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LECTURES

TEMPERANCE,

ELIPHALET NOTT, D. D., LL. D.

PRESIDENT or UNION COLLROE.

I^{

WITH AN INTRODUCTION.

TAYLEB LEWIS, M. D.,

MOrSSSOR OF GREEK IN UNION OOLLIQI.

EDITED BT

AMASA McOOY,

tXn EDITOR OV *'THB PROHIBITIONIir."

HAMILTON, 0. W.:
A. M. MOFFi»T & CO.

18d8.

■1^

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA

-_M.^»Vw^.».u..

PREFAOE.

•♦•*-

Thb Temperance Reform long since engaged suAoleBt
learning and talent in its advocacy to rescue it from con-
tempt. Tliis vast agitation, which for more than a third of
a century has stirred the mind and the heart of society, has
evolved a literature of its own, which is more than respect-
able. Yet of the tens of thousands of speeches, sermons,
addresses and lectures ; the editorial reports and prize
essays ; the papers, tracts, pampblet-s ana volumes which
this prolonged and arduous discussion has elicited, there
are no productions en tlii.s subject which are marked with
80 much learning, eloquonco and wisdom, as these eleven
Lectures by President Nott.

The mature fruits of the orator, who, at the age of
thirty, pronounced a discourse on the death of Hamilton,
which has made him famous for eloquence ever since— the
wise and efficient President, ever since that year (1804), of
Union Gollege — the beloved and honored preceptor of
fifty -three successive classes of collegians, and now a patri-
arch hardly less of Temperance than of education ; the
mature fruits of so gifted, so experienced, so profound, so
sagacious an intellect ; the vivacity and fervor of the
author's style ; the beautiful, truth-seeking spirit which
marks his investigations, his tireless patience of research,
his unfailing charity and candor to all opponents, his de-
vout deference to the teachings of the Holy Scriptures, and
last, but not least, his own great personal renown ; these
circumstances unite to concentrate upon these Lectures a
degree of interest and attention which is commanded by no
other volume on this vast social reform ; a social reform,
let it be added, which, more than all others combinedi en-

25 9^"

s/ O ** £.

FUEFACE.

ffrossei tho tbougbts and the feellngR* the hopes and the
rearfl, of this generation of men.

Often as wo had read those Lectures before, and always
with admiration, instruction and delight, we rise from the
more careful and critical perusal which is necessary to
those who examine the proof sheets for the press, impressed
with a deeper sense of their extraordinary merit, and a
larger appreciation of their power for good over the minds
of others. Our own experience would lead us to urge even
veteran friends of Temperance — with whom it is a common
mistake, that to them no more reading on the su^ect is
necessary — to study anew a volume which, beyond any
other ever published, either in America or Great Britain,
goes further towards exhausting and placing on an Impreg-
nable basis, the arguments in favor of Total Abstinence
from all intoxlcuting liquors.

Intemperance is not an evil of modern origin ; nor is it
the wise and good of this age alone who have addressed
themselves to its cure. The physical and moral degrada-
tion with which it has cursed tho world is painfully foreshad-
owed iu the cases of Noah and Lot, as recorded in the
Scriptures ; and the same solemn problem is speculated
upon in the Republic of Plato. In the fourteenth chapter
of the third book of that immortal work, and which the
scholars of every age have ranked among the master-pieces
of human wisdom, will be found the following sentence :
•' We say, then, that they must abstain from drunkenness.*^

Such is one of the maxims which have been familiar in
all ages. But it was reserved for our own age to discover
And promulgate the momentous truth which had escaped
all previous sages and philosophers, that " to abstain from
drunkenness," and yet to continue to drink, is for society
at large a simple impossibility. That to abstain from
drunkenness, men must abstain from drink, that is, intoxi-
cating drink. These doctrines of Total Abstinence (the
legislative prohibitions of the traffic, which follow as a
logical sequence, the author has not pretended to discuss)
are the great themes of these Lectures by President Nott.
Availing himself of the labors of all who had written and
spoken before him, he has reduced all existing learning on
the subject to a system, and with such clearness, beauty
and power, that there is no other one volume in the whole

PREFACE.

range of Temperance literature of such permanent *Dd
standard authority. And if Temperance, as here taught,
will not raise man from earth to heaven, as Socrates
claimed for his philosophy, it Is no small matter — nay, In
a nation with half a million of drunkards, it is a very groat
matter -^ if it will raise him from the gutter of the streets,
and bring him within the influences of the house of pray-
er; and if, without being religion, it may thus be used to
subserve the sublime and awful interests of religion, It
should assuredly be urged upon the profound and attentive
oonsideratijn of the pious and the good the country over.

We suy, "the pious and the good." For it is not to be
disguised, that notwithstanding all the mighty things which
have been done in the way of public enlightenment on this
important subject, there are not only whole classes of so-
ciety, otherwise well read and intelligent, who have either
forgotten or else never known the fundamental principles
of Temperance, but there are very many profound Chris-
tians, many ministers of the gospel, who continue so far
strangers te the ethics and the philosophy of the Temper-
ance reform, that their own personal hubits are still quoted
against the suppression of the liquor tralRo, and even the
practice of Total Abstinence.

Besides, a new generation has grown up oven in Tem-
perance families, to whom these important and vital truths
have never been seriously and systematically addre? 'jd.

The Prussians have a maxim, that whatever you v, o.ild
have appear in the life of a nation, you must put in its
schools. The trustees of district schools, the teachers of
Sabbath schools, and other guardians of the young, should
be appealed to to put one or more copies of this volume io
every school library in the land.

The ^'alue of this volume is Hiuch enhanced by an
able and elaborate introduction by Taylor Lewis, LL. D.,
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in Union
College — a man who is etjually eminent as an acute,
original thinker, and for his profound acquisition in classic-
al and biblical learning.

Professor Lewis has expressed especial admiration for
the chart of Bible texts, in connection with wines, to be
found in the appendix to the volume, and for which chart
alone an eminent divine has said he would pay ten times

tiie prioe of the whole work, rather than not have it in hit
poaaeasion.

E. 0. DBLAVAN.Eaq., the distinguished President of tb«
New-York State Temperance Society, haa written a letter*
in which he speaks in suoh terms as these of the Leotartf
of Dr. Nott t

*' It ii my belief that, in the proportion that this worli U oiroulat«d
and read, the oauao of Temperance will advance and be perpetuated.

" I would urge all mliiifltcrt of the goapel, all profeulng Chriitianii
•11 heads of fomilies, oil orgunized Temperance societies, all instructors
in institutions of Icsrninf^, from the common school up to the uniTcrsitr,
to take immcdiiite steps to give universal circulation to tbia woric,
called, by one of our most learned and benevolent dtlsens, ' Tin boob
or BOOKS on timpkranck.'

'* Let me urgo all, In every state, county, town, village and hamlet,
whether on the shores of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, or the inter*
rening space between the two (who desire the causo of Temperance to
advance), to flood the publishers with orders. A million of copies of
these Lectures should bu sold in this nation. If the work is Buoces8f\il in
the English longuagc, it will be publidbed in the German and other
languages, so tliat our follow citizens fVom all nations and of aU
languages can have the benefit of the gi-eat and important truths con-
tained in this volume."

Such is the estimation in which this work is Justly held
by the most eminent philanthropists of our country. The
publishers have undertalcen to present it to the public in a
form that must be attractive, and at a price to bring it
within the reach of all, and to niuko it convenient for asso-
ciations of the friends of the cause to give it a wide circu-
lation. It ought to find a ready entrance into every house
in this and other lands.

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INTRODUCTION.

The following Lectures produced a very marked
effect at the time they were delivered, and few works,
it may fairly be believed, have done more to place the
cause of temperance on elevated, rational and Scrip-
tural grounds. The entire absence of what some are
pleased to call fanaticism, or of anything that could
by any possibility be brought under that odious and
much abused name, the transparent candor, the
cogency as well as clearness of argument, the patience
of examination, the deference to the Scriptures, and
at the same time that spirit of fairness which would
oppose their being wrested even to servo what might
be deemed the best interests of humanity,— add to
these the learning, without pedantry, the science,
without pretence, the calm, sound reasoning, without
the imposing show of argumentation, and we have
the leading characteristics that must be conceded to
the work by every intelligent and fair minded reader,
whatever may be his opinion on the final merits of
the questions that have called it forth. If we allude
to the noble style of the writer, — that easy and vig-
orous command of language which marked his earliest
widely spread productions, rendered still more attrao-

Till

INTKODUCTIOlf.

Uf% here by the miUl and mcllowoil dignity of age, —
it if simply dotus with tho truthful {xurpoie of com-
mending the book as a most ogrooablo and instruct-
ive classic to all who have a tasto for elevated com-
position, who can appreciate true eloquence as well
as distinguish good wine, or who have a relish for
the beauties of thought and diction, whether they
relish temperance or not.

A similar remark may be addressed to those who
might doubt the entire correctness or cogency of the
Scriptural argument as liuro presented. Be that,
however, as it may, the work has certainly other
merits demanding their attentive and careful perusal.
Here is certainly mucli valuable Scriptural informa-
tion, presented in a lucid and striking form, and
which it may bo worth any man's while to make
himself familiar with. Hero are hidden things drawn
forth from clasMic research, which the mind is all the
richer for possessing: more expanded, more liberal,
endowed with a liighcr and more humanizing culture.
They have an antiquarian value. They bring us into
connection with other social conditions widely differ-
ent from our own, yet exhibiting the same unmis-
takable traits of our common nature, tho same
intimate connection between ever varying outside
physical facts and the principles of an eternal and
immutable morality.

The temperance argument from Scripture, especial-
ly in the aspect in which it now presents itself of total
abstinenceyrom all that can intoxicatey may be regarded
as twofold. It is jjositive and defensive. By the first

( i

> i

INTRODUOTION. 11

w« mean, the direct bringing to bear upon the oon-
loitnoe tlio law of love or charity, aa given in the
preoepta and oxoinplifiod in tho actual or declared
conduct of Christ and his apoitles. Thin argument
raiies no question of scionce. It has ulutost as little
to do with any question of philology. It lies upon
the very faco oi' Scripture in its fairest and most
obvious application to a patent and notorious evil.
It takes itsoutHidc stand upon theadmitt<Hl prevalence
of a most destructive vice, aud the adinitied difficul-
ties of prevention, made especially great by the
introduction of now substances, new Btiiiiulanti,new
indulgences, new sensual habits, all concurring to
produce a greatly changed coiuUtioii o( modem
society. It is an application, to this cliunged and
ever changing exterior, of un eternal, never changing,
inward principle. This argument seei^u no specific
rule, it looks for no unmistakable dcnuuciationi of
particular substances or particular enjoyments, as
evil, per sc; it requires no universal literal precepts
of outward abstinence, whose observance, on no
other grounds than the literalness and Rpeciality of
the terms, might degenerate into a dry asceticism, or
an irrational superstition, instead of being favorable
to an elevated and spiritual morality. It simply
presents, we say, a certain condition of our modern
society, on tho one hand, and then brings to beai
upon it the lucid teachings of Christ in the Parable
of the good Samaritan, or the golden Law of Love,
or tho noble declaration of the Apostle, ** Wherefore
if meal make my brother to ojendt I will eat noJUthwhih

IHTBODUOTIOir.

th$ world ttandeth, lest I make my brother to offendJ*
** My brother ! ** Here is the soul of the argumenty
worth ten thousand rules, per »e. My brother ! mj
weak brother ! my poor, vicious, iost, ruined brothers!
brothers to me in Adam, and who may yet be brother!
to me in Christ ! I will abstain, for their sakes, from
anything, from everything whose use in me might
peril their souls, or even tfimpt to ways destructiye
of the poor measure of earthly good they might
otherwise enjoy in this stage of discipline and pro-
bation. Logically, it may be summed in a sentence:
May there be circumstances in which the higher
Christian morality, the true transcendental ethics,
would require a man to abstain from '*meaV' for the
sake of others, how much stronger the argument now
to abstain from intoxicating drinks on this principle
alone, without any perplexing, ever irresolvable logo-
machies about ** rights" or wrongs per se. Translate
the Apostles' language, not the words simply, into a
modern vocabulary, put the soul of the language into
the corresponding thoughts that come out of the
modern social condition, and we have the argument,
a fortiori and a fortissimo t for entire abstinence from
all those substances, whether old or new, whether
simple or combined, that are now producing such
appalling desolation in our modem world;

This argument is perfect. It needs no logical for-
mulas; for the sane mind, the sound mind, the
spiritual mind, bows down before it upon the first
simple presentment of its two premises. Christian
love and a ruined humanity. He who. is truly tem-

N .

v.\

iSTBODUOTIOM. »

perate* truly toiber, truly ^w^puv, whether in the New
Teitament or daisical usage of that beautiful word,
acknowledges at once its conclusive power. Even on
the lower scale of a purely secular ethics,and for minds
that will ascend to no higher region, it is unanswer-
able. What need then, it may be said, of anything
more? Why should not temperance men be satisfied
with it, instead of trying to show more specific pro-
hibitions, or looking for more literal condemnations
of specific acts or substances, per te? Why not be
content with the noble moral argument whose immu-
table spirit is the same for all ages, and capable of
prompt and conclusive application to the prevalent
vice or vices of any age? They are satisfied with it,
we answer, at least all reasonable friends of temper-
ance, all who wish to place the temperance cause
upon its highest ground, all who would make it a
matter of principle, as the New Testament does,
instead of such a mere arbitrary asceticism or super-
stition as is taught in the Koran. They are satisfied
with this positive, clear, unanswerable. Scriptural
argument for total abstinence from certain things in
certain well ascertained conditions of society and the
world. They are content, we say; but it is their
adversaries who are not satisfied. These are the men
who are for pressing the Bible into specific rules,
regulative of the outward thing instead of the inward
principle. They are the men who strive hard to
extract from the Scriptures, not so much specific con-
demnations as specific commendatlans of what is
known to be evil. They are the per te logicians..

INTRODUCTION.

They would make out a rights per scy very much like
the sin per se of others who would seem to be on the
opposite extreme, and yet do actually harmonize
with them in the spirit and principle of their
reasoning.

Such is the condition into which perversity of feel-
ing, rather than any logical demand of the intellect,
brings the reasoning on this question, and hence the
necessity, on the other side, of the second Scriptural
argument, or the one we have styled the defensive.
It is to wrest this weapon from their hands. It is to
show that while the higher moral reasoning needs
not the aid of specific denunciations of particular
substances, as evil in themselves t or irrespective of
their moral effects, so neither, on the other hand,
must the adversary be allowed, without resistance^
to maintain that any such substance is a good in
itself, or declared in Scripture to be such, in any sjnse
that would not allow or even demand a total absti-
nence from it in a given social state.

The temperance advocate takes issue on this ground.
He denies that wine« the intoxicating wine of almost
universal modern use, is pronounced a blessing in the
Scriptures, and that, therefore, abstinence from it,
total abstinence, is either a contempt or a denial of
a good gift of God.

Such is substantially the position taken by Dr.
Nott in these Lectures. The^^cr se ultraists on both
sides are avoided. It is a calm, dignified, learned,
and we think, in the main, successful argument, to
•how tliat the Bible condemns the use of certain

'*f

. .

INTIlODUCriON.

:n\

:^'i

substances, not per 5c, not from any qualities requiring
the aid of science to ascertain tlieui as such, not from
ay known or unknown chemical mcosure of alcohol,
but because, according to the knowledge of the day,
they were intoxicatingt and therefore had au immoral
influence. The physical or scientific causes may have
been, in that age, very imperfectly known, as they
are now very imperfectly known. But such a view
does not detract at all from the reverence duo to the
real inspiration. It does not at all diminish — to a
right thinking mind it even enhances — the moral
power. There may have been, on the part of these
inspired men, ignorance, even error, as to the nature
of substances they approve, as well as of substanceh
they condemn. The Infinite in knowledge might
have made a supernatural advance in their science,
but it would still, as science, have been imperfectt
still the vehicle of error, still therefore the ground of
cavil. It would have removed no real difficulty; it
might, it probably would, have created others still
greater. But they had a higher mission. They
were inspired to denounce a specific psychological
or moral state supposed to be produced by certain
causes. The state was known; the causation was
imperfectly understood, even as it is yet imperfectly
understood ; for when we say imperfectly^ it is simply
saying there is something more, and still something
more, and that indefinitely, to be discovered about it.
Liebig is farther on, but, in one sense, he is no
nearer the perfect end of these things, even of these
physical things, than Solomon, the wisest of Jewish

INTRODUCTION.

naturalists. The bare statement of the thought U
sufficient to show that an exact scientific revelation
of the chemical components productive of such a
psychological or moral state, would be at variance
with the whole known manner in which the Infinite
has chosen to communicate with the finite mind. It
might be maintained, moreover — we say it with all
reverent reserve of any a priori speculations as to
the reasons or modes of the Divine teaching — that
such a scientific method of revelation would have
defeated the great end for which a revelation is mudo,
and is alone worthy to be made. If would have had
a tendency to increase that which is now the great
evil of our fallen condition, — to make the physical
predominant to the obscuration of the moral, — to give
power and knowledge, especially natural hmwledge^ a
higiier place in our souls than grace and goodness.
Even in the ethical region, it would have given
prominence to the ascetic, and the sesthctic, instead
of the higher spiritual. It would have had a ten-
dency to make men content with the letter, and thus,
perhaps, as has often been exemplified in our way-
ward human history, have led them to every kind of
device to substitute a false and carnal for a true an 1
spiritual obedience. It would, in short, have led tho
mind to rest in facts, the exact knowledge of which
varies with the ever changing science of different
ages, instead of that moral fact which was as perfect
and as clear to Jeremiah as it is now to Faraday.
The moral fact in this case was the state of soul we
call intoxication. The ancients knew it as well as

iirrQODUCTioir.

Jil-
ls,

Has

we» altliough our experimental evidence is bo much
more abundant. Holy men of old were inspired to
denounce'this evil. The Inspiring power used their
thoughts, their language, their knowledge, as the me-
dium through which to give the denunciation clear-
ness, force and impressiveness. It was the outward
knowledge of their day, perfect as to the effect, or
thing denounced, imperfect as to the causation. The
same Divine power iilled them with a vehement feel-
ing against this state denounced. Under the influence
of this feeling thus imbreathed, this thought thus
divinely given, and under the special guidance^ too,
of the eternal wisdom whence it came, they used the
language of their day in the condemnation of sub-
stances best known as the producers of the psyco-
logical condition which was the real, the unchange-
able evil jperse. It w^as intoxication; not intoxication
to excess, but intoxication in any degree; intoxication
sought as intoxication simply, be it more or less. It
was the act of a person in health using certain sub-
stances, not as medical remedies (more or less imper-
fectly known as the antidotes to an already deranged
condition of the system), not for any nutritive,
strengthening or restorative qualities, but solely for
producing that evil state called intoxication, evil,
not as excess, but in any, even the least or incipient
degrees,— evil in effect, evil in motive, evil per se.
It was the act of a person in health deranging his
spiritual nature and putting it in a false state, diiv
turbing the organs or faculties of thought, imparting
an unnatural impulse to the passions, quickenini^the

xyi

INTRODUCTION.

@vH>c(f or cxcituble part of our nature, not in the way
its Maker designed it, as an auxiliary to the rational
and moral action, but for its own pleasurable emo-
tion; thus, in a word, running the risk of giving
the sensual the predominance over the spiritual
powers of our being. This was intoxication; a
spiritual fact, A Hebrew prophet, we repeat, could
know it as well as the most scientific of modern
chemists or modern anatomists. It was evil — evil
altogether; that which was sought, that which was
desired for the purpose of producing it, that sub-
stance in which this, as a known or supposed effect,
was the chief Ingredient of value — that was evil also.
It was evil, not so much from any chemical consti-
tution, but because it w as so sought and for such an
end. Now to denounce the state without bringing
in the supposed cause — the substance that quickened
the evil motive, and was in turn called into demand
by it — would have been beating the air. Intoxica-
tion was evil, and so were things that would intoxi-
cate, especially as sought for that purpose. In
speaking of it, therefore, as a thing wrong^-always
wrong as thus desired — ^he must use the language
best understood by the men of his age, and which
might be taken as the representative of the same
unchanging truth amid all the changing science of
after a^s.

Here is the ground for the argument brought out
in these Lectures. Wine is commended in some
places as a blessing. This cannot be for any intoxi-
aating effect, even in the slightest degree, but for the

IMTBODUOTIOir.

STii

good it doei, its known effects as healthful, pleaiant,
nutritive, restorative, non-intoxicating. It might be
used to excess, as bread or honey might be eaten in
excess, but such was not, such could not be, the
common tendency of anything thus declared to be a
blessing. Even a tendency to excess, simply as
excess, must make a thing an evil (if such tendency
belongs to the very essential working instead of being
a mere accident, as in bread and honey and other
substances commonly regarded as innocent) ; but in
the thing denounced, there is clearly an evil distinct
from that of excess, as will be seen in its proper
place. So the good substance, the good wine, might
become changed ; it might be suffered to get into a
perverted state, and in this changed state produce
intoxication; but such was not, could not have been
the state on which the benediction was pronounced.
Neither could such have been any usual condition of
the thing commended, for then it would not have
been ranked with those other substances, ** com and
oil,** which, whilst they agree with it in its nutritive,
healthful, in a word, blessed properties, would not
have so wholly differed from it in this peculiarly and
essentially evil effect.

And so, again, wine (sometimes under this generic
name and sometimes under others) is condemned,
not as something merely which might be used in
excess; for there are other undisputed blessings that
might also be thus used in excess, but which are not
thus condemned in ternis ot evil attached to the very
substances themselves. This is a distinction which

XVIU

UlTBODUOTIOir.

U deemed to be one of much importance. A man
might cat to excess, and gluttony is condemned, but
bread is never called a ** mocker;** no man is ever
denounced for putting the loaf to his neighbor's
mouth. One might cloy himself with honey ; such
excess, as excess, might be reproached as sensuality ;
but honey, though so sweet and tempting, is nowhere
■poken of as som^'thing which it was dangerous for
a man even to look upon, as an evil thing whose very
nature it was to bite like a serpent and sting like an
adder. These substances are nowhere spoken of in
terms of severe condemnation, directed immediately
against the things titcmselvcs, and without the accom-
paniment of any qualifying terms connected with
such mere excess.

But there is a wine thus spoken of, condemned for
an evil which is not merely that of excess. It must
have been a substance known or supposed to produce
intoxication ; that unnatural thing which is evil in
every djgii3e. It was dilTerent from the healthful and
nutritive substance ; and the grand moral distinction
was, that it was sought for a different purpose. It might
not always bo perfectly easy to draw the physical
line between them, in consequence of the tendency
of the healthful to degenerate into the injurious and
the intoxicating. It may be a long time yet before
science settles exactly where that line is, if she ever
does exactlv settle it. In modern as well as in ancient
times, practical moral results furnish better rules
than any chemical tests. It was not anciently, as it
is not even now, a question of alcohol as determined

IKTRODUCTfON.

xiz

bj grains, but a higher question, a question of •fi/ai>'
ca/ton, as an admitted evil state. The wine that did
not intoxicate, and was not used to intoxicate, or
sought to intoxicatCy wns good ; a blessing was in it.
The wine that did iutoxicnto, and vms twight for that
purpose^ was bud; it wus pronounced a woe and
a curse.

Such is the moral truth, the moral statement.
Now in what language is this revealed to us in the
Bible ? It is answered : in a peculiar language,
growing out of the peculiar nature of the subject
matter. The good and the evil substances are both
entitled logically to the generic name of wine, from
the obvious fact of their common unadulterated origin
\n the juice of the grape. Such, then, would occa-
sionally be the name given to both, especially when
pvecision of terms is unnecessary from the fact that
thi* context clearly sliows which effect, as character-
istiy of the respective kinds, was chiefly in view.
StilL if there was a wide difference in such effects,
marKiid by almost invariable characteristics, — if one
produV,ed only evil, whilst the other was in the main
productive of good, — if they were. fought foj- directly differ'
ent piirposcsy the one for its intoxicating, the other for
its nutritive and restoring qualities, — if the one was
regarded by the virtuous as best, in its pure,
unchanged state, whilst the other, as is the law of
all things evil, kept ever calling for an increase of
the characteristic evil quality, and so became con-
tinually more and more deleterious in its effects,-^
then there would arise, in time, an adaptation of

IKTRODUOnOir.

language more ipecific in its terms, growing wider
in ita distinctive diffbrenccs, and aiming to dt^soribe
iheie two substances by their varying fruits, rather
than by that generic union of origin which is the
common ground of naming in the infancy or first
itagei of human speech. And such, on opening the
Bible, we find to be actually the case. Such is the
law of naming and derivation. The history of the
thing, the rising and divergencyof the evil appears in
the words to which it gives rise ; it is seen in the more
sparing use of the old generalization and the more
frequent employment of specific or descriptive epi-
thets. The state of the Hebrew language corresponds
well with what we would, a prton, expect it to be on
such a theory. Both kinds of wines are occasionally
described by the same generic appellation, yayin;
but in other and numerous cases, each gets to itself
its own peculiar name, more closely associated with
its peculiar good or evil (tliat is, its nutritive or
intoxicating effect), and the opposite purposes for
which they are respectively sought ; so that when
the one is mentioned, there is no need of any quali-
fying language to show the reason either of the
benediction or of the condemnation.

All need of dwelling farther on this, then, is saved
by the admirable manner in which the whole subject
is presented in the chart of texts to be found in
the appendix. If the reader hns any candor, the
effect upon his mind must bo most striking. The
general term is yayin ; the name almost always used
with approbation, and sometimes with blessing, is

INTRODUCTION.

tiroth, or the now uiiintoxicatiug wioe or juice of the
grape. There is, in fact, but ono exception, Homo,
iv., 1, and. there it will bo Keen, that in reference to
the main, wo may say, the only point in this argu-
ment, or tiio matter of intoxication, it is only a
Hoeming exception. Let the reader look carefully at
the context, and he must see, from the conneotioii
of tirosh y/ith the other indulgences there mentioned,
that it is simply the excessive or surfeiting enjoy-
ments there condemned, ruther than any directly
intoxicating or immediate soul changing quality,
which is the evil element in the species elsewhere so
unequivocally reprobated.

Other iescriptive names are used for the good
wine, but this is predominant — so predominant wc
say, and so marked in the context for its innocent,
non-intoxicatiiig qualities, that any one who would
cite these benedictions of tiroth as real commenda-
tions of the intoxicating drink sought by the ancient
drunkards, shows himself greatly wanting both in
Bible knowledge, and a proper reverence for the
Holy Scriptures. If uuy one is disposed to go still
farther, and quote them in defence of the vile com-
pounds of modern times, wc will not attempt to
characterize either his learning or morality.

The reader will notice in this synoptical chart
some other terms of the later Hebrew, used for the
same purpose as tirosh, but they are mostly descrip-
tive, and expressive of u mild, innocent, non-intoxi-
cating state of the vinous fluid. For the evil or
intoxicating wine, the most common word is yayin»

nil

nnnoDuoTiov*

Why thould it take to itself to frequently this old
name, thus driving the bettor nnd the unchangod
aabitanoa to the uie of a now and more deicriptivo
epithet? The reaaon will bo seen by a little cnroful
attention to the usual course of things. In this world
evil predominates. Language, like all things else,
shares in the human degeneracy. Words follow the
stream of t\a human depravity. It is thus that the
evil thing usurps the gonerio or family title. On
this account, in oases whoro ymjin is employed of the
innocent beverage, or the simple unintoxicuting
juice of the grape, it is usually accompanied by
such a context as leaves no doubt of its meaning.

So, also, the use of the bad wine tends to multi-
plicity of epithet. The Anacreontic spirit seeks
diversity in song. The pure love of intoxication per
$e as something different from restoring aliment or
even the excess of olo3ring indulgence, demands new
terms corresponding to its own evergrowing strength.
Honee such words as sohhct the wine that is sippedt or
tupped'^iiM etymology being visible almost all the
way down our Saxon or Celtic stream — the mesckf the
drugged mMt mixed with hot and spicy ingredients —
the shecart or strong drinks synonymous with drunken-
ness itself. All these most graphically mark the
descent from the commencing divergence of the
barely intoxicating yayin, down to those lower Mid
still lower degrees into which it is the nature of all
evil, once bom, to be ever plunging. That surely
must be an evil, per se, to whose very essence it per-
tains to breed a deeper and still deeper evil. Thii

IMTBODUCriaN.

xiiU

•ril if infuied into the wine when it AirtI bogitit to
have ita intoxicating qualit/* Gbemi«ta may Mittle
that scientifically, if they can, from the degree of alco-
hol, but the practical teat is the one for the inoraliat.
That which intoxicatea is evil, evil in the glightest
degree of its effect ; and the reason is, that such
slightest degree of intoxication ever demands, not
the same repeated simply (though that would be an
evil), but a stronger and still stronger intoxica-
tion. This is the stone that Sisyphus is ever con-
demned to roll. The appetite calls for a stronger
stimulant; the want invents a stronger substnncc,
and this demands a new and stronger word. It U the
hot mixed wine, the wine that givcth its color in the
cup, that sparkles like the serpent's eye and stingeth
ike the adder*s fung — it is the poisoned mcscht tho
potent thecar — these are the new ideas and tho
new terms, showing that they are the pcrvernions,
the adulterations, the poisonous changes of something
which in its original state would not intoxicate and
would not, therefore, be sought by the drunkard.

Now it may be said, perhaps, that there area few
cases, a very few, in which some of these names for
the intoxicating wine are used with language seeming
I to imply approbation. But let the reader carefully
examine that correct and valuable chart. He will
see that such cases are unmistakably marked as medi-
cinal. There were cases where an overpowering
[depression of body and soul might bo relieved by
[stimulating wine ; cases perhaps, of urgent necessity,
before other and slower remedies could be applied.

XXIV

INTRODUCTION.

So "strong drink might be given to liim who was
ready to perish." How strongly — if a man will but
think ^-does tlie apparent exception prove the general
moral prohibition of such substances. These cases
but confirm the sober principle of interj. retation that
runs through these Lectures. The general position
may again be stated under two aspects. The good
wine might be used to excess, but it was the excess
of surfeiting, not of intoxication ; it was incidental,
not entering into the very essence ; it belonged to the
misuse, not to every vse of the substance employed.
So, on the other hand, the intoxicating wine mi|^ht
be used for beneficent purposes, but it was in th jse
same states of an already deranged spiritual or phy-
sical condition which demand other toxical or modi-
cinal remedies — such being in their nature mainly
poisons ; that is, poisons for the healthy diathesis, and
only to be taken as temporary antidotes to other still
more malignant and deranging influences.

Such is the substantial oi^tline of the argument in
these Lectures. We have not made any close exami-
nation to see if there might not be some errors in
the classical or Scriptural references. It is enough
that the main positions are sober, cautious, well
reasoned, impregnable. There are doubtless readers
who will be dissatisfied. Per se ultraists on both sides
may condemn the work as falling short. But their
real quarrel is with the rational Bible method rather
than the fair and candid manner in which it is brought
out. Those who would make it a question of chem-
istry rather than of morals, may feel a secret disap*

INTRODUCTION.

XXV

who was
n will but
he general
liese cases
tation that
il position
The good
the excess
incidental,
nged to the
employed,
wine mi&ht
vasin tluse
tual or pby-
Lcal or modi-
Lture mainly
iathesis, and
to other still

argument in
close exami-
ne errors in
_t is enough
utious, well
►tless readers
,n both sides
But their
ethod rather
it ia brought
lion of chem-
secret disap*

pointment. Even tliough they do not venture out-
wardly to complain, yet is there an inward vexation^
perhaps, because the Bible has not been as explicit
on some of these points as could have been wished,
or as their favorite theoiy might demand. Why could
not the Scriptures have always called the bad wine
yayin and the good wiiie tirosJif so that there could be
no possible mistake about the meaning and its appli-
cation in every case ? Why could not revelation
have told us how much alcohol is in the one, and
whether orno there is but little alcohol or noalcohol
at all in the other ? But to all such uneasy querists
the fair answer is already given. This is not the way
in which the Infiuite communicates himself to the
finite mind. It employs not the language of science ;
for it is ever changing, ever imperfect, that is, ever
unfinished. It does not make use of its facts or
statements as such ; for they remain not the same
from age to age. If it employs them at all, it is only
as entering into the common mind, and as having thus
become the representatives of universal thought.
We would say it with reverence and diffidence :
Scripture may even be regarded as avoiding marked
precision of language or departure from the common
speech, if by such niceties of terms, or such prefer-
ence of the special and technical, the mind would
be led to dwell on the outward and the physical to
the neglect of the great moral idea.

And yet even the language of the Bible, as dis-
tinct from its ideas, must have been an object of the
Divine care. It is a book e\ er suggestive. Its holy

""^

XXVI

INTRODUOTIOK.

texts are ever expanding to a higher and a wider
meaning ; but it is only for those who have eyes to
see and ears to hear. They who seek for stumbling-
blocks may find them in abundance ; but still it
remains true as ever, that " wisdom's ways are plain
to him that understandeth, and right to them that
find knowledge.** That Scriptural simplicity of enun-
ciation, which has the greatest charm for all'^ho love
the Bible most, furnishes the chief occasion for the
caviler. It is perhaps impossible always to refute
him logically. And so it may be that in this respect
the present Lectures may fail to meet the views of
extremists on cither side ; but we have little doubt
of their securing everywhere a favorable and grate-
ful hearing from the sincere friends of humanity and
the candid and intelligent lovers of Divine truth.

{[

CONTENTS.

Prefatory Letter, by the Editor,

Introduction, by Prof. Tayler Lewis,

LEOTUBE No. I.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

Preliminary remarks — The question at issue stated — Testimony of
Moses, Solomon and Pliny— •Other testimony in Scotland — In
America — The number of drunkards in this republic — The
remedy intimated — No alternative — We must change our social
usnge, or meet the expense of their maintenance — What intozi-
eating liquors cost Great Britain annually — What those who
purchase liquors pay their money for, 31

LECTURE No. II.

THE REMEDY.

Intoxicating liquors useful, but not as a beverage in health — Those
wlio use intoxicating liquors, and live to be old, live not in conse*
qucnce, but in spite of drinking — Intoxicating liquors analogous
to exhilarating gas — The number of deaths by the use of in.
toxicating liquoi s very great — The waste of life by intoxicating
liquors suppKed from the ranks of temperate drinkers — Delete*
riouB effects of distilled liqoors, of beer and of bad wine, ... 09

XXyill CONTENTS.

LECTURE No. III.

THE BIDLE.

The kind of wino in question — The autlioi ity of Scripture — Wine
of difforent liinds, good and bnd — Spolicn of by sacred writers —
Grape Juice called wino — Good wino — Better than after formcnta-
Uon — If not wine, but grape juice out of which wine i« made,
and called wine figuratively,^ then is wine not commended, but
grape juice merely — The wine of the press and vat in Palestine
slightly fermented — What is meant by unformented wine as hero
lued, 80

LECTURE N©. IV.

INQUIRY EXTENDED TO PROFANE WRITERS.

The wine question continued — Grape juice spoken of as a beverage
by profane writers — Called wine — Pronounced good wine — Det-
er before than after fermentation — The formation of alcohol in-
tentionally prevented by arresting fermentation — Dissipated when
formed by the filter, or counteracted by dilution — The question at
issue a question of d'ogicc, not of totality — The question of sin
per te considered — Perfect purity not attainable — Wine placed
on tie same footing as other articles of food, 128

LECTURE No. V.

WINE — ITS SACRAMENTAL USB.

The wine made use of at the Paschal Supper, at the wedding at Dana
of Galilee — And the wine recommended to Timothj, . . .161

LECTURE No. VI.

THINGS, NOT NAMES.

How wines called by the same name can be distingubhed
nence from wine urged on the ground of expediency, .

Absti.
178

coNTEirrs.

xxiz

LECTURE No. VII.

ADULTERATIONS.

The adulteration of the wines of commeroo — Drunkenness and gliit*
tony compared — Analogy between bad oil, bad milk, and bad
wine — An appeal to Patriots and Cbristinns, 200

LECTURE No. VIII.

MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED TO STRONG DRINK.

Books of Rerclation and Nature — Misery springs from Tiolationa of
law — Nature interrogated — Her answer returned — In crime,
disease and death — Spontaneous combustion — DistinoUon between
stimulants and aliments — Example of moderate drinkers more in>
Jurious than of drunkards — Iniquities of fathers visited on chil-
dren — Expostulation with moderate drinkers, 222

LECTURE No. IX.

MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED TO STRONG DRINK.

Nature still farther interrogated — Another page turned — The i*e-
sponse in the structure of creation and the orderings of Provi-
dence — Man made for temperance and chastity — Excess fatal —
The intrepid engineer — The voice of Nature, the voice of God —
His disapprobation of intoxicating liquors stamped on the whole
human organism — Especially the human stomach — Explanation
of the drawings of Doct. Sewal — The maniac, 244

LECTURE No. X.

THE TRAFFIC APPEAL TO DEALERS.

The injurious effect of abandoning the liquor trade considered — The
expedient of total abstinence — The manner in which it should be
enforced — An appeal to dealers, » . 2fii

CONTENTS.

LECTURE No. XI.

RECAPITULATION — GENERAL APPEAL IN BEHALF OP TBM-

PBRANCE.

▲pp««l to Fftrenti — To Touth — To Women — Conoluaion, . . 298

Antnvix, 818

Letter from Mr. Delavan to Gov. King, 827

Adulteration of liquors, 841

Bishop Potter's Address on the Drinking Usages of Society, . 345

Um and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks, in Health and Disease,
bj Wm. B. Carpenter, SM

[)F TBM-

•

. 20B

•

. 818

•

. 827

. 841

ty.

. 340

leue,
. . 8««

LECTUEE No. I.

FR£LIMIKABY BEMABES.

Prellminarj remarks — The question at issue stated — Testlmonj of
Moses, Solomon and Pliny — Other testimony in Scotland — In
America — The number of drunkards in this republic — The
remedy intimated — No alternative — We must change our social
usage, or meet the expense of their maintenance — What intoxi*
eating liquors cost Great Britain annually — What those who
purchase liquors pay their money for.

It is now some eighteen centuries since the temper-
ance question was argued in Palestine, by a prisoner
in bonds, before a Koman Governor. It has often
since been argued ; seldom, however, it is believed,
with the same effect, and perhaps as seldom in the
same spirit. Saul of Tarsus was scarcely less re-
markable for his courtesy of manner than for his
fixedness of purpose.

Mere dictation^ as well as stern rebuke, comes with
an ill grace, even among friends, from those, believed
to be at least, as weak and erring as ourselves;
whereas there is always a charm in meekness, and
the persuasive accent of unaffected kindness seldom
falls powerless, even on a stranger's ear. Whether
the friends of Temperance, I mean its most, active

IfOTT.

LEO. NO. 1 — PBELIMINARY BBMARK8,

friends, may not have lost something of their influence
oyer the public mind by the advocacy of even their
noble cause, in a manner too stem, and with a spirit
too uncompromising, is a question which at the pre-
sent time may well deserve consideration.

Even truth bears lightly on minds exasperated by a
sense of injury; and conviction is slow to reach
bosoms rankling with resentment, and before which
prejudice has flung her broad and impenetrable shield.

Although we neitlier use, nor abet the use, even
the moderate use, of intoxicating liquor, in any of its
forms, as a beverage, still we do not know, and dare
not therefore aflirm, that they who do so use it, in
some of them, are, on that account, greater sinners
than other men. And even though they were, they
are still our brethren : and we have no desire, during
this season of divine forbearance, to sunder those
bonds which have hitherto united us. On the con-
trary, wo wish hereafler, as heretofore, to maintain
a free and fraternal intercourse with them ; to hear
their arguments, and in our turn to address to them
our own. We think that truth is on our side ; and
ifit be so, our opponents may hereafter be convinced ;
and we trust in God they will hereafter be convinced
— an additional reason why we are unwilling, by any
indiscretion of ours, to alienate their feelings, and
thus weaken the hold we might otherwise have on
their reason and their conscience.

It is well to learn wisdom from the past. Years
have now gone by, since I first became acquainted
with the late Rev. Dr. Hoosack, of Johnson, now

DOOT. H008A0K.

gone to his rest. During a journey, taken with him
lOon afler our acquaintance commenced, I observed
that he uscd'a little brandy and water with his dinner,
to aid digestion ; and took a small globs of bitters
before breakfast to ensure an appetite ; and though
much younger than himself, I ventured to questioii
the propriety of such a practice. He heard me
patiently, and answered mo playfully, as his manner
was — '* Your logic tells mc one thing, my experienc«d
another, and in the absence of other evidence I shall
continue my former practice ; " and he did continue
his former practice. We often afterwards met, and
discussed the matter ; but though the one drank spirits
and the other water, we always met and parted in
friendship. At length a public discussion of the
whole question took place, at which both of us were
present, when I was as delighted as surprised to find
that my old friend Hoosack had come over to our side.
*' I continued," said he, giving a reason for his change
of opinion, ** I continued to drink intoxicating liquor,

without apprehension, until I saw and and

(naming three distinguished individuals) become

intemperate, when thought I, if such men can not,
as life advances, withstand its growing influence, it
is time for me to abjure its use."

And he did abjure its use ; thereafter giving the
whole weight of his influence to the cause of tempe-
rance, till full of years and honored by the churches,
he left the world without a blot upon his character.
His was a noble independence. I honored him for it,
apd I still honor him for it. My poor argument did

84 ALCOHOL AOCOUNTBD NEEDPUL.

not oonvinoe bim i the providence of God, however,
did ; and when light broke upon his mind he did
homage to the truth.

But, in relation to the question now before uf,
what is truth? That some people lean to the ono
opinion, and some to the other, decides nothing. For
though truth will ultimately prevail over error, the
struggle may be violent and of long continuance.
Saul of Tarsus is not the only individual, who, when
erring grievously, has thought he was doing Govl
service. *

In some countries, when friends fall out, they are
required by the laws of honor, to kill each other.
In other countries each is required, by the same laws,
to kill himself.

The time was, when our fathers owneo rtlavcs, and
even, without compunction, engaged in the slave
trade. Now the thought of this fills us with amaze-
ment : so the time was when rum and gin and brandy
and whiskey, and that whole legion of alcoholic mix-
tures, were not only tolerated, but also held in esti-
mation by the wise and good, as well as the ignor-
ant and vile.

Then alcohol in some form was accounted needful
to the doctor in compounding his medicine, to the
lawyer in making out his brief, to the parson in
composing his sermon — aye, and in its delivery too.
While in every place of concourse, — at the house of
feasting, at the house of mourning, — this spirit-
stirring element seemed to be considered the one
thing needfuL To say nothing of gala days and

PSAOnOB IM THE OITT OF ALUaNT.

weddings, not * christening could bo porfonned, or
even a funeral lolemnized, among largo and respect-
able claites of community, without this indispensable
accompaniment. And the^man of fortune who should
have neglected to provide it, in_anticipation, for his
burial, would, in many a place, have been accounted,
if not a denier of the faith, at least, less provident
than an infidel.

Even in the exemplary and church-going city of
Albany, the time was — I remember it well — when
pastors and people vied with each other in the
production of the best cherry, and raspberry, and
strawberry brandy ; as well as sundry other quite
orthodox alcoholic mixtures, to be served occasionally,
not only to company, but to bo administered also to
the smaller children as a vermifuge, and to the larger
ones as a stomachic. While some there were— nay,
many there were — and good men too, who, as a
preparation for their nightly rest, as regularly took
their whiskey punch, as they offered up their devo-
tions. Indeed, if the moderate, and especially the
occasional, use of intoxicating liquor, in some of its
forms, is to exclude from our charity and fellowship,
it will be difficult to find, even among our own
members, executioners, without sin, to cast at their
offending neighbor the first stone.

Now, notwithstanding this diversity of opinion and
practice, all of us wish to live as long, and to enjoy,
while we do live, as much as possible.

Will, then, the use of intoxicating liquor extend the
duration and increase the enjoyment of human life ?

NOTT.

DirrSUKNT OPINIONS IIEhD.

If this bo tho case, it in bofittinK tlintoii toiii lulndi
■houldbe ilisabuicd of ugrouiullt»HH i»ri;ju(li«u» uguiimt
its U80 ; and on tho contrary, if this bo not the cwur,
then is it befitting that certain othrr niindH nbouM
be disabusod of a no less groundlcKit projudico in
favor of its use.

Wo who now opposo tho provailing practice, onro
thought and acted as those who now advocate it
think and act. And who knows but those who now
advocate it, may hereafter think and act as we do !

Thoy can not Huppose that we who dislike self-
denial a-s much, and love good cheer as well, as they
do, have all at once, and without some good reason,
real or imaginary, changed our habits, and abjure<l
forever the use of an article, so long familiarized, and
to which many of us at least were so much attached.
Ai little can we suppose that they, wlio dread p^iin
as much and love life as well as we do, will continue
the use of the same article, (unless where inebriation
has become habitual,) after they shall discover, what
we profess to have already discovered, that however
pr^Mrcdf and with whatever other ingredients combinedt
death m oftent if not usually^ one ingredient mingled
in every cup in which it is contained. For, however
some might be disposed, for filtliy lucre's sake, to
furnish a deleterious preparation, to be drank by
others, few it is believed would be disposed to drink
of it themselves. And if such a preparation has
been introduced, introduced extensively, they only
who are privy to the fraud, and expect to profit by
it, will with old the meed of praise from the chemist

»ot the CIIBCS

iiiiulH nhoultl
^)rojudico in

ructicc, once
advocuto it
080 who now
t as we do ! '
, dislike self- '
well, as they
good reason,
, and abjureil
liliarized, and
uch attached.
K) dread p^in
will continue
re inebriation
iscover, what
, that however
\cnt8 comhlnedt
iient mingled
fc'or, however
^re's sake, to
)e drank by
)8cd to drink
)aration has
[y, they only
I to profit by
the chemist

WERE tOUNTAIMS OV WATKU I>0180NI;D. 37

who ettabUshf^ and the lieral 1 who proclaim < iht^
alarming fact

Had some drug, slow but certain in its work of
death, been cti<it into those tbiintains whence your
supply of water is derived, and had some wakeful
guardians ot the public welfare witnessed the trans-
action ; more than this, had they causod the water to
be analyzed, detected the specific poison, tested iti
degree of virulence, and traced distinctly to its influ-
ence much of the diMiniso and death with which your
city is afHicted, ought they, because a portion of the
citizens not having themselves as yet experienced
any inconvenience, were incredulous ; ought they, I
repeat it, the less to sound the note of alarm on that
account ? This will not be pretended. As little will
it be pretended, that for a similar reason the note of
alarm may not, with equal freedom, be sounded
where, in the use of any other beverage, a question
of life and death is concerned. But is such a ques-
tion here concerned ? Many people think there is ;
think that in the manufacture and sale of the intoxi-
cating liquors in use among us, fraud is practiced,
and that under the guise of a healthful beverage,
deleterious and destructive drinks are palmed on the
community ; and that alike, though in different forms,
in the hut of ignorance and the parlor of fashion.

Now be the truth of this what it may, they who
believe this to be the truth are at liberty to proclaim
that belief, even from the house-tops. " The life oj
man it more than meat, and his body than raiment,** But
let it not be forgotten that they who do not believe

QUESTION STATED.

this, are at equal liberty in the same manner to pro-
claim that they do not. Though error may, truth
can have no reason to shun discussion. To think
and speak and act on his own responsibility, and not
to do the bidding of another, is alike the privilege of
a freeman and a Christian.

Here then is common ground, where an issue may
be fairly joined, between the water drinker and the
spirit drinker of every class and character.

Are then intoxicating liquors of the kind and
quality generally in use among us« deleterious,
as a beverage, or are they not?

This is the real question ; and not whether being
deleterious, they ought to be avoided?

That pure alcohol is poison ; that every beverage
containing alcohol contains an element of poison,
and that other elements of poison are often, if not
usually, contained in intoxicating liquors, are known
and admitted facts.

That these elements of poison, however, usually
exist in such liquors, in sufficient intensity to disturb*
the healthy action of the system, by the production
of crime, insanity, disease, or death, is not to be
taken for granted, nor to be decided by reasoning
a priori.

The same article maybe healthful to plants and
injurious to animals ; healthful to animals and injuri-
ous to men ; healthful to one man and injurious to
another ; healthful to some men at one time and in
one degree, and injurious at another time and in
another degree ; or healthful in occasional, and inju-

MOSES — SOLOMON.

rious in habitual use. Now how is it ^nth tho seve*
ral kinds of intoxicating liquors in use among us, are
questions of fact not to be determined by clanaor or
dogmatism, but by obseiTation and experiment.

To furnish data for such determination, however,
no new experiments are required to be performed ;
a series of experiments reaching through more than
forty centuries having been already furnished ; experi-
ments tried first in Asia on the top of Ararat, where
the Ark rested ; and since tried in Europe, in Africa,
in America, and in the islands of the Sea. We have
only to collect and collate these scattered and recor-
ded results, to enable us to arrive at a knowledge
of the truth.

Hear Moses speak : " And Noah began to be an
liusbandman, and he planted a vine-yard, and he
drank of the wine." Wliat next f " and he was
drunken." I need not repeat the residue of the
afflictive and humiliating details. Nor need I repeat
the still more afflictive and humiliating details of
drunkenness and incest, which the use of wine occa-
sioned in the family of Lot after their departure from
the vale of Sodom.

Hear Solomon speak : " Who hath wo ? who hath
soiTow? who hath contentions? who hath bab-
blings ? who hath wounds without cause ? who hath
redness of eyes ?

" They that tarry long at the wine ; they that go
to seek mixed* wine. Look not thou upon the wine
when it is red, when it giveth its color in the cup,
when it moveth itself aright. At the last it biteth

m ISAIAH — PUNT.

like a serpent and etingeth like an adder." Neither
hero need I repeat tlio residue of the afflictive and
humiliating details.

Hear Isaiah speak : " But they have erred through
wine, and througli strong drink are out of the way;
the priest and the prophet have erred through strong
drink ; they err in vision, they stumble in judgment.
For all tables are full of vomit and filthiness, so that
there is no place clean.'*

But this, it is objected, is the testimony of sacred
writers only. It is so. Would that of profane wri-
ters be deemed more conclusive ?

Hear then Pliny the elder, speak. Pliny, than
whom a purer patriot or a profounder sage lived not,
out of Palestine, among the nations : **If we exam-
ine closely, w^e shall find there is nothing on which
more pains are bestowed by mankind, than on wine.
As though nature had not liberally furnished water,
with which all other animals are content : we even
force our horses to drink wine,* and we purchase at
great pains and expense a liquor w^hich deprives man
of the use of his reason, renders him furious, and is
the cause of an infinite variety of crimes.

* The cuatom of giring wine to horses was known to Homer.
Tide, Iliad riii., li., ^8. Philip de Gomines says, that " At tho close
of a battle, having mude his war horse, who was rery much exhausted
and very old, drink wine, it appeared to renew aiid'rejuvenate hnn.
The practice is common enough among all our cavaliers."

Coluroella, chap. 3, book Sd, recommends giving wine to cat.tle w<}(-
ijM and overheated with labor.

PLINY.

" It is true it is so delicious that multitudes know
no pleasure in life but that of drinking it. Yea that
we may drink the more, we weaken this liquor by
passing it through the straining bag,* and we invent
other methods to stimulate our thirst ; we go so far
as to employ poisons. Some persons before drinking
make use of hemlock,t that the fear of death may
compel them to drink. Others swallow powder of
pumice-stone and many other things which I should
blush to name.

**The most prudent facilitate the digestion of
vinous crudities by resorting to sweating rooms,
whence they are sometimes carried forth half dead.
Some cannot even wait to reach their couch, on the
first quitting of the bath, nor even to put on their
tunic. But naked and panting as they are, rush
eagerly on great pitchers of wine, which they drain
to the bottom, as if to jxhibit the strength of their
stomachs. They next vomit| and drink anew, renew-
ing the like career twice and three times, as though
bom only to waste wine ; as though men were under

Le to cat.Ue wqr-

* Columella, bo6k ix., ctiap. 15. — The Greekf were acquidnted
with the custom of paK>ing wines thi'OU(;h the saceus.

[ Tide TheophrastuB de causis vi., chap. 9.] The Romans used to
pass tiirough the saceus old and too heavy wines. Vide Martial lib..
11, Epig. 40; also, xii., 61.

f Wine is a remedy for the poison of hemlock, according to Flinff
lib. zxii., see. 1-7.

X See on this cust«D, Oicero — Fro Dejotaro. Also Martial, book
ill, Epig. 82. Suotoniua, Life of YiteUiua ziU., and of OUvdiw^
chap. ziii.

40 PLINT.

obligation to be the channel by which wine ah<mld
return to the earth.

** Others borrow from the barbarians most exti»-
ordinary exercises to show that they are constituted
genuine wine-bibbers. They tumble in the mire,
where they effect to lay the head flat upon the back«
and to disphiy a broad and muscular chest. All this
they shamefully practice, because these violent acts
load them to drink with increased avidity.

<*And uow what shall we say to the infamous
representations upon the drinking-cups and ves-
sels for wine, whit^h would seem as though drunken-
ness alone were iiisufificieat to excite men to lewd-
ness.

** Thus they drhik, as if prostitution and drunken-
ness, ye gods ! were invited and eveu bribed with a
reward*

** Some receive a certain sum of money, on condi-
tion of eating as much as they drink ; while others
expend in wine what they obtain in games of chance..
Thus the eyes of the husband become heavy, while
those of the wife are wide open, and employed ia
full liberty. -

<* It is theu the most secret thoughts are revealed.
Some at such times disclose the contents of their last
wills; others throw out expressions, which, in the
common phrase, they will thereafter be forced to
eat.

" How many perish in consequence of words ut-^
tered in a state of inebriety ; so that it has passed
into a proverb, that ' Wine brings truth to light*'

PUNT.

'* Such men, at best * see not the rising sun, and
thus abridge their lives. Thence proceeds their pen^
dulous cheeks, their ulcerated eyes, their trembling
hands, incapable of holding the full glass without
•pilling a poiiiion of its contents. Thence those
furious transports which disturb their slumberp., and
that inquietude, just punishment of their intemper-
ance, in which their nights are passed.

** The highest reward of their drunkenness is the
creation of a monstrous passion, and a pleasure which
nature and decency forbid. On the morrow their
breath is still infected with the odor of wine. They
experience, as it were, a death of memory, and almost
total oblivion of the past. Those who live after this
sort, call their conduct the art of making time and
enjoying life ; though the day of their debauch and
the subsequent day are equally lost. In the reign of
Tiberius Claudius, about forty years ago, it became
the custom at Rome, to drink wine in the morning
with empty stomachs, and to take no food till after
drinking. This was of foreign derivation, and was
introduced by certain physicians, who wish to com-
mend themselves to the public favor by the intro-
duction of some novelty.

" To drink is, by the Parthians, considered highly
honorable.^ Amjong the Greeks, Alcibiades has thus
distinguished himself; among the Latins, Marcellius
Torquatus, of Milan, who had been praetor and pro-

* Tide Seneca, Epig. 122. Athennua, jjb. yi., p. 273; also some of
the preface of Columella.
Nor.

PLIMY.

consul, has obtained the surname Tricongius, by
drinking at once three congii of wine* in the presence
and to the great astonishment of the Emperor Tibe-
rius, who, in his old age, became severe, and even
cruel, but in his youth was much addicted to drinking.

"It is believed, moreover, that Lucius Pisco obtained
from him the prefectship of Borne, for having re-
mained at table two days and two nights in succes-
sion with this prince, who had even then mounted
the throne. It was said, also, that in nothing did
Drusus Cfesar more closely resemble his father Tibe-
rius, than in the quality of a deep drinker*

*• Torquatus, of whom we have spoken above, had
no equal in his exact observance of the Bacchanal
laws; for the art of diiuking has also its laws.
Whatever quantity of wine he drank, he never stut-
tered or vomited. The morning found him still at
his potations. He swallowed a great quantity of
wine at one draught ; and if a small cup was poured
out to him, he never failed to demand the remainder.
While he drank he never took breath, or spat, and
he never left in his glass any heel-taps which could
produce sound when thrown on the pavement ; in
which he diligently observed the rules for the pre-
vention of tiick in drinking.

•* Tergilla reproached M. T. Cicero, that he drank
too congii at a single draught, and that one day, being
intoxicated, he had thrown a glass at the head of
Marcus Agrippa. Truly these are the works of

* Three gallons, one quart and one pint.

PLINY.

drunkenness. But doubtless Cicoro, the ton, whhed
to take from Mark Antony, the murderer of his
father, the palm of drunkenness ; for it is well known
that, before him, Antony had been very jealous of
the title of a first-rate drinker, and even published a
treatise on his drunkenness, in which he dares to
apologize for that vice. But this treatise persuades
me only, that the drunkenness of Antony was the
cause of all the evils with which he has afflicted the
earth. He vomited forth this work a short time
before the battle of Actium ; as if to show that he
was already intoxicated with the blood of the citizens,
and thirsted only the more for it.

" For this necessity accompanies the vice of drun-
kenness, that drinking augments thirst ; and every
one knows this *bou mot* of the Scythian ambassa-
dor, that the more the Parthians drank, the more
they thirsted.

** The western nations have also peculiar intoxica-
ting drinks. The Gauls and Spaniards composed
them of grain steeped in divers manners. The Span-
iards give them vaiious names. There is a method
of rendering them susceptible of long preservation.
Similar drinks an*, also made in Egypt from grain.
There is no psrt of the world where inebriation is
not practiced ; for they drink such liquors pure —
that is, without diluting them like wine. The earth
seemed to produce grain for the nourishment of man;
but, by Hercules! how industrious is vice ; we have
found a method to make even water intoxicate us»

RESPONSE FROM CALCUTTA — SCOTLAND.

)

**Twoliquoraare furnUhed by the trees, both very
pleAiant, wine for inward, and oil for outward appli-
cation. Oil, however, is the most useful, and men
have been industrious in their efforts to procure it ;
but they have been infinitely more diligent in regard
to wine, having invented ninety-five different kinds ;
perhaps double the number, on full examination,
might be reckoned — and so few of oil ! " •

If, then, the use of intoxicating wine, deemed to
be the least deleterious of intoxicating liquors, re-
quired, even in countries suited to the vine, so much
caution, was attended with so much hazard, and led,
even occasionally, to such lamentable results, what
was to have been expected from those other and
baser fabrications, which the brewer's and distiller's
arts have subsequently palmed on the world ? What ?
Precisely what has taken place, — a mighty and gra-
tuitous increase both of guilt and misery.

But what evidence is there that such has been the
case ? You shall hear. To recent inquiries sent
abroad by philanthropists, to different parts of the
earth, the response returned from New Holland was,
" that in that colony intoxicating liquors promote
crime, induce disease, and hasten death." A similar
response has been returned from Calcutta, from Bur-
mah, from Malacca, from China, from the Cape of
Good Hope, from Continental Europe, and from the
British Isles. \

*PIin., liib. xIt., chap. 22,

EVIDENCE MEAREB HOME.

In Sootland— exemplary Christian Scotland— the
use of intoxicating liquors has tripled in the last
fifteen years. In 1823, the whole consumption
amounted to 2,300,000 gallons ; in 1S37, to 6,770,716
gallons. In Glasgow alone, there are two thousand
two hundred spirit shops, that is one spirit shop for
every ten dv elling-houses throughout the city. The
consumption of spirituous liquors has increased in
Glasgow during the last fifteen years five hundred
per cent, whereas the population has increased only
sixty-six per cent. But, mark ye, in the meantime
crime has increased four hundred per cent, fever six-
teen hundred per cent, death three hundred per cent,
and the chances of human life diminished forty-four
per cent. What and appalling result ! ♦

But this is too general and remote. Be it so.
Turn we then to evidence more specific, and to lo-
calities near home. If there be any truth in the
declaration of physicians in our cities, or even in the
verdict of juries returned over the bodies of the
dead, and under the solemnity of an oath, tlien is
drunkenness a most frightful source of death among
ourselves. Nor is it, if the keepers of prisons and
asylums are to be believed, a less frightful source of
poverty, insanity and crime. It is apparent from
the bills of mortality which have been kept, that in
a single year twenty deaths have been occasioned in
Portsmouth, N. H., by the use of intoxicating liquors :
twenty-one in Salem, Mass. ; thirty-one in New

* See Edinburgh Roview for April, 1888 ; Trades Uuion.

NOTT.

EVIDENCE NKAKKB HOME.

Haven, Conu.; thirty in Nuw Briiniwick, N. J., and
levon hundred in Diiladelphia.

The avorugo duration of life to those Irish emi-
grants who ptivo the streets and rear tlie ediiices ia
the city, and who excavute tlio canals and grade the
railroads in the country, tlie average duration of life
to this hard laboring (and alas ! that it should bo so,
till of late, hard drinking) population, is said, owing
to this fatal propensity, to have been reduced to
about five years from the time of their landing.

And it is also said, that those emigrants, who year
after year enter the States hale and healthy from the
Canadas, stripped of their summer's earnings by those
harpies of the dram-shop, enter on the winter beg-
gared and comfortless, and that a third of their
number, before the next spring opens, are, not unfre-
quently, in their graves.

After examination had, it has been made apparent,
that of eight hundred and eighty maniacs in our
asylums, four hundred owe their loss of reason to
the use of intoxicating liquors. That seventeen hun-
dred out of nineteen hundred paupers in our poor-
houses, and thirteen hundred out of seventeen hun-
dred criminals in our prisons, owe their pauperism
and their crime to the same cause. That forty-three
out of forty-four murders were committed under the
influence of alcoholic stimulus. That sixty-seven
out of seventy-seven found dead, died of drunken-
ness, and that four hundred out of six hundred and
ninety juvenile delinquents either drank themselves
or belonged to families that did so.

*»»*:

DEATH AMONG EJUlQIUMlS.

rick, N. Jm An<^

**I hayo shown,'* suys that indofutigablo agent,
Samuel Chipnmii, Kh^., who visited all the poor-
houses and prisons iu the State of New-York, **I
have shown beyond the power of contradiction,
that more than three-fourths of all the pauperism is
occasioned by intemperance, and that more than
five-sixths of all those committed for crime, are
themselves intemperate. In no poor-house have I
failed to find the wife, the widow, or the children
of the drunkard. In one, of one hundred and
ninety persons relieved the preceding year, were
nineteen wives of drunken husbands, and seventy-
one children of drunken fathers. And in almost
every jail were husbands confined for whipping their
wives, or otherwise abusing their households.'*

This is certainly sufficiently near, and sufficiently
specific. And yet intoxicating liquors, shame of
human reason, disgrace of the nineteenth century,
are manufactured and bought and sold and drank
among us. More than this, their manufacture and
sale are sanctioned by law, as well as usage. And
a revenue derived from this polluted and polluting
source, by some strange mistake in legislation, is
received into the public treasury.

But have the witnesses relied on no preposses-
sions? Is there no exuggenition in their state-
ments? I have sometimes thought tliere might be;
and I have therefore done, myself, what I advise
each of you to do: that is deliberately to look
around you and take, within the circle of your own

acquaintance, the dimensions of that misery which
3

ftO

SOCIAL CLUB in sciiemeotadt.

ititemporanco occasions, and sum up tho number of
tloud which it has sluin.

A friend of niitie once gave mo the number and
iiie names of a social club of temperate drinl^ert
which once existed in Schenectady, and of which,
when young, he was hunself a member; and I have
remariced, how bereft of fortune, how bereft of repu-
tutiuu, bereft of health, and sometimes evi'U bereft
of reason, they have descended, one after another,
pieuiaturely to the grave ; until at length, though
not an old man, that friend alone remains, of all
their number, to tell how ho himself was rescued,
from a fute so terrible, by the timely and prophetic
counsel of a pious mother. And I have marked too
how those pupils of my own, who, in despite warn-
ing and admonition, and entreaty, persisted in the
use of intoxicating liquors while at college, have, on
entering the world, sunk into obscurity, and Hnully
disappeared from among those rival actors, once their
companions, rising into life ; and when, searching
out the cause, I have, full of anxiety, inquired after
one, and another, and another, the same answer hus
been returned, ** He has become, or gone a sot into
the grave.*'

Among these cases of moral desolation, I remember
one of peculiar aggravation ; it was that of a gifted
and aspiring individual, and a professed Christian.
Crossed and humbled by domestic affliction, he sought
as many still seek, relief in alcohol. His friends
foresaw the danger and warned him of it; that
warning he derided; he even denied the existence of

■fclf^n

0A8R OK PKCIJLIAU AGOUAVATIOK.

a propcntiity, wiiich, by indiilguiicis wuh loon thero-
aftor rtiudoi'tid uncuiitrullublo; wiu>ufiU(l(loiily,ahrink-
ing from tho lociuty uf moti, ho ■hut himBelf up in
hii chamber and oudoavorod to drown hit caroi in
perpetual inebriation.

His abuied conititution soon gave way, and the
death-scene followed. But oh ! what a death-scene !
As if quickened by the presence of the King of Ter-
rors, and the proximity of the world of spirits, his
reason suddenly lighted up, and all his suspended
faculties returned in their strength. But they re-
turned only to give to retribution a severer aspect,
and render the final catastrophe more instructive and
more terrible. For though at i intervals he seemed to
pour his soul out in confession, and to implore for-
giveness in the most thrilling accents, shame, remorse,
and despair were predominant; and there was, at
times, an awfulness in the paroxysms of his agony,
which no words can describe, and which can be real-
ized by those only who witnessed it. ^* There," said
he, pointing to his bottle and his glass, which he had
caused to be placed beside his death-bed, *' there is
the cause of all my misery : that cup is the cup of
wretchedness; and yet, fool that I have been ! I have
drank it ; drank it voluntarily, even to its dregs.
Oh, tell those miserable men, once ray companions,
who dream of finding in inebribtion, oblivion to their
miseries, as I have dreamed of this; tell them,—
but it were vain to tell them — oh! that they were
present, that they might see, in me, the dreadful
sequel, and witness, in anticipation, the unutterable

CASE OF PECULIAB AOORAVATION.

horrors of a drunkard's death." Here his voice fal>
tered — his eye fell upon the abhorred cup — and,
as his spirit fled, a curse, half articulated, died away
upon his quivering lip !

Whatever exaggeration there may have been in
those other statements, in these there is no exagger-
ation. This is not poetry, but history. Nor is this
the whole. To say nothing of the untitled dead ;
the heads of families; the members of families,
whose number has not been summed up ; but — to
say nothing of these-— how many clergymen, how
many physicians, how many jurists, in this and the
neighboring cities, have, during the existing genera-
tion, fallen victims to this destroyer? Who of my
equals in age, does not remember those venerable
men, all moderate drinkers, who once held, in Albany,
their meetings at noon-day? And who does not
remember, too, the result of those meetings ? — aye !
and of those otlier meetings, held at a later hour by
their sons — those young men of promise, that were,
but are not !

