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Tous les outres exemplalree originaux sont fllm4s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une emprelnte d'impressirn ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle emprelnte. Un dee symboies suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, salon Ie cas: Ie symbols — »• tignifie "A SUIVRE", Ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planchee, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A dea taux de rMuction dlff^rente. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, il est film* A partir de i'angle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en baa, en prenant ie nombre d'imagas nteessa!re. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mtthode. 1 2 3 12 3 4 5 6 ,y »y' nut ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON MUSIC, MORE PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE PIANO FORTE i BY T. P. MOImT. TRAITE' ELtLMENTAIRE DE MUSIQUE, PARTICULIEREMENT ADAPTE' AU PJaNO FORTE' ; PAR T. P. MOLT. QUEBEC: PRINTED AND SOLD BY NEIl^OX & COWAN, NO. 3, MOUNTAIN 1828. STREET. • RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO HIS PUPILS, BY T. F. MOLT. IIESPECTUEUSEMENT DEDIE' Ik SES ELEVES, VAtL T. F. MOLT. PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. T, HE encouragement I have met with in thi. City since I have had thf honour to offer my servu-es as a Teacher of Music, has far exceeded mvmlsf sanjru.ne expectation., and the desire to iustifv the . onfy L. „ !!« ^^ * mduced me to look out for the most f^r'rZr:^^:^^ S I'upils entrusted to my care, in order that thev mi.rUt .....i* u thcfr youth, ,l,eir talcn'ts and apprali™; wolKf ^^^^^ ""^ <"'>«"^ ■« to ™,.!v„,ea„ in,i«.. „„,„„i„.„,.„e i-oiVrh^r.h'-^ojy-trpr.i.'ris- I have for this purpose provided myself with various elemenHrv works on Music-, composed by the most euiinent and celXrd PrSsl f he Science ; but they have not alto-ether answered my expectation Thes. InS ?nS:' I'Si^X y;!;" --^-"17 possess tlJ^ nffS^^ i.uenrs, eniuracc all tlie i ules of the science, but they are written in a mimiPr con.H.nently none of these works answer the purpose of young' the be^-inners. I have therefore been emboldenod to compose a course of elementary instruc t.ons, „, a style more simple and familiar; so that the deveCSnt- th TotC ^,, C' : 'h- M ^'V ^ '™ '"*'• dndo>rn,. or conversations between .1 raomei aid liei ch.ld. Every conversation developes that nart of the riilp« which ,s assigned to it, and the Pnpil, how little tidJnt oeverL may have can ^y.thout the assistance of a Teacher, comprehend the St«s and SactS i:£Th ch"a pE'^^^^^^ "'' -"'^'^ ^'^^'^ '^ aVano;"TS^ W of the next and tl^e S ? ""'" ••*>»^'*''--^«tion, tends to facilitate the learninff wi 1 Lt ^xlierienc nf^^^^^ fTO'-s on projjressively to the last conversatioir, favor which the pid.lic may think me'ntitS to '" ''*'''•'""*' "'"**'« T. F. MOLT. DlSCOiniS PHELIMINAIIIE. i'ENCDUllAGliMENT quo j'ui rencontre dans cette ville lor«que j'ai eu rhoiuieiir tl'offrir nies services lomrne Maitre de MuMique, a surpass^ de beaucoup mes espi'raaces, et le desir de potivoir repondre a la contiance dis- iinfTiUH' que I'ou a repose .' en nioi, in'a enjt»' tbe neatest impatience lor ti.e bejfinning ot' your Mother. I should M-ish to fulfil my promise, but... C. But ! what prevents you from doinjf so ? M. The only thing- I fear is, that you will not be assiduous enough. leam f °* "'''*^"**"*' ' '^^^^ ^^""^'^ ^ n«^ «»"«« I l»ave the greatest desire to M. I do not doubt, mv dear, that you Mould like to learn the Piano but you do «.;t know the diffi.u.Ities you will have to encounter. The So the most difficul of all the Instruments : it requires great patience, much practice, and a close application. ^ v l'«ututt, mutn C. I shall not be without them. M. Besides, you will perhaps find it ralher liard to pass vour hours of lei- sure, or at1ea.st a part of them, daily before the Piani. ^ on^-lfaJnThVpfano.''""' ' "'" ""* ''^'' ""' '"""^ of amusement if I can M. And if you should hereafter dislike it, and I should be oldisred to Httentfo^Tid '^1::."''' '"' ^^"^^'"^' ^"'^ ^- -» »»« -^^'•-d of my M. Well, my dear, I will do my best to teach ycu. C. How glad I am ! when are wo to begin ? M. Whenever you like. M. This is what you should do. C. With M-hat shall we bpfj-iu y M. Bo attentive, and listen to me : The small pieces of ivory and ebony upon Mhi(!h we are going to piav, are called Keys ^ ('. Mama, I know that already. M. AH the Keys^together make what is called the Keyboard. C. Very well— Keys and KeyboJird. j "" • bL^ic oir ''' *''"' ^'"'*' ""^ ^"^"' """'••"' ^""'^ ""•^ "''"^t-or white and ('. It is not difficult to understand sill this. M. Every Key hfus a particular name. (;. Oh ! that changes the thing altogether. M. You n.ust begin by leaniing the names of these Keys, and ly makinir yourself familiar « ith them. ^ ^ luuKing f. I believe, Mama, that this will be the most diffi.-ult part of the task. i»ui:mikue convkusation. 1/ Enfant. Tl y a loufj-toms mamaii que voiin m'avoji j)roniis do ni%*ns«»l^or 1»« Fortt'-piiino ; quaiul «'st-<'f doiw (jiu« noiw lo (■oiiimt'iit-rro'is ? Je desin'rois tniit pouvoir j«Mi»'r de ret iiitus maman ? )>uis(pie j'ai lo plus iifrand dosire d'appr'!iidro ajo'ior. M. Jo n en dontc pax ma oliore enfant ; tu aimerois a approndro a jonor du riano-tbrto, mais tu ;io oonnois piw los dirticnltos quo tu roucoutroras on appronant la rausique. Le Piano ost lo plus difficile do toiin los iustrunieiiH ; il doms.ido de la pationcre, boauooup d exeroice ct une long'uo ai)plicat(on. E. Jo no manquorai piw do tons cela raaman. M. D'ailleurs, tu trouvoi-as pout-otre diffii^Ile de to resoudro a sacrifior ion houros do recreation et i passer une couple d'heurcs par jour sissise devaut uu Piiuio. E. Ne craijjnez pas maman, jo no rejri-etterai pas raes heures de recreation si je puis seulemont apprendre le Piano. M. Et s'il to pronoit qnolqne degout et que jo fusse obliwo d'nser J'autorite j>our te contraindre u prutiquer, n'aurois-tu pas re^et He y'»"oir «-ommence ? E. Jamais maman ; (juoje commence seulement ; et .contentede ma (^oMstan<;e et de in()n application. M. Eh bien mon enfant, je forai raon possible pour E. Ah que je suis conieutc ! quaud est-ce que nout ? M. Quand tu voudras. E. Eh bieu nous jouerons aujourd'hui, demiiin, apres-a« / tons les jours jusqn't\ ce que je puisse bien jouer. M. II fant que ce so;t comme coUi. E. Par ou commoucerons-nous ? M. Eh bien, ecoute-moi : los petitos p'ecos d'ivoire et d'ebene sur losquelles nous allons jouer, s'appellent touches. E. Mamiin jo le savois doja. M. Toutes los touches ensemble constituent ce qu'on appelo le clavier. E. Bon, touches — clavier. M. n y a deux sortps de touches, savoir les lon^^^nes et los courtes, ou les blanches et los noiros. E. Toi:t <'ela n'ost »as difficile a comprendre. M. (-'hjupie touche a un nom particulier. E. Ah, cela chanj^e I'aifaire. M. L'on doit commencer par apprendre les noras de ces touches et se los rendre tres-familiors. E. Jo crois maman que ce sera aussi le plus difficile. H If M, TliPM' iumi«'« are : A, n. (', I), j;. f.' ^ (^ * C. An. Hh-ro <,nly ^.-voii iuu.um for all' tl.'.. Koys ? I «,„ miif,. «,,.;..„. ,^ .h*w.JrK"vlT;:;J!;„.!;:i:*;nK.ft;,^;;:r;a Kev, iinni«lmt,l, „„ i|„ m; m- „f(«„ l,l«,k »iio. / ' " ('. Y«'s, li«'n> is o\H'. M. SluMv me nov all tho K,.y« « l,i, h uvc plicnl i„ the mun« order. <'. Muma, liero is one, liej-e l.s another, ,Scc. M. Very noil, remenjlu.r all these Koye are called C. C. Then the same name is jrjven to se-enU Keys. Jn. Yes, as you Avell ohserve. ^0. No«- I n„,l,.r,tu„d, Ma,„a, l,„»- sovo,, „„„„., may sulRoe for .11 ,!,„ o„«; r,^''! iZm e"* """• ""■ «"• "■''■"■' ""'•>■' »•' •'«-• "Kh' -" two iUck C. Hero is one L ; there is another, &c. onL^^te;^.^ "^ ^ ^*^""~*^ - ^^- ^«ft' -d continuing to the C. C, E— C, E, &c. M. The Mhite Key berueen the tu'o hlack <,nes is <-all,d D .uL; 7d t''^ '^'" '' •' ''' '''-' '^ -'>'h'"- ''^'"^t i. ,ui;:-e„.y ; I U„o>v M. Look novr for F, >vlm,h is on the left side of three black Keys. C. Here is F— F, &c. M. Now for B on the rinht of three black «n..s. C. Here they are, B— B. M. There are still tno Keys more mm«Kr n ,.i- i • and A, which is on tlu- Mi of B ' ^ ' ^'' ''^"*'^' "^ <>" ^^'^ '•'f?J>t of F, V. These then are (i tV A ii 1- A t.,. v t i anji are.y„„ ,„ ,ea,,, „,. ,.„. ullf Kt^ilntdL'n;?"' "" "" ""'"' '^'P ' SECOND rONVERSATK' . a itv^ti ,;:: t/er„!.f,»« - «••""• >-«e*y ? to Pen NO lite lie is- le 10 i 7 M. Lof» nom* den toucliM sont : do, re, mi, /,, »ol, la, si. K, Rst-i'*" qii'il n'3' n que s^-jjt uoms pour toufes !,•« touches 'i' je anh oicn impatiente de savoir coinint>nt on arraii^rp (-(iia. M. Tu va'* Ift voir: Eu «.vaiinnant )*« clav'"!-, tu trouvt-nw «'iitrn Ion touches blanches, en conuuori^uit a pucne, d'abord tioiw touches noi»-e8, ensuite deux, et cot an-angenu ut cor.tuiue dauH le nu-me ordre ju.squ'rt rextn*initt> du clavier. VoyonH, peux-tu me mo iti«>r uru- touclie h'aiiche fjui se trouvt- im- mediatemcut au cote fjaudio de deux touclu^s noires 'f K. Oui, en voU^ uue. M. Bieu, r.iontr j-moi a present toutes les toudten (pti se frouvimt dans une pareiUe Nituati<»u. E. Miimiui en void uue, en voici uue autre. M. Fort-bieu, maintenaut f'ais attention que t/mtoH cch toucJies-li s'anDe). Imtilo. " E. On donne done le me t- nom a plunieurs touches ? M. Oui, coninie tu vois. E. A present maman je compronds que sept noms sutTiseut pour toutes 5e.s t(. uches. ^1 D'apr^s cette connoissance, comprends-tu auNsi «;oniment on pent dis- tinf>,!er et noiimer toutes ces touch' qui se ressemblent. E, .Je crois maintenaut nu'on les lomme selor. I'ordre dans lequel les touches noiret etles touches blanches se suivent. •M. Oui, c'est cela. Cherche maintenaut les touches blanches au cote dr.-J;, de deux noires et appele les mi. E. En voici ane, mi, en voila unt autre, mi, etc. ^ M. Repete a present flo et mi, en coramenfiint a "■auche et en continuant jusqu a Ir. hn du ', which you will likewise call the first. Ap- ply the same number to the other Keys ii.s far iis the next K incjluded. C. I luiderstaud, I am to apply number one to all keys bej;innin', from riyht to left. (\ Then we «'onld lik«>wise say fiom the lower to the upper part, instead of from the left to the rijjlit 'f M. You are p<'rfectly ri!>ht. ('. Shall I noM' be<>in to play r M. Beji[in. C. Name the keys for me. » lo riUtiri'Mi.h !hr. ,!;florr.;t . nros ff tl r vimc l.ffr tVnin ra<-h nth. r, (he (Jrrmaus have a,l..ptp.l ,. lifrr.-.I i.ntatu.n. -^'.V I thoir JViM .liir,., which, {>„m ita iri^cimity and utilltv i*.a<^ia«*v«. 1 1 1. 1..-.-* ! Ill till'* r.Mti^c rti.irk,'. first C, ,) k, «-•,■ m,. The thi-.i > lit-.s !h.|..k cxpi.-M-a hv a sin..ll strnkr mor each letter, .,- ca'Vd tUo oncp.inarked ortivc j the fc.llowing hcmg narked With lui) Miinl^.r ardkp- IS cdUd thctwicr-marki'd (irtavc. = b " The l.w Mot, .< holi.w the (jreat iHtave arc c.illfd conira-toiiBe, and markrd with doiildc capltalu, thug. '■" '^^< ''''• •"^ ;t ALLlOn.) 'f< 9 % M. VA\ J»ien rop^tc-moi tii Icfon. 1^. Lu touche l>laiit-lu? an t'utc'" jrauche do dfux nolros est do, cello an coiCi droit est mi, et ctdie entre les deux noires, rr. Aii eote droit de trois iioires est si, iiu rote ir-duvhe fa, a la di'oite de^a est sol, et a la j>aiu-he de si vat la. M. Cela va tres bieu. K. Je ci'ois, mainan, que je pountii commenccr ajouer uue pieje ? M. Eh l)ieii, voyons ! E. Mais par oil commencer r je ne sals pa8 sur queUes touches raettre lea doi<>ts pom jouer. M. Jouej«. E. Avec quelle main luaman ? M. N'importo— ave(! celle (jue tu voudras. E, Mais je trouve la plusieur.s_/« duquel est-ce que vous parlez ? M. Prends le premier (jue tu trouveras en comnieufant a gauclie. E. Le voici. M. Tu Tappellera*! premier fa. El PreMJerfa. M. Prends le^i suivant et appelle le second fa. E. Les autres serout don(! le troisiemt; fa, le qiiatriemc fa etc. M. Exacteraent. E. Ainsi maman, vous pourriez m'indiquer quel/a je dois prendre. M. Nous allons auparavant nmneroter les autres touches ; cherche encore Ic premier^, Fi. Le voici. M. Prends ensuite le ,w/ suivant que tu appelleras aussl le premier, et ap- plique le mome numero aiix autres touches jusqu'au pi'emier/wi inclusivement. E. Je comprends, je dounerai le nom de premier, a toutes les touches a commencer depliis le premier _/a jusqu'au mi suivant a droite. M. C'est bien ; tu donnenus ensuite aux touches qui commencent par le second _/rt, si coutinuer jusqu'au »«" suivant, le nom de second, ettu continueras ainsi jusqu'a la tin du clavier, en aunroentant toujours d'un nombre a chaque/«.* E. Mais a present je crois que je pourrois commencer ajouer ? M. Fais encore attention que toutes les touches depuis la premiere a Cfauche jusqti'au 3nie si inclusivement torment ce que Ton appelle la basse, et les autres depuis le troisierae tZ(>. jusqu'a la derniere touche du clavier, la haute ; C'est i)ot:rquoi on dit aussi depuis le haut jusqu'en bas au lieu de dire de droite a jjauche. E. On pent done dire aussi depuis le bas jusqu'en haut, quand on voudra dire de jrauche a droite. M. Tu as raison. E. Commeucerai-je maintenant a jouer. M. Conunence. E. Nommez-moi done les touches ? * Atiiide distingucr les difl(irtntes nntes qui se rendent par les memps lettrrs, les Allcmands out auopte line itianitVedcdiffi.rencierces lettred, que I'on nomme Tablalure, et qui par sa clarte et son Mtihto, mprito d otre plus gfiieralcment coniiue qu'elle ne IVst a present, l.a plus basse Bene des sept notes (marquee dans ce traire, premier do, re, mi, fa, so/, la et si) s'appelle la g.ai.iK! <^ry,ye, etsDt e;;pniiiti.- par irs icttrw capltalc, iUivalUts C, U, E, V, (i, A.-B. La se. conue sene de sept notes s'appelle la petite octavo et s'exprime par les petite.f lettres c, d, e, •n. . 11 1. I'* ""'^'fme sene se rend par les memes lettres avec une petite barre sur chaque, et nm'^r„ If ,""" """■'I"'"- I-'Octave suivanie a sur cliaque lettre dtux bartes semblalles et se nomme octave de deux marques. HoV.f.'r"'i'"'* ■'"'if* "■*'"•'''',''''■'" ''''^"""'<'^ '■'B'''''"'^'^"''''''^'' sc nommeiit contra.touclips, rt so ren. aent par des duubles capdalis, ain.i, UB, A A, (i(i, IF, (CAMaOIT.) I 10 2d^* tst C ^^^ ^' **^ ^' **^ ^' ^'' ^' **^ ^- ^'^ ^- **^ ^» ^^ ^'^•^ ^' '^** ^• C. Is that all. M. Yes, that is all. C. This is short enough. , M. Still it is sufficient ; if more time was spent at it, it would be done improperly. C. This manner of playing does not please me ; you had better shew me at once, to play out ot books as you do. M. I have no objection— talie one of my books. C. Which one. Mama ? M. It does not matter which. them ] '^llTh*;: i^"^ '"' • <■» "»' ""'"■*»'' '"y «>-ing in either of M. Open it— put it upon the Piano, and play. C. You are jesting, Mama, how should I play ? I do not see any thinff but signs and characters of which I do not understend any thiuff M. I do not doubt this ; but I will try to make you understand them. M w-l^!'^'"' L^l^^''^ "^'^ ^^ ™**''« 'l»ffi«»it t^an the keys. Jry K^:i^:t:^f^::i:^s:^r:ii\j''' -«> »^-- ««« .hat M. Not quite so, but it would always be a good beginning. £ There are then as many Notes as there are Keys ? M. There is, if we may say so, but one single note. theVyfoar'd?'**" ^^''^ """ ^ '"""^ ^^'''''^ "^«^ ^^ ^^'^^ ^'^ keys on M. Yes, my dear. D, 'ktof ' '°'^'" ''"""' ""' '"' ""''' ■' »»">«*■»« «■>! W 0,miM other times C. Yes. I see them very well. C " Five" ' ^^"^ "*^"^ ''"'^^ ^'"^^ ^^ ^*^" ***' together ? M. Of these five lines you «'ill call the lowest one the first the followino. C. Four spaces. M. Very well ; they are counted like the lines, upw.uds. C. Tbus: we call the 1st space the one which is between tb^ fir f o a Ihief &c""' *"' *'^ '' ^P-« '""^ '^^ betM.o„\lt':rndtS"S M. Yes that is the way. The five lines and tb^ four -n-^'O" ...1!