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 BELIVBBEB BY 
 
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 A-GMIsTOOU 
 
 
 APRIL 2nd AND MAY 7tli, 
 
 
 An able exposition of the cause of the hard times. The Banks^ 
 Loan Companies and Importing Merhants chiefly to blame. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY REQU'EST. 
 
 
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To Masters and Secretaries of Granges. 
 
 I herewith mail you a pamphlet of my speeches, and intrust 
 them to your care for all farmers and owners of property, and hope 
 that you see that it is read in each Grange carefully two or three 
 times to a full meeting. 
 
 You will see that the principles laid down are most interesting 
 to you and all owners of property, and, I might add, to the whole 
 community. You will find on the seventh page, thirty-second line, 
 the principal remedy for the evils I have pointed out. In reading 
 this, do not let any man say " how can it be done." It is not 
 ** can they " with the farmers. It is " will they." The cause of the 
 hard times will be found in the second lecture, beginning on the 
 seventh page. 
 
 You can easily make any man understand what benefit it will 
 be to him as well as *"he whole country. You can show them, if 
 they will help to start this Bank, that when any merchant borrows 
 money to buy grain, cattle or any produce, he invariably pays eight 
 per cent ; that must come out of the profits of your produce. If 
 that money was borrowed out of the Farmers Real Estate Bank, 
 the profits will go back to the farmers. 
 
 The farmers and property holders would control the Bank, and 
 if the government wanted to borrow money, say to build the Pacific 
 Railway ; the Bank would take the government bonds and lend 
 the government the money. Then the Bank would be getting that 
 interest. If the municipality wanted to borrow money, the Bank 
 would take the municipal bonds, and lend them the money ; the 
 Bank would be getting that interest also. If a farmer wanted to 
 borrow money to build a house or improve his farm, he could make 
 his mortgage to the Bank ; the Bank lend the money and get that 
 interest also, and so on. 
 
 It may be argued that they say this is not gold, but I have 
 shown you that the Real Estate Bank Bills would be a great deal 
 better than the Bills that are now used. You can successfully show 
 that the government and municipalities send their debentures to 
 England and sell them for gold. When a private individual makes 
 a mortgage on his farm or property, the Trust and Loan and 
 Building Societies lend them the money at high interest, and sell 
 
the mortgage in England for gold. In all cases the party borrow- 
 ing gets private bank bills to carry on his operations and seldom 
 or ever gets gold. Surely the bonds and mortgages I have men- 
 tioned are good as gold in England ; for the money lenders there 
 think them better than gold, for they actually give their gold for 
 them. 
 
 You can easily show in all government or public works, that 
 all work paid for is in dollar bills, as well as in everything else. 
 Noboby ever disputes or says that these bills are not good, and yet 
 we get the bills from the bank, because we have got the gold in 
 England, for we gave our bonds and mortgages, and I have shown 
 you we never got the gold, or in other words, we make mortgages 
 and debentures and we go to England and sell them for gold, and 
 put the gold to the Banks credit, we come home and the Bank gives 
 us dollar bills, and we are satisfied, because no one disputes the 
 bills. Now, you can reverse the arguments again. We get the 
 bills, because we have gold in England to the Banks credit, — we 
 get the gold because we give our debentures and mortgages ; this 
 surely shows the mortgages and debentures are better than gold. 
 Why not take our own Real Estate Bank Bills and save the interest 
 on the mortgages and bonds, because all the profits and savings of 
 interest would go back to farrners and property owners. 
 
 If you can organize a meeting with good representative men 
 in Townships, I would try to come and explain anything you 
 cannot understand. You should be quick about it, before the 
 Government meets at Ottawa; leave politics, nationality and 
 religious differences aside and work for the country. 
 
 You must remember the two speeches were about five hours in 
 delivery, and condensed to less than an hour's reading, which leaves 
 out a great deal of important enlargements on many points. For 
 the paws of the Golden Calf are the Agents and Lawyers which 
 lead you into debt and trouble. The Hoofs are the courts which 
 stamp yo« out. The Horns are the Parliament of Ottawa and 
 Toronto, which give them the power. You will notice they are 
 always changing and mending the law for that purpose, and never 
 make the law so you can understand it. 
 
 I hope this pamphlet will wake up you and this country 
 generally, to a sense of your duty to yourselves and your children, 
 and not make such a poor use of it, as you did with my circular on 
 Barley, last August Though a great many who acted upon it, were 
 benefitted, and a great many who did not accept the advice, they 
 lost heavily.^ I advised them and do so nov/ for all time to come, t« 
 
follow this advice and get all your neighbourr to do the same. I said 
 August 6th, 1878: 
 
 "By waiting till the market matures in September, and the 
 maltster realizes there is a scarcity, it will insure a fair average price 
 to every farmer to deliver during the months of September and 
 October, steady and cautious, not too much in one day or one week. 
 
 I also advise that no farmer shall have a bushel of Barley to 
 offer for sale on any market after the close of navigation any year, 
 for that would bring in maltsters and brewers to oppose one another 
 during these weeks of barley selling. As it is now, Barley can be 
 bought in the winter for 10 or 15 c. less than it can be bought for 
 in the fall. It is only two years out of sixteen years, to my 
 knowledge, it favored the farmers to sell in the winter, and the 
 result is, as mentioned before, that for the past two or three years, 
 the American maltsters and home brewers have withheld their 
 orders till the winter on that account. 
 
 Barley is not a necessity, but is a fancy article, and should be 
 sold in the fancy time." 
 
 Now, again, I say organize and unite. " For united you 
 stand." Help your neighbours, and get your neighbouis to help 
 
 To farmers who come to Toronto, I would call their attention 
 to the advertisements on the cover of the accompanying pamphlet. 
 They are all my tenants, and those who choose to favor me miglit 
 deal with them, so long as the goods are as cheap as anywhere 
 else. You will notice there are three of the stores vacant, and I 
 find it very difficult to get tenants. 
 
 Farmers generally deal with those who do them least good, 
 probably they did not know. 
 
 Farmers could help me to let these stores, if they would pass 
 a resolution at a suborninate meeting that they would patronize 
 those stores, providing they could purchase as cheap as anywhere 
 else. If you decide to do this, please send me the number who 
 have so agreed, not necessary to send names unless you choose, 
 neither need you do this, except by your own free and good will. 
 
 You can have all the pamphlets you require at the rate of 
 $5.00 per 100. I have sent one or two to each grange in the 
 Dominion, and given away altogether about 2000- You will see I 
 have taken a ^reat deal of trouble, and I hope it will not be in 
 vain. 
 
There are otlier ways in which the farmers could help me to 
 help them, and also to show who hurt and oppress them, and 
 where and how they do it Do not think " I cannot." I know 
 " I can." 
 
 For further particulars I refer you to 
 
 Mr. J. P. Bull, Downsview. 
 Mr. Thos. Whitesides, Agincourt. 
 Mr. M. Clarke, Downsview. 
 Mr. Dakzel Dacker, Liverpool Market. 
 Mr. Geo. Elliot, Agincourt 
 . ' ' Mr. S. Stephens, Brougham, 
 
 r "; Or to myself, 459 Parliament St., Toronto. 
 
 (^AU communications will be cheerfully answered. 
 
 I am, yours faithfully, 
 
 ROBERT BRADFORD. 
 
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: — At your last meeting 
 I showed you in a detailed form, as well as I could, how a certain 
 portion of the community humbug you, by buying and selling ar- 
 ticles produced, and that they care very little for it I mean the 
 steamboat and railroad companies, bankers and managers of mone- 
 tary institutions and others, who always control the monopoly, and 
 do so at your expense. The latter of these classes have made 
 themselves, as in the days of Moses on the Mount, a golden Calf, 
 and they ask you to let them lead you. They also whip and con- 
 trol you. Now Aaron's Calf was all gold. I believe the Israelites 
 were in earnest w^ien they gave their gold for a calf, but the calf 
 in Canada has not more than one leg gilded in gold ; that is, if you 
 made all the dollar bills into an image. Aaron's Calf was solid, but 
 the Lord said it was to be broken, and it was ground into powder, 
 so that it would not lead them astray ; so also I ask you to say 
 that this calf in Canada shall be cast to the four winds, for there 
 is not enough of it to grind, and it leads you astray, and finally 
 into perdition unless the mercy of God prevent it. It was report- 
 ed by firms in this Dominion, whose business it is to keep correct 
 statistical statements, that 15,000 establishments have become de- 
 funct, have had no existence in this country within the last two 
 years, — and that this golden calf is to lead many of these very 
 honest, well-intentioned, young and old men into business and then 
 destroy them. Gentlemen, he is not as noble an animal as he 
 claims to be. Whenever he pav/s he always brings these honest, 
 well-intentioned business men into misery, and soon the place that 
 knew them once, knows them no more forever as business men. This 
 Calf is powerful, possessing large horns, and paws, with hoofs, and 
 consequently when he paws he injures, when he once gets you down 
 there is no possibility of any rising again, except you unite as one 
 armed band to push against him. This great calf represents the 
 banking or monied institutions of this great and glorious Canada 
 of ours, and as I pass on you will be brought more closely to hin^, 
 and see how he looks, and will be able to judge whether or not he 
 is worthy of the fear and dread which the people have of him. 
 