Over all classes in that beloved city intemperance
hath oast its withering influence. Nor over these
only. There is no city, or town, or hamlet, known
to the speaker, where it is otherwise. Of all the
avenues to death, the world over, this is the broadest,
steepest, most frequented. The sword hath indeed
slain its thousands, — but alcohol its ten thousands!

Ev^n in this republic, we are told by those familiar
with such statistics, that there are more than five
hundred thousand drunkards' What a deduction

jj 1 1 If nill|lfliailif>ipM>Btliiii*ll

■fcfc^a^.^ I II ^i i ' i 1 1 r i M **— ■—■■■ ' ■ 1 1 li WA

MMlMdfMkilMM

FITS HUNDRED THOUSAND DRUNKARDS.

6>f

from our national virtue, honor, and happiness !
What an addition to our national guilt, infamy, and
misery !

Could you see those wretched beings separated
from th. residue of community, and congregated
together in some great common Aceldama,— -what a
spectacle of horror ! How much more so, could you
see them individualized, dispersed among their
friends and kindred, and linked each in his vileness,
by ties tender and indissoluble, to other beings, —
and often to beings of the purest virtue, of the live-
liest sensibility, and the loftiest aspirings. Ah !
could you see them thus, what guage could measure
the extent, or arithmetic sum up the amount, of
misery comprehended within your field of vision !
Oh ! could you number those concealed tears, which
flow from so many sleepless eyes, as God numbers
them ; and hear those stifled sighs, that escape from
so many sorrow-wounded hearts, as God hears them,
you might then, but not till then, form an adequate
idea of the superadded good which intoxicating
liquors must hereafter produce, to cancel the dread
amount of gratuitous evil they have already inflicted
upon mankind !

Five hundred thousand drunkards in this repub-
lic !! But I will not vouch for the accuracy of their
enumeration. I am aware that among the advocates
of almost every cause there exists a propensity to
exaggerate ; and I will not, even in a good cause,
insist on a hypothetical enumeration, or urge an
inconclusive argument. Not having verified the

FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND DRUNKARDS.

details furnished of local drunkenness, I do not know
with certainty the national amount.

But I do know, if drunkards exist elsewhere as
they exist in the Empire State, that their whole
number must be very great. For I do know, that
here they crowd our prisons, our jails, our asylums,
our poor-houses, and our work-shops ; and that they
may be found in our drawing-rooms, our halls of
legislation, our halls of justice, our halls of science,
and even -^ alas, that it should be so ! — our temples
of devotion !

Besides the loss of the intellectual resource, and
the physical energy, and the sufferance of the indeli-
ble national disgrace, and the deep domestic misery,
which this mighty army of drunkards occasion, they
contiibute, as- has already been shown, more than
any other cause, — nay, more than all other causes, —
to augment our poor rates, to augment the expense
for criminal arrests, for criminal prosecutions, and
threaten ultimately to overthrow our civil institutions.
For, if their numbers shall increase hereafter as they
have increased heretofore, the time will come, in this
downward career, when revenues will be wanting to
furnish bread for the poor, and build prisons for the
guilty ; because the time will come when the earn-
ings of the sober and industrious few will be inade-
quate to provide for the wants of the drunken and
idle many, when intemperance itself, amid the com-
mon privation, will be restrained by the very desti-
tution which intemperance has occasioned^

^itei^i

HISEBT RESULTING.

Be the number of drunkards in this republic what
it may, that drunkenness exists, and that to a fright-
ful extent, can not be denied. And the question of
chief concern is i •

HOW CAN IT BE REMEDIED?

Can the ax be laid at the root of the tree? Of is
the evil incurable ? And must the process of des-
truction go on till all that is sublime in intellect,
cheering in liberty, and holy in religion, fades and
disappear'^ before it ? Must the eye as it glances
onward V ;h the vista of futurity, instead of meet-
ing with ^j bright and joyous scenes of progressive
improvement, until it reaches and rests on the pre-
dicted visions of millenial glory — instead of this,
must it meet only with poverty, and crime, and de-
cay, and desolation as exhibited in diminished trade,
in less productive husbandry, in forsaken dwellings
and augmented numbers of ragged, squalid wretches
lounging in bar-rooms, hanging round the doors of
dram-shops, staggering along the public avenues, or
snoring in the gutters of those lanes and by-paths,
which lead, not to the bread, but to the beer and
rum-selling grocery? Must this be so by any neces-
sity of nature ? Or is there yet a remedy ? There
is — here as elsewhere — remove the cause, and

THE effect ceases.

But we cannot now discuss, at length, the remedy.
That must remain for a future opportunity. In
conclusion, therefore, we have only briefly to say»

NOCT.

iSr-

V \

I;
I' I

IS THERE ANT REMEDY?

that if we would rid oureelves of the ourse of the
drunkard's drunkenness, we must rid ourselves of
the use of the drunkard's drink. There is no alter-
native, the prevailing usage of society must be
annulled or provision made, and made by us, for
its future maintenance — a frightful provision ; a
provision of muscle, and of mind, as well as of
money !

I repeat it, there is no alternative ; this whole
existing system of moderate drinking must be abol-
ished, or the expense of sustaining it provided for by
us, and by those who shall live after us ; as it has
hitherto been, by those who lived before us. Yes,
as the years roll round, we must consent to the deci-
mation of our families, and the families of our friends
and neighbors, that we may furnish therefrom victims
for the dispepsia, the dropsy, the delirium tremens ;
and inmates for the poor-house — the house of cor-
rection a nd the house of silence ! More than this,
having furnished the victims of destruction, we must
furnish also the elements of destruction, and the
ministers of destruction.

We must pay for the growing of the grapes and
the grain ; then for the manufacture of the whiskey
and the wine, and then for the distributron of both,
by those privileged vendors, whose exclusive right
it is to dispense among the people from their licensed
stalls, these elements of death.

Frightful system ! What a wreck of life : what
a waste of money its continuance must occasion.

HOIXESATK DRINKING — EVILS OF.

(17

Britain pays, as appears from a late parliamentary'
report, annually, fifty millions sterling,* for the
mere articles out of which intoxicating drinks are
fabricated. Besides which, she loses annually fifty
millions* by fires and wrecks occasioned by the drun-
kenness which those fabricated drinks produce. In
like manner, she loses seventy millions by the pro-
ductive industry thus paralyzed and rendered profit-
less J together with the product of one-seventh of
her soil, which is appropriated to the raising of arti-
cles for the brew-house and the still.

If such be the ascertained expense of sustaining
the usage of moderate drinking in Britain, what must
it be in the United States? What in this State ?
What in this city ? Were the inhabitants of which
assembled, or could my voice reach them, dispersed
as they are, I would say to the heads of every family
apart : Though you can not ascertain how much the
State expends for intoxicating liquors, annually,
you can ascertain how much you expend yourself.
Will you ascertain this? — and having done so, dis-
tribute under appropriate heads, according to your
best judgment, the entire amount.

Say, so much for furnishing victims to disease — so-
much for depriving men of their property — so
much for depriving men of their reason — and so
much for peopling the grave yard — so much for cor-
rupting the morals of the youth — so much for aggra-
vating the miseries of age — so much for disturbing

3»

$200,000,000.

BRITAIK — UNITED STATES.

the peace of families — so much for embittering the
cup of connubial joy — and so much for mingling
humiliation with the exercise of filial piety.

If you will do this, you will know, not only how
much money you have paid away, h>it you will know
also what you have paid that money for.

LECTURE No. II.

THE BEMEDY.

Intoxicating liquors useful, but not as a beverage in health — Thoso
who use intoxicating liquors, and live to be old, live not in conse-
quence, but in spite of drinking — Intoxicating liquors analogoua
to exhillrating gas — The number of deaths by the use of in«
toxicating liquors very great — The wuste of life by intoxicating
liquors supplied from the ranks of temperate drinkers — Delete*
rious effects of distilled liquors, of beer and of bad wine.

Havinq glanced, in the preceding lecture, at the
frightful evils of drunkenness, we come now to
inquire,

Whether these evils arc endured by any necessity of
nature-, or whether they are evils for iuhich a remedy
exists f

The latter doubtless. Here, as elsewhere, remove
the cause and the effect ceases. What then is the
cause of drunkenness ? It is drinking. But bo it
observed, that it is not the drinking, or even the
excessive drinking of water, the beverage which
nature supplies for the allaying of thirst, or of milk,
or of various other nutritive and healthful beverages,
but the drinking of intoxicating liquors only, which
produces these frightful results.

NOTT.

60 ▲ GOOD CREATUUC — USED V\'1TU IMPUNITY.

Why thea should the drinking of those liquors be
continued? Why? Metlunks I hear the objector
asli : Deserves ttiis question even a reply ? — would
anyone but a fanatic propose it? Are not intoxi-
cating liquors among the good creatures of God, that
their use as a beverage must be relinquished?
Doubtless they are among the good creatures of God ;
and should therefore be received with gratitude, and
may be used with innocence.

Far be it from me to speak irreverently of any of
the bounties of Providence. Intoxicating liquors
have doubtless their appropriate use, and may there-
fore be used whenever and wherever their use is ap-
propriate ; that is to say, they may be used in the
arts, in sickness, in great physical exhaustion ; and,
in one word, on all those occasions and for all those
purposes for which intended by the Creator. But
does it follow from this that they were intended by
him to be used as we use them, habitually and as a
beverage in health ? And if not so intended by him,
then not rightfully so used by us ; and such usage,
by whomsoever indulged, will be productive of ulti-
mate misery. It is vain to seek happiness where
God forbids it, and the search, by whatever argu-
ments defended, and however long continued, will
end in disappointment.

But some, it is affirmed, have used intoxicating
liquors— even distilled liquors — through a long life
with entire impunity. And some too, it is alsc
affirmed, have used arsenic, and even prussic ccid
with a like impunity. And were it even so, could

UNITY.

) liquors he
10 objector
^ _ would
not iutoxi-
)f God, that
linquished ?
ires of God ;
atitude, and

ly of any of
ting liquors
i may there-
ir use is ap-
used in the
Lstion ; and,
for all those
eator. But
ntended by
lly and as a
ded by him,
luch usage,
;tive of ulti-
Iness where
,tever argu-
inued, will

Intoxicating
a long life
it is alsc
russic acid
so, could

DOUBTFUL WHETIIBU USKD WITH IMPUNITY.

any general inference be drawn from this f Or Hhould
there be, and should arsenic and prussic acid, in con-
sequence, be introduced into common uief What
would be thought of tlio man who, standing amid
the dying and the dead, occasioned by their intro-
duction, should still point to the few Bolitary cases of
seeming exemption, in evidence of tlio harmless and
even healthful tendency of these destructive agents?
What would bo thouglit of him ? Precisely whnt
ought to be thought of the man who reasons in the
same manner about intoxicating liquors, that liow-
ever honest his convictions maybe, the conclusions
arrived at are not the loss erroneous on that account.
But is it quite certain that any have used intoxi-
cating liquors, as a common beverage, through a long
life, with entire impunity ? That such use of those
liquors has been ruinous to multitudes is undeniable.
And yet so gradual has the approach of their ruin
been, that years have passed away before they have
been convinced of such approach. Nor have they
generally been convinced of it till it was too late to
profit by the conviction. And who knows but those
hoary headed veterans, who having outlived their
generation, still drink and live ; who knows but they
still live in spite, not in consequence of drinking ?
Who knows but each treacherous sip, which even
these men of years have taken from the poisoned
chalice, may not, in place of adding, have taken
some pulsations from a heart created to beat so often,
some moments from a life granted to endure so long?
so that even these iron constitutions of power to

WHO BEST JUDOBS.

I i

withstand lo much, in place of owing anything to
alcohol, may hav« been only impaired and enervated
by its influence.* But who so well knows whether

* Dr. A. 8. Plonon, of Salem, in bU iMtimonj b«for« the com*
iiiUUt of thf Leglilature of MMMohuMttf, Mid h« had bo«n »
praotitionar of medicine for twenty^two yaart, and had had frequent
opportunitiea to notice the efTeeta of alcohol on the physical s>atem.
lie described the immediate and remote effect which waa produced
by alcohol. When introduced into the stomach, a morbid action la
produced approzimatitig to inflammation. This waa greater or leM
in proportion to the quantity used. It then aaoenda Into the brain,
and materially efTeeta the action of that delloata organ, interfering
uiih and embnriaagiiig tlie intelleetual operations. It also causes a
(luicl(oned motion of tlie heart, the action of which organ is thereby
increased — being an exompliflcntlon of the saying that " a man livoa
too fast." This excitement is succeeded by a corresponding degree
of languor. The froe use of alcohol is oftcu the cause of apoplexy,
and congestion of the brain*

The remote eflecta produced by the use of alcoholic liquors as a
drinlc are more extensive. It la often the cause of disease In the
stomnch, occasionhig on induration or thickening of the lining of that
organ — or producing ulceration. The pylorus, or outlet of the stom*
aoh is particularly liable to be affected. It also produces a morbid
ciToct on the brain, tending to apoplexy. Also on the heart, and
through the blood by means of the capillary vessels to the farllicst parw
of the system, causing dropsy, &c.

It affects the breathing organs — distending the capillaries pf the
lungs, and creates tubercles, which is the proximate cause of consump-
tion. It alao often causes diseases of the liver.

The habitual use of alcohol renders the whole system morbid, and
makes ordinary diseases more obstinate and diflBcult to be cured. It
aggrarates various diseases, and conduces to various diseases. AI*
though the effect of cold on the system, while under the immediate
exoitemont of ardvnt spirits may be diminished, yet in a short time
the system becomes weak and languid and more susceptible to cold
liiau when no ardent spirit has been used. Henoe, when a man is
•foua-J frozen to death, an empty rum bottle is almost always foimd

DR. PIER801f*8 TE8TIM0MY.

tho httbituul use of intoxicating liquors is bcnefiolftli
at those who use such liquoro habitually ; and why

by bb tide. Tb« uae of aloubol, altbough it majr for a tima ii
•eUoa, duM not Inoreuo powor.

It ba mUtAkon notion tltat ardent fpbrlt aklta man in enduring ft*
tigue. It oaua«i him to oiert himself more for a brief period, b«l
at the espenae of hl« oonititution. A man who purtiiaa thie conrae,
merely siionces tho monitor which toile him ho haa labored enough. Ha
diarcgarda the Toice of hia physical conscience by using alooholio
diinlca, and thus ii\J>irc8 his physical system.

In the cross-examination of Dr. Pieraon, tho following facta were
brought out in relation to the babita and age of the late Dr. Uolyoke,
uf Salem.

Mr. Sdllet.— Uowjlong may a pcraon use ardent apirita modcrattly,
without any perooptiblo ii\{ury to health f

Dr. Pierton.— In very email quantities a long time. A man may
n^e pobon of any aort, in Tery small quantities, and yet be preserved by
tlie conservative principle implanted in the human system aa a defence.

Jir. JSa/Zef.— Were you acquainted witli the late Dr. Holyoko, of
Balemt

Dr. Pier$on. — Tea. I had the honor of being hia biographer.

Mr. Malttt.'^ How long did he Uve f

Dr. Piernon.— One hundred years.

Mr. Hallet.^ What were his habits }

Dr. Pieraon.— He was in the habit of being temperate in all thinga.
He waa a man of moat remarkable character — never tempted to ex«
ceai. He used to live without much care — without thinking w hetber
ho would da hiiiuelf harm or not. IIo was wry cheerful, and of a
very benevolent heart and easy conscioncc, and patient of little ii\jttrie8.
lie was in the habit of using intoxicating drinks in small quantities.
He had a preparation which consisted of ono table spoonful of Jamaica
rum and one table spoonful of cider, diluted with water, which be
used after dinner while smoking hia pipe ; I would mention in oonneo>
\\o\i with thb habit, that he did not die of old ago. I examined the
body myself with very great care and attention. The heart and orgaiie
which are apt to bo diseased in aged persons, and to become hardened
.like atone were aaaoft m an iofant'a \ and for augbt that appeared^

€i

DR. PIERfiON'8 TK8'tlM0Nr.

on thU mere ([ucstion of fact in not their tettiniony
dociiiivc? Because these liquorM uct on tho mind m

might \\art> gone •uothcr tmiulroil ytnrn. Aud no of the other organs.
The Iiv(>r ntui brnlii wore in a hunlihy Mtnto. Ilu died of tho diaoAM
which is inostcuinmunijr produced by th« u.40 of ardent rp'rits nnd to-
bacco, su inltrnai eaneer. Ther« was a band three or four incbei
broad around tho atoinacli, which was Hoiiirroua or thiokeno'i, I am far
from wislthig to mij anything to tho discredit of tho late Dr. Holyoke,
who wns my porional frirnd. But if his groat ago Is to ue made an ar*
guniont for tho moderate una of spirits, I desire thut his schirroua
stouiacli itliouid bo put along side of It. — 2'tmperanct Journal far
1830, /). 67.

Dr. Gordon, of tho London Hospital, stated before the committee of
tho House of Commons in Great Britain, ** that soTenty-flve cases of
disease out of every hundred could be traced to drinking."

Ho also declared " that most of the bodies of moderate drinkers,
which, when at Edinburgh lie had o[)oned, were found diseased lu the
liror; and that tho3o Hyniptoms a|)peared also in the bodies of tcnipor-
ate people, which ho had exaniiuod in tho West Indies. Ho more than
once says that tlio bodies whoso livers he bad found diseased were
thos« of moral and roli^ioui* peopio.*'

That human lifo shall bo very greatly prolonged bcyond^ Its present
limits, is one of tho plain dsclnrution.^ of prophecy. The following !•
Dr. Lowth*8 translation of tho 06th chap, of Isaiah, yeree 20, 28:

** No more shall there bo an infant short lived,
Nor an oldnmik wiiohath not fuiflUod his dajA.;
For b« that (Uoili n hundred years old shall die a boy,
And tho sinner that shiill die nt a hundred yearn
Sl:all,b6 dvenied accursed.

" And they shall l<uild houses and inhabit them ;
And they shall plant vineyards and tat tho fruit of them ;
They shall not build and another Inhabit ;
They shall not plant and another eat.

" For as the days of a tree shall be the days of my peoplo,
And they shall wear out the works of their own hands.
My chosen shall not labor in vain,
Neither shall they generate a short lired race.**

STATISTICS OF LONOBVITT.

well aitho body. IIenc«, all who use them beoone
eicitod; somu loMt some moro; loroe even to mad-

In th« Ubloi of inorUlUj for Knglund Mid Walet, ctHnnieneing at
1118, and ending with 1830, b«lng a parlod of •ightotn years, w« find
thai from the age of elghtjr-one to that of on* hundred and twenlj*
four, upwnrda of two hundred and forty Are thouaand pereona wer«
burled, or there cloren thouaand one hundred and aeTenlj*thrt« llred
to the age of ninety, and aoTtn hundred and aoron lived to the ago of
one hundred jrcara { eighteen lived to one hundted and ten ;. throe died
at one hundred and twe:)ty^ and one man tWcd to be one hwxdMd and
twenty'fuur.

The following well authenticated inatancea of longetlly an ••pled
from liaker*fl Curio of Britain, page 24, second edition :

Karnes.

roars.

Namea.

Teara.

Kloanor Ayuinr

lived 103

Jehu Gordon

Bvod 183

Ellen Prltchard

••^108

John TayUr

183

llor 8i«tet8

104
'108

Ca tharino Lopci
Margaret Fonter

•1

184
186

Paul the Hermit

«i

118

John Mount

186

Jumos the Hermit

104

Margaret Patten

187

8t. John the Silent

104

Juan Morroygota

188

St. Theodos'.us

•«

105

Riibecoa Parry

140

Thomas Pavis

106

Duroltor Radoloy

140

His Wife

105

Countess of Desmond

140

Ann Parker

106

Mr. Epleston

148

St. Anthony

105

Solomon Kibel

148

Simon Stylitos

109

William Evans

«i

145

Mrs. Ann Wall

«i

111

Joseph Bam

«i

146

St. Epiphani- -

<«

115

Col. Tliomas Wlnsloe

146

Araenius

120

Slywark Hen

150

Romualdos

120

Judith Crawford

«i

160

ApoUonius of Tyana

180

Catharine Hyatt

150

Margaret Darly

130

Francis Consbt

«i

18S

Francis Pext

130

James Bowels

152

WilUam EUia

180

Thomas Parr

«i

151

Diunbergor

130

Thomas Dam«

166

Peter Garden

131

Robert Lynch

16a

STATISTICS OF LONGEVITY.

nesB. Indeed it may be questioned whethei our
perceptions are not always more clear, and our judg-
ment more correct, without than with these feverish
excitements. I do not pretend to have had any
peculiar advantages for observing the effects of alco-

Kamo.

Ysars.

Name.

Ye«r«.

Mrs. Lotitia Cok

lived 160

PetPf Portin

lived 186

Borah Roviii

♦' 164

Mongate

'• 180

Henry Jenkins

•♦ 169

Pctratfich Ozarten

" 188

John Rovin

•' 172

Thomas Oaen

" 207

From the Statistics of Russia^ it appears that in 1888 there were in
that country the following instances of longevity :

850 persons had reached from 100 to 106 yean.

120

♦>

121

««

tt.

no " 116

(«

121 " 126 "

126 " 180 "

181 " 140 "

146

«(

160 to 165 years.

160

166

Herodotus tcll^ ua.that the average life of the Macrobians was one
hundred and twenty years, and that they never drank anything stronger
than milk.

Speaking of the New Zealandera, Hawkenworth says : " Water is
their universal and only liquor, and in our visits to their towns,,
we never saw a single person who appeared to have any bodily oom«
plaint."

A further proof of health is the facility with which wounds heal,
and a still further, is the great number of old men we saw : many of
whom, by the loss of their hair and teeth, appeared to be very ancient, yet
none were decrepit ; and though not equal to the young in muscular
strength, were not a whit behind them in cheerfulness and vivacity. -«t
^aeehtt»tp. 116.

BXUILARATINO GAS.

hoUc stimulants ; but I have often witnessed the
operation of a kindred influence.
>It is usual for lecturers on chemistry to administer
to certain of their hearers a gas» called in common
parlance, exhilarating gas ; wliy this is done I know
not, unless it be to show how much like madmen
individuals previously sane may, by artificial stimu-
lus, be made to act ; a purpose, if indeed such be
the pui-pose, which is answered most effectually.

Now, to' breathe this gas too long is death ; this,
those who are about to breath it know ; and yet
knowing this, no sooner do they commence the
breathing of this gas, than they severally persist in
continuing to breathe it ; and they would persist in
continuing to breathe it even to the death, if not
forcibly prevented.

The case of the inebriate seems to be analogous.
For, havipg once acquired the taste for intoxicating
liquor, though he foresees the consequence, he clings
with a death grasp to the chalice in which it is con-
tained, and from which he can only be disengaged
by violence.

But though, (not like exhilarating gas, which al-
ways kills if continued,) intoxicating liquor were in-
nocuous to certain individuals, since who they are can
only be known by an experiment which must prove
fatal to most of those who try it, can it be a question
whether such experiment ought to be from age to
age repeated ?

Terrible as drunkenness is, it is not only com-
puted, as has been shown, that there are five hua-

LIFE OF DBUNKABD8 SHORT.

5*1

' '' Is!

dred thousand drunkards in this republic, but it has
aVio been computed, that of our entire population,
one in twenty-six die drunkards. If one-half of that
population practice Total abstinence, and including
women and children, this is probably the case, then,
of all who drink, one in thirteen die drunkards.

Now the life of drunkards by way of eminence, is
short. Generations of them are swept away with a
rapidity that amazes. And yet their frightful num-
ber is not diminished.

Whence do the successive columns of this unbro-
ken and mighty army of inebriates come ? How are
its perpetually thinned ranks perpetually filled up ?
Where is the exhaustless fountain that sends forth
this everlasting stream of life, to replenish those
mighty wastes which death by drunkenness occa-
sions? Where ? In the bosom of moderate drinking
families ; often intelligent, amiable, and even edu-
cated moderate drinking families.

Who does not know that this class of community
furnished all tho raw material, the muscle and sinew,
the intellect and virtue, in one word all the bodies
and souls of men, to be operated on. Nay, that they
perform the operation, unintentionally, I admits still
that they perform the operation, by which that fright-
ful transfonnation of moderate into immoderate
drinkers is effected.

Yes, those interesting little groups of moderate
drinking families, where everything is so tasteful and
orderly ; where so many moralities are practiced, so
many sympathies cherished, and so many charities

SUPPLIED FROM TEMPERATE DRINKERS

dispensed ; those groups are the prinar/ assemblies,
whence most of the drunkards, which infest and dis-
grace community, are sent abroad. Nay, they are
the elementary schools in which the first principles
of inebriation are practically taught.

In these familicR, and in those larger social circles
in which they meet, temptation in a thousand covert
and alluring forms is every day presented ; and under
a thousand plausible pretences, usages are main-
tained, that go to create the taste, to confirm the
habit, and carry forward, through all its humili-ating
stages, that downward process, by which one gene-
ration of temperate drinkers after another are grad-
ually transformed into intemperate drinkers, and
thus qualified to take, in their turn, the place of
those confirmed drunkards who are constantly mak-
ink their way, through the poor-house and the pris-
on-house and evtry other avenue of death, down to
the charnel-house.

And if, as has been computed by Chipman, one in
thirteen of all who drink, die drunkards, and if, as
lias also been computed, the drunkard's life is shorter
than the Uvea of other men ; and if the perpetually
thinned ranks of drunkards are wholly filled up from
the ranks of moderate drinkers, how long, even
though there were no oth6r cause of mortality : How
long, to .speak in the language of political econo-
mists, would it take at the present rate of demand
and supply, to remove from the world, by intempe-
rance alone, the entire moderate drinking moiety of
the human family ?

INQUEST FBOM HEAVEN.

i S

In how many, think you, among thoie who now
appear entirely sane and healthful, are the seeds of
future disease and dissolution sown?

In how many will he secret malady begin to be
developed this year, in how many the next, and in
how many the year thereafter ?

Were an inquest held by some minister from
Heaven for separating from the congregation of
moderate drinkers all infected persons, as the leprous
were separated from the congregations of Israel,
what think you would be the discoveries of such an
inquest?

Could we, looking round on our families and kin-
dred and neighbors, see their i*eal condition as God
sees it, might it not be said of one and another not
now suspected^ " That in this and this individual the
infection has taken, and the process of death begun ? '*
So much more time, and so many additional demi-
j hns of wine or barrels of beer or jugs of rum, is all
that is wanting to ripen into .nuturity the inflamed
eye, the bloated countenance, the demented look,
the disgusting hiccough, and even the frightful deli-
rium tremens.

This is not history. I know it is not, but I also
know that to many a temperate drinking family,
within my hearing, unless they change their habits,
or Nature her laws, it will one day become history !
Considering the hazard that attends even the
moderate habitual use of intoxicating liquors, who
can say of any living man» that so uses those liquors,
that he is safe ?

.■

DISTILLXD LIQUORS BELIMQUI8HED.

Or, though this might be said of some, is it certain
that it can be said of you 1 You have tasted of that
chalice, sparingly, I admit — still you have tasted of
if, often tasted of it ; and who knows whether the
disease it so often generates may not though latent
have been already generated.

A disease destined hereafter to impair your reason,
to impair your constitution, and bring down your
manly frame prematurely and with dishonor to the
grave.

But though you were safe, itjs certain that your
children, and your children's children who surround
your table, and have access to your sideboard,where
temptation in so many forms is from day to day pre-
sented — is it certain that all these are safe also? Is
it certain that that son of thine, wise above his years,
that daughter, lovely beyond her sex, may not even
now be under the inceptive, undiscovered, unsus-
pected, influence of a malady, often insidious and
lingering indeed, but always progressive, and as inex-
orable as death ?

But in reply to this, it will be said in certain
quarters, " Though we and ours make use of intoxi-
cating liquors, they are fermented, and not distilled
liquors: rum, gin, brandy, and those other obnoxious
products of the still, have long since been relin-
quished ; and surely ^ mere malt liquor^ when used in mod*
"ration, can not injure any one; and as to wine, the Bible
sanctioned its use in Palestine, and still sanctions its use."

It is well to have relinquished the use of rum, gin,
brandy and those other obnoxious products of the still.

NOTT.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL.

And it were well for any who have not yet relin-
quished their use to inquire into their nature, and
their effects upon the human organism, that they too
may be the better prepared to decide whether it be
not wise in them also to relinquish their use.

Alcohol (which is the solo intoxicating principle
in these liquors, when unadulterated), "pure alcohol
coagulates all the animal fluids except the urine, and
hardens the solid parts. It instantly contracts the
extremities of the nerves it touches, and deprives
them of sense and motion. If received into the
stomach, it produces the same effects. If the quan-
tity be considerable, a palsy or apoplexy follows,
ending in death." Alcohol used constantly, and in
less quantities, causes inflammation in this delicate
organ : *♦ The disease is insidious, and invariably
advanced, thickening and indurating the walls of the
stomach, and producing sometimes schirrous and
sometimes cancer ; the orifices become occasionally
indurated and contracted, and when this is the case,
death soon puts an end to the sufferings of the
wretched victims.

It should seem that such an article, an article not
contained in rye, or barley, or grapes, or apples ; not
the product of the vineyard, or the orchard, or the
harvest-field, as is usually supposed, but the product
of putrefaction ; it should seem that such an article,
an article at once the product of death and the ele-
ment of death ; it should seem that such an article
contained enough of vengeance in it to satisfy the

ADULTERATION OF ALCOHOL.

3t relin-
ure, and
tbey too
lerit be ^

principle
e alcohol
irine. and
;ract8 the
deprives
into the
the quan-
jr follows,
iy, and in
is delicate
nvariably
alls of the
•rous and
casionally
I the case,
8 of the

irticle not
>ple8 ; not
rd, or the
je product

m article,
id the ele-
lan article

jatisfy the

ATftrice of dealers and the appetite of drinkers, with-
out the addition of other and more deadly Jngredicnts.

fiut so is not the fact !

Chemistry, which revealed the process by which
alcohol is obtained, has also revealed the further pro-
cess by which it may be adulterated, and cheaper as
well as more deadly poisons furnished. By such a
revelation avance has not failed to profit ; and as the
knowledge of that further process has gradually been
extended, the use of alcohol has gradually dimin-
ished, and intenser poisons been substituted in its
place, till death has come to be more certainly than
formerly dispensed in the inebriuling cup, whether
poured out by the hand of the landlord or the gro-
cer 1 * So much for distilled liquors. More might

* In Dubrunfant and Jones, translated by Sheridan, 4th cd., Lon*
don, 1880, it is asserted in reference to French brandies, page 182 :
"They are designedly imitated. Dulcified nitre is used for that pur-
pose.** Pag« 140 : ** Many distillers substitute caustic alkalies ; in
fact, almost evey distiller has some secret nostrum for rectifying his
..irits. They may be all reduced to three ; by fixing alkaline salts; by
ftcid spirits mixed with saline salts ; and by saline bodies and flayoring
additions."

Page 145 : " Malt spirit is usually sold by weight to rectifying distil-
lers, who distill it over again, combining it with certain materials, with
a view of malting it into gin, brandy, ruui," &c.

Page 158, speaking of the various methods used for tbc " sophist!-
cation " of brandy, &c., he says of one of them : " this brandy recedes
from those distilled spirits reckoned safe and wholesome." Of another
method : " This brandy is more depraved than the first, as it comes
over the still nearly as so much ardent spirits ( malt ) mixed with
brandy, and it will of course exert its noxious qualities upon those who
drink it"

TESTIMONY.

indeed be said ; but more it not neceuary. They
who believe not Moses and the Prophets, would not
believe, though one were to rise from the dead.

** The moit general mode of adulterating U, by putting • counterfeit
kind to the genuine. Thia counterfeit brandj ii made of malt ipirlta,
dulslfled by a re-diatlllatlon of acidi.**

Page 159 : ** Lapla iufernalU, ( Infernal stone X nade of lime, pearl-
ash, potash, Ae., Is used for keeping down iht/eintt, has a gi sat cflTuct
upon tho wholesomencss of the liquors. The acid used in the prepara-
tion of counterfeit brandy is aquafortis. When combined with recti-
(icd spirits, it raises a flavor and taste much resembling those of brandy;
t)ut if a certain proportion of water be mixed with such brandy, a sep-
aration of tlie ardent spirits and acid immediately follows.*'

The noxious effects of these on the health of those who drink such
brandy ore often melancholy in the extreme.

Page 101 : lie mentions that various simple additions are made to
weak spirits to give a heat.

Poge 198 : "Pearl ashes, potash, ashes, soapcr's ley water, oil of
almonds, oil of vitriol, &c., to make artificial proo/.^^ ' So convinced woa
lie of the danger of this, th'^t he says : " Notwithstanding I have given
it, I do not recommend any to use it."

Page lUi: "Vitriolic liquor, composed of spirits 'of. < wine, oil of
vitriol, and the stronger caustics, &c., used to dissolve and to keep in
solution tlie poisonous oils in liquor, and to prevent waste."

Page 197 : " Dulcified spirits of nitre, made of spirits of wine nnd
nitrous acid ; to make counterfeit French brandy."

Page 206 : " Oil of wormwood."

Page 210: "Kernels of apricots, nectarines, peaches, and bitter
almonds."

Pago 212 : " Oil or essence of ambergris."

Poge 214: "Alum."

Page 221 : " Logwood."

Page 266 : " Pepper."

Page 486 : " Potashes, alkalies, salt worts, and lime."

Page 202 : " Spirits of nitre, cither strong or dulcified, used to f^r%
vinoaity to spirits."

TKSTIMONY.

As to mere niAlt liquor, not now to agitate the
question whether it be harmless ; nor the qu«)8tion

Page S35 : '* Oarbonio add goa for winea, to eonctal their acidity by
etrtaio aubatancea, and if tbia cannot be longer done, to turn them into
Tinogar."

Page 47fi : "Acida uaed to give sharpnoaa to llquora, &e."

Poge 468 : "The eaaential oil, or empyreuma, acrid, and cauatio.**

Page 468 : " Thia oil ia ao energetic tltat a few dropa are aufBcient to
give an obnoxioua taate to a whole pipe. It ia nu>at difficult to auceeed
in separating thia oil from diatilled apirita. The diatillcrs use other in-
gredicnta to matk their qualities.**

Pago 460 : " Grain and potatoes, when distilled, haTe an eaaential oil,
from certain causes, much worse than that furnished by those, vegeta-
bles. Tbia oil is acrid and extremely caustic. Distillers endeavor to
disguise its flavor.**

Pugo 607 : ** The oil in the spirits of lees is so penetrating and aerid,
that six drops are sufficient to infect a whole pipe.*'

Page 608 : "It is certain that leea and spirits contain a peculiar oil,
odorous and very acrid, altering their qualities very much."

ExtraeU from the Wine and Spirit MerehanCt Companion.
J. IIaktlky, London, 1836.

Page 18 : '* Beading fo Srandy, rum, &c. Oil of sweet almonds,
oil of vitiiol, &c.**

Puge 16: "Clearings for wine. The size of a walnut of sugar of
lead, with aal-eruxuni."

Page 25 : " Finings for gin. lionch alum.**

Puge 20 : "To make gin. Oils of juniper, bitter almonds, casda, oil
of vitriol.'*

Page 81 : " Twenty gnllons of water may be added, aa the Ingredi-
(Mita ( 80 ) will give ten gallons more apparent strength.'*

•Page}i2: '* To clear tainted gin. American potash, roach alum,
salts of tartar, &c."

Page 85 : " Rum reduced with strong beer and water, which is sold
for rum."

Page 41 : "To make brandy imitate the French. Oil of cassia, bit>
ter almonds, tincture of isponia, venella, &c."

Page 88 : " To make spirits over proof. Soap and potashef.

ADULTERATION OP MALT MQUORS.

whether impure water be or be not ubciI in brewing; •
and though it were conceded that «nch liquor were

Page 127: "ToIraiUte port wino. Cider brandy nod a Ultlo port
made rough with certain ingredienta, kc.^

Page 144: To $utetfn eaiki. *'BoU fVesh cow dung, and loak th«
eaaks with it.**

Pago 151 : To ttrrngthen gin. " Be parliculur in tlie quantit/ ui«d.
The spirits will appear stronger than thcf really are by fire per cent
Blue stone, oil of vitriol, oil of almonds, Aic.**

Page 164 : Cordial Oin. *' Oil of bitter alniouds, oil of vitriul, and
oil of turpoutino, &c."

From a ** Treatise on Brewing and Distilling,** by Shannon, page 167.
'* It is a oustom nmong retailing distillom, which I hare not taken notice
of in this directory, to put one-third or ono<fourth part of proof mo* ■
lasses brandy, proportionably to what rum they dispose of; which
cannot be distinguished except by an extraordinary palate, and does
not at all lesson the body or quality of the goods, but makes them about
two shillings a gnllon cheaper, and must be well mixed and incorporat-
ed together in your retailing cask ; but you should keep some of the
best rum, not adulterated, to please some cuatomers whose Judgment
and palate must be humored.**

* Kot that no reason for the agitation of those queitlona exists, for
to use the woid^ of a brewer, who, when asked, " Do yon know what
filthy water they use in brewing ? '* replied, " Oh yes, I know all aboat
it, and the mot e filthy the water the better. In the great brewery in
which for years I have been employed, the pipes which drew the water
from the river came in just at the place which received the draining!
from the horse stables ; and there is no such beer in the world as waa
made from it*' " But is not fermentation a purifying process, and doef
it not remove from the beer whatever is hurtful, filthy, or disgusting T
This question has received, from one competent to reply, the following
aBSwer : ** The tartaric acid which may cause the gout in wine, the poi«
lODOOi qualities of the hop, the henbane, tho cocoulus indicus, nuz
Tomiea, grains of paradise, copperas, or opium used, are not removed
by fJermentation firom beer, nor is the foul matter of animal iub$taneei
put in to promote the fermentation and vegetation of the malt by *i\j
SMADf fully remoTcd."— Jowma/, A, T, 27., for 1887, p. 108,

TESTIMONY.

good, very good for everybody ; still there are other
things, to wit: henbane, nux vomica, coccuIuh indi-
CUB, sulphuric acid, and numerous other abomina-
tions which are not u whit the less hurtful on that
account.

This is not mere declamation, but known and
established truth.* But enough of mere malt liquor.
And as to wine — although the Bible did authorize

• InB. ChUd*« rraotical TrotttM on Brewery, 11 tli edition, after
onuoierating tlie numerous ingrcdicnH for browing porter, p. 7, he
says : *' IIow«yor much they may surprlMc, liowcvcr disagreeable oi
pernicious they may appear, lie has always found tliom roqoiflte in
brewing porter, and ho thiulis tlicy roust bo invariably used by those
who wiith to continue the ttistc, flavor and appearance of the beer.**

Page Id : " Though acts have been passed to prevent porter brcwert
from using many of them, yet the author can affirm from experience
that he could never produce tike present flavored porter without
them.

Again page 16 : " The intoxicating qualities of porter are to bo
ascribed to the various drugs intermixed with it. It is evident that
some porter is more heady than others, and it arises from the greater
or less quantity of stupefying ingredients. Malt, to produce intoxico*
tion, must be used in such large quantities as would very much dimin«
ish, if not totally exclude, the brewer's profit.**

The ingredients mentioned by Child, and also by Maurice, and by
the author of the *' Home and Country Brewer," are various narcotics
for producing stupofacatton.

Alum, hops, calaraas, cocoulus indicus, coriander, capiiicum, caraway
seed, ginger, gentian, grains of paradise, nux vomica, quassia, salt,
copperas, tobacco, opium, lime, soda, &c.

" Jackson, an English chemist, of notorious memory, first fell upon
the plan of brewing from various drugs ; and from that time to this
there have been varioos written directions, and receipt books for using
these preparations. And agents are to be found in England who sell
tfie article manufactured for brewers only.** — Accum on Poi»oH$, 117«

fi TKdTlMONr.

tlie uio in pHlcitino, of certain kinds of wine, there
were ovon in Puleiitine, certain other kindf of wine,
of wliicli it (iiil not authorize the uie*

*' To gife Wr • Mu1tflow«r head, b«er htadtng ti um<1, oompoMd
of gr«en Titrio), alum, and mU. Alum giroa likowlae a amaok of tft
to bcor, and ia penetrating to the pMlnto.*'— /. ChUda%

Page 23 : **To make now beer older, uae oil of Tltriol.**— /. Ohilit.

Page 108 : '* Uopa. The intonae bittur aotne hope afford, act Ttrj
ii\Jurloual7 on the atomaoh ; it la a faot noticed bj anelenta and
modern*, that thoae peraona who accuatom themaelTM to interne
blttcra gonerallj die auddeulj.*'— /ouriui/; A. T. U., pp. 18 and 19,
for 1888.

Accum or Culinary Polaona, Phlladolphla, 18tO, p. 118, aaya: "Malt
liquor, and particularly porter, la among thoae articlea in the manufko*
turo of which the greatest frauds are committed."

Pago llS: " UnwholHome ingredients are u«ed bj fraudulent brew*
era, and torj delotcrloua eubatancca are aI«o vended both to brewers
and retailers for adulterating beer.**

Pago 116: '* Tlio fraud of Imparting to beer and ale an intoxicating
quality by narcotic substances, appears to have flourished In IBOA.
And during the French war more cocculus indlous was Imported in five
years than had been before In tlio course of twelve years.**

Pago 134; *' Quassia chips are used as a substitute for hops. Vait
quantities of the shavlngn of this wood are sold In a holf torrificd and
ground state, to disguise itii obvious character, and to prevent its being
recognized among the waste materials of the brewers.**

Pago 132: ''Wormwood has likewise been used by fl«udulent
brewers."

Page 131 : " Otcen > itriol, alum, and suit are used to give a head to
beer. And the retailers frequently adulterate with Isinglass, molaasei,
gentian root, and mixing beer and porter together.**

Page 186: "Capsicum and grains of paradise, two highly acrid
substances, are employed to give a pungent taste to weak, InalpId
beer. Ginger root, coriander seeds, orange peel, &o. It will be
noticed that while some of the sophistications are comparatively
luuinleae, othcra are effected by substances deleterlooa to health.

TKftTlliOKV.

V«

ne, then
of winet

d, oompottd
lOMokof aft

'-/. Childt.
d, act ytj
melenti and
I to IntenM
, 18 and 19,

Mjt: "Malt
tbo maoofko-

dulent br«w*
h to brewart

intozIoAtIng
od in 180A.
iort«d in fife

hopi. Vaat
orriflcd and
ent its being

ft-auduleut

re a head to
18, molassea,

ighlj acrid
ealc, insipid
It will be
mparatirely
to health.

But vo cnnnot enter on tho (linciiMlon of this topic
now. It mutt remain for a futiiro opportunity.

In tiu) inoantimo let us reflect on whnt hasnlrcndy
been MU(],nmlsofura8 truth has been made apparent
reduce the same to practice.

( But all are used for IVaudulent purpoaei to deoeire the peopfe and
cheat them out of their money)."

Page 148 : After mentioning manj wajt of aoplil«ticatlon, he layi:
*' To make the beer entire, or old, the brewer* now need none of thoie,
for by an admixture of lulphurio acid, it i« done in an initant.*'

Pago 140: "Alicaline earth, or alkali oyiter ahull powder, and rain
carbonate of potaah, are u»cd to make four, atale beer, into mild.'*

Pago 150: "To increase the intoxicating qualitiea of beer, cocoulua
iudicua, opium, nux voniico, and extract of poppies are used."— /oMf*
nalA.T. U. 1888, p. 60.

The effect of beer drinking corresponds to the nature of tlie article
drank. Bays Dr. Gordon, in his examination] before alluded to :
**The mortality among the coal whippcrs wlio are brought to the Lon>
don lioapital is frightful. The momont these beer drinkers are attacked
with any acute disease tlioy are unable to boar depletion and die di-
rectly.** " Medical men," says Dr. Gordon, *' are familiar with the fact
that confirmed beer di inkers in London esn scarcely scratch their fln-
ger without risk of their liTes. A copious Loudon beer drinker is all
one vital part. He wears hia heart on his sleeve, bare to a death wound
even from a rusty nail or the claw of a cat. Sir Ashley Cooper, on
one occanion, was called to a drayman ( the draymen have the unUroW
ted privilege of the brewcr*s cellar), who had raffered an injury In
his finger from a small splinter of a stave. Suppuration had taken
place ; this distinguished surgeon opened the small abscess with bia
lancet. Upon retiring he found he bad forgotten his lancet case; on
returning therefore he found his patient in a dying state. Ererj madW
oal man in London,** concludes this writer, " draada abora all thiaci a
beer drinker for his patient.*'

KOTT.

LECTUEE No. III.

THE BIBLE.

The kind of wine in question — The authority of Scripture — Wine
of different liinds, good and bad — Spolicn of by sacred writers —
Grape Juice called wine — Good wine — Better than after fermenta-
tion — If not wine, but grape Juice out of which wine is made,
and called wine figuratively, then U wine not commended, but
grape Juice merely — Tliu wine of thj press and vat in Palestine
slightly fermented — What is meant by uufermented wine as here
osed,

Having urged, in the preceding lecture, the discon-
tinuance of the use of all intoxicating liquors as a
beverage, on account of the danger which attends
such use, we adverted to the following reply :

"Though we and ours make me of intoxicating liquors-,
they are fermented^ not distilled liquors. Rum^ Gin,
Brandy, and those other noxious products of the still,
have long since been relinquished. And surely, mere malt
liquor, when used in moderation, cannot injure any one,
and as to wine, the Bible sanctioned its use in Palestine,
and still sanctions its use."

The pertinence and sufficiency of this reply in
relation to distilled liquors, and in relation to fer-
mented liquors, so far as malt liquors are concerned,
80

THE BIBLE.

have already been considered. And as to the assump-
tion concerning wine, we have said :

Tluit although the Bible did authorize the use ofcer*
tain wines in Palestine^ there were even in Palestine, cer-
tain oiAer wints of which it did not authorize the use;
and this position is what now remains to be ex*
plained and verified.

Far be it from me to promulgate or defend opin-
ions contrary to the announcements of the Bible.
The Bible is at once the unerring standard of faith,
as well as the authoritative rule of life. I am aware
that there are those who read, nay, who study the
Bible, who are, notwithstanding, not learners, but
teachers of both faith and practice. Men who bring
their wit and* learaing and taste to bear authorita-
tively on that sacred volume, and who sit, and dare
to sit in judgment on its doctrines and on its pre-
cepts. Not so the true disciple. He comes to the
Bible, as to an authoritative and unerring teacher,
and he brings along with him an enlightened faith,
and a subdued understanding, and he sits down to
his prescribed task with the docility of a child, and
the engagedness of a learner. He pretends not to
know, beforehand, what will be its counsel ; much
less docs he pretend to prescribe what it ought to be.
On the contrary, he attends to its several announce-
ments as so many oracles from heaven, and surrend-
ering all his pride and all his prepossessions says from
the bottom of his heart, as he turns its hallowed

pages: "SpeakLord, for thy servant heareth."
4*

SUPPOSED SANCTION.

We may err in our interpretations of the language
of the Bible, but the Bible itself never errs ; and in
nothing, as is believed has its import been more
misapprehended than in the countenance it has some-
times been supposed to give to the use of intoxicating
liquors as a beverage. This supposed license, has
arrayed many good men on the side of the moderate
use of intoxicating drinks, but against total absti"
nence ; because total abstinence,a8 sometimes taught,
has appeared to them not in accordance with the
teachings of the Bible, for which they entertain so
profound and so becoming a reverence — a reverence
too seldom met with, and which cannot be too highly
commended — a reverence to be regarded as favorable,
and not adverse to the ultimate and abiding triumph
of the temperance reformation. For those men
who, having carried forward this reformation on the
acknowledged principles of the Bible, up to the limit
believed by them to be prescribed by the Bible, refuse
to advance beyond that limit, are the men on whom^
during the fluctuatien of a fickle and changeful
public opinion, reliance may most confidently be
placed for the permanent maintenance of total absti-
nence, if it shall eventually be made to appear that
the Bible sanctions such abstinence — as made to ap-
pear it will be — ^if, indeed, it does sanction it.

Truth is mighty, and where free discussion is
allowed, will, despite even of the errors of its advo-
cates, ultimately prevail. Nor has anything hitherto
contributed so much to alarm the fears and combine
the influence of these revered and wakeful conservar

IS THE BIBLE INCONSISTENT?

tors of the moralities of our religion, as the occa*
sional enforcement of total abstinence, on principles
rather infidel than Christian, and with an apparent
design to compel acquiescence, whether the Bible
should be found to sanction such abstinence or not.

But if the ultimate appeal for the decision of the
question is to the Bible, how can it be considered
any longer an open question ; for in that case what
room is there even for debate ?

Is it to be denied that wine is spoken of in the
Bible, in terms of commendation ; that it is em-
ployed as a symbol of mercy ; that it was offered in
sacrifice ; that it was distributed to the guests at the
Passover ; at the Supper of our Lord, and at the
Marriage of Cana in Galilee ? No, this is not to be
denied. As little, however, is it to be denied, that
it is also spoken of in terms of reprobation ; that it
is employed as a symbol of wrath, foibidden to Naz-
arites, forbidden to Kings : that to look upon it,
even, is forbidden, and that it is declared that they
who an leceived thereby are not wise.

What shall we say to this ? Can the same thing
in the same state be good and bad, a symbol of wrath,
a symbol or mercy, a thing to be sought after, and
a thing to be avoided ? Certainly not !

And is the Bible then inconsistent with itself?
No, it is not, and this seeming inconsistency will
vanish, and the Bible will be, not only, but will
appear to be in harmony with itself, in harmony with
history, with science, and with the providence of
God, if, on examination, it shall be found that the

NOTT.

WINE, A OEMERIC TCBM.

kinds or states of vinous beverago referred to, under
the name of wine, wore as unlike in their natiire or
efiects, as were tlioso mercies and judgments for
which the same were respectively employed as sym-
bols, or as were those terms of praise or dispraise by
which the same were respectively indicated.

No less than nine words are employed in the
Hebrew Bible to express the different kinds of
vinous beverage formerly in use ; all of which kinds
of beverage are expressed in our English version by
the single term " wine," or by that term in connec-
tion with some other term expressive of quality. •

The term wine, therefore, as used in our English
Bible, is to be regarded as a generic term ; compre-
hending ditierent kinds of beverage, and of very
different qualities ; some of which kinds were good,
some bad*; some to be used frequently and freely,
some seldom and sparingly; and some to be utterly
and at all times avoided.

^y a mere comparison of the passages in which
the term wine occurs, this will be rendered probable.

* These terms are, Yat/in, a generic term, coinprc-hending wino of
all kinds. Tirosh, also a generic term, denoting the fruit of the vine
in the cluster, the press and the vat, cither ia the solid form of grapea,
or of griq>e-juice expressed, (i. e.) new wine, Avcia, the fresh juice
of the grape, and even of other fruit. Sobhe, iaspinsated wine, corres-
ponding to the Latin sapa, or the Greek aireaum and hepactna. Jlamar^
umningled wine, wine red, thick, turbid. Jleaech, mixed wine ;
whether with water or with drugs. Shanarin, lees of wine, and some-
times preserves or jellies. Eshhha, cooked wine, or grape cake.
Shechar^ sweet drink, from the palm or other trcce, but not from the
Tine.

DXFFKRENT SORTS OF WINE.

, under
ture or
nts for
Rssym-
raise by

in the
inds of
ih kinds
rsion by
connec-

Uty. •
English
compre-
of very
|re good,
freely,
utterly

which
probable.

Ing 'wlno of
lof the vbe

, of grapeii,
I fresh juice
|ine, corrca-
Jlamar,

\iicd wine ;
and soice-

Irape cake.

It from the

For it were difficult to believe that the wiino by
which Noah was dishouorod ; by which Lot was
defiled ; the wine which caused prophets to err in
judgment, and priests to stumble and fall ; the wine
which occasions wo and sorrow, and wounds without
cause ; wine of which he who is deceived thereby, is
not wise ; wine which Solomon styles a mocker, and
which is alluded to by One who is greater than Solo-
mon, as a symbol of wrath ; it were difficult to
believe that this wine — the wine mingled by harlots
and sought by libertines, was the very win*:
which wisdom mingles ; to which wisdom invites ;
wine which priests offered in sacrifice ; evangelists
dispensed at communion-tables, and which, making
glad the heart of man, was a fit emblem of the mer-
cies of God.

There is a wine of some sort spoken of very fre-
quently in the Bible, with express disapprobation, or
in connection with drunken feasts, or as an emblen
of temporal and eternal judgment. And there is
also a wine spoken of perhaps as frequently with
express approbation, or in connection with religious
festivals, or as an emblem of temporal and eternal
blessings.

That wines of such different qualities, and pre-
sented in such different aspects and even in such
frequent and frightful contrast, were one and the
same article, in one and the same state, would seem,
even though history, both sacred and profane, had
been silent, quite incredible. How much more so
now, that in place of silence, history, both sacred

86 TEXTS IN WHICH QOOD WINE 18 SPOKEN OF.

and profonoi hath spoken ; and spoken, not of their
identity, but known and marked dissimilarity.

It is not to be denied that the Bible makes a dis-
tinction in the kinds of wine of which it speaks. It
allude not to the wine as medicine, but as a beverage •
Wine as beverage, was, in the language of the Bible,
either good or bad.

By good wine, I mean wine that in the use is
beneficial to the bodies or the souls of men. By bad
wine, I mean wine which is injurious to the one or
the other, or both. Wine which (when used, not
excessively, but moderately as beverage) is injurious
cither to the physical, intellectual, or moral consti-
tution of man, is bad wine. It is with this distinc-
tion between wines that this discussion is concerned —
u distinction, recognized in those terms of praise or
dispraise in wliicli the Bible speaks of or alludes to
different kinds of wine, as either actually existing in
the concrete, or as assumed to exist in the abstract.
The truth of this will be apparent, by a comparison
(in the subjoined schedule) of a few out of many
passages that might have been selected.

TEXTS IN WHICH GOOD WINE IS SPOKEN OF, OR
ALLUDED TO.

Gen., xxvii., 28 : Therefore God give thee of the
dew of heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and
plenty of corn, and (tirosh) wine."

Num., xxviii., 12 : " All the best of tlie oil, and all
•ihe beet of the (tirosh) wine, and of the wheat, first

|'<toU_

TEXTS IN WHICH GOOD WINE IS SPOKEN OF. 87

fruits of them which they shall oiTer unto the Lord,
them have I given theo."

Deut., xiv.> 24, 25, 2G : *' And if the way be too
long for thee, then thou shalt turn it into money, and
thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy
soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for fyay^^^J
wine."

Psalm civ., lo : **And (yayin) wine that maketh
glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to
shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.'*

Zech., ix., 17 : ** Com shall make the young men
cheerful, and (tiroshj new wine the maids.'*

Prov., ix., 1, 4, 5 : " Wisdom hath killed her beasts;
dhe hath mingled her wine (yayin) ; she saith, come
eat of my bread, and drink of the (yayin) wine I have
mingled.**

Cant., v., 1: " I have drunk my (yayin) wine with
my milk ; eat O friends ; drink ; yea, drink abun-
lantly, O beloved."

Isaiah, xxvii., 2 : ** In that day sing you unto her,
u vineyard of red (yayin) wine. I, the Lord, do keep
it. I will water it every monidnt, lest any hurt it.
I will keep it night and day.'*

Gen., xlix., 11: **He washcth his garments in
(yayin) wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes.

Gen., xlviii., 33 : "I have caused (yayin) to fall
from the wine press, none shall tread with shouting.**

Deut., vii., 13 : "He will love thee and bless thee ;
and bless the fruit of thy land ; thy corn and thy
(tirosk) wine."

A9 TBXTS nr which bad wine is spokkx ok.

Luke, xxii., 18 : ** For I say unto you, I will not
drink of the fruit of the vine, till the kingdom of
God shall come."

Mark, xiv., 23 : ** Verily I say unto you, I will
drink no more of the iruit of the vine, until that day
that I shall drink it new in the kingdom of God.**

1 Oor., X., IG: '* The cup of blessing which we bless
ia it not the communion of the blood of Ohrist?**

Isaiah, Ixv., S: "Thussaith the Lord, as the (tirosh)
new wine is found in the cluster, and one saith, des-
troy it not, for u blessing is in it, so will I do for my
servants."

TEXTS IN WHICH BAD WINE IS SPOKEN OF, OR AL-

I^DED TO.

Deut., xxxii., 33 : " For their vine is the vine of
Sodam, and the fields of Gomorrah. Their (yayin)
wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom
of asps.**

Amos, ii., 6, 8 : ** Thus saith the Lord, for three
transgressions of Israel, and for four, I will not turn
away the punishment thereof. Because, • • •
they lay themselves down upon clothes laid to pledge
upon every altar, and drink the (yayin) wine of the
condemned in the house of their God.**

Mark, xv., 23: "And they gave him to drink (oinon)
wine mingled with myrrh ; but he received it not.'* >

Prov., xxiii.^ 20, 30, 31, 32 : «' Who hath wo3 : who
hath sorrow ; who hath contention ; who hath bab-
bling ; who hath wounds vdthout cause ; who hath
redness of eyes ? They that tarry long at the (yayin)

OK,

will not
[dom of

, I will
that day
God."
we bless
ristr
I (tirosh)
iith, des-

for my

,0R AL-

vine of
(yayin)

1 venom

>r three

lot turn

• •

) pledge
of the

. (otnon)
t not." '
y?, : who
th bal>
ho hath
(yayin)

BAD WINK*

wine : they that go to seek fmeseeh) mixed wine | look
not thou upon the (yayin) wine when it is red ;
when it giveth his color in the cup ; when it moveth
itaelf aright. At the lust, it biteth like a serpent,
and stingeth like an adder."

Isaiah, v., 22 : ** Woe unto thorn that are mighty
to drink (yayin) wine, and men of strength to mingle
strong drink."

Prov., xxiii., 80 : " Look thou not upon the
(yayin) wine when it is red ; when it giveth his
color in the cup, when it moveth itself aright."

Psalm Ixxv., 8 : *• In the land of the Lord there is
a cup, and the (yayin) wine is red ; it is full of mix-
ture, and he pourcth otit the same, but the dregs
thereof, all the Wicked of the earth shall wring them
out, and drink them."

Psalm Ix., 3 : " Thou hast showed thy people
hard things ; thou hast made us drink the (yayin)
wine of astonishment."

Jer., li., 7 : ** The nations have drunk of her
(yayin) wine, therefore the nations are mad."

Rev., xiv., 10 : " The same shall drink of the (oinon)
wine of the wrath of God, whicii is poured out with-
out mixture into the cup of his indignation."

Jer., XXV., 15: "For thus saith the Lord, • •
take t>je (ynyhi) wine cup of this fury at my hand,
and cause all the nations to whom I send thee, to
drink it."

Prov., XX., 1: ^^ (Yayin) Wine is a mocker,
(thechar) strong drink is raging, and whoever is de«
ceived thereby is not wise."

DIlTlMOlIOy BBTWKBir WINlSS.

The aboTe are samploi merely of panogea (which
might if neceisary bo oxtended) in which wines are
diitinguithed, according to their qualitiei, among
which are gqod and bad; wino that is a blessing,
and wine, a curse ; wine, to be presented at sacrifice,
and wine, that might not bo drunk in the house oi
the Lord ; wine, occasioning joy and gladness, and
wine, occasioning wo and sorrow* wine, of which
guests were to dripk. abundantly, and wine, not to be
drank at all ; wine, the emblem of heavenly joy,
and wine, thp symbol of endless misery ; red wine,
the special care of the Almighty ; and red wine,
that might not be looked upon ; wine, signifying the
blood of Christ, and wine, a mocker.

In the view of these texts, and texts like these,
though ignorant of the fact that difierent kinds
of wino exist now, who could doubt of their exist-
ence formerly, or question, whether wines presented
in such frequent and fearful contrast, or referred to
respectively in such marked terms of praise or dis-
praise, wej^e Qpt afjter all one and the same article,
in the same state ?,

Here th|Bn,.on this broad distinctioq between good
and bad wine, recognized in the sacred writings, we
take our stand. And be it remeipbered, it is not
against the niioderate use (in ordinary time8),of good,
healthful wine, which, the Bible sanctions and cm-
ploys as an emblem of mercy, but against the use
of bad deleterious wipe which the Bible reprobates
and employs as an emblem of wath, tbat we ax;raY
ourselves.
Hon

ORBAT NUIHIER Or VAUIICnif.

ai;rfty

The wine, and the only wine that we abjure, i«
wine abjured by the Bible, abjured by reason ; wine,
which in the use as a beverage, enervates and dis-
eases the bo^y, depraves and ccazes the mind, and
exerts over the whole man a morbid and a mortal
influence ; in one word, wine containing poison not
only, but containing it in sulBciiint quantity, also,
when used as beverage, to disturb tlio healthy uction-
of the system : and such are the winos gencrully in
use in this country. Nor Is it muteriul to the ques-
tion now nt issue whether thivt poison^bo generated
in the juice of the grape by furmontation, or super-
added by drugging..

Wine, iu which poison is contained in the quantity
and intensity indicated, no matter how generated or
whence derived, will be found to receive as little
advocacy from Revelation as reason ; nor will the
drinker of such wine (as the light of truth advances)
be able ultimatcl^jr to find protection under the mere
shelter of name.

That the term wine is always used, either by
sacred or profane writers, to indicate the same bever-
age or to indicate the beverage for which we now
use it, is an error which can not fail, on full exami-
nation, tO/be corrected.

Pliny, who was contemporary with tlie apostles,
says (Lib. xivi, chap. 22), as we have already seen,
" that the ingenuity of man had produced ninety-five
different kinds of wine ; and if the species of these
genera were enumerated, they would amount to
almost double that number.**

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iSTOXioATma winf, definition of.

Virgil, who lived about the same time, haying ena-
merated several kinds of wine then in use, sums up
what he had to say, by declaring the residue innu-
merable. Nor does the fact in question depend on
the testimony of Pliny and Yirgil only. Horace,
Cato, Columella, Plutarch, and many other ancient
writers, have confirmed what Pliny and Virgil stated.
They enumerated a great variety of wine, and even
furnish recipes for making very many of the varieties
enumerated. Among which varieties are wine made
from millet, dates, and the lotus tree; from figs,
beans, pears, all sorts of apples, mulberries, pine-
apples ; the leaves, berries and twigs of myrtle ;
from rue, asparagus, savory, &c. Spiced and aromatic
wines,made from a composition of spices, from myrrh,
Celtic nard, bitumen. (Pliny, chap. 26, book xiv.)

Of the different kinds of wiije formerly in use,
some were medicinal, nutritive; some refreshing,
exhilarating ; some stupefactive, and some intoxica-
tin'g.

By intoxicating wine cls vted in this discussion^ is
meant not merely wine containing poison, but containing it
in sufficient quantity and intensity, when used a>s beverage,
to poison those who use it.

By poison* I mean anything which injures the
organism, interrupts its healthy action, producing
local or general derangement in the syntfm, and
which, if taken in quantities sufficiently large, or in
smaller quantities sufficiently long, will impair the
reason, impair the health, and even extinquish life
itself.

FEKMENTATIOK.

xiv.)

use,

shing,

oxica-

All this intoxicating liquors will do : what more
can be said of arsenic, or even prussic acid?

Not to mention remote effects, intoxicating liquors
operate with sudden and mighty energy on the
whole vascular and nervous system, and especially
on the brain, exciting usually to folly, often to mad-
ness, sometimes even to death.

The poison contained in intoxicating liquors is
either generated in the liquors by fermentation, or
superadded by drugging.

Fermentation is a chemical process, of which
there are several kinds, to-wit : the vinous, the ace-
tous, and the putrefactive.

The elements of fermentation are sacchrine mat«
ter, barm or yeast.

The conditions of fermentation are contact, fluidity
and temperature. The degree of temperature requi-
site fer vinous fermentation is from sixty to seventy
or seventy-five degrees Fahrenheit.

If the temperature be increased, acetous fermenta-
tion follows the vinous.

Grapes and apples, as well as certain other vege-
table productions, contain the elements of fermenta-
tion in the requisite proportion to secure the process,
provided the requisite fluidity, contact and tempera-
ture exist.

. The Tinous fermentation, with which this discus-
sion is principally concerned, generates alcohol, one
of the most virulent poisons, and a poison contained
in many, if not most, of the intoxicating liquors now
in use.

DISTILLATION — DRUGGING — HOMER.

Distillation is a modern art, and the difforenc
between fermented and distilled liquors consists h
this : that in the former, a portion, though a ver}
small portion, of solid vegetable matter is held in
solution in the alcohol and water; whereas in thf
latter alcohol and water exist alone.

Alcohol, however, is not the only poison containet
in intoxicating liquors; others are added by drug-
ging* •

Drugging is an ai-tificial process, by which for-
eign ingredients of any kind in any quantity are
added to liquors at pleasure.

Pliny affirms that calamus and ground oak, to-
gether with numerous other ingredients, were added
to the juice of the grape, to render it aromatic, me-
dicinal, or stupefying. (Book xiv., chap. 16.)

Homer, who lived long before the Christian era,
frequently mentions the potent drugs mingled with
wine, in those early times.

The potion which Helen prepared for Telemachus
and his companions was at once soothing and stupe-
factive. To impart these qualities, he says, " she
mingled in- her wine delirious drugs of power to
assuage grief, to allay rage, and to become the obliv-
ious antidote of misfortune." Elsewhere he says,
that Ulysses took in his boat ** a goat-skin of sweet
black wine, a divine drink, which Maron, ^ollo*s
priest, had given him, a beverage that was as sweet
as honey, that was imperishable, that when drank
was diluted with twenty ports water, and that from
it a sweet and divine odor exhaled." ^

PLIMT— THE HRUKKWS.

Sayi Pliny (Lib. xiv., chap. 6), '• Androcydes, a
physician renowned for wisdom, addressing Alexan-
der, said, ** King ! remember that when you are
about to drink the blood of the earth, hemlock is
poison to man, and wine is hemlock.*'

Nor was this process of drugging confined to
ancient Pagan nations. Says Bishop Lowth, on
Isaiah, i., 22 : ** the Hebrews generally, by mixed
wine, mean wine made inebriating by the adoption of
higher and more powerful ingredients, such as spices,
myrrh, mandragora, opiates, and other strong drugs.
Such were the exhilarating or rather stupefying in-
gredients which Helen mixed in the bowl together
with the wine for her guests, oppressed with grief,
to raise their spirits, the composition of which she
had lea/ned from Egypt."

Thus the drunkard is described, as one who seeks
" mixed wine," and is " mighty to mingle strong
drink."