^-..:-,-. ^nSHy :£: V ''''■ ^" ^"" ^''-- *»'«^ ^-« are'ahva^nt^J (.'. I observe it now. 11 M. 4c. do, 4e. ?wi, 4e. sol, ie. do, 3e. mi, ie. sol, 3e. do. 4:e.Ja Srt.fa, 3e. lol 2d. sol 2d rfo, le. do. E. Est-ce la tout ? M. Oui c'est tout. E. C'est bien court. M. C'est pourtant assez, car si on y paissoit plus de terns, il seroit mal em- ploye. E. Cette maniere la mc depLait aiMsi, montrez-moi done plutot a jouer corome vous dans des livres. M. Je le veux bien. — Prends un de mes livres. E. Lequel maman ? M. Celui que tu voudras. E. Cela m'est bien egal en eftet, car je ne coraprends rien dans aucun. Voyons, en voici un. M. Fort bien.—Ouvres-le, mets-le sur le piano, et joue. E. Mais vous vous moquez de moi, maman, et comment pourrai-je jouer? J3 ne vois que des signes et des caracteres que je ne comprends point du tout. M. Je le crois bien. Je vais tacher de te les faire coraprendre. E. Je vois bien que cela va etre encore plus difficile que les touches. M, Sans doute, mais prends courage ; d'abord fais attention que chaque touche du clavier est representee par une note. E. Ainsi si Ton sait sur quelles touches on doit jouer chaque note, on pourra done jouer du piano? M. Pas directement, mais ce seroit un bon commencement. E. II y a done autant d" notes qu'il y a de touches f M. II n'y a pour ainsi dire qu'une seule note. E. Et cette note ci a autant de difFerens noms, qu'il y a de touches stir le clavier ? M. Oui mon enfant. E. Et je pouiTois savoir que cette note s'appelle tantot do, tantot re, mi. etc ? M. (Jertaineraent. Vois-tu les lignes horizontales et pai'alleles, sur et entre lesquelles les notes sont placees r* E. Oui je les vois bien. M. Corabien vois-tu de lignes ensemble ? E. Cinq. M. Bon ; tu appelleras la plus ba.sse de ces cinq lignes la premiere, la sui- vante la seconde, et It'S autres, la troisieme, la quatrieme, et la cinquieme ligne. Combien d'espaces trouves-tu entre les cinq lignes ? E. Quatre espaces. M. Fort bieu on les corapte de meme que les lignes d'en bas en haut. E. Ainsi on appelle le premier espace eclui qui se trouvo enire la premiere et la seconde ligne ; et le second, celui qui se trouve entre la seconde et la troisieme ligne, &c. ? M. Oui, c'est cela ; les cinq lignes, et les quatre espaces ensemble s'appel- lent la portee. Vois-tu qu'il y a toujours deux portees jointes parun crocnet ? E. Je le vois. im 12 M. Would you be able to make two staves, with a brace Kimilar to IIiokp you observe in the book ? C Yes, Mama, in makinj^ use of a ruler — her«i is one, two, three, four and five lines ; now, five more a small distance from the others, and joined by u brace. M. Do you observe the signs placed at the be<,nuning of each stave ? C. I do, but I cannot see their use. M. Topy them such as you observe them in the book. ('. Here they are — (Tab. 1, fig. 1.) But M'liat are tbey called ? M, Thoy are called clefs ; the one found on the uppeii stave Irehfe clef, because it is used for that part of the Keyboard Arliich is cjuled treble; and the other hiiss dvj\ because it serves foJ' that part of the Keyboard vviiich is term- ed tlie bass. ('. Then a clef is found at the be<>inninq; of every stave ? M. Yes ; for we must always know M-hether the stave is for the treble or for the bass. ('. But all this does not yet make me comprehend that there is but one note to represent all the Keys. M. You Mill comprehend it bye and bye. Make a note with your pencil on the first line of the bass stave. C Here is one. M. This note rc^presonts the 2d (t on the Keyboard, because if is on the ]st line of the Bass. Now ettace it and put it a degree higher, namely, on the 1st spiice. C. There it is on the fii'st space. M. Well, now it represents the second A on the Keyboard, hecoitse il ,'i on the }st sp(iee of (lie hys have been represented by a single note being- placed in two different positions. C. I begin. Mama, to understand it : this note is placed in as many differ- ent positions as there are Keys on the Keyboard ; is not that th<> case V M. Yes, it is done so : Rule this note out once more, and put it another degree higher, namely, on the second line, and it will represent the 2d B : thus you will observe that the 2d space is for the 2d (', the ,Sd line for the 2d D, the 3d space for the 2d E, the 4th line for the ;Jd F, the 4th spa(^e for the 3d G, and the 5th line for the 3d A. Let us see now whether I have been ritrhtlv understood V C. The note on the ist line of the Bass, repr<'sents the 2d f», on the 1st space the 2d A. on the 2d line the 2d B. on the 2d space the 2rl (." on the 3d hue ihe 2d D. on the 3d space the 2d E. on the 4-th line tlie 3d F. on the 4th sikuc the 3d (t, and on the 5th hue the 3d A. M. Fill )u>w all the d('>rnTs of the bass-stave with the notes you iiave named, in the following orclor, adding the name and number to each : 1st hue. n 13 H M. Soi'ois-tii capablo deiiiire Aawx Mortees, avec le crochet qui les joint, tt'l tjiK' til 1«> vols (laiis le livre ? K. Oui on WW isorvant d'uue rej^lp : voici line, deux, trois, quatre, cinq li|.,iu's ; a present oiicore cinq uu pen eloii,'nees des premieres et jointes par un crochet. M. Tres bien ; vois-tu les sij^ues que se trouveut au commencement dc chaque portee '< E. Oui, ils me paroissent bien curieux. M. ("opie les tell«s que tu les vois dans le livre. E. Les voici (Plan(!he flj fig. I.), mais comment les nomnie-t-on ? M. On les nomine clefs. Celle qui se trouve siir la ])orti''<^ d'en haut, s'ap- pelle clefde la haute, (clef'de dessus,) par«e qu'elle wrtpour lapartie du cla- vier qu'on appelle la haute, et I'autre s'appelle clef de la basse, puree qu'elle sert pour la partie du clavier que Ton app/ du clavier, " parcequ^elle se trouve ,sur la premiere ligiie de la hasne." Maintenant efface la, et mets la a un degi-e jdus haut, cVst-a-dire sur le premier espace. E. La voilii sur le premier espace. M. Bieu. EUe iudique a present le second la du clavier " 2)(i^'cc qrUdle se trouve dans le premier espace de la basse ;" a present tu as vu comme nous avons represente deux differeutes touches avec une seule note, en liii donnant deux differentes positions. E. Oui raaman, je commence a comprendre; on donne a cette note autant de differeutes positions qu'il y a de touches sur le clavier, n'est-ce pas ? M. Oui c'est cela. Actuellement deplace la note encore une fois, en la mon- taut d'lin degre, c'est-a-dire sur la seconde ligne, et elle representera le second si. 11 s'en suivra que le second espace sera pour le second do, la troisieme li<«ne pour le second re, le troisieme espace pour le second mi, la quatrieme lij;ue pour le troisieme _/Jz, le quatrieme espace pour le troisieme sul, et la cin- quieme ligne pour le troisieme la. Voyons, tais-moi voir si tu m'as comprise ? E. Une note, sur la premiere ligne de la basse, represente le 2d sol. sur le premier espace, le 2nd la. sur la 2de ligne, le 2nd si. sur le 2d espace, le 2nd do. sur la 3me ligne, le 2nd re. sur le ;Jme espace, le 2nd nd. sur la 4me ligne, le .Smeya. sur le 4me espace, le 'Jme sol, et sur la om«! ligne, le 3me la. ^1. Ivemplis a present les defjres de la portee de la ^^isse dans Tordre Miivaut, eu marqiiant le nom et le numero dc chaque note; Ire ligne 14 1st spart', 21I liii»s 2i\ tspaiM*, &c. — (Tab. I. lijf. I.) As soon as you tan a[ti>ly with facility oacli note to its proper key, yon will find me ready to fpve you anotiior lesson. C. 1 hope, Mama, to be able to know them to-raorrow, completely. Ah I how g'lad I am, I know already all the Keys and 9 Notes, and I .see that I MOW understand, perfectly, many things which fonnerly appeared very diffi- cult to me. I I u I THIRD CONVERSATION. M. Well, my dear, did vou study your notes well ? (!. I know them as well as if I had been practising them for years. M. So much the better : We shall then begin with the treble notes. (". They are probably called Hke those of the Bass, G. A. B. &c. M. No, this is not the «;ase; you know that the note placed ou the first line of the bass is the 2d G, but the note placed on the first line of the treble is the 3d E. ('. Then the names of the other notes of the stave are designated upon the same principle Hhich you explained to me Avith regard to the bass, viz : in jiscendiug' by one deoree upon the stave, I ascend equally one key upon the Keyboai'd, so that the note placed upon tiie first space of the treble, is consequently the 4th F. M. I see that you understand it. Make now a stave for the treble, and fill up its 9 degrees as you have done for the bass. ('. Here is the stave and the treble clef at its beginning ; now there is a note on the first line, another on the first space, one on the 2d line, &c. — (Tab. I.fig. 1.) M. This is correct. Name now all these notes, beginning by the one ou the first line. Ch. On the 1st line is 3d E. on the 1st space is 4th F. ou the 'id line is 4th G on the 2d space is 4th A. on the 3r' hue is 4th B. on tlie 3(1 space is 4th C on tli(? 4th line is 4th D. on the 4th space is 4th E., and on the 5th line is .5tli F. M. Well, write now the names and the numbers of all these notes in their proper nlaces. V. 3d E, 4th F, &c.— (Tab. I. fig. 1.) M. That is the way it is done. If I should jisk you to write the 5th G. where would you place it V C. As the 5th F is upon the 5th line, the 5th G will be immediately above the stave. Is not that the way. Mama ? M. Exactly, if i should now ask you to write the 3d D, where would you place it ? 15 Ireespace, 2nde ligne, 2nd espace, etc, (Planchp. 1, fig. I.) Anssilut que tu pourras adapter aveo i'acilite ohacune de ces notes si sa propre tou«^he, tu me trouveras prete u te dounor une autre leyon. E. J'espere niaman, que demuiu je les saurai sans faute. Ah ! queje suis cou- tente ! Je connois deja toiites les toiK^hes, et neuf notes, et je vois que je oomprends deja parfaitemeut bien des choMes, qui auparavant u»e purrois- Hoient tres ditKciles. TROISIEME CONVERSATION. M. Eh bien mon enfant ! as-tu bien etudie tes notes ? E. Maman, je les sais aussi bien que si je les avois pratiquees depuis phi- sieurs annees. M. Tant mieux. Nous prendrons done les notes sur la portce de la haute. E. Probablement elles se nommeront aujsi conune celles de la basse sol, la, etc ? M. Non, ce n'est pas cela. Tu sais que la note sur la premiere li<>iie de la basse est le second sol, mais la note placee sur la premiere lij^ne de la haute est le 3e mi. E. Ainsi done les noms des autres notes de la portee seront designees d'apres le meme principe que vous m'avez explique pour la basse ; c'«'st-a-dire, qu'en montant d'un dvgre sur la portee, je monterai ejifalemeut uue touche sur le clavier, de sorte que la note placee sur le premier espace de la haute se nommera le 4o_/«. "' M. Je vois que tu comprends. Pais a present une portee pour la haute et remplis ses neuf dep'es comme tu as fait pour la basse. E. Voici la portee, et la clef de la haute a son commencement, a present, voila une note sur la premiere liffne, luie autre sur le premier espace, une sur la seconde ligne, &c. (Planche 1, lig. 1.) M. C'est bien ; maintenant nomme-moi toutes ces notes en commenyant par celle qui est sur la premiere lig-ne ; E. Sur la lere ligne est le 3e wii. Sur le ler espace, 4ey«. Sur la 2nde ligne, 4e sol. Sur le 2nd espace, 4e la. Sur la tie ligne, 4e si. Sur le 3e espace, 4e do. Sur la 4e ligne, 4e re. Sur le 4e espace, 4e mi. Sur la 5e ligne, 5efa. M. Bien ; ecris a present les noms et les numeros de toutes ces notes a leurs propres places. E. Troisieme /m, quatrieme/a, etc. (Planche \,tig. 1.) M. C'est cela. Si je te demandois a ecrire le 3e sol, ou le placerois-tu ? E se trouv M. cerois-tu .-' Comme le ciuquieme/a se trouve sur la cinquieme ligne, le cinquieme sol iv«>ra immediatement au dessus de la portc-u. N'ost-cu pas aiusi maman r Exactement. A present si je te demandois si. ecirire le 3e re, oil le pla- <-tu ? ft i"' *>! >li V. The .1(1 E is placed upon the lii-st line, ronsoipionfly tlie 3d I), which proctfdes it, out{lit Ut be iinnu'diutely under tlie stave. M. Write these two notes uith their names and innul>er>». ('. Above the stavo is tiie Mi (», and helou- the stave is the .'jd D.— CTab M. You an- rii-ht ; still to lie more intelli^ilde, say, above or below the treble stave, because there are likeivise two notes ai)Ove ami Itelow tin' bass Ktave, conserinently they nnist always be distin<>-uished bv these names, so as not to l)e contonndefl. Mjdve now another stuve for the bass, and write tliese two notes as I just now explained them to yon. V. Here is the stave, and the clef, one note above, and another belovv.—- (Tab. 1. H<-. 2.) M. Could you tell me how the note above the stave is called ? C. The note whi is the yd G. M. Upon the two last notes which you have made, init the luinies and the numbers.— (Tab. I. lio- 2.) FOURTH CONVEllSATIOX. M. Brinji' your Music Book iiyain. C. Here it is, Mama, shall I now hoghy to ])Iay V M. You'll play as soon a.s you have acquired the preliminary fcnowh.d..,.. Could you hn. Notes which ai-e placed above or bchnv the stave, alid crossed by small lines y ' r. Tlu're are many. Hen. is one— there is aiu)lher, and here are several with two or tnrce ot these small lines. M. About tiiis kind of notes «<• are ffoinjj' to speak to-day. (". 1 think these Notes are for t]i(> black Keys. M. You are mistaken— but pay a litth' attention. You have seen that the Keys tn.m the second F Hi the third B, and from the third 1) to the tifth (i are represents by placino- uotcs <,u the lines or in the spaces, or abcne or be o»- the stave ot tli.. bass or treble. Now oi»serve, there are, besides, seve- ral keys w ncli we have m^ yet sp(,ken of; if we wish to represent a key in the bass below the second F, or above the third B, yy, are oblioed to make" use ot these small lines whnh are ..alle.l le.loer lines. These Hues serve likewise lifth G "'*' ""'"'^ *"* i>'l"-f'-<">it a Key below the third D, or above the ('. These h.dfrer lines then are the continuation of the lines of the stave. M Exactly. Let us see- nmke a stave and draw four le.brer lines above t ilnl^^t 1;'"''^^ '"^'•'•'^ '''' ^'""" ^'^^="'- >-• '^''^ ' ,*}o mi «st place sur la piptni^re lipnc, par consequpiit le '.Ic re doit iu'«'«'SM!iir(Mii('tit se trouvor imiiKnhiiteiiuMit au-tlessous de la portof. M. Enis COS d«»ux notes, avoo leurs nonis ct leiirs uuineros. E. Au-Jossus de la portee est le 5e not, et au-dessous de la portoe est le 3e /7!— ( Plaiiche i, %. -Z.) M. Aliii d'otre plus int»'lli«jible tii diras: aii-dHssus ot au-dessous de la portee (le la liiiKlf, parciMju'ilya deux notes pareilles au-dessus et au-dessous de la porti'c d' la basse, ainsi I'ou doit toujoiirs les distiiijfuerpar ces nouis, pour ne pas les c'oiifoadre. Pais acituellemeiit une autre portee pour la basse, et »k'ris «!es deux notes eonmie je viens de te rexpliqucr, E. Voici la portoc; — la clef — une note dessus et une dessous — (Planche 1, tijr. -i.) M. Poui-rois-tu me dire coninuMit on appelle la note au-dessus de cette portee? E. T.a note qui est stir la cinquieme liyiie se nomme le 3e la, et la note im~ niodiatenient au-dessus de la portee sera cons£queinmcnt le 3e si. M. Et la note au-dessous de la portee ? M. I-llle sera le sec-ond^a, par(!e(,ue celle qui est sur la I re lijrne e«t le 2nd sol. M. Sin- les deux dernieres notes que tu as faites inets les noma et le« nu- nn'ros, — ( IManclu^ I , fijj- 'i.) ,V QUATRIEME CONVERSATION. M. Apporte encore un livre de musique. E. En voici un niamun; vais-je commencer a jouer? M. Tujoueras aussitot que tu auras les connaissamx's prelirainaires qui sont nec(!ssaires pour pouvoir jouer. Poarras-tu trouver des notes qui soi te qui sont placees au-dessus ou au-dessous do la portee, et qui sont traversees par de petites lij'nes':' E, Eiles ne sont pas rares. En voici une, en voici une autre, et en voici plusieui-s encore avec deux ct trois de ces lin;ne.