 These institutions represent a paid-up capital of $58,806,203 
 this is all the money there is in the country for circulation between 
 you and I, and our neighbours. Nov/, these bank institutions state 
 that they have $18,548,000 in circulation, for which you honest 
 
farmers, the sons of toil of Canada, get no interest, but which you 
 are bound to take and humbly keep. They stater that they have 
 $4,754,000 in their possession belonging to the Dominion Govern- 
 ment, and $1,751,000 belonging to the Government of Ontario and 
 Quebec. But, they speak still louder, and say they have $33,174,- 
 000 belonging to you honest sons of toil, on which amount they will 
 not pay you one farthing of interest, for, " it is on demand.",-^ You 
 dare not draw it, because the thieves micrht steal it ; therefor thev 
 do not thank you for it. But, some of you bolder depositors de- 
 clare to these institutions that you will not give them the money 
 without interest, and they will be obliged to pay you it ; for you 
 have $24,483,000 on which they pay you interest at the rate of 
 from 4 to 5 per cent. But, you must give them from two to four 
 weeks' notice that you will withdraw this money. These banking 
 institutions have, moreover, in their possession $1,548,000 belong- 
 ing to banks in other Provinces in Canada ; $272,000, due to banks 
 or agencies in foreign countries, and there is $893,000 due to banks 
 or agencies in the United Kingdom, and $78,000 for sundries, 
 making a total of $84,505,000! Thus, you'll see that these institu- 
 tions, having in possession all the money of the two provinces, as 
 well as a large amount from foreign countries, are very powerful. 
 Altogether, it amounts to $143,507,000 ; so that they claim the 
 sright to crush out, to pull down or put up, whom they choose; any 
 one that offends them will be ruined. Now, gentlemen, you w^ill 
 perceive that these institutions have taken a bold stand, but never- 
 theless they are not strong enough for the intelligent sons of toil 
 even of this Province ; and I mistake this meeting, Mr. Chairman, 
 if you will not take some lively action to deprive these institutions 
 of their power. As I said before, you cannot cast them to the 
 winds, for they do not possess gold enough to make dust in the 
 air. They have done a great deal of mischief, however, and have 
 caused all the " hard times " in Canada, of which you have been 
 complaining so much. Now, let us see how they are responsible for 
 the " hard times ; " they are responsible, to this and other countries, 
 for the total amount of $143,507,000, and w^hat have they to pay 
 it with } They are, of course, responsible for this amount in gold, 
 because you know your note or my note for property is equal to the 
 same thing. Now, I will quote from their own report to the 
 Government ; after telling the Government that they are responsi- 
 ble to the people for the ♦'? 143, 507,00c, they state how much they 
 have in gold. ''^ You would not guess how much they have, and how 
 it is that they boast that they can control us, and move up and 
 down in business whom they please. They reporled to the 
 
Dominion Government, according to the GLOBE of the 26th March, 
 1878, that they have §5,366,883 in specie. Now, gentlemen, you 
 have all worked hard since 1 have known you, from sunrise to sun- 
 set, and you have been making money, as you thought, and deposit- 
 ing it with these banking institutions. You've deposited $33,174,- 
 000, which amount they say you can draw on demand ; then there 
 is $24,483^000 which you can get by giving them notice. They 
 admit that the whole three governments have about §6,000,000, 
 but what does the Dominion Government, who ought surely to 
 control these institutions, say ? Why, that the latter owe them six 
 and a half millions in specie, as shown in the Public Accounts of 
 Canada for the Fiscal year ended 30th June, 1877. But the banks 
 admit that they have only $5,366,883 of specie ; and, gentlemen, the 
 banks also tell the Government that they have $7,846,987 of 
 their notes, so you see either these banks or your Government at 
 Ottawa state an untruth. And which is it ? If the banks owe the 
 Government six and half millions in specie, then they have no 
 specie with which to redeem the $ 1 8,000,000 that you and the public 
 hold, or the $33,174,000 on demand, and even with the notice he 
 asks of you for the payment of $24,483,000 to the public as interest, 
 they will then not have anything with which to pay the Government 
 if it be true that they owe these notes. The Government state that 
 if they have to pay the public, they will make the banks pay the 
 amount back to them, then the banks will say to the Government 
 that you owe us 7i millions for your one and two dollar bills, 
 as well as the difference on the notes of a million dollars. Now, 
 gentlemen, I tell you that if you study the subject as I have done, 
 you'll say the present banking system is a humbug, for they can- 
 not pay five cents on the dollar, and they have been crushing you 
 and me and 15,000 men, grasping all within their paws. But 
 they make claims upon false pretences. They are not honest, 
 not generous; and they ruin people more honest than themselves. 
 Many a factory employing from one to three hundred men, honest 
 sons of toil, to produce what you or I might use here or sell in a 
 foreign country, has been closed and crushed out by them, as they 
 have the power to command us to pay and obey, for on our re- 
 fusal they wUl ruin us. I feel this to be the case, knowing better 
 than many of you before me, but we'll get rid of this humbug. 
 Instead of them boasting that they are worth $143,000,000 we will 
 tell them that they are not worth $1,000,000 unless you farmers 
 make them so ; we will prove that t> ey have squandered all and 
 deserve to live on husks, and are far worse than the prodigal we 
 read about They never done a hand's turn, they never plowed or 
 
 ^M 
 
6 
 
 sowed, reaped or mowed, nor even teamed a load of produce into 
 any market But, as I told you at our last meeting, and as my 
 letter indicates, the representatives of these banks are proud and 
 presumptuous, they live upon the best fruits of your labor and 
 mine ; they must have the best round off the ox, and it must be 
 tender, or they won't have it at all They must have the best 
 sheep, turkeys, ducks, geese and chickens, and if they are not well 
 fattened they will tell you they are not worth taking home ; and the 
 same thing will be told you if your butter is not salted, or your eggs 
 not the freshest. They are as cunning as foxes, and subtle as 
 serpents, but there was never yet a fox or a serpent th^t was not 
 caught or conquered. There was never yet a calf that did not or 
 shall not at some time or other die, and I don't doubt that after 
 studying this subject fully you will slay this golden calf of which I 
 have been telling you, even though he is as cunning as a fox, and 
 as subtle as a serpent, and I may add, as proud as a peacock. Now, 
 to be plain with you 1 will tell you what I think about these bank- 
 ing institutions. In reporting to the Government they state that 
 ^hey are worth §58,806,000 that they have §18,548,000 of their bills 
 n circulation, that they owe the Dominion Government §4,754,000 ; 
 ithe two Governments of Ontario and Quebec $1,751,000 and we 
 the public of the Dominion §33,174,000; which can be drawn on 
 demand; also that they owe the Dominion public §24,483,000, at 
 notice, and foreign countries and sundries to the amount of §350,- 
 000, besides §1,548,000 due other banks in Canada, and §893,000 
 due to agencies in the United Kingdom. But, they don't tell us 
 how they will pay all this money ; and you remember the grand 
 total is § 143,000,000. The amount of specie held by the Dominion 
 banks is §5,143,410, and the Government claims all that and more 
 too; and, gentlemen, we are bound to believe the Government, for 
 they should do what is right though they do not always. Therefore 
 you see that these banks do not own a cent of specie, and they are 
 only waiting until you bring your produce to market, when they 
 will gull you by giving you those bills, representing to you that 
 they are as good as gold, as it is only now and then they are asked 
 for gold. Now, I want you to promise, on your word of honor, 
 that you will not repeat a word that I have said about these banks, 
 for to do so would be to injure your own interests,so hold your tongues, 
 and do not put the price of your grain down 25c. per bushel, next 
 fall, by telling this, for you know there is no other mode of handling 
 your grain as yet Z come here to do you good. You know how 
 some business men have got their names down ; you know how the 
 banking institutions, and other schemers and tricksters control the 
 
7 
 
 three mercantile agencies in this country for their own selfish pur- 
 poses, and how these agencies lie for or against a man, according as 
 he does or does not pay them. They lied about me, because I did 
 not want them to lie against the country, and, therefore, would not 
 pay, accordingly. Now^ you pay for the support of these lying- 
 institutions, and they cost the country about five million dollars 
 annually ; every cent which the lying institutions get comes out of 
 you. These banks, as I have shown you, try to make the country 
 believe that they have money when they have not ; they charge the 
 country at the rate of 14 per cent, interest, and they report to the 
 Government that they have discounted $107,252,860. But they 
 have not a cent of the $58,787,993, except they oppress the 
 people whom they have humbugged for so long ; so you will 
 see that if there were §116,000,000 discounted, at 7 per cent.^ 
 and they would then be charging the country 14 per cent, 
 but as it is they make it nearly 18 per cent. How well they 
 live, and how easy they make their living ! Of course the Govern- 
 ment winks at all this, because nearly all the members are share- 
 holders, and many of them make their own living in this way, and 
 therefore they can well afford to remain silent We, every one of 
 us, hold notes of these banks, and they do not pay us for holding 
 them, but if we take our notes to them, they make us pay 7 or 8 
 per cent, and also a commission. They take your note and mine, 
 because they know we are worth every dollar we issue, but they 
 confess they are not worth five cents on every dollar they issue. 
 Leaving the stockholders out of the question, do you think if the 
 two Governments demanded their §6,176,242 of deposits, that they 
 could pay it with only a little over $5,000,000, the amount I named 
 to you a while ago ; and if they could not pay this amount, they 
 certainly could not pay the amounts of public deposits on demand^ 
 pubhc deposits on notice, and due other banks in Canada, etc, 
 amounting altogether to $59,448,000. Now, the remedy rests with 
 you, the honest men of the country, that want to leave an inherit- 
 ance to your children, so I beg of you in the light of eternity, and 
 for your children's sake, to put an end to this false system and gi- 
 gantic fraud. But how are you to get the control of all this evil ? 
 Simply by uniting yourselves into one grand Farmers' Association, 
 and forming your Executive Committees. There could be a com- 
 mittee of seven men formed in each township, and when you've got 
 every county in the Dominion thus united, you can hold full meet- 
 ings, including every farmer in each township, and if the majority' 
 agree to it, send every one of the Executive Committee to Ottawa, 
 to make known your requests to the Government There would 
 
be 49 Committee men from York County alone, and with a pro- 
 portionate representation from each of the other Counties, no Gov- 
 ernment, whether Conservative or Reform, could refuse to grant 
 your request, for all the property owners in every town and village 
 would be with you. The next question is, what shall you ask of 
 the Government ? Why, to change the present corrupt banking 
 system, by which you, the hard-working farmers have been hum- 
 
 - bugged for so long. Assert your determination to endure it no 
 longer, and ask first for a charter, for of course you don't wish to 
 
 I disturb or injure the country, by a too hasty revolution of any kind. 
 