And hence the Psalmist took the highly poetical
and sublime image of the cup of God*s wrath, called
by Isaiah, " the cup of trembling," causing intoxica-
tion and stupefaction, containing, as St. John (Rey.,
xiv., 10,) expresses in Greek, the Hebrew idea, with
the utmost precision, though with a seeming contra-
diction in the terms ** kekerasmenon akraton^^ mixed,
unmixA wine. "In the hand of Jehovah," saith the
Psalmist, Psalm Ixxv., 8, * there is a cup, the wine
is turbid, it is full of mixed liquor he poureth out of
it. Verily the dregs th«reof (the thickest sediment
of the strong ingredients merged m it) all the

NOTT.

M MIXED WINE GIVEN TO 1IALEFACT0R8.

ungodly of the earth shall wriug them oat and drink
them."

. Stupefying winee were given by the ancients to
condemned criminals, to render them less sensible to
the agonies of death. Of such wine, it was not
allowable for Israelites in their solemn assembUes>to
drink ; an offence with which they are reproached.
Amos, ii, 8 : '* they lay themselves down upon clothes
laid to pledge by every altar, and they drink the
wine of the condemned in the house of their God.**

Dr. A. Clark, in his commentary, says : ** Inebri-
ating drinks were given to condemned prisoners, to
render them less sensible to the torture they endured
when dying.** This custom is alluded to in Proverbs,
xxxi., 6 : '* Give strong drink to him that is ready to
perish,'* i. e., who is condemned to death, *' and wine
to him who is bitter of soul, because he is just going
to suffer the punishment of death ; '* and thus the
Babbins understand it.

It is asserted in the Talmud that this drink con-
sisted of wine mixed with frankincense, and was
given to criminals immediately before execution. It
is moreover recorded of our Saviour, that ** they gave
him to drink wine mingled with myrrh, but he re-
ceived it not.** Allusion is made to these mixed
wines in Lam., iii., 15 : ** He hath filled me with bit-
terness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood.**
In Psalm Ixxv., 8, it is said that " In the hand of the
Lord is a cup, and the wine is red, it is full of mix-
ture.'* Isaiah speaks of " a cup of trembling and
giddiness.** In Proverbs we read of " mixed unne" of

WINES MIXED — BIBLE INJUNCTIONS.

soporifi<

di*ink, lest

which kings might i
they should *' forget the law ; ** the same to be givoD,
as above stated, to those of a heavy heart, that they
might forget their sorrows.

Thas apparent is it that foreign ingredients were
formerly added to wines to render them intoxicating,
many of which were the most potent poisons. And
it is also apparent that these Were \Hnes disapproved
of by the Bible, and in reference to which, not tem-
perance, but abstinence, total, perpetual abstinence
was enjoined.

Now, were these wines repudiated because they
were mixed, or because they were bad, soporific,
oblivious, stupefactive? Not the former, surely, for
there were mixed wines deemed worthy of commen-
dation, and such were wines mingled by Wisdom for
her guests. And if the latter, then deleterious wine,
irrespective of the manner in which it had been teU-
dered deleterious, is in effect Repudiated by the Bible.
Bat wino Containing poison in sufficient quantity to
produce intoxication, when used as beverage, is dele-
terious wine, and ought not, therefore, on Bible prin-
ciples, to be used.

However becoming and even obligatory total
abstinence from all vinous beverage, at a time like
the present, and in a country where its use and the
use of kindred stimulants has been carried to such
criminal excess, it is not to be understood that, under
other circumstances, in other times, good nutritious
uniutoxicating wine might not be temperately drank
with innocence.

BLOOD or THB OlAPI.

But if t^iere any luoh wine ? There it; Ibr iioh
if ever the fruit of the rine in the original itate.

That thb fruit or thi vivb, im tbb wobm or orapb

JUIOB A8 BZPRBISBD rROM THB 0LU8TBB, HAB BBBN
- FROM REMOTB ANTIQUITY AKD STILL 18 USBD A8 A
BBVBRAOE, 18 ABUMDABTLT IM PROOF.

Of Gaal and hif brethren, it ii said (Judges, is., S7)
that ** they went out into the field and gathered in
their grapest and did eat and drink.'* Of what did
Gaal and his brethren eat and drink t Doubtless, as
the text intimates, of the grapes which they had gath-
ered. For be it remembered, grapes furnish to those
who cultivate them, both food and drink.

In connection with the blessings conferred on Jacob
(among which are honey, oil, butter, milk, &c.), it is
said (Deut., xxxii., 14,) that he drank {**dhamgn€nabh
hhamer") the pure blood of the grape. In the Vulgate
this is translated {**et tanguinem uva bibitti merum" in
the Septuaguint "otiton") ** and the blood of the grape
thou didst drink wine;** and Dr. A.Olarke says that
** blood,** as used here, is synonymous with *^ juice"
The allusion probably was to the simple must of red
grapes— the most approved gi'apes. Among the
principal things enumerated as needful to man, are
"water, flour, honey, milk, and thebloodof the grapes"
meaning, in the language of tiie tJicieni^i ghpe-juice.
That the ancients thus understood the terms, there ^
can be no doubt. In the Apocrypha (1 Mac, vi., 34)
it is written : "and to the end that they might pro-
voke the elephants to fight, they showed them the

m" in

BxnUMKD BACOHUS. tt

blood of flrapoi mi roulberrieif'* and in Bocksbo-
ticas (xT.), ** and inithing the lervioe of the altar,
that he (high priest) might adorn the offering of the
Uoat High, he itretched out his hand to the ovp and
poured of the blood of the grape.'*

It ii a foeorded fact, that, in remote antiquity,
grapei were brought to the table and the juice there

expressed for immediate use. An instance occuie in
Pharaoh's oup-bearer; the recently exhumed Bius-

100

ruESH ocAPB juioi— AirrHOBmr.

ohut, holding a bunch of grapef in hii hand and
preiting the juice into the vase, itending on apec'et-
tal, ii in evidence of the existenoe of luoh a usage.*

In keeping with the office here asiigpied to the
reputed inventor of wine ii aicene deeoribedbetween
him and a Tyrian shepherd (Achilles Tatius, lib. xi.,
chap, ii.) Bacchus having beeniho^itably entertained
by this shepherd with his food and water, presented him
in return with a cup filled with fresh grape juice; on
tasting which, the shepherd exclaimed, " Whence*
my guest, have you this purple water, or where in
the world have you so sweet a blood f It surely is
not from that which flows through the land ! Water
affects (goes into) the breast with little pleasure ; this,
however, applied to the mouth, gratifies the nostrils,
and though it be cold to the touch, yet when it is
imbibed, it raises throughout an agreeable warmth.'*
Bacchus replied, **This autumnal water (alluded to
the period when grapes were ripe,) and Mood flows
out of branches ;** and having led the shepherd to a
vine (and pointed to the pendent clusters), he said,
** This is the water, but these are the fountains.**

** Grapes ** (says Sir Edward Barry, speaking of
the ancients)) ** became at first a usual iM^cle of their
aliment, and the recently expressed juice of the grape
a coloring dnnk.*'

The Pylean king who liveoto so great an age is
apoken of by Juvenal (lib. x., line 260) as one ** Quive
nofmm totiet miuhtm hihiti'* ** who so often drank fresh

• Ub. UmAiI KnowMg*, Pompctt, toI. xL, p. Sit.

I ^

BUT X8 ORAPI JUICI WIMBT

101

mtiit.** And it ii recordpd of the noble Venetian
Oornaro, who lived to to groat an age, that he found
by experiijnoe, that ai soon aa he could procure fireeh
grape juice, it presently restored him to the health
be had lost while drinking old wine.

Columella says, ( book iii., chap. 2), ** the vine ii
planted either for food to eat, or liquor to drink.**
Maho'j.iet says, in the Koran, **of grapes ye obtain
an inebriating liquor, and also good nourishment.**

From a quotation in Com, Michaelitt it appears that
the Mahomedans of Arabia press the juice of the
grape through a linen- cloth, pour it into a cup and
drink it as Pharaoh did ; and Oaptain Oharlos Stewart
says, ** that the unfermented juice of the grape and
palm tree are a delightful beverage, in India, Persia,
Palestine, and other adjacent countries.**

To this use of grape juice, Milton alludes in the

following words :

** For drink, the gnp«
She orushM — inoffeuiTO muat"

And in Gray we meet with a similar allusion —

'* Soent the new fragvanca of the breathing rose,
And quaff the pendant rintage ai it growa."

It were easy to multiply authorities — but it is
unnecessary. That the fruit of the vine, as expressed'
from the cluster, in the form of fresh grape juice,
has been from remote antiquity used as beverage, ia
not to be denied.

But is such ibapb juice wine?

That is the question — a question which must be
answered in the affirmative, if either Moses or the^*
prophets are to be accredited.

108

•0 DIOUBMO.

AmoBg the bleatingi granted to Jeeob, it is rtocNT
ded,M we have leen, th»t he ** drank the pure bleod
of the grape;** that by the **piira blood of the
grape *' woe meant wino, it admitted by Dr. Adam
Clarke and other distinguiihod commentatora. The
pasiago, as wo have alsa seon, is oven rendered in
tho Vulgato, '* Et tanguinem uca hibUd MBRUM '* —
that is, and of the blood of the grajte thou didst drink
{oinoHt Soptiiugiut,) wine»

Now, if tlie buverogo of which Jacob drank, and
wliich is so often referred too among enumerated bles-
sings, was not wine, then the translators of the Sep-
tuagint, and also of tho Vulgate, as well as of the
English Bible, were mistaken, ; and if they were, and
if this blood of the grape, declared to be wine by
patriarchs and prophets; declared to be wine by
their translators and their commentators ; by men
belonging to different nations, speaking different lan-
guages, and living in different ages ; if this blood of
tho grape, after all, be noi truly wino, and if some
other and further process be necessary to convert it
into wine, what was that process, when or where did
it take place ; how long did it occupy, or by which
uf the sacred writers has this fact been recorded ? By
uone of them. In relation to each and all these par-
ticulars the Bible is silent, or rather it speaks only to
give assurance that none of them were requisiie.

Here we are not left to inference. The sacred
writers are explicit : This fruit of the vine, in its
natural state, is, and it is declared to be, **tikosh,**

TO BE " YATIK,** TO BE " AU8IS,** ABD, TO ADD NO

UOBC, TO BE *<HHEMER ;** all torms rendered oinis in

•OEIPTUBI TBtnUOVT.

lot

U^KIIK, VISUM OH MBBUM IM LaTIN, IND WINE IV
iNOUtH.

Here there can be no mistake. The blood of tht
grape, that it, grape juice in its natural itate, ii, in
the judgment of these high authorities, wim ; and it
is declared to be so ; declared to be wine, as expessed
in the vat ; to be wine in the press, by which it
is expressed ; wine in the cluster from which it is
expressed ; wine in the vineyard where the cluster
ripened, and when it was gathered, and to crown the
evidence, declared to be sweet wine, new wine, and
wine in the season thereof.

THE ritUIT OF THE TINE IS DECLARED TO BE (tirOih)
WINE, AS EXPRESSED IN THE VAT.

Joel, ii., 24 : "And the floors shall be full of wheat,
and the vats shall overflow with (in Hebrew,
Uirosh;* in Orcek, *oin(m;* in Latin, *vino;*^ and in
English) wine.*'

IT IS DECLARED TO BE (tirosh) WINE, IN THE PRESS
BY WHICH IT WAS EXPRESSED.

Proverbs, iii., 10: *' So shall thy bama be filled
with plenty, and thy presses burst out with ftirotht
oinon, vino) new wine.**

•»

* The Hebrew, Orcek and Latin term* in thii and the following
quoutiodii are traiiaferred from the Hebrew Bible, the Septaugint and
the Vulgate, ai they exist there, in the correaponding paaiage* with
out change of cue.

104

SCRIPTDRB TBSTIlCOinr.

Hosea, ix., 3 : ** The floor and the wine preM shall
not feed them, and the (tirotht oinot, vinum) new wine
•hall fail in her.

IT IB DECLARED TO BE (Hrotk) WINE IN THE CLUSTER
FROM WHICH IT WAb EXPRESSED.

Isaiah, Ixv., 8: "Thus saith the Lord, as the
Ctiroth) new wine is found in the cluster and one
saith, destroy it not, for a blessing is in it ; so will I
do for my servants* sakes, that I may not destroy
them all.''

IT IS DECLARED TO BE (tirosh) WINE IN THE VINEYARD
WHERE THE CLUSTER IS RIPENED

Judges, ix., 13 : "And the vine said unto them,
should I leave my (tirosh^ oinon, vinum) wine, which
cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over
the trees.*'

Psalms, iv., 7 : ** Thou hast put gladness in my
heart, more than in the time that their corn and (tirosh,
ainou, vinij wine increased."

Joel, i., 10 : " The field is wasted, the land mourn-
eth, for the corn is wasted ; the (tirosh, oinos, vinum)
new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth.*

IT IS DECLARED TO BE (tiroshj SWEET WINE, NEW WINE,
AND WINE IN THE SEASON THEREOF.

Micah, vi., 15 : *' Thou shalt sow but thou shalt
not reap ; thou shalt tread the olives, but thou shalt
not anoint thee with oil ; and (tirosh, oinou) sweet,
wine, but shalt not drink (yayin, vinum) VfiXiQ**'

I \

80RIPTURB TBflmiONT.

105

Iiaiah, xxiv., 7 : '* The fUroshf oinoi,) new wine
mourneth, the vine languisheth, all the merry-hearted
do sigh."

Haggai, i., 11 : " And I called for a drought upon
th«» land, and upon the mountains and upon the com,
an£ upon the ($iro$hf oinont^ vinum) new wine, and
upoi the oil, and upon that which the ground
bribgeth forth, and upon men, and upon cattle, and
upon all the labor of the hands.'*

Zech., ix., 17: "For how great is his goodness,
and how great is his beauty ! com shall make the
young men cheerful, and (tiroth, otnot, vinum) new
wine the mAids.'*

\. Neh., ziii., 6: "And he had prepared for him a
great chamber, where aforetime they laid the meat
offerings, the frankincense and the vessels, and the
tithes of the corn, the (tiroth^ oinou, vinij new wine,
and the oil, which was commanded to be given to
the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and the-
offerings of the priests."

Neh., xiii., 12 : " Then brought all Judahthetithe
of the corn and the {tiroahy oinoUt tint) new wine,
and the oil unto, the treasuries.

Finally, the fruit of the vine in its natural stafce is
declared to be (tirosh) wine, as associated with com
and oil', and other products of the fold, and of the
field, and existing almost, if not always, not in an
artificial, but in the natural state ;> and thus associ-
ated with corn and other natural productions, as a
blessing — as first fruits — as tithes — as offerings,-^
as increasing and languishing in the fields as in ii^
5*

106

AOSIPTDRAL BTIDEMOI.

■eafon — at gathered from the field — and with con
and (yayin) wine.

IT 18 DBOLABED TO BE WINS WHEK ASSOCIATED WITB
CORN AND OTHER PRODUCTS, IS THEIR KATURAT
8TATB COKSIDERBD A BLESSING.

Gen. xzrii., 28 : " Therefore God give thee of the
dew of Heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and
plenty of com and (tiroth, oinout vinij wine."

Gen., xxyii., 37 : " And Isaac answered and said
unto Esau, behold I have made him thy lord, and all
his brethren have I given to him for servants ; and
with corn and (tirwht oiiwt vino) wine have I sus-
tained him { and what shall I do now unto thee, my
son?"

Deut., vii., 13 : " And he will love thee • • •he
will bless the fruit of thy land, thy com, and thy
(tiroik, oinou,) wine, and thine oil," &c.

Deut., xxviii., 61 : ** Which also shall not leave
thee either corn ftirosh, oinon, vinvmj, wine, or oil,'*
&c., *< until he have destroyed thee."

Deut.xxxiii., 28 : ** The fountain of Jacob shall be
upon a land of corn and (tiroth, oinou, vini) wine, also
his heaven shall drop down dew."

Hosea, ii«, 8 : " For she did not know that I gave
her corn and (tiroth, oinon, vinum) wine, and oil, and
multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared
for Baal."

Hosea, ii., 22 : " And the earth shall bear the com,
and the (tirosh, oinon, vinum) wine, and the oil," ^Ct

ftCBlPTUBfi TKSTIMOSrT.

107

Joe1| ii., 19 : ' * Behold I will send you corn and
ftiroih, oinout vinMm) wine, and oil| and ye shall be
satisfied therewith.**

2 Kings, xviii., 32 . ** Until I come and take you
away to a land like your own land, a land of com
and ftiroth, oinou, vinij wine, a land of bread and rxne-
yards, a land of oil-olive and of honey**' 4;c.

Isuah, zxxvi., 17 : " Until I come and take you
away to a land like your own land, a land of com
and (tirothf oinou^ vini) wine, a land of bread and
vineyards.**

Isaiah, Ixii., 8 : ** Surely I will no more give thy
corn to be meat for thine enemies ; and the eons of
the stranger shall not drink the ftirothf oinontvinum)
wine for the which thou hast labored.*'

Jer., xxxi., 12 : " Therefore they shall come and
sing in the height of Zion, and shall flow together

to the goodness of the Lord — for wheat, and for
Uiroshi oinoui vino) wine, and for oil,** &c.

Neh., v., 11 : " Restore, I pray you, to them, even
this day, their lands, their yineyards, also the hun-
dredth part of the money, ♦ • • and of the com,
the {tiroshi oinon^ vini) wine, and the oil, that ye
exact from them.**

IT IS DECLARED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED
WITH CORN AS FIRST FRUITS.

Deut., xii., 17 : " Thou mayest not eat within thy
gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy (tirosh, oinmi,
viniJ wine, or of thy oil,*' &c.

Deut., xiv., S3 : ** And thou shalt eat before the
Lord thy God in the place which he shall choose to

NOTT.

108

SOBIPTUBB TE8TIM0NT.

place hii name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy
ftirotht oinout vim) wine, and of thine oil«" Ac.

IT 18 DEOLABED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED
WITH COBN, ETC., AS 0FFEBIN08.

Neh.; z., 39 : *' For the children of Israel, and the
children of Levi shall bring the offering of the com,
of the (tirothi oinout vini) new wine, and the oil, unto
the chambers."

IT IS DBCLABED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH
COBN, ETC., AS INCBEASINO (» LANGUISHINO IN THE
FIELD.

Deut., xxxiii., 28 : *' The fouutain of Jacob shall
be upon a land of corn and ftirosht oino, vinijt wine,
also his heavens shall drop down dew.^'

2 Chron., xxxi., 6 : <* The children of Isra^ brought
in abundance the first fruits of corn ftirosh, oinau,
vini), wine, and oil, and honey, and of all the in-
crease of the field," &c.

Psalms, iv., 7 : *< Thou hast put gladness in my
heart, more than in the time that their oom«nd their
ftirosh, oinon, vini) wine increased."
, Joel., i., 10 : " The field is wasted, the land mourn-

eth, for the com is wasted ; the (tirosh, oinot, vinum)
new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth.*

IT IS DECLARED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED
WITH COBN IN ITS SEASON.

fio^.ea, ii., 9 : »* Therefore will i return and take
awsy my corn in the time thereof, and my (tirosh

8C5K1PTURE TESTIMONY.

109

(finon, vinum) wine in the season thereof, and will
recover my wool and my flax," &c.

IT IS DECLARED TO BK WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED
WITH- CORN AS QATHEHKO FROM THE FIELD.

Deut., xi., 14: "That I will give you the rain of
your land in his due season, the first rain and the
latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and
thy (eirosht oinon, vinum) wine and thy oil."

IT IS DECLARED TO BE WINE WHEN ASSOCIATED
WITH CORN, ALSO WITH (yayitl) WINE. -

Hosea, vii., 14 : ** They assemble themselves for
corn and (tiroshf oinoi vinum) wine, and they rebel
against me."

Hosea, iv., 11: *^ Whoredom and (yayin, oinon,
vinum), wine, and (tirosh) new wine take away the
heart."

THE FRUIT OF THE VINE IN ITS NATURAL STATE IS
DECLARED TO BE (ausis) NEW WINE.

Joel, i., 6 : ** Awaye, ye drunkards, and weep ;
and howl all ye drinkers of (yayin, oinouy in dulce-
dine) wine, because of the (ausis) new wine, for i< is
cut off from your mouth."

Joel, iii., 18 : " And it shall come to pass in that
day, that the mountains shall drop down (ausis, glu-
Icasmon, dulcedinum) new wine, and the hills shall
flow with milk, and all the rivers shall flow with
waters, and a fountain shall come forth of the house
of the Lord, and shall water tho valley of Shittini."

SCRIPTURE TE8TIXDNT.

Amos, ix., 13 : " Behold the dayi come, saith the
Lord, that the ploughman shall overtake the reaper,
and the treader of grapes, him that soweth seed ;
iiiid the mountains shall drop fautUt glukasmofii dulcc'
dinum) sweet wine, and all the hills shall melt.**

IT IS DECLARED TO BE (yayin) ^ilTE IN THE PRESS.

Keh., xiii., 15: **In those days saw I in Judah
some treading wine presses on the Sabbath, and bring-
ing in sheaves, • • • ti9 9\%o (yayin^oinOiVinum)
wine, grapes and figs."

Isaiah, xvi., 10 : *'And gladness is taken awny,
and joy out of the plentiful fields, and in the vine-
yards there shall be no singing, neither shall there
be shoutings ; the treaders shall tread out no (yayin,
oinon, vinum) wine in their presses ; I have made
their vintage shouting to cease.'*

Jcr., xlviii., 83 : ** And joy and gladness is taken
from the plentiful field, and from the land of Moab,
and I have caused (yayin, oinos, vinnm) wine to fall
from the wine presses ; none shall tread vdth shout-
ings ; their shoutings shall be no shouting.*'

IT IS DECLARED TO BE (yayin) WINE IN THE TINETARD.

1 Chron., xxvii., 27 : ** And over the vineyards
was Shimei, the Ramathite, over the increase of the
vineyards, for the (yayin, oinou, vitiariisj wine-sellers
was Zabdi, the Shiphmite."

Amos, v., 11: "For as much therefore, as your
treadingisupon the poor, • • • ye have planted

8CBIMUBB TESTIMONY.

pleasant vineyards, but ye shall not drink (yayin,
oiHOHi einum) wine in them.*'

Amoft, ix., 14 : **And I will bring again the cap-
tivity of my people Israel, • • • and they shall
plant vineyards, and drink the (yayiut oinon, vinum)
wine thereof ; they shall also make gardens and eat
the fruit of them."

Zeph., i., 13 : ** Therefore their goods shall become
a booty, and their houses a desolation ; they shall
also build houses but not inhabit them ; and they
shall plant vineyards, but not drink the (yayin, oinon,
vinum) wine thereof.'*

Isaiah, xxvii., 2 : ** In that day sing ye to her,
(hhemer, vinea meri) a vineyard of red wine."

Gen., xlix., 11 : '* Binding his foal unlo the vine,
and his ass's colt unto the choice vine, he washed
his 'garments in (yayin, oino^ vino) wine, and his
clothes in the bloodof grapes."

Deut., xxviii., 39 : " Thou shall plant vineyards
and dtess them, but shall neither drink of the Cyayin,
oinont vinum) wine, nor gather the grapes, for the
worms shall eat them."

2 Rings, xviii., 32 : " Until I come and take you
away to a land like your own land, a land of corn
(tirosh, oinoui vinij wine, a land of bread and vine-
yards, a land of oil-olive, and of honey, that ye may
live and not die."

Isaiah, xxxvi., 17 : " Until I come and take you
away to a land like your own land, a land of corn
and (tiroshf oinou, vini) wine, a land of bread and
vineyards."

118

FBUIT or TUB yiHB CALLED WIKB.

Jer., xl., 10 : '* But ye, gather ye (yayiut oimoih
nndemiam) wine and summer fruits, and oil, and put
them in your vessels, and dwell in your cities that
you have taken/'

Joel, i., 6 : **Awake, ye drunkards, and weep ; and
howl all ye drinkers of (yayiut oinoth vinum) wine«
because of the (auais) new wine, for it is cut off from
your mouth.'*

FINALLY THE FRUIT OF THE VINE, IN ITS NATURAL
STATE, IS DECLARED TO BE (hhemvr) RED WINE IK
THE VINEYARD.

Isaiah, xxvii., 2: **In that day sing ye to her
(hhcmerj a vineyard of red wine."

Thus apparent is it, that in the opinion of the
translators of our English Bible, the fruit of the
vine, in its natural and unintoxicating, as well as in
its artificial and intoxicating state, was called by Moses
and the Prophets, wine.*'

Nor in the opinion of the translators of our Eng-
lish Bible only, but in the opinion also of the trans-
lators of the Septuagint, and the Vulgate also. These
all, as bias been shown, render the terms by which the
fruit of the vine in its natural state is designated, by
the same terms which designate it in its artificial state.

Had there been but a single undisputed text in
which the fruit of the vine in its natural unintoxi-
cating state was called wine, that single text ought
to be deemed conclusive. How much more so, when
there are so many texts in which it is so called by
different writers, and during so many ages.

UNPKRHENTED WINK OP SUPERIOR QUAUTT. 113

What the teniig were whicli the sacred writers
actually employed to denote the fruit of the vine in
the press, the vat, the cluster, and the vineyard,
admits of no debate. They called the fruit of the
vine in this state tiroth, aiuit, hhemtnr, yayin^ rendered
over and over again, oinos in Greek, vinum or tnerum
in Latin, and wine in English.

By the name wine, and by no other name, this
article has always been known to the reader of the
English Bible. There it is always called wine, as
every reader of the Bible ean assure himself. And
whether it is rightly called wine there ; and rightly
called oinoi in the Sept., and vimtrn in the Vulgate,
has never (it is believed) till of late been called iu
question.

Be this, however, as it may, that the unfcrmented
fruit of the vine in the form of grupe juice was called
wine, is as apparent as it is that it was used as a
beverage. More than this, it was not only called
wine, but it was also accounted to be good wine.

Wine of superior quality, for it was employed by
way of distinction as a symbol of mercy, enumerated
among other blessings, and declared to be Itself a
blessing.

TiROSH, always used by the sacred writers to denote
the fruit of the vine in its natural, and not in its
artificial state, occurs but thirty-eight times in the
Hebrew Bible ; in thirty-six of which it is clearly'
used in a good sense and with approbation. It is
used once ( Hosea, vii., 14) in a doubtful sense ; and
once and only once (Hosea, iv., 11) in a bad sense or

J 14 TIBOtB — TATIir.

with dUapprobationt and then in connection with
yayini but not on account of any imputed inebriat-
ing qualitioi, but ai contributing to take away the
heait.*

Yatim is a generic term, and when not restricted
in its meaning by some word or circumstance, compre-
hends vinous beverage of every sort) however pro-
duced, and whether the fruit of the vine or not. It
is, howtiver, as we have seen, often restricted to the
fruit of the vine in its natural and unintoxicating
state. But when so restricted, we have in no instance
found it used in a bad sense, or with disapprobation.
Yayin is also frequently restricted to the fruit of the
vine in its artificial or intoxicating state, in which
state it is usually, if not uniformly, used in a bad
sense or with disapprobation.

In most, if not all the following passages, yayin is
clearly used for the fruit of the vine in an artificial
and intoxicating state, and with disapprobation, ex-
pressed or implied*

Yayiui used as causing, or in connection with
drunkenness, or drinking, to wit :

With th« drnnkennMi •t Noah, G«d., Iz., 31, 34.

•* ** ofLot, 0«n^xix., 32, 33,8<U.

* " of Ksb*l (luppovcd), 1 BMn., xxT., 87.

* •• of Anmoa, f Htm., xUU 88.

** "of priMta ftad prophet!, ...... iMUh, zxtUI., 1.

*• ** of King* Mid people, Jer., ziil., IS, 14.

Ai OftiwiDg.dnink«Bnca&to patpheti, Jer., zxlil., 9.

* " te prieiU and prophet!, iMUh, xxviii., 7.

With woe to tkoM ioflwMd hj It, haiak, ▼., 11. 18; 88.

V
\
1

*lo« Appendix.

TAYIM, Uf OOimtOTlOM WITS DBUKKEVHSM* 1 U

with WM t«lk« 4ff«akM4a of IpUralM,. ImUk, n«lt^ 1*

Af M lllMtr»tl«a of drttaktaiMM, Iwtob, t*H., t.

As • tjmboX of tfniaknoMt, lakM, U.,n,

With wfcplag of draaktHa, Joel, I., ft.

With dlMotttlracM, JmI, IU., «.

ftlao lloMt, 1?^ 11.

With trMcherjr....... Ota., mtIL, tt.

With th« ^Imb of dncoiM, Dovt., snIU M*

With IdoUtrjr', D«nt., sulUW.

WIthfurx, Jar., »v., 1ft.

With MtonlahoMiit, PmIim, la., S.

Wllhdrugi, PMlma, lixT., 9.

With vinlenef Ptot., It , 17.

With bbrbood, Mlooh, II, 11.

With tlitmockfcr, ProT., ix.,1.

With w..» aiKl »orrow Prov.t iilll., M^, 3S,fti

With prorMnrncM, Amoi, II., 8.

With vo|ii|itui)n»npM, Reel**., II.; 8.

With ffMtlTltjr Hndjitfrrinwot, EccIm., s, !*•

... alw Amni, tI., 2«

ilMlkil, T., 11., 13, SS.
iMlah, Mil., 13,
IraUh, hi., IS.

With trunKfrcmtton, , Hab., II., ft.

With WOP iMlah, zxtIII.,1, ahoT.

WUli prohibition to NuiaritM, Nam., tI.,8.

" " to tht mother of Sampiion Jud., ill!., 4, 7, li.

** " to the mothtr of Samnel, 1 8am., I., 14, 15,

•• " to the H«chabltes Jer., nxr., 6, 7, *.

" " to the pricate, Ur.,%.,9.

ahw Eaekiel, zltr., 21.

With nprnnf to king*, , PrOT., nxl„4.

With t< inptatlona to Naiaritea Amoa, il., 13.

With ti>iTi|it«tlon to RecbaMtaii Jar., zxzt.,2, ft.

With rv[jM\ by kecbubitea, Jer., nzT., 8,8, 18.

With nfunalby Dantol Don., i., ft» 8, 18.

alae Daa., z., S.

With puiiiiihiDent, Pfahiu, Ixzr., 8.

With uiadneM, Jar., zll., T*

In most if not all the following passages, yayin is
used to denote the fruit of the vine in its natural and
unintoxicating state, and in none of them is it used
witli disapprobation, either expressed or implied ;
nor is it elsewhere ever so used when employed to

KOTT.

110 USID TO DBNOTK UMrUlMBllTBD WINI.

denote the fruit of the vine in its natural and unin-
toxioating state :

Oen., xliv., 11 : Uiod for new wine or the blood
of the grape.

Deut., xxviii., 80 : For the same in connection
with grapes.

2 Kings, xviii., 32 ^ For the same in connection
with corn and vineyards.

Psalms, '^iv., 16 : In connection with oil and bread.

Isaiah, xvi., 10 : In connection with wine presses
and the treading of grapes.

Isaiah, xxxvi., 15 : With com and vineyards.

Isaiah, Iv., 1 : With milk.

Jer. xl., 10 : As a blessing in connection with
summor fruits.

Jer., xl., 12 : Same.

Jer., xlviii., 33 : With wine presses and the tread-
ing of grapes.

Lam., ii., 12 : With com.

Amos, v., 11 : With vineyards.

Amos, ix., 14 : With vineyards.

Neh., xiii., 15 : With wine presses*

Zeph., i., 13 : With vineyards.

Cant., vii., 9 : With sweetness.

Cant., v., 1 : With milli.

Besides the foregoing, there are passages in which
yayin is used, where there is nothing in the imme-
diate connection to indicate whether it be used for
the fruit of the vine in its natural or artificial state ;
that is, whether it is iu the state in which it existg
in the vineyard and the vat, or in the state in which

SaBCHAl.

US!

It exitta a(U*r being removed Uivrefromandiulijected
to further fermentation.

Shkchar, tweet or §§ouliarif»e beverage, from the
■ap of the palm, or tlie sap or fruit o( other troMi
except the vine, ii rendered em^f* in the Sept. (from
the Hebrew verb ihachttr ) ; and with a single excep-
tion, strong drink ill the English Bible, thatejiocption
is £xod., xxix.,40, where it is rendered strong wine ;
by Thcoderct and Chrysostom, both natives of Syria,
it is called palm wine. That it is rightly so called,
is confirmed by the testimony of Doctor Shaw, at
well as of the modern Arabs.

It occurs but twenty-three times. It ii usually
aiaociated with yayin. One or the other, or both
of these terms, are used in connection with drunken-
ness or drunken feasts, or are spoken of with disap-
probation, upwards of seventy times, and in twenty-
one instances are employed to express temporal or
eternal judgment. Whereas tirosh, expressive of
the fruit of the vine in its natural state, is never
once used in such connection, nor employed for such
a purpose ; nor, with the single exception before
alluded to, is it ever spoken of with disapprobation
of any sort. And here it may not be impertinent to
remark, that whenever wine is denounced in tlie
Bible, the denunciation is never against tirosh, ausis,
hhemer or sobe, but always aguinst yayin. And
that whenever any other word expressive of vinous
beverage is associated with shechur in speaking of
drunkenness and drunken feasts, that other word

118

DI8TINCTI0H IK USB OF TERMS.

is never tirosh, or ausis, or sobe, or hhemer, but
always yayin.

So mauy and such repeated commendations of the
fruit of the vine in its natural and unfermented state,
and so many and such repeated condemnations of it
in its artificial and fermented state, cannot have been
left upon record without design ; and if chat design,
to say the least, be not to encourage the use of the
fruit of the vine in the former state, and to dis-
courage the use of it in the latter, it would be diffi-
cult to divine what it was.

The difference existing in the kinds of vinous
beverages formerly in use, and which is so distinctly
marked in the Hebrew text, is for the most part
concealed from the reader of the English Bible by
the uniform manner in which the several terms
expressive of that difference are translated wine.
But for which uniformity, the fact of the existence
of such difierence, it is believed, would not now be
made a question ; and notwithstanding that uni-
formity, it is reasonable to suppose (especially con-
sidering the poverty of the Hebrew language ) that
seven difierent words have been employed by patri-
archs and prophets to express the same identical
beverage in the same state.

In the preceding analysis we have found, as it might
have been expected we should, one generic term
(yayin) expressive of vinous beverage of every sort.
We have also found a term (tirosh) expressive of
the fruit of the vine as it exists in the cluster in the
vineyard, or press, or vat ; a term ( ausis ) expressive

RESULT OF ANALYSIS — TERMS.

119

of it as it exists dropping or expressed fresh from
the cluster ; a term (sobiie) expressive of it as in-
spissated or boiled ;,a term (hhemer) expressive of it
when unmingled with other ingredients, and a term
(mesch) expressive of it when mingled; whether
with water or with drugs.*

That the fruit of the vine in all these states is
called wine, there can be no doubt. The proof of
this is palpable and abundant, and if rightly so called,
then different kinds of wine formerly existed, and
unfermented as well as fermented grape juice is truly
wine.

But it may be said, though the fruit of the vine
in its natural and unfermented state is called wine,
it is not really so, and is only so called by a well
known figure of speech, the applying of the name
of the product to the material from which it is pro-
duced.

It is readily admitted that in poetry and in other
imaginative writings this often occurs, and some-
times, even though rarely, in mere prose. But were
this admitted in many, nay in most, nay in all the
passages quoted (which it is believed no scholar will
claim to be the case); but were this admitted, it is
not perceived that the admission would change the
issue made, or in the least weaken the arguments
adduced.

The fruit of the vine in its natural state is eithei
wine before fermentation or it is not. Be it then tha*

Kosr.

Soe Appendix.

1'20 COMMENDATIONS DIRECTED TO UNPERMENTED.

*! i

i-'
t

before fermentation, though often called wine, i** U
not so ; but merely something else out of which wine
is made. This admitted, then all the commendations
of the fruit of the vine, previous to fermentation, witli
which the Bible abounds, are not commendations of
wine at all, but merely commendations of that out
of which wine is made ; and all the condemnations
of wine with which the Bible also abounds are con-
demnations of the fruit of the vine, not before but
after fermentation, and are therefore condemnations,
not of that out of which wine is made, but condem-
nations of the veritable article made, wine itself.

And if the numerous commendations of the fruit
of the vine, before fermentation, with which the Bi-
ble abounds, be laid out of the account, it will be
veiy difficult to find any clear and unequivocal com-
mendations of wine in the Bible at all. For it is
before and not after fermentation that the possession
of the fruit of the vine is spoken of as a national
blessing, its loss as a national curse. And it is after
and not before fermentation that the fruit is styled a
mocker, associated with crime, and employed itself
as a symbol of wrath.

To test the truth of this, let any reader of the
Bible collect and arrange in one column all the
passages in which wine is spoken of with approba-
tion, either expressly or by implication; and let him
also collect and arrange in another column all the
passages in which wine is spoken of with disappro
bation, eitlioT* expressly or by implication, and if he
does not discover in the sequel that the approbatior

FERMENTED WINE NOT COMMENDED.

191

oxpressed in the passages selected is usually, if not
always, approbation of the fruit of the vine before
fermentation, and that the disapprobation expressed
is disapprobation of the fruit of the vine after fer-
mentation, he will have succeeded in collecting (and
arranging in separate columns) a series of texts which
have been overlooked in this inquiry.

If wine be commneded at all in the Bible, and
there is no doubt it is, its commendation will be
found, it is believed, chiefly if not wholly in the
commendation of the so-called wine of the vineyard,
the cluster, the press and the vat. Grapes and grape
juice, then, before fermentation (whether wine or
not), are articles which God approves and commands
— ^whereas grape juice after fermentation, though truly
wine, and the only article by supposition rightly so
called, is an article often repudiated and abundantly
spoken against — and, if its nature has not changed,
not without reason was it spoken against. For it is
now what it was said to be then, '* a mocker:*' and
now as then it causes woe and sorrow and redness of
eyes and wounds without cause ; and now as then it
is armed with the serpent's bite and the adder's sting.

To conclude : That the fruit of the vine> in its
natural state, was not only called wine, but was
accounted by the sacred writers a better article,
being more frequently commended and less frequently
spoken against than the fruit of the vine in its artifi-
cial state, would seem sufficiently apparent from the
authorities already quoted.
6

(

122

UNFIiRMENTED WINE DEFINED.

Whether the fruit of the vine in the former state
might not possibly be procured and preserved at so
low a temperature as wholly to prevent the forma-
tion of alcoholi by preventing fermentation, it is not,
in so far as this discussion is concerned, needful io
inquire; since it ijR readily admitted that in the
climate of Judea this could not ordinarily if ever be
the case.

By unfermented wine, therefore, as used in this
diticussion. is meant wine that has undergone no arti-
ticial or other or further fermentation than what
ordinarily takes place in the vat and the press, and
sometimes perhaps even in the cluster. Such wine,
though not entirely free from alcohol, contains but
little of that element, and that little so modified by
the remaining saccharine matter, with which it exists
in admixture, as to prevent its producing intoxica-
tion, evsen though used freely and to the extent
required for common beverage. Nor would it, even
if used to> excess (though it might produce sickness),
produce intoxication ; and it may, therefore, in dis-
tinction from the more fully fermented fruit of the
vine, be fitly called, as we have called it, unintoxi-
GATiNQ WINE. Whether profane writers have made
the same distinction as the sacred writers have made,
in the states in which the fruit of the vine exists, and
whether, when in its natural state, they call it wine, ^
and in what estimation it was formerly and is still
held by them in this state, will be made the subject
of inquiry in our next lecture.

>.^4ail...4».«^

LECTURE No. IV.

INQUIRY EXTENDED TO PROFANE WEITEBS.

The wine question oonUnued — Ompe juice spolcen of aa abeverftge
by profane writers — Called wine — Pronounced good wine — Bet-
ter before than after fermentation — The formation of alcohol in-
tentionally prevented by arresting fermentation — Dissipated when
formed by the filter, or counteracted by dilution — The question at
issue a question of degree, not of totality — The question of sin
per ae considered — Perfect purity not attainable — Wine placed
on the same footing as other articles of food,

We have attempted, in the preceding lecture, to
show that sacred writers make a distinction between
the fruit of the vine in its natural (that is, its unfer-
mented and unintoxicating) state, and its artificial
(that is, its fermented and intoxicating) state; that
in both these states it is called in the Hebrew text
yayin, in the Greek version oinosy in the Latin vinumy
and in the English wine ; that the fruit of the vine,
in its natural state, was not only called wine, but
was accounted better wine, being more highly com-
mended, and less frequently and severely spoken
against, than the fruit of the vine in its artificial «ad

intoxicating state.
123

1S4

CATO.

Now, though thiH were peculiar to the sacred wri-
tersi it would be decisive of the question at issue. It
is what Moses and Samuel and David and Isaiah and
Jeremiah and other sacred writers, and not what
Aristotle and Plato and Columella and other profane
writers say, that we are chiefly cone -med to know.
But whether this be peculiar to the sacred writers,
or common to them and to profane writers, we are
now prepared to inquire.

That the profane writers made the same distinction
between the fruit of the vine in its natural and arti-
ficial state, as the sacred writers made; that the fruit
of the vine in its natural state was used as a beve-
rage, and that in both states it was called wine,
would seem apparent from the following testimony :
Cato the elder, in his work on ** Rural Affairs,'*
has a chapter concerning pendant wine. **Lex vini
pendentis" is the heading of this chapter. It is the
cxlvii.

The regulation concerning the hanging or ungath-
ered wine is as follows : " Hac lege vinum pendens
venire oporfet, Vinaceosillotoaet faces relinquito. Locus
vinis ad kalendas Octobris primas dabitur; si non ante ea
exportaveris, dominus vino quod volet /aciet" "Accord-
ing to this regulation, the hanging wine ought to be
sold. You are to leave the husks un watered, and *
the dregs. A place shall be set apart for the wine,
down to the first kalends of October j if you hii/3
not carried them clear off before, the proprietor shall
do whatever he pleases with the wine." That Cato
used the term vinum, for wine in the cluster, is appa-

LIVY — OVID — PLUTARCH — PLA UTU8. 1 26

rent from the next chapter, in which he treati of
vinum in doliis — the wine in the casks.

Livy, who flourished in the golden ago of Roman
literature, when accounting for the settlement in the
plains of Italy of the Clusii (one of the barbarous
tribes of ancient Gaul), says (lib. v., chap. 33): ♦*£«//*
gentem (scil. Cluiinum) tradilur fama dulcedine/rugum,
maximeque vinit nova turn voluptate^ cajUam, Alyes trati"
tiasey agrosque ah Etruscis ante culloa possedisse : ct inccx-
isse in Galliam vinum inlicienda: gvntis caum Aruntcm
Clusinum" ^, " There is a traditionary report thub
that nation (the Clusii), captivated by the luscious-
ness of the fruits, and especially of the (vinum) wine,
crossed over the Alps, and took possession of the
inclosed lands, hitherto cultivated by the Etruriaub;
and that Aruns, the Clusian, for the purpose of allur-
ing his people, imported (vinum) wine into Gaul."

Ovid applies the Latin merumi wine, in the same
manner: '* Vixque merum capiunt grana quod intus
fiabent" ** and scarce the grapes contain the wine
within."

Calmet says : ** The ancients had the secret of pre-
serving wine sweet throughout the year;" and Plu-
tarch affirms, that '* before the time of Psammeticus,
the Egyptians neither drank fermented wine, nor
offered it in sacrifice."

According to Plautus, who lived about two hun-
dred years before Christ, the Latin mustum signified
"both wine and sweet juice." *

Leigh's Oiitica Sacra, p. 68.

TIBCLLU8 AND OTUEBfl.

Says Nioauder : ** Olvev^ i'iv icoiXnidiv dno^XiiJHMi
denaeaaiv olvov Ukijae.** ** And (Enus having squeez-
ed the juice of the grape into hollow cups, called ii
wine {olvovy* Thus the Greeks, as well at the He-
brews, culled fresh grape juice wine.

Says Tibullus, iu his fifth Elegy : *'i//a dco scict

ngricoUe yro vitibus uvam^ i}ro segete spicaa grege ferre

dujtem"

'* With p'raus c«re, will load each rural ubiinc,
Fur ripened crop* a golden theaf aaaigm,
Gates for my fold, rich eluiten/or my wine.*' • '~

«<

A white sweet liquor distils from the Palm/*
which, Prof. Kid says, ** is used extensively in India,
under the name of Palm wine." t

( Yayin^ ) ** Wine which is made by squeezing the
grapes — tlie expressed juice of grapes." |

** Pressed wine is that which is squeezed with a
press from the grapes ; sweet wine is that which has
not yet fermented." ^

" Must, the wine or liquor in the vat." ||

** The modern Turks carry the uufermented wine
along with them in their journeys." ^

That profane writers, both Greek and Latin, have
not only made the distinction between the fruit of
the vine in its natural and its artificial state, and
spoke of the former as beverage, and called it wine
— but that they have also spoken of it as good

* Grainger. § Rees^ Eucyclopedla.

f Bridgeiniter*fl Treatise, p. 214. J Dr. Sanders.

X Farkhurat. ^ '% Sir Edward Barry.

Uk.

UORAC£.

l«l

wine, and spoken of other wine as good, which, on
account of its anintoxicating nature, resembled the
fruit of the vine in its natural state, will be apparent
from the following authoiities.

Whatever may be the decision of those whose tasto
has been, depraved by the fabricated wines of com-
merce and the drinking usages of the moderns, there
cannot be a doubt that the wise and good men among
the ancients, as well uninspired as inspired, appre-
ciated wines of every kind the higher, the less alco-
hol, and the more saccharine matter they severally
contained ; and the contained alcohol, other things
being equal, depended on the extent to wliich fer-
mentation was curried.

£vcn Horace was evidently aware of the distinc-
tion between intoxicating and unintoxicating wine :

*' AuQdius forti mii.cx'bat mclla Falerno
Mendose ; quouinm f acuis committerA renit
Nil nisi lene deoet, leui prsoordia mulao
Froluerit melius." *

" AuJlditiM first most injudicious, quaflbd
StODg wine and honey for his morning dnuight ; ^

With lenient beverage fill your empty vniu,
For lenient muat will better cleanse the reini."

Elsewhere the same poet says:

** Hie innocentis pocula Lesbii,
Duces sub umbra ; nee SemeUoa
Cum Marte confundet Thyoneua
Prwlia."

^OTT.

* Horace, Sat. 4, 24.

vts

COLUMELLA.

He telli his friend MecionaB, that he might drink
a ** hundred glasses of this innocent Lesbian/' with*
out any danger to his head or senses. In the Del-
phian edition of Horace, we are told that ** Lesbian
wine could injure no one ; that, as it would neither
affect tho head or influence the passions, there was
no fear that those who drank it would becoiuo quar-
relsome.*' It is added, that ** there isno wine sweeter
to drink than Lesbian ; that it was like nectur, and
more resembled ambrosia than wine ; that it wus
perfectly harmless, and would not produce intoxica-
tion."

Atheneeus (as translated by Baccius) says, ihut
**Surrc7itmum yingueet valde dcbile" ** Surrentiiie wine
was fat and very weak ; " which is in keeping with
the words of Pliny : ^^Surrentina vina caput non tenentJ'*
** Surrentine wine does not affect the head." As are
also the words of Persius, iii., 93 :

" Lenia loturo nibi Surrcntlna rogav't.*'
" He has asked for himself, about to bathe, mild Surrentine."

Columella (book iii., cap. 2), alluding to the weak
wines of Greece, says : ** Those small Greek wines,
as the Mareotic, Thasian, Fsythian, Sophortian,
though they have a tolerable good taste, yet, in our
climate, they yield but little wine, from the thinness
of their clusters, and the small ness of their berries. 4
Nevertheless, the black Inerticula (the sluggish vine),
which some Greeks call Atnethijaton^ may be placed,
as it were, in the second tribe, because it both yields
a good wine, and is harmless — from which, also, it
took its name — because it is reckoned dull, and not

L ^

ARISTOTLE — FLINT.

Id9

to have spirit enough to affect the nerves, though it
ii not dull and flat to the taste."

Speaking of sweet vvino; Aristotle tayi (Meteor.,
lib. iv., cap. 9): **olvo^ ^\ b ftev yXvicv^ 6ib itat ov fu*
dvaitei," **.that sweet wine would not intoxicate."

There was a Spanish wine says Pliny (lib. xiv.,
cup. 2), culled ** incrticulam juatius 8obriamt viribus
innoxiamt »iquidem temulentUim sola non/acitt^ *'a wine
which would not intoxicate."

Pliny and Varro speak of a wine called murrituif
** a wine not mixed with myrrh, but a very sweet
aromatic drink, much approved of by Roman ladies,
and conceded to them because it would not inebriate."
**Dulcis nee inebrienst** are the words of Varro. Of
this wine Pliny also says ( lib. xiv., cap. 8), that it
would not intoxicate.

Athenieus speaks of the ^* innocent Chian," and the
** unintoxicating Biblinum," and Plautus of the
" toothless Thanium and Coan ;" all of which vinous
beverages are comprehended under the term oinost
each of which is designated by that term ; and even
when different kinds of wine are indicated, the same
name is applied to more than one kind. It is not
sufficient, therefore, to say, •*He drank Crete wine,"
for as Baccius affirms, ^^Duplex meminet vinosum et
DULCE quod possum dicit" It is needful, in judging
ancient wines, to attend to the quality as well as the
name: "(/Mia vinum no» temetunij sed passum DULCE,
permittitur mulieribus; dulce vero nan inebricns," Thus
the vinosum iemetum, or strong intoxicating wine, is
exhibited in contrast with the weak unintoxicating
6*

1«)

ANDREAS BAOCIUH — DR. K. CLARK.

1 -

wine. Thti outt data Uipoken of m **imteiuvinumt**
powerful wiiio ; tbo otheri an having *' nihil vinastim,**
nothing vinous.

**A11 Italy,'* snyi Andreas Huccius, '* naturally, at
thii time, abounds in wines and didights throughout
in sweet wines, and not less in black wines ; but
these arc altogether diiTerent from the ancient wines,
both in their preparation and in their treatment, as
well as their quality, for our sweet, as well as the
white and black, intoxicate.*'

There were wines which, without being subjected
to any special treatment, would, ou account of th«ir
excess of saccharine matter, remain without ferment*
ing, in their natural and uniiitoxicating state, fur a
great length of time ; such, es|)ecially, were the wines
of Tencdos.

Says Dr. £. Chirk, in his travels : ** Perhaps there
is no part of the world where the vine yields such
redundant and luscious fruit ; the juice of the Cyprian
grape resembles a concentrated essence. The wine
of this island is so famous all over the Levant, that,
in the hyperbolical language of the Greeks, it is said
to have the power of restoring youth to age, and
animation to those who are at the point of death.4
Englishmen, however, do not consider it as a favorite
beverage ; it requires near u century of age to deprive
it of that sickly sweetuess which renders it repug-
nant to their palates."

** When it has remained in bottles for ten or twelve
years, it acquires a slight degree of fermentation
upon exposure to the air ; and this, added to its

.,.-»--:. ... — .. .jJ -^-tY-^

DK. K. Cr.AUK — C.vr.MKT.

131

■wt'etnoM Htid high color ciiiisea it to riNcniiblo
Tukny more than any otiior wine; but thi; ('ypiiots
do not (h'iiik it in this state; it is pret«>rv(>(l by them
in casi^H lo vs hich the air has constantly acccNi, ami
will koep in this manner for any numbf>r of years.
After it Um withstood tho vicissitudes of the seasons
for a sini^le year, it is supposed to have pamefl the
requisite proof, and then it scdls for three Turkir»h
pinstreH a gooHe (about twenty-one pints). After-
wards the price augments in proportion to its age.
Wo tasted some of the Commuuderia, which they
said was forty years old, although still in the cask.
After this period it is considered as a balm, and re-
served on the account of its supposed restorative
and, healing quality for the sick and dying. A greater
proof of its atrcngth cannot be given, than by relating
the manner in which it is kept — in casks neither
filled nor closed. A piece of sheet lead is merely
laid over the bung hole, and this is removed every
day when customers visit their cellars to taste the
different sorts of wine proposed for sale."

Even in wines expressed from less luscious grapes,
wine could be, and often was produced, that would
remain permanently sweet and unintoxicating.

Calmet informs us, that " the ancients had the
secret of preserving wine sweet throughout the
year;" and Plutarch records, that •* before the time
of Psammotticus, the Egyptians nether drank fer-
mented wine, nor used it in their offerings." And
there are writers who inform us how the preservation
of wine sweet throughout the year might be effected.

132

COLUMELLA — DIDYMUS — SUIDAS.

i F

Says Columella (lib., xii., thap. 27): **DcvmoduIci
faciendo:" " Gather the grapes, and expose them for
three days to the sun ; on the fourth, at midday, tread
them ; take the mustum lixivium, that is, the juice
which flows into the lake before you use the press,
and when it has cooled, add one ounce of pounded
iris, strain the wine from its fseces, and pour it into
a vessel. This wine will be sweet, firm or durable,
and healthful to the body."

Says Didymus, (lib. vii., chap. IS): •* In Bythinia,
some persons thus make sweet wine : " Thirty days
before the vintage, they twist the twigs which bear
the clusters, and strip off the foliage, so that (the
rays of) the sun striking down, may dry up the
moisture (sap), and make the wine sweet, just as we
do by boiling. They twist the twigs for this reason,
(viz.): that they may withdraw the clusters from the
sap and nourishment of the vine, so that they may
no longer receive any moisture (sap) from it. Some
persons, after they have bared the bunches from the
leaves, and the grapes begin to wrinkle, gather them
together in the clusters, and expose them to the sun,
until they have become uvtB passce (raisins). Lastly,
they take them up when the sun is at the h<fttest
point, carry them to the upper press, and leave them
there the rest of the day, and the whole of the fol-
lowing night, and about daylight they tread them."

SuidaL calls '* yAev/co?," which is said to be mustum,
vinumf et succus dulcis, must, wine and a sweet juice,
**T0 orroaTayfia rrjg aTa<f>vX,fjg nplv TTaTifdri" the wine
" that dropped from the grape before it was trodden."

L-

EXPEDIENTS TO PREVENT FERMENTATION. 133

Mr. Buckingham says that wiiie in Smyrna is
called *• the droppings of the wine press," and "vir-
gin wine."

According to Pliny, Protropum was ^^mustum quod
sponte projluit antequam uvce calcenturt** the " must
which flows spontaneously from the grapes before
they have been trodden."

These rich, slightly fermented, unintoxicating
wines were not only held in peculiar estimation
among the ancients, but by them various expedients
were adopted, not to increase, but to diminish the
production of alcohol, by arresting the process of
fermentation in their other and less luscious wines,
among which expedients were the exclusion of air,
and the reduction of temperature, the evaporation
of contained water, and the absorption of the con-
tained oxygen.

1st. TUB EXCLUSION OF AIR, AND THE REDUCTION OF
TEMPERATURE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTINO
THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL, BY ARRESTING THE
PROCESS OF FERMENTATION.

It was a well known fact that air and a certain
degree of heat were requisite to fermentation, and it
was also a well known fact that wines were less liable
to run into the vinous fermentation, afler they had
been kept a considerable length of time in an uufer-
mented state.

Hence the Bomans were accustomed to put the
new wine into jars, which, being well stopped, new
ones being preferred, were then immersed for several

13-4 FERMENTATION PREVENTED BY EVAPORATION*

weeks in a cistern or pond ; in fact, as the wine was
made about September and October, they were some-
times allowed to remain immersed during the whole
of the winter, until, as Pliny naively observes, ♦* the
wine had acquired the habit of being cold.'* Some-
times the same object was effected by the cask being
buried deep under ground.*

Says Columella (lib. xii., cap. 29) **qHemadmodum
miistum scmpei- dulce tanquam rccens jpermaneat : " *' that
your must may be always as sweet as it is new, thus
proceed : before you apply the press to the fruit,
take the newest must from the lake, put it into a new
amphora, bung it up, and cover it very carefully with
pitch; lest any water should enter; then immerse it
in a cistern or pond of pure cold water, and allow no
part of the amphora to remain above the surface.
After forty days, take it out, and it will remain sweet
for a year."

2d, THE EVAPORATION OP THE CONTAINED WATER FOR
THE PURP08E OF PREVENTING THE PRODUCTION OF
ALCOHOL, BY ARRESTING THE PROCESS OF FERMEN-
TATION.

It is conceded by modern chemists generally, it
is believed, that the ancients were correct in the
opinion, that a certain degree of fluidity is essential
to fermentation.

When grape juice is very weak and watery, boil-
ing may indeed, by increasing the relative proportion

* Fliny^s Natural Historj, lib. xir., chap. 9.

i i^.. ..

BOERHAAVii: — A Ul^rO I LE — DKMOCRITUS. 1S5

of the saccharine mutter, facilitate the process of
"ermentation. But where tlie requisite fluidity, and
the requisite proportions between the barm or yeast
and the saccharine matter already exist, boiling will
obstruct or prevent fermentation.

Says Boerhaave : ^^By boiling, the juice of the
richest grapes loses all its aptitude for fermentation,
and may afterwards be preserved for years without
undergoing any further changes."

Savs Newman : '* It is observable, that when thick
juices are boiled down to a thick consistence, they
not only do not ferment in that state, but are not
easily brought into fermentation when diluted with
as much water as they had lost in the evaporation,
or even with the very individual water that had
exhaled from them. Thus sundry sweet liquors are
preserved for a length of time by boiling. From
these considerations it is probable that the qualites
for which the Romans and Greeks valued their wines
were very difterent from those sought after in the
present day ; and that they contained much saccha-
rine matter and but little alcohol."

Says Aristotle : *' The wine of Arcadia was so thick
that it was necessary to scrape it from the skin bot-
tles in which it was contained, and to dissolve the
scrapings in water."

Says Democritus : " The Lacedaemonians, elg to irvp
mm rov olvov, kug dv to ttshtttov fiepog a<j}e ^tj^ij kcu fitTa
Teaaapa -:77j KpdvTai, were accustomed to boil their wine
upon the fire until the fifth part had been consumed.
It was drunk after a period ot four vears bud elapsed.*'

136 PREPARATIONS INCLUDED UNDER TERM WINE.

Says Pliny : ** musto usque ad tertiampartem mensura
decocto; quod ubi factum ad dimidiam es^ defrutum voco'

mus,** •

The practice of boiling wine was and still is pre-
valent among the Asiatics. To the existence and
prevalence of this practice, D* Bowering bears tes-
timony. Among the boiled wineu spoken of by the
ancient writers, are SapUf Defrutum, Siraum, and
Hepsima.

These wines are very similar, and the chief dif-
ference between them appears to consist in the degree
to which they were severally reduced. The derivation
of sapa may have been, perhaps, from the Hebrew
sohke, as sircEum may have been from the Hebrew #yr,
caldron, in which the process of boiling was per-
formed.

Fabbroni, an Italian writer, treating of Jewish hus-
bandry, says : ** The palm trees, also, which especi-
ally abounded in the neighborhood of Jericho and En-
gaddi, served to make a very sweet wine, which is
made all over the East, being called ^palm wine * by
the Latins, and * syra * in India, from the Persian shir,
which means * luscious liquor or drink.* " «

These preparations are all distinctly included under
the class olvo^^ wines. In deciding, therefore, concern-
ing ancient wines, it is necessary to consider the
quality, as well as the name, because, as Baccius
informs us, "duplex meminit nt dulce quod possum dicit;^^
and hence as another ancient writer says : ** Quia

* Pliny*8 Natural History, cap. ix.

FEUMENTATION PREVENTED HY OXYGEN. 387

vinum non temetum sed pasmm dulce permiftitur tnuUeri-

bus — DULCE VERO NON INEBRIANS."

Sd, ABSORPTION OP THE CONTAINED OXYGEN, FOR
THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING THE FORMATION OP
AIXIOHOii, BY ARRESTING THE PROCESS OF FER-
MENTATION.

Says C. Reading in hla history and description of
modern wines, p. 41 ; '* Its object (sulphurization) is
to impart to wine clearness and the principle of pre-
servation, and to prevent fermentation."

Says Dr. Ure : '* Fermentation may be tempered
or stopped by those means which render the yeast
inoperative, particularly by the oils that contain
sulplmr, as oil of mustard; as also by the sulphurous
and sulphuric acids. The operation of sulphurous
acid, in obstructing the fermentation of must, con-
sists partly, no doubt, in its absorbing oxygen,
whereby the elimination of the yeasty particles is
prevented. The sulphurous acid, moreover, acts
more powerfully upon fermenting liquors that contain
tartar, as grape juice, than sulphuric acid. This
acid decomposes the tartaric salts; combining with
their bases, sets the vegetable acids free, which does
not interfere with the fermentation, but the sulphu-
rous acid operates directly upon the yeast."

In the London Encyclopedia, "stum" is termed
an unfermented wdne; to prevent it from fermenting,
the casks are matched, or have brimstone burnt in
them. Sulphur is placed among the antifermeDts
mentioned by Donovan.

(

i i

188

SULPRURIZATION.

Says Count Dandolo, on the art of making and
preserving of the wines of Italy, first published at
Milan, 1812: *'The last process in wine making is
sulphurization ; its object is to secure the most long
continued preservation of all wines, even of the very
commonest sort. The classifications (spoken of in a
former section) tend to assist this keeping of wines ;
but sulphuiization, or the application of sulphur
(sulphurous acid) to the wine, is that process which
more directly attacks that prenicious fermenting
principle, in the very bowels of the wine itself (if
such an expression may be cCllowed), and destroys its
power of mischief. The action of this vapor of sul-
phur not only neutralizes, changes and destroys the *
fermenting principle existing as yet undeveloped in
the must fresh pressed from the grape, leaving un-
touched the saccharine part, but it operates equally
upon the quantity of ferment "remaining in the wine
which has already undergone fermentation.*' ** This
process shows the effect of sulphurization to annihi-
late entirely the power of the fermenting principle
in the wine, and even in the must, without #ver
changing the sugary substance in the must, or the
alcohol in the wine." By this means, a sound wine
though on the very point of changing, and a wine
which could not be carried twenty miles without
becoming muddy, or being spoiled, after clarification
or sulphurization, is in a state for keeping a hundred
yeai's, and will bear the motion of a long journey.

And not only is it the rich and generous wines,
such as the well known ones of Bordeaux, which b^

tf*

ALCOBOL DISSIPATED BT ANCIENTS.

189

;*-*

lulphurization can be rendered capable of long keep-
ing and bearing a journey, but even the very light-
est wines, liite those of Burgundy, are equally influ^
enccd by it, and become fit for exportation or removal
to distant places.

Sulphurization, then, not only leaves untouched
the alcohol which may be already existing, and the
aromatic principles of the wine, but when a wine
that has been sulphurized contains any sugary matter
not decomposed, that sugary matter continues per-
fectly untouched, in consequence of the ferment
(which would have converted it into spirit) being
neutralized by the sulphurization.

The ancients were aware that the process of fer-
mentation could thus be arrested, and hence both the
interior and exterior of the vessels in which the new
wine was contained, were said to have been covered
with gypsum.

The ancients used means, as well to dissipate
or nkutualizb tub alcohol, when generated,
in their wines, as to prevent its generation.

1st. The yeast was not only separated from the
saccharine matter by subsidence, but the wine itself
was passe ^ through the filter.

Says Pliny : ** Ut plus capiamus sacco franguntur
vires; et alia irritamenta cxcogitantur ; ac hibendi causa
etiam venena conficiuntury ** That we may be able to
drink a greater quantity of wine, we break, or deprive
it of its strength, &c., by the filter, and various inceu-
tives to thirst are invented."

140

WATKU MIXED WITH WINB.

I '

Says Horace : ** Liquies vinut^ Oar. lib. i., Ode IJ.
On these words the Delphiti notes are as follows :
*' Be careful to prepare for yourself wine percolated,
and def(rcated by the filter, and thus rendered sweet
and more in accordance to nature and a female taste.
Certainly the ancients strained and defoecated their
must through the filter repeatedly before they could
have fermented ; and, by this process, taking away
the fucces Umt nourish and increase the strength of
the wino, they rendered them more liquid, weaker,
lighter and sweeter, and more pleasant to drink/'

2d, Where the alcohol generated by fermentation
was not sutHcicntly dissipated by the filter or other-
wise, its influence was counteracted by the addition
of water.

Hippocrates informs us that the wines of the an-
cients were divided into dXiyo<f>opoi, andTroAt^opot, such
as did and such as did not require dilution by water.

Plutarch mentions three dilutions. Hesiod pres-
cribed, during the summer months, three parts of
water to one of wine.

AthenoBus has treated of the manner in which^he
ancients mingled their wines. He represents Archip-
pus as inquiring : " Who of you has mingled an equal
quantity of water with wine ? It is far better to use
one part of wine and four of water."

Nichocates considers one part of wine to five of
water as the most desirable proportion. ^

According to Homer, Pramnian and Maronian wines
required twenty parts of water to one of wine : and

i I

ANCIENT GREEKS.

141

Hippocrates considered twenty parts of water and
one of Thasian wine to be a proper beverage.

Pliny declnres that Maronian wine, celebrated by
Homer, had maintained its character ; for during the
time of Mutianus, their consul, each pint was min-
gled with eighty parts of water.

In the receipt for making Cato's family wine, the
vinegar and sea-water greatly exceeded tlie sapa ;
and to the grape juice was to be added five times its
quantity of pure water ; and from the whole the air
was to be excluded ten days. Thus a celebrated
wine was produced, that would keep till the follow-
ing summer solstice. What the strength of such a
wine must have been, and how it would be appre-
ciated by wine-drinkers of our day, can readily be
imagined.

The ancient Greeks, like the ancient Romans, hea-
thens though they were, furnished, by their exem-
plary abstemiousness, a severe rebuke to modern
christians. Their festivals were schools of tempe-
rance and sobriety. The wines used on these occa-
sions were invariably mixed with water. None other
were allowed. Indeed, in reputable society, the
practice of mingling their wine with water was uni-
versal.

Those" ancient authors, who treat upon domestic
manners, abound with allusions to this usage. Hot
water, tepid water, or cold water, was used for the
dilution of wines, according to the season.

The process was common, and reduced to system.
" Sometimes they were so luxurious as to mix their

14S

ANCIENT 0RKEK8.

wino with hot water, to as to secure perfect coinbi-
nation, and then cool it down with ice or snow. In
Italy the habit was so universally difTused, that thoro
was an establishment at Home for the public sale of
water for mixing it with wine.