-. M. C'est do ces notes dont nous parlerons aujourd'hui. E. Je pense que ces notes-ci seront pour les touches noires ? M. Tu te tronipes, mais t'ais un peu d'attention. Tu as vu que Ton repre- sente les touches depuis le '2nd fii jusqu'au 3me si, ct depuis lo troisien^e re. pas encore parle Ton vent reprosenter une touche de la basse au-dessous du 2nd_/a, ou au-dessus du 3me si, on est obligee de se servir de ces petites lignes que Ton appelle lij>iu's accidentelles, ces li«»nes servent e^jfaleraent pour la haute, lorsqu'on veut representer des touches au-dessous du troisieme re, ou au-dessus du 3me sul. E. Ces li«>nes accidentelles font done la continuation des lig'nes dela portee ? M. Exactement, voyous ! fais a present une portee, et tire quatre lignes accidentelles au-dessus, et quatre au-dessous de la portee en observant tou- jours la meme distance que tu as donnee aux autres lignes. E. Eh bien, voici d'abord la j)ortec, ensuite quatre petites lignes au-dessus ct quatre au-desHOii-s do la portee (Planche I. iigure 2.; M. Tu appelleras la ligne accidentelle la pins pres de la portee, la premiere ; et h's anties selon leur eloi^nenieiit de celu -ci la soconde, troisieme et qua- 18 > t 1i L«'t us st'o , I'ouhl you now toll mo ali the (l«'>n;'«'s whoro notes nro to l»e pliuetl, iM'jrinninjj by the en, lodger lines both above and below the stave ; but they refer to different keys. V. I understand: I should say upon the fii-st, second, third and fourth led- ger liiu's ah >rv, namely, above the strive. M. Nam(! now the (b'grees where the notes are to be pLwied, in descending' from tlie first line to the fourth ledger line below the stave. t'. ( >ue degn'o upon the first line and one below the stave. One rtpon the first ledger line and one below it. ( hie upon tlhe sccojid ledger line and one below it. ( )ne upon the third ledger line and one below it. One upon the fourth ledger line and one below it. M. After tliis knowledge of the ledger lines, would you be able to repre- sent tlie following keys : First E, D, C, B, A, G, and F ? ( '. I remember you told me that the ledger lines form a continuation of tlie lines of tlie stave. The second (f, >vhich is placed up'Mi the first line of the bass stave, shows thattlie first E, placed two keys lower on the keyboard, iv to be put two degrees lower on the sta/e, viz. upon the fii-st ledger line. Did I linden tand you rightly 'f M. Yes, you are coiTcct. (,'ontinue ! ('. l^elow the first ledger line is consequently the first D, then upon the second ledger line will be jilaced the first C, below the second ledger line the iirst H, upon file third k-dgei line Uie iil'^l A, indow llie (ii'id ledger Hnu the fii'.st (J, and upon the fourth ledger line the first F; all below the stave. # 19 tiit'int'. Voyons, poiinas^tii actuell»*HMMit me iiomm«'r toiw Ion Oi'^rrs oii Ton iloit pliK^cr h'H itoti'N (Ui coninienyiint piir la i;im|uir'iiio li<;iu', ot on «*(iiitiiiiiaiit JuHmi'ula (jnatrii^me lijfne aotidonfcHo au-<{oHMiiH do la portoo? E. U y H un de^re Nur la 6me li^fiie, un au-dt*H8iiH do la portoo, iin autro Niir la promiore li^ne a<;(;identello, et tin entro la Ire et la 2nd(! li^io a<'cidentollo. M. Arroto, (^o n'ost pas cola, comment dirais-tu s'il u'y avait qu'une seule lijyne aocidentollo ? E. Je dirais au-desmiR de la premiere li^uc accidentelle. M. C'est ce quo tu dois dire aussi, mt-me h'II y en a pluNienrs ; on pont dire ontre la premiere et la socoudo li)fno, (en parlant de la portoo,) parco quo cvh li^icH 80 trouvont toujours enNoniblo. Mais il n'en ost pas ainsi dos lijjnos accidentclles, car il arrive souvent qu'il n'y a que la premiere sjuis lu s«*<:ondo, la scconde nans la troisienio, etc. E. Vais-je encore essayer de nommor los defjros? M. Oiii, si tu ra'jts rompris. E. Un sur la Iro li<;ne jusqu'ii la quatrienie lijfue acci- dentello au-dessous de la portoo. E. Un degrd sur la premiere lii le et un au-dessous de Li portee. Un sur et } ^j^ j j^.^ jj accidentello. Un au-uessous ) ^ Un sur ot ) ^^^ ^^ .^^^^ j; accidentelle. Un au-dessous ) '^ Un sur et ) ^^, j^ 3^^^ ^^ accidentelle. Un au-dossous ) " Un sur et ? ^j^ ,^ ^^^ jj accidentello. Un au-dessous ) "^ M. D'apres cette connaissam-e dos liifues accidentellos, sorois-tu cipaMc de roprosonter les touches suivautos : ]»roniior mi, re, do, si, la, nolvtju'f' E. Je me rappolle de ce que vous m'avez dit, que los lijjnos accidontollos forment une contiiuiation des Hjifuos de la portee. Le 2d .so/, qui so trouve sur la prpmi»>re lijjne de la portee de la basse, me domontre quo le premier mi place deux touches plus has sur le clavier, doit so mettre deux do<»-ros plus ba.s sur la portoe, c'est-ii-diro, sur la premiere ligne ac(;identelle. Ai-je bieu compris ? M. Oui : c'ost juste. Continue. E. Au-dessous de cette preniioro li,) I I *' H) FIFTH CONVERSATION. M. Let lis n<»u' continue the lesson about the ledjrer lines ; write the third <', 1), I<:, and the fourth F, with leduld you also tind their names V {'. That does not ai)pear to be erv difficult : Lp(.u the first line is the thud K, below the stave the third D; tlie third C is .(msenueiitly upon the first ledjr.w line, and the thin! H b(>low the lirst, then the tliird A upon the second ledger line, and the third (i below it. M. Correct; Avrite all this r.ow. (Tab. ll,fio'. I.) C. And MOW, I supposi', we proceed to the notes joined to tl;o led-cr lines anove the stave y M. \vs, if you think y, do it. C. After the clear ex])laii-,)l..u-. yon liavft <-"ven me, I think Mama, [ am able to do so Let us see : nve iines, and the treble clef; now a note in.on the hrst led;rer line and one ab(»ve, one upon the secimd and one above, then one upon tiie third and another above the third. Must I ooiitittije? M. Yes ; continue to the note which is to be placed above the Hfth b '-rer lino. " C. Well then; on-Miofe upon— and anotlierabovc the fourth, and tiuallv, one npoti ih,- fiUh and another above the iifth. u 21 M. Bon— niuiiifoiiant ('vrm toiifos com iioti-s daiiN Ic uu'nw ortln' (iiio in vif'iis (Ic l«'s iii,iii.s uiio note HU-<|pMs»Mis (Ic Iji portco qiu'jc vais travorsiT pi r la prciuitVi' l' an-irlontcllc, aprcs «'cla jc vais t'airo un« autre linrj«o arcidciitcllc ct nifttrc la note (IcMKOiis — ciiMiitc mi.c note nut la Mpcondt- ct tine autre au-ilcssoiis do lu so- conde — uiH'Hnr la tntisiemo ct uiio autre aii-dossoiis de la troiNienie, et eiiHn, la deniieresur la (^uatririiie lin^uo actldeutellc— toutcsau-dessouH de laportee. M. Krris inahiteuant Iviirs norns etieurs uumeros. E. I Vernier////, n; /A/, &(•. — (I'laaehe I, Fi^rure •^. third DC les {ger If" (;INQUIE?IE CONVEUMATION. M. Continiions u present rinstiiictioudes liiriu-s aeelileiitelles ; aiiisi t'criM 1« troisieine th, rr, mi et le (juatrit'-niey//, avec des liynes aicideiitelle-i au-dessus de la |Mtrtee de la Itasse. E. Siir la <'iii(|uienic lijviie de la hasse se trouve le troisienie A/, aii-dessus do la portee le froisi^tue ,s7, (•<»nse«)ueniinent nes accidentelhis au-dv-ssus de la portee ? M. Oui : si tu t'eu trouves caj»al)le E. Apivsles explications daires que vous m'avez doniices, je nic et enfin une sur la einquieme, et une autre au-dessus de la cinquieme. 22 ) : I t b H M. AtM now tUcir iiamos and nnmhcrs. (J, Above the stave is the 5th G. Upon the 1st ledg'or line is the 5th A. Above the 1st iedjj^er line is the 5th B. ' Upon the 2d ledj,'er line is the 5th C. Above the 2d ledger line is the 5th D. Upon the 3d ledj^^er line is the 5th E. Above the 3d ledger line is the 6th F. Upon the 4th ledger line is the Gth G. Above the 4th ledger line is the 6th A. Upon' the 5th ledger line is the 6th B. Above the 5tli ledger line is the Gth C. (Tab. 11. Fig. 2.) M. Henceforth, I dare say, you will know all the notes ; in order not to forget them, to familiarize yourself with them, and to be enabled to apjily them easily to the Keys of your instrument, open all music books wbidi you hap))en to meet Avith iudiscriminv.tely, and try to practice the notes they con- tain upon the Piano. t fa to in SIXTH CONVERSATION. M. Did not you observe that there are notes whose shape docs not r(!sem- ble that of the others V C. Yes, Mama, but I did not think of asking you the reason of tiiis differ- ence. M. Could you find notes tliat resemble an O made crossways ? C. Ilore is one ; there is another. M. Did you take notice that there is still some difference in the notes which resemble the letter C r C. I find that there ai'e some which have a line formed like a handle * which others have not. M. Write the note which you just now compared to an O. C. Here it is. (Table 1 1. Fig. 3.) M. Make now another one with a handle. C. Here it is. (Table 11. Fig. i.) But I forgot to ask you wiu^ther this handle is to ascend or descend. M. No matter which. T(» what would you <• mjiare fhe other notes that are not open as the two which you have just now uritlen ? C. I think I might compare them to larg(; dots, which have also handles like the notes which I have just now written. M. Very well. Make one of them. C. Here it is. ('lal)lt II. Fig. 5.) M. Did you not also see other notes M'hich differ from the three of which we have just now spoken ? C. I do not remember. Pcrliap-- I did not pay attention Vj them, but I will not fail to do so now. .i^ pr lo rt! m m IK <;o + Sti'Ui m 23 M. A ])r('>sont ajouto leurs noms et leurs num»'>ros. E. Au-dessus de la portt''e est le 5rae sol, Sur la Ire lijjne accidentelle est le 5ine la, Au-dessus de la 1 re lijyne accidentelle est le 5me si. Sur la 2(le „ Au-dessus de la 2de Sur la 3me „ Au-dessus de la 3rae Sur la 4me „ Au-dessus de la 4me Sur la 5me „ Au-dessus de la 5me „ 5me do, „ 5me re, „ 5me mi, „ Gme/a, „ (ime sol, „ Gme la, , M fime si, „ Gme do. (Planche II, Figure 2.) M. Muintenant tu connois toutes les notes. Pour ne jamais les oublier, te faniiliariser avec elles, et te mettre en etat de les appliquer f'acilement aux touches de ton Piano, ouvre tons les livrcs de musique qui te tomberont indistinotement sous la main, etessaye si en rendi-e les notes sui* ton instrument. 8IXIEME CONVERS|.TION. M. Ne t'es-tu pas apperf ue qu'il y a des notes dont la fin^ure ne ressemble pas aux autres ? E. Oui maman, raais je n'ai pas pense a vous demander ce que cela vou- loit dire. M. Pourrois-tu trouver des notes qui ressemblent tl un O de travel's ? E. En voici une — en voila une autre. M. As-tu remarque (ju'il y a encore quelque difference dans les notes qui r»!ssemblent aux O r* E. Jc trouvc qu'il y en a quelques-unes qui ont une barre comme un manche et d'autres qui n'en ont point. M. Ecris-la note que tu viens de comj)arer a un C . E. La voici. — (Planche II. Fi<>ure 3.) M. A present fais-en une autre avec un manche. E. La voici aussi. — (Planche II. Fiafure 4.) Mais j'ai oublie de vous de- mander si ce manche doit monter on descendre. M. Ceci est bien indifferent. A quoi pourrais-tu comparer les autres notes qui ne sont psis ouvertes comme les deux que tu viens d'ecrire V E. Je crois pouvoir les comparer a de gros points qui ont aussi des manches comme la note que je viens d'ecrire. M. Fort bien. Ecris-en une. E. La voici. — (Plau(!he II. Figure 5.) M. N'as-tu pas encore vu des notes, differcntes des trois dont nous vonons de parler r E. Je ne m'eii rappelle pas. Peut-etre que jc a'y ai piw bien pris {^.irde, niais je vais y faire attention. i \ i 21 M. Do you see notes wliidi havo a hook at the end ol'the h.uuUo ? ( . Yes, Maniii, [ sec several oftlieni here. M. Very Avel! ; make one like them. ('. Here is one: (Tab. 11. Fij^' (i ) Ami it' 1 am not niistakeii, I have wen some with a (hniMe, triple, and fourfold hook. ?-. 7, 8, 9.) I observe notes Mhich have cross- lines aliove and others with eross-Hnes below. M. These cross-lines are only the continuation of the hook, from one note to tlie other. For instance, instead of wi-itinj^' two separate notes each with a hook, the hook of the 1st one is only lengthened until it touches the handle of the followinjr. Write now two notes as they have been explained to you. (\ Here thev are, with a cross-line instead of two separate ones with u hook to each. ' (Table 11. Fig'. 10.) M. In a similar manner you may join as many note.s as you like, with as many hooks as you choose. C. I will try to make a Cow moi-e notes of this kind : .'? m>tes with one cross- line; 't notes with two cross-lines ; and 4- with three cross-lines. (Table 11. Fig-. II.) M. In our second conversation, I explained to you how the keys of the Keyboard (or otherwise the sounds in music) are represented by the different positions in which the notes are placed ; now, remember that' the length of eii'jh note, or the length of n sound in music, is ex]n-essed by the different forms in which tin; notes are made. Let us see now whether you understood m<' : I low are the different sounds in nuisic expressed ? ('. We place the notes in as many difterent positions on the staves as there arediiferent keys on the keyboard. M. Very well. And how is the length or duration of these notes expressed i* ('. By the ditierent shapes of the notes, M. Very well. C. Will you now explain to me how the length of sounds in music; is ex- jiressed by the diti'eri nt shajteof the notes y M. I am very willing; hut we shall want some trilling- prei)aration. Make a line across the whoh; width of your slate. ('. Here is one. M. Divid«» this line in four ecpial parts, marking' the commencement of each part with a dot. ('. Here it is. (Tab. U.Figr. ]-2.) M. Follow now this lin(> Avirl: your lin-rer, slowly, and with an ecjual move- ment from beginni.:g to end, coiniting' four ; namely, «y«c, in commencing' uiMiM the (irst dot, firo, in touching tlie second, t/inr,' in toucbing' the thiriF, and four in toiuhing- the fourth, iuicii of these divisions is calkurone-fourth (,{ ), that In, ihc fourilt part of the » hole line. ('. There are then conse((uently four-fourths 'r 4. 25 M. Nc vois-tu pas dos notes dont le maiichc est tennine par un crochet ? E. Oui, maniiiu, j'eu vois ici pUisieurs. M. T3on, «'>cris-en une pareille. li. La voila ecrite.— (Plancluj 11. Figure 6.) Et si je ne me trompe pas j'ai vu des notes dont les unes ont un crochet double et d'autres triple. M. Cela est bien possible. Ecris ii pr»;sent quelques autres notes dont lea crochets soiit doubles, triples et quadruples. E. En voici un of which we just now spoke, forms the length of the note w'hich you compared to an O , and which is called semibreve, or a whole note, bewiuse it is, as we may say, the root of which the other notes form the ramihcations. C. Then, if I find su(;h a note, (namely a semibreve) I remain upon the key whicli it indicates all the time uhich is required to count one, two, three. Jour. > > > M. Yes, that is the May ; and yon will he careful to raise your finjrer as soon as this time is expired, for then tlie strin- will cease to iound as soon as the key IS free, ^ow you will easily find the length of the other notes, u 1 name them for you. C, Wliat are these names, mama ? M. The note which you have made af^er the semibreve is half a note (a minim) and the one which follows it, is a fourth of a note ( a crotchet ) C. lliis IS very easily understood. Tlte whole note counts four, the half- note conse(|uentry two, and the fourth of a note, one. M Write now the foUowiti- notes ; but as we are not speaking of their positions there is no stave required, *' _ 1 4' ■!> 1, 1, h h 1 4> hh h '. h i, h h h h h C. Here tliey aie written~( Table III. Fig-. 1.) uuh^^''''\^''''t *''?' 