE. 
 
 259 
 
 phenomena to explain ^no contradictory testimony 
 to reconcile. After a lapse of six thousand years, the 
 original law of God, concerning intoxicating poisons, 
 with its awful and unchanged penalty, stands out to 
 view, written, on the living organism of those who 
 drink it, in characters so broad and bold, and plain, 
 that he who runs may read. 
 
 In view of this recorded prohibition of those 
 poisons, talk not of temperate use ; such use belongs 
 to authorized healthful beverage — to water, milk and 
 wine ; I mean good, refreshing wine, such as might 
 have been drank in Palestine, such as was drank 
 at Cana ; even such wineS) when used, are to be used 
 temperately ; and there may be times, and I think 
 the present is such a time, when from motives of 
 humanity as well as religion their use should be dis- 
 pensed with. 
 
 But poisonous beverage, even poisonous wine, wine 
 that intoxicates, wine the mocker; that serpent's 
 tooth, chat adder's sting, against which the book of 
 revelation warns, and to which warning the book of 
 nature in accents long and loud responds ; of such 
 wine there is no temperate use. Such- wine is poison- 
 ous, and is therefore to be everywhere and at all 
 times utterly rejected. The chalice that contains it, 
 contains an element of death. It is not even to be 
 received, or, having been received, is to be rejected; 
 'ud happy the youth — the man — who dashes it 
 untasted from his hand. 
 
 This is not declamation — it is not the speaker, but 
 thy Maker, hearer, that counsels thus. That counsel 
 
 NOTT. 
 
 . 
 
 w 
 
8(30. THE STOMACH IN ITS HEALTHY STATE. 
 
 as we have said, is made apparent in ruins stamped 
 by the ordination of Jehovah in every ago, in every 
 clime, and on every organ of every human being who 
 transgresses his published law in regard to poisons. 
 Yes, in ruins, stamped from their first inception in the 
 moderate drinker, to their final consummation in the 
 death of the drunkard by delirium tremens. 
 
 The shadowing forth of these ruins, as seen in a 
 single organ, transferred by the pencil from the dis- 
 secting-room of the surgeon* to the canvass of the 
 painter, I shall now proceed to exhibit and very 
 briefly to illustrate 
 
 The organ in question is the human stomach, with 
 its triple coatings, with its inlet for food, its outlet for 
 chyme, its mysterious solvent for converting the 
 former into the latter,, and its contractile power for 
 transmitting the same (when so converted) through 
 other viscera, to be absorbed in the repairing of the 
 wastes of an ever-perishing and renovated organ- 
 ism. 
 
 Fig. I represents the inner surface of this organ, 
 exposed to view in its natural and healthy state— the 
 state in which it was created, and in which it would 
 ordinarily continue through life, but for those ele- 
 ments of ruin with which, by the indiscretion of 
 man, it is so early and often brought in coutact.t 
 
 ' y 
 
 ", 
 
 * Dr. Thomas Sewal. 
 
 f When thia lecture was delivered, Dr. Sewars drawings of tho 
 human stomach were exhibited, and the text is the explanation of 
 them sererally, as then giren.. 
 
TBMPEBATB AND HABITUAL DRUNKARDS. 261 
 
 tho 
 ton of 
 
 Fig. II represents the changed aspect of this same 
 organ, as it appears in the person of the temperate 
 drinker. You perceive how that delicate and beauti- 
 ful net-work of blood-vessels, almost invisible in the 
 heaHhy stomach, begins to be enlarged — ^how the 
 whole interior surface, irritated and inflamed, exhib- 
 its the inception of that progressive work of death, 
 about to be accomplished. 
 
 This change is effected by a well known law of 
 nature, to wit, the rushing of the blood to any pari 
 of a sensitive texture to which any irritant is applied. 
 You know what is the effect produced by even diluted 
 alcohol when applied to the eye ; you know what 
 the effect is, of holding even undiluted brandy in the 
 mouth ; what, then, must be the effect of pouring 
 such an exciting and corrosive poison into that deli- 
 cate and vital organ, the hnman stomach ? 
 
 Fig. Ill represents the stomach of the habitual 
 drunkard, with its thickened walls, its distended 
 blood-vessels, and its livid blotches, visible atirregu- 
 la intervals to the eye, like the unsightly rum blos- 
 soms that overspread the countenance, in token of 
 the havoc which disease, unseen, is making with tho 
 viscera, within. 
 
 Eig. IV exhibits the ulcerated stomach of the habi- 
 tual drunkard — with its loathsome, corroding sores, 
 eating their way through its triple lining, an4 gra- 
 dually extending over the intervening spaces; all 
 bespeaking the extent of the hidden desolation 
 which has already been effected. 
 
869 
 
 OANOKSOUS STOMAOR. 
 
 Fig. V represents the frightful stomach of the ha- 
 bitual drunkard, rendered still more frightful by the 
 aggravation of a recent debauch. Its previously in- 
 flamed surface has become still more inflamed, and 
 its livid blotches still more livid. Grumoui blood 
 is issuing from its pores, and its whole putrid aspect 
 indicates that the work of death is nearly consum- 
 mated. 
 
 Fig VI represents the cancerous stomach of the 
 drunkard, or rather a cancerous ulcer in such a sto- 
 mach) the coats of which stomach, as the surgeon 
 who performed the dissections affirms, were thick- 
 ened, and schirrous, and its passages so obstructed as 
 to prevent for some time previous to death the traus- 
 mission of any nutriment to the system. 
 
 Fig. VII represents a stomach in which this pro- 
 gressive desolation is completed — ^it is the stomach 
 of the maniac, the drunken maniac — as seen after 
 death by delirium tremens, than which there is no 
 death more dreadful,^<«ignalized as it ever is by 
 unearthly spectres, hydras and demons dire. 
 
 It may have been the lot of some of yx>u to have 
 witnessed such a death scene ; if it has, you will 
 bear me out in saying that no language can express 
 its horrors. 
 
 The following lines convey but a faint idea of the 
 frightful ravings of a poor inebriate who died of de- 
 lirium tremens in an asylum to which he had been 
 removed, and who, amazed at the situation in which 
 ho found himself placed, conceived the idea that, 
 though sane himself, the friends who had placed him 
 
BAVINOS OF THE INKBBIATB. 
 
 SG3 
 
 there were deranged. Excited to freozy and haunted 
 by this illoiion— 
 
 Yfhj ua I thiu, the nantao oried, 
 
 Confined, 'mid oraiy people f Whj t « 
 
 I am not mad — knare, itand a«ide t 
 
 ril bare my freedom, or I*U die. 
 It *i not for cure that here I're come — 
 I tell thee, all I want la rum — 
 I muat have rum. 
 
 Sane ? jei, and hare been all the while : 
 Wbj, then, tormented thua } Tie iad ! 
 
 Why chained, and held in dureia rile ? 
 The men who brought me here were mad. 
 
 I will not stay where apectrea come — • 
 
 Let me go hence ; I muat have rum, 
 I must hare rum. 
 
 Tie he 1 'tia he I my aged aire t 
 What has disturbed thee in thy grara f 
 
 Why bend on me that eye of fire ? 
 Why torment, aince thou canat not saTo f 
 
 Back to the churchyard whence youWe come i 
 
 Return, return t but send me mm, 
 ! send me rum. 
 
 Why la my m'' >' musing there 
 
 On that same consecrated spot 
 Where once she taught me words of prayer f 
 
 But now she hears — she heeds me not. 
 Mute in her winding sheet she stands — 
 Cold, cold, I feel her icy handa — 
 Her icy hands I 
 
 She 's yanished; but a dearer friend -^ 
 
 I know her by her angel saile — 
 Has come her partner to attend. 
 
 His hours of misery to beguile ; 
 Haste 1 haste I loved one, and set me free ; 
 T were heaven to 'scape from henoo to thoe, 
 From hence to thee. 
 
 
164 BAVI1I08 OV TUB IKEBBUTMi 
 
 lh« doM not h«ar— AWftj ih« ii«t| 
 R«gftrdl«M of tht obaln I w«ar, 
 
 B«ok to her roaiMioo in the ikiM, 
 To dwell with kindred epirite theto. 
 
 Why hM she gone f^Why did ehe omm f 
 
 God, I *ni ruined t Oire me mm, 
 1 give me rum. 
 
 Hurk I bMrk I for breed my children erj— 
 A ory that drinks my ipiriti up ; 
 
 But *t ia in Ttin, in rein to try — 
 gire me beok the drunkard*! cup i 
 
 My lipe are parched, my heart ia aad— , 
 
 TUa cursed chain I *t will make roe mad I 
 T will make me mad I 
 
 It wont Iruh out, that crimson stain I 
 I'ts scoured those spots, and made th«un whlt<* 
 
 Blood reappears again, 
 Soon as morning brings the light I 
 
 When from my sleepless couch I come, 
 
 To see— to feel— — d I giro me rum, 
 I must hare mm. 
 
 T was there I heard his piteous cry, 
 And saw his hut, imploring look. 
 
 But steeled my heart, and bade him die- 
 Then firom him golden treasures took : 
 
 Accursed treasure — stbited sum— 
 
 Beward of guilt t OiTc— giro me rum, 
 1 give me ram. 
 
 Hark I still I hear that piteous wall- 
 Before my eyes his spectre stands, 
 
 And when it frowns on me, I quail ; 
 1 I would fly to other lands I 
 
 Bat that, pursuing, there *t would oomo— 
 
 There *s no escape t 1 give me ram, 
 1 c^re me ram. 
 
tIAVIlfOS or THE I!fBBRIATE. 
 
 Guard I gu*rd thoM miiidow*— bar that door< 
 
 Yonder I amtd bnndita let ; 
 Th«j 'va robbad my bouaa of all iu store, 
 
 And now return to niurdur nie ; 
 Thay W braakbig hi, du n't let ihoin como ; 
 DriTo— drive theni hcncv— but give ma rum, 
 O t ^^iro ine rum. 
 
 965 
 
 I ttako again ? not 1 1— no more, 
 
 HeartleM, acouraed gamcitar ! No 1 
 I staked wkh thee my all, before, 
 
 And fhrom thy den a beggar go. 
 Go where ? A luieide to bell t ■ 
 
 And laaTa my orphan cbildren here, 
 In ragi and wratohednaas to dwell — 
 
 A doom their fkthar cannot bear. 
 
 WiH no one pity f no one oome ?— 
 
 Not thou ! oome not, man of pnytr 1 
 8hut that dread volume in thy hand— 
 
 For me dnmnation'i written there— 
 Ko drunkard can in Judgment stand t 
 Talk not of pardon there revealed— 
 
 No, not to mo — it is too lute— 
 Uy Ecntcnce is already sealed ; 
 
 Tears never blot the book of fate. 
 Too late I too late these tidings come ; 
 There Ls no hope I give me mm, 
 I must have ram. 
 
 Thou painted harlot, come not here t 
 I know thee by that leoheroufllook«» 
 
 I know tlint silvery voice I hear— 
 Go home, and read God*8 holy book . 
 
 For thee tVere's mercy— not for me ; 
 I 'm damned already — words can *t td 
 
 What sounds I hear, what df^te I itt I 
 I*B iore it can *t be worse in hell I 
 
luviirot or tub inkbbutb. 
 
 ftMhowUiAlruf lb«M ff«p(ttMMUI 
 Tli«7 *rt timwUng •'« m« to ay bMl I 
 
 I UmI thtir ekminjr, anaky coil 
 On tfcry llab w o m d my h— d — 
 
 WUh forked toAfM I m« Umoi ptaj ( 
 
 I Lmt Ihtm blM— Uar U»«ai away I 
 Ttftr thtm awaj 1 
 
 A fl«n(l I ft i«nd I With niMiy « dart, 
 
 OUr«t on m» with bit bloodriMt tj*, 
 And aloM bit miMilM at my baarV— 
 
 1 whlibar, wbltbtr abaU I fly f 
 Fly f no t it ia no Um« for fligbt t 
 
 I linow thy halliah parpoaa w«ll~ 
 Avaunt, afannt, tbov hated aprito, 
 
 Aiid bit tbao to thy nattra hall t 
 
 U« *a gona i ba 'a gone I and I am firao ; 
 
 Ha *a gona, tba faithlam, braggart Uai^ 
 Ha aald hw *d eoma to aummon ma— • 
 
 8aa th«»ra again— my bad 'a on ftra I 
 Firat watarl balpt Obaatal I dial 
 
 Tba flamaa ara kbidling round my band I 
 Thia Mnoka I I *m atmngUng I eaanot fly-* 
 
 1 inatcb ma from thia burning bad ! 
 
 Tbara t thara again— that demon *a tbara, 
 
 Orouebing to maka a fraab attaok I 
 Sea bow bit flaming aye^balla ghu>e — 
 
 Tbon fiend of fiends, what *• brought thee baek f 
 Back in Chy oar f For whom f For where f 
 
 He auilea — be beckona me to eome^ 
 What are thoae words thou *8t written there f 
 
 ** Ik bcu. thkt mitm want fob bum I"* 
 In hell they nerer want for rum. 
 Kol want for rum 1 Read that again— 
 
 I feel the apell I haste, drire me down 
 Wktre rum ia'fVce— where rcTelera reign, 
 
 And I can wear the drunkard's erown. 
 
 • The rum maniao Tariod. 
 
i 
 
 ftAVlMOl OF TBI IMKBIIATI. 
 
 Aefl*pl thy proibr, i«Bil t I will, 
 
 And to thy druaktn banqtMl eoai« | 
 fill Ui« gr«A4 cauldron from lb/ aUII 
 
 WUh boiling, burning, tnry runi'^ 
 Tb«r4 wUl I quoneb ihU borrid tblrtlt 
 
 Wllb boon oompMilons drink Md dvoll, 
 Nor plead for mm, m boro I muti •— 
 
 Tb«ro*« Ub«rt7 to drink In boU. 
 
 That ravod thai manlao rum had mad* "-i 
 Thtn ttartlng from bit banntcd bed » 
 
 On, on y d«moM| on t bo laid, 
 Thtn aUeat tunk — bit toul btd fled. 
 
 967 
 
 Sooffer btwart I ho In Ibat throud 
 Wat OBOo a ttmpttalo drinker too, 
 
 And felt at aafe — declalmod at loud 
 Againtt eitraraganet, at you. 
 
 And yet ert long I taw Urn ttaad 
 
 Refriting, on the brink of koU 
 A pardon from hb Savlour't hand. 
 
 Then plunging down wHh lieudt to dwolL 
 
 }aekt 
 
 From thenoo, methinke, I hear him aay, 
 Datb, datb the ohalioo, break tkt apoll, 
 
 Stop while you can, and whore you may -• 
 There *t no eaoape when once in helL 
 
 God, thy graciout tptrit tend, 
 That we, the mocker*t anare mav Hf, 
 
 And thut eieape that dreadful end« 
 That death eioniai, druukarua dm* 
 
LECTURE No. X. 
 
 THE TBAFFIC— APPEAL TO DEALERS. 
 
 The injurious eflTect'of abaodoning the liquor trade considered — The 
 expedient of total abstinence — The manner in which it should bo 
 enforced — An appeal to dealers^ 
 
 But would not the abandonment of intoxicating liquors, 
 could the community be induced to abandon tkemy thrmo 
 many an industrious individual out of employment, and 
 deprive many a needy family of bread? I admit for a 
 short time, and to a considerable extent, this would 
 be the case : and I also admit that this is a circum- 
 stance that deserves to be considered, and that, 
 where kindness dwells, can not fail to be regretted. 
 
 Some indeed there are who seem to think and 
 speak of those engaged in the manufacture and sale 
 of intoxicating liquors as mere wretches, infamous 
 alike in person and in occupation, whose feelings 
 and whose wants were not deserving of regard, but 
 I do not so esnmate character, nor have I thus 
 learned Christ. 
 
 It is not ours to sit in judgment on our brethren. 
 We see the outward appearance, God alone seeth the 
 heart. I have knowp and still know men of talents 
 ftpd integrity, and so far as man can judge, of religion 
 
' 
 
 ered — The 
 it should bo 
 
 r liquorst 
 \emt throvt 
 }tnentt and 
 mit for a 
 is would 
 , circum- 
 nd that, 
 
 gretted. 
 
 link and 
 
 and sale 
 
 Infamous 
 
 feelings 
 
 |ard, but 
 
 I thus 
 
 Iretliren. 
 
 ;eth the 
 
 talents 
 
 religion 
 
 TaS DOOM OF DRUNKENNESS IS SETTLED. 269 
 
 too, who have long been engaged, and who are still 
 engaged in these (to me) abhorred occupations : but 
 I know also and rejoice to know that as information 
 reaches and light breaks in upon their minds, one after 
 another of their number is led first to doubt, then to 
 disbelieve the innocence of his occupation, and then 
 forever to abjure it. 
 
 This change of opinion and of practice in relation 
 to the manufacture and sale as well as use of intoxica- 
 ting liquors, is still progressive, and it will continue 
 to progress ; others, and yet others, and yet others, 
 instructed by the counsel and moved by the example 
 of thek brethren, will be induced to practice the same 
 self-denials, and make the same sacrifices, until neither 
 drunkard, nor vender of the drunkard's drink, shall 
 remain within the limits of a purified and reclaimed 
 city. Nor within its limits only ; for the entire race 
 are destined to experience a moral renovation, and 
 the earth which man inhabits, to become covered 
 with works of righteousness, as well as filled with the 
 knowledge of God. 
 
 The doom of drunkennes, as well as of oppression 
 and every other vice, is settled — settled in the coun- 
 cils of that Godhead who has declared, from his 
 throne of mercy, that virtue shall prevail, and 
 crime of every name and nature cease from oiF a 
 ransomed, disinthralled planet. Already from that 
 throne of mercy a redeeming spirit has been sent 
 abroad among the nations, which begins to be appa- 
 rent in their quickened moral feeling and onward 
 moral movement. The conscience of the world 
 
970 
 
 THE PROMISE OF TliE FI7TCSE. 
 
 begine to be enlightened and turned towards the pre- 
 vailing sin of drunkenneuB^^the source and centre 
 from which so many other sins are sent abroad over 
 the &ce of the whole earth. If there be encourage- 
 ment in the indicntiotn3 of Providence, or hope in tbe 
 predictionjs of prophecy, thi3 frightful abuse of the 
 products of the harvest field and the vineyard, so 
 wantonly manifested in the manufacture and sale and 
 use of intoxicating liquors, must be corrected, and it 
 will be corrected, or the glory of this republie will 
 depart not only — but the progresa of civilization be 
 arrested also, and even the chariot wheels of the Son 
 of God be rolled baek. 
 
 Let us then, cheered by the successes of the past, 
 and encouraged by the promise of the future, urge 
 forward, with renewed energy, our work of mercy. 
 
 There was a time when the whole Christian church 
 could be congregated in an inner chamber at Jerusa- 
 lem. Now its numbers, reckoned by millions, are 
 spread abroad over continents and islands. Within 
 even our own recollection, the same inner chamber 
 would have contained all the advocates of total absti- 
 nence in Christendom^ I^ow their number too is 
 reckoned by millions, and their influence is felt by 
 the inhabitants of many a kingdom, and the seamen 
 that navigate the waters of many a sea. 
 
 During the ages gone by, the ruinous, loathsome 
 and brutalizing effects of intemperance were exten- 
 sively experienced and deplored and counteracted. 
 Governments legislated, moralists reasoned, Christians 
 remonstrated, but to no purpose. In the face of all 
 
THE QREAf DISCOVERY. 
 
 271 
 
 I the pre- 
 kd centre 
 'oad over 
 icoura^e* 
 >pe in tbe 
 186 of the 
 eyard, so 
 I gale and 
 ed, and it 
 ablio wilt 
 ization be 
 »f the Son 
 
 the past, 
 
 ;ure, urge 
 
 )f mercy. 
 
 m church 
 
 ^t Jerusa- 
 
 lions, are 
 
 Within 
 
 chamber 
 
 tal absti- 
 
 ler too is 
 
 is felt by 
 
 |e seamen 
 
 >ath8ome 
 re exten- 
 beracted. 
 Ihristians 
 ice of all 
 
 thii array of influence, intemperance not only main- 
 tained its ground, but constanty advanced ; and ad- 
 vanced with constantly increasing rapidity. Death 
 indeed came in aid of the cause of temperance, and 
 swept away, especially during the prevalence of the 
 cholera, crowds of inebriates, with a distinctive and 
 exemplary vengeance. Suddenly the vacancies thus 
 occasioned were filled up ; and, as if the course of life 
 whence these supplies were furnished was exhaustless, 
 all the avenues of death were not only reoccupied but 
 crowded with augmented numbers of fresh recruits. 
 The hope even of reclaiming the world by any 
 instrumentalities then in being, departed, and fear lest 
 Christendom should be utterly despoiled by so detest- 
 able a practice, took possession of many a reflecting 
 mind. 
 
 In that dark hour, the great discovery. That 
 DRUNKENNESS IS CAUSED BY DRiNKiNO ; uxoderatc, tem- 
 perate, continuous drinking ; and that entire sobriety 
 can be ^ ^stored and maintained by abstinence ; in 
 that da«L hour, the great discovery was made and 
 promulgated to the world. A discovery which, simple 
 and obvious as it seems to be, had remained hid for 
 ages — during which no one dreamed that mere drink- 
 ing, regular, reputable, temperate drinking, injured 
 any one ; much less that it produced, and by a neces- 
 sity of nature produced, that utter sliamelesp. drunken- 
 ness which debased so many individuals, beggared so 
 many families, and brought such indelible disgrace on 
 community itself. This discovery, though not even 
 yet generally known throughout community, has 
 
 KOTT. 
 
272 
 
 OAUSfl AND EFFECr. 
 
 t 
 
 relieved more misery, conduced to more happiaen^ 
 promoted to more virtue, and reclaimed from more 
 guilt i in one word, it has already shed move blessings 
 on the past, and lit up more hope for the future, than 
 any other discovery, whether physical, political or 
 moral, with which the land and the age in which we 
 live have been signalized. 
 
 By this great discovery it has been made apparent 
 that it is not drunkards, but moderate drinkers with 
 whom the temperance rcfonnation is chiefly concern^ 
 ed ; for it is not on a change of habits in the former, 
 but the latter, on which the destiny of the state and 
 the nation hangs suspended. - 
 
 Drinking, and the manufacture and sale of that 
 which makes drunkards, operates reciprocally as 
 cause and effect on all the parties concerned. 
 
 The manufacturerand vender furnish the temptation 
 to the drinker, and the drinker in return gives coun- 
 tenance and support both to the manufacturer and 
 the vender. 
 
 All these classes must be reformed before the 
 triumph of the temperance cause will bo complete; 
 and the reformation of either contributes to the re- 
 formation of all. Every dram shop that is closed nar- 
 rows the sphere of temptation, and every teetotaler 
 that is gained contributes to the shutting up of a dram 
 shop. And they mast all be shut up, the rum and the 
 wine and the beer selling grocery, and temperate 
 drinking relinquished, or drunkenness can never be 
 prevented, society purified from crime, reUeved from 
 
 I 
 
PHTfllCAL FOBCE VAIN. 
 
 273 
 
 Q more 
 essiogs 
 e, than 
 ical or 
 lich we 
 
 )pareni 
 irs with 
 jncern- 
 former, 
 lite and 
 
 of that 
 ally as 
 
 ptation 
 3 coun- 
 er and 
 
 pauperism, freed from disease, and human life ex- 
 tended to its allowed limits. 
 
