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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m*thode. 1 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2i 1.0 I.I 1.25 13.2 z m •- |40 1.4 112.5 2.2 II 2.0 i.8 1.6 ^ A PPLIED IN A^GE Inc 'bii East Mar- S'reel Rochester, pje« rork 1<.609 uSA ("16) <.82 - 0300 - Phoie (716) 288 - 5989 - Fa, ri.ATi; 1 y. ,..,^' v.^^ -«»,.. .*v.,_,^-^ ■"-.- rr y fi.,„ti-ijiurt d 7^/. SOME OXFORD LIBRARIES BY STRICKLAND GIBSON * Funes ceciderunt mihi in praeclaris ' HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY 1914 OXroRD : HORACE HART MA. I'RIMIB To THE UNIVERSITY TO MY FELLOW WORKKH GEORGE WILLIAM WHEELER M.A. WHOSE KINDI.V HI. LP KOK MOUK THAN lUENTY VEARs IS HERE (iRATEFULLY REMEMBERED PREFACE TiiH little book lays no claim to (»rijTinaI re- search, and is mainly intended for those who wish to learn rather more about the older Oxford Libraries than may be gathered from l>ooks of reference and guide-books. Nor does it profess t<» describe all the Libraries in Oxford, l)ut only those which are most wcjrtliy of a visit— llie Hodleian, the first I'ublic Li!)rary in Europe, and to-day one of the larjiest in the world ; Merton, the oldest in England, and the |)atteni for all the earlier College Libraries; C'orj)us, closely con- nected with the English Renaissance, and one (»f the most beautiful; St. John's, associated with the greatest of Oxford's Chancellors, William I-iud, Archbishop of Canterbury ; the Library of Jesus College, untouched and" unchanged, and thertfore one of the most precious; (Queen's, an ornate and elab«)rate example on the mediaeval plan ; All Souls, an admirable specimen in the Italian style; and the ILidcliffe Gunera, a noble building of the (Georgian age. Other Libraries which appear to promise much have but little to offer. Wadham, beautifully situated in a a)llege grove, has no interior charni; the most interesting 'act in its history is that, bv the wish of the VI I'HKFAd-: Fouiulrt =»>, it was plartd above thf kitchrn fi)r tlu- sak«' of extra warmth .iikI dryiHss ; IJalliol and Maj;dalen, lK)th fine nxmis, were refitted and ' restort'd ' during a devastatiiiK revival. As regards the more modern Libraries, scrihaittur hare ill i^incralinnf ii/lini. I have to tliank Mr. I'. Karslake tor permission to enlarge and repubhsh in its present tonn an artiele on Oxford Libraries whieh appeared in Hunk Aiirlion lin(tnl.<, {\iA. viii, pt. I); the Provost of (^ueeti's tor kindl} tonS, ( hikklv lioDr.Ki an CHAITKR VII .MkDIAKVAI, CoU.hXJK LlHHAHll^X . CHAITEH VIH ElOHTKEXTH CexTI'RV LiBRAHIKS Jni>k.\ PAi.K 1 12 21 34 51 . «;; . 80 . 113 LIST OF PLATES PLAxra I. ^V'aflham CoUeffe Library from (Jardeii (//. J. Timmn) . II. Ill, IV X. Frontispiece Cobliam's Library, St. Mary's Church (JL J. Timm*) . To face page 8 liodley's Library— interior (Clarendon Presn) . Bodley's Library — exterior (//, /. Timnix) y. Bodlev's Library from Exeter College Garden {H. J. Timnut) V'l. Merton Collej^e Library {Clarendon Pre.\tt) . VU. Corpus Christi College Library (A. E. Wahham) . V'lII. JSt. Jobn's College Library from Garden (//. Minn) . IX. Queen's College Library {H. Minn) .... All Souls College Library (//. Minji) . . . XI. lladcliife Camera(C/arendon Pre*,*,) XII. St. PMmund Hall— Chapel and Library (H. J. Tinims) . 10 .32 48 80 84 88 92 96 100 IOC ce I THE ANCIENT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Oxford, nestling as she does among the hills of the Thames Valley, impresses most of her pil- grims by the beauty of her situation. And as from afar spires, pinnacles, and towers are mingled with green fields and woods, so within are Libraries set about with gardens. Bodley's Library over- looks, on its southern and western sides, the lawns of Exeter College ; trees of every kind hedge about the Library of Wadham ; St. John's Library adjoins one of the most charming of Oxford flower-gardens ; and the large window of Magdalen Library faces the deer-park and the walks which have become so intimately associated with the name of Addison. They are removed from the turmoil of busy streets, and the centuries have cast a spell of peace upon them. But not always are the present rej^sitories of books coeval with the collections they contain, and the histo- rian of Oxford Libraries has sometimes to write of buildings and, alas .' of books which have long since