It was called Thermopolium, and from the
accounts left of it, was upon a large scale. The
remains of several have been discovered among the
ruins of Pompeii. Cold warm and tepid water was
l>4'0curable at these establishments, as well as wine ;
und the inhabitants resorted there for the purpose of
drinking, and also sent their seiTants for the water.
The fact of the practice being interwoven with the
daily habits of the Greeks, may be judged from the
circumstance of the Greek term for bowl or gobict
x^xrrjp quasi xspaTijp) — literally implying '*aniin
gler," being derived from a verb signifying "to
mingle." Each nation, as already shown, had its
peculiar terms for inspissated wines which required
mingling, as sapa, caranum^ sirautnt and hepdema,
each, too, had its peculiar term to denote wine not
yet mingled, as the Greek ax^^yov, the Latin merum^^
(tirosh lo yayin.)

Nor was it peculiar to pagans to mingle wpter with
wine for beverage and at feasts ; nor to profane wri-
ters to record the fad. It is written of wisdf)m, not
only, that she had killed her fut things, but also that
she had mingled her wine ; and so written by an
inspired penman.

But what gives the greater weight to the inference
to be drawn from these usages of the ancients is.

I I

WEAKEST WINK CON8IDKBUD BK8T.

143

that thoy not only resorted to expcdientu tu prevent
the generation of alcohol, and to disHipato it when
generated :

But that thoy also pronouned that the bettor wine
in which, the generation of alcohol had been the
most cflfcctually prevented — or having been gen-
erated, where it had been most effectually dissi-
pated, or its potency otherwise counteracted or
destroyed,

Snys Pliny: ** Utilissimum vinum omnibus sacco viri'
tmsfractit,* The most useful wine is that which has
its strength broken or destroyed by the filter, "tVivc-
termi vina aaccisquc castrari^* and again, ** Minus
in/estat nervos quod vetustate dulcescit,** ** Wines which
become sweet by age are less injurious to the nerves."
" Wines were rendered old, and deprived of their
vigor by filtering." lib. xxiii., chap. 1.

The lamc author mentions, (lib. xiv., chap. S) a
wine called inert iculam Justus sobriamt virihus innoxiam^
siquidem tcmidentiam sola non facit ; a wine which
would not intoxicate, incrs^ without spirit, more
properly termed, "sober wine," harmless, "and
which alone would not inebriate."

Columella speaks (lib. iii. chap. 2) of a wine
called " Amethystou," unintoxicating. He adds,
that it was " a good wine — harmless," and called
**iners** — weak — mid would not affect the nerves.

"Be careful," sjiys the Delphin Notes on Horace's
11th Ode, "to prepare for yourself wine percolated,
and defcecated by the filter, and thus rendered sweet,

NOTT

144

TEOTIUOMY.

adJ more in uccordarico to imturo — find a female
taste.*'

Thoophrustus called wine that had been ** cattra-
turn" deprived of its itrength, *♦ ^&i*ou,'* •* morul
wine." Nor Theophrottus only. The ancients, when
speaking of wine deprived of itH potency, use the
terms, '* eunuchumt** " effaminntum,** *• coilratum***
The corresponding Hebrew word is even used by
Isaiuh, i., 23, when speaking of wine reduced by
water.

Poly bi us, in a fragment of his 6th book, states :
"Among the Romans the women were forbidden to
drine wine; they drank a wine which is called pus-
sum fLatinSi Pauumjt and this was made from dried
grapes or raisins. As a drink, it very much resem-
bled ^goithenUm and Cretan (^Xfuxo;), sweet wine,
and which is used for the purpose of allaying thirst."

Both Pliny and Varro treat of wine which was con-
ceded to Boman ladies, because it did not inebriate.

Says Plutarch (in his Sympos): ** Wine is rendered
old or feeble in strength when it is frequently fil-
tered ; this percolation makes it more pleasant to the
palate ; the strength of the wine is thus taken uwuy,
without any injury to its pleasing flavor. The
strength being thus withdrawn or excluded, the wiiio
neither inllaines the head nor infests the mind und
the passions, but is much more pleasant to drink.
Doubtless defoecation takes away the spirit of poten-
cy that torments the head of the drinker; and this
being removed, the ^ifififi is reduced to a state both
mild, salubrious and wholesome."

;

UMINTOXICATINO W1NR8.

That unintoxicating us well ns intoxicutiiig wineM
existed from remote antiquity, nnd that the former
were held in higher cstimutioii than the hitter, hy the
wise and good, there can, I think, he no reasonuhle
douht. T4ie evidence is nniMiuivocal and plenary.
Not indeed that the wines in use in Syria or tlie
Holy Land were universally or even generally unin-
toxicating. We have demonstrative evidence that
they arc not so now, and presumptive evidence thni
they were not so formerly. We know that then, as
now, inehriety existed ; and then, as now, the tastu
for inebriating wines may have been the prevalent
taste ; and intoxicating wines the prevalent wines.
Still, unintoxicating wines existed, and there were
men who preferred such wines, and who have left
on record the avowal of that preference. That these
men were comparatively few in number, and that the
wines they recommended were not generally in
request, docs not surely render it the less probable
that they were wines deserving commendation. It
might then as now, and, in reference to this as well
as other questions of right and duty, be said :

<• Broad is tho road that leads to death,
And thousands walk together there ;
While wisdom shows a narrow path,
With here aud there a traveler."

From the foregoing examination, it is apparent

that the fruit of the vine, in the state it exists in the

vat, the vineyard and the cluster, is called in the

original by the sacred writers of the Old Testament,

tirosht yat/itit aiisut hhcmer^ &c., that in the Greek
7

I (

146

TERMS USED IN OLD TESTAMENT.

translation of these terms by the Seventy, it is called
oinorii in the Latin translation, vinum, and in the Eng-
lish, mne. And it is further apparent that the fruit
of the vine, in the same state, is called by the same
name by profane writers j hence we meet in Aristotle
with (oinon)y wine of the vat ; in Livy, with (vinum)y
wine of the field ; and in Cato as well as Isaiah, with
(viniim pendens), wine of the cluster ; and hence, also,
when we do so meet with these terms, though the
presumption will be that they refer to the fruit of
the vine in some state, it can only be determined in
which by considering the attendant circumstances ;
and for the obvious reason, that the terms yayin^ oinos^
and vinumy are genenc terms, and embrace in their
comprehensive meaning the fruit of the vine or pure
blood of the grape, in all of the states in which it
exists.

But whatever question may be raised about the
quality of other kinds of wine, there can be no ques-
tion about this pendent wine of Cato ; for if is the
wine of the cluster of Isaiah. This wine must be
good wine, for it is wine approved of God ; and there
was, as we have seen, a time when it was approved
of man also ; and however it may now be spoken
against, we believe it still to be not the less worthy
of commendation on that account, because we believe
it still to be what it then was (in the sense in which
we use the terms), untntoxicating ivine. Not that we
affirm the pure blood of the grape, as expressed from
the ripened cluster, to have been always absolutely
nnafiected by fermentation, but only slightly and

QUESTION NOT OF DEGREE BUT OF TOTALITY. 147

insensibly affected by it* In olden timet wine, as we
believe, was appreciated not as now, according to
its strength, but according to its weakness.

* The admiflflion in Dr. Nott'a Lectures, that there may perhaps be a
very slight degree of alcohol, even in the wine allowed and pronounced
good by the Bible, gave offence to many sincere friends of temper*
ance, when they wore first published ; and several able and esteemed
advocates of the cause folt it their duty to repudiate and condemn ifc.
as a needless and injurious concession. This matter has been referred
to the author, with reference to the publication of this new edition of
his Lectures, and we learn that utter carefully and candidly examining
the whole of this criticism, he still does not feel it to be his duty to
suppress or alter the text. And certainly no such liberties would
be warrantable in the Editor. He will have discharged his duty, after
advertising the reader that this is debatable ground, on which
equally honest advoatcs of temperance truth maintain conflicting
opinions.

There is a question of science involved in this discussion, which is
still an usettled one. It is well settled, indeed, that of the three stages
of fermentation (vinous, acetous and putrefactive), alcohol is the product
of the first. But tehen it has reached that stage, and therefore when
olcohol enters into the expressed juice of the grape, is still undecided.
One chemist has said that if the must is exposed to the air, for a few
{seconds only, it absorbs oxygen, and fermentation takes place. Olhciv
h.tve given the opinion that a much longer time mu^t ellipse before the
compoflition and quality of the liquid can be snid to be tinged by the
admiiision of alcohol. One of the latest writers, the author of the
•• Chemistry of Common Life," (see vol. i., p. 262, would seem to hold
that no "sensible quantity of alcohol" had been found in the body of
the liqui<l until the lapse of •• three hours " of ordinary summer
we&tiier. But we do not understand that either of these views are ad-
vanced as matured scientific opinions, and the result of actual experi-
ments. We regard the point in hand, thcn'cfore, to be still an open
question x>f science, to bo hereafter determined by scientific men.

The most, occurate writers and speakers on Temperance, when they
reason fiom the Bible, in eouDectioa with wines ( the products of th«

148 QUESTION NOT OF DECREE BUT OF TOTAUTT.

I am aware that there are those who consider the
question of fermeatation in wine a question not of

DEGREE BUT OF TOTALITY.

■:■

brew-house and distillery are inventions sought out by man since (he
canon of Scripture cloeed), recognize this as a question still in dispute.
They do not speak of the good and bad wine of the Bible, as alcoholic
and non-alcoholic nor as fermented and imfermented, but as intozicat-
iny and unintoxieatinff ; the unintoxicating being clearly the the good
wine of the Bible, and the intoxicating being clearly the bad.

As this point is an unsettled question in the science of temperance, so
we regard these views in Dr. Note's Lectures as among the disputed
questions in its ethics and philosophy, which are to be cleared up by
future inquiry and discussion.

But let it be observed, even by those who regard this admission by
the author as gratuitous, and unfortunate, that his Lectures elsewhere
contend for abstinence, not only from intoxicating, alcoholic and fer*
mented wine, but also from the freshly expressed juice of the grape.
So that, if tlie author here is in error, he has not left the reader entu*ely
wihout an antidote. In the closing para|;raph of the fourth lecture, he
says:

*' SttU it does not follow that even the pare blood of the gnpe shiald sow ba
OMd by oa as » beverage. The circumstanoea of soeiet/ (since the grant to Jaoob)
hare changed; distillation has.been discovered ; chemistry has mixed new poisons
frith the wine cap ; and to save the church and the worid from ruin, it has be-
come necessary, and it is, therefore, as we have already said, inoambent on as, In
the spirit of the first law of Christian love, wholly to abstain from the use of via-
aan beverage of every sort."

Whatever fault may be found, therefore, with these particular pas-
sages in Dr. Nott's Lectures, their general tenor, it will be seen, teaches
temperance doctrine which is sufficiently comprehensive and severe.
And it is supported by an argument so authoritative and conclusive,
(hat it must ever silence all cavilers at Abstinence, who arc not bold
enough also (o question the inspiration of Scripture : "/< t« good neither
to «at fleshf MOR TO drink wink, nor anything whereby thy hroHur
ttvmbUthy or it offended, or t« made weak.^ — Bomans, xir., 21.

nn, it hu be-

QUEBTION NOT OF DBGBBE BUT OF TOTALITY. I4t

Pure alcohol, say they, is poison ; and because it
is so, every beverage in which alcohol is contained,
how minute soever the quantity, must be poison
also. This though plausible, is not conclusive ; and
were it so, the water we drink, nay, the very air wo
breathe, would be poison ; for oxygen and nitrogen,
of which it is composed, are so ; and so is every mix-
ture of the two in any other proportions than the
proportion in which the God of nature has united
them in the vital air ; and yet, when so united, they
are breathed not only with impunity, but of necessity,
as an essential element of life. In like manner,
thou^'^ alcohol be poison, and though every mixture
of it ny greater proportion than that in which

God '■, united it with those other elements in the
" pure blood of the grape^* may also be poison, it does
not follow, if so united, it must be so.

On the contrary, the beverage thus formed may be
not only innocuous, but nutritious and renovating, as
the noble Oanaro found it when he drank the fresh
new wine of the recent vintage ; and yet this same
beverage, so bland and healthful, while its original

Nature and Science unite, with a thousand tongues, to plead for and
enfurce the doctriuos of Total Abstinence. But if, through lacic of
sufficient linowledge or the imperfections of human reason, the prmciple
is ever for a moment involved in doubt, we have only to fall back
upon this sublime saying of the Apostle Paul, and which ia accepted
by the whole Christian world. Here, at least, our author plants his
feet on ground which is incontestable, and as firm as the everlasting
hills. !Nay, it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than oae
tittle of the law to fail.— [Editor.]

160

ALCOnOL IV KEW WINE INNOCUOUS.

;

elemental proportions are maintained, may increase
in potency, as its contained alcohol is increased by
progressive fermentation, till, changed in its nature,
it becomes what the Bible significantly calls it, a
** mocker;" executing on those who drink it a ven-
geance which the Bible no less significantly describes,
by comparing it to the bite of the serpent and the
sting of the adder.

It is urged, lam aware, that these terms, and terms
like these, when applied to wine of some sort, are to
be understood not as conveying counsel to refrain
from the use of bad wine, but merely to avoid excess
in the use of good. But according to what principle
of interpretation is this urged If Is wine, in distinc-
tion from all the other bounties of Providence, always
of good quality, that wine of bad quality should
never have been spoken against by any writer, either
sacred or profane ? And, as if this were proven to
be the case, are we bound, contrary to e^erience,
contrary to reason, contrary to express declarations
of Scnpture, when we meet with passages in which
wine is spoken of in terms of reprobation, and as a
base article and an article to be avoided ; are we
bound in such cases, in disregard both of the spirit
and the letter of the text, to understand the terms
employed, not as implying the avoidance of a bad
article, but merely as a caution against the abuse

ofa good one?

Or, if bad wine as well as good wine exists, then
it may be asked whether good wine, among all the
good creatures of God, is alone liable to abuse, that

>'■[

[JS.

iy incroas«
creased by
its nature,
calls it, a
. it a veu-
describes,
it and the

and terms

>ort, are to

to refrain

oid excess

^ principle

in distinc-

:e, always

;y should

;er, either

Toven to

perience,

larations

in which

and as a

are we

he spirit

le terms

of a bad

le abuse

sts, then
all the
ise, that

GOOD WIKB LIABLE TO ABUSE.

161

it should on that account be singled out and spoken
against as a vile thing, and to-be avoided? Are not
com, and oil, and milk, and honey, as well as wine,
abused ? Or, is the abuse of these not sinful, that
neither of them on that account is ever styled the
"mocker?" employed as a symbol of wrath, said to
occasion wo and sorrow, that neither of these is
forbidden to kings, forbidden to be brought into the
house of the Lord, forbidden to be looked upon, or
said to bite like a serpent or sting like an adder?

If because good wine can be abused, such wine
deserves to be styled a "mocker," and can fitly be
employed in the same state, and in allusion to the
same attributes, as a symbol of wrath, as well- as of
mercy, why may not sunlight and Sabbaths, andeven
the visitation of the Holy Spirit, be spoken of in
the same manner; for all these (good and glorious
in themselves) are, as well as wine, liable to abuse,
and the abuse of these, as well as the abuse of wine,
is sinful ; and yet no such array of texts against
these, or either of these, can be found in either
Testament, as meets the eye against wine in both.

The fact that good wine may be abused, but ill
accounts for the application to such. wine of those
terms of reprobation replied to ynne of some sort
so often in the Bible. To justify such an application
of such terms, in such frequency, it should seem that
not only good wine, which in the use might be
abused, must have existed, but bad wine, and wine
therefore uftfit for use, must also have existed.

KOTT.

159

WINR COMHEKDKI) GOOD.

Since good and bad wine both exist now» why
should they not have existed then? And if both
existed then (as the Bible assures us it did), why
should it be doubted when wine is commended, that
the commendation respects the former kind of wine ;
Olid when wine is condemned, that the condemnation
respects the latter kind ? Does either the honor of
religion or the analogy of faith require that it should
be otherwise?

When commending wine, if, in place of commend-
ing the weak, nutrtious, unintoxicating wines of
nature, the Bible commends the strong innutritious,
intoxicating wines of art, it does so in cont raven Jon
of the will of God, as everywhere else expressed ;
and the doing of this, here stands forth an isolated
fact, at variance with all the other facts recorded in
the Scriptures, a fact unexplained and unexplainable.

All the other articles recommended ^ food or
beverage, are not only pronounced good, but are
practically found to be so. Elsewhere, in reference
to articles of diet, the word and providence of God
are in harmony ; here only at variance ; for, however
bland, refreshing and life-sustaining the nutritious,
unintoxicating wines of nature may be, the strong,
exciting, intoxicating wines of art are, and have ever
proved themselves to be, both life and soul- destroying.

Against the use of such wines, God hath not left
himself without a witness in his Providence. From
the chalice that contains it is audibly breathed
out the serpent's hiss, and visibly darted forth the
adder's sting. Around this chalice ruins are strewed

BAD WINE CONDEMNED BT NATURE.

168

3w, why
i if both
id), why
led, that
of wine ;
imnation
^onor of
it should

»inmend-
irines of
itritiouSf
aven Jon
pressed ;
isolated
orded in
ainable.
food or
but are
3ference

of God
However

ritious,

strong,
ive ever

roying.

lot left
From
reathed

rth the

trewed

— strewed by the mocker — in which ruins there is
a voice that tpeaks, and it speaks for God, and its
language is, Touch noty taste not, handle not, T 3re
there can be no mistake. That wo, and sorrow,
and crime, and disease, flow from this inebriating
chalice, none can deny ; nor can any sophistry shel-
ter its bewildering, crime-producing contents from
deserved reprobation, or bring its use as a beverage
within the sanction of the sanctuary.

The books of nature and revelation were written
by the same unerring hand. The former is more full
and explicit in relation to the physical, the latter in
relation to the moral laws of our nature ; still, how-
ever, where both touch on the same subject, they
will ever be found, when rightly interpreted, to be
in harmony.

There was a time when the Copemican system, the
truth of which was stamped on tLe pi^ases of the
planets, and proclaimed in the revolution of the
stars, was pronounced a heresy, because it was
believed to be irreconcilable with the language ot the
Bible. Councils decreed that the earth stood still,
and that the sun and stars revolved around it. Regard-
less of that decree, the sun and stars maintained
their unalterable position, and the earth, unawed,
moved onward in its orbit, and revolved on its axis ;
and it has continued to do so, till mankind, familiar-
ized to its movements, see no longer any contradic-
tion between those movements and the language in
which they were formerly spoken of by patriarchs

and prophets.

154 NATURE AND RBVELATION NOT AT VARIANCE.

Nature and revelation are as little at variance on
the wine question as on other questions, and when
rightly consulted, they will be found to be so. It is
not in the text, but in the interpretation, that men
have felt straitened in their consciences ; and though
this feeling should continue, unless the providence of
God changes, it will not alter the facts of the case.

In vain will sophists teach, or councils decree,
that intoxicating wine, wine the mocker, is good
wine, and fit for beverage, so long as God in his
providence proclaims that it is not. In despite of the
teachings of sophists and the decrees of councils, the
purpose of God will stand, and human arrogance con-
tinue to be rebuked, till it shall be felt that the laws
of nature are sacred, and that it is as fatal to resist
as idle to reason against the will of Him who
ordained them.

To condemn as sin yer se^ all use or intoxicating
wine on the one hand, and to vindicate its use as a
common beverage on the other, appears equally
erroneous.

The wine of the condemned was doubtless an
intoxicating wine, disallowed to worshippers in the
house of the Lord, disallowed to kings, rejected by
the Saviour, and yet it might be given to the sad
of heart, as strong drink might to those ready to
perish.

Doubtless other intoxicating wines follow the same
rule. None of them was made in vain ; each has
its appropriate use, and may be used whenever the
use is beneficial, and to the extent it is beneficial ;

iKOB*

MBATI AND HBRB8| GOOD ABO BAD.

nance on
nd when
80. It it
that men
td though
idence of
he case.
B decree,
, is good
)d in his
>iteofthe
ncils, the
Eince con-
the laws
to resist
im who

xicating
use as a
equally

tless an
8 in the
cted by
the sad
Bady to

le same
ich has
ver the
eficial ;

and each is to be avoided when its use would be
injurious, as experience shows it to be, when used at
custom sanctions its use as a beverage.

It is true that wine, as well as flesh and herbs, and
bread and milk and iioney, is contained in the orig-
inal grant of good things to man, but this implies
no sanction of bad wine, any more than any other
bad article.

Because flesh is contained in the same grant, no
one feels called upon to defend the use of the flesh
of horses, or of dogs, or of reptiles ; nay, not even
the flesh of kine, when diseased or rendered noxious
by putrescence or otherwise. Neither does any one,
because herbs are contained in that grant, feel called
upon to defend the use of henbane or deadly night-
shade, or even of garden herbs, after having become
wilted, and especially after having become delete-
rious by decay.

, As little, because wine is contained in that grant,
can the wines of Sodom be defended ; nay, nor even
wines from the vines of Eschol, or of Lebanon, after
they shall have been rendered deleterious* by the pro-
cess of fermentation, or any other process through
which it may have passed, before reaching ultimate,
utter putrefaction.

I Who ever thought, because bread and milk arc
sanctioned in the Bible, that therefore bread must be
eaten after it had become mouldy by age, or milk,
after it had become sour by fermentation ?

From the moment the animal is slain, the herb
gathered, or the cluster of the wine plucked, the pro-

NOTT.

166 MAir TBBATBD A8 A BATIONAL 0RBATC7BB.

eeu of decay oommences, which, unleu arrested,
will continue in each, till all alike are rendered un
fit for une, by progressive fermentation.

With wines, as with herbs and meats, some were
originally comparatively good, and some compara-
tively bad ; and some which were originally good
became bad through mistaken treatment,the progres-
sive process of fermentation, or some other inciden-
tal process through which they may have passed.

Moats recently slaughtered.herbs recently gathered,
and wines recently expressed from the cluster, are
usually the most healthful, nutritious and refreshing.
And though wine perfectly free from alcohol may
not be obtainable, and though its most perfect state
be the state in which it is expressed from the cluster,
Btill it may be more or less objection4ible. as it devi-
ates more or less from that state till it becomes ^po»-
itively deleterious and intoxicating.

Though God's grant to man covers wine among '
other good things, it designates no particular kind, it
gives no directions as to the mode of preparation, or
the time when it is most fit for use. These and simi-
lar instructions are to be looked for, not in the book
of revelation, but of nature.

Man is a rational creature, and God treats him as
such. The great store-Louse of nature is flung open
before him, and permission is given him to slay or
gather and eat ; not indeed inconsiderately and in-
discriminately, but of such and only such as are
suited to his nature, and as are good for food.

ABMTINBNOB FBOM BAD WINE A DUTT.

157

In tho selection ond prupAration of the articles,
reaiion is to be exercised, oxporicnco consulted, the
good distinguished from the bad, tho precious from
the vile.

That P.atriarch8 and Prophets drank wine, and
that the Scriptural right to drink, it still remains
unimpaired, there can be no doubt ; still, in making
the selection, other directions than what the Bible
contains must be followed. Here, ns we have said,
reason must bo exercised, and experience consulted.
Who, in the selection of herbs, or milk, or meat,
would venture to take a contrary course ; or who,
having taken it, would not find in the sequel liiM
temerity rebuked?

How often, in tho course of events, have herbs, or
meat, or milk, proved poisonous, and produced dis-
ease or death ? In cases of this sort, how unavail-
ing to declare that these articles, because included in
the original grant, were not poisonous, when God
declared in His providence that they were. Herbs,
and meat, and milk, stand on the same footing as
wine, and we only insist that the same discrimination
should be exercised in relation to the latter that is
exercised in relation to the former. The question, so
far as good wine is concerned, is a question of expe-
diency, ai\4 only of expediency, and abstinence be-
comes a duty only wlien indulgence would be injuri-
ous. But abstinence from bad wine is always a duty ;
and whether intoxicating wine, wine that enervates
the reason, defiles the conscience, destroys the cor-^
stitution, and peoples tlie prisonhouse with criminals

WIMK COMPARID WITH OTHIR DIET.

and the graveyard with victims, be not bad wine,
will hardly,where prejudice is not indulged and appe-
tite consulted, at thia late day, be made a question.

Perfect purity nowhere exists on this crime-curst
planet. Earth supplies neither air, or food, or beve-
rage, fluited to immortal natures. Even the well, at
the entrance of which Jesus Christ n^vealed to the
woman of Suniaii a his Messiahship, contained not the
w«ircr of life. Jacob, who drank at that well, wns
dead; the Patriarchs who drank at it were dead.
Were porfect purity insisted on, man could neither
eot, or drink or breathe. This insisted on, would ex-
clude the mechanic from the workshop, the husband-
man from the harvest field, and the worshipper from
the temple of his God. But it is not insisted on —
at least, not elRewhere— why th^ should it be in-
Risted on here ?

It is enough, if wine be placed on the same footing
as other articles of diet, with respect to each oT
which, the question in relation to deleterious qual-
ities is a question of degree, not of totality.

If we procure tjie best articles in our power, it is
all that can be required of us ; and it is only those
articles which contain deleterious ingredients in such
quantity or such proportion as produce disease of
body or mind, the use of which is to ^e avoided.
Here, not temperance, but abstinence is a duty.
The evil to be apprehended in the use of deleterious
ingredients often depends less on quantity than in-
tensity. A single drop of pure alcohol may inflame
some point in the mucus membrane of the stomach.

BAD WIHK ALONK IITJURIOUS.

159

id wine,
ind app«-
quettion.
ime-cunt
, or b«vc-
9 wellt at
ed to tho
id not tho
veil, wnn
ere dead.
Id neither
would ex-
I husband-
pperfrom
ited on—
1 it be in-

ne footing
each ot
0U8 qual-

)wer, it is
nly those
ts in such
disease of

avoided.

1 a duty.

lie tenons

than in-
inflame

stomach.

with which it comes in contact, and thus produce
the inception of a disease which may afterwards
difi\iie itself over the entire surface of that vital or-
gani which drop might have been innocuous, or at
least have produced no appreciable injury, had it
been diluted to a certain extent by water.

In estimating the eflfect of other agencies than poi-
son, intensity as well as quantity must be taken into
the account. There is a temperature conducive to
life and health, and there is a temperature above
and below which life becomes extinct. The rays
of solar light and heat, so grateful to the eye and
the body under certain circumstances, become as
distressful as destructive, when their intensity is in-
creased, as it may be by the intervention of a burn-
ing glass.

AUhv'^ugh the heat concentrated in a spark of fire
or a drop of boiling water might blister some small
and delicate portion of the human cuticle with which
it might chance to come in contact, still the effect
of that same heat, if imparted to a volume of water
sufficient for the immersion of the body, if apprecia-
ble at all, might be only bland and genial.

In diet as in respiration, the action of one element
may neutralize that of another ; or its own action
may depend, as in the case of light and heat, less on
quantity than concentration.

Hence, wine in which its (entire) saccharine mat-
ter has been converted by continuous fermentation
into alcohol, may be highly exciting and deleterious ;
and, at the same time, wine in which the process of

160

TOTAL ABSTINENCE INCUMBENT.

fermentation is inceptive merely, and in which but
a small portion of its saccharine matter has been so
converted, may be both nutricious and healthful ; and
the more so, when the proportion in which these
elements exist in the cask, is the proportion in which
they existed in the cluster or the vat ; as that pro-
portion may be the proportion best suited to the
constitution of man, for whose use, in this state,
wine has been from the beginning spontaneously
furnished by the Creator himself.

Still it does not follow that even the pure blood
of the grape should now be used by us as a beverage.
The circumstances of society (since the grant to
Jacob) have changed ; distillation has been discov-
ered; chemistry has mingled new poisons in the
wine cup ; and to save the church and the world from
ruin, it has become necessary, and it is therefore, as
we have already said, incumbent on us, in the spirit
of the great law of Christian love, wholly to abstain
from the use of vinous beverage of every sort. Even
as medicine, intoxicating liquors will seldom be re-
quired ; other and safer remedies exist. As an ele-
ment at the Lord's Supper, the use of wine will in-
deed be perpetual. This, its sacramental use,, will be
considered in the next lecture ; to the consideration
of which, the distinction in wines and the principle
governing the selection hinted at in this, may be
coifsidered as preliminary. On all these several
questions, research and caution are necessary, for all
the circumstances that bear on such must be taken
into account if we would arrive at the true result.

i \

lich but
been so
ful ; and
h these
n which
iiat pro-
i to the
8 state,
meously

e blood
Bverage.
^rant to
1 discov-
; in the
rid from
efore, as
le spirit .

abstain
;. Even
n be re-

an ele-
will in-
, will be
leration
rinciple
may be

several

, for all
le taken
esult.

. LECTURE No. V,

WINE—ITS SACRAMENTAL USE.

The wiue made use of at the Paschal Supper, at the wedding at Ca:ia
of QaKlee— And the wine recommended to Timoth j.

In the preceding lecture we have shown that differ-
ent kinds of wine existed, and were known to exist
from remote antiquity, some of which were nalu-
bnous, sober wines, and some deleterious and intox-
icating.

Since these things are so, since different kinds of
wine exist, and are known to have existed from remote
antiquity — to ascertain which of these, whether salu^
brious and sober, or insalubrious and intoxicating
wine was used by our Lord in the Sacramental Sup-
per, it will be of use first to ascertain which of
these kinds of wine was used at the Paschal Supper.

And here it is obvious to remark that the fruit of
the vine in none of its forms constituted any part of
the original institution, as will appear from the thir-
teenth chapter of Exodus. On the contrary, on the
fourteenth of Nisan, a lamb without blemish, was by
each family to be eaten, with bitter herbs ; eaten
standing with their loins girded, their shoes on their

feet, their staves in their hands, and eaten in haBte«
161

162 UNINTOXICATING WINE USED AT PASSOVER.

In whatever form the fruit of the vine was subso-
quently used, it was probably introduced uftur the
settlement in Canaan — when the guests, in place of
standing ( as appears from John, xii., 23 ), reclined on
their left ann on couches placed round the table — a
posture which, according to the writers in the Tal-
mud, was an emblem of that rest and freedom which
God had granted to his people.

But at whatever time wine was introduced at the
paschal supper, it might be presumed, in the absence
of evidence to the contrary, that the kind selected
would be in keeping with the nature of the ordi-
nance. And this it should seem could not well be
intoxicating wine, since this w^ld but ill accord
with a solemnity in which bitter herbs were to be
eaten, and from which leaven was to be excluded.
" Unleavened bread shall be eaten seven days ; and
there shall no leavened bread be seen with thee,
neither shall there be leaven seen with thee in all thy
quarters.*'

Gesenius declares that the Hebrew word which
the English translators have rendered leaven^ applies
to wine as well as bread.

" The word chomets," says Mr. Herschell, a con-
verted Jew, *'has a wider signification than that
which is generally attached to * leaven,' by which it
is rendered in the English Bible, and applies to the
fermentation of corn in any form, to beer, and to all
fermented liquors."

The Rev. 0. F. Frey says, " that during the pass-
over Jews dare not drink anv liquor made from

TesTIMONT.

163

grain, nor any that has passed thro'jgh the process of
fermentation,"

The testimony of Mr. Frey is corroborated by
another Hebrew writer, who declares "that their
drink during the time of the feast is either pure
water or raisin wine prepared by themselves, but no
kind of leaven must be mixed therein."

And M. M. Noah, Esq., says in a recent publica-
tion : *♦ unfermented liquor or wine free from alcohol
was alone used in those times, as it is iised at the
present day at the passover."

But not to insist on this. Whatever the kind of
wine made use of at the paschal supper, it was
always, if the writers in the Talmud or even the
Christian fathers are to be credited, diluted with
water. •

* Dr. Lightfoot (I quote from Home's introduction to the Practical
Study of the Scriptures) Dr. Lightfoot has collected from the Talmud a.,
variety of pcssagcs relative to the Je'vish mode of celebrating the pa88>
over; from which wo have abridged the following particulars calculated
to illustrate the history of our Lord's last passover :

1. The guests being seated around the table, they mingled a cup of
wine with water, over which the master of the family gave thanks and
then drank it off. The thanksgiving for the wiue was, " Blessed be
thou, Lord, who hast created the fruit of the vine. Blessed be thou
for this good day and for this convocation which thou host given us for
joy and rejoicing. Blessed be thou, Lord, who hast sanctified Israel
and the times."

2. After which they washed I heir hands and the table was furnished
with the paschal lamb, bitter herbs and cakes of unleavened bread.

8. The person presiding took a leaf of salad, and having blessed God
for creating the fruit of the ground, he ate it, as did the other guests ;
after which, the table being cleared, the children were instructed in

Not*.

104

TESTIMOMT.

But if the wine made use of in the paschal sup*
per was diluted with water, then probably the
wine made use of at the supper of our Lord was also
diluted.

For we are told that, having on the night before
bis passion retired to an inner chamber at Jerusalem
and celebrated for the last time the paschal supper,
he took bread and the cup, and having blessed and
brake the one, and poured out the other, he gave both
to his disciples in token of his love and as memorialu

the nature of their feasts. In like mannfr the Saviour made use of the
Lord's Supper to declare the great mercy of God in our redemption, for
it shoiirs forth the Lord's death until he come.

4. Replacing the supper they explained the import of the bitter
Derbs and paschal lamb, repeating the 118th and 114th psalms, with
xn eucharistic prayer.

0. The hands were again washed, and the master, after an ejacula*
lory prayer, proceeded to break and bless a cake of unleavened bread,
which he distributed, reserving a portion thereof for the last morsel;
( the rule, after the destruction of the Temple, was to conclude by
eating a small piece of unleavened brea').

In like manner our Lord, upon instituting the sacrament of the
ettcharist, which was prefigured by the passover, took bread, and
having blessed it, brake it and gave it to his disciples, saying, Take, eat,
this is my body which is broken for you. This do in remembrance
of me.

6. They then ate the remainder of the cake with bitter herbs, dip*
ping the bread into the cha'*oseth or sauce provided. To which
practice the Evangelists Matthew and Mark a'lude ; into which
our Savior is supposed to lave dipped the pop which he gave to
Judas.

7. Next they ate the flush of the peace olTerings which had been
sacrificed, and then the padchul lamb, wh ich was followed by returning
».banks to God.

LOBD*S SUPPER.

166

\a\ mip*
bly the
vas also

before
rusalem

supper,
od and
ve both
rnorial*

i8e of the
iptioD, for

he bitter
ms, with

ejacula*
Bd bread,

morsel;
$Iude by

t of the
ead, and
'ake, eat,
mbrance

rbs, dip*

which

> which

gave to

Did been
sturoing

f|f his death ; which solemnity was thereafter to be
repeated, that by its repetition his death might be
showed forth until his second coming.

As our Lord in this latter ordinance, for aught that
appears, made use of the elements previously pre-
pared for the former ordinance, it may fairly be con-
cluded, that if water was mingled in the wine, con-
tained in the cup made use of in the former, it was
also mingled in the wine contained in the cup made
use of in the latter.

8. A cup of wUie was then filled, over which they blessed Qod, and
hence it was called the cup of blessing. To which circumstance Paul
alludes when he says : ** The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not
the communion of the body of Ohrist ?" It was at this part of the
Paschal Supper that the Lord took the cup and said : " This i« the New
Testament in my blood which ia shed for you and for many for the re-
mission of idns."

9. The last eup was called the cup of hallel, over whicb they sang
or recited the Psahns from the 116th to the llStb inclusiye, and con*
eluded.

in like manner our Lord and his disciples, when they had sung on
hymn, departed to the Mount of Olires.

So much in relation to the wine of the Passover.

Besides the passover, there was a mingling of wine with water at the
feast of the tabernacle in the Temple, referred to by our Lord, John,
vii., 87 and 38, and fully described by the Talmudists :

** When the fruits of sacrifice were laid on the altar, one of the priests
with a golden tankard went to the fountain Siloion and there filled it
with water. He returned back into the court of the temple through
the water gate. The trumpet sounded. On the altar stood two basins^
one containing wine, and the other empty, into which the water was
poured ; and they were poured into each other by way of oblation.
The ceremony was in honor of Qod ; and in gratitude for supplying
water to the children of Israel in the wilderness."

166

KECE8SITT OF DILUTIOV.

And thuB the Fathers of the church believed, aud
the early councils authoritatively ordered.* But it' the
wine made use of in these offices of religion was not
tntoxicatingi why wat it diluted with water ? Does not
its dilution prove that it was intoxicating wine? Cer-

* Tho Oouncil of Trent decreed ( ch. ?, the mass ) : ** Further, the
Holy Oouncil reminds all men thut the priests are commanded by tho
church to mix water in the wine in the cup, when they offer the sacri-
fice ; partly because Christ the Lord is believed to have done the same,
and partly because water together with blood flowed from his side,
which sacrament is brought to remembrance by this mixture."

Says Cave, in his Primitive Cnristiauity, speaking of the earl/
Christians :

*' Their sacramental wine waa generally diluted and mixed with water,
as is evident from Justin Martyr, Irencus, Cyprian and others. Cyprian
in a long epistle expressly pleads for it, as the only true and warraata*
blc tradition, derived from Christ and his Apostles, and endeavors to
find out mar^j mystical significations intended by it, and seems to io^
male as if he had been peculiarly warned of God so to observe it.*'

In like manner the sacramental wine was originally diluted in th«
Episcopal Church ; and among the changes made in the Book of Com-
mon Prayer, is expressly mentioned. ** The omitting the rubric that
ordered water to be mixed with the wine " used in the eucharist.
Wheatly, iu his apology for this omission, says that Dr. Lightfoot ol>>
serves from the Babylonlnh Talmud that this (" the fruit of the vine ")
was a term the Jews used in their blerisings for wine mixed with water.
He admits that before the time of Oiigen the mixture was the general
practice of the church. That F. Cyprian pleads strenuously for the
mixture, and urges it from the practice and example of our Lord.
" And indeed,*' says he, " it must be confessed that the mixture Iiaa
iu all ages been the general practice, and for that reason was e!^oined,
as has been noticed above, to be continued in our chur Jt by the first
reformers."

Says Palmer, in bis antiquities of the English ritual : " The custom
of mingling water with tho wine of the eucharist is one which prevf^iled

PROBABILITT IN0HEA8KD.

167

tainlj not. Other qualities apart from its contained
alcohol may have rendered dilution necessary. The
unintoxicating wines of antiquity were often thick
and even ropy, and therefore required to be diluted
to fit them for convenient and sometimes for health*
ful and pleasurable use. *

iniTersally in the Christian church from the earliest ages. Justin Mar*
tjT of Syria, Ircncus of Gaul, Clemens of Alexandria, and Cyprian of
Carthage, bear testimony to its prevalence in the second and third oen*
turies. There is in fact no sort of reason to deny that the Apostles
themselves had the same custom. It is even probable that the cup
which our Savior blessed at the last supper contained water as well as
wine, since it appears that it was generally the practice of the Jews to
mix the paschal cup, which our Savior used in instituting the sacrament
of his blood.**

Bernard, in speaking of persons who thought water essential, adds :
** The judgment of theologians is certain, that consecration is valid
even if water be omitted, though he who omits it is guilty of a serioui
offence."

In the Church of England the wine of the eucharist was always no
doubt mixed with water. In the canons of the Anglo-Saxon church,
published in the time of King Edgar, it is eiyoined.that no priest sha'l
celebrate the liturgy, unless he have all things that pertain to the holy
eucharist, that is, a pure oblation, pure wine and pure water. In after
ages we find no canons made to enforce the use of water, for it was an
established custom : certainly none can be more canonical or more con>
formable to the practice of the primitive church.

* Pliny says it was common in Italy and Greece to boil their wines :
thus the must was sometimes boiled down to one-half and sometimes
to one-third part of its quantity. The wines of Arcadia, as we have
seen, were declared by Aristotle to be so thick that they dried up in
the goat skins ; that it was the practice to scrape them off, and dissolve
the scrapings in water. Very similar to the wines of Arcadia were the
wines of Lebanon and Helbon, spoken of in Scripture. The wines of
Syria, among the best of which were those of Lebanon, are, says a

Non.

168

PROBABILITT IKCKEASBD.

Since then the unintoxicuting wines of antiquity
required dilution, and since the wines made use of in
the offices of religion were actually diluted, the fact
of their dilution increases rather than diminishes the
presumption that the wines so made use of were un-
intoxicating wines.

On the whole, since the bread of the passover
must be unleavened, that is unfermented ; since the
ube, nay, even the possession of leaven wa^i prohibited
during this festival ; since many of the modern Jews,
who may be supposet^ to understand the usages of
their fathers better than we do, refuse even now the
use of fermented wine in the cup of blessing which
they bless — to say the least, it is not improbable

modtrn traveler, " prepared by boiling immediately aAcr tbey are ex*
preaaed (torn the grape.** There is reason to believe, nays W. 0. Brown,
that this mode of boiling their wines was in general practice among the
ancients. It is still retained in some parts of Provence, where it ia
called cooked wine. " The wines of Syria,** says Hons. Volney, '* are
of three sorts, the red, the white, and the yellow. The white, which
are the most rare, are so bitter as to be disagreeable : the two others,
on the contrary, are too sweet and sugary. This arises fh)m their being
boiled, which makes them resemble the buked wines of Provence.
The general custom of the country is to reduce the must to two-thirds
of its quantity.

*' The yellow wine is much esteemed among our merchants, under
the name of Golden Wine (Vin d'or), which hns been given to it from
its color. The most esteemed is produced from the hill sides of the
Zouk, a village of Mazbeth, near Antoura. It is not necessary tohefit
it, but is too sugary. Such are the wines of Lebanon, so boasted by the
Grecian and Roman epicures. It is probable that the inhabitants of
Lebanon hare made no change in their ancient method of making
wirop, nor in tlie culture of their vinos." — Volney'i Travels in Egypt
and Si/ria, vol. ii., ch. 29, p. 206, f^d. 1786.

ARQUMEMT FKOM USE INCONCLUSIVE.

109

ntiquity
[ige of in
the fact
islics the
vere un-

passover
since the
rohibited
jrn Jews,
isagcs of
I now the
ng which
nprobable

they are ex-
N. G. Brown,
ice among the
le, where it if
rolney, "are
prhite, wWch
e two othert,
their being

of Provence.

to two-thirds

ihanti, under »
en to it from
1 sides of the
iissary tohejxt
loastcd by the
^habitants of ■
Dd of making
iu in Egypt

that unferniented wine as well as unfermented bread
was made use of at the paschal supper, and if at th«
paschal supper, then probably at tbo supper of our
Lord.

Nor let it be forgotten, that however much may of
late have been said by the disciples about fermented,
that is, intoxicating wine, the Master has said nothing
of the use of wine of any kind in that solemnity.
Nor is the term wine ever once employed by tho
sacred wiiters in connection with tiie sacramental
supper. It was the *< cup " that Jesus Christ gave
to his disciples ; and neither fermented nor unfermented
wincj but the ** fruit of tue vine'' are the terms
by which the contents of that cup are, by hrm that
poured it out designated. And surely the pure blood
of the grape, as it is expressed from the cluster, is
quite as intelligible and striking an emblem of the
blood of Christ, and quite as truly the fruit of the
vine, as that same blood of the grape will be after
continued fermentation shall have converted a nutri-
tive and health ''^x mto an intoxicating and deleterious
beverage. And if it be so, then surely it may be
used on sacramental occasions without scruple and
without offence.

As to the dilution of the paschal and sacramental
wine with water, the usage may be said to have been
peculiarly pertinent and proper, if the wine itself
was unfermented wine, because such wine often, if
not usually, required dilution.

If these things are so — if the wine used in primi-
tive times and on sacred occasions, and whether fer-

170

IIAKUIAGK AT C'ANA AT OALILEe.

monted or unfeniiontL'd. was dilufod with water—-
then how inconclusive the argument drawn from such
usage, in favor of the uho, as a common beverage, of
fcnnonted wine without dilution f

As to the wine at Canaof Oalilee, if it be arrogant
to assume that it was certainly not intoxicating, it is
no less arrogant to assume that it certainly was intoxi-
cating. AH that the sacred text communicatcR is,
that water was converted into wine; but the question
Hs to the kind of wine, is left an open question ; and
the same, for aught asserted to the contrary, may
have been the wine of Ilelbon or of Lebanon, or of
any of those numerous kinds of wine alluded to by
Pliny. Some of which wines were bitter, poisonous
and stupefoctive ; some sweet, healthful and invigo-
rating ; and some acid, fragrant and refreshing. Amid
this variety, which was selected as the most appro-
priate for manifesting the Saviour's power and good-
ness in his first miracle, has not been told us, and can,
therefore, only be inferred from the occasion, the per-
son performing the miracle, and the circumstances
under which it was performed.

What, then, was the occasion, who were the
guests, who the person performing tlve miracle, and
at what stage of the entertainment was it performed ?

The occasion was the solemnization of an ordinance
of God ; the guests were grave, devout persons ; Jesus,
the mother and disciples of Jesus, were there ; the
person performing the miracle was Jesus himself;
the time was near the close of the entertainment,
when the guests, it would seem, had already well

rnoBADLT •*oood" wine.

171

drank, and the original supply of wine provided
wai exhausted, and the additional supply furnished
at this lut(! hour wii8, iu the judgnu^nt of the master
of the festival, of the iikst quality.
' Had Pliny, Columella, Thcoplirastus, Plutarch,
and other ancient sages, some of whom were cotem'
porary with the Apostles, presided at tiiis festival,
the question at issue as to the kind of wine miracu-
lously supplied, woidd have been decided; for these
men have sut in judgment on the quality of wines,
and pronounced the weaker, unintoxicating wines
the bettor wines.

But tliesc men did not preside at this festival, and
whether the master of the feast, who did, agreed
with them in tiieir opinion concerning the relative
goodness of wines, we are not informed, and will
not, therefore, presume nuthoritatively to decide ;
but, on the contrary, leave the question whether the
Saviour of the worhl miraculously supplied on this
occasion deleterious, exciting, intoxicating wine, or
sober, moral, unintoxicating wine, to be passed on
by the enlightened reason and conscience of others.

For ourselves, however, we may be permitted to
say, in view of all the circumstances of the case, we
incline to the opinion that the wine declared hy the
master of the feast to be "good wine " was good wi7ie f
— good in the sense that Pliny, Columella or Theo-
phrastus would have used the the term " good " when
applied to wine ; that is, good because nutritious and
unintoxicating ; and of which the guests, even at such
an hour,miglit drink freely and without apprehension,

17S

PAUL*fl DIBE0TIOH8 TO TIMOTHY.

beoAuae it wai wine which, though it would refreth
and cheer, would not derange, demoralize or intoxi-
cate.

But bo tliis ai it may, did not Paul oxpresily
recommend the use of wine to Timothy V Ho did lo.
But it wftH but little, and that mcdicinuUy. Hit
words arc, *' Prink no longer water, but uso a little
wine for thy stomach's sake, and thine often infirmi-
ties.*' Doth the qflantity and the quality of the
wine recommended hero arc indicated.

Timothy at the time was an invalid, and Paul was
proscribing fur him as such. The quantity of wine
prescribed was smnlly the kind medicinal for it was
prescribed for his stomach's sake and his many infir-
mities.

Though we do not know what all the infirmities
of Timothy were, we do know that among them was
a discoscd or disordered stomach; and the wine pre-
scribed, be the kind what it may, must by the
apostle have been deemed good for such a stomach.

Now at the time this prescription wu8 given,
there was in use, as we have seen, wines, the pure
juice or blood of the grape, in the state in which it
was expressed — ^also wines containing a diminished
quantity of succhnrine matter and an increased quan-
tity of alcohol, produced by converting the former
into the latter by continued fermentation — as well
as wines to which drugs had been ad<1ed, most of
which were intoxicating, and some of which, as Ar-
istotle and Pliny both affirm, were deleterious, and
** produced headaches, dropsy, madness, dysentery

KrrKCTS OP ALCOIIUL ON Tllli: 810MACU. 178

I refresh
r intoxi-

>xpreMly
[«^ did lo*
ly. Hit

I) a little
I iiiBrmi*
J uf tlie

Paul was

of wine

»r it was

any infir-

iifinnitics
tlicin was
^•ine prc-
by tlie
;omach.
s given,
the p\iro
wliicli it
minished
ed quan-
e former
—as well
most of
h, as Ar-
0U8, and
ysentery

and . tomach complaints; ** and some of which, on
the contrary, as tho same authors ailiim, were salu-
brious and medicinal, and particularly commended
for enfeebled or **(liHeaN(>d stonuudiN."

Although we do not know the eifect produced
upon the human stomach, by all the poisons con«
tained in ancient drugged wines, we do know the
effect produced upon that delicate organ by alcohol*
the poison contained in fermented wine; for it has
been made apparent from post mortem examinations.
** Alcohol used frorpiently and in oonsi lerable quan-
tities causes iuflauunation of this delicate organ,
which is generally of tiie clironic kind/* This disease
is insidious in its character and slow iu its efleots,
but it invariably advances while the noxious cause is
continually applied, until great induration, schirrous,
and sometim^es cancers and ulcers, are the deplorable
consequences.

The pyloric and cardiac orifices become occasionally
indurated and contracted, and when this is the case,
death soon puts an end to the tantalizing suflering
of the wretched victim.

But not from post mortem examinations alone are
the effects of alcohol upon the human stomach made
apparent.

By a singular providence, ocular demonstration
of these effects, while in progress, has been furnished.

A young Canadian, St. Martin by name, was
wounded by a cannon ball, which in its passage
opened an orifice in his stomach, which, though tha.
wound was healed, was never closed.

171

EXPERIMBNTS UPON ST. IfARTIN.

>. i

Hence it became necessary, in ordar to prevent th#
escape of food, to cover that orifice by a pad.

Dr. Beaumont, the army surgeon, who effected
the cure, being impressed with a sense of the import-
ance of the opportunity thus furnished for investi-
gating the progress of digestion, received the young
man into his fumilyv and instituted a series of experi-
ments, which were continued two or three years.

During these experiments he found, that whenever
St. Martin drank fermented liquor, "the mucus
membrane of the stomach was covered with inflam-
matory and ulcerous patches, the secretions were
vitiated, and the gastric juice diminished in quantity,
and of an unnatural vicidity, and yet he described
himself as perfectly well, and complained of nothing.

** Two days subsequent to this, the inner membrane
of the stomach was usually morbid, the inflam-
matory appearance more extensive, the spots more
livid than usual : from the surface of some of them
exuded small drops of grumous blood : the ulcerous
patches were larger and more numerous ; the mucus
covering thicker than usual, and the gastric secretions
much more vitiated. Th*^ gastric fluids extracted
were mixed with a large proportion of thick ropy
mucus, and a considerable mucopurulent discharge,
slightly tinged with blood, resembling discharges
from the bowels in some cases of dysentery. Not-
withstanding this diseased appearace of the stomach,
no very essential aberration of its functions w^as
manifested. St. Martin complained of no symptoms
indicating any general derangement of the system,

r J >

'event th#
Ad.

» effected

;e import-

ir investi-

he young

of experi-

years.

whenever

le mucus

h inflam-

ons were

quantity,

described

f nothing.

nembrauG

e inflam-

ots more

of them

ulcerous

e mucus

ecretions

xtracted

pck ropy

iseburge,

Ischarges

Not-

ktomach,

Ions was

[mptoms

I system,

PAUL BBCOHMBNDED WINE HEDICINALLT.

175

except an uneasy sensation and tenderness at the pit
of the stomach, and some vertigo with dimness and
yellowness of vision on stooping down and rising
up again/' Dr. Beaumont further observed, that
** the free use of ardent spirits, wine, beer, or any
other intoxicating liquor, when continued for some
days, has invariably produced these changes."

Now whatever may have been the other infirmities
in question, is it probable that Paul recommended
even a little of that kind of wine which produced
such effects on the stomach, to be drunk ^ , his
young friend Timothy for his "stomach's sake?'*
Especially, is this probable, when there existed at
the time other kinds of wine known to be harmless
not only, but medicinal also ; nay, even adapted
especially to disordered or diseased stomachs'?

If any, in view of so many probabilities to the
contrary, shall, notwithstanding, be of this opinion,
they will, it is to be hoped, since the question cannot
be authoritr-tively and infallibly settled, admit that it
is not altogether w^ithout color of reason, that the
advocates of total abstinence from all that can intoxi-
cate differ from them in opinion. But though the
probability were much greater than it is believed to
be, that the wine recommended by Paul to Timothy
was intoxicating wine, still it would be obvious to
remark, that it was recommended medicinally, and
has therefore no bearing on the use of wine in health
and as a common beverage. And it is also obvious
to remark, that be the kind of wine in question what

it may, up to the time this recommendation was
Nor.

i \

176

HABITS OF PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANS.

i K

given, Timothy was, in the fullest sense, a cold water
drinker ; and that an apostolic recommendation was
necessary to induce him to take even a little wine,
and that medicinally ; and judge ye, what must have
been the state of society, and the conviction of duty
among Christians, at a time when such a license was
requisite for sucji a purpose.

With all that tendency to ultraism said to prevail
at present, it may be doubted whether evangelists
might not even now be found who, though in health,
would require no sucli license for such a liberty ; and
it may also be doubted, whether a mighty change
does not yet remain to be effected in our manners,
before our abstinence will equal the abstinence of
primitive Christians, or come within those limits
which the Bible prescribes.

Speaking of the exemplaiy and self-denying habits
of those Christians, says Minutius Felix : " Our feasts
are not only chaste but sober ; we indulge not our-
selves in banquets, nor make our feasts with^wine,
but temper our cheerfulness with gravity and serious-
ness." With these primitive habits, how will the
habits of modern Christians compare ? To say nothing
of public festivals, how is it at ordinary meals and
among those select and exemplary persons called by
way of eminence, temperate drinkers ? Alas ! that it
should be so, but so it is, among such temperate
drinkers, wines, even intoxicating wines, are drunk
habitually and freely and without dilution ; a license
this, which, among the more moral Pagans, was
fonnerly deemed disreputable. The Greeks regar I

did water
Uion was
:t1e wine,
nust have
n of duty
:ense was

to prevail
rangelists
in health,
3rty ; and
:y change
manners,
nence of
se limits

ng habits
)ur feasts
not our-
th wine,
i serious-
will the
nothing
eals and
ailed by
! that it
mperate
re drank
a license
uis, w^as
.8 regar I

CUSTOMS AMONG THE GREEKS.

177

andiluted wine as the symbol of drunkenness, and
as constituting the boundary between the sober and
moral and the dissolute and drunken.

Laws were enacted, as we have shown, disallow-
ing wine not mixed with water to be drank even at
festivals.

Young men below thirty, and women all their
lives, were forbidden to drink intoxicating wine at
all as a common beverage.

And wine among the Romans, when drank on
ordinary occasions, and by men of character,, was
always diluted with water.*

Whereas among us, wine, intoxicating wine, even
brandied wine, is drank, and drank unmixed, as a
common beverage, by men, women and children ;
and drank, too, without reproach, without scruple,
and perhaps even occasionally on principle and for
conscience sake.

It is impossible to have glanced, even as we have
doi . in passing, at the opinions and practices of
primitive times, without being struck with our man-
ifest departure from that reserve and caution once
observed in the use of liquors, the product even of
the vineyard and the wine press.

*Pottor'8 AnliqaiUca.

LECTURE No, VI.

THINGS, NOT NAMES.

How wines called by the same name can be distinguished — Absti-
nence from wine urged on the ground of expediencj.

If in primitive times, as has been attempted to be
shown, distinct kinds of wine actually existed, some
of which were pure, healthful, and a fit emblem of
mercy ; and some of which were impure, deleterious,
and a fit emblem of wrath, it might naturally be
expected, it is said, that products and preparations
so distinct in their nature and opposite in their
eftJBcts, would invariably have been designated by
terms equally distinct ; and some of the advocates
of total abstinence may have unadvisedly assumed
that such was actually the case.

I say unadvisedly, for though such an assumption
would be verified by an appeal to the sacred text, in
many oases, as we have shown, still it would not be
uniformly and universally so verified, and the dis-
covery that it would not, has by the opponents of
total abstinence been hailed as a signal and decisive
triumph.

NO coNi'usioN OK THixaa.

179

ed — AbsU-

cy.

;ed to be
;ed, some
iblem of
cterious,
irally be
)aratioDS
in their
lated by
dvocates
assumed

iimption
text, in
1 not be
the dis-
lents of
decisive

With how mucli reason it has been so hailed, will,
by an attention to things, in place of names, ulti-
mately become apparent.

For however numerous and various and inter-
changeable the terms may be, which are used to de-
note those different kinds of vinous preparations of
which the Bible speaks, all of which terms in our
translation are rendered mtie, the broad and notorious
fact, that a marked and mighty difference existed be-
tween the different kinds of such preparations, is not
a whit the less undeniable on that account.

Be the confusion of terms then^ithat it may, there
is no confusion of things ; different kinds of wine
actually existed, and are known to have existed, some
of which were intoxicating, and some of which were
not intoxicating.

The one kind usually safe and salutary, the other
always dangerous, often hurtful, and sometimes even
deadly.

By calling both by the same name, though they
were uniformly so called, which they are not, would
not alter the nature of either. •

* See the analysis of Scripture texts hi Lecture Third, from which
it will appear, that though yan/in in Hebrew, like wine In English, is
used for vinous beverage of every kind, tirosh is uniformly used for the
unfertnented fruit )f the vine, as it exists in the cluster or ou the vine
or in the vat, and never for the fermented fruit of the vine as it exista
in the cask ; and that amis is used for the droppings of the juice from
the cluster, or newly expressed in the vat, as aobhe seema to be for the
same when inspissated, so that it is not the fact that in Hebrew no dis-
tinction is made between the different kin Js of vinous beverage called
wine in English. {See Appendix, A.)

NOTT.

...Ji

IdO

MOT DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH.

But if both kinds of wiiiu ure culled by the same
name, how can the two be distinguished? How?
As other dissimilar things are distinguished by their
distinctive attributes and effects.

When the fruU of the vine is spoken of at one
time as the syaibol of mercy, ir^ at another time as
the symbol of wrath, even though the same terms
were used in both cases, would it follow that they
were used in both in the same sense, and that in both
the same kind of wine was in the contemplation of
the prophet ?

There is a kind of vinous preparation, pure, bland,
cheering, a fit emolem of mercy ; and there is also
another kind of vinous preparation, impure, deleteri-
ous, demoralizing, maddening, a fit emblem of wrath.

And whatever may be the similarity, or even iden-
tity of terms employed in referring to these distinct
kinds of preparation as emblems, w^ho would be at a
loss to divine which of these two kinds of prepara-
tion was referred to as an emblem of mercy, and
which as an emblem of wrath ?

If " teetotalers " cannot in all cases prove by ver-
bal criticism, when wine is spoken of in terms of
commendation, that unintoxicating wine is meant,
because the terms employed are common to both
intoxicating and unintoxicating wines, their oppo-
nents, be it remembered, cannot, for the same re»-v
son, prove the contrary.

What the truth is, however, is not the less disco-
irerabl^ on that account. For the real question at
istue iti not a question of words, but of facts.

1LLU8TBATI0N BT ANALOOT.

181

3 samo
How?
^ their

at one
time as
I terms
at they
in both
ition of

!, bland,

s is also

ieleteri-

f wrath,
u id en-
distinct
be at a
repara-
cy, and

by ver-

jrms of

meant,

Ito both

oppo-

e re}»^

disco-
stion at

Whether distinct kinds of vinous preparations, the
one intoxicating and the other not, actually existed
in the Holy Land, and whether the Bible recognizes
their existence, and not whether they are always
designated by different names, is what concerns us to
know.

And the fact that such 'distinct kinds of wine did
exist, the one intoxicating and the other not, and that
the Bible does recognize their existence, are facts,
and facts which denial cannot alter.

More than this the friends of total abstinence from
all that intoxicates may not claim, and more than this
the cause of total abstinence does not require.

Let us attempt an illustration by analogy.

What we call bread may either be made of the
flour of wheat, of rye, of corn, of barley, of oats —
or it may be made of the starch of the potato, or of
various other farinaceous vegetables ; it may be made
even of bran, even of spurred rye, than which few
poisons aie more destructive to the health or fatal to
the life of man. Moreover, the same may be fer-^
mented or unfermen ted— debased by the mixture of
innutritions ingredients, and even of the most deadly
poisons ; but however made, or of whatever made,
it is still called bread.

But because it is so called, are wc to believe, when
bread is spoken of in terms of commendation, that
among all the kinds of bread which exist, the
very vilest of them all is had in contemplation ; or
because the use of bread is sanctioned in the Bible,
sanctioned habitually, sanctioned even at the com-

182

MIXED WINES.

munion table, are we to believe that the use of that
nort of broad which is known to be destructive of
health, and even of life, is therefore sanctioned ?

And that although it might be well to partake
sparingly of this bread of disease and death, still to
abstain from its use altogether, since the use of bread
is authorized by the Bible, would be both ultra and
funatical ?

Who does not know that mixed vinous beverages
are sometimes spoken of in the Bible, in terms of
commendation, and at other times in terms of con-
demnation? And who does not also know that a
corresponding difference existed in the mixtures
themselves ?

Some being mixed with pure water or healthful
medicaments, and some with deleterious drugs — the
former by wisdom for her abstemious votaries, the
latter by folly for her licentious guests.

And who, knowing this will believe that because
both preparations are called mixed wines, it cannot,
therefore, be known, when these terms occur, which
mixture is meant? And because it cannot, that all
the commendations of ** mixed wines " contained in
the Bible may be legitimately claimed for those stupe-
fying or maddening mixtures, prepared for idolaters
in their worship, for convicts at their executions, or
even for the guests of harlots in their adulterous
chambers ?

Be the ideutity of the terms employed what it
may, the distinctness of the mixtures indicated by

WHICH IS THE BEST WINE.

183

ihoir U80, is not a whit the less real or intelligible on
that account.

The same may bo said, and with equal truth, of
unmixed vinous beverages.

The good and the bud stand out in contrast on the
sacred page ; and not the less distinguishable because
both are sumetimos dtaiguated by one common name,
each kind being made apparent, notwithstanding
this identity of name, by the manner of its use, the
effects produced, or by the terms of pruise or dispraise
joined in the context.

Since then there existed, and was known by the
sacred writers to have existed in Palestine, different
kinds of wine, distinct in their nature and opposite
in thqir effects ; the one safe and salutary, the other
dangerous and sometimes deadly — the one the pure
juice of the grape — the other the juice of the grape
after having become deleterious, by a change wrought
therein by continued fermentation or by drugging ;
since these two kinds of wine existed, and were
known to exist, will it be pretended, when whie is
spoken of, at one time as an emblem of mercy and
at another as an emblem of wrath — that it cannot
in either case be known which kind of wine was in
the contemplation of the speaker? And if so, why ?

Is it because it cannot be known which kind of'
wine, the good or the bad, is the fitter emblem of
mercy, and which of wrath ? or whether the bad and
the good are not each equally fitted to become an
emblem of either ?

184

TBI COVVIOnOX I1ID1CATE8 IT.

When Moiei ipeaki of a wine that dishonored
Noah, that polluted Lot — a wine thut ii the poison
of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps — when
Isaiah speaks of a wine that causes priests and even
prophets to err in vision and stumble in judgment,
so that it could be said in reference to its effects :
** All tables ore full of vomit and filthiness, and there
is no place clean'*— when Solomon speaks of a wine
that is a mocker, that biteth like a serpent and
stingeth like an adder— that causeth wounds and
sorrow, and may not even be looked upon— when
Asaph speaks of a wine of retribution, poured from
a cup in the hand of God, the dregs whereof are to
be wrung out and drank by the wicked $ ii it to be
believed that the wine in question is the lam^ kind
of wine as that which wisdom mingles ; to which
wisdom invites— a wine fitly joined with bread and
oil, and milk and honey, a wine that not only sua-
tains the life but mokes glad the heart of man? Is
thid to be believed, and believed in the face of so
much evidence to the contrary, because vinous pre-
parations, however distinct in their nature and oppo-
site in their effects, are designated by the same name
in the English Bible, and often even in the Greek
and Hebrew ?

But do not the very terms of the text alluded to,
** And wine that maketh glad the heart of man," do
not these terms show that the wine in the contem-
plation of the Psalmist was inebriating wine ? Not
in the judgment of "teetotalers,'* and why should they
be thought to do this in the judgment of other men ?

WINKS DaTmOT IN THBIR EKTBCTS.

185

5d to,
I," do
item-
Not
they
len?

It it bocaufo no joy evor arises in tlio bosom of
the pioui vine dresser, wlien, weary and exhausted,
he reclines beneath the shadow of his vine, breathes
the peculiar fragrance of its opening blossom, tastes
the rich flavor of its ripened fruits, or allays his burn-
ing thirst with the delicious and refreshing beverage
pressed fresh from its overhanging clusters ?

Although the sensualist, inMeuHiblo to the gratitude
that ought to be called forth by these bounties of
Providence, can perceive no gladness thut cuuld have
been excited in the bosom of the Isruelite by the
contemplation of the vine, except that which springs
from the intoxicating poison which its fermented
juice contains, ^till there are those who can, and it
is quite possible that the Psalmist did.

The wine commended by Duvid wns wine that
causes joy and gladness; thut is associated with oil
that causes man's face to shine, and bread that
strengtheneth man's heart. Whereas the wine con-
demned by Solomon was wine that causes ** wo and
sorrow," is associated with '* redness of eyes and
wounds without cause."

With what color of reason are wines producing
such opposite effects believed to be one and the
same article ?

And yet for the latter intoxicating, dementing, soul
destroying beverage, are claimed all the commenda-
tions of wine contained in the Bible, as confidently
and exclusively as if it were the only beverage that
the vine produced, or that God when speaking of
the vine regarded ; as confidently and exclusively at

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

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ISO SORIPrURE OOMMBKDATIONS IMTELLIOIBLE.

if the vine dresser derived no joys ftrom breathing
the fragrance, or reclining beneath the shadow of his
vine ; as if the clusters that hung from its richly
laden branches neither served to allay his hunger or
quench his thirst ; in one word, as confidently as if
the eye of the prophet, as he delivered his eulogium,
overlooking so many benefits and blessings, were
like the eye of the wine bibber, fixed only on the
treacherous, maddening contents of the intoxicating
chalice.

And yet, had the process producing intoxicating
wine never been discovered, not a drop of intoxica-
cafcing wine produced, the commendations of the
vine contained in the Bible would not have been a
whit the less intelligible or pertinent or proper on
that account.

And were that discovery lost, the fact of its exist-
ence forgotten, and the very law of God, by which
it is produced, obliterated from the book of nature,
no obliterations would in consequence be required
fVom the book of revelation, except only the oblitera-
tions of the cautions therein contained in relation to
the juice of the grape, in form of intoxicating wine ;
and except, also, the recorded condemnation of that
drunkenness that springs from the use of such
wine.

AH else that had been written, and written in
commendation of the grape and the vine, and the
vineyard and the wine press, might remain un-
touched, and would not, I repeat it, be a whit the
less intelligible or pertinent or proper than before.

DB. DUFF.