 But how cau tlan be affected, how can the pre- 
 judices of whole classes of community be overcome, 
 and the very habits of masses of men changed ? How 
 have those mighty changes, even national changes, 
 elsewhere and in former ages, been brought about ?* 
 How? sometimes by appealing to physical force ; some' 
 times to wrongs and sometimes to right principles of volun- 
 tary action* 
 
 To physical force in the present instance, it were 
 vain for us to appeal. There are those indeed, who 
 have it in their power to answer by force, arguments 
 even that are unanswerable by argument, and who, 
 though unable to gain the mind by persuasion, can 
 crush the body by violence. But thus it is not with 
 the friends of total abstinence. We have not, and it 
 is well we have not, at our disposal either pains or 
 penalties. We cannot even abridge the perfect free- 
 dom of the moral agents that surround us, perverse 
 and erring as in our opinion their conduct may be. 
 We cannot inhibit access either to the side-board or 
 f.he rum-jug, and thus render inebriation either to the 
 man of fortune, or even the day laborer, physically 
 impossible ; for we can neither point the bayonet to 
 the breast, or appl/ the lash to the back of the refrac- 
 tory inebriate. Ours is a free country, and this an 
 
 * Changes from bnrbarism to civilization — from bondage to liberty— 
 and in the Emcruld Isle, of late, from riot to order — from inebriety to 
 temperance— how have these changes been brought about? 
 
274 
 
 TOTAL ABSTINIITGE. 
 
 enlightened age. Here men will think and speak 
 and act according to their own convictions of duty | 
 ond they ought to do so. Unconvinced, I would not 
 relinquish the manufacture, or sale, or use of intoxi- 
 cating liquor at the bidding of another ; and I have 
 no right to require that another should do this at 
 my own bidding, and though I had, I could not by 
 any pains or penalties at my command enforce that 
 right. Compulsion then is out of the question.* 
 
 I i 
 
 * The author of course means " compulaioa *' by iudividuals, the 
 icrapcrance aocietios, and not compul!>ioii by the law«niaking power of 
 the atate. No part of this lecture ran justly be quoted againat pro> 
 liibitory legislation. It was written before that great device, *' The 
 Mahie Law/* was advocated, or thought necessary to the success of 
 temperance. When the author says he would not relinquish the nanti* 
 fucture or sale of liquor *' at the bidding of another," he certainly does 
 not mean that he would not do so, if he was so bidden by the ofBcert 
 of the law. 
 
 To the above we add : The liquor traiBo is not, and its public repute 
 is not, what it was when this lecture was written. The liquor has 
 grown worse, and the character of the vendors has grown worse. As 
 the pernicious efTeots of the traffic have been made apparent, one after 
 another of the better class of persons w ho need to soil liquor (the most 
 virtuous of men once engaged in it without scruple) have abandoned 
 it, until it is now in the bands of persons, but a mnati proportioD of 
 whom were born in the midttt of the temperance agitation. Of seven 
 hundred and seventy-five liquor sellers in Albany (see the Prohibiti<mi$t 
 tur March, 1866), it was found that less than one hundred were 
 born in America ; all the rest being foreign emigrants. Of all who 
 were convicted of selling liquor contrary to the prohibitory law, in the 
 «ity of Portland, Maine, not one, it is said, was born in the 
 United States. And 80 it will be found that the grogshop f^ystem, 
 as it now exists in the United Stiitcs ; from dram-selling up to 
 the state prison and the gallows ; including all its monatroaa 
 brood of evils, in the sliape of Intemperance, Pauperism and 
 
TOTAL ABSTINENCE. 
 
 276 
 
 ■peak 
 f duty J 
 uld not 
 intoxi- 
 I have 
 this at 
 not by 
 ce that 
 n.» 
 
 idualB, th« 
 I power of 
 ainit pro* 
 Ice, "The 
 guoceM of 
 Ithe Bianu* 
 «Inly does 
 M otBcerf 
 
 To WRONG PBINCI^LKS OF VOLUNTARY ACllON We 
 
 way, and alas ! too often do appeal. But such appeal, 
 
 Orimo, ftiHj three •fourths of thii whole grog-ihop qritem, oonatitutlng 
 the load, the oppreieion, the giant oune of the country, will be found 
 m foreign Importation. The quality of theie wares, always bad and 
 demoralising, hu deteriorated with the character of the Tendon, 
 Adulterations are not only not disguisod, but they are publicly adver- 
 tised in the newspapers. This new rascality in science is reduced to • 
 trade, even in the case of what are called the best of liquors ; while 
 the frauds in the more common liquors are w flagrant and fatal, thai 
 nothing but intense vulgar avarice is visible in the motive, and hardly 
 anything short of downright murder in the result. The following 
 ei^thets, not invented by "Temperance fhnatics," but by drinkers 
 themselves, are now part of the stock phrases of all the bar-rooms in 
 the country : " Fighting brandy ; ** *' Jersey lightning ; " " Sword- 
 fish;" "Red-eye;" "Rot-gut;* "B. q ruin;** "Liquor that will 
 kill at fbrty paces ; " and such like. These, be it noted, are a sample 
 of the dismal epithets, which are now used in grim earnest, by habitual 
 drinkers — a sort of ground swell of detestation, from even the best 
 friends of intoxicating liquors. And public sentiment, in regard to the 
 traffic, has kept pace. From being thought to be an indispensable 
 good, it has come to be regarded as at best but a necessary evil. In 
 several states of the American Union, also in the British Province of 
 Kew Brunswick, laws have been enacted prohibiting the sale of liquor 
 (for a beverage) entirely. In some of tht^e states, these laws have 
 been embarrassed or overthrown, on technical grounds, by the courts ; 
 in others, mostly from political and party motives, they have been re- 
 pealed. In these states, in several cases, some flagrant outrage haa 
 turned the point of public endurance. The arm of the municipal law 
 withdrawn, the great law of self-preservation hRS been applied, to stay 
 the desolation of the liquor traffic ; and it has been forcibly abated, as 
 a public nuisance, by the direct hand of the people. 
 
 In the Prohibitionitt for the month of June, 1857, will be found 
 recorded no less than nineteen such cases, which have been reported 
 by exchanges, in less than in as many months. In Huron, in the State 
 of Ohio, the sudden death, by means of the grog-shops, of an old 
 
 NOTT 
 
S70 
 
 TOTAL IBSTINEKCB. 
 
 i 
 
 : \ 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 by whomioever made,i8 not in Keeping with the bene- 
 volence of an enterprise, which has as its object the 
 
 wointn, trooaed publle retentmcnt to « degree whioh wm no longer to 
 be restrained. Some fiftjr women immediately anned^themielTes with 
 hatchets and axes, proceeded to the places of sale, and demolished 
 Jugs, casks and demyohns, and spilt trnj drop of whiskey, brandj, 
 wine and beer they could find. The same thing, pretty much, transpired 
 At Wakeman, in the same «tatei Also in Lima, Salem, Albany, 
 Moscow, BflllTiUe and Kirkland — all in the State of Ohio. And so at 
 Ellsworth, in the State of Maine ; at Rookport, in Massachusetts { at 
 Jamestown, in New Tork ; at PlattSTillo, in Wisconsin ; at Chesterfield, 
 in South Oarollna ; and Oalifornia, in Kentucky. And so, with oiroum* 
 stances slightly different, at two places in Illinois — Earlrllle and 
 Hanover. And in Indiana, three places — at Vienna, Princeton and 
 Moorsville. In all these cases, the execution of the "search, seizure 
 and destruction clause " was done by vfomtn. In one case, by the 
 sister of a woman who was made dntnk ; and in the other oases, by 
 campanies of women, numbering from a dozen to fitly. At Bellriile, 
 the women were tried for riot ; they were acquitted by the Jury. At 
 Wakeman they were also tried ; these were discharged by the court. 
 At Logansport, In Indiana, Mr. Wright (himself a judge), whose little 
 boy had been made drunk by a liquor seller, armed himself with an axe, 
 stove in the door of the groggery, broke all the bottles, and spilt all 
 the liquor he could find j then put on his Sunday clothes, and went to 
 church. 
 
 Such is a specimen (for details, see psge 41 of vol. 4 of the Pro- 
 hibitionist) of the most noticeable and significant signs of the Umes. 
 For it is not merely that such things are done, but that they are pub* 
 licly applauded, and approved of probably In every case, by nine per* 
 sons out of every ten. They show that the liquor traffic has lost Its 
 hold on public favor, and point unmistakably where the sympathy of 
 the people runs ; that It is coming to be very generally regarded as a 
 KUiSAMCK — which In truth it is, and the greatest of nuisances : nor 
 would it be an extravagance to say, that It is fruitful of more mischief 
 than all other Buisances united. 
 
 Prohibitionists are charged with being revolutionary. But it is their 
 opponents who are n^volutionary. The advocates of prohibitory 
 
 jTOTT. 
 
the bene* 
 bjeot the 
 
 no longer to 
 dmIyos with 
 i demoUshed 
 ik«7, bnmdj, 
 sh, tranipirod 
 em, Albany, 
 }. And so At 
 kchuaett^; At 
 Oheaterfleld, 
 , with oiroum- 
 BarWille and 
 rinoeton and 
 earoh, seixure 
 caae, by the 
 ler oases, by 
 At Bellrille, 
 le Jury. At 
 ty the court, 
 whose little 
 with an axe, 
 and spilt all 
 and went to 
 
 kf the Pro- 
 
 If the times. 
 
 ley are pub- 
 
 \y nine per- 
 
 has lost its 
 
 [ympathy of 
 
 ;arded as a 
 
 inces : nor 
 
 re mischief 
 
 It it is theb 
 jrohibitory 
 
 
 TOTAL ABSTIXKNCK. 
 
 877 
 
 amelioration of the condition, and the elevation of the 
 character of the beings on whose destiny it is in- 
 tended to bear. 
 
 liquor laws, seek to rid the community of a vast and intolerable evil, 
 by peaceable and lawfiil means, «u\\ nlilch are as old as the Common 
 Law. This Id reform; not revolution. But they who seek to protect 
 and perpetuate the traffic in intoxicating Liquors — to kcop so rast a 
 wrong, and so complicated a Bystom of wrongii, in a community of men 
 and women who abhor it, and rise to cast it off, as an infamy and a 
 scourge — the attempt to keep society where it ii<, when its first and 
 strongest instincts compel It to a point beyond — this ia revolution, and 
 the most unnatural and violent kind of revolution. 
 
 Eleven years ago, wo knew a student, at Union College, who sent 
 a copy of these Lectures to bis father, who was then engaged in liquor 
 selling. He soon sent back word that he had rend them, and was about 
 to employ his capital in other business. Doubtless there are some sucli 
 persons still remaining in the trade, whoso hearts and consciences, if 
 this volume were sent to them, would be similarly touched. We 
 should be glad to have the experiment tried in the case of all the two 
 hundred or two hundred and fifty thousand liquor sellers in the United 
 States. 
 
 If anything in the way of "moral suasion** can affect the hearts of 
 the men who still deal in intoxicating liquors, it will be these powerful 
 and searching appeals by Dr. Kott. For ho seems to exhaust all the 
 arts, not only of the orator, but the Christian orator. But it must not 
 escape our notice, that all these 'same appliances, uniting the skill of 
 the rhetorician and the zeal of the missionary, are equally proper to 
 be used, and ought to be used, with the counterfeiter and the forger, 
 the keeper of gambling-houses, and the horse thief. But while these 
 pious efforts on the part of individuals cannot be too much applauded, 
 society at large does not wait, and cannot wait, until these wrong-doers 
 are personally reclaimed. The pains and the penalties of the prohibitory 
 laws are resorted to iu the case of lesser evils than liquor-selling ; and 
 government cannot refuse to employ them in the cose of the greater, 
 without abandoning its primary functions, and resigning all pre*en.sionfl 
 10 maintain social security. 
 
erv 
 
 TOTAL AUsriNKXCK. 
 
 Buforo tlio rye of tlio pliilaiitliropist thore in iiproad 
 out Olio vuHt field of oriiiio and miMery, the admitted 
 consequence of iiiebrintion ; delilM<rute, customary, I 
 liad almost said fashionable inebriation. Evils so 
 appalling require the immediate universal applica- 
 tion of that only remedy. 
 
 TOTAL AB8T1NKNCR. 
 
 But be it remembered that they alone who can 
 Apply this remedy, are free, untrammeled, intelligent, 
 moral agents ; as such agents they must be addressed ; 
 
 To prove concluHivcly, that the author would not have any part of 
 tlicse Locturet quoted againat the agitation for legialaliTe prohibition, 
 wo close thia note by quoting the following paaauge from an addreaa 
 tlullverud by the autltor, at the Annual Meeting of the New York State 
 Timpetance Sociot) in Albany, on the ISih of January, 1866 : ** It is 
 in thcflo public and long*e8tablished rendezvous of vice that the ocoa* 
 aion is furnished and the temptation preaenled ; here the eiementa of 
 (lonth are collected, hero are mingled, and here the fatal chalice that 
 contains them is pruscntcd to unsuspecting and confiding guests, as 
 containing an innocent, cheering and even healthful beverage ; and, 
 by being so presented in the midst of boon companions, an appeal ia 
 made, guilefully made, to the kindly instincts and generous impulses of 
 nkan*s social nature,— an appeal which few long subject to ita seductive 
 influences ore able to withstand. Merely to shut up these moral 
 Oolgothas, these shambles of the soul, would be a noble triumph. 
 But how are these progressive triumphs to be accomplished, this final 
 victory achieved ? How ? By the force of public opinion — settled, 
 decided opinion — and such public opinion embodied^ and expreaud in 
 the form vf authoritative public LAW—and thus embodied and ezprea^ 
 ed faS fast and as far as it is formed." — (kditok.) 
 
THB CIIANOR — HOW ATTAIKID. 
 
 S79 
 
 •e in iiproail 
 e admitted 
 istomary, I 
 Evils 10 
 al applica- 
 
 e who cnn 
 ntoliigent, 
 addressed ; 
 
 re tmj part of 
 
 TO prohibition, 
 
 Dm an addrsM 
 
 ew Yoric State 
 
 ]806: "It is 
 
 that the ocoa* 
 
 e elemeDta of 
 
 vbalice that 
 
 ing guests, as 
 
 vcrage ; and, 
 
 f, an appeal is 
 
 |iis impulses of 
 
 its seductive 
 
 these moral 
 
 ble triumph. 
 
 ied> this final 
 
 m — settled, 
 
 expretMtd in 
 
 and ezprM** 
 
 addressed as agents A^ho, in view of rvidcnco and 
 motives, are to t'oriii their own opiriionM and decide for 
 themselves their own characters and course of con- 
 duct; and hence, agents who can only be gained to 
 abstinence by fonning each for himself the high 
 resolve and currying out the same in action. Thi) 
 change in contemplation is a change on principle— 
 u moral change, u voluntary chungo, a change to bi) 
 effected by each individual on hiuistlf uiid by him- 
 self; a rightful change — a ch:inge in wiiiih oppctito 
 is denied, reason enthroned, and homage paid to the 
 behests of duty and the authority of truth, so that 
 in the advocacy of this cause its friends are estopped 
 from appealing to physical force, not only, but aho 
 from appealing to all wrong principles of even volun- 
 tary, action. 
 
 It is easy to rail at the rum and even the wine 
 seller, as well as the rum and wine drinker; to 
 injure his business, to asperse his character, and to 
 make him odious in community, and thus compel 
 him, especially where our influence is controlling, to 
 dissemble, while paying to our abhorred principles 
 an external but reluctant homage. 
 
 It is easy, perhaps natural, convinced as we are of 
 the goodness of our cause, to do this. But is it kind, 
 is it fraternal? especially, is it Christian? Have we 
 then forgotten how much and how long God has borne 
 with us? See we not how long He bears with others? 
 How His sun shines and His showers fall even yet 
 upon the wicked ? ! it was the disciples and not 
 their Master who, when treated less urbanely than 
 
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280 
 
 PRINCIPLES AND VOLUMTAKT ACTIOM. 
 
 ».ii 
 
 wai befitting, by a village of Samaritans, it was the 
 disciples who proposed to call down fire from 
 Heaven and consume that village: to whom, re- 
 buking their rashness, He said, *' Ye know not what 
 manner of spirit ye are of, for the Son of man is not 
 come to destroy men's lives, but to save them.** 
 
 Bat though estopped from appealing to physical 
 force, estopped from appealing to wrong principles, 
 we are not estopped from appealing 
 
 TO RIOHT PRINCIPLES AND YOLUNTART ACTION. 
 
 **/," said the Saviour of the world, "I, if I be 
 lifted up, will draw all men unto me.** 
 
 The event has verified the prediction. It is not 
 the terrors of Sinai that have driven, but the attrao- 
 tives of Calvary which have drawn so many souls to 
 Jesus. Now, as formerly, there is a charm in kind- 
 ness, and to the powerless reformer, persuasion is still 
 an arm of power. Let us then, in place of offending 
 by our rudeness and repelling by our censure, endeavor 
 to convince by our arguments^ and conciliate by our 
 entreaties, both the manufacturer and the vendor as 
 well as the consumer of intoxicating liquors. 
 
 Abhorrent as the manufacture and sale, as a beve- 
 rage, of intoxicating liquors may be, to the fully in- 
 structed and confirmed advocates of total abstinence, 
 it is still to be considered that these are occupations 
 which, at no distant period, the prevalent, I had 
 almost said the universal, usages of society called for; 
 which law sanctioned and even religion itself was 
 believed and is still believed by many to sanction ; 
 
 I 
 
A 8ACBIPICE REQUIRED;. 
 
 SSI 
 
 was the 
 re from' 
 lom, re- 
 lot what 
 m is not 
 m." 
 
 physical 
 inciplei, 
 
 n'loir. 
 if I be 
 
 It is not 
 e attrao 
 souls to 
 in kind- 
 >n is still 
 ffending 
 ndeavor 
 B by our 
 eudor as 
 i. 
 
 a beve- 
 fuUy in- 
 itinence, 
 ipations 
 I had 
 lied for; 
 self was 
 mction ; 
 
 ocoQpatioiit which even temperance men patroniied 
 and engaged in without compunetioo. Under these 
 alleviating circumstances the capital of the manu- 
 facturer and vender has to a considerable extent 
 been invested and his habits formed, and he cannot 
 now transfer the one or change the other without 
 inconvenience; perhaps not without sacrifice, per- 
 haps not even without suffering. It is no easy 
 thing for a man whose little all is thus invested, and 
 who. thereby obtains his daily bread, and who knows 
 not how otherwise to obtain it; it is no easy thing 
 for such, a man to gird himself up to the perform- 
 ance of the painful duty to which our doctrines sum- 
 mon him. On the contrary, it requires great mag- 
 nanimity, great decision of character, and great sek* 
 sacrifice to do this. 
 
 Think not, therefore, that those whose hard lot 
 it is to breathe the air of the brewer's vats, or to 
 barrel the liquid that flows from the distiller's still ; 
 or that those whose still harder lot it i.s, standing at 
 the counter or the bar, to measure out by the gill ta 
 drinkers the drunkard's drink ; think not that these 
 men are from the very nature of their professioa 
 greater sinners than other men. On the contrary, 
 tfieif ure now whcU many oftt*, and without any change 
 of moral character, once were. And many of them 
 may, and doubtless will, without any change of 
 moral character, become what we now are. £vei» 
 now they have the same lu^kes and fears and 
 sympathies, the same love of life and liberty and 
 country and kindred and of man, as other men have- 
 
2S2 HODEBATU AND CUSTOMARY DBINKINO. 
 
 Among them may be found those who would shrink 
 from crime with as instinctive a shuddering, look 
 on misery with as tender an eye, and stretch forth 
 for its relief as wiUiiig an arm, as any among our- 
 selves; in one word, there may be found among 
 them, as among us, men who- fear God and in other 
 respects work righteousness: but owing to their 
 education or occupation, to their misapplied experi- 
 ence, to their ignorance of facts, to the influence of 
 habit, ta the force of prejudice, or perhfips to our 
 own unchristian advocacy of the cause itself;, our 
 unwarranted assumptions, our invidious slanders, 
 our want of charity, our want of candor or fidelity; 
 owing to these or other similar causes, they have 
 not yet learned what we, though placed in more 
 favorable circumstances, and enjoying greater light, 
 were slow to learn (not that drunkenness is at once 
 a- crime, a curse and a dishonor, but) 
 
 That drunkennesst by a necessity of.naturey is produced 
 by drinking; moderate, customary, reputable 
 drinking; and that such is the settled, unchanging 
 order of Providence ; and hence the frequent, fright- 
 ful, loathsome manifestation of this abhorred malady, 
 among, and only among temperate drinkers, so called ; 
 that is, among those who have the rashness, the 
 temerity, I had almost said the impiety, in the face 
 of this settled order of God's unchanging providence, 
 to subject the living fibre of their own organism to 
 the corrosive action of intoxicating poisons ; poisons 
 furnished by the Author of all good fpr medicine, 
 
 'i 
 
xo. 
 
 VICTIMS NEVER TEETOTALERS. 
 
 8S(^ 
 
 )uld shrink 
 iring, look 
 retch forth 
 iinong our- 
 ind among 
 id in other 
 g to tkeir 
 ied expcrir 
 ifluence of 
 dps to our 
 itself;, our 
 r slanders, 
 or fidelity ; 
 they have 
 d in more 
 ^atcr light, 
 is at once 
 
 Is produced 
 
 EPUTABLE 
 
 ichanging 
 [nt, fright- 
 malady, 
 |so called ; 
 iness, the 
 the face 
 jvidence, 
 ranism to 
 poisons 
 ledicine, 
 
 not for aliment — and not intended, and declared by the 
 effects they produce not intended, for habitual use. 
 
 Thisdiscovery is not fancy but fact; an ascertained, 
 palpable, indubi4;able fact, at the knowledge of which 
 we have arrived by collating the data furnished during 
 other ages and in other countries, and comparing the 
 same with the state of things existing in our own ; 
 in the prosecutioh of which inquiry wo have visited 
 the localities where intoxicating liquors are manu- 
 factured, and sold, and drank. We have marked their 
 effect in the but of ignoFaBce^ aud tl>e parlor of 
 fashion ; we have actually taken the dimensions of 
 the miseries they have occasioned, ond summed up 
 the numbe]' of the dead which they have slain ; and 
 while doing this, we have been surprised to learn, 
 that drunkenness was not, as we had once supposed, 
 a calamity resulting from some single, sudden, over- 
 whelming indiscretion, or at most from some few 
 flagrant, wanton cases of criminal indulgence, into 
 which men of every class were liable to be surprised ; 
 but that it was a calamity confined to a single class, 
 the moderate drinking class ; that the victims were 
 nsver ** teetotalers," but always moderate drinkers, 
 and the process always nooderate drlnking-r-a process 
 not sudden^ but gradualv beginning whea dduking 
 began : continuing with its continuance: and making 
 its silent, undiscovered, unsuspected advance, covertly 
 and without sign of progress or note of warning; 
 till suddenly frienda and kindred are awakened to 
 the knowledge of the alarming truth, that, sedv^ed 
 
984 BBLr-DnflAL AVD SACBiriOB BEQUIBED. 
 
 ^ nodente drioking into drunkeBiieM, a fiither, » 
 ■on or a brother lies in ruini. 
 
