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^^^tw^t^Stvw*

CANADA

PUBLIC ARCHIVES
ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES

It's

\M^

^ ■#*'%. %

*^ PHYSICAL TRAINING IN SClItiOLS,

I1i K KERI1.8 Oy

GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

ILLUSTRATED BV .

UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ENGIIAVINGS

OF 1 S

1^ diffkr?:nt positions ok the gymnast-, ^

WITH AN INTRODWCTIIRY BKI:T(!I 'iF THt

ATHLETIC GAMES OF ANTIQUITY.

TORONTO:

educational depository,

DliPARTMKNT Of PUBLIC IiVSTRCCTION FOR UPPER CAKADA.

j 1852.

SjQn Prick 7jn. rich.

«■*

ft- -

«■*

PHYSICAL TRAINLXG IN SCHOOLS,

IN A SERIES OF

GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

ILLUSTKATED BY

UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS

OF THE

DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE GYMNAST;

WITH AN INTRODDCTORV SKETCH OF THE

ATHLETIC GAMES OF ANTIQUITY.

TORONTO :
EDUCATIONAL DEPOSITORY,

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR UPPSR CAHADA.

1852.

T. H. BENTLEY. PRINTRR.

PREFATORY NOTE.

Deeming it important Ut preserve the scries of aiticles on "Piiysioal
Training in Schools," which have appeared in sueeesaive number^•
of the Journal of Education for Upper Canada this year, we haw
re-printed them, in a connected form, in tliis pamplilct — in the hope
that, in their present slmpe, they will contrilmte to pronioto the more
general introduction of this impoitant branch of training into our
Public Schools.

We have added a short illustrative sketch of the Athletic (jrarnes
practised by the ancient Gieeks and Romans, which will form an
appropriate introduction to tlie general subject of the pamphlet.

Education Office,

Toronto, Vith Ah^uM, 1852.

INTRODUCTORY SKETCH

or Tiie

ATHLETIC GAMES OF THE ANCIENTS.

Among the Greeks, periodical Games wore of liigli antiquity,
and exerted an important influence upon tlieir national ciiaractcr.
Such games were early celebrated, especially in honor of the dead ;
and Homer, the father of Grecian poetry, describes, in his account
of the funeral of Patroclus, the chariot races, foot-races, boxing,
wrestling, throwing the quoit, Sto. These games were at length
connected with the religious festivals of the Greeks, wore deemed
aacred, and regarded as a part of their religion. In his Epistle to
the Grecian Christians at Corinth, St. Paul refers to these games,
in illustration of Christian conflict, duty, and hope. He says he
" runs not as uncertainly :" he " fights, not as one that beateth the
air ;" he has in view, " not a corruptible, but an incorruptible crown.'*
He also " keeps his body under, and brings it into subjection" —
referring to the severe course^of physical regimen and exercise re-
quired of Grecian competitors, preparatory to their public appear-
ance.

There were four public solemn games in Greece — the Olympic,
Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian. The Isthmian games were ce'e-
brated near the Isthmus of Corinth, whence they derived their
name. They were observed every third, and afterwards, every fifth
year, and held so sacred, that a public calamity could not prevent
their celebration. The victors were crowned with a garland orpine
leaves.

The JVemean gamea were celebrated in the town of Nemea, in
Argolis, every third year. The victors were crowned with parsley.

1 1

Th'.' Pi/thian games wore colcbratod every fifth year, in the
second year of every Olympiad, near Delphi. The victors wore
i-rownod with laurels.

The Olyiofiic gomes wore celebrated the first month of every
tit'th year at Olympiu, a town situated on the river Alphous, in the
territory of Elis, on the western coast of the Poloponncsus, Those
were tho most famous games of the Greeks ; they lasted five days,
iuid drew together an immense concourse from all parts of Greece,
and even from foreign countries. No one was permitted to eon-
lend in them unless ho had prepared himself, by continual exorcises,
tor ten months in the public gymnasium at El is. The competitors
were obliged to take an oath that they would use no unlawful
means to obtain tho victory. The prize bestowed on the victor
was a crown of olive ; yet this honor was considered equal to tho
victory of a general among the Greeks, and to a triumph among the
Romans. 'I'hucydides informs us that during tho celebration of
these games, a sacred truce was observed between all the States of
<Treece; all hostile operations were suspended, and, for tho time,
they regarded each other as follow-citizonB and brethren.

The only authentic chronology of the Greeks, is connected with
these games. Tho space (four years) that intervened between one
of their celebrations and another, was called an Olympiad. The
era of the first Olympiad is 776 years before tho Christian era.
The Olympiads may bo reduced to the common era, by multiply-
ing tho Olympiad, immediately preceding the one in question, by
4, and adding the number of years to the given Olympiad, and, if
B. C, subtracting the amount from 777 ; if A. D., subtract 776
from the amount.

The exercises practised at these games were, first, foot-races
alone : but they afterwards consisted also of tljrowing tho quoit,
boxing, wrestling, horse, and chariot races. At that period, when
gunpowder was unknown, and war had not become a science, and
each battle was only a multitude of single combats, such exercises
of bodily strength and activity were much cultivated by most
ancient nations ; but the Greeks were tho first to reduce them to a
system, and invest them with the importance of a national insti-
tution.

Those gaiTiOS wore not wholly corit'mcd to gymnastic and athletic
exorcises ; contests wore also, at later poriodw, admitted bolwoeii
poetH, orators, musicians, historians, philosophers, and artists of
different descriptions. It was there that portions of the history of
IIcRODOTUs were first recited or road ; and it was by thus listeninff
to tho fascinating tales of the Father of profane history, that
TiiucYDiDEs first caught tho inspiration wliich prompted him to write
a hidtory as philosophical as it is brilliant, and as charming as it is
profound. It was at these games also, that Lysus recited his
harangue on tho fall of the tyrant Dionysius. Intellectual enjoy-
ments thus became blended with social amusements and athletic
'contests ; and assemblages which first produced martial skill and
prowess, were in after ages productive of social and intellectual
refinement.