5n/is:ht porrions or parts, ,-ach of which is to con- tain the value of four-fourths, and you will seperate these portions by perpen- dicular lines which are to be draM n between the notes. ^ * *^ is ^whoiririni^r'''"/'''*'"''^" immediately after the first note, since it lb a w hole one, and it contains consequently four-fourths ? M. That is correct : continue'. whiclJfdS''" '"%'"' ^'f \r*'' 'J"'*. '^*^"**'"'' two-fourths, the two others rnotealrJto-ib^rtKtr^'^'"'"' '"" ^'^' *--t-rths , then half ^' How many divisions have you made ? C-. I have made eight of them-.' iJ},. ^^^" '^f *' d'^"^^tl t'i<^«« notes in the time of four-fourths. Pay atten- tion no^ that every piece of music is divih| M. Yes, the notes with a single hook are eighths (qiiavors-.Tuhle IJ. %. 6.) C. Of what length are they then ? M. If you only think a little you will easily find that. ('. Ah ! now I have found it; An eighth is the half of a fourth ; and the note which is called an eighth is, consequently, hut half as long as a fourth of a note. M. Will you now divide each fourth of yoiu* line into two eichths ? C. How shall I do that? M. Draw another line through the middle of each fourth. ('. This, then, will make four lines. — (Tahle II. fig. 13.) M. Yes, that is right ; and how many divisions have you made ? C. 1 have made eight of them. M. These are eighths. Now, follow them again with your finger along the line, counting four as hefore. C. One, two, three, four. M. How many eighths did you ptiss in counting one ? C. I have pfissed two of them. M. So it was also Avhen you counted two, three, and four. Could you now tel! me how many eighths ought to he played during the time of one- fourth ? # C. Two, undoubtedly. M, And how many during the time of half a note ? C. Four. M. How many during the time of three-fourths of a note ? C. Six. M. And how many during the time of a whole note ? C. Eight. M. Now I have answered the question vou made, regarding the eighths ; hut, before finishing your lesson, we shall retuni to the subject of the division of a piece of music into measures. It is in consequence of this divi- sion, that a piece of music is said to be composed in the time of fonr-fourths, of three-fourths, of two-fourths, of six-eighths, or of three-eigliths, &c„ or better such and such time is predominant in the piec;e.* You Mill always find this ruling time marked at the l)eginuing of a piece, immediately after the clefs, or otherwise between the clef and the first note. C. I find all the marks as you explained them just now to me, except that of four-fourths. .,,!!', '^.'•'^'■V''® '"J^VV*',''"' '*° softs of time, viz. Common time, which consisU of two or four equal v?H„ . • f c'"''''i" I'f?^ Time, which coriiists of three part* in a Uar: each of the foregoing is subUi. videil into Simple and Compound. o b '~« Th?5FdiffVrent divisions aru expressed by the following figures :— Simple Common Time, Taole HI. cUiuVuTip^'nr.Tbiinr'fii;'6:* "'• '''■*• '^""'"'' '^"^"'"^ '^'"'^' '"^^iWA'-''' "" 29 E. 11 y a done .1n^:si ilos lunticmois do notes ? M. Oiil, los notos aveo un simple crochet sout des luiiticraos. — dcs cro- clips — Plancho II. Figure 6.) E. De mbien de huitiemeti on doit jouer sur le tem« d'un quart ? E. Deux — sans doute. M. Et combien sur le terns d'unc demi-note ? E. Quatrc!. M. (^ombien sur le tems de trois-quai'ts de note ? E. Six. ]VL Combien dans le tems d'uue note entiere ? E. Huit. M. A present j'ai repondu a la question que tu m'as fuite, relativeraeut aux buitjemes ; mais, avant de finir notre leyon, nous allous ix'venir an sujet de la division d'une piece de musique en mesur"s. ("est en consequence de cette division que Ton dit d'unc piece de musique qu'elle est coraposee dans le tems de quatre-quarts, ou de trois-tjuarts, de deux-quarts, de six- huitiemes, de trois-huitiemes, etc.: — ou bien tel ou tel tems domine dans la piece.(*) Tu ti'ouveras toujonrs ce tems dominant mm-que au commence- ment de la piece, immediatement apres les clefs ; ou autrement entre la clef et la premiere note. E. .Te trouv toutes les marques comme vous venez de me les exi>liqucr, excepte celle de quatre-quarts. (») II h'y a en itiusiquc que deux sortcs de temg, lavoir : le tems comraun ou ordinaire, qui conslste en deux, ou en quatre parties egalcs dans une incsure ; et le terns triple qui compreud tro'i. jmrties dans une niesure. Ch.icun de ces tems est subdi»isc en simple et en conipuse. I.*s diilerenles divisiohii se leiideiit (Mr i«s liguies sulvantej :— Lo tems ciihi muu simple, Pianche in. fig. 3 ; le tems commun compose, I'laticlie 111. fig. 4 ; le tems triple snuple, I'lanclie III. ijg, 5 j vt le tcniK triple compu&e I'lanche III. tig. 6. CR.\NUR. 30 M. Have you not observed a I', which is phicod in the same niaiiucr as the dirtVreut hgiin's ai-e. C. Yes, Mama, I have seen several ot them. M. Very well, this C indicates the time of four-fourths. Let us see : look nowVor a piece where the tinn; is marked C , . . . (', Here is oiu-, hut I observe there arc but a few measures which contain four-fourths, although they are marked by the C. M You see perhaps a w hole note, or two half notes, or one half note and two-fourtks, &c. in a mea^xu-e, this put to^'ether does it not always make the vahie offoiir-fourtlisy - ^, • • j ^u *• - C Yes, I understand you ; if the time of four-fourths is maiked, these tonr- fourths may he composed of notes of difl'erent kinds, namely, of half notes, of fourths, of eighths, &c., but these notes must always form the value of four-1'ourths. M And it is the same with all the other measures ; for instance, instead of fiix-oiffhths we might say thn-e-eigfhtlis, one-fourth and one-eighth, which would make exactly the time of six-eighths. SEVENTH CONVERSATION. C But, Mama, there are ei-rors in all your music books. M. Errors ! are you already so far advanced as to be able to correct all niy books ? Shew me these erroi-s. C Here, Mama, according to the tigures of three-fourths whi<;h are at the beginning of this piece, ought there not to be three-fourths of a whole note in every measm'e. M. That is correct enough. C. Very well, look here ; there i>; but half a note in one measure, which only makes two-fourths ? , , , . • .1 x ^u M. Your observation is correct enough ; but do not you perceive that there is a dot after this note V C, Yes ; but what does this dot signify ? M. Thih' dot after a note augments its duration by one half. C. Ah, in this case, then, the compaser will certainly have the goodness to excuse me. Thus a dor after a note augments its duration by one half of its value. The half of half a note is a fourth. The measure then is quite correct? . , , 1 ^ ^ 1 j M. As you see. I am surprized that } 011 hav» not as yet asked me any questions about the notes « hich have double, triple and forofold hooks. (.', I forgot it. Are we going to speak of them no^v :* M. Ves. In your last lesson you tli ided your line into eigh '-eighths ; divide now'each eighth into two parts, by lines which must be distinguished from the other small lines in not making them go across the horizontal line, and in making them double. (!. This, then, will for u eight double lines ;r-(Table 111. fig, 2.) M. Yes; and in how many parts have you divided the horizontal line? ( '. Into sixteen parts. 31 M, N'as-tu pas vu iin C qui o»t placi'- commc ces diftV-rons chiffros ? E. Oui, niaiuan, j'en ai vu phiMoiu's. Voyons, therc^' M. Eh bicn, ce C indifiue le terns ile quatr«>-<|(iart.s. une piece ou le teuis est marque par uu C. I-' Ell voiei uiie, mais j'y vois pourtant tres peu de mcsures qui cou- [iiqu'elles soient marquees piu- C. E. iiu voiei uiie, mais tieunent quutre-quai'ts, quoiqu'elles soieut marquees piu- M. Tu vois peut-etre une note eutiiVe, ou deux demi-notes, on une de- rai-note et deux-quarts, etc. dans une mesure, niius tout cela ue fait-il itas toujojirs la valeur de quatre-quarts ? E. Oui, je compreuds a present, si le terns de quatre^piarts est marnue ces quatro-qiuirts pmivent etre (composes i\i> notes de differentes esi)e(;es c est- II dire, de demi-notes, (le (piai-ts de note, de huitiemes de note, etc. mais toutes ces notes doivent toujoiu-s former la viUeiu* de quatre-quarts, ^ M. Et il en est de meme de tons les autres terns, pai- exemple : an lieu de six-luutu«mes on pourrait dire trois-huitiemes , un-fiuarts et uu-huiiiemes ce qui ne ferait ui plus ui luoins que le terns de six-huitiemes. ' SEPTIEME CONVEKSATION. E. Mais, maman, il y a des ftiutes dans tons vos livres de rausique. M. Des fautes ! es-tu deju assez instruite pour pouvoir corri.>er tou" raes hvres ? Moiitre-moi done ces fautes. " E. Tenez, maman, wdon les chiffres J qui se trouvent au commencement de cette piece, ne devrait-il pas y avoir trois quaits de note dans chadue mesure? * M. C'est juste. E. Eh bien, voyez, il n'y a ici qu'une demi-notc toute seule, et dans une mesure, ya ue fait done que deux-quarts ? M. Ton observation est asse<5 juste ; mais ne t'apperfois-tu pas qu'il v a un point apres cette note, E. Oui, mjiis que pent sig'nifier re point ? M, Ce point, apres une note, augraeute la duree de la note de la moitie de sa valeur. E. Ah !--dans ce cas-la, le compositeur aura bfen la bonte de m'excuser, Aiiisi iin point apres une note aug'mente sa duree de la moitie de sa valeur. La moitie d'une demi-note est un quart, ainsi done la mesure esttont-ii-fait juste'. M. Comme tu vois.— Je suis surprise de ce que tu ne m'as encore rien de- maudeau sujetdes notes qui out des crochets doubles, triples et qundruples. E. Je I'ai oublie. Allons-nous en parler a present ? M. Oui. Dans la derniere leyon tu as divise ta lijjne en huit-huitiemes. A present tu vas diviser cliaque huitieme en deux paities, en tc servant des liffues qu'il faut distinguer des autres petites lio-nes, en ne leur taisant pas traverser la hgne horizontale et en les faisant doubles. E. Cela fera donclmit linfnes doubles. (Planche III. Fijjiire 2.) M. Oui— et en combien de parties as-tu divise cette liffue lioii/outale ? E. En seize parties. I* • 32 M Tlit'sc lluT, iwc slxtoon-sixtopnths. Now olmcrv*' that such h part of a wlioi.' iM»t.' is (k'si'Miati'd l>v u not*' witli n doiil.U' hook, u huh for tins mwou is .iillnl asixt.'.Mitli— (s.'un.|U!iv.«r— Tahh« II. Ii>r. 7.) Follow now, uii he- fore, )'«»'»■ l''"'» '"' <"<>'>»tiiij; four. (!. *()iio, two, three, four. M. How many sixteenths (li(' yon piws in conntingf one ? ('. I have passed four of them. M. And eonld yon now tell ni«' how many sixteenths there ought to be idayed in the time of oi\e-fourtii ? ('. Tour, unqnestionahly. M. And how many in the time of an eighth? ('. Two, consefiueutly. M. TIow many 'm the time of hidf a n<»te? ('. Eijiht— and sixteen in the time of a whole note. M. This is correct. Yon will divide now each sixteenth into two efjnul parts, hv making "se of sniall liiu's, which (lescend from the principal hue, after wliich yon will count four as usual. i: One, two, three, four.— (Table III. tifr. 2.) M. Into how manv parts have you now divided the line ? ('. I have divided it into thirty-two parts. M. That is, into thirtv-two thirty seconds. In order to represent a note which forms the thirtv-second part cf the lenj,'th of a whole note, Me nse m>tes with three hooks (Table III. ti<«-8.) which are called thirty -seconds (demise- n\i(niavei's.) How many thirty-seconds did yon pass in conntinji: uui:? V. I have passed ei<>ht of them, and I conse(iuently always play that num- ber of thirty-seconds upon the time of one-fonrth. M. That is ri^ht; and for the same reason you will always play four thirty-seconds upon the time of one-eighth, and two thirty-seconds upon the time of one-sixteenth. C. 1 understand tluit I have then likewise to play sixteen thirty-seconds^ upon the time of half a note, and thirty-two thirty-seconds upon the time of a whole note. M. Very Mell. Now you will iujain divide each thirty-second of your line into two ])arts, wliich may be done by dots, but which nlust be much smaller than those you have made to mark tlie fom*th, V. Here'tliey are all.— (Table HI. fig. 2.) M. Remark, that by reason of these small dots you have; made sixty-four sixtv-fourths (half demisenii(iuavers, Table H. tig.').) C. Mama, thought a.s much ; and I believe 1 am able to explain them. M. Let us see. C. One sixty-fouith is the half of a thirty-second ; consequently two sixty- fourths iU-e counted upon one thirty-second. M. Very well. Now continue, (:. That is very easy. We play two sixty-fourths upon one thirty-second, four si\tv-fonrtb,s upon one sixtciMith, eight sixty-fourths upon one-eighth, sixteen sixty-fourths upon one-fourth, thirty -two sixty-fourths upon one half, and si \tv-fonr sixty-fourths upon a whole note. M. Suppose tliat each sixty-fourth was again divided into two parts, how mauy parts would that make y '3'3 M. CVst-i-dire seiae-sei'A'ijtnes. A present observe qu'uiie telle paitif de la note entiiVc est indiqu/x? par nno note avec an double croiihet qui s'appelle j^)!U- <-otte riii.s«»n unseizifme (une double-oroche, Planche II. figure?.) Suiu u present i^omme auparavnnt ta iijfne « coniptant quatre. E. Uu, deux, trois, quatre. M. (Jombien de aeizidmes as-tu paases en comptant un ? E. J'en ai passe quatre. M. Et pourras-tu maintenant me dire combiende seizi^mes on doit jouer Hur le trniH d'uii (piart. E. Quatre, sans doute. M. Et combien sur le terns d'un huitidme ? E. Par consequent deux. M. Combien dans le terns d'une demi-note ? E. Huit — et seize sur le te-is d'une note cnti^re. M. C'est bien. Maintenant t • vas diviser chaque seizieme en deux partie«5 egules, en te servant des petites lignes qui descendent de la ligne principale, apr^s quoi tu compteras comme de coutume ijuatre. E. tin, deux, trois, quatre. — (Planche III. figure 2.) M. En combien de parties as-tu divise la ligne. E. Je I'ai divisee en trente-deux parties. M. C'est-iVdire en trente-deux trente-deuxiemes. Pour r^presenter la trente-deuxieme partie de la longueur d'une note entiere on se 8<'rt d'une note I. C'est cela, et par la merae raison tu joueras done quat*-6 Irente-deux- fs sur le tems d'uu huitieme, et deux trente-deuxiemes sur le tems d'un M. iemes seizieme. ^ E. J'entends cela. II taut done aussi que je joue seize trente-deux- iemes sur le terns d'une demi-note, et trente-deux trente-deuxiemes sur une note entiere. M. Fort bien. A present tu vas encore diviser chaque trente-deuxieme de la ligne en deux parties, ce qu'il faut faire par dos points, mais qui doivent etre beaucoup plus petits que ceux que tu as fait pour marquer les quarts. E. Les voici tons. — (Planche III. figure 2.) M, Remarque que par le moyen de ces petits points tu as fait des soixante- et-quatriemes. — (Quadruple croohes — Planche II, figures 9.) E. Mamau, je I'ai bien pense, et je crois pouvoir les expliquer tous. M. Voyons. E. Un soixante-quatrieme est la moitie d'un trente-deuxieme, on compte done d'Hix soixantc-cjuatriemes sur un trente-deuxieme. M. C'est bon, continue. E. Cola est tres aise. On joue deux soixante-quatriemes sur un trente- deuxieme, quatre soixante-quatriemes sur un-seizieme, huit soixante-qua- tri»^mes sur un huitieme, seize soixante-quatriemes sur un quart, trente-deux soixante-quiitrieraes sur une demi-note, et soixante-et-quatre soixante-qua- triemes sur uue note entiere. M. Supposons que Ton divise encore chaque soixante-quatrieme en deux parties, combien cela fera-t-il do parties ? E till 84 ('. That \suxi\i\ make one hundri'd and tMouty^ijfht, and tlu> halt' of it would be played upon half a uoi.