IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I «" Kii ill 2.2 [^ 1^ III! 2.0 1.8 1-25 1.4 1.6 .« 6" ► V] signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". ata 9lure, 3 2X Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to ba entirely included in one expoaura are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams iliustrata tha method: 1 2 3 Lea cartaa. planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent *tre filmAa A das taux da rMuction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour ttre reproduit en un seul c'IchA, il eat filmA A partir da I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche L droite. et de hcut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'Imagas n^cessaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant >a m^thoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 rff M n m, iM C^ ^^y*-o ^/ ■!Wff« ^^^f^stmmmmBmmm^ ion: O-A-BT-a. r^^' :^ ">■ a^ sS>' s^ .^<^ ^^' ^^Z.^^'^^^t^ ^^'Vfe^^ ROVINCE 0%^ ^^. a ccJ^- NOVA SCOT 1 A. lOKT VOR INTENDING SETTLERS. (WMPILKI) HV TIIK NOVA SCOTIA IMMKIBATION HOCIKTT.) PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. (RKVISED KDITION.) OTTAWA: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1886. MTENTS. Pasi I Chaptkh I.— iNiHonurroKV ClUKrKK II — OKdUKAl illCAL PiWITKiN 1 Tiar>)ori, Kivuri »nd Lakes. Cmahtkh in,- SoiLfl (IK N<»vA Scotia 6 I iJiviaionB »nd Zoological Structure, Chait;bh IV.— AoHiciiUi'KAL I'kouucth g Markets, Live Stock, Etc. ChAPTKR V.-CblMATK • 13 CUAI'TKB VI.— MmKH ANIJ MlNEUAl- KkSDUKCIW 14 ClIAl TEK VlI.—TllK Fl.SIlKRIKS Jg CliAi'TKR VIII,_Anim«l KiNnnoM 22 CitAFTKR IX.— Products of the Fokkst 23 Cr PTBR X. — MANirKACri!RE.S 24 Chaptk.r XI — Trai>e and Commerce 24 Chaptkb XIL— Political, Mdnicipal, EDrcATioNAL 25 Chai'teu XIII —Population 28 Origitt of the People— Religious Sects, Etc. Chapter XIV — Eailkoad.s, Steamships, Etc 28 Chapter XV.— Improved Farms, Government Lands, Etc 30 Chapter XVI.— Fertilizeus, Etc 30 CHAFrKR XML— Directions 30 Ll^^-j;^ DOMINION OF CANADA. rKOV[NCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. PUBLISH KI) II V TIIK aoVERNMKNT OF CANADA. W _ t'liAPTKn I.— INTItODUCTORV. *1vJ"7 ♦^''^ atlvantaBfii at.o,l ahroad, iorhl appear u»acc h >■" "■•* mur Chapter II.— GEooRArmcAL Position. GeOKranhioally, Nova Scotia occupies a prominent position on the Continent of America Look, or' at a map of North America, it will he found prnjectin« out from the TTuinlan.l hke an im.nense wharf on the Atlantic ocean. This geographical posmon secures to her many natural advantages which are ,nore particularly referred to elsewhere ,n this pamphlet. Being almost surrounded by tidal waters and no ^4.«" 'i»"'i ♦; A- %0 l.if'O'J !«a AU w /0(? MaI w ^:• •;«. H,oo^J^ 13.cfo0.000 acres. Of this area the Island of Cape Breton has about 2.o00.000 •"^Nova Scotia extends ea.twardly about two hundred miles farther than any other c;£ :^^f !;^r d:-^r o^s;^a o! r ^r s^^::r ^f^ t^l'Z oJ^ottrpo^rUoL JdnT-uch warmer by several degrees in winter than the ^'''^^S^oUbWnrcJrtrTin the world of equal extent possesses a coast line indented with so !;;^.nj; bays harbours, estuaries and arms of the sea, navigable for the largest ■hips, as Nova Sootia. First in importance is Halifax Harbour, «n the western shore of which is built the capital of the country. Justly celebrated Halifax 'P, ''^"°"J °'.^V„_Uour It contains about 40,000 inhabitants, and presents western ^^^i^ °^;^*^e m.in ha^ojar n c ^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ a pleasing «;8Pf<^^ when ^'„««'\;;;'\^^ ^ens which adorn it, i?ive it a very hand- withregularity,and the many trees ana g ^^^ Intercolonial Railway, ravirg'L^"crn;ctioV\hrewUh tfensive wharves and store,, with an elevator 11 r>f off,„-,lin.r fjpilitifs for a large transportation of grain to l!.urope. Halitax, ''fP* • imS^l t fituated S a commefoial point of view, and is destined ere long to hSn^w York and Montreal. aSthe chief port for entry and departure of ocean going steamships^ West of Halifax Harbour the coast is indented with upwards of twenty harbours Tnd bays all Capable of anchorage for first class ships, and m addition, there ^rJnJso forty She'r harbours of less si., and capacity ; the mast of th >m a.e, however, "aitble forCssels of «ve hundred tons. The whole of these are cmpnzed within the •'"%"S:lf or;::dt"v.Strms the north-westem boundary of the Province. • .n«h,mdred miles long and 'orty miles wide. At its head are two smaller bays, ,mJ rh4necto or Cumbt^rland Bisin, and Minas Basin, which terminates in a Sex basin'calti Cobeq'd Bay. Mina^ Basin, including CobeqaidB.y. is upward. of fifty (iiifes in length. it li .,,,(;jfi,i cheat of water, penetrating nearly into ♦K»Tpa,c of the Province, and receives' the waters of nearly twenty rivers which flow trough tnd'rigat; the fertile Counties of Kings. Hants and Colchester. iZ {^he^ luoa tion of tcacheJs are l.K-ate.l here. It ia an important .tati<... «' ^^e ^»\"; SonlarSoa" boinx «xty nul«8 di.tant from tho Ctpital. It contain., hcsules the Sntv b^ uC'; one hundred and twenty-throe ntore.. two printing ottice., and S So3 tw S ; there aro three last factorion, two tanneriea one h»t factory K otohtwo Iron f^umlricH. one boot and shoo factory, two saw m. 1b, two shoo peg fScrand two branch b.nks. The (Jatoa OrRau Company have the.r ^"^^3 locatcH n Truro and Utelv a new in.luHtry, that of Tnilk conden«.n« or prenerving, the only Sclory <:f tho kVnd i.t the Dominion, has been started in this town with every prospcci of SUOCCf S. . . A IS Oq the Nova Sootian coast of the Bay of Fundy, with tho exception of Annapolis Ra.in as fir as the mouth of Mi.Aa Basi.. there is no natural harbour ; but to remedy ?£ "kec a numbeTof breakwater, and piers have I'««\^"'l^ ^. J'"^. '"'"' ?'i'f„^'2* haibours and answer th« requirement, of the local trade. With... the Basin of Minas, however therrarrquite a ^ -f «n.aU harbours, adording all he aecomn^odation rrTirelforthetradoof the western part of the l'rova.ce ; as well as ample facihtio. for ahip-building, which h extensively named on. Tl-at part of the coast for.ned by the Northumberland Strait, contains several >,«rl.nnrs of couBidorablo dimontdons, chitf among them being Pugwauh harbour and Sirharborbot them capacioa. and affording safe aochorap to the largest I ictou a~ivmtr, ""<• ' ►^ .j , ^ j Pictou, the capital of the County of Star ? "is S ea:tem%V;mi;7^ of the Pictou branch of the Int.reolouial Rail- load as w;UaV?he centre of the Pictou coal trade, and In- ni ft are ah- pped annually Krl' nutnt ies of coal. It has one of the best appointed Academies ui the Provinoe, Shmdred and twenty storen, one iron foundry, Hve h-.telH, one carding null, two print^ngoffitJs each issuing one weekly newspaper one tobacco factory, on. wooden- ?rTe flfcU.ry, two saw mills, one telegraph oliice and two banks. Situate on the F/wt River, about seven miles from Pictou, is the town of New n..,, Jr an entorm-UnK «row ng place, the scat of several mauufactones, among them fheTew Grsgow';S^/wik., fn^xtonsive establishment, c.nploying many hands; also ste^l works, forge works, foundries, furniture, saw and wool mills, etc. Wallace Bay, on the same coast, is a good harbour, capable of admitting large . .i?^r', Hd. and small crift may naviuatc the mouth of the river for several ""T T ta Ll uche haXurr^o from an Indian word signifying, " like a Ers^y^rci^atiix^^^ '^:y^-- ^^-^ --^^- fVciiities^for carrying on the extensive hshery of the adjacent Gulf. Ti,^„r,h thore are no mountains of any extent in Nova Scotia, still the surface of the eounlv S^utifully undulated with hill and valley. There are several ridges of high country 13 Deauiiiuuyu Province; these again branch off •'rS™Uar ard h 1 y Tand. and termiire either in high cliffs on the coast, or gentle l.°'*i- hE n t^e inte Lr The most prominent cliff on the Atlantic coast is Aspotagoen. declivities 1° tl^« '"*«^^^^^^^^^^ ami St Margaret's Bay. The highest land in the interior is TdSe h'lrTyrng'tSren'luifax a the town^f Wiud/or. From its summit a very pioaSing vieW may be had of the surrounding country. Rivers and Lakes. Nova Scotia is a well watered land. Abundance of pure water descends in ."vulets A H-I^mrf -ffl-n the hielur ground, and form:, into lakes and rivers, which find and «t'''^^^'"^.J'?,^ *;^„3b^„^rs that indent the coast on all sides. There is hardly a S.n tSL has nTt Lveral ^^^^^^ or brooks running through it. irrigating the '''' One of the largest, though not the longest river of the Province, is the Avon, which f- lintn thP R.