187

That the voluntary transformation of the fruit of
the vine or orchard, or the barley field, into intoxi-
cating liquor by continuous fermentation is a profile
nation, I will not affirm ; nor will I affirm that the
article so produced in certain cases may not be useful
and used with innocence—- but I will affirm that for
the wine bibber to claim for intoxicating wine fche
exclusive commendations pronounced by Moses and
the Prophets in favor of the vine and the vineyards of
the Holy. Land, is as absurd as it would be for the
cider drinker to claim in like manner for cider, the
commendation of the apple tree by Solomon, or the
beer drinker for beer, the commendation of barley
by Jeremiah, or even the whiskey drinker for whis-
key, those beautiful allusions of the Saviour himself,
to the husbandman, the harvest field and the reapers.*

In in

the
un-
the
te.

* Says the Rev. Dr. Duflf, " In these coontries mantled with Tine-
yards, one cannot help learning the true intent and use of the vine in
the scheme of Providence. In our own laud iHne has become so ex-
clusively a mere luxury, or what is worse, by a species of manufacture,
an intoxicating beverage, that many have wondered how the Bible
speaks of wine, in conjunction with com, and other such supports of
animal life. Now, in passing through the region of vineyards in the
east of France, one must at once perceive that the vine greatly
flourishes on slopes and heights, where the soil is too poor and gravelly
to maintain either com ft>r food or pasture for cattle. But what is the
providential design in rendering this soil — favored by a genial atmos-
phere — so productive of the vine, if its fruits become solely either an
article of luxury or an instrument of vice ? The answer is, that Prov-
idence bad no such design. Look at the peasant and his meals In vine
bearing districts. Instead of milk, he has a badn of pure unadultera-
ted * blood of the grape.* In this, its naUve, original state, it if a pbda,

Korr.

188 0A8B HERB DIFFBBENT TO THAT OF AMOlBNTfl.

Ai healthful, lober, as well as deleterious intozi-
oatiog wines existed, and as the same terms are fre*
quently applied indiscriminately to both, it is not
and cannot be shown to be certain that deleteriout
intoxicating wine is even spoken of with approbation
throughout the entire Bible.

But though it were otherwise, though the com-
mendations of the vine in the Bible were merely
commendations of intoxicating wine rr- and though it
were admitted that the habitual use of such wine ar
a beverage were both safe and salutary in Palestine,
it would not follow that such use of it would be either
safe or salutary here. *

rimple and whoIeBome liqaid ; which, at erery repast, becomes to the
husbandman what milk is to the shepherd — not a luxury but a neees*
sary — not an intoxioutlng, but a nutritive iMverage. Hence, to the
Tine dressing peasant of Auxerre, for example, an abundant vintage,
as connected with his own immediate sustenance, is as important as an
ovorflowing dairy to the pastoral peasant of Ayrshire. And hence, by
such a view of the subject, are the language and the sense of the
Scripture vindicated from the very appearance of favoring what is mere*
ly luxurious or positively uoxipus, when it so constantly magnifies a well
l«plenishod wine press, in a rooky, mountainous country, like that of
Palestine, as one of the richest bounties of a generons Providence."

* lutiaicating wife here is not what it was in Palestine. Even
Palm wuie, the strong drink of Scripture, coptained but very little
alcohol.

The strongest native wine which the mere fruit of the vine produces^
contains only about one-third of the alcoholic poisons contained in the
stronger and more favorite alcoholic wines here in use.

In view of this fact, would it follow that because it was Scriptural
to drink the alcoholic wines of Palestine, that « was also Scrir*|ral
to drink our intoxicating wines, in which so much intcnser p 'pat

OORSUPTION DY DISTILLKD LIQUORS.

169

Here the uad of wine, by moderate drinkers, oreatoi
the taste and prepares the way for the use of brandy,
and, among reclauned inebriates, reestablishes the
taste and reopens the way for a return to it again.

We are no longer what we once were, distinguished
for sobriety.

In this one respect at least we have changed for the
worse our social character, all classes of community
having, previous to the late attempt at reformation,
acquired the taste and become accustomed to the use,
in sQme of its forms, of alodholic stimulants ; so that,
not without reason, a distinguished statesman not
long since said that we were in danger of becoming
a nation of drunkards — and it is well if this be not
even still the case.

Long familiarized to the use of distilled liquors,
and corrupted by that use, we cannot (however
others might) safely indulge in the use of mere fer-
mented liquors ; so that could we obtain the fermented
winps of Spain, France, Italy, or even of the Holy
Land, no matter in what purity or abundance, with
our present love of rum, gin, brandy, and even

cure contained? And even though this absurdity would follow, the
argument in favor of the use of wine by us, under existing eircum-
stances, would still be iiiconclusrve. We live in a different age. Our
climate, our eoiistitution, our habits, are different from those of tho
aaoiont dwellers in the Holy Land.

And beudes, since the canon of scriptoro was completed, distillation
hits been invented, or at least, introduced into Europe. Hence, we
have come into the possession of vastly intenser stimulants than the
strongest wines in the Holy Land Aimished.

190

QUESTIONS PUT.

whiskey, and our facilities for procuring them, even
■uch wines and in such abundance, it is believed,
would not prove a blessing but a curse ; so that with
our propensities and habits, the only alternative is
abstinence or ruin.

I am aware that ** teetotalism,** as it is called, it
smiled at by some as a weakness, ridiculed by oth(>rs
as a folly, and by others censured as a crime ; and I
am also aware that there is nothing imposing or
exclusive in the use of water, that common beverage
furnished by God himself in such abundance for the
convenience and comfort of man ; and that he who
uses no other beverage, must remain a stranger to
that transient and fitful joy, that alternates with a
corresponding sorrow in the bosoms of those who
indulge in the more fashionable use of intoxicating
liquors. Still, in the view of that withered intellect,
those blighted hopes, those unnatural crimes, and
that undying misery, that the use of these liquors
everywhere occasions, I put it to the candor of eviery
ingenious man who hears me, even among those who
still indulge in that use, whether we who have abjured
it, have not, under the existing state of things, a very
intelligible and weighty reason for our conduct ?

Will not the thought, as you return to your homes
to-night and sit down amid a virtuous and beloved
family, but a family familiarized to the use of intoxi
eating liquors in some of those forms which fashion
sanctions — will not the thought that those same
liquors, to the temperate use of which you are
accustomed in your household, must be to them the

WHY BBUNQUIBR ABV8BD COMPORTS ? 191

JViBry

who

jured
very

)me8

loved

boxi

Ihion

iame

are

the

occasion of so much peril ; perhaps of so much
suffering ; suffering in which, though they escope, so
many other human beings must participate ; — ^will
not the thought of this mar the pleasure to be derived
from that cup which is to be hereafter, as it has here-
tofore been to multitudes who drank of it, the eup
of death?

Will not the thought of those uncounted thousands
who have lived and died accursed on this planet, in
consequence of intoxicating liquors ; and those other
and yet other thousands who will hereafter so live
and die upon it, as long as the use of such liquors
shall continue to be tolerated ; and will not the
thought of this wanton, gratuitous and unmeasured
misery abate somewhat the displeasure you have
felt, and soften the severity of the censures in which
you have indulged against those who have combined
to banish the use of those liquors as a beverage from
the earth ? More than this, will it not induce you^
after all, to cooperate with us in consummating so
humane and benevolent an enterprise ?

Not now to question the healthfulness of the wines
of Palestine and of other grape bearing countries,
when obtained in purity and used in moderation ;
not now to question your ability so to obtain such
wines, or your disposition so to use them when
obtained ; still, considering what multitudes there are
who cannot so obtain those wines, and who would
not so use them if they could ; considering the taste
that has already been created by other and stronger
stimulants ; considering the impossibility of correcting

NOTT.

198

LIMITS TO THK LAW OF LOVK.

that taste' and of reclaimiog the drunken, or of
preventing the drinker fVom hereaOier becoming
drunken, while custom everywhere pampers appetite,
and fashion on every side invites her guests, her
deluded guests, to partake of other banquets than
those of wine : considering these things, is there
not a cause for questioning the wisdom of existing
habits, and making one great united effort to effect a
change ?

But why should we relinquish comforts because
others abuse them ? Why ? Because it is great,
and good, and God-like to do so. Needs it to be told
in this .assembly who it was that being rich, became
poor for the sake of others, even for our sakesf
Since the Son of God has visited the earth on an
errand of mercy, reason, conscience, religion, sanc-
tion self-denials, especially among that race he came
to save, and on that planet where he submitted to
his privations, endured his sufferings and planted his
cross.

True, there are limits to this law of love. But
the sacrifice in question comes within those limits.
So Paul thought. Though an inhabitant of Palestine,
the land of vines and vineyards, he deemed it not
only admissible, but also **good neither to drink toinei
nor anything whereby thy brother stumblcth, or is offended
or is tnade weak.**

Do you inquire, Who is my brother ? So inquired
a lawyer, " Who is my neighbor ?" You remember
that beautiful and touching narrative in which the
answer was conveyed; you remember the hapless

ABBTIRISNCE RRQUIRED FOR EXAMPLE. 193

, or of
icoming
ppetitOf
Its, her
its than
is there
existing
I effect a

because
s great,
9 be told
became
■ sakesY
h on an
n, sane-
he came
itted to
nted his

re. But
limits.

ilestine,
it not
\k wine,
offended

iquired

lember

lich the

laplesa

Jew who fell among thieves; you remember the
unfeeling priest and Levite who having stood ond
looked upon the sufferer, passed by on the other side,
and left a countryman to perish ; you remember the
good Samaritan who flew to a stranger's and alien's
rescue ; and yoii remember too who it was that said,
'*Go thou and do likewise.'*

O ! it is not to the narrow circle of kindred and
of caste that the charities of man's common brother-
hood are confined. The men around you are your
brethren — bone of your bone and flesh of your flesh.
Qod hath not only made of one blood all nations to
dwell upon the earth,but hehitth also bound together
by ties of reciprocal dependence the different classes
of the men which compose those nations.

It is for you, ye rich men who live in affluence and
ease, it is for you, that the husbandman toils and
sweats by day, and the shepherd wakes and watches
by night.

You owe the raiment you wear, the dwelling you
inhabit, the furniture you use-^yOu owe the sofa on
which yoft recline, the carriages in which you ride —
the steam cur that conveys you by land, and the
steamboat by sea, with so much dispatch and ease in
your excursions of pleasure and business, to the skill
and industry of the artificer ; while that sailor boy
that climbs the mast, that breasts the storm and
perils his life upon the ocean, does this to furnish for
your possession and enjoyment the comforts and the
luxuries of other and distant countries^

101 APOIX)aiM rOB TIIK l*OOE DUi;*NKAItD.

But for these men, the men who conduct the agri*
culture, and the manufacture, and the commerce of
t!ie world ; but for these men, you and yours must
perish ; or putting offyour ornaments and relinquish-
ing your life of ease, you must betake yourselves to
the practice of those self-denials and the endurance
of those hardships which these men in your behalf
now practice and endure.

It is in behalf of these men, the sufferers of so
many privations, and at the same time the producers
of so many comforts; it is in behalf of these men,
to whose wearisome days and sleepless nights you
are so much indebted, it is in behalf of these men
that we wish to apply the apostolic maxim : ** It is
good not to drink wine or any thing whereby thy
brother stumbleth* or is offended or is made weak."

You have, as you affirm, the self-command to avoid
excess. Bo it so. Still they by whose industry you
subsist, have not. You have the knowledge to dis-
tinguish the pure from the adulterated. They have
not ; and even if they had, they want the ability to
profit by that knowledge. So long, therefore, as you
continue the use of the former, they will remain the
victims of the latter.

It is not in man to be insensible to the influence
of fashion, or to set at naught the power of example.
If you cannot forego the exhilaration of wine, you,
living at ease and surrounded by comforts, how
should it be expected that they should forego the
exhilaration of whiskey, they, exhausted by fatigue
and exaspirated by privations?

BZHQBTATIOll.

195

agrl-

De of

must

[uiih-

res to

ranee

»ehalf

of so
luocrs
men*
tM you
e men
*♦ It is
by thy
jreak."
) avoid
ry you
to dis-
have
ity to
,8 you
lin the

luencQ

[mplc.

you,

how

ro the

Ltigue

Know you not that the poor drunken day laborer,
standing with his tin cup and rum jug in his hand,
finds an apology for liis conduct in the demijohn and
wine glass of his rich and moderate drinking employer;
and that from those who lack fortitude and self-denial
to abandon the one, exhortations come with an ill
grace for the abandonment of the other ¥

And yet the other must be abandoned, or the
mother continue to mourn, the wife and the widow
to suflfur, and the orphan to supplicate.

Nay, the poor-house, the prison-house, the house
of silence, and even the hell that lies beyond it, must
continue hereafter, as heretofore, to be supplied
gratuitously, prematurely, and in numbers ; numbers
who might otherwise have lived for usefulness on the
earth, and honor and immortality in heaven ; Oh !
for their sakes, if not for your own', we urge — we
entreat you to lend to this enterprise the countenance
of your example; especially for the sake of those
who have already fallen, or who are about to fall.

Christians, patriots, men of humanity ! will you
not come along with us to their rescue, who, mis-
guided by the example and emboldened by the coun-
sel of others, have ventured onward in a course
which threatens to prove fatal alike to their health,
their happiness and their salvation ? *

Will you not, in place of casting additional im-
pediments in the way of their return, contribute to
remove those which already exist, and which, with-
out such assistance, they will remain forever alike
unable to surmount or remove ?

rRBVAlLINO USAOEf.

On your part the lacrifioe will be tmall, on thein
the benefit conferrecl immense ; a sacrifice not indeed
without requital ; for you ihull ihare the joy of their
rejoicing fricnda on earth, and their rejoicing friends
in Heaven, who, wlieo celebrating their rcturni to
Ood, shall lay; **This, our son, bur brother, our
neighbor, was lost and is found, woa dead and is
alive again."

You sec. Christians, that although you lived ia
Canaan, and in the vicinity of the Cana of Calilee
where water was changed into wine, you would not
be authorized to use wine as we now use it, and
that you would not be required even to use it at all ;
that they wore not suints, but men who forgot Ood,
concerning whom it is recorded ** that the viol and
the tabret, and the harp and wine is in their feasts,"
and that its use aS a beverage is nowhere comnmnded ;
that largo clasAcs of men, and men approved of God,
abstained wholly from its use ; and that it is not only
lawful, but befitting for Christians always so to
abstain, when the circumstances of those around
them call for such abstinence.

This you see, and seeing this, I ask what, under
present circumstances, is your duty 1

In view of the prevailing usages of society in
which you live, and the obvious inroads drunkenness
is making on that society ; in view of that frightful
number of ministers at the altar and advocates at the
bart whom drunkenness, robbing the church and the
world of their services, has demented and dishonored ;
in view of those master spirits in the field and the

WOULD PAUL 10 nAYI USED ItT

107

SeDtU chamber, whom drunkonnoM has mattered ;
in view of thoae familiei made wretched, thoM
youth corrupted, and those poor-houica and priion-
houaea and graveyarda peopled — ond peopled with
beings made guilty and wretched by drunkcnneis ; I
put it to your conioienco, Ohriatiunt, whether at such
a time and under such circumstunecs you would
be at liberty, though supplied witii wine made
from the grupes of Eshcol, to use it as a beverage ?

At such a time and under such circumstances
would Paul* so have uaed it f

Would Timothy, or any other of those suffering
and self-denying men, sent forth to reform the man-
ners of the age in which they lived, and teach man-
kind the way of salvation ; would these men, or
either of them, were an effort making — no matter by
whom, or with what want of insrifliution of address
or suavity of manner^— to stem the torrent of licen-
tiousness, to change the current of public opinion,
and purify the church and the world from drunken-
ness, would these men, in such a state of things,
array themselves on the side of the many who drank,
and against the few who abstained from drinking?
Would they hesitate, and waver, nnd finally draw
back and refuse to cooperate ? Above all, would
they lend their influence to weaken the resolution of
the wavering, to reassure the faltering courage of
the drinker, and to relieve the conscience of the
drunkard by drinking thomsclveR— moderately, I
admit, but still by drinking and by declaiming
against the fanaticism of all who refuse to drink ?

19S

THE Potanovf TO me ohoskk.

I know not how othen might, but I do not belie v«
that Apostles or Apostolic men would act thus ; and
I dare not, therefore, act thus myself.

If, between the ultraism of relinquishing the use
of even wine, and the ultraism of continuing to use
it under existing circumstances, I am called to
choose, it behooves me to make the choice of safety,
not of danger.

And it seems to me that if I knew the day of
judgment wore at hand, as the ddy of death is, and
were that day to come suddenly, as the day of death
may come, I should prefer that my judge should find
me standing and acting with a few fanatics, among
whom no drunkards, already declared to be excluded
from the kingdom of God, could be found, than with
that multitude among whom, though no fanatics,
many drunkards might be numbered; and many
others, who, though not now drunkards, were pursu-
ing the way to become so thereafter.

It was not concerning him who drank with the
drunken, but concerning him who watched, that it
was said : ** Blessed is the servant, who when his
Lord Cometh, he shall find so doing.'*

In conclusion, I do not ask. Christians, whether you
are, or propose to become members of a temperance
society ; or whether you have taken, or propose to
take, the old, or the new, or the still newer pledge ;
but I do ask, whether you are not bound, by the
very circumstances in which God has placed you, to
refrain from the use of intoxicating liquors, of every
name and nature, as a beverage, and whether you

tXIMtfLU&IOK.

19f>

the

kt it

Id his

you
ranee
to

|dge;
the

[u,to

(very

you

cou, without sin, refuse to give your influence, your
whole influence, to the cause of total abstinence?

Be it so, that this cause has advocates who are
neither courteous nor conciliating, that their measures
are often ill-ohoscn, and their spirit fanatical ; still it
is to be remembered, that to adopt ill-advised
measures, is not peculiar to the advocates of total
abstinence, and that whatever of fanaticism there
may be in this advocacy, it is all in a safe direction ;
and for a long time to come, the interests of virtue
and religion will have much less to fear from restraint
than from indulgence ; and besides if devils be cast
out, even by some who follow not with us, it were
wiser to encourage than forbid them.

Paul rejoiced when Christ was preached, though
preached out of envy, and in the hope of adding
affliction to his bonds. So we, without any sacrifice
of principle, may rejoice when temperance is advo-
cated, though advocated by disguised enemies or
misguided friends ; and though advocated in no better
spii'it. or for no higher end than was apparent in
those invidious preachers of whom the Apostle spoke.

Nwt.

LECTURE No. VII.

ADULTERATIONS.

Tbe adatteration of the ^-!nc8 of commerce — Drunkennen and glut-
tonj eompared — Analogy between bad oil, bad milk, and bad
wint — An appeal to Patriots and to Christians.

In the preceding lectures we have seen that distinct
kinds of vinous beverages existed in the Holy Land ;
the one a good, nutritious, sober beverage ; the other
a bad, innutritious, intoxicating beverage ; the one
conducive to health and virtue, the other to diseabO
and crime ; the one suited in its nature to the tempe-
rate festivals of Christians, the other to the drunken
revels of Pagans — and both usually called by the
same name in our translation of the Bible* and often
in the original itsetf — that if in consequence of this,
the advocates of total abstinence can not prove by
verbal criticism, when wine is commended, that un-
intoxicating wine is meant; so neither, for the same
reason, can their opponents prove the contrary — that
uninspired men deemed sober, moral, unintoxicat-
ing wine the best, and that the presumption is, that
inspired men were of the same opinion ; a presump-
tion strengthened by the fact that such wine is usually
spoken of with commendation — that though it were

TOl'AL ABSTINENCE MOST IMPERIOUS HERE. 301

» and glut-
Ic, and bad

t distinct

1y Land ;

bhe other

the one

diseabO
e tempe-
drunken

1 by the
nd often
e of this,
)rove by
that un-
he same
ry — that
itoxicat-

is, that

resump-

usually

it were

otherwise, though the Bible sanctioned the intoxica-
ting wines of Palestine, it would not follow that it
sanctions our own still more intoxicating wines.

Or, though even this absurdity would follow, that
still the argument in favor of wine drinking among
ourselves would be inconclusive — that, be the kind
of wine, the use of which the Bible sanctioned, what
it may, and even though it were conceded, for argu-
ment sake, to be intoxicating — still that its use was
not commanded, or commended as a common beve-
rage ; the multitudes who feared God and worked
righteousness, never used it ; and that circumstances
were liable to occur, even in Palestine, that would
render its use improper, and make total abstinence
even there a duty ; that here the use of such wine,
supposing it to be intoxicating, would be less admis-
sible and more perilous, because here its effects would
be liable to be aggravated by the action of other and
intenser stimulants; which stimulants are every-
where accessible, and for which a national taste has
been already formed — so that, were the wines in use
among us as pure as the wines of Spain, France,
Italy, or even the Holy Land, under existing circum-
stances, total abstinence would be an imperious duty,
as it would have been in Palestine, if then and there,
as now and here, it had caused a brother to stumble,
to offend, or to become weak.

How much more imperious must that duty be felt
to be, when it is considered that generally and truly
speaking, we have no such article as even intoxicating
wine, in the Bible sense of wine, in use among us.

902

ADULTERATION OV WINE.

Wine indeed, falsely so called, we have, and in
abundance $ but names, as we have elsewhere said,
do not alter the nature of things.

The extract of logwood is not the less the extract
of logwood, nor is the sugar of lead the less the
sugar of lead, because combined with New England
rum, western whiskey, sour beer, or even Newark
cider, put up in wine casks, stamped Port, Oham-
paigne, or Maderia, and sold under the imposing
sanction of the collector*s purchased certificate,
passed from band to hand, and perhaps transmitted
from father to son, to give the color of honesty to
cool, calculating, heartless imposition.

O ! it was not from the vineyards of any distant
grape-bearing country, that those disguised poisons,
sent abroad to corrupt and curse the country, were
derived. On the contrary, the ingredients of which
they are composed were collected and mingled, and
their color and flavor imparted, in some of those
garrets above, or caverns beneath, the observation of
men ; caverns fitly called hells, where, in our larger
cities, fraud undisguised finds protection, and whole-
sale deeds of darkness arc securely and systematically
performed.

I do not say this on my own mere authority. I
had a friend who had been himself a wine dealer ;
and having read the startling statements, sometime
since made public in relation to the brewing of wines,
and the adulteration of other liquors generally, J
inquired of that friend as to the verity of those
statements. His reply was: "GOD FORGIVE

FACTS*

303

[alor ;
^time
rines,

y. I

Iboso
IVE

Ufkat Kai patted in MY OWN cellar, hut the ttatements

MADE, ARE TRUE, ALL TRUE, I aSSUrO yOU."

That friend has since gone to his last account, as
have doubtless many of those whose days on earth
were shortened by the poisons he dispensed. But I
still remember, and shall long remember, both the
terms and tone of that laconic answer, ** THE
STATEMENTS made are true, all true laseure you,**

But not on the testimony of that friend does the
evidence of these frauds depend. Another friend
informed me that the executor of a wine dealer, in a
city which he named, assured him that in the inven-
tory of articles for the manufacture of wine, found
in the cellar of that dealer, and which amounted to
many thousand dollars, there was not one dollar for
the juice of the grape. And still another friend
informed me, that in examining, as an assignee, the
papers of a house in that city which dealt in wines,
and which had stopped payment, he found evidence
of the purchase duiing the preceding year, of
hundreds of casks of cider, but none of wine. And
yet it was not cider, but wine, which had been sup-
posed to have been dealt out by that house to its
confiding customers.

I might proceed, but it is unnecessary. These are
not, and are known not to be, solitary cases, but
samples merely, of what is taking place in almost, if
not quite, all our larger cities, and in many even of
our towns and villages.

But to this it is replied, that although spurious
wines may be fabricated at home, pure wine, and in

Norr.

{

804 VINTAQB OF OPORTO USED IN LONDON.

quantity, ii imported from abroad. Is it so? Where
and by whom, I ask, is pure wine imported? No-
where, and by no one ; nor in the ordinary course of
importation can it be. The ocean barrier lies between
us and the vineyards of the east. The God of nature
has placed it there, and it cannot be removed. To
cross the sea, wine must be " brandied,** and ii
** brandied,*' as analysis has shown.

And yet the Christian fathers refused the use of
wine, even in the sacrament, unless mixed and diluted
with water ; whereas the purest wines we use are
not only fermented, but also mixed with brandy, or
otherwise rendered pungent and corrosive, by the
introduction of some other ingredient, or of alcohol
in some other if not intenser form.

Such is the boasted article, falsely called wine,
with which our market is supplied. Would that it
was the only article ; but it is not, nor is it the worst.
Spurious wines ^ wines of the vilest character, and
in the greatest quantities, are imported from abroad,
as well as manufactured at home. This the nation
does not know, but they who supply the nation
know this. In London alone, more port wine is
drank than is furnished by the entire vintage at
Oporto ; and yet London supplies the whole civilized
world with port. Whence is this excess derived ?
Not surely from the vineyards along the banks of
the Douro,but from the caverns aside the bed of the
Thames. Nor from these alone. At Oporto itself,
at Madeira* and elsewhere^ throughout the grape

^ f

AttTICLE FROM THE LONDON UMBO

20ft

Where
No-
irse of
eiwcen
' nature
a. To
and is

use of
diluted
use are
ndy, or
by the
alcohol

bearing region, similar, if not even greater frauQi^ are
oommitted.

** It is not, perhaps, generally known," I quote
from the London Times, " it is not, perhaps, gener-
ally known that very large establishments exist at
Celte and Marseilles, in the south of France, for the
manufacture of every description of wines, the
natural products, not only of France, but of all other
wine growing and wine exporting countries ; some
of these establishments arc on so large a scale as to
give employment to nn equal, if not a greater num-
ber of persons than our large breweries.

" It is no uncommon occurrence with speculators
engaged in this sort of elicit traffic, to purchase and
ship imitation wines, fu bricated in the places named,
to Madeira, where by collusion with persons in the
custom-house department in the island, the wines
are landed^ in the entrepot, and thence, after being
branded with the usual marks of the genuine Madeira
vintage, reshipped, principally, it is believed, to the
United States. The scale of gratuity for this sort of
work to the officials interested, may be estimated by
the fact that, on one occasion, seventy pipes were
thus surreptitiously passed at a chargeof $1000. It
is a circumstance no less singular, that the same
manufacture is said to be commonly carried on with
counterfeit wine made up in Celte and Marseilles,
and thence dispatched to Oporto, where the same
process of landing, branding and reshipment as
genuine Port, is gone through ; the destination of
this spurious article being most generally to the

206

FACTS.

United Staton. Sucli is the extent of this nefarious
commerce, that one individual alone has been pointed
out in the French porta, who has been in the habit
of dispatching, four times in the year, twenty-five
thousand bottles of champagne each shipment, of
wines not the produce of the Champagne districts,
but fabricated in these wine factories." A scientific
gentleman purchased from the importer a bottle of
cliumpagne in Now- York, and had the same analyzed.
It was found to contain a quarter of an ounce of
sugar of lead.

Correspondent to this, was that letter from Madeira
by an officer of our navy, stating that but thirty
tiiousand barrels of wine was produced on the island,
and fifty thousand claimed to be from thence, drank
in America alone

In confirmation of this statement, a friend of mine,
and a citizen of ours, James C. Duane, Esq., in-
formed me that having been induced to purchase a
cask of port wine, by the fact that it had just been
received direct from Oporto, by a house in New-
York, in the honor and integrity of which entire con-
fidence could be placed, he drew off and bottled and
secured with his own hands, its precious contents,
to be reserved for the^ especial use of friends ; and
that having done so, and having thereafter occasion
to cause that cask to be sawed in two, he found to
his astonishment that its lees consisted of a large
quantity of the shavings of logwood, a residuimn of
Hlum-and other ingredients, the name and nature of
which were to him unknown.

INQRKDIRNTS.

307

What secrets other wine casks would reveal, were
their contents cxuniined, is not difficult to conjecture,
or if knowledge be preferred to conjecture, even that
would not be of difficult attainment. *

id to
large
of
re of

* Would you wIhIi to be iufornicd what the ingrodieiitfl are that ciw
tcr into the oomposition of those fabrioatioiii called winvs, to obliging*
ly prepared in caverns and garrets at home, or no less obligingly sup*
plied from the brew-houses of the grape bearing countriea abroad ?
That wish may be gratified by oonsulting M. P. Orfila on poisona, (first
4mer!can ed., I6ltt), from which author (he following extracta havo
been made :

Page 198: " Wines adulterated by rarious substances. The obj«>ct
is to mask defects, or give color, odor or strength.*' — Jour.^ T. I/., p,
48, year 1888.

Page 199: " Wines adulterated by lead. Sugar of lead, ceruse, ond
still more frequently, litharge, are mixed with acid or sharp tasted winei*,
in order to rendet them less so, and tliese substances do in fact give
them a sweet taste."

Page 74, fi : Speaking of sugar of lend he says : " It gives a sweet,
astringent, metallic taste, constriction of the throat, pain in the stomach,
dcsiro to vomit, or vomiting (47), foetid eructations, hiccough, difficulty
of respiration, thirst, cramps, coldness of limbs, convulsions, change
of features, delirium, &c.

Page 202: ** White wines adulterated with lead.**

Pago 208 : *' Red wines adulterated with lead. Wines adulterated

with alum. The object of this adulteration is and to give

them an astringent taste ; effects — digestion painful, vomiting from
time to time, obstruction of bcwels,and piles, are the results of drink-
ing wine thus adulterated.**

Page ROd : " Wines adulterated with chalk: Design — to saturate
acetic or tartaric acid, and destroy the sharpness.'*

Page 807 : ** Wines adulterated by brandy. It occurs sometimes
that brandy is added to weak wines ; hi other circumstances, wine with
a mixture of cider or other spirituous liquor, and brandy, logwood, saa-
dal wood, or some other coloring matter being added.**

808

IMOBBDIBirra.

Indeed chemistry has lupplied such fftoilitiei, and
avarice luch motives for the adulteration of intoxica-
ting liquors of every kind, that though fermen ted

P«ge 908 : *' Me«M employed to give color to wine — old wlnef be
log In general, of • deeper color than new wlnei. Tbie Is done bj ex
poeing to the air, by eager, bj tlie acid of eulpbaroue eold gee ; and b j
Taeoliinm, myrtillue, logwood cbipe and other eubetancea which aleo
render them aitringent,*'

Page SllO : *' WInee adulterated by awcet or aatrlngenk eubitancoe,
•ugar, raUloe, extract of oak eud willow bark.**

Pago 84, 36 : " Sulphuric and nitric acid, and the alkalioe, Ac, In*
flame the parte with which thrj are placed In contact, but In different
degreee. Tliere are eome which produce lo great an inflammation that
they may bo regarded as cauetica almost aa powerful aa the actual cau-
tcry. They are called coroaire or eacharotica : they oTldently canre a
death in the aaroe manner aa burns. Such are the concentrated aclda,
alkalies, Ac. There are othera whoae cauatic effects are leaa intense,
but which produce death in a more rapid manner, because they are ab-
sorbed, mixed with the blonMl, carried into the olfciilation, destroy tlie
vital properties of the heart, lungs, brain, and nenroos system.'^

Page 44 : *' The effects of the alkalies is nearly simlhr to that «f the
acids, Ac.**

Page ?S : ** If In place of taking a htrge dose of lead, water or wine,
containing but a small portion, is taken, no immedUte inconvonienco
will be felt ; but If the practice be long continued, a diseaso similar to
that of the oholic of painters will arise, wnioh, in certain cuses, la
t^ie palsy."

Psge 100 : " Nux vomica, cocoulus indlcus, introduced into tho
stomach, or applied to wounds, are repeatedly absorbed, and affect tho
brain or spinal marrow near the neck. They occasion a general rigidi-
ty and convulsions. The head Is thrown back, the chest is dilated with
difficulty, respiration is greatly impeded, and death is the consequence,
and that in a very few moments, if the dose has been great. I'ho ef-
(cQts on some are not cofitinual, but give rise to fits from time to time,
in the intervals of which the individual appears little affected. Opinm
and poppy heads are more or less poisonous.**

ONI.T BAD WINE OOMDBIINED.

S09

ei, and
itoxica-
naented

wiaM b«
one by «x
I ; and b 7
ivbioh diO

ubstanoM,

Bi, ke., Ill-
in diffcrtDl
ution that
lotiul o*u*
itly oatf « a
•ted acidt,
la iiikciise,
\ey are ub-
lealroy Uie

that Af the

)r or wine,

liivonienco

liinUar to

caaee, la

into tlio
laiTect the
{ml rigid!-
katcd with
jquenoe,
1 ho ef-
to time,
Opiam

llquort wero liormleM, iftfety can only be found In

TOTAL ABSTINKNCK.

From Accuni on Culinnry Potiiont, the following eitiacta are made :

Page 74 : '* It In milflolttntlj ovt«ieDt, that few of the>e comntoditic*,
which are the otj eta of comme re , are atlultrratcd to a greater ei*
tent than wine. Alum, Braxil wood, gypnum, oal< anw dnat and hunks
of fliborta, are utfd to h i.^litcn, cotor, d'araiid make a«tritigpnt, winea.
A miiture of a;>oiK>d foreign and homo made winca ia conrcrttfd into
the wretched compound frequently void under the name of genuine
old Port."

Pago 76 : " Various expedlonts are resorted to for the purpoae of
cnmmunicaliiig ptuiirulnr flavors to insipid wines. fiitUT almondfi,
cherry, Innrcl water, &«., «rc uaod."

Pago 79 : *' The sophistication of wines is cnriird on to an anormnita
extent. Mnny tiioiwandii of pipes of tpoilcd cider arc annually brougitt
hlihcr from tiic cointry (n:- the purpone of being converted into fnctU
tiou) wine.**

Pago 78, 8''^ : " Artisans are regularly employed in stainicg caaka
and crusting casks and bottlea, and making an oatringent extract fos
old |)ort. Tliero are many other sophistications which are deceptive, .
and which are connected with another branch of an absolutely crimi-
nal nntu e."

Page 81 ■ *' Several well authenticated facts prov* these adulterations
of wine with aubatances deleterious to health to be practiced often*r
than is perhaps expected."

Page 82 : " The most dangerous adulteration of wine la by som«
preparations of lead. Lead is certainly employed for thia parp<*se.
Merchnnts persuade themselves that the minute quantity employed for
that purpose i.'* P'Mfectly harmless. But ch"niii*al ai'olysis proves the
contrary, and it must be pronounced Itighly deleterious. liCad, in
whatever state it is tiiken In^o the stumnch, ocensiuns terrible diseases.
And wine adulterate 1 with the minutest quantity of it becomes a slow
poison.

*' The morcliantor dealer who practices thin dangerous sophistication,
adds the crime of murder to tiKit of fraud ; and deliberately scatters
the aeeds of disease and death among tiiose wlo contribute to hie.
emolument.*'

910

IMITLUIMOI or A MAMK.

And yet when we mention total abstinenco from
even the adulterated liquon here in ute, we are met
at before, and tomoiimei even, alaa ! that it should
be 10, by good men too, with the authority of the
Bible ; aa if the Bible had ever had anything to say
in favor of thii modern drunkard's drink, in any ol
its forms in use, in these ends of the earth.

Bo it so, that the Bible sanctioned the fruit of
the vine in Palestine, does it follow from this that
it sanctions also the juice of the grapes of Sodom
and the apples of Qomorrah f And yet it as truly
sanctions these as it sanctions ** that wine of drag-
ons and poison of asps** in use as a beverage in
America.

Can it be needful to repeat, in the conclusion of
this article, what we said at its commencement, that
it is only against bad wine, wine that Solomon repro-
bated, wine that caused woe and sorrow and wounds
without cause, that we array ourselves ?

The wine that David commended was good wine;
the wine that Jesus Christ miraculously supplied wiis
good wine— wine worthy of its Author, of the guests
and the occasion ^ and when He shall again honor
the bridal chamber by His presence and supply

These words of Accum are in perfect keeping with the recent eon-
fi>88ion of a wine dealer, who on his death-bed, aclcuowledged in the
bittemcfls of penitential sorrow, ** that he had often seen his customers
wasUng away around him, poisoned by that he had meted out to them,
and that same wine which was the cause of their decline, was ofloa
prescribed bj their phyaicinns aa the means for their recoTery.**

nrFLCKKCI OF A HAUMs

811

}t con-
I in the
Itomerit
ilhem,
ofloa

the gueiti by Hit agency, or wh«ti anotker ia HU
Btme and by Hia authority ahall do this, and we
refuio that cup of bleaaingt, it will be time enough
to confront ua with Chritt*a example, and accuae ua
of impugning hia authority.

What influence there ia in a name ! Because Christ
changed water into wine in Cana of Galileo, Chris-
tians may not abjure the use, not of the fruit of the
vineyanls of Palestine, not of the fruit of the vine
at all, but the product of the still and the browhouse
in America ! as if an inference, assented to by the
intellect and binding the conscience, could be drawn
from the one to the other*

Be it then distinctly understood, that it is not tho
mere fruit of the vino, the pure wine of Palestine,
nay, nor pure wine at all, about the virtues of
which we hear so much, that this dispute is concern-
ed with ; but it is ubuut a brandied or brewed article,
falsely called wine, in the sense the Bible spcuks of
wine with approbation, or even speaks of it nt all, a
fa#tiftiou8 or spurious article, always supplied in
fraud, and usually drank in ignorance ; an article
which is corrupting the morals of youth, paralyzing
the energies of manhood, polluting even female vir-
tue, and bringing the grey hairs of age down with
dishonor to the grave. It is, I repeat it, so far as
respects wine, such an article, with which this dia-
pute is concerned. Tliis is the true issue.

If there be a fruit of the vine in Palestine, or
elsewhere, healthful, or even harmless, let the
dwellers in those favored lands enjoy the full benefit

Korr.

$12

WHY THIS ULTRAI8M?

thereof; but in the name of humanity and religion,
I protest against their palming on us, under the
guise of such an article, the vile compounds now
n market. And in the same name, I protest against
our consenting any longer to receive those co >
pounds.

But, after all, it is asked, why this ultraism ? No
one thinks of abstaining, on account of gluttony,
from eating ; why then from drinking, on account
of drunkenness? Especially why, since gluttony is
quite as prevalent and injurious as drunkenness ? Is
it so, indeed ? Where, then, 1 ask, is the evidence
of the alarming fact? Where are the families that
gluttony has beggared, the individuals it has brutal-
ized?

Where is that utter degradation, in form, and
feeling, and intellect, produced by gluttony, which
is every day exhibited by those ragged wretches
with which intoxication strews the very gutters of
the streets along which we pass ? Where are the
poor-houaes, and prison-houses, and the lunatic asy-
lums, that gluttony has peopled with its miserable
victims ?

That evils are occasionally produced by gluttony,
I doubt not; but that those evils are either so fre-
quent, or so frightful as the evils of drunkenness I
have yet to learn ; and tlie world has yet to learn
this ; or even, if it w^ere so, be it remembered, these
are evils allied to drinking, not to abstinence. Show
me a glutton, and you will show me a drinker, if
not a drunkard. And however numerous such pitia-

EATING — DRINKING.

213

jligion,
ler the
h now
against
e CO V

1? No
uttonv,
iccount
tony 18
ess ? Is
vidence
ies that
brutal-

m, and
which
retches
ters of
are the
tic asy-
iserable

uttonv,
80 fre-
nnesa I
o learn
d, these
Show
ikcr, if
h pitia-

ble objects may be in the ranks of moderate drinkers,
ia the ranks of ** teetotalers ** there are none of them.
And you may go through the length and breadth of
the land, and marshal the whole army of cold water
di'inkers, without finding one bloated, over eating
gourmand among them all. So that drinking is
chargeable with the double condemnation of both
gluttony and drunkenness.

But were gluttony as prevalent, which it is not,
as drunkenness, where would be the pertinence of
the argument attempted by the comparison ? Man
cannot live without eating. Eating, then, be its
incidental evils what they may, cannot be dispensed
with. Not so with drinking ; as far as the drunk-
ard's drink is concerned, man can not only live with-
out it, but he can also live longer and better without
than with it ; all the tremendous evils, therefore,
resulting from its use, are wanton and gratuitous.

Gluttony results from excess in the use of aliments
of every kind. Not so with drunkenness -—it is pro-
duced by distilled and fermented liquors only. .

But were it otherwise ; were gluttony confined,
like drunkenness, to the use of a single article, and
that the vilest and least nutritious article existing ;
and an article rendered vile and innutritions by vol-
untary debasement, in the manner of preparing it
from other articles, which, in the state God created
them, were both nutritive and healthful; were such
the case with gluttony, who would not cry shame to
tiie man who would still persist in selecting that
article, to the neglect of other and unobjectionable

I ij

914

COUNSEL OF WISDOM.

articles, for the daily use of his family, cause it to be
spread out before the eye of his children, and recom-
mended to the taste of his guests ?

Be it so, that drunkenness, unlike gluttony, springs
only from the use of a single kind of beverage ; still,
to pretend that that beverage should be altogether
abandoned on that account, is said to be not reason,
but fanaticism. It is said that, up to that limit
where sobriety ceases, and intemperance begins, men
may indulge in the use of intoxicating liquors with
safety, and ought not, therefore, to be deprived of
the privilege of doing so.

Hearer! Christian! does wisdom counsel thus?
To me, it seems her voice counsels the inquirer after
safety to keep away from even the vicinity of that
slippery, treacherous cliff, down which the feet of
the presumptuous sinner slide to ruin.

Is it forgotten who it was that taught his disciples,
day by day, to offer up that petition : ** Lead us not
into temptation ? '* And shall God hold that man
guiltless, who, having oiTered it, shall go away, and
day by day spread temptation before his children, his
family, his friends, and the stranger that comes
within his influence ?

" Up to the limit where sobriety ceases and
intemperance begins, men may indulge in safety."
Fatal maxim ! And the man who, now acting on
it, dares to approach that limit, will, hereafter, given
up of God, transgress it, and become, what so many
temperate drinkers have become already, an habitual
drunkard.

it to be
recom-

springs
e; still,
ogether
reason,
at limit
ns, men
rs with
rived of

b1 thus?

rer after
of that
feet of

[sciples,
us not
it man
ly, and
en, his
conies

IS and

kfety."

]ng on

given

many

ibitual

BE NOT DKCEIVED BT NAMES.

215

But be the dangers of indulging what they may,
in abstaining there are no dangers. I have heard of
multitudes ruined in health, and fortune, and fame,
by the use of intoxicating liquors ; never of one, in
either of these respects, by abstaining from their use.

It is safe, then, and therefore wise, for parents, for
Christians, and especially for Christian ministers, to
take the side of abstinence in its totality ; and, stand-
ing between the living and the dead and the dying,
to say, both by precept and example, ** touch not,
taste not."

Be not deceived by names. When you hear men
quote the Bible in favor of a beverage that is filling
the world with crime, disease and death, you may be
assured that the quotation is made in error; that the
article, here so fatal, is not tlie article which the Bible
recommends, or that our manner of using it is not
the manner which it sanctions. God wills the virtue
and the happiness of his creatures, and cannot there-
fore will the use, I mean such use of anything as
tends to the subversion of both.

Oil is as distinctly recommended in the Bible as
wine ; and yet who ever thought of insisting on the
use of train oil, the oil of ambergris, or even of
tobacco, on that account ? And since there are more
kinds of wine than oil, it were at least as reason-
able to defend the use of bad oil as of bad wine else-
where, because good oil as well as good wine were
once used in Palestine. The defence of the use of
those kinds of oil, known to be offensive to the taste,
or injurious to the health, and especially to the life

NOTT.

SIG

REASONINa OF THE APOTHBCART.

of man, would be deemed an absurdity not to be
entertained. Why then entertain a similar absurdity
in the defence of the use of similar kinds of wine ?
Why should the term wine, any more than the term
oil, consecrate the use of the poisons designated
by it?

What would be thought of the apothecary who
should insist that wine to which antimony had been
added was Scriptural, and ought to be used as a com-
mon beverage, because wine to which no antimony
had been added was allowed to be used in the Holy
Land ; especially, what would be thought of the
apothecary who should insist on this in the face of
the qualms, and retching, and faintness, and prostra-
tion apparent on every side, in consequence of the
use of such poisonous wine ? And yet, it is not per-
ceived why this reasoning of the apothecary would
not be as legitimate as that of the moralist who
insists that wine to which alcohol has been added is
Scriptural, and ought to be used as a common beve-
rage in America, because wine to which no alcohol
had been added was so used in the Holy Land ;
especially of the moralist who should insist on this,
in the face of the withered intellect, the paralyzed
energy, and the ultimate death which brandied wines
were known to have occasioned ?

Take another and a parallel case. Milk and honey
were among the promised blessings of the land of
promise, and they are employed in Scripture as
emblems of the richest mercies ; iind yet yi'ho does
not know that honey is often deleterious, and that

to be
surdity

wine?
le term
ignated

ity who
Bid been
s a com-
itimony
le Holy
t of the
J face of
prostra-
e of the
not per-
would
Ii8t who
added is
u beve-
alcohol
Land ;
on this,
tralyzed
■d wines

honey
land of
bure as
iio does

id that

MILK POISONED.

S17

there are timet and places in which to taste of milk
is death ?

**At Logansport,'* I quote here flrom a letter in
the Danbury Herald, dated July 11, 1833: "At
Logansport, on the banks of the Wabash, I was
cautioned by an elderly lady against using either
milk, butter or beef, on my way to Vincennes ; as a
reason for her caution, she informed me that the milk
sickness was common in the state. I had heard of
it before, but knew little of it ; she informed me
,^ that very many deaths occurred annually by this
dreadful malady. There is a difference of opinion as
to the cause that produces it, but the general opinion
is, that it is occasioned by the yellow oxide of arsenic,
in the low ground and woodland, and particularly
near the Wabash river ; and that some weed, yet
unknown, imbibes the poison, and when eaten by
the cattle, causes them to quiver, stagger, and die
within a few hours. If cows eat it, the milk is
poisoned, or butter that is made from the milk, and
I it is sure death to these who eat of either, as it is to

the animal that eats of the weed. Great care is taken
to bury such cattle as die with it ; for if dogs eat
their flesh, they share the same fate, and it operates
upon them as violently as upon the creature that was
affected with it. The batcher, uniformly in this
state, runs the victim of the knife a mile to heat the
blood, and, if it has eaten the weed, it will at once,
on stopping, quiver and shake ; if it does not, it is
considered safe to butcher ; and this is the uniform
10

ft n

.;'f

;--f".

Si8

AUSURDITY iNVOLVKO.

test, even whon the beef cattle show no ligni of hav«
ing ate the weed.

** Indiana is not alone in this misfortune ; there
have been many cases in some parts of Ohio, and
south of St. Louis, and other southwestern Statt s.
I have se^n many farms, with comfortable buildings
and improvements, entirely abandoned, and their
owners fled to avoid this dreadful curse.**

Now what, I ask, would be thought of the sanity
of a man who, with his Bible in his hand, and his
fmgor pointing to the text that speaks of the milk
and honey of the Holy Land, should undertake to
rebuke that mother in Israel for presuming to
recommend to that stranger traveler, not the mode-
rate use, but total abstinence from an article, in
Indiana, which God himself had authorized to be
used in Palestine ¥ What would be thought of the
sanity of the man who, standing in the great valley
of the west, amid the dying and the dead — and after
having surveyed the sick rooms where the victims of
milk were agonizing, or the fresh graves where their
corses had been buried, should gravely talk, not of
abstinence, but of moderation in the use of this fatal
aliment — should provide it for his family, place it
on his table, proffer it to his friends, and even make
a show of tasting it himself, out of reverence for the
Bible, and through the dread of appearing to give
countenance to ultraism ? What would be thought
of the sanity of such a man? And yet what are all
the ills which milk has occasioned on the other side
■f f the mountains, since the foot of the white man

APPEAL TO OBSEBTATION AMD EZPEBIBNCI. 319

man

first trod the great valk^yof the west, compared with
those which intoxicating liquor occasions annually,
in any one of the cities of the east ?

If these cases are not parallel, their want of paral-
lelism only gives additional force to the argument
'drawn from their comparison. For, the milk in the
valley of the west, deadly as it may be, is, notwith-
standing, truly the milk of kine ; whereas the drunk-
ard's drink of the east is not even the fruit of the
vine, but the product of the brew-house; or, if it
indeed ever partake of the fruit of the vine, it is not
of that fruit in its purity, but in admixture with
articles that debase it, so that the mixture no longer
comes within the limits of that license granted to
the wine of Palestine, whatever that license may be ;
hence the whole question of the merit or demerit of
the intoxicating liquors here in use, and of the inno-
cence or guilt of using them, is to be decided, not by
appealing to the Bible, but to observation and expe-
rience. To that tribunal we appeal, and are prepared
to abide the issue — the only rightful issue ; and in
making this appeal, we take no vantage ground ; we
claim no right to bind the conscience of others, or
to sit in judgment on our brother.

If patriots shall think — I speak as to wise men —
if patriots shall think, having examined the facts of
the case, and with all these evils before their eyes,
that it is befitting in them to continue the use of
brandied, or even brewed wines; if they shall think,
on the whole, that the happiness these liquors confer

280

AMEBIOAN W1MR8 PEOFANE.

excoedi in amount the miieries they inflict, let them
drink on and abide tlie consequence.

If Christians think -^ I speak as to consciontioutA
men — if Christians think, having examined the facta
of the case, and with all these evils before their eyeSf
that the benefits resulting from this drink of drunkard%
are so numerous or so signal us to require the influence
of their example in the furtherance of its use, espe-
cially on gala days and at weddings, let them give to
the good cause the benefit of their influence ; but
let them do this understandingly, and on account of
the benefits which the church and the world are
likely to derive from continuing its use, and not
because the Bible sanctions it. If this drunkard's
drink is to be hereafter drunk by Christians, let it be
done by the authority of reason, and in the name of
Ceres or Yestn, and not of Religion and Jesus. And
why not by the authority of Beligion and in the name
of Jesus ? Neither the Bible or its Author, whatever
may have been said of the mere fruit of the vine in
Palestine, has said any thing in commendation of the
products of the still and the brew-house in America.

These unbidden, exciting, maddening mixtures are
in every sense profane, and befit the orgies of Bacchus
rather than the festivities of Christians. They are, at
best, mixed wines, mixed with brandy, or even worse
materials, which mixture the Bible nowhere tolerates,
and which cannot, therefore, under its sanction, be
distributed even to bridal guests. If hereafter,
therefore, any Christian shall claim the liberty of
countenancing the use of wine, falsely so called, o^

LET US TURK TO TnS BOOK OF NATUBB. 221

gala days and at weddings, let him do so as a man,
not as a Christian ; nor let him lay to his soul the
flattering unction, that in doing so he is borne out
by the Bible, and sheltered behind the example of
his Saviour. If the use of these articles as a com-
jnon beverage can be vindicated at all, it is because
of their utility, and only because of their utility,
and not because religion either requires or sanctions
such use; for no such article as even the brandicd
wine of commerce existed in our Saviour's time ; for
brandy itself did not then exist. This intenscr poi-
son is a product of human skill, and of later times.
Having disabused our minds of the bewildering
influence of that miserable sophism-— that because^
the Bible authorized the use of good wine in Pales-
tine, it had also authorized the use of bad wine in
America; that because it spoke in terms of com-
mendation of vineyards and wine presses there, it
had, by implication, spoken in like terms of brew<>.
houses and distilleries here ; having disabused our
minds of the bewildering influence of this sophism,
having learned what God has not said in the book
of Revelation, concerning the intoxicating liquors
here in use, we are prepared to turn and open the
book of Nature, and learn what he has said, and is
still repeating there.

LECTURE No. VHI.

MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED
TO STRONG DRINK.

Books of ReTeUtion and Nature — Mlacrj spring! fVom viulaUoM of
law — Nature interrogated — Her answer returned — In crime
dliease and death— Spontaneous combustion — Distinction between
■dmulants and aiiments — Example of moderate drinlien more in*
Jttrious than of drunlcards — Iniquities of fathers Tisited on chil*
dren — > Expostulation with moderate drinkers.

The books of Revelation and of Nature were boti\
written by the same unerring wisdom, and written
for our instruction and reproof, on whom the ends
of the world are come.

The moral laws of God*s kingdom are embodied
in the former, the physical in the latter. The
knowledge of the former is acquired by reading and
meditation ; of the latter, by observation and exper-
iment. As the character of moral agents is mode
manifest by the works they perform, so the nature
of material elements is made manifest by the effects
which they produce.

The laws of God, whether physical or moral, tend
to promote the virtue and secure the happiness of

all who are subject to those laws ; and were that

222

TBITPHS IN RBVBLATION AND IV VATUBIU 993

lubjeotion entire And uuivenul, happineei would also
be entire and univerial.

Miiery never iprings from obeying, alwayi (torn
disobeying the Uwi of the Creator. When we obey,
we are in harmony — when we disobey, at variance
with hie government. Wherever misery exists, it
always exists, therefore, in evidence thit Ood*s will
has been disregarded, and some law of his physical
or moral kingdom violated.

On carefully examining those varied productions
of nature with which we are surrounded, and which,
like the forbidden fruit of Eden, may appear pleasant
to the eyes, good for food, and to be desired to make
one wise, it will be perceived that some were designed
of God for sickness, some for health, some for
habitual use, some for occasional use, and some to be
wholly avoided. What his design was with respect
to each several production, is revealed to the inquirer
after truth, by the effects which they severally
produce.

That the useof every good creature of God, that is,
such use as will, on the whole, conduce to happiness
and virtue, is conformable to his will — and that such
use of any of them as is subversive of either happi-
ness or virtue, is contrary to his will, are truths
inscribed alike on the pages of the book of Revela-
tion and of Nature.

Let us then, keeping in mind this obvious rule of
interpreting the manifestations of Providence, consult
this latter oracle, as to the will of God and the duty
of man, in relation to intoxicating liquors. Yes, let

t94 WHY TRIII UBI AMD ABUSE SO IDRNTiriEDf

OS enter And interrogate Nature in her own sanctuary,
and let ui attend to the response returned. Returned
from whence 1 From the bar-room — the banquet—
the harvest-field^the decli of the merchantman and
of the man-of-war— from the poor-house — the prison-
house'^ the mad-house and the graveyard ; in one
word, from every place on every part of the footstool
of Ood where the inebriating cup is raised to humon
lips, or where the victims of its contained poison are
assembled ; from a thousand places, and in a tliou-
sand forms is this response returned. It is returneu
in the sigh of the widow — the supplication of the
orphan— the wail of the mourner — the howl of the
maniac, and the death-groan of tlie expiring.

But do not these evils spring from the abuse not
the use of the articles in question ? Doubtless from
the abuse of them, for to use them in a manner in
which they were not intended to be used, is to abuse
them.

If the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage in
health, be such use of them as God ordained, and as
God approves, how comes it that there use and their
abuse are so identified, that the one seems to follow
from the other consequentially, and us if by some
necessity of nature ? It is not thus with rest, or
sleep, or food, or any other of those bland restoratives
which nature furnishes, and our exhausted strength
requires. These all, though used habitually, and
though their use be repeated from night to day, and
from day to night, still operate benignly on the

OUR FELLOW CRKAtURRS DYIMO AROUND. 0*26

•jfitem, and loie nothirnr of their revivifying and io-
rigoratiiig eittcaoy.

Kot Ro with intoxicating liquors. H«re by the
fvry ordinations of God, habitual use defeats itself,
for it impairs the aeAsibility on which it operates.
Hence the quantity must bo increased as the sensi-
bitrty is diminisliud, in order io keep up that plea-
surable excitement at fint produced ; and hence by
merely keeping up that excitement during a suffi-
cient length of time, the constitution becomes im-
paired and the process of inebriation commenced.

But why debate this question, surrounded as we are
by such numbers of wretched beings, whose enfeebled
intellects or shattered constitutions evince that either
alcohol is poison, or some other drug that is so, is
combined with it in those fatal preparations dispensed
alike from the bar-room and the grocery to unsu»*
pecting multitudes, under the imposing names of
Rum, Gin, Brandy, Wine, Beer and even Cider.

Here, at least, there is no mistake and no exagge-
ration. Our fellow creatures are literally dying
around us, dying in numbers, dying in the city, dying
in the country, dying of an insidious and loathsome
disease, a disease thut regards neither rank, or age,
or sex ; a disease distinctly marked and known to
be induced by liquors purposely manufactured and
distributed far and wide, as the common beverage of
which the nation drinks.

Do any of you who hear me, doubt the truth of

this? Qo then yourselves to the bar-room and the

grocery, as I have done ; go see with your own eyoa
11»

h *

J :

1^26

EVIDENCE OF 00D*8 DISPLEASURE.

the haggard countenance, the emaciated forms, the
trembFing nerves and the demented looks of those
wretched beings, once human beings, who appear
like spectres from another world, within those dens
of disease and death. Go, hear with your own ears
their lascivious and silly jests, their idiotic laugh,
their sepulchral moan, and that unearthly curse
stammered forth from their quivering and blistered
lips. Does any one still doubt ? let him then interro-
gate the poor-house, and the jail, and the prison-house,
and let them answer whence their wretched inmates
are supplied ! Let him ask the sepulchre, and let it
say what sends such numbers, prematurely, and un-
called for, to its dread abode !

! if the dead could speak, the response returned
from thence would move alike the surface of the
earth and the bosom of the sea ; for there is scarcely
a spot of either that has not witnessed the drunkard's
degradation, and become itself the covering of a
drunkard's grave.

Now, this whole downward process is an evidence
of God*s displeasure on account of abused mercies; a
displeasure written on many a page of Providence in
frightful characters,sometimeseveniti character of fire.

The end of Nadab and Abihu, whom fire from the
Lord consumed, was :,oarcely more signal or more
terrible than the end of those miserable beings who
are, with increasing frequency, consumed by the slow
and quenchless fires which the use of intoxicating
liquors hath gradually kindled in the living fibres of
their own bodies.

•P0MTANK0U8 COMBUSTION OF DBUMKABDS. 237

It, the
thoie
appear
) deni
a ears
laugh,
cune
Lstered
iterro-
house,
imatea
I let it
nd un-
turned
of the
sarcely
ikard*s
g of a

idence
cies; a
ence in
r of fire,
om the
r more
gs who
le slow
icating
brea of

When, a few years since, a case of spontaneous
combustion, occurring in the person of an habitual
drunkard, was referred to in a temperance address by
a distinguished layman, it was generlly regretted.
Few of the fViends of temperance were prepared to
endorse what then seemed to them so improbable a
statement, while the manufacturers and venders, and
drinkers of this fiery element took occasion to pro-
claim more loudly than ever the folly and fanaticism
of men who could be so weak themselves as to be-
lieve, and so impertinent as to attempt to impose on
others the belief of such ridiculous occurrences.

But these cases of the death of drunkards by inter-
nal fires, kindled often spontaneously, as has been
supposed, have become so numerous and so incontro-
vertible, that I presume no person of information will
now be found who will venture to call the reality ot
their existence in question.

Says Professor Silliman, after having examined this
subject : " In all such cases (of consuming alive in
consequence of drunkenness), the entire body having
become saturated with alcohol, absorbed into all its
tissues, becomes highly inflammable, as is indi-
cated by the vapor which reeks from the lungs in the
breath of the drunkrvrd ; this vapor, doubtless highly
alcoholic, may take fire, and the body gradually con-
sume/**

* U has be«n suggested by « learned friend (ReT. J. N. Campbell),
that recent experiments made in France had failed to confirm tht
•pinion of Professor Silliman, and that it was supposed that the real
•ause was the presence of phosphorus. It seemed due to truth to

Kort.

f v^

III

988

CASE CITED.

For the informatioD of those who may not hereto-
fore hare had their attention called to this visitation
Df God on drunkards, and of all the dwellers on the
earth, only on drunkards, it may, perhaps, not be
amiss to give the melancholy details of a single case ;
which details will be given in the words of the physi-
cian (Dr. Peter Schofield, of Upper Canada,) who
reported the same.

The case in question was, says he: <*that of a
young man about twenty-five years of age. He had
been an habitual drinker for many years. I saw him
about nine o'clock in the evening on which it hap-
pened ; he was then, as usual, not drunk, but full of
liquor ; about eleven o'clock the same evening, I
Was called to see him. I found him literally roasted
from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet.
He was found in a blacksmith's shop, just across from
where he had been. The owner, all of a sudden,
discovered an extensive light in his shop, as though
the whole building was in one general flame. He
ran with the greatest precipitancy, and on throwing
open the door, discovered a man standing erect in
the midst of a widely extended silver-colored flame,
bearing, as he described it, exactly the appearance
of the wick of a burning candle, in the midst of its

mention thia ; although, should this supposition be confirmed, it will
not nuteriallj affect the argument. For whether in these oases al-
cohol be the actual combustile, or merely the exciting cause of the
combustion, the fact still remains, that of all the dwellers on the
earth, inebriates are the most exposed to this frightful Tisitation of
Proridence.

reto-
ation
n the
at be
case;
)hy8i-
who

b of a
[e bad
wbim
; bap-
full of

ling* 1
oastod

18 feet.

8 from

dden,

[bougb

CASE CITED.

289

own flame. He seized him (the drunkard) by the
shoulder and jerked him to the door, upon which tlio
flame was instantly extinguished. There was no fire
in the shop, neither was there any possibility of fire
having been communicated to him from any external
source. It was purely a case of spontaneous igni-
tion. A general sloughing soon came on, and his
flesh was consumed or removed in the dressing, leav-
ing the bones and a few of the larger blood vessels;
the blood nevertheless rallied round the heart, and
maintained the vital spark until the thirteenth day,
when he died, not only the most loathsome, ill-featur-
ed and dreadful picture that was ever presented to
human view, but his shrieks, his cries and his lamen-
tations also, were enough to rend a heart of adamant.
He complained of no pain of body ; his flesh was
gone. He said he was suffering the torments of hell ;
that he was just upon the threshold, and should soon
enter its dismal caverns, and in this frame of mind he
gave up the ghost. O ! the death of a drunkard !
Well may it be said to beggar all description. I
have seen other drunkards die, but never in a man-
aer 80 awful and affecting."

1, it will

jases al-

of tho

on the

fttion of

S30

SCUKDULE OF NiXKTEEN CASES.

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WHAT DO THESE INDICATIONS MEAN? 201

Now, I asky whut moan these indications of Provi-
dence ? or can any sane man doubt what they mean ?
Is there anything obscure or equivocal in them ?
Are the loss of reason, conscience, self-respect, tho
loss of health, the loss of life — the loss of life by
deliiium tremens, and especially by the slow fire.'i
of self-inflicted vengeance — Are these the blnnd and
balmy rewards of obedience? or are they judgments,
the fruits of sin; judgments as intelligible as awful ?
Doubtless they are judgments, all, all judgments —
death by drunkenness, by delirium tremens, and
especially death by spontaneous combustion, re-
quires no comment.

Those living human volcanos, exhibited usually,
if not always, in the persons of inebriates, furnish a
spectacle unutterably appalling; in the view of
which, as well as in the view of those other indices
of wrath, it would seem as if habitual inebriety was
a violation of the laws of life, visited in the providence
of God, by signal tokens of his displeasure.

How else are these signs and signs like these to be
interpreted ? or why this distribution of the bounties
of providenceMnto aliments and stimulants? why the
marked and mighty difference in the effects which
they produce by the ordination of God upon the con-
stitution of man, if it be not intended to secure on '
his part a corresponding difference in the manner of
their use ?

Does, then, the habitual use of stimulants uni-
formly impair, and that of aliments as uniformly re-
store the sensibility on which they operate — and is

2d&

EVEN MODERATE USE FOKDIDDEN.

this an ascertained, settled law of nature f then is it
a law that cannot with impunity be transgressed,
and they who do transgress it, array tliemselvts
against the established order of God's eternal provi-
dence, and they do this at their peril, no matter
though done in ignorance — done, even on principle,
done without the previous intention of offending
God, or the knowledge thereafter of having offended
Him — no matter though done by God's own children,
still, true to his own unchanging nature of the gov-
ernment He orduined. He maintains inviolate his laws,
even though that maintenance should embitter the
joys and shorten the days of those who both love and
fear his name.

Hence, on even the moderate use of intoxicating
liquors, the frown of the Almighty is seen to rest ; I
say on the moderate use, for no one ever became at
once a drunkard — the process is progressive ; each
successive victim is led down to ruin, by the slow
and almost imperceptible degrees; gradually his
reason is impaired, his moral sense is impaired, his
constitution is impaired; at length, brutalized in
feeling, in character, in appearance, he is disowned
by the human family, and stands forth apart, an out-
cast, a loathing and a by-word, till finally his abused
constitution gives way, and the death scene pre-
maturely follows ; which death scene, together with
the whole train of antecedent evils, are but the pre-
ordained penalties of God's violated law ; a law dis-
tinctly announced to transgressors, in every inflictioa

RETRIBCTION.

998

pre-
with

of its penalty, that meets his eye, through the whole
line of his forbidden and disastrous way.

If these things are so, then the manner of life per-
sisted in by the wine drinker, beer drinker, and even
cider drinker, as well as the rum and brandy and
whiskey drinker, is at variance with the established
order of nature, and the will of God as therein re-
vealed. You, therefore, who persist in suich a man-
ner of life, cannot expect to attain that age to which
you might otherwise attain, or to enjoy, even while
life lasts, that blessedness which you might otherwise
enjoy, or that your children, or your children*s
children will attain the one or enjoy the other.

Here, as elsewhere, the law of God will find the
transgressor out. Yes, drinker, moderate drinker,
know that ere long you will pay in your own person,
or in the person of a son or daughter, or brother or
sister, or other kinsman or friend, the mighty forfeit
you have dared to stake on the issue of transgressing,
with impunity, the established order of God's un-
changing providence. Nor are the evils which you
are about to bring upon yourselves, or on your
family, the only evils. Your position is one which
more than any other obstructs the onward movement
of the temperance jause, and may be compared to
that of those men of old, who, planting themselves
before the gate of heaven, neither entered in them-
selves, nor suffered those who were entering, to go in.

Talk not of the innocence of such a course — I
address myself to those on whose minds the full force
of modern discovery has been brought to bear-^talk

934

EXAMPLE MOST POWERFUL.

not of the innocence of luch a course ; there wot a
time when it might have been admissible so to talk ;
but those days of ignorancei with regard to many,
are past. New truths have been developed, addi-
tional light has been shed upon the world ; the specific
and deadly poison contained in intoxicating liquors
has, in the providence of God, been fully revealed,
and, through that revelation he now calls on inebri-
ates and the abettors of inebriation everywhere to re-
pent. Yes, moderate drinker, he calls on you ; you
whose manner of life is at variance with the settled
order of his providence ; he calls on you not only to
save yourself from the doom of drunkenness, but to
save also- those other misguided beings, whom you
are urging forward by the force of your example to
a like destruction.