*, and the fourth (uanu'ly, thirty-two,) upon a fourth of a note, &c. M. Well ; before we end our Icfflon, tell me how many half notes are to bo ulaved upon a whole note with a dot f \ , i u„fU„„„lno. (',. You have told me that the dot aujrment« the note by halt of it« value . ft whole note oount. two half notes ; these two y.th the 'l;'* "^ t^^" 3« three. Upon the same principle I also hnd three-toarths in halt a »< t« wit a dot. thrJe-tes of several measures in order to make them jitfiee with the time indicated at the commencement of the ^^iece, and although I have taken much pains in counting the notes and the dots I have not been able to succeed. M. There are perhaps stfU some errors ? C I do not say that, but I rather think there are still a good many things which I d<. not know, and which ought to be known in order to ascertain the valiHj of the measures. M. There ar « in music signs Avhii^h are called Rests. These Rests make the sounds cease during a certain time, and this time is counted as if it wove tilled up by notes or sounds : thus, there are as many different Rests as there ai-e different kinds of notes, namely; there are Rests which indicate a silence ot the length of a whole note, others of the length of hidf a note, others of a fourth of a note, of an eighth, &c. C. Are these Rests also named like the notes, A, B, C, &c. ? MTVT *!.,. 1J..O+0 ^...Ut i,..li\.atii !> tini<» and jint tho snnnds. these deuomi- nations cannot be given them ; but, we say, for instance : a Rest ot a whole note, a Rest of half a note, (a seniibreve's Rest, a niinim's Rest, &c.) as E. (\>1» I'll fefn cent vingt-lmit, ct on «n Jouera !» moitlt'^ siir unc dcmi- note— (>t le quart r. a. (I. ti«'nto- these Rests ? M. We shall see them directly. C. Here it is. Make a stave. M. Now, if ^ou make a small horizontal line under any of the lines m ithin the stave, it will be a Rest of the length of a whole note. (Semibreve's Rest.) C, Can we make it indifferently under any line within the stave ? M. Yes. C. I will try to mark a few such Rests. (Tab. III. Fig;. 7.) M. These four Rests are alike ; if you make the same bars above the lines of the stave, they signify a silence of the length of half a note. (Minim's Rest.) C. I understand ; they are maiked thus ? (Tab. III. Fig. 7.) M. Exactly j these four Rests are again alike. Make now another stave, marking the time of four-fourths ; then you will put down half a note and a Rest of half a note, and then a bar : (A line drawTi perpendicularly through the stave.) C. Mama, here it is all. (Table III. fig. 8.) M. How many foui-ths are there in this measure ? C. There is half a note, which counts two-fourths, and a Rest of half a note which counts for as many again — forming together four-fourths. M. You see now that this measure, although it contains but half a note, does nevertheless agree with the mark of four-fourths, since the Rest supplies the time of the other two-fourths which are wanting. C Accordingly, if I was to play this measure, I would have to press down the key which is indicated by the note while I count one, two ? M. Yes, and you ha\ <■ to raise the finger while counting three, four. C. I understand, Mama ; by the notes I see M'hat length of time the sounds are to last, and by the Rests r^hat length of time the sounds ought to cease. — You have told me that there are as many different rests as there are different kinds of notes, which then are the other rests 'i M. Look into your book and see if you do not find there certain signs M'hich look like a seven tiiade cross-ways. C. Yes, Mama, I have seen many of them. M. Make one of them. C. Here it is. (Tab. III. Fig. 9.) M. This is the Rest of a fourth of a Note, (crotchet's rest.) Make now a mark like a seven ; this is what is called a Rest of an eighth of a note— (quaver's rest— Table III. Fig. 10.) C. That is very easy. M. Now, if you make the same seven with a double hook, it will be the Rest of a sixteenth of a note.— (semiquaver's rest.— Tab. III. Fig 11.) C. This is exactly like the notes, and I am almost certain that in making three and four hooks, I would likewise have the Rests of the thirty -seoona wij'i vi MIC sijuj-iuuiiii t»i a iiuLc. — ^^ucuiisciiiiquuvcr £i ruBi Uiiu iiaii (tt'mx- semiquaver'8 rest— Tab. III. Fig. 12 & 13.) %l ^7 E. Quelles sont ces pauses ? M. Nous allons le voir, fais une portre. E. La voilii. . ,¥•. ^ P'*;;'«e»t si tu fais une petite barre liorizontale au dessous d'une ILme inteneure de la portee, tu aura.s fait une pause do la lon r<-sts heloxv them. ('. Here they are. (Table III. ^l^^ 14.) M If the Rest of a whole note is found alone in a mesisure it indicates a susinnilm ot ihe len-^th of the whole measure, whatever length that measm-e "'c. In that case then it counts always a.s many eighths or fourths as that "'"TJjt TlSets ItiU another observation : If a Rest is followed by a dot, it becomes longer by one half. C. This is very easy understood. Are there likewise sometimes two dots "* M "yc?- aiul these two dots have the same effect as regards the Rests as the> have ^fter a note. If you will now look to your music book you will be able to verify more ea.sily the value of the measures. C Could I now begin to nlay V , u iu vox .1 M You will bejvin to play as" soon as you have passed over all the diflTicul- ties which you meet ^ith in your Music Book. (' T believe this will take some time yet ; but, mama, coiild I not in the ,„,!.m tinie learn a single small i,.ece, without knoN» ing exactly .01 what your books contain 't M. Y'ou can read, my dear, can t you . ^i What would vou think if any one was asking you to teach him to read ...1 who would teirv,.u seriously that in the meantime until he knew to read '^ll Su ain'ooks, he\vished that you would sl.aw him to read correctly some little stories in his book 'f V I should think that ridiculous, and I would toll him that in order to know hov'toreudhis little stories correct, he must at hrst be.pn by eannng he "an- of the characters or letters, and their , et qu'apres cela il poxu-ra non seulement lire sa petite histoire mais tons les livres du mondo dans sa lano-ue. M. 11 en est de meme pour la musique, pour savoir jouer une seule piece il taut conuoitre les principes qui constituent Tart de jouer toutes les p.^ces de musique. • E. Je comprcnds parfaitement bien, Maman, et je vois vite. que j'ai ete trop NEUVIEME CONVERSATION. M. D'apres les explications que nous avons cues dans nos conversations precedentestuasdu voir que Ton pent diviserchaquenote,suivant sa valeur en deux.enquatre, en huit,enseize,en trente-deitx, et en soixante etfpiatre parties egales ; mais regulieremeut on ne peut |>as la diviser en trois, en cinq, en six, eu sept, en neuf parties, etc. Ainsi on peutsonner une ou plusieurs touches deux fois, ^roupe de trois-huitiemes, et il en est de meme aussi lorsquc Ton ecrit des cinqiiiemes et des sixiemes de notes, &c., c'est-a-dire, on met le ^ Sre 5 ou <> au-dessus ou au-dcssous du milieu de chaque groupe de II six notes, oui doivent etre jouees dans le temps d'une autre note trois cinq naire notes inq ou six notes, qui doivent etre jouees dans le temps d'une autre note ordi aire* Voyons, »'!cris a present neuf notes egales en trois gronpes de trois lotes chaque, et fais leur representer la vahmr de trois-quarts de note. E. Neuf-quarts se'-oient trop, iieuf-huitiemes font encore plus que trois- quarts, neuf-seiziemes en font nioius ; selon ce que vous venez de ra'expliqucr, je preudrai done des huitiemes de notes. M. C'est juste, continue. _ • i , •/- E. J'en mettrai toiijours trois ensemble, que je marquerai par le chifTre 3, au-dessus du milieu "de chaque groupo, pour imliijuer que ces trois notes doivent b'ocoulor dans le terns d'un quitft de note, (riauche III, figure 15.) * Les Allcmandsappellent un tcl groupe do trois notes triolc, ct les autre! groupcs selon lonom. bru de notes qu'ils cjiiticnncnt, quiiitolcs, scxtoles, Ac. KOLH. IJiiBrouncde trois notes, uvec uu sans lo diiirio .'J, i'ormo un trioict ctdnit ■Hre jmie dins !e terns .l.Mleiix notes meme fspuce-six notes en nn lei groupe formeilt un tnolet double etsmitjmices dans lo tenis deciuatre notes de la inciuc cspeie, CKAWtK. :.ii ill 42 M. You have undorstood that rli-htly. Could you now write three-fourths. pach of them divided into 8ix equal parts '( C. To write them each in four parts I must make use of sixteenths; now as six-sixteenths make more than one-fourth, and six thirty-seoouds make' less, I am consequently obliged to return to the sixteenths. M. Yes, you are right. C. I will place always six of them together, after which I Mill mark every group with the figure 6. (Tab. IV. %. 1.) ■ y M. Just so ; and according to this rule you will easily distinguish the groups or 5 7, 9, 10, 1 1 notes, &c. Now, I have still some remarks to make relative to the manner ot playing^ these notes together Avith common notes. 1 ®. If a trip! , . to be played M-ith two other notes of the same species the two hrst nou ,■ st be struck together, then the middle note of the trip! let alone ; atter w *. ii, the two last notes are played together again. (Tab. 2 ® If one of the two notes is followed by a dot, and the other is shor- tened by the value ot this dot, then the whole triplet must be played upon the note tollowed by the dot, and the shortened note immediately after the last note of the triplet. (Tab. IV. %. 3.) 3«. We otten find also tour ordinary notes to be played during the time of a triplet. Ihis is very ditHcult, and there is no rule to be laid down but to consult the ear. TENTH CONVERSATION. M. No^v, my raent les ^oupes de t!Z\-l' ' 1 v' r "' ^v'"- Mjiintenant j'ai encore fjuelques remarques a te faire tes ordiSs* "'""**""''' '^'^J^"*''' *'*'' ''''■*'-'^ ^"^ "^'t^^ ensemble avec des no- 1. Si Ton a a jouer deux notes ordiuaires avec trois notes de la meme -s- pece, il taut jouer les deux premieres notes ensemble, et laisser passer^la (pLd.o"iv! V".r^2!^' "" •^'"' '' "''^''''"'' '''' '' ^''■"•^'•*' '"^«™'^" 2. Si une des deux notes est suivie d'un point, et que I'autre soit raccour- cie de Ja valeur de ce poiut, alors on joue le triolet entiere sur la note suivie (lu point et la note raccourcie immediateraent apres le triolet. (Planche IV. :i. Souvent on trouve aussi quatre notes ordinaires a jouer pendant I'espace d un triolet, cela devient tres (fiflicile, et la dessus il n'y a pas d'autres rt-lcs a etablir que de consulter 1 oreiUe. " DIXIEME CONVERSATION. M Enfin, mon enfant, nous voi. 1 rendues au degre de connaissance qui de. manrte 1 explicatioi^ des touches noires. E. Je suis bien impatieute de savoir qu'elles sont les notes dont on se sert pour les representor. M. Les touches noires comme les touches blanches se rendent par les me mes notes, ayec cette ditiference que Ton place devant ces notes certains sis^ues qui indiquent les touches noires. Premierement, observe que la pro- frression d'line toiichc a celle qui la suit immediatement, soit que ce soit du cote ffauche ou du cote droit, qu'elle soit blanche ou noire, s'appelle pro- gression d'un demi-ton. Je vais essayer de te le moutrer par un exemule • I'rends un rfo sur le clavier. ^ ' E. En voici un. M. Passe a present de ce do k la touche noire qui la suit immediatement du cote droit. K. I.a voici aussi. M. Fort bien, cette dcrniere touche est d'un demi-ton plus haute que la premiere. ' E. Et comment appel!e-t-on cette derniere touche ? M. On la nomme du comme la premiere, en ajoutant le niot diese. E. Je necomprendspas tout-a-fait. I\I. Tu vas compreiulre. Vi.yons, quelle tHoit la touche que tu viens de cherclier ? ■M 44 C. It was C. M Well, wiit.4.) M Write now another C in the same space of the treble. C' Here it is likewise. (Tab. IV. Fig. 4.) M. Look now in your music book and sec whether you do not fuul a si{,m similar to a double cross ? * ^ i ^., ■> C. I have seen several of them ; do you want me to make one f M. Yes, if you can. i C. Is this not one ?- (Tab. IV. Tip 5.) , . ,, , n i • i M. Yes, and it is called a sharp ; put it now before the second C winch you have written. C. There it is marked down. (Tab. IV. \ng. 4.) M This sharp before a note indicates that it ought to be played a semi- tone hiui, t, /n rappollo dicse ; mcts-'o li prcsout devaiit lo second do q a. as i'crit. E. Lc voila mis — (Plancho IV, fi^^ure 4.) M. Cc diese dovantunc notoindimio que Ton doit jouer cetto note un demi- tonau-dcssus do latouclio sur laquelle on lajoueroit sans (lesiirne. La note, do mrme que la toucho qu'elle indique dans ce ca.s, preuneut toutcs deux le nom de diese. E. Ah ! je comprends manian ; la note que j'ai faite, et qui est pK'cedee d'ua diese, s'appelle du-iiies'i, et la touchc qu'elle represente s'appelle egalement do- diese. M'. C'est cela. Serois-tu hien capable dc donner un autre cxemple ? E. Sans doute. Je prends le troisiemo fa, avant que de faire uu autre fa sur le memo dej,Te, j'y fais un diese qui hausse cette note d'un demi-ton, <:e qui fait que Ton joue_/« diese, c'est-a-dire, la touche noire du cote di'oit de fiiy au lieu du^a. — (Planche IV. iigure 6.) M. C'est bien mon enfant, et il en est de raeme de toutes Ics autrcs notes, parceque le diese mis devant une note quelconque, la hausse toujours d'uu denii-tou. . rois-tu bien capable de trouver un ?/( /-diese sur le clavier ? E. Cette question m'embarrasse un pen, parccqu'il n'y a pas de toucho noire apres rni. M. Pourras-tu jouer la touchc qui se troiive un demi-ton au-dessus de cc mi? E. Oui — c'cstya. M. Eh bien ; pourquoi done cette question t'cmharrasse-t-clle ? n'est-ce- pas toujours un demi-ton au-dessus de la touche indifjuee ])ar une note sans i\-p inc an o\ tm|>l<« ' <". 1 Mi-.K. li ; n.Mv it I m.il«. iinotli.T \\ npon (li,- siunc line, lu'loro ,vlii. Ii /'i'- 1 li; !•■' 'I ''"'"^''t''' t''«' 'H'At kcybclou-, namely, to tho Iclt side of B. ( lab. IV. I'lj;'. 0.) M. Exactly ; and this note as well as tli.' koy wWnh it rfM.roscnts, is callcl / r . 'ixV r'""." v'"i\V* *'"' P'-''"M''«' »" ^l'«' 'liHi'rn.t flats an. forme.l.- ( lahlo IV. I-i^r. [().) Dal you oLscrve tliat the same keys bear ditlereut deiio- iiunations y < '. V.-;, mam;., I liavo observed timt the same key which serves jis a llat can eijuaily servo as a sharp. ' INT. (live me some e\am])h.'s. <:. I say C sliarp or Dllat; these two different denominations si.ruifv the sanu* ke^'. " •' M. Look iu your book and see if you not find si7»» 'i'''^'<^ 1>''"'»''» l'<' first f, makes equally aU .let s winch f«dlow it sharps, alfbon-h the sharp has only been prefixed to the tuNt n(» e .Now, as soon as you want the ettect <»f this"sbarp to (rease. you u ■!' '!?''!• n •''^^'"'^'' ^''''''^ '-n'^iu-''^ the C sharp iu its place as C natural. V\ me the f(, lou lc ultar^s and double Jtcits. ('. Which are these si;;ns, IMama ? \1. The d.Mil.le ^h;.rp looks like a cross, and the double Hat consists of two onlmary fats put to.ether.-( Table IV. lijv. i;,.) These sions are only apphcable to snch notes which have already been alterc/l by a sharp or by i '•' • ;V r, .■'■''/ , '' "'"^ l'"^ " '''•"'»• ''^'^■^••'^ the second, and a double sharp lu'lore tlie tliird of tlieui. ' C. Here they are.— (Table IV. ^>r, KJ.) .J\ '''''? '"? ^' .'• tTx'^ *"■' '' "'^'"■''^' ^^"' ''^•■^"'' "" ^' ^''■^'•P> «"'• tl'e third on I) natural, which takes i ase tlu. name of (,' double sharp. Could 3 on oi ve nie another instance ? ' <'. This is not difJicnlt. 1 (ake E as the radiial note. fl M. T!,.t -.viM not do; for the note preccdcl by a double sharp or a double ,i( can never be applied to a blavZ/n /' >, w/i, re et do hmol. (Planche x . li-un, lo ' Ast. 1.. ' i ' lur-nuM toiu^hes portent ,liffi..ntes d.'.n.,mina?ions ? '''''''*'' '^"'^ '*•" E. Oui luaman, j'ai trouve .pio la ru.'.ni.. t.Mi.^lu.qul sort pounine not.' ho- mol, pent eyalemont scrvir ])onr une note .Hose. M. Donnc-m'cn quol.jiips .'xcniples. fio^la ml;:.f;S;:'" " ''""' ^ '""^ '•'"^ •^'^••''"^^^ cl.^"onu„atlon. si.ni- M. ll<-arde dans ton li vro si tu n'y troiivcnis pas d.s sion... .lont la li- ,n-e r.vss,Mnl.|,, b(.an.-.,np a un . .,^s.^ niai« .,ui fonneut une .,,..ce d.. .-anv " 1:.. (>iu, niaman, en voila nn. M. Ecrls 1... E. Le voiti. (Planche IV, %nn.' II.) M. On I'appelle hecarrr. Phc{. ,\ la «an.;he d'uno note d.'ju hanss.'