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 NOVA SCOT 1 A. 
 
 lOKT 
 
 VOR 
 
 INTENDING SETTLERS. 
 
 (WMPILKI) HV TIIK NOVA SCOTIA IMMKIBATION HOCIKTT.) 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 
 
 (RKVISED KDITION.) 
 
 OTTAWA: 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 1886. 
 
MTENTS. 
 
 Pasi 
 I 
 
 Chaptkh I.— iNiHonurroKV 
 
 ClUKrKK II — OKdUKAl illCAL PiWITKiN 1 
 
 Tiar>)ori, Kivuri »nd Lakes. 
 
 Cmahtkh in,- SoiLfl (IK N<»vA Scotia 6 
 
 I iJiviaionB »nd Zoological Structure, 
 
 Chait;bh IV.— AoHiciiUi'KAL I'kouucth g 
 
 Markets, Live Stock, Etc. 
 
 ChAPTKR V.-CblMATK • 13 
 
 CUAI'TKB VI.— MmKH ANIJ MlNEUAl- KkSDUKCIW 14 
 
 ClIAl TEK VlI.—TllK Fl.SIlKRIKS Jg 
 
 CliAi'TKR VIII,_Anim«l KiNnnoM 22 
 
 CitAFTKR IX.— Products of the Fokkst 23 
 
 Cr PTBR X. — MANirKACri!RE.S 24 
 
 Chaptk.r XI — Trai>e and Commerce 24 
 
 Chaptkb XIL— Political, Mdnicipal, EDrcATioNAL 25 
 
 Chai'teu XIII —Population 28 
 
 Origitt of the People— Religious Sects, Etc. 
 
 Chapter XIV — Eailkoad.s, Steamships, Etc 28 
 
 Chapter XV.— Improved Farms, Government Lands, Etc 30 
 
 Chapter XVI.— Fertilizeus, Etc 30 
 
 CHAFrKR XML— Directions 30 
 

 Ll^^-j;^ 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 rKOV[NCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 PUBLISH KI) II V TIIK aoVERNMKNT OF CANADA. 
 
 W _ 
 
 t'liAPTKn I.— INTItODUCTORV. 
 
 *1vJ"7 ♦^''^ atlvantaBfii at.<l reiourcen of Nora Scotia iihoul.l. at this Homawhat 
 aJva...-e.| Htau«„ ,t« history, l.« ho imnorfootly known an.l ..,„l«r,t.>o,l ahroad, iorhl 
 appear u»acc<Mu.tal.Iew„re it not for tU fact that con.p.irativol* littlo ha« he;,, ,lono 
 by th« I',ov....H, to ,„ako kuc.w., it« peculiar an.l nun..r,.L .|ualilicatiou* a« a .Ir irl ,"e 
 honi.- for tiiose nwkmn to en.ijtratt, from the Hhori,B of the Ol.l Worl.l 
 
 JhodeHign of thiH pamphlet is to fiiniinh a canili.i au.l truthful doscrintion of the 
 many a-lva-.tageH Nova Scotia has to offer to thono who may be anxiolsy consider ,,« 
 the important .juostiou - Whitiier shall we emigrate ? ^ consiaering 
 
 With the informatior, contained in the patnphlet before them, those who are 
 th.nklUK of leavujK the Old Country to seek a home in the Now \Vor MirS com 
 pare what Nova Ncot ia has to off. r with that offered by other countries and bo e^. 
 ;e<ilem;,lir'''^^ '° ''"'■''" "''"■" " """" ""''"^ '" ^^'"'^ ""^^^^^ ciJcuinstonce, ."„a 
 
 To the sober. Intelligent and industrious tenant farmer, whoso lifo from year to year 
 may bo but a struitKle with adverse circumstance,,, witl t a roasonablo VoVpect oJ 
 
 Iw^ thi"Nn.;r r'1,^'"*'"l '°, nr* ""* "'^'^ •^'""'"^" '^^ comfortable Lmfn that 
 await in Nova Hcotia those who. by tiie expenditure of a small amount of capital and 
 the exercise of ..rdmary enterprise, may readily Hccnro the.n-homes surr-umde, and 
 blessed with all the adumeta an<l conveniences of civilization, and withAI good society, 
 p enty of Chnrches and Schools good roads and travelling facilities : ro^hI -narkets new 
 at hand : a,, abundant Ruppy of pure water ; plenty of tin,ber, fuel and fencinK. and a 
 clear, bright u.viRoratm^ clin.ate in which all the pro.lnctions of the temperate "onj 
 roach the.rful develop, ment. To the above may be a.l.led that taxation is very liX 
 an.l that the laws ar.. wholesome and faithfulfy administered, securinL' to all theiV 
 proper rights and privileges. > h >■" "■•* mur 
 
 Chapter II.— GEooRArmcAL Position. 
 
 GeOKranhioally, Nova Scotia occupies a prominent position on the Continent of 
 America Look, or' at a map of North America, it will he found prnjectin« out from 
 the TTuinlan.l hke an im.nense wharf on the Atlantic ocean. This geographical 
 posmon secures to her many natural advantages which are ,nore particularly referred 
 to elsewhere ,n this pamphlet. Being almost surrounded by tidal waters and no 
 
^4</' 
 
.*f '■ 
 
 MAP 
 
 OV 
 
 PART OF THE 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 
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MAP 
 
 PART OP TIfP 
 
 DOMINION OFCANADi 
 
 90 
 
ilntTtariink h. the uoblo chain of IToviuces that npan the Continent from shore to 
 '^^^ ThH Province conai.ts of a ptn?n-.ili and the Island of Capo Breton which is 
 
 I er etween North Latitude 43^ 25' and 47" 10\ and between C9° 40' and 60 2o of 
 trnSe west frorn (ireenwich. Its area i. nearly 21 731 sciuare ">• •;«. H,oo^J^ 
 13.cfo0.000 acres. Of this area the Island of Cape Breton has about 2.o00.000 
 
 •"^Nova Scotia extends ea.twardly about two hundred miles farther than any other 
 
 c;£ :^^f !;^r d:-^r o^s;^a o! r ^r s^^::r ^f^ 
 
 t^l'Z oJ^ottrpo^rUoL JdnT-uch warmer by several degrees in winter than the 
 
 ^'''^^S^oUbWnrcJrtrTin the world of equal extent possesses a coast line indented 
 with so !;;^.nj; bays harbours, estuaries and arms of the sea, navigable for the largest 
 ■hips, as Nova Sootia. First in importance is 
 
 Halifax Harbour, 
 «n the western shore of which is built the capital of the country. Justly celebrated 
 
 Halifax 'P, ''^"°"J °'.^V„_Uour It contains about 40,000 inhabitants, and presents 
 western ^^^i^ °^;^*^e m.in ha^ojar n c ^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ 
 
 a pleasing «;8Pf<^^ when ^'„««'\;;;'\^^ ^ens which adorn it, i?ive it a very hand- 
 withregularity,and the many trees ana g ^^^ Intercolonial Railway, 
 
 ravirg'L^"crn;ctioV\hrewUh tfensive wharves and store,, with an elevator 
 
 11 r>f off,„-,lin.r fjpilitifs for a large transportation of grain to l!.urope. Halitax, 
 
 ''fP* • imS^l t fituated S a commefoial point of view, and is destined ere long to 
 
 hSn^w York and Montreal. aSthe chief port for entry and departure of ocean going 
 
 steamships^ West of Halifax Harbour the coast is indented with upwards of twenty 
 harbours Tnd bays all Capable of anchorage for first class ships, and m addition, there 
 ^rJnJso forty She'r harbours of less si., and capacity ; the mast of th >m a.e, however, 
 "aitble forCssels of «ve hundred tons. The whole of these are cmpnzed within the 
 
 •'"%"S:lf or;::dt"v.Strms the north-westem boundary of the Province. 
 
 • .n«h,mdred miles long and 'orty miles wide. At its head are two smaller bays, 
 
 ,mJ rh4necto or Cumbt^rland Bisin, and Minas Basin, which terminates in a 
 
 Sex basin'calti Cobeq'd Bay. Mina^ Basin, including CobeqaidB.y. is upward. 
 
 of fifty (iiifes in length. 
 
 it li 
 
 .,,,(;jfi,i cheat of water, penetrating nearly into 
 
 ♦K»Tpa,c of the Province, and receives' the waters of nearly twenty rivers which 
 flow trough tnd'rigat; the fertile Counties of Kings. Hants and Colchester. 
 
iZ {^he^ luoa tion of tcacheJs are l.K-ate.l here. It ia an important .tati<... «' ^^e ^»\"; 
 SonlarSoa" boinx «xty nul«8 di.tant from tho Ctpital. It contain., hcsules the 
 Sntv b^ uC'; one hundred and twenty-throe ntore.. two printing ottice., and 
 S So3 tw S ; there aro three last factorion, two tanneriea one h»t factory 
 
 K otohtwo Iron f^umlricH. one boot and shoo factory, two saw m. 1b, two shoo peg 
 fScrand two branch b.nks. The (Jatoa OrRau Company have the.r ^"^^3 locatcH 
 n Truro and Utelv a new in.luHtry, that of Tnilk conden«.n« or prenerving, the only 
 Sclory <:f tho kVnd i.t the Dominion, has been started in this town with every prospcci 
 
 of SUOCCf S. . . A IS 
 
 Oq the Nova Sootian coast of the Bay of Fundy, with tho exception of Annapolis 
 Ra.in as fir as the mouth of Mi.Aa Basi.. there is no natural harbour ; but to remedy 
 ?£ "kec a numbeTof breakwater, and piers have I'««\^"'l^ ^. J'"^. '"'"' ?'i'f„^'2* 
 haibours and answer th« requirement, of the local trade. With... the Basin of Minas, 
 however therrarrquite a ^ -f «n.aU harbours, adording all he aecomn^odation 
 
 rrTirelforthetradoof the western part of the l'rova.ce ; as well as ample facihtio. 
 for ahip-building, which h extensively named on. 
 
 Tl-at part of the coast for.ned by the Northumberland Strait, contains several 
 >,«rl.nnrs of couBidorablo dimontdons, chitf among them being Pugwauh harbour and 
 Sirharborbot them capacioa. and affording safe aochorap to the largest 
 I ictou a~ivmtr, ""<• ' ►^ .j , ^ j Pictou, the capital of the County of 
 
 Star ? "is S ea:tem%V;mi;7^ of the Pictou branch of the Int.reolouial Rail- 
 load as w;UaV?he centre of the Pictou coal trade, and In- ni ft are ah- pped annually 
 Krl' nutnt ies of coal. It has one of the best appointed Academies ui the Provinoe, 
 Shmdred and twenty storen, one iron foundry, Hve h-.telH, one carding null, two 
 print^ngoffitJs each issuing one weekly newspaper one tobacco factory, on. wooden- 
 ?rTe flfcU.ry, two saw mills, one telegraph oliice and two banks. 
 
 Situate on the F/wt River, about seven miles from Pictou, is the town of New 
 n..,, Jr an entorm-UnK «row ng place, the scat of several mauufactones, among them 
 fheTew Grsgow';S^/wik., fn^xtonsive establishment, c.nploying many hands; 
 also ste^l works, forge works, foundries, furniture, saw and wool mills, etc. 
 
 Wallace Bay, on the same coast, is a good harbour, capable of admitting large 
 
 . .i?^r', Hd. and small crift may naviuatc the mouth of the river for several 
 
 ""T T ta Ll uche haXurr^o from an Indian word signifying, " like a 
 
 Ers^y^rci^atiix^^^ '^:y^-- ^^-^ --^^- 
 
 fVciiities^for carrying on the extensive hshery of the adjacent Gulf. 
 
 Ti,^„r,h thore are no mountains of any extent in Nova Scotia, still the surface of the 
 eounlv S^utifully undulated with hill and valley. There are several ridges of high 
 country 13 Deauiiiuuyu Province; these again branch off 
 
 •'rS™Uar ard h 1 y Tand. and termiire either in high cliffs on the coast, or gentle 
 l.°'*i- hE n t^e inte Lr The most prominent cliff on the Atlantic coast is Aspotagoen. 
 declivities 1° tl^« '"*«^^^^^^^^^^ ami St Margaret's Bay. The highest land in the interior is 
 TdSe h'lrTyrng'tSren'luifax a the town^f Wiud/or. From its summit a very 
 pioaSing vieW may be had of the surrounding country. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. 
 
 Nova Scotia is a well watered land. Abundance of pure water descends in ."vulets 
 
 A H-I^mrf -ffl-n the hielur ground, and form:, into lakes and rivers, which find 
 
 and «t'''^^^'"^.J'?,^ *;^„3b^„^rs that indent the coast on all sides. There is hardly 
 
 a S.n tSL has nTt Lveral ^^^^^^ or brooks running through it. irrigating the 
 
 '''' One of the largest, though not the longest river of the Province, is the Avon, which 
 
 f- lintn thP R.^in of Minas. It is three miles wide at the mouth and navigable at 
 
 a tld^f or tvent^Jnl or Ordinary coasters ; but ships of larger size mav navigate 
 
 f^f'jlt. ,^ifr It has several tributaries-the St. Croix Kennetcook and Cogmagun 
 
 -which arenavigable for small vessels for several miles. At tne mon:n oi .he ..vou i= 
 
Bituato the town of Windsor, the cdi;ital of Hauls County. It ia ono of tho oldeat 
 towuD ill tho Province, aiui the Hcat of the hiatnrio College of Kiagst, where have been 
 e<iuoat<vl somo of the host intellocts tho country has producud. It is a part of entry 
 and an important station of tho Windsor and Annapolis lliilway. Shipbuilding is 
 extonsividy carried on, and it has a largo export trade in gypsum, which almnnda in 
 immense (juantities in that County. It poHScssea eighty st< os, a tebgraph olfice, one 
 sash factory, two banks, a printing odico, issuing a weekly nowepap'ir, five hotels, ono 
 saw nail, a tannery, a furniture factory, a foundry, gaa works, water worki, and an 
 extensive cotton factory. 
 
 The Annapoli-1 Rivor, which drains the beautiful and fertile valley from which it 
 takes its name, empties iuto a oliaruiiug sheet of water, called Anuapjlis Basin, having 
 an outlet into the Biy of Fundy through Dighy (Jut, ^ 
 
 The next river of importance flowing into tho IViy of Fundy at tho he.id of Cobccjuid 
 Biy, is tho Hhubenaoadio. It is a noble stream and navigable for twenty miles above its 
 mouth, where the tiile rises seveutyfivo foot. The source of the Shubenacadie is a lake 
 situated bstwoou llanfs County and Halifax County, called froui its dimensious the 
 Grand Like. Thtre are 1000 aoren of dyked marsh on tho banUa of this stream, and 
 2000 'crcs of excellent interval above tho flow of the tide. Its principal tnbntaries are 
 thi< Five Mile and tlio St. Andr^'-wa Rivers with their alluvial valleys, and tho Stewiacke 
 River with five hunthed acres of dyked marsh. 
 
 Thi^ Silmon and North Rivers, which flow through tho rich and alluviU districis of 
 Truro and Ouclow. bo. ides several other of smaller extent— all of them bordered by 
 extt-nsivo and boautilul meadows and alluviums— also empty into tho Biy of Fundy, 
 through Cobequid \Uy. 
 
 On tho northern side of the Piovinco, the principal rivers emptying into tho North- 
 umborlaod Straits, are the K i^t, Middle and We->t RivlI-s, tho eonllueuce of which forma 
 Pictou liarl.our. Tiie soil of the district through whijh they How is of a superior 
 doacription, and capal)lo of a very high state of cultivation. 
 
 Of the rivers on the Atlantic hI do of *he Province, the largest and moat extensive, 
 are the LiHa»e and the Liverpool rivers— the former a noble and romantic scream, 
 navij^able for a distance of fifteen miles. The scenery through which this river 
 CDuisca ia of the most enchanting description, and its waters abound with the finest 
 Osii. 
 
 The Port Modway river, a good salmon stream, is also situated in Queen's County. 
 TheShelburne River, in the C )unty of the same name, empties into Shelburne Harbour, 
 which for siza and safe anchorage ranks next to Halifax. Tho Clyde, a small river, is 
 also situated in this County. The Tusket River in Yarmouth County, ia a considerable 
 stream, and is navigable for a distauca of twelve miles from its mouth to the village of 
 Tusket, a shipbuilding and lumbering town. 
 
 Lake Roaaignol, situated in the C>unty of Q aeei.s, an enlargement of the Liverpool 
 river, is a beautiful inland basin, sui I to bo twenty miles long and four miles wide. In 
 the County of Yarmouth is another, calleil Lake George, which ia nearly as large as 
 Rossignol. Ship Harbour Lake is another large lake situated in Halifax County. Space 
 will not permit of a lengtiiened or even brief description of tho numerous lakes and 
 lakelets, with which the country abounds. It will suffice to say that the whole surface 
 of the country is beautfied and enriched in every direction with picturesque lakes, 
 woodland streams and mountain rivulets. 
 
 The Island of Caps Breton, anciently called the "Royal Isle," possesses many fine 
 harbours, bays and inlets, nearly all of them capable of anchorage for the largest 
 merchant ships. Those of special mention are, St. Anne's, Sydney, and Louisbucg 
 harbours, and Gabarus Bay on tho Atlantic coast ; and Margaree and Port Hood in the 
 Gulf St. Lawrence. Besides these, Arichat harbour, in the Isle Madame near Cheda- 
 bucto Bay, is also a fine harbour. In the Island there are also many large rivers and 
 lakes, celebrated for the fiue salmon and other fishing which they aftbrd— notably 
 Margaree river, which flows into tho Gulf. The soil of the country is generally good, 
 and some parts of it are of the most excellent character. 
 
 A great and very notable geographical feature of Cape Breton is the far famed 
 p_^„„ !i'(1r !:i.U!'. aitiLitod in the verv centre of the Island, s.nd nearly dividing it into 
 two. Tliis lake is fnrty miles long and twenty wide at its greatest breadth, and 
 forms a veritable inland sea, indented NVith bays and harbours and picturesque inlets, 
 
and (lotted along the slioruii with iiumeroua iHlandn. St. Pdtors canxl, half a milu long, 
 oonnecta the waters of this lake with the (>ut of Caiiso, and atfords a passage 
 for vusaolii at its western extremity, and a natural navigable entrance exists betwoon 
 its eastt-rn limit and the Atlantic. This lake afTurds splendid Ashing at all seaaona 
 of the year; while frozen during the winter months, holes are cut thruu){h the ioe, 
 and fine codfish, herring an<l other tiih are caught in abuudanoe. In the summer 
 season a steamer plies over its waters, carrying parties socking cither pleasure or 
 business. 
 