^in of Minas. It is three miles wide at the mouth and navigable at a tld^f or tvent^Jnl or Ordinary coasters ; but ships of larger size mav navigate f^f'jlt. ,^ifr It has several tributaries-the St. Croix Kennetcook and Cogmagun -which arenavigable for small vessels for several miles. At tne mon:n oi .he ..vou i= Bituato the town of Windsor, the cdi;ital of Hauls County. It ia ono of tho oldeat towuD ill tho Province, aiui the Hcat of the hiatnrio College of Kiagst, where have been et RivlI-s, tho eonllueuce of which forma Pictou liarl.our. Tiie soil of the district through whijh they How is of a superior doacription, and capal)lo of a very high state of cultivation. Of the rivers on the Atlantic hI do of *he Province, the largest and moat extensive, are the LiHa»e and the Liverpool rivers— the former a noble and romantic scream, navij^able for a distance of fifteen miles. The scenery through which this river CDuisca ia of the most enchanting description, and its waters abound with the finest Osii. The Port Modway river, a good salmon stream, is also situated in Queen's County. TheShelburne River, in the C )unty of the same name, empties into Shelburne Harbour, which for siza and safe anchorage ranks next to Halifax. Tho Clyde, a small river, is also situated in this County. The Tusket River in Yarmouth County, ia a considerable stream, and is navigable for a distauca of twelve miles from its mouth to the village of Tusket, a shipbuilding and lumbering town. Lake Roaaignol, situated in the C>unty of Q aeei.s, an enlargement of the Liverpool river, is a beautiful inland basin, sui I to bo twenty miles long and four miles wide. In the County of Yarmouth is another, calleil Lake George, which ia nearly as large as Rossignol. Ship Harbour Lake is another large lake situated in Halifax County. Space will not permit of a lengtiiened or even brief description of tho numerous lakes and lakelets, with which the country abounds. It will suffice to say that the whole surface of the country is beautfied and enriched in every direction with picturesque lakes, woodland streams and mountain rivulets. The Island of Caps Breton, anciently called the "Royal Isle," possesses many fine harbours, bays and inlets, nearly all of them capable of anchorage for the largest merchant ships. Those of special mention are, St. Anne's, Sydney, and Louisbucg harbours, and Gabarus Bay on tho Atlantic coast ; and Margaree and Port Hood in the Gulf St. Lawrence. Besides these, Arichat harbour, in the Isle Madame near Cheda- bucto Bay, is also a fine harbour. In the Island there are also many large rivers and lakes, celebrated for the fiue salmon and other fishing which they aftbrd— notably Margaree river, which flows into tho Gulf. The soil of the country is generally good, and some parts of it are of the most excellent character. A great and very notable geographical feature of Cape Breton is the far famed p_^„„ !i'(1r !:i.U!'. aitiLitod in the verv centre of the Island, s.nd nearly dividing it into two. Tliis lake is fnrty miles long and twenty wide at its greatest breadth, and forms a veritable inland sea, indented NVith bays and harbours and picturesque inlets, and (lotted along the slioruii with iiumeroua iHlandn. St. Pdtors canxl, half a milu long, oonnecta the waters of this lake with the (>ut of Caiiso, and atfords a passage for vusaolii at its western extremity, and a natural navigable entrance exists betwoon its eastt-rn limit and the Atlantic. This lake afTurds splendid Ashing at all seaaona of the year; while frozen during the winter months, holes are cut thruu){h the ioe, and fine codfish, herring an2 \i. 4. 5. The soils of the metamorphic district of the Atlantic coast. The soils of the inotamorphiu district of the inland idllM. The soils of the carboniforous and now red sandstone district. The marine and rivci alluvi'^, marsh and interval soils. Bog soil. The first division embraces that portion of the Province bordering upon the Atlan- tic coast, and extends from Digby County to the Sfci'aits of Canso. It varies in width from ten to fifty miles, and covers about one-third of the area of the Province, and con- tains the greater portion of its inferior soils. The prevailing rocks of this district are slate, granite and hard quartoze, much of which is auriferous. The cultivable soils are of two kinds — the granitic and the slaty. The first is derived from the waste of granite gneiss and some varieties of mica slate. In composition it is usually coarse and sandy, and in its virgin state, covered with a black vegetable mould made up of decayed leaves and other debris of the forest. It is naturally dry and friable, and when cultivated, produces good crops of grain, potatoea and grass. Bsing always dry and early, it is well suited for vegetable gardening, and in localities where protected from the wiud and fogs of the Atlantic, is well adapted to fruit growing. The second principal clacks of soils in the coast diatrict are the slaty va- riety. These are clays more or less stiff, or light and shingly. An advantage possessed by the lighter variety is, they do not require draining ; but the heavier kinds are much benefited by this process, and their increased productiveness well repays the outlay. Upon all these heavier soils, grass and grain yield good crops, and abundant means are available in keeping 'up their fertility, all of which are treated under the head of manures. The light and shingly soils are warm and early ; potatoea, Indian corn, the cereals and fruit do well upon them. Soils of the Iniand Hills. Under this head comes the Coheqnid range of hills, a moderate elevation beginning at Cape Chigneoto, in C.imberUnd County, and extending through Colches- ter County into Pictou. The range of hills called the S )Uth Mountain, running through Annapolis, Kings and a portion of Hants Counties ; all the hilly country extending through Pictoii, Antitronish and northern Guysijoro, and the hills of C»pe Breton, or the greater partion of them. With few exjepti.)ns the soils of this class are good. They are formed from the waste of syenite and greenstone rocks, allied to Br^nite, but ditT.Tin« «omcwhat in .hemioal con-poaition. ami i>ro,\Mdag a more fertile soil than that derived from the latter. Tl.ere exists in this district -ome ,^.r^ tions too rocky to cultivate to advantage; but here a. clsewherr fnoh PYt» »»^^« their usee as woodlands, and when so kept, serve as shelterH from winds ancl •torms. The larRcr portion of this soil is a brownish loam mix.^d with su.uU ;'■»«'"«"»•«' •late. ImpartinK a shingly charncfr. It is n.ostly deep, '"^^^'ly .^vork.-d and ^ « «y? f'^'-- t ilo. It bears a heavy growth of ha.dwood timber, au.l mneh of t»>«;'.'8*""*.«»''' ['.-nf that condition : but thriving settlementH have lately been cnuneuced »"/''"«';« P^.^" "f It. The land when cultivated yields cxcUent crops of h*y and cereals. The sml of this district is rioh in lime and pho.'.phatoH, and is not eaHily exhausted, even under a wasteful system of agriculture. Old Country Farmers coming from hilly districts, and wishing to similarly •."c^te »> Nova Scotia, would find good chances to obtain Hrst das-, land, either in us virgin state, or in partly improved farms, which may bo always had at fait prices. Soils of the Cardonifkuous and Nkw Keu Sandstonk DiHTRirTH. These occupy the low lying country con.prising the Northern and IJ^J'J';;" I?"'^'""^ Of the Province, with the exception of .uch portions as border upon the ^tla " mNova Scotia nroner Nearly all the l..v,- lamh of C Apn F.reton are included in thio «I uw. !?ome X s'oiKduded i.i thU division arc. g.olo,,cally ''\«t'-V''"V'U':S't;'aV?o" are hero included. There are four distinct vunotieu which will be referred to an tol- FirRt The Loamy and Marly Soibi of the Carboniferous System. These arc found In the viciiuty of tho largo depojits of limcatono and gypsum, that frequently occur m this diatricS. Theao ooils consist of a clay loim, of a reddish color well supplied with lime, ffypBum and phosphutea, thuu putting th.cm in the front rank of prune uplands. Ihey 5?o easy of tillage, and yield good ovopa of all the staple products of tho country. Second. Clays, Sands aiul Stony Soils of tho Carbouifornua DistrictB These are liffht coloured or reddi-sh atilT clays, white and gray sanda, and ground tdled with flaggy frLments of hard sandstone pebbles or other rocks. Such soils occur irregularly, scat- tered over tho carboniferous aystem depending upon tho nature of the neighbouring rocks, which may likely bo ahalc wasting to clay, soft saudstonoe or hard flaggy vari- eties of conglomerate. Tnird Loama and Sanda of the Now Rod Sandatoue. These are found chiefly m the Countioa bordering upon tho Bay of Fundy. They occur largely in Colchester Coun- tv near Truro ; also upon both sides of Cobequid Bay, aa well aa many places on the north ahore of Hants County, but principally ia the valley of the Cornwalhs River and fhenco on through the Annapolis Valley. They are generally of a bright red colour and V iry from loams to sandy loams, and light sanda to the latter, being often of a light grayish colour. The red loama and aands abound in oxide of iron, lime and gypsum, though some- what deflcient in phosphate and alkalies. Tr.cy aro admirably suited to the cultivation of the apple and other fruit, potatoes, turnips and Indian corn ; but for grain and grass fanda, they are not equal to the beat soila of the caiboniferoua and siluriaa districts. , , . . , * The areat bulk of the soils of the new red sandatoue are of a more loamy nature, often resting upon clay subsoil, especially near the foot of hills and bases ot the moun- Sinrid.