Tho following illustrations will give some idea of the principal
athletic exercises which wore practised at tho Grecian games, and
cannot fail to impress us with tho much greater elevation of modern
taste, and manners, and institutions, and especially of religion and
morals, notwithstanding the boasted refinement and grandeur o(
Grecian taste and character.

WRESTLING.

In wrestling, tho competitors were nearly or quite naked, and
they seem to have displayed great skill and agility. Excited
by the presence of a vast assembly, they put forth amazing efforts,

and though bruised and maimed in the struggle, they gave no evi-
dence of suffering.

LEAPING.

Leaping was performed by springing over a bar. No one was
permitted to enter into this sport, at the Olympic games, who had
not practised ten months.

BOXING.

Boxing was a favourite sport, and appears to have been prac-
tised much as it is now in England. No unfair advantage was

()

allowed in this, or any other contest. The least trick was severely
punished.

THE DISCUS.

Throwing the discus or quoit, a round piece of stone, iron or brass,
called forth the energies of the most powerful men, and the feats
performed, in hurling large weights, were astonishing.

RUNNING.

Running was practised, and if we may believe the accounts
which are given by Greek writers, the racers must have eurpatsed
the fleetest of modern pedestrians.

CHARIOT RACING.

Horso racing and chariot racing wero conspicuous among the
sports. The latter was particularly imposing, and persons of the
first rank engaged in it. Such was the applause bestowed, thit it
was fancied that Alexander, the son of Philip, and afterwards the
celebrated conqueror, might desire to engage in the contest ; but
when it was proposed, the haughty youth declined, unless kings
could be his rivals.

GLADIATORS.

The Gladiators fought with swords, and were exhibited at fune-
rals, and public festivals, for the amusement of the Roman people.
They were at first taken from captives in war, or malefactors, after-
wards from slaves trained to the profession.

The first poets and musicians wore assembled from all quarters,
and an immense crowd of rich and poor, high and low, gathered to
witness these displays, which were not only interesting from tho
excitement they produced, but from the sanction that the popular
religion bestowed upon the occasion. It would appear, that at the
present day, there is no public festivity, in any country, which
engages so deeply the passions of mankind as the games of ancient
Greece and Rome.

II.

PHYSICAL TRAINING IN SCHOOLS.

In the official " Report on a System of Pnhlic Elementary
Instruction for Upper C'a««rfa,"— by the Chief Superintendent of
Schools, (Second edition, printed by order of the House of Assem-
bly, pp. 58-60,) are the following remarks on Physical Training
in our Schools:

On the development of the physical powers, I need say but a
few words. A system of instruction making no provision for those
exercises which contribute to health and vigor of body, and to
agreeableness of manners, must necessarily be imperfect. The
active pursuits of most of those pupils who otiend the public Schools,
require the exercise necessary to bodily health ; but the gymnastics
regularly taught as a recreation, and with a view to the future
pursuits of the pupil, and to which so much importance is attached
in the best British Schools and in the Schools of Germany and
France, are advantageous in various respects, — promote not only
physical health and vigour, but social cheerfulness, active, easy and

graceful movement?. They strengthen and give the pupil a per-
fect command over all the members of his body. Like the art of
writing, they proceed from the simplest movement, to the most
complex and difficult exercises, imparting a bodily activity and skill
scarcely credible lo those who have not witnessed them.

To the culture and command of all the faculties of the mind, a
corresponding exercise and contrnl of all the members of the body
is next in importance. It was young men thus trained that com-
posed the vanr^uard of Biucher's army ; and much of the activity
enthusiasm and energy which distinguished them, was attributed
to their gmynastic truining at school. A training which gives su-
periority in one department of active life, must be beneficial in
another. It is well known, as has been observed by physiologists,
that "the muscles of any part of the body when worked by exercise,
draw additional nourishment from the blood, and are by the repeti-
tion of the stimulus or exercise, increased in size, strength and
freedom of action. The regular action of the muscles promotes
and preserves the uniform circulation of the blood, which is the
prime condition of health. The strength of a body or of a limb de-
pends upon the strength of the muscular system, or of the muscles
of the limb ; and as the constitutional muscular endowment of most
people is tolerably good, the diversities of muscular power observa-
ble amongst men is chiefly attributable lo exercise." The Youth of
Canada are designed for active, and most of them for laborious oc-
cupations ; exercises which strengthen not one class of muscles, or
the muscles of certain members only, but which develop the whole
physical system, cannot fail to be beneficial.

The application of these remarks to common day schools must
be very limited. They are designed to apply chiefly to boarding
and training, to Industrial and Grammar Schools, — to those schools
to the masters of which the prolonged and thorough educational in-
struction of youth is entrusted.

To physical education great importance has been attached by
the best educators in all ages and countries. Plato gave as many
as a thousand precepts respecting it. It formed a prominent feature
in the best parts of the education of the Greeks and Romans. It
has been largely insisted upon by the most distinguished educational

!r-
of

)St

ill

writers in Europe, from Charon and Montaigne, down to numoroiis
living authors in France and Germany, England and America. It
occupies a conspicuous place in the codes of School Regulations in
France and Switzerland, and in many places in Germany. The
celebrated Pestalozzi and DeFallenberg incorporated it as an essen-
tial part of their systems of instrtiction, and even as necet-sary to
their success ; and experienced American writers and physiologists
attribute the want of physical development and strength, and even
health, in a disproportionally large number of educated Americans,
to the absence of proper provisions and encouragements in respect
to appropriate physical exercises in the Schools, Academies and
Colleges of the United States.