disappeared. Such a record of migrations and disasters is the history of Exeter College Librarv, S THE ANXIENT LIBRARY wliich, originally perhaps a small temporary struc- ture, was newly" built in 1.S83. All that is known of this new Library is that it had a thatched roof, replaced some years later by a leaden one when Bishop Stafford enlarged the building. In l624 the books were removed to the old chapel, which then became the Library : this was devastated by fire in 17()<>, the whole of the inner part being destroyed, and only one stall of books secured. At' the end of the eighteenth century the books were again removed to another and larger library, which in turn disappeared when Sir (iilbert Scott erected the present Library in 18.5.'). But for the most part the Fates have been kind to these ancient Libraries, and when the books have outgrown their original home, the Old Library will oftentimes be found converted to other uses. Cobham's fourteenth century library has become the parish room of St. \lary the ^'irgin, the beautiful original library of All Souls is now devoted to lectures, and that of Lincoln is the residence of the Sub-Rector. Occasionally a library wh.ich has become derelict is discovered by the "curious searcher. Such a library is that of Dr. John Browne, who bequeathed his books in the eighteenth century to the Master of University College and his successors. The library originally occupied a ground-Hoor room in Radcliffe's quadrangle, but when tiie new Master's ht)use was built a few years ago the library was removec' there, and now adorns the larger por- tion of a white dining-room, where the old cases OF THE UNIVERSITY 3 have been skilfully refitted to the new walls. But just as a flower, when plaeed in alien soil, may lose its natural eharacteristi( -^ and take to itself others, so the pre<«ent value ot the Master's library is not one of scholarship, but purely one of eolour, and the grey and brown books, in their pictur- esque confusion, justify their existence by throw- ing into fine relief the ordered dining-table. To the artist-epicure the benefaction of Dr. John Browne is very j)recious. A great misfortune which has overtaken some old libraries in Oxford is to have been refitted in the nineteenth century with varnished oak furniture, conforming generally to what was then considered Ciothie style. These lii)raries, robbed of all their individuality, are depressing alike to anti(juary and visitor. Their annals are not written here. The history of the earliest University Library is closely connected with that of the Church of St. Mary the \'irgin. It should be remenilxred that the University of Oxford was originallv an ecclesiastical body. The terminology of its early statutes and legal procedure is not of statute but of canon law. The University was from the beginning of the thirteenth century until the middle of the fourteenth, that is during the most important years of its development, immediately under the jurisdiction of the Bisho|) of Lincolii, in whose diocese it was, and its Chancellor was always a cleric. In these circumstances it is imt surpri'sing that a church should find an important place in the history of the University, Liitil the s 4 THK ANCIENT LIBRARY fourteenth century the Iniyersity had no buiiaings of its own, and all its public busniess had to be tranLcTd in the ChuA-h of St. M^r)' *•- Virgjn which, although a parisii church, was lent to the Lnivcrsitv for such purposes. The books belonging to the scholars ni their corporate capacity were p-served there ni chests Hucl anK,ng tLose books n . havx; been the earhest recorded "ift of books to the L niversitv, that ot Roger de' Insula, who, early i.i the thirteenth ;..t"turv, gave a copy of the Bible in our ,.rts not foV church purposes, however, but with the express design that seholars might borrow i on sufficient security, and correct their t^'x s ^ »t Fven irter the reorganization of Cobham s Library ,n in- a copy of Nicholaus de Lyra's Comncntan, ou the liihic was chained in the chancel ot the church, and the Chancellor and 1 'roc-tors were aeputed to inspect it yearl>-. 