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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 6 MICROCOPY RESOl'JTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 13.0 Hi US IS |4,0 2.5 2.0 1.8 J APPLIED IM/IGE I ^^ 1653 East Main Street r^ Roctiester, New York 14609 USA S (716) 482 -0300- Pnone S (7 '6) 288-5989 -Fax sj cri DEPARTMENT OP AGEICULTUKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA. HOP GROWING ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BY CHARLES St. BARBE BULLETIN No. 1. VIOTOEIA, 8th SEPTEMBER, 1893. LEGISLATI\^ LIBRARY VICTCCJA, B. C. Department of Agriculture, British Columbia, Victoria, September 8th, 1893. SiR,-I have the honour to transmit herewith, for your approval, the first Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture of British Columbia on the culture of hops, prepared by Charles St. Barbe, Esquire, of North Suanich. J. R. ANDERSON, Statistician. Th« Honourable J. H. Turner, Minister of Agriculture. s t (I I HOP GROWING ON VANCOUVER ISLAND. The Establishment of a Garden. pHLIlE_.is a growing t.n.lenoy at the present clay an.ong far.ners, and especially among those immigrants possessed of a little capital who come to the Colonies to find a use for that capital which will bring in a mor bountiful return than the more antiquated methods of the Old Country to^ plant crops which, by great care and skill, can l,e made to extract from a few acres almost as great a profit as ten times their number will produce under the.ordinary rotation of grass, cereals, and roots. Of such nature are hops, and,it is the object of this paper to show how they may be beneficially cultivated in the neighbourhood of Victoria. In a short sentence this may be summed up by saying that the great natural fertility of the soil, combined with other features which will he mentioned, go far to compensate for the cost at which the produce can be conveyed to the markets of London. At present there is a small local demand, but the neighbouring Pacific States of Oregon, Washington, and California have so immensely outgrown their own local requirements in the production of hops that it is not necessary to think of any market but that of England. This paper is not intended to be a full treatise on hop culture, but is merely a description of what is necessary to be done in order to establish a garden. Some English readers will perhaps excuse the mention of the fact that a dollar is practically four shillings-five go to the pou r sterling. Land. Hops have been cultivated at Saanich, some eighteen miles from Victoria successfully for a number of years, and from the samples that have been turned out, there is no doubt that hops equal to, if not surpassing, the best " Pacifies " can be and are grown in this district. Long before the Canadian Pacific Railway connected British Columbia with the rest of the world, hops were grown at Saanich, but either fron) the extreme sobriety of the ^opie 6 of Victoria (tl.,.„ tl.o o„Iy .narkot), or fn„n th.ir insatiable de«ire for n.ore nrdont ,K.tat,..Ms than ar. affor,l..l l.y John ikrloycorn and the golden hop the growers ..re unable to sell thHr hops, and „.any gardens went out oi cultivation Of those few that are left, the owners do not seen, to have rea;M,d the benefit they should have .lone, and this n.ay be accounted for by their delay in accp-ring modern improvements in machinery and implements necessary to ensure the best kind of success, and by their failing to avail themselves ot the best markets. At present it is not easy to acquire suitable cleared land in S,utnich in small .,uantities, twenty-five to fifty acres being ample for a hop grower of moderate capital. Most of the farms arc about three hundred acres in extent, and contain much bush and often useless land. Suitable land can, howe^-er, be now and then obtained, and with the growth of the industry, and the increased demand for small lots, holders will probably see the advisability of cutting up their property. As regards the price, cleared land can now be obtained at from $100 to ^50 per acre In all probability, suitable land can be found at such places as Cowichan and Comox, where the price is mucli less. In fact there is every reason to believe that hops may be grown on any rich, well-drained bottom land in this Island, Soil and Aspect. As pointed out in the concluding lines of the last paragraph, probably any rich soil here will grow hops. It should, however, be absolutely clear o^ weeds, rocks, and roots, so that there may be nothing to interfere with its compete cultivation. A soil which experience has shown to