.e par nn dicse, on baissee parun hem.d, il renu't .-ette not.' dai.ssa situation nat'iiHie Jims f/o dieso siuvi de phisieurs autr.'s notes snr lo meme deore li. Les voici (Planche IV, %ure 1^.) " • M. Le premier rfo diese que tu as .''crit, ren.l efralement tons eenx qui le sul vent (o diese qnoujue <•.. du.se ne s.»it app.,s,'. ,,n a la pr.-n.i.^re n.>te' A iMvsent d.'s que 1 on vent la.re eesser Tettet .In .liese .-t n^tai.lir la note naturell..' on met un bocarre, qui remet le (h di.^se a sa pla.-o 1 • H ,, , ". ■ I !!••<•' I'lend- //?? |)our not(^ raui.'ait 1, .ar I jamais tombcrsnr une tmulio uoue. Ml I at I f 1 I r •11.1 I\L C.'la ne ya pas, .ar la not.«"pivc.'dee d'nn double diese .,u d'un .loiible bemol ne doit laniais toi ' " ^'ti 48 ('. Vory well; 1 will look for iuu.thiT then ; l.-t m vay D, D v.h\r\), mt\ I) iloiildtf sli:iri». M. Tliiif is rorr('(!t; ffivo now an instan<-o ofii doul)!*' flat. ('. Thirtiii always tlio sanio tiiiiii; ; H, li Hat, li «ioi(l»l(( Hat (TaMc TV. fi.r. 17.) But, Mama, why sharp ? M. I cannot pivo you a satisfactory answer upon thin qiiostion hcforo yon are farther advanced 'in thu science of nnisic ; in the mean lime pay att<'ntit>n to thir following rules : — 1. A natural with a flat heforc a note douMo flat, fcauccs that note to a biiiMlc Hat.— (Table V. iij;'. I.) 2. A natural with a sharp before a note double sharp, reduces it to tt singhi sharp.— (Table V. tifr. '2.) :i. A single natural takes off both the effect of the sharp or of the ilai, whe- ther single or double. 4. The different sharps and Hats, as well an the naturals introduced in the course of a |>i<'ce, are called acciikntaU. li. An accl.lfntal affects only the note which immediately fnt, if tlu! last note of a measure is a note shnrj^ or flat, ami if the (irst note of th<^ following measure h.ippeiis to be on llie same dej^ree with this one, then it is played sharp or Hut like the preceding one. ELEVENTH CONVERSATION. M. To-day j^l.ice yourself at the Piano. (!. Am I going to play, Mama? M. Yes ; but Ix'tbre beginning, pay strict attention to the following rules, which concern the position of the body, and the manner of putting the hands upon the key-board. The height of all Pianos being nearly the same, the music 8to(ds are in conformity to tlu' siz«^ of the ])ersons who are to make use of them. l%v«'ry ))erson who plays the Piano ought always to have the f jet resting Hrmly on the ground, and the elbows raised a little above the level of the key- hoard. The performer ought to bo placed opjjosite the middle of the key-board, at su< a a distance that the elbows may b«' brought ratlu-r for- ward than backward, in cnler that the hands may freely cross each other. The elbows slionld be neither too close to th(>body nor too distjmt from it. The head and body onght to be kept erect without stiffness, the shoulders «lepre!;sed and straigiit, without uiovt nient and w ithout affectation. Avoid :il I usele;^s movements of the head and body, and above ail abstain iVom con- tortions in which we are often apt to indulge, particuliu'ly in executing dilVi- <:!ilf pieces, becaus(> otherwise tlie ])erformer does not only lose that easy atti- tudi.' which constitutes the (rrace of the performance, but causes him to con- tr;ut h;ibits prejudicial to execution. ^ ♦ A slurp iir flit iiitrfiiluccil in tlir cmirsc ras plus avaiicoe daiw la scieuce de hi inusicpie ; en aUeudunt obherve los reylo; St suivantos : tu lea I ® Un b/'carro avec un bemol dovant uno note doub' ) bomol 1h remet eu simple boniol. (I'lanche V, lif^ure 1.) i' * Uii Ijocarn! avec un .lieso devant uno noto double dieso, la remet eu simple diese. (IManche V, lij^un; 2.] 3 ® Un beoan-o simple th'-truit ' alemeut I'eftet des dieses ou des bemols, soit qu'ils soient simples ou doubles 4 ® Les difterons dieses et bv-. .s ainsi que les beeam introduits dans une mesun; s'appelleiit accidentds. .5 * T/ii accidentel n'jdtero que la noto qui lo suit immediatf-ment, ou tout ail plus t'oUe, qui dans la 1110010 mesuro so trouvo surle memo degre.* alemeut diese ou beinol coinointement avec cellc-la. rules, owiniuf 11^ the hands ito(ds are in hem. I'A'ery iiy lirmlv on of the key- middle of t rather foi- s each other, stant from it. iio shoulders [ion. Avoid ;iiniVom con- :ecutinles suivantes qui concerneut la position du corps, et la maiiiero de placer les mains sur lo clavier. La hauteur do tons les Piano-Fort«'s etant a peu pros la memo, (!ollo des sieis(>r librement. Les coudes no doiveiit etr(> iii trop serivs, ni trop deta- clu's dn-4'orps. On doit teair la trto et lo corps droits saus roidcur et avoir les I'paules altais-;! cs, un ])eu ertaioes, sans nuuivement et sans affectation ; u faut oviter les mouvemens i:iUtilos de tote et do corps, et surfoiit s'abstenir des contorsions auxtjuelles on jso livro souvent en executant les raorCJfux uiificiles, parco (lu'aiitremciit, OJi jicrd nnn sculoment cetto attitude aisce qui constitue les graces dans i' execution, uiaisou est sujet a contractor 'k>s habi- tudes nuisiijies. * Uii iliOicmi un bfiri'il intrndiiits ilaiis le roiirs iriiiip piOcc s'appcllont aciidontelj, ot no peuvent affei'ter que les iiolci qui dans la niesure soiit placufs sur la uicine lijjiic, ou sur le memo cipace avec lei acciUentelj. G CRAMER. 1-4 I' io One of the principal means to acquire Jijjility in tlie finoers and ^race in tlie execution, is to pay tlie fjreatest attention to the proper position of tlie hands, and to the manner of placing' the fingers, in order to give them a quick and easy movement, and finally to the form in which they ought to be brought dur- ing their exercise. In order to place the hand well on the keyboard, the elbows (as already observed) must be a little higher than the level of it, and the hands slightly inclined towards the keys; from the forepart of the arm to the knuc- kles ; the M'rists neither too elevated nor too much depressed, bending the fingers at the first joint, and very slightl}' again at the second, so as to give the hand neai'ly around form. The hand must be supported on the side of the little finger, vihere it is always apt to fall, and above all care must be ta- ken that the fingers do not stiflren, and that the hands do not appear to be embarrassed on the keyboard. The fingers m'lst be placed on the middle of the white keys, so as not to be obliged to displace the hands M'hen the black keys are to be made use of. The thumb ought to be a little inclined towards the forefinger, and the other fingers separated from each other about the width of the white keys, otherwise their action will be impeded, and the performer will play ivith too great a movement of the arms. Every finger must hav:; a movement independent of that of the others; that is to say, when one finger is to act, the other fingers should not be affected by its movement. In placing the right hand on the keyboiird, according to the principles which are just laid down, with a view to play successively the five keys C, D, E, F and G, the thumb striking C, the first finger D, &c. : the fingers must all at the same time be placed on the surface of the keys which are to be played, in order to be ready to strike them ; then the fingers, as they are to serve, are raised a little above the key- boiu-d, but without making them lose the position and form above-mentioned, then they fall perpendicularly and successively upon the keys indicated, and remain there only the tii^ allowed by the value of the note, so as to avoid confusion in the sounds. The pnpil should pay the greatest attt-ntion to the little finger, in order not to stretch it when leaving a key, or not to bend it more than above-mentioned ■when not employed. A constant practice is also necessary for this finger, to procure it a degree of strength proportionate to that of the other fingers. The thumb and the little finger must carefully be kej)t over the keys, because if they fall under the level of the keyboard, the other fingers may be forced to leave their position. Finally, the touching the keys with the nails must be avoided, for it causes a disagreeable effect, and happens when the fingers are too much bent. Every movement of the arm which i« not absohitely necessary is ])rejudicial to execution. There caj^ be only two kinds of movements admitted : one, when the keys are left to observe the rests; and the other, when the hand must be brought from the right to the left, or from the left to the right to take dif- ferent ])ositions ; the forepart of the arm should only act, and the pait from the shoulder to the elbow ought to remain immoveable. When the thumb is to pass under the hand, it ought to be slipped under the fingers and be placjed pre\'iously over the key ; the position of the other fingers ouglit t(» be changed only at the moment the thimib is striking the key ; this is the on!y mode to play with lliiency, and the surest means to avoid the interrup- * Pagpi.':), li'ioS.anii d'Howiiif;. ;race in tlie tlm hands, I quick and •ought dur- the elbows I the hands > the knuc- ending the to give the side of the must be ta- >pear to be middle of [1 the black ed towards about the d, and the (le others ; ?rs should nd on the vith a view striking C, placed ou iy to strike i-e the key- mentioned, icated, and as to avoid n order not -mentioned this finger, her fingers. ys, because T be forced or it causes bent. 1 prejudicial : one, when nd must be to take dif- pai't from d under the ither fingers vey; this is lie interrup- 51 TJn des principaux moyens d'acquerir de la legerete dans les doip-fs et de la grace dans 1 execution, est de porter toute son attention a la po ition des miiius, a la maniere do regler les doigts pour leur donner des mouve- mens j)rompts et faciles, et enfin a la forme qu'ils doivent conserver dans leuj* exercise. Pour que la main soit bien posee il faut (comme on a deja dit) que les coudes soient un pen plus eieves que le niveau du clavier, et que les mains soient legerement inclinees vers les touches, depuis le haut de I'avant bras jusqu'aux pl.a'anges des doigts ; ne pas trop lever ni baisser le poignet; plier les doigts aux premieres phalanges, et les recourber tres legerement aux se- condes, pour que la main prenne line forme arrondie; il faut la soutenir du cote du petit doigt oii elle est toujours portee a flechir, et surtout prendre garde que les djoigts ne se roidissent niv$, et que les mains ne paroissent pas genees sur le clavier. II faut placer aussi les doigts sur le milieu des touches blanches, afin d'eviter de deranger les mains lorsqu'on veut se sorvir des toucshes noires. Le pouce doit etre un peu recourbe vers le prcr mier doigt, et ne s'ecarter que tres peu de son extremite ; les autres doigts doivent toujours etre ecartes de la largeur des touches et jamais serres en- tr'eux, autremeut leur action serait genee, et on serait entraine a jouer du bras. II faut que oliaqiie doigt ait un mouvement independant I'un de I'autre' c'est-a-dire, que lorsque Ton fait jouer un doi^t les autres doivent rester immo- biles. En posant la ipain droite d'apres les principes que nous venons d'etablir, pour touciior §uccessivement les cinq touches c?o, re, 7m, fa et sol de sorte que le pouce iksse entendre le do, et le premier doigt le re, &c. — il faut que tons les doigts soient pla<;es en meme temps sur la superficie des touches qu'on aura a faire resonnor, afin qu'ils soient prets a toucher ; ensuite on levera les doigts, a mesure qu'on veut s'en servir, un peu au-dcssus du clavier, mais sans les allouger, et on les fera tomber perpendiculairement e* successiveraent sur les touches indiquees, en observant de ne les laisser sur chaque touche que le tem^ determine par la valeur de la note, afin d'eviter la confusion des sons.* On fera la plus grande attention a ce qua le petit doigt ne s'allonge point en quittant unc touche, et ne se plie ni ne se releve quand il n'est pas employe ; 1111 exerci(^e soutenu est d'ailleurs necessaire, pour lui procurer le degre de force proportionne a celui des autres doigts : il ne faut jamais laisser tomber le petit doigt ou le pouce aii-dessous du niveau du clavier, parceque dans co ciw, les autres doigts pouiroient etre forces de quitter leur position. Enfin ou evitera de toucher le clavier avec les ongles, ce qui produit un effe* dusagreable et n'arrive que lorsque les doigts sont trop courbes. Tout mouvement du bnis qui n'est pas absolument necessaire est prejudi- ciable si I'execution. On ne pent adraettre que deux especes de mouvemens. Tun, lorsque I'on qui^^^e le ckivier pour observer les pauses ; I'autre, quand il faut porter la main de droite a gauche, ou de gauche a droite, pour prendre d'autres positions; I'avant-bras seul doit agir, la partic depuis I'epaulejus- qu'aii coude doit rester immobile. Lorsqu'il faut passer le pouce sous la main, on doit le glisser sous les doigts le pcser d'avauce sur Li toucVie, et ne deranger la position des autres doigts qu au n;f»m«nt ou le po ice enfoncera la toucibe. c'est le seul moyen de j<»ner avec egalite, et pour 'le point interronipr« io son par le chanj^emcnt de« * I'rfge 2'/— ligne 8, &r. 52 >i ^ Mi tion of the sounds by the chatif-'ln-!: of the fing-ers, Tlie same rule ought to be followed as regards the lingers which are to be passed over the thumb. The success of the pupil depends always upon those first rudiments, to which, therefore, too much importance cannot be attached, as a bad habit once acquired, is very difficult to be corrected. The thumb of each hand is marked by a cross, the forefinger by the figure 1, and the following fingers by the figures 2, 3, 4. Put now your right hand on the keyboard, and play the following keys : — 4th C, 4th D, 4th E, 5th F, 5th G, 5th F, 4th E, 4th D, 4th C. &c.'; and this exercise you will continue until you are able to move the fingers easily, and according to the rules which I have communicated to you as regards the po- sition of the body and of the hands, &c. Then j'ou will practice the same notes with your left hand, by placing your fourth finger on the second C, &c. Put now again the right hand on the keyboard, and play the same keys as before ; but observe to raise quickly the finger from one key while the next finger is striking the following. (All these exercises made with one hand must always be repeated with the other, and so A>ith both hands together.) This is the manner generally observed in playing the Piano ; but, neverthe- less, we find frequently notes v»'hich must l)e executed in different Mays ; and the manner in which this is done, I shall shew you directly : Play the fourth C, with the thumb of your right hand, and tlken the fourth D, with the first finger, but be careful not to raise thf* thimib from its key before the first finger has previously played D, and observe the same manner of striking with regai'd to E, F, and G following, viz. remain always with the finger on one key until the other is completely pressed down. C. But, Mama, how can I know when I have to observe this motle of playing. M. This is always indicated either by the word legato, or by a circular line (slur) embracing the notes which are to be played legato. (Table V, fig. 3.) There are also three different Mays of marking tlio notes M'hich must be detachcd.^( Table V, fig. 4, 5, 6.) If the notes are Mritten similar to fijj-. 4, they must be played with a very swift motion of the finn'ers, raising them immediately after the key is touched, and making each note lose about three quarters of its value. The notes written similar to fig. 5, must be played ^vith less vivacity, Ipsing only about half their value. I The notes fig. 6, must be still less detached than those fig. 5. They are played M'ith a smooth motion of the finger, and lose only about one-fourth of their value.