 Chapter III. -THE SOILS OF NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 la discussing tlie agricultural oipibilitiea of a country, there are two essential and 
 all important f.ictors to be considered, vi;;., cliinatu and »toil, both of which are natural; 
 and their condition can only be iutluciioed or changed by human agency to a limited 
 extent. Another, and very important feature also, in this connection, is that of mar- 
 kets or the demand for the produce of the Hoil. This feature is of a conditional or arti- 
 ficial nature, ami, as reapecU Nova Scotia, is referred to elsewhere under the head of 
 Markets. 
 
 The nature and constituents of the soil of a country are governed by the geological 
 conditions that have produced it. Hence, in Nov.-v Scntia tiie soils are those peculiar to 
 the five geological formation'! wtiich prevail in the country, and classified by Doctor 
 Da\v.son, the Nova Scotian Geologist, as follow : — 
 
 1. 
 >2 
 
 \i. 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 The soils of the metamorphic district of the Atlantic coast. 
 The soils of the inotamorphiu district of the inland idllM. 
 The soils of the carboniforous and now red sandstone district. 
 The marine and rivci alluvi'^, marsh and interval soils. 
 Bog soil. 
 
 The first division embraces that portion of the Province bordering upon the Atlan- 
 tic coast, and extends from Digby County to the Sfci'aits of Canso. It varies in width 
 from ten to fifty miles, and covers about one-third of the area of the Province, and con- 
 tains the greater portion of its inferior soils. 
 
 The prevailing rocks of this district are slate, granite and hard quartoze, much of 
 which is auriferous. The cultivable soils are of two kinds — the granitic and the slaty. 
 The first is derived from the waste of granite gneiss and some varieties of mica slate. 
 In composition it is usually coarse and sandy, and in its virgin state, covered with a 
 black vegetable mould made up of decayed leaves and other debris of the forest. It is 
 naturally dry and friable, and when cultivated, produces good crops of grain, potatoea 
 and grass. Bsing always dry and early, it is well suited for vegetable gardening, and in 
 localities where protected from the wiud and fogs of the Atlantic, is well adapted to 
 fruit growing. The second principal clacks of soils in the coast diatrict are the slaty va- 
 riety. These are clays more or less stiff, or light and shingly. An advantage possessed 
 by the lighter variety is, they do not require draining ; but the heavier kinds are much 
 benefited by this process, and their increased productiveness well repays the outlay. 
 Upon all these heavier soils, grass and grain yield good crops, and abundant means are 
 available in keeping 'up their fertility, all of which are treated under the head of 
 manures. 
 
 The light and shingly soils are warm and early ; potatoea, Indian corn, the cereals 
 and fruit do well upon them. 
 
 Soils of the Iniand Hills. 
 
 Under this head comes the Coheqnid range of hills, a moderate elevation beginning 
 at Cape Chigneoto, in C.imberUnd County, and extending through Colches- 
 ter County into Pictou. The range of hills called the S )Uth Mountain, running 
 through Annapolis, Kings and a portion of Hants Counties ; all the hilly country 
 extending through Pictoii, Antitronish and northern Guysijoro, and the hills of C»pe 
 Breton, or the greater partion of them. With few exjepti.)ns the soils of this class 
 are good. They are formed from the waste of syenite and greenstone rocks, allied 
 
to Br^nite, but ditT.Tin« «omcwhat in .hemioal con-poaition. ami i>ro,\Mdag a more 
 fertile soil than that derived from the latter. Tl.ere exists in this district -ome ,^.r^ 
 tions too rocky to cultivate to advantage; but here a. clsewherr fnoh PYt» »»^^« 
 their usee as woodlands, and when so kept, serve as shelterH from winds ancl 
 •torms. 
 
 The larRcr portion of this soil is a brownish loam mix.^d with su.uU ;'■»«'"«"»•«' 
 •late. ImpartinK a shingly charncfr. It is n.ostly deep, '"^^^'ly .^vork.-d and ^ « «y? f'^'-- 
 t ilo. It bears a heavy growth of ha.dwood timber, au.l mneh of t»>«;'.'8*""*.«»''' ['.-nf 
 that condition : but thriving settlementH have lately been cnuneuced »"/''"«';« P^.^" "f 
 It. The land when cultivated yields cxcUent crops of h*y and cereals. The sml of 
 this district is rioh in lime and pho.'.phatoH, and is not eaHily exhausted, even under a 
 wasteful system of agriculture. 
 
 Old Country Farmers coming from hilly districts, and wishing to similarly •."c^te »> 
 Nova Scotia, would find good chances to obtain Hrst das-, land, either in us virgin state, 
 or in partly improved farms, which may bo always had at fait prices. 
 
 Soils of the Cardonifkuous and Nkw Keu Sandstonk DiHTRirTH. 
 
 These occupy the low lying country con.prising the Northern and IJ^J'J';;" I?"'^'""^ 
 Of the Province, with the exception of .uch portions as border upon the ^tla " mNova 
 Scotia nroner Nearly all the l..v,- lamh of C Apn F.reton are included in thio «I uw. !?ome 
 X s'oiKduded i.i thU division arc. g.olo,,cally ''\«t'-V''"V'U':S't;'aV?o" 
 are hero included. There are four distinct vunotieu which will be referred to an tol- 
 
 FirRt The Loamy and Marly Soibi of the Carboniferous System. These arc found 
 In the viciiuty of tho largo depojits of limcatono and gypsum, that frequently occur m 
 this diatricS. 
 
 Theao ooils consist of a clay loim, of a reddish color well supplied with lime, 
 ffypBum and phosphutea, thuu putting th.cm in the front rank of prune uplands. Ihey 
 5?o easy of tillage, and yield good ovopa of all the staple products of tho 
 country. 
 
 Second. Clays, Sands aiul Stony Soils of tho Carbouifornua DistrictB These are 
 liffht coloured or reddi-sh atilT clays, white and gray sanda, and ground tdled with flaggy 
 frLments of hard sandstone pebbles or other rocks. Such soils occur irregularly, scat- 
 tered over tho carboniferous aystem depending upon tho nature of the neighbouring 
 rocks, which may likely bo ahalc wasting to clay, soft saudstonoe or hard flaggy vari- 
 eties of conglomerate. 
 
 Tnird Loama and Sanda of the Now Rod Sandatoue. These are found chiefly m 
 the Countioa bordering upon tho Bay of Fundy. They occur largely in Colchester Coun- 
 tv near Truro ; also upon both sides of Cobequid Bay, aa well aa many places on the 
 north ahore of Hants County, but principally ia the valley of the Cornwalhs River and 
 fhenco on through the Annapolis Valley. They are generally of a bright red colour and 
 V iry from loams to sandy loams, and light sanda to the latter, being often of a light 
 grayish colour. 
 
 The red loama and aands abound in oxide of iron, lime and gypsum, though some- 
 what deflcient in phosphate and alkalies. Tr.cy aro admirably suited to the cultivation 
 of the apple and other fruit, potatoes, turnips and Indian corn ; but for grain and grass 
 fanda, they are not equal to the beat soila of the caiboniferoua and siluriaa 
 
 districts. , , . . , * 
 
 The areat bulk of the soils of the new red sandatoue are of a more loamy nature, 
 often resting upon clay subsoil, especially near the foot of hills and bases ot the moun- 
 Sinrid.-es They are uau.-.lly deep, well mixed and free from stones, and where they 
 have received anything like fair treatment, continue their fertility, being easily kept m 
 good bearing condition. 
 
 Fourth Soil of the Trap District. This ia confined to a long narrow elevation, 
 t„.J„ ..« the North Mountain, of about six hundred fee^ in height. It begins at, aa 
 well' as forms, the bold promontory of Capo Blomidoa in lUugd Oouuty, ana tncncc c^.- 
 Tends westward into Annapolis County, terminating in a long point projecting into tho 
 Bay of Fundy, called Digby Neck. 
 
Thin rango is fully one huadrod niilos in length, and effectually proteoU the Corn- 
 walllH and Annapi''^ Vall«y«, as wel' as a portion or Dinhy County, from tho old, damp 
 winds of tliu IJ*y ot Funly. Inconsequence, these looilities have a climate iomewhat 
 wanner in Butnnur than is expjrionoKl elsewhere in the I'rovmoo. The soil of the 
 whole ranno is rich in de -ayel veKetable matter, for.ninn a black mould, mixed with 
 fine particles of rock, the waste ot the trap. It allords excellent pasture and grazing for 
 all kinds of stock. The cool, damp, salt winds from the sea, bio wing directly upon ita 
 northern expanse, favour the growth of a rich herbis^e of natural grasses and clover. 
 It is also abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, allordiog an unlimited supply 
 for stock and other purposes. 
 
 This soil yieldi good crops of h»y, grain and vegetables, espucially cabbagM 
 and turnips; and the sea shore cIoho at bind, furnishes an abundance of fortilizing 
 material in sea weed, mud, shells and tiih otFil. The entire mountain range above 
 described, is only anirsely settled, and yet no partioa of it is remote from good 
 markets and social intercourse. Good chances to make farms exist all along the 
 range. L-vnd is chsap, ind miny advaut>\ge8 present themselves to the eye of the 
 practical farmer, that will make this in the near future a populous and thriving iitook 
 growing region. 
 
 Marine and Rivbr Alluvia. 
 
 These constitute the fourth principal class of soils in the Province. For oonvenieno« 
 this class may be referred to as Salt Marsh, Dyked Marsh and Fresh Water Marah 
 interval. 
 
 Salt Marsh is the alluvial accumulations that have gradually formed upon the low- 
 lying shores of nearly all the rivers, ettuaries, bays and harbours throughout the se* 
 coast of the Province ; and which for various reasons have not yet beau reclaimed by the 
 erection of dykes. These salt meadows all produce naturally a mixture of saline plants 
 and marine grasses, varying from one to two tons per acre, which, when cut and 
 
 Firoperly cured, affords an agrefeable variety of food when fed to stock alternately with 
 resh hay, roots or other fodder, and is much relished, as it supplies the saline matter 
 naturally craved by them. These 89,lt marshes are mostly all taken up and owned by 
 the farmers of the adjacent districts ; the price per acre varies from £2 to £8, according 
 to locality, productiveness, etc. 
 
 Dyked Marsh is the original salt marsh, from which the tides have been excl'idod 
 by the erection of onbinkmants cilled dykes. The sediment, or mud of which these 
 marshes have baea formad, appears to cont'iii, in a marked degree, all the elements of 
 fertility, and when applied as a dressing to exhausted uplands, its baneficiil effects are 
 at once manifest. 
 
 Tha ereatest portion of these rich lands lies in the Counties of Annapolis, Kings, 
 Hants, Colchester and Cumbarland. As a matter of course they are much appreciated, 
 and opportunities for acquiring them separate and {ipart from the farms to which 
 they are attached, do not often occur. When sold separately, the price varies some- 
 what in the different Counties. In Annapolis County the pinices range from £20 to j^30 
 per acre. 
 
 Cumbarland County has by far the largest area of marsh of any other County. 
 It is situated at the he id of the Biy of Fundy, where the turbulent tide rises to the 
 astonishinc; height of sixty and 1 3venty feet, and rushes with irresistible force against an 
 immense surface of friable rock and red sandstone. Its abrasive, disintegrating force ia 
 tremendous. The waters of the tide are loaded with those soluble materials, which 
 are deposited layer upon layer until large areas of low lying shallow basins are 
 gradually elevated, and the work of reclaiming thorn from the sea ia co.-nparatively an 
 easy task. 
 
 Fresh Water Alluvial Soils, 
 
 Unlerthis haai will be descnbed a class of laud somewhat less valuible than the 
 dyked mtrshes, yet, from the fact of its being more generally and evenly distributed 
 throui?ho:it the entire Province, form a very valuable addition to the natural resourcea 
 
 tin; i:>'iusry. 1 irOitijn-ttu T -•-! jr j.»..» — , =, 
 
 rivers and streams, there exist large areas of these natural or wild meadows ; the soil of 
 
whioh i. inaa« of .lerity-fcd voKoUblc matter, ami the wash of HpUn.li. brought down and 
 depoHitod by the auiiuul fru»h<iti* that ovni How tlit-iii. 
 
 ^'tilla«fl, anil "usually prove got d BtrouR «oiU,and from their situation ar« euaily 
 
 dralue<l. ,,• i i i tu 
 
 Tho one-hundrtdth part of theao meudoN*^ hm.la is aH yet unutili/«d and In the 
 Interior of the country ^reat qi'iintiiii:. remain to be uraiit.e.l. Noar th-in ic exceiuuc 
 ridKea of upland ruv.:vvA with the virgin forest, .\tuch of .t ih bo H.luat.e.t au to bo 
 a<liniral)ly Hinted to tho formH^io.i -t row s.^tU-nienta, wirhui d.st.vuc.H of l.8« tliaii ton 
 mdcB from railr(,adH and .oarkets. To tl>e youi.K<M- class of immi«ants, who '•re not 
 afraid of rouKlduK it. for a f.iw yea. 8. hucIi opportunities atlord the certainty ol a 
 comfortable homo ami a sure reward tor their labour. 
 
 PiOd .Soils. 
 
 Bom are Homowhat al'.ied to tho meadow.* above deHcribcd. inasmuch an they arc 
 laraely compojed ot decayu.l vegetable sulmtance-j, but unlike the meadows, they do not 
 produce natural cropn of hay. As these lands have at present but little econonuo value, 
 any further description is unneccasary. 
 
 CuAiTKB IV.-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Of the Cereals, the following are successfully grown, viz., Wheat, Rye. Barley, 
 Oats. Buckwheat and lu.liaa Corn. Of the above, none are exported abroad, the surplus 
 over the home consumption on the farm finding a ready sale at the neighbouring towns 
 and villages. 
 
 Wheat has of late years proved rather uncertain, owing to the ravages of the weevil 
 or wheat Hy. It is, however, extensively cultivated in the Counties of Cape Breton, 
 AntiKonisli, Pictou, Colchester and CJumberland, and also to a less extent in all the other 
 Counties. Oats, Rye, Barley and Buckwheat have no insect or other enemies, and area 
 sure crop. Tha cultivation of Indian Corn is mostly confined to Kings and Annapolis 
 Counties. 
 
 Of Root Crops, the following kinds flourish well in all parts of the Province, viz.. 
 Potetoes, Turnips, Heets, Sugar-beets and Mangolds, Carrots, Parsnips, Raddish, 
 Cabbage, Cauliflower, Khol-rabi and Artichoke. 
 
 Of the above the Potato is the most important, being more extensively cultivated 
 than any of the rest. Large (piantities are exported to the United States and the West 
 Indies. The crop was formerly subject to disease, but of late years, with a proper 
 selection and frequent change of varit-ties, it usually proves a sure crop, averaging at 
 the lowest estimate two huu.lred bushels of sixty pounds each to the acre ; aurt under 
 favo.irablc conditions, can be produce.l at a cost of eight pence per bushel. Ihe prices 
 realized vary considerably, according to the demand in foreign markets. Ihey are 
 usually worth (roin 2i. to ;}=.. B.l. per bushel at the farm. The variety known in Kngland 
 as the Champion succeeds very well. The Early Rose, Prolific, Early Ohio, Calico and 
 Beauty of Hebron, arc at present favourite sorts. 
 
 Next to the Potato, the Turnip ranks in importance to the Nova Scotian farmer, 
 and all the varieties of this root grow well in any part of the country. This crop is 
 not as yet raised with a view to export ; but of late years it has haf.pened upon several 
 occasions that a good market has been f.)und in Boston and New York for any 
 Burpluc of this crop after supplying the home market. The price in our loca markets 
 is about lOd. or Is. per bushel, the cost of raising' being usually about halt or one- 
 third of that sum. The price usually obtained in the foreign market beiiig -Js. b<l. 
 to 33. per bushel. A very cheap crop of superior quality is usually obtained upon 
 laud newly burnt over. Upon uuch i,he seed is sown broadcast aiici briish>»d or harrnv.v^.. 
 in ; no subsequent cultivation is required, and a bountiful crop at pulling tune is the 
 resjult. 
 
ManKoltU aro not an liirxuly grown as Turnipt, but their oiiltiviition it hapjuly on 
 the incrf.JH«", nnd att stock raJMiriK U more ami mor«) hroominj,' on« of th»( piofirabl* 
 in.liiatrioH of the country, the production of thin and other cropi will corrcapoqaingly 
 iucrpaan. 
 
 llloo.l IJoets, CftrrotH, ParMiipg and other \.'i<«taJ)lts uro only grown to jtupply th« 
 homi! nmrlift, but ait n rulo Uicy aro u^t noarly aa woll suppilMl us th.'y Hh«uild be with 
 garilen stuff. N.-ar ll.iiifax, aa woll aH all our Trovinclal to«n». a fow luiirket Ka»aen- 
 urn, who undciHtciud the busuioss and have a »null capital, couM i-Htabllsh pri>HUbU 
 markiit ^aniens. 
 
 Of the Luguriiino\i>* '.'lantB, IVaa and Ikana of all varictio* flourlali well. 
 
 Lar^o cropi of I'uuipkins, Siiuash, Cucuinbcra and Citiou Mulon, aro grown and 
 ■old in tho local niark'tn, 
 
 Conni<l.jriil<lo attention is iio^- aivon to tho cultivation of tho Tomato. It grows with 
 little trouble ai.d yielda a profitailo return, and largo (iuaulities aro now raised, and 
 good prices rcalizod. 
 
 Tho Hay Crop is a largo and valuable one. Upon it tho farmer chiefly dop«nd« for 
 ■iistenimce for hid hordn and Hooks. As a rule, the upland farmer does not produce thil 
 crop for thi market. It is more pro(itabl« to feed it out upou the farm, and thorebv In- 
 crease his aupjily of manme, without which ihe uplands cannot be profitably worked, 
 
 Tho Counties which possess largo areas of inarah lands, however, depend largely upon 
 
 crop aa an article of sale and export. Some farmers in Cumberland County M- 
 
 nually sell tioin one to two hundred tons of hay ; besides feeding a large stock of cattle, 
 
 the hay crop aa an 
 
 sheep' and horsas; and they can safely <lo so as tho marshea do not re(iuiro manuring to 
 keep up their fertility. 
 
 Tho market for this crop, after the local d.miaud is supplied, is found in the United 
 States, the West Indies, Newfoundland and the neighbouring Province of New Brunt- 
 wiok, where tho extensive lumbering operations re(iuire large iiuantitios. 
 
 Improved and powerful machines aro now ine.l to oomprens tins commodity into 
 compact blocks, securely bound witli wire. In this form it is cheaply transporter! to 
 foreign markets. Loose hay is worth, in the local markets, about £2 per ton of 2000 
 lbs. The pressed article about 7s. 6d, more per ton. Tho price obtained abroad leavei 
 a fair margin of profit to tne grower or shipper. 
 