In "T^e English Journal of Education!^ for January, 1852, and
the succeeding months, we find a large space occupied, and numer-
ous wood cuts given, in illustration of this subject. From these cuts
we have had wood engravings made for the pages of this Journal.
We therefore lay them before our readers, with extracts from the
preliminary and accompanying remarks of our English contempo-
rary : —

*' In Switzerland, almost all the Schools, both primary and se-
condary, are provided with a manage, or gymnasium, having all the
machinery necessary to a complete course of gymnastic exercises — a
ladder, climbing ropes and poles, a cross-pole, parallel bars, leaping
poles, a vaulting horse, and a large balancing pole. The apparatus
is sometimes erected in the open air, sometimes under a covered
roof ; and many of the schools have both a covered and an uncov-
ered gymnasium. The covered gymnasiums have no floors, but a
ground of loose sand, which can be raked up to render it soft. The
uncovered gymnasiums are always placed in a field or grass-plot
for the same reason.

Such is the interest which the Swiss students take in gymnas-
tics that they form themselves into Tumvercins, or Gymnastic As-
s6ciationS| and each Association sends about some of its members
from school to school in its own district, to organize the gymnasiums
and give the benefit of their instruction and example to the scho-
lars. Each of these associations holds annually a Turnfett, or
Gymnastic Festival, at which all the members attend ; and a great

number of exercises are gone through upon every part of the appa-
ratus in the manege,wh\ch they held for ihe purpose. This, however,
is only preparatory to a great triennial festival, which is held at
the principal Swiss towns in succession, as the government used
to be. At this festival all the associations meet, and the members
compete with one another for wreaths, prizes, and other distinctions,
just as in the old Grecian games before they had been perverted
from their original purpose and degraded into mere exhibitions of
particular feuts. People assemble from all parts of the country to
witness th« performances: the fine national songs of Switzerland
and Germany, sung in chorus by the friendly antagonists, excite
and sustain the general enthusiasm : the standards of the asso-
ciations and the gay clothes of the spectators givfi a radiant aspect
to the scene : everything contributes to the joyousness and merri-
ment of the occasion. At the close of the festival, which generally
lasts three days, the wrenths are placed upon the brows of the vic-
tors in the presence of the assembled spectators, and the prizes dis-
tributed by the hands of fair ladies, who thus grace with their pre-
sence the ceremony of the award, and impart a higher value to the
marks of distinction.

All tills is very well, it will be said, and feasible enough, in a
country where the education of every member of the community is
carefully provided for at the public expense, and where, so far from
being a national debt, the governments of the several Cantons have
generally u considerable surplus revenue at their disposal for public
works. But we reply, that the expense of fitting up even a com-
plete gymnastic ground need not be anything very considerable, if
once the site is obtained ; and that the play-ground of an elementary
school may be furnished with the common apparatus at a cost almost
insignificant. The most expensive piece of apparatus, after all, is
the circular swing, which has already been erected in the play-
grounds of so many schools. It is certainly right to provide first
for this most exhilarating of gymnastic exercises. If the school-
master were competent to give a course of gymnastic exercises
he would have no difficulty, we imagine, in inducing the
managers to supply the necessary apparatus. Besides, if
the exper.se be th« chief obstacle, it would be advisable,
to ascertain whether the Lords of the Committee of Coun-

cil on Education ffiight not be moved to make grants for this purpose.
We are of opinion that their Lordships would deem the object uf
sufficient importance to justify a considerable expenditure of the
public money ; for the present Government have already evinced
their sense of the importance of gymnastics to the people, by the
erection of the public gymnasium at Primrose Hill.

But, as our readers are aware, there is a large class of gymnastic
exercises which do not require any apparatus at all ; and these are,
in fact, more essential than the others, to which they are prelimi-
nary and introductory. They are such, namely, as are designed to
develop the activity of the limbs rather than to call forth the phy-
sical strength. These should not be neglected in any school for
children. They are very carefully taught in many of our boardingf
schools ; and we cannot see that they are less useful to the children
of the poor than to those of the middle classes. This is one of the
few particulars in which the middle schools are not behind the best
elementary schools, and it is owing to the fact, that the former are
able to pay for the services of a drill-sergeant, and the latter are
not. But there is no reason whatever why every schoolmaster
should not be his own drill-sergeant : in fact, were it possible to
procure the services of a drill-sergeant in an elementary pchool, it
would still be preferable that the master should superintend this
and every other part of the discipline himself; for he should be all
in all to his own school.

In order to enable schoolmasters to give their pupils a regular
training in gymnastics, we intend to insert in the Journal, from
month to month, a graduated course of gymnastic exercises. Our
subscribers will be able to commence the course at once in their
schools, as the preliminary exorcises do not require any apparatus ;
and we trust, that, as the course progresses, managers may be in-
duced to provide the requisite apparatus where this has not already
been done.

It is hardly necessary to remind our readers of the more common
and obvious advantages which result from gymnastic exercises.

The principal, of course, is the beneficial influence which they
exert upon the health. This is a sufficient reason to induce every
body to attach great importance to them ; but it is a consideration

which derives still greater weight in relation to the school and
schoolmaster. The regular practice of these exercises will do much
towords enabling both to discharge their duties with succoss ; and)
in those schools where any thing like high pressure is put on, will
act as a most useful safety valve. Beside?, light hearts are the
natural concomitants of good health, and certainly nowhere are they
more desirable than in an elementary school, where there are already
annoyances enough, in all likelihood, without those which result
from the jarring of bad tempers. How much more pleasantly, both
to teacher and taught, does the work of the school proceed where
these are absent, and a cheerful tone prevails.

We would beg leave, however, in a special manner, to call atten-
tion to one advantage which is not so generally understood. It is
thus referred to by M. do Pallenberg : —

"The symnnsiic exerdsts, in all their forms, are a powerful aid to the
practice of design, in cultivatinijthe taste for the beauty of ybrm or motion.
Their effect in this respect is very obvious ; and the occasional festivals
which are accompanied by gymnastic panics, present examplet of a high
degree of cultivation in tliis respect. It is a spectacle which charms the
eye, and exhibits the intimate connection of easy and graceful motion with
ilic improvement of physical force, and the capacity to escape from danger
or surmount obstacles."