-es They are uau.-.lly deep, well mixed and free from stones, and where they have received anything like fair treatment, continue their fertility, being easily kept m good bearing condition. Fourth Soil of the Trap District. This ia confined to a long narrow elevation, t„.J„ ..« the North Mountain, of about six hundred fee^ in height. It begins at, aa well' as forms, the bold promontory of Capo Blomidoa in lUugd Oouuty, ana tncncc c^.- Tends westward into Annapolis County, terminating in a long point projecting into tho Bay of Fundy, called Digby Neck. Thin rango is fully one huadrod niilos in length, and effectually proteoU the Corn- walllH and Annapi''^ Vall«y«, as wel' as a portion or Dinhy County, from tho old, damp winds of tliu IJ*y ot Funly. Inconsequence, these looilities have a climate iomewhat wanner in Butnnur than is expjrionoKl elsewhere in the I'rovmoo. The soil of the whole ranno is rich in de -ayel veKetable matter, for.ninn a black mould, mixed with fine particles of rock, the waste ot the trap. It allords excellent pasture and grazing for all kinds of stock. The cool, damp, salt winds from the sea, bio wing directly upon ita northern expanse, favour the growth of a rich herbis^e of natural grasses and clover. It is also abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, allordiog an unlimited supply for stock and other purposes. This soil yieldi good crops of h»y, grain and vegetables, espucially cabbagM and turnips; and the sea shore cIoho at bind, furnishes an abundance of fortilizing material in sea weed, mud, shells and tiih otFil. The entire mountain range above described, is only anirsely settled, and yet no partioa of it is remote from good markets and social intercourse. Good chances to make farms exist all along the range. L-vnd is chsap, ind miny advaut>\ge8 present themselves to the eye of the practical farmer, that will make this in the near future a populous and thriving iitook growing region. Marine and Rivbr Alluvia. These constitute the fourth principal class of soils in the Province. For oonvenieno« this class may be referred to as Salt Marsh, Dyked Marsh and Fresh Water Marah interval. Salt Marsh is the alluvial accumulations that have gradually formed upon the low- lying shores of nearly all the rivers, ettuaries, bays and harbours throughout the se* coast of the Province ; and which for various reasons have not yet beau reclaimed by the erection of dykes. These salt meadows all produce naturally a mixture of saline plants and marine grasses, varying from one to two tons per acre, which, when cut and Firoperly cured, affords an agrefeable variety of food when fed to stock alternately with resh hay, roots or other fodder, and is much relished, as it supplies the saline matter naturally craved by them. These 89,lt marshes are mostly all taken up and owned by the farmers of the adjacent districts ; the price per acre varies from £2 to £8, according to locality, productiveness, etc. Dyked Marsh is the original salt marsh, from which the tides have been excl'idod by the erection of onbinkmants cilled dykes. The sediment, or mud of which these marshes have baea formad, appears to cont'iii, in a marked degree, all the elements of fertility, and when applied as a dressing to exhausted uplands, its baneficiil effects are at once manifest. Tha ereatest portion of these rich lands lies in the Counties of Annapolis, Kings, Hants, Colchester and Cumbarland. As a matter of course they are much appreciated, and opportunities for acquiring them separate and {ipart from the farms to which they are attached, do not often occur. When sold separately, the price varies some- what in the different Counties. In Annapolis County the pinices range from £20 to j^30 per acre. Cumbarland County has by far the largest area of marsh of any other County. It is situated at the he id of the Biy of Fundy, where the turbulent tide rises to the astonishinc; height of sixty and 1 3venty feet, and rushes with irresistible force against an immense surface of friable rock and red sandstone. Its abrasive, disintegrating force ia tremendous. The waters of the tide are loaded with those soluble materials, which are deposited layer upon layer until large areas of low lying shallow basins are gradually elevated, and the work of reclaiming thorn from the sea ia co.-nparatively an easy task. Fresh Water Alluvial Soils, Unlerthis haai will be descnbed a class of laud somewhat less valuible than the dyked mtrshes, yet, from the fact of its being more generally and evenly distributed throui?ho:it the entire Province, form a very valuable addition to the natural resourcea tin; i:>'iusry. 1 irOitijn-ttu T -•-! jr j.»..» — , =, rivers and streams, there exist large areas of these natural or wild meadows ; the soil of whioh i. inaa« of .lerity-fcd voKoUblc matter, ami the wash of HpUn.li. brought down and depoHitod by the auiiuul fru»he youi.K»d or harrnv.v^.. in ; no subsequent cultivation is required, and a bountiful crop at pulling tune is the resjult. ManKoltU aro not an liirxuly grown as Turnipt, but their oiiltiviition it hapjuly on the incrf.JH«", nnd att stock raJMiriK U more ami mor«) hroominj,' on« of th»( piofirabl* in.liiatrioH of the country, the production of thin and other cropi will corrcapoqaingly iucrpaan. llloo.l IJoets, CftrrotH, ParMiipg and other \.'i<«taJ)lts uro only grown to jtupply th« homi! nmrlift, but ait n rulo Uicy aro u^t noarly aa woll suppilMl us th.'y Hh«uild be with garilen stuff. N.-ar ll.iiifax, aa woll aH all our Trovinclal to«n». a fow luiirket Ka»aen- urn, who undciHtciud the busuioss and have a »null capital, couM i-Htabllsh pri>HUbU markiit ^aniens. Of the Luguriiino\i>* '.'lantB, IVaa and Ikana of all varictio* flourlali well. Lar^o cropi of I'uuipkins, Siiuash, Cucuinbcra and Citiou Mulon, aro grown and ■old in tho local niark'tn, Conniii>K jwrt aoMMiblo ut all leaaom, Uttm. Knlll A Orant, of Lon«lou, (i. B., have er.ct«a a con.modlcui fret procf brick warahoOM, lu which apnUa arentoml rcnily for •hijurunt hy Stoatiifiia of tU A.'a«li« S S. Co., whow rxtuimiva Pier. : i.l with luilroud tuukn. Iuriiii.hr.i mich m.-:uix of <,uitk d.iipiitdi. that oargoes oi 7,000 humU ar.' uhlpn. .1 in U>h th.iii forly fight htiim. (Jowl faeilitloa aUo rxlat for ihlpi.ini, from lialifux, l.y any of the «tt«ni»hii) line. nAHrg Mit of that port ; the rat* of freight btln« uhout the itttno from each- umiully :U. Oil. <>r U. piT hurrtl to Loixlon or Liverpool. T»i« varietioaof the npplo which have thus far auuccedea hcst in the Kimlinh mar- kets, are tlio Nonpar. 11, liih«ton IMppin, Ikl.lwin, (!old«n llmiMit an" N"v» ScotL than that .f fruit growing; and it is one which Im cupablo of unllmUcd expansion. ThousandM of ntns miitiibie for orchiirda can be cheaply obtiiuid In the CounticB of Annapoi.n, Kiiiua and Hautn, wliore it is HUt>poncd t hit superior ollmatic condltiona exist favorable to thtir growtli; hut m b. fore 8tatc«, WAUul Atm»%, I)«vt Bivh ImjK.rratl.iuit aia Sujiijujlng to »• •«'n, but thii i^rtnor&l (ll»inHniu»tlon ot tlii» "took over the I'rovincM in of c(n\rm a »loW prooiiMii. O.ir nalvo •t>ck, howovtr, U n.»t m b*r mlloh o«v i. In k country wh- rn a gniBt portlctn c.f tlio f*nn lahoiir »n.l liim»>»i.nrM old, at wlnoh time they nro usually put to woik, ure worth about £12 to £15, ai;oordin« to nize or brcod, and after labourinj,' for thrco or four yourB will bring iMuhapa £25 for bt'cj". Our horht'H would no doubt npp ;ar sniill in compariHon with KnKli«lt f.vria anlmalt, but they aio used for Konoral piitpo.,o8, and arc tough and hardy, 'lliey soldom exoeed 9 or 10 owt., and are about lii hauda in height. A young hore'j ia worth trom £20 to £2'). an nut t*U» inoru th»o m1I«ir own «.