be excellent is a fine, friable aluminous loam, of an average depth of twenty-two inches lyingona bed of stiff, yellow clay, and with a gentle slope towards th^ north It IS absolutely necessary either that the soil drains itself quickly or tha It hes in such manner that any water it may retain can be easily drLn off by drainage. The authorities differ on the question of aspect, but the south-east is generally admitted to be the best. And there seems to be a sufhc.entreasoafor thvs from the fact that the morning sun brings mor health and str.n,oh to plant life than the sun of any other time in the day It may seem at first sight that as long as there are no trees or other ■ obs ructions to its rays, the sun will shine just as much upon one piece of land as upon another, but it is not so. It is difllcult to explain the reason of this without a diagram, but it is as follows :_Take a board one foot s• -nd bn.... • .u martin, „„, .he ,™„„d, ,.„d L.t,;;i ."At" Tot vlr""r^'" because it will be found much more easy to work uL 1 1 Af T "''■' acutely t,.ue a„d .™i,ht. ,„ can^ij^ b^L^ lU^:!!; Z 8 a root once planted remains where it is practically for all time There are gardens in England now that were planted more than 300 years ago We will suppose that the field is rectangular, or nearly so, and that one at least of Its sides IS straight. The necessaries for marking out are, first a piece of thm wire equal m length to the shortest side of the field, that is to say long enough to stretch across it, but if the field is say more than 150 yards in eve.y direction, it would be better to mark it in two lengths. Anyhow, provide first a piece of wire of not less than 100 yards in length and attach a round piece of wood at each end for a handle. On the wire at distances of seven feet apart attach tags of string or rag, secured in their places by white lead Secondly, provide short sticks about a foot long to the number of about 900 to the acre. These may be readily split out of any old pieces of rails or other cedar wood. Opposite one end of the longest straight fence and at 14 feet from it put a peg in the ground. This peg, which may be called A, should also be 14 feet from the fence at right angles to the first. Then at the other end of the longest fence put in another peg 14 feet from it which may be called B. Now take one end of the wire and hold it at A and let the other end be held at B, or if it is not long enough to reach B "range the end in until it is in line with B and put in pegs at every 7 foot mark along between A and B. Then from A set off a right angle perpendicular to A B. This can be done by getting a piece of string 120 feet long and marking it at 30 and 80 feet. Hold both ends at A and lay the mark at 30 feet along the line already pegged out. Then holding the mark at 80 feet draw the loose part out until the other two sides are tight and put in a peg wh( re the mark at 80 feet comes, and call it C. C A will then be at right angles to A.B., thus— Eo. ,oD Bo 80' •oA Now holding one end of the wire at A stretch it along A C so that its farther end, D, is in a line with C and put in pegs at every mark Then take the wire and, holding one end at B, stretch it along at right angles to » B A and put in a peg at the end, E. Then ,treteh the wi„ hetween E and B and (beg,„m„g at D) put in pegs every 7 feet. It is now easy to ,t,-etcl, the „„.e „o„»s the field fro„,,he peg, in A B .„ the peg,, in D E ad peg • off «., enclosed g,-onnd. The p,«=e,s is easily repeated all over a very large he d when once the fir,t rectangle is correctly laid down. The line, 3 Z wdl .,erve as guides. Fourteen feet at least „,ust be left as a ZIZ'' on every side of the field. neaaianu Hop cutting, can he obtained fron, Me,,sr,. E. Meeker i Co., of P„v„Il„„ day, aeco,xi,ng to '■ e condition of the ground. One ,„a„ carries pad! . at every peg .e, out a s,„a,. "spit» about ,ix or eight inch iX' bak't :r, r"; ',' "" ''°"°"" "■" °"'"" ■"-. »!*»!,« cutting, ,?» basket, carefully plant, two (,n- three, if they are not large) with thei, he„ls ujclnnng towaM, each other, and replace, the peg a fe v inche fl!^:l plant, always on the same side of them, as a guide when Hh,- No h '! more „ now to be done to the plant, until the young blL, .u.„e,r i he z"" "'^ •"'""'""■ "■« '"■"-■■» »ttc,ui„n"n,u., ■ ;?::, d t Draining. ti.ohighe,t,ideof the land t,, catch :::Zt:: l^^l'^^tl other log er place,. A drain n,us, al,o be c„n,trueted „Lg the low t id and the l^,.t .should be connected by another drain running across the Held n any natural ho low that there n,ay te, „r along ,n,e 5de. Th ,et If th ee dran,, n,ay be called « n.ain " drains. Int., thL. are le.1 oti d . n, cut ,jcr.,.