 Fruit is another of the valuable products of the Province. Under this heading ap- 
 
 ?les rank first ; but plums, cherries, pears, (luinces and ^Tapes aro also largely grown, 
 'caches also aro cultivated, bub they do not succeed well outside of a few favoured 
 spots. The bulk of the apples grown for export are produced in tho Coanties ot lann 
 and Annapolis. 200.000 barrels annually are the estimated product of that sootioi of 
 the country, where their cultivation is au important branch of farming. At the prasent 
 time other Counties aro awakening to the profits of fruit raisinp, and frorn the resulta 
 thus far obtained, it is predicted that every ('ounty of tho Province can, with due at- 
 tention to variety and location, succeed in growing apples and qther fruit to great ad- 
 vantage and profit. 
 
 The Counties in Capo Breton and in the eastern cud of Nova Scotia, produce exoeh 
 lent plums : but grapes, cherries and pears do not sucoood as well there as in the West- 
 ern Counties of Digby. Annapolis, Hants and Kings. Digby eapecially is noted for its 
 magnificent productions of cherries, iuul large quantities are sold m the local towns, as 
 well as exported abroad. Poars, quinces and grapen are not grown in oxcfiss of the 
 home demand at present, but in sectiouB suited to them, they could be profitably culti- 
 vated for export. 
 
 The apple, however, is beat adapted to all portions of Nova Scotia, with the excep- 
 tion of very exposed situations on the coast ; but oven in such situations, an intervening 
 belt of woodland to protect from the salt and cold air of the .nea coast, will secure its 
 profitable cultivation. Nova Scotian apples are now well and favourably known in 
 the London, Livernonl and (ilasL'ow nmtkots, and can be depended upon when 
 properly packed, to keep longer and open in better condition than those grown else- 
 where. 
 
 To those markets for the past few years, much of the surplus fruit baa been shipped. 
 The tr»n«P"rtation facilities are nnsurpas-sed for aafety of handling :n cold weather, 
 quickness of despatch, and cheapuees ot freight. 
 
10 
 
 At \!inapoH« a i!(Jr!>ii>K jwrt aoMMiblo ut all leaaom, Uttm. Knlll A Orant, of 
 Lon«lou, (i. B., have er.ct«a a con.modlcui fret procf brick warahoOM, lu which apnUa 
 arentoml rcnily for •hijurunt hy Stoatiifiia of tU A.'a«li« S S. Co., whow rxtuimiva 
 Pier. : i.l with luilroud tuukn. Iuriiii.hr.i mich m.-:uix of <,uitk d.iipiitdi. that oargoes oi 
 7,000 humU ar.' uhlpn. .1 in U>h th.iii forly fight htiim. (Jowl faeilitloa aUo rxlat for 
 ihlpi.ini, from lialifux, l.y any of the «tt«ni»hii) line. nAHrg Mit of that port ; the rat* 
 of freight btln« uhout the itttno from each- umiully :U. Oil. <>r U. piT hurrtl to Loixlon 
 or Liverpool. 
 
 T»i« varietioaof the npplo which have thus far auuccedea hcst in the Kimlinh mar- 
 kets, are tlio Nonpar. 11, liih«ton IMppin, Ikl.lwin, (!old«n llmiMit an<l Vnn.levero. 
 ThcM aro U.nn keeping viirietic n, an.l can be i-afely nhippe.l m lato ua Muroh, al 
 which time the maiketw aro ummily quite hare of fiuit, and «o<mI pricea are reallzetl— »• 
 hluh a« 30«. p« r barred haviuK been ohtaintd for Nova Hcotian applia in Loiulon. at 
 the public fahH. There i» not a more proHtuhlo branch of HKricultnre >" N"v» 
 ScotL than that .f fruit growing; and it is one which Im cupablo of unllmUcd 
 expansion. ThousandM of ntns miitiibie for orchiirda can be cheaply obtiiuid In 
 the CounticB of Annapoi.n, Kiiiua and Hautn, wliore it is HUt>poncd t hit superior 
 ollmatic condltiona exist favorable to thtir growtli; hut m b. fore 8tatc<I, nei*riy 
 every portion of the Province will produce them of like ouiility, If proper care u 
 taken. At the Kxhibition held in italifttx in Mar.h, 188.1. by the Nova Scotia I;rmt 
 Growers' Association, apples w^ro exhibited, grown in all parta of the I "'ovinco, 
 from Yarmouth County in tho extreme west, to Capo Breton in the east. In this 
 branch of faindng there is not likely to bo an overproduction, and the demand is 
 always on the increase. Certainly no country can produce applcH at less co»t than 
 Nova Scotia- the cost to the grower not • xce«'ding Rh. per barrel at tho outside— and 
 notwithstanding tho high duty phiced uron Nova Scotia apples to the United States, 
 they aro shipped to that country and realize handsome profits to the shmper ; 
 especially tho long keeping varieties, which excel the American in thoge valuable 
 qualities 
 
 The cultivation of small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries,, cranlierrles, 
 onrranta and gooseberries, odera a profitable field for onterprino, the demand for 
 those fruits being far in excess of the supply. The Nova Scotia cultivated straw- 
 berries find a ready market in the Cities of Boston and New Yoik ; being later than 
 the Ameiican fruit, they strike a depleted market ar.d secure eager purchasers, who 
 prononnco them of better flavour and more thoroughly .riptnrd than tho Aineiican ; 
 which fact is easily explained by the circumstance that the former grow in a cooler 
 air, conseijuently they mature more tuoroughly and develop a more luscious taste 
 than those that grow quicKly under a burning sun, which ripens tho ouiside, while 
 the hoart of tho berry is hard and devoid of flavour. Currants and gooseberries also 
 yield handsome profits from their culture, tho fruit finding a ready sale at handsome 
 prices. 
 
 Hops are not cultivated beyond a pole or two in the farm yard to supply the house- 
 wife with her own yeast, but tho climate is well adapted to tho cultivation of thia 
 plant. A good home market would be at once aft'ordcd, as cur brewers have to impart 
 their supplies. There is no reason why— with land cheap, sticks for the cutting, and a 
 good market— hop culture should not bo a paying busine8.s. 
 
 Flax it not grown to any extent, except in Lunenburg and Pictou Counties, and 
 also in Digby County. The plant grows well in this country, but so far, except for 
 domestio use, has not been cultivated extensively. 
 
 Hemp can also be grown, but its cultivation to any great extent has yet to bo 
 attempted. 
 
 Live Stock xVnd Their Products, 
 
 here, aa elHewh:ire, are of chief importance to the farmer, as without them it would be 
 quite impossible for him to carry on hia business. Referring first to horned cattle, we 
 may state that at present a great deal of attention is given to tho improved breeds, and 
 
 importaiiori.T nave •jcun ii;uite, sjutn uy m^ ri-jr.." it.» - i ' — ~ 
 
 viduals, of all the breeds which have proven of value to tho British fanner, either for 
 beef or dairying purposes. 
 
JrA 
 or 
 
 u 
 
 Wthftvo now ill Uio Trovlnno •oin« vory fair »nlm*U. Unth of thorouj(li»)roiU »nd 
 rnrlM of U»«t foil .wiiiK kIn.U. vl/,. : S', .rl Mc.rr>«, WAUul Atm»%, I)«v<miii. AyrMlilrM, 
 «or«ey« mi<i Uucriiieyd. TJif K««''l fffn'U *>t Bivh ImjK.rratl.iuit aia Sujiijujlng to »• 
 •«'n, but thii i^rtnor&l (ll»inHniu»tlon ot tlii» "took over the I'rovincM in of c(n\rm a »loW 
 prooiiMii. O.ir nalvo •t>ck, howovtr, U n.»t m b*<l, aud whun rmwivltig fair 
 trMtmnnt uro (ui- from unproiit»»ili«, olflmr m hwf, wnrhlng oxin '>r mlloh o«v i. 
 In k country wh- rn a gniBt portlctn c.f tlio f*nn lahoiir »n.l liim»>»<ring <»per»tloiui !• 
 parformed by ox-.-n, ttttatUinn immt bo jj'^"" <-" '•►^^ <|''*'l**«« rwiulred for uffloUooy 
 M mch. 'l'hV»« r««qiiisiU<« aro poMfRMoil in un •Mninnnt inaree by tb-- Dovom ; tb«y »r« 
 good workcri, mv\ **Ii'9m wantml for bwf tb«»y also do fairly woU. It la only lat«ly 
 that our faruuim havo turntul tli«lr attisntloa to bw<f raining aa -. •fmilalty Vot auMI 
 puriMMiOH tli; ihort horn tmvim tii« Iwat fittod, aUhoujili t»i« I'ollml Aiigtit li 
 Itkaiy to bo.!oine a ki»«n oompatlt( r for tha palm no long lu-ld by the f.)rmor. Th« 
 future will show how far wo aro t<j bo bonoflted by thent) linprovwl broo<U j ouf 
 farmers are pi jgreaaing iu the right direotlou, and will prove all thing* und hold fan 
 the good. 
 
 For the production of butter and oh««e, thU Province ia p«»culiarly adapted. 
 The land i\n honn m it In olearwl of ita timber, <om«i naturallv Into gvaaa and fln« 
 psHturage, wliioh coutinucM grcon lato into autuniu. Klioa or insect«, also, are very 
 little troublt) to »took. 'I'lioio ban ulwavi bean a h'^'A market for liiilry pro«luo»— 
 butter usually iMngiia at U. p^ir lb.. cIkicb© at about (i<l. A medium good freah 
 miloh cow in tlie xprlug iit woiLh about CO, and if dried off In tho fall ami gnviia 
 fod only, will roali/o for Ix-ef about £7. A pair of htocrg, tbrco >i.nrM old, at wlnoh 
 time they nro usually put to woik, ure worth about £12 to £15, ai;oordin« to 
 nize or brcod, and after labourinj,' for thrco or four yourB will bring iMuhapa £25 for 
 bt'cj". 
 
 Our horht'H would no doubt npp ;ar sniill in compariHon with KnKli«lt f.vria anlmalt, 
 but they aio used for Konoral piitpo.,o8, and arc tough and hardy, 'lliey soldom exoeed 
 9 or 10 owt., and are about lii hauda in height. A young hore'j ia worth trom £20 to 
 £2'). an<l many of tho Iwat aro ahinptd to tho Unitvd Staten. They can bo cheaply 
 raihod in thla I'lovinco antl exported to tho United .States, or oven to Kngland at a good 
 profit. 
 
 For sheep grnzhig tho cheap lands and natural paaturago of thla Province render 
 it eminently Huited for this liraneh of husbnuilry on a more extensive acaln than haa 
 hlthorto boon attomptod. Our farmers URually keep oidy small tlo'jka, from 20 to 50 in 
 number, and thoy aro by far tho moat profitable stock kept on the farm in proportion 
 to their cost and feed. 
 
 Any form of disease among sheep in this country Ih wholly unknown. In new 
 BottlementB thoy have to bo protected from the attacks of boars and other wild animala, 
 M'hich is easily done. Along the coast aio hun.lreds of Islanda, varying in aize from 
 live to five hundred acres ; some of these aro now utilized as Hhoep walks, upon which 
 the sheep get their own living the whole year through. The snow does not fall so 
 deeply or lie as long upon these islands as upon the mainland, and between the na-t^ral 
 grass and herbage on the land and tho aca weed on tho beach, thoy get through the 
 winter without difrionlty. 
 
 The wool finds a ready sale at the various mills, and npeculators purchase it for 
 exportation abroad. The wool now produced is much mixed by the introduction of long 
 and short wools and crossing them with the native stock ; no attempt as yet having been 
 made to produce any distinctive grade or kind, but if sheep farming was followed 
 extensively, a cross which would comljine tho (lualitios of a fair mutton and wool sheep, 
 should be procured. 
 
 The price of ordinary brr jding cwea in autunm is about 128. or ISa., and upon an 
 average, one half of a flock will produce twius each spring ; the lambs at three months 
 being worth from lOs. to 128. each. 
 
 A sheep-raising company, lately organized, has secured a largo tract of wild and 
 meadow land in Shdburuo County, and liave begun to collect a tlock. The industry 
 promises well, and those who have seen the sheep walks of Scotland say that our 
 facilities for sheep raising aro far superior to that couutry. 
 
 Ample encouragement will be given by the Proviuoial Government to tboise 
 
It 
 
 wiMhinj^ tfi eng»g« In aimlLr nnttrpriiM by tha ofT«r of IaikU un<l«r fkvourftbU oir- 
 outniit*iin«a, 
 
 Mwtnn %rm not hrtxl to any i^rnitt oixUiit. Mitny of our f-trinnra i|<> nut t*U» inoru th»o 
 m1I«<I for liy thi>ir own «.«<)« Thrra U a l*rt(i) •i<)inan<l for |iirk to iu|)ply tho tUhar- 
 mnn, thn morohant kIiiimi, lUo nilnhia ami liimlMirinK poiuiUtkoii, bu!, U U i>rtuul|>«Uy 
 ■up|>lii<<l by iiiipiittAtioiia fiDiti aliroaX Thn vaiiotia liiiJtlii itru nil to bu found tii tho 
 ProvioM, of Kri'Ut'r or ivt purity, anii to (ar oo dluaM i* kii>>wn to eiUt among 
 them. 
 
 I'oultry in nuMli>ratu numbtra itro knpt I y all our f«rniBra, and prova very r«mun> 
 •rativu, Itniuptiao i|u.iutitlit« of hkh* »ru ahlppud from all parta of tno I'rovluoe to tha 
 Unit I'd MLttra, m widl a* aoM in tliu local niarkata at rMinunviativo pmoa. Kgua are 
 worth r.d. in auuiUKir mu'. \i. in wiutor, and ptxittry both ativo and dn-Hnvil aru alwaya 
 in groat dumand. A llrNt aUaa poultry farm in uiiy p»rt of tho I'mv-tnoa would pay 
 hkndaoniely. 
 
 Itviii uultiiro iabi tfiiiuiiiK to atl'-act uiMiKidi>ni'.)lo attention aa apr'illtibl>! inv««tm«nt. 
 Tho Hmo t'liriviia wull liun-, and with tin) improvnnunta rumnttly i^lloclud in th«) mattor 
 of artifli iiil vomiIh and otiior valuublu aid* in bju r.iiain({, thu protita of aiiuh Inveatmauta 
 aru lutgily cuhanuud. 
 
 ProVINCIAI. EsCUURAUKMKMT \I»D All* TO A<IHICOLTnKB, 
 
 We cannot bnttor conidudo thia branch of our subject than by giving; aome brief 
 remarka undor thn i^bovo head, cont:ii)ut«d by Profoaaor Lawson, tha elUoiunt Meorotary 
 of thi- Provinoiid lioanl of Agriuulturo. 
 
 Thoro Ilia boon in on«-ratiou in Novik Scotia an ottonaive organisation for the 
 enoouniKeinunt of A^riinilture. Th« LuKiHltturo annually votoa a auta nnver leu 
 ♦han £2,.'>i>0 atorling for thi«i purpono, with aupplemontary granta for importation of ilvo 
 I took and otiior apooial objeot* wlit-n rc<iuirfd. Tlio annual grant ia devotu<i to 
 the aunport of Agricultural Hocietioa an't Agriuultiiral Kxhibitiona. Of Auricul- 
 tnral Hotietius thi-re aro at pnsaMut eighty-nine aproad over the aovcral Oiantin*, the 
 momborahip varying in number, according to tho agricultural population of the 
 particular district, from forty, which ia tho ndnimum number, to two hundred and 
 Qioety-six, tho largcj*t number of mombora in any one aoci«ty. Theao aociotiea aro 
 reaponaiblo to tho (tovernmont. through tho CHtitral Hoard of Agriculture, for the 
 proper ui" or diapoaal of th( Ir funds in promoting agricultural improvements in their 
 reapeotivo localities. Ooo of their chief objootft ia tho maintenance of thoroughbred 
 maio aniinils in tho several dintricta. Any resident of the diatrict may beoomo a 
 member by paying four ahillings annually into tho aocioty'a fund, which cntitl«s him, 
 under Huitable re^'ulatioua, to the privilege of miing tho society's thoroughbred animals, 
 for tho itnprovomont of his herd or tlook, or for tho raiaiug of horses of a 8ui)erior 
 class. 
 
 During the last twcnfy years, numoroun importationH of thoronghbred animals 
 have been made by the Oovernmont and Agricnltural Board, from Kngland, Scot- 
 land, Ontario and the United States, so that the Province is now fairly well anppliod 
 with Short Horn, Durham. Ayrnhire ami Jersey Cattle. Other breeds, especially 
 Devans, (JuernseyH, and latterly Tolled Angus, Save been iutroduced, but in smaller 
 numl)ur8. The Nova Sootia Herd Book already contains tho carefully reoordod 
 pedigree of : 
 
 Short Horn Durhams 400 
 
 Ay rahircs --0 
 
 Jerijcys 160 
 
 By natural increvso and private importations, those numbers may ba expected 
 to bo' rapidly doubled. Sheep and pij,H of improved breads have also been intro- 
 duced ia oonKiderablo numbers. Som« of the A;,'ricaltural Societies import or 
 introduce into their districts improved agricultural implements, seeds und fertilizers ; 
 nnrohaHiuir nt manuf:'i;lurcra' prices and selling to thoir membcra at cost and 
 charges. 
 
CitA 
 
 It 
 
 V.-Cr.IMATK OK NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Nov* HootU liM no furm of matarUI or okhtr ilkMaact pvculift.- to lu«tf. tod lit 
 lahabiUuU huvo «lw«y« iMfii niiiuuUrly •xnmpt from ilnnKwrDU,* aii<l contuiowi 
 (iiMftiM »o<l «(*i<i«int<'ii, aiiKh M Jlioter*, «iiiiill pox mml liifnctloua fwrrs. Vwom 
 rmn fKX'Miona th»'y liav«i beuij liitriHluuml truu\ uliniAil, Im", (ii every >nat*o«« of UmI 
 kinil, t>i«y liavii liu<in •(H'o Itly *Uih|>«*<i out \>y |irii|M'r tritatiimut. 
 
 Tbia furtuiuta cl«iKre« of K«uaral haaltlif^iluna* 1« aliariul in, and «nj >yiii hy, th« 
 Jnmnatio anliiittU, wliloK t(iu« f »r luve lw««n uliiijuUrly froo 'roiii tli'M»« ((U«ia«(ti that, oi' 
 «At« yoitra, htvu ilnvniUtt d tho llook^ unii h«u\» of th« llritiah IxlamU aii<i other 
 aouiitriea. Kv«n tli«i liumt <•( th« choice lireuiU of cattle, auoh aa .Itraty*, Hhort l!orba 
 ami othura uf iiiii;ortt«l ntock, wIdmi iu'!<'iviiii< tlx) aama care ami trrntiimnt, raail ia 
 thU uUiiiat« an vijual, if nut Diipurior, kl)'gr«o of i>urfeotion trul vigour. 
 