«<)« Thrra U a l*rt(i) •i<)inanrtuul|>«Uy ■up|>lii<>wn to eiUt among them. I'oultry in nuMli>ratu numbtra itro knpt I y all our f«rniBra, and prova very r«mun> •rativu, Itniuptiao i|u.iutitlit« of hkh* »ru ahlppud from all parta of tno I'rovluoe to tha Unit I'd MLttra, m widl a* aoM in tliu local niarkata at rMinunviativo pmoa. Kgua are worth r.d. in auuiUKir mu'. \i. in wiutor, and ptxittry both ativo and dn-Hnvil aru alwaya in groat dumand. A llrNt aUaa poultry farm in uiiy p»rt of tho I'mv-tnoa would pay hkndaoniely. Itviii uultiiro iabi tfiiiuiiiK to atl'-act uiMiKidi>ni'.)lo attention aa apr'illtibl>! inv««tm«nt. Tho Hmo t'liriviia wull liun-, and with tin) improvnnunta rumnttly i^lloclud in th«) mattor of artifli iiil vomiIh and otiior valuublu aid* in bju r.iiain({, thu protita of aiiuh Inveatmauta aru lutgily cuhanuud. ProVINCIAI. EsCUURAUKMKMT \I»D All* TO Ai>0 atorling for thi«i purpono, with aupplemontary granta for importation of ilvo I took and otiior apooial objeot* wlit-n rcnat*o«« of UmI kinil, t>i«y liavii liu«*y |irii|M'r tritatiimut. Tbia furtuiuta cl«iKre« of K«uaral haaltlif^iluna* 1« aliariul in, and «nj >yiii hy, th« Jnmnatio anliiittU, wliloK t(iu« f »r luve lw««n uliiijuUrly froo 'roiii tli'M»« ((U«ia«(ti that, oi' «At« yoitra, htvu ilnvniUtt d tho llook^ unii h«u\» of th« llritiah IxlamU aiiurfeotion trul vigour. Thrmiirralii, rintlerpcwt uutl foot .ui'l inouih ilU«iMie, have n«\«r apiwaretl amtcg our oattlu, nor ih« lluko vvorni aor rot ninonK thw ilmap. A li^ht form of illat mper ia aoiiKttinf'n (ipiilxniic, but rurwly (truvca imU[ i while theifUeaae glaoJera umoug hor«ea 1$ wholly unknown. Aa rnitariU the extreme ooM ami Itingth of thn winter, which aomc uncinnt writera hav) (leauribtui a« bcluK pouuliar to Nov.v Sootln and the other IMtiah pin|n'ruture of aeveral Kiiropeau Citiea with that of llalifnx, to provo how much thow) wiitera war* mlatakou : 1 1 dt>K. 40' n CrtT. I^AIIDHMIIBII 02 ff3 40 ni llulifax 43 " 6' .W ChcrbouiK W " I' 20.89 London 48 " 4' The mean aummer temperature of Halifax, aa compared with the ' .uderuamed uitica, Li aa foUowa : Halifax 02.0 dog. Fab. (J-eenwich »JI.4 " Chi-rbourg (U.!) " Kdiuburgh 57.1 " Toronto 04.5 dcg. Fah. Berlin 03.2 " Dublin «i0.0 " Loudon 0O.2 " Some portions of the Province enjoy a higher drgree of aummer weather than thnt common to ITalifux, cflpf-cliilly the Annapolis and (yoriiwalliii Valleys, which are noted for wiirni auuny weather dilrint; the suuntier months. The Countioa Bituatod on the Atlantic coast have a winter compar.^tively milil, with more rain anil Icm «now than tlioso futuatud on the Iky of Fuudy and the (iulf ahoru. In the coldont portiona of the i'roviuce it ia only upon a few nighta during winter that the temperature falls below zero. The extreme summer heat ia 0.')° above zero in the shade. During th» ereatrst degree of pummer heat the uighta are cool and rpfreshintf, owing, no aoubt, to the almost insular position of the I'rovinco. L«'t the wind come from whatever f the I'ro- vince, a happy and comfortable medium neems to prevail, ensuring in a reasonable degree every rcfiuircment necessary to the highest order of human deve) -nent atiialDa'>ic lit In;! j..i.~t ..—".. •■ .!- t -..K ..._ g _— ^ _w...j.„._ — „ — ^ — Scotia, successive gencrationa of humanity siifTer no detciioratiou pliysically or 14 otbcrwU., nn.l Mll^M of th» l'.oU..c., wh.m ...,uiu.l ur. "'''^^ '';''"' VJ'^^^^'jJ .,,.1 |,rJv;ii„,... ...4 prfr.rm f.aU ut ,.«nti.! c m•M..^ l*»' '"^ Z" '"^ / »;;'';.;,^' ^^^J in«ko tl.rtir w»y uttJ •uDuwil l>« «u emlneut a.|{f.i« !« *«y enNrpriM »h»y intijr •aderUka. , , i «, N.HvM of olUr »!.)iiu»,rU... upon coining to Nov* Pc<|tl«, mfT.r no " arloo.or ««L,Ui.,ml tl.a Imj, . ..Uil tf.«»t u.iutloti are n««*M*ry U nnUr to l>«ooW» Mf«iy •toUnmUd. . mouUu tLl ttctuJ faun work U ii, l'r<'Kr«M. opurMhn. «« not Imju'lc. .y JuM^^ rul,.y H«*tl,«r t . tl.« «xt«»t tK«y «rd .uf:i..ot.ul to h, Kn|{Un.l. Another «•;;'•» 3"" Uiouf..rr.Hl l.y th. f.n.U of wii.l.r. .n.l tl.« „»t.,r« .l,y„rM of t»,., ... /»•;""'''•; not ....c...Mry h«r^. an.i n-.thing Uh- Ih. «am« amount of cupiUl U .^-'f, "^".^j" f.rm Impl.'nient. aii.l maohlu.ry j txn th*. iftvlng ttloctod is bu ii,iport*nt Ittm la »a« ooat of run, what „my bo th« utinoat rcaourciM ot Nova HcotU in rcBpuct to thio ont) mimual n!' no. 'I'hcn lice livo kiioun coal lieMn in Nova Scotia, thruoof whioh -Sydtioy,^ Inyernm, and Littb. HivtT C «1 Ibhln u. t in Cup. Iblton j uiid two -tbo .^otou an. (^»"'>'«';'*"i Coal (i.bU aro In tbo I'rovlmo p.opor. Twonty ColllorkH ar.. now worUinR »" thew eeverul coal ,'i.trU in, tM,.pb.yli.i{ t.'WT ,nun *,.d boja. •>^/'''«.^)' I'^'^S,^^'^'' '^i;' thf,cw«r..iHi»Ml f,oin tiia dilloni,t ,ni,HH l,:{(i.\8ll tonH of -'.';!•»'> 'Im. IhU la Iho largwat output in any ouu yiu- ninoo tbo dincovory of .-oil In tli« loylnce, xaa u la Maorted o., tfood authority thit Ihupreu-ot 8Ut«of th«coil tni..*- ,n Ucatou an lucreaaea output .lurln« tii- Imnuulialo future, f-tr cx.'cfdii.g anything iii llu; ijaat. i h;^" "« uow over fourth m^ md men and boy« oinph,yml In thiH industry, bat iully ot.u t louaana more would obtain t5n>ploynicnt at the •idVorcjt oollioriea. Good wuk'^* ^ro ohUinea, living i* cheap, and thor.s are many udvantagoa conntctcd wuli a residonco in Nova Bootitt which cannot bo hatl oUcwhcro. Mr. Gilpin, (lovarntnent Inspector of Mines for tlia Province, ealiinatea it« kno^.ii pnKlaotI.e coil fiebia to occupy an area of about 080 scjuare miloa. Irom the aamo ^ufh-ity, u,for!i,..t''>n ii obtained aa to the char^eter of the coal -that It belr I ..• lumiu .a o.visaon of Dtna, no Anthrucito having becu met with ai yet, and mat it may be divided iuto cooking, clicrry or free burning, and canuel coal. AUo, th'it the ditl'orent coaU found and woiked In the Province have been, from time to time, Bubiidtted to variouu anulyticil tcBta by oiupetcut authorities who have pronounced the quality to be excellent ; and clthci or gat, cooking or steam purposea, equal to any in the worbl, The most eastern of the Nova Sootia tieU- is kuown as the Sydney coal field, situate In the Inland of Capo Breton. The extent of ll.iH, one of the most valuable coal diHiricts of the Province, is estimated at 200 square miles, and forms tlvj area of an extensive basiu, the greatest portion of which is hidden beneath the AtlautW Ooean.* *011plu'» Mincaot Nova Sootta. 15 " FortunkUly, " mv* Mr rui|>ln. "ncArly «U of Ih* iMma n«n \m foltow«l »v«i' lil« ro»l thl« t< nvu\<,^iUu%\ unst^y rtporl, »hlrh »t»»r« lh«t th« aeant* "•>* "P"^ •onUln, In th« critic hiard for lh« |)ur(K)t« of wmklrig them, ovvr 'Jr!,OUO,000 toaa." "Thl* r«tirri«tr. h« My*, " t\int not litoliiil* tho coal In thn a««ina, which ftr* MBopnaaHl lit th« Uml »rf(i», lii o|jKr(ttio», nor th« value of th« aoani^ In ih« l««a»a which »r«i ttl iiriamt »v»i»i(inK » f4\"«l licl Domioinn, |)ORa«aaiiitf th« moat puwarful enuinta fur putnt'ing ant wiinliiitj or coal (IrawinK puff ' »ca i til* Ifttter capahio of ralalutl KKK) too« par iiuy 1 1 l«n houi h. In Invrrneaa Contity valuable it^posUa o( coal vwcur. Theae He In th« pro'luotlTa goal merta'irna found on tiio wnatvrn aftioiea ft Va\ixt«>nt p.nd vaiuu of whiub »ra not yat fully known. Nor hava any of theaa drpoaita been woikH t" any cxt«-nt. In Nova Scotia proper we liave thraa Countloa whona aoll ia un« in thisi County. Tho t.-t.il .\mount of aahsof con 1 front all of them in 1882 was 2I3,:M9 tons, against 171. UI> tons in 1881 ; an in<;r«'aso of 47,200 tons, Thu mos't cxtcubivo workn in this coal fiul I are owii*;d by the Cumi- land Coal and Railway Company, a wwdthy syndicate, who hove lately purchr-ed thfl nronorti^s of tho Sprint; tlill anil I'aisboro Coal and Railway Company, and tVi« Spring Hill Alining Con)pat.y ; for which, it ia said, they bavo paid a miilion jt dollars. Tho^ 16 new C Thoy Company propose a very (jroat oxtonsion of the l)ii8im<8« of tho former Company. will fxlciul I'm: U lil .v.iy from tli ].... .. .. L\ if - 1 „ ........ I \.„..- f«- ..1,;.. Alloy Will CXLCim Ltn: ivilltvtiy ll»i'ii i*n'j mtiivjn i*w i -iiJ^inii'/, .% im^ iiiiii.-n ww i * ^^i «, *< <• j , whoro thny will l)uild n I'ier uikI IJnukwatur, tlms .ill'iinhiig an oi.ou harbour for ship- mont ut all aoanoin. Thuir piiruhno iajludea 0, l."{0 ai.roa of co;u arcfi, buMiili;!) 7,000 crcH of lauil ; with 3'J miles of railway. Ab hoforo Htalcil, tht; amount of coal raiacl from tho .liUeront mim-.i of the I'rovinco iirin^ tho v<'ar IHS'2, waa I.IUio.Sl I tona. Of thin iunomit l.-JfiO, 179 lona woro aold, gaiust I.O.'Jo.OI t tons iu i>S.Sl, Icing an iucrou^i) of 2l.j,l(i.j tou8. As proof of the expauiiug jharactur of tl»o Nova fcscotia coal^trade, thd following gurcH will sutlico ; — SalcH of Nova Sootia Goal for the ten years from IH.-.l to IStiO 'i.HOO.S'JO tona. i)o. do. 18(il to 1 870 — 1,027, ;l.iO " Do. do. 1871 to 1880—7,377,428 and in tho two years sinoo 1880, the aalej of coal were 2, 285, 193 tons ; nearly as much as tho saUa during tirj first ton ycara in the above statement. The Hold Fikld.4 of NovaIScoti.v. It was net until 1858 that (Jold waa di'sooverDd in Nova Sootia, nlthoujjh .Sir Charles LycU, in 1812, predicted its discovery iu his "Notes on the Geology of North America." Tho }.;old diatrict of tho I'rovinco exteuda alouj? tho Atlantic coast from Yarmouth to Cape CuiHO, and varios in width fiom ten to forty milca. Tho total area assiitncd to the auriferous strata, and the rocks associated with them, is estimated at from (j,.'J(K) to 7,000 wjuare miles, of ,,'hich about onchalf is occupied by what are known as "granite" rocks.