 ^ You are a slow but sure and progressive people. Then ask for a 
 charter to enable you to issue legal tender notes to the total amount 
 
 • of ten per cent, of the assessed value of all the property in this Prov- 
 ince, and the Dominion as soon as possible, and to cause these 
 
 ^ notes to be legal tender for everything in the Dominion for ten 
 years, thus binding every property-holder to pay ten per cent, ofthe 
 assessed value of all his property, and fine any man attempting to 
 
 s discount or to depreciate the currency, with the alternative of a 
 day's imprisonment for every dollar which he attempted to deprec- 
 iate. To illustrate my meaning, suppose for instance, that I own 
 this house, and it is assessed for $i,ooo; the Act is passed, the 
 Charter obtained, and my share in the Bank is to be $ioo, and, at 
 the rate of one per cent, per annum, with assessment as collected by 
 the tax collector, I have ten years in whic to pay this $ioo. Thus 
 
 ' at the end of the ten years, I would have $ioo of paid-up stock in 
 this real estate bank of Canada. Moreover, Mr. Chairman, if these 
 notes were ready to-day and with the harvest reaped, we would be- 
 gin to lend these notes for the purpose of purchasing produce, and 
 you could buy anything in the Dominion, and if the party buying 
 paid interest at the present rate, I would have, at the end of ten 
 years, a deposit of $200, on this $1,000 property. And not only 
 that, we CO aid also procure gold from foreign countries in exchange 
 for the produce shipped by us, — the products ofthe bush, the mines 
 and fisheries, with your farm produce. Thus, within twelve months' 
 time we should have not less than $50,000,000 in gold to our credit 
 in this real esta:e bank, and we could tell a different story from that 
 which is told to-day. You would have $50,000,0^^0 in solid gold,for 
 the first time in your lives, and it would depend upon yourselves as 
 to whether or not this gold remained here,or went out ofthe country; 
 it is for you to say, whether we shall employ the mechanics of other 
 countries, or utilize our own merchanical skill for the manufacture of » 
 all the products we need in Canada. So, you will understand that,if 
 you continued to develop thLi principle in the ratio I have named,at 
 
9 
 
 the end of ten years you would have a bank of five hundred millions 
 instead of five millions, as at present, in solid gold. You would then 
 have a currency which you would not be afraid to offer, and you 
 would not be afraid to hold a dollar issued on the real estate of the 
 country for there would be gold behind it, and if by any means the 
 gold should be stolen, the real estate would be left to pay the currency. 
 
 SECOND SPEECH DELIYEKED AT AGINCOUET, MAY 7th, 1878. 
 
 Now, Mr. Chairman, you will see that it is necessary for the 
 welfare of the country, and for» the good of society, that those 
 statements that I have been putting before you, should be kept 
 strictly private. As I have shown you that if there is a move made 
 to take any advantage of the statements 1 have nrade, it would be 
 a very serious injury to the country at large, and the Farmers 
 particularly, because there is no other currency in the country, 
 wherewith to move your produce to a Foreign country to give 
 you money to pay your debts this fall, and, remember, Mr. Chair- 
 man, that you will be no worse this year than you have been for 
 years past, for you have paid 14 per cent, for years past, and have 
 taken a currency that was not good, and it will do you little harm 
 to take it for another year or two, until such times as you with me 
 can get this country enlightened on the subject, and to know and 
 understand as I do, and as I hope I have made you to understand 
 that this whole system is a humbug and a farce, that these men 
 receive large salaries from the position they hold over this currency 
 is a fact that is known to all. From §20,000 a year, down to pro- 
 bably $5,000 is the rate of salaries for cashiers and bank managers, 
 and as I said before, tne " Banks " in the City of Toronto alone 
 " cost the country $500,000 a year to manage them. Now, mark 
 this, Mr. Chairman, you that toil and work the day in and day out, 
 pay these men Jfj 500,000 or $600,000 at salaries from $20,000 
 down, to hand this currency over to you; now there is no farmer 
 in this whole country who lives at a higher rate, or I would say at a 
 higher sum than $1,000 a year; probably some might reach the 
 sum of $2,000, but that would be the outside of it, and when you 
 advance to that rate, you do not go far beyond the limit that you 
 deserve, as honest hard workers, earning your bread by the sweat 
 of your brow. You ought to have all the comforts that nature 
 could afford you, but these men don't only take these comforts 
 
10 
 
 and do nothing for them, but they go into extravagant luxuries 
 and are a great injury to the country in which we all live in, and 
 when I show you the absurdity of allowing these sort of things to 
 go on any longer, building up Princes, men in idleness, who do 
 nothing, who won't do anything and who never have done anything. 
 I hope I will be able to 'persuade this meeting, and through this 
 meeting the whole country, that it is time to stop it. 
 
 They tell you that you must have a great commercial business 
 going on in the country, that no good can be done without com- 
 merce ; that is quite true, but you can overdo anything, and there 
 is no doubt, that this system is carried on to such an extent that it 
 is overdone, and you will best understand what I mean and the 
 ideas I want to convey, when I commence or take a point, in fact, 
 say the cause of the hard times; you all know that there have been 
 hard times in Canada ; there are very few in the country that have 
 not felt it, even these men themselves, for they had great losses, 
 and even now have not as much as they had years ago, neither 
 have you. I have been considering for three or four years the cause 
 of the hard times, but was relieved by a speech delivered by Sir 
 A. T. Gait, in the City of Toronto, after the defeat of the Govern- 
 ment, of which he was Finance Minister. On that occasion he 
 stated that during the last four years of Sir John A. Macdonald's 
 reign, the country exported §34,000,000 of gold more than it im- 
 ported, for all the produce of this w^hole Dominion. Now, gentle- 
 men, you will see that that is a very startling statement, and I 
 think that Sir A. T. Gait, as Finance Minister of the Dominion, 
 ought to know, and I think you would ail take him as good au- 
 thority. 
 
 Now, Sir, that for four years you will see that the country ran 
 in debt §136,000,000, so that any man can see that going into debt 
 at that rate for four years, this country must in consequence come 
 shortly into bad times, and when you consider, Mr. Chairman, that 
 there are only 4,000,000 of people in the country, and they went 
 in four years into debt §136,000,000, still everybody during these 
 four years were busy, every man doing everything he could, and 
 everyone earning a great deal of money as he thought, it would 
 naturally be supposed that good times would last, but at the time 
 that every man thought he was doing the best you will see that he 
 was going to the bad ; he was actually hurrying to get rid of the 
 money that he had made. 
 
 Sir A. T. Gall and Mr. Cartwright agreed. In Mr. Cart- 
 wright's budget speech in Parliament, in March last, he stated 
 that for the last three years up to 1873, the country had im- 
 
1 
 
 A 
 
 11 
 ported, ending with 1873, $100,000,000 of goods more than 
 it needed. Now that is a very mild way for Mr. Cartwright 
 to put it, because the country needed a great deal of things 
 that it might do without, for which it was not able to pay. I think 
 that Mr. Gait's statement was an honest one after all, because he 
 said they sent out more than they earned, and if the country im- 
 ported $100,000,000 of goods more than it needed, it just means 
 what Mr. Gait said, that they sent $100,000,000 out more than 
 they earned. Now you see that the country was going into debt 
 heavily, and according to both Finance Ministers* statement, at the 
 rate of $34,000,000 a year. Who is to blame for this ; is it the 
 Government partly, and probably wholly, but not really ; no one 
 is to blame but our Banks and for the power they have over the 
 Government of issuing the currency and controlling the finances as 
 they do, the country would never have went into debt one 
 shilling. We will suppose there aj*e 21 Banking Institutions in the 
 country. Now, gentlemen, I want to show you who is to blame for 
 the hard times, and for getting the country into debt, and if I am 
 wrong I hope you will forgive me, and if I am right, you will con- 
 sider well where you are going, and try to retrace your steps. We 
 will say there are 21 Banks in this country, I mean head offices, 
 not including the branches, and that those head offices are govern- 
 ed by seven men called the Board of Directors, all receiving very 
 good pay for the work they do. When we elect men to Parlia- 
 ment, we think they are going to govern the country, but I tell you 
 nay, gentlemen. When the stockholders of a Bank elect their 
 Directors amounting to 147, these 147 have one hundred times more 
 to say in the affairs of this country than all the Governments that 
 are in it As I have shown you before they pull up and pull down at 
 their own sweet will. They say to the country, go on or stand still; 
 they say we will have prosperity or adversity, just as we like. Now 
 let us see, Mr. Chairman, how they do that, and how they have 
 brought the country to what it is, and whether they are to blame, 
 or the Government for the hard times. There is no doubt the 
 Government is to blame for not seeing into it and checking them, 
 and enlightening the country on the course they were persuing; as 
 I have shown you before, generally all the members are stockhold- 
 ers in these institutions, receiving their income from them, and it 
 would not do for them to say a word against their own interests. 
 