 Thrmiirralii, rintlerpcwt uutl foot .ui'l inouih ilU«iMie, have n«\«r apiwaretl amtcg 
 our oattlu, nor ih« lluko vvorni aor rot ninonK thw ilmap. A li^ht form of illat mper ia 
 aoiiKttinf'n (ipiilxniic, but rurwly (truvca imU[ i while theifUeaae glaoJera umoug hor«ea 1$ 
 wholly unknown. 
 
 Aa rnitariU the extreme ooM ami Itingth of thn winter, which aomc uncinnt writera 
 hav) (leauribtui a« bcluK pouuliar to Nov.v Sootln and the other IMtiah p<iiiiifl«*ion;i In 
 America, it la only neooaiary to comniro the ttv«rii({t' annual nifun t«>in|n'ruture of 
 aeveral Kiiropeau Citiea with that of llalifnx, to provo how much thow) wiitera war* 
 mlatakou : 
 
 1 1 dt>K. 40' 
 n 
 
 CrtT. 
 
 I^AIIDHMIIBII 
 
 02 
 
 ff3 
 40 
 
 ni 
 
 llulifax 43<laK. 8' 
 
 ;«!'. Toronto 44 " 4' 
 
 31' Bwrlin 17 " fl' 
 
 21' Jhthlin 4M " l' 
 
 7' Frankfort 4!> " 6' 
 
 .W ChcrbouiK W " I' 
 
 20.89 London 48 " 4' 
 
 The mean aummer temperature of Halifax, aa compared with the ' .uderuamed uitica, 
 Li aa foUowa : 
 
 Halifax 02.0 dog. Fab. 
 
 (J-eenwich »JI.4 " 
 
 Chi-rbourg (U.!) " 
 
 Kdiuburgh 57.1 " 
 
 Toronto 04.5 dcg. Fah. 
 
 Berlin 03.2 " 
 
 Dublin «i0.0 " 
 
 Loudon 0O.2 " 
 
 Some portions of the Province enjoy a higher drgree of aummer weather than 
 thnt common to ITalifux, cflpf-cliilly the Annapolis and (yoriiwalliii Valleys, which are 
 noted for wiirni auuny weather dilrint; the suuntier months. The Countioa Bituatod on 
 the Atlantic coast have a winter compar.^tively milil, with more rain anil Icm «now 
 than tlioso futuatud on the Iky of Fuudy and the (iulf ahoru. In the coldont portiona 
 of the i'roviuce it ia only upon a few nighta during winter that the temperature falls 
 below zero. 
 
 The extreme summer heat ia 0.')° above zero in the shade. During th» 
 ereatrst degree of pummer heat the uighta are cool and rpfreshintf, owing, no 
 aoubt, to the almost insular position of the I'rovinco. L«'t the wind come from 
 whatever <iirection it mav, it is teinpertd by its contact with the Atlantic Oc^-an, by 
 which the Province is nearly surroundnd. To the peculiar jjeogrnphical position of 
 th« Province may olso be ascribed its frcctlom from violent stomi.t, hnrricanes and 
 cyclones, often so severely felt in other portions of the Continent. Throughout 
 every natural and physical condition constituting the general make up t>f the I'ro- 
 vince, a happy and comfortable medium neems to prevail, ensuring in a reasonable 
 degree every rcfiuircment necessary to the highest order of human deve) -nent 
 
 atiialDa'>ic lit In;! j..i.~t ..—".. •■ .!- t -..K ..._ g _— ^ _w...j.„._ — „ — ^ — 
 
 Scotia, successive gencrationa of humanity siifTer no detciioratiou pliysically or 
 
14 
 
 otbcrwU., nn.l Mll^M of th» l'.oU..c., wh.m ...,uiu.l ur. "'''^^ '';''"' VJ'^^^^'jJ 
 .,,.1 |,rJv;ii„,... ...4 prfr.rm f.aU ut ,.«nti.! c m•M..^ l*»' '"^ Z" '"^ / »;;'';.;,^' ^^^J 
 
 in«ko tl.rtir w»y uttJ •uDuwil l>« «u emlneut a.|{f.i« !« *«y enNrpriM »h»y intijr 
 
 •aderUka. , , i «, 
 
 N.HvM of olUr »!.)iiu»,rU... upon coining to Nov* Pc<|tl«, mfT.r no " arloo.or 
 
 ««L,Ui.,ml tl.a Imj, . ..Uil tf.«»t u.iutloti are n««*M*ry U nnUr to l>«ooW» 
 
 Mf«iy •toUnmUd. . 
 
 mouUu tLl ttctuJ faun work U ii, l'r<'Kr«M. opurMhn. «« not Imju'lc. .y JuM^^ 
 rul,.y H«*tl,«r t . tl.« «xt«»t tK«y «rd .uf:i..ot.ul to h, Kn|{Un.l. Another «•;;'•» 3"" 
 Uiouf..rr.Hl l.y th. f.n.U of wii.l.r. .n.l tl.« „»t.,r« .l,y„rM of t»,., ... /»•;""'''•; 
 
 not ....c...Mry h«r^. an.i n-.thing Uh- Ih. «am« amount of cupiUl U .^-'f, "^".^j" 
 f.rm Impl.'nient. aii.l maohlu.ry j txn th*. iftvlng ttloctod is bu ii,iport*nt Ittm la »a« 
 ooat of run<iini{ a, f«rm. 
 
 CilU'Ticu VI. — ilNKS AM) MINKKAL IlKSOUllCKS. 
 
 Nov« Hc<,ti» h o.pt,cMlly rich in Mlntral w...'»h. Vula.il.lo ''« l'""';' "',, ^^'f • J^"" 
 »„<l (i..l.l a,o fi.cloMc.l withi.. her M)il. thu cxt«i.t of wl,.oh l« no', yet ful y km wo. 
 KuoiiKh, hpw. v.)r. hiu bmn .liH-ovtr.- 1 to provo Ihvt thi< I'rovlnco t)ice«<U any couuiry 
 ot tlio huino «xtt!»t In mineriil renoiirc*!*. 
 
 We .1. ,11 rrocecl to .U-»«ril.« at la,-Ko thorn, inlt,..r«U wl.ioh. It, the rcouun.lo or.lcr, 
 claim thn Knat^.t .h.iro of Bttthlirn j n,orely «l.u,cli.K lU Ihoaa not yol Uuvolojwu, 
 tcctttuc of tlio want of duntaud to roinkr th«m of cooitonilo Vttluo. 
 
 F.rhl u. lu.|., tuuoe, then, will bo thu coal tl.UU, lo f ir a. th-v htty« Lom, ;''«;'";»•««• 
 A% there ha. „Jt h««n ui.y coroplcte geological i„„%oy of ti.o '•»'' '''"'f^''"''^ ^^•^/'i'',,^^,' ' ,» 
 l'.ovl,.co, it U not i.oH0iblc to »tatn, hf-yoiul umo ....,nj,ctur.>, what „my bo th« utinoat 
 rcaourciM ot Nova HcotU in rcBpuct to thio ont) mimual n!' no. 
 
 'I'hcn lice livo kiioun coal lieMn in Nova Scotia, thruoof whioh -Sydtioy,^ Inyernm, 
 and Littb. HivtT C «1 Ibhln u. t in Cup. Iblton j uiid two -tbo .^otou an. (^»"'>'«';'*"i 
 Coal (i.bU aro In tbo I'rovlmo p.opor. Twonty ColllorkH ar.. now worUinR »" thew 
 eeverul coal ,'i.trU in, tM,.pb.yli.i{ t.'WT ,nun *,.d boja. •>^/'''«.^)' I'^'^S,^^'^'' '^i;' 
 thf,cw«r..iHi»Ml f,oin tiia dilloni,t ,ni,HH l,:{(i.\8ll tonH of -'.';!•»'> 'Im. IhU la Iho 
 largwat output in any ouu yiu- ninoo tbo dincovory of .-oil In tli« loylnce, xaa u la 
 Maorted o., tfood authority thit Ihupreu-ot 8Ut«of th«coil tni..*- ,n Ucatou an lucreaaea 
 output .lurln« tii- Imnuulialo future, f-tr cx.'cfdii.g anything iii llu; ijaat. i h;^" "« 
 uow over fourth m^ md men and boy« oinph,yml In thiH industry, bat iully ot.u t louaana 
 more would obtain t5n>ploynicnt at the •idVorcjt oollioriea. Good wuk'^* ^ro ohUinea, 
 living i* cheap, and thor.s are many udvantagoa conntctcd wuli a residonco in Nova 
 Bootitt which cannot bo hatl oUcwhcro. 
 
 Mr. Gilpin, (lovarntnent Inspector of Mines for tlia Province, ealiinatea it« 
 kno^.ii pnKlaotI.e coil fiebia to occupy an area of about 080 scjuare miloa. Irom 
 the aamo ^ufh-ity, u,for!i,..t''>n ii obtained aa to the char^eter of the coal -that It 
 belr I ..• lumiu .a o.visaon of Dtna, no Anthrucito having becu met with ai 
 
 yet, and mat it may be divided iuto cooking, clicrry or free burning, and canuel coal. 
 AUo, th'it the ditl'orent coaU found and woiked In the Province have been, from time 
 to time, Bubiidtted to variouu anulyticil tcBta by oiupetcut authorities who have 
 pronounced the quality to be excellent ; and clthci or gat, cooking or steam purposea, 
 equal to any in the worbl, 
 
 The most eastern of the Nova Sootia tieU- is kuown as the Sydney coal field, 
 situate In the Inland of Capo Breton. The extent of ll.iH, one of the most valuable 
 coal diHiricts of the Province, is estimated at 200 square miles, and forms tlvj area 
 of an extensive basiu, the greatest portion of which is hidden beneath the AtlautW 
 Ooean.* 
 
 *011plu'» Mincaot Nova Sootta. 
 
15 
 
 " FortunkUly, " mv* Mr rui|>ln. "ncArly «U of Ih* iMma n«n \m foltow«<l in ihair 
 Mbsqnaoii* •st«niion 
 
 Mr. flilpln, In hU valu.Oile wtrk on th« Minrtanl Min«r»l Iwinili <( No\a Pentt*, 
 Mjri ■ "That th« nifirirMiii* AmMint i>l »v«i' lil« ro»l thl« <M«t'li't ctintalu* »"i»y bj 
 Mttinnto.l (rum v>t< nvu\<,^iUu%\ unst^y rtporl, »hlrh »t»»r« lh«t th« aeant* "•>* "P"^ 
 •onUln, In th« critic hiard for lh« |)ur(K)t« of wmklrig them, ovvr 'Jr!,OUO,000 
 toaa." 
 
 "Thl* r«tirri«tr. h« My*, " t\int not litoliiil* tho coal In thn a««ina, which ftr* 
 MBopnaaHl lit th« Uml »rf(i», lii o|jKr(ttio», nor th« value of th« aoani^ In ih« l««a»a which 
 »r«i ttl iiriamt »v»i»i(inK » f4\<rt»r»l4v upportv it^ for iliiv«|.i|.iiu'iit, whioh lt»m» WOttla 
 awrl' till! toul i|uaiiiily of t 'ftl in 'lie Sy«lii«y diatiiol to a voliiin« hIiIdIi iu*iir»a vary 
 BiMiiy yt'sra' au| ply at rati* fat t=xi* rilitiK tbr |ir«i»iit aiimial o«t| ut." 
 
 It 14 in the Syilnvy (>"«l licl<l that llie liunerat Miniui( AaatKiatioti of F^tmlon arc 
 Mrrvliig oil their coHieiiea, Thla « \t«n«iv« Coinfmny haa ona of thn moat fo'nplot« 
 DilninK tataliliaiimeuta in th4> Domioinn, |)ORa«aaiiitf th« moat puwarful enuinta fur 
 putnt'ing ant wiinliiitj or coal (IrawinK puff ' »ca i til* Ifttter capahio of ralalutl KKK) too« 
 par iiuy 1 1 l«n houi h. 
 
 In Invrrneaa Contity valuable it^posUa o( coal vwcur. Theae He In th« pro'luotlTa 
 goal merta'irna found on tiio wnatvrn aftioiea ft Va\i<u liroton. In Rlohmonil ('ounty alao, 
 ooal b«'ia arc found, th« i>xt«>nt p.nd vaiuu of whiub »ra not yat fully known. Nor hava 
 any of theaa drpoaita been woikH t" any cxt«-nt. 
 
 In Nova Scotia proper we liave thraa Countloa whona aoll ia un<lnil.il«I with 
 coal, viz. : Antinonlih, I'iotou i-hI Cumtiarland ; an<l auaiiia of oo«l oofur in other 
 
 Crte of tho country whuro Ih «arlioolf«roua ayatam pravaiia, Init they have nol 
 •n autliultntly teatitl to aacertain whether they f.f likely to b« of euouoniiu valiM 
 or nol. 
 
 Firit in lni|K)rtauce is the 
 
 Pktoo Coal FiKi.f, 
 
 iving aouth of the town of N"W Olivatfow, in tlio Ounty of I'lctou. In thla dlatrlol 
 thMr** aro !»» la of coal of tlie rtnipertlvo tliickD«a» of from lix to thirty five f<t(t, in all a 
 
 Four Companita ttr»» n »w 
 tea, Iut«reolonipl and Vale 
 
 thlckn^aa of on«) hiimliod auil ten ftut of workable coal ly' 
 at work in the I'ictou coiil diMtri;t - the Aoaiiiiui, Albion 
 
 Codl CompaniuH. Thi'lr (JoMierlta are oxtonaivo, tli^mju^nly i-nuippud an<l alilo t«) pro- 
 du.-e an output of To.OOO to 'iaO.OOO tone of coal. From analyrja made by thu (Joverr 
 
 I tobt 
 ami 
 
 niunt In«p« otor and othera, the ((uaiity of the coal of thla dintrlct haa U-en prov««l t 
 of cxcfll'iit oharaetcr, «ithor for gaa or doineatio purpc Hia. 'Dw coal froui all tho at 
 Opttneil in thla dlNtriot, "o far na totti-d, ia cxcolleot for atram purponoa, and Iuih bc«u 
 ttaod ixtfimivcly on tho Nov.i Scotian and (jinadiiin Railways. Hoiop of t'le a<unia fur* 
 Diah art ov.-ollont cokf, uiu'd with raw coal in tho aiueltin^ furnacc-a of thu l^ondondtrry 
 Mln^a. Ueaidea the acaina worki'd, there are a»:voial lurjjo and umlovt lo|Hid arcaa 
 in thia Huld, of which r»o ostlnmte haa yet been made ; aomo Idcft. howevur, of the 
 
 •nee (piaotity contaln''<l in thia dintrlct may bo formed from tho fact that the 
 o! on.) of tho t;<)ropauli;a la estimated to contain (17,:)(J'),000 tons of available 
 
 inim< 
 
 area 
 
 ooal. 
 
 Tho total amount of coal raided in IMctoti County, dnviufj tho year l8vS'i, wa« 
 480,0.'),l tons, and of thi.i (luautity 44tl,l.'<7 tons wcro sold. 
 Next in importance ia the 
 
 Ci'MBEBtASD Co.vr, FiEr.n, 
 
 consisting of valuable doposit", situated on the shorra of Cumberland Basin and on the 
 northern abb s of tho Cobequid hills, In the County of Cumberland. 
 
 Thtro uio fuur Collieri>« in thisi County. Tho t.-t.il .\mount of aahsof con 1 front 
 all of them in 1882 was 2I3,:M9 tons, against 171. UI> tons in 1881 ; an in<;r«'aso of 
 47,200 tons, Thu mos't cxtcubivo workn in this coal fiul I are owii*;d by the Cumi- land 
 Coal and Railway Company, a wwdthy syndicate, who hove lately purchr-ed thfl 
 nronorti^s of tho Sprint; tlill anil I'aisboro Coal and Railway Company, and tVi« Spring 
 Hill Alining Con)pat.y ; for which, it ia said, they bavo paid a miilion jt dollars. Tho^ 
 
16 
 
 new C 
 
 Thoy 
 
 Company propose a very (jroat oxtonsion of the l)ii8im<8« of tho former Company. 
 
 will fxlciul I'm: U lil .v.iy from tli<i niiiioH to I'.irslion., a fow iiilliin to Westway, 
 • t, 1 -I 1 11- , 1 i> ].... .. .. L\ if - 1 „ ........ I \.„..- f«- ..1,;.. 
 
 Alloy Will CXLCim Ltn: ivilltvtiy ll»i'ii i*n'j mtiivjn i*w i -iiJ^inii'/, .% im^ iiiiii.-n ww i * ^^i «, *< <• j , 
 
 whoro thny will l)uild n I'ier uikI IJnukwatur, tlms .ill'iinhiig an oi.ou harbour for ship- 
 mont ut all aoanoin. Thuir piiruhno iajludea 0, l."{0 ai.roa of co;u arcfi, buMiili;!) 7,000 
 crcH of lauil ; with 3'J miles of railway. 
 
 Ab hoforo Htalcil, tht; amount of coal raiacl from tho .liUeront mim-.i of the I'rovinco 
 iirin^ tho v<'ar IHS'2, waa I.IUio.Sl I tona. Of thin iunomit l.-JfiO, 179 lona woro aold, 
 gaiust I.O.'Jo.OI t tons iu i>S.Sl, Icing an iucrou^i) of 2l.j,l(i.j tou8. 
 
 As proof of the expauiiug jharactur of tl»o Nova fcscotia coal^trade, thd following 
 gurcH will sutlico ; — 
 
 SalcH of Nova Sootia Goal for the ten years from IH.-.l to IStiO 'i.HOO.S'JO tona. 
 i)o. do. 18(il to 1 870 — 1,027, ;l.iO " 
 
 Do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1871 to 1880—7,377,428 
 
 and in tho two years sinoo 1880, the aalej of coal were 2, 285, 193 tons ; nearly as much 
 as tho saUa during tirj first ton ycara in the above statement. 
 
 The Hold Fikld.4 of NovaIScoti.v. 
 
 It was net until 1858 that (Jold waa di'sooverDd in Nova Sootia, nlthoujjh .Sir Charles 
 LycU, in 1812, predicted its discovery iu his "Notes on the Geology of North 
 America." 
 