 And haying difeovered this truth, to wit, that 
 drinking, I mean temperate drinking, it what makes 
 dmnkards; a truth momentous indeed, and big wiUi 
 everlaiting consequence-— but a truth hid for agefh— 
 and still hid from numbers; having discovered tbi* 
 truth, we hasten to. announce it both to. the vender 
 and the drinker;: to anziouace it, not ii>the]iM)goage^ 
 of rebuke and crimination, but in that of Heaven*s 
 own mercy— saying, as an Apostle said, ** Brethren, 
 I wot that through ignorance ye have done this, as 
 did also your rulers," who have licensed and by 
 licensing sanctioned the doing. And full well we 
 know that even God winketh at those bygone days 
 of ignorance, though now, and far as the light 
 shineth, commandelh aU nun everywhere to rejKitt, 
 
 That self-denials and sacrifices will be required, in 
 effecting that change in our social habits which is 
 called fox by this discovery of the deleteriows e&cts 
 of even the moderate use of intoxicating liquors on 
 the human constitution^ must be admittedb And it 
 must ^Iso, be admitted that, so far as sacrifices are 
 eonoemed, manufacturers and venders will be the 
 chief, I had almost said, the only sufferers. Still it 
 must be recollected that these are sacrifices that 
 patriotism as weU as religion sanctions; and such 
 too as are elsewhere called for, whenever in this 
 onward movement of society any new and valual>le 
 improvement is introduced. Not a canal can be 
 excavated, arailroad constructed, a steamboat started, 
 
V. 
 
 athon ft 
 
 it, that 
 t makes 
 Mgwith 
 raget-^ 
 red tbii 
 ) vender 
 i»g«ige- 
 [eaveii*8 
 rethren, 
 I this, as 
 and by 
 well we 
 [>ne day« 
 be light 
 It, 
 
 aired, in 
 ivhich is 
 8 effiscta 
 uors on 
 And it 
 ices are 
 be the 
 Still it 
 es that 
 id such 
 in this 
 alualile 
 can be 
 itartedy 
 
 IKV-KIBPERS-— OBOCKRS EXHORTED. 
 
 2S6 
 
 or even a spinning jenny or a power loom put in mo- 
 tion, without impairing the fortune of tome and taking 
 away the means of procuring bread from others. 
 
 And yet these partial temporary evils are sub- 
 mitted to, and often without a murmur, even by the 
 sufTercrs, cheered as they are by the prospect of 
 public, enduring, superabounding good* 
 
 But never wos the endurance of private tempo- 
 rary evils encouraged by the promise of requital in 
 the bestowmeut of such public enduring and super- 
 abounding good as in the case before us. 
 
 O! could the employment of capital, and the 
 consumption of provisions, and the waste of labor, 
 in the manufacture of intoxicating liquors, be pre- 
 vented ; and could the moral and physical energy, 
 now paralyzed by their use, be directed to the pro- 
 duction of comforts, how different would be the 
 condition of all classes— especially of the laboring 
 poor, who now, small as their earnings are, eagerly 
 purchase, and unheedingly press to their lips, that 
 cup which is ever, to those who taste of it, the cup 
 of affliction—often even the cup of death ! 
 
 Brethren, inn-keepers, grocers, wliose business it 
 has been to sell to diinkers the drunkard's drink, 
 has it never occurred to your minds that the liquors 
 dispensed were destined, though unseen by you, to 
 blanch some glow of health, to wither some blossom 
 of hope, to disturb ^ome asylum of peace, to pollute 
 some sanctuary of innocence, or plant gratuitous, 
 perhaps enduring misery, in some bosom of joy? Have 
 you never in imagination followed the wretched 
 
286 
 
 CONSIDER THESE THINGS. 
 
 inebriate whose glass you have poured out, or whose 
 jug or bottle you have filled ; have you never in iia- 
 agination followed him to his unblessed and comfort 
 less abode? Have you never mentally witnessed the 
 faded cheek and tearful eye of his broken-hearted 
 wife; never witnessed the wistful look and stifled cry 
 of his terror-stricken children, waiting at night-fall 
 his dreaded return ; and marked the thrill of horror 
 which the approaching sound of his footsteps sent 
 across their bosoms? Have you never in thought 
 marked his rude entrance, his ferocious look, his 
 savage yell, and that demoniac phrenzy, under the 
 influence of which, father, husband as he was, he 
 drove both wife and children forth, exposed to the 
 wintry blast and the peltings of the pitiless storm ; 
 or, denying them even this refuge, how he has smitten 
 them both to the earth beneath his murderous arm ? 
 
 If you have never heretofore considered these 
 things, will you not now consider them, and give up an 
 occupation so subversive of virtue, so conducive to 
 crime, so productive of misery ? You would not will- 
 ingly, even though it were desired, you would not di- 
 rectly furnish your customers with pauperism, in- 
 sanity, crime, disease and death; why then supply 
 them with what produces these, and more than these ; 
 more of misery than eye hath seen, or ear heard, or 
 than it hath entered into the heart of man to Conceive? 
 
 But the sale of liquors is your employment, and it 
 furnishes you and yours subsistence. Be it so ; still, 
 is it a desirable employment? Are you willing to 
 live, and that your family should live, on the miseries 
 
 'I 
 
hCClNQUI-tniNO THK TnAFPir. 
 
 S87 
 
 t, or whoM 
 Bver in ' 
 
 d oomfoit- 
 inessed the 
 en-hearted 
 stifled cry 
 \ night-fall 
 i of horror 
 tsteps sent 
 n thought 
 look, hid 
 under the 
 le was, he 
 »sed to the 
 ess storm : 
 as smitten 
 rous arm? 
 ircd these 
 give up an 
 iducive to 
 1 not will- 
 Id not di- 
 )rism, in- 
 n supply 
 an these ; 
 heard, or 
 onceive? 
 nt, and it 
 so; still, 
 i^illing to 
 miseriet 
 
 'I 
 
 endured, and the crimes committed by others, in 
 consequence of poisons by you dispensed ? Are you 
 willing to receive and treasure up the profits, which 
 arise from the widow's tears, the orphan's cries, the 
 maniac's loss of reason, the convict's loss of liberty, 
 and the suicide's loss of life? Are you willing thot 
 death should find you still corrupting youth, dishonor- 
 ing age, and fending waste and want and battle into 
 tlio families of the poor; and disgrace, disease and 
 death into those of the rich ; and subverting, in both, 
 the course of nature, so that in the habitations of 
 maternal kindness, and under the tutelage of paternal 
 virtue, in place of wise and good and useful men, 
 debauchees and paupers and criminals are reared 
 up? Are you willing death should find you still pre- 
 paring victims for the poor-house and prison-house 
 and grave-yard ? 
 
 And ye, men of fortune, manufacturers, importers, 
 wholesale dealers, will you not for the sake of the 
 young, the old, the rich, the poor, the hoj • ;y, the 
 miserable, in one word, for the sake of our coiamon 
 humanity, in all the states and forms in which it is 
 presented, will you not shut up your distilleries, 
 countermand your orders, and announce the heaven- 
 approved resolution, never hereafter to do aught to 
 swell the issue of these waters of woe and death, 
 with which this young republic is already flooded ? 
 
 Have you never thought, as you rolled out and 
 delivered to the purchaser his cask, have you never 
 thought how mriny mothers must mourn, J^w many 
 wives sutler, how many children must supplicate; 
 

 t 
 
 8S8 
 
 XMTBMPERANCE A MOKAL RUOIIT. 
 
 how many men of viriuo must be corrupted, men 
 of honor debMod, and of intelligence demented, by 
 partaking of that fatal poison, dispensed Arom yoa, 
 •eller, and to be paid for as per invoice f 
 
 Have you never thought what a moral blight there 
 was to be set abroad over that hamlet or village, 
 where the vile disease and crime-producing contents 
 of that cask, drained to its dregs, were to be palmed, 
 under the guise of a healthful beverage, on the 
 orderly, uninformed and unsuspecting inhabitants 
 thereof? In your own poor-houses and prison- 
 houses and grave-yards, in the beggars that frequent 
 the city, in the loafers that infest the suburbs, and in 
 the shop-liflers and incendiaries so common in both, 
 you see something, indeed, but not a tithe of the 
 whole evils which the traffic in these accursed 
 liquors produces, sent forth, in quantities, as they are, 
 along those extended channels that connect the 
 far-off lakes with the ocean — along the no less ex- 
 tended sea-board, and up the great valley of the 
 west, to every islet and glen, over every railroad or 
 other avenue, to every inland village or shanty or 
 cabin, inflicting everywhere the same miseries in- 
 flicted in the city from whence this clement of evil 
 was sent abroad — ^impairing the health, diminishing 
 the vigor, and sowing the seeds of death in the con- 
 stitution of the hardy laborer in the field, the ruddy 
 housewife in the family, and the pale infant in the 
 eradle — sharpening the avarice of the trader, in- 
 flaming tjbe vengeance of the natives, raising the war 
 ery amid the hunting grounds of the wildemesa, and 
 
T. 
 
 upted, mea 
 imented, by 
 1 Arom yoa, 
 
 blight ther« 
 
 ; or village, 
 
 ng contents 
 
 be palmeil, 
 
 ge, on the 
 
 inhabitants 
 
 &nd prison- 
 
 lat frequent 
 
 urbs, and in 
 
 [ion in both, 
 
 tithe of the 
 
 le accursed 
 
 as they are, 
 
 lonnect the 
 
 no less ex- 
 
 lley of the 
 
 railroad or 
 
 shanty or 
 
 iseries in- 
 
 ent of evil 
 
 iminishing 
 
 in the con- 
 
 the ruddy 
 
 fant in the 
 
 trader, in- 
 
 ig the war 
 
 lemess, and 
 
 EVILS PKODUCED DY LTQUOB. 
 
 t{60 
 
 
 rendering savage life itself less secure and more 
 comfortless, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, 
 and even the regions that lie beyond them. 
 
 Dut it wore vain to attempt to portray the se- 
 verity or take the dimensions of the evils produced 
 by a single cask of intoxicating liquors, inconsider- 
 ately sent forth from the warehouse of the sober, 
 moral, and religious dealer, to the far-ofl* west, or 
 perhaps to some other continent, or to the islands of 
 some distant sea, there to execute unseen, and on 
 beings unknown, its work of death — there to sadden 
 the missionary, to ** demonizc '* the savage, and cause 
 the hopeful convert to apostatize from the faith he 
 had professed. These are evils, however, which God 
 registers in the book of his remembrance, and which 
 the dny of judgment will bring to light; as well ns 
 those other evils nearer home of which we have 
 already spoken, and, would time permit, might still 
 farther speak ; for at home and abroad, in the city 
 ond country, in the solitude and by the way side, it 
 is not blessings, but curses, that the venders of 
 intoxicoting liquors dispense to their customers. 
 
 Said a venerable grocer, looking along a street in 
 which in early life he had planted himself — ** That 
 street has twice changed most of its inhabitants since 
 I commenced business in it ; and the present occu- 
 pants, untaught by the fate of their predecessors, 
 are drinking Jiemselves to death as speedily as prac* 
 tlcable.'* "I admit,'* said another grocer, "that 
 what you say is true; we know we sell poison; all 
 
 the world know this ; mankind have acquired ataste 
 18 
 
>}J0 
 
 TIIK WIKE DEALKM'tf Win. 
 
 for poison, and will have it; we merely adminialer 
 to that tatte, and if people will kill themaelvfei it 
 ia their own, and not our fault." 
 
 A wine dealer's wife, in the commercial capital of 
 the State, whu«e conscience was ill at ease in relation 
 to the trafAc in intoxicating liquors, availing herself 
 of an auspicious moment, said to her husband, **Ido 
 not like your selling liquor; it seems to me to be a 
 bad business ; you do not, I suppose, make more than 
 one or two hundred dollars a year by it, and I should 
 be very much rejoiced if you would give it up.*' **I 
 know," answered her husband, ** as well as you flo. 
 that it is a bad business ; I should be as glad to give 
 it up as you would be to have me, and if I did noi 
 make more than one, or two, or even five hundred 
 dollars a year by it, I would give it up." **How 
 much, then," inquired his wife, **do you make?** 
 ** Why," replied her husband, ** I make from two to 
 three thousand dollars a year, an amount quite too 
 large to be relinquished." *' What you say," she 
 rejoined, '^brings to my mind the remarks of a lecturer 
 I once heard, who having repeated what Walpole 
 said in relation to every man having his price in 
 politics, added that it was much the same in religion* 
 Satan, continued he, is a broker — not a wheat, or cot- 
 ton, or money broker, but a soul broker: some can be 
 procured to labor in his service for a hundred, some 
 for a thousand, and some for ten thousand dollars a 
 year. The price at which you estimate your soul, I 
 see, is three thousand dollars a year. My dear hue* 
 band, look you well to it — ^to me it seems that even 
 
■dminiaier 
 uumIvw, It 
 
 I capital of 
 9 in relttion 
 ling henelf 
 band, ** I do 
 me to be a 
 B more than 
 knd I should 
 it up." »*I 
 I ai you do. 
 (lad to gire 
 if I did not 
 ive hundred 
 k)." •'How 
 ou make?** 
 from two to 
 t quite too 
 |u say,** she 
 if a lecturer 
 t Walpole 
 is price in 
 in religion, 
 eat, or cot- 
 lome can be 
 dred, some 
 d dollars a 
 our soul, I 
 dear hua- 
 tliat even 
 
 mCIDKNT DURINQ TUB OnOLBRA tBASOM. 901 
 
 three thousand dollars a year is a paltry price for that 
 which is truly pricplutN/* 
 
 On the mind of that husband sudden conviction 
 flashed; and liberal ns wns his portion in those 
 rewards of unHghteousneM which Satan proflbrcd; 
 he reaolved, and avowed the resolution, to receive it 
 no longer. 
 
 Dealer in these disguised poisons, how stands this 
 profit and loss accotint with you ? Huve you summed 
 up the items and ascertained the total to be by you 
 received in exchange for that which ** angels dare not 
 bid for, and worlds want wealth to buy ? ** 
 
 Not without reason did the poet say, in reference 
 to the debasing influence of sinful mnccnary pur- 
 suits — 
 
 " How low tlio wretches itoop t how deep tli(\v lUingo 
 In mire and dirt : thej drudge and iweat and oi eop 
 Through ever? fen, for tIIo oontaminating iruHh. 
 Bineo prone in thought their nature is th«ir riiit me; 
 ikud tlioy itiiould bluah, tlieir forehead meets th) Hkies.** 
 
 In an address at a late temperance unnivcrsnry, 
 said a speaker : '* During the cholera He.ison there 
 came into my office in New-York, one forenoon, a 
 grocer with whom I had been acquainted, and said 
 with much agitation, I am going to give up Helting 
 Hpirituous liquors. Why? said I. Because, rejoined t 
 lie, there came into my store this morning, at a very 
 early hour, a young man, who, looking up to the 
 brandy bottle which stood upon the shelf, exclaimed, 
 with a fearful oath, Come down! come down! 
 You killed my grandfather — you killed my father • 
 

 999 
 
 QBOOER'fl VARBATIVB. 
 
 come down nowi and kill me. What that young 
 man said, continued the grocer, was but too true. 
 His grandfather died a drunkard, and with liquor 
 obtained at my store. His father died a drunkard, 
 and with liquor obtained ut my store. Both drank 
 from the same bottle, and both were dead ; both ihe 
 grandfather and father ; and now the son had come 
 to claim the sad privilege of drinking from the same 
 bottle, and dying as his grandfather and father had 
 died. I looked at that young man— I thought of 
 thie past, and it seemed as if the way to hell from 
 my store was very short — that I could, from behind 
 the counter where I stood, look quite into it ; I felt 
 that the business of selling liquor was a bad busi- 
 ness, and I made up my mind to quit it.** 
 
 And, true to his purpose, he did so — and before 
 the sun went down every keg and decanter was 
 removed from his premises to return to it no more. 
 A blessing followed that decisive act ; and having 
 refused any longer to receive the wages of unright- 
 eousness, he has enjoyed the visitation of the Spirit, 
 and been made, and his family have been made, par- 
 takers in the purer, higher, holier pleasures of religion. 
 Inn-keepers, grocers, dispensers, from the counter or 
 the bar room, of the same disguised poison, yon 
 have heard this brief but affecting narrative ; and 
 having heard it, I ask, how does your experience tally 
 with the proclaimed experience of your fello w-laborei* 
 in that common occupation in which you have been 
 engaged ? Have your brandy bottles, or beer casks, 
 
DEALER ADDRESSED. 
 
 d9«3 
 
 ;hat youDg 
 ^ too true. 
 jvith liquor 
 
 drunkard, 
 )oth drank 
 1 ; both the 
 1 had come 
 m the same 
 
 father had 
 thought of 
 > hell from 
 from behind 
 to it ; I felt 
 a bad busi- 
 
 »» 
 
 -and before 
 ^canter was 
 it no more, 
 and having 
 of unright- 
 ' the Spirit, 
 made, par- 
 {s of religion, 
 counter or 
 loison, you 
 ative; and 
 rience tally 
 low-laborer 
 have been 
 beer casks, 
 
 or rum jugs, been more or less effective than his in 
 this work of death ? 
 
 Can you recall the names, or sum up the number, 
 of those customers of yours, who, reeling one by one, 
 in succession, from your dispensaries of sin and suffer- 
 ing, have disappeared and sunk down to the abodes 
 of death ? Is the way longer from your counter or 
 your bar room to the grave yard, or even to that hell 
 beyond it, than it was from his ? Could you, in ftict, 
 look into the latter as he did in fancy — what think 
 you would be the discoveries such a vision wourld 
 unfold ? Could you see the horror-stricken counter 
 nances, could you hear the unceasing wail of those to 
 whom, standing at your counter or your bar, you 
 have meted out by measure, and for pay, this well 
 known element of death — even of the second death 
 — could you do this, what would your emotions be 
 as your eye met theirs who are now suffering in hell, 
 the torments brought upon them by indulging in 
 those appetites to which on earth it was your un- 
 worthy and cruel office to have ministered ? 
 
 And are you willing that death should find you to 
 the last thus occupied ? Are you willing to go direct 
 from the rum or beer selling bar to the bar of God's 
 righteous retribution ? Having posted your books and 
 made out your bills for all the poisons you have ever 
 dispensed: — the families you have made wretched — 
 the individuals you have brutalized, and the criminals 
 you have sent prematurely and uncalled for to meet 
 their eternal daom ; having posted your books and 
 made out your bills for all these services, which ia 
 
"pn 
 
 «H 
 
 294 
 
 DEALEB ADDRESSED. 
 
 t 
 
 
 your day and generation you have rendered man- 
 kind, are you willing to present this summary to your 
 final Judge and abide the issue ? Think you that He 
 who bestowed your talents and fixed the bounds of 
 your habitation, saying, " Creature of my beneficence 
 and my power, occupy till I come ; '* think you that 
 He, having examined these doings of yours, the 
 motives from which they sprung, and the results to 
 which they led, will add, ** Well done, good and 
 faithful servant, thou hast been faithful over a few 
 things, I will make thee ruler over many things, 
 enter thou into the joy of thy Lord ? " 
 
 If not, then change your position while you may, 
 and like that repentant grocer of whom you have 
 heard, form the high resolve to quit at once, and at 
 whatever sacrifice, a servitude so debasing, and to 
 spend the remaindei' of your stay on earth in some 
 blameless, if not higher and holier occupation. 
 
 ilMiMb, T^ 11., 12, 21 
 lMUh,szlL,18. 
 iMiab, Wl., 12. 
 
 With tnosgreaalon, » Hab.,ii., 6. 
 
 With wo« InUh, zzTlii.,1, alioT. 
 
 With prohibition to Nawritet, Num., tI., 8. 
 
 ** •* to the mother of Sampson, Jurt., zili., 4» 7, 14. 
 
 ** •< to the mother of SMnuel, 1 Sam., t., 14, 15. 
 
 •• " to the ReehaUtea, Jcr., zzxr., C, 7, 8. 
 
 n - to the prieiita, LeT.,x.,». 
 
 •lao Eiekiel, xliv., 21. 
 
 With reproof tolcingii, ProT., xxxl„4. 
 
 With temptationa to Namritos. Amoa, II., 12. 
 
 With temptation to Reebabitca, Jer., sur., 2; C 
 
 With refhaal bjr Rechabitea....... Jer., xzst., 6, 8, 18. 
 
 With refuml bj Daniel, Dan., i., 8^ 8, 1«. 
 
 alao Dan., x., X 
 
 With pnniihmcnt, Paalma, l»T.,t. 
 
 With mado«M, Jer., xll., 7. 
 
ered man- 
 ary to your 
 rou thatHe 
 
 bounds oi 
 beueficence < 
 nk you that 
 yours, the 
 3 results to 
 , good and 
 
 over a few 
 iny things, 
 
 le you may, 
 1 you have 
 mce, and at 
 sing, and to 
 rth in some 
 ation. 
 
 ,T, 11., 12, 21 
 ,ulL,18, 
 
 , lYi., IS. 
 
 ZZTlii.,1, «1«>T. 
 ,tI.,8. 
 Kiit., 4, 7, 14. 
 ., I, 14, 16. 
 
 JtXT., 9,1,^ 
 
 9. 
 
 i, zliT., 21. 
 
 xzxl„4. 
 
 II, 12. \ 
 
 UT.,2,C 
 
 T., 6, 8, !«. 
 
 I., ft, 1, 1«. 
 
 t, IXZT., t. 
 
 II., 7. 
 
 I {■ 
 
 LECTURE No. XT. 
 
 RECAPITULATION— GENERAL APPEAL IN 
 BEHALF OF TEMPERANCE. 
 
 Appeal to Parents — To Youth — To Women — Concladon. 
 
 In the preceding lectures, we have shown that a kind 
 of wine has existed from great antiquity, which was 
 injurious to health and subversive of morals ; that 
 these evils, since the introduction of distillation, 
 have been greatly increased ; that half the lunacy, 
 three-fourths of the pauperism, and five-si.\ths of the 
 crime with which the nation is visited, is owing to 
 intemperance ; that there are believed to be five hun- 
 dred thousand drunkards in the republic, and that 
 thousands die of drunkenness annually. We have 
 also shown that drunkenness results from moderate 
 drinking, and that drunkenness must continue, by a 
 necessity of nature, as long as habitual temperate 
 drinking is continued ; that it is not the drinking of 
 water or milk, or any other necessary or nutritive 
 beverage, but of intoxicating liquors only, that pro- 
 duces drunkenness ; that as the existing system of 
 moderate drinking occasions all the drunkenness that 
 exists, so that system must be abandoned, or its ex- 
 
 NOTT. 
 
296 
 
 WHAT HAS BEEN SHOWN. 
 
 pense in muscle and sinew and mind, provided for by 
 this, and all future generations ; that even moderate 
 drinking is now more dangerous than formerly, be- 
 cause intoxicating drinks are more deadly — to the 
 poison of alcohol, generated by fermentation, other 
 poison having been added by drugging, and that alike 
 to intoxicating liquors, whether fermented or distilled. 
 We have enumerated the kinds of poison made use 
 of in the products of the still and of the brew-house, 
 and met the objection that the use of wine was sanc- 
 tioned by the Bible, by showing that there were differ- 
 ent kinds of wine, some of which were good and some 
 bad, and that the former only were commended in the 
 Bible ; that though it were allowable to use pure 
 wines in Palestine, it would not follow that it was 
 allowable to use mixed wines here, where intenser 
 poisons exist, and where the use of wine leads to the 
 use of brandy, and the use of brandy to drunkenness : 
 
 We have shown that even in Palestine it was good 
 not to drink wine, when it caused a brother to offend, 
 and therefore not good elsewhere, and especially here, 
 and at the present time, when the tremendous evils 
 of intemperance in some classes of community render 
 total abstinence befitting in all classes, in conformity 
 to that great law of love which Jesus Christ promul- 
 gated, and in confonnity to which the apostles of 
 Jesus Chnst acted, and the disciples of Jesus Christ 
 are bound to act. 
 
