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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est fiimd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. )y errata ed to mt me pelure. apon d 1 2 3 4 32X mstA f ^^^tw^t^Stvw* CANADA PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES It's \M^ tt ^ ■#*'%. % *^ PHYSICAL TRAINING IN SClItiOLS, I1i K KERI1.8 Oy GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. ILLUSTRATED BV . UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ENGIIAVINGS OF 1 S 1^ diffkr?:nt positions ok the gymnast-, ^ WITH AN INTRODWCTIIRY BKI:T(!I 'iF THt ATHLETIC GAMES OF ANTIQUITY. ¥ TORONTO: educational depository, DliPARTMKNT Of PUBLIC IiVSTRCCTION FOR UPPER CAKADA. j 1852. SjQn Prick 7jn. rich. «■* ft- - Jt "5 «■* PHYSICAL TRAINLXG IN SCHOOLS, IN A SERIES OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. ILLUSTKATED BY UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS OF THE DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE GYMNAST; WITH AN INTRODDCTORV SKETCH OF THE ATHLETIC GAMES OF ANTIQUITY. TORONTO : EDUCATIONAL DEPOSITORY, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR UPPSR CAHADA. 1852. k I' T. H. BENTLEY. PRINTRR. PREFATORY NOTE. Deeming it important Ut preserve the scries of aiticles on "Piiysioal Training in Schools," which have appeared in sueeesaive number^• of the Journal of Education for Upper Canada this year, we haw re-printed them, in a connected form, in tliis pamplilct — in the hope that, in their present slmpe, they will contrilmte to pronioto the more general introduction of this impoitant branch of training into our Public Schools. We have added a short illustrative sketch of the Athletic (jrarnes practised by the ancient Gieeks and Romans, which will form an appropriate introduction to tlie general subject of the pamphlet. Education Office, Toronto, Vith Ah^uM, 1852. I. INTRODUCTORY SKETCH or Tiie ATHLETIC GAMES OF THE ANCIENTS. Among the Greeks, periodical Games wore of liigli antiquity, and exerted an important influence upon tlieir national ciiaractcr. Such games were early celebrated, especially in honor of the dead ; and Homer, the father of Grecian poetry, describes, in his account of the funeral of Patroclus, the chariot races, foot-races, boxing, wrestling, throwing the quoit, Sto. These games were at length connected with the religious festivals of the Greeks, wore deemed aacred, and regarded as a part of their religion. In his Epistle to the Grecian Christians at Corinth, St. Paul refers to these games, in illustration of Christian conflict, duty, and hope. He says he " runs not as uncertainly :" he " fights, not as one that beateth the air ;" he has in view, " not a corruptible, but an incorruptible crown.'* He also " keeps his body under, and brings it into subjection" — referring to the severe course^of physical regimen and exercise re- quired of Grecian competitors, preparatory to their public appear- ance. There were four public solemn games in Greece — the Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian. The Isthmian games were ce'e- brated near the Isthmus of Corinth, whence they derived their name. They were observed every third, and afterwards, every fifth year, and held so sacred, that a public calamity could not prevent their celebration. The victors were crowned with a garland orpine leaves. The JVemean gamea were celebrated in the town of Nemea, in Argolis, every third year. The victors were crowned with parsley. 1 1 6 Th'.' Pi/thian games wore colcbratod every fifth year, in the second year of every Olympiad, near Delphi. The victors wore i-rownod with laurels. The Olyiofiic gomes wore celebrated the first month of every tit'th year at Olympiu, a town situated on the river Alphous, in the territory of Elis, on the western coast of the Poloponncsus, Those were tho most famous games of the Greeks ; they lasted five days, iuid drew together an immense concourse from all parts of Greece, and even from foreign countries. No one was permitted to eon- lend in them unless ho had prepared himself, by continual exorcises, tor ten months in the public gymnasium at El is. The competitors were obliged to take an oath that they would use no unlawful means to obtain tho victory. The prize bestowed on the victor was a crown of olive ; yet this honor was considered equal to tho victory of a general among the Greeks, and to a triumph among the Romans. 