* The aiea of thu Province containing gold is very largo, ;\nd the introduction of capi- tal, hitherto but little expended in comparison to the areas worktncd Niftaux, Hiar River, Kaat Hivcr of Tictou, (Jujfiloro, Whocogomagh, and Kast bay, Capo Breton. OtIIKU MlNKRALfl, III thii rosppct Nova Scotia is ubumlantly providcil. Copper ore has loujj been fluspectfd to cxibt in workalilo (itmnt.itieH, During the year JSS'2 uew discoveries of thii valuiihic metal v.fre iiiadt; at Hevf^al places in Cape Breton. The development etfected, during the past summer, at the Coxheath Mines' leads to a hope that (shortly it will become a large and permanent producer of Copper Ore. In Autij^oi.ish County there are deposits of Copper Ore extending over a large eectiou of country and 'waiting development. Of Building Stone Ihiie are several varieties, such as Syenite, Porphyry, Slate, Cranite, Reddish (irey and Brown Freestone and Marble. Over $18,000 Wdrth were exported last year from difl'eri'ut parts of tho Province. There is an ex<^elUnt Sandstone obtainable, from which aro mauiifactured grindstones of a superior quality. Thise are largely exjjorted to the United States, where they ore in great demand. In 1S84 there were manufactured 7"20O tons of grindstone, realizing in value $26,400. Scythe-stones also form au article of export. Marbles. Among the limestones, of which montionwill be made further on, there occur large df'posits of this rock, said to be well adapted for building purposes. Some of the deposits, notably those in Cape Breton, are of a superior oharncter, and have been Eroiiouuced by judges to be equal to the finest Italian statuary marble. Six varieties ave been recoguizHd : 1. Fine White Statuary Marble. 2. " " Building " 3. Coarse White Building " 4. Blue and White Clouded Marble. 5. Broeatelle Marble mixed with six varieties of Coloured Marble, 6. Fine Flesh Coloured Marbles often striped and variegated.* Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, is found in enormous quantities in the Province, and beds of it in s6me places are traceable for miles, by exposures presenting faces fifty feet in thickness. t In the County of Antigoni.sh there is a cliff of this mineral two hundred feet high, and it is not uncommon to Hnd similar exposures in Cape Breton. It is usually found in cloae proximity to good shipping facilities, and in con8e((uence a large trade in this article has been carried on between the Province and the United States, where it is extensively used as a fertilizer. The exports of this useful commodity iu 1885 amounted to $94,255 tons, valued at ^SS,081. Associated with .the gypsum deposits thick beds of limestone are found. There are enormous deposits of both iti th(! Counties of Hants and Colchester. Five other Counties also produce lime and gypsum in enormous quantities. Mineral Paints are obtained from Ochres, occurring in numerous parts of the Pro- vince, chiefly at the Londonderry Iron Mines ; the Shubenacadia P^iver ; East River in Pietou County, and iu other sections of the Province. It is needless to say that where- ever they occur it is always in inexhaustible quantities. Clay, of the brick, pottery and fire varieties, is found iu the carbonif jrous districts in abundance, and large quantities of common red brick are annually manufactured and used for building purposes. There are many other minerals of an economic valuo existing in Nova vScotia, of which space will only perndt to barely mention : such as Soapstone, Infusorial tiarths, Kaolin, Plumbago, Manganeze, Barytea, et etc. The Provincial Government have late, had published an exhaustive report on the Mines and mineral land of the Province, prepared by their Inspector of Mines, * Gilpin's '•Miuooaiul Mineral Lands." t Ibiil. 18 to which the roa-ler is reforro.l, an^l whoro a full aooount of the Minerala of the country can be obtainetl. 8tatM on tVie onirsi.k. nn{ed n hsh- ing, while at the present writin;^ over three times that numlier puraue ,^''« ^^•■^'''"'l', ™ an increased tonnaqe and value in the craft employe.l and material used. t^7"«'^>y '''« people living along the shores were alternately engaged in >>o.t'> ♦i«'i|"« *'■'*'''[, jn?: This combination of pursuits did not tend to great success in either ; but gra.lually tho system is being chan-^ed, and now the rule i' , with few exceptions, for those ^I'^a^Y' « the risherics to devote their whole time energies, and capital to that cccupation alone, leaving agriculture to others. Of the eighteen Counties in Nova Scotia, f'l «* *n^>"' more or less, .hare in the profits of this valuable industry ; but to Lunenburg County must be awarded the pal.n in this respc ct. Its record is a splendid one, having ec ipsed every other County in the value of ita fibhing intercst-tho returns foi Ibbl being nearly two million dollars in value. At the head, or in tho vicinity of the num.rous bays and harbours, which indent the coasts on all sides, will be found pleasantly located villages ''»'^^/«">^'"'«"*''v''';'','l '": habitants, it is easy to pcrcdve, are toilers of the sea. and draw from thence the ineana of sustenance, which a bountiful Providence never fails to send each recurring »,«asc)n. Their houses as a rule are well and substantially built ; the interior of some 1^''""^ t'°8 evidence of M-ealth and refinement ; while '"^"y timea removed above penury. Indeed there do not exist a more truly independent class of people than the hardy fishermen of Nova Scotia. Many of them grow wealthy m their avocation, and retire from active life to spend tho evening of their days in tne enjoy- ment of a well-earned coi.ipetence. On the shores of tho principal harbours, in each of the southern Counties, are situ- ated the shire or other considerable towns, each containing bcveral thcusanil inhabi- tants. In some of these towns a large export trade in fish of all kinds is carried on. Men of considerable capital engage in the profitable business, and s^nd out vessels ol large bi/e to prosecute the .leep ?ea fishing, besi.les purchasing vll the tish caught by those engaaed in tho shore fisheries. The fish are salted, packed in barrels, or other- wise cured and cxporte.l to the VVes^t Indies and other foreign markets m large quanti- ties. A brief .L'scription of the Counties chiefly engaged in prosecuting >e fisheries will not be out of place just here. First we have Lunenburg, which, besides its Fishing and West India Trade, audits large Lumbering busmesa, is a fine Agricultural County. Mahone BiV which includ.s Chester Basin, is up- wards of twelve miles in diameter, and is studded with numerous Islands, many o them covered with verdure, giving the sheet of water an appearance of unrivalled beauty. Tancook I.land, situate at the month of the B»y, is about three miles n length by one mile in brea00. It contains, hwidea twclvi^ftoies, two hotcln, on" lolmtcr factory, and wio saw mill. LunenhuiR, the shire town, situntod at tlie head of the hirlMuir of tint nante, has alvnit thirty five stores, liv owned ir thiH town, mid an fxtoni.e West liiulation of ."^riOO ; containing a branch bank, a printing ofhce, siw, grint and carding nullH ; an iron foundry, one tannery, three hotels and about thirty-five storcK. Lunouburg County has a fleet of 2-0 vcssola engaged in the tlaheriea— the total tonnage being 1;J,144, and valued at $.37, '200. There are also llt-2n boats of various S'zes engaged, valued at $50,315. This fleet of vessels and boats is manned by 0036 fiahermcn, owning between them 02,!!00 fathoms of nets, valued at Sr>l,050, and I'iS weirs and traps, valued at $'27,400 j and the total catch of fish for the County in 1884 amounted in value to ^1,949,938. Qukkn'h County another of the Counties chiefly engaged in the lis)ierie=). ^shipbuilding and lumberir.g aif extenoively carried on, large (juantities of timber being bhippcJ annually to di(Vi.aeut fonign markets. There are sevt. ral important towns on tlio roant, such ui Tort Med way, Mill Village and Miltou. Tha town of '.Liverpool, situated oii Li.c west side of Liverpool harbour, i.s the capital. It contaiiib tweiity-five stores, thnj hotels, prints two weekly newspapers, has one steam £:a\v mill, oi'c grif.t mill, two lannoiics, two li.iiiUs, oue edge tool factory, one match factory, and one boot and Hht;e factory. The total number of vcBsols and bo.its of ail hinds engaged in the tialieries in this County is 'MS, va'ued