'I he C luirch ot St Mary was in fact a kind of Lniversitv Hall, and its "sacred character did not prevent a Chan- cellor from summoning the tavcrners there and compelling them to swear, with their hanc^ c,n the Holy Closjiels, that they would, m so tar as their ability and human frailty allowed them, brew for the scholars good and wholesome beer It is difficult for us to realize the value that attached to books in early times In inventories they are classed with plate and jewels : so costly were they that very few students could have possessed 'them. In the catalogue ot the books of William of Wykeham at New College a text-book like Walter Burley's Commenlani ou the 1 hysus oj OF THE L NIVERSITY .5 Aristotle is jiriced at a sum which would now be equivalent to £.50 ; in the same catiilogue, ex- pressed in modem currency, a text-book on Natural Philosophy is valued at £\0, a copy of St. Augus- tine's De riritnte Dei at £6:i, and of Nottingham Super qnatuor Kvangelia at £l'Mi. Access to books was the privilege of the few. No Oxford student, for instance, was admitted to the first University Lil)rary who had not spent eight years in studying philosophy, which means that the books possessed by the University were reserved exclusively for its senior members — in short, for the masters who were bound by statute to lecture to their juniors. During the Middle Ages books were by no means essential to the younger students, who sometimes were no more than twelve years ot age when they entered a University. They received instruction or'iUy, literally sitting at the feet of their masters, and many had no more intimate accjuaintance with books than might be obtained by carrying those of their teachers backwards and forwards to the lecture-rooms. And it was so in later times. In the seven- teenth century the library of University College was for the use of graduates only, and at Hart Hall no one could cuter the library before he was of three years' standing. Not until 1827 Wire undergraduates admitted to Merton Library, and then but for one hour a week. Occasionally, however, undergraduates made the acquaintance of their Cx^llege Library in cir- cumstances little to their liking. Mr. Mannaduke lx)dington, of Lincoln College, was in l600 found J ^m 6 THE ANCIENT LIBRARY ' iruiltv of sundry nnsdemeanours in the town t.» the c'reat scandal of the O.lkge'. His punish- ment—' Imprimis, he shall make an oration in the Chapel . . His theme shall l)e Vitupenuw ehnria- lis et vilac ilissolHUn: Item, he shall study in the Library four hcnirs certain days for the spaec ot two months [four days a week, except festivals]. His exercise for the first month shall be to gather all the chief questions in the third book of Aris- totle Dc Amum, and to set down the full state ot them, and this, painfully and studiously done by himself, shall deliver up in writing under his hand unto the Rector and Fellows . . . His exercise for the second month shall be to gather the chiet ciuestions of the first book of Aristotle his Politics. The earliest public Iniversity Library about which we have anv information is that connected with the name of Thomas Cobham. Bishop ot Worcester, who began, in 1.^20, to build a ( onv.)- cation House adjoining St. Mary's Church. 1 o this building he proceeded to add an upi)er room, and to found a librarv for the general use of the Lni- versity. The librarv was to be in the charge ot two chai)lains, who wefe to sav masses for the souls ot the bishop and his friends, and for University bene- factors. The books were to be secured by chains, and no pers(m was to be admitted unless one of the chaplains was present, to which end it was arranged that one should attend before lunch, the other after. They were to take heed that no reacl-r entered in 'wet clothes, or having pen, ink, or knife : if notes had to be taken they were to be made in pencil. 1 OF THE UNIVERSITY 7 Bishop Cobham died in 13.27, leaving to the Iniversity the sum of 3 "lO marks and an extensive collection of MSS. He also left such heavy debts that his executors h.id to pawn the books for a few pounds in order to pay his funeral expenses. The executors then apj)roached Adam de Brome, in whose hands the bishop had placed the super- intendence of his buildinfi, and offered him the MSS. if he would redeem tliem. Adam de Brome, who had just founded his Hall of the Blessed Mary, now called Oriel College, gladly enough accepted their offer, and for the sum of £.50 was enabled to fill the shelves of the library of his foundation. It would seem that the College even laid claim to the upper room, and as Adam de Brome was a powerful man and stood well