 In considering the cause of the hard times from the time that 
 Mr. Gait delivered that speech, I began at Confederation. Ten years 
 ago, we started with a clear sheet, with a debt of $93,000,000 on 
 the Dominion Government ; since that time we have been running 
 
12 
 
 into debt as a Dominion Government at the rate of $10,000,000 a 
 year, until we have nov/ got up to the amount of about $197,000,- 
 000, and the interest on that debt amounts to seven millions and a 
 half. Now, Mr. Chairman, when I tell you that every farmer in 
 this whole province who grew a bushel of barley, and all put to- 
 gether and sold, did not bring back within $1,000,000 to pay the 
 interest on this debt, you will see that all the labour expended in 
 the country last year on barley went to piy the interest to the 
 people in England on our Government debt, and while we are pay- 
 ing all that interest, now, Mr. Chairman, I would call your attention 
 to another fact, that in Mr. Bridges report to the Dominion Gov- 
 ernment in October, y^y on the cost and indebtedness of Railroads 
 in Canada, he showed that the total cost was §300,000,000 and 
 that their present indebtedness was $150,000,000, $72,000,000 of 
 which was by the Municipalities for bonuses and such like, and 
 $78,000,000 by the Railroads themselves. On the Municipalities 
 you are all aware the interest would be 6 per cent, at least Mr. 
 Bridges says the Railroads pay 4J per cent, on their $78,000,000, 
 so that if you should foot it up together, it would make about 
 $8,000,000 a year that the country pays of interest on these Rail- 
 roads, and it is believed, Mr. Chairman, that after Canada is supplied 
 there is not more than $8,000,000 in wheat exported, of the pfo- 
 ijducts of Ontario, so you see that the wheat does no more than pay 
 the interest on your Railroad debt. Then if we came to inquire 
 what would be the indebtedness of Provincial Governments and 
 Municipalities, I think it would be about reasonable and fair that 
 they would be equal to debts of the railroads and the Dominion 
 Government ; but suppose there would only be one half of that 
 sum, $350,000,000 is the Railroad and Dominion debt, and sup- 
 ipose w€ would take $175,000,000 for Municipalities and Provincial 
 Government, we would have $525,000,000 of a debt at that rate ; 
 but we do not stop there; we take then the private debts of the 
 country and mortgages that are held by the Trust & Loan Building 
 Societies, and such like, alone don't amount to less than double 
 that ; and the reason I have been thinking so is, that it is believed 
 *that the city of Toronto is privately mortgaged for 50 or 60 per 
 cent of its assessed value, over and above its Municipal debts, so 
 that if the City of Toronto is that much, it would be reasonable 
 and fair that the whole country might be 25 per cent, mortgaged. 
 A great many farmers are under mortgage more or less ; a great 
 many Towns and Villages are mortgaged heavily. At this rate 
 we would make easy the $525,000,000 of private debts in this 
 whole Dominion, so that we have the Dominion debts, public, mu- 
 
18 
 
 nicipal and private debts of no less than ten hundred and fifty 
 million, and take that at the rate of 5 per cent, which is greatly 
 I below what it costs, because private individuals have to pay 8 per 
 I cent and some of them i8 per cent, so that there is noi less than 
 fifty two millions and a hah" of the earnings of this country to go 
 out to pay the interest on this debt, and I think that if that is the 
 fact, and I think I am nearly right and within the mark, a great 
 deal, and if it is less by millions or even more, is it not time that 
 the country should stop and consider where it is going to. If we 
 don't, Mr. Chairman, the next generation will stand up in their 
 misery and say what fools they were, to live in those days that we 
 live in, and just remember this, that the country has borrowed 
 $1,050,000,000 and you pay $52,500,000 interest thereon, and you 
 never received one dollar of the money nor you have not it to-day. 
 As I showed you the Banks only hold $5,366,000, and that is all 
 the specie there is in this whole Dominion, and if you with me 
 can come to the conclusion that we are the biggest lot of fools 
 that ever the sun shone on, to run into such debt and borrow such 
 an amount of money, and not able to have i per cent, retained in 
 ' our midst. 
 
 Now, such are the facts, and the logical conclusion that any 
 ^ reasonable man ought to come to, and you will think it strange 
 when I make the statement, that we borrowed the money and pay 
 the interest for it, when we never got it To say gentlemen 
 that we borrowed the money and never got it, seems nonsence; so 
 it is ; and if we were not fools we would not do such things. Then 
 you would like to know what we did get; I will tell you, and I will 
 show you if you let me, how this comes to pass : you will remember 
 that in 1867, the Dominion Government borrowed $22,000,000 to 
 build the Intercolonial Railroad ; before that time we had very dull 
 times indeed, but when that work was undertaken, everything 
 seemed to flourish, everybody began to feel better times and make 
 money; this gave an impulse to all the Municipalities in the Do- 
 minion, so that they went also and built Railroads and borrowed I 
 suppose $500 for every dollar the Dominion had borrowed, so that 
 there was a great flush of business, everybody seemed to prosper, 
 when the Municipalities made them mortgages and built the Rail- 
 roads on their borrowed money, and everybody prospered and g;ot 
 a little money in their hands. They also individually began^ to 
 pull down their barns and build greater ones; they have made 
 splendid houses, palaces, yes the Banks flourished, they pay their 
 10 per cent, and 14 percent, dividends, the bankers build splendid 
 houses, and the workmen build houses good enoug^h for any one; 
 
/ 
 
 14 
 
 well they deserve it ; but they were too soon and too keen to pros- . i 
 per. If a man had $1000 saved in those two or three years of so- | "^ 
 called prosper?*. >% he wanted to have a $2,500 house, and he went 
 to one of the ..ioney Institutions and asked couU he borrow the 
 balance to build It, when they most decidedly said yes, at 8 per cent. 
 Bring all your neighbors dong, we will advance 50 per cent or 60 
 per cent, on the real value of all the property you have; so they 
 did. Now you will see Mr. Chairman by that, that v/hen the 
 money was borrowed to build the Railroads too, and the Munici- 
 palities also borrowed for the private individuals to improve, that 
 the debt of the whole of the Dominion was rapidly increasing, and 
 that in place of the property being the honest product of the coun- 
 try, it really was a balloon floating in the air supported by the so- 
 called borrowed money, that we never got; but the time came and 
 there was no more to be borrowed ; the Government was turned 
 out and after another was put in, they stopped borrowing. The 
 Railroads were over-built, the Towns and Villages were over-built 
 and people began to haul in sail ; but you see that while this debt 
 was increasing and the money borrowing as I have said we never 
 got a dollar of it There was another class of men at work, — they 
 are the Importing ' chants, the Banks and Lawyers; they were 
 watching, ihe latter were watching very close the course the public 
 were taking, for they thought that they were going to have a rich 
 harvest shortly. The merchants were rapidly increased, because 
 in those times they were reported to be making $50,000, $60,000, 
 $75,000 and $100,000 a year, and they were adding to the numbers 
 rapidly, wholesale warehouses were built in Toronto, and almost 
 m every town in Canada, for the purpose of handling imported 
 yoods. Each of them went to one Bank or another and asked for 
 jredit to carry on his business, and the Banks no doubt would say : 
 «vhat are you worth ? we are worth $30,000 ; there are three of us 
 going into company, and we are all experienced ; we have been 
 ^ith Mr. so and so for years, and he made a great deal of money, 
 And we think we can make a little too ; our fathers have given us 
 each $10,000 to go into business, so that we can have our share 
 of the fat things, and we know we will succeed ; we are smart, and 
 know all about the trade, Mr. Johnston is going to buy in England, 
 and I am going to attend to the books, and Mr. Walker is going to 
 travel all over the country and sell them. The Banker of course 
 thinks that it is a good company, first-rate smart fellows, and 
 says I will take your account and give you credit for $50,000. No 
 sir, they replied, we want $100,000, as we don't want to play second 
 fiddle to Mr, so and so; we are going to have a first- class estab- 
 
15 
 
 Ushinent ; so the Banker agrees and he gives Mr. Johnston credit, 
 and he goes off to England and buys the goods, goes to France, 
 Germany, United Stp^.es and other places, and buys a portion in 
 each of them and gets six months credit ; that is fine credit ; the 
 goods are shipped, the samples ahead, and he returns home. . All 
 the agents are then sent out to take orders through the country, 
 and give the country store keeper four months, and they sell them 
 all and make lo, 20 or $0 per cent So you will see, Mr. Chairman, 
 that there is a fine profit in that spring trade, and the expenses of 
 5 or 10 per cent would leave a good profit for the firm for their 
 trouble ; but the notes are drawn on $100,000 of a gold draft, to 
 be paid at the end of six months, then the notes are all brought to 
 the banker and presented, and the days we want to discount them, 
 and the old Banker begins to shudder and says that he could not 
 do it all in one day ; but you know, says the newly started firm, 
 we have your letter of credit to this, and our creditors have drawn 
 on us, and we must honor the draft, or we will destroy our credit; 
 we could not buy again from these people ; so the Banker is obliged 
 to take the paper, and on being told they were going to buy a gold 
 draft, the Banker puts it through for them and makes it out at 60 
 days. So you see the Bank is making a very good thing out of this; 
 he charges them 8 per cent for the discount, and i per cent, com- 
 mission for doing it, and there will be i or 2 per cent on the gold 
 draft, making about 12 per cent for the Bank. This business 
 went on from year to year until at last the old fox was found out; 
 he just went once too often for the goose and they caught him the 
 last time. The merchant got the goods and sold tJiem to the 
 country store keeper, and he sold them to the country people on 
 credit ; the people had not the money to pay for them, because the 
 Bank had sent out all the gold the time before, to pay the gold 
 draft when it comes due, to keep his credit up, and there was 
 no more money borrowing. They could just continue it as long 
 as the people and the country would borrow; but the country 
 stopped borrowing, and the people stopped borrowing, and then 
 the country store keepers* customers could not get any money to 
 pay for what they bought, and the country store keeper could not 
 pay the wholesale merchant, and the wholesale merchant could not 
 pay the Bank. 
 