'I'hucydides informs us that during tho celebration of these games, a sacred truce was observed between all the States of / 1'^). Klg. 18. (^ *^clioH^O. The reverse of actiofj 2ft, viz., with t!ie Ipft arm, &tc. taction 31. The feet close, the arms extended in front, raise the left leg in front, bend the right knee gradually, and sit down on the ground, llici get np Fig. UK again in the ^ame position. Jlclion 32. This is porfcrmed by two persons facing each other. The left hand on the hip, the right foot in front, lock the middle finger on each otiicr's right hand, and pull back (fig. 30). Fit'. 20. I Jlction 33. As action 31, performed with left leg. Action 34. As action 32, with left hand. A Action 35. The feet close, the hands on I he hips, iiim|) up, at the same lime bpreading out the legs '(fig. 21). Fig. 21. I \ Av. Fig. 2i. Action 36. Let the palms of the hands touch behind, fingers pointing downwards, turn the fingers inward, and bring the hands as high as possible up the back, taking care to keep the palms of the hands close together (fig. 22). Action 37. The feet close, the hands on hips, jump up and spread out the legs, and cross them alternately (fig. 23). iF 16-23. srs Fig. 24. Action 38. This is performed by two sitting on tiie ground, who face each other, the soles of the foet touching, then grasping a stici{, and pulling against each other, first, with knees straight ; secondly, bent ; and third, with legs open. Action 39. The hands on hips, the right foot in front, the toe pointing downwards, spring or jump twice on the right toe, and twice on the lelt, alternately, the knees being kept straight. Fig. i5. Fig. 26. Action 40. Hook each other's hands, the toes opposite ; then lean back, and go round quickly (fig. 26). Action 41. As action 39, left foot in front. Action 42. Tiie feet close, the hands on the hips', rise on the toes, and jump forvvard with straigiit knees. Action 43. Grasp the left hand with the right, bring the amis behind the head, and move them from one side to the other (fig. 27). Action 44. Action 42 backwards. Action 45. Bring the right arm round the neck and Pj ^ chin, and try to eaten the right ear with the right hand. Miction 46. The feet close, the hands on the hij)?, run forward and kick the thigh? alternately. Action 47. Action 45 with the left arm. Action 48. The feet closp, the hands on the hips, jump forward and kick both thighs with both heols at once. Action 49 See action 17, fig. 12: then extend the arni^i in front, and lull down on the hand.*, the arms being straight, the body being brought so as to form a straight line from litad to heel, as in action 25. Remain in this position a short time ; then bring the feet, by a jump, between the hands, and rise (fig. 28). • f Action 50. The hands on the hips, the left /I rt leg in front, toe towards the ground ; then jump Jr \ forward on the right toe, both legs quite straight A jK (fig. 29). ^ 1, / V Action 51. See action 49, then spring uP from the ground and clap the hands ; rise as ii^ action 50. Fig. 2S. Fig. 29. Action 52. The same as action 50, only with the left toe. 23 ^-1^ Action 53. The feet close, the hands on the hips, then spread tlie legs gradually as far as you can, and then try tu put the palms of the hands Fig. 30. on the ground, tlie middle between the legs (with great care), (fig. 30). This action cannot well be performed until the others, previously described, have been performed with diligence, so as to be performed with ease. Then this action can be performed, and that without much difficulty. Action 54. The hands on the hips ; then run 'orwardon the toes, the knees being kept straight. ^^B^. Action 55. Fold the hands behind, put the right .