 Tho }.;old diatrict of tho I'rovinco exteuda alouj? tho Atlantic coast from Yarmouth 
 to Cape CuiHO, and varios in width fiom ten to forty milca. Tho total area assiitncd to 
 the auriferous strata, and the rocks associated with them, is estimated at from (j,.'J(K) to 
 7,000 wjuare miles, of ,,'hich about onchalf is occupied by what are known as "granite" 
 rocks.* 
 
 The aiea of thu Province containing gold is very largo, ;\nd the introduction of capi- 
 tal, hitherto but little expended in comparison to the areas workt<l, will bring to light 
 deposits not accessible to only ordinary expenditure of capital and labour. Gradually 
 this desideratum is being reached ; large sums are now being invested by foreign capi- 
 talists, and a few yea-vs \.ill undoubtedly show a rich return. 
 
 During the year 1882, in the proclaimed and unproclaimed districts, thirty mines 
 were in operation ; 106,884 days' wrk were performed; 28 crushing mills were em- 
 ployed, of which seventeen were steam, and eleven water power ; 21,081 tons of quartz 
 were crushed— tho total yield of gold being 14,107 ounces. 
 
 Ikon Okks 
 
 are found in the Silurian rooks, tho Devonian, tho Carboniferous, and in the Trappan 
 rocks of the Province, but it will be unnecessary, in a work of this character, to enter 
 into a gcologicul description of the dilFerent species of ore existing iu the Province. 
 There are at present only two iron mines opened, both belonging to the Canada Steel 
 Company, situated on the shoi side of the Cobtquid liilL, Londonderry, Colchester 
 County. This is, as far as at p.e.sen*: known, the richest and most valuable deposit of 
 iron ore found in the Province. Its quality ia of the moat excellent character, and tquai 
 to the finest ores of Swedpu. The Iron Works of this Company are extensive and com- 
 plete, having, besides the huge smelting furnaces and pxleusive puddling mill.s, a large 
 foundry where railroad car wlirels and other castings are made. Both pig and bar iron 
 are manufactured and find a ready sale ; its superior quality rendering it of great 
 demand. 
 
 Around and about the Acadian Iron Mine.s, as these works arc called, has sprung 
 np an enterprising village of bct'.voea tliree and live thousand inhabitants ; tlie large 
 majority of whom are v.'orkinen employed 'oy th'j C.)iiipai:_,', and their faiuilios. This 
 village is therefore an extensive market for tho farmers of the surrounding rural 
 districts. 
 
 Among other localities which liivo been recognized as containing deposits of 
 
 , O Ipui a Gold riclds of Nova facotia. 
 
17 
 
 Iron ore, Urge enough to support iiulfpeudcnt iron inakinj^ cutaliHslinuntB, may b« 
 m«'nti<>ncd Niftaux, Hiar River, Kaat Hivcr of Tictou, (Jujfiloro, Whocogomagh, and 
 Kast bay, Capo Breton. 
 
 OtIIKU MlNKRALfl, 
 
 III thii rosppct Nova Scotia is ubumlantly providcil. Copper ore has loujj been 
 fluspectfd to cxibt in workalilo (itmnt.itieH, During the year JSS'2 uew discoveries of thii 
 valuiihic metal v.fre iiiadt; at Hevf^al places in Cape Breton. 
 
 The development etfected, during the past summer, at the Coxheath Mines' 
 leads to a hope that (shortly it will become a large and permanent producer of Copper 
 Ore. 
 
 In Autij^oi.ish County there are deposits of Copper Ore extending over a large 
 eectiou of country and 'waiting development. 
 
 Of Building Stone Ihiie are several varieties, such as Syenite, Porphyry, Slate, 
 Cranite, Reddish (irey and Brown Freestone and Marble. Over $18,000 Wdrth were 
 exported last year from difl'eri'ut parts of tho Province. There is an ex<^elUnt Sandstone 
 obtainable, from which aro mauiifactured grindstones of a superior quality. Thise are 
 largely exjjorted to the United States, where they ore in great demand. In 1S84 there 
 were manufactured 7"20O tons of grindstone, realizing in value $26,400. Scythe-stones 
 also form au article of export. 
 
 Marbles. Among the limestones, of which montionwill be made further on, there 
 occur large df'posits of this rock, said to be well adapted for building purposes. Some 
 of the deposits, notably those in Cape Breton, are of a superior oharncter, and have been 
 
 Eroiiouuced by judges to be equal to the finest Italian statuary marble. Six varieties 
 ave been recoguizHd : 
 
 1. Fine White Statuary Marble. 
 
 2. " " Building " 
 
 3. Coarse White Building " 
 
 4. Blue and White Clouded Marble. 
 
 5. Broeatelle Marble mixed with six varieties of Coloured Marble, 
 
 6. Fine Flesh Coloured Marbles often striped and variegated.* 
 
 Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, is found in enormous quantities in the Province, and 
 beds of it in s6me places are traceable for miles, by exposures presenting faces fifty feet 
 in thickness. t In the County of Antigoni.sh there is a cliff of this mineral two hundred 
 feet high, and it is not uncommon to Hnd similar exposures in Cape Breton. It is 
 usually found in cloae proximity to good shipping facilities, and in con8e((uence a large 
 trade in this article has been carried on between the Province and the United States, 
 where it is extensively used as a fertilizer. The exports of this useful commodity iu 
 1885 amounted to $94,255 tons, valued at ^SS,081. 
 
 Associated with .the gypsum deposits thick beds of limestone are found. There are 
 enormous deposits of both iti th(! Counties of Hants and Colchester. Five other Counties 
 also produce lime and gypsum in enormous quantities. 
 
 Mineral Paints are obtained from Ochres, occurring in numerous parts of the Pro- 
 vince, chiefly at the Londonderry Iron Mines ; the Shubenacadia P^iver ; East River in 
 Pietou County, and iu other sections of the Province. It is needless to say that where- 
 ever they occur it is always in inexhaustible quantities. 
 
 Clay, of the brick, pottery and fire varieties, is found iu the carbonif jrous districts 
 in abundance, and large quantities of common red brick are annually manufactured and 
 used for building purposes. 
 
 There are many other minerals of an economic valuo existing in Nova vScotia, of 
 which space will only perndt to barely mention : such as Soapstone, Infusorial tiarths, 
 Kaolin, Plumbago, Manganeze, Barytea, et etc. 
 
 The Provincial Government have late, had published an exhaustive report on 
 the Mines and mineral land of the Province, prepared by their Inspector of Mines, 
 
 * Gilpin's '•Miuooaiul Mineral Lands." t Ibiil. 
 
18 
 
 to which the roa-ler is reforro.l, an^l whoro a full aooount of the Minerala of the country 
 can be obtainetl. 
 
 8tatM on tVie onirsi.k. nn<l the Dominion on tlio othot -iin.l you will not fail to pciceivo 
 tlio iniriitnao value of this Province aa a mining centre. 
 
 Cn.uiKii VIl.-THK FISHKHIKS. 
 
 Chief amon? the natural resources of Nova Scotia are ita valuable ami pro.luotlvo 
 fiaherios ; and nn.bubly thorc is not any country able to compete with it m this r- npecj;. 
 Thiacreatimluatiyin also capable of unliinit-.l expansion, and for years it .-as ncea 
 increasing in productivene... and value. In 1800 nearly 1)000 men were enga>{ed n hsh- 
 ing, while at the present writin;^ over three times that numlier puraue ,^''« ^^•■^'''"'l', ™ 
 an increased tonnaqe and value in the craft employe.l and material used. t^7"«'^>y '''« 
 people living along the shores were alternately engaged in >>o.t'> ♦i«'i|"« *'■'*'''[, jn?: 
 This combination of pursuits did not tend to great success in either ; but gra.lually tho 
 system is being chan-^ed, and now the rule i' , with few exceptions, for those ^I'^a^Y' « 
 the risherics to devote their whole time energies, and capital to that cccupation alone, 
 leaving agriculture to others. Of the eighteen Counties in Nova Scotia, f'l «* *n^>"' 
 more or less, .hare in the profits of this valuable industry ; but to Lunenburg County 
 must be awarded the pal.n in this respc ct. Its record is a splendid one, having ec ipsed 
 every other County in the value of ita fibhing intercst-tho returns foi Ibbl being 
 nearly two million dollars in value. 
 
 At the head, or in tho vicinity of the num.rous bays and harbours, which indent the 
 coasts on all sides, will be found pleasantly located villages ''»'^^/«">^'"'«"*''v''';'','l '": 
 habitants, it is easy to pcrcdve, are toilers of the sea. and draw from thence the ineana 
 of sustenance, which a bountiful Providence never fails to send each recurring »,«asc)n. 
 Their houses as a rule are well and substantially built ; the interior of some 1^''""^ t'°8 
 evidence of M-ealth and refinement ; while <ill are the abode of comfort >'"^"y timea 
 removed above penury. Indeed there do not exist a more truly independent class of 
 people than the hardy fishermen of Nova Scotia. Many of them grow wealthy m their 
 avocation, and retire from active life to spend tho evening of their days in tne enjoy- 
 ment of a well-earned coi.ipetence. 
 
 On the shores of tho principal harbours, in each of the southern Counties, are situ- 
 ated the shire or other considerable towns, each containing bcveral thcusanil inhabi- 
 tants. In some of these towns a large export trade in fish of all kinds is carried on. 
 Men of considerable capital engage in the profitable business, and s^nd out vessels ol 
 large bi/e to prosecute the .leep ?ea fishing, besi.les purchasing vll the tish caught by 
 those engaaed in tho shore fisheries. The fish are salted, packed in barrels, or other- 
 wise cured and cxporte.l to the VVes^t Indies and other foreign markets m large quanti- 
 ties. A brief .L'scription of the Counties chiefly engaged in prosecuting >e fisheries 
 will not be out of place just here. First we have 
 
 Lunenburg, 
 
 which, besides its Fishing and West India Trade, audits large Lumbering busmesa, 
 is a fine Agricultural County. Mahone BiV which includ.s Chester Basin, is up- 
 wards of twelve miles in diameter, and is studded with numerous Islands, many o 
 them covered with verdure, giving the sheet of water an appearance of unrivalled 
 beauty. Tancook I.land, situate at the month of the B»y, is about three miles n 
 length by one mile in brea<lth, with a populati<.n of at least 4,j0, who are largely 
 engat'ed i.i Boat and Seine Fishing, annually securing largo quantities of Ilernng, 
 CW and Mackerel. In the present year (1SS5) the c.td. of Herring o^ B.g Tan- 
 cook Island al®ne amountt.l to 4.-00 barrels, while Little iancook, a sister Inland 
 near )w, also secured large quaatitics. The village of Mahone Bay is situated on 
 
19 
 
 Is wtHtorii hIioi'.', It ha" - popiilAtion of ;!«00, cngagea principally in hinibpritig and 
 shipbitiHinf}. It cintain.. iwcutv Hvo shorts, tlnei- hotola, one tannery and tlire"Hiw 
 millB, with jicvc.ra! Hhipyurdn. Chester, an extcnuivo villaije; is Mituatol Huvcial nulu8 
 fnrtlior up tht hiy, ami hnw a poiuiUtioTi of '_'l>00. It contains, hwidea twclvi^ftoies, 
 two hotcln, on" lolmtcr factory, and wio saw mill. LunenhuiR, the shire town, situntod 
 at tlie head of the hirlMuir of tint nante, has alvnit thirty five stores, liv<! hutihi, tive 
 saw millH, two giisl mills find throo shipyards ; iind publinht^s a weekly newnpaj ar. A 
 larjje iluct of fisliin^; vihhcK i.> owned ir thiH town, mid an fxtoni.e West lii<iia trade 18 
 carriccl on, in addition to a largo biisiiiosB in liiirh'.riin; and shipbuiMing. About twolve 
 mili;B fiuthor v.oBt, at the lioaTof the nuvi^jation on tht, Laliave Rivor, is situated the 
 thrivintj villa|,'o of liiidgewatcr, having a poj>ulation of ."^riOO ; containing a branch bank, 
 a printing ofhce, siw, grint and carding nullH ; an iron foundry, one tannery, three hotels 
 and about thirty-five storcK. 
 
 Lunouburg County has a fleet of 2-0 vcssola engaged in the tlaheriea— the total 
 tonnage being 1;J,144, and valued at $.37, '200. There are also llt-2n boats of various 
 S'zes engaged, valued at $50,315. This fleet of vessels and boats is manned by 0036 
 fiahermcn, owning between them 02,!!00 fathoms of nets, valued at Sr>l,050, and I'iS 
 weirs and traps, valued at $'27,400 j and the total catch of fish for the County in 1884 
 amounted in value to ^1,949,938. 
 
 Qukkn'h County 
 
 another of the Counties chiefly engaged in the lis)ierie=). ^shipbuilding and lumberir.g 
 aif extenoively carried on, large (juantities of timber being bhippcJ annually to di(Vi.aeut 
 fonign markets. There are sevt. ral important towns on tlio roant, such ui Tort Med way, 
 Mill Village and Miltou. Tha town of '.Liverpool, situated oii Li.c west side of Liverpool 
 harbour, i.s the capital. It contaiiib tweiity-five stores, thnj hotels, prints two weekly 
 newspapers, has one steam £:a\v mill, oi'c grif.t mill, two lannoiics, two li.iiiUs, oue edge 
 tool factory, one match factory, and one boot and Hht;e factory. The total number of 
 vcBsols and bo.its of ail hinds engaged in the tialieries in this County is 'MS, va'ued at 
 £83,951. Total number of men enga^-ed 91)1 ; while the total catch of fish in 1884 
 amounted to §'231,207. 
 
 GllKUU'ltXK. 
 
 In tl'.is County a large busintsy ia curled on in lumbering, shipbuilding and the 
 fisheries. The principal towns and villages ans Shelburne, liarrington, L^ckport and 
 I'ort LaTour. This County has a fleet of 73 fishing vessels, with an aggregate tonnage 
 of 4,833 tons, valued at S'235,780, aud manned by 1031 men ; besides b 12 boats of the 
 value of $20,.544, employing 1309 men. There are ?35,334 worth of nets and weirs, and 
 the total yield of the fidlieries for 18S4 was $929,530. 
 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 This fine County is extensively engaged in shipbuilding, the West India trade and 
 fishing. Yarmouth, the shire town, having a population of !00, is, next to Halifax, 
 the most important place in the Province. It contains two hundred stores, three 
 printing offices, issuing weekly and semi-weekly newspapers, one woodenware factory, 
 five hotels, three foundries, one paper bag factory, one sash factory, two banks, one 
 tannery, a marine railway, a cotton duck factory, and an extensive woolen cloth factory. 
 The total number of vessels and bnats engaged in the fisheries is 724, valued at $270,372. 
 The number of men engaged is 2426, possessing among them 75,574 fathoms of nets and 
 15 weirs and traps, valued at $63,98' . 
 
 Dig BY, 
 
 though last is not least in this brief notice of the Counties of the Province proper, 
 chiefly engaged in prosecuting the fi.slieries. Indeed it is really a Banner County, 
 as regards its varied resources in fishing, lumbering, shipbuilding and manufacturing. 
 It is, however, in respect of its immense fiohery, that it now becomes the subject 
 
20 
 
 of remnik, aiul in thiB reKard It is second only to Lunenburg. The herring fi»hery 
 is one of the main iiuiiiMtri.;» of tlie Coiit.ty. Knoi jiioub .juanUtiKb of theae (lah are taken 
 amlonrea, then Hii.olte.l un.l packed in Wmh. and exported to different foreiKn mar- 
 ketB, iicMdes thoHC retained f..r honi.-. conBuniption. ThiM.^are a nuiid)er oi establish- 
 monts HJonK the nhoro employing many hands in curing, smoking and packing the her- 
 ring and other (ish caught on the Atlantic coast an.i the Bay of I'undy. Ihe growth 
 of this induHtry may he seen from tlie following table : - 
 
 Year 1878, quantity of Her/ing Smoked 2,875 Boxes. 
 
 ti iQ-n * u •' •' J), 000 " 
 
 •^^"' .. .. 12,000 " 
 
 .. •• 14,000 " 
 
 .. «• '20,(KK) " 
 
 (. •• .' '2.S.r)(iO " 
 
 1H81, 
 188-2, 
 
 188:5, 
 
 1SS4, 
 
 il 
 «< 
 
 The above figures are obtained from the report of the Inspector of Fislieries.and are 
 therefore reliable. 
 
 The offioial returns for the year 1884 give the following figures for Uigby County:— 
 
 Fre«h Halibut sold, r)04,4'.)0 lU. at — ctf. 
 
 " Haddock " 7,248,W)4 ** 3 " 
 Hake Sounds, " ir),881 " 60 " 
 
 Di"by has 511 oraft of all kindB engaged in fishing, manned by IfiSO fiBhermen, and 
 valued at $8(i,.'5r,0. There are :}2,81.3 fathoms of net., valued at §2'^-;<«-\ a"<l '« w«^«' 
 valued at .1H.040-the total value of the fishery for the year 1884 being $8y2,2.)». 
 
 Want of sp u:e will not allow of the fisheries of the other Counties being treated in 
 detail. They will appear ia the general statement of the whole Province given below. 
 
 Within the last few years an extensive and lucrative trade has been developed, in 
 the export of fresh fi.^h, packed in ice. to the United States : the value of the export ot 
 fresh fish alone from the Province during 1884 amounting to $28,171. 
 
 Of the $l7,7liG.404, the total value of the Fisheries for the Dominion for the year 
 1884, Nova Scotia contributed ?8, 763, 770. 
 
 The following sUtement will show the value of the Fisheries in each County for the 
 year 1884 :— 
 
 Annapolis $173,372 
 
 Antigonish 109,361 
 
 Cape Breton 291,148 
 
 Colchester 19,142 
 
 Cumberland 65,737 
 
 Digby S92.2:^3 
 
 Guysborough 747, 1 9,i 
 
 Ha'ifax.... 9y->747 
 
 Hants ll.'^l^ 
 
 Inverness 485,78- 
 
 Kinga $68,204 
 
 Lunenburg 1,949,938 
 
 Pictou 188,941 
 
 Queens 231,2*17 
 
 Richmond 479.26.5 
 
 Shelburne 929.530 
 
 Victoria 164,590 
 
 Yarmouth 9.59,986 
 
 Total $8,763,779 
 
 The following statement gives the total number, tonnago and value of vessels and 
 boats -the number of men, and the quantity and value of materials employed in the 
 fisheries for the same year :— 
 
 895 Quantity of Nets (fath.). 
 
 35,980 No. Traps and Weirs. . . 
 
 '. 1,605,871 Total Value 
 
 15,432 No. of Men Engaged . . . 
 
 ,..„.„. 398,83i) 
 
 During the year 1884, the export offish of all kinds from Nova Scotia to various 
 Foreign Countries, amounted to $8,609,341. 
 
 The following table «how3 the quantity, rate and value of each description of hsh 
 caught during the year 1884 : — 
 
 Number of vessels. 
 
 Tonnage " 
 
 Valu-. 
 