It has accordingly been remarked, that one reason for the pre-
eminence of the ancients in sculpture, was the patronage bestowed
upon the public gymnasiums, in which the artist could form his
models from every variety of development of which the human forn^
is susceptible. However this may be, there can be no doubt what-
ever that gymnastics do contribute materially to the eesihetic train-
ing of the mind.

III.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF GYMNASTICS,

The first ;joai<Jon, in which the boJy must be placed, is the fol-
lowing : — '

Heels close : toes turned outwards nearly at right angles : body
upright: shoulders thrown back : stomach kept in : head easy {
arms hanging straight by the sides : hands closed with the thumbs
inside.

The habit of readily realizing this position having been gained,
the first gymnastic action is to be attempted.

.Action 1. Bring the arms quickly up in front, ashigh
as the shoulders, (nails turned upwards) (a fig. 1,) then
swing them forcibly backwards, at the same lime turning
the nails backwards {b fig. 1), keeping the body perfectly
upright. This action being mastered, and having been
practised for five minutes, the next action is to be at-
(o) Fig. 1.(6; tempted.

Action 2. Stand erect as in the position first described. Put the
hands on the hips, the thumbs placf^d behind, the fingers in front,
and the fept close, and then rise as high as possible on the toes.
Fig. 3 will illustrate this action to a certain extent. This action
should be practised five minutes.

The third action may now be attempted.

Action 3. The elbows are to be drawn back, so that
f la;_ thfi fists may be close to the sides (a fig. 2) : then
/3 f ^ throw the arms straightforward (6) and then back as
r 1 before. — The gymnast must become perfect in this

I I before proceeding any further : a perfection in this

LI action being intimately connected with, indeed an es-

sential to, the satisfactory performance of many other
actions.

(«) Fig. 2. (6)

Fig. 3.

Action 4. The feel are to be brought close, the hands on
the hips, then rise on the toes, and jump on the toes with
the knees kept perfectly straight (fig. 3). — This action is
to be performed for five minutes : and the 12 first actions
may be performed during one hour before breakfast, five
minutes to each.

In the next action the arms are again brciifjht into activity.

Jlction 5. The fists are to be brought up to the ehoiil-
ders : the elbows being close to the sides. Tlic arms
are then to be thrown upwards, and then brougiit b«cii
again to the previous position.

Jlrtion 6. The hands are to be fixed on the hips, the
feet close, and then throw the logs in front alternately :
the knees being kept straight, the gymnast not moving
from his first place, and keeping the body upright (fig. 5).

Fi;'. 4.

Fig. S.

Action 7. The fists are to be brovght up to the shoulders as in
action 5, but to be turned a little inwards : the elbows close to the
sides, as in action 5 ; and then throw the arms downward, and bring
Ihem back as before.

Jlction 8. The feet are to be broutrht close : the
hands fixrd on the hips : then throw the legs sideways
(alternately), the toes being kept in front (fig 6.)

Fig. 6.

Jlction 9. This may be regarded as the actions 5 and 7 combined.
The fists are to be brought to the shoulders, the elbows close to
the sides ; then throw the arms upwards, then backwards, next
downwards, end finally return. This combination of action re-
quires much muscular power, and calls numerous muscles into acti-
vity, and cannot be well performed until the muscles of the leg have
been strengthened by the previous exercises. For, though it seems
difficult, to those unacquainted with the muscular system, to conceive
the connection between these motions of the arms, and the power
of the muscles of the legs, the anatomist will be aware, that, with-
out considerable power in the muscles of the legs, these motions of
the arms and the position of the body to be preserved, could not be
realized.

Action 10. This again brings the gymnast to his legs.
He puts his hands on the hips, keeps his feet close, and
then, standing on his toes, kicks the thighs alternately
with his heels (fig. 7).

Fig.?r

Action 11. In tliis action the srms and the
muscles of the back aro called into action.
Raise the elbows to the hoiglit of the shoul*
(lers (a figf. 8), with the fists on the front of
the Hhoulders, the nails turned inwards, and
then throw the arms forcibly back (6), the
body being kept upright.

Action 12. Thia action is connected with the preceding. Raise
the elbowB as high as the shoulders : fists on shoulders, nails being
downwards : then throw the arms forcibly back, keeping them It-vel
with the shoulders.

Action 13. This action excrcisps the lower extremities
and the muscles of the back. The hands are to be put on
the hips : the feet are placed close ; then rise on the toe--,
and kick the thighs with botli the heels at once (fig. 9.)

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

•Action 14. In this the arms are to be turned round
front to bach: body quite upright. This action has
been deemed likely to bo injurious, and it would be, if
attempted previously to the exercises already dotolled ;
but from what hns been stated regarding the articulat-
ing surface of the head of the arm bone with the cavity
of the shoulder blade, it will be apparent that such
action is perfectly scientifie (fig. 10.)

Antion 15. The feet are to be brought close : the hand
fixed on the hips. Then touch the breast alternately with
the knees, the toos pointing to the ground, taking care to
keep the body perfectly upright. This exercise will be at
first difficult, but it is astonishing the oHoct that it has in
influencing the circulation, and thereby promoting health.

Action 16. This is similar to action 14, except that the arms are
to be turned from back to front, instead of from front to back.

Act'on 17. This is looked upon by many as almost In-
purmounrable, and much jocularity is produced by the
failures in the fir.st few attempts. The hands are to be
fixed on the hips, the feet being close. Then rise on the
toeH, bend the knees, and lower the body gradually till the

thighs touch the heels : the knees being kept close and the body

upright, rise very gradually.

Fig. 13.

Action 18. This next action has a most powerful

IefTect ill f^Wxng full activity to the muscles uf ihe chest.
Bring tiie right tist to the left shoulder ; extend the
left arm in a line with the shoulder : throw the right
arm towards the right side, nails towards the ground ;
thon bring the left fist to the right shoulder, thus aher-
Fiu. 13. '"K several times.