at £83,951. Total number of men enga^-ed 91)1 ; while the total catch of fish in 1884 amounted to §'231,207. GllKUU'ltXK. In tl'.is County a large busintsy ia curled on in lumbering, shipbuilding and the fisheries. The principal towns and villages ans Shelburne, liarrington, L^ckport and I'ort LaTour. This County has a fleet of 73 fishing vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 4,833 tons, valued at S'235,780, aud manned by 1031 men ; besides b 12 boats of the value of $20,.544, employing 1309 men. There are ?35,334 worth of nets and weirs, and the total yield of the fidlieries for 18S4 was $929,530. Yarmouth. This fine County is extensively engaged in shipbuilding, the West India trade and fishing. Yarmouth, the shire town, having a population of !00, is, next to Halifax, the most important place in the Province. It contains two hundred stores, three printing offices, issuing weekly and semi-weekly newspapers, one woodenware factory, five hotels, three foundries, one paper bag factory, one sash factory, two banks, one tannery, a marine railway, a cotton duck factory, and an extensive woolen cloth factory. The total number of vessels and bnats engaged in the fisheries is 724, valued at $270,372. The number of men engaged is 2426, possessing among them 75,574 fathoms of nets and 15 weirs and traps, valued at $63,98' . Dig BY, though last is not least in this brief notice of the Counties of the Province proper, chiefly engaged in prosecuting the fi.slieries. Indeed it is really a Banner County, as regards its varied resources in fishing, lumbering, shipbuilding and manufacturing. It is, however, in respect of its immense fiohery, that it now becomes the subject 20 of remnik, aiul in thiB reKard It is second only to Lunenburg. The herring fi»hery is one of the main iiuiiiMtri.;» of tlie Coiit.ty. Knoi jiioub .juanUtiKb of theae (lah are taken amlonrea, then Hii.olte.l un.l packed in Wmh. and exported to different foreiKn mar- ketB, iicMdes thoHC retained f..r honi.-. conBuniption. ThiM.^are a nuiid)er oi establish- monts HJonK the nhoro employing many hands in curing, smoking and packing the her- ring and other (ish caught on the Atlantic coast an.i the Bay of I'undy. Ihe growth of this induHtry may he seen from tlie following table : - Year 1878, quantity of Her/ing Smoked 2,875 Boxes. ti iQ-n * u •' •' J), 000 " •^^"' .. .. 12,000 " .. •• 14,000 " .. «• '20,(KK) " (. •• .' '2.S.r)(iO " 1H81, 188-2, 188:5, 1SS4, il «< The above figures are obtained from the report of the Inspector of Fislieries.and are therefore reliable. The offioial returns for the year 1884 give the following figures for Uigby County:— Fre«h Halibut sold, r)04,4'.)0 lU. at — ctf. " Haddock " 7,248,W)4 ** 3 " Hake Sounds, " ir),881 " 60 " Di"by has 511 oraft of all kindB engaged in fishing, manned by IfiSO fiBhermen, and valued at $8(i,.'5r,0. There are :}2,81.3 fathoms of net., valued at §2'^-;<«-\ a"747 Hants ll.'^l^ Inverness 485,78- Kinga $68,204 Lunenburg 1,949,938 Pictou 188,941 Queens 231,2*17 Richmond 479.26.5 Shelburne 929.530 Victoria 164,590 Yarmouth 9.59,986 Total $8,763,779 The following statement gives the total number, tonnago and value of vessels and boats -the number of men, and the quantity and value of materials employed in the fisheries for the same year :— 895 Quantity of Nets (fath.). 35,980 No. Traps and Weirs. . . '. 1,605,871 Total Value 15,432 No. of Men Engaged . . . ,..„.„. 398,83i) During the year 1884, the export offish of all kinds from Nova Scotia to various Foreign Countries, amounted to $8,609,341. The following table «how3 the quantity, rate and value of each description of hsh caught during the year 1884 : — Number of vessels. Tonnage " Valu-. Number of boats Value of " 1,309,428 13,139 808,252 29,997 21 Kind ok Product!. ■-' lbs. home consumption 1H,;V25 lbs. • ct«.| 18 00 1 20 20 20 15 ! t CI. 57,2{)4 00 ltl,l>a5 40 a,«4 >^loP «" Zr.nddc...p-eafi»hu;i... It can b. eas.ly dcrnor.«t.ut .1 that the ''«'-y«;- ''f ^^J^J Scotia are cap il.lo of BupportiriR a population Tnaiiy tunos K.-.ater than that which the) now support. , HesidoH the (luop water fishing, and that par«.»-d in the ""'"YC'ua^i'i^of Mil", baynof the Houthern coast and tho fi«hin« in the Uav of ImuuIv the »^»' "^ J!^^^' aad Chi«uecto IJay ; and th.t m the Uulf o St. f.iwrence, 7'';'-,t «^'. ''''^f,^; in coM.mta with the American li.hermen, reHort m great number., »''« J;"^'"^^ ^'^^^ in numeroua lakes and rivers, which at certain seasons hteraliy «Y7"' J f^, .^J trout, an excellent rish of the sal.non fan.ily. n.uoh admired tor its delicate "^vour and which is caught of all sizes from six to twenty inches. Then there are the magnifi cent sea trout, which abounds in the estuaries of the rivers Qowing into tl Gulf of bt. Lawrenct! and the Atlantic Ocean. The Salmon iustlv called the " king en iresh water fish," enters the rivers of Nova Scotia durhlgtl-rtfe'r pa. t of April. Th. fen.ale enters fi"t. -d lu abou a i.K.nth later the male follows ; then the grilse or young salmon ascend the rive.s. and continue to ascend during dtdy and August.* t *i Tl. thf, rivers also are found tho "Smelt." a delicate and savory h»U. In tne winte? it U SuS in tllousih. with nets set through the ice. and brought to market, where it finds a ready sale at icinunerativo prices. , t^ • i There are two li.h breeding establishments in the l'^°V,'''''.S\?Svdt'v iTcaJo Government, one at ll.iford Ba^in. near Halifax. ''" V'f i"**^ !h^Vwo hktcherS Breton. In tlu, fall of 188:J, 2,().>0,0(H) salmon e^S^ were laid down^^^ from wiiich in tho spring of I86l, '2,000,000 salmon fry were distributed into the diUcrons rivers of the Province. . In ordei to encourage deep, sea fnhing the Canadian Gove, nmen^^^^^ distributed an annual .u.n of $200,000 in tho P^y'^f"* "* ^,^'"^^,S f^ve becren^^^^^^^^ boats. Canadian vessels of 10 tuns and upwards to 8 .tons w 1 .ch ''"^^ ° ^^^^ "^^f^^", in Oshing during a pcrio "J^-f P'' r*"",;^^^^ f^^ ranging from IH Icet Ucel to 2.-i feet upwar. s arc aUo ^;^f ^ ' ^' '^.^'""f.-Sna ^ varying from §1.00 to $3.00 for each fisherman having complied with the regulations. CiiAiTKK VIII. -ANIMAL KINGDOM. When the country was first sottled it abounded with ^ ^reat many species of wild animl some ol v! hich are now totally extinct, and oU. rs -«. ^" .^^^^iy^h: fo" st; The early settlers were famous hunters and spent '»"'=\"^,. ^.^f '""Vt .hat peJiod" that the catalogue of those which remain is "ot a very long j;«; J^^E in pre'se^v Sg « Kuight's "Fishes of Nova Scotia." 23 met with. TIic fur of the PWvcr and Black Fox commandi an •aw««linRly hlxh prlo», an Of othtT wild uiiimuin ««■ hiivo tlit! Ottt-r, Mink, Sabh-, Marten and Ik-aver, ftll vaiuablo fur aniniulu, uiui niiiclk aou^ht after as articlua of commr rcc. Of i^nnin i)ir, aft»T a royal chaao of many mik-H through the deep snow, prc^orfta a gallant, though orml sight, as, facinff his fovH and lowering \\'\n autUuitl front, he toHsea hiH cnendui; right and left, ana gallantly maintaina the tiyht until tho bullet of tho hunter ends the contlict, and tho monaruh of thu forest is laid low. Tho Cariboo, au aniuwil akin to the Iltiindeer, thon(;h nouMwhat Bnialler, is too flout of foot to allow (A being hunteil by ilcgd. Ihey aro »hot by creeping upon them while feeding upon thu barrens or wide aavannaH. With tho protection now Hcourcd under our excellent Bystom of panio laws. Nova Scotia must continue an inviting tield for sportsmen. (Jood hunting grounds exist within a few miles of all thu principal towns r.nd villages, and during tho hunting ■eascn expeditious to tho woods are of fre(iueut occurrence. CiiAPTKK IX.-THE PRODUCTS OP THK FOKKST. Though Nova Scotia does not pretond to rank with the neighbouring Province of New Brunswick as regards thu lumbering business, still t. largo and valuable trade ia carried on in tho expoit of timber of various kinds; and tho products of her forests have always formed, and utill are, an important item in the exports of tho Province to foreign countries. Largo quantities of tho products of tho forests aro exported in tho sh ipe of sawed timber, such as deals, boards ami scantling ; hoops, telegraph poles, palings and pickets ; knees, futtocks, spars and masts for shipbuilding purposes; lath-wood, laths, logs, planks, shingley and fire- wood. Among tho native trees of Nova Scotian forests, the red and white pine stand foremost as artiolos of commercial value. Tho hendoek is found in great anundance ; it is sawed into laths, scantling and board.