^ \ foot to the right side forward as far as you can, then Fig. 31. bend the right knee, and cry to touch the ground with the forehead (fig. 31). Action 56. The feet close, the hands on the hipf^, then rise on the toes, and jump to the right or left side quite round (fig 82). Action 57. The same as action 55, only with the left leg. Fig. 32. A Fig. 33. Action 58. Lift the left foot behind, bend the right knee, lower the body gradually, touch the ground with the left knee, and rise again (fig. 33). » Action 59. This action is performed by two hR facing each other ; each party is to fold the arms, Jk the elbows being kept close to the body, raise the |Vw left leg behind, hop on the right leg against one \ ' another, and try to bring the other out of his posi- Fi^ 34. ^'0" ^y ^ ^'°^^ ^'^^ ^^^ shoulder, against his shoulder (fig. 34). Action GO. This is the same as action 51, on the left foot. Action 61. This is the same as action 59, only that the left foot is used to hop upon ; the blow is given with the left shoulder. Having thus noticed the actions to be performed by the individual, unaided by any machine, the next branch of gymnastic exercises will introduce the reader into exercises in which the gymnast per- forms certain evolutions by means of a pole, placed in a horizontal position. In the first exercises the thumbs are to be on the same side of the pole as the fingers, tliat is, not grasping the pole as one would a roll of paper ; arms straight in a line with the body, so that the power may be more eflfectually applied to move its weight ; the knees are to be kept straight and slifT, unless otherwi.se expressed. ■»l- V. U { i: lit K ! ' Y /\. 24 Action 62. The gymnast ia to hang from the pole by one hand ; first, by the right, then by the left, six times alternately (fig. 35). ^ Fig. 35. No. 2. Fig. 30. No. 1. Action 63. In this action the gymnast walks on the hands along the polo ; the hands being placed over the pole on the same side with the body (fig. 36. No. 1). Action 64. This action is the sam«» as the preceding ; only that the hands are under, or grasping the polo on the oppo- site side of the body. Action 65. In this the gymnast walks from one end of the pole to the other ; the hands being placed over the pole on each side, face opposite the upright post : first forwards to one end, then back- wards to the other (Fig. 36, No. 2). Action 66. This action consists in rising up and looking over the pole, hands over, three times (fig. 37, No. 1). YW Action 67. The same as the preceding, No. 2. Fig. 37. No. 1. Only with the hands under (fig. 37, No. 2). Action 68. The hands are to be placed on each side of the pole, and then the shoulders are to be brought alternately up to the pole; eaeh shoulder three times. Action 69. This consists in jumping along the pole, the hands over on one side. Action 70. The same as the preceding, only hands under. Action 71. Hands on each side jumping along the pole. In these last three actions it is advisable to draw up the body a little before making the spring or jump forward. Action 72. In this the person forms the letter L, by hanging by both hands on the pole, and then endeavouring to bring the legs into a horizontal position. m Action 73. In this action bring the instep up so as to touch the pole (fig. 38). Action 74. The hands are fixed on each side of the pole, and the gymnast then throws each leg over Fig. 3y. alternately. t'- 25 Fig. 39. 7 Fig. 40. Action 75. At first the same as action 73: then keep the instep firm against the pule, and bring the body between tiie arms as in the illustration (fig. 39). Action 76. The hands are fixed on each, side of the pole, and the legs are to bo brought up on the outside of each Prm (fig. 40). Action 77. In this action both hands being fixed on one side, the legs are brought between the arms (fig- 41). Fig. 44. Action 78. In this the gymnast swings, and ^ ^^K — - — = ^^[ jumps up as ho swirgs back, and comes down j I ^'^fc^ on the pole again (figs. 42 and 43). Figs. 4-2 and 43. Action 79. This action consists in getting lip on the pole. First throw the right leg over the pole, then, with a spring bring up the right elbow ; lastly, by another spring, bring up both arms straight, so as to sit across the pole (fig. 44). Action 80. Draw up the body as high as pos- sible, and with a spring, elevate