Action 19. The feet are to be brought close, the hands on hips,
then raise the left leg behind, stand on the right toe, and kick the
right thigh with the right heel.

Action 20. Opon the hands ; then raise the arms sidj'
ways, and touch the back of the hands over the head (tig*
14.)

Actional. The hands are to be placed on the hips ; the feet close;
then raise the right leg behind, stand on the left toe, and kick the
left thigh with the left heel.

Action 22. Open the hands, bring them in front (the palms touch-
ing), and swing the arms backward the height of shoulders, till the
backs of the hands meet behind.

r~^ Action 23. The feet are to be placed close, the hands on
t^ the hips. Raise the right leg in (ront, and hold the right
toe with the right hand for some time ; then do the same
with the left (fig. 15). The knees are to be keja straight.

Via- 15.

Action 24. Open the hands, extend them in front, the backs
touching, swing them in a line with the shoulders till the palms
touch behind. See action 21.

Action 25. The feel being placed close, the
hands fixed on the hips, rise on the toes, then
bend the knees, and lower the body gradually
till the thighs touch the heels (see action 17):

Fig. le.

extend the arms in front, and fall forwards, so that the body forra«
a straight line from the head to the heels, and rests on the hands
and the toes.

Action 26. The feet being placed close, the hands

open, the arms straight upward, the palms in front, bend

the body forward, and touch the ground with the points

of the Angers. The knees are to be kept straight (fig.

17).

Fig. 17.

miction 27. This is the same as action 25, only springing up atid
clapping the hands.

taction 28. This action is performod by two, standi. ig opposite
to or facing each other. The left hand on hip, the right fuol lor-
ward, the right arm in front ; then grasp each uther'« hands, and
try to bring the arm down lo the right or left.

Action 29. The feet close, the itands on the hips :
cro98 the legs, bend ihii kneea gnidually, eit down,. and
rise again ((!>/ 1'^).

Klg. 18.

(^ *^clioH^O. The reverse of actiofj 2ft, viz., with t!ie Ipft arm, &tc.

taction 31. The feet close, the arms extended in
front, raise the left leg in front, bend the right knee
gradually, and sit down on the ground, llici get np
Fig. UK again in the ^ame position.

Jlclion 32. This is porfcrmed by two persons
facing each other. The left hand on the hip, the
right foot in front, lock the middle finger on each
otiicr's right hand, and pull back (fig. 30).

Fit'. 20.

Jlction 33. As action 31, performed with left leg.
Action 34. As action 32, with left hand.

Action 35. The feet close, the hands on I he hips,
iiim|) up, at the same lime bpreading out the legs
'(fig. 21).

Fig. 21.

I \

Av.

Fig. 2i.

Action 36. Let the palms of the hands touch behind,
fingers pointing downwards, turn the fingers inward,
and bring the hands as high as possible up the back,
taking care to keep the palms of the hands close
together (fig. 22).

Action 37. The feet close, the hands on hips, jump up
and spread out the legs, and cross them alternately (fig.
23).

iF 16-23.

srs

Fig. 24.

Action 38. This is performed by two sitting on
tiie ground, who face each other, the soles of the
foet touching, then grasping a stici{, and pulling
against each other, first, with knees straight ;
secondly, bent ; and third, with legs open.

Action 39. The hands on hips, the right foot in front,
the toe pointing downwards, spring or jump twice on the
right toe, and twice on the lelt, alternately, the knees
being kept straight.

Fig. i5.

Fig. 26.

Action 40. Hook each other's hands, the toes
opposite ; then lean back, and go round quickly
(fig. 26).

Action 41. As action 39, left foot in front.
Action 42. Tiie feet close, the hands on the
hips', rise on the toes, and jump forvvard with
straigiit knees.
Action 43. Grasp the left hand with the right, bring
the amis behind the head, and move them from one side
to the other (fig. 27).

Action 44. Action 42 backwards.

Action 45. Bring the right arm round the neck and
Pj ^ chin, and try to eaten the right ear with the right hand.

Miction 46. The feet close, the hands on the hij)?, run forward
and kick the thigh? alternately.

Action 47. Action 45 with the left arm.

Action 48. The feet closp, the hands on the hips, jump forward
and kick both thighs with both heols at once.

Action 49 See action 17, fig. 12: then extend the
arni^i in front, and lull down on the hand.*, the arms being
straight, the body being brought so as to form a straight
line from litad to heel, as in action 25. Remain in this
position a short time ; then bring the feet, by a jump,
between the hands, and rise (fig. 28).

• f Action 50. The hands on the hips, the left

/I rt leg in front, toe towards the ground ; then jump

Jr \ forward on the right toe, both legs quite straight

A jK (fig. 29).

^ 1, / V Action 51. See action 49, then spring uP

from the ground and clap the hands ; rise as ii^
action 50.

Fig. 2S.

Fig. 29.

Action 52. The same as action 50, only with the left toe.

^-1^

Action 53. The feet close, the hands on the

hips, then spread tlie legs gradually as far as you

can, and then try tu put the palms of the hands

Fig. 30. on the ground, tlie middle between the legs (with

great care), (fig. 30). This action cannot well

be performed until the others, previously described, have been

performed with diligence, so as to be performed with ease. Then

this action can be performed, and that without much difficulty.

Action 54. The hands on the hips ; then run 'orwardon the toes,
the knees being kept straight.

^^B^. Action 55. Fold the hands behind, put the right

.^ \ foot to the right side forward as far as you can, then
Fig. 31. bend the right knee, and cry to touch the ground

with the forehead (fig. 31).

Action 56. The feet close, the hands on the hipf^,
then rise on the toes, and jump to the right or left
side quite round (fig 82).

Action 57. The same as action 55, only with the
left leg.