* These three different ways of detaching the notes are expressed by the word staccato. The staccato must be executed otherwise in a slow movement than in a lively one ; in a sIom' movenn-nt iXw keys are struck only by the aid of the fingers, and without any movement of the m rist ; but in a lively one, » Wlu'n these passages arc porfcrmcd on keyed instruments, the finj;cr is not kept close as in the slur (lig. ;;,) and raised ds in the dot or in the dash (fig. 4 aiiU 6,} but drunied gently on the key, and taken off before the time of tlic note is wholly toinpleted, C AJLLCOTl*. 53 B oupht to thumb. liraeuts, to habit ouco the figure ^ keys : — . ; and this >asily, and Is the po- B the same ond C, kc. le kc3's as c the next one hand ;'ether.) , ncvorthe- rtays; and tlken the ) from its the sjimo ain always \vn. s mode of rcular line V, fifT. 3.) I must be th a very is toutheoints i.u des traits (figure + et /),) inais Ic Uiiter tomber doueemcut sur la touche, ct le lever araut nue Ic teius de la note sou entierement ixpire- CALLCOXT. f ,.TSI '4il1 mw. lU ' f ii" ' mIj^to overy note oufjlit to bo vory miu-li dctactipd and very rapid, a niov«- mciit «»ttho wrist must be made witli great flexibility to caeli n(»te, so as to ^nve to tlu? tiiiMfors that motion which is necessni y to ])roduce the detijched Koiinds, particularly Avheu the keys which arc to be played are distant from each other. Remark 1. A wlnr over or nnder two notes on the same defrree is railed a Mud (a tye) and unites the two notes into one, therefore the first only is played and kept down tlie full length of botii. — (Table VI. fig. 1.) Remark 2. If the slnr is applied to two notes on two difTerent deorees, they must be played legato, the first of tlunn in its full length and with moro force than the second, which Jnt degrees, I'ibed, keop- enoth indi- netimes we to another, niinish that y the word aud dimi- of musi(r is of a eertaiu •i^rhths, ao ! of miisie. I iU'e distin- iientlv of a rop-pinrhtliN, f quickness It yiMi pf the Aij.iorr. p.( e, ou elmquenote aive, il faut faire ,\ rhaoue note uu mouvement du i)oio-net qui doit etre tres llexible pour douner le nio-.- venient neces«aire aux \\ V »• » i> figure Remarque Seme.— Si la liaison est jointe li deux notes sur ilenx differens deores on doit les jouer /.Y/r/to, mais la premiere note se joue avec nins de toriH. et dans toute sa loi.oueur, pendant que la secoiide est" iouee foibiement fu lui donnant seulement la moitie de «i valeur. ( Plaiiche V 1 ji- ure ^ ) DOUZII'ME CONVERSATION. Je t'ai parledans notre derniere le^-on des differentes manieres de ren- dre es notes, il me reste actuellemimt quelques autres observations a te faire sur le meme sujet : On pent enfoncer une touche aveo plus ou mo-ns de force, ce qui fait que 1 ou pent produire a volonte des sons forts ou faibles. Le son le plus faille que Ion tire de 1 instrument est marque pai- le mot jnanissi, no, et le son le plus tort i^ax fortissimo. Pour indiquer u;i jeu moiiis fort uw. fortissimo, on met le mot forte, et pour luoiquer un jeu moins faible que pianissimo, ou se sert du mot pmno.~'6'A ii'y a «i i'mi iii I'autre de ces mots, on observe le degre de force entre piano et forte. Joue actuellement les touches do, re, mi, fa, sol, en les faisant passer sue ressivementparcesdifrereusdeores, d'abord pianissimo, cnsuite piano, puis jorte, et anhnjortissmio. ^ Tu as joue' cos cinq touches selon les decrres ordonnes depuis la premiere ius- qu a la cmquieme note. Mais cettte eofaHte n'a pas toujours lieu, i)arce que quelquefois on aui,mieiite la force oraduellement dans la pro»Tession 'rune no- te a une autre, ce qui est mdique par le mot crescendo, ou bien an coutraire on dimmue cette force dans la progression par de difierentes notes ce qui est ludique par le mot diminuendo ou decrescendo. Crescendo est frequemment ex])rime par le sijjne Plrnche VI filuw and qma/, q,ucu, ft/v/ quick. * Theabovocl,.s.nc::t>on. which tho French havo a.lopteJ, is according to thMtalian»chool; In England ihc tbU..wu,g oidef is generatlj adoi.ttd : Adagm, Largo, AiC. JOUbbh. I V •I A 1« If [The Author has introduced, in the two last Conversations, what appeared to him most distinct in the method of the Piano-Fortc d.i Conversatoire de Paris, relating to the position of the body and the hands, as icell as to the different manner ofplai/iny tJie Notes.] 111 I 3^ 67 put of the h throuiili the words verii doiv, aich. jn school ; In JOUSSE. lit- doijrt' d«' vitpsse on d«' Ipiitfur qiip Ton dunne a c«»s t«ms s'appoUe le moii- vt'nioiit do la nicsiin'. Ily a cinq priiicipalfs modifications du inouv«>niriit (|iii «linis ro)«lr<' dii l«'nt an vito s'oxjniniMit par les mots Luryro^ At/ai/io Aiif/iiiitr, Alliyto ft JWsto ;* ct res mots M'rendont a pon pr^s f.n t'runiais' par l«'s siiivans: tn's-liMit, moius lent, modere, jai, vit«. * l.j cl»>^iti<«tioin:i.drJs»ii>, que Ie» Franvaia out adoptee, c«t suivant I'tcole Italienilc: cii Aiirie (eric I'orUif Miivaiu tat KoiiOiaU'inviit aJupto : AUagio, X^rKu, Ac. JOUSs£ appeared satoire de as to the [L'ditlevr a intioduit dans res deiu: (itrnieres ronvermtinns re qu'il ij a de jilus r/nir dntis la mi'tlwdr du piaiia-fortr du do Paris, idutivr^ iiinit a hi ponitiim du rorpa t:t dea maiius, dr. mime (pi^aux dijferrntrn ninnirres dr imdrr A'.i nutfy;] I-(|:. It JT I ^i'- SUPPLEMENT. 1. Of Accent, and Syncopation. A Piece ot' Music can be compared to a Speech, beiiin- (composed of Words, Phrases and Periods, marked iiy the inUections of the voice. A .spee(rh with- out accent U)ses both etTect and interest. It is the same with regard to Music, which is (b'prived of expression and beauty where tlie proper accent is wanted. This accent is (expressed by playing the accented notes with more oncrjry than the unaccented ones. The accent in music is applied according to the following- rules : la the time of four-fourths one and three are accented, and tivu &miJour are unaccented. (Tab. VI. Fig. 5.) lo slow movement where the mv^ures are composed of eighths, or of still smaller parts of notes, the first eighth and the third, the fifth and the seventh are accented, and the others unaccented. (Tab. VI. Fig. G.) Tn the time of two-fourths owe is accented, and two una(!cs, in order to lay the accent on its proper places. (Tab. VII. Fig. 1 and 2.) A St/ri^ painn arises if an unaccented note has a tye with an accented one. (Tab. VII. I'lg. 3.) A SyconiKition takes place al.so if long notes arc placed between short ones, as Tab. VII. Fig. 4. 2. EXPLANATION- OF SOME SIGNS WHICH HAVE NOT YET BEEN MENTIONED : The double bar (Tab. VII. Fig. 5.) shews the termination of a strain; if dotted on one side, (Tab. VII. Fig. 6.) it indicates that the strain on th« • This is according to Calleolt, .'ous«e and otheri ; Cramer »ays " iq two^fourtbi and lii.dghihs, tht Hr»t p.u't of tl,i? b«r ii accviitcd, the etcund unaccented. of Words, n«(!('l« with- \ to Music, r jMjcout is mth more )o ami Jour !, or of fitill he seventh ed. (Tab. aid on one, accented — a measure nt is caUed (reviations, Tab, VI l^ nted note8, I and 2.) n accentpr»'iionil!v placod abovo the stave, and icrs to unotlicr similar ai\to«;«!dt'nt hh^u, to which th.' i)t'ifonm'r is to n't\irii to repeat the ])assa;;e. Tlw jKniir. (Tab. VII, Fi<;. ft.) If ♦he jmuseis fouiui on a note, or on a rv'M, it, in(',i(;ates a Misiteiisiou of the time dm ii!^- which the ^terfonuer may iritrodiire some extem|»<»rary jtassajyes; jdaced o.. a double bar it indicates the ena of the movement after the repeat has been obsorvd. I'ed. (Pedtile) shews when the podalo must bo pressed down, and the Ktiir (*) when it is to I e left offau^aiu. Arpcvf/io, (Tab. VII. Fi;r. !<>•) A Chord marked with this sipA is to I>e jtlayed "snrcessively and rajtidly, from the lowest to the hi^jliest note, instead of beintf struck all at a lime. .'}. Of the Orxamextai, Notks. The small note ciUed nppofjfjiatura, (leaning- note— from the Italian ivord fi])jM)f/;/l ornamental notes* before one or several orduiary ones; the way of playing' them is explained Tab. \lll. i-isr. 1 . The ucclorcdiura, porfanicitfo, is a short fippi>f/f/iatm-a, and is always at (ioine distance from the larije note. (Tab. VI 11. Fii,'. 2.) There is another kind of Ornameut called the turn (Tab. VIII. Fiii'. 'A.) The examples Tab. Vlil. Fig. 4. will shew the diflerent M-ays of executinsf it. 4. AmjKFA'iATioNs. (Tab. VIU. Fig-, o.) o. Of the Scales. S'rale is the name which is fjiven to a eeitaln succession of notes. — IMayinsc (', (' sharp, D, D sharp, E, F, F sharp, G,G sharp, &c. : the rliro' nifitic scale is fornn-d. Tiie notes CJ, D, E, F, G, A, B, and V, constitute the aiatonic scnir. F>xaininintf;i;w«o in Eiiglisli inttrucUuii Booi^if'^i^ Adams' Mclhouc 4u toii6«v«toire, grsuppetto me»u» the lutn— (redouble.) h I iilcs, luiili [%'. V.) itavc, and to rotiini ■<>, or on II rnuT niiiy liciitos the 1, and t)u> ;n Is to Im' tc, instead lie Italian lOte ivliieh it horrows )rp one oi* rai». vm. ahvays at I. Fip. :i.) ce(nitiii'4' it. : tlie rhro' scalr. igressitj'u of II, and from i>ni I'" to *^, 16' AlcUioiic 4i< dl.ji'.eiit que la parfliMiii coS'" des points doit t*trer«''jiet'^". ( Plandie VIl, i\r, f;,) el. Ml les point se troiivent des denx cote de la double harre, ulorsla partie jm- ••(•'.lento et la partie suivaiite sont rfpetees. (IMaindie Vil, Jii'iire '/.) Z,*^ ;v/jry/ (IMunclie Vir, 4i}>ure s.) ordiiiaireiiient pliiee an-dcssiis de l.i portee, eorrespond u nn autre sijfne Neiuldalde, et jijiiniuo qn'il faiit i.-- \eiilr du second au premier, pour rejteter ce pa-ssajre. Point JinnI, Point irnrguf, I'ltint ik r^pos, Cuitromic (PI. VII, fi;,'. 9.) Q.jand ee siirne est snr line note ou fiir une panse il indifiue lui repos ok tne, suspension de la niesure, petidant laqnelle le jonenr pent introduire d,? m\ txiiis pxssaires de •j'out; f,e nieiue sii'ue ]daee sur line doiil)le barre, iiidiqii.j la ftri de '■ pi«''oe apre.s la repetition du passai-e indi(|iu'' par 1<> renvoi. Vi-d. (I'ediile,) demunde quo Ton eniploio la Pedale, et I'etoilo (*) qui };uit, apres Ped. vent .ju'on laisNe la TV-dale. Arpe^'yfio, Arpetfe, Arpe^eiiient. Les notes d'lm accord ni:in|uees par nv. do ces siifues doiveut se taire entendre succesvivcuient et rapidenient au lie; d'etre fVappees u la I'ois. ( Planche \'II, figure 10.) 3. DEs NOTrs d'aghement. La petite note appel«''e Appoffgintnra, (du mot italien npjumjiarc, a])puyer) p'^ut-etre placee au-dessus ou au-dessous d'lino note oniinaire, uwc laquellrt on lii joue toujours le^jato, et preiid ordinairt'inent la moitie de la valeur de hi iiat,(!9uivanteaux depens delaijuelle elle se join; voyez Plauciie VII, li^rure 11. II arrive souvent que Ton place deu.v, trois ou plusieurs notes d'anrenieiit * devaut nne ou plusieurs notes ordinaires ; les exeniples (Planclie VIII, fi^furo 1.) montreront comment on doit jouer les uues et les aiitrcs. V Acciacntura, purlmnento est ir courte nppo<>jriatura, et se trouve tou- jom*s a, quelque distance de sa note principalc. (PUiiu-he VIII, ti^nire 2.) II y a encore un .^ig'ue d'ai>Temeiit qii'on desi<>ue sou., lo nom do redov^ hia ou do brise, tel quo m:\rque Planclie VIII, figure 3. Les exenipU--;, Planohe VIII, fig'ure 4, montreront les ditterentos sij^ uiticutions de ce sigue. 4. Abreviations. (Pkaclie VIII, %ure 5.) 5. DeS F'.IELLES. Eckelle, est le nom qu'on donne u line certaine succession dt notes. En jouant doy do dit6e, re, re ditse, mi, fa, Ja diesc, sol, sol diese, etc., on for- me rcchelle cliromatique. Les notes do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, forment I't'chelle diatonique. En cxamiiiant cette deruiere echelle ou trouve d'abord de do a re, la proi>res- :;ion de deux demi-tons, ou d'un ton entier ; de re a. it>.i, une progression M'mblable et de mi a fa, la progr^'ssion d'un demi-tou ; cnsuice il y a un ton • Dans les Uvros anglais d'instructlons, un tcl groupe de notes est appcUc g rt/fyjftto, la mettiode 'Jl'i t;)n»eiv«toirc comprend sous gruppctto ce que le» «vcl9'f' api>elleut turn. 'y m 'WW m 64 ft whole tone from G to A, and a \vhol«' tone asjaui from A to B, and finally, a spinitono fi-oin B to C, so that the whole scale consists of live tones and two semitones : C D E F G A B C; 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 A. It is the same in be<>innin<>' t!iis scale on any other Key whatever, that is to sav, there is abvavs a wlioletone Irom the iiisf to the second decree, and ano- ther tVoui the second to the third, then a semitone fi(mithe third to the fourth deo-ree. From tlie fourth to the tilth, from tlie (ifth to the sixth, :i!..< from t'".e sixtii to tlie seventh (U'ji'recs we liud three Avliole tones .'iji'siin, and a s.Huitone from the seventh to the ci<«lnh dej-ree. The Key, or the note 'ijioi! which i\e h.'uin the scah- is caUed tonic, and the follou in-- di'-irees are called thi' scconr/, tkc third, tht fourth, thrfj'lh, the ni.th, the .-^crcnt/i, and iiually the ortave or unison of tlie "tonic. Observe here, that the third is called nidjor third if it is thefourth semitone al)ove the tonic (Tab. IX, Fi<«-. 1.) andyrt<"/(W third if it is the third seinitone above the tonic. (Tab. IX, Fifed to jilay F sharp instead of F natural, in crder to form a wli>'ree, and tin' second to form a m hole tone from the sixth to the si?tenth dej^rce of the scale. Taking' this way continually the iiftli of each new scale as the tonic of a follo^viny oius the nnmb»>r ol' sharps t»ill always increase by one at each time. C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C. G, A, B, C, D, E, F sliarp G. D, E, F sharp G, A, B, C sharp D. Takinw the fourth deoree of any scale as tonic for am -ther mc meet Hats. Tiins beo-iiini)!','' with the fourth in the scale of C (which s F), we are obli{?ed ti» play B flat instead of B natural, in order to form afcmitone from the third t<» the' fourth deffree. Taking the fourth of this last scale (B ilat) as tonic, we find in its scale for the above-mentioned reason a new flat (E Hat), and confi- iMiin<; in a similar ^» ay the flats w ill increase by one at each time. The sharps or flats belor'.;;injr to a scale are always placed at the beginninfif of it, in the order seen Table IX, tiii^. .j. A scale constructed on the above principles is' (died a major kcuU; and is always in connecti(m with a minor scale (ciilled, Its rrlutive. ifinor) the tonic of which is three semitones below the tonic of the major scale. (Table, IX, ti}?. 4.) E\ery minor scale has always an eipial number of sharps or flats ^itli the niit jor scale to which it is relative. Observe that iu fl«fHaV»/7 a minor scale, its sixth and s<>venth degrees are taised either by a sharp, if they have bciu natural notes (Table XI, flp'. 5,) oi- bv a natural, if they hai-e been fiats, (Table IX, tij>f. .5.) but in dcsrendintf this scale the notes are played accordrn}»' to it.s oriji-inal number of sharj)* or flats. Bv lookin'.j) uially tlu^ of t-harp.s D. Hats. Tjins [>l)li.' cntior d(- fa h sol, un autre d*. sol u A,, nn do la >, si, o( ontln un dcmi-tcHi rfo, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do. •^-^ '^-^ ^»^ ^^ ^ ^^.z S^ r. •, 1 1 * 1 1 1 v. M il en est dern.">rao pourcette <'',helle en commenvantsuraucune autre ton- cbequelronque de sorte qu il y a toujours nn ton entier dcpnis le ler Ui^ ^u second deore et nn dopujs 1. .second jusqn'au troisieme, et il n'y a (/u'u d1" nu^ton dii troisieme ju.squ'au quatrienie deo■rt^ Du quatriime a„ chi- quieme, six.eme et septien.e de^^re.s, ily a encore de.s tons entiers, et du se , - t.eme an lunt.eme, i n'y a qu'un chelle pour toni(iue d'une autre echelle, ou rencontrora des beinols. A partir de re.dielle de do, par exemple, on trouvera Ja pour touique, et pon. former seulement un demi-ton du troisieme jusqu'au quatriemc de,i.re, on sera ohliieoe et imr.:ediatement apres la clef, montrent couse(jueminent aussi la toui . 