 ., Now, Mr. Chairman, you will observe that this is a «olid 
 fact, that there is no theory in what I am saying about this;. % The 
 countrv store keeper had then to employ a lawyer to collect his 
 little debts (what a fine harvest the Lawyeiis are going t(i have 
 now) and he gets all he c^, and it does not amount to %^c, on the 
 
J 
 
 16 
 
 dollar of his indebtedness, so he has to fail, and if he is hon^^'wdl 
 'be left without a cent, or he must be a rogue and swear he has 
 nothing when he has. The wholesale men find that the country 
 store keeper cannot pay; that they have been reduced 2S per cent, 
 in their collections, and they cannot pay the Bank, and they sue i 
 the country store keeper and put him into bankruptcy, of course | 
 hopelessly ruining him; then the Wholesale Merchant goes to the I 
 Bank and says that he has been robbed and ruined by this ] 
 scoundrel in the country, and that he cannot pay the Bank, or any 
 of his creditors. Then the Lawyers next go in and take what is 
 ^left ; but that is not all, Mr. Chairman, the Bank finds that it 
 cannot pay its dividend just now, that the stock has been impaired; 
 this also is a fact that you all might see and know. For instance, 
 the St Lawrence Bank reduced its capital 25 per cent and paid 
 no dividend for about two years. The Royal Canadian reduced 
 its capital 20 per cent, and has again reduced its dividend to 6 or 
 7 per cent The Merchants Bank, the great institution that would 
 not do any business except with the merchants, has come in for 
 its share ; it wanted too much, and suffered most in the race for the 
 goose. It has reduced its capital about one-third, after paying no 
 dividend for about two years. All the Banks* capital has been re- 
 duced some of them more than others. You will well remember that 
 the Bank of Upper Canada was once the best Bank that ever a 
 man had anything to do with ; if you wished to describe a man's 
 good qualities, he was represented as being as good as the Bank 
 l^of Upper Canada, but you have now to consider the question — was 
 this Bank good? I need only say that it became a hopeless wreck. 
 Under the present system there is not a Bank in Canada, to which 
 a man should trust his savings ; it is only a matter of time when a 
 change of management shall come, and they will all become hope- 
 lessly ruined ; unless the people of the country take hold themselves, 
 there is no stability to the institutions or security to the man who 
 trusts them. You will see, Mr. Chairman, that a man may have 
 worked and toiled for forty or fifty years, raise a famHy, whom he 
 loves dearly, and divide his little earnings, in the shape of bank 
 stock with his widowed wife and loved children, thinking they 
 ^ould receive a dividend yearly, as long as they live, and have a 
 certain income. ■ But, I need only point you to the Bank of Upper 
 Canada and the Commercial Bank ; what became of them ? 
 These men in their declining years, deposited their earnings, 
 hoping to make it available for their support in their last days. 
 But, after they had toiled, as you are now doing and may yet 
 do, theywdre disappointed; am irili be still more. Now, sir. 
 
t 
 
 17 
 
 the worst of all is, that the people of this country are to blame ; 
 they allowed the Government to borrow money, they allowed 
 the Municipalities to borrow money, and afterwards actually 
 borrowed double amounts themselves, and by that means gave 
 a stimulant to the Merchants and Bankers to bring upon us 
 all this ruin ; and, as I said before, we never got the money, but 
 by the agencies of these Banks and Merchants we have been 
 cheated out of it They went to these foreign countries and 
 bought the goods, and with the loaned money, on our credit in 
 England, they paid for them ; so that instead of us getting the 
 money, we got goods, — the products of the foreign mechanic, 3,000 
 miles distant, so that the whole $1,050,000,000 has been brought 
 here in goods from time to time, and you are all aware that the 
 goods were consumed, or worn out in the course of two or three 
 years. I said before that the people of Canada were the greatest 
 fools that ever the sun shone on, and I think, sir, by this time you 
 and the meeting have almost come to that conclusion ; but let me 
 point out to you what these goods cost you, what these lawyers 
 cost you, what these merchants cost you and what these banks cost 
 you. You are asked by your Government every year to subscribe 
 $23,000,000 to carry on the Government of this country, but just 
 for the sake of argument, we will put it down to $17,500,000, and 
 see what the Government says to you as a people. Why, they say 
 you must borrow $117,000,000 a year, and $17,500,000 of that 
 amount went to govern you ; and to get that you must send out 
 
 J $100,000,000 to foreign countries and let them appoint agents to 
 sell the goods to you. Now don't misunderstand me, Mr. Chair- 
 man, the Government wants to get the revenue on importations ; 
 they say there is no other way to obtain it, or else they don't pro- 
 
 ' pose any other way, they say it is considered the best way to get 
 it (Le.) if they want $17,500,000, you must buy $100,000,000 of 
 
 ^ goods from other countries. 
 
 - Now, remember that these goods are the products of the 
 foreign mechanic, working, as I said, 3,000 miles away, and tliat 
 you expend not only the $117,000,000 for them, to please the 
 
 ^' Government, but you pay the freight of the Ocean Steamers m\d 
 our g^eat Railways in Canada. *% You pay the agents in the foreign 
 ciDuntry to ship them to the agents in Canada to distribute them; 
 but that is not only what they cost you; you pay these same rail- 
 roads, highways and agents a very heavy tax to carry your pro- 
 ducts to buy them with, and if you have not enough of products 
 to pay tketn, the Government sa>^ that either they or you omst 
 borrow the money to do it They don't teU you in words, but 
 
18 
 
 *|that is their practical way of doing things. Now, if that argument 
 docs not prove to you and this Dominion, that we are the biggest 
 fools in Canada, I don't know what would persuade you. If you 
 .have to pay $17.50 of debt to a man, that man can compel you to 
 pay $100 besides, and no doubt if any person compelled you to 
 
 ;./pay that $100 you certainly would almost feel like shooting him. 
 
 f»J tell you what you will do, pay your $17.50 and keep your $100; 
 surely it is easier for a man to pay $17.50 and retain $100 in your 
 pocket, than to send $100 out and then pay the $17.50 ; but they 
 will say we cannot get it without a Custom House and a number 
 of Officers, to receive from $500 to $4,000 per annum. Would it 
 not be better to close all these institutions up, and the same money 
 that pays them in the Custom House would collect it directly every 
 year. 
 
 r<i-5;k ,.fl don't know what you may think, Mr. Chairman, but I think 
 it is the greatest madness in the world to let things go on in that 
 
 :^xiCourse, that is to send out $100,000,000 a year, that the Govern- 
 ment of our country may have power to tax us $17,500,000. Now, 
 direct taxation, would be six times better than that, that is, you 
 have $82,500,000 left every year to your own good, far preferable 
 to collect it as a municipal tax than to impoverish the country as 
 we are doing, by sending out this $100,000,000 a year. 
 
 Now consider what the goods cost you. You see you employ 
 the foreign mechanic to make these goods, 3,000 miles distant, and 
 -then you employ the steamboats and agents to fetch them to you, 
 an(^ you take the same cx>urse to carry your goods back to these 
 mechanics ; and to illustrate it more clearly, you send 100 pounds 
 
 • of wheat to London or Liverpool, which sells for $3.00, that is at 
 
 ^the rate of three cents per pound ; the average price in Canada is 
 
 P^ Cents, 6h6 cent less than you get Now, there is one 
 cent per pound more that the mechanics have to pay for your wheat 
 in Liverpool, than he would have if he lived in Toronto. This 
 
 '-^rou will have to pay to import the goods that he manufactured, 
 which is a third dearer than it should be, and would be if he was in 
 Toronto or in Canada. Then you have to pay about another third 
 
 - ^^ the same goods to the Railways and Steamboats, in the shape 
 
 'bf interest, carriage and commission, before you can get them. 
 
 ^^ovr I hope you all see that every article that you import cost you 
 f 3.00 for every one it should cobt, or you must do with one article 
 where you might have three if you qhoose at the same* money, 
 
 '-^ytantifedtured at your tD wit door. iBwt ^qpf^ will ^ay ypu must $end 
 
 '^'«i<b product^of the cbuntryjout yojarsglf^f y<?a* h^ye;^i^. to spare. 
 
 •-Isrficre any common sens€i in l^flc^ingjjimai^ tnaijiufac^^rirlg y^ur 
 
^ 
 
 oods 3,000 miles away from home, feeding him there, sending 
 him the bread he eats ? Would it not be better and wiser to bring 
 , that man to Canada and let him manufacture them here, and help 
 ' to pay his fair share of the taxes in support of this country. 
 
 (' 
 
 '' ORGAN IZATION/'-^'":^.^^' 
 
 Organize each Township, and if there is a gore next to any 
 it should unite with the smaller Township. Each Township form 
 . a separate Association for itself , . • ' . 
 
 I When organized elect seven for Executive Committee for 
 
 J seven years. One to come out each year for re-election, if elected , 
 I again, he would have then eight years experience, consequently be^' 
 I of greater use. ^^ - -q 10 ;n^n?o : 1 f 
 
 The Executive elect one Chairman every year, the Chairmai?^ 
 of each Township should form an Executive for a whole County^ 
 because he would know his Township's requirements. ' ^ ^ ; ."^ 
 
 The Executive of the County would also elect a Chaittriajri^ 
 |evelyyear. . - 1 .., y^-> 
 
 .The Chairmen of CouiiiWs would, form an Executive for the 
 Province. ;.,,.. ^ ... .^....;. ^ . .^.....^... .^^j ^...^ V--* 
 
 The Executive of a Province might meet as ofteii ' as* po^§ffile 
 I in some central place, at which place they could gather all statis- 
 tics, with information necessary for farmers* guidance and for gocd 
 lof the country generally. -.ic^.u .. .-j-jij^^ih. 
 