Fig. 32.

Fig. 33.

Action 58. Lift the left foot behind, bend the right
knee, lower the body gradually, touch the ground with
the left knee, and rise again (fig. 33).

» Action 59. This action is performed by two

hR facing each other ; each party is to fold the arms,
Jk the elbows being kept close to the body, raise the
|Vw left leg behind, hop on the right leg against one
\ ' another, and try to bring the other out of his posi-
Fi^ 34. ^'0" ^y ^ ^'°^^ ^'^^ ^^^ shoulder, against his

shoulder (fig. 34).
Action GO. This is the same as action 51, on the left foot.
Action 61. This is the same as action 59, only that the left foot
is used to hop upon ; the blow is given with the left shoulder.

Having thus noticed the actions to be performed by the individual,
unaided by any machine, the next branch of gymnastic exercises
will introduce the reader into exercises in which the gymnast per-
forms certain evolutions by means of a pole, placed in a horizontal
position.

In the first exercises the thumbs are to be on the same side of
the pole as the fingers, tliat is, not grasping the pole as one would
a roll of paper ; arms straight in a line with the body, so that the
power may be more eflfectually applied to move its weight ; the
knees are to be kept straight and slifT, unless otherwi.se expressed.

■»l-

U {

i: lit

K ! '

/\.

Action 62. The gymnast ia to hang
from the pole by one hand ; first, by the
right, then by the left, six times alternately
(fig. 35). ^

Fig. 35.

No. 2. Fig. 30. No. 1.

Action 63. In this action the gymnast
walks on the hands along the polo ; the
hands being placed over the pole on the
same side with the body (fig. 36. No. 1).

Action 64. This action is the sam«» as
the preceding ; only that the hands are
under, or grasping the polo on the oppo-
site side of the body.

Action 65. In this the gymnast walks from one end of the pole
to the other ; the hands being placed over the pole on each side,
face opposite the upright post : first forwards to one end, then back-
wards to the other (Fig. 36, No. 2).

Action 66. This action consists in
rising up and looking over the pole, hands
over, three times (fig. 37, No. 1).

Action 67. The same as the preceding,
No. 2. Fig. 37. No. 1. Only with the hands under (fig. 37, No. 2).

Action 68. The hands are to be placed on each side of the pole,
and then the shoulders are to be brought alternately up to the pole;
eaeh shoulder three times.

Action 69. This consists in jumping along the pole, the hands
over on one side.

Action 70. The same as the preceding, only hands under.

Action 71. Hands on each side jumping along the pole. In these
last three actions it is advisable to draw up the body a little before
making the spring or jump forward.

Action 72. In this the person forms the letter L, by hanging by
both hands on the pole, and then endeavouring to bring the legs
into a horizontal position.

m Action 73. In this action bring the instep up so as

to touch the pole (fig. 38).
Action 74. The hands are fixed on each side of the
pole, and the gymnast then throws each leg over
Fig. 3y. alternately.

t'-

Fig. 39.

Fig. 40.

Action 75. At first the same as action 73: then
keep the instep firm against the pule, and bring
the body between tiie arms as in the illustration
(fig. 39).

Action 76. The hands are fixed on each, side of
the pole, and the legs are to bo brought up on the
outside of each Prm (fig. 40).

Action 77. In this action both hands being fixed
on one side, the legs are brought between the arms
(fig- 41).

Fig. 44.

Action 78. In this the gymnast swings, and
^ ^^K — - — = ^^[ jumps up as ho swirgs back, and comes down
j I ^'^fc^ on the pole again (figs. 42 and 43).

Figs. 4-2 and 43.

Action 79. This action consists in
getting lip on the pole. First throw the
right leg over the pole, then, with a
spring bring up the right elbow ; lastly,
by another spring, bring up both arms
straight, so as to sit across the pole (fig.
44).

Action 80. Draw up the body as high as pos-
sible, and with a spring, elevate both elbows, at
once if possible, or one at a time ; then rise gra-
dually ; the whole of the body being on one side
of the pole ; change the position of the hands,
and come gradually over tlie pole till the feet
touch the ground (fig. 45).

Action 81. In this action the hands are fixed one on
each side ; then jump and change hands ; first, with knees
bent ; second, with the knees straight.

Action 82. Rise up as high as possible, and throw the
. \ arms over the pole, holding firmly by them (fig. 46).
Fig. 40.

Action 83. Rise up as before, and try to keep up the
body by the right arm only : and then with the left arm
(fig. 47).

Fig. 45.

Fig. 47.

Fig. 48.

Adion 84. In this action tlio hands being cither over
or nndor the polo, raise the logs up in front, and go
quite over the polo (fig. 48).

Fig. 40.

Action 85. In this action one log is to bo fixed
over the p<ilo, tho kneo bring bent ; and then swing
completoly round (fig. 49).

Action 86. Sit across tho polo, and swing round,
holding tight, tho hands being fixed on each side of
the pole (fig. 50).

Fig. oO.

■| !r

Fig. 52.

Fis. 53.

Fig. 54.

Action 87. Got upon tho pole as in a previous
action, then bring both logs over tho pole, so as
to sit thereon : then gradually lower tho body
so as to swing with arms behind (fig. 51).

Action 88. Get up and over, as in the last action;
then catch tho pole with bent arms separately ; then
catch hold of the trousers, and swing backward
completely round (fig. 52).

Action 89. Hold the polo by tho right arm, then
grasp the wrist with the left hand, and try to draw
yoursolf up ; then perform the samo action with the
left arm.

Action 90. In this action the letter L is formed by
hanging by one arm, see action 72 (fig. 53).

Action 91. Kneol upon the pole, hands on each
side, and swing off the pole (fig. 54).

Action 92. Hanging by both hands on the same
side at one end of the polo, and turning from one
side of the pole to the other, till you have reached
the other end.

Fig. 55.

Fig. 57.

J^l^^

Fig. 58.

