CIHM Microfiche Series (IMonographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographles) Canadian Instituta for Historical Microraproductions / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductions hittoriquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. D D D D D D D D D D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur Covers danftaged / Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^ et/ou pellicul6e Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cattes g^raphiques en couleur Coloured init (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Re\\6 avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortton along interior margin / La reliure serrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorattons may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmtes. Additional comments / Commcntaires suppidmentaires: L'Institut a mterofiimd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-«tre unkiiues du point de vue bibli- ographkiue, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une nrK)difk»tion dans la metho- ds normale de filmage sont indk^ute ci-dessous. I I Cotoured pages/ Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagdes n Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^es et/ou pellk:ul6es r~p< Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / L^ Pages dteolortes, tachet^s ou piqudes I I Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es 1^ Showthrough / Transparence I I Quality of print varies / n n Quality in^gaie de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppi^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by en-ata slips, tissues, etc., have been refiinrted to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6X6 filmtes k nouveau de fa^on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolouratlons are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont fiimdes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. This KMn it flIiMd at ttw radueUon ratio ehaekMl below / Co doeumont oat fllm* au taux do rMuction indiquA ci-doooous. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x / 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x »9v Tha copy fllmad h«r« has baan raproduead thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library Afrioultura Canada Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality possibia eonsldaring tha condition and iagibiiity of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacifications. Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad baglnning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copias ara filmad baglnning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion. and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad Imprassion. Tha last racordad frsma on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol ^^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axposure ara filmad baglnning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams lllustrata tha mathod: 1 2 4 5 L'«x«mplair« fllmA fut raproduit gric* i la g4n4ro8itt da: BibliothkitM AgricMlturt Canada Laa imagaa auivantaa ont «t4 raproduitaa avac la piua grand aoin. eompta tanu da la condition at da la nattatt da I'axamplalra film*, at an conformity avac laa eonditiona du contrat da fiimaga. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura an paplar aat ImprimAa sont filmto an eommanpant par la pramlar plat at an tarminant soit par la darniira paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraaalon ou d'llluatration. aoit par la aacond plat, aalon la caa. Toua laa autraa axamplairaa originaux aont filmto an commandant par la pramiira paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraaalon ou d'iiluatration at an tarminant par ia darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla ampralnta. Un daa aymbolaa aulvanta apparaltra aur la darni^ra imaga da chaqua microfieha. aaion la caa: la aymbolo -^> algnifia "A SUIVRE". la aymbola V algnifia "FIN". Laa cartaa. pianchat. tablaaux. ate. pauvant Atra fllmte * das taux da reduction dlff4rants. Lorsqua la document aat trap grand pour itra raproduit an un saul clich*. II aat film* i partir da I'angia sup4riaur gaucha. da gaueha i droita. at da liaut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa n^caaaaira. Las diagrammaa suivants illustrant ia m^thoda. 2 3 5 6 imaoe»t mkmution mr CNAir (ANSI ond ISO TEST CMAKT No. 2) I.I Itt lit Iti 12.8 u? 13.6 I 1^ ■ 22 12.0 1.8 USUilii ji ^IPPLIED IN/HC3E U^ '653 Eait Main StrMt Roch«tt«r. Mew York U609 USA (716) ♦«2- 0300- Phon. ^ (716) 288 -5989 -Fa, Barnyard Manure APPLYING ALL THE MANURE MADE ON THE FAHM AT THE RIGHT TIME in THE RIGHT PLACE LESSENS MAN LABOUR. INCREASES YIELDS PER ACRE, LOWERS COST Or PRODUCTION PER TON OR BUSHEL. HAUL THE MANURE TO THE FIELDS DAY BY DAY FROM FALL TO SPRINO. DISTRIBUTE BROADCAST IF SNOW NOT TOO DEEP. WHEN SNOW TOO DEEP FOR SPREADER PITT IN SMALL PILES. THIS METHOD MANURE ECONOMIZES : LABOUR TIME DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. ■PCCIAL CiRCULAN NO. II. J. H. OmSOALE, ■. AOR.. FRANK ▼ SHUTT. D. 8C.. DMBCTOM. DOMtNION CHEMIST. 