The ragged, squalid, brutal rum-drunkard, who
raves in the bar-room, consorts with swine in the
gutter, or fills with clamor and dismay the cold and
comfortless abode, to which, in the spirit of a demon,
he returns at night, much as he injures himself,
deeply wretched as he renders his family, exerts but
little influence in beguiling others into an imitation
of his revolting conduct. On the contrary, as far as
bis example goes, it tends to deter from, rather than
allure to, oriminul indulgence. From his degrada-
tion and his woes, the note of warning is sounded
both loud and long, tbut whoever will ^ay hear it,
and hearing understand.

But reputable, moderate. Christian wine drinkers,
that is, the drinkers of brandy or whiskey, in admix*

i
t
h

MODBSATB DRINKBR8.

236

who

the

and

ion,

isclf,

but

ition

tar as

Ithan

rada-

idcd

ir it,

Lcrs,

lix-

ture with wine or other preparations falsely called
wine, the product, not of the vineyard, but of the
still or the brew-house ; these are the men who send
forth from the high places of society, and sometimes
even from the hill of Zion and the portals of the
sanctuary, an unsuspected, unrebuked, but powerful
influence, which is secretly and silently doing on
every side, among the young, among the aged, among
even females, its work of death. It is this reputable,
authorized, moderate drinking of these disguised
poisons, under the cover of an orthodox Christian
name, falsely assumed, which encourages youth in
their occasional excesses, reconciles the public mind
to holiday revelries, shelters from deserved reproach
the bar-room tippler, and furnishes a sulve even fur
the occasional inquietude of the brutal drunkard's
conscience.

Begard this conduct as we may, there can be no
question how God regards it. He has not left him-
self without a witness of his displeasure, in any city,
or town, or village, or hamlet throughout the
land. His judgments are, and are seen to be abroad
among us.

Which, even of our own families, or the families
with which we have become connected, have not
been visited in the person of some of the members
thereof with the curse of drunkenness, that appoint-
ed retribution for the sin of drinking ? Which? It
is not, hearer, yours, or yours, or mine : certainly
there are not many, perhaps not even one within my

hearing, who has not seen some friend or relative in
Non.

836

ABE NOT THE CUILDBEN VISITED.

rain, unutterable ruin, produced by this useless, inju-
rious, and yet reputable habit of moderate drinking ;
a habit to which men cling, against their reason,
against their conscience, oflen even against their in-
clination, and this because they shrink from acting on
their own responsibility, and lack the courage to
obey God speaking in his providence,rather than man.

If there were but one such pitiable object as a
drunkard — a poor, diseased, demented drunkard,
within the whole circle of our acquaintance, on whose
intellect, on whose moral sense, on whose whole
organism was inflicted the vengeance which alcohol
inflicts, it might well All us with dismay; what ought
our emotions then to be, when there is not perhaps
a single family throughout that circle which does not,
in its relations, contain more than one such object ?

Is not God evidently visiting the iniquities of
fathers upon children in this respect ? The fathers,
enterprizing and industrious, accumulated wealth,
acquired honors, but they conformed to the usages
which fashion sanctioned, and presented the inebria-
ting cup to their families, their friends, and even
pressed it, early pressed it, to their children's lips.
And where are those children now, and what is their
condition? Ah, me ! their condition is that of hope-
less poverty, and they may be found, if not in prisons
or hospitals, in the veriest rendezvous of vice, and
among the most degraded and abandoned of the
species. Or if not yet thus totally reduced and pub-
licly disgraced, they may be found in concealment,
disgraced in their own estimation, disgraced in the

U THERE AMY AUSOLUTK NKCESBllY.

237

eatimation of friends, hnmblod, agonized friends, who
are struggling to keep up nppeurances, and conceal
from tlie public eye those blasted hopes, those un-
natural crimes, and that unutterable misery that
exists, in all the aggravation that despair can impart
to misery, within their once peaceful and perliaps
envied and joyous place of habitation.

Why then in sober reason (for I may say as Paul
said, **I am not mad, but speak the words of truth
and soberness") why then, though no fanatic, and
having no sympathy with fanatics — I repeat the in-
terrogation, why should we, since neither revelation
Qor nature enjoins or even sanctions the procedure
— why should we in the face of all the warnings of
the present, of the past, of the word and the provi-
dence of God, persist in the use of intoxicating
liquors as a beverage ; especially in the use of such
liquors as are bought and sold and drank among us 1

Is there any absolute necessity, or even any plau-
sible, I hud almost said imaginable reason for it — I
mean a reason which an intellectual, and moral, and
immortal being would not blush to name?

Have those who use these liquors as a beverage
any advantage over those who do not ? If so, what
is it ? To Buy nothing of the guilt or innocence of
their use, do those who use them live longer, or do
they enjoy life better while they do live ? Is their
muscle firmer, their complexion more healthy, or
their breath less offensive? Cantliey endure the sum-
mer's heat or the winter's cold longer ? Are they
more exempt from sickness, or when sickness comes,

S38

WHBNOI TBI8 mCOVSIHTKirOT.

iMt litble to detth t IUto they t elearer intelleot, a
■erener frftme of mind, a lest irritable temper or a
more approving conscience ?

With oil this array of bottles, and decanters, and
demijohns, and beer barrels, and rum jugs, is there
one attribute of body or of mind, one joy of earth or
hope of Heaven, in reference to which he who drinka
has any advantage over him who does not drink of
this profane, bewildering, intoxicating beverage T

Let us not lose our reason with our temper. Now
that the times of that ignorance which God winked
at are passed ; now that chemistry, which reveals to
the brewer the methods of adulteration, reveals also
to mankind the methods of detection ; now that it is
known not only that alcohol is poison, but also that
olher andintenser poisons are mingled with it in the
distilled liquors, in the fermented liquors, nay, even
in the ^ery wines, falsely so called, which we drink ;
now that religion and philosophy are both arrayed
against it ; what is there to induce a Christian, a
patriot^ or even a political economist, to desire to
perpetuate among his countrymen and kindred the
use of liquors — liquors never necessary, often hurt-
ful, and sometimes even deadly 9

Whence this inconsistency ? How comes it that
individuals otherwise intelligent and sagacious, quick
to perceive and prompt to pursue their true interest,
should in this particular commit an error as flagrant
as fatal, and already sad with disappointment and
bleeding with wounds, —

" sun preH against that «pear,
On whoae aharp point peace bleeds and hope expires?"

DRUVKINNKM 18 TBBRIBUC,

239

ilUot, %
)r or a

in, and
ii there
arth or
drinka
Irink of
ige?

Now
ivinked
veali to
aU also
Imt it !■
Iso that
; in the
y, even
drink;
irrayed
tian, a
sire to
ed the
1 hurt-
it that
, quick
iterest,
agrant
it and

After all our experience, our hitter exporiunoc, of
the frtittfl of intoxicating liquori, they must not be
rclinquiiihod ; must not, unleM in very measured
terms, be spoken against.

And yet it is not blessings, but judgments, nume-
rous and grievous to be borne, that the use of these
liquors has brought u}>on us ; nor on us alone — pau-
perism and crime, disease and death, have marked
their introduction, and their progress, as a beverage,
on every continent and island, and among every
kindred, and tongue, and people, on the planet we
inhabit*

Drunkenness is terrible, and is admitted to be ter-
rible. Half the miseries of the human family spring
from drunkenness, and are known to spring from it ;
and yet we are unwilling to relinquish the use of the
very articles that produce it, the only articles thut
produce it, and which, unless we change our habits,
or the course of nature changes, will continue to
produce it among our posterity, through all future
generations !

Talk not of ultraism ! than this, can there be
greater ultraism? For Christians, for Christian
parents, following the biers of neighbors, and friends,
and kindred, and standing amid grave-yards filled
with the victims of intoxicating liquors ; for Christ-
ians and Christian parents thus situated to cling to
their cups, and array themselves against the tempe-
rance reformation ; or for them to lack the moral
courage to remove at once and forever, from their
tables and their side-boards, and from before the eyes

NOTT

240

TEETOTALERS FREE FROM BLAME.

r I

of their children, those elements of temptation, which
are the admitted cause of all this guilt and misery ,
if this be not fanaticism, and- fanaticism the most ad-
verse to the hopes of the country and of the world,
then I know not whether anything exists upon this
planet that deserves the name.

In the guilt of this infliction of misery and waste
of life which intoxicating liquors occasion, we who
practice total abstinence are not partakers. What-
ever other sins may be laid to our charge, we are
free from this one sin ; we do not taste this treacher-
ous cup ourselves nor put it to our neighbor's lips.

Since we became " teetotalers," we have not
codperated with the distiller, the beer brewer, or the
wine brewer, or rum selling grocer, in training up
victims for the dyspepsia, or dropsy, or consumption,
or cholera, to operate upon.

Nay, we have done nothing to furnish, even indi-
rectly, by inebriation, new recruits of paupers for
the poor-house, criminals for the prison-house,
maniacs for the asylum, or sots for the gutter or the
grave-yard. Of the thousands of the debased beings
now begging in rags, toiling among convicts, or rav-
ing with delirium tremens, none owe their debase-
ment or their misery to the influence of our counsel
or example.

But 80 far as we are concerned, we have taken
from the inebriate the shelter of both ; we have put
it out of his power, while harranguing to his com-
panions in public, or communing with himself in
private, to lay that flattering unction to his soul, that

A CONSOLATION.

241

indi-

8 for

lousei

Ir the

jinga

rav-

»a8e-

insel

iken
put
50in-
Lf in
Itbat

lober, reflecting, moral men, nay, that even profes*
BorH of religion, nay, even teachers of religion, are on
his side, and that in their conduct he can find a vin-
dication of his own.

Especially have we put it beyond the power of
those interesting youth, removed from their friends
and their home, and entrusted to our care ; youtli
surrounded by so many snares, exposed to so many
temptations j especially have we put it beyond their
power to find, in our precepts or example, either
pretext or apology for tasting even of that fatal
chalice which,by bewildering the reason and inflaming
the passions,prepares the way for taking the inceptive
step in that downward course that leads through the
dram shop, the oyster cellar, the play-house, the
gaming room and those other nameless places of
juvenile resort, aye ! places which I may not name,
down to the abodes of death.

In this thought there is a consolation, as well as in
that other thought, that whatever may be our future
lot on earth, whatever unknown and unexpected ills
may be held in reservation for us and ours, one thing
is certain, come what will, if true to our principles,
we are at least secure from that whole class of curs-
es comprehended in the single curse of drunkenness.

Drinkers, I mean moderate drinkers, of all intoxi-
cating liquors, whether students or citizens, profes-
sors of religion or not, be assured that neither reve-
lation or nature are on your side, and that whether
you hear or forbear, the uniformity of Providence
will be maintained and the purposes and go vernmezit

PAU8K AND LOOK BACK.

of Gk>d will stand, and in the onward progreM of
time, what has been will bo hereafter.

Pause, then, I beseech you ; look back on the past,
and see within the circle of your acquaintance h6w
many families you can number up who have not fur-
nished to this dread destroyer at least one victim.
Here I might But I forbear. ••••••

It were not befitting publicly to lift that veil that
covers the painful reminiscences that occur. Let it
rest ; or rather lift it mentally, and in the retirement
of that secret chamber of your hearts, lift it ;
yea, ye parents who have childfen now moderate
drinkers — husbands that have wives now mode-
rate drinkers — wives that have husbands now
moderate drinkers — lift that veil, and, in the light
the past sheds upon the future, consider what they
will hereafter be, and prepare betimes for your com-
in<; destinv.

! Great God ! if the past be an index to the
future !^^nd why should it not be ? — ^if the past be
an index to the future, who can, where intoxicating
liquors, as a beverage, are in use, look around upon
a family, however lovely, however innocent, howev-
er full of promise, without shuddering?

And why should not the past be an index to the
future ? Admit this, — and is there anything unrea-
i^onable in its admission? — admit this, and I ask no
more.

This admitted, and what discreet parent is there,
what ingenuous child is there,who would not practice
the self-denial and make the sacrifice, if there be

I I

e h6w
ot fur-
victim.

)il that

Let it

rement

ift it;

^derate

modc-

\ now

^e light

t they

r cora-

to the

>ast he

eating

upon

owev-

to the
lunrea-
lask no

SELF-DENIAL.

243

either self-denial or sacrifice, that would he availing
to change the course of destiny, and ward off from
those we love th^ iippendin^ danger?

There is, hearer, as has been shown, such a self-
denial and such a sacrifice.

Time will tell who of you have the magnanimity
t^ act accordipgly, and eternity reveal the naigl^ty
consequences of t|iA^ QiQtioii.

there,
ractice
$re be

LECTURE No. IX.

MORAL AND NATURAL LAWS AS APPLIED
TO STRONG DRINK.

Nature still farther interrogated — Another page turned — The re-
Rponse in the Htructure of creation and the orderings of Frori-
dence -•- Man made for temperance and chastity — Excess fatal —
The intrepid engineer — The voice of Nature, the voice of God —
Ilis disapprobation of intoxicating liquors stamped on the whole
huronn organism — Especially the human stomach — Explanation
of the drawings of Doct. Sewal — The maniac.

In the preceding lecture we proposed to enter, and
interrogate nature in her own temple, concerning the
will of God, and tlie duty of man in relation to the
use of intoxicating liquors. We have done so, and
have heard the response that was returned.

Let us again enter the same temple — repeat the
same interrogation — and turning another leaf in the
booii of nature, attend to the response returned — a
response returned in the visible structure of creation
and the daily ordjrings of Providence.

Throughout the entire empire of Jehovah design
is apparent, and in all the provinces of that empire
means are adapted to ends.

The oak, exposed to the onset of the tempest and
liable to be riven by the lightnings of thunder, while
it raises upwards its massive trunk, and spreads out

WT1Y THIS DIFPERENCB OF STRUCTURE. 24/S

itf giant branches, sends downwards its roots of
strength amid the crevices of the everlasting rocks,
and thus stays itself on its broad, deep, strong foun-
dations. Whereas the ivy that entwines that trunk,
and the osier that grows beneath the shadow of those
branches, are frail, delicate, and proclaimed by their
very structure to be designed, not to furnish, but to
receive protection.

The eye and the wing of the eagle ** that dwelleth
i^pon the crag of the rock and seeketh her prey afar
off,'* are suited to her daring flight and extensive
field of vision.

Strength is given to the war horse ; his neck is
clothed with thunder — the sinews of BeheiDoth are
like brass, his bones like bars of iron. The album of
the forest tree is protected by its rind ; the organism
of fish by their scales ; of brutes by their fur ; of
birds by their plumage \ but the human organism is
furnished with no adequate corresponding protection,
against either the summer's heat or the winter's cold,
and yet that organism is frail, delicate and compli-
cated, beyond all imagining.

What means this difference of structure and of
defence, if it do not indicate a corresponding differ-
rence of design? In this, O man, "fearfully and
wonderfully made,'* thou hearest the voice of thy
Creator saying, *• thou wast made for temperance and
chastity — for the government of reason, for the
restraints of conscience and of religion — destined to
partake of purer joys and presently to enter on a
higher and holier state of being, for which thou

;

246

LAVOISIER.

canst only be prepared by a practiced self-govem-
ment, and a voluntary self-denial ; thy frail me-
chanism cannot endure the unrestrained cravings of
excited appetite or the rude impulses of inflamed
passion.

In health, aliments alone supply all the energy
that such a structure as thine can endure ; and it is
on rare and great occasions, only in sickness or other
marked crises of thy being, that additional and
auxiliary stimulants are admissible ; and the man
who indulges in the habitual use of such stimulants,
does this in defiance of law, a law written by the
finger of God, in living characters, on the delicate
organism of his own body ; * an organism against

* Aliments ar« necessary aa well to provide for the growth of the
bodj in early life, as to repair the waste which, in old and young alike,
is ever taking place.

Laroiaicr, a celebrated French chemist, states *' that the skin alone,
during every twenty-four hours, parts with twenty ounces of useletie
matter. To this important source of waste may be added that of the
alimentary canal and various organs of excretion, not omitting also the
impiurc air which is continually being emitted from the lungs. Tbia
large separation of useless matter indicates the necessity of a continual
•upply of fresh nourishment. The system otherwise would be liable to
premature dissolution or decay. To affect this restoration the reparative
organs must be in a healthy condition. Derangements of the digestive
functions, in particular, is inimical to healthy restoration. The lungs,
the heart, the liver, &c., have each their separate functions, and con*
tribute their appropriate share towards restoring the wastes of the
iiystem. Derangeniont, then, of any or all of these functions is more or
less injurious to health by preventing those processes which are essen-
tial to its continuance."

To supply this waste which is perpetually taking place (Anti>Bac-
cbus, p. 17d), " our food is digested, converted into blood, and circu>
Utcd to every point, both externa) and internal, of our frame, and by thif

BT. MARTIK — DIFFUSIVE STIMULANTS.

947

which, by such indulgence, he is performing a suicidal
act, the effect of which act soon becomes apparent,

meant wo aro nourished and our itrengh Ii renewed. Animal food,
wholefome bread, nutritioui yegetableii and fVuita, when properly
digested, nmplj and suitably supply the waste and absorptio'i of the
body. The gastric Juice is produced in exact proportion to the wants
of the system. In a laboring man the expenditure and exhaustion it
much greater than in one who is inactive, and it is a well known faot
that in the stomach of the former there is a larger quantity of gastrio
juice ready to digest or chyme a greater quantity of food, and for this
reason, the recluse, if he cat as much as the plowman, must suffer
from indigestion, because his stomach finds it difficult to digest more
than his absorption actually requires. It must also be observed that
nothing but * solid substances ' can be dij^estcd. Tho stomach cannot
digest water or any fiiher liquor, and therefore cannot turn it into
blood. Dr. Beaumont found, in the cose of St. Bf urtin, that liquids, as
soon as they entered the stomach, were absorbed 'ly the v'^rous capil-
lary tubes which are spread over that organ, and consequcntl.v <;arricd
out of the body by the kidneys. Milk was immediately conguIateO. the
whey absorbed and the curb digested ; soups, by these little tubes wv^rc
filtered, the parts retained for digestion and the liquid or water taken
into the veins. The same is the case with beer, cider and wine. The
water which they contain, and the spirit, or strength, which is lighter
than water, are taken up by the absorbents, and the very, very small
portion of solid matter which is lell, is, if not too hard for such a pro*
cess, subjected to digestion.

*' Aliments are indispensable to health and vigor,, and even to life
itself. It is otherwise with stimulants. Stimulants, whether local or
diffiisible, that is, whether acting merely on a single organ or on several,
neither repair the wastes of the organism, or add to the energy of the
vital principle. They accelerate, merely for the time being, the action
of the syHtem, and by accelerating exhaust the vit vtto, as well as
blunt the f^cusibility of the whole nervous structure on which they
ciperate.

Local or simple stimulants (Bacchus, p. 816), irritate the parts with
which they come in contact, and affect the other parts of the system

NoTr.

248

CONSCIOUS SENSATION.

in the deranged movement of that organism ; in the
suspended performance of its several functions ; und

only byreMon of the rital connection which ezLiti between the poiti
li\)arod, and the other portions of the systtii. A strong stimulnnt, fur
instance, applied to the stomach, ii^jures its Ainctions, and consequenMj
more or less interferes with its cnpability to carry on perfect digention.
Hence other organic functions sufTer indirectly, in part, by reason of
their being deprived of proper noari:»hmcnf, and partly because of the
n*.orbid sympathies which arc excited in tlint important organ.

2d. Diffwtive atimulanti also act ii\juriousIy on the pnits witb
which they come in contact, but difler from the former clara in their
Influence, being cxtcnted over the whole of the system. If an indi<
viduai swallow a small proportion of pure spirit on an onipty stomnch,
A sensation of burning or irritation ensues. Other and more distont
organs, however, shortly afterwards pnrticipato/ M'he brain- in par*
ticular, exhibits marks of disorder, and a species of temporary dell*
Hum, or mental excitement follows, in addition to general physical
disturbance. All of thcsa symptoms indicate some peculiar influence
by which diffusive stimulants expand and operate over the whole of the
animal functions. The organic medium by which this is cfTected will
subsequently be referred to.

For these reasons it will easily be perceived how incomparably
more dangerous are the class of diffusive stimulants than those desig*
Dated as "simple stimulants.** The latter exercise their injurioui
powers on a limited scale only ; wh!le the former possess the property
of iDJuring one or more of the vital functions at the same time. The
brain, for example, may be silently undergoing destructive changes
while at the same period the stomach and its functions may be so dia
ordered as to hinder digestion and nutrition ; and thus the two granc
sources of life and energy suffer either Bimultuneously or successively
from the same pernicious cause.

The brain in this case, of course, is affected thiough the medium of
the nervous system, which is essential to life, and suppHes all the func*
tions through their respective organs with their vital energy; cons^
quently an injury done to the nervous, necessarily extends itf
deleterious effects to cll the operations of the system, and this in

STIMULANTS — THK VITAL POWER. f^

the speedy and inevitable dissolution of all its parti
-—I Bay suicidal, because this premature dissolution

proportion to the RU^ceptlbillty and energy of the different parts, an
regulated by their organic constitution.

The pociilinr powcrd of tho nervous system bear an important rela-
tion in regard to tlie prcnont inquiry. In roiution to diet, one of
nature's sentinels consists in the dittinct sensation witich is experienced
when the stomach is ^.oaded with food, either improper in its quantity
or injurious in quality. The class of difiVisive stimulants, howerer,
when taken in moderate quantities, produce more or less injury with-
out exciting- conscious i«n$ation\n the stomach* General exhiliration
usually follows moderate Tinous indulgence, but the stomach itself,
when in a state of health, may or may not display conscious gratifl*
cation or dislike.

In thu conMiiti the great danger of moderate drinking. Individuals
commonly do not feel any uneasy sensations consequent on moderate
indulgence in wine. They cannot, therefore, for a moment suspect the
slightest possibility of injurious consequencecs arising from a cause
apparently so Innocent and devoid of danger. Experience and ex*
tended obserration, however, lead us to a contrary conclusion. The
healthy relation of the system may for some lime be almost impercep*
tibly undermined, and its harmonic us operations disturbed, and not tho
slightest suspicion be entertained that tlicee changes have originated
in some ii\juiious though silent action on the digestive organs. " Thia
circumstance,** remarks Dr. Johnson, '* leads us to divide into two
great classes those symptomatic or sympathetic affections of various
organs in the body, dependent on a morbid condition of the stomach
and bowels, viz : into that which is accompanied by conaciout eentatiott,
irritation, pain, or obviously disordered functions of the organs of di*
gestion— and into that which is 7wt acconiponied by sensible disorder
of the said organs or their functions. Contrary to the general opinion,
I venture to maintain, from very long and attentive observation of
phenomena in others, as well as in ray own person, that this latter class
of human afflictions is infinitely more prevalent, more distressing and
more obstinate than the former. It is a class of disorders, the source,
Deat and nature of which are, in nine cases out of ten, overlooked, and
11*

950

TBI VITAL POWBB.

of a itructure, formcu originally for greater endmv
anoe, ia not ov/iog, either in ita inception, ita progreM

for T«i7 obvioiu raatoiia, bceauM the morbid phenomeiM pr«Mnt Uiem>
telret anywhere and eTerjrwhero except in the spot where they hare
their origin.**— J^May en It%dig*UUm^ pmg* 8.

Thouiande and teni of thoutanda of indiriduala are in the preeent
day martyr* to indigeition, and more or leM auffer from organic dia-
ordera of rarioua kinda, altogether attributable to the moderate and
habitual use of intoxicating liquora.

Stimulanta not only diminish the excitability of the iiyitem, they also
dimiuuih the vital power, **<Aa< proptrty potnttd by ike Avmaik
/VaM«, wAtVA may h* dtnominmted tht tel/ prtatrvimg potttr ofnattitt,^
The vital power ia that roysteriouM influence which pervadea all living
matter, imparting life, vigor, and animation, in addition to the power
of Buataining exiatence for a limited period. It snataina man through
extraordinary phyaical exortion, and endowa hie conatitution with the
power to roaiat, to a certain extent, the effieota of exccasive heat or
cold, labor and fhtigue. Man ia peculiarly aubjeot to the vioiaaitudea
of climate and of aeaeona. -BuBineM or'^pleaaure may direct him to
countriea, the olimatea of which are either in the extremea of heat or
cold. In hia own or foreign lauds, he may be exposed to sudden im-
preseions, arising from the changes of the aeaaona. All of theae vi-
cissitudes the vital power enables him to sustain with comparative im-
punity, provided he has not exhautted iU influence by intemperate
habite. The same power, in a healthy condition, preserves him from
the injurious influence of marsh miamna^ poisonous vegetable exhala-
tions, and other noxious effluvia, to the dangera of which most persons
are more or less subject.

The vital power is the same in all human beings ; modified, it is trn<>,
by peculiar circumstances. It is possessed by the native of the toi vid,
as well as the frij,id and temperate zones, and sustains him in all the
physical exertions to which he is liable. The tenacity of this principle
of nature displays itself in the wonderful exertions of travelers.

The Arab, with a very small proportion of sustenance, traverses
scorching deserts for hundreds and even thoosanda of roilea ; the
soldier, in the midst of the mo:tt trying physical circumstances,

DR. IIUKELAMD.

tt^i

or ilt oontunimation, to any unavoidablo acc{ilent<*^
to any neoeuity of nature, but to the violence of a

Midarca tong and raenrating maroliei. A light proportion of food, a
fflw hour's rest, and the body is iiiTigorated, and again oapablt of
•neountering labors of an astonishing charaeter. Saoh is the sustain*
hig and life preserving Influence of the vital power. How important,
then, than mankind should minutely ascertain tlioae circumstanoea
which contribute to enerTate and destroy this active principle.

It may be observed, that this power can only be secured in a healthy
state by* the regular and harmonious action of all the functions of the
system. It is subject to, and a consequence of a due performanee of
the organic laws. Proper food, air, exercise and rest are essential to
Its oontlnuanoe. Every circumstance, Ihereforo, which tends to derange
or enfeeble the animal functions, diminishes in a greater or less degree
the force of the vital power. Many circumstances contribute to this
result, but among other causes none have so groat a tendency tu de«
crease the vitality of the system as that of intemperance. Intoxi>
eating liquors for a time increase the excitability of the vital power.
This effect, however, is quickly succeeded by languor and exhaustion.
Intemperance thus shortens the duration of human life. Each act of
indulgence decreases the energy and strength of the vital power, until
at lost the unhappy victim of strong drink fulls an unavoidable iuhI
premature victim to his unnatural career. «

To obtain a more familiar notion of the nature of the vital power,
U may be interesting, by way of Illustration, to compare the human
fhime to a machine of limited powers, in other words, one which, by
previous experiment, Is calculated to undergo for a limited period a
certain degree of labor. Produce more labor from this roacliinc than
it Is calculated to perform, and in the same proportion will be the
limit of its duration. There Is an exact analogy in this case witii
respect to the human frame. The Creator has given to our phyisieal
constitution a power sufllcient for all natural purposes. If by intem-
perance, of whatever character, or arising from whatever source,
we excite irregular action in the system, the human machine becomes
.>n>portionably debilitated In its power and limited in Hi duration.

XotT.

i 'i

i I

869

DR. DOD.

preMuro to which it had hu'ti Hubjucttfil through the
rathneM of tho agent tu whoso suporvision it hud by
itt Maimer been subjected.

Tli«a« genoml remark* will enable tlio rvnclur to undsratand why U bat

b««o MMriud that titu longlh of a niairit life may bo catlinattfd l>jr tb«

pulsalioni h« liaa ■trongth to perform. An Ingnnioua author, from

ihU olroum«tanoe, makoH the following caloulatlona : If we alto'f Mventj

yeara for the uaual ago of man, and aixty pulitationi in a minute for tht

common measure of pulaca of a temperate pcrion, tho number of puU

•ationa in hit wholo life would amount to 'J, 207,520,000. If by lutein*

peranott he force his blood into a more rapid motion, so aa to glv«

MTonty*flve puNea in a minute, the nan e number of pulsca would he

•ompleted In flfty-slx ycara. Hla life by thla roeana would b«

reduced fourteen ycarH. Tho celebrated phyaiulan, Dr. Uufuland,

appears to lay much atrcaa on tho circulation with respect to longevity.

He roroarka that " a 1/010 uniform puha is a strong sign of long life and

a great ikienna to promote it." And ngain, *' a principal cnuso of our

internal conaumption or spontaneous wasting, lies in tho continual

eiroulation of the blood. He who has a hundred pulsationa In a minute

may be waatcd far more quickly than ho who hua only fifty. Thoso

therefore whose pulse la alwaya quick, and in whom every trifling ogl*

totion of mind or erery additional drop of wine increasea the motion of

tho heart, are unfortunate candidates for longevity, since their whole

*ife iaa continued fever." Dr. Dod Informs us that under tho increased

•zcitement of alcohol '* tho circulation is quickened and thu diameter

tflheveasels through which the blood has to flow is diminished.'*

More work is demanded at the very time that the capacity of thette

wonderful tubea for their labor is dcercaaed. In tho wiso economy of

■ature, " a given amount of blood, with a given force in a glveu

lime," and through pipes of a given and proper ** diameter," js to bo

circulated ; by drinking intoxicating drinks, we Increase the quantity

of fluid which we have changed into fiery, contaminated blood, we in<

crease the force that propels it, we shorten the time in which it ie tob«

done, and at the same moment decrease the diameter of the tubei

through which it is to pass — and is it any wonder that blood vessela

burst, sometimes on the brain and cause instant death f sometimes in

Uio lungs, and aflOJot for life that mysterious purifier of the blood i la

TBI IXint:PU> R.NOINEER.

S63

When during the Uto storm on the groat weatorii
loket, that intrepid engineer, of whom we have heard
■0 much, planted hiifoot upon the lever of the safety
valves,and caused his fires to bo plied with that inflam-
mable combustilo, which suddenly supplied in such

from

Icsin

It wondtrAil (hat by tht buraUng of oTorworked, OTcrliMt«d Mid pois*
ooed TOMoU, " dlMiMd dcpoxits'* ahould b« formed whioh lOfty ulcerate
the lungM, OMlfy tho heart, produce caitroi'a and oalouU of TariouK
d«Mrlpt(oni and kinds?

Bleeding at the noac, hnrriorrhoidal and otiier dlieaaed fluxei and
•welling* occur (h>m the tamo oauio. Ai alcohol oapeoialljr, leeka tho
heart, the aeat of life, and propeli it with a deadly velocity, and
■eeka the brain, the fioat of thought, intelligence and moral Judg-
ment, and, by loading the blood Yeesela uf that delicate organ,
enoumbera the head, ia it to bo wondered ot that palpitation of the
heart enauea, or that the mind ia too confiiied to think, or that the
oye beeomea dim, the ear* deaf, and tho tonguo clammy f Persona
that drink itimulating liquora have a swimming In their heads, a
dimness before their vision, a ringing in their ears, a nervous
sense of obstruction in the organs of speech, a supposed ball rising
up in their throats, and a palsied shake of the hand and tottering
of the limba. And nothing could be more natural than that it should
be so.

Dr. Gordon, of the London hospital, states that firom actual obser>
ration on his own patients, ho knew that seventy^five eases of disease
out of every hundred could bo traced to drinking. He also declared
that most of the bodies of moderate drinkers, which, when at Edin>
burg, he had opened, were found diseased in the liver ; and that these
symptoms appeared dso in the bodies of temperate people whioh he
had examined in the West Indies. He more than once says *' that
the bodies whose livers he had found diseased were those of moral and
religious people." the same witness observed that ** the mortality
among the ooal whippers who are brought to the London hospital is
ftigbtftil.** fie alHO adds that " tlie moment these beer drinkers are
atUicked with atoy acute disease, they are unable to bear depletion,
ftod die directly."

26i

TUU INTREPID ENQINEEfi.

quantities the mighty agent by which that noble
steamer, in despite of the billows and the tempest,
forced her way off* from that rock-bound shore on
which she had been driven, and which threatened all
on board with instant and inevitable death — when
during that storm that intrepid engineer planted his
foot on the lever of his safety valve and caused his
fires to be plied with such inflammable combustible,
would he have done this, think you, in the same assur-
ancc of hope, had his manner been, reckless of con-
sequence, to subject his boilers and machinery, on
every trivial occasion, to the like extreme and fright-
ful pressure; or had these been so subjected and
weakened and rent thereby, would they have re-
sponded to the demand made upon them in this hour of
danger? Ah no! it was because that engineer, prudent
as well as intrepid, had hitherto spared his machinery
and husbanded his resources, that when the crisis
came, awful as it was, he was prepared to meet it.

There are crises in other voyages to which the
crisis just alluded to is quite analogous, when un-
wonted energy of action is demanded, an energy
which stimulants are availing to call forth. But even
stimulants avail not where the organism itself, or'
the sensibility of the organism on which stimulants
operate, has been impaired by stimulants. And hence
the victim of disease often becomes prematurely the
victim of death, because he has familiarized in health,
and by familiarizing in health rendered impotent in
sickness, those remedial agencies which God in
mercy has provided for those seasons of affliction.

{

ASK TOUR PHYSICIAN.

255

Know you not, drinker, that by the use in health
of that which was provided for sickness, you are
reversing the order of nature, and rendering health
more precarious, sickness more speedy and more
violent, and recovery therefrom more doubtful and
more difficult ?

Ask your physician, and he will tell you that even
the moderate use of intoxicating liquors in health
shortens its duration and increases in sickness the
chances of death.* And how should it be otherwise ?

* Those who have been aooustomed to liye freely, invariably fall an
easy prey to the attacks of disease. With such persons the slightest
injury is fVequeutly attended with the most serious results. The vital
ftinctions are unable to pei^^rm their accustomed labors, and conse-
quently the vts natunx is incapable of resisting the effects either of in-
ternal or external ii\jurie8. Thus the slightest cold or comparatively
trifling physical injury, is in general attended with danger and often
with loss of life. In some inebriate cases the principle of vitality is so
small that it is suddenly extinguished by little more than ordinary exer-
tion or exposure to unusual heat or cold ; and even, as has not unfre-
quently happened, 6y aimple indtUgenee in a glatt of cold water.
The substance of the following remarks not very long ago went the
rounds of the public papers: Medical men of experience in the metrop-
olis are familiar with the ftict that confirmed' beer drinkers in
London can scarcely scratch their fingers without risk of their lives.
A copious London beer drinker is all one vital part ; he wears his hear,
upon his sleeve, bare to the death wound even from a rusty nail or tht
claw of a cat. The worst patients brought into the metropolitan
hospitals are those apparently fine models of health, strength and sound-
ness, the London draymon. It appears that when one of these receives
a serious injury it is always necessary to amputate in order to give the
patient the most distant chance of life. The draymen have the unlim-
ited privilege of the brewer's cellar. Sir Astley Cooper on one occa-
sion was called to u drnyman, a poweiful, fresh colored, he althv lookin^p

2tf6

ARE THESE FIT BEVEKAOES )(

What are intoxicating liquors ? They are liquors,
containing poison not merely, but containing it in
quantity and intensity sufficient to disturb the healthy
action of the system when used as a beverage, and
were they not so, they would not be intoxicating.
And are such liquors fit for use?

The Providence of God has answered this interro-
gation, which answer is conveyed in ruins, stamped
by his appointment, from its first inception to its
final cosummation, on the whole living human
organism. I say human organism, for of all God*s
creature's having organs, man alone is chargeable
with the folly, I had almost said the madness, of
making use of poison as a beverage. On man's
whole organism, therefore, is the influence of thai
poison stamped — on the brain, the heart, the lungs,
the stomach, the viscera, nay not on these only, but
also on the inteltect, the passions, the moral sense,
on the whole man in both natures, corrupting the
body in anticipation of the sepulchre, and effacing
the image of God from the soul.

And can liquors which produce such rufns be a
beverage fit for man ? fit to be placed on the side-

inan« who hmA suffjered an ii^jury in his finger from a small q>lint«r oi
a stave. Suppuration ^had talcen place in the wound, which appeared
but of a trifling description. This distinguished surgeon as usual
opened the small abscess with his lancet. Upon retiring, however, he
ascertained that he had forgotten his lancet case. Returning to re-
cover it, he found his patient in a dying state. In a few minutes, or at
most a few hours, the unfortunate man was a corpse. Every medical
man in London, concludes the writer of this statement, above all things
dveads a beer drinker for his patient in a surgical case.

be a
side-

vor, he
to re-
, or at

nedical
things

TOUCH NOT — TASTE NOT — HANDLE NOT. 257

board, and on the table in private fu milies, to be
provided for guests in the retirements :>f friendship,
and spread out before the eye and proffered to the
taste of youth, at New Year's salutations, on public
occasions, and in promiscuous assemblies ?

O that I could present before you the outer man,
scathed and blasted, as it stands forth in real life,
bearing on every fibre, and on every feature, that
loathsome, leprous, vinous impress, of which those
dark, dismal lines traced on canvass, about to be ex-
hibited to-night, are merely symbols.

O that I could jM*esent before you the inner man,
still more scathed and blasted, bearing on every
attribute and element of its immortal nature that
same loathsome, leprou8,vinou8 impress, but in colour-
ing so horrible, that no lines ever drawn on canvass,
however dark, can become an appropriate symbol
thereof.

Could I do this, I would not ask, nor attempt to
return an answer to the question, whether such
liquors — ^liquors which enervate and disease the body,
degrade and defile the soul, were a beverage fit for
immortal, heaven-descended, heaven-aspiring man to
drink of.

Nor would it be needful that I should do so. In
that array of guilt and misery, with which these
poisons have filled our world, there is a tongue that
speaks, and speaks for God, and its language is (as I
have before said) to you, to me, to all, touch not,,
taste not, handle not.

263

REVELATION AND NATURC

That voice not only spedks for God, but it is Go(i*«
voice that speaks. Yes, throughout the wholo of
nature, God's voice is heard. It is heard in the ocean's
roar, the tempest's howl, and in the mutterings of
thunder. Aye, it is heard, too, in the murmur of the
rill, the rustle of the leaf, the whisper of the breeze,
and in that deeper stillness in which no breeze whis*
pers, nor leaf rustles ; the temple of nature is God's
temple, and throughout all its chambers he is present,
is heard, is seen, is felt. He it is that '* warms in the
sun, refreshes in the breeze."

Think not that God is heard only in the book of
revelation. Th^ book of nature, as well as the book
of revelation, is a h^ok of God. Both were written
by him* and hence David bound thorn up together,
and in the 19 th Psalm you will find a summary of
both.

** The heavens," saith he, " the heavens declare the
glory of God," and having said this, be adds in un-
broken < .mtinuity, ** the law of the Lord is perfect,
converting the soul."

These two books, which David more than thirty
centuries since bound up together, have not yet been
separated, and are both, with reverence, now, as for-
merly, to be consulted ; and both, consulted on the
question now at issue, return the same answer. It is
the book of nature, however, with which chiefly we
are now concerned. Let us examine its contents.
Let us obey its teachings.

Whatever obscurity there may be elsewhere, here
there is no obscurity ; here there are no opposing

TEMPERATE USE I3IP0SSIBLE.

259

phenomena to explain ^no contradictory testimony
to reconcile. After a lapse of six thousand years, the
original law of God, concerning intoxicating poisons,
with its awful and unchanged penalty, stands out to
view, written, on the living organism of those who
drink it, in characters so broad and bold, and plain,
that he who runs may read.

In view of this recorded prohibition of those
poisons, talk not of temperate use ; such use belongs
to authorized healthful beverage — to water, milk and
wine ; I mean good, refreshing wine, such as might
have been drank in Palestine, such as was drank
at Cana ; even such wineS) when used, are to be used
temperately ; and there may be times, and I think
the present is such a time, when from motives of
humanity as well as religion their use should be dis-
pensed with.

But poisonous beverage, even poisonous wine, wine
that intoxicates, wine the mocker; that serpent's
tooth, chat adder's sting, against which the book of
revelation warns, and to which warning the book of
nature in accents long and loud responds ; of such
wine there is no temperate use. Such- wine is poison-
ous, and is therefore to be everywhere and at all
times utterly rejected. The chalice that contains it,
contains an element of death. It is not even to be
received, or, having been received, is to be rejected;
'ud happy the youth — the man — who dashes it
untasted from his hand.

This is not declamation — it is not the speaker, but
thy Maker, hearer, that counsels thus. That counsel

NOTT.

8(30. THE STOMACH IN ITS HEALTHY STATE.

as we have said, is made apparent in ruins stamped
by the ordination of Jehovah in every ago, in every
clime, and on every organ of every human being who
transgresses his published law in regard to poisons.
Yes, in ruins, stamped from their first inception in the
moderate drinker, to their final consummation in the
death of the drunkard by delirium tremens.

The shadowing forth of these ruins, as seen in a
single organ, transferred by the pencil from the dis-
secting-room of the surgeon* to the canvass of the
painter, I shall now proceed to exhibit and very
briefly to illustrate

The organ in question is the human stomach, with
its triple coatings, with its inlet for food, its outlet for
chyme, its mysterious solvent for converting the
former into the latter,, and its contractile power for
transmitting the same (when so converted) through
other viscera, to be absorbed in the repairing of the
wastes of an ever-perishing and renovated organ-
ism.

Fig. I represents the inner surface of this organ,
exposed to view in its natural and healthy state— the
state in which it was created, and in which it would
ordinarily continue through life, but for those ele-
ments of ruin with which, by the indiscretion of
man, it is so early and often brought in coutact.t

' y

* Dr. Thomas Sewal.

f When thia lecture was delivered, Dr. Sewars drawings of tho
human stomach were exhibited, and the text is the explanation of
them sererally, as then giren..

TBMPEBATB AND HABITUAL DRUNKARDS. 261

tho
ton of

Fig. II represents the changed aspect of this same
organ, as it appears in the person of the temperate
drinker. You perceive how that delicate and beauti-
ful net-work of blood-vessels, almost invisible in the
heaHhy stomach, begins to be enlarged — ^how the
whole interior surface, irritated and inflamed, exhib-
its the inception of that progressive work of death,
about to be accomplished.

This change is effected by a well known law of
nature, to wit, the rushing of the blood to any pari
of a sensitive texture to which any irritant is applied.
You know what is the effect produced by even diluted
alcohol when applied to the eye ; you know what
the effect is, of holding even undiluted brandy in the
mouth ; what, then, must be the effect of pouring
such an exciting and corrosive poison into that deli-
cate and vital organ, the hnman stomach ?

Fig. Ill represents the stomach of the habitual
drunkard, with its thickened walls, its distended
blood-vessels, and its livid blotches, visible atirregu-
la intervals to the eye, like the unsightly rum blos-
soms that overspread the countenance, in token of
the havoc which disease, unseen, is making with tho
viscera, within.

Eig. IV exhibits the ulcerated stomach of the habi-
tual drunkard — with its loathsome, corroding sores,
eating their way through its triple lining, an4 gra-
dually extending over the intervening spaces; all
bespeaking the extent of the hidden desolation
which has already been effected.

869

OANOKSOUS STOMAOR.

Fig. V represents the frightful stomach of the ha-
bitual drunkard, rendered still more frightful by the
aggravation of a recent debauch. Its previously in-
flamed surface has become still more inflamed, and
its livid blotches still more livid. Grumoui blood
is issuing from its pores, and its whole putrid aspect
indicates that the work of death is nearly consum-
mated.

Fig VI represents the cancerous stomach of the
drunkard, or rather a cancerous ulcer in such a sto-
mach) the coats of which stomach, as the surgeon
who performed the dissections affirms, were thick-
ened, and schirrous, and its passages so obstructed as
to prevent for some time previous to death the traus-
mission of any nutriment to the system.

Fig. VII represents a stomach in which this pro-
gressive desolation is completed — ^it is the stomach
of the maniac, the drunken maniac — as seen after
death by delirium tremens, than which there is no
death more dreadful,^<«ignalized as it ever is by
unearthly spectres, hydras and demons dire.

It may have been the lot of some of yx>u to have
witnessed such a death scene ; if it has, you will
bear me out in saying that no language can express
its horrors.

The following lines convey but a faint idea of the
frightful ravings of a poor inebriate who died of de-
lirium tremens in an asylum to which he had been
removed, and who, amazed at the situation in which
ho found himself placed, conceived the idea that,
though sane himself, the friends who had placed him

BAVINOS OF THE INKBBIATB.

SG3

there were deranged. Excited to freozy and haunted
by this illoiion—

Yfhj ua I thiu, the nantao oried,

Confined, 'mid oraiy people f Whj t «

I am not mad — knare, itand a«ide t

ril bare my freedom, or I*U die.
It *i not for cure that here I're come —
I tell thee, all I want la rum —
I muat have rum.

Sane ? jei, and hare been all the while :
Wbj, then, tormented thua } Tie iad !

Why chained, and held in dureia rile ?
The men who brought me here were mad.

I will not stay where apectrea come — •

Let me go hence ; I muat have rum,
I must hare rum.

Tie he 1 'tia he I my aged aire t
What has disturbed thee in thy grara f

Why bend on me that eye of fire ?
Why torment, aince thou canat not saTo f

Back to the churchyard whence youWe come i

Return, return t but send me mm,
! send me rum.

Why la my m'' >' musing there

On that same consecrated spot
Where once she taught me words of prayer f

But now she hears — she heeds me not.
Mute in her winding sheet she stands —
Cold, cold, I feel her icy handa —
Her icy hands I

She 's yanished; but a dearer friend -^

I know her by her angel saile —
Has come her partner to attend.

His hours of misery to beguile ;
Haste 1 haste I loved one, and set me free ;
T were heaven to 'scape from henoo to thoe,
From hence to thee.

164 BAVI1I08 OV TUB IKEBBUTMi

lh« doM not h«ar— AWftj ih« ii«t|
R«gftrdl«M of tht obaln I w«ar,

B«ok to her roaiMioo in the ikiM,
To dwell with kindred epirite theto.

Why hM she gone f^Why did ehe omm f

God, I *ni ruined t Oire me mm,
1 give me rum.

Hurk I bMrk I for breed my children erj—
A ory that drinks my ipiriti up ;

But *t ia in Ttin, in rein to try —
gire me beok the drunkard*! cup i

My lipe are parched, my heart ia aad— ,

TUa cursed chain I *t will make roe mad I
T will make me mad I

It wont Iruh out, that crimson stain I
I'ts scoured those spots, and made th«un whlt<*

Blood reappears again,
Soon as morning brings the light I

When from my sleepless couch I come,

To see— to feel— — d I giro me rum,
I must hare mm.

T was there I heard his piteous cry,
And saw his hut, imploring look.

But steeled my heart, and bade him die-
Then firom him golden treasures took :

Accursed treasure — stbited sum—

Beward of guilt t OiTc— giro me rum,
1 give me ram.

Hark I still I hear that piteous wall-
Before my eyes his spectre stands,

And when it frowns on me, I quail ;
1 I would fly to other lands I

Bat that, pursuing, there *t would oomo—

There *s no escape t 1 give me ram,
1 c^re me ram.

tIAVIlfOS or THE I!fBBRIATE.

Guard I gu*rd thoM miiidow*— bar that door<

Yonder I amtd bnndita let ;
Th«j 'va robbad my bouaa of all iu store,

And now return to niurdur nie ;
Thay W braakbig hi, du n't let ihoin como ;
DriTo— drive theni hcncv— but give ma rum,
O t ^^iro ine rum.

965

I ttako again ? not 1 1— no more,

HeartleM, acouraed gamcitar ! No 1
I staked wkh thee my all, before,

And fhrom thy den a beggar go.
Go where ? A luieide to bell t ■

And laaTa my orphan cbildren here,
In ragi and wratohednaas to dwell —

A doom their fkthar cannot bear.

WiH no one pity f no one oome ?—

Not thou ! oome not, man of pnytr 1
8hut that dread volume in thy hand—

For me dnmnation'i written there—
Ko drunkard can in Judgment stand t
Talk not of pardon there revealed—

No, not to mo — it is too lute—
Uy Ecntcnce is already sealed ;

Tears never blot the book of fate.
Too late I too late these tidings come ;
There Ls no hope I give me mm,
I must have ram.

Thou painted harlot, come not here t
I know thee by that leoheroufllook«»

I know tlint silvery voice I hear—
Go home, and read God*8 holy book .

For thee tVere's mercy— not for me ;
I 'm damned already — words can *t td

What sounds I hear, what df^te I itt I
I*B iore it can *t be worse in hell I

luviirot or tub inkbbutb.

ftMhowUiAlruf lb«M ff«p(ttMMUI
Tli«7 *rt timwUng •'« m« to ay bMl I

I UmI thtir ekminjr, anaky coil
On tfcry llab w o m d my h— d —

WUh forked toAfM I m« Umoi ptaj (

I Lmt Ihtm blM— Uar U»«ai away I
Ttftr thtm awaj 1

A fl«n(l I ft i«nd I With niMiy « dart,

OUr«t on m» with bit bloodriMt tj*,
And aloM bit miMilM at my baarV—

1 whlibar, wbltbtr abaU I fly f
Fly f no t it ia no Um« for fligbt t

I linow thy halliah parpoaa w«ll~
Avaunt, afannt, tbov hated aprito,

Aiid bit tbao to thy nattra hall t

U« *a gona i ba 'a gone I and I am firao ;

Ha *a gona, tba faithlam, braggart Uai^
Ha aald hw *d eoma to aummon ma— •

8aa th«»ra again— my bad 'a on ftra I
Firat watarl balpt Obaatal I dial

Tba flamaa ara kbidling round my band I
Thia Mnoka I I *m atmngUng I eaanot fly-*

1 inatcb ma from thia burning bad !

Tbara t thara again— that demon *a tbara,

Orouebing to maka a fraab attaok I
Sea bow bit flaming aye^balla ghu>e —

Tbon fiend of fiends, what *• brought thee baek f
Back in Chy oar f For whom f For where f

He auilea — be beckona me to eome^
What are thoae words thou *8t written there f

** Ik bcu. thkt mitm want fob bum I"*
In hell they nerer want for rum.
Kol want for rum 1 Read that again—

I feel the apell I haste, drire me down
Wktre rum ia'fVce— where rcTelera reign,

And I can wear the drunkard's erown.

• The rum maniao Tariod.

ftAVlMOl OF TBI IMKBIIATI.

Aefl*pl thy proibr, i«Bil t I will,

And to thy druaktn banqtMl eoai« |
fill Ui« gr«A4 cauldron from lb/ aUII

WUh boiling, burning, tnry runi'^
Tb«r4 wUl I quoneb ihU borrid tblrtlt

Wllb boon oompMilons drink Md dvoll,
Nor plead for mm, m boro I muti •—

Tb«ro*« Ub«rt7 to drink In boU.

That ravod thai manlao rum had mad* "-i
Thtn ttartlng from bit banntcd bed »

On, on y d«moM| on t bo laid,
Thtn aUeat tunk — bit toul btd fled.

967

Sooffer btwart I ho In Ibat throud
Wat OBOo a ttmpttalo drinker too,

And felt at aafe — declalmod at loud
Againtt eitraraganet, at you.

And yet ert long I taw Urn ttaad

Refriting, on the brink of koU
A pardon from hb Savlour't hand.

Then plunging down wHh lieudt to dwolL

}aekt

From thenoo, methinke, I hear him aay,
Datb, datb the ohalioo, break tkt apoll,

Stop while you can, and whore you may -•
There *t no eaoape when once in helL

God, thy graciout tptrit tend,
That we, the mocker*t anare mav Hf,

And thut eieape that dreadful end«
That death eioniai, druukarua dm*

LECTURE No. X.

THE TBAFFIC— APPEAL TO DEALERS.

The injurious eflTect'of abaodoning the liquor trade considered — The
expedient of total abstinence — The manner in which it should bo
enforced — An appeal to dealers^

But would not the abandonment of intoxicating liquors,
could the community be induced to abandon tkemy thrmo
many an industrious individual out of employment, and
deprive many a needy family of bread? I admit for a
short time, and to a considerable extent, this would
be the case : and I also admit that this is a circum-
stance that deserves to be considered, and that,
where kindness dwells, can not fail to be regretted.

Some indeed there are who seem to think and
speak of those engaged in the manufacture and sale
of intoxicating liquors as mere wretches, infamous
alike in person and in occupation, whose feelings
and whose wants were not deserving of regard, but
I do not so esnmate character, nor have I thus
learned Christ.

It is not ours to sit in judgment on our brethren.
We see the outward appearance, God alone seeth the
heart. I have knowp and still know men of talents
ftpd integrity, and so far as man can judge, of religion

ered — The
it should bo

r liquorst
\emt throvt
}tnentt and
mit for a
is would
, circum-
nd that,

gretted.

link and

and sale

Infamous

feelings

|ard, but

I thus

Iretliren.

;eth the

talents

religion

TaS DOOM OF DRUNKENNESS IS SETTLED. 269

too, who have long been engaged, and who are still
engaged in these (to me) abhorred occupations : but
I know also and rejoice to know that as information
reaches and light breaks in upon their minds, one after
another of their number is led first to doubt, then to
disbelieve the innocence of his occupation, and then
forever to abjure it.

This change of opinion and of practice in relation
to the manufacture and sale as well as use of intoxica-
ting liquors, is still progressive, and it will continue
to progress ; others, and yet others, and yet others,
instructed by the counsel and moved by the example
of thek brethren, will be induced to practice the same
self-denials, and make the same sacrifices, until neither
drunkard, nor vender of the drunkard's drink, shall
remain within the limits of a purified and reclaimed
city. Nor within its limits only ; for the entire race
are destined to experience a moral renovation, and
the earth which man inhabits, to become covered
with works of righteousness, as well as filled with the
knowledge of God.

The doom of drunkennes, as well as of oppression
and every other vice, is settled — settled in the coun-
cils of that Godhead who has declared, from his
throne of mercy, that virtue shall prevail, and
crime of every name and nature cease from oiF a
ransomed, disinthralled planet. Already from that
throne of mercy a redeeming spirit has been sent
abroad among the nations, which begins to be appa-
rent in their quickened moral feeling and onward
moral movement. The conscience of the world

970

THE PROMISE OF TliE FI7TCSE.

begine to be enlightened and turned towards the pre-
vailing sin of drunkenneuB^^the source and centre
from which so many other sins are sent abroad over
the &ce of the whole earth. If there be encourage-
ment in the indicntiotn3 of Providence, or hope in tbe
predictionjs of prophecy, thi3 frightful abuse of the
products of the harvest field and the vineyard, so
wantonly manifested in the manufacture and sale and
use of intoxicating liquors, must be corrected, and it
will be corrected, or the glory of this republie will
depart not only — but the progresa of civilization be
arrested also, and even the chariot wheels of the Son
of God be rolled baek.

Let us then, cheered by the successes of the past,
and encouraged by the promise of the future, urge
forward, with renewed energy, our work of mercy.

There was a time when the whole Christian church
could be congregated in an inner chamber at Jerusa-
lem. Now its numbers, reckoned by millions, are
spread abroad over continents and islands. Within
even our own recollection, the same inner chamber
would have contained all the advocates of total absti-
nence in Christendom^ I^ow their number too is
reckoned by millions, and their influence is felt by
the inhabitants of many a kingdom, and the seamen
that navigate the waters of many a sea.

During the ages gone by, the ruinous, loathsome
and brutalizing effects of intemperance were exten-
sively experienced and deplored and counteracted.
Governments legislated, moralists reasoned, Christians
remonstrated, but to no purpose. In the face of all

THE QREAf DISCOVERY.

271

I the pre-
kd centre
'oad over
icoura^e*
>pe in tbe
186 of the
eyard, so
I gale and
ed, and it
ablio wilt
ization be
»f the Son

the past,

;ure, urge

)f mercy.

m church

^t Jerusa-

lions, are

Within

chamber

tal absti-

ler too is

is felt by

|e seamen

>ath8ome
re exten-
beracted.
Ihristians
ice of all

thii array of influence, intemperance not only main-
tained its ground, but constanty advanced ; and ad-
vanced with constantly increasing rapidity. Death
indeed came in aid of the cause of temperance, and
swept away, especially during the prevalence of the
cholera, crowds of inebriates, with a distinctive and
exemplary vengeance. Suddenly the vacancies thus
occasioned were filled up ; and, as if the course of life
whence these supplies were furnished was exhaustless,
all the avenues of death were not only reoccupied but
crowded with augmented numbers of fresh recruits.
The hope even of reclaiming the world by any
instrumentalities then in being, departed, and fear lest
Christendom should be utterly despoiled by so detest-
able a practice, took possession of many a reflecting
mind.

In that dark hour, the great discovery. That
DRUNKENNESS IS CAUSED BY DRiNKiNO ; uxoderatc, tem-
perate, continuous drinking ; and that entire sobriety
can be ^ ^stored and maintained by abstinence ; in
that da«L hour, the great discovery was made and
promulgated to the world. A discovery which, simple
and obvious as it seems to be, had remained hid for
ages — during which no one dreamed that mere drink-
ing, regular, reputable, temperate drinking, injured
any one ; much less that it produced, and by a neces-
sity of nature produced, that utter sliamelesp. drunken-
ness which debased so many individuals, beggared so
many families, and brought such indelible disgrace on
community itself. This discovery, though not even
yet generally known throughout community, has

KOTT.

272

OAUSfl AND EFFECr.

relieved more misery, conduced to more happiaen^
promoted to more virtue, and reclaimed from more
guilt i in one word, it has already shed move blessings
on the past, and lit up more hope for the future, than
any other discovery, whether physical, political or
moral, with which the land and the age in which we
live have been signalized.

By this great discovery it has been made apparent
that it is not drunkards, but moderate drinkers with
whom the temperance rcfonnation is chiefly concern^
ed ; for it is not on a change of habits in the former,
but the latter, on which the destiny of the state and
the nation hangs suspended. -

Drinking, and the manufacture and sale of that
which makes drunkards, operates reciprocally as
cause and effect on all the parties concerned.

The manufacturerand vender furnish the temptation
to the drinker, and the drinker in return gives coun-
tenance and support both to the manufacturer and
the vender.

All these classes must be reformed before the
triumph of the temperance cause will bo complete;
and the reformation of either contributes to the re-
formation of all. Every dram shop that is closed nar-
rows the sphere of temptation, and every teetotaler
that is gained contributes to the shutting up of a dram
shop. And they mast all be shut up, the rum and the
wine and the beer selling grocery, and temperate
drinking relinquished, or drunkenness can never be
prevented, society purified from crime, reUeved from

PHTfllCAL FOBCE VAIN.

273

Q more
essiogs
e, than
ical or
lich we

)pareni
irs with
jncern-
former,
lite and

of that
ally as

ptation
3 coun-
er and

pauperism, freed from disease, and human life ex-
tended to its allowed limits.

But how cau tlan be affected, how can the pre-
judices of whole classes of community be overcome,
and the very habits of masses of men changed ? How
have those mighty changes, even national changes,
elsewhere and in former ages, been brought about ?*
How? sometimes by appealing to physical force ; some'
times to wrongs and sometimes to right principles of volun-
tary action*

To physical force in the present instance, it were
vain for us to appeal. There are those indeed, who
have it in their power to answer by force, arguments
even that are unanswerable by argument, and who,
though unable to gain the mind by persuasion, can
crush the body by violence. But thus it is not with
the friends of total abstinence. We have not, and it
is well we have not, at our disposal either pains or
penalties. We cannot even abridge the perfect free-
dom of the moral agents that surround us, perverse
and erring as in our opinion their conduct may be.
We cannot inhibit access either to the side-board or
f.he rum-jug, and thus render inebriation either to the
man of fortune, or even the day laborer, physically
impossible ; for we can neither point the bayonet to
the breast, or appl/ the lash to the back of the refrac-
tory inebriate. Ours is a free country, and this an

* Changes from bnrbarism to civilization — from bondage to liberty—
and in the Emcruld Isle, of late, from riot to order — from inebriety to
temperance— how have these changes been brought about?

274

TOTAL ABSTINIITGE.

enlightened age. Here men will think and speak
and act according to their own convictions of duty |
ond they ought to do so. Unconvinced, I would not
relinquish the manufacture, or sale, or use of intoxi-
cating liquor at the bidding of another ; and I have
no right to require that another should do this at
my own bidding, and though I had, I could not by
any pains or penalties at my command enforce that
right. Compulsion then is out of the question.*

I i

* The author of course means " compulaioa *' by iudividuals, the
icrapcrance aocietios, and not compul!>ioii by the law«niaking power of
the atate. No part of this lecture ran justly be quoted againat pro>
liibitory legislation. It was written before that great device, *' The
Mahie Law/* was advocated, or thought necessary to the success of
temperance. When the author says he would not relinquish the nanti*
fucture or sale of liquor *' at the bidding of another," he certainly does
not mean that he would not do so, if he was so bidden by the ofBcert
of the law.

To the above we add : The liquor traiBo is not, and its public repute
is not, what it was when this lecture was written. The liquor has
grown worse, and the character of the vendors has grown worse. As
the pernicious efTeots of the traffic have been made apparent, one after
another of the better class of persons w ho need to soil liquor (the most
virtuous of men once engaged in it without scruple) have abandoned
it, until it is now in the bands of persons, but a mnati proportioD of
whom were born in the midttt of the temperance agitation. Of seven
hundred and seventy-five liquor sellers in Albany (see the Prohibiti<mi$t
tur March, 1866), it was found that less than one hundred were
born in America ; all the rest being foreign emigrants. Of all who
were convicted of selling liquor contrary to the prohibitory law, in the
«ity of Portland, Maine, not one, it is said, was born in the
United States. And 80 it will be found that the grogshop f^ystem,
as it now exists in the United Stiitcs ; from dram-selling up to
the state prison and the gallows ; including all its monatroaa
brood of evils, in the sliape of Intemperance, Pauperism and

TOTAL ABSTINENCE.

276

■peak
f duty J
uld not
intoxi-
I have
this at
not by
ce that
n.»

idualB, th«
I power of
ainit pro*
Ice, "The
guoceM of
Ithe Bianu*
«Inly does
M otBcerf

To WRONG PBINCI^LKS OF VOLUNTARY ACllON We

way, and alas ! too often do appeal. But such appeal,

Orimo, ftiHj three •fourths of thii whole grog-ihop qritem, oonatitutlng
the load, the oppreieion, the giant oune of the country, will be found
m foreign Importation. The quality of theie wares, always bad and
demoralising, hu deteriorated with the character of the Tendon,
Adulterations are not only not disguisod, but they are publicly adver-
tised in the newspapers. This new rascality in science is reduced to •
trade, even in the case of what are called the best of liquors ; while
the frauds in the more common liquors are w flagrant and fatal, thai
nothing but intense vulgar avarice is visible in the motive, and hardly
anything short of downright murder in the result. The following
ei^thets, not invented by "Temperance fhnatics," but by drinkers
themselves, are now part of the stock phrases of all the bar-rooms in
the country : " Fighting brandy ; ** *' Jersey lightning ; " " Sword-
fish;" "Red-eye;" "Rot-gut;* "B. q ruin;** "Liquor that will
kill at fbrty paces ; " and such like. These, be it noted, are a sample
of the dismal epithets, which are now used in grim earnest, by habitual
drinkers — a sort of ground swell of detestation, from even the best
friends of intoxicating liquors. And public sentiment, in regard to the
traffic, has kept pace. From being thought to be an indispensable
good, it has come to be regarded as at best but a necessary evil. In
several states of the American Union, also in the British Province of
Kew Brunswick, laws have been enacted prohibiting the sale of liquor
(for a beverage) entirely. In some of tht^e states, these laws have
been embarrassed or overthrown, on technical grounds, by the courts ;
in others, mostly from political and party motives, they have been re-
pealed. In these states, in several cases, some flagrant outrage haa
turned the point of public endurance. The arm of the municipal law
withdrawn, the great law of self-preservation hRS been applied, to stay
the desolation of the liquor traffic ; and it has been forcibly abated, as
a public nuisance, by the direct hand of the people.

In the Prohibitionitt for the month of June, 1857, will be found
recorded no less than nineteen such cases, which have been reported
by exchanges, in less than in as many months. In Huron, in the State
of Ohio, the sudden death, by means of the grog-shops, of an old

NOTT

S70

TOTAL IBSTINEKCB.

: \ 1

by whomioever made,i8 not in Keeping with the bene-
volence of an enterprise, which has as its object the

wointn, trooaed publle retentmcnt to « degree whioh wm no longer to
be restrained. Some fiftjr women immediately anned^themielTes with
hatchets and axes, proceeded to the places of sale, and demolished
Jugs, casks and demyohns, and spilt trnj drop of whiskey, brandj,
wine and beer they could find. The same thing, pretty much, transpired
At Wakeman, in the same «tatei Also in Lima, Salem, Albany,
Moscow, BflllTiUe and Kirkland — all in the State of Ohio. And so at
Ellsworth, in the State of Maine ; at Rookport, in Massachusetts { at
Jamestown, in New Tork ; at PlattSTillo, in Wisconsin ; at Chesterfield,
in South Oarollna ; and Oalifornia, in Kentucky. And so, with oiroum*
stances slightly different, at two places in Illinois — Earlrllle and
Hanover. And in Indiana, three places — at Vienna, Princeton and
Moorsville. In all these cases, the execution of the "search, seizure
and destruction clause " was done by vfomtn. In one case, by the
sister of a woman who was made dntnk ; and in the other oases, by
campanies of women, numbering from a dozen to fitly. At Bellriile,
the women were tried for riot ; they were acquitted by the Jury. At
Wakeman they were also tried ; these were discharged by the court.
At Logansport, In Indiana, Mr. Wright (himself a judge), whose little
boy had been made drunk by a liquor seller, armed himself with an axe,
stove in the door of the groggery, broke all the bottles, and spilt all
the liquor he could find j then put on his Sunday clothes, and went to
church.

Such is a specimen (for details, see psge 41 of vol. 4 of the Pro-
hibitionist) of the most noticeable and significant signs of the Umes.
For it is not merely that such things are done, but that they are pub*
licly applauded, and approved of probably In every case, by nine per*
sons out of every ten. They show that the liquor traffic has lost Its
hold on public favor, and point unmistakably where the sympathy of
the people runs ; that It is coming to be very generally regarded as a
KUiSAMCK — which In truth it is, and the greatest of nuisances : nor
would it be an extravagance to say, that It is fruitful of more mischief
than all other Buisances united.

Prohibitionists are charged with being revolutionary. But it is their
opponents who are n^volutionary. The advocates of prohibitory

jTOTT.

the bene*
bjeot the

no longer to
dmIyos with
i demoUshed
ik«7, bnmdj,
sh, tranipirod
em, Albany,
}. And so At
kchuaett^; At
Oheaterfleld,
, with oiroum-
BarWille and
rinoeton and
earoh, seixure
caae, by the
ler oases, by
At Bellrille,
le Jury. At
ty the court,
whose little
with an axe,
and spilt all
and went to

kf the Pro-

If the times.

ley are pub-

\y nine per-

has lost its

[ympathy of

;arded as a

inces : nor

re mischief

It it is theb
jrohibitory

TOTAL ABSTIXKNCK.