Action 93. In this action tho gymnast eommrnccs as
in action 77, then passes tho logs completely through,
and hangs them down ; ho then draws them gradually
back between tho arms (fig. 55). This action can only
be performed by tho experienced gymnast without dan-
ger : with him there is none.

Jlction 94. Hang on tho end of the pole,
hands on each side, faco towards tho po«t,
swing backwards, and catch iho polo with
tho tors, and hang down, as in tho annexed
figure (fig. 56).

Jlction 95. First throw tho right leg over tho pole,
then with a spring bring up tho right elbow in this
position ; throw tho left arm over tho pole, and hang
in that position (fig. 67).

Action 96. Gel up on tho polo as in action 80, the
arms being straight ; then gradually sink down and
kiss tho polo, and then rise gradually to tlio first posi-
tion (fig. 68).

Action 97. Sit across tho pole, and, with a firm
grasp, endeavour to raise tho body oflf tho pole till tho
back is horizontal.

Fig. 59.

Fig. CO.

Action 98. Throw tho left leg over
the pole, then at the same time throw
both arms over tho pole, holding by the
arm only (fig. 60).

Fig. 61.

Fig. 62.

Action 99. Throw tho right leg over tho pole, tho
loft arm being underneath, and the right arm hanging
down (fig. 61).

Action 100. Hang on the pole, tho hands on each
side, and then raise the legs on each side of the pole,
as high as possible (fig. 62).

I;'

Fig. 01.

Action 101. Hang on tho polo, the hands on one
side; then spring at once on to the pole, and balance
the b^iy on tho arms (fig. 63).

Action 102. Sit on the polo ; snddenly drop back-
ward-, and clasp tho pole with the hams, hanging
down (fig. 64).

Fig. 64,

Fi". (15.

Action 103. Hang on the pole, tho hands on ono
side," and gradually bring up the logs till they aro
perpendicular, tho a' ras being straight (fig. 65_),

Action 104. Hang on the pole, the hands on both
sides, throw both Icirs at once over one side of the
pole, then over tho other ; do this several times
(fig. 6G).

Fig. 66.

These Horse exercises must not be attempted until tho preceding
exercises have been perforiiicd, so as to realise perfect capability in
their performance. The gymnast should perform only one of those
actions at a time, gaining perfect capability in each before proceed-
ing to the next.

In performing the following exercises, tho body and head are to
be kept upright, and tho knees and ancles straight, unless otherwise
expressed, or where a change is absolutely necessary.

Action 105, Place the hands on tho middle of the
ponimols, thumbs inside, and spring up so as to bring the
arms quite straight. Do this several times without rest-
ing, at first slowly, afterwards more quickly (fig. 67).

Action 106. Hands on pommels as before, spring up
and touch the saddle with the toes (fig. 68).

Fig. «e.

Fig. 09.

Fig. 70.

Action 107. As action 10.5 ; at the samo
time spread the legs so as to touch the tiidoa
of the horao with the toes (fig. 69.)

Action 108. Spring up, and throw up the
right leg, keeping the other straight ; do this
several times (fig. 70).

Action 109. As action 103 with the left leir.

Action 110. As action 106, and cross
the legs on coming down (fig. 71).

Fig. 71.

Action 111. Jump up, and rest with the hands on the
pommels, arms straight, thighs against side of horse,
spring away from the horse and corne back again several
times, without coming to the ground (fig. 72).

Pig. 74.

Action 112. To mount the horse : place
the hands on the pommels, thumbs inside,
spring up, rest for a moment with thighs
against sides of horse, then throw the right
leg over the back pommel, and sit per-
fectly upright in the saddle. — To dismount:
place the left hand on the front pommc!,
thumb inside, and the right hand on the
saddle in front of the bodv, and spring ofT
(fig 73).

Action 113. Mount as directed in action 112: place
both hands close together on front pommel, thumbs in
front, fingers behind, arms straight, then ra'se the
body as high as possible several times (tig. 74).

Action 114. As action 113, and swing the body
backwards and lorwards, knees straight.

Fig. 75.

miction 115. Afi action 111, nnd brinnr the feot on the
saddle, behind the hands (fi<j. 75).

Action 116. Jump on end of horse, and walk on the
hands along thn back of horse, with the body a little
raised, as in action 113.

JVote, — In springin;T up, jump from the toes. In sit-
ting on the horse the thighs should press the sides of it,
so as to leave a space between the body and the saddle,
just sufficient for the open hand between them.

I \

■ ;

Fig. 7a.

Action 117. Hands on the pommel?, spring
up, rest a moment, then throw the right log
over the horse, lifting the right hand to lot the
log pass over tlio back pommel into the sad-
dle, bringing down the hand quickly on the
pommel. Throw the leg back again, observ-
ing the same precautions : do this several
times without coming to the ground.

Action 118. As action 117, with the loft log on the other side.

Action 119. Hands on the pommels, spring
up, at the same time turn the body a little on
one side, and throw the right leg over the
front pommel, lifting up the left hand to let
the right log pass (fig. 77).

Action 120. As action 119 on the other
side, with left log.

Action 121. Hands on the pommels,
spring up, and instead of one leg, as in
action 119, throw both h-gsover in front, so
as to come down to the ground on the feet,
with face towards the head of horse, (fig.
78).

Action 122. As action 121, on the other
side.

Fig. 7S.

Action 123. As action 110, but instead of
comino- against the side of the horse, throw
both logs over the back of the horse, and
come down on the toes on the other side,
with face towards the saddle (fig. 79).

Fig PO.

Action 124. As action 114, tl)on swing-
ing backwards cmsa bnlh legs behind ;
tnrn the bodj', and sit in tlio saddle faco
towards the tail of the horso (fig. S^)). —
N. B. Whoa in crossing the right log goO(4
over the left, you must turn the body to

the right side, and when in crossing the loft leg goes over the

right, turn tho body to tho left side.