 * ' For example.— TJie quantity of grain sown in other countHes^ 
 and other counties, and prospects of prices of the incoming seasbfi^' 
 and then advise the number of acres that ought to be sown of each 
 particular grain, so that there would be no over sowing, like there * 
 
 I was in Barley in the year 1877, and in wheattibis year. 'Another 
 important information might be given, to infdhn' of the best time t&^ 
 market each particular grain, and how miich they ought' to sell in. 
 
 la given tinie.. As jfche market is often glutted with .too, free de"^^ 
 
 ll\7f*1*\7 ' !.' J Vj ■ I 4» < » .- ■ -^ -J- ' : ». ■ % i .. _ -J. . , -jj ~. . • ■ .. ,J ,■ «.■».( ,.'..,.-• ■■ l.v' J -; 
 
 The m6^ liiipcirt^fant tint^ W all for ile^Execiifive ^to be Ik ^ 
 jsion is» when the Parliantent meet at Toronto and Otta^i^a. T^ 
 watch ever}' measure that may. be bfought up, and see tfet they"; 
 [pass no bad laws j or borrow mon|^ on your farnis <^.'k:fe4i^^^ 
 credit, for you never get the mon^ey^—and you will ha^^the liit^ri^* 
 i est and principal to pa>^*^^'^J7f^f;^^.^^^^^^^ :^ii :.- 1^ ^«« 
 
 1 : '"^The; frotriiidal E;xecttti^wtwfl3^and doi^^ the infbrihatipo 
 to County Exc^eirth^s- attid^ dtf tj6^Whkfei|>^ C;ach metWbdr l^fii^^ 
 ting his circular or notice to attend meetings ih his Township, on 
 
any important business— ^it is easy understood by these means that 
 the whole country's influence could be brought to bear on any gov- 
 ernment that might exist in short notice* 
 
 The object of forming the Association is to stop the Govern- 
 ment of the country from borrowing foreign capital, and show them 
 a plan whereby we can do much better without ; to close every 
 court for collection of debts, because it is a great hardship for far- 
 mers sitting as jurors, to help to collect the debts of importing 
 merchants, who have made themselves agents to collect the debts 
 of foreign countries. 
 
 You are asked to form this Association as true Loyal British 
 Subjects, to assert your rights, and protect your own and neighbors 
 interests, for the following reasons : — 
 
 The owners of property in towns and country are responsible 
 for all public debts and must pay all By reflecting on the past, 
 say for twenty years, and more particularly the last ten years, or 
 since confederation, this country has been generally governed by 
 tricksters and schemers, who have run the country into enormous 
 debt, and brought about the hard times ; while they have reaped 
 the harvest of good things. During this time the owners of pro- 
 perty and the country generally, have bpen suffering and struggling 
 to make both ends meet *rT,, 
 
 Another great reason is to give farmers and owners of property 
 control of all Governments, all Railways, Common Carriers, Courts 
 of Justice, Monied Institutions, all our Manufacturers, Manufactur- 
 ing Goods consumed in the Dominion^ of all Merchants selling or 
 trading, and particularly and above all the Importing Merchant, 
 who imports foreign goods and exports the hard earned and bor- 
 rowed capital of Canada. 
 
 ^ There are only three classes out of which the people of Can- 
 ada ought to elect their Legislators, the first class is one who is 
 sole owner of real estate, and gets his living by the proceeds ; this 
 is on the principal that the man who owns die house is best to 
 govern and be its care*taker ; Second is the Manufacturer, who 
 makes the articles the people need, and a surplus for exportation ; 
 he will keep all the capital he can in the country and bring back 
 all he can for goods exported, besides employing all the surplus la- 
 bor which otherwise go to loss. Thirdly, is one who exports the 
 produce of the forest, tht farm, the workshop, the mine and fisheries 
 and finds the best markets and brings back the most money. 
 ~. The Association should stringently avoid all other clas$esi and 
 i( the services of professional men arie required they sboulajtif hired 
 at a reasonable salary* ,j^ u. 
 
M 
 
 M 
 
 K:=:^' 
 
 is 
 m 
 
 It would be well for Townships, Associations and owners of 
 Property, to consider the question, that Doctors and Lawyers hare 
 Acts of Parliament passed, by which they can collect moneys and 
 have a certain stipulated fee, no matter whether they kill or cure, 
 or loose a man's case in a court of law — while at the same time 
 Farmers have no law passed that they can have any stipulated 
 sum for their productions, not even the price of a chicken. They 
 must take whatever they can get — surely the same law should ap- 
 ply to Lawyers and Doctors — common interest and justice demands 
 such a course. 
 
 Farmers have to pay more to Judges, Lawyers, Bailiffs, Sheriffs 
 and Jailors, to make people understand the law, than they pay to 
 the Common School Teacher or Clergyman; would it not be better 
 to simplify the laws — make them into a book — pay the teacher a 
 § little more to teach the children to understand the laws and their 
 penalties, under which they are expected to live, than to pay those 
 aforesaid officers large salaries and also the maintenance of prisoners 
 in jail Local Legislatures should be abolished and thereby make 
 a great saVing to Uie Province. 
 
 PROPOSITION, 
 
 I propose to show how the County of York may save $300,- 
 000 to $5CX),ooo on the marketing their produce in the first place 
 
 Secondly. — How they may make an additional $1,000,000 
 more than they ever have or can make under their present system, 
 showing a total of $1,500,000 in favor of the County of York ; and 
 all other counties in proportion to their wealth and product And 
 yet I have not found patriotic men to take hold of my scheme. 
 
 The scheme will insure agricultural, mechanical and commer- 
 cial prosperity on a sure, sound and permanent basis, and, further- 
 more, giving the farmer the satisfaction of knowing that he has got 
 the last cent his produce will bring back from a foreign country, 
 and to know the best time to sell during the season, and no matter 
 where he is living in the whole Dominion, he will be advised as to 
 the price he should get the day he wants to sell, according to the 
 quaUty oi his grain ; so no miller or dealer in the country disUi^ti 
 couM take any undue advantage with r^ard to price. 
 
 ^Trusting the farmers will give these propositions a car^i^ 
 earnest and attentive consideratiofw 
 
 , Coflato^tiqaM^oBs lo ia# wMl rocmveimmc^ 
 
 JL B&ADFcOLDt R^ideace: 459 Parliaiaeiit St| TormilOw 
 
It 
 
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 iiii 
 
 PHEENOLOaiOAL CHAEACTEB 
 
 OF 
 
 *4^'>, 
 
 B. BRADFORD, 
 
 GIVEN BY 
 
 f:ro:e'. o. s. b^o^wxiEI^ 
 
 At '^oronto, Dec 7th, 1872. 
 
 R, BRADFORD. 
 
 A desire to know why, is your prominent characteristic You 
 have been been a careful thinker, reader and student of facts, as 
 wtU as a reasoner and theologian. All the way up from boyhood 
 you have thought on all subjects, but on religion most, you have 
 been perpetually inquiring why this is so, and what this is for, you 
 have been noted for laying good plans, and adapting ways and 
 means to ends. You have a curious mind, one which runs in new 
 channels. You think differently from other people, and have pe- 
 ctiii^r religious notions. You have scarcely arty faith unless you 
 can see proof, and are inclined to call in question what has been 
 handed down to you ; and yott subject everything td the crucible 
 of reason. You have a great amount of knowledge and infor- 
 mation on all subjects, and a still greater deshsfof it You have 
 a great power of tnemory^ and a most excellent power of ^timation 
 of buHc, and jud^ng of quality and amount You have a very 
 
28 
 
 great love of books, and are better informed than oiie man in a 
 tiiousand with your means of knowledge. You have a keen per* 
 ception of order, but no colour. You like to have everting in 
 its place, but never notice the colour of ladies' dresses. You are a 
 poor judge of fancy goods, but a perfect judge of quantity, bulk, 
 amount, architectural proportion, and so forth. You can judge 
 correctly of the weight and kind of grain, or the weight per acre, 
 especially where quantity is involved* You have a fiirst -class 
 mechanical head, and can make anything you see made, and do 
 whatever you see done. Have ever previously had perfect health, 
 and a very strong constitution. You have splendid lungs also, but 
 work yourself half to death, and you will break down if you work 
 as you are doing. You have sprung your nerves a little. You 
 have extreme activity, and are limber-jointed, you have one really 
 serious fault, you lack monetary grip. You are very industrious to 
 make money^ but somehow it goes; you should learn to hold on to 
 ii, and be more mercenary and more selfish. You are a miserably 
 poor collector, and are apt to trust people too much. You are apt 
 to think everybody is as honest as yourself. You are honest and 
 kind as any that lives, and have the highest order of sincerity and 
 truth and frankness. You are cautious in what you do, but less so 
 in what you say. You must learn to govern your tongue. You 
 have a very hearty love for the fair sex ; are quite the ladies* man, 
 and are sure to be married. You will prefer a tall wife to a short 
 one ; a long-faced one in preference to a round one, built on long 
 principle and not on the short and broau, and one who never finds 
 fault You would have no woman who would scold you, she must 
 be modest and diffident to the other sex, self-governed, not extreme, 
 harmonious in character and refined. You are close-fisted and you 
 cannot love a girl fond of admiration. You are extremely fond of 
 children, attached and constant to fk«ends, and naturally inclined 
 to dwell upon one thing — that one thing is religion. You are true 
 and hearty in your attachments, and extremely fond of arguing, 
 especially on religion. You are a resolute, determined man, ex- 
 tremely cautious, especially about your character ; and what prom- 
 ises you make. You are very deficient in self-trust, and never 
 thought yourself the man that you are — not half as much as you 
 should. You are as firm as the hills, especially in your duty. You 
 are naturally cheerful and hopeful, looking generally on the rose 
 colored side of subjects. You are a genuine philanthropist and 
 are interested in whatever promises to be for the good of mankind. 
 You are more cleanly in your habits than omamentad cf the body. 
 You are extra good in imitating or copying ; first best in remem* 
 
SI 
 
 berihg'ccmiiten^rib», admirable at measuring by the eye, and in 
 judging by bulk and quantity. You are quite fond of arithmetic 
 and good to set to and keep men at work advantageously; ^'ITou 
 are better informed than most men, and are quite tender, agreeable 
 and prepossessing. You are very kind and a great deal too libera). 
 You must learn to say " no," and harden up your sympathies. You 
 may eng^tf in farming or mechanics or trade. You have not am- 
 bition enough, if you engage in traffic you must make people pay 
 lip their bills, for in this respect you are too lenient You are a 
 better judge of useful articles than of fine and handsome ones. 
 You are particularly careful to look ahead and calculate xesults. 
 Your strength lies in that chiefly. You will be very successful and 
 you should turn in and work right away to-morrow. You will pay 
 every single farthing to the last stretch of your abilities, for you are 
 always careful about your lK)nor, and all who know you will trust 
 you implicitly. 
 