877

amelioration of the condition, and the elevation of the
character of the beings on whose destiny it is in-
tended to bear.

liquor laws, seek to rid the community of a vast and intolerable evil,
by peaceable and lawfiil means, «u\\ nlilch are as old as the Common
Law. This Id reform; not revolution. But they who seek to protect
and perpetuate the traffic in intoxicating Liquors — to kcop so rast a
wrong, and so complicated a Bystom of wrongii, in a community of men
and women who abhor it, and rise to cast it off, as an infamy and a
scourge — the attempt to keep society where it ii<, when its first and
strongest instincts compel It to a point beyond — this ia revolution, and
the most unnatural and violent kind of revolution.

Eleven years ago, wo knew a student, at Union College, who sent
a copy of these Lectures to bis father, who was then engaged in liquor
selling. He soon sent back word that he had rend them, and was about
to employ his capital in other business. Doubtless there are some sucli
persons still remaining in the trade, whoso hearts and consciences, if
this volume were sent to them, would be similarly touched. We
should be glad to have the experiment tried in the case of all the two
hundred or two hundred and fifty thousand liquor sellers in the United
States.

If anything in the way of "moral suasion** can affect the hearts of
the men who still deal in intoxicating liquors, it will be these powerful
and searching appeals by Dr. Kott. For ho seems to exhaust all the
arts, not only of the orator, but the Christian orator. But it must not
escape our notice, that all these 'same appliances, uniting the skill of
the rhetorician and the zeal of the missionary, are equally proper to
be used, and ought to be used, with the counterfeiter and the forger,
the keeper of gambling-houses, and the horse thief. But while these
pious efforts on the part of individuals cannot be too much applauded,
society at large does not wait, and cannot wait, until these wrong-doers
are personally reclaimed. The pains and the penalties of the prohibitory
laws are resorted to iu the case of lesser evils than liquor-selling ; and
government cannot refuse to employ them in the cose of the greater,
without abandoning its primary functions, and resigning all pre*en.sionfl
10 maintain social security.

erv

TOTAL AUsriNKXCK.

Buforo tlio rye of tlio pliilaiitliropist thore in iiproad
out Olio vuHt field of oriiiio and miMery, the admitted
consequence of iiiebrintion ; delilM<rute, customary, I
liad almost said fashionable inebriation. Evils so
appalling require the immediate universal applica-
tion of that only remedy.

TOTAL AB8T1NKNCR.

But be it remembered that they alone who can
Apply this remedy, are free, untrammeled, intelligent,
moral agents ; as such agents they must be addressed ;

To prove concluHivcly, that the author would not have any part of
tlicse Locturet quoted againat the agitation for legialaliTe prohibition,
wo close thia note by quoting the following paaauge from an addreaa
tlullverud by the autltor, at the Annual Meeting of the New York State
Timpetance Sociot) in Albany, on the ISih of January, 1866 : ** It is
in thcflo public and long*e8tablished rendezvous of vice that the ocoa*
aion is furnished and the temptation preaenled ; here the eiementa of
(lonth are collected, hero are mingled, and here the fatal chalice that
contains them is pruscntcd to unsuspecting and confiding guests, as
containing an innocent, cheering and even healthful beverage ; and,
by being so presented in the midst of boon companions, an appeal ia
made, guilefully made, to the kindly instincts and generous impulses of
nkan*s social nature,— an appeal which few long subject to ita seductive
influences ore able to withstand. Merely to shut up these moral
Oolgothas, these shambles of the soul, would be a noble triumph.
But how are these progressive triumphs to be accomplished, this final
victory achieved ? How ? By the force of public opinion — settled,
decided opinion — and such public opinion embodied^ and expreaud in
the form vf authoritative public LAW—and thus embodied and ezprea^
ed faS fast and as far as it is formed." — (kditok.)

THB CIIANOR — HOW ATTAIKID.

S79

•e in iiproail
e admitted
istomary, I
Evils 10
al applica-

e who cnn
ntoliigent,
addressed ;

re tmj part of

TO prohibition,

Dm an addrsM

ew Yoric State

]806: "It is

that the ocoa*

e elemeDta of

vbalice that

ing guests, as

vcrage ; and,

f, an appeal is

|iis impulses of

its seductive

these moral

ble triumph.

ied> this final

m — settled,

expretMtd in

and ezprM**

addressed as agents A^ho, in view of rvidcnco and
motives, are to t'oriii their own opiriionM and decide for
themselves their own characters and course of con-
duct; and hence, agents who can only be gained to
abstinence by fonning each for himself the high
resolve and currying out the same in action. Thi)
change in contemplation is a change on principle—
u moral change, u voluntary chungo, a change to bi)
effected by each individual on hiuistlf uiid by him-
self; a rightful change — a ch:inge in wiiiih oppctito
is denied, reason enthroned, and homage paid to the
behests of duty and the authority of truth, so that
in the advocacy of this cause its friends are estopped
from appealing to physical force, not only, but aho
from appealing to all wrong principles of even volun-
tary, action.

It is easy to rail at the rum and even the wine
seller, as well as the rum and wine drinker; to
injure his business, to asperse his character, and to
make him odious in community, and thus compel
him, especially where our influence is controlling, to
dissemble, while paying to our abhorred principles
an external but reluctant homage.

It is easy, perhaps natural, convinced as we are of
the goodness of our cause, to do this. But is it kind,
is it fraternal? especially, is it Christian? Have we
then forgotten how much and how long God has borne
with us? See we not how long He bears with others?
How His sun shines and His showers fall even yet
upon the wicked ? ! it was the disciples and not
their Master who, when treated less urbanely than

s^.

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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(7)6)873.4503

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'S.

'.**

280

PRINCIPLES AND VOLUMTAKT ACTIOM.

».ii

wai befitting, by a village of Samaritans, it was the
disciples who proposed to call down fire from
Heaven and consume that village: to whom, re-
buking their rashness, He said, *' Ye know not what
manner of spirit ye are of, for the Son of man is not
come to destroy men's lives, but to save them.**

Bat though estopped from appealing to physical
force, estopped from appealing to wrong principles,
we are not estopped from appealing

TO RIOHT PRINCIPLES AND YOLUNTART ACTION.

**/," said the Saviour of the world, "I, if I be
lifted up, will draw all men unto me.**

The event has verified the prediction. It is not
the terrors of Sinai that have driven, but the attrao-
tives of Calvary which have drawn so many souls to
Jesus. Now, as formerly, there is a charm in kind-
ness, and to the powerless reformer, persuasion is still
an arm of power. Let us then, in place of offending
by our rudeness and repelling by our censure, endeavor
to convince by our arguments^ and conciliate by our
entreaties, both the manufacturer and the vendor as
well as the consumer of intoxicating liquors.

Abhorrent as the manufacture and sale, as a beve-
rage, of intoxicating liquors may be, to the fully in-
structed and confirmed advocates of total abstinence,
it is still to be considered that these are occupations
which, at no distant period, the prevalent, I had
almost said the universal, usages of society called for;
which law sanctioned and even religion itself was
believed and is still believed by many to sanction ;

A 8ACBIPICE REQUIRED;.

SSI

was the
re from'
lom, re-
lot what
m is not
m."

physical
inciplei,

n'loir.
if I be

It is not
e attrao
souls to
in kind-
>n is still
ffending
ndeavor
B by our
eudor as
i.

a beve-
fuUy in-
itinence,
ipations
I had
lied for;
self was
mction ;

ocoQpatioiit which even temperance men patroniied
and engaged in without compunetioo. Under these
alleviating circumstances the capital of the manu-
facturer and vender has to a considerable extent
been invested and his habits formed, and he cannot
now transfer the one or change the other without
inconvenience; perhaps not without sacrifice, per-
haps not even without suffering. It is no easy
thing for a man whose little all is thus invested, and
who. thereby obtains his daily bread, and who knows
not how otherwise to obtain it; it is no easy thing
for such, a man to gird himself up to the perform-
ance of the painful duty to which our doctrines sum-
mon him. On the contrary, it requires great mag-
nanimity, great decision of character, and great sek*
sacrifice to do this.

Think not, therefore, that those whose hard lot
it is to breathe the air of the brewer's vats, or to
barrel the liquid that flows from the distiller's still ;
or that those whose still harder lot it i.s, standing at
the counter or the bar, to measure out by the gill ta
drinkers the drunkard's drink ; think not that these
men are from the very nature of their professioa
greater sinners than other men. On the contrary,
tfieif ure now whcU many oftt*, and without any change
of moral character, once were. And many of them
may, and doubtless will, without any change of
moral character, become what we now are. £vei»
now they have the same lu^kes and fears and
sympathies, the same love of life and liberty and
country and kindred and of man, as other men have-

2S2 HODEBATU AND CUSTOMARY DBINKINO.

Among them may be found those who would shrink
from crime with as instinctive a shuddering, look
on misery with as tender an eye, and stretch forth
for its relief as wiUiiig an arm, as any among our-
selves; in one word, there may be found among
them, as among us, men who- fear God and in other
respects work righteousness: but owing to their
education or occupation, to their misapplied experi-
ence, to their ignorance of facts, to the influence of
habit, ta the force of prejudice, or perhfips to our
own unchristian advocacy of the cause itself;, our
unwarranted assumptions, our invidious slanders,
our want of charity, our want of candor or fidelity;
owing to these or other similar causes, they have
not yet learned what we, though placed in more
favorable circumstances, and enjoying greater light,
were slow to learn (not that drunkenness is at once
a- crime, a curse and a dishonor, but)

That drunkennesst by a necessity of.naturey is produced
by drinking; moderate, customary, reputable
drinking; and that such is the settled, unchanging
order of Providence ; and hence the frequent, fright-
ful, loathsome manifestation of this abhorred malady,
among, and only among temperate drinkers, so called ;
that is, among those who have the rashness, the
temerity, I had almost said the impiety, in the face
of this settled order of God's unchanging providence,
to subject the living fibre of their own organism to
the corrosive action of intoxicating poisons ; poisons
furnished by the Author of all good fpr medicine,

xo.

VICTIMS NEVER TEETOTALERS.

8S(^

)uld shrink
iring, look
retch forth
iinong our-
ind among
id in other
g to tkeir
ied expcrir
ifluence of
dps to our
itself;, our
r slanders,
or fidelity ;
they have
d in more
^atcr light,
is at once

Is produced

EPUTABLE

ichanging
[nt, fright-
malady,
|so called ;
iness, the
the face
jvidence,
ranism to
poisons
ledicine,

not for aliment — and not intended, and declared by the
effects they produce not intended, for habitual use.

Thisdiscovery is not fancy but fact; an ascertained,
palpable, indubi4;able fact, at the knowledge of which
we have arrived by collating the data furnished during
other ages and in other countries, and comparing the
same with the state of things existing in our own ;
in the prosecutioh of which inquiry wo have visited
the localities where intoxicating liquors are manu-
factured, and sold, and drank. We have marked their
effect in the but of ignoFaBce^ aud tl>e parlor of
fashion ; we have actually taken the dimensions of
the miseries they have occasioned, ond summed up
the numbe]' of the dead which they have slain ; and
while doing this, we have been surprised to learn,
that drunkenness was not, as we had once supposed,
a calamity resulting from some single, sudden, over-
whelming indiscretion, or at most from some few
flagrant, wanton cases of criminal indulgence, into
which men of every class were liable to be surprised ;
but that it was a calamity confined to a single class,
the moderate drinking class ; that the victims were
nsver ** teetotalers," but always moderate drinkers,
and the process always nooderate drlnking-r-a process
not sudden^ but gradualv beginning whea dduking
began : continuing with its continuance: and making
its silent, undiscovered, unsuspected advance, covertly
and without sign of progress or note of warning;
till suddenly frienda and kindred are awakened to
the knowledge of the alarming truth, that, sedv^ed

984 BBLr-DnflAL AVD SACBiriOB BEQUIBED.

^ nodente drioking into drunkeBiieM, a fiither, »
■on or a brother lies in ruini.

And haying difeovered this truth, to wit, that
drinking, I mean temperate drinking, it what makes
dmnkards; a truth momentous indeed, and big wiUi
everlaiting consequence-— but a truth hid for agefh—
and still hid from numbers; having discovered tbi*
truth, we hasten to. announce it both to. the vender
and the drinker;: to anziouace it, not ii>the]iM)goage^
of rebuke and crimination, but in that of Heaven*s
own mercy— saying, as an Apostle said, ** Brethren,
I wot that through ignorance ye have done this, as
did also your rulers," who have licensed and by
licensing sanctioned the doing. And full well we
know that even God winketh at those bygone days
of ignorance, though now, and far as the light
shineth, commandelh aU nun everywhere to rejKitt,

That self-denials and sacrifices will be required, in
effecting that change in our social habits which is
called fox by this discovery of the deleteriows e&cts
of even the moderate use of intoxicating liquors on
the human constitution^ must be admittedb And it
must ^Iso, be admitted that, so far as sacrifices are
eonoemed, manufacturers and venders will be the
chief, I had almost said, the only sufferers. Still it
must be recollected that these are sacrifices that
patriotism as weU as religion sanctions; and such
too as are elsewhere called for, whenever in this
onward movement of society any new and valual>le
improvement is introduced. Not a canal can be
excavated, arailroad constructed, a steamboat started,

athon ft

it, that
t makes
Mgwith
raget-^
red tbii
) vender
i»g«ige-
[eaveii*8
rethren,
I this, as
and by
well we
[>ne day«
be light
It,

aired, in
ivhich is
8 effiscta
uors on
And it
ices are
be the
Still it
es that
id such
in this
alualile
can be
itartedy

IKV-KIBPERS-— OBOCKRS EXHORTED.

2S6

or even a spinning jenny or a power loom put in mo-
tion, without impairing the fortune of tome and taking
away the means of procuring bread from others.

And yet these partial temporary evils are sub-
mitted to, and often without a murmur, even by the
sufTercrs, cheered as they are by the prospect of
public, enduring, superabounding good*

But never wos the endurance of private tempo-
rary evils encouraged by the promise of requital in
the bestowmeut of such public enduring and super-
abounding good as in the case before us.

O! could the employment of capital, and the
consumption of provisions, and the waste of labor,
in the manufacture of intoxicating liquors, be pre-
vented ; and could the moral and physical energy,
now paralyzed by their use, be directed to the pro-
duction of comforts, how different would be the
condition of all classes— especially of the laboring
poor, who now, small as their earnings are, eagerly
purchase, and unheedingly press to their lips, that
cup which is ever, to those who taste of it, the cup
of affliction—often even the cup of death !

Brethren, inn-keepers, grocers, wliose business it
has been to sell to diinkers the drunkard's drink,
has it never occurred to your minds that the liquors
dispensed were destined, though unseen by you, to
blanch some glow of health, to wither some blossom
of hope, to disturb ^ome asylum of peace, to pollute
some sanctuary of innocence, or plant gratuitous,
perhaps enduring misery, in some bosom of joy? Have
you never in imagination followed the wretched

286

CONSIDER THESE THINGS.

inebriate whose glass you have poured out, or whose
jug or bottle you have filled ; have you never in iia-
agination followed him to his unblessed and comfort
less abode? Have you never mentally witnessed the
faded cheek and tearful eye of his broken-hearted
wife; never witnessed the wistful look and stifled cry
of his terror-stricken children, waiting at night-fall
his dreaded return ; and marked the thrill of horror
which the approaching sound of his footsteps sent
across their bosoms? Have you never in thought
marked his rude entrance, his ferocious look, his
savage yell, and that demoniac phrenzy, under the
influence of which, father, husband as he was, he
drove both wife and children forth, exposed to the
wintry blast and the peltings of the pitiless storm ;
or, denying them even this refuge, how he has smitten
them both to the earth beneath his murderous arm ?

If you have never heretofore considered these
things, will you not now consider them, and give up an
occupation so subversive of virtue, so conducive to
crime, so productive of misery ? You would not will-
ingly, even though it were desired, you would not di-
rectly furnish your customers with pauperism, in-
sanity, crime, disease and death; why then supply
them with what produces these, and more than these ;
more of misery than eye hath seen, or ear heard, or
than it hath entered into the heart of man to Conceive?

But the sale of liquors is your employment, and it
furnishes you and yours subsistence. Be it so ; still,
is it a desirable employment? Are you willing to
live, and that your family should live, on the miseries

hCClNQUI-tniNO THK TnAFPir.

S87

t, or whoM
Bver in '

d oomfoit-
inessed the
en-hearted
stifled cry
\ night-fall
i of horror
tsteps sent
n thought
look, hid
under the
le was, he
»sed to the
ess storm :
as smitten
rous arm?
ircd these
give up an
iducive to
1 not will-
Id not di-
)rism, in-
n supply
an these ;
heard, or
onceive?
nt, and it
so; still,
i^illing to
miseriet

endured, and the crimes committed by others, in
consequence of poisons by you dispensed ? Are you
willing to receive and treasure up the profits, which
arise from the widow's tears, the orphan's cries, the
maniac's loss of reason, the convict's loss of liberty,
and the suicide's loss of life? Are you willing thot
death should find you still corrupting youth, dishonor-
ing age, and fending waste and want and battle into
tlio families of the poor; and disgrace, disease and
death into those of the rich ; and subverting, in both,
the course of nature, so that in the habitations of
maternal kindness, and under the tutelage of paternal
virtue, in place of wise and good and useful men,
debauchees and paupers and criminals are reared
up? Are you willing death should find you still pre-
paring victims for the poor-house and prison-house
and grave-yard ?

And ye, men of fortune, manufacturers, importers,
wholesale dealers, will you not for the sake of the
young, the old, the rich, the poor, the hoj • ;y, the
miserable, in one word, for the sake of our coiamon
humanity, in all the states and forms in which it is
presented, will you not shut up your distilleries,
countermand your orders, and announce the heaven-
approved resolution, never hereafter to do aught to
swell the issue of these waters of woe and death,
with which this young republic is already flooded ?

Have you never thought, as you rolled out and
delivered to the purchaser his cask, have you never
thought how mriny mothers must mourn, J^w many
wives sutler, how many children must supplicate;

8S8

XMTBMPERANCE A MOKAL RUOIIT.

how many men of viriuo must be corrupted, men
of honor debMod, and of intelligence demented, by
partaking of that fatal poison, dispensed Arom yoa,
•eller, and to be paid for as per invoice f

Have you never thought what a moral blight there
was to be set abroad over that hamlet or village,
where the vile disease and crime-producing contents
of that cask, drained to its dregs, were to be palmed,
under the guise of a healthful beverage, on the
orderly, uninformed and unsuspecting inhabitants
thereof? In your own poor-houses and prison-
houses and grave-yards, in the beggars that frequent
the city, in the loafers that infest the suburbs, and in
the shop-liflers and incendiaries so common in both,
you see something, indeed, but not a tithe of the
whole evils which the traffic in these accursed
liquors produces, sent forth, in quantities, as they are,
along those extended channels that connect the
far-off lakes with the ocean — along the no less ex-
tended sea-board, and up the great valley of the
west, to every islet and glen, over every railroad or
other avenue, to every inland village or shanty or
cabin, inflicting everywhere the same miseries in-
flicted in the city from whence this clement of evil
was sent abroad — ^impairing the health, diminishing
the vigor, and sowing the seeds of death in the con-
stitution of the hardy laborer in the field, the ruddy
housewife in the family, and the pale infant in the
eradle — sharpening the avarice of the trader, in-
flaming tjbe vengeance of the natives, raising the war
ery amid the hunting grounds of the wildemesa, and

upted, mea
imented, by
1 Arom yoa,

blight ther«

; or village,

ng contents

be palmeil,

ge, on the

inhabitants

&nd prison-

lat frequent

urbs, and in

[ion in both,

tithe of the

le accursed

as they are,

lonnect the

no less ex-

lley of the

railroad or

shanty or

iseries in-

ent of evil

iminishing

in the con-

the ruddy

fant in the

trader, in-

ig the war

lemess, and

EVILS PKODUCED DY LTQUOB.

t{60

rendering savage life itself less secure and more
comfortless, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains,
and even the regions that lie beyond them.

Dut it wore vain to attempt to portray the se-
verity or take the dimensions of the evils produced
by a single cask of intoxicating liquors, inconsider-
ately sent forth from the warehouse of the sober,
moral, and religious dealer, to the far-ofl* west, or
perhaps to some other continent, or to the islands of
some distant sea, there to execute unseen, and on
beings unknown, its work of death — there to sadden
the missionary, to ** demonizc '* the savage, and cause
the hopeful convert to apostatize from the faith he
had professed. These are evils, however, which God
registers in the book of his remembrance, and which
the dny of judgment will bring to light; as well ns
those other evils nearer home of which we have
already spoken, and, would time permit, might still
farther speak ; for at home and abroad, in the city
ond country, in the solitude and by the way side, it
is not blessings, but curses, that the venders of
intoxicoting liquors dispense to their customers.

Said a venerable grocer, looking along a street in
which in early life he had planted himself — ** That
street has twice changed most of its inhabitants since
I commenced business in it ; and the present occu-
pants, untaught by the fate of their predecessors,
are drinking Jiemselves to death as speedily as prac*
tlcable.'* "I admit,'* said another grocer, "that
what you say is true; we know we sell poison; all

the world know this ; mankind have acquired ataste
18

>}J0

TIIK WIKE DEALKM'tf Win.

for poison, and will have it; we merely adminialer
to that tatte, and if people will kill themaelvfei it
ia their own, and not our fault."

A wine dealer's wife, in the commercial capital of
the State, whu«e conscience was ill at ease in relation
to the trafAc in intoxicating liquors, availing herself
of an auspicious moment, said to her husband, **Ido
not like your selling liquor; it seems to me to be a
bad business ; you do not, I suppose, make more than
one or two hundred dollars a year by it, and I should
be very much rejoiced if you would give it up.*' **I
know," answered her husband, ** as well as you flo.
that it is a bad business ; I should be as glad to give
it up as you would be to have me, and if I did noi
make more than one, or two, or even five hundred
dollars a year by it, I would give it up." **How
much, then," inquired his wife, **do you make?**
** Why," replied her husband, ** I make from two to
three thousand dollars a year, an amount quite too
large to be relinquished." *' What you say," she
rejoined, '^brings to my mind the remarks of a lecturer
I once heard, who having repeated what Walpole
said in relation to every man having his price in
politics, added that it was much the same in religion*
Satan, continued he, is a broker — not a wheat, or cot-
ton, or money broker, but a soul broker: some can be
procured to labor in his service for a hundred, some
for a thousand, and some for ten thousand dollars a
year. The price at which you estimate your soul, I
see, is three thousand dollars a year. My dear hue*
band, look you well to it — ^to me it seems that even

■dminiaier
uumIvw, It

I capital of
9 in relttion
ling henelf
band, ** I do
me to be a
B more than
knd I should
it up." »*I
I ai you do.
(lad to gire
if I did not
ive hundred
k)." •'How
ou make?**
from two to
t quite too
|u say,** she
if a lecturer
t Walpole
is price in
in religion,
eat, or cot-
lome can be
dred, some
d dollars a
our soul, I
dear hua-
tliat even

mCIDKNT DURINQ TUB OnOLBRA tBASOM. 901

three thousand dollars a year is a paltry price for that
which is truly pricplutN/*

On the mind of that husband sudden conviction
flashed; and liberal ns wns his portion in those
rewards of unHghteousneM which Satan proflbrcd;
he reaolved, and avowed the resolution, to receive it
no longer.

Dealer in these disguised poisons, how stands this
profit and loss accotint with you ? Huve you summed
up the items and ascertained the total to be by you
received in exchange for that which ** angels dare not
bid for, and worlds want wealth to buy ? **

Not without reason did the poet say, in reference
to the debasing influence of sinful mnccnary pur-
suits —

" How low tlio wretches itoop t how deep tli(\v lUingo
In mire and dirt : thej drudge and iweat and oi eop
Through ever? fen, for tIIo oontaminating iruHh.
Bineo prone in thought their nature is th«ir riiit me;
ikud tlioy itiiould bluah, tlieir forehead meets th) Hkies.**

In an address at a late temperance unnivcrsnry,
said a speaker : '* During the cholera He.ison there
came into my office in New-York, one forenoon, a
grocer with whom I had been acquainted, and said
with much agitation, I am going to give up Helting
Hpirituous liquors. Why? said I. Because, rejoined t
lie, there came into my store this morning, at a very
early hour, a young man, who, looking up to the
brandy bottle which stood upon the shelf, exclaimed,
with a fearful oath, Come down! come down!
You killed my grandfather — you killed my father •

999

QBOOER'fl VARBATIVB.

come down nowi and kill me. What that young
man said, continued the grocer, was but too true.
His grandfather died a drunkard, and with liquor
obtained at my store. His father died a drunkard,
and with liquor obtained ut my store. Both drank
from the same bottle, and both were dead ; both ihe
grandfather and father ; and now the son had come
to claim the sad privilege of drinking from the same
bottle, and dying as his grandfather and father had
died. I looked at that young man— I thought of
thie past, and it seemed as if the way to hell from
my store was very short — that I could, from behind
the counter where I stood, look quite into it ; I felt
that the business of selling liquor was a bad busi-
ness, and I made up my mind to quit it.**

And, true to his purpose, he did so — and before
the sun went down every keg and decanter was
removed from his premises to return to it no more.
A blessing followed that decisive act ; and having
refused any longer to receive the wages of unright-
eousness, he has enjoyed the visitation of the Spirit,
and been made, and his family have been made, par-
takers in the purer, higher, holier pleasures of religion.
Inn-keepers, grocers, dispensers, from the counter or
the bar room, of the same disguised poison, yon
have heard this brief but affecting narrative ; and
having heard it, I ask, how does your experience tally
with the proclaimed experience of your fello w-laborei*
in that common occupation in which you have been
engaged ? Have your brandy bottles, or beer casks,

DEALER ADDRESSED.

d9«3

;hat youDg
^ too true.
jvith liquor

drunkard,
)oth drank
1 ; both the
1 had come
m the same

father had
thought of
> hell from
from behind
to it ; I felt
a bad busi-

»»

-and before
^canter was
it no more,
and having
of unright-
' the Spirit,
made, par-
{s of religion,
counter or
loison, you
ative; and
rience tally
low-laborer
have been
beer casks,

or rum jugs, been more or less effective than his in
this work of death ?

Can you recall the names, or sum up the number,
of those customers of yours, who, reeling one by one,
in succession, from your dispensaries of sin and suffer-
ing, have disappeared and sunk down to the abodes
of death ? Is the way longer from your counter or
your bar room to the grave yard, or even to that hell
beyond it, than it was from his ? Could you, in ftict,
look into the latter as he did in fancy — what think
you would be the discoveries such a vision wourld
unfold ? Could you see the horror-stricken counter
nances, could you hear the unceasing wail of those to
whom, standing at your counter or your bar, you
have meted out by measure, and for pay, this well
known element of death — even of the second death
— could you do this, what would your emotions be
as your eye met theirs who are now suffering in hell,
the torments brought upon them by indulging in
those appetites to which on earth it was your un-
worthy and cruel office to have ministered ?

And are you willing that death should find you to
the last thus occupied ? Are you willing to go direct
from the rum or beer selling bar to the bar of God's
righteous retribution ? Having posted your books and
made out your bills for all the poisons you have ever
dispensed: — the families you have made wretched —
the individuals you have brutalized, and the criminals
you have sent prematurely and uncalled for to meet
their eternal daom ; having posted your books and
made out your bills for all these services, which ia

"pn

«H

294

DEALEB ADDRESSED.

your day and generation you have rendered man-
kind, are you willing to present this summary to your
final Judge and abide the issue ? Think you that He
who bestowed your talents and fixed the bounds of
your habitation, saying, " Creature of my beneficence
and my power, occupy till I come ; '* think you that
He, having examined these doings of yours, the
motives from which they sprung, and the results to
which they led, will add, ** Well done, good and
faithful servant, thou hast been faithful over a few
things, I will make thee ruler over many things,
enter thou into the joy of thy Lord ? "

If not, then change your position while you may,
and like that repentant grocer of whom you have
heard, form the high resolve to quit at once, and at
whatever sacrifice, a servitude so debasing, and to
spend the remaindei' of your stay on earth in some
blameless, if not higher and holier occupation.

ilMiMb, T^ 11., 12, 21
lMUh,szlL,18.
iMiab, Wl., 12.

With tnosgreaalon, » Hab.,ii., 6.

With wo« InUh, zzTlii.,1, alioT.

With prohibition to Nawritet, Num., tI., 8.

** •* to the mother of Sampson, Jurt., zili., 4» 7, 14.

** •< to the mother of SMnuel, 1 Sam., t., 14, 15.

•• " to the ReehaUtea, Jcr., zzxr., C, 7, 8.

n - to the prieiita, LeT.,x.,».

•lao Eiekiel, xliv., 21.

With reproof tolcingii, ProT., xxxl„4.

With temptationa to Namritos. Amoa, II., 12.

With temptation to Reebabitca, Jer., sur., 2; C

With refhaal bjr Rechabitea....... Jer., xzst., 6, 8, 18.

With refuml bj Daniel, Dan., i., 8^ 8, 1«.

alao Dan., x., X

With pnniihmcnt, Paalma, l»T.,t.

With mado«M, Jer., xll., 7.

ered man-
ary to your
rou thatHe

bounds oi
beueficence <
nk you that
yours, the
3 results to
, good and

over a few
iny things,

le you may,
1 you have
mce, and at
sing, and to
rth in some
ation.

,T, 11., 12, 21
,ulL,18,

, lYi., IS.

ZZTlii.,1, «1«>T.
,tI.,8.
Kiit., 4, 7, 14.
., I, 14, 16.

JtXT., 9,1,^

i, zliT., 21.

xzxl„4.

II, 12. \

UT.,2,C

T., 6, 8, !«.

I., ft, 1, 1«.

t, IXZT., t.

II., 7.

I {■

LECTURE No. XT.

RECAPITULATION— GENERAL APPEAL IN
BEHALF OF TEMPERANCE.

Appeal to Parents — To Youth — To Women — Concladon.

In the preceding lectures, we have shown that a kind
of wine has existed from great antiquity, which was
injurious to health and subversive of morals ; that
these evils, since the introduction of distillation,
have been greatly increased ; that half the lunacy,
three-fourths of the pauperism, and five-si.\ths of the
crime with which the nation is visited, is owing to
intemperance ; that there are believed to be five hun-
dred thousand drunkards in the republic, and that
thousands die of drunkenness annually. We have
also shown that drunkenness results from moderate
drinking, and that drunkenness must continue, by a
necessity of nature, as long as habitual temperate
drinking is continued ; that it is not the drinking of
water or milk, or any other necessary or nutritive
beverage, but of intoxicating liquors only, that pro-
duces drunkenness ; that as the existing system of
moderate drinking occasions all the drunkenness that
exists, so that system must be abandoned, or its ex-

NOTT.

296

WHAT HAS BEEN SHOWN.

pense in muscle and sinew and mind, provided for by
this, and all future generations ; that even moderate
drinking is now more dangerous than formerly, be-
cause intoxicating drinks are more deadly — to the
poison of alcohol, generated by fermentation, other
poison having been added by drugging, and that alike
to intoxicating liquors, whether fermented or distilled.
We have enumerated the kinds of poison made use
of in the products of the still and of the brew-house,
and met the objection that the use of wine was sanc-
tioned by the Bible, by showing that there were differ-
ent kinds of wine, some of which were good and some
bad, and that the former only were commended in the
Bible ; that though it were allowable to use pure
wines in Palestine, it would not follow that it was
allowable to use mixed wines here, where intenser
poisons exist, and where the use of wine leads to the
use of brandy, and the use of brandy to drunkenness :

We have shown that even in Palestine it was good
not to drink wine, when it caused a brother to offend,
and therefore not good elsewhere, and especially here,
and at the present time, when the tremendous evils
of intemperance in some classes of community render
total abstinence befitting in all classes, in conformity
to that great law of love which Jesus Christ promul-
gated, and in confonnity to which the apostles of
Jesus Chnst acted, and the disciples of Jesus Christ
are bound to act.

We have shown that the books of Nature and Reve-
lation both proceeded from God, and both contain,
though with unequal degrees of clearness, an expres-

W1I0 nAVE BEEN ADDRKMED.

297

lion of his will ; that the import of the one is disco-
verod by reading and meditation, of the other by
observation and experiment; that in this latter oracle
mankind are distinctly taught, that aliments restore
the waste of the human organism, but that stimulants
impair the sensibility on which they operate, and
hence that the latter are not intended for habitual
use, that they who so use intoxicating liquors violate
an established law of nature, and that the drunken-
ness, disease and death, which result from such use,
are the penalty which follows, by the appointment
ofGod, the violation of that law; that God wills the
happiness of his creatures, and when the authority of
the Bible is plead in behalf of any usage that leads to
misery, it may be known that the Bible is plead in
error in behalf of such usage ; that in the present in-
stance, and so far as the wines of commerce are con-
cerned, to appeal to the Bible as authority, is absurd;
that the Bible knows nothing and teaches nothing
directly, in relation to these wines of commerce,—
the same being either a brandied or drugged article,
never in use in Palestine ; that in relation to these
spurious articles the book of nature must alone be
consulted, and that being consulted, their condem-
nation will be found on many a page, inscribed in
characters of wrath.

In the view of these and other truths, we have ad-
dressed ourselves to the manufacturer and vender of
these legalized poisons ; and there are yet others to
whom, in the view of the same truths, we would, in

conclusion, address ourselves
13»

S98

PIBIHTS ADDRESSBO.

Fathers, motben, headi of families, if not prepared
at this late hour to change your mode of life, are 7011
not prepared to encourage the young, particularly
your children, to change theirs t Act as you may,
yourselves, do you not desire that they should act
the part of safety ? Can you not tell them, and truly
tell them, that our manner of life is attended with
less peril than your own ? Can you not tell them,
and truly tell them, that however innocent the use
even of pure wine may be, in the estimation of those
who use it, that its use in health is never necessary ;
that excess is always injurious, and that in the habi-
tual use of oven such wine there is always danger of
excess ; that of the brandied and otherwise adulte-
rated wines in use, it cannot be said, in whatever
quantity, that they are innocent ; that the tempta-
tion to adulterate is very great, detection very diffi-
cult, and that entire safety is to be found only in
total abstinence If Can you not truly tell them this?
Will you not tell them this? And having told them,
should they, in obedience to your counsel^ relinquish
at once the use of all intoxicating liquors, would
their present condition, you yourselves being judges,
would their present condition be less secure, or their
future prospects less full of promise, on that account ?
Or would the remembrance, that the stand they took
was taken at your bidding, either awaken in your
bosoms misgivings now, or regrets hereafter? Espe-
cially, would it do this as life declines, and you
approach your final dissolution and last account?
Then, when standing on the verge of that narrow

OHILDRRV ADDBR88ED.

809

[>repftred
, are you
tieularly
ou may, •
lould act
*nd truly
ded with
;ell them,
t the uRe
n of those
ecessary ;
the habi-
danger of
se adulte-
whatever
e tempta-
very diffi-
d only in
hem this?
old them,
•elinquish
irs, would
g judges,
|e, or their
account ?
they took
in your
Ir? Espe-
and you
account ?
it narrow

isthmus, which separates the future from the past,
and connects eternity with time ; then, when casting
the last lingering look back upon that world to
which you are about to bid adieu forever, will the
thought that you are to leave behind you a family
trained to temperance not only, but pledged also to
total abstinence, will that thought* then, think you,
plant one thorn in the pillow of sickness, or add one
pang to the agonies of death ? O ! no, it is not this
thought, but the thought of djring and leaving be-
hind a family of profligate children, to nurture other
children no less profligate, in their turn to nurture
others — thus transmitting guilt and misery to a re-
mote posterity ; it is this thought, and thoughts like
this, in connection with another thought, suggested
by those awful words, *' For I, the Lord thy God,
am a jealous God, visiting the iniquities of the fathers
upon the children, to the third and fourth generation,
of them that hate me ; *' »-it is thoughts like these,
and not the thought of leaving behind a family,
pledged to total abstinence, that will give to life's
last act a sadder coloring, and man's last hour a den-
ser darkness. Between these two conditions of the
dying, if held within our offer, who of us would
hesitate ?

Te children of moderate drinking parents ; children
of so many hopes, and solicitudes and prayers ; the
sin of drunkenness apart, the innocence of abstinence
apart, here are two classes of men, and two plans of
life, each proffered to your approbation, and submit-
ted for your choice : The one class use intoii^

300

TBS TOUTII ADDUE88KD.

j )!J

Gating liquor, moderately, indeed, still they use in-
toxicating liquor in some or many of ita formi ; the
other class use it in none of them : The one class, in
consequence of such use of intoxicating liquor, fur-
nish all the dninlionness, three- fourths of all the
paupei-ism and five-sixths of all the crime, under the
accumulating and accumulated weight of which our
country already groans. Yes, in consequence of
such restricted use of intoxicating liquors, the one
class pays an annual tribute in muscle and sinew, in
intellect aud virtue, ay, in the souls of men; a
mighty tribute, embodied in the persons of inebriates,
taken from the ranks of temperate drinkers and de-
livered over to the jail, the mad-house, the house of
correction, and even the house of silence !

The other class pays no such tribute ; no. nor even
a portion of it. The other burthens of community
they share indeed, in common with their brethren ; a
portion of their eamiugs goes even to provide and
furnish those abodes of wo and death, which intoxi-
cating liquors crowd with inmates ; but the inmates
themselves are all, all trained in the society, in-
structed in the maxims, moulded by the customs,
and finally delivered up from the ranks of the oppo-
site party — the moderate drinking party.

Now, beloved youth, which of these two modes of
life will you adopt ? To which of these two classes
will yoii attach yourselves ? Which think you is the
safest, which most noble, patriotic. Christian? In one
word, which will ensure the purest bliss on earth, and
afford the fairest prospect of admission into heaven t

DESOLATION OV THE INEBItlATE.

301

ey uie In-
brmi; the
neolaMfin
liquor, fur-
of all the
1, under the
f which our
equenoe ol
}r8, the one
id sinew, in
of men; a
ifinehriate8«
kers and de-
the house of

•

no, nor even
community
brethren; a
provide and
hich intoxi-
the inmates
society, in-
,e customs,
lof the oppo-

|wo modes of

two classes

ik you is the

tian? In one

>n earth, and

Into heaven f

For the mere privilege of using intoxlcuting liquors
moderately, are you williug to contribute your pro-
portion annually to people the poor-house, the prisou-
bouse and the gruvc-yard ? For such a privilege, are
you willing to give up to death, or even to deliriuiu
tremens, a parent this yeur, a wife, u child or brother
or sister the next, and the year thereafter a friend or
a neighbor? Are you willing to do this, and having
done it, arc you further willing, as a consequence,
to hear the mothers*, the wives', the widows', and
the orphans' wailings, on account of miseries inflicted
by a system deliberately adopted by your choice, sus-
tained by your example, and perpetuated by your in-
fluence ? Nor to hear alone ; are you willing to see
also the beggar's rags, the convict's fetters, and those
other and more hideous forms of guilt and misery,
the product of intemperance, which liken men to
demons and earth to hell ?

That frightful outward desolation, apparent in the
person and the home of the inebriate, is but an em«
blem of a still more frightful inward desolation. The
comfortless abode, the sorrow-stricken family, the
tattered garments, the palsied tread, the ghastly
countenance, and loathsome aspect, of the habitual
brutal drunkard, fill us with abhorrence. We shun
his presence, and shrink instinctively from his pol-
luting touch. But what are all these sad items,
which effect the outer man only, in comparison with
the blighted hopes, the withered intellect, the debased
propensities, the brutal appetites, the demoniac
pasaons, the defiled conscience; in one word, in

aat

9M MOT DIOUVtD.

comparison with the sadder moral items whicb
plete the (Vightful spectacle of a soul in ruins ; a soul
deserted of Qod, possessed by demons, and from
which the last lineaments of its Maker's image liava,
been utterly eflUced ; a soul scathed and riven, and
standing forth already, as it will hereafter stand forth*
frightful amid its ruins, a monument of wrathi and a
woming to the universe

Be not deceived, nor fear to take the dimensions
of the evils that threaten, or to look that destroyer
ill the face, which you are about to arm against your-
selves. Nut the solid rock withstands forever the
touch of water even, much less the living ftbre thai
of alcohol, or those other and intenser poisons min-
gled with it, in those inebriating liquors of which a
moiety of the nation drinks. The habitual use of
such liquors in small quantities prepares the way for
their use in larger quantities, and yet larger quanta
ties progressively, till inebriation is produced. Such
is the constitution of nature; it is preposterous,
therefore* to calculate upon exemption. Exceptions
indeed there may be ; but they are exceptions mere-
ly. The rule is otherwise. If you live an habitual
drinker of such liquors, you ought to calculate to
die a. confirmed drunkard : and that your children,
and your children's children, should they follow your
example, will die confirmed drunkards also. And if
life diall be prolonged to them, and they ao livA*
they will so die, unless the course of nature shall ba
changed*

whiok

iHiif; AMvl
, and from
image liava,
i rivcD, and
■land forthy
nrrathi and a

dimeniiont

tt destroyer

gainst your*

forever the

ig fibre that

poisons min-

i of which a

itual use of

the way for

rger quanti*

luced. Such

repotterouak

Exceptions

»tions mere*

an habitual

calculate to

ur children*

follow your

so. And if

ey ao live,

ire shall be

VrOF WRILI TOO MAT*

In the riew of these facts and arguments which th«
iubjeet before you presents, make up your minds,
make up your minds deliberately, and having done'
io, say whether you are willing to take along with
the habitual moderate use of intoxicating liquors, as
bought and sold, and drank among us, the appalling
consequences that must result therefrom. Are you
willing to do this ? and if you are not, stop, — stop
while you may, and where you can. In this descent
to Hades there is no half-way house, no central rest-
ing place. The movement once commenced is ever
onward and downward. The thirst created is quenob-
less, the appetite induced insatiable. You may not
live to compldte the process — but this know, that
it is naturally progressive, and that with every suc-
eessive sip from the fatal chalice, it advances, imper-
ceptibly indeed, still it advances toward completion.
Yon demented sot, once a moderate drinker, occu-
pied the ground you now occupy, and looked down
on former sots, as you, a moderate drinker, now look
down on him, and as future moderate drinkers may
yet look down on you, and wonder ;

"FmIUi derensus •▼orni."

Let it never be forgotten that we are social beings.
No man liveth to himself; on the contrary, grouped I
together in various ways, each acts, and is acted on
by others. Though living at a distance of so many
generations, we feel even yet, and in its strength, the
effects of the first transgression. Now, as formerly,
it is the nature of vice, as well as virtue, to extend and .

904

WOMRN ADDRIMED

I .

perpetuate \UM Now, as formorty» tho exieting
generation ii givin|i( tho imprvHs of ilii cliarnctor to
the generation which ii to follow it — and now, aa
formerly, porcntn are by their conduct and their
counsel, either weaving crowns to signiilize their
ofFfpring in the Heavens, or forging chains to be
worn by them in hell.

Hearer, time is on the wing ; death is at hand ; net
now, therefore, the part that you will in that honr
approve, and reprobate the conduct you will then
condemn.

It has not been usuul for the speaker, as it has for
sonio others, to b4*Rpeak the influence of those who
constitute the most numerous, as well as most effi-
cient part of almost every assembly, where self-de-
niuls are called for, or questions of practical duty
discussed. And yet, no one is more indebted than
myself to the kind of influence in question.

Under God, I owe my early education, nay, all that
I have been, or am, to the counsel and the tutelage
of a pious mother. It was, peace to her sainted
spirit, it was her monitory voice that first taught my
young heart to foci that there was danger in the in-
toxicating cup, and that safety lay in abstinence.

And us no one is more indebted thon myself to the
kind of influence in question, so no one more fully
realizes how decisively it bears upon the destinies of
others.

Full well I know% that by woman came the
apostacy of Adam, ond by woman the recovery
through Jesus. It was a woman that imbued the

10 oxiiting
larnctor to
lid now, QH
and thoir
inlixo tlioir
laini to bo

t httiid ; net
I that hour
>u will then

as it has for
' those who
s most efR-
kere self-de-
ictical duty
[lebted than

fn.

lay, all that
le tutelage

Ihcr sainted
taught my
;r in the in-

Itinence.
pyselftothe
more fully
Idestinies of

came the
le recovery
Imbued the

CIT^EHRATCD WOMEV.

806

mind and formed th§ charoctt^r of Moses, IsraeVs
deliverer — it was a wtyinsn that led the choir, and
gave back the response of that triumphal procesdon,
which went forth to celebrate with timbrels, on the
banks of the Red Sea, the ovortlirow of Pharaoh —
it was a woman that put Sisera to fliglit, that com-
posed the song of Deborah and Barak, the son of
Abinoam, and judged in righteousness, for years, the
tribes of Israel «- it was a woman that defeated the
wicked counsels of Haman, delivered righteous
Mordecai, and saved a whole people from utter de-
solation.

And not now to speak of Scniiramis at Babylon,
of Catherine of Russia, or of those Queens of England',
whose joyous reign constitute the brightest periods
of British history, or of her, the young and lovely,
the patron of learning and morals, who now adorns
the throne of the sea-girt Isles ; not now to speak
of these, there are others of more sacred character^
of whom it were admissable even now to speak.

The sceptre of empire is not the sco))trc that best
befits the hand of woman ; nor is the field of carnage
her field of glory. Home, sweet home is her theatre
of action, her pedestal of beauty, and throne of
power. Or if seen abroad, she is seen to the bent
advantage, when on errands of love, and wearing
her robe of mercy.

It was not woman who slept during the agoniea
of Gethseuiane ; it was not woman who denied her
Lord at the puluce of Caiaphas ; it was not woman
who deserted l^is cross on the hill of Calvary. Buti^

«06

CKARAOTEB OF WOMAH.

it WM woman that dared to testify her respect Ivr
his corpse, that procured spices for embahning^ it,
and that was found last at night, and first in tha
morning, at his sepulchre. Time ? as neithet im«
paired her kindness, shaken her constancy, or
ohanged her character.

Now, as formerly, she is most ready to enter, and
most reluctant to leave, the abode of misery. Now,
as formerly, it is her office, and well it has been sua*
tained, to stay the fainting head, wipe from the dim
eye the tear of auguish, and from the cold forehead
the dew of death.

This is not unmerited praise. I have too mnch
fespect for the character of woman, to Use, even else^
where, the language of adulation, and too much self-
lespect to use such language here. I would not, if
I could, persuade those of the sex who hear me, ta
become the public, clamorous advocates of even tem-
perance. It is the influence of their declared ap-
probation ; of their open, willing, visible example,
enforced by that soft, persuasive, colloquial elo-
quence, which, in some hallowed retirement and
ohosen moments, exerts such controlling influence
over the hard, cold heart of man, especially over a
husband's, a son's, or a brother's heart ; it is this in-
fluence which we need ; — an influence chiefly known
by the gradual, kindly transformation of character it
produces, and which, in its benign efiects, may be
eompared to the noiseless, balmy influence of Spring,
shedding, as it silently advances, renovation over
avery hill, and dide, and glen, and islet, and changing,

THB EMPIRE OF WOMAH.

807

rcflpect Ivr

ibahnhig^ \it

fint iiitb«

neithet im*

mstancyi of

bo eoter, and
isery. Now,
[las been tut*
from the dim
lold forehead

ve too much
Lse, eyen elM^
Eoo much self-
wou\d not, if
> hear me* ta
} of even tem-
declared ap-
ble example^
Uoquial elo-
Itirement and
ng induence
icially over a
; it is this in-
jhiefly known
►f character it
|ect8, may be
ice of Spring,
ovation over
d changing,

throughout the whole region of animated nature,
Winter's rugged and unsightly forma, into the formi
of vernal lovelinesa and beauty.

No, I repeat it, I would not, if I could, persuade
those of the sex who hear me, to become the public,
clamorous advocates of temperance. It is not yours
to wield the club of Hercules or bend Achilles' bow.
But, though it is not, still you have a heaven-ap-
pointed armour, as well as a heaven-approved theatre
of action. The look of tenderness, the eye of com*
passion, the lip of entreaty, are yours ; and yours,
too, are the decisions of taste, and yours the omni-
potence of fashion. You can therefore — I speak ol
those who have been the favorites of fortune, and
who occupy the high places of society, — you can
change the terms of social intercourse and alter the
current opinions of community. You can remove,
at once and forever, temptation from the saloon, the
drawing-room and the dining-table. This is your
empire, the empire over which God and the usages
of mankind have given you dominion. Here, within
these limits, and without transgressing that modesty
which is heaven's own gift and woman's brightest
ornament, you may exert a benign and kindly but
mighty influence. Here you have but to speak the
word, and one chief source of the mother*s, the
wives', and the widow's sorrows, will, throughout
the circle in which you move, be dried up forever.
Nor, throughout that circle only. The families
around you and beneath you will feel the influence
of your example, descending on them in blessingfi

808

A MIOIITI TRIUMPH.

like the dews of Heaven that descend on the rooun*
tains of Zion ; and drunkenness, loathsome, brutal
drunkenness, driven by the moral power of your de-
cision, from all the abodes of reputable society, will
be compelled to exist, if it exist at all, only among
those vulgar and ragged wretches, who, shuning the
society of woman, herd together in the bar-room, the
oyster cellar and the groggery.

This, indeed, were a mighty triumph, and this, at
least, you can achiove. Why, then, should less^ than
this be achieved ? To purify the conscience, to bind
up the broken-hearted, to remove temptation from
the young, to minister consolation to the aged, and
kindle joy in every bosom throughout her appointed
theatre of action, befits alike a woman's and a
mother's agency, — and since God has put it in your
power to do so much, are you willing to be responti-
ible for the consequences of leaving it undone ?

Are you willing to see this tide of wo and death,
whose flow you might arrest, roll onward by you to
posterity, increasing as it rolls forever?

O ! no, you are not, I am sure you are not ; and
if not, tiien, ere you leave these altars, lift up your
heart to God, and, in his strength, form the high
resolve to purify from drunkeimess this city. And,
however elsewhere others may hesitate, and waver,
and defer, and temporize, take you the open,- noble
stand' of abstinence ; and having taken it, cause it
by your words, and by your deeds, to be known on
earth and told in Heaven, that mothers here have
dared to do their duty^ their whole duty, and thatt

EFFECTS OF TEMPERANCE.

809

,he rooun-
iiei brutal
f your de-
ciety» will ^
Ay among
mning the
-room, the

nd this, at
dless^than
ice,tobind
Eition from
I aged, and

appointed
tn*s and a
; it in your
be respontJ-
done?
and death,

by you to

not; and
I up your

the high
ty. And,
ind waver,
pen,- noble
it, cause it
known on
here have
, and thatt

within the precincts of that consecrated spot over
which their balmy, hallowed influence extends, the
doom of drunkenness is sealed.

Nor mothers only; in this benign and holy enter-
prise, the daughter and the mother alike are
interested.

Ye young, might the speaker be permitted to
address you, as well ns your honored parents, and
those teachers, their assistants, whose delightful task
it is to bring forward the unfolding germs of thought,
and teach the young idea how to shoot — might the
speaker, whose chief concernment hitherto has been
the education of the young, be permitted to address
you, he would bespeak your influence, }*our urgent,
persevering influence, in behalf of a cause so pure,
so full of mercy, and so every way befitting your age,
your sex, your character.

O ! could the speaker make a lodgment, an eflec*
tual lodgment, in behalf of temperance, within thoM
young, Warm, generous, active hearts within his hear-
ing, or rather within the city where it is his privilege
to speak, who this side of heaven could calculate the
blessad, mighty, enduring consequence ? Could this
be done, then might the eye of angels rest with in-
creased complacency on this commercial metropolis,*
already signalized by Christian charity, as well as
radiant with intellectual glory; — but then lit up
anew with fire from off virtue's own altar, and thus
caused to become, amid the surrounding desolation

• FhiladcTplua.

■MULTt.

wliioh iniempenttiee Km oecafiooed, more eonipka-
onsly than ever, an aaylum of mercy to the wretohed
and a beacon light of promiae to the wanderer.

Then from this favored spot, as from some great <
eentral source of power, encouragement might be
given and confidence imparted to the whole sistei^
hood of virtue, and a redeeming influence sent forth,
through many a distant town and hamlet, to mingle
with other and kindred influences in effecting through-
out the land, among the youth of both sexes, that
moral renovation called for, and which, when realized,
will be at once the earnest and the anticipation of
millennial glory.

! could we gain the young,1lMillie young who
have no inveterate prejudice to combat, no estab*
lished habits to overcome ; could we gain the young,
we might, after a single generation had passed away,
shut up the dram-4hop, the bar-room and the rum-
sriling grocery, and, by shutting these up, shut up
also the poor-house, the prison-house, and one of the
broadest and most frequented' avenues to tiie charnel
house.

More than this, could we shut up these licensed
dispensaries of crime, disease and death, we might
abate the severity of maternal anguish, restore de»
parted joys to conjugal affection, silence the cry
of deserted orphanage, and procure for the poor de^
mented suicide a respite for self-inflicted vengeance. .

This, the gaining of the young to abstinence, would
constitute the mighty fulcrum on which to plant

RESULTS.

311

B wretched
l^rer.

might b«
hole Biste*^
•ont forth,
, to mingU
ig through-
86X68, that
en realized,
cipation of

that moral lever of power, to raise a world from
degradation.

O ! how the clouds would scatter, the prospeot
brighten, and the firmament of hope clear up, could
the young be gained, intoxicating liquors be ban-
ished, and abstinence, with its train of blessings in-
troduced throughout the earth.

young who
, no estab*
the young,
used away,
d the rum-
ip, shut up
I one of the
6 charnel

le licensed

we might

I restore de-

the cry

[e poor de*

vengeance.

ice, would

to plant

APPENDIX.

313

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APPRNDIX.

919

tli

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S 3 3 3 3

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LETTSR

rooM

MR. DEIAVAN TO GOVERNOR KING.

OFFICE NEW YORK STAtK EMPERANCE SOCIETY,
Albant,.N. Y., Jaxuaht 21it, 1867.

To His Excellency John A. Kino,

Governor of the Siate of New York:

Dbar Sir — Your elevation to the high and responsible
station of the Chief Magistrate of the Empire State, so
greatly multiplies your influeoce over all o^asses and ages of
your fellow-oitizens, that I confess my self desirous that your
sympathies and active cooperation should be enlisted on the
side of the cause of Temperance. With this motive, I take
the liberty ^> asH you to read this communication, which
cites a part of the proofs that tbiSv movement has already
achieved very considerable results for the pitl>lic good. I lay
these facts before you with more encouragement and hope,
because I am of the impression that, to statements which are
honestly submitted, yuu will listen with candor, even when
you are not prepared to endorse the reasoning and inferences
which accompany them. It is by calm and Jiind appeals to
the judgments and consciences of men, tha^; so many, both

828

APPENDIX.

of the humble and the great, have been brought to advocate
and support the cause of Abstinence and Prohibition. And
it is on such means that the friends of the cause should rviy
to bring distinguished public men, like your Excellency,
among the number.

BFPKCTS OP PROHIDITION ON CRIMB IN NBW-YORK.

When some of our opponents survey the field as it is now,
they say that there never was more selling in the State than
at present, and that therefore all the efforts of Temperance
men have wrought no good, but have made even matters
worse. But this is not fair. They should revert to the
period when the Prohibitory Law was in force, by which the
commitments for crime in this State were reduced two-fifths
from the number under the License Law. The operations of
the Prohibitory Law were such, that during the six months
after it came in furce, there wore in nine counties but 2S98
commitments for crime, compared with 4960 in the same
counties during the same period under the License Law.
The fearful and sudden increase in drunkenness since that
law was laid prostrate, so far from proving that the efforts
of Temperance men are of no avail, only demonstrates the
deplorable effects of thwarting those efforts. For if that law
had been sustained, by the Court of Appeals, as it had already
been by a i^iajority of tiie Judges of the Supreme Court,
what a vast abatement would it by this time have wrought
in Intemperance, Pauperism and Crime ! And perhaps the
disastrous consequences which resulted from annulling that
law were necessary to work u complete conviction of the
wisdom and policy of Prohibition.

But the enactment, and the temporary enforcement of the
Prohibitory Law in this State, and the enactment and per-
uianent enforcement of such a law in Connecticut, Vermont,

t to advocate

bltlon. And

e should rely

ExcoUenoy,

BW-YORK.

3 as it is now,
he State than
Temperanoe
even matters
revert to the
, by whioh the
ced two-fifths
I operations of
le six months
ties but 2898
in the same
license Law.
188 since that
lat the efforts
onstrates the
or if that law
t had already
ireme Court,
ave wrought
perhaps the
nulling that
liction of the

sement of the
^ent and per-
lat, Vermont,

APPENDIX.

dS9

New Hampshire, and other States, is only one of the flmltt
of the Temperance Reform.

It was stated by the EzeontlyeOommlttee of this Society,
in their Report* to the Meeting on the 18th of December,
that ** during the twenty-nine years since your Society was
organised, such a reformation has been wrought in the habits
of the civilized world as has never before been witnessed in
the same length of time." I think that facts will fully bear
out thij statement

LIUUORS ON TUB TABLl AND SIDH-BOAED.

1. When the Temperance Reform began, thirty years
ago, every family who could afford ithad intoxicating liquors
on the table and. side-board. These included not only wine,
but brandy and rum. Every guest and every caller was in-
vited to drink, and it was about as uncivil not to drink as
not to invite to. drink. In this respect the usages of society
have undergone a striking change. The family tables which
have liquors are now the excep tion. In many of these cases
they are furnished only when guests are present, and the
liquors are almost universally limited to wines.

DBINKINO USAQBS AMONO FARMERS.

2. Hardly a farm in the land was worked without spirits ^
and such a case was a matter of remark, and was pointed to
as an evidence of niggardliness in the owner. It would now
bo a matter of unfavorable remark, if a farmer should furnish
his workmen with intoxicating liquors. Not one in a thou-
sand, if one in ten thousand does it.

* See Frohibitioniit for December, 1866, p. 90, vol. iii.

380

APPENDIX.

8. Every farmer, having an orchard, had a cider mill, or
Hied hiM neighbor'M. Cider was aa pli'nty in the furiiier's
cellar, as water in his well ; and it was drank in place of
water by n.en, women and children. The falling off In the
use of cider is, of itself, a striking and conclusive proof uf
the revolution which the Temperance Reform has wrought
tn the drinliing usages of society.

4. Intoxicating liquors were almost universally brought
into our workMhups. Now, almost never.

AMONG 8AIL0RS AND TRAVELERS.

6. Time was when nearly every merchant vessel which
•ailed on the ocean, the rivers or lakes, furnished spirit
rations to the men. I doubt if any do so now. This change
is very marked as to fishery and whaling ships ; a class of
facts which, a mutual friend informs me, your Excellency is
well acquainted with.

6. When the ocean steamships began to cross the Atlantic
their tables were supplied with spirits as free as water. This
was the case in the Great Western, when I crossed in her, in
one of her earliest voyages, in 1839. When off Great Britain,
the passengers held a meeting (Lord Lenox in the chair),
and, to the number of one hundred and twenty, signed a
petition to ihe owners, at Bristol, requesting them to discon-
tinue this custom. It happened, to the undersigned to be
appointed to present said petition. I did so ; and the liquors
disappeared thereafter from the table. I believe every
steamship now adopts the same rule.

7. At the period referred to, there wasnot abot^l table or
steamboat table at which ardent spirits were not furniwhed
Jree. It would have been considered as unfurnished, as if it
was without bread or salt. Now there is not a public table in
the land where intoxicating liquor is furnished gratuitously

APPENDIX.

331

slder mill, or
the farn»«r*s
; in place of
ing off In tho
Blve proof of
has wrought

lally brouglit

vessel which

rnlshed spirit

This change

g ; a class of

Excellency Is

IS the Atlantic
.8 water. This
ssed In her, In
JGreat Britain,
|in the chair),
|nty, signed a
lem to discon-
raigned to be
ind the liquors
.elieve every

hot^l table or
Inot furnlHhvd

Inished.aHifit

Tublic table in

gratuitously

And probably not one person out of twenty, at our publlo
tables, calls for such liquors.

BIPORMATION OF THB DRUNlARD.

8. When the reform began, It was thought that modera-
tion would save the drunkard. Since that time, even
temperance advocates have supposed that the avoidance of
ardent spirits would Have him. Now It is pretty generally
admitted, on all hands, that the drunkard is nafe only when
be abrttains entirely from all liquors, wines included. It
being admitted that ahMtinenoe is of vital consequence to
the drunkard. It follows that it is the duty of others to ab*
stain, so as not only to remove every temptation, but to
strengthen him by the force of example.

9. The testimony of convicts that their cringe began with
drink ; and of drunkurds generally, that they learned the
habit from their parents, or from the example of profesHJng
Christians.. have united with science to impress upon all
parents, and all good men, the solemn conviction that as
Abstinence is the only 8afo practice for themselves, so it is
the only proper example for others.

PUBLIC SENTIMENT AS TO THEIR HBALTHFULNESS.

10. The belief that all use of intoxicating liquors as a
beverage is injurious, and never beneficial, has pretty gene-
rally taken the place of the idea that the moderate use of
it is safe, and almost entirely of the error that such liquors
are essential to health as a beverage.

11. Since the Temperance agitation commenced, the
most eminent physicians of this and other countries have de-
clared by thousands that intoxicating liquors are not only
nnpecessary as a beverage, but positively injurious. That
i)ven in sickness it is rarely necessary ; while in health it is

APPBMDIX.

•Iwtjt li^orioM, ImptlriDg the AinoUoBt of the brain, Um
liomaoh, and indeed the whole haman organlim.*

m CONNKrriOPf with tRLIOIOUS solimnitim.

18. Thirty yean ago. liquora were brought forward as a
matter of course, at weddingt, at ohristeniDgi, and OTen at
funerals. After burial, the friends returned to the house of
the mourners to drinlt. Now intoxioating liquors are the
exception at weddings, seldom furnished at christenings,
and almost never at funerals.

13. It used to be thought that the Bible favored the uaa
of intoxioating liquors as a beverage. Now the idea is ei-
tensively prevalent that where the Bible approves of win#
as a beverage, it means the unintoxicating wine of tha
cluster, the press, and the vat, while intoxioating wine is
oondemned as "the mocker."

14. When fifteen years ago I instituted an inquiry as to
the kind of wine, intoxicating or unintoxicating, which it was
proper to be used at the Oommunion, great numbers of
church members were sorely troubled for fear of harm to the
solemn rites of Beligiou. Very many Journals, both religions

* 8ino« this letter wm written, the following reiolution, whioli goes
bejond uij espreieion which bat heretofore emanated ft-om eay large
body of the Faoultj, was passed unanimously by the Medical Society
of the StaU of New Torit, 4th February, 1867 :

"Bttohed — That in riew of the ravages made upon the morals,
health and property of the people of this State by the use of alcoholic
drinks, it is the opinion of this Medical Society that the moral, sani-
tary and pecuniary condition of the State would be promoted by the
passage of a Prohibitory Liquor Law.**

For a detailed account of this important event in the Temperance
world, and which, strange to say, was not even mentioned in any
newspaper reports of the society's proceedings, see the Pr^hibMonm,
for March, 1867, vol. ir., p. 20.

APriSMDIl.

333

-tln,th«

rard m a
i «TeD at
bouM of
I are the
Bienlngt,

id the nit
lea it ex-
a of wiD#
ne of tha
I wine la

uiry as to
ilch it waa
ambers of
arm to tbe
h religioQi

whioki gOM
101 aaj iMge
iioftl Society

the morale,

of aloohoHc

morel, lenW

motcd bj the

Temperenco
toned in any

and political, donoanced the moferoent. Within a few
months I have caused, on my own responsibility, some 20,000
pamphieu to be issued on the same suljtJeot, and not one
word of disapprobation has yet reached me.

HABITS AND ilNT(MBNT8 Of THI OLMROY.

15. An aged Divine, now living, well acquainted with the
clergy In Albany and vicinity, once drew my attention to the
fact that, some thirty years ago, every clergyman when 'he
made his pastoral visits was invited to drink. If he visited
twenty of his parUhloners, he was Invited to drinl[,and some-
times did drink, twenty times. The same Divine found that
Afty per cent of the clergy, within a circuit of fifty miles,
died drunkards.* Now it is only a small proportion of the

* ▲ writer In the New York Ohuntrr queatloos the oorreotoeae of
the Btatement of an aged olerg/maa in Aibanj to Mr. DeiaTan, that
a miniater of former daja waa ezpoaed in twenty riaits in a day to
twenty atrong drinka, and that fifty per *ceot of the miniatera in a
circuit of fifty milea were druiiliarda. Aa to the Arat, every man
lifing, who waa in the ministry in 1820, knowa it waa trot. Oood Dr.
naher said, in oonreriing on thia aubjeet a little before hia death,
that it waa the greatest wonder he waa not a drunkard ; he waa in hIa
early ministry ao forced to drink, ieat he ahoold, hy refusal, oAnd
hia parishionora. The mug of elder or brandy sling waa brought out
at cTery housa. As to the proportion of lutempitrate ministers, thip
is, no doubt, in general, incorrect ; though it waa not, aa can be con-
firmed by men llfing as far back aa 1810, in some of our cities. And
there waa no reason why it should not bo so. Hinistera have tlie aame
fleah and blood and nerres with other men ; and if they will drink
poiaon, why should they not sutTurr '* Can a miniater take fire in hia
bosom and not be burned f Can he walk on hot eoala and hia feet not
be burned ? ** Tlianks be to Him who takes care of hia church, that
the ministry have been pulled from the fire ; though sad it ia, tlut
some are yet trifling with it, and are boasUng how atrong they are.—
/etmioi of the American Trnijxrane* Union,

334

APPEKDIX.

clergy who drink a drop ; and those who do drink show
themseives extremely sensitive when the fact is alladed to
in print, as if they regarded it as a reflection upon their
standing as Ministers of the Gospel.

16. It is thirty years since, at a large assembly of the
Ministers of the Gospel, in New England, one of their
number, impressed with the evils of the Drink-System, urged
them to adopt a resolution pledging themselves to abstain
•—not from wines ^- hut from Ardent Spirits, while at the
convention. It failed. These pious and devoted clergy-
men could not see why they should be called upon to give
up a " good, creature of God." Now there are vast relig-
ioue bodies, who, were they to see one of their ministers
drink intoxicating Ihjuors, would be affected almost as
much as if they were to hear him swear.

FASHION — THE PRESS.

17. Though few of the rich and fashionable have openly
professed adherence to the Temperance cause, yet many now
express their sympathy with it and are beginning to aid it
pecuniarily, as a movement which inures to the public good.
Many of our most distinguished citizens have lately given
large social entertainments without wine ; and this is not so
significant, as that public opinion sustains and applauds it.