1 11 It m\ a I !h '$ I 66 immediately after the olefs, shew likewise the «rale upon which the piece it founded, or in one word the tonic of the piece. . • „ ;*, If there are neither shaa-ps nor flats at the beginning ^^^^ piece, Us tonic must be either V. major or A minor. But since the number of shaiys T^.tT^Vn^Tmoiei.ii^.y. equal to that of it« -^f^^ ^Hw^e it remains still to decide between them, and the shortest way " tins cai.e is, to look for the last (lowest) note in the bass, which is always the tome. '(Here the pupil will begin ti form all the different major and minor sea es from C to 7 sLiVps and 6 flats, according to the example. Table XI, fagure 1. The following table will serve to find the hngenng to all these scales : C, 0,D, A, & E, major and minor, Asceiiding. *x I 2 X 1 2 3 X 1 2 X I 2 3 4 f4'321x2 1x321x21x (12x12x123x12x12 A flat maj. J 2 i x 3 2 I x 2 I x 3 2 1 x 1 '\ A flat minor B major and ( minor. ( 2 3x12x12 3x12x12 2 1x321x21x321x1 x 1 2 x 1 2 3 x 1 2 x 1 2 3 -i 3 2 1x321x21x3 2 Ix Descending. . (1x12x123x12x123 B flat major, | jy i x 3 2 1 x 2 1 x 3 2 1 x 1 (1x12x123x12x123 B flat minor, ^ 1x321x21x321x21 ^ flat maj. & ...inor, E flai; major E flat minor \ 12x123x12x123x1 2 I X 3 2 1 X 2 1 X 3 « I x 1 1x12 3x12x123x12 2 1x321x21x321x1 1x12 3x12x123x12 1x321x21x321x21 4321x2 1x321x21x xl 2x123x12x1234 2 1x21x321x21x21 1x123x12x123x12 2 1x21x321x21x3 2 12x12x123x12x12 4321x2 1x321x21x x I 2 3 X 1 2 X 1 2 3 X 1 2 3 321x21x321x21x1 1x12 3x12x123x12 321x21x321x21x1 12 3x12x123x12x1 1x321x21x321x21 1x12 3x12x123x1 2 2 1x321x21x3 2 1x1 1x123x12x123x12 21x321x21x3 21x1 12x123x12x123x1 T, . ■rvl9'ivl2xl2 3xl23321x321x21x321x '^rr ;*32 1x2^x32 1X2 Txx 12x1 2.3x1 2x1 234 . (112 3x12x123x12x1 F sharp maj. J {3 2 1 x 2 1 x 3 2 1 x 2 I x I . (12x123x123x12x2 F sharp mm. ^ 3 2 1x21x321x21x1 1x21x321x21x3 21 1x12x123x12x123 21x2 1x321x21x21 1x12x123x12 X 1 23 * Hisht Hand, t Left Hand. ~ il I J piece le >iece, its of sharps or mode, this case ! tonic, lor scales I, figure scales 3 1 X 2 1 X X 1 2 3 4 2 1x21 23x12 2 1x32 12x12 1 x2 1 x 3x123 x2 1 X i 2 3x12 x2 1 X 1 X 12x 1 2 1x21 2 3x12 3 2 1x1 2 3x12 3 2 1x1 12 3x1 x32 1 X !x 1 234 » 1 X 3 2 1 12x123 c2 1 x2 I 12x123 ^i7 yri^ce*'^*"^'*""* ""^ ^'**^"^"*' ^* ^'^*"* *"** ^**^'^''' ^"^ *" "" "'***^* ^**"^'1"« •*« ISe s'y trouye-t-il ni di^'se ni bumol, on voit que la pi^ce est composee ou eta- bae ou siir I ecnelle de rfo ma|eur, ou sur celle de la miueur, mais comme le norabre de dieses ou bemols d'un mode raajeur est serablable k celui du mode relatif mmeur il reste encore a decider entre ccs deux, et le plus court est de reffarder dans la piece la derm^-re note de la basse qui est toujours la tonique. (Ici 1 ecoher commencera a former toutes les echeiles majeures etmineures, depuisce^Iederfojusqu'a 7 dieses et jusqu'a 6 bemols selon I'exemple Plan' cfte Al bu?ur« 1 Le tableau ci-dessous lui servira pour trouver le doiff- tier de chaque echelle.) " Do,sol,re,la, C et mi, raaj. -^ et mineur, ( Xaberaolmaj. ] 1 Za beraol mi- neur, 'Si majeur et mineur. Si hemol maj.) Si bemol mi- neur, Me bemol ma- C jeuretmin. ( Mi bemol maj. ) Mi Bemol mi- neur, Fa, majeur et mineur, Fn diese ma- ( jeur, \ Fn v^ese min. ) Ascendant. *x 1 2 X 1 2 3 X 1 2 X 1 2 3 4 t4 3 2 1 X 2 1 X 3 2 1 X 2 1 X 12x12x123x12x12 2 1x321x21x321x1 23x12x123x12x12 21x321x21x321x1 xl2x 123x12x1234 3 2 1 X 3 2 1 X 2 1 X 3 2 1 X 1x12x123x12x123 21x321x2 1x321x1 1x12x123x12x12 3 1*321x21x321x21 12x123x12x123x1 21x3 2 1x21x321x1 1x123x12x123x12 2 1x321x21x321x1 1x12 3x12x123x1 2 1 X 3 2 1x21x321 X 2 1 X 1 2 3 X 1 2 X I 2 3 X 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 X 2 1 X 3 2 1 X 2 1 X 12 3x12x123x12x1 3 2 1x21x321x21x1 1 2 X 1 2 -^ X 1 2 3 X 1 2 X 2 3 3 1x21x3 2 1 X ? 1 X 1 Descendant. 4 3 2:x21x3 21x21x X 1 2 X 1 2 3 X 1 2 X 1 2 3 4 2 1x21x321x21x21 1x12 3x12x123x12 21x21x3 21x21x32 12x12x12 3x12x12 4321x21 X 32 ix21x Xl23xl2xl2 3xl23 32 1x21x321x21x1 1x123x12x12 3x12 321x21x3 2 1x21x1 123x12x12 3x12x1 1x321x21x321x21 1x12 3x12x123x12 21x321x21x321x1 1x12 3x12x123x12 2 1x321x21x321x1 12x123x12x123x1 3 2 1 X 3 2 1 X 2 1 X 3 2 J X X 1 2 X 1 2 3 X 1 2 X 1 2 3 4 1 X 2 1x321 X 2 ? X 3 2 I 1 X 1 2 X 1 2 3 X 1 ^ ,i 1 2 3 2 1x21x321x21 X 2 J I X I r> T J ? 3 T. 1 2 X 1 2 3 (' il * Main Droite. J Main Gauclie. 68 '"A 'if' () OK THK SHAKE. The shake is a quick alternate repetition of two notes. (Tab. IX, fig-. 6.) The shake is one of the finest ornaments in music and ouj^lit therefore to bo practised with the greatest perseverance. The example Table IX, figure 8, will serve to shew to the pupil how to practice it. A shake may he made on any note, and is indicated by the marks Table IX ti'nire •^. It generally begins or ends with a turn. The examples Table IX figure 9 and Table X figure 1, give a view of all the different shalies and will assist the pupil in practising them. One ofthe principal means to acquire flexibility and independence ot the fingers and swiftness in execution, is to practice the scales and the shakes continually. In nractisin-r the shakes the pupil must be careful to practice equally with all the different fingers, and particularly with the fourth finger in order to "ive it a decree of force and flexibility proportionate to that ot the other fin- gers. The following directions will guide the pupil in this exercise : " Right hand, (on D and C) 1 x-2 1-3 2-4 3-2 x— 3 x— 4, x-3 1— 4 ] — 4 2— X 1 — X 2 — x ?. . , „ , , Left hand (on D and C, x I-l 2-2 .'3-3 4-x 2— x 3-x 4—1 3—1 4— 2 4—1 X— 2 X— 3 X. 7 — OF THE BEAT. The beat differs from the shake in as much a.s the shalvord luco is found.— (Tab. XI. fig. 4.) 69 m :, fio-. 6.) ;rcforo to X, figure ■ks Table >les Table lakcB and •e of the lie shakes tally with 1 order to other fiu- X— 3 1— 3^14— 6. OV TRII.I, OU TREMBLEMENT. , On appelle /;•/// ou tremblement deux notes que I'on joue vivement et nl., leurs fois ; tel que represente Planche IX fi.rnre fi vnement et plu- Le trill etant un des plus beaux oruemens dans la musique, le punille doit le pratiquer avec la plus f,n-an, le p.r.^verance. L'exemple PlanS IX fii tlquen "'' ^ ™ '" ^"^ ' ''''""'*''"* '^ ^'''' ''y P^«"^« P«^^ 1« Pr£ On peut faire un trill sur chaque note, et la note qui est jouee en trill est marquee comme suit Planche IX figure 7. Souvent le triU coiumence ou fiuit par uu redouble. Les exemples Planche IX figure D^et Planche dtSr;riti;r*"^ ^^-^ '-- '^'-^^^^^^^r.iro^^^r^^ Un des principaux raoyens de rendre les doij^ts flexibles et ind^nen dans los uns des autre.s et d'acquerir de la Ieg6ret6 dans TexTctTtion est d« pratiquer sans cqssc les echelles et les trills. execution, est de En pmtiqnan: les trills on doit avoir soin de pratiquer effalement avec tons les doigts, surtout avec le quatri^me pour lui /onner une W et une flS •ktiS'^SSe: -"-^--^- ^-^^- Cettepi^tique se iS^ Si -3 X— 4 X— 3 I— Main droite (sur re et do.) 1 x— 2 1—3 2-.4 •i—9 v 4 1—4 2— X 1— X 2— X 3.— ^o ax- Mmn gauche (sur re et do,) x 1-1 2-2 3-3 4-x 2-x 3-v 4-*3_ 1 4— 2 4— I X— 2x— 3x.— x.^s—xt Td— h the note 1 the one vided into 3.) 7 — DU BATTEMENT. n y a cette difference du trill au battement, que le triU commence nar la noteauMlessus de celle sur laqueUe il est marqJe, au lieu qi^le battement commence par la note au-dessous. Voyez Planche XI, fi^e i ^^"''"^''* 8 — TREMANDO. Les_ notes d'un accord marquees par ce mot ou par son abr^viation sont di- s6es.endeux piu-ties etjouees dans la rapidite d'mi trill. (Planche XlT% 2. vis6es' ,■ foA an Oc- fig. 4.) 9— Octave— (par abreviation 8va.) Quand cette figure se trouve sur un passage, chaque note doit ^tro ion^A " INDEX. I't ; Abbreviations, Accent, Acciacciiiiira, - Accidcntai, Adaj^io, Afjility in the fingers, - Allegro, Andante, Appogffiatura, - ' Arpeggio, - Ascending Minor Scale, JlSass, Bass Clef, Beat, - - - Black Keys, Brace, 62 - 60 - 11 48 - 56 50 &56 56 - 56 - 62 62 64 8 68 68 42 10 Dot after a pause, Dot after a note, Double Bar, Double Flats, Double Sharps, Double Triplet, c placed at the beginnuig piece. Chromatic Scale, Clefs, - - Common Time, - Compound Common Time, Do. Triple do. - Contortions, Contra Tones, Crescendo, Crotchet, Crotchet's Rest, of a D, 'ecrescendo, Ucmiseraicpiaver, Demisemiquaver's Rest, Descending Minor Scale, Diatonic Stuile, niiiiinuetido, • - _ Division of a piece of Whm Measures, E, IGHTHS, - Elbows, Emphasis, 38 - 30 60 - 46 46&48 - 40 28 48 69 F, IFTH cf a Note, - Fifth, Fingers passed over the Thumb, Fingers marked. Flats, Forte, - - - - Fortissimo, - Fourth, . - " " Fourth of a note, 38 64 52 52 44 54 54 64 26 30 62 12 28 28 28 48 8 54 26 36 54 32 36 64 62 54 G RUPPETTO, Grace of Performance, Grace in Execution, - 62 48—50 - 60 H ALF a Note, Half Demisemiquaver, Half Demisemiquaver's Rest, Height of Music Stools, Head, - - " into Iveys, Keyboard, ARGO, Ledger LiaeH, 26 32 36 48 48 4> 4 ^6&28|Little Finger, . 56 16 50 & 6* 38 - 30 60 - 46 - 46&48 - 40 28 48 69 umb, St, 38 64 S2 52 44 54 54 64 26 - 62 48—50 - 50 26 32 36 48 48 4 4 - 56 !6 50 & 61* INDEX. lBREVIATIONS, Acciaccatura Accent, - _ - Accidentt'l, Adagio, - - . A llegro. Andante, Appojfgiatura, - Arpegeraeut, Arpege, B »ASSE, Battement, Banesdemesure, Bcmol, Becarre, . - - Becarre avec un beraol, Becarre avec un diese, Blanche, - - Brise, 63 63 61 49 57 57 57 63 63 63 63 9 69 27 45 47 49 49 27 63 c au commencement d'une Cinquieme de note. Clef, Clef de la Haute, - Clef de la Basse, Contra Touches, Coudes, Cotironne, Contorsions, * Crescendo, Crochet, Croche, J-Iemi-note, - D«ux point* aprtt uue note, - piece, [31 39 - 13 13 - 13 9 - 49 63 - 49 55 - 11 39 27 35 Deux points apresune pause, - 39 Demi-pause, - - 35 & 37 Demi-ton, - . . - 43 Demi-soupir, - - . 37 Decrescendo, - - . _ 5,5 Division des notes enmesures, 27 & 29 Diese, .... 43—45 Differentes manieres de toucher les touches, - . . - 53 Diminuendo, - - - 55 Double-croche, - - .33 Double-diese, - - . 47 Double-bemol, - - - 47 4,9 Doigts marques, - - - 53 Double-barre, - - . - 61 E, ICHELLE, . E<;lielle chromatique, Echelle diatouique, Echelle majeure, Echelle mineure, - Emphasis, . Espaces, F iGURE des notes. Forte, Fortissimo, G, RACE dans Texecution, Gruppetto, - - . ft AUTE, - Hauteur des sidffes, riuiiicme ac note, Huitieme de pause, Huitiem« de sou pi r, 63 63 63 65 65 61 11 23 55 55 51 63 9 49 29 37 3? m \] lii. 1 1 i ! 1 ■ ■" J ' Leaning Note, Lenes aoridentclles, - - ll Li<>ne circulaiiv, - - 53 Lij/'nos do la portec, - - II 57 1 rortiiniciito, 531 I 'rest o, 5.) M, RSrUE, . - 27- Modilications du luoiivcment, Mouvein 'lit dc l;i iniv-iurc, Mouvonu'iit du jK»i^raft, MonvciiU'iit adinis, Mouvciut'dt prtjiKliciiibl*', - N, I OMS dt's toucheH, Notes, N*»t«'s travorstH's par liu'iK's, Noto ontioro, Notes d.'ta(^li<'>os, - Note d'ajjrement, Noire, Nuiueros des touches, petit -2!) 57 57 5.j 51 51 11 s 17 27 53 63 27 9 Q _'JAI3HUPLK .1 (^..oie, Qii.irt tie note, anse, Seizieine de soM|»ir, .S'j)tiemp de note, Septieme, - - - SI'or/ato, - . . . Sixieuie de note, Sixte, .... Soixante et quatriAme de note, Soixante et tiuatrierac de pause, Stacicato, - . , - •"Syncope, - . . _ 63 57 - 33 65 - 27 37 - 37 65 - 63 63 - 61 27 65 33 37 37 39 65 61 39 65 33 37 53 61 ABLEAU echelles. Terns, - - - . Teuis d'une pie<'e, Tems doniinaut, Tiers de note, Tierce, Tierce majenre. Tierce minenre. Touches, . - - Toucher avec les onjrles, lonique, - - - Tremblement, Tremaudo, . - _ Treute deuxieme de note, Trente deuxieme de pause. Triple croche, rrill, .... Triole, - • . [Trioiet, _ , . Turn, -• - - pour doigter les - 67 55 pff ^H 27 J^^M 29 jfl^fl 39 1^91 65 P '^B 65 ^M 65 1' ^M 5 1 ^M 51 il ^M 65 ^M 67 i|p: u 69 M^ mM 33 ■m! ^M 37 w IB 33 ji J^ 67 ^1 41 il I 4i ■h ■^ 63 ■ ■ DICTION ARY OF nilLhM .AjND OTllER irORDS, USED IN MUSIC. N. B...,(rur tho oxpUuution <»f the w^.rds marked thus • soe the Indox.) »4 ; in, for. A tfmjM ; in strict time. Acaleruiido ; awielrpatiu^,' time. Ad hintum; \\w time is left to thp [Pert'ornior's plcjtsiiri Afctlvoso : with toiKlcrness.^ Ji/il'ifo ; with i>iv sion and fire. Alfp'fi'o* . , „ Alhyrctio ; not so (juick as fl//fr/'"o. ^1/ vV^rm^ (see repeat.) Amoroso ; tenderly. Anihintc'*- Andaiitino ; a little slower thiin (>»■ [danff. Aria ; Air. Arirtta ; short air. Arionn ; in the stylo iiin. Ihcri'srtndo* Diminuendo* Dolce; sweetly. Esprrssiro ; with expression and eftect. Forte* Fortissimo* Fine ; the end of a piece. Forznndo* Fvoeo ; spirit. Furioso ; with fire and enerr<.ry. nn movp- inner. r as Lar(/o yl«. he s Miui^s. 8 die awav. [N. B. — Pour rex|)litatioii dos mots iiiaiqin''!i aiiisi ♦ voyez Tiudex.] •^ ; en, jioiir. A tcmj'o ; tf iiis ^)rt'(;is. Arctltrundo ; tcms atcelere. AfI(i(/io* Ad lihitum ; a volonto. Ajf'etLuonu; avec t>x|iresstontpndrp. Affiiafo ; avcc pasi>iu>i Cv \y...^...^i,cc. Alletjro* Alli(jritto ; nu> .is \ it<' qn^AUajro, Al set/Ill) ; (voypz rejteat.) Aiiioruso ; Iciidrenjeiit. Aiidanthio ; un peu plus l»'iit iy?i'«//. Andante* [dunlc. Aria; air. Arietta ; ariette. Arioso ; pu style d'un air. A^^ui ; trps. Bis; deux fois. JUrillanti ; d'un stylo brillant. Calando ; diniinuer f^radiiellcincnt les sons <'t ralcutir lo teins CantubUi ; «ii style de tliaut. Con ; avec. Con unima ; avoc anie. Con brio ; en style biillaut. Con moto ; ave<; vifi'ueui". i'liu i\sj)re;>sione ; avec expression. Crescendo* Da Capo : tocomDieucer. Dcercscendu* Diminuendo* Dulct ; doux. Esprcssivo ; avec expression. Forte* rurtiasijiio* Fine ; h\\. I ' or Zand o* Fuoco ; avec feu. Furiotio ; avec eniportementetenergie. Grave ; mouvcnieut lent ct soleu- [nel. Grazioso ; av«c {.nace. Laryo* Laryhctto ; ni'/ias doucement que Lar- Letjuto* {ijo. Ltnto; lent. Loco* Maestoso ; en style niajostueux. Ma ; niais. Momando ; diniinuer Ics sons. 31t n ; nioins. Mezzo ; un pen. JSIiiItu; beau( oup. Mortiido ; en afl'oiblissaiit les sons. Moto ; vigoureusi'ment. Moderuio ; niodticmonl. yon : pas. if! \ II ri> f "I Poinnoso ; in a |t«Mi.i.oiis stvl.-. Sfhrznlo* P,'r(lin>l<,si : diminish gr.uliially tlic .V/"""""' ; ^itH npiril. niiiicis iSlmrntti* y>;,;;L/..,« 'xm»r../«./. ; play so.tly uu^ let the Piu ; luoi-c. ^"'""'^ ••"* ;.'"">• 'Tdiiihi; k.Pi» rho key i ; nearly. I |,.|i.i-th «»t the note. , , 7/ "iro prntio ; j.lay in the origi >'«l Ji.ilhnlum/o, or ^itaxhmdo, shiU^ii ,1,^,,. tlie time 'iriuliiallv. j , , . Rr.o/uto : iu a h<.hl style. ■ Vit/oroso i Hith "treiiirth. A,;^ur.««./o ; in a Im.M style. , J; ; in a distinct manner. Lit ; a. ...vrt i.i (Ktivea .S<7«>./-. ; always. ^ '"*""" ' I'^'X '^'•* »»*^ "' ^** *'"^'' 1%' fothwm, abbrevinttoru are tjrnrmlh, i>r,rf imteofl uf their respective W()/r. l*»'i .iendosi. U uf Uiufor/an>»»>i«- IllltO. T 'd. „-„Tfuuto. V. S V(di; Sul'Ito. ITui ,lhiisoni. «x. Oct n VII ; f'va. Presto* . rr-.ilt..:, I); plus vito que Pi»>sto. J'lt/ij US' I Htyli' puiiipfux. jHtiff uusi i dimiuuor j>ru iiiclIcmtMit Piavt,* [les MOILS. } ins. Pur,, i lilt peu. P >' , :iloi"s. Qwa-vj ; prps(jup. HuUcntuiido ou Hi- ) raloiitir !(• toms [tanlanilo ; \ ^raduclloint'iit Jit'nolutu ; prompteraoiit. / inj'uiziiudo* Sihirzuiiilit ; eii style badin. SiioUo ; dlbtiiicteineut. Srinprc ; tMuJoui'M. fiotto vorr ; ji (h'mi-voix. Siorzii ' t* Siorzit to* Spvito.so* Stncrato* Sh'iUniKlo ; tenis ralcnti. Stiiitrza-uln ; joiicr doiix, en laissant [iiMiiirir les sons. Saaoe; doux. Smlriinto ; Koiiw soiitenuH. Tt-nuto : tenir la toiiclie ' iifoncee, la lou<,Mie(ir eutiere de lu note. Tempo priino ; tom.s premier. Viyurosu ; viyonreiiseraeiit. Vivace ; vif et brillant. Vitlti siihito ; touruer proniptemeiit. Un ; nil. Unmmo ; jouer la partie par octave. On emploie ycnerftlement Ics abreviatums mivnntts w Heu de leurs mots res- pectij... Ad". ...Adii^io. Aiid(». D. ('. D.i ('ai>o. lliiii. Diuiimi.'i. !o. i>ol. ...Uolce. F. et for. . . i'„ite. 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