 Number of boats 
 
 Value of " 
 
 1,309,428 
 13,139 
 
 808,252 
 29,997 
 
21 
 
 Kind ok Product!. 
 
 <jrANTiriiM. 
 
 Ratr. 
 
 Vam'H. 
 
 ToTA!.. 
 
 ''^alinon, pickled 3,lHH brls, 
 
 frc*l» 4r.r),177 lbs. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do 
 do 
 
 smoked 18,i:i0 ibn. 
 
 iu ciinn 7, ().■>■-' lbs. 
 
 home consumption 1H,;V25 lbs. 
 
 • ct«.| 
 18 00 1 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 15 ! 
 
 t CI. 
 
 57,2{)4 00 
 
 ltl,l>a5 40 
 
 a,«4<i to 
 
 1.5:i0 40 
 
 1,998 75 
 
 eta. 
 
 Mackerel, pickled ^ 155,7;{S bria. 
 
 do lionie consumption (ir),0(JO Ibe. 
 
 do piosci vtd 82,770 cuna. 
 
 Herring, pickled 250,.'tS3 brls, 
 
 do smoked 1 13,085 boxi- 
 
 do homo conhumptiou 1,015,000 IL.'j. 
 
 Alewivos, pickltd I0,2fl2 brU. 
 
 do home consumption 217,300 lbs. 
 
 Cod 770,304 cwt. 
 
 drt honie'consurnption 408,04') Iba. 
 
 Cod Tongues and Sounds ■ 1,440 brls. 
 
 00 
 05 
 15 
 
 1,557,380 00 
 3,25(1 00 i 
 12,410 40 1 
 
 , 1 
 
 4 00 
 25 
 
 04 
 
 1,001.532 00 i 
 28,271 25 1 
 40,032 00 1 
 
 4 00 
 04 
 
 76,808 00 
 8,(502 00 ; 
 
 4 25 
 04 
 7 00 
 
 3,312,042 O'l ' 
 1(5.321 (50 ! 
 10,080 0(1 ! 
 
 Pollock 
 
 dc homo con.sumption 
 
 Hake Souuds 
 
 Hake and Haddock 
 
 do home consumption 
 
 Halibut . . : 
 
 do home consumption 
 
 Shad 
 
 do home consumption 
 
 Bass 
 
 Trout 
 
 do home consumption 
 
 Srnelts 
 
 do home consumption 
 
 Squid 
 
 Eels 
 
 Oysters 
 
 Lobsters 
 
 do sold to United States, Yar- 
 moutli and Shelburne Co., 
 
 do home consumption 
 
 Fish Oil 
 
 Fish Guano 
 
 Fish used as Bait 
 
 Fish used as manure 
 
 Haddies, fertilizer, &c,, iu Digby.. 
 Whitelish and Smoked Alewives.in 
 
 Yarmouth 
 
 Halifax markets and vicinity 
 
 Home consumption, Shelburne Co., 
 
 not included 
 
 Home consumption, Queen's Co., 
 
 not included 
 
 Home consumption, Gnysboro' Co.. 
 
 do Cape Breton. . 
 
 Total 
 
 01,732 
 
 14,000 
 
 34,207 
 
 '191,790 
 
 455,180 
 
 1,3(31,590 
 
 84,000 
 
 2,940 
 
 97,631 
 
 80,007 
 
 114.750 
 
 37,000 
 
 t 205,500 
 
 30,200 
 
 2,083 
 
 2,581 
 
 1,595 
 
 5,140,243 
 
 cwt. 
 
 3 :0 
 
 216,002 01) 
 
 lbs. 
 
 04 
 
 500 00 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1 00 
 
 34,297 00 
 
 cwt. 
 
 3 50 
 
 671,286 00 
 
 lbs. 
 
 04 
 
 18,207 20 
 
 lbs. 
 
 0(5 
 
 81,(595 40 
 
 lbs. 
 
 04 
 
 3,360 00 
 
 brU. 
 
 8 00 
 
 23,520 00 
 
 lbs. 
 
 04 
 
 3,905 24 
 
 lbs. 
 
 06 
 06 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 (),'886 '66 
 
 lbs. 
 
 06 
 
 2,220 00 
 
 lbs. \ 
 Iba. / 
 
 06 
 
 
 
 brls. 
 
 4 00 
 9 00 
 
 
 brla. 
 
 
 brls. 
 
 3 00 
 
 
 cans.; 15 771,940 95 
 
 516,845 galls. 
 
 1,517 tons. 
 
 51,328 brls, 
 
 28,423 brls, 
 
 (55 . 
 15 00 ,. 
 
 1 00 i. 
 50 ', 
 
 156,^04 5& 
 
 1.573,046 40 
 
 1,070,435 26 
 85,500 00 
 
 3,338,443 60 
 
 — 216,622 00 
 
 — 723,790 20 
 
 — 85,055 40 
 
 — 27,425 24 
 
 4,804 02 
 
 — 9,105 00 
 
 18,102 OO 
 
 10,732 00 
 
 23,229 OO 
 
 4,785 00 
 
 30,441 00 , 
 10,256 00 - 
 
 812,637 95 
 335,949 25 
 22.755 00 
 51,328 00 
 14,211 50 
 31,720 OO 
 
 688 OO 
 52,400 00 
 
 15,250 00 
 
 10,820 00 
 41,5(J0 00 
 27,940 OO 
 
 8,7(53,779 36 
 
V.J^ 
 
 22 
 
 By Iho above ttihlc it « ill 1.0 soeii that tl.f<aeh of Cj.I b tan la l.ighc.t In value; 
 Mftckuioluiid ll..rnii«li«ii!ig laxt, thcu Lo!jBtt!i8. ^^ 
 
 From the foicgoi..K fmurcH it will Im perceived how valu.hle ."« ^''^l, ^'f^''^'^"';? „ 
 thUPmvinco; .„,? y.t it .h naught compared to what .t ^ull '"' !" **|« " '"V^'^^i 
 capita! ill LMcator oxtent. thu. i«. :it pic.iout cmb.irkcd, hhalM.o cn.i.by« l tu de> >^loP «" 
 Zr.nddc...p-eafi»hu;i... It can b. eas.ly dcrnor.«t.ut .1 that the ''«'-y«;- ''f ^^J^J 
 Scotia are cap il.lo of BupportiriR a population Tnaiiy tunos K.-.ater than that which the) 
 now support. , 
 
 HesidoH the (luop water fishing, and that par«.»-d in the ""'"YC'ua^i'i^of Mil", 
 baynof the Houthern coast and tho fi«hin« in the Uav of ImuuIv the »^»' "^ J!^^^' 
 aad Chi«uecto IJay ; and th.t m the Uulf o St. f.iwrence, 7'';'-,t «^'. ''''^f,^; 
 in coM.mta with the American li.hermen, reHort m great number., »''« J;"^'"^^ ^'^^^ 
 in numeroua lakes and rivers, which at certain seasons hteraliy «Y7"' J f^, .^J 
 trout, an excellent rish of the sal.non fan.ily. n.uoh admired tor its delicate "^vour and 
 which is caught of all sizes from six to twenty inches. Then there are the magnifi 
 cent sea trout, which abounds in the estuaries of the rivers Qowing into tl Gulf of bt. 
 Lawrenct! and the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The Salmon iustlv called the " king en iresh water fish," enters the rivers of Nova 
 Scotia durhlgtl-rtfe'r pa. t of April. Th. fen.ale enters fi"t. -d lu abou a i.K.nth 
 later the male follows ; then the grilse or young salmon ascend the rive.s. and continue 
 to ascend during dtdy and August.* t *i 
 
 Tl. thf, rivers also are found tho "Smelt." a delicate and savory h»U. In tne 
 winte? it U SuS in tllousih. with nets set through the ice. and brought to market, 
 where it finds a ready sale at icinunerativo prices. , t^ • i 
 
 There are two li.h breeding establishments in the l'^°V,'''''.S\?Svdt'v iTcaJo 
 Government, one at ll.iford Ba^in. near Halifax. ''" V'f i"**^ !h^Vwo hktcherS 
 Breton. In tlu, fall of 188:J, 2,().>0,0(H) salmon e^S^ were laid down^^^ 
 from wiiich in tho spring of I86l, '2,000,000 salmon fry were distributed into the diUcrons 
 rivers of the Province. . 
 
 In ordei to encourage deep, sea fnhing the Canadian Gove, nmen^^^^^ 
 
 distributed an annual .u.n of $200,000 in tho P^y'^f"* "* ^,^'"^^,S f^ve becren^^^^^^^^ 
 boats. Canadian vessels of 10 tuns and upwards to 8 .tons w 1 .ch ''"^^ ° ^^^^ "^^f^^", 
 in Oshing during a pcrio<l of (1 months, are eut. led to '^,^'"""''> "J^-f P'' r*"",;^^^^ f^^ 
 ranging from IH Icet Ucel to 2.-i feet upwar. s arc aUo ^;^f ^ ' ^' '^.^'""f.-Sna ^ 
 varying from §1.00 to $3.00 for each fisherman having complied with the regulations. 
 
 CiiAiTKK VIII. -ANIMAL KINGDOM. 
 When the country was first sottled it abounded with ^ ^reat many species of wild 
 animl some ol v! hich are now totally extinct, and oU. rs -«. ^" .^^^^iy^h: fo" st; 
 The early settlers were famous hunters and spent '»"'=\"^,. ^.^f '""Vt .hat peJiod" 
 
 that the catalogue of those which remain is "ot a very long j;«; J^^E in pre'se^v Sg 
 
 « Kuight's "Fishes of Nova Scotia." 
 
23 
 
 met with. TIic fur of the PWvcr and Black Fox commandi an •aw««linRly hlxh prlo», 
 an<l ttit) lucky liniit»nian who Eiicciiila in captiiring ciio has Mcunui a pr!/.o wnrth 
 ha\iiii{> Of othtT wild uiiimuin ««■ hiivo tlit! Ottt-r, Mink, Sabh-, Marten and Ik-aver, 
 ftll vaiuablo fur aniniulu, uiui niiiclk aou^ht after as articlua of commr rcc. Of i^nnin i)ir<U 
 theru aro the Wooilootk, ."Snipe, riover^ Partridge, (Icute, UuckK, Hrnnt, Curlew, etc. 
 
 The lurgtrgamo nnitnaU, «uoh as Mooacor Klk, and iho Onrib^o, aro otill pluntlful 
 in many «ection» of tho I'rovinoo, and all'ord exrellmt itport to thoio to inclintd. The 
 Mo(j8o iu truly a noblo animal, and when brought to bay by tho dogi>, aft»T a royal chaao 
 of many mik-H through the deep snow, prc^orfta a gallant, though orml sight, as, facinff 
 his fovH and lowering \\'\n autUuitl front, he toHsea hiH cnendui; right and left, ana 
 gallantly maintaina the tiyht until tho bullet of tho hunter ends the contlict, and tho 
 monaruh of thu forest is laid low. 
 
 Tho Cariboo, au aniuwil akin to the Iltiindeer, thon(;h nouMwhat Bnialler, is too flout 
 of foot to allow (A being hunteil by ilcgd. Ihey aro »hot by creeping upon them while 
 feeding upon thu barrens or wide aavannaH. 
 
 With tho protection now Hcourcd under our excellent Bystom of panio laws. Nova 
 Scotia must continue an inviting tield for sportsmen. (Jood hunting grounds exist 
 within a few miles of all thu principal towns r.nd villages, and during tho hunting 
 ■eascn expeditious to tho woods are of fre(iueut occurrence. 
 
 CiiAPTKK IX.-THE PRODUCTS OP THK FOKKST. 
 
 Though Nova Scotia does not pretond to rank with the neighbouring Province of 
 New Brunswick as regards thu lumbering business, still t. largo and valuable trade ia 
 carried on in tho expoit of timber of various kinds; and tho products of her forests 
 have always formed, and utill are, an important item in the exports of tho Province to 
 foreign countries. 
 
 Largo quantities of tho products of tho forests aro exported in tho sh ipe of sawed 
 timber, such as deals, boards ami scantling ; hoops, telegraph poles, palings and pickets ; 
 knees, futtocks, spars and masts for shipbuilding purposes; lath-wood, laths, logs, 
 planks, shingley and fire- wood. 
 
 Among tho native trees of Nova Scotian forests, the red and white pine stand 
 foremost as artiolos of commercial value. Tho hendoek is found in great anundance ; 
 it is sawed into laths, scantling and board.-i for comuiou use, railway shippers, wharf 
 logs and piles. The black, red and white spruce arc shipped from tho Province iu 
 the form of logs, boards, etc. The haomatac, on account of its durable qualities, is 
 largely shipped, and great quantities of it aro used in the Province for ship-building 
 purposes. 
 
 Of hard woods, there aro the m vples, of which thoro are several varieties ; also, 
 several varieties of tho birch, and tlio whito and red beech. The latter two are 
 mostly used for firo-wood, and groat quantities of it aro exported to the United 
 States. 
 
 Tho following tabic, compiled from tho last Census, shows tho difTercnt kinds and 
 quantities of tho proJuot.-i of tlvo Forests of tho country for the year 18801 : — 
 
 Whito Pine, (sq.) 
 Red " '• 
 Oak •• " 
 Hacmatao, " 
 Birch and Maple, 
 Elm 
 
 All other timber, 4,091,517 
 
 ,124,451 cubic ft. 
 , .^-),7'26 " " 
 . 2-2,870 " " 
 .106,069 " " 
 .549,3,^0 '• " 
 1.393 «• " 
 
 Pino logs 497,785 
 
 Oihcr " '2,250,594 
 
 Masts, Spars, etc. . . 8,703 
 
 Staves 13, 147 thousand 
 
 Lath wood 5,585 cords. 
 
 Tan-bark 10,843 " 
 
 Firewood 637 084 " 
 
 The total value of the exports of tho products of the forests for tho fiscal year, 
 ending 30th Juno, 1885, amounted to $1,274,053. 
 
 Every County in the Proviiico, more or lesa, shares in this profitable industry, and 
 many of tho farming population purduo tho occupation of lumbering in tho winter. 
 Lumbering parties, consisting of a number of men, enter the forests iu tho fall of the 
 year, and form lumbering camps. These camps are provisioned for several months, and 
 nere the men remain all winter, felling the trees and hauling them in the shajio of logs 
 
24 
 
 totherlv.r. and .trearu., to await th« return of Hpri»K. when Ihoy •" ««*tfj ^ 
 imn»,n.enu.nhor«t.ithunum«roa.»awmilU, fou...! at tl.a mmaa of lu« river* la M 
 part* uf tliu uouittry. 
 
 CiiAiTr.ri X. -MANUKA* TURKS. 
 
 Noarlv oveiy writer who l.a, uu.l«rt(ik.'ti t(. rIvo a .l.-M^ription of Nova Sc;'t'*.Jj»« 
 .pck«n o7 ti^o hnu UMUo f..nlitie. it po-^.^";. f'.r »M-o,nl..« ^,,f-' ">*":! *;''?« 
 "» " , . /,.,.^ iu,, wnilciihon of Brif,i«h Nortli Ariuirlca. W ht^tlmr stiih will m 
 
 3 a^rnottye tXn-^^^^^^^ '» » ''"P^f"' "'«" »''"' "'^'l'" *''! '""I 'X 
 
 Zrr b" ffvinoohuH wou.ierfully a-l vauo.ul in manufaotur.nK enterprise. A« re^^rda 
 
 turinu trade of all UimlH. . 
 
 At tl.o nrmcnt time there aro upwardu of eleven millions ol dollars invested m 
 
 backBMth shops. 4i:i hoot and nhoe nuinufaotories. .18 o^rd.ng and f "l»"« 7' "• ;^S 
 DmcKBiniwi B u>i. eahioet and furnituro manufactonea, 2H.? Hour and 
 
 oarrUi«e bu i HK «tal hmcn^^^^^^ making e«tahlishment8. 63 atone and 
 
 Srrlir'utthr-r^s'S'^ n.anufactur:ng%nterpriao. of a more Umlted 
 
 "*^t''onnection with «hipbuildiug-in which Nova S-*^. »"'- »" gj^:;"^ f^f^^^. 
 
 nearly two million dollaia. 
 
 The valuable fishinc industry of the country, and the i.nmonao apple crop ann««"y 
 raUed in the beautiful valley of the Annapolis-requiring each a large number of barrel- 
 -Rive employment to four hundred and hve cooperages. 
 
 TV,„ ZnL\ value of the vcaily wafe38 earned in all the industrial pursuits of the 
 counlVin S^wt'sryM^h aJd th'e value of -w material used in he v.no^^ 
 
 Tre prndS."^^^^^^ 1.329,817 yaras of homo-made cpth and flannel, and 6S,038 yarda 
 of homermade linen were^manufacturel in the rural districts. 
 
 CUAPTRR XI. -TRADE AND COMMERCR. 
 
 The total value of the imports Into Nova ^^f^J-n all countries J- the fiscal^year 
 
 ending mh .luue. 18§o ^^^^'^'^''^,,%^^^^^^^ consumption in the 
 
 the same period amounted to SB, 894 OH... J'' ^tuj g"»"^ ^ " ^.^^^ } $'2,621,448 
 
 same I'-^nce for t.e same ^^-f^'J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ fr'om all o'ther 
 
ftiul alao w tho export of benf iui<l mutton ; thi ihninU bHnff ■U«ght«r.'.l In th» 
 i'rovliio.s aii<l tliM c*rciMi«'« otnv«y«i<i in r.fiim)rntori«, liUwl it|i iii the fMt Miltag stPam- 
 •M of th» .liir.tr«nt U11.W. which t.iikrt Hilifax their port of «a'.l, Tho r»pi<l .l.vi.lop. 
 m«nt ami oxpi»n«l<)n of ihi« vatiiililo tra-Li ia only a (|iumtloti of tlmn, ami iu »»■ loiitful 
 projjrMai* io far hii>» yiv.ju a >;r.at ln>potu» to Block nililnK iu th« country. 
 
 Th») f'lllowiiin autoiiiiint will ahow tho vuluo of the export tr*<lo of th« variou* 
 Induatriua of th<i c(Mi.itry ihirlug ihu JIhcaI your, oiuliux Juno H"tl», IH'i.'^ : — 
 
 Proiliioe of tho I'inln rioa. .|4,7t:i,H7il 
 •• " I'or.HtH ... l.27.^.U;».'l 
 " " Mimii Wl.i.liK) 
 
 Agrioulturo miJtM 
 
 Produce of the Nfaiiuf^i 'ta. 
 Aniiiiaiaaixl thoir I'roUucu. 
 Mtacolluituoua Artiulva 
 
 Ifi.'VH.S'il 
 U.»67 
 
 Tho followin« tftl)l»j will ahow the rolatlva value of all the export eat IlriUln, 
 
 tho Uoiio.l Ht;it.M, tho Woat In<lit!8 nud all other countrloa during th^ -ar en<liog 
 
 Juuo .'Wlh, ltiA3: - 
 
 Ot. Britain 
 
 Produce of "tho Mine 
 
 «• •• FinhnrleB... 
 