„ the gene,-al slope, and at ,umcient ,u,gle to en,u,^ a Wl 'n,; n„n,beran,l distance apart .,f the,e subsi.liary d,'in, depend :«"! ui!! local ,,ece,s,t,e, but thei,. effect will be .cen st a, soon a, the yte c^ and the,r nun.ber e.,„ then be dot„r„,i„ed. Kcncube,- a .Lain , Ice es tit 10 o7 ufcCnt Xr ! t:: '"."'""P'^'"'^ -i'T «'«n. The drain, Aould be Earthenware p.pas are of course the best, and where they are used nul' the water running i„ tU triangular space Wow Fi, , f °*'""'" "' »h„uld be laid „„ tl,en, before repl,.rth"eartl, rZ -^ T"' "'' """^ .nu»t be open or constructed in L, ..^ntr th tl.e, li irrrvT'a?'"'" .n^ount o water, .houid be about »i. i„cbe, deeper tLT 1 tZ so Z then- mouths may not be silfpH n.^ i^ • . • 'Ji'iers, so that a dollar and ,ev ntyflve c " T.t^ll 1 .'""^ '""" "'"' """^ '" ..eptl,. and cedar slal tenr U ^'^ itU ^t^Tlf "'^ T' '"'' »pw»d.wiii not ia.t a., ^^^i^z: ^r^::^^'::^:'! r:::z:^r-;--^--.:^^^e.idr^^^ excellently and last for ever. 'UbbJe dtain, which wdl work Poling. wanted, of f,«n f,,uZ to Itfe Zlr'o T" '1" "" ° "" '"" "« matter if they do not la,t »o long as cedar P,! 1 n , '""°'' Unee incl,c« in dian.etcr at t,,e l^tt.,^;; notr ti; rltr^^^^^^^^ 1 hey must be pointed at the lower end TlunV . . • V '' ^^ *^'^ *"P- dollars a thousand. There are ,seve 1 .i. , . 2^ ^'^ "" ,""'* '° '^^ being arrangements of wires or stri„c e L I /.'' "^ '''^ ^"■^"^•'^' they n.ay have advantages they ar:^I, ir ^ : Sr t:''^"^; the expense of poles, and they involve n'uch extr. 1 ' o 11 th t and IS certainly the cheapest in this country. As soon as the young plants begin to shoot, the poles n.ay be put in position, which is done by a pitcher, a pointed piece of iron about three feet six inches in length and wxth a cross handle of wood. With this instrument one „.an makes th^ holes in the exact place occupied by the pegs, which he pulls out, another man following and driving the poles firmly into the holes thus made. (Jreat care must be taken to keep the poles true in line. It will be found that many of the plants refuse to climb the pole, and they must be tied with rushes or "bass," a process that has to be kept going in the garden for time. some These are the operations required to establish a garden. .Alany works have been written on the subject, but for further information the reader maybe referred to "The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Third Series, Volume 4, Part IT., No. 14, 30th June, 1893, pub- lished by John Murray, Albemarle Street, London. Price, three shillings and sixpence. And also to "Hop Culture in the United States," by E Meeker, published by the author, Puyallup, Washington, U. S. A., price The following figures may be found useful :— Capital Outlay required for a Hop Garden of 10 Acres. Land cleared and fenced and in good orde.- for planting, 10 acres @ liploO Hop cuttings, 30,000 ® $5 ^M. '..[[]][[][[][[][]' ] ^^'^^^ Planting same Cutting drains, say 40 chains @ $1.25 Cedar slabs for same Poles, 9,000 short (for first year) @ $8 ^ M ,.,,[ II 18,000 long (for second year) @ |10 1^ M *Ploughs, harrows, cultivators, &c Spraying machine and appliances ^^^ *One pair horses " Drying kiln ' ^^^ ^ * 1,000 i 7"t~^f T ^*!^'''" ^'"''"''' P"'* "^ "^ '""" '* ^'""l'^ "°* •'• »«««««ary to charge the O^herwTrk ^'^^^"*^""^*°'*' ^^ P-^^1- •-" the ti.e they would be .vail.bTe t 25 50 40 72 180 150 12 Working Expenses. On an average crop of 1.200 lbs. to the acre the annual expense, including everythmg, such as cultivation, depreciation of poles, picking, drying and bahng „.ay be estimated at 12 cents per ft., or in round fibres flfo an acre. If the owner had his own horses and put in his own work as well a very large portion of this would not b,- incurred, but taking it as it stands It would represent 11,500 on a garden of 10 acres. Profit. Again, to take the average crop of 1,200 lbs. and an average price of "5 profit orm5oT 't- T'' "'' Tr^''''' ^- «- '' acres-leaving a ^et profit of $ ,500, which represents interest at about 42J percent, on the capital outlay It may be added that this estimate of weight per acre, and also of the price, have often been greatly exceeded, and it i^ certain that with constant attention and careful cultivation a very heavy crop of hops of a quality that would rank higher than those grown in Washington State can be raised in the District of Saanich, in the Island of Vancouver i CHARLES St. BARBE, September, 1893, VICTORIA, B. C: Printed by Richard Wo.frn.k.n, Printer to the Queen'. Most Excellent Majesty.