630.4 C212 Exp. Farms Service Spec. Clrc. FARM MANURES THE MOST EFFECTIVE FERTILIZER FARM manures constitute the cheapest and most effective of all forms of fertilizers, no matter what the character of the land. For increasing soil fertility this by-product of the farm stands unequalled. It may be rightly considered as one of the most valuable assets of the farm. ' " The more manure the more crops, the more crops the more cattle, the more cattle the more manure." This adage tells an absolutely true stor^. It furnishes the explanation of the fact that mixed farming is the most rational and economical system of agri- culture, the one best suited to keep up the productiveness of the soil and the one under good management most likely to give the greatest profits. THE WINTER'S MANURE. The greater part of the manure applied to the land is pro- duced in bam, stable and piggery between autumn and spring. It is the winter's manure that the farmer mainly depends on for the com and root crops of the rotation. How can this manure be handled that the best possible returns may be obtained from it? THE GREATER VALUE OF LIQUID MANURE. First the liquid excrement (urine) must be saved. It is far richer in nitrogen and potash, two most valuable fertilizing con- stituents, than the solid excrement (dung), as the following data clearly show. COMPOSITION OF SOLID AND LIQUID EXCRETA. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash. Honn: Solid.. Liquid . Cow: Pig: Sheep Solid.. Liquid . Solid.. Liquid . Solid... Liquid . p.c. •65 1-35 •40 l^OO •55 •40 •75 r35 p.c. 30 trace •20 trace •50 •10 •50 ■ 05 pc. •40 1-25 ■10 1-35 •40 •46 •45 2^10 Thus it will be seen that, weight for weight, the liquid manure, except in the case of the pig, contains much higher per- centages of nitrogen and potash than the solid excrement. Furthermore, these elements are in an immediately available condition for crop use, which greatly enhances their value. Averaging results wc find from 40 to ' " '^or cent of the total nitrogenexcretedby farm animals 18 in tl. luid (lortion; in the case of the cow the proportion frequently exceeds 50 per cent. TIGHT FLOORS AND GUTTERS. Thousands of dollar's wortii of plant food lie bcneuth uhl bams and stables in the Dominion due to leaky floors and gutters. The first step towards saving the liquid manure is to sec that the floor upon which the animal rests and the gutter behind are sound and liquid-tight. A concrete floor and gutter solves the problem in the most complete and Hatisfactory way but if this is not practicable at present, put the plank flooring and gutter in the best possible state of repair. Litter cannot perform its function of absorbing the liquid if the floor And gutter are faulty. USE SUFFICIENT LITTER. The second step is to use sufficient litter or bedding material to take up all free liquid. Straw is the bedding material almost universally used on the farm. It will absorb from two to three times its weight of liquid. If the supply is scanty— and the past season has been a poor one for straw in many districts — it will pay to cut all the straw used as litter, for finely cut it will absorb about three times as much liquid as uncut. Dry Sawdust and Fine Shavings can be recommended as clean and satisfactory bedding materials. Their absorptive capacity according to fineness and dryness is from two to four times that of ordinary straw. Peat Moss, commonly known as moss-litter (sphagnum) makes admirable bedding; it is soft and absorbent. It will absorb about ten times its own weight of liquid and possesses '^ther advantage of being able to retain any ammonia . !. ay arise from the fermentation of the manure in the i I or outside. . long as the condition of the soil permits and there is little or no snow, use the manure-spreader (into which the manure froii' the carrier has been airectly dumped) and distribute at once. This practice means not only a great economy in labour, but the prevention of losses in plant food and humus-forming materials that inevitably follow the accumulation of manure in the yard or piling in the field. It means also an equable and uniform distribution on the land — a matter of no small importance. When the snow lies deep upon the tiround, Htill draw out the manure to the fields — daily if possible— but instead of spreading pile in Mnall heaps of 200 to 400 pounds each. Fifty heaps of 400 pounds or one hundred heaps of 200. pounds each to the acre would mean an application of 10 tons. With the advp-'ce of spring and the disappearance of the snow the piles of manure, now possibly elevated a foot or more on a foundation of snow, are turned over and, w hen free from frost, scattered. The advice given in this circular as to the wii.ter application of manure is based on the results of e.xpcrimental worlc conducted chiefly at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. These ex^ieriments proved: 1 . That manure left in a loose pile in the yard suffered very considerable losses, chiefly through the leaching away of soluble nitrogen and potash compound, but partly through fermentation (heating) and consequent destruction of org •