 •• •• Foronta 
 
 Aninrtala and thtdr produce 
 
 Agi'iuiiltiiral produota 
 
 MAoufiiiiturea 
 
 Miacelluuuoua 
 
 Totala. 
 
 ${lti.)l.'^:t 
 
 fl;{;j.(Ks:. 
 60.1. Hr»s 
 
 44 1. » 17 
 
 4o;i.(n:{ 
 
 95,17:< 
 
 0'2j) 
 
 $2,274,8r.4 
 
 U. Statbh. 
 
 lAAO :)'24 
 
 I,ltK),.«<»!t 
 
 2:{(I,JM)I 
 
 io5.7i»r) 
 
 ftO 12JI 
 
 26:i.9.'>» 
 
 6,87.") 
 
 $a.408,287 
 
 Wl5>»TlNllir.>< 
 
 $2.1. 28« 
 
 OrilKkCorNTHIM. 
 
 $178,471 
 
 l,«M»().V-> 
 
 17I.4:U) 
 
 20<i.«.'tM 
 
 227, 2;W 
 
 lft.4rj 
 
 269 ()«2 
 
 04,r.H;« 
 
 91.207 
 
 2«.()7 1 
 
 174.02.1 
 
 2,15.'-. 
 
 3,202 
 
 $2,277,218 
 
 $i,ior.,2.ii 
 
 Year. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1868 
 
 .$.5,441.28.5 
 
 $9.131,2.10 
 
 1869 
 
 . 5,74:»r)ll 
 
 8.«()7,244 
 
 1870 
 
 . 5.80:J,4I7 
 
 8.<l40.80i) 
 
 1871.... 
 
 . 6,')1H.!)27 
 
 10,678.543 
 
 1872 
 
 . 7.. 538. 40 1 
 
 12,433747 
 
 1873 
 
 . 7.372.o.sri 
 
 11. .578.2.52 
 
 1874.... 
 
 . 7.0.56..547 
 
 11, 2 10, 1. 10 
 
 1875.... 
 
 . 0,079. 1.10 
 
 11, .53 1.9.5(5 
 
 1876 
 
 . 7.10*,.'>S8 
 
 8,590,503 
 
 Year. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 1877... 
 
 ...$7,812,641 
 
 1878... 
 
 .. 7,500,783 
 
 1870... 
 
 .. 7,. 164 .124 
 
 1880... 
 
 . . 7..543 ()S4 
 
 1881... 
 
 .. 8.245. 7:;8 
 
 1882... 
 
 .. 9,217,205 
 
 1883... 
 
 ..10 0.13.!)29 
 
 1884... 
 
 .. 9 0.53,104 
 
 1885 . . . 
 
 .. 8,418,820 
 
 According to the above stitnmont the Uait«d States is tho l.irjteat purchaser from 
 tho Province ; tho WoHt Imlios rank second, ami Oruat Britain next. 
 
 The following statement gives the value of tho Imports and Kxporta of the Province 
 for the different fiscal years ending .lune .10th, from 1868 to 1382 inclusive :— 
 
 Kxporta. 
 $9,379.1.52 
 8,508.189 
 7.0<)2,614 
 7,074 937 
 8.168.648 
 8.70) .53!> 
 9,820,332 
 9..599 .'{50 
 8,894,085 
 
 By the above it will be seen that iu tho ten years previous to 1882, the imports iuto 
 the country have decreased, but the exports have steadily increased during ae srme 
 period. 
 
 Chapter XII.-POLITICAL, MUNICIPAL AND EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 The constitution of Nova Scotia is, as near as can be, a copy ol the British 
 form of Government. Since the year 1867 t*-- Province has formed a part of the 
 Dominion of Canada, but having a Local <Jov. n.v tfor the administration of pure- 
 ly local affairs. The Legislative powers couLiit of the House of Assembly, the 
 Legislative Council, and the Lieufeuant Governor. The Executive Oovt-rnment is 
 administered by the Lieutenant Governor, and the Executive Ouincil, who advise 
 the Governor in the a<lmiuiatrat,ion of affairs : the Council being responsible to the 
 peitple for its public acts. The LieuteoHnt Governor is uppoiiited by the Governor 
 General of the Dominion, by instrnmeut under the creat seal of Canada. Tb* 
 
Itlvo ('uiinoll 
 in, th« iii»j 
 l4tf|i*UUv« Cuuutiil 
 
 il it ttppolnlc'l »•> Iho M.M»Unai»t Uavt-rnor, •ml U cni.,|KMi«d <.f iiln* 
 j.iriU ..f Hli..t.i »..il-".K U th«3 Jl..u»c !.f A»s'«i»>!y, an-! th« r«»«J I" »»»• 
 j|l. Thn thn-.i iiiUriu<t dli !«r« of tho <iovoriim«nt, nr \Im<\» of l)«p»rt- 
 
 Oovernor. 
 
 Tho I,..Ki«lativo C .iincll ■Uiil in tho nam* position to the ooniititutlon of Novft 
 RcotU that tho IIoum of l/.r.U <lo«. to that of < Jr.,4t U<it»ln. The •pnomtment of I^kU- 
 Utive Couiu'illor. i< vnite.l In the Lieutenant <i )Vi.rnor, who niskoi the eppolntment. m 
 the 0.ieen'« n*inn, hy ln»trum«nt un.l«r the (Jroat .-al ••( the Province^ 1 tie appoint- 
 meDt i» for lif«, hut any m«inhi.r of tho Council who .hall he ah.ent for two .«4«i..na 
 oonaecutivniv. without the content of the Lieutenant (Jovernor, ehall v»o*te bU aeat aa 
 •uoh Councillor. 
 
 The Mouio of Awenibly coniiete of thirty li^ht menilwr^. Kach County eenda two 
 - Ill ^,\,,^.^ three each, to th« 
 
 arekent to tlie I/>KUUtlve Council, an.l if paeied by that holy they i--..ive the aaaeatof 
 the Lieutenant (ioveruor, when they bwioino law. 
 
 MuNIOifAUTlKM. 
 
 Bach County ii divided into diitrlote, eauh of whtoh ulooti a reproMntatiyo to tha 
 Obtinty Council, which is tho Kovorning body or b)ard of the County. Thle Council la 
 preeldfid over by an ollioer called the Warden, who is one of the Counodlore, and i« 
 oli-cted to tho ollico by tho majority vote of tho Council, which aUo electa two oUier 
 olIiu«r» called reapoctivoly Clerk of the Muuicioility and County Treaaurer. The 
 Warden and Council have charge of tho roadn and l)iidg^ii, tho inaintonance of tho noor, 
 and various other local matters. Thev have power to assess the inhabitants of the 
 County yearly for the amount required for County sflrvices. They have legislative, aa 
 well as rxocutive functions, and appjint all local ollicers. such as H)ar<ls of H^* "». 
 .Stipendiary Majjistrato, Health Impoctors and Police Odijors for the various distrloU 
 vvithin their juriHdictiou. 
 
 KUL'C'ATIO.NAL. 
 
 The Public Schools and Academies in tho Province are all free. They are supported 
 bv grants from the public fuud, and by local taxation. Tho whole educational sy stem 
 o^ the Province is under tlic control of the Council of Public Instruction, which Council 
 is composed of tho Executive Council of the Province. The chief educational officer, 
 under tho control of the Council of Public Instruction, is the Superintendent of hduca- 
 tion who is appointed by the Lieutenant (Jovernor in Council. For tho purnoses of 
 e<lucation, the Province is divided into ten distriota, which are again divr.ed unto a 
 number of sections, denominate.! school sections, Eich educational district la presided 
 over by an Inspector, whose duties are chiefly to visit and inspect seini annually each 
 School and County Acad-my within his district; to prom .te tho cause of education by 
 holding public meetings as frequently as po8sii)le ; to overlook the proper distribution of 
 the public moneys appropriated for school purposes ; to «ncouraee th-J estahhshment of 
 schools in sections where none exist, and promote improvements in school buildings and 
 grounds. 
 
 Each school district is under tho control of a B)iid of Couimissioners, seven 
 in Tiumbor, who are appointed by the Governor in Council. They have power to 
 create new school scctioiH where none previously existed, to sub divideexistmg sec- 
 tions where they may be too large, and make alleral o.is lu tiio oouu.ianea or con- 
 tiguous sections as from time to time may bo necessary. lo see that all school 
 
87 
 
 bnlMin«» an<1 tppuititniimiMi thor«to irt Ht for luhool piirpo«c<, »n'l oomUmn thoM 
 wbk'h »T0 unfit, •imI to iiot«rtniii« what Mction* uii<)«r tiuir control ahAll r««aiv« •p««)iAl 
 aM fr I thq (>i»vuriini#nt, a* |WMir Mtctiona, anil th«y liavo to |M<rform varluua othar 
 iatlM of a hiifiily tniportant nature. 
 
 BMh ailiool )><<ction In ({'>v«'rn«<l hy a H<>ar«l of thrna Triiiit«c ^hn <i-n oIdcIdcI by » 
 Biajnrtty of thu i.it()|my«ii) itifoont at tho an<tual iiioatiiig uf thi . otion, wliUh ta h«l«( 
 for thu purpoM ii( tratmnotinK nchool bu»tii«MM. Truat««a an* tha ino»l iiitpurtuiit ulHfloni 
 In the »KhtM}\ •yatcin uf thu oountry, 'Jo thuiit U (jiitruatol lUf tan*, tiiariiiu»>iiui>t ftnil 
 coi. ol of all the «chf>ola tii th« at'otlfiti. They aro a oor|Mjr4tu l)0>!y for all purpoaea 
 oonn«ot«<l with thu auhotil ; ami tho roal v^tata aotl pamonal proportv ralatmg to tha 
 publio aclKxiJM of tha M«ction ia voatcil In thorn. Tnoy hav« to jtrovlila the imnilMir of 
 •ohoola r«t(tiiri:(l for their arution, aac<iriiliii{ to population. Ihuy jil«<» employ all 
 t««ohara and OHiiiiitiuit tifaclu r<i, ami •utpouil <>r <ltiinii<« from tliuir eriphiy any teaohar* 
 for sroN* nt•^l<■t.t of <luty or ii unorality. 
 
 The «iil>llo icliooU aro nupportiMl partly hy grantn from llui I'roviiicial Trfanury, ao«l 
 partly oy Uirnot aNtuMmuiit on thu iiihanit^uit uf uaoh nchuol ftectioii, acuoaliDg to tho 
 amount rciiinrid in <>ach aiotion fur achool piirpoMja, 
 
 Th« t«iti*l nuinhiir of pulUu .'ohoula, acoording to thn lalont rutiirnn furolith.i-l by tha 
 •tUicutional oIlUc", in ISU. ami thu ixrwimllttiio of puhlic fund* for mliool purpoaea 
 »niounti)d to $(H."i,;iUt( 10 f..f llic y«ar IHM. Tlioris aio two Moh<M)l toiini In tli<» year, one 
 auiiimtir uml ot\<> winti>r t"it.i, Muriotf the winter t'Tm of I.HHl thom wirn tO.l!) t«»uhora 
 ftnd aaniatant teaohfrs empl'ived, and of thit niunlwr fM wern maloa and l.'liKl were 
 fpmahn. Tho nnmhor of pujdU rt-ijialcred at all tho etdux.l ■ n<r tho namu ysar wua 80,041 
 wlntur term j H4,'J(IH nuinmer ti-iin. 
 
 Thu prlmip.il l>!ttni)hi'B tin ;lit in tho cotnmon aoluK)!* aro Reading, SpnlUoB, 
 Oenorai ucoyniiihy. Writing, Arithmotio, (iramiuir, CAnadiau Hiatoiy, liritian 
 Hiitory, oto. 
 
 HiitiiKH Kditcation. 
 
 Thoro aro thirteen County Aon.iomlrn, aupportod from the piihlio funds, In whloh 
 tho highor hranohoH aro taii^(!it, giving to ihoso pupiti who doHiro it a iiplndid oppor- 
 tunity for obtaining a moro liberal and advauoed education than o.in ho ot'^'^iuod at tho 
 oovinon luhooU. 
 
 In tho year IS."*.!, a pcriad novoral yoara anterior to tho introduction of tho preacnt 
 ayatem of Free .Schools, the (Jovernnient estahllshod at T.'uro, in tho County of Col- 
 heMt» r, a Training and Normal School for tho training of young iwrBonH dciiiroua of 
 qualifying thernHclves as teachers In tho common achools. At tho time of its ostahlish- 
 nient it waa considercil that much benefit to tho educational interests of thu I'rovinoe 
 would result therefrom, and it is needless to remark that theso hopes huvo boon amply 
 reali/e<i. The institution costs tho Province yearly about $."),(XX). 
 
 The instruction given in many of tho common schools docs not alono consist In 
 reading, writing, grammar, history and tlio lower branches of arithmetic, as, in most 
 echcnls, opportunTty is atl'ordid for giving higher instruction whoro tho desire and 
 capauity exist for n-ctdving it. There are now very few school sections that have not 
 classes in Algelira, (Jeomotry and Mathematics, as well as Latin and French. Nor is 
 thoro now any excuse for a person remaining uneducated in Nova .Scotia. Tlio whole 
 country in every direction is dotted over with school houses and seats of learning, and 
 it is by no means outside of tho truth to say that there is not a neighbourhooti in Nova 
 Scotia, howovei' small, that docs not possoHS its school during some portion of tho educa- 
 tional year. If therefore tho educational facilities of tho country is an advantage whieh 
 ought to deteriTune tho choice of a person in seeking to change his location, then Nova 
 Scotia, in this respect, offers advantages of no mean order. 
 
 Besides the higher education counoctcd with tliJ publio school system, there aro 
 several denominational Colleges, whose curriculum affords a good opportunity to those 
 dtsirouH of obtaining a collegiate course. These Colleges aro not now, though they 
 formerly were, assisted i)y Provincial aid, being at the present time entirely supporte(i 
 by private and denominational funds. 
 
CiiArriiR XIII.-rO.'ULATlOS. ORiniM OK IMK I'KUl'I.K, HKLluluLS. AKD 
 
 OTIIKH .St)CIKIiK.S 
 
 Th« nopnl iUon of Nof • HoolU, ««W'»r.Uni< t« %ht> ormu* of IHHI. wa* 4IO.B72~lht 
 (nor«MM III poptiUtlin ovMf the prevbu* o«o»u« Imlnii :»i,7H3, f[un\ t<» l.»i( jwr o«l. 
 Hy tin- ftilluwliig l»bU will \w M^a th« i>rli(in« of thu |iuo|»l«, vi/,. : 
 
 Btiotoh 140.0J7 
 
 KuKiUh V2H,im 
 
 IrUb «"».«XI7 
 
 Frtwoh U -Mil 
 
 <J«rm»n 40.0rt5 
 
 AUl'hii 7.1'l'J 
 
 Uut-u ... VM!»7 
 
 In.llui '2,Vif^ 
 
 HwIm l.HOO 
 
 \VMl*h l.Ifl* 
 
 178 
 
 13.1 
 
 M 
 
 SouiitUit'iiVlikn 
 
 S|uutit>t mA rortuyuota 
 
 luaUiiiilo 
 
 It.klitii. . .........I 
 
 It'WIMU • !•• 
 
 HniMi in nnd t'olUh 
 
 V'srioiK ')th«*r« • • • . 
 
 Notgiv.'n 2,:MI 
 
 CitUHCIi OHUAMIZAXmNS. 
 
 N««rly «vorv douotnlniitiga of C^rUtUui haa an or^dnlxntiutl in No*'« R' otift. Tit* 
 oon«tilut|iiii of thn oniitry H'curits to ult thu li^lit to w<n«hi|» Uml in Kuoh manner M 
 thoir (ion>i''init! ■ nuy <iict;tU<, aii<l iitiilor iwj uiruu'ii^t incu I* stuy tuti^i > i« teti r>'i|utrotl. 
 Th«rci in wt Sta^ii ('liiir>'li, uii i a nitti in nut ohll/^ol In 'tontriuutu tu ^uy oxuvpt oa he 
 may him^olf <)«ioi'l'>, Kuti^^iMit itrifo inatto tiukuuwn, tha dllttfrent roliglou* bodlua liv- 
 ing in haruiuny with cueh othar. 
 
 Hici.Kiiut'x tSfcCTM, AcMUtDiNu TO TiiK Cknsl'.h or 1S81. 
 
 Roman Catholic 117, «H7 
 
 I'rual.yturiiins II'J.IW 
 
 lUptincn H;ntH 
 
 Ch • ch of Ktiglnu.l ti0,'125 
 
 M.tKodiota '^a.Hll 
 
 Lutherans ii.O.'lU 
 
 |)i«';ipin.4 1,8'26 
 
 Aiventiiti l.ft;W 
 
 Univomallsti 07H 
 
 Kpi*copal (reformed) UO 
 
 (juiikttrH 77 
 
 Unitarian 08 
 
 Congregatiunaliata ;),5U(] i Juwa. 
 
 19 
 
 All of thu rtiHxiou*, mnral and aooial organizations uaual among refined and civil- 
 ized ptiiiplit fxirtt and II'iui'im'i in all tiiu townt and vitlttk{(i8 of Nuva SuoUa. .Sal)bath 
 SchoolH, \'oun>{ Mnn'H Cliri«tian A.>i.iot!iatioiiM, Hililii and Tract Sociutina, ditl'orent onlera 
 of T«mpt'rancc hudioa, Man )na and Oldfullows, l)ul)ating and l^iterary Cluba, Lyouuma, 
 Luuturo llalln, and in all the largnr tuwna Nuwa and H wading Kooma are to he found. 
 
 CiiAi-TKii XIV.— KAILIIOADS, STKAMSHIP llOUTKS, COACH LINES, Exo. 
 
 There are aovoral tines of Riilway in thT Province. The Intercolonial Railway, 
 having itM Windsor and Piotou branchna, oxtundii froin Halifax, ita eaxtorn titrminua, 
 weaterly through the IVovince to the l)i)rdor« of Now Uruo'jwiok, ihenoe to I'oint Levi, 
 in the Frovinco of Quebec, where it connfctw with the (!rand Trunk Railway to Mon- 
 treal, and the whole Railway ayatcni of Canaila. It is owned and operated by tho 
 Dominmn (Jovernment, and is certainly one of the bent managed and equipped railroada 
 on tl e Continent. The paHsonger cars are el., ^int and coniniodioua, lacing furnished 
 with all the modern improvomcnta for the comfort of travellcra. 
 