Action 125. Spring on tho back of the
horso, behind the saddle, place the lel't hand
on the front pommel, and right hand on back
pommel, raise the body a little, and swing
round, and sit on iho neck of the horso, so as
to face tho front pommel. Then put the
right hand on front pommel, and loft hand on

back pommel, and swing round on back of horso ; do this alter-

ately several times (fig. 81).

Action 126. As action 111, draw up the knees
close to tho chest, and throw them between the
arms over the saddle, remaining on your hands, and
tho back of tho thighs leaning against tho opposite
side of the horso, but without tho feet touching tho
ground ; then draw up your logs again, and bring
them back to the first position (fig. 82).

Action 127. Spring up, resting on tho
pommels with arms straight, throw tho right
leg between them over tho saddle ; bring it
back again, and at the same instant pass tho
left leg over, resting all tho while on the
hands ; do this several times (fig. 83).

Action 128. Spring up, resting on tho pommels
with arms straigiit, throw tho body over tho horso
with legs spread, first standing, secondly with a run.

Action 129. Hands on tho pommels, Sic, as in
action 127, but throw both logs through, and keep
them straight out in form of letter L, without touch-
ing the saddle (fig. 84).

Fig. 89.

Action 130. Run and jump cleverly over the saddle.

i ♦

Jhllon 131. Mount, tlien action 113, and brin^ Jio foot
before tbc front ijoniniol, outt^ido of tlio aruiH, tlio. behind,

■!<T>i alternately (tig. 80).

VSj.. 9ft.

Fig. P7.

.fiction 132. Run, and placing the hand.s
on the pommels, throw the body completely
over in front (tig. 87).

Jlction 1 33. Run, and placing the hands on tho
pommel:?, take a somerset over the saddle (fig. 88).

.Action 131. Hands on the pommels, spring up
and throw the logs on each side of the arms out-
side, and raise tiiem up so as to be clear of the
horse (fig. 89).

.'Irtion ]3o. Hands on tlio pommel.*, spring up
and kneel on the saddle, bring the knees forward so
that the instep touches the saddle, then give a spring
and jump ofi', coming down on the other side on
the toes.

:^\

Fig. 9(t.

]\ //v.

V \

Fig. 91.

Action 13G. Jump on tho b..ck of the
horse, place the hands on the back pom-
mel, as directed in action 114, and swing
off backward (fig. 90).

Action 137. Run, and jump into the

saddle from behind, and swing tho body

ott'fnim the front pommel, as in action 136.

Action 138. Run, and placing the right hand

on tho back of the horse, spring up, and throw

both legs over, as directed in action 121 (fig. 91).

Action 139. Run from behind, and throw tho
right leg over the back of the horse, behind the
saddle, as in f ction 119, first on one side, then
on the other with the left, afterwards throw both
legs over.

»•

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1. >i(ji)iri. (.I'.i.jr.ii'liy,

•,'. AiiriiMi iiiid .-'ciiiiliiri' tiric'riiiiliN .

IV, JoilN-IO.N's Mil's.

I. I.iiriic S'liool l(i)iirM !\I(ip8.

•J. J^ii]:iil .■^cliiuil lidiiiu M.i^w. rf

'.<, VliHlirii (iiujriiiil'y,
I. ' l,i-^i'•.■ll ,iiii| Scrijitiire (!!ii«r.i|iii; .
v. (ha Mill, is' .Mais.
\\. WnuiV- Mvi's.

VII. i'li.roN'i Oiii.iNK -Mai"-, wiiij K'i;v.
\ Hi. Bliss' Oi ii.iM.; Mmvs.
1,\. i''iu,vrM i;>i!iiisM';i> .\|\i-..
X. ('t;i II iii.v.v'.s I'niNCK ot \\ M i.s \l\i'f.
XI. An A'SK'.

1. l'Mi>irnI, PolitiTlI, UMll A:-lri.Mntli;i'i.l
•J. ?i Inml (i('u!;r;i|iliy.
Ml. iSAlIO.V.VI, ytHOdl, JJodKS. ,

XIII. ()|l.)i.(T i.KS>().\.S AMJ I'l.lNIS

( .-imiill 'i^i^e Sttirf.)
\ N;ilMriil Ili.sinry.
'i. .N:it inii riit!iioii I'lin.
y. l'rn|ilH't;c uii.l Srrij.l /■(' j'lti'...,

(l^(fr:/e Ti'ptt Stritn.)
I. :->ri|i!iiri' Niitiir.il (li.-lory.
'i. N. iiiral l.i-tory, & ■; .
3. .s'rriiilurc Si-rncs.
•I. Srri|i|iiri' .M.iM.iiTs nriil Cii«totiis.
5. .s'rMi.lijri' I'ajplicii" >ili's.
(i. I'uiot 'I'rcfs.

XIV. ll I rsTKAllDiNS <\V .VAM'IiM, Hl.slolir, j^Ool.OGY, &c.
XV. I ll^luiUi \l. ASK .MT'^HJ.ASK'jI's Pimnts.

X\'l Dl '.( liAV.S, ChaUIS. asI' VAIUOl.s I'li-IOUIAI. Ii ia;siu\i"'.ss.
I. .N.'.liir-il I'Milo.sOiiliy,
y. I hiiiiiblry.
3. I'liysiolovy.

•t. Various I'icloiial Illusira'.fpiia oC Science.
XVU. AsinoNoyv.
XV II I. Taki.kt Ri:ai)I>(; I.k.ssons,
.Xl\'. \'o( \r, .\!i!sic.
XX. WKir.vfi.

X.XI. l)iiA'.V"-«.

X.Xii. t?iHoi" Ar'j'AiiAir.-.
XMI!. Aiiiuii i.Ti'Ku, Tk;-. r iK'OI^^^.
XX1\'. MimKI lanious.

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I 'ijf" I'or ii'irlun/nrs. fte Dcieriiitue Vatiilofjue,

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