 We have shown that the books of Nature and Reve- 
 lation both proceeded from God, and both contain, 
 though with unequal degrees of clearness, an expres- 
 
 
W1I0 nAVE BEEN ADDRKMED. 
 
 297 
 
 lion of his will ; that the import of the one is disco- 
 verod by reading and meditation, of the other by 
 observation and experiment; that in this latter oracle 
 mankind are distinctly taught, that aliments restore 
 the waste of the human organism, but that stimulants 
 impair the sensibility on which they operate, and 
 hence that the latter are not intended for habitual 
 use, that they who so use intoxicating liquors violate 
 an established law of nature, and that the drunken- 
 ness, disease and death, which result from such use, 
 are the penalty which follows, by the appointment 
 ofGod, the violation of that law; that God wills the 
 happiness of his creatures, and when the authority of 
 the Bible is plead in behalf of any usage that leads to 
 misery, it may be known that the Bible is plead in 
 error in behalf of such usage ; that in the present in- 
 stance, and so far as the wines of commerce are con- 
 cerned, to appeal to the Bible as authority, is absurd; 
 that the Bible knows nothing and teaches nothing 
 directly, in relation to these wines of commerce,— 
 the same being either a brandied or drugged article, 
 never in use in Palestine ; that in relation to these 
 spurious articles the book of nature must alone be 
 consulted, and that being consulted, their condem- 
 nation will be found on many a page, inscribed in 
 characters of wrath. 
 
 In the view of these and other truths, we have ad- 
 dressed ourselves to the manufacturer and vender of 
 these legalized poisons ; and there are yet others to 
 whom, in the view of the same truths, we would, in 
 
 conclusion, address ourselves 
 13» 
 
S98 
 
 PIBIHTS ADDRESSBO. 
 
 Fathers, motben, headi of families, if not prepared 
 at this late hour to change your mode of life, are 7011 
 not prepared to encourage the young, particularly 
 your children, to change theirs t Act as you may, 
 yourselves, do you not desire that they should act 
 the part of safety ? Can you not tell them, and truly 
 tell them, that our manner of life is attended with 
 less peril than your own ? Can you not tell them, 
 and truly tell them, that however innocent the use 
 even of pure wine may be, in the estimation of those 
 who use it, that its use in health is never necessary ; 
 that excess is always injurious, and that in the habi- 
 tual use of oven such wine there is always danger of 
 excess ; that of the brandied and otherwise adulte- 
 rated wines in use, it cannot be said, in whatever 
 quantity, that they are innocent ; that the tempta- 
 tion to adulterate is very great, detection very diffi- 
 cult, and that entire safety is to be found only in 
 total abstinence If Can you not truly tell them this? 
 Will you not tell them this? And having told them, 
 should they, in obedience to your counsel^ relinquish 
 at once the use of all intoxicating liquors, would 
 their present condition, you yourselves being judges, 
 would their present condition be less secure, or their 
 future prospects less full of promise, on that account ? 
 Or would the remembrance, that the stand they took 
 was taken at your bidding, either awaken in your 
 bosoms misgivings now, or regrets hereafter? Espe- 
 cially, would it do this as life declines, and you 
 approach your final dissolution and last account? 
 Then, when standing on the verge of that narrow 
 
OHILDRRV ADDBR88ED. 
 
 809 
 
 [>repftred 
 , are you 
 tieularly 
 ou may, • 
 lould act 
 *nd truly 
 ded with 
 ;ell them, 
 t the uRe 
 n of those 
 ecessary ; 
 the habi- 
 danger of 
 se adulte- 
 whatever 
 e tempta- 
 very diffi- 
 d only in 
 hem this? 
 old them, 
 •elinquish 
 irs, would 
 g judges, 
 |e, or their 
 account ? 
 they took 
 in your 
 Ir? Espe- 
 and you 
 account ? 
 it narrow 
 
 isthmus, which separates the future from the past, 
 and connects eternity with time ; then, when casting 
 the last lingering look back upon that world to 
 which you are about to bid adieu forever, will the 
 thought that you are to leave behind you a family 
 trained to temperance not only, but pledged also to 
 total abstinence, will that thought* then, think you, 
 plant one thorn in the pillow of sickness, or add one 
 pang to the agonies of death ? O ! no, it is not this 
 thought, but the thought of djring and leaving be- 
 hind a family of profligate children, to nurture other 
 children no less profligate, in their turn to nurture 
 others — thus transmitting guilt and misery to a re- 
 mote posterity ; it is this thought, and thoughts like 
 this, in connection with another thought, suggested 
 by those awful words, *' For I, the Lord thy God, 
 am a jealous God, visiting the iniquities of the fathers 
 upon the children, to the third and fourth generation, 
 of them that hate me ; *' »-it is thoughts like these, 
 and not the thought of leaving behind a family, 
 pledged to total abstinence, that will give to life's 
 last act a sadder coloring, and man's last hour a den- 
 ser darkness. Between these two conditions of the 
 dying, if held within our offer, who of us would 
 hesitate ? 
 
 Te children of moderate drinking parents ; children 
 of so many hopes, and solicitudes and prayers ; the 
 sin of drunkenness apart, the innocence of abstinence 
 apart, here are two classes of men, and two plans of 
 life, each proffered to your approbation, and submit- 
 ted for your choice : The one class use intoii^ 
 
300 
 
 TBS TOUTII ADDUE88KD. 
 
 j )!J 
 
 Gating liquor, moderately, indeed, still they use in- 
 toxicating liquor in some or many of ita formi ; the 
 other class use it in none of them : The one class, in 
 consequence of such use of intoxicating liquor, fur- 
 nish all the dninlionness, three- fourths of all the 
 paupei-ism and five-sixths of all the crime, under the 
 accumulating and accumulated weight of which our 
 country already groans. Yes, in consequence of 
 such restricted use of intoxicating liquors, the one 
 class pays an annual tribute in muscle and sinew, in 
 intellect aud virtue, ay, in the souls of men; a 
 mighty tribute, embodied in the persons of inebriates, 
 taken from the ranks of temperate drinkers and de- 
 livered over to the jail, the mad-house, the house of 
 correction, and even the house of silence ! 
 
 The other class pays no such tribute ; no. nor even 
 a portion of it. The other burthens of community 
 they share indeed, in common with their brethren ; a 
 portion of their eamiugs goes even to provide and 
 furnish those abodes of wo and death, which intoxi- 
 cating liquors crowd with inmates ; but the inmates 
 themselves are all, all trained in the society, in- 
 structed in the maxims, moulded by the customs, 
 and finally delivered up from the ranks of the oppo- 
 site party — the moderate drinking party. 
 
 Now, beloved youth, which of these two modes of 
 life will you adopt ? To which of these two classes 
 will yoii attach yourselves ? Which think you is the 
 safest, which most noble, patriotic. Christian? In one 
 word, which will ensure the purest bliss on earth, and 
 afford the fairest prospect of admission into heaven t 
 
DESOLATION OV THE INEBItlATE. 
 
 301 
 
 ey uie In- 
 brmi; the 
 neolaMfin 
 liquor, fur- 
 of all the 
 1, under the 
 f which our 
 equenoe ol 
 }r8, the one 
 id sinew, in 
 of men; a 
 ifinehriate8« 
 kers and de- 
 the house of 
 
 • 
 
 no, nor even 
 community 
 brethren; a 
 provide and 
 hich intoxi- 
 the inmates 
 society, in- 
 ,e customs, 
 lof the oppo- 
 
 |wo modes of 
 
 two classes 
 
 ik you is the 
 
 tian? In one 
 
 >n earth, and 
 
 Into heaven f 
 
 
 For the mere privilege of using intoxlcuting liquors 
 moderately, are you williug to contribute your pro- 
 portion annually to people the poor-house, the prisou- 
 bouse and the gruvc-yard ? For such a privilege, are 
 you willing to give up to death, or even to deliriuiu 
 tremens, a parent this yeur, a wife, u child or brother 
 or sister the next, and the year thereafter a friend or 
 a neighbor? Are you willing to do this, and having 
 done it, arc you further willing, as a consequence, 
 to hear the mothers*, the wives', the widows', and 
 the orphans' wailings, on account of miseries inflicted 
 by a system deliberately adopted by your choice, sus- 
 tained by your example, and perpetuated by your in- 
 fluence ? Nor to hear alone ; are you willing to see 
 also the beggar's rags, the convict's fetters, and those 
 other and more hideous forms of guilt and misery, 
 the product of intemperance, which liken men to 
 demons and earth to hell ? 
 
 That frightful outward desolation, apparent in the 
 person and the home of the inebriate, is but an em« 
 blem of a still more frightful inward desolation. The 
 comfortless abode, the sorrow-stricken family, the 
 tattered garments, the palsied tread, the ghastly 
 countenance, and loathsome aspect, of the habitual 
 brutal drunkard, fill us with abhorrence. We shun 
 his presence, and shrink instinctively from his pol- 
 luting touch. But what are all these sad items, 
 which effect the outer man only, in comparison with 
 the blighted hopes, the withered intellect, the debased 
 propensities, the brutal appetites, the demoniac 
 pasaons, the defiled conscience; in one word, in 
 
aat 
 
 9M MOT DIOUVtD. 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 comparison with the sadder moral items whicb 
 plete the (Vightful spectacle of a soul in ruins ; a soul 
 deserted of Qod, possessed by demons, and from 
 which the last lineaments of its Maker's image liava, 
 been utterly eflUced ; a soul scathed and riven, and 
 standing forth already, as it will hereafter stand forth* 
 frightful amid its ruins, a monument of wrathi and a 
 woming to the universe 
 
 Be not deceived, nor fear to take the dimensions 
 of the evils that threaten, or to look that destroyer 
 ill the face, which you are about to arm against your- 
 selves. Nut the solid rock withstands forever the 
 touch of water even, much less the living ftbre thai 
 of alcohol, or those other and intenser poisons min- 
 gled with it, in those inebriating liquors of which a 
 moiety of the nation drinks. The habitual use of 
 such liquors in small quantities prepares the way for 
 their use in larger quantities, and yet larger quanta 
 ties progressively, till inebriation is produced. Such 
 is the constitution of nature; it is preposterous, 
 therefore* to calculate upon exemption. Exceptions 
 indeed there may be ; but they are exceptions mere- 
 ly. The rule is otherwise. If you live an habitual 
 drinker of such liquors, you ought to calculate to 
 die a. confirmed drunkard : and that your children, 
 and your children's children, should they follow your 
 example, will die confirmed drunkards also. And if 
 life diall be prolonged to them, and they ao livA* 
 they will so die, unless the course of nature shall ba 
 changed* 
 
whiok 
 
 iHiif; AMvl 
 , and from 
 image liava, 
 i rivcD, and 
 ■land forthy 
 nrrathi and a 
 
 dimeniiont 
 
 tt destroyer 
 
 gainst your* 
 
 forever the 
 
 ig fibre that 
 
 poisons min- 
 
 i of which a 
 
 itual use of 
 
 the way for 
 
 rger quanti* 
 
 luced. Such 
 
 repotterouak 
 
 Exceptions 
 
 »tions mere* 
 
 an habitual 
 
 calculate to 
 
 ur children* 
 
 follow your 
 
 so. And if 
 
 ey ao live, 
 
 ire shall be 
 
 VrOF WRILI TOO MAT* 
 
 In the riew of these facts and arguments which th« 
 iubjeet before you presents, make up your minds, 
 make up your minds deliberately, and having done' 
 io, say whether you are willing to take along with 
 the habitual moderate use of intoxicating liquors, as 
 bought and sold, and drank among us, the appalling 
 consequences that must result therefrom. Are you 
 willing to do this ? and if you are not, stop, — stop 
 while you may, and where you can. In this descent 
 to Hades there is no half-way house, no central rest- 
 ing place. The movement once commenced is ever 
 onward and downward. The thirst created is quenob- 
 less, the appetite induced insatiable. You may not 
 live to compldte the process — but this know, that 
 it is naturally progressive, and that with every suc- 
 eessive sip from the fatal chalice, it advances, imper- 
 ceptibly indeed, still it advances toward completion. 
 Yon demented sot, once a moderate drinker, occu- 
 pied the ground you now occupy, and looked down 
 on former sots, as you, a moderate drinker, now look 
 down on him, and as future moderate drinkers may 
 yet look down on you, and wonder ; 
 
 "FmIUi derensus •▼orni." 
 
 Let it never be forgotten that we are social beings. 
 No man liveth to himself; on the contrary, grouped I 
 together in various ways, each acts, and is acted on 
 by others. Though living at a distance of so many 
 generations, we feel even yet, and in its strength, the 
 effects of the first transgression. Now, as formerly, 
 it is the nature of vice, as well as virtue, to extend and . 
 
904 
 
 WOMRN ADDRIMED 
 
 I . 
 
 perpetuate \UM Now, as formorty» tho exieting 
 generation ii givin|i( tho imprvHs of ilii cliarnctor to 
 the generation which ii to follow it — and now, aa 
 formerly, porcntn are by their conduct and their 
 counsel, either weaving crowns to signiilize their 
 ofFfpring in the Heavens, or forging chains to be 
 worn by them in hell. 
 
 Hearer, time is on the wing ; death is at hand ; net 
 now, therefore, the part that you will in that honr 
 approve, and reprobate the conduct you will then 
 condemn. 
 
 It has not been usuul for the speaker, as it has for 
 sonio others, to b4*Rpeak the influence of those who 
 constitute the most numerous, as well as most effi- 
 cient part of almost every assembly, where self-de- 
 niuls are called for, or questions of practical duty 
 discussed. And yet, no one is more indebted than 
 myself to the kind of influence in question. 
 
 Under God, I owe my early education, nay, all that 
 I have been, or am, to the counsel and the tutelage 
 of a pious mother. It was, peace to her sainted 
 spirit, it was her monitory voice that first taught my 
 young heart to foci that there was danger in the in- 
 toxicating cup, and that safety lay in abstinence. 
 
 And us no one is more indebted thon myself to the 
 kind of influence in question, so no one more fully 
 realizes how decisively it bears upon the destinies of 
 others. 
 
 Full well I know% that by woman came the 
 apostacy of Adam, ond by woman the recovery 
 through Jesus. It was a woman that imbued the 
 
10 oxiiting 
 larnctor to 
 lid now, QH 
 and thoir 
 inlixo tlioir 
 laini to bo 
 
 t httiid ; net 
 I that hour 
 >u will then 
 
 as it has for 
 ' those who 
 s most efR- 
 kere self-de- 
 ictical duty 
 [lebted than 
 
 fn. 
 
 lay, all that 
 le tutelage 
 
 Ihcr sainted 
 taught my 
 ;r in the in- 
 
 Itinence. 
 pyselftothe 
 more fully 
 Idestinies of 
 
 came the 
 le recovery 
 Imbued the 
 
 CIT^EHRATCD WOMEV. 
 
 806 
 
 mind and formed th§ charoctt^r of Moses, IsraeVs 
 deliverer — it was a wtyinsn that led the choir, and 
 gave back the response of that triumphal procesdon, 
 which went forth to celebrate with timbrels, on the 
 banks of the Red Sea, the ovortlirow of Pharaoh — 
 it was a woman that put Sisera to fliglit, that com- 
 posed the song of Deborah and Barak, the son of 
 Abinoam, and judged in righteousness, for years, the 
 tribes of Israel «- it was a woman that defeated the 
 wicked counsels of Haman, delivered righteous 
 Mordecai, and saved a whole people from utter de- 
 solation. 
 
 And not now to speak of Scniiramis at Babylon, 
 of Catherine of Russia, or of those Queens of England', 
 whose joyous reign constitute the brightest periods 
 of British history, or of her, the young and lovely, 
 the patron of learning and morals, who now adorns 
 the throne of the sea-girt Isles ; not now to speak 
 of these, there are others of more sacred character^ 
 of whom it were admissable even now to speak. 
 
 The sceptre of empire is not the sco))trc that best 
 befits the hand of woman ; nor is the field of carnage 
 her field of glory. Home, sweet home is her theatre 
 of action, her pedestal of beauty, and throne of 
 power. Or if seen abroad, she is seen to the bent 
 advantage, when on errands of love, and wearing 
 her robe of mercy. 
 
 It was not woman who slept during the agoniea 
 of Gethseuiane ; it was not woman who denied her 
 Lord at the puluce of Caiaphas ; it was not woman 
 who deserted l^is cross on the hill of Calvary. Buti^ 
 
«06 
 
 CKARAOTEB OF WOMAH. 
 
 i 
 
 it WM woman that dared to testify her respect Ivr 
 his corpse, that procured spices for embahning^ it, 
 and that was found last at night, and first in tha 
 morning, at his sepulchre. Time ? as neithet im« 
 paired her kindness, shaken her constancy, or 
 ohanged her character. 
 
 Now, as formerly, she is most ready to enter, and 
 most reluctant to leave, the abode of misery. Now, 
 as formerly, it is her office, and well it has been sua* 
 tained, to stay the fainting head, wipe from the dim 
 eye the tear of auguish, and from the cold forehead 
 the dew of death. 
 
 This is not unmerited praise. I have too mnch 
 fespect for the character of woman, to Use, even else^ 
 where, the language of adulation, and too much self- 
 lespect to use such language here. I would not, if 
 I could, persuade those of the sex who hear me, ta 
 become the public, clamorous advocates of even tem- 
 perance. It is the influence of their declared ap- 
 probation ; of their open, willing, visible example, 
 enforced by that soft, persuasive, colloquial elo- 
 quence, which, in some hallowed retirement and 
 ohosen moments, exerts such controlling influence 
 over the hard, cold heart of man, especially over a 
 husband's, a son's, or a brother's heart ; it is this in- 
 fluence which we need ; — an influence chiefly known 
 by the gradual, kindly transformation of character it 
 produces, and which, in its benign efiects, may be 
 eompared to the noiseless, balmy influence of Spring, 
 shedding, as it silently advances, renovation over 
 avery hill, and dide, and glen, and islet, and changing, 
 
THB EMPIRE OF WOMAH. 
 
 807 
 
 rcflpect Ivr 
 
 ibahnhig^ \it 
 
 fint iiitb« 
 
 neithet im* 
 
 mstancyi of 
 
 bo eoter, and 
 isery. Now, 
 [las been tut* 
 from the dim 
 lold forehead 
 
 ve too much 
 Lse, eyen elM^ 
 Eoo much self- 
 wou\d not, if 
 > hear me* ta 
 } of even tem- 
 declared ap- 
 ble example^ 
 Uoquial elo- 
 Itirement and 
 ng induence 
 icially over a 
 ; it is this in- 
 jhiefly known 
 ►f character it 
 |ect8, may be 
 ice of Spring, 
 ovation over 
 d changing, 
 
 throughout the whole region of animated nature, 
 Winter's rugged and unsightly forma, into the formi 
 of vernal lovelinesa and beauty. 
 
 No, I repeat it, I would not, if I could, persuade 
 those of the sex who hear me, to become the public, 
 clamorous advocates of temperance. It is not yours 
 to wield the club of Hercules or bend Achilles' bow. 
 But, though it is not, still you have a heaven-ap- 
 pointed armour, as well as a heaven-approved theatre 
 of action. The look of tenderness, the eye of com* 
 passion, the lip of entreaty, are yours ; and yours, 
 too, are the decisions of taste, and yours the omni- 
 potence of fashion. You can therefore — I speak ol 
 those who have been the favorites of fortune, and 
 who occupy the high places of society, — you can 
 change the terms of social intercourse and alter the 
 current opinions of community. You can remove, 
 at once and forever, temptation from the saloon, the 
 drawing-room and the dining-table. This is your 
 empire, the empire over which God and the usages 
 of mankind have given you dominion. Here, within 
 these limits, and without transgressing that modesty 
 which is heaven's own gift and woman's brightest 
 ornament, you may exert a benign and kindly but 
 mighty influence. Here you have but to speak the 
 word, and one chief source of the mother*s, the 
 wives', and the widow's sorrows, will, throughout 
 the circle in which you move, be dried up forever. 
 Nor, throughout that circle only. The families 
 around you and beneath you will feel the influence 
 of your example, descending on them in blessingfi 
 
808 
 
 A MIOIITI TRIUMPH. 
 
 like the dews of Heaven that descend on the rooun* 
 tains of Zion ; and drunkenness, loathsome, brutal 
 drunkenness, driven by the moral power of your de- 
 cision, from all the abodes of reputable society, will 
 be compelled to exist, if it exist at all, only among 
 those vulgar and ragged wretches, who, shuning the 
 society of woman, herd together in the bar-room, the 
 oyster cellar and the groggery. 
 
 This, indeed, were a mighty triumph, and this, at 
 least, you can achiove. Why, then, should less^ than 
 this be achieved ? To purify the conscience, to bind 
 up the broken-hearted, to remove temptation from 
 the young, to minister consolation to the aged, and 
 kindle joy in every bosom throughout her appointed 
 theatre of action, befits alike a woman's and a 
 mother's agency, — and since God has put it in your 
 power to do so much, are you willing to be responti- 
 ible for the consequences of leaving it undone ? 
 
 Are you willing to see this tide of wo and death, 
 whose flow you might arrest, roll onward by you to 
 posterity, increasing as it rolls forever? 
 
 O ! no, you are not, I am sure you are not ; and 
 if not, tiien, ere you leave these altars, lift up your 
 heart to God, and, in his strength, form the high 
 resolve to purify from drunkeimess this city. And, 
 however elsewhere others may hesitate, and waver, 
 and defer, and temporize, take you the open,- noble 
 stand' of abstinence ; and having taken it, cause it 
 by your words, and by your deeds, to be known on 
 earth and told in Heaven, that mothers here have 
 dared to do their duty^ their whole duty, and thatt 
 
EFFECTS OF TEMPERANCE. 
 
 809 
 
 ,he rooun- 
 iiei brutal 
 f your de- 
 ciety» will ^ 
 Ay among 
 mning the 
 -room, the 
 
 nd this, at 
 dless^than 
 ice,tobind 
 Eition from 
 I aged, and 
 
 appointed 
 tn*s and a 
 ; it in your 
 be respontJ- 
 done? 
 and death, 
 
 by you to 
 
 not; and 
 I up your 
 
 the high 
 ty. And, 
 ind waver, 
 pen,- noble 
 it, cause it 
 known on 
 here have 
 , and thatt 
 
 within the precincts of that consecrated spot over 
 which their balmy, hallowed influence extends, the 
 doom of drunkenness is sealed. 
 
 Nor mothers only; in this benign and holy enter- 
 prise, the daughter and the mother alike are 
 interested. 
 
 Ye young, might the speaker be permitted to 
 address you, as well ns your honored parents, and 
 those teachers, their assistants, whose delightful task 
 it is to bring forward the unfolding germs of thought, 
 and teach the young idea how to shoot — might the 
 speaker, whose chief concernment hitherto has been 
 the education of the young, be permitted to address 
 you, he would bespeak your influence, }*our urgent, 
 persevering influence, in behalf of a cause so pure, 
 so full of mercy, and so every way befitting your age, 
 your sex, your character. 
 