-i for comuiou use, railway shippers, wharf logs and piles. The black, red and white spruce arc shipped from tho Province iu the form of logs, boards, etc. The haomatac, on account of its durable qualities, is largely shipped, and great quantities of it aro used in the Province for ship-building purposes. Of hard woods, there aro the m vples, of which thoro are several varieties ; also, several varieties of tho birch, and tlio whito and red beech. The latter two are mostly used for firo-wood, and groat quantities of it aro exported to the United States. Tho following tabic, compiled from tho last Census, shows tho difTercnt kinds and quantities of tho proJuot.-i of tlvo Forests of tho country for the year 18801 : — Whito Pine, (sq.) Red " '• Oak •• " Hacmatao, " Birch and Maple, Elm All other timber, 4,091,517 ,124,451 cubic ft. , .^-),7'26 " " . 2-2,870 " " .106,069 " " .549,3,^0 '• " 1.393 «• " Pino logs 497,785 Oihcr " '2,250,594 Masts, Spars, etc. . . 8,703 Staves 13, 147 thousand Lath wood 5,585 cords. Tan-bark 10,843 " Firewood 637 084 " The total value of the exports of tho products of the forests for tho fiscal year, ending 30th Juno, 1885, amounted to $1,274,053. Every County in the Proviiico, more or lesa, shares in this profitable industry, and many of tho farming population purduo tho occupation of lumbering in tho winter. Lumbering parties, consisting of a number of men, enter the forests iu tho fall of the year, and form lumbering camps. These camps are provisioned for several months, and nere the men remain all winter, felling the trees and hauling them in the shajio of logs 24 totherlv.r. and .trearu., to await th« return of Hpri»K. when Ihoy •" ««*tfj ^ imn»,n.enu.nhor«t.ithunum«roa.»awmilU, fou...! at tl.a mmaa of lu« river* la M part* uf tliu uouittry. CiiAiTr.ri X. -MANUKA* TURKS. Noarlv oveiy writer who l.a, uu.l«rt(ik.'ti t(. rIvo a .l.-M^ription of Nova Sc;'t'*.Jj»« .pck«n o7 ti^o hnu UMUo f..nlitie. it po-^.^";. f'.r »M-o,nl..« ^,,f-' ">*":! *;''?« "» " , . /,.,.^ iu,, wnilciihon of Brif,i«h Nortli Ariuirlca. W ht^tlmr stiih will m 3 a^rnottye tXn-^^^^^^^ '» » ''"P^f"' "'«" »''"' "'^'l'" *''! '""I 'X Zrr b" ffvinoohuH wou.ierfully a-l vauo.ul in manufaotur.nK enterprise. A« re^^rda turinu trade of all UimlH. . At tl.o nrmcnt time there aro upwardu of eleven millions ol dollars invested m backBMth shops. 4i:i hoot and nhoe nuinufaotories. .18 o^rd.ng and f "l»"« 7' "• ;^S DmcKBiniwi B u>i. eahioet and furnituro manufactonea, 2H.? Hour and oarrUi«e bu i HK «tal hmcn^^^^^^ making e«tahlishment8. 63 atone and Srrlir'utthr-r^s'S'^ n.anufactur:ng%nterpriao. of a more Umlted "*^t''onnection with «hipbuildiug-in which Nova S-*^. »"'- »" gj^:;"^ f^f^^^. nearly two million dollaia. The valuable fishinc industry of the country, and the i.nmonao apple crop ann««"y raUed in the beautiful valley of the Annapolis-requiring each a large number of barrel- -Rive employment to four hundred and hve cooperages. TV,„ ZnL\ value of the vcaily wafe38 earned in all the industrial pursuits of the counlVin S^wt'sryM^h aJd th'e value of -w material used in he v.no^^ Tre prndS."^^^^^^ 1.329,817 yaras of homo-made cpth and flannel, and 6S,038 yarda of homermade linen were^manufacturel in the rural districts. CUAPTRR XI. -TRADE AND COMMERCR. The total value of the imports Into Nova ^^f^J-n all countries J- the fiscal^year ending mh .luue. 18§o ^^^^'^'^''^,,%^^^^^^^ consumption in the the same period amounted to SB, 894 OH... J'' ^tuj g"»"^ ^ " ^.^^^ } $'2,621,448 same I'-^nce for t.e same ^^-f^'J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ fr'om all o'ther ftiul alao w tho export of benf iui» yiv.ju a >;r.at ln>potu» to Block nililnK iu th« country. Th») f'lllowiiin autoiiiiint will ahow tho vuluo of the export tr*» 6,87.") $a.408,287 Wl5>»TlNllir.>< $2.1. 28« OrilKkCorNTHIM. $178,471 l,«M»().V-> 17I.4:U) 20S8 8,590,503 Year. Imports. 1877... ...$7,812,641 1878... .. 7,500,783 1870... .. 7,. 164 .124 1880... . . 7..543 ()S4 1881... .. 8.245. 7:;8 1882... .. 9,217,205 1883... ..10 0.13.!)29 1884... .. 9 0.53,104 1885 . . . .. 8,418,820 According to the above stitnmont the Uait«d States is tho l.irjteat purchaser from tho Province ; tho WoHt Imlios rank second, ami Oruat Britain next. The following statement gives the value of tho Imports and Kxporta of the Province for the different fiscal years ending .lune .10th, from 1868 to 1382 inclusive :— Kxporta. $9,379.1.52 8,508.189 7.0<)2,614 7,074 937 8.168.648 8.70) .53!> 9,820,332 9..599 .'{50 8,894,085 By the above it will be seen that iu tho ten years previous to 1882, the imports iuto the country have decreased, but the exports have steadily increased during ae srme period. Chapter XII.-POLITICAL, MUNICIPAL AND EDUCATIONAL. The constitution of Nova Scotia is, as near as can be, a copy ol the British form of Government. Since the year 1867 t*-- Province has formed a part of the Dominion of Canada, but having a Local Iho M.M»Unai»t Uavt-rnor, •ml U cni.,|KMi«d <.f iiln* j.iriU ..f Hli..t.i »..il-".K U th«3 Jl..u»c !.f A»s'«i»>!y, an-! th« r«»«J I" »»»• j|l. Thn thn-.i iiiUriuKUUtlve Council, an.l if paeied by that holy they i--..ive the aaaeatof the Lieutenant (ioveruor, when they bwioino law. MuNIOifAUTlKM. Bach County ii divided into diitrlote, eauh of whtoh ulooti a reproMntatiyo to tha Obtinty Council, which is tho Kovorning body or b)ard of the County. Thle Council la preeldfid over by an ollioer called the Warden, who is one of the Counodlore, and i« oli-cted to tho ollico by tho majority vote of tho Council, which aUo electa two oUier olIiu«r» called reapoctivoly Clerk of the Muuicioility and County Treaaurer. The Warden and Council have charge of tho roadn and l)iidg^ii, tho inaintonance of tho noor, and various other local matters. Thev have power to assess the inhabitants of the County yearly for the amount required for County sflrvices. They have legislative, aa well as rxocutive functions, and appjint all local ollicers. such as H)ari»vuriini#nt, a* |WMir Mtctiona, anil th«y liavo to |M<v«'rn«ar«l of thrna Triiiit«c ^hn iiui>t ftnil coi. ol of all the «chf>ola tii th« at'otlfiti. They aro a oor|Mjr4tu l)0>!y for all purpoaea oonn«ot«r llo icliooU aro nupportiMl partly hy grantn from llui I'roviiicial Trfanury, ao«l partly oy Uirnot aNtuMmuiit on thu iiihanit^uit uf uaoh nchuol ftectioii, acuoaliDg to tho amount rciiinrid in <>ach aiotion fur achool piirpoMja, Th« t«iti*l nuinhiir of pulUu .'ohoula, acoording to thn lalont rutiirnn furolith.i-l by tha •tUicutional oIlUc", in ISU. ami thu ixrwimllttiio of puhlic fund* for mliool purpoaea »niounti)d to $(H."i,;iUt( 10 f..f llic y«ar IHM. Tlioris aio two Moh winti>r t"it.i, Muriotf the winter t'Tm of I.HHl thom wirn tO.l!) t«»uhora ftnd aaniatant teaohfrs empl'ived, and of thit niunlwr fM wern maloa and l.'liKl were fpmahn. Tho nnmhor of pujdU rt-ijialcred at all tho etdux.l ■ n!ttni)hi'B tin ;lit in tho cotnmon aoluK)!* aro Reading, SpnlUoB, Oenorai ucoyniiihy. Writing, Arithmotio, (iramiuir, CAnadiau Hiatoiy, liritian Hiitory, oto. HiitiiKH Kditcation. Thoro aro thirteen County Aon.iomlrn, aupportod from the piihlio funds, In whloh tho highor hranohoH aro taii^(!it, giving to ihoso pupiti who doHiro it a iiplndid oppor- tunity for obtaining a moro liberal and advauoed education than o.in ho ot'^'^iuod at tho oovinon luhooU. In tho year IS."*.!, a pcriad novoral yoara anterior to tho introduction of tho preacnt ayatem of Free .Schools, the (Jovernnient estahllshod at T.'uro, in tho County of Col- heMt» r, a Training and Normal School for tho training of young iwrBonH dciiiroua of qualifying thernHclves as teachers In tho common achools. At tho time of its ostahlish- nient it waa considercil that much benefit to tho educational interests of thu I'rovinoe would result therefrom, and it is needless to remark that theso hopes huvo boon amply reali/e ormu* of IHHI. wa* 4IO.B72~lht (nor«MM III poptiUtlin ovMf the prevbu* o«o»u« Imlnii :»i,7H3, f[un\ t<» l.»i( jwr o«l. Hy tin- ftilluwliig l»bU will \w M^a th« i>rli(in« of thu |iuo|»l«, vi/,. : Btiotoh 140.0J7 KuKiUh V2H,im IrUb «"».«XI7 Frtwoh U -Mil t mA rortuyuota luaUiiiilo It.klitii. . .........I It'WIMU • !•• HniMi in nnd t'olUh V'srioiK ')th«*r« • • • . Notgiv.'n 2,:MI CitUHCIi OHUAMIZAXmNS. N««rly «vorv douotnlniitiga of C^rUtUui haa an or^dnlxntiutl in No*'« R' otift. Tit* oon«tilut|iiii of thn oniitry H'curits to ult thu li^lit to wi''init! ■ nuy i« teti r>'i|utrotl. Th«rci in wt Sta^ii ('liiir>'li, uii i a nitti in nut ohll/^ol In 'tontriuutu tu ^uy oxuvpt oa he may him^olf <)«ioi'l'>, Kuti^^iMit itrifo inatto tiukuuwn, tha dllttfrent roliglou* bodlua liv- ing in haruiuny with cueh othar. Hici.Kiiut'x tSfcCTM, AcMUtDiNu TO TiiK Cknsl'.h or 1S81. Roman Catholic 117, «H7 I'rual.yturiiins II'J.IW lUptincn H;ntH Ch • ch of Ktiglnu.l ti0,'125 M.tKodiota '^a.Hll Lutherans ii.O.'lU |)i«';ipin.4 1,8'26 Aiventiiti l.ft;W Univomallsti 07H Kpi*copal (reformed) UO (juiikttrH 77 Unitarian 08 Congregatiunaliata ;),5U(] i Juwa. 19 All of thu rtiHxiou*, mnral and aooial organizations uaual among refined and civil- ized ptiiiplit fxirtt and II'iui'im'i in all tiiu townt and vitlttk{(i8 of Nuva SuoUa. .Sal)bath SchoolH, \'oun>{ Mnn'H Cliri«tian A.