1(9. There was a time when the Temp^eranpe mpvement
was the common theme of ridicule with the press. Now
there are but few journals, even those which are opposed to
Prohibition, which do not approve voluntaryabstinence, and
which do not compliment private citizens, or public bodies,
who give entertainments without intoxicating liquors.

19. The spirit-ration has been aboHshed in the army. I
am of the impression, too, that it has been diminished in
the navy.

APPENDIX.

830

drink show

is alluded to

1 upon their

lembly of the
one of their
System, urged
ves to abstain
I, while at the
voled olergy-
i upon to give
Bire vast relig*
heir ministers
ed almost as

have openly
jyet many now
fning to aid it
publio good,
lately given
this is not so
applauds it.
Ipe mpvement
press. Now
re opposed to
^stinence, and
mblio bodies,
liquors.
the army. I
liminished in

> MANUFACTURINU ESTABLISHMENTS.

20. Before the Temperance Reform began, and while we
were ignorant of the nature and effects of strong drink,
Nathaniel Prime, Lynde Catlin, and others, myself among
the number, formed a chartered company, with a capital of
#300,000, for the manufacture of steam engines and other
heavy iron work. Thinking to do good to the workmen, and
farther the objects of the company, we directed that strong
beer should be passed, gratis, to every man two or three
times a day. We soon found that our work was badly done,
almost every contract was in consequence litigated in the
courts, and the company failed ; by which failure the com-
pany not only sunk the whole capital of $300,000, but (to
save their own credit) ten of the stockholders contributed ten
thousand dollars each, to pay off further liabilities, of which
eight thousand dollars of my contribution ( including my
whole stock) proved a dead loss. On a review of the whole
subject, I firmly believe that this catastrophe is mainly as*
oribable to the unfortunate drinking habits which, from the
best of motives, we ourselves encouraged.

21. Another company, formed to manufacture nearly the
same kind of article, and who employed about 100 work<>
men, had their attention drawn to the evils of strong drink
among operatives. One of the partners drew up a Total
Abstinence Pledge, signed it, and induced nearly every
workman to adopt the same principle. When the step was
taken, hardly one of the workmen was beforehand in the
world, and many were in debt. After four years upon the
Temperance principle, none were in debt, and many had
bought lots of land, and erected cottages for their families ;
and one of the partners told me that the aggregate amount
saved by these 100 men during the four years since they

336

IPPEMDIX.

abandoned strong drink, would make capital enough to
carry on the butiiness operations of the conopany.

KPFECTS OP TUB REFORM ON NATIONAL WBALTH.

. 22. A manufacturer who employed 300 hands, informed
me that after they all. or nearly all, adopted the Total
Abstinence principle, the prosperity of the establishment
was vastly promoted, and that their improved steadiness,
fidelity and style of workmanship were as good to him as a
protective duty of twenty-five per cent. At this rate, what
sums have accrued to the National wealth from the adop-
tion of Temperance principles by the hundreds of thou-
sands of abstainers !

23. The late Abbott Lawrence, that merchant prince and
public benefactor, and late United States Minister to the
Oourt of St. James, was asked, before he died, what had
occasioned the great increase in wealth and prosperity in
the United States 7 He instantly replied : "Our prosperity,
in my opinion, is greatly owing to the Temperance Refor-
mation. The influence of this movement is felt in the
work-shop, on the farm, and in every branch of human in-
dustry. Before the Temperance Reform was started, a
vast number of the farms in New England were mortgaged
for rum bills, — now hardly one."

24. Until the subject of Temperance was agitated, the
frauds of the liquor traffic were not suspected. All liquors
were supposed to be what they pretended to be. Now the
matter of adulteration, though but partially understood yet,
is the theme of common conversation even among drinkers.

25. When the Temperance Reform commenced in this
State there were about 1100 flour mills, and more than that
number of distilleries. The population has about doubled
•iikoe that time, and now there are 1 464 flour mills and only
88 distilleries. It must be admitted, however, that the

APPENDIX.

tl enoagh to
any.

WBALTH.

nds. informed
sd the Total
establishment
lid steadiness,
)d to him as a
his rate, what
om the adop-
ireds of thou-

tnt prince and

[inister to the

led, what had

I prosperity in

ur prosperity,

erance Befor-

s felt in the

of human in-

as started, a

re mortgaged

|agitate<l, the
All liquors
)e. Now the
kderstood yet,
jiong drinkers,
snued in this
kore than that
Ibout doubled
lills and only
rer, that tb«

distilleries now in operation are on a much larger scale
tlian the ayerage of those of the former period.

CLASSES OF DBALBKS WHO HAVE LEFT THE TRAFFK!:.

26. Of the great number of native citizens in the United
States who used to sell intoxicating liquors, a vast number
have left the business. Tlie Temperance agitation has edu-
cated them to regard the traffic as immoral and degrading.
It is found in the great cities that seven out of eight of all
who sell liquor are foreign emigrants. The great majority
of those who now sell liquor in America are a proof, not
tb<«t the Temperance Reform does nothing, but of what
t^ > oral sense of our countrymen would have been on this
I . * :ut, at this time, had this Ileform never been agitated.

27. Formerly, church members and church officers of all
our churches used to be engaged in the traffic ; now, vast
bodies of them denounce the traffic as an immorality ; and
the number of church members, American bom citizens,
who make or sell liquor, is probably not one to five hundred
of the former proportion.

28. Witness, as a proof of the effects of the Temper*
ance Reform, the growing idea that liquor when offered for
sale, as a beverage, is a nuisance to be abated like any
other nuisance.

29. What but the Temperance agitation has changed
the policy of so many States ; substituting laws aiming at
Picbibition, in the place of laws which allowed rum to be
sold by the authority of the State ?

PROHIBITION APPLIED TO THE DRUNKARD

30. Not only ts the moderation theory now abandonedt
ind Total Abstinence held to foe essential to the refonnt*

•38

APPENDIX.

Hon of the drunkard, but Physioians,* Olergymen and
Judges agree that Asylums should be established by the
State for the resort of inebriates, where no strong drinlts
can be procured — which, as far as the drunkard is concern-
ed ( 0^ whom there are over 60,000 in the State of New-
York), is an emphatic endorsement of the humanity nnd
necessity of prohibition. The advocates of Temperance ex-
tend the same principle, and by a general enactment, pro-
hibiting the sale of liquors throughout the State, aim to re-
move the temptation from all who have this habit partially
formed, as well as thoso who have it fully formed, and so,
by the united influence of moral and legal suasion, aim to
create such an asylum in every household in the land.

These facts and illustrations might be greatly extended,
but I forbear. Enough has been said to indicate a vast
improvement in the drinking usages of society.

THE NEXT STEP IN THE BEFORM.

But it will be said, if the Temperance agitation has done
so much, why not go right on in the old way, without a ro-
sort to legislation. The same question might be asked of
gambling, of lotteries and of dueling. A stage is at last
reached, where legislative enactments are essential. Not that
moral suasion is to be abandoned, but, in addition to this, the
public sentiment regarding these evils must be embodied into
statutory enactments. Of this, those who have used moral
suasion most, and with the greatest success, are the most

* The following resolution was adopted by the Medical Socio: j of
the State of New Tork, on the 4th of February, 1817 :

**Beaohed, That this Society commend the object sought to be at-
tained by the project for an Asylum for Inebriates, to the faTor and
earnest support, not only of the Legislature of the State bat to the
paMic at large."

rgymen and
shed by the
troDg drinks
1 is ooncern-
ate of New-
iimanity And
operance ex-
ctmont, pro-
be, aim tore-
bit partially
mod, and so,
tsion, aim to
>,e land.
}Iy extended,
dicate a vast
r.

ion has done
ithout a ro-
be aslced of
e is at laiit
al. Not tlmt
to this, the
ibodied into
used moral
re the most

[al Society of

ight to be at-

the favor and

ie bat to the

APPENDIX.

33»

profoundly oonvinced. After obtaining millions of signature!
to the Total Abstinence Pledge, Ireland was ripe for Pro-
hibition. But it was not applied. The golden, opportunity
was lost ; and the consequence is, that nearly a» much liquor
is drank in Ireland now, as before Father Mstthew oom-
menoed his remarkable labors. The language of this be-
loved and renowned Apostle of Temperance, penned a
year or two before his death, and, published in the Prohi-
bitionist for July, 1855, should teach a solemn lesson to
the world on the subject of Temperance :
I ** The question of prohibiting the sale of ardent spirits,
and the many other intoxicating drinks which are to be
found in our country, is not new to me ; the principle of
Prohibition seems to me to be the only safe and certain rem-
edy/or the evils of Intemperance. This opinion has been
strengthened and confirmed by the hard labor of more than
twenty years in the Temperance cause. I rejoice in the
welcome intelligence of the formation of a Maine Law
Alliance, which I trust will be the means under God of
destroying this fruitful source of Grime and Pauperism."
The friends of Prohibition in Great I^ritain are now
making up for lost time ; they are pressing on steadily,
firmly anit perseveringly, and the triumph of Prohibition
i» only a question of time.<

OUGHT NOT BVBRV GOOD MAN TO COOPBttATB ?

When the Temperance Societies began, the general view
of religious men was, that the work should be done through
the churches. I submit that, in the main, what has been
done, has been done by the churches. The Temperance
Reform originated in the churches. If I may refer to myjself
in this connection, it was a devout and learned minister of
tl^e Gospel who converted me to the movement. If, siaoe

340

APPENDIX.

that time, I have boen enabled to do more In my >vav tliun
some of my fellow citizens, it is only because Providence has
placed me in circumstanoHS to do so. But it is the fervent,
effectual prayer of the righteous, and the widow's mite,
oflfered in faith, which points to the secret of the success of
Teinperanci'. Nor can I ever review the history of this
hen'gn and arduous enterprise without being deeply and
profoundly penetrated with the conviction, that the great
motive power, from the first and always, has been the
Grace and Spirit of Almighty Qod, as shed abroad in th«
hearts of thousands of His pious servants, both men and
wonien, and who are to be found in all religious denomi-
nations throughout the Christian world.

It is the religious sentiment of the country; it is the

divine principle of self-denial, taught by our blessed Saviour,

wliioh has wrought whatever has been done for this reform,

and which 1 have ever regarded as the handmaid of Religion.

There are good men who still think this work should be

restricted to the churches, or perhaps to their own particular

church. I put it to their hearts, would they go back to

where we were thirty years ago ? Would they have undone

what has been done? And ought not every believer in

Christianity, to whatever particular church he may belong,

to unite as one man — in pressing forward with yet greater

vigor, with the united energy of faith and prayer and works,

by his example, his influence, and by contributions of his

substance — the cause of personal Abstinence and legislative

Prohibition I And if this is true of the Christain in private

life, how important to the poor drunkard, to his wife, his

children, and the whole community, do such duties become,

when, as in the case of your Excellency, the private citizen is^

clothed by the people with great authority and official power !

So sacred and important are the interests at stake, and so

great i.> now^your Eitcellency's icfluence for good, that I fed

APPENDIX.

841

ly way than
ividenoe ha:^
the fervent,
duw'i mite,
e suooess of
story of this
deeply and
eit the great
\A been the
broad in the
th men and
ouA denomi-

good, that I feel that I have not exceeded the privilege of
yonr humblest fellow-oitizen in attempting to onlist your
periocal and official cooperation on the side of a cause
which has been so signally approved and blessed of God,
and which redonnds so palpably to the physical, the moral
and the religious interests of the human family.

I remain, with great respect, your Excellency's friend
and obedfent servant,

EDWARD 0. DELAVAN,
President New- York State Temperance Sif^ietji,

'; it is the
ssed Saviour,
r this reform,
d of Religion.
k should be
sn particular
' go back to
have undone
believer in
may belong,
yet greater
r and works,
itions of his
id legislative
in in private
is wife, his
Ities become,
ate citizen is^
icial power !
itake, and so
d, that I feel

ADULTERATION OF LIQUORS.

Since the foregoing Lectures were written, in one of
which the adulteration of liquors was exposed, that nefari-
ous practice has made prodigious strides, and it has been
thought desirable that the later development^ of this great
fraud upon tho^American people and the world "houlu £su
a place in this work, and President Nott has suggested
that we add some extracts, bearing upon this point, from .
the address of E. 0. Delay an, made at the meeting of
the New-York State Temperance, Society, i^ the Capitol, .
Albany, 16th June, 1857. .

" I have long known the f^ct that arsenic was employed in
the manufacture of whiskey, and the reason why. Ever since
the year l^ZZ* I have been aware of the horrid adultera-
tions that have been practiced in the. manufacture of aloo-
helic drinks, rendering the same, by the addition of intense.,
poisons, still more ii^nrious to property, virtue, reason and^

942

APPRNDIX.

life, of which I hftTe never from that year ceased wanting
the public. My facta have been. In all cases, obtained
from the manufauturers tbemselves, generally af^er they
have abandoned the murderous buHiness. The proAt made
has been enonnou8. In one case an Individual engaged In
the niunufauture and sale, arisured me that his sales In a
single year amounted to 33,000 barrels, the average cost to
him being about eighteen cents per gallon, while he sold It
at a rate varying from fifty cents to five dollars the gallon.

" I have not linown until recently of the u^e of that
deadly poidon, strychnine, in the manufacture of whiskey.
This is described as endowed with a greater amount of de-
structive energy than any other poison except prussic acid*
One-third of a grain killed a hog In ten minutes. It first
produces agitation and trembling; these run Into a genera^
spasm, in which the head is bent back, the spine stlflfened,
the limbs extended and rigid, and the respiration interrupted
by the fixing of the chest. So powerful are the spasms,
that the body sometimes retains, for some hours after
death, th|i aUitude and expression impressed op it by their
terrible action during life. m

**This fearfully destructive agent is u^for the same
purpose as arsenic, and is, to a great extent, a substitute for
it. the great object being the largest amount of whiskey
out of the least quantity of grain ; and whethei^ it kills
men, hogs or fishes, it makes but little difference with the
distiller, so long as he can accumulate a fortune by its sak).
*' I quote from an article recently published in the Tribune:

" ' The use of strychnine in the manufdcturo of whiskey is hcncu-.
forth to be punished as a felony in Ohio. By means of this drug,
n^ed in connection with tobacco, sharp distillers were making five
ga.lons of whiskey from one bushel of grain, whereas the quantity
9btained by the old {M-ocess was but half so much. The topers never

APIEXDIX.

(ii$

Ased warning
ises, obtained
\y after tht*y
« pruAt utadtt
III engaged in
bin saloH in a
verage uost tu
lilw be Mold it
ir» tbtt gallon.
U3e of Ihut

of wblulcey.
iroount of de-
t prussic acid*
utes. It first
into a genera^
pine BtifiTened.
)n Interrupted
I the spasmB,

hoars after
op it by their

for the same
substitute for
t of whiskey
her it kills
)noe with the
le by its sale,
the Tribune:

liekcj 19 hcnco-.
of this drug,
re making five
the quantity
e tf^era uever

ipUinad of tht new liquid, but iwallowod til thej could get, tnA
then MUAoked their lipa for more ; but the bogi, not being 10 ease*
hardened, oould not aland ll^ and died off hj hundreds of what Is
called ** Hog Cholera.** The flsh too. In the rirors Into wlilch the refUie
of the diatlUerles ^vas drnined, bt>gan to die off in shoals ; and a
chemist reported Uiat a barral of this strlohnine whiskey contained
poison enovg^ to kill twenty men. (So does a barrel of anif whbkey,
If administered to produce that result.) Ohio could not bear to have
the quality of her polMu diiitruatcd, and so has made the use of stryoh>
nine, In whiskey,, a state prison offonco. Making th» whiskey without
strychnine is not eron declared a nii^doineanor as yet.

'* We all know that whittkey is the basin of ihe wine, brandy
and gin now lold in the country, whether imported or do-
mestic, the grape having in a great measure failed In wine
producing countri^. The demand for wines having in-
creased, the resort has been to the distillery and poisonous
preparations, to supply its place. And so the grains of the
eartl)> which God designed for food, are laid under contri-
bution for its production. Ohio, the great grain- producing
stftte, apawera the call, and her distillers worm it through
their thousand distilleries. But they are not content to fur-
nish the pure alcoholic poison. They call upon the druggist,
and by meafis of strychnine and the decoction of. tobaQoo,,
doable the effect, by thus doubling the poison . This abom-
inable compound is exported abroad, but is soon returned
with sucn ingredients as foreign ingenuity can devise, and
after paying duties abroad as whiskey , and at home under the
names of wine and brandy, is sold at enormous profit, and,
drank by all classes. So extensively was adulteration prac-
ticed in France, that the Rev. Dr. Bairo stated that cer-
tain persons appointed by government to test the purity ot
iiqaors by tasting, were compelled to resign, to escape from
death by poisoning. And yet these are the pure wines and
brandies that circulate so freely through the higher circlea»

Norr.

ASSmDOU

tlM Mly DTidenoe of their purity oonititiog (n tht titnT^
(ABt prioes obarged and paid for them.

** But the uaeless formality of lendiiig aoroit the ooean
often ditpenaed with. There eziata iogenuity on tliia a*
well aa on the other aide of the water. Thia aame Ohio
whiakey ia porohaaed in New- York and other large oiti««,
where it ia eaaily tranaformed into imported liquora^and aold
M auch often with the branda of the moat celebrated dealera.

So alarmingly eztenaive ia the evil becoming, that the
political preas of all parttea ia aending out ita voice of wam«
ing ; and, in no meaanred terms, condemning and denouncing
thia wholeaale poisoning of the people by the makera and
vendora of theae abominable compounda. We rcjoioe to aet
these evidencea of moral life in the political preaa ; we hail
them as proofs that it ia still mindful of its duty aa a aenti-
nel on the outposts of danger. We welcome it aa a co-worker
with us in this moral reform ; for there clearly can be no
perfect escape from these poisonous compounds, except in
the adoption and enforcement of the prohibitory principle.

'* I have called your attention to these enbrmoue evUa,
now becoming so generally known and acknowledged, for
the purpose of showing what kind of substances our legia-
lature have legalized the sale of by the license law.

** It must he apparent to all that there is but one mode of
escape, that of total abstinence, succeeded by probibition%
It is idle to waste time or thought upon any half and 'half
measure^

" But while dwelling upon these adulteratlona and^' their
enormity, we ought not to forget that alcohol itself, in theae
liquors, is an active poison, and that the other poison added,
only render the compound the more poisonous. Our war-
fare, oommenced against alcohol alone ; we supposed all
liquors pure, but that their very purity was poiaonpns •§ a
beverage.

APPENDIX.

the ocean
OB tliia a^
samo Ohio
large oitl««,
on,and lold
lied dealera .
ng, that the
•ioeofwarn*
1 denouncing
makera and
rejoice to

)ss ; we hail
7 aa a eenti-
a co-worker
f can be no
s, except in
7 principle,
rooue eyili»
pledged, for
8 our legit-
aw.

me mode of
>robibitioDw
If and. 'half

fl and^^ their
elf, In these
iCioB addedf
Our war-
pposed all
lon^iiB at A

All medical works pronounce alcohol it««lf a polvon. and.
like others, dangerous to health and life. The dark array of
adulterations and poisonous compounds have oonte in since,
but they have come only to stimulate us to stronger effurta
and more determined perseverence to free the state and
the nation from this monstrous iniquity ; and in view of
these horrid adulterations, and the miseries they are infliutlng
upon us— demoralizing the people, as well as rapidly deterio-
rating our race — ehould not all, of whatever denominatiun of
Christians, or whatever party, having the love of Gud or man
in their hearts, arouse themselves and unite with us in our
efforts to arrest and finally eradicate this great and growing
evil 1 The question of the rightfulness of using put e intoxi-
cating liquors as a beverage should no longer be a barrier—
for nonesuch^ with the least degree of certainty, can be had."

ADDRESS ON THE DRINKING USAGES OF

SOCIETY.

BY A. POTTER, D. D., I.L. D.,

Bithop of the Dioeeie of Pennsylvania.

Wb have assembled, ladies and gentlemen, to contribute our
aid in arresting a great and crying t^vil. We do not aim to
])romote directly that Temperance which forms one of the
noblest and most comprehensive of the Christian virtues.
Our simple object is to prevent drunkenness, with its legion
of ills, by drying up the principle sources, from which it fluws.
To one of these sources and that the must active and
powerful. I propose to ask your attention this evening. The
occasion, I need not say, is a most wurthy one ; one that
merits the warmest sympathy and support of every patriot
and philanthropist, of every follower of Jesus Christ.

846

APPKNDIX,

For wbit li Intemperance, end what the extent and Oiafnl*
tade of Ita e?lli t Of these we all know aometblng. We tl)
know bow It dlneaiies tbe body ; how It dlaturba the equlll*
brinm of tbe Intellect ; how It polaona the apringa of generoua
affisotlon In the heart, and laya a ruthlesa hand upon the
whole moral and spiritual nature. What drunkenness does
to ita poor victim, and to those who ate bouud to him by
tbe closest ties, you all know. All know, did I say t Let
US thank God that few of you can know, or are likely to
know, tbe Inezpreaslble horrors whl'jh fill the soul of tbe
Inebriate, or tbe gloom and anguish of heart which are the
portion of his family. You know enough, bowcTer, to feel
that whore this sin enters, there a blight falls on happiness,
Tirtue and even hope. Look at tbe palpable shame and
misery and gilt which collect within and about one drunk-
ard'a home ; and then multiply their dreadful sum by (he
whole number of such homes which, at this moment, can bo
found In this Christian city, and you wlllbaTe an accumula-
tion of sin and sorrow, even at your doors, which no mortal
arithmetic can gauge, but which is sufficient to appall tbe
stoutest heart and move to sympathy the coldest charity.

But whence does this vast and bidious evil come ? To
you as a Jury of inquest, standing over the victims it strikes
down, I appeal for a verdict according to truth and evideiKse.
Gan It be Raid that they who are now cold In death, with a
drunkard*8 shame branded on their memory, " died by visi-
tation of God ? " God sends no such curse even upon tbe
guiltiest of his creatures. He 'may send pestilence and
earthquake ; he may send blasting and mildew ; bat be
commissions no moral plague, like drunkenness, to carry
desolation to the souls as well as bodies of men. This evil»
alas 1 is self-invoked and self-inflicted.

And how ? Do men rush deliberately, and with fall pur-
pose of heart, into such an abyss ? Is there any one to loit

md mtgni-
g. Weal)
tho equlll-
>r generous
upon the
nne«B does
to him by
say t Let
re likely to
Boul of the
lich tre the
?er, to feel
happiness,
shame and
one drunk*
lum by the
cni, can bo
aocumula-
no mortal
appall the
st charity,
ome 1 To
8 it strikes
eyidesce.
ith, with a
ed by visl-
npon the
ilence and
r; bat ha
to earry
Thlseyll,.

full pur-
>ne so lost

IPMMDIZ.

34r

to aalf.respaot, to all prudeaoa and duty, so deroid of e?ary
finer Instioot and sentiment of our nature, that he oan wiU
liogly sink down to the ignominy and the wo that are the
drunkard's portion ? I tell you nay. £vory human being
reoolls, with involuntary horror and disgust, from the con-
templation of such a futc. He shrinks from it as ho would
from the foul embraces of a serpent, and feels that he would
sooner sacrifice everything than take his place befiide the
bloated and degraded beings whu seem dead to ail that \a
noble in our nature or hopeful in our lot. These are victims
that have gone blindfold to their fate. Gentle is the decliv-
ity, smooth and noiseless the descent, which conducts them,
step by step, along the treacherous way, till suddenly there
feet slide, and they find themselv^^s plunging over the
awful precipice.

And what is that dccellful road 7 Or which is the perfidi-
ous guide who stands ever ready to turn aside the feet of tho
unwary traveler ? Uere, ladies and gentlemen, is the great
question. To arrest an evil effectually, we must know ita
nature and cause. It is idle to lop off branches, while the
trunk stjtnds firm and full of life. It is idle to destroy
noxious leaves of flowers, while the plant still pours forth
its malignant humors at the root. If we would go to the
bottom of this evil, if we would lay the axe to the very root
of the baleful tree, we must see how and whence it is that
unsuspecting multitudes are thus ensnared, never scenting
danger till they begin to taste of death.

It will be admitted, I presume, by all who hear me, that,
if there were no temperate drinking, there would be none
that is intemperate. Men do not begin by what is usually
called immoderate indulgences, but by that which they
regard as moderate. Gradually and insensibly their draughts
are increased, until the functions of life are permanently
disturbed, the system becomes inflamed, and there is that

NOTT.

d4S

APPENDIX.

morbid appetite whluh wiil liurdly brook restraiut, and the
Indulgence of which is sottish intemperance. Let it be
remembered, tlien, that what is usually styled temperate
drinking, stands as the condition precedent of that which
is intemperate. Discontinue one and the other beoomea
impossible.

But what is the cause of moderate or temperate drinking V
Is it tlie force of natural appetite ? Rarely. Nine-tenths, if '
not ninety-nine hundredths.of those who use alcoholic stimu-
lants, do it, in the first instance, and often for a long time,
not from appetite^ but from deference to custom or fashion.
Usage has a:jSociated intoxicating drinks with good fellow-
ship — with offices of hospitaliiy and friendship. However
false and dangerous such an association may be, it is not sur-
prising that, when once established, it continually gathered
strength ; with some through appetite, with others through
interest. It is in this way that what we term Drinking
Usages have become incorporated with every pursuit in life*
with the tastes and habits of every grade and class of society.
In the drawing-room and dining-room of the affluent, in the
public room of the hotel, in every place of refreshment, in
the social gatherings of the poor, in the harvest field and the
workshop, alcoholic liquor was at one time deemed essential.
Too often it is deemed so still. Many a host and employer,,
many a young companion, shrinks even now from the idea
of exchanging the kind offices of life without the aid of
intoxicating liquors, as he would shrink from some sore
offence against taste and propriety. Not to put the cup to
your neighbor's lip, in one word, is to sin against that most
absolute of earthly sovereigns, fashion. ,

Here, then, lies the gist of the whole difficulty. Fashion
propagates itself downward. Established and upheld by the
more refined and opulent, it is soon caught up by those in
less conspicuous walks. It thus spreads itself over the whole

APPEKDIX.

349

lut, and the
Let it be
d temperate
' that which
er beoomea

te drinking 1
ne-tenths, if
)ho1io stimu-
a long timet
n orjashion,
good fellow-
). However
.itisnotsnr-
Btlly gathered
hers through
ra Drinking
ursuit in life,
sa of society,
uent, in the
jreshment, in
field and the -
|ied essential,
idemployer,
lorn the idea
the aid of
some sore
Lt the cup to
1st that most

fy. Fashion
)held by the

|by those in
)r the whole

Ikce of society, andr becoming allied with other principles, k*
planted deep in the habits and associations of a people. It
is preeminently so with drinking usage*- Immemorial cns-
tom ; the example of those whose c;ducat ion or position j^ivea
them a oommanding sway over the opinions and practice of
others ; appetite, with them wlio Iiavc drunlc till what was
once but compliance with usage, is now an imperious crav>
ing ; the interest of many, who thrive by the traffic in intox>
ioating drinks, or by the follies into which they betray
men — here are causes which so fortify and strengthen these
usages, that they seem to defy all change. But lejt us not
despair. We address those who are willing to think, and
who are accustomed to bring every question to the stern
test of utility and duty. To ihese, then, we appeal.

Drinking usages are the chief cause of intempertmce ^ and
these usages derive their force and authority, in the first
instance, wholly from those who give law to fashiop. Let this
be considered. Do you ask for the treacherbus ifuide, who
with winning smiles and honeyed accents, leads men forward
from one degree of indulgence to another, till they are besot-
ted and lost ? Seek him not in the parHeus of the low grog-
shop ; seek him not in any scenes of coarse and vulgar
revelry. He is to be found where they meet who are the
observed of all observers. There, in the abodes of the rich
and admired ; there, midst all the enchantments of luxury
and elegance; where friend pledges friend ; wheris wine is
invoked to lend new animation to gaiety and impisirt new
brilliancy to wit ; in the sparkling glass, which is raised even
by the hand (^beautiful and lovely women, there is the most
dangerous decoy. Can that be unsafe which is thus ai&sooi-
ated with all that is fair and graceful in woman, with all that
is attractive and brilliimt in man ? Must not that be proper
<aiid «ven obligatory, which has the deliberate and tim^-

'.I-

360

APPENDIX.

honored sanotlon of those who stand before the world aa th«
*' glass of fashion/' and " rose of the fair state ? "

Thus reason the great proportion of men. They are look-
ing continually to those who, in their estimation, are more
favored of fortune or more accomplished in mind and man-
ners. We do not regulate our watches more carefully or
more universally by the town clock, than do nine-tenths of
mankind take their tone from the residue, who occupy places
towards which all are struggling.

Let the responsibility of these drinking usages be put,
then, where it Justly belongs. When you visit, on some
errand of mercy, the abodes of the poor and afflicted ; when
you look in on some home which has been made dark by
drunkenness, — where hearts are desolate and hearths are
cold ; where want is breaking in as an armed man ; where
the wife is 'heart-1>roken or debased, and children are fast
demoralizing ; where little can be heard but ribaldry, blas-
phemy and obscenity, — friends! would you connect effect
with cause, and trace this hideous monster back to its true
parent, let your thoughts fly away to some abode of wealth
and refinement, where conviviality^ reigns ; where, amidst
joyous greetings and friendly protestations, and merry
shouts, the flowing bowl goes round ; and there you will see
that which is sure to make drinking every w-here attractive,
and which, in doing so, never fails, and canuot fail, to make
drunkenness common.

Would we settle our account, then, with the drinking
usages of the reined and respectable t We must hold them
answerable for maintaining corresponding usages in other
classes of society ; and we must hold them answerable, fur-
ther, for the frightful amount of intemperance which results
from those usages. We must hold them accountable for all
the sin, and all the unhappiness, and all the pinching poverty,
And aU the nefarious crimes to which intemperance givet

APPENDIX.

361

rise. So long as these usager inaintain their place among
the respectable, so long will drinking and drunlcenneds
abound through all grades and conditions of life. Neither
the power of law aimed at the traffic in liquors, nor the force
of argument addressed to the understandings and conscien-
oeR of the many, will ever prevail to cast out the fiend
drunkenness, so long as they who are esteemed the favored
few uphold with unyielding hand, the practice of drinking.

Hence, the question, whether this monster evil shall be
abated^ resolves itself always into another question ; and
that is : will the educated, the wealthy, the respectable,
persist in sustaining the usages which produce it 1 Let
them resolve that these usages shall no longer have their
countenance, and their insidious power is broken. Let
Ihem resolve that, wherever they go, the empty wineglass
shall proclaim their silent protest ; and fashion, which now
commands us to drink, shall soon command us, with all-
potential voice, to abstain.

Now, what is there in these usages to entitle them to
the patronage of the wise and good ? Are they necessary ?
Are they safe or useful ?

Unless they can show some offset to the vast amount of
evil which they occasion, they ought surely to be ruled out
of court. But is any one prepared to maintain that these
Drinking Usages are necessary — that it is necessary, or
even useful, that men should use intoxicating liquors as a
beverage ? Do they add vigor to muscle, or strength, to
intellect, or warmth to the heart, or rectitude to the con-
science 1 The experience of thousands, or even millions^
has answered this question. In almost every age and quar-
ter of the world, but especially within the last twenty-five
years, and in our own land, many have made trial of entire
abstinence from all that can intoxicate. How few of them
will confess that they have suffered from it, either in health

B69

APPXMDIX.

of body, or elMttoity of tplritt, or energy and activity of
Blind 1 How many will testify that in eaoh of these respeoti
they were sensible gainers from the time they rei\oimoed
the use of all aloobolio stimulants I
But, if neither useful or necessary, can it be contended that
these drinking customs are harmless 1 Are they not exptn"
five ? Many a moderate drinker, did he reckon up accurately
the cost of thia indulgence, would discoTer that it forms one
of his heayiest burdens. No taxes, says Franklin, are so
oppressive* as those which men levy on themselves. Appe<
cite and fashion, vanity and ostentation, constitute our most
rapacious tax-gatherers. It is computed by Mr. Porter, an
English statistician of distinguished ability, but of no special
interest in the sul^eot which we are now discussing, that the
laboring people of Great Britain, exclusive of the middle or
hig;her ola^ses, expend no less than .£53,000,000 ($260,000,*
000) every year on alcohol>i> liquors and tobacco 1 There is
little doubt that the amount directly or indirectly consumed

* '* My companion at the proM," says Franklin, speaking of his life
as a Journeyman printer in I<ondon, "drank every day a pint before
breakfast, a pint at brealifast, with his bread and cheese, a pint be>
tween breakfast and dinner, a i. !nt at dinner, a pint in the afternoon
about six o^cIock, and another when he had done his day's work.
I thought it a detestable custom ; but it was necessary, he supposed,
to drink strong beer, that he might he vtrong to labor. I endeavored
to convinoe him that the bodily strength afforded by beer could only
be ia proportion to the grain or flour dissolred in the water of which
it was made ; that there was more flour in a pennyworth of bread ;
and, therefore, if he could eat that with a pint of water, it would
give him more strength than a quart of beei . He drank on, however,
and had four or five shillings to pay out of his wages every Saturday
night for that vile liquor, — an expense which I was free from ; and
tku$f thtte poor devUt ketp thtm$thM nlwav* under. —Sw Dr. Frank'
Un*$ IdfCf written hy himul/

APPENDIX.

363

I activity of
leae respeoti
)7 rei^Qimoed

intended that
>y not es^HH'
ip aoeurately
i it forms one
bDklin, are so
gives. Appe-
!;ate our most
[r. Porter, aa
of no special
Bing, that the
the middle or

(8250,000,-

01 There 18
>ly consumed

Ung of his life
a pink before

bse, a pint be*
the afternoon

ps day^g work.

he supposed,

1 1 endeavored

Ur could only

rater of which

|rth of bread;

tter, it would

I on, however,

|rer7 Saturday

firom; and

Dr. Frunk'

in Pennsylvania * annually for the same indulgence equalii
$10,000,000, — a sum which, could it be saved for four suc-
cessive years, would pay the debt which now hangs lilce an
incubus on the energies of the Commonwealth. In wasting
1250,000,000 every year the laboring population of Britali
put it beyond the power of any government to avert from
multitudes of them the misery of want. Were but a tithe
ofthat sum wrenched from the hands of the toilwom laboraiw
and buried in the Thames or the ocean, we should all regaid
it as an act of stupendous fully and guilt. Yet itwere te-
finitely better that such a sum should be oast into the deptlit
of the sea, than that it should be expended in a way which
must debauch the moralti, and destroy .the health, and lay
waste the personal and domestio^happiness of thousands. If
the question be narrowed down to one of mere material
toeaJth, no polioy can>b.e more. suioidal than that which.op-
holds usages, the inevitable effect of which is to paralyse
the productive powers of a people, and to derange the proper
and natural distribution of property. Remember, then, he
who sustiiins the^e usages sustains the most prolific source
of improvidence and want. He makes, at the same time,
an inroad upon his own personal income, which is but a
loan from God .entrusted to him for his own and others' good.
But these driniting usages are not only expensive ; they
are unreanonable. What is their practical effect 1 It is that
others shall decide for us a question, which ought most
clearly to be referred only to our own taste and sense of
duty. We are to drink, whether it be agreeable to us or

* In rwestern Pennsylvania, one of the most valuable products is
bituminous coal. Great quantities are sent down the Ohio, and are paid
for in whislcey. I was informed by a distinguished citizen ofthat part .
of the state, thnt every year shows a balance against the producers oC*',:
cc«sl, and. in favor of the distillers I

3C4

APPBNDIX.

BOt ; whether we think it right or not ; whether we \h\vk It
lafe or not. Moreover — and this it nufBoieDtly humiliatiog
—we are to drink preoisely token and precisely where otheri
prescribe. It has been said that, in some parts of our coun-
try, a man must either drink with a man who invites him, or
fight. It is not long since, in every part of it, one must
either drink, when invited, or incur the frowns and Jeers of
those who claimed to be arbiters of propriety. And, even
now, he or she who will not drink at all, or will drink only
when their own reason and inclination bid, must not be sur-
prised if they provoke invective or ridicule. And is a
bondage like this to be upheld ? Does it become free bom
Americans, who boast so much of liberty, to bow down
their necks tp a servitude so unrelenting, and yet so absurd ?
A German nobleman once paid a visit to Great BrHain,
when the practice of toasting and drinking healths was at its
height. Wherever he went, during a six months' tour, ho
found himself ubjiged tb drink.thoug:h never so loth. He must
pledge his host and his hoatess. He must drink with every
one who would be civil to him, and with every one, too, who
wished a con.vejit.ieut prf^text f«r taking another glass. He
must drink a bumper in honor of the king and queen, in
honor of church and state, in honor of the army and navy.
How often did be find himself retiring with throbbing
temples and burning check from these scenes of intrusive
hospitality ! At length bis visit drew to a close ; and to
requite, in some measure, the attention which had been
lavished upon him, he made a grand entertainment. As-
sembling those who had done him honor, he gathered them
round a most sumptuous banquet, and feasted them to their
utmost content. The tables were then cleared. Servants
entered with two enormous hams ; one was placed at each
end ; slices were cut and passed round to each guest, when
tl^e hpst rose, and with all grayitv.said : " Gentlemen, I give

APPENDIX.

dd5

yoQ the king I please eat to hia honor." His gueata pro-
tested. They had dined; they were Jews; they were
already surcharged through his too generous cheer. But he
was inflexible. " Gentlemen/' said he, *' for six months you
have compelled me to drink at your bidding. Is it too much
that yon should now eat at mine ? I have been submissive :
why should you not follow my example ? Yon will pliMtse do
honor to your king I Yonrshall then be served with another
slice in honor of the queen, another to the prosperity of the
royal family, and so on to the end of the chapter."

But, waving the ahaurdUy and costliness of these usages,
let me ask if they are safe. No one who drinks can be per-
fectly certain that he may not die a drunkard. Numbers,
which defy aH computation, have gone this road, who were
once as self-confident as any of us can be. No one, again,
who drinks, can bo certain that he may not, in some
unguarded hour, fall into a debauch, in which he shall com-
mit some error or perpetrate some crime that will follow
him, with shame and sorrow, all bjs days. How many a
young man, by one such indiscretion, has cast a cloud over
all his prospects for life! You have read Shakspeare's
"Othello," the most finished and perfect* perhaps, of all his
tragedios. What is it but u solemn Temperance lecture ?
Whence come all the horrors that cluster round the closing
scenes of that awful and magnificent drama ? Is it not from
the wine with which Tago plied Cassio ? What is lago him-
self but a human embodiment of the Grand Master of Evil t
And, as that Master goes abroad over the earth seeking
whom he may destroy, where does he find a more potent
instrument than the treacherous wine cupl This dark
tragedy, with its crimes and sorrows, is but an epitome, a
faint transcript, of ten thousand tragedies which are all the
time enacting on the theatre of our daily life. How many
are there at this moment, who^^from the depths of agonized

KOTT,

966

APPENDIX.

tod remonefuYhearta can aeho the words of OthaIIo*i lobered
bat almost frenxied liuutenant, " thou invisible spirit
of wine I if thou hast no name to be Icnown by, let us call thee
devil t " ** That men should put an enemy in their mouths
to steal away their brains I That we should, with Joy, pleas-
anoe, reveal and applause, transform ourselves into beasts I*'
" Oh ! I have lost my reputation I I have lost the immortal
part of myself, and what remains is bestial,— >my reputation,
lago, my reputation I ** " To be now a sensible man, by and
by a fool, and presently a beast I O strange ! Every inordi-
nate cup is unblessed, and the ingredient is a devil." In
this land, and in our day, there are few cups which for tho
young and excitable, are not " inordinate." Wines that are
charged high with brandy, pr brewed in the distillery of
some remorseless fabricator, are never safe. Among wine
proverbs, there are two which are now more than ever signi-
ficant of truth : " The most voluptuous of assassins is the
l>ottle ;" " Bacchus has drowned more than Neptune."

It is not the opinion of " temperance fanatics*' merely,
that adjudges drinking to he hazardous. It is so in their
estimation, who are close, practical observers and actors In
life. Mr. Jefferson is said to have expressed hia conviction
— the result of long and various experience — that no man
should be intrusted with ofiRce whc drank. I have now
before me evidence, still more definite, in the two-fold system
of rates proposed to be applied in one of our largest cities
by the same life insurance company. The one set of rates
is adapted to those who use intoxicating liquors ; the other,
to those who do not use them at all. Suppose that you wish
your life to be assured to tho extent of $1000, and that you
are twenty years of age. If you practice total abstinence,
the rate will be $11.60 per annum ; if you use intoxicating
drinks, it will be $14.70. At twenty-five years of age, the
rate^ will be as $13.30 to $.1,7 ; at thirty years of agej^ as .

▲PPBNDIX.

$l5,i0 to $19.60. I btTe alio before me the returoi of two
beneflolal iiooietles, in one of which t.ho principle of total ab-
■tinenoe from all intozioating liquors wai obgorred, while in
the other it wan not The resalt baa been that, with the
•ame number of membere in each, the deaths in one, during a
giren period, were but nventy-aeven ; whereas, in the other,
they were one hundred and ten f malting the ohanoes of Ufe
as ten to seven in their favor who practice total abstmenee^
This result need not so much astonish us, when we are %oUt,
on the authority of persons who are said to have made care-
ful and conscientious inquiry, that, of all males who use in-
toxicating liquor;i, one in thirteen becomes intemperate.

Here, then, are results reached by men of business, when
engaged in a mere calculation of probabilities. Drinking,
according to their estimates, is hazardous— hazardous to
life and property, hazardous to reputation and virtue. Is it
not wise, then, to shun that hazard ? Is it not our duty ?
Is not this a case in which the Saviour's injunction applies :
"If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it nut and cast itjrom
thee ; if thy right handoffend thee, cut it off and east itjrom
thee ; for it ie better Jor thee that one of thy member* should
perish, than that thy whole body should be cast into hell f re V*
We all consi'' it madness not to protect our children and
ourselves against small-pox by vaccination ; and this, though
the chances of dying by the disease may bu but one in a
thousand, or one in ton thousand. Drunl<enness is a disease
more loathsome and deadly even than small-pox. Its
approaches are still more stealthy ; and the specific against
it— total abstinence— has never failed, and cannot fail,
t But let us admit for one moment, and for the sake of ar-
gument (to admit it on other ground would be culpable}—
let us admit that you can drink with safety to yourself
Can you drink tnih safety to your neighbor ? Are yon
oh&rged with no responsibility in respect to him ? Tou

968

APPENDIX.

drink, m you think, within the limits of stfety. He, In Im-
itation of year example, drinks also, bat passes that unseen,
unknown line, within which, for him, safety lies. Is not
your indulgence, then, a stumbling-block — ay, perchance, a
fatal stumbling-block in his way 1 Is it not. In principle, the
very case contemplated by St. Paul, when ho said : '* Jtis
good nnther to eatjleth, NOR TO drink winb, nor anything
whereby thy brother ttumbUth or it oJend«d,or i* made weak?'*
Yonder are the young and inexperienced, without habits of
self-control, and with fiery appetites. Would you have them
do as you do f Yonder Is one who Is Just on the verge of
the precipice that will plunge him into shame and wo unut-
terable ; are yon willing that he should find in your daily
potations a specious apology for his own 7 Or yonder Is one
who is already a bondman to this fearful vice, but who feels
bis debasement, and would gladly be once more free ; will
you do that in his presence which will discourage him from
striking boldly for emancipation 1 Nay, it may be that he Is
even now struggling bravely to be free. He has dashed away
the cup of sorcery, and is practicing that which, to him, is
the only alternative to ruin. Is it well. Christian — follower
of Him who sought not his own, and went about doing good
—Is it well that from you should proceed an influence to
press him back to his cups? — that you, by your example,
should proclaim, that not to drink is to be over scrupulous
and mean spirited I — that at your table, in your drawing-
room, be should encounter the fascination which he finds it
so hard to withstand, so fatal to yield to ?

Nineteen years ago, I knew an instructor who stood in
relations most intimate to three hundred students of a college
The disorders which occasionally invade such institutions,
and the disgrace and ruin which are incurred by so many
promising young men, result almost exclusively from the
use of Intoxicating liquors. This fact had so imprinted

APPKIIDIX.

86$

IftMlf on ihii initruotor'i mind, that he mtde a Rtrennoui
•A>rt to induoo the whole of this noble band to declare for
that whioh waa then considered the true principle ^ total
abitinenoe from dUtilled%p\r\tB. Fermented ttimulanta were
not Included ; but It was pointedly Intimated that Intoxication
on wine or beer would be a virtual violation of the engage
ment. The whole inumher with perhaps two or three exoep*
tions, acquiesced ; Mid for a few months, the effect was most
marked In the Increased order of the Institution and the
improved bearing of Its inmates. Soon, however, there were
aberrations. Young men would resort occasionally to hotels,
and drink champagne ; or they would indulge in beer at
eating-houses. The evil which, at one time, seemed dammed
out, was about to force itself back ; and the question arose,
what could be donet Then that professor came to the con-
olusicn that, for these young men at least, there was no
safety but In abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. He
had often protested against Including wine In the same cate-
gory with ardent spirits. But the wine these young men
drank was as fatal to them and to college discipline as rum ;
and the simple alternative was between continued excesses,
on the one hand, or total abstinence from all intoxicating
beverage, on the other. Under such circumstances, this
professor did not long hesitate. He determined to urge and
exhort those for whose welfare he was so fearfully responsi-
ble} to the only oourse which was safe for them. But there
was one huge diffioulty in his way. It was the bottle of Ma-
deria which stood every day upon his own table. He felt that
from behind that bottle, his plea in behalf of abstinence from
all vinous potations would sound somewhat strangely. He
waa not ready to encounter the appeal from theory to prac-
tice, which all are so prompt to make — none more prompt
than the young — when they deal with the teachers of
unwholesome doctrine. He determined, therefore, to preparo

NOTT.

APPESIDIJU

hlmMlf ttr hia dnty. by rt moTtng orery bindrtnoe wbfeb bb
own DxtmpIecoulU pUoe in ibe way of the iroprMilon wbkb
b« WM b«nt upoD producing. Did be act well and wlaely t
Ya fathara and moibera, wbo know witb wbat paarla tba
young are enoompaaied when tbey go fortb into tba world;
would you bate adfiaed bin to oling to bia wine t Or yoQ
wbo may be about to oooimit a fiery and unaUble aon to a
teaober'a care and guidance, would you prefer tbat tbia
teaober'a example and inflnenoe abould be^or wine drinking
or ogaimt it 1

But if, in your Judgment, tbat profeanor stAodi acquitted
—nay, if you actually applaud bia courae, wbat, permit ma
to aak. isyonrduty t— youra, fathera and motberat youra,
aiaters and brothera ! youra, employera and teacbera ! Tbere
ia, not one of you but baa Inflnenoe over otbers, and tbat
Influence la much greater than you are apt to imagine. la
itnotaaaored trust, which should never be abused! O
parental do you consider, as you ought, how closely your
children obserye all your waya, and how eagerly and reck-
laaaly they imitate them T Emffloyers ! do you estimate
sufficiently your responsibility in regard to hirelings and
domestic servants, who are prompt to adopt your habita and
manners, hut who seldom possess the self-control which youn
education and position constrain you te exercise? Your
precepts, enjoining sobriety and moderation, paaa for little.
Your practice, giving color and countenance to selMnduU
gence, sinks deep Into their hearts. One hour spent by you
in thougliiless conviviality may plant the aeeds of sin and
(Din In those by whom ^ou are attended I And the crowd
j(^, wives, mothers, sisters, daughters, that I setf before me,
•^do they always consider witli what wizard power they rule
^yer man's sterner nature ? ,It is our pride and' privilege to
defer to your sex. At all periods of life, and In aH'relations,
you soeak with a voice which penetratea 4io*oiftr gentler and

AlTiKDIX.

041

nobUr MBtlflMtiif. Most of all U tbU the ou« wh«n you
boril Into tarly womtnhood, vnooinpisied by bright hop«ii
and food hoarta — when tb« Creator adoroi you with graoee
and obaraii that draw towardi you the dulleet touli. Ah t
how liille do you appreciate, then, the away whiob, for wetl
or wo, you wield over thoae of our aex who are your oom-
panlona and frienda ! It that away alwaya wlae and holy f
la it alwaya on the aide of temperance and aelf-coniroand ?
Aloa 1 alaal oould the grave give up ita aeoreta, what talea
of horror would It not reveal of woman'a perverted influ
enoe— of woman thoughtleaaly leading man, through the
intoxicating cup, to the brinii of utter and hopeleaa ruin !
One oaae of the kind waa mentioned to me lately. It la
but one of many.

A young man of no ordinary promiae, unhappily oon-
tracted habita of intemperance. HIa exceaaea apread anguiah
and ahame through a large and moat reapeotable circle. The
earneat and kind remonatranoe of frienda, however, at length
led him to dealat ; and feeling that for him to drink waa to
diOf he came to the aolemn reaolutlon that be would abstain
entirely for the rest of bia days. Not long after, he waa in-
yited to dine, with other young peraona, at the houae of a
friend. Frimd I did I aay ? pardon me ; he could hardly be
a fHend who would deliberately place on the table before ona
lately ao lost, now so marvelously redeemed, the treacherona
instrument of bia downfall. But it waa ao. The wine was
in their feasts. He withstood the fascination however, until
a young lady, whom he desired to please, lohallenged him to
drink. He refused. With banter and ridicule she soon
cheated him out of all his noble purposes, and her cballengt
was accepted. He no sooner drank than he felt that the
demon was still alive, and that from temporary sleep he wa9
now waking with tenfold strength. '* Now," said he to a
friend who sat next to him, " now I have tasted again, and I

062

APi'£N]>lX.

drink till I fiie." The awful pledge wu kept, -^ot 4ea
daye b*d passed before the ill-fated youth feU wMler <tbe
Jiorrors of delirium tremens, and was borne to a grave of
(<hame and daik desiiair. Who wcnld envy the emotions
with which that young lady.if.not wholly dead4odii4ty and
iu pity, retraced her part in a scene of gaiety which emiled
(inly to betray ?

Let me not be misunderstood. I do «ot maintain that
drinking wine is, in the language of the schools, »in per ae.
J'here may be ciroumsrances under whioh to use'intojeioating
Ii(|uors is no crime. There have been times and places'in
which the qnly intoxicating beverage was light wine, and
where habits of inebriation were all but unknown. Stftis
that our case ? Distillation has filled our land witth alcoholic
stimulants of the moat fiery and deleterious character. Our
wineskin a large proportion of instances, are but spurious
compounds without grape juioe and with a iarge ifitfu^on of
distilled spirits, and even of more unhealthy ingredients. As
long ago as the days of Addison, we read in the Tutfer
(No. 131) 'that in London there was '^ a fraternity o^ <5bettfi-
cal operators, who worked u«der ground, in holes, cav«ms
and dark retknement,-to conceal their mysteries from Hie ah-
servfbtion of mankind. These subterranean phHosopbers are
daily employed in the tvan8mutat4on>of lienors; and,%y/t/»
jttneer of magical dr<fj^ ^nd ineantationg, raimn^- under "fi^f
.streets of London the choicest products of the hiUs and raMe^*
of France. They can aqiteeze claret out of the sloe, and draw
champagne out of an apple:'* The practice of atfbstituting
these base counterfeits for wine extracted from the gra^K'
has become so prevalent in this country, that well-informed
and coflseientious persons aver that, for« very galloa ef win*
im^ported from abroad, ten or Hiore ^ae maniifacftnred i^
horn'). *• Five and twenty years ago," «ayfi the late J. Fenni-
-AMiii Ooopeir, *♦ when I first visited Europe, I was astonished

APPENDIX^

tt)i3l>« wlue dniiflr M tumbleti. I didnot at fint'iitid«hktkbd
thttt bttlfof^hait' I'btd been drinktng at hooofe' wa& brafatf^
ulider tbe niinfllof ^ne."

These aduUHrations and fabrlcatimii in tbeXvi^e tralOef^d'
not confined -to ovr country or to England!' They abd^tid^
M'bere the wine'floarishes in "greatest abundkticfj. *' Thodgti '
tlw pure juice of the grape," says our eminent counti-yn/afti,'
Horatio G>reen*ougb {the sculptor)^ c^an *\k MhhhfSd \i€t^ (in
Florence) for one cent a bottle, yet the retailors chd(!)so tti'
gain a fraction of profit by the admission of water or drugs."
He tttlds, " Uow far the destructive influence of wino, ais
here used, is to be ascribed to the grape^ and now far it y
augmented and aggravated by poisonous adulterations, it'
w6u)d be diifi«mlt to say," McMullen, a reeent wliter on
wines, states that in France there afo " extensive establish'-^
ments ( existing at €ette and Marseilles ) for the manufiictu'rb '
of every description of wine, both white and red, to resenibio
the produce not only of France, btitof all other wine couh-'
tries. It \s no uncommon practice with speculators enguged
in this trade to purchase and ship wines, fabricated in thu
pluci'.-. /runu'd, to olhl^r ports on the continent ; and, beiii'!:-
branded and marked as genuine Wines usually are, thty are
I hen transshij^iwd tO' the markets for which they are design-
ed, o/"irAvcA<A* UfiiudStateii u the chief. Such is thc'extent'
to v^hifih this traffic is carried, that one individual has been
referred to in the French ports who has been in the habit of
ishipping, four times in the year, twenty thousand bottles of
champagne, wo^ /^e/^rorfMt'^ o/* the grape, b'llt fabricated in'
1 kese'wine-factoriei. It is well knoWn that the imposition '
uf1hese<:ouhterfeit wines bas arrived at such a pitch as to
become quite nbtorious, and the subject of much complaint,
in this country at lefcst."*

• kbHalleiJ oii'Wbes, p. 172.

▲FPENDIX*

In the preflence of faoto like these, I ask, what is our duty f
Were nine out of ten of the coins or bank bills which circu-
late, counterfeit, we should feel obliged to decline them al-
together. We should sooner dispense entirely with such a
medium of circulation, than incur the hazard which would
be hiTolved in using it. And, even if wo could discriminate
unerringly ourselves between the spurious and the genuine,
we should still abstain ^/br the sake of other*, lest our example
in taking such a medium at such a time, encourage fabrica-
tors in their work oV fraud, and lead the unwary and ignorant
to become their victims. But, in such a case, abstinence
would be praoiiced at great personal inconvenience. It i»
not so with abstinence from intoxicating drinks. That can
subject us to no inconvenience worthy to be compared with
the personal immunity with which it invests us, and with
the consoling consciousness that we are giving no encour-
agement to fraud, and placing no stumbling block in the
way of the weak and unwary.

The question, then, is not what may have been proper in
other days or in other lands, in the time of Pliny or of Paul,
but what is proper now, and in our own land. The apostle
points us to a case in which to eat meat might cause one's
brother to offend ; and his own magnanimous resolution,
under such circumstances, he thus avows, " If meat make miy
brother to offend, I will eat no more while the world stands ^
Thus what may at one time be but a lawful and innocent
liberty .becomes at another a positive sin. The true question,
then — the only practical question for the Christian patriot
and philanthropist — is this : "Intemperance abound ! Ought
not ray personal influenccwhether by example or by precept,
to be directed to its suppression ? Can it be suppressed
while our present drinking usages continue ? In a country
where distilled liquors are so cheap and so abundant, and
where the practice of adulterating every species of fermented

▲. PEKDIX:

36S

liqnor ubbiiiid^ — in such a country can any practical and
iihp6rtii^t ditsMnetlcMi be' niad6 betWee<i different kinds of
intoj^iod'ilii^' liqnbrs 1 If ab6tirict6o6 is to be practiced at
h\\, Ad a phidenttal or & char tidbit &iit,o&ii it haye much
prdcticAI value \xn\esa it he abstinence Jrom all that can
iitioxicate 1 " These quedtion'^'iire subinitted, withoutfear,
td the most deliberdtb and seatdhing scrutiny.

Ladies^ and ge'htlemen, I conclude. Neither your patiencei
ndnr my o^n physical powers will permit me to prosecute
this subject I detOili'tly hbpe that, in the remarks which I
have now isiibmittedv I have offended against no law of cour"
tesy or lundncss. I wish to deal in no railing accusationSi
no wholesale denunciations. When Paul appeared before
the licentious Yeilxihe reasoned with him, we are told, of
temp^ance. It is the only appeal thAt I desire to make. I
might itfvoke your passions or your prejudices ; but they
are unworthy instruments, which he will be slow to use
who respects himself; and they are instruments which gene-
rally recoil with violence on the cause that employs them.
Therci is enough in this cause to approve itself to the highest
reason and to the most upright conscience. Let us not be
weary, then, in calling them to our aid. If we are earnest,
and yet patient ; if we speak the truth in love, and yet speak
it^wlth all perseverance and all faithfulness.it must at length
prevail. But few years have passed since some of us, who are
now ardent in this good work, were as ignorant or sceptical
as those whom we are most anxious to convince. We then
thought ourselves conscientious in our doul.ts, or even in
our opposition. Let our charity be broad enough to con-
cede to those who are not yet with us the same generous
construction of motives which we then claimed for our-
selves. And let us resolve that, if this noble cause be not
advanced, it shall be through no fault of onrs ; that, our
seal and our ^li^crctiun ^hall go baud in hand ; and that*

3C0

APPVNDIX.

fervQut prayer to Qod shall Juia with stern and indomitable
effort to secure for it a triumph alike peaceful and permanent.
It was a glorious consciousness which enabled St. Paul,
when about to take leave of those amongst whom he had
gone preaching the kingdom of God, to say, " / take you to
record thie day that I am purejrom the blood of all men"
May this consciousness be ours, my friends, in respect, at
least, to the blood of drunkards ! May not one drop of the
blood of their ruined souls be found at last spotting our
garments ! Are we ministers of Christ ? Are we servants
and followers of Him who taught that it is more blessed to
give than to receive 1 Let us see to it that no blood guilti-
ness attaches to us here. We can take a course which will*
embolden us to challenge the closest inspection of our in-
fluence as it respects intemperance ; which will enable us
to enter without fear, on this ground at least, the presence
of our Judge. May no false scruples, then, no fear of man
which brlngeth a snare, no sordid spirit of self-indulgence,
no unrelenting and unreasoning prejudice deter us from
doing that over which we can not fail to rejoice when we
come to stand before the Son of Man 1

FROM PREFACE ON THE USE AND ABUSE OF
ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS IN HEALTH AND

DISEASE,

BY WM. B. CARPENTER, M. D., F. R. S., F. G. S.

A FAIR trial has been given, both in this country and in the
United States, to societies which advocated the principle of
Temperance,bXi^ which enlisted in their support a large num-
ber of intelligent and influential men ; but it has been found
that little good has been effected by them among the classes
op whom it ^^as most desirable that their infiueiice should,!)^

APPEVDIZ.

889

exerted, ezoept where those who were induoed to Join them
really adopted the total abstinence principle. Though the
author agrees fhlly with those who maintain that, i/" all the
world would be really jtemperate, there would be no need of
total abstinence societies, the author cannot adopt the infer*
ecce, that those who desire to promote the temperance cause
may legitimately rest satisfied with this measure of advocacy.
For sad experience has shown that a large proportion of
mankind cannnt^ partly for want of the self-restraint which
proceeds from moral and religious culture, be temperate in
the use of alcoholic liquors ; and that the reformation of
those who have acquired habits of intemperance cannot be ac
complished by any means short of entire abstinence from
fermented liquors. Further, experience has shown that in
the present dearth of effectual education among the masses,
and with the existing temptations to intemperance arising
out of the force of example, the almost compulsory drinking
usages of numerous trades, and the encouragement which in
various ways is given to the abuse of alcoholic liquors, noth-
ing short of total abstinence can prevent the continuance, in
the rising generation, of the terrible evils which we have at
present to deplore. And, lastly, experience has also proved
that this reformation cannot be carried to its required extent
without the cooperation of the educated classes, and that
their influence can only be effectually exerted by example.
There is no case in which the superiority of example over
mere precept is more decided and obvious than it is in this.
" I practice total abstinence myself," is found to be worth a
thousand exhortations ; and the lamentable failure of the ad-
vocates who cannot employ this argument should lead all
those whose position calls upon them to exort their influ-
ence, to a serious consideration of the claims which their
duty to society should set up in opposition to their individ-
ual feelings of taste or comfort.

APPKMftlX.

Amobg tb^ mosi iooininM ^fa!}«oMbB8 bM>uglit' ki|[fthiit th^
advocate of the total abstiif«itc«> priflfdplefis the followlDf <:
" That the abuse of a thing good in Itsolf dees not aft^d a
valid argument against the i^ight use of it.'< This objectiot
baa been so well met by the late Arohdeacfofi Jeffreys, of
Bombay (in a letter to the Bombay Courier), that, as It is
one peonliarly likely to occur to Ibe mind of bis medical
readers, the author thinks it desirable to quote a part of his
reply. " The truth is," he ' says, " that the adag^ is only
true under certain general limitatioii'^ ; and that out of these',
so fur from being true, it is utterly false, and a mtschie^'ous
fallacy. And the limitations are these : If it be found by ex-
perience that, in the general practice of the times in which
we live, the abuse is only the solitary exception, whereas the
right use is the general rule, so that the whole amount of
good resulting from its right use exceeds the whole amount of
evil resulting from its partial abuse, then tho article in ques-
tion, whatever it be, is fully entitled to the benefit of the ad-
age ; and it wouM not be the absolute and imperative duty of
the^Cbristian to give it up on account of its partial abuse. This
is precisely the position in which stand all the gifts of Prov*
idence and all the enjoyments of life ; fur there is not one of
them whitth the wickedness of man dues not more or less
abuse. But, on the other hand, if it be found by experience
that llune is something so deceitful and ensnaring in the
article itself, or something so peculiarly untoward connected
with the use of it in the present age, that the whole amount
of'criine and mtsery andwretcbedness connected with the
abuse of it greatly exceeds the whole amount of benefit aris-
ing from ihe right use of it, then the ar{;:urai^nt becomes a mis-
chievous fallacy ; the article in quef^tion is not entitled to the
benefit of it, and it becomes the duty of every good man to
g^t rid of it." After alluding to th(^"evidcn(*«» that this is
pre€mine,ntiy the case with re^ard-'to'iik-oWolic liq\vors, the

APPENDIX.

869

afnMtht
•lloiriog<:
rafted «

[)^Jectio6
ffreys, of
t, as It is
medical
art of h\n
;fe is only
b of these,
»chieA'OU«
nd by ex-
in \7hi0h
lereas the
mount of
amount of
e in ques-
ofthead-
ve duty of
mse.This
sofProV-
not one of
re or less
xperience
ng in the
L'onnected
e amount
with the
nefit aris-
mes amis-
led to the
)d man to
lat this is
]\vor!5, the

Archd«aeoD continues : *' We have, then, establishkl our
prinoiple In opposition to the philosophio adage ; taking the
duty of the citizen and the patriot even on the lowest ground.
But Christian self-denial and Ohrlstian loTe and charity go
far beyond this. 8t. Faul accounted one single soul so
precious that he would on no account allow himself in any
indulgence that tended to endanger a brother^s soul : ' If
meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no meat while
the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend.' ' It
is good m.>ither to eut flesh, nor to drink wine, nor anything
whereby thy brother stumblolh, or is offended, or is made
weak.' And we must bear in mind that flesh and wine are
here mentioned by Paul us 'good creatures of God;' they
are not intended to designate things evil in themselves.
This saying of St. Paul is the charter of teetotalism ; and
will remain the charter of our noble cause so long as the
world endures — so long as there remains a single heart to love
and revere this declaration of the holy self-denying Paul."

If, then, the author should succeed in convincing his read-
ers that the " moderate " habitual use of alcoholic liquors is
not beneficial to the healthy human system ; still more if
they should be led to agree with him, that it is likely to be
injurious — he trusts that they will feel called upon, by the
foregoing considerationii>, to advocate the principle of total
abstinence, in whatever manner they may individually deem
most likely to be effectual. He believes it to be in the power
of tJie clerical and medical professions combined so to injlu'
ence the opinion and practice of the educated classes as to
promote the spread of this principle among the **masses^ to a
degree which no other agency can effect. And he ventures to
hope that, whether or not he carries his readers with him to
the full extent of his own conclusions, he will, at any rate,
have succeeded in convincing them that so much is to be said
on his side of the question, that it can no longer be a matti»»

97a

j^vmfj}ix»

of indifferenoe wbftt vbw U to be takeoof U; andtliiM; Ai
" QotveriMil exp«ri«MeV has bevn pnt derf^vdlyin the wrOti|^
Wltbrtgard to many: of the suppoflt^-virttifs of alc(rtib(,'it'iA(^
at any rate, possible thwtiti'Other attributes resttmfi'obtMM'
foundation. In hts general view of the case, hiu has (lie*
satiaikctton-^i ftnilliig himself sti|>|>ortfd by the record<*iV
o^nion of alalrgpe^body of hitt proffssional brethren ; iipirtitid^t'
of'tikfo thousand of whom, ih all grudt^s and dti'grocsi frt/m the
court pbyMcians and leading iVtetropolitan surgeons, who arA'
conversant with the wants of the upper ranks of soeiety, to
tbn bumble country practitioner, who is familiar with tlnr
requirements of the artisan in his workshop and the labor^r^
in the field, have signod the following oertifiocte :

*'*Wie, the uaderiigned, ar<i of opinion)

"1. That te'Terjr Urge proportion of human nilacry, including'
ppiierty, disease and crime, is induced by tbo uito of aleohoDc or''
fermented iiqudrs AS beverages.

"9* That tlie most perfect health is compatible' wttli total absti-
neaoa iVom all such intoxicating beverages, whether in the form of
ardent spirits, or as wine, beer, ale, porter, cider, tie.

" 8. That persons accustomed to such drinks may, with perfect
safSsty, diSconUnud them entirety, either at once, or gradually oft^^ %
short time.

"4. Thai total and universal abstinence from alcoholic hevcrngM
of all sorts would greatly contribute to the health, the proitpurity, tite
morality and the happiness of the human race."

No medical man, therefore, can any longer plead the
iingulariti/ of the tutal abstinence creed as an excuse for his
non-recognition cf it; and, although a certain amount of
moral courage may be needed fur the advocacy and the
praorice of it, yet this U an attribute in which the author
cannot for a moment, believe his brethren to be deficient.
Judging from his own experience, indeed* he may say that ^
he has found much lesa difficulty in the course he has taken"^
than he anticipated when he determined on it and that bt^

APPENDIX.

871

bu m«t with A cordial reoognltton of Its propriety, not merely

on the part of those who partloipated In his opinions but did

not feel called upon to act up to them In there Individual

caies,but also among others who dissented strongly from hit

•clentlfic conclusions, and who consequently had no more

■ympatby with his principles than with his practice.
16«

<■■* .