 O ! could the speaker make a lodgment, an eflec* 
 tual lodgment, in behalf of temperance, within thoM 
 young, Warm, generous, active hearts within his hear- 
 ing, or rather within the city where it is his privilege 
 to speak, who this side of heaven could calculate the 
 blessad, mighty, enduring consequence ? Could this 
 be done, then might the eye of angels rest with in- 
 creased complacency on this commercial metropolis,* 
 already signalized by Christian charity, as well as 
 radiant with intellectual glory; — but then lit up 
 anew with fire from off virtue's own altar, and thus 
 caused to become, amid the surrounding desolation 
 
 • FhiladcTplua. 
 
M 
 
 ■MULTt. 
 
 wliioh iniempenttiee Km oecafiooed, more eonipka- 
 onsly than ever, an aaylum of mercy to the wretohed 
 and a beacon light of promiae to the wanderer. 
 
 Then from this favored spot, as from some great < 
 eentral source of power, encouragement might be 
 given and confidence imparted to the whole sistei^ 
 hood of virtue, and a redeeming influence sent forth, 
 through many a distant town and hamlet, to mingle 
 with other and kindred influences in effecting through- 
 out the land, among the youth of both sexes, that 
 moral renovation called for, and which, when realized, 
 will be at once the earnest and the anticipation of 
 millennial glory. 
 
 ! could we gain the young,1lMillie young who 
 have no inveterate prejudice to combat, no estab* 
 lished habits to overcome ; could we gain the young, 
 we might, after a single generation had passed away, 
 shut up the dram-4hop, the bar-room and the rum- 
 sriling grocery, and, by shutting these up, shut up 
 also the poor-house, the prison-house, and one of the 
 broadest and most frequented' avenues to tiie charnel 
 house. 
 
 More than this, could we shut up these licensed 
 dispensaries of crime, disease and death, we might 
 abate the severity of maternal anguish, restore de» 
 parted joys to conjugal affection, silence the cry 
 of deserted orphanage, and procure for the poor de^ 
 mented suicide a respite for self-inflicted vengeance. . 
 
 This, the gaining of the young to abstinence, would 
 constitute the mighty fulcrum on which to plant 
 
RESULTS. 
 
 311 
 
 B wretched 
 l^rer. 
 
 might b« 
 hole Biste*^ 
 •ont forth, 
 , to mingU 
 ig through- 
 86X68, that 
 en realized, 
 cipation of 
 
 that moral lever of power, to raise a world from 
 degradation. 
 
 O ! how the clouds would scatter, the prospeot 
 brighten, and the firmament of hope clear up, could 
 the young be gained, intoxicating liquors be ban- 
 ished, and abstinence, with its train of blessings in- 
 troduced throughout the earth. 
 
 young who 
 , no estab* 
 the young, 
 used away, 
 d the rum- 
 ip, shut up 
 I one of the 
 6 charnel 
 
 le licensed 
 
 we might 
 
 I restore de- 
 
 the cry 
 
 [e poor de* 
 
 vengeance. 
 
 ice, would 
 
 to plant 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
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LETTSR 
 
 rooM 
 
 MR. DEIAVAN TO GOVERNOR KING. 
 
 I 
 
 OFFICE NEW YORK STAtK EMPERANCE SOCIETY, 
 Albant,.N. Y., Jaxuaht 21it, 1867. 
 
 To His Excellency John A. Kino, 
 
 Governor of the Siate of New York: 
 
 Dbar Sir — Your elevation to the high and responsible 
 station of the Chief Magistrate of the Empire State, so 
 greatly multiplies your influeoce over all o^asses and ages of 
 your fellow-oitizens, that I confess my self desirous that your 
 sympathies and active cooperation should be enlisted on the 
 side of the cause of Temperance. With this motive, I take 
 the liberty ^> asH you to read this communication, which 
 cites a part of the proofs that tbiSv movement has already 
 achieved very considerable results for the pitl>lic good. I lay 
 these facts before you with more encouragement and hope, 
 because I am of the impression that, to statements which are 
 honestly submitted, yuu will listen with candor, even when 
 you are not prepared to endorse the reasoning and inferences 
 which accompany them. It is by calm and Jiind appeals to 
 the judgments and consciences of men, tha^; so many, both 
 
828 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I 
 
 of the humble and the great, have been brought to advocate 
 and support the cause of Abstinence and Prohibition. And 
 it is on such means that the friends of the cause should rviy 
 to bring distinguished public men, like your Excellency, 
 among the number. 
 
 BFPKCTS OP PROHIDITION ON CRIMB IN NBW-YORK. 
 
 When some of our opponents survey the field as it is now, 
 they say that there never was more selling in the State than 
 at present, and that therefore all the efforts of Temperance 
 men have wrought no good, but have made even matters 
 worse. But this is not fair. They should revert to the 
 period when the Prohibitory Law was in force, by which the 
 commitments for crime in this State were reduced two-fifths 
 from the number under the License Law. The operations of 
 the Prohibitory Law were such, that during the six months 
 after it came in furce, there wore in nine counties but 2S98 
 commitments for crime, compared with 4960 in the same 
 counties during the same period under the License Law. 
 The fearful and sudden increase in drunkenness since that 
 law was laid prostrate, so far from proving that the efforts 
 of Temperance men are of no avail, only demonstrates the 
 deplorable effects of thwarting those efforts. For if that law 
 had been sustained, by the Court of Appeals, as it had already 
 been by a i^iajority of tiie Judges of the Supreme Court, 
 what a vast abatement would it by this time have wrought 
 in Intemperance, Pauperism and Crime ! And perhaps the 
 disastrous consequences which resulted from annulling that 
 law were necessary to work u complete conviction of the 
 wisdom and policy of Prohibition. 
 
 But the enactment, and the temporary enforcement of the 
 Prohibitory Law in this State, and the enactment and per- 
 uianent enforcement of such a law in Connecticut, Vermont, 
 
t to advocate 
 
 bltlon. And 
 
 e should rely 
 
 ExcoUenoy, 
 
 BW-YORK. 
 
 3 as it is now, 
 he State than 
 Temperanoe 
 even matters 
 revert to the 
 , by whioh the 
 ced two-fifths 
 I operations of 
 le six months 
 ties but 2898 
 in the same 
 license Law. 
 188 since that 
 lat the efforts 
 onstrates the 
 or if that law 
 t had already 
 ireme Court, 
 ave wrought 
 perhaps the 
 nulling that 
 liction of the 
 
 sement of the 
 ^ent and per- 
 lat, Vermont, 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 dS9 
 
 New Hampshire, and other States, is only one of the flmltt 
 of the Temperance Reform. 
 
 It was stated by the EzeontlyeOommlttee of this Society, 
 in their Report* to the Meeting on the 18th of December, 
 that ** during the twenty-nine years since your Society was 
 organised, such a reformation has been wrought in the habits 
 of the civilized world as has never before been witnessed in 
 the same length of time." I think that facts will fully bear 
 out thij statement 
 
 LIUUORS ON TUB TABLl AND SIDH-BOAED. 
 
 1. When the Temperance Reform began, thirty years 
 ago, every family who could afford ithad intoxicating liquors 
 on the table and. side-board. These included not only wine, 
 but brandy and rum. Every guest and every caller was in- 
 vited to drink, and it was about as uncivil not to drink as 
 not to invite to. drink. In this respect the usages of society 
 have undergone a striking change. The family tables which 
 have liquors are now the excep tion. In many of these cases 
 they are furnished only when guests are present, and the 
 liquors are almost universally limited to wines. 
 
 DBINKINO USAQBS AMONO FARMERS. 
 
 2. Hardly a farm in the land was worked without spirits ^ 
 and such a case was a matter of remark, and was pointed to 
 as an evidence of niggardliness in the owner. It would now 
 bo a matter of unfavorable remark, if a farmer should furnish 
 his workmen with intoxicating liquors. Not one in a thou- 
 sand, if one in ten thousand does it. 
 
 * See Frohibitioniit for December, 1866, p. 90, vol. iii. 
 
380 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 'i 
 
 8. Every farmer, having an orchard, had a cider mill, or 
 Hied hiM neighbor'M. Cider was aa pli'nty in the furiiier's 
 cellar, as water in his well ; and it was drank in place of 
 water by n.en, women and children. The falling off In the 
 use of cider is, of itself, a striking and conclusive proof uf 
 the revolution which the Temperance Reform has wrought 
 tn the drinliing usages of society. 
 
 4. Intoxicating liquors were almost universally brought 
 into our workMhups. Now, almost never. 
 
 AMONG 8AIL0RS AND TRAVELERS. 
 
 6. Time was when nearly every merchant vessel which 
 •ailed on the ocean, the rivers or lakes, furnished spirit 
 rations to the men. I doubt if any do so now. This change 
 is very marked as to fishery and whaling ships ; a class of 
 facts which, a mutual friend informs me, your Excellency is 
 well acquainted with. 
 
 6. When the ocean steamships began to cross the Atlantic 
 their tables were supplied with spirits as free as water. This 
 was the case in the Great Western, when I crossed in her, in 
 one of her earliest voyages, in 1839. When off Great Britain, 
 the passengers held a meeting (Lord Lenox in the chair), 
 and, to the number of one hundred and twenty, signed a 
 petition to ihe owners, at Bristol, requesting them to discon- 
 tinue this custom. It happened, to the undersigned to be 
 appointed to present said petition. I did so ; and the liquors 
 disappeared thereafter from the table. I believe every 
 steamship now adopts the same rule. 
 
 7. At the period referred to, there wasnot abot^l table or 
 steamboat table at which ardent spirits were not furniwhed 
 Jree. It would have been considered as unfurnished, as if it 
 was without bread or salt. Now there is not a public table in 
 the land where intoxicating liquor is furnished gratuitously 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 331 
 
 slder mill, or 
 the farn»«r*s 
 ; in place of 
 ing off In tho 
 Blve proof of 
 has wrought 
 
 lally brouglit 
 
 9. 
 
 vessel which 
 
 rnlshed spirit 
 
 This change 
 
 g ; a class of 
 
 Excellency Is 
 
 IS the Atlantic 
 .8 water. This 
 ssed In her, In 
 JGreat Britain, 
 |in the chair), 
 |nty, signed a 
 lem to discon- 
 raigned to be 
 ind the liquors 
 .elieve every 
 
 hot^l table or 
 Inot furnlHhvd 
 
 Inished.aHifit 
 
 Tublic table in 
 
 gratuitously 
 
 And probably not one person out of twenty, at our publlo 
 tables, calls for such liquors. 
 
 BIPORMATION OF THB DRUNlARD. 
 
 8. When the reform began, It was thought that modera- 
 tion would save the drunkard. Since that time, even 
 temperance advocates have supposed that the avoidance of 
 ardent spirits would Have him. Now It is pretty generally 
 admitted, on all hands, that the drunkard is nafe only when 
 be abrttains entirely from all liquors, wines included. It 
 being admitted that ahMtinenoe is of vital consequence to 
 the drunkard. It follows that it is the duty of others to ab* 
 stain, so as not only to remove every temptation, but to 
 strengthen him by the force of example. 
 
 9. The testimony of convicts that their cringe began with 
 drink ; and of drunkurds generally, that they learned the 
 habit from their parents, or from the example of profesHJng 
 Christians.. have united with science to impress upon all 
 parents, and all good men, the solemn conviction that as 
 Abstinence is the only 8afo practice for themselves, so it is 
 the only proper example for others. 
 
 PUBLIC SENTIMENT AS TO THEIR HBALTHFULNESS. 
 
 10. The belief that all use of intoxicating liquors as a 
 beverage is injurious, and never beneficial, has pretty gene- 
 rally taken the place of the idea that the moderate use of 
 it is safe, and almost entirely of the error that such liquors 
 are essential to health as a beverage. 
 
 11. Since the Temperance agitation commenced, the 
 most eminent physicians of this and other countries have de- 
 clared by thousands that intoxicating liquors are not only 
 nnpecessary as a beverage, but positively injurious. That 
 i)ven in sickness it is rarely necessary ; while in health it is 
 
APPBMDIX. 
 
 •Iwtjt li^orioM, ImptlriDg the AinoUoBt of the brain, Um 
 liomaoh, and indeed the whole haman organlim.* 
 
 m CONNKrriOPf with tRLIOIOUS solimnitim. 
 
 18. Thirty yean ago. liquora were brought forward as a 
 matter of course, at weddingt, at ohristeniDgi, and OTen at 
 funerals. After burial, the friends returned to the house of 
 the mourners to drinlt. Now intoxioating liquors are the 
 exception at weddings, seldom furnished at christenings, 
 and almost never at funerals. 
 
 13. It used to be thought that the Bible favored the uaa 
 of intoxioating liquors as a beverage. Now the idea is ei- 
 tensively prevalent that where the Bible approves of win# 
 as a beverage, it means the unintoxicating wine of tha 
 cluster, the press, and the vat, while intoxioating wine is 
 oondemned as "the mocker." 
 
 14. When fifteen years ago I instituted an inquiry as to 
 the kind of wine, intoxicating or unintoxicating, which it was 
 proper to be used at the Oommunion, great numbers of 
 church members were sorely troubled for fear of harm to the 
 solemn rites of Beligiou. Very many Journals, both religions 
 
 
 * 8ino« this letter wm written, the following reiolution, whioli goes 
 bejond uij espreieion which bat heretofore emanated ft-om eay large 
 body of the Faoultj, was passed unanimously by the Medical Society 
 of the StaU of New Torit, 4th February, 1867 : 
 
 "Bttohed — That in riew of the ravages made upon the morals, 
 health and property of the people of this State by the use of alcoholic 
 drinks, it is the opinion of this Medical Society that the moral, sani- 
 tary and pecuniary condition of the State would be promoted by the 
 passage of a Prohibitory Liquor Law.** 
 
 For a detailed account of this important event in the Temperance 
 world, and which, strange to say, was not even mentioned in any 
 newspaper reports of the society's proceedings, see the Pr^hibMonm, 
 for March, 1867, vol. ir., p. 20. 
 
 
APriSMDIl. 
 
 333 
 
 -tln,th« 
 
 rard m a 
 i «TeD at 
 bouM of 
 I are the 
 Bienlngt, 
 
 id the nit 
 lea it ex- 
 a of wiD# 
 ne of tha 
 I wine la 
 
 uiry as to 
 ilch it waa 
 ambers of 
 arm to tbe 
 h religioQi 
 
 whioki gOM 
 101 aaj iMge 
 iioftl Society 
 
 the morale, 
 
 of aloohoHc 
 
 morel, lenW 
 
 motcd bj the 
 
 Temperenco 
 toned in any 
 
 and political, donoanced the moferoent. Within a few 
 months I have caused, on my own responsibility, some 20,000 
 pamphieu to be issued on the same suljtJeot, and not one 
 word of disapprobation has yet reached me. 
 
 HABITS AND ilNT(MBNT8 Of THI OLMROY. 
 
 15. An aged Divine, now living, well acquainted with the 
 clergy In Albany and vicinity, once drew my attention to the 
 fact that, some thirty years ago, every clergyman when 'he 
 made his pastoral visits was invited to drink. If he visited 
 twenty of his parUhloners, he was Invited to drinl[,and some- 
 times did drink, twenty times. The same Divine found that 
 Afty per cent of the clergy, within a circuit of fifty miles, 
 died drunkards.* Now it is only a small proportion of the 
 
 * ▲ writer In the New York Ohuntrr queatloos the oorreotoeae of 
 the Btatement of an aged olerg/maa in Aibanj to Mr. DeiaTan, that 
 a miniater of former daja waa ezpoaed in twenty riaits in a day to 
 twenty atrong drinka, and that fifty per *ceot of the miniatera in a 
 circuit of fifty milea were druiiliarda. Aa to the Arat, every man 
 lifing, who waa in the ministry in 1820, knowa it waa trot. Oood Dr. 
 naher said, in oonreriing on thia aubjeet a little before hia death, 
 that it waa the greatest wonder he waa not a drunkard ; he waa in hIa 
 early ministry ao forced to drink, ieat he ahoold, hy refusal, oAnd 
 hia parishionora. The mug of elder or brandy sling waa brought out 
 at cTery housa. As to the proportion of lutempitrate ministers, thip 
 is, no doubt, in general, incorrect ; though it waa not, aa can be con- 
 firmed by men llfing as far back aa 1810, in some of our cities. And 
 there waa no reason why it should not bo so. Hinistera have tlie aame 
 fleah and blood and nerres with other men ; and if they will drink 
 poiaon, why should they not sutTurr '* Can a miniater take fire in hia 
 bosom and not be burned f Can he walk on hot eoala and hia feet not 
 be burned ? ** Tlianks be to Him who takes care of hia church, that 
 the ministry have been pulled from the fire ; though sad it ia, tlut 
 some are yet trifling with it, and are boasUng how atrong they are.— 
 /etmioi of the American Trnijxrane* Union, 
 
334 
 
 APPEKDIX. 
 
 clergy who drink a drop ; and those who do drink show 
 themseives extremely sensitive when the fact is alladed to 
 in print, as if they regarded it as a reflection upon their 
 standing as Ministers of the Gospel. 
 
 16. It is thirty years since, at a large assembly of the 
 Ministers of the Gospel, in New England, one of their 
 number, impressed with the evils of the Drink-System, urged 
 them to adopt a resolution pledging themselves to abstain 
 •—not from wines ^- hut from Ardent Spirits, while at the 
 convention. It failed. These pious and devoted clergy- 
 men could not see why they should be called upon to give 
 up a " good, creature of God." Now there are vast relig- 
 ioue bodies, who, were they to see one of their ministers 
 drink intoxicating Ihjuors, would be affected almost as 
 much as if they were to hear him swear. 
 
 FASHION — THE PRESS. 
 
 17. Though few of the rich and fashionable have openly 
 professed adherence to the Temperance cause, yet many now 
 express their sympathy with it and are beginning to aid it 
 pecuniarily, as a movement which inures to the public good. 
 Many of our most distinguished citizens have lately given 
 large social entertainments without wine ; and this is not so 
 significant, as that public opinion sustains and applauds it. 
 
 1(9. There was a time when the Temp^eranpe mpvement 
 was the common theme of ridicule with the press. Now 
 there are but few journals, even those which are opposed to 
 Prohibition, which do not approve voluntaryabstinence, and 
 which do not compliment private citizens, or public bodies, 
 who give entertainments without intoxicating liquors. 
 
 19. The spirit-ration has been aboHshed in the army. I 
 am of the impression, too, that it has been diminished in 
 the navy. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 830 
 
 drink show 
 
 is alluded to 
 
 1 upon their 
 
 lembly of the 
 one of their 
 System, urged 
 ves to abstain 
 I, while at the 
 voled olergy- 
 i upon to give 
 Bire vast relig* 
 heir ministers 
 ed almost as 
 
 have openly 
 jyet many now 
 fning to aid it 
 publio good, 
 lately given 
 this is not so 
 applauds it. 
 Ipe mpvement 
 press. Now 
 re opposed to 
 ^stinence, and 
 mblio bodies, 
 liquors. 
 the army. I 
 liminished in 
 
 > MANUFACTURINU ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 20. Before the Temperance Reform began, and while we 
 were ignorant of the nature and effects of strong drink, 
 Nathaniel Prime, Lynde Catlin, and others, myself among 
 the number, formed a chartered company, with a capital of 
 #300,000, for the manufacture of steam engines and other 
 heavy iron work. Thinking to do good to the workmen, and 
 farther the objects of the company, we directed that strong 
 beer should be passed, gratis, to every man two or three 
 times a day. We soon found that our work was badly done, 
 almost every contract was in consequence litigated in the 
 courts, and the company failed ; by which failure the com- 
 pany not only sunk the whole capital of $300,000, but (to 
 save their own credit) ten of the stockholders contributed ten 
 thousand dollars each, to pay off further liabilities, of which 
 eight thousand dollars of my contribution ( including my 
 whole stock) proved a dead loss. On a review of the whole 
 subject, I firmly believe that this catastrophe is mainly as* 
 oribable to the unfortunate drinking habits which, from the 
 best of motives, we ourselves encouraged. 
 
 21. Another company, formed to manufacture nearly the 
 same kind of article, and who employed about 100 work<> 
 men, had their attention drawn to the evils of strong drink 
 among operatives. One of the partners drew up a Total 
 Abstinence Pledge, signed it, and induced nearly every 
 workman to adopt the same principle. When the step was 
 taken, hardly one of the workmen was beforehand in the 
 world, and many were in debt. After four years upon the 
 Temperance principle, none were in debt, and many had 
 bought lots of land, and erected cottages for their families ; 
 and one of the partners told me that the aggregate amount 
 saved by these 100 men during the four years since they 
 
336 
 
 IPPEMDIX. 
 
 abandoned strong drink, would make capital enough to 
 carry on the butiiness operations of the conopany. 
 
 KPFECTS OP TUB REFORM ON NATIONAL WBALTH. 
 
 . 22. A manufacturer who employed 300 hands, informed 
 me that after they all. or nearly all, adopted the Total 
 Abstinence principle, the prosperity of the establishment 
 was vastly promoted, and that their improved steadiness, 
 fidelity and style of workmanship were as good to him as a 
 protective duty of twenty-five per cent. At this rate, what 
 sums have accrued to the National wealth from the adop- 
 tion of Temperance principles by the hundreds of thou- 
 sands of abstainers ! 
 
 23. The late Abbott Lawrence, that merchant prince and 
 public benefactor, and late United States Minister to the 
 Oourt of St. James, was asked, before he died, what had 
 occasioned the great increase in wealth and prosperity in 
 the United States 7 He instantly replied : "Our prosperity, 
 in my opinion, is greatly owing to the Temperance Refor- 
 mation. The influence of this movement is felt in the 
 work-shop, on the farm, and in every branch of human in- 
 dustry. Before the Temperance Reform was started, a 
 vast number of the farms in New England were mortgaged 
 for rum bills, — now hardly one." 
 
 24. Until the subject of Temperance was agitated, the 
 frauds of the liquor traffic were not suspected. All liquors 
 were supposed to be what they pretended to be. Now the 
 matter of adulteration, though but partially understood yet, 
 is the theme of common conversation even among drinkers. 
 
 25. When the Temperance Reform commenced in this 
 State there were about 1100 flour mills, and more than that 
 number of distilleries. The population has about doubled 
 •iikoe that time, and now there are 1 464 flour mills and only 
 88 distilleries. It must be admitted, however, that the 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 W) 
 
 tl enoagh to 
 any. 
 
 WBALTH. 
 
 nds. informed 
 sd the Total 
 establishment 
 lid steadiness, 
 )d to him as a 
 his rate, what 
 om the adop- 
 ireds of thou- 
 
 tnt prince and 
 
 [inister to the 
 
 led, what had 
 
 I prosperity in 
 
 ur prosperity, 
 
 erance Befor- 
 
 s felt in the 
 
 of human in- 
 
 as started, a 
 
 re mortgaged 
 
 |agitate<l, the 
 All liquors 
 )e. Now the 
 kderstood yet, 
 jiong drinkers, 
 snued in this 
 kore than that 
 Ibout doubled 
 lills and only 
 rer, that tb« 
 
 distilleries now in operation are on a much larger scale 
 tlian the ayerage of those of the former period. 
 
 CLASSES OF DBALBKS WHO HAVE LEFT THE TRAFFK!:. 
 
 26. Of the great number of native citizens in the United 
 States who used to sell intoxicating liquors, a vast number 
 have left the business. Tlie Temperance agitation has edu- 
 cated them to regard the traffic as immoral and degrading. 
 It is found in the great cities that seven out of eight of all 
 who sell liquor are foreign emigrants. The great majority 
 of those who now sell liquor in America are a proof, not 
 tb<«t the Temperance Reform does nothing, but of what 
 t^ > oral sense of our countrymen would have been on this 
 I . * :ut, at this time, had this Ileform never been agitated. 
 