both elbows, at once if possible, or one at a time ; then rise gra- dually ; the whole of the body being on one side of the pole ; change the position of the hands, and come gradually over tlie pole till the feet touch the ground (fig. 45). Action 81. In this action the hands are fixed one on each side ; then jump and change hands ; first, with knees bent ; second, with the knees straight. Action 82. Rise up as high as possible, and throw the . \ arms over the pole, holding firmly by them (fig. 46). Fig. 40. Action 83. Rise up as before, and try to keep up the body by the right arm only : and then with the left arm (fig. 47). T^ Fig. 45. Fig. 47. Fig. 48. 26 Adion 84. In this action tlio hands being cither over or nndor the polo, raise the logs up in front, and go quite over the polo (fig. 48). ? M Fig. 40. Action 85. In this action one log is to bo fixed over the pi alternately (tig. 80). VSj.. 9ft. Fig. P7. .fiction 132. Run, and placing the hand.s on the pommels, throw the body completely over in front (tig. 87). pi Jlction 1 33. Run, and placing the hands on tho pommel:?, take a somerset over the saddle (fig. 88). .Action 131. Hands on the pommels, spring up and throw the logs on each side of the arms out- side, and raise tiiem up so as to be clear of the horse (fig. 89). .'Irtion ]3o. Hands on tlio pommel.*, spring up and kneel on the saddle, bring the knees forward so that the instep touches the saddle, then give a spring and jump ofi', coming down on the other side on the toes. :^\ Fig. 9(t. V ]\ //v. V \ \ Fig. 91. Action 13G. Jump on tho b..ck of the horse, place the hands on the back pom- mel, as directed in action 114, and swing off backward (fig. 90). Action 137. Run, and jump into the saddle from behind, and swing tho body ott'fnim the front pommel, as in action 136. Action 138. Run, and placing the right hand on tho back of the horse, spring up, and throw both legs over, as directed in action 121 (fig. 91). Action 139. Run from behind, and throw tho right leg over the back of the horse, behind the saddle, as in f ction 119, first on one side, then on the other with the left, afterwards throw both legs over. »• ■%'>- FOIt -'AI.K AT TIlK '^ CFP03iT'JEy IN C3NN,'^I10N WITH THE LL'UC.TION OFFICE FOB. Ui'iT^. CANADA. "^^ I. luisii N\rioN\(. Mm'x. I Mii.i.rii ticoKriiiiliy. '!. Amuiii and Scrijittirf •Ji-oi.'rni'hy. II. V vi;i >■•> iMai's. I. ^rliii, I Kdoin MntiH. •i. I.nri!!' Uiiiliiu M:\.' V'lh llu ahuxf '\. < 'I'uiliiiiiitioii Mill n— (.c. Jiill iind I'litlini . i. >li.-r('llniU'()iiH Al;i(i!4. -/7/i,.«/ii!.i\'-i Mvrs. 1. >i(ji)iri. (.I'.i.jr.ii'liy, •,'. AiiriiMi iiiid .-'ciiiiliiri' tiric'riiiiliN . IV, JoilN-IO.N's Mil's. I. I.iiriic S'liool l(i)iirM !\I(ip8. •J. J^ii]:iil .■^cliiuil lidiiiu M.i^w. rf '.<, VliHlirii (iiujriiiil'y, I. ' l,i-^i'•.■ll ,iiii| Scrijitiire (!!ii«r.i|iii; . v. (ha Mill, is' .Mais. \\. WnuiV- Mvi's. VII. i'li.roN'i Oiii.iNK -Mai"-, wiiij K'i;v. \ Hi. Bliss' Oi ii.iM.; Mmvs. 1,\. i''iu,vrM i;>i!iiisM';i> .\|\i-.. X. ('t;i II iii.v.v'.s I'niNCK ot \\ M i.s \l\i'f. XI. An A'SK'. 1. l'Mi>irnI, PolitiTlI, UMll A:-lri.Mntli;i'i.l •J. ?i Inml (i('u!;r;i|iliy. Ml. iSAlIO.V.VI, ytHOdl, JJodKS. , XIII. ()|l.)i.(T i.KS>().\.S AMJ I'l.lNIS ( .-imiill 'i^i^e Sttirf.) \ N;ilMriil Ili.sinry. 'i. .N:it inii riit!iioii I'lin. y. l'rn|ilH't;c uii.l Srrij.l /■(' j'lti'..., (l^(fr:/e Ti'ptt Stritn.) I. :->ri|i!iiri' Niitiir.il (li.-lory. 'i. N. iiiral l.i-tory, & ■; . 3. .s'rriiilurc Si-rncs. •I. Srri|i|iiri' .M.iM.iiTs nriil Cii«totiis. 5. .s'rMi.lijri' I'ajplicii" >ili's. (i. I'uiot 'I'rcfs. XIV. ll I rsTKAllDiNS <\V .VAM'IiM, Hl.slolir, j^Ool.OGY, &c. XV. I ll^luiUi \l. ASK .MT'^HJ.ASK'jI's Pimnts. X\'l Dl '.( liAV.S, ChaUIS. asI' VAIUOl.s I'li-IOUIAI. Ii ia;siu\i"'.ss. I. .N.'.liir-il I'Milo.sOiiliy, y. I hiiiiiblry. 3. I'liysiolovy. •t. Various I'icloiial Illusira'.fpiia oC Science. XVU. AsinoNoyv. XV II I. Taki.kt Ri:ai)I>(; I.k.ssons, .Xl\'. \'o( \r, .\!i!sic. XX. WKir.vfi. X.XI. l)iiA'.V"-«. X.Xii. t?iHoi" Ar'j'AiiAir.-. XMI!. Aiiiuii i.Ti'Ku, Tk;-. r iK'OI^^^. XX1\'. MimKI lanious. \ } r ;1 i I 'ijf" I'or ii'irlun/nrs. fte Dcieriiitue Vatiilofjue, i \ ■i \ 4 ^^M