 The following are the atatioua of the main line in the four Countioa through which 
 it paasoH ; — 
 
 H.vi.iFAX C«UNTV.— Halifax, Four Mile Ilouae, Bedfonl, Rooky Lake, Windaor 
 Junction, Wellington, Grand Lake, Oakfiold. 
 
•0 
 
 HANTiiCooiirr. — KiittvM, Kl>iia<UI«, Mitfufl. ShitUnAOAilU. 
 
 CoM*)iX.-<-rKK ('«>L*?(Tr. Mt«trl4i:kc, !'i,l!ylw>tf. Urwkfbhl, Juhattos, Truro, hhgoa* 
 Uh, Uutwrt, Katt MinM, Loadoafierry, I-Villfi1||h lAk*. 
 
 (U MiiKKlMNi. Ckintv. Wriawiirth. iinntiivilli!, Tl.>m«on, OnforJ, Hivar Pbtllp, 
 R«U Hiring*, 'HprhiKhill, Athol, .Macu4h, N*p|iaii, Aii)h«ir«t. 
 
 TiiK WiMiiituH Hrani'ii Railway 
 
 b«aiu« At WiiiiNnr Junction, « •tatlun on tho main Una of th« Iut«ruoti>nUI, ftlxtut four* 
 t««n mile* from Ifalif^t, tml t'mlK nt tliu «hir» town »{ WhxUor in tlin (,'iinntyuf lUnUi 
 wharn it lioriniutii with tlm Wimlnor an<i Aiuutpolin Utilw^ty, wiiicii ttxttinila i'r<iiii th<nu« 
 through tli« vkllfy o( Ann«i)olii to thu toM ti of timt nniM«, •itnattid on th« Aitnit|)utU 
 Huiin, rtn inlet of tli« Itty mi Fumly, ami wliicli Hm l^t^n alruiUy mivartod to lu this 
 pfttnphtat. 
 
 The following art the atationk of tlii^ linu, vi/, ; 
 
 In llalif IX Oniuty cantii stvtion^ .w tl)« lutercolonla! to Wimlaor Junatlon. la 
 Ilanti ('ountv tii>T«nrii t«ii rnn'ilur •tationi itn<l ■ niimlitr u( way Ml«tion'«, Thu formwr 
 ara callod ; )l«i:ivKr iLiiiU. Mount Unincitti, Htillwa'cor, Kll«irsihuu40, NewiHirt, Th'««MiU 
 I'Uina, Winiiior, Fitlmouth, Monnt l>4-ntt>n, IIantii|>ort, 
 
 In King'* ('oiintv tlie rt^nlir atafl jiirt aru ; Avoiip ,rt, Hmfon Lanili'ii{, «iriuiil l'r«, 
 Wolfvillt), IN;rt Williiiirm, KHntvillc, (,'i'titl»rook,Cinil»riilj(if, VValPrvilln, Hm wi.,k, A>lf«. 
 fof'i, MukU'U HouI, Kingaton. 
 
 In Annap'ilt County : Wilniol, Mi 1 I In', I.AvnMNt i.vi, i'.ii.i.li ir, liriilctuwn, 
 TupiMrvillf, Konuii Hill, ADnaixjlli, 
 
 At AnniipoU* n nl.-.mi'.r conni'-tH with th« W'inilnor ami »polli lliilvcay for .St, 
 
 •Toliii, N>''w ltrtui8U'i"k, anil from tli> nctt connnulion u n\ ulu lo all |<ivrt>i of Now Hruna* 
 wiok, tlio Uuiicil Statoa 'iiiii l'|)|)i)r l'ravinct»i. Anothi r atisuiiw.' j^oua to Itoaton fiom 
 Annafiolia, and another uoui to Hir Htrbor, Mo., anl connrnttti with thn niiiioadu for 
 Uniu^d Htat<!a uu'l Canaua. At iliirfrttnt aCationa on theto linoa oonnnutiuna aru mad* 
 with coaoh iinoi runnintj to dilFuriMit ymrU of th»« County in whioh thono linna of Hiil- 
 way ar«> looalid, and .nljoinlnK Couiitim. In aoniH oati»'n thn connection U daily, and in 
 olhur uaMiiH M<<int wtxtily ; ho tliat thero la uu ddUouUy lu the way of travulliug to reaoh 
 any point of dvitinatlon in tho i'rovi'ui . 
 
 A short trip liy wat«<r in ono of tha H^ 'imorn w'dch ply on tho Annapolia ILuiin 
 brlugH tlio travi^ll r to tho thrivinjj; tow ii of hiuby, at too oppoiiite »;nd of tho oaim from 
 Annapidi*, th« woatorn turniinnn uf tlti^ Windaor and Annapolia Railway. At Diulty 
 ooanno'.ion la m>do with thu \\'eat»>rn (Jiuutloa lliilwuy running from Ui^hy to \ar< 
 mouth, through tho (/'ountiia of thoio nautoa, ana having twenty stationa a» lollowu :— 
 
 I)i,;by, .lordiin Down, hlooiot'u^l i, X orth Rmni', I'lynjpton, I'urt (iilbort, Wey- 
 viouth, liMllivt'uu, Churuh I'nint, l^lttrlo llrook, Saulniorvdio, Mutisghan, Lloctanouga, 
 Norwood, Lako .JeaaiH, Brazil Lake, (<roon Cuve, Ohi*, Hobron, Yarmouth. 
 
 At Yarm Mith this lino connci ' "th BtDaniera to Ht. .John, N. It., and Hoaton. 'T. S. 
 Thero U at prKnont in courHO of conatiuution, in tho woHtorn ond of tlio I'rovtnco, another 
 line (,{ Kadway w hlcii In Intondcd to run from tho Allantlc soaboard at Luuunburgaoroas 
 the country, and tup tho WimlHor aitd Annapolia Riilway at Miildluton, Tiiia line, 
 whou ooniplutod, wilt greatly aid tiio dovciopinont of the aouthern Cuuntioa, and act aaa 
 valuable fender to the Windaor and Ann:'poli.s Railway. 
 
 Tho IMctou branch Itegins at Truro, an important atatlon on the Intercolonial ; from 
 thence it extonda tlirough the fertile ('luntioa of Colcheatcr and I'ictou, tapping the 
 great coal tJelda of I'ictou (bounty at New (Jlaag<»w, where tho Halifax and Capo Hrokon 
 Hallway connocta with the Intcroolorual, and from thcneo extonda through thoOonntiea 
 of I'ictou and Antigoninli to tho Strait of Canso, tho Hciuth"rn Itounilary of Capo Hroton, 
 This line is noi; yet comjdotod ; but ita extension Into and through the Island of Cape 
 Breton is sliii[ily a quoHtion of time, 
 
 There is a short lino of Railway In the County of Cumberland which cnnnecta with 
 tho lutorcolonial Railway at SpriuL^ Hill .hinction, in the vicinity of one of the l&ri;est 
 coal niiuea at present worked in the I'roviuce. 
 
30 
 
 A lino of coaches run-) from Halifix, the Capital, tluounh the Coiuitica of Ilalifar, 
 Luncnhuru. Qn.-enN Shclt.urno nnd Yarmouth, to Yann.mth, curryinK tho iimjIb an.l 
 pnHHvtMii'tT Thin is eallwl tho Western Shore Iloute, ami a drive during the .-ummer 
 time l.y these ooa.riu-y. along th<5 Ati:.,iti.) ooant, h one of the moat piotnretiiuu u>i;ik»»- 
 ah1« In the oppo-ito direct -u, callod the K.stern Shore Uoiito, coaches nm from 
 Halifax to Marie Joseph, in the County of (luyahorou^h ; thefo again connect with 
 Others to the Strait of Uanso, and from tlienco l,y variouH Iuk'h thiouiih the Island of 
 C.ipo Jketon. 
 
 Ci.A.TKK XV.-IMl'UOVKD FARMS ANU e;OVERNMl<:NT LANDS. 
 
 Thera are in all parts of the Trovinco many farms to ho had at low rates for cagh, 
 or even on tim.s when secured l)y a m..rti^age. Tlds is owiuv? ui part to the fact that 
 many t,.rnurH lind th.inaelvc.i pn-es-fled of too much lan.l, and are willing to dispose of 
 part Hndiini the whoh) too cumbersome to work. A«.iin other farms are for Hal'» m 
 conscMieiKO of the ow.ici-i deviling to enter «omo other husuiesH. or who, having Hecured 
 a competence, .ledre to retire; or they have becomo too old any longer to work their 
 places and perhupa h iving no family wish to Hell. Then again there are a nnmber of 
 Ltates of ileceiiaed persons for sale. IJut from whatever c.m«.-, the fact exis<tn that there 
 are at present to he had improveil farms from ni'> to -CiOOO lu value, and occasionally 
 a snu^; place may bo had for £100. 
 
 I., the fruitgrowing Co-mtios of Kings and Aimapolia, farms can often ho purchased 
 which amm dly produce ai^piea sutlici; .it to p:iy tiic iutoi c^t on the entire capital re.ptucd 
 to p irciiahio the said farin.i. 
 
 Besides the improved and partially improved lands, there are yet in every County 
 thousa.uls of acres of ui.cloarcd lands, some of which contain the heat soil, and only 
 awpit the hand of industry and a moderate cxpcndituro (f c;ipital to convert thorn 
 into prosperous tarmri. 
 
 No one siiould think of making a new farm from the land covered with forests, 
 which reiiuire to bo subdued, unhs.i he has means sutlicient to live upon for at least 
 a vear Forest lauds can bo obtaine.l from the Covernment lor the price ot 4- J per one 
 hundred acred, a sum which only about payi for tiic cost of surveymg, vecording, 
 title, etc. 
 
 Chapter XVI.-FKRTILIZERS, Kre. 
 
 Commercial manures, such as Superphosphates, Cuanoes and others, are now 
 extensively used by our farmers, theii use during tho last two years having nearly 
 doubled. The effect of these manures upon our soils is very marked, especially those 
 of which bone forms the base. 
 
 Several descriptions of bone manure and other fertilizers are manufactured in the 
 Province, and also one or two kinds imported from abroad. 
 
 Lime for manure can he obtained near the numerous deposits of limestone very 
 cheanly The farmer can procure the rock and burn hi^t own supply. The principal 
 cost of lime is in transporting it to tlic districts remote from beds of lime rod<. The 
 western portions of the Province obtain their supplies of lime from St. .<ohn, JN.B. It 
 is put up in casks containing four bushels, and tho second quality can be purchased for 
 58. per cask. 
 
 Gvpsum or ground plaster is worth about 53. per barrel of about 300 lbs., in districts 
 remote from the deposits. It can be used to great advantage about the stables and 
 manure hears, as it effectually fixes the ammonia and other volatile parts of tho manure 
 and prevents their loss. 
 
 Notwithstanding the value of commercial manures in their proper place, the chief 
 dependence of the firmer must be upon tho resources of the farmyard and compost 
 hew • and iu Nova Scotia the material for these is abundant on every hand. Sea- 
 weed,' mud and shells, fish offal, etc., all offer unlimited facilities for getting and making 
 manures of the most valuable character. 
 
31 
 
 Cuu'TKuXVII.-DIRKCriONSTO INTK^mNG SKTTLKRS BKFORK LEAVING 
 AN D AFIKK ARRIVAL IN THK PROVINCE, 
 
 ThoBO who (Icciile to omiji;rate, sliouM plan to arrive at Halifax in April, so as to get 
 located upoa a farm in time f ir spring operations, and in sncii case thty can be^in work 
 at once without losing anytime. Tlie ahuvo is the hest courso for those of limited 
 mean.i, hut others, wliose means arc ample, can cjme at any season of the year, and will 
 be able to enjoy themselves travelling througli the country until they procure a location 
 that suits them. 
 
 Upon deciding to emigrate, apply at once to the nearest Canadian Immigration 
 Agent. 
 
 Arrangements have been made by the Dominion Government with the Steamship 
 lines to carry emigrants at reduced rates. 
 
 Female servants are much needed in the city of Halifax, and also in the country 
 towns. Girls of this class nuy be sure of good homos and good wages. 
 
 Agricultural labourers coming out in the spring can get employment at once on farms 
 for the summer, and there are always chances to buy woodland near some market, upon 
 which during the winter they could work and clear up. The sale of the wood and tim- 
 ber will bring enough to pay for the land, and by hiring out during the busy season for 
 a year or so, and working on their own lots the rest of t lie time, they will, in a few 
 years, become the owners of sunny farms. Many of our farmers have told the writer 
 they had more land than tdey were able to cultivate, and would only be too glad to sell 
 portions of it cheaply —say in 40 or 50 acre lots— and take the pnce in farm labor. What 
 better chance to acquire a farm need a young farm laborer have than the above ? 
 
 The artisan class, tradesmen and clerks, we do not advise to come to Nova 
 Scotia, unless they desire to turn farmers ; and if they have a litt c capital laid by, they 
 can easily settle themselves in this country on small farni.s, and live very happily and 
 contented. Nova Scotia has plenty of cheap lauds that will well repay cultivation, and 
 farmers are the class most wanted. 
 
 What to Takk. 
 
 Tne D jmiaion G aide contains the following suggestions, which are equally applicable 
 in this connection : — 
 
 The emigrant should take with him as good a supply of clothing as he can. W^ooUen 
 clothing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, house linen, etc., are generally 
 cheaper in England than in Canada. Gjuerally all bedding should ba taken, and the 
 covers or ticks of the bads, bat not tha mxtorials with which they are stulVed, as those 
 would be too bulky, and can readily be obtained on arrival. 
 
 Many of the little household necessaries the emigrant might do well to bring, and 
 they may prove very useful ; but still it is advisable to consider well about bulk and how 
 far it is worth while. 
 
 Articles of household value, crockery, stoves or heavy articles of hardware, should 
 be left behind or sold, excapt in some circumstances, for special reasons, which the emi- 
 grant will consider. It must be borne in mind that such articles are very liable to 
 breakage. 
 
 Agricultural labourers should not bring any of their tools with them, as these can 
 easily be got in Nova Scotia of the best kinds, and suited to the needs of the country. 
 
 After arriving at Halifax, settlers intending to remain in Nova Scotia should at 
 once report themselves to the Dominion Agent, Mr. E. Clay, who is always in attend- 
 ance upon the arrival of the Steamsrs, who will bj prepared to give all necessary infor- 
 mation in reference to farms for sale or to rent, situations for servants, etc., etc. 
 
 What Mk. McLean Says. 
 
 delegate 
 
 The following brief extract from that part of the report of Mr. liuah MjLean, 
 'ate of the Kintyre Ajrioultural Sjuiety, Sjothnd, which refers to Nova Scotia, 
 
32 
 
 is a very good 'lescriptiou of tho aiiriciiltiuiil capaljilitios of tho I'rovinco. Unfortnat«ly 
 Mr. Mcli^.in did not visit Capi IJreton, and somo otisor eqiiaUy Hue farming dintrietu 
 In the 'j.iHtcni t'ortion of Nova Scoli i. Had ho doun ao hu .vould havo bncn ociually 
 woli pliamil with that poi tiuu of tlip couiitry as with thodfj which came undtT his 
 ol).iervatioij. 
 
 Ho Bays :-" Having croasod from St. John by stoamor to Annapolio, I entered 
 anoLhor Hno Province, th;t.t of iVova Suotia. I wan iiiiprtjssud during the Hail up the 
 Annap'iliH river by tho appcani'ico of well to do farms, rich dyke rnoudow landa and 
 comfortable hou'ica with orchards I wan not prepared for what was otill to be seen. 
 I vv.iiit liy rail I'ntin Au'iapulii t ) Uri Igotown. I drove into the country up one road 
 and down another, and was everywhere charmed with the farm? and general appear- 
 ance of tlie country. The cry overywhere I went in Nova Scotia was : ' Wo want good 
 agriculturalists. ' " 
 
 We called on Mr. L., near Kentville, whose wheat averages 22 bushels per acre ; 
 
 OatB, 43 to 51) buHhela ; Indian corn, 40 bushelH, ^'hell.d ; potato.-s, '2'2,'> buHhela. Manure 
 
 la spread broadmt, Jfay given '2^ tons per acre ; turnips, 10()0 bushels per acre. . . 
 
 Mr. L. has thirty-three head of cattle, and his farm is 200 acres. The grazing in 
 
 at tho rate of nix cows to eight acres. 
 
 He urther says:— "In Ontario, eastern townohips of Quebec, Nova Scotia and 
 New Brunswick, there are many farms for sale. I think any person desirous of emi- 
 grating should consider well, whether, if he can att'itrd it, it might not be desirable for 
 nim to give a higher price in tho Lower and Maritime Provinces for a rcarly-mad'e farm, 
 where he nught have all the social comforts of life quite within his reach than proceed 
 westward ' 
 
 Thi above remarks of Mr. McLean appear candid and impartial, and fairly rcpre- 
 Bont the imprcs^nons likely to strike the visitor who sees the Province for tho first 
 time, and the longer the sojourn the deeper these first impressions are likely to become. 
 The hint thrown out by Mr. McLean as regards tho old Provinces being the best suited 
 to the emigrant from the old countries, is precisely similar to that expressed by other 
 visitors. The Martinis of Lome, in a speech de.sciibing the prairie provinces, says : — 
 "They are best suited to the youuu', adventurous and able bodied." And adds, " Men 
 advanced in life and coming from the old country, will find their comfort best consulted 
 by the ready providad accommodation to be obtained by the purchase of a farm in the 
 old Provinces." 
 
 Co}fCLU.SION, 
 
 le foregoing pages we have endeavoured to lay before the intending emigrant a 
 .0 facts connected with Nova Hcotia as a field for immigration, and in speaking 
 
 In the 
 few of the 
 
 of its m. ay natural advantages, we have tried rather to under than to overrate them. 
 The figures we have used are taken from the most reliable sources obtainable, such as 
 the census returns and other authenticated statements issued by the Public Department, 
 ao that the information given may be strictly reliable. 
 
 To those seeking a home in a land where education is free to all, where they 
 will be surrounded with the influences of civilization and Christianity ; where the 
 school house and the church are accessible to all ; where the climate is healthy and 
 invigorating, and the earth yields abundantly ; where opportunities of obtaining 
 wealth and the comforts of life are grea^ and manifold, and the future for all is 
 hopeful and inviting ; where the people ; : hospitable, industrious and intelligent ; 
 and where the laws are liberal and impartially administered, wo would recommend 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Note.— A more extended description of the Province was prepared, in which all the 
 Counties came in for a special notice, but it was found necessary to reduce tho work to 
 its present limits. Therefore several fine Counties, such as Antigonish, and some also 
 in Capo Breton, are only incidentally mentioned— not that they are inferior to the other 
 parts of the Province (as an inspection will prove otherwise), but simply for want of 
 space to describe them.