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 25 
 
 (This is contvnuaiion of the Speech ending on Page 9. J 
 
 Now, gentlemen, to make matters plainer and more compre* 
 hensive, and show how it oppresses the whole community, I would 
 call attention to the amount of Building Society Stocks held and 
 reported in the Globe on the 28th January, 1879, Are you aware 
 the Building Society Stock held is $17,000,000? 
 
 The farmers proposed getting up a loan company on a similar 
 basis some time ago, and the English capitalists proposed to lend 
 $100 on every $10 of paid up stock, so at that rate the Building So- 
 ciety's mentioned in Toronto, would have borrowed $170,000,000. 
 They borrow at the rate of 6 per cent. The offer to the formers was 
 at 4 per cent. The stock reported in the Globe is not one half of the 
 Building Society's stock of this Dominion. I have put them at 
 $50,000,000. I think this is within the mark. So if they were 
 borrowing money on mortgages at the rate of $100 on every $10 
 of paid up stock, we would then be borrowing $500,000,000 at the 
 rate of 6 per cent and would therefore be paying annually an in- 
 terest of $30,000,000 ! When a man spends his labor on improving 
 his property, the English capitalists at the same time are drawing 
 more by 2 per cent than the property can produce in the shape of 
 interest I want the farmers and owners of property to consider this 
 fact, that with foreign money at our 4 per cent, this country cannot 
 more than hold its own. To illustrate this, a farm worth $10,000 
 in the County of York, cannot be rented for more than $400, and 
 then there is the risk of buildings, fences and depreciation of the land, 
 etc, to deduct from the 4 per cent. So it does not require much 
 of a mathematician or statesman to see that the Country cannot 
 prosper, so long as interest at that rate is going out of the country. It 
 will barely hold its own. But do not forget the loan companies 
 have been sending out 6 per cent., which accounts greatly for our 
 bad times. There seems to be some dislike entertained by some 
 farmers and property owners of towns and villages againsi: the gran- 
 gers, because the granges are going to destroy the small owns and 
 villages. This is not the grangers aim; the grangers ain as I un- 
 derstand it, is to put the business of the country on a Oish basis, 
 and those cities, towns and farmers who talk against th^ granges 
 arc not only wrong — not only ruining themselves — but ruining the 
 whole country by adhering to the system of borrowing to Improve. It 
 Is only ^ matter of time at the rate we are going, the Rothchildsand 
 such men will own this whole Country, Since I sppkci at Agin- 
 wOiut lajst Mar^, the Banks show on ti&e 28tl| Jaiuiary, ii7f, that 
 they have $300^000 lesa specie thaa they ba4^ tkco^ 9akd nearly a 
 
26 
 
 million more of their notes in circulation. Although there have 
 been meeting after niecting of the wise heads in Toronto, to con- 
 sider how they can get the city out of its trouble, the only remedy 
 they could find out and adopt, was to mortgage the city for a half 
 million more. I \^ant to warn the farmers and owners of property 
 that is not the best tiling for the city or country. ^"^^ 
 
 Some farmers think it matters little what Toronto or any 
 other cty does. I tell them that it matters a great deal what cities 
 and towns do in the sha|:te of going into debt. Every dollar that 
 cities and towns go into debt comes out of the pockets of the far- 
 mers, and out of our mines and fisheries. When a city or town is 
 heavy in debt it must necessarily be heavily taxed; remember one 
 third or nearly one half of all the taxes raised must go out of the 
 country, i^ a u " ^^ ':■' 
 
 Farmers should understand that a city or town, municipaHy or 
 privately mortgaged, must charge you more for what they sell 
 you, and gve you less for what they buy from you, and charge 
 more for handling your produce. This will give you an idea how 
 it is that you receive such a low price for your grain ; the people 
 have not the money because the profits go out of the country to 
 pay the capitalists of England. Toronto alone is paiyately mort- 
 gaged to the extent of $2S,cx)6,ooo. '^tjnofti n^ 'rnoi diiw jfirft^^Kt 
 
 The wise heads of Toroilto decided the only way they could 
 get out of debt was t<) go heavier into it, with no other intention 
 but to tax her customers, to make up the additional half millibnL • 
 The city did not require any such thing. Toronto is the product 
 of Ontafio* She still goes on in her folly, and this borrowing of 
 money leads to high taxation. Take Toronto as an example be- 
 fore she went fnto debt. Emergencies arose and she wanted to have 
 Drains, Waterworks, etc*; these improvements have cost the city 
 $6,000,000. Let us suppose this debt is not incurred yet. A 
 majority of the citizens go and say they Want these improS^mentsp; 
 one man says that $6,000,000 is too much debt to go into, it will 
 raise tax*s too high, and people will leave our city; anbther says 
 borrow the money from the banks for 7 or 8 per cent But a man 
 thought wiser than ail the rest, says we can borrow money in Eng- 
 land for 6 per cent. Off our debentures for 20 years. The Council 
 agree to thife idea, those debentur^^^re issued, and the treasurer is 
 sent to firt^lahd to negc^iate them. Remember these are first mort- 
 gages on the^ property; Except Goverhitifent mortgages. Oiir trea- 
 surer s^)cs to futh mert as xvothschild imd stays they w'ant to bpmim^ 
 $6,oc)e^ood Of! <iebehtyte6f the cil^ of Toronto; -^fters^^ (^n- 
 
 •i 
 
i 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 i0 
 
 27 
 
 quiries as to where Toronto isi its population, commerce, etc. Mr. 
 Rothschild calculates very closely what profit he will have out of 
 the transaction at .6 per cent» $360,000 a year, (nearly a thousand 
 dollars a day). He thinks he will get them a little less than par and 
 says r will give you 95c. on the dollar. The treasurer say^ hM orders 
 were to sell them at par and must sell at that figure. Mr. Roths- 
 child at last concludes to take them at par and puts the gold to 
 our cities credit in the Bank of England, • . , . ^ ., .^^ ^ , .^. ;t . n \ r^^ 
 
 The treasurer comes home and is welcom'ea by the pSpuIace. 
 We have borrowed $6,000,000 at a yearly interest of 1360,000. 
 Public improvements commence now; the wages of all the artisans 
 increase. The corporation goes to the bank and says we have $6,000,- 
 000 of gold to our credit in England; we will place it to your credit, 
 and you give us your bills to pay our men and contractors; the bills 
 are exchanged for the gold readily. Every one is paid In bank 
 bills, and so on until all the money is spent and the bank never 
 bad one dollar of the gold in its vaults. There is $360,000 an- 
 nually to pay for interest. Some one might ask how was this 
 work done, and by what means. How did the corporation get this 
 $6,000,000, and at the same time paid the men bank bills ; the 
 answer is because we have gold in England to our credit ; we got 
 gold in England because we gave a first mortgage on $50,000,000 
 worth of property. Were not the debentures better than the gold ? 
 Did not Rothschild think so ? for he actually gave gold for 
 them, then if debentures were better than gold, why did not the 
 corporation issue dollar bills on their own debentures ? Would not 
 the dollar bills issued on the debentures have been as good as the bank 
 bills that were paid to the men for wages. Every one was satisfied 
 with the dollar bills they got, why should they not have been satis- 
 fied with the dollar bills issued direct on the debentures of the city, 
 and not the roundabout way of having them issued on the gold; the 
 bank only issued its bills on the gold placed to its credit in England. 
 The municipality should have issued its own bills and save the en- 
 ormous rate of interest In twelve years the interest would have 
 redeemed the bonds,and the debentures would then be free,and the city 
 free of debt When will the citizens of Toronto learn to be wise ? 
 Its assembled wisdom could only think of borrowing half a million 
 more to get out 6f debt, and then go to the English capitalist and try 
 to get him to reduce his interest claim one per cent This lik proof 
 that wisdom does npt dwell with rich men; Any fool can pay his 
 debt by bbfroVingtnorertioney If tiny one wilt lend it tof hini, but 
 thii is^iiot payii^g d^Jt at alt yrt the whole City of Toronto seems 
 to see no other wiy to gi^to^t ofdefot The same^ ^nd^ is ap- 
 plicable toth^. wholcj COTiitiy. 
 
 t* .'-. ---4 ^ . *.. , I 
 
 4vi* .tijn'ia 
 
 1*10 V 
 
28 
 
 Mow, gentlemen, if you take the municipal and private debt of 
 Toronto, urkick Is $31,000,000, they pay over $5,000 per day 
 in the shape of Mterest, every day the sun ihines to foreign cap- 
 italists. What applies to Toronto applies to every municipality in 
 theDomkifon. * ' '' ^ " 
 
 Again, take the government and railroad debt as they are re- 
 ported to be $550,000,000, and the whole Dominion would be 
 paying for interest on these debts alone, nearly $50,000 per day ; 
 some would «ay how do we pay this — every letter that is carried, 
 every parcel of freight carried to or from you and every person who 
 rides on the railroad pays, and every article that you consume you 
 are paying it in the shape of duty. 
 