 27. Formerly, church members and church officers of all 
 our churches used to be engaged in the traffic ; now, vast 
 bodies of them denounce the traffic as an immorality ; and 
 the number of church members, American bom citizens, 
 who make or sell liquor, is probably not one to five hundred 
 of the former proportion. 
 
 28. Witness, as a proof of the effects of the Temper* 
 ance Reform, the growing idea that liquor when offered for 
 sale, as a beverage, is a nuisance to be abated like any 
 other nuisance. 
 
 29. What but the Temperance agitation has changed 
 the policy of so many States ; substituting laws aiming at 
 Picbibition, in the place of laws which allowed rum to be 
 sold by the authority of the State ? 
 
 PROHIBITION APPLIED TO THE DRUNKARD 
 
 30. Not only ts the moderation theory now abandonedt 
 ind Total Abstinence held to foe essential to the refonnt* 
 
•38 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 J 
 
 Hon of the drunkard, but Physioians,* Olergymen and 
 Judges agree that Asylums should be established by the 
 State for the resort of inebriates, where no strong drinlts 
 can be procured — which, as far as the drunkard is concern- 
 ed ( 0^ whom there are over 60,000 in the State of New- 
 York), is an emphatic endorsement of the humanity nnd 
 necessity of prohibition. The advocates of Temperance ex- 
 tend the same principle, and by a general enactment, pro- 
 hibiting the sale of liquors throughout the State, aim to re- 
 move the temptation from all who have this habit partially 
 formed, as well as thoso who have it fully formed, and so, 
 by the united influence of moral and legal suasion, aim to 
 create such an asylum in every household in the land. 
 
 These facts and illustrations might be greatly extended, 
 but I forbear. Enough has been said to indicate a vast 
 improvement in the drinking usages of society. 
 
 THE NEXT STEP IN THE BEFORM. 
 
 But it will be said, if the Temperance agitation has done 
 so much, why not go right on in the old way, without a ro- 
 sort to legislation. The same question might be asked of 
 gambling, of lotteries and of dueling. A stage is at last 
 reached, where legislative enactments are essential. Not that 
 moral suasion is to be abandoned, but, in addition to this, the 
 public sentiment regarding these evils must be embodied into 
 statutory enactments. Of this, those who have used moral 
 suasion most, and with the greatest success, are the most 
 
 * The following resolution was adopted by the Medical Socio: j of 
 the State of New Tork, on the 4th of February, 1817 : 
 
 **Beaohed, That this Society commend the object sought to be at- 
 tained by the project for an Asylum for Inebriates, to the faTor and 
 earnest support, not only of the Legislature of the State bat to the 
 paMic at large." 
 
rgymen and 
 shed by the 
 troDg drinks 
 1 is ooncern- 
 ate of New- 
 iimanity And 
 operance ex- 
 ctmont, pro- 
 be, aim tore- 
 bit partially 
 mod, and so, 
 tsion, aim to 
 >,e land. 
 }Iy extended, 
 dicate a vast 
 r. 
 
 ion has done 
 ithout a ro- 
 be aslced of 
 e is at laiit 
 al. Not tlmt 
 to this, the 
 ibodied into 
 used moral 
 re the most 
 
 [al Society of 
 
 ight to be at- 
 
 the favor and 
 
 ie bat to the 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 33» 
 
 profoundly oonvinced. After obtaining millions of signature! 
 to the Total Abstinence Pledge, Ireland was ripe for Pro- 
 hibition. But it was not applied. The golden, opportunity 
 was lost ; and the consequence is, that nearly a» much liquor 
 is drank in Ireland now, as before Father Mstthew oom- 
 menoed his remarkable labors. The language of this be- 
 loved and renowned Apostle of Temperance, penned a 
 year or two before his death, and, published in the Prohi- 
 bitionist for July, 1855, should teach a solemn lesson to 
 the world on the subject of Temperance : 
 I ** The question of prohibiting the sale of ardent spirits, 
 and the many other intoxicating drinks which are to be 
 found in our country, is not new to me ; the principle of 
 Prohibition seems to me to be the only safe and certain rem- 
 edy/or the evils of Intemperance. This opinion has been 
 strengthened and confirmed by the hard labor of more than 
 twenty years in the Temperance cause. I rejoice in the 
 welcome intelligence of the formation of a Maine Law 
 Alliance, which I trust will be the means under God of 
 destroying this fruitful source of Grime and Pauperism." 
 The friends of Prohibition in Great I^ritain are now 
 making up for lost time ; they are pressing on steadily, 
 firmly anit perseveringly, and the triumph of Prohibition 
 i» only a question of time.< 
 
 OUGHT NOT BVBRV GOOD MAN TO COOPBttATB ? 
 
 When the Temperance Societies began, the general view 
 of religious men was, that the work should be done through 
 the churches. I submit that, in the main, what has been 
 done, has been done by the churches. The Temperance 
 Reform originated in the churches. If I may refer to myjself 
 in this connection, it was a devout and learned minister of 
 tl^e Gospel who converted me to the movement. If, siaoe 
 
340 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 that time, I have boen enabled to do more In my >vav tliun 
 some of my fellow citizens, it is only because Providence has 
 placed me in circumstanoHS to do so. But it is the fervent, 
 effectual prayer of the righteous, and the widow's mite, 
 oflfered in faith, which points to the secret of the success of 
 Teinperanci'. Nor can I ever review the history of this 
 hen'gn and arduous enterprise without being deeply and 
 profoundly penetrated with the conviction, that the great 
 motive power, from the first and always, has been the 
 Grace and Spirit of Almighty Qod, as shed abroad in th« 
 hearts of thousands of His pious servants, both men and 
 wonien, and who are to be found in all religious denomi- 
 nations throughout the Christian world. 
 
 It is the religious sentiment of the country; it is the 
 
 divine principle of self-denial, taught by our blessed Saviour, 
 
 wliioh has wrought whatever has been done for this reform, 
 
 and which 1 have ever regarded as the handmaid of Religion. 
 
 There are good men who still think this work should be 
 
 restricted to the churches, or perhaps to their own particular 
 
 church. I put it to their hearts, would they go back to 
 
 where we were thirty years ago ? Would they have undone 
 
 what has been done? And ought not every believer in 
 
 Christianity, to whatever particular church he may belong, 
 
 to unite as one man — in pressing forward with yet greater 
 
 vigor, with the united energy of faith and prayer and works, 
 
 by his example, his influence, and by contributions of his 
 
 substance — the cause of personal Abstinence and legislative 
 
 Prohibition I And if this is true of the Christain in private 
 
 life, how important to the poor drunkard, to his wife, his 
 
 children, and the whole community, do such duties become, 
 
 when, as in the case of your Excellency, the private citizen is^ 
 
 clothed by the people with great authority and official power ! 
 
 So sacred and important are the interests at stake, and so 
 
 great i.> now^your Eitcellency's icfluence for good, that I fed 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 841 
 
 ly way than 
 ividenoe ha:^ 
 the fervent, 
 duw'i mite, 
 e suooess of 
 story of this 
 deeply and 
 eit the great 
 \A been the 
 broad in the 
 th men and 
 ouA denomi- 
 
 good, that I feel that I have not exceeded the privilege of 
 yonr humblest fellow-oitizen in attempting to onlist your 
 periocal and official cooperation on the side of a cause 
 which has been so signally approved and blessed of God, 
 and which redonnds so palpably to the physical, the moral 
 and the religious interests of the human family. 
 
 I remain, with great respect, your Excellency's friend 
 and obedfent servant, 
 
 EDWARD 0. DELAVAN, 
 President New- York State Temperance Sif^ietji, 
 
 '; it is the 
 ssed Saviour, 
 r this reform, 
 d of Religion. 
 k should be 
 sn particular 
 ' go back to 
 have undone 
 believer in 
 may belong, 
 yet greater 
 r and works, 
 itions of his 
 id legislative 
 in in private 
 is wife, his 
 Ities become, 
 ate citizen is^ 
 icial power ! 
 itake, and so 
 d, that I feel 
 
 ADULTERATION OF LIQUORS. 
 
 Since the foregoing Lectures were written, in one of 
 which the adulteration of liquors was exposed, that nefari- 
 ous practice has made prodigious strides, and it has been 
 thought desirable that the later development^ of this great 
 fraud upon tho^American people and the world "houlu £su 
 a place in this work, and President Nott has suggested 
 that we add some extracts, bearing upon this point, from . 
 the address of E. 0. Delay an, made at the meeting of 
 the New-York State Temperance, Society, i^ the Capitol, . 
 Albany, 16th June, 1857. . 
 
 " I have long known the f^ct that arsenic was employed in 
 the manufacture of whiskey, and the reason why. Ever since 
 the year l^ZZ* I have been aware of the horrid adultera- 
 tions that have been practiced in the. manufacture of aloo- 
 helic drinks, rendering the same, by the addition of intense., 
 poisons, still more ii^nrious to property, virtue, reason and^ 
 
1/ 
 
 942 
 
 APPRNDIX. 
 
 life, of which I hftTe never from that year ceased wanting 
 the public. My facta have been. In all cases, obtained 
 from the manufauturers tbemselves, generally af^er they 
 have abandoned the murderous buHiness. The proAt made 
 has been enonnou8. In one case an Individual engaged In 
 the niunufauture and sale, arisured me that his sales In a 
 single year amounted to 33,000 barrels, the average cost to 
 him being about eighteen cents per gallon, while he sold It 
 at a rate varying from fifty cents to five dollars the gallon. 
 
 " I have not linown until recently of the u^e of that 
 deadly poidon, strychnine, in the manufacture of whiskey. 
 This is described as endowed with a greater amount of de- 
 structive energy than any other poison except prussic acid* 
 One-third of a grain killed a hog In ten minutes. It first 
 produces agitation and trembling; these run Into a genera^ 
 spasm, in which the head is bent back, the spine stlflfened, 
 the limbs extended and rigid, and the respiration interrupted 
 by the fixing of the chest. So powerful are the spasms, 
 that the body sometimes retains, for some hours after 
 death, th|i aUitude and expression impressed op it by their 
 terrible action during life. m 
 
 **This fearfully destructive agent is u^for the same 
 purpose as arsenic, and is, to a great extent, a substitute for 
 it. the great object being the largest amount of whiskey 
 out of the least quantity of grain ; and whethei^ it kills 
 men, hogs or fishes, it makes but little difference with the 
 distiller, so long as he can accumulate a fortune by its sak). 
 *' I quote from an article recently published in the Tribune: 
 
 " ' The use of strychnine in the manufdcturo of whiskey is hcncu-. 
 forth to be punished as a felony in Ohio. By means of this drug, 
 n^ed in connection with tobacco, sharp distillers were making five 
 ga.lons of whiskey from one bushel of grain, whereas the quantity 
 9btained by the old {M-ocess was but half so much. The topers never 
 
 ^1 
 
APIEXDIX. 
 
 (ii$ 
 
 Ased warning 
 ises, obtained 
 \y after tht*y 
 « pruAt utadtt 
 III engaged in 
 bin saloH in a 
 verage uost tu 
 lilw be Mold it 
 ir» tbtt gallon. 
 U3e of Ihut 
 
 of wblulcey. 
 iroount of de- 
 t prussic acid* 
 utes. It first 
 into a genera^ 
 pine BtifiTened. 
 )n Interrupted 
 I the spasmB, 
 
 hoars after 
 op it by their 
 
 7 
 
 for the same 
 substitute for 
 t of whiskey 
 her it kills 
 )noe with the 
 le by its sale, 
 the Tribune: 
 
 liekcj 19 hcnco-. 
 of this drug, 
 re making five 
 the quantity 
 e tf^era uever 
 
 ipUinad of tht new liquid, but iwallowod til thej could get, tnA 
 then MUAoked their lipa for more ; but the bogi, not being 10 ease* 
 hardened, oould not aland ll^ and died off hj hundreds of what Is 
 called ** Hog Cholera.** The flsh too. In the rirors Into wlilch the refUie 
 of the diatlUerles ^vas drnined, bt>gan to die off in shoals ; and a 
 chemist reported Uiat a barral of this strlohnine whiskey contained 
 poison enovg^ to kill twenty men. (So does a barrel of anif whbkey, 
 If administered to produce that result.) Ohio could not bear to have 
 the quality of her polMu diiitruatcd, and so has made the use of stryoh> 
 nine, In whiskey,, a state prison offonco. Making th» whiskey without 
 strychnine is not eron declared a nii^doineanor as yet. 
 
 '* We all know that whittkey is the basin of ihe wine, brandy 
 and gin now lold in the country, whether imported or do- 
 mestic, the grape having in a great measure failed In wine 
 producing countri^. The demand for wines having in- 
 creased, the resort has been to the distillery and poisonous 
 preparations, to supply its place. And so the grains of the 
 eartl)> which God designed for food, are laid under contri- 
 bution for its production. Ohio, the great grain- producing 
 stftte, apawera the call, and her distillers worm it through 
 their thousand distilleries. But they are not content to fur- 
 nish the pure alcoholic poison. They call upon the druggist, 
 and by meafis of strychnine and the decoction of. tobaQoo,, 
 doable the effect, by thus doubling the poison . This abom- 
 inable compound is exported abroad, but is soon returned 
 with sucn ingredients as foreign ingenuity can devise, and 
 after paying duties abroad as whiskey , and at home under the 
 names of wine and brandy, is sold at enormous profit, and, 
 drank by all classes. So extensively was adulteration prac- 
 ticed in France, that the Rev. Dr. Bairo stated that cer- 
 tain persons appointed by government to test the purity ot 
 iiqaors by tasting, were compelled to resign, to escape from 
 death by poisoning. And yet these are the pure wines and 
 brandies that circulate so freely through the higher circlea» 
 
 Norr. 
 
ASSmDOU 
 
 tlM Mly DTidenoe of their purity oonititiog (n tht titnT^ 
 (ABt prioes obarged and paid for them. 
 
 ** But the uaeless formality of lendiiig aoroit the ooean 
 often ditpenaed with. There eziata iogenuity on tliia a* 
 well aa on the other aide of the water. Thia aame Ohio 
 whiakey ia porohaaed in New- York and other large oiti««, 
 where it ia eaaily tranaformed into imported liquora^and aold 
 M auch often with the branda of the moat celebrated dealera. 
 
 So alarmingly eztenaive ia the evil becoming, that the 
 political preas of all parttea ia aending out ita voice of wam« 
 ing ; and, in no meaanred terms, condemning and denouncing 
 thia wholeaale poisoning of the people by the makera and 
 vendora of theae abominable compounda. We rcjoioe to aet 
 these evidencea of moral life in the political preaa ; we hail 
 them as proofs that it ia still mindful of its duty aa a aenti- 
 nel on the outposts of danger. We welcome it aa a co-worker 
 with us in this moral reform ; for there clearly can be no 
 perfect escape from these poisonous compounds, except in 
 the adoption and enforcement of the prohibitory principle. 
 
 '* I have called your attention to these enbrmoue evUa, 
 now becoming so generally known and acknowledged, for 
 the purpose of showing what kind of substances our legia- 
 lature have legalized the sale of by the license law. 
 
 ** It must he apparent to all that there is but one mode of 
 escape, that of total abstinence, succeeded by probibition% 
 It is idle to waste time or thought upon any half and 'half 
 measure^ 
 
 " But while dwelling upon these adulteratlona and^' their 
 enormity, we ought not to forget that alcohol itself, in theae 
 liquors, is an active poison, and that the other poison added, 
 only render the compound the more poisonous. Our war- 
 fare, oommenced against alcohol alone ; we supposed all 
 liquors pure, but that their very purity was poiaonpns •§ a 
 beverage. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 zu 
 
 the ocean 
 OB tliia a^ 
 samo Ohio 
 large oitl««, 
 on,and lold 
 lied dealera . 
 ng, that the 
 •ioeofwarn* 
 1 denouncing 
 makera and 
 rejoice to 
 
 )ss ; we hail 
 7 aa a eenti- 
 a co-worker 
 f can be no 
 s, except in 
 7 principle, 
 rooue eyili» 
 pledged, for 
 8 our legit- 
 aw. 
 
 me mode of 
 >robibitioDw 
 If and. 'half 
 
 fl and^^ their 
 elf, In these 
 iCioB addedf 
 Our war- 
 pposed all 
 lon^iiB at A 
 
 All medical works pronounce alcohol it««lf a polvon. and. 
 like others, dangerous to health and life. The dark array of 
 adulterations and poisonous compounds have oonte in since, 
 but they have come only to stimulate us to stronger effurta 
 and more determined perseverence to free the state and 
 the nation from this monstrous iniquity ; and in view of 
 these horrid adulterations, and the miseries they are infliutlng 
 upon us— demoralizing the people, as well as rapidly deterio- 
 rating our race — ehould not all, of whatever denominatiun of 
 Christians, or whatever party, having the love of Gud or man 
 in their hearts, arouse themselves and unite with us in our 
 efforts to arrest and finally eradicate this great and growing 
 evil 1 The question of the rightfulness of using put e intoxi- 
 cating liquors as a beverage should no longer be a barrier— 
 for nonesuch^ with the least degree of certainty, can be had." 
 
 ADDRESS ON THE DRINKING USAGES OF 
 
 SOCIETY. 
 
 BY A. POTTER, D. D., I.L. D., 
 
 Bithop of the Dioeeie of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wb have assembled, ladies and gentlemen, to contribute our 
 aid in arresting a great and crying t^vil. We do not aim to 
 ])romote directly that Temperance which forms one of the 
 noblest and most comprehensive of the Christian virtues. 
 Our simple object is to prevent drunkenness, with its legion 
 of ills, by drying up the principle sources, from which it fluws. 
 To one of these sources and that the must active and 
 powerful. I propose to ask your attention this evening. The 
 occasion, I need not say, is a most wurthy one ; one that 
 merits the warmest sympathy and support of every patriot 
 and philanthropist, of every follower of Jesus Christ. 
 
846 
 
 APPKNDIX, 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 For wbit li Intemperance, end what the extent and Oiafnl* 
 tade of Ita e?lli t Of these we all know aometblng. We tl) 
 know bow It dlneaiies tbe body ; how It dlaturba the equlll* 
 brinm of tbe Intellect ; how It polaona the apringa of generoua 
 affisotlon In the heart, and laya a ruthlesa hand upon the 
 whole moral and spiritual nature. What drunkenness does 
 to ita poor victim, and to those who ate bouud to him by 
 tbe closest ties, you all know. All know, did I say t Let 
 US thank God that few of you can know, or are likely to 
 know, tbe Inezpreaslble horrors whl'jh fill the soul of tbe 
 Inebriate, or tbe gloom and anguish of heart which are the 
 portion of his family. You know enough, bowcTer, to feel 
 that whore this sin enters, there a blight falls on happiness, 
 Tirtue and even hope. Look at tbe palpable shame and 
 misery and gilt which collect within and about one drunk- 
 ard'a home ; and then multiply their dreadful sum by (he 
 whole number of such homes which, at this moment, can bo 
 found In this Christian city, and you wlllbaTe an accumula- 
 tion of sin and sorrow, even at your doors, which no mortal 
 arithmetic can gauge, but which is sufficient to appall tbe 
 stoutest heart and move to sympathy the coldest charity. 
 
 But whence does this vast and bidious evil come ? To 
 you as a Jury of inquest, standing over the victims it strikes 
 down, I appeal for a verdict according to truth and evideiKse. 
 Gan It be Raid that they who are now cold In death, with a 
 drunkard*8 shame branded on their memory, " died by visi- 
 tation of God ? " God sends no such curse even upon tbe 
 guiltiest of his creatures. He 'may send pestilence and 
 earthquake ; he may send blasting and mildew ; bat be 
 commissions no moral plague, like drunkenness, to carry 
 desolation to the souls as well as bodies of men. This evil» 
 alas 1 is self-invoked and self-inflicted. 
 
 And how ? Do men rush deliberately, and with fall pur- 
 pose of heart, into such an abyss ? Is there any one to loit 
 
md mtgni- 
 g. Weal) 
 tho equlll- 
 >r generous 
 upon the 
 nne«B does 
 to him by 
 say t Let 
 re likely to 
 Boul of the 
 lich tre the 
 ?er, to feel 
 happiness, 
 shame and 
 one drunk* 
 lum by the 
 cni, can bo 
 aocumula- 
 no mortal 
 appall the 
 st charity, 
 ome 1 To 
 8 it strikes 
 eyidesce. 
 ith, with a 
 ed by visl- 
 npon the 
 ilence and 
 r; bat ha 
 to earry 
 Thlseyll,. 
 
 full pur- 
 >ne so lost 
 
 IPMMDIZ. 
 
 34r 
 
 to aalf.respaot, to all prudeaoa and duty, so deroid of e?ary 
 finer Instioot and sentiment of our nature, that he oan wiU 
 liogly sink down to the ignominy and the wo that are the 
 drunkard's portion ? I tell you nay. £vory human being 
 reoolls, with involuntary horror and disgust, from the con- 
 templation of such a futc. He shrinks from it as ho would 
 from the foul embraces of a serpent, and feels that he would 
 sooner sacrifice everything than take his place befiide the 
 bloated and degraded beings whu seem dead to ail that \a 
 noble in our nature or hopeful in our lot. These are victims 
 that have gone blindfold to their fate. Gentle is the decliv- 
 ity, smooth and noiseless the descent, which conducts them, 
 step by step, along the treacherous way, till suddenly there 
 feet slide, and they find themselv^^s plunging over the 
 awful precipice. 
 
 And what is that dccellful road 7 Or which is the perfidi- 
 ous guide who stands ever ready to turn aside the feet of tho 
 unwary traveler ? Uere, ladies and gentlemen, is the great 
 question. To arrest an evil effectually, we must know ita 
 nature and cause. It is idle to lop off branches, while the 
 trunk stjtnds firm and full of life. It is idle to destroy 
 noxious leaves of flowers, while the plant still pours forth 
 its malignant humors at the root. If we would go to the 
 bottom of this evil, if we would lay the axe to the very root 
 of the baleful tree, we must see how and whence it is that 
 unsuspecting multitudes are thus ensnared, never scenting 
 danger till they begin to taste of death. 
 
 It will be admitted, I presume, by all who hear me, that, 
 if there were no temperate drinking, there would be none 
 that is intemperate. Men do not begin by what is usually 
 called immoderate indulgences, but by that which they 
 regard as moderate. Gradually and insensibly their draughts 
 are increased, until the functions of life are permanently 
 disturbed, the system becomes inflamed, and there is that 
 
 NOTT. 
 
d4S 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 morbid appetite whluh wiil liurdly brook restraiut, and the 
 Indulgence of which is sottish intemperance. Let it be 
 remembered, tlien, that what is usually styled temperate 
 drinking, stands as the condition precedent of that which 
 is intemperate. Discontinue one and the other beoomea 
 impossible. 
 