with the King, the University had for a time to acqui- esce. Adam de Brome died in 1 T.Vz, and five years later the Regent masters made a bold and suc- cessful bid for the MSS. which were rightly theirs. In formal array they marcned on Oriel Library, and intimidating the Fellows with fearful threats, carried ofl" their long desiderated books. It is not quite clear, however, whether the books were actually placed in Cobham's Library, or kept in St. Mary's Church in chests. The dispute between the University and the College remained unsettled till 1410, when Archbishop Arundel compensated Oriel for the loss of the room. Ill 1.567 we catch another glimpse of Cobham's Library. The original agreement between the executors and the University had apparently been lying, more or less unknown to the graduates of 8 IHK ANCIKNT MBKARY the liiiversity, in the New Chest. Congregation now decreed that the document shouhl be copied into the registers of the Chancellor and Proctors. From this record we learn that as the Lniver- sity by the agreement was compelled to pn)vidc a chaplain to take charge of the books, and to say masses for the soul of the pious d.mor.it had been arranged that a certain number of the more valuable of the MSS. should be sold for £40, from which an income of £.5 a year might accrue to the chaplain. No other details respecting the administration of the first University Library are recorded until 14.12, when an elaborate code of statutes was pro- mulgated, i'liey provided that the Librarian, who was to be in' holy orders, should once a year hand over to the Chan'cellor and Troctors the keys of the library : if after vi'^^itation he was found to be fit in morals, fidelity, and ability he received them back. Should he desire to resign his office a month's notice was re(piired. His salary was fixed at £.") b.v. 8f/. a year, for which modest sum lie r,ot only took charge of the library, bi' said masses for 'the souls of benefactors. He was, however, permitted to claim a robe from every beneficed scholar at graduation. There is a special clause stating that the Proctors should be bound to pay the Librarian's salary half-yearly, for the curious, but very excellent, reason that if his pay were in arrearshis care and efficiency might slacken. Lest by too great a number of students the books might " receive damage, or study be hindered, admission was restricted to those who had studied I'l.Mi: II /. — 1 I OF THK INIVERSny ill the '.(■hotfls tor fi^ht years nn exception l)fiii^ made in the ease of the son>> ot' lords who hacj seats in I'arHaiuent. Moreover, evrry reader had to sul)S(ribe to the following oatli : ' Voii shall swear when you eiiter the Library r)}' the L'nivcr- sity, to treat in a rt-asonahlc and (juiel niainuT all the books contained therein, and to injure mo l)ook maliciously, by erasinjr, or l)y detaching sec tions and leaves.' The library was to be ..pen from ;> till I 1 aiid froni 2 till !■, except on Sundays and on the greater Saints' days; and lest too close attention to his duties might attect his health, the I.il)rarian was to be allowed a month's holiday in the Long \'acation. Should a distinguished per- son visit the library, the hours of opening and closing might be extended from sunrise to si!n.set — a clause which must have proved burdensome if applied at Midsummer. Lastly, a board was t<» be SI .ded in the library on which were to be record in a fair and elegant hand the titles of the booKs, with their donors' names ; and all the books were to be closed at night and the windows fastened. These were the rules of the L'nivers'ty Library ."lOO years a^ ), and some still survive. The University Librarian is still visited annually by the \ice-Chancellor and Proctors, and the declaration made on admission is still couched in similar phraseology. The hours of opening are extended from four hours to six or eight according to the season, but the library still opens at 9 a.m., an hour earlier than most large libraries ; ancj Sir Thomas Bodley's Donation Registers, a l)oard lieing inadequate, are to this day exhibited in c 10 mr, \N( IF.NT I.IHFr\RY a public part ut tlu- lil)rary ti. the end that 'pos- terity may I'e spurred, hy the hint of examples, l<» the emulation of" deeds so illustrious '. And lastly, all l)ooks and windows are elosed at night. At the time this statute was promulgated the Iniversity was torn l»y the V\yelif eontroversy, and that'i\(.nf might plead ignoraiiee respeeting the Coiulusioiis condemned at I-oiidon the pre- vious year, the I iiiv«rsity decreed that all the Conclusions should he enter«-d in a special register in the I*ul)lic I.iltrary, so that principals of Halls and others might «asily obtain copies of them. In 1 ^.'