 But then if I am correct on the ten hundred and fifty million 
 dollars which is the amount of the government, municipal and pri- 
 vate debt, as «hown on page 13, then the Dominion of Canada 
 would be paying $150,000 interest for every day of the year. At 
 a meeting of the executive of the Grange Association, held at the 
 American Hotel, Toronto, a few weeks ago, they said I was more 
 than one half within the mark. I hope this is not true, but I am 
 afraid it is. ^ .^^ \^^ ^^^ ^ ^. , 
 
 I call upon every right mindec^^mafiSi'm and 
 
 every one who wishes to leave an inheritance to his children, to 
 consider were Canada is drifting to, think of it Can Canada 
 produce $150,000 every day of the year for interest alone ; 
 
 Then again, our importations are $93,000,000, (that is last year,) 
 the least imported for ten years, and this is another item of nearly 
 $255,000 going out daily, or a total of $405,000 daily; how long 
 will Canada go on in this folly? Paying interest for money you never 
 get,nor have you got to this daj', but you get goods that wear out in 
 a few years, that might as well be manufactured at home, but the 
 debt will never wear out till you pay it Dr. Hall says "debt is a 
 hyena that consumes you, a viper that will eat out your internals, 
 a world without a sun, a heart without joy, a fac€ without a smile." 
 tThis is true of Canada and eyery man who , 13, ^fl debt Oh I you 
 men who lead the people, Councillors, Reeves and Members of 
 Parliament; try to direct the Dominion and people to put a stop to 
 this borrowing of money you never get, for on you Is placed and 
 lies the respon£ibility of mislcftding the simple that trust in you 
 and do aot understand. ^'^^t '.-, 
 
 F^rmors mni property owners* oqpsjl^e <m the principles 
 pointed out <Mi page 8,19 and «x, anc^ then you will pay (rfftfae debt 
 due to fc«-ofigners in Ji J yeaits, >nd get bonds, debentures and mort- 
 gages back into your own Real £state Bank, and you will ^ the 
 interest /ourselves, then every acre of land will be worth $20 
 per acre more. 
 
£9 
 
 According to the census of 1 87 1 there we|? 53,000,000 acres 
 of land under cultivation and occupation. So you understand the 
 Dominion and Railroad indebtedness would be over $6 per acre, 
 then apply the ten hundred and fifty millions indebtedness, it 
 would be nearly J 20 per acre, and when you deduct the land 
 that is almost worthless for cultivation, then you will find the in- 
 debtedness is over $20 per acre. 
 
 Now, understand if you pay off $50,000,000 each year, as 
 pointed out on page 8, and redeem the bonds, the Farmers Real 
 Estate Bank would be getting the interest on the bonds brought 
 home. Every $50,000,000 you pay off will reduce the indebtedness 
 of the farm 1-20 or $100 per 100 acres, thus making the farm worth 
 $100 more each year, besides the dividend you would get from the 
 Real Estate Bank. 
 
 To the farmers and property owners I say, get the Charter of 
 the Real Estate Bank, altogether you are nine-tenths of the whole 
 community of this Dominion; why let the one tenth have all the 
 profits and easy times, for there are 800,000 says Honorable Cart- 
 wright, ** who do nothing, neither toil nor spin." Surely they ought 
 to manufacture the goods you need. If you start this Real Estate 
 Bank you need not care for any Government, as with it you could rule 
 this country for weal or woe. For it is the present Banks that 
 move up and down the markets. They will not lend the money 
 to employ the mechanics and labourers of this country, but they will 
 lend it to importing merchants to buy the goods and products of 
 other countries, though they live 3,000 or 4,000 miles away, then 
 when short of money they start the country borrowing, either as 
 Governments, Municipalities or private individuals, the latter 
 through the Building and Loan Societies, that I. might say is one 
 of the paws of the Golden Calf. 
 
 They get mortgages from private individuals as I have ex- 
 plained to you before, and sell them in England, the Banks here get 
 the produce and gold, and give out their notes to the borrowers 
 here. Then there are bonuses to be given to Railways, and then 
 they borrow on their bonds, if this is not enough the Government 
 will borrow sufficient to keep the banks and importing merchants 
 afloat, but with all this borrowing the mechanics of this country 
 are at present without employment 
 
 The products of the farmer do not bring neax as much 
 now as they did some time ago, yet ytwi work as hard if not harder. 
 
 Althqu£h the price of your labour and your productions have 
 gone down, neither the Banks nor any cf the I^>an GMxipani^ h^ve 
 jeered to lower the price^9f ^*^ °^o^^y- Inta-est is a^ high as 
 everj and In many cases a great desd higher, for bfurder tiie Bmes 
 
th« higher they chirge, and the more they dictate to all beholding 
 to them. They have not lowered their wages, or their incomes, 
 and in fact they do not propose to do so. It is evident such men 
 are seldom generous. When will the people of this country learn 
 to be wise ? Will you be contented with the mere crumbs of your 
 labor ? Let farmers and property owners takeheed to their ways, 
 or they will soon have no farms. 
 
 If you want more income you must employ the mechanics, 
 and give the laborers a fair day's wages for a fair day's work, then 
 they will be able to pay you a fair price for your farm produce, 
 and also pay your rent when it falls due. 
 
 Surely it would be better to give them fair wages and fair 
 employment, than to keep them hungry and dissatisfied, compelling 
 them either to steal or do some other thing desperate whereby they 
 may get into jail. The jails, Central Prison, and Penetentaries are 
 filled with ablebodied men. Think of this you honest men in this 
 country. Toronto pays $ 102,000 for the maintenance of police, about 
 $40,000 for judicial expenses and maintenance of persons in jail. 
 The expenses in this line have increased ^ within the last four 
 years in Toronto, and y^ all over the Province, Will this pay } This 
 'is all attributable to the iniquitous system of Mortgaging this country 
 from the government down to the men with a thousand dollar 
 property, and it is only increasing the interest thereon and never 
 bringing the money into the countrj^ but sending it out, as I have 
 said before, by the Bank's & importing merchants. The goods they 
 bring in wear out in two or three years, but the debt never wears 
 out. 
 
 Farmers, property owners, mechanics and labourers remember 
 that the dollar bills issued on the Real Estate Bank would be as 
 sure and certain as the Hills of Canada, and profits all go back 
 direct to the farmer and property owner, and indirectly to the 
 mechanic 
 
 Some will say how will you niiahage this Real Estate Bank. 
 I say watch it carefully by the executive I have named on the 
 19th page. Elect them and keep them in so long as they arc good 
 men. Do not make any change for experience is the best teacher 
 and councillor, and every man who wanted to borrow money should 
 have to apply to the executive of his township where he would be 
 best known by them. 40*4 ^ 
 
 This Bank should only lend money on Real Estate and not on 
 'note of hand, then there would be no bankruptcie«5, nor losses by 
 swindling schemers and tricksters ; but it should lend money on 
 the products of the comi^. In this Bank all depositor? and stocks 
 holders^ would be safe; "^'^^- • ". : 
 
•MHHMMMni 
 
 ■MHil 
 
 il 
 
 TO !BEI T O XiE T , 
 
 WITH DWELLING ATTAOHi^D. aOOP OELI^AF 
 
 SUITABLE FOB: ]iNY KIKO OP BUSINESS. 
 
 itti^T #400 PjaR, ANNtr* I 
 
 231 King Street East, Toronto. 
 
 A, ROSSITER & SONS. 
 
 "M 
 
 .^^Ui'|^eTOB£ii3 ii^I> pl2AU.i.:c? £N 
 
 Brushes, Brooms, Woodenware, (So. 
 
 NO. 233 KSJ^Q STREET EAST, 
 
 TORONTO. . 
 
 m KI?iii STREET' SAST: 
 
 .•R, 
 
 <alr- 
 
 rVi 
 
 VmQ'^i-O, ONT 
 
 f>3.rt.Bi:f: IN 
 
 !!J 
 
 DEUG-S, MEDI0INES; OHEMICiLE, 
 
 rJNE TOILET SOAPS, H^IR aKD TOOili P'^.L^ii^o, 
 PBBFaMBEY, AKlv FANCY AETICLSB, TEU5S£S, BEAOBS, 
 
 J>aint;5> Oils, GiasB, Piitty aiid Dye Stuffs. ; 
 
 FHKE WINES & LIQUORS for MEDICINAL PURPOSES^; 
 Cigars, Bla'^^ik Books, f^aper, PeB^, Pencils; &c. * 
 
 f 
 
 .*^'i 
 
 I' • „- 
 
 237 MD 239 UNO ST. EAST, TO LET. ; 
 
 Maoiiinary Sbop well stock-r-o witii UvctuJio: v ; v;oari sor-or €->:eluir?4d lor Urm or i 
 
 lam Stores could ba^i^ mi mlljhfM tor a ItoBersVBM, 
 
 STi^Biiina ya^ Bt^rr soksi-.-:^ 
 
 
 ..U>t»I-'K8S. 
 
 
 9iSs«ie<li^aBi 
 
 E. BRAPFOfeD, 499 jhl#lmpfeat Str^t 
 
 JL'T iMiiiii ni ii i> iiiiiii " ill I - m i l « ■ fTi ••"mniW-ri" " ^r •" '•"•" .■■-»-=.-. ^. 
 
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