 But what is the cause of moderate or temperate drinking V 
 Is it tlie force of natural appetite ? Rarely. Nine-tenths, if ' 
 not ninety-nine hundredths.of those who use alcoholic stimu- 
 lants, do it, in the first instance, and often for a long time, 
 not from appetite^ but from deference to custom or fashion. 
 Usage has a:jSociated intoxicating drinks with good fellow- 
 ship — with offices of hospitaliiy and friendship. However 
 false and dangerous such an association may be, it is not sur- 
 prising that, when once established, it continually gathered 
 strength ; with some through appetite, with others through 
 interest. It is in this way that what we term Drinking 
 Usages have become incorporated with every pursuit in life* 
 with the tastes and habits of every grade and class of society. 
 In the drawing-room and dining-room of the affluent, in the 
 public room of the hotel, in every place of refreshment, in 
 the social gatherings of the poor, in the harvest field and the 
 workshop, alcoholic liquor was at one time deemed essential. 
 Too often it is deemed so still. Many a host and employer,, 
 many a young companion, shrinks even now from the idea 
 of exchanging the kind offices of life without the aid of 
 intoxicating liquors, as he would shrink from some sore 
 offence against taste and propriety. Not to put the cup to 
 your neighbor's lip, in one word, is to sin against that most 
 absolute of earthly sovereigns, fashion. , 
 
 Here, then, lies the gist of the whole difficulty. Fashion 
 propagates itself downward. Established and upheld by the 
 more refined and opulent, it is soon caught up by those in 
 less conspicuous walks. It thus spreads itself over the whole 
 
APPEKDIX. 
 
 349 
 
 lut, and the 
 Let it be 
 d temperate 
 ' that which 
 er beoomea 
 
 te drinking 1 
 ne-tenths, if 
 )ho1io stimu- 
 a long timet 
 n orjashion, 
 good fellow- 
 ). However 
 .itisnotsnr- 
 Btlly gathered 
 hers through 
 ra Drinking 
 ursuit in life, 
 sa of society, 
 uent, in the 
 jreshment, in 
 field and the - 
 |ied essential, 
 idemployer, 
 lorn the idea 
 the aid of 
 some sore 
 Lt the cup to 
 1st that most 
 
 fy. Fashion 
 )held by the 
 
 |by those in 
 )r the whole 
 
 Ikce of society, andr becoming allied with other principles, k* 
 planted deep in the habits and associations of a people. It 
 is preeminently so with drinking usage*- Immemorial cns- 
 tom ; the example of those whose c;ducat ion or position j^ivea 
 them a oommanding sway over the opinions and practice of 
 others ; appetite, with them wlio Iiavc drunlc till what was 
 once but compliance with usage, is now an imperious crav> 
 ing ; the interest of many, who thrive by the traffic in intox> 
 ioating drinks, or by the follies into which they betray 
 men — here are causes which so fortify and strengthen these 
 usages, that they seem to defy all change. But lejt us not 
 despair. We address those who are willing to think, and 
 who are accustomed to bring every question to the stern 
 test of utility and duty. To ihese, then, we appeal. 
 
 Drinking usages are the chief cause of intempertmce ^ and 
 these usages derive their force and authority, in the first 
 instance, wholly from those who give law to fashiop. Let this 
 be considered. Do you ask for the treacherbus ifuide, who 
 with winning smiles and honeyed accents, leads men forward 
 from one degree of indulgence to another, till they are besot- 
 ted and lost ? Seek him not in the parHeus of the low grog- 
 shop ; seek him not in any scenes of coarse and vulgar 
 revelry. He is to be found where they meet who are the 
 observed of all observers. There, in the abodes of the rich 
 and admired ; there, midst all the enchantments of luxury 
 and elegance; where friend pledges friend ; wheris wine is 
 invoked to lend new animation to gaiety and impisirt new 
 brilliancy to wit ; in the sparkling glass, which is raised even 
 by the hand (^beautiful and lovely women, there is the most 
 dangerous decoy. Can that be unsafe which is thus ai&sooi- 
 ated with all that is fair and graceful in woman, with all that 
 is attractive and brilliimt in man ? Must not that be proper 
 <aiid «ven obligatory, which has the deliberate and tim^- 
 
 '.I- 
 
y 
 
 360 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 honored sanotlon of those who stand before the world aa th« 
 *' glass of fashion/' and " rose of the fair state ? " 
 
 Thus reason the great proportion of men. They are look- 
 ing continually to those who, in their estimation, are more 
 favored of fortune or more accomplished in mind and man- 
 ners. We do not regulate our watches more carefully or 
 more universally by the town clock, than do nine-tenths of 
 mankind take their tone from the residue, who occupy places 
 towards which all are struggling. 
 
 Let the responsibility of these drinking usages be put, 
 then, where it Justly belongs. When you visit, on some 
 errand of mercy, the abodes of the poor and afflicted ; when 
 you look in on some home which has been made dark by 
 drunkenness, — where hearts are desolate and hearths are 
 cold ; where want is breaking in as an armed man ; where 
 the wife is 'heart-1>roken or debased, and children are fast 
 demoralizing ; where little can be heard but ribaldry, blas- 
 phemy and obscenity, — friends! would you connect effect 
 with cause, and trace this hideous monster back to its true 
 parent, let your thoughts fly away to some abode of wealth 
 and refinement, where conviviality^ reigns ; where, amidst 
 joyous greetings and friendly protestations, and merry 
 shouts, the flowing bowl goes round ; and there you will see 
 that which is sure to make drinking every w-here attractive, 
 and which, in doing so, never fails, and canuot fail, to make 
 drunkenness common. 
 
 Would we settle our account, then, with the drinking 
 usages of the reined and respectable t We must hold them 
 answerable for maintaining corresponding usages in other 
 classes of society ; and we must hold them answerable, fur- 
 ther, for the frightful amount of intemperance which results 
 from those usages. We must hold them accountable for all 
 the sin, and all the unhappiness, and all the pinching poverty, 
 And aU the nefarious crimes to which intemperance givet 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 361 
 
 rise. So long as these usager inaintain their place among 
 the respectable, so long will drinking and drunlcenneds 
 abound through all grades and conditions of life. Neither 
 the power of law aimed at the traffic in liquors, nor the force 
 of argument addressed to the understandings and conscien- 
 oeR of the many, will ever prevail to cast out the fiend 
 drunkenness, so long as they who are esteemed the favored 
 few uphold with unyielding hand, the practice of drinking. 
 
 Hence, the question, whether this monster evil shall be 
 abated^ resolves itself always into another question ; and 
 that is : will the educated, the wealthy, the respectable, 
 persist in sustaining the usages which produce it 1 Let 
 them resolve that these usages shall no longer have their 
 countenance, and their insidious power is broken. Let 
 Ihem resolve that, wherever they go, the empty wineglass 
 shall proclaim their silent protest ; and fashion, which now 
 commands us to drink, shall soon command us, with all- 
 potential voice, to abstain. 
 
 Now, what is there in these usages to entitle them to 
 the patronage of the wise and good ? Are they necessary ? 
 Are they safe or useful ? 
 
 Unless they can show some offset to the vast amount of 
 evil which they occasion, they ought surely to be ruled out 
 of court. But is any one prepared to maintain that these 
 Drinking Usages are necessary — that it is necessary, or 
 even useful, that men should use intoxicating liquors as a 
 beverage ? Do they add vigor to muscle, or strength, to 
 intellect, or warmth to the heart, or rectitude to the con- 
 science 1 The experience of thousands, or even millions^ 
 has answered this question. In almost every age and quar- 
 ter of the world, but especially within the last twenty-five 
 years, and in our own land, many have made trial of entire 
 abstinence from all that can intoxicate. How few of them 
 will confess that they have suffered from it, either in health 
 
B69 
 
 APPXMDIX. 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 of body, or elMttoity of tplritt, or energy and activity of 
 Blind 1 How many will testify that in eaoh of these respeoti 
 they were sensible gainers from the time they rei\oimoed 
 the use of all aloobolio stimulants I 
 But, if neither useful or necessary, can it be contended that 
 these drinking customs are harmless 1 Are they not exptn" 
 five ? Many a moderate drinker, did he reckon up accurately 
 the cost of thia indulgence, would discoTer that it forms one 
 of his heayiest burdens. No taxes, says Franklin, are so 
 oppressive* as those which men levy on themselves. Appe< 
 cite and fashion, vanity and ostentation, constitute our most 
 rapacious tax-gatherers. It is computed by Mr. Porter, an 
 English statistician of distinguished ability, but of no special 
 interest in the sul^eot which we are now discussing, that the 
 laboring people of Great Britain, exclusive of the middle or 
 hig;her ola^ses, expend no less than .£53,000,000 ($260,000,* 
 000) every year on alcohol>i> liquors and tobacco 1 There is 
 little doubt that the amount directly or indirectly consumed 
 
 * '* My companion at the proM," says Franklin, speaking of his life 
 as a Journeyman printer in I<ondon, "drank every day a pint before 
 breakfast, a pint at brealifast, with his bread and cheese, a pint be> 
 tween breakfast and dinner, a i. !nt at dinner, a pint in the afternoon 
 about six o^cIock, and another when he had done his day's work. 
 I thought it a detestable custom ; but it was necessary, he supposed, 
 to drink strong beer, that he might he vtrong to labor. I endeavored 
 to convinoe him that the bodily strength afforded by beer could only 
 be ia proportion to the grain or flour dissolred in the water of which 
 it was made ; that there was more flour in a pennyworth of bread ; 
 and, therefore, if he could eat that with a pint of water, it would 
 give him more strength than a quart of beei . He drank on, however, 
 and had four or five shillings to pay out of his wages every Saturday 
 night for that vile liquor, — an expense which I was free from ; and 
 tku$f thtte poor devUt ketp thtm$thM nlwav* under. —Sw Dr. Frank' 
 Un*$ IdfCf written hy himul/ 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 363 
 
 I activity of 
 leae respeoti 
 )7 rei^Qimoed 
 
 intended that 
 >y not es^HH' 
 ip aoeurately 
 i it forms one 
 bDklin, are so 
 gives. Appe- 
 !;ate our most 
 [r. Porter, aa 
 of no special 
 Bing, that the 
 the middle or 
 
 (8250,000,- 
 
 01 There 18 
 >ly consumed 
 
 Ung of his life 
 a pink before 
 
 bse, a pint be* 
 the afternoon 
 
 ps day^g work. 
 
 he supposed, 
 
 1 1 endeavored 
 
 Ur could only 
 
 rater of which 
 
 |rth of bread; 
 
 tter, it would 
 
 I on, however, 
 
 |rer7 Saturday 
 
 firom; and 
 
 Dr. Frunk' 
 
 in Pennsylvania * annually for the same indulgence equalii 
 $10,000,000, — a sum which, could it be saved for four suc- 
 cessive years, would pay the debt which now hangs lilce an 
 incubus on the energies of the Commonwealth. In wasting 
 1250,000,000 every year the laboring population of Britali 
 put it beyond the power of any government to avert from 
 multitudes of them the misery of want. Were but a tithe 
 ofthat sum wrenched from the hands of the toilwom laboraiw 
 and buried in the Thames or the ocean, we should all regaid 
 it as an act of stupendous fully and guilt. Yet itwere te- 
 finitely better that such a sum should be oast into the deptlit 
 of the sea, than that it should be expended in a way which 
 must debauch the moralti, and destroy .the health, and lay 
 waste the personal and domestio^happiness of thousands. If 
 the question be narrowed down to one of mere material 
 toeaJth, no polioy can>b.e more. suioidal than that which.op- 
 holds usages, the inevitable effect of which is to paralyse 
 the productive powers of a people, and to derange the proper 
 and natural distribution of property. Remember, then, he 
 who sustiiins the^e usages sustains the most prolific source 
 of improvidence and want. He makes, at the same time, 
 an inroad upon his own personal income, which is but a 
 loan from God .entrusted to him for his own and others' good. 
 But these driniting usages are not only expensive ; they 
 are unreanonable. What is their practical effect 1 It is that 
 others shall decide for us a question, which ought most 
 clearly to be referred only to our own taste and sense of 
 duty. We are to drink, whether it be agreeable to us or 
 
 * In rwestern Pennsylvania, one of the most valuable products is 
 bituminous coal. Great quantities are sent down the Ohio, and are paid 
 for in whislcey. I was informed by a distinguished citizen ofthat part . 
 of the state, thnt every year shows a balance against the producers oC*',: 
 cc«sl, and. in favor of the distillers I 
 
3C4 
 
 APPBNDIX. 
 
 BOt ; whether we think it right or not ; whether we \h\vk It 
 lafe or not. Moreover — and this it nufBoieDtly humiliatiog 
 —we are to drink preoisely token and precisely where otheri 
 prescribe. It has been said that, in some parts of our coun- 
 try, a man must either drink with a man who invites him, or 
 fight. It is not long since, in every part of it, one must 
 either drink, when invited, or incur the frowns and Jeers of 
 those who claimed to be arbiters of propriety. And, even 
 now, he or she who will not drink at all, or will drink only 
 when their own reason and inclination bid, must not be sur- 
 prised if they provoke invective or ridicule. And is a 
 bondage like this to be upheld ? Does it become free bom 
 Americans, who boast so much of liberty, to bow down 
 their necks tp a servitude so unrelenting, and yet so absurd ? 
 A German nobleman once paid a visit to Great BrHain, 
 when the practice of toasting and drinking healths was at its 
 height. Wherever he went, during a six months' tour, ho 
 found himself ubjiged tb drink.thoug:h never so loth. He must 
 pledge his host and his hoatess. He must drink with every 
 one who would be civil to him, and with every one, too, who 
 wished a con.vejit.ieut prf^text f«r taking another glass. He 
 must drink a bumper in honor of the king and queen, in 
 honor of church and state, in honor of the army and navy. 
 How often did be find himself retiring with throbbing 
 temples and burning check from these scenes of intrusive 
 hospitality ! At length bis visit drew to a close ; and to 
 requite, in some measure, the attention which had been 
 lavished upon him, he made a grand entertainment. As- 
 sembling those who had done him honor, he gathered them 
 round a most sumptuous banquet, and feasted them to their 
 utmost content. The tables were then cleared. Servants 
 entered with two enormous hams ; one was placed at each 
 end ; slices were cut and passed round to each guest, when 
 tl^e hpst rose, and with all grayitv.said : " Gentlemen, I give 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 dd5 
 
 yoQ the king I please eat to hia honor." His gueata pro- 
 tested. They had dined; they were Jews; they were 
 already surcharged through his too generous cheer. But he 
 was inflexible. " Gentlemen/' said he, *' for six months you 
 have compelled me to drink at your bidding. Is it too much 
 that yon should now eat at mine ? I have been submissive : 
 why should you not follow my example ? Yon will pliMtse do 
 honor to your king I Yonrshall then be served with another 
 slice in honor of the queen, another to the prosperity of the 
 royal family, and so on to the end of the chapter." 
 
 But, waving the ahaurdUy and costliness of these usages, 
 let me ask if they are safe. No one who drinks can be per- 
 fectly certain that he may not die a drunkard. Numbers, 
 which defy aH computation, have gone this road, who were 
 once as self-confident as any of us can be. No one, again, 
 who drinks, can bo certain that he may not, in some 
 unguarded hour, fall into a debauch, in which he shall com- 
 mit some error or perpetrate some crime that will follow 
 him, with shame and sorrow, all bjs days. How many a 
 young man, by one such indiscretion, has cast a cloud over 
 all his prospects for life! You have read Shakspeare's 
 "Othello," the most finished and perfect* perhaps, of all his 
 tragedios. What is it but u solemn Temperance lecture ? 
 Whence come all the horrors that cluster round the closing 
 scenes of that awful and magnificent drama ? Is it not from 
 the wine with which Tago plied Cassio ? What is lago him- 
 self but a human embodiment of the Grand Master of Evil t 
 And, as that Master goes abroad over the earth seeking 
 whom he may destroy, where does he find a more potent 
 instrument than the treacherous wine cupl This dark 
 tragedy, with its crimes and sorrows, is but an epitome, a 
 faint transcript, of ten thousand tragedies which are all the 
 time enacting on the theatre of our daily life. How many 
 are there at this moment, who^^from the depths of agonized 
 
 KOTT, 
 
966 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 tod remonefuYhearta can aeho the words of OthaIIo*i lobered 
 bat almost frenxied liuutenant, " thou invisible spirit 
 of wine I if thou hast no name to be Icnown by, let us call thee 
 devil t " ** That men should put an enemy in their mouths 
 to steal away their brains I That we should, with Joy, pleas- 
 anoe, reveal and applause, transform ourselves into beasts I*' 
 " Oh ! I have lost my reputation I I have lost the immortal 
 part of myself, and what remains is bestial,— >my reputation, 
 lago, my reputation I ** " To be now a sensible man, by and 
 by a fool, and presently a beast I O strange ! Every inordi- 
 nate cup is unblessed, and the ingredient is a devil." In 
 this land, and in our day, there are few cups which for tho 
 young and excitable, are not " inordinate." Wines that are 
 charged high with brandy, pr brewed in the distillery of 
 some remorseless fabricator, are never safe. Among wine 
 proverbs, there are two which are now more than ever signi- 
 ficant of truth : " The most voluptuous of assassins is the 
 l>ottle ;" " Bacchus has drowned more than Neptune." 
 
 It is not the opinion of " temperance fanatics*' merely, 
 that adjudges drinking to he hazardous. It is so in their 
 estimation, who are close, practical observers and actors In 
 life. Mr. Jefferson is said to have expressed hia conviction 
 — the result of long and various experience — that no man 
 should be intrusted with ofiRce whc drank. I have now 
 before me evidence, still more definite, in the two-fold system 
 of rates proposed to be applied in one of our largest cities 
 by the same life insurance company. The one set of rates 
 is adapted to those who use intoxicating liquors ; the other, 
 to those who do not use them at all. Suppose that you wish 
 your life to be assured to tho extent of $1000, and that you 
 are twenty years of age. If you practice total abstinence, 
 the rate will be $11.60 per annum ; if you use intoxicating 
 drinks, it will be $14.70. At twenty-five years of age, the 
 rate^ will be as $13.30 to $.1,7 ; at thirty years of agej^ as . 
 
▲PPBNDIX. 
 
 m 
 
 $l5,i0 to $19.60. I btTe alio before me the returoi of two 
 beneflolal iiooietles, in one of which t.ho principle of total ab- 
 ■tinenoe from all intozioating liquors wai obgorred, while in 
 the other it wan not The resalt baa been that, with the 
 •ame number of membere in each, the deaths in one, during a 
 giren period, were but nventy-aeven ; whereas, in the other, 
 they were one hundred and ten f malting the ohanoes of Ufe 
 as ten to seven in their favor who practice total abstmenee^ 
 This result need not so much astonish us, when we are %oUt, 
 on the authority of persons who are said to have made care- 
 ful and conscientious inquiry, that, of all males who use in- 
 toxicating liquor;i, one in thirteen becomes intemperate. 
 
 Here, then, are results reached by men of business, when 
 engaged in a mere calculation of probabilities. Drinking, 
 according to their estimates, is hazardous— hazardous to 
 life and property, hazardous to reputation and virtue. Is it 
 not wise, then, to shun that hazard ? Is it not our duty ? 
 Is not this a case in which the Saviour's injunction applies : 
 "If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it nut and cast itjrom 
 thee ; if thy right handoffend thee, cut it off and east itjrom 
 thee ; for it ie better Jor thee that one of thy member* should 
 perish, than that thy whole body should be cast into hell f re V* 
 We all consi'' it madness not to protect our children and 
 ourselves against small-pox by vaccination ; and this, though 
 the chances of dying by the disease may bu but one in a 
 thousand, or one in ton thousand. Drunl<enness is a disease 
 more loathsome and deadly even than small-pox. Its 
 approaches are still more stealthy ; and the specific against 
 it— total abstinence— has never failed, and cannot fail, 
 t But let us admit for one moment, and for the sake of ar- 
 gument (to admit it on other ground would be culpable}— 
 let us admit that you can drink with safety to yourself 
 Can you drink tnih safety to your neighbor ? Are yon 
 oh&rged with no responsibility in respect to him ? Tou 
 
968 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 drink, m you think, within the limits of stfety. He, In Im- 
 itation of year example, drinks also, bat passes that unseen, 
 unknown line, within which, for him, safety lies. Is not 
 your indulgence, then, a stumbling-block — ay, perchance, a 
 fatal stumbling-block in his way 1 Is it not. In principle, the 
 very case contemplated by St. Paul, when ho said : '* Jtis 
 good nnther to eatjleth, NOR TO drink winb, nor anything 
 whereby thy brother ttumbUth or it oJend«d,or i* made weak?'* 
 Yonder are the young and inexperienced, without habits of 
 self-control, and with fiery appetites. Would you have them 
 do as you do f Yonder Is one who Is Just on the verge of 
 the precipice that will plunge him into shame and wo unut- 
 terable ; are yon willing that he should find in your daily 
 potations a specious apology for his own 7 Or yonder Is one 
 who is already a bondman to this fearful vice, but who feels 
 bis debasement, and would gladly be once more free ; will 
 you do that in his presence which will discourage him from 
 striking boldly for emancipation 1 Nay, it may be that he Is 
 even now struggling bravely to be free. He has dashed away 
 the cup of sorcery, and is practicing that which, to him, is 
 the only alternative to ruin. Is it well. Christian — follower 
 of Him who sought not his own, and went about doing good 
 —Is it well that from you should proceed an influence to 
 press him back to his cups? — that you, by your example, 
 should proclaim, that not to drink is to be over scrupulous 
 and mean spirited I — that at your table, in your drawing- 
 room, be should encounter the fascination which he finds it 
 so hard to withstand, so fatal to yield to ? 
 
 Nineteen years ago, I knew an instructor who stood in 
 relations most intimate to three hundred students of a college 
 The disorders which occasionally invade such institutions, 
 and the disgrace and ruin which are incurred by so many 
 promising young men, result almost exclusively from the 
 use of Intoxicating liquors. This fact had so imprinted 
 
APPKIIDIX. 
 
 86$ 
 
 IftMlf on ihii initruotor'i mind, that he mtde a Rtrennoui 
 •A>rt to induoo the whole of this noble band to declare for 
 that whioh waa then considered the true principle ^ total 
 abitinenoe from dUtilled%p\r\tB. Fermented ttimulanta were 
 not Included ; but It was pointedly Intimated that Intoxication 
 on wine or beer would be a virtual violation of the engage 
 ment. The whole inumher with perhaps two or three exoep* 
 tions, acquiesced ; Mid for a few months, the effect was most 
 marked In the Increased order of the Institution and the 
 improved bearing of Its inmates. Soon, however, there were 
 aberrations. Young men would resort occasionally to hotels, 
 and drink champagne ; or they would indulge in beer at 
 eating-houses. The evil which, at one time, seemed dammed 
 out, was about to force itself back ; and the question arose, 
 what could be donet Then that professor came to the con- 
 olusicn that, for these young men at least, there was no 
 safety but In abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. He 
 had often protested against Including wine In the same cate- 
 gory with ardent spirits. But the wine these young men 
 drank was as fatal to them and to college discipline as rum ; 
 and the simple alternative was between continued excesses, 
 on the one hand, or total abstinence from all intoxicating 
 beverage, on the other. Under such circumstances, this 
 professor did not long hesitate. He determined to urge and 
 exhort those for whose welfare he was so fearfully responsi- 
 ble} to the only oourse which was safe for them. But there 
 was one huge diffioulty in his way. It was the bottle of Ma- 
 deria which stood every day upon his own table. He felt that 
 from behind that bottle, his plea in behalf of abstinence from 
 all vinous potations would sound somewhat strangely. He 
 waa not ready to encounter the appeal from theory to prac- 
 tice, which all are so prompt to make — none more prompt 
 than the young — when they deal with the teachers of 
 unwholesome doctrine. He determined, therefore, to preparo 
 
 NOTT. 
 