^J a curious ordinance was m.i(K' for the increase of the library. For the benefit of students <.f Divinity it w.is decreed that the doctors of that Faculty should within eight days of their delivery ham! over to the I'niversity true and faithful copies of the sermons they were by statute obliged to preach, and that bachelors should likewise hand over co})ies of the exannnatory sernu»ns which they delivered on Sundays. The Proctors, under a ju'iiJilty of two shillings, were to place them in the library, and duly enter tlieir titles in the catalogue. Two interesting points of library administration, which are not touched on in these statutes, find a i^lace in the tifleenth century code of the Canons Regular of the College of St. Mary of the Augus- tine Order studying at Oxford. No student might enter the "library at night with a candle unless for some really "important purpose, or to compose a seniion for which insutticient time had been allowed him. Nor might anyone spend more :^^^i- l^'^^.^^if:-. :i-:^^,c-_^_ »:-«a-' OF THK INIVl-RSfTV II til in oiif hour, or two at the very most, over the iktushI of any |«irtiriilHr hook lest others he prevented froin studying it, the reason hein^ that what WHS ^iven for the use of all whs In no means to l>c devoted to the exelusue use nf one. I it i W^PfxS^^^Tf^^^^A ^^..^^^r -:mm ,:m?^ II DLKE HLMFHEVS LIBRARY FiFTEF.N years afttr the first statutes of the Liiivcrsity I-il)rary had hi'tn promulgated the pnnecly and })ietur?s(jue tiLTure of Humfrey, Duke of (iloucesterj eiilirs L nivcT'^ily historv. lie c.ime upon tlic scene at a critie.-.l time : the Uni- versity had exhausted its former vij^o ir, it was in dire po\erty, and the old iearninj; was outworn. I ntil his dial.'i in 1 H^T the Duke was the great protector and henefi'-tor of the L iii\ ersitv, and not the hast of his many good deeds was that he l)r()uu,peoiHetl time. 'I'his statute was to be strietly observed, and no graee respect- ing it cculd be granted by Congregation. Hooks used in the study of the Seven Liberal Arts and the 1 i^ree Philosophies were to be kept apart in a ehest, and might be borrowed by masters of Arts lecturing on those subjects : if no lectures were being given the books might be lent to other masters and principals of Halls. But all books so lent were to be under indenture, and the price set on any book was to be above its actual value ; if the book were lost the money was to be promptly paid so that another copy might be pro- vided as quickly as possible. Lastly, on the Feast of .SS. Sinu)n and .lude, special mass was to be said for the Duke and his Duchess, and in every sermon delivered at St. Mary's prayers were to be said for the Duke. After his death, on the aimi- versary, special mass was to be said for his soul and for the souls of all the Faithful Departed. Two years later, when expressing its thanks for nine more volumes, the L'niversity sent a Iftter in which reference is made to the numerous translations dedicated to Duke Humfrey, and to his successful revival of (ireek literature, by which it became possible l\)r them to study Greek authors in the original. At the beginning of the year lH-4 the Duke made his greatest donation "of MSS. The very titles of the books show that the darkness of the Middle Ages was disj)ersing before the sun of the Renaissance, which had arisen in all its splendour in Italy. Inscribed in the list are the names of Plato, Aristotle, Ovid, 33 16 DUKK HLMFRKYS LIBRARY Livy, Cicero, Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. The Greek authors were, liowever, in I-itin trans- lations, and the Itahan authors only represented in their Latin works. One entry, ' \'erba jjreca, et intcrpretaciones hnfrue latinc', shows that the study ot (ireek was then not far off. 'I'he University, while thanking the Duke for his books, sugj^ested that he should assist them to build a library aixtvc tiie Theolojrical School, then approachinjf completion. It v, as proposed that the library should be called by liis name, and that liis books should i