>i.iot!iatioiiM, Hililii and Tract Sociutina, ditl'orent onlera of T«mpt'rancc hudioa, Man )na and Oldfullows, l)ul)ating and l^iterary Cluba, Lyouuma, Luuturo llalln, and in all the largnr tuwna Nuwa and H wading Kooma are to he found. CiiAi-TKii XIV.— KAILIIOADS, STKAMSHIP llOUTKS, COACH LINES, Exo. There are aovoral tines of Riilway in thT Province. The Intercolonial Railway, having itM Windsor and Piotou branchna, oxtundii froin Halifax, ita eaxtorn titrminua, weaterly through the IVovince to the l)i)rdor« of Now Uruo'jwiok, ihenoe to I'oint Levi, in the Frovinco of Quebec, where it connfctw with the (!rand Trunk Railway to Mon- treal, and the whole Railway ayatcni of Canaila. It is owned and operated by tho Dominmn (Jovernment, and is certainly one of the bent managed and equipped railroada on tl e Continent. The paHsonger cars are el., ^int and coniniodioua, lacing furnished with all the modern improvomcnta for the comfort of travellcra. The following are the atatioua of the main line in the four Countioa through which it paasoH ; — H.vi.iFAX C«UNTV.— Halifax, Four Mile Ilouae, Bedfonl, Rooky Lake, Windaor Junction, Wellington, Grand Lake, Oakfiold. •0 HANTiiCooiirr. — KiittvM, Kl>iiaL*?(Tr. Mt«trl4i:kc, !'i,l!ylw>tf. Urwkfbhl, Juhattos, Truro, hhgoa* Uh, Uutwrt, Katt MinM, Loadoafierry, I-Villfi1||h lAk*. (U MiiKKlMNi. Ckintv. Wriawiirth. iinntiivilli!, Tl.>m«on, OnforJ, Hivar Pbtllp, R«U Hiring*, 'HprhiKhill, Athol, .Macu4h, N*p|iaii, Aii)h«ir«t. TiiK WiMiiituH Hrani'ii Railway b«aiu« At WiiiiNnr Junction, « •tatlun on tho main Una of th« Iut«ruoti>nUI, ftlxtut four* t««n mile* from Ifalif^t, tml t'mlK nt tliu «hir» town »{ WhxUor in tlin (,'iinntyuf lUnUi wharn it lioriniutii with tlm Wimlnor anT«nrii t«ii rnn'ilur •tationi itn4-ntt>n, IIantii|>ort, In King'* ('oiintv tlie rt^nlir atafl jiirt aru ; Avoiip ,rt, Hmfon Lanili'ii{, «iriuiil l'r«, Wolfvillt), IN;rt Williiiirm, KHntvillc, (,'i'titl»rook,Cinil»riilj(if, VValPrvilln, Hm wi.,k, A>lf«. fof'i, MukU'U HouI, Kingaton. In Annap'ilt County : Wilniol, Mi 1 I In', I.AvnMNt i.vi, i'.ii.i.li ir, liriilctuwn, TupiMrvillf, Konuii Hill, ADnaixjlli, At AnniipoU* n nl.-.mi'.r conni'-tH with th« W'inilnor ami »polli lliilvcay for .St, •Toliii, N>''w ltrtui8U'i"k, anil from tli> nctt connnulion u n\ ulu lo all |i of Now Hruna* wiok, tlio Uuiicil Statoa 'iiiii l'|)|)i)r l'ravinct»i. Anothi r atisuiiw.' j^oua to Itoaton fiom Annafiolia, and another uoui to Hir Htrbor, Mo., anl connrnttti with thn niiiioadu for Uniu^d Htat looalid, and .nljoinlnK Couiitim. In aoniH oati»'n thn connection U daily, and in olhur uaMiiH M<do with thu \\'eat»>rn (Jiuutloa lliilwuy running from Ui^hy to \ar< mouth, through tho (/'ountiia of thoio nautoa, ana having twenty stationa a» lollowu :— I)i,;by, .lordiin Down, hlooiot'u^l i, X orth Rmni', I'lynjpton, I'urt (iilbort, Wey- viouth, liMllivt'uu, Churuh I'nint, l^lttrlo llrook, Saulniorvdio, Mutisghan, Lloctanouga, Norwood, Lako .JeaaiH, Brazil Lake, (i;ik»»- ah1« In the oppo-ito direct -u, callod the K.stern Shore Uoiito, coaches nm from Halifax to Marie Joseph, in the County of (luyahorou^h ; thefo again connect with Others to the Strait of Uanso, and from tlienco l,y variouH Iuk'h thiouiih the Island of C.ipo Jketon. Ci.A.TKK XV.-IMl'UOVKD FARMS ANU e;OVERNMl<:NT LANDS. Thera are in all parts of the Trovinco many farms to ho had at low rates for cagh, or even on tim.s when secured l)y a m..rti^age. Tlds is owiuv? ui part to the fact that many t,.rnurH lind th.inaelvc.i pn-es-fled of too much lan.l, and are willing to dispose of part Hndiini the whoh) too cumbersome to work. A«.iin other farms are for Hal'» m conscMieiKO of the ow.ici-i deviling to enter «omo other husuiesH. or who, having Hecured a competence, .ledre to retire; or they have becomo too old any longer to work their places and perhupa h iving no family wish to Hell. Then again there are a nnmber of Ltates of ileceiiaed persons for sale. IJut from whatever c.m«.-, the fact exis to -CiOOO lu value, and occasionally a snu^; place may bo had for £100. I., the fruitgrowing Co-mtios of Kings and Aimapolia, farms can often ho purchased which amm dly produce ai^piea sutlici; .it to p:iy tiic iutoi c^t on the entire capital re.ptucd to p irciiahio the said farin.i. Besides the improved and partially improved lands, there are yet in every County thousa.uls of acres of ui.cloarcd lands, some of which contain the heat soil, and only awpit the hand of industry and a moderate cxpcndituro (f c;ipital to convert thorn into prosperous tarmri. No one siiould think of making a new farm from the land covered with forests, which reiiuire to bo subdued, unhs.i he has means sutlicient to live upon for at least a vear Forest lauds can bo obtaine.l from the Covernment lor the price ot 4- J per one hundred acred, a sum which only about payi for tiic cost of surveymg, vecording, title, etc. Chapter XVI.-FKRTILIZERS, Kre. Commercial manures, such as Superphosphates, Cuanoes and others, are now extensively used by our farmers, theii use during tho last two years having nearly doubled. The effect of these manures upon our soils is very marked, especially those of which bone forms the base. Several descriptions of bone manure and other fertilizers are manufactured in the Province, and also one or two kinds imported from abroad. Lime for manure can he obtained near the numerous deposits of limestone very cheanly The farmer can procure the rock and burn hi^t own supply. The principal cost of lime is in transporting it to tlic districts remote from beds of lime rod<. The western portions of the Province obtain their supplies of lime from St. . buHhela. Manure la spread broadmt, Jfay given '2^ tons per acre ; turnips, 10()0 bushels per acre. . . Mr. L. has thirty-three head of cattle, and his farm is 200 acres. The grazing in at tho rate of nix cows to eight acres. He urther says:— "In Ontario, eastern townohips of Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, there are many farms for sale. I think any person desirous of emi- grating should consider well, whether, if he can att'itrd it, it might not be desirable for nim to give a higher price in tho Lower and Maritime Provinces for a rcarly-mad'e farm, where he nught have all the social comforts of life quite within his reach than proceed westward ' Thi above remarks of Mr. McLean appear candid and impartial, and fairly rcpre- Bont the imprcs^nons likely to strike the visitor who sees the Province for tho first time, and the longer the sojourn the deeper these first impressions are likely to become. The hint thrown out by Mr. McLean as regards tho old Provinces being the best suited to the emigrant from the old countries, is precisely similar to that expressed by other visitors. The Martinis of Lome, in a speech de.sciibing the prairie provinces, says : — "They are best suited to the youuu', adventurous and able bodied." And adds, " Men advanced in life and coming from the old country, will find their comfort best consulted by the ready providad accommodation to be obtained by the purchase of a farm in the old Provinces." Co}fCLU.SION, le foregoing pages we have endeavoured to lay before the intending emigrant a .0 facts connected with Nova Hcotia as a field for immigration, and in speaking In the few of the of its m. ay natural advantages, we have tried rather to under than to overrate them. The figures we have used are taken from the most reliable sources obtainable, such as the census returns and other authenticated statements issued by the Public Department, ao that the information given may be strictly reliable. To those seeking a home in a land where education is free to all, where they will be surrounded with the influences of civilization and Christianity ; where the school house and the church are accessible to all ; where the climate is healthy and invigorating, and the earth yields abundantly ; where opportunities of obtaining wealth and the comforts of life are grea^ and manifold, and the future for all is hopeful and inviting ; where the people ; : hospitable, industrious and intelligent ; and where the laws are liberal and impartially administered, wo would recommend Nova Scotia. Note.— A more extended description of the Province was prepared, in which all the Counties came in for a special notice, but it was found necessary to reduce tho work to its present limits. Therefore several fine Counties, such as Antigonish, and some also in Capo Breton, are only incidentally mentioned— not that they are inferior to the other parts of the Province (as an inspection will prove otherwise), but simply for want of space to describe them.