MO 
 
 APPESIDIJU 
 
 hlmMlf ttr hia dnty. by rt moTtng orery bindrtnoe wbfeb bb 
 own DxtmpIecoulU pUoe in ibe way of the iroprMilon wbkb 
 b« WM b«nt upoD producing. Did be act well and wlaely t 
 Ya fathara and moibera, wbo know witb wbat paarla tba 
 young are enoompaaied when tbey go fortb into tba world; 
 would you bate adfiaed bin to oling to bia wine t Or yoQ 
 wbo may be about to oooimit a fiery and unaUble aon to a 
 teaober'a care and guidance, would you prefer tbat tbia 
 teaober'a example and inflnenoe abould be^or wine drinking 
 or ogaimt it 1 
 
 But if, in your Judgment, tbat profeanor stAodi acquitted 
 —nay, if you actually applaud bia courae, wbat, permit ma 
 to aak. isyonrduty t— youra, fathera and motberat youra, 
 aiaters and brothera ! youra, employera and teacbera ! Tbere 
 ia, not one of you but baa Inflnenoe over otbers, and tbat 
 Influence la much greater than you are apt to imagine. la 
 itnotaaaored trust, which should never be abused! O 
 parental do you consider, as you ought, how closely your 
 children obserye all your waya, and how eagerly and reck- 
 laaaly they imitate them T Emffloyers ! do you estimate 
 sufficiently your responsibility in regard to hirelings and 
 domestic servants, who are prompt to adopt your habita and 
 manners, hut who seldom possess the self-control which youn 
 education and position constrain you te exercise? Your 
 precepts, enjoining sobriety and moderation, paaa for little. 
 Your practice, giving color and countenance to selMnduU 
 gence, sinks deep Into their hearts. One hour spent by you 
 in thougliiless conviviality may plant the aeeds of sin and 
 (Din In those by whom ^ou are attended I And the crowd 
 j(^, wives, mothers, sisters, daughters, that I setf before me, 
 •^do they always consider witli what wizard power they rule 
 ^yer man's sterner nature ? ,It is our pride and' privilege to 
 defer to your sex. At all periods of life, and In aH'relations, 
 you soeak with a voice which penetratea 4io*oiftr gentler and 
 
AlTiKDIX. 
 
 041 
 
 nobUr MBtlflMtiif. Most of all U tbU the ou« wh«n you 
 boril Into tarly womtnhood, vnooinpisied by bright hop«ii 
 and food hoarta — when tb« Creator adoroi you with graoee 
 and obaraii that draw towardi you the dulleet touli. Ah t 
 how liille do you appreciate, then, the away whiob, for wetl 
 or wo, you wield over thoae of our aex who are your oom- 
 panlona and frienda ! It that away alwaya wlae and holy f 
 la it alwaya on the aide of temperance and aelf-coniroand ? 
 Aloa 1 alaal oould the grave give up ita aeoreta, what talea 
 of horror would It not reveal of woman'a perverted influ 
 enoe— of woman thoughtleaaly leading man, through the 
 intoxicating cup, to the brinii of utter and hopeleaa ruin ! 
 One oaae of the kind waa mentioned to me lately. It la 
 but one of many. 
 
 A young man of no ordinary promiae, unhappily oon- 
 tracted habita of intemperance. HIa exceaaea apread anguiah 
 and ahame through a large and moat reapeotable circle. The 
 earneat and kind remonatranoe of frienda, however, at length 
 led him to dealat ; and feeling that for him to drink waa to 
 diOf he came to the aolemn reaolutlon that be would abstain 
 entirely for the rest of bia days. Not long after, he waa in- 
 yited to dine, with other young peraona, at the houae of a 
 friend. Frimd I did I aay ? pardon me ; he could hardly be 
 a fHend who would deliberately place on the table before ona 
 lately ao lost, now so marvelously redeemed, the treacherona 
 instrument of bia downfall. But it waa ao. The wine was 
 in their feasts. He withstood the fascination however, until 
 a young lady, whom he desired to please, lohallenged him to 
 drink. He refused. With banter and ridicule she soon 
 cheated him out of all his noble purposes, and her cballengt 
 was accepted. He no sooner drank than he felt that the 
 demon was still alive, and that from temporary sleep he wa9 
 now waking with tenfold strength. '* Now," said he to a 
 friend who sat next to him, " now I have tasted again, and I 
 
062 
 
 APi'£N]>lX. 
 
 drink till I fiie." The awful pledge wu kept, -^ot 4ea 
 daye b*d passed before the ill-fated youth feU wMler <tbe 
 Jiorrors of delirium tremens, and was borne to a grave of 
 (<hame and daik desiiair. Who wcnld envy the emotions 
 with which that young lady.if.not wholly dead4odii4ty and 
 iu pity, retraced her part in a scene of gaiety which emiled 
 (inly to betray ? 
 
 Let me not be misunderstood. I do «ot maintain that 
 drinking wine is, in the language of the schools, »in per ae. 
 J'here may be ciroumsrances under whioh to use'intojeioating 
 Ii(|uors is no crime. There have been times and places'in 
 which the qnly intoxicating beverage was light wine, and 
 where habits of inebriation were all but unknown. Stftis 
 that our case ? Distillation has filled our land witth alcoholic 
 stimulants of the moat fiery and deleterious character. Our 
 wineskin a large proportion of instances, are but spurious 
 compounds without grape juioe and with a iarge ifitfu^on of 
 distilled spirits, and even of more unhealthy ingredients. As 
 long ago as the days of Addison, we read in the Tutfer 
 (No. 131) 'that in London there was '^ a fraternity o^ <5bettfi- 
 cal operators, who worked u«der ground, in holes, cav«ms 
 and dark retknement,-to conceal their mysteries from Hie ah- 
 servfbtion of mankind. These subterranean phHosopbers are 
 daily employed in the tvan8mutat4on>of lienors; and,%y/t/» 
 jttneer of magical dr<fj^ ^nd ineantationg, raimn^- under "fi^f 
 .streets of London the choicest products of the hiUs and raMe^* 
 of France. They can aqiteeze claret out of the sloe, and draw 
 champagne out of an apple:'* The practice of atfbstituting 
 these base counterfeits for wine extracted from the gra^K' 
 has become so prevalent in this country, that well-informed 
 and coflseientious persons aver that, for« very galloa ef win* 
 im^ported from abroad, ten or Hiore ^ae maniifacftnred i^ 
 horn'). *• Five and twenty years ago," «ayfi the late J. Fenni- 
 -AMiii Ooopeir, *♦ when I first visited Europe, I was astonished 
 
APPENDIX^ 
 
 m 
 
 tt)i3l>« wlue dniiflr M tumbleti. I didnot at fint'iitid«hktkbd 
 thttt bttlfof^hait' I'btd been drinktng at hooofe' wa& brafatf^ 
 ulider tbe niinfllof ^ne." 
 
 These aduUHrations and fabrlcatimii in tbeXvi^e tralOef^d' 
 not confined -to ovr country or to England!' They abd^tid^ 
 M'bere the wine'floarishes in "greatest abundkticfj. *' Thodgti ' 
 tlw pure juice of the grape," says our eminent counti-yn/afti,' 
 Horatio G>reen*ougb {the sculptor)^ c^an *\k MhhhfSd \i€t^ (in 
 Florence) for one cent a bottle, yet the retailors chd(!)so tti' 
 gain a fraction of profit by the admission of water or drugs." 
 He tttlds, " Uow far the destructive influence of wino, ais 
 here used, is to be ascribed to the grape^ and now far it y 
 augmented and aggravated by poisonous adulterations, it' 
 w6u)d be diifi«mlt to say," McMullen, a reeent wliter on 
 wines, states that in France there afo " extensive establish'-^ 
 ments ( existing at €ette and Marseilles ) for the manufiictu'rb ' 
 of every description of wine, both white and red, to resenibio 
 the produce not only of France, btitof all other wine couh-' 
 tries. It \s no uncommon practice with speculators enguged 
 in this trade to purchase and ship wines, fabricated in thu 
 pluci'.-. /runu'd, to olhl^r ports on the continent ; and, beiii'!:- 
 branded and marked as genuine Wines usually are, thty are 
 I hen transshij^iwd tO' the markets for which they are design- 
 ed, o/"irAvcA<A* UfiiudStateii u the chief. Such is thc'extent' 
 to v^hifih this traffic is carried, that one individual has been 
 referred to in the French ports who has been in the habit of 
 ishipping, four times in the year, twenty thousand bottles of 
 champagne, wo^ /^e/^rorfMt'^ o/* the grape, b'llt fabricated in' 
 1 kese'wine-factoriei. It is well knoWn that the imposition ' 
 uf1hese<:ouhterfeit wines bas arrived at such a pitch as to 
 become quite nbtorious, and the subject of much complaint, 
 in this country at lefcst."* 
 
 • kbHalleiJ oii'Wbes, p. 172. 
 
3M 
 
 ▲FPENDIX* 
 
 In the preflence of faoto like these, I ask, what is our duty f 
 Were nine out of ten of the coins or bank bills which circu- 
 late, counterfeit, we should feel obliged to decline them al- 
 together. We should sooner dispense entirely with such a 
 medium of circulation, than incur the hazard which would 
 be hiTolved in using it. And, even if wo could discriminate 
 unerringly ourselves between the spurious and the genuine, 
 we should still abstain ^/br the sake of other*, lest our example 
 in taking such a medium at such a time, encourage fabrica- 
 tors in their work oV fraud, and lead the unwary and ignorant 
 to become their victims. But, in such a case, abstinence 
 would be praoiiced at great personal inconvenience. It i» 
 not so with abstinence from intoxicating drinks. That can 
 subject us to no inconvenience worthy to be compared with 
 the personal immunity with which it invests us, and with 
 the consoling consciousness that we are giving no encour- 
 agement to fraud, and placing no stumbling block in the 
 way of the weak and unwary. 
 
 The question, then, is not what may have been proper in 
 other days or in other lands, in the time of Pliny or of Paul, 
 but what is proper now, and in our own land. The apostle 
 points us to a case in which to eat meat might cause one's 
 brother to offend ; and his own magnanimous resolution, 
 under such circumstances, he thus avows, " If meat make miy 
 brother to offend, I will eat no more while the world stands ^ 
 Thus what may at one time be but a lawful and innocent 
 liberty .becomes at another a positive sin. The true question, 
 then — the only practical question for the Christian patriot 
 and philanthropist — is this : "Intemperance abound ! Ought 
 not ray personal influenccwhether by example or by precept, 
 to be directed to its suppression ? Can it be suppressed 
 while our present drinking usages continue ? In a country 
 where distilled liquors are so cheap and so abundant, and 
 where the practice of adulterating every species of fermented 
 
▲. PEKDIX: 
 
 36S 
 
 liqnor ubbiiiid^ — in such a country can any practical and 
 iihp6rtii^t ditsMnetlcMi be' niad6 betWee<i different kinds of 
 intoj^iod'ilii^' liqnbrs 1 If ab6tirict6o6 is to be practiced at 
 h\\, Ad a phidenttal or & char tidbit &iit,o&ii it haye much 
 prdcticAI value \xn\esa it he abstinence Jrom all that can 
 iitioxicate 1 " These quedtion'^'iire subinitted, withoutfear, 
 td the most deliberdtb and seatdhing scrutiny. 
 
 Ladies^ and ge'htlemen, I conclude. Neither your patiencei 
 ndnr my o^n physical powers will permit me to prosecute 
 this subject I detOili'tly hbpe that, in the remarks which I 
 have now isiibmittedv I have offended against no law of cour" 
 tesy or lundncss. I wish to deal in no railing accusationSi 
 no wholesale denunciations. When Paul appeared before 
 the licentious Yeilxihe reasoned with him, we are told, of 
 temp^ance. It is the only appeal thAt I desire to make. I 
 might itfvoke your passions or your prejudices ; but they 
 are unworthy instruments, which he will be slow to use 
 who respects himself; and they are instruments which gene- 
 rally recoil with violence on the cause that employs them. 
 Therci is enough in this cause to approve itself to the highest 
 reason and to the most upright conscience. Let us not be 
 weary, then, in calling them to our aid. If we are earnest, 
 and yet patient ; if we speak the truth in love, and yet speak 
 it^wlth all perseverance and all faithfulness.it must at length 
 prevail. But few years have passed since some of us, who are 
 now ardent in this good work, were as ignorant or sceptical 
 as those whom we are most anxious to convince. We then 
 thought ourselves conscientious in our doul.ts, or even in 
 our opposition. Let our charity be broad enough to con- 
 cede to those who are not yet with us the same generous 
 construction of motives which we then claimed for our- 
 selves. And let us resolve that, if this noble cause be not 
 advanced, it shall be through no fault of onrs ; that, our 
 seal and our ^li^crctiun ^hall go baud in hand ; and that* 
 
3C0 
 
 APPVNDIX. 
 
 fervQut prayer to Qod shall Juia with stern and indomitable 
 effort to secure for it a triumph alike peaceful and permanent. 
 It was a glorious consciousness which enabled St. Paul, 
 when about to take leave of those amongst whom he had 
 gone preaching the kingdom of God, to say, " / take you to 
 record thie day that I am purejrom the blood of all men" 
 May this consciousness be ours, my friends, in respect, at 
 least, to the blood of drunkards ! May not one drop of the 
 blood of their ruined souls be found at last spotting our 
 garments ! Are we ministers of Christ ? Are we servants 
 and followers of Him who taught that it is more blessed to 
 give than to receive 1 Let us see to it that no blood guilti- 
 ness attaches to us here. We can take a course which will* 
 embolden us to challenge the closest inspection of our in- 
 fluence as it respects intemperance ; which will enable us 
 to enter without fear, on this ground at least, the presence 
 of our Judge. May no false scruples, then, no fear of man 
 which brlngeth a snare, no sordid spirit of self-indulgence, 
 no unrelenting and unreasoning prejudice deter us from 
 doing that over which we can not fail to rejoice when we 
 come to stand before the Son of Man 1 
 
 FROM PREFACE ON THE USE AND ABUSE OF 
 ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS IN HEALTH AND 
 
 DISEASE, 
 
 BY WM. B. CARPENTER, M. D., F. R. S., F. G. S. 
 
 A FAIR trial has been given, both in this country and in the 
 United States, to societies which advocated the principle of 
 Temperance,bXi^ which enlisted in their support a large num- 
 ber of intelligent and influential men ; but it has been found 
 that little good has been effected by them among the classes 
 op whom it ^^as most desirable that their infiueiice should,!)^ 
 
APPEVDIZ. 
 
 889 
 
 exerted, ezoept where those who were induoed to Join them 
 really adopted the total abstinence principle. Though the 
 author agrees fhlly with those who maintain that, i/" all the 
 world would be really jtemperate, there would be no need of 
 total abstinence societies, the author cannot adopt the infer* 
 ecce, that those who desire to promote the temperance cause 
 may legitimately rest satisfied with this measure of advocacy. 
 For sad experience has shown that a large proportion of 
 mankind cannnt^ partly for want of the self-restraint which 
 proceeds from moral and religious culture, be temperate in 
 the use of alcoholic liquors ; and that the reformation of 
 those who have acquired habits of intemperance cannot be ac 
 complished by any means short of entire abstinence from 
 fermented liquors. Further, experience has shown that in 
 the present dearth of effectual education among the masses, 
 and with the existing temptations to intemperance arising 
 out of the force of example, the almost compulsory drinking 
 usages of numerous trades, and the encouragement which in 
 various ways is given to the abuse of alcoholic liquors, noth- 
 ing short of total abstinence can prevent the continuance, in 
 the rising generation, of the terrible evils which we have at 
 present to deplore. And, lastly, experience has also proved 
 that this reformation cannot be carried to its required extent 
 without the cooperation of the educated classes, and that 
 their influence can only be effectually exerted by example. 
 There is no case in which the superiority of example over 
 mere precept is more decided and obvious than it is in this. 
 " I practice total abstinence myself," is found to be worth a 
 thousand exhortations ; and the lamentable failure of the ad- 
 vocates who cannot employ this argument should lead all 
 those whose position calls upon them to exort their influ- 
 ence, to a serious consideration of the claims which their 
 duty to society should set up in opposition to their individ- 
 ual feelings of taste or comfort. 
 
APPKMftlX. 
 
 Amobg tb^ mosi iooininM ^fa!}«oMbB8 bM>uglit' ki|[fthiit th^ 
 advocate of the total abstiif«itc«> priflfdplefis the followlDf <: 
 " That the abuse of a thing good in Itsolf dees not aft^d a 
 valid argument against the i^ight use of it.'< This objectiot 
 baa been so well met by the late Arohdeacfofi Jeffreys, of 
 Bombay (in a letter to the Bombay Courier), that, as It is 
 one peonliarly likely to occur to Ibe mind of bis medical 
 readers, the author thinks it desirable to quote a part of his 
 reply. " The truth is," he ' says, " that the adag^ is only 
 true under certain general limitatioii'^ ; and that out of these', 
 so fur from being true, it is utterly false, and a mtschie^'ous 
 fallacy. And the limitations are these : If it be found by ex- 
 perience that, in the general practice of the times in which 
 we live, the abuse is only the solitary exception, whereas the 
 right use is the general rule, so that the whole amount of 
 good resulting from its right use exceeds the whole amount of 
 evil resulting from its partial abuse, then tho article in ques- 
 tion, whatever it be, is fully entitled to the benefit of the ad- 
 age ; and it wouM not be the absolute and imperative duty of 
 the^Cbristian to give it up on account of its partial abuse. This 
 is precisely the position in which stand all the gifts of Prov* 
 idence and all the enjoyments of life ; fur there is not one of 
 them whitth the wickedness of man dues not more or less 
 abuse. But, on the other hand, if it be found by experience 
 that llune is something so deceitful and ensnaring in the 
 article itself, or something so peculiarly untoward connected 
 with the use of it in the present age, that the whole amount 
 of'criine and mtsery andwretcbedness connected with the 
 abuse of it greatly exceeds the whole amount of benefit aris- 
 ing from ihe right use of it, then the ar{;:urai^nt becomes a mis- 
 chievous fallacy ; the article in quef^tion is not entitled to the 
 benefit of it, and it becomes the duty of every good man to 
 g^t rid of it." After alluding to th(^"evidcn(*«» that this is 
 pre€mine,ntiy the case with re^ard-'to'iik-oWolic liq\vors, the 
 
 r 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 869 
 
 afnMtht 
 •lloiriog<: 
 rafted « 
 
 [)^Jectio6 
 ffreys, of 
 t, as It is 
 medical 
 art of h\n 
 ;fe is only 
 b of these, 
 »chieA'OU« 
 nd by ex- 
 in \7hi0h 
 lereas the 
 mount of 
 amount of 
 e in ques- 
 ofthead- 
 ve duty of 
 mse.This 
 sofProV- 
 not one of 
 re or less 
 xperience 
 ng in the 
 L'onnected 
 e amount 
 with the 
 nefit aris- 
 mes amis- 
 led to the 
 )d man to 
 lat this is 
 ]\vor!5, the 
 
 Archd«aeoD continues : *' We have, then, establishkl our 
 prinoiple In opposition to the philosophio adage ; taking the 
 duty of the citizen and the patriot even on the lowest ground. 
 But Christian self-denial and Ohrlstian loTe and charity go 
 far beyond this. 8t. Faul accounted one single soul so 
 precious that he would on no account allow himself in any 
 indulgence that tended to endanger a brother^s soul : ' If 
 meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no meat while 
 the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend.' ' It 
 is good m.>ither to eut flesh, nor to drink wine, nor anything 
 whereby thy brother stumblolh, or is offended, or is made 
 weak.' And we must bear in mind that flesh and wine are 
 here mentioned by Paul us 'good creatures of God;' they 
 are not intended to designate things evil in themselves. 
 This saying of St. Paul is the charter of teetotalism ; and 
 will remain the charter of our noble cause so long as the 
 world endures — so long as there remains a single heart to love 
 and revere this declaration of the holy self-denying Paul." 
 
 If, then, the author should succeed in convincing his read- 
 ers that the " moderate " habitual use of alcoholic liquors is 
 not beneficial to the healthy human system ; still more if 
 they should be led to agree with him, that it is likely to be 
 injurious — he trusts that they will feel called upon, by the 
 foregoing considerationii>, to advocate the principle of total 
 abstinence, in whatever manner they may individually deem 
 most likely to be effectual. He believes it to be in the power 
 of tJie clerical and medical professions combined so to injlu' 
 ence the opinion and practice of the educated classes as to 
 promote the spread of this principle among the **masses^ to a 
 degree which no other agency can effect. And he ventures to 
 hope that, whether or not he carries his readers with him to 
 the full extent of his own conclusions, he will, at any rate, 
 have succeeded in convincing them that so much is to be said 
 on his side of the question, that it can no longer be a matti»» 
 
97a 
 
 j^vmfj}ix» 
 
 of indifferenoe wbftt vbw U to be takeoof U; andtliiM; Ai 
 " QotveriMil exp«ri«MeV has bevn pnt derf^vdlyin the wrOti|^ 
 Wltbrtgard to many: of the suppoflt^-virttifs of alc(rtib(,'it'iA(^ 
 at any rate, possible thwtiti'Other attributes resttmfi'obtMM' 
 foundation. In hts general view of the case, hiu has (lie* 
 satiaikctton-^i ftnilliig himself sti|>|>ortfd by the record<*iV 
 o^nion of alalrgpe^body of hitt proffssional brethren ; iipirtitid^t' 
 of'tikfo thousand of whom, ih all grudt^s and dti'grocsi frt/m the 
 court pbyMcians and leading iVtetropolitan surgeons, who arA' 
 conversant with the wants of the upper ranks of soeiety, to 
 tbn bumble country practitioner, who is familiar with tlnr 
 requirements of the artisan in his workshop and the labor^r^ 
 in the field, have signod the following oertifiocte : 
 
 *'*Wie, the uaderiigned, ar<i of opinion) 
 
 "1. That te'Terjr Urge proportion of human nilacry, including' 
 ppiierty, disease and crime, is induced by tbo uito of aleohoDc or'' 
 fermented iiqudrs AS beverages. 
 
 "9* That tlie most perfect health is compatible' wttli total absti- 
 neaoa iVom all such intoxicating beverages, whether in the form of 
 ardent spirits, or as wine, beer, ale, porter, cider, tie. 
 
 " 8. That persons accustomed to such drinks may, with perfect 
 safSsty, diSconUnud them entirety, either at once, or gradually oft^^ % 
 short time. 
 
 "4. Thai total and universal abstinence from alcoholic hevcrngM 
 of all sorts would greatly contribute to the health, the proitpurity, tite 
 morality and the happiness of the human race." 
 
 No medical man, therefore, can any longer plead the 
 iingulariti/ of the tutal abstinence creed as an excuse for his 
 non-recognition cf it; and, although a certain amount of 
 moral courage may be needed fur the advocacy and the 
 praorice of it, yet this U an attribute in which the author 
 cannot for a moment, believe his brethren to be deficient. 
 Judging from his own experience, indeed* he may say that ^ 
 he has found much lesa difficulty in the course he has taken"^ 
 than he anticipated when he determined on it and that bt^ 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 871 
 
 bu m«t with A cordial reoognltton of Its propriety, not merely 
 
 on the part of those who partloipated In his opinions but did 
 
 not feel called upon to act up to them In there Individual 
 
 caies,but also among others who dissented strongly from hit 
 
 •clentlfic conclusions, and who consequently had no more 
 
 ■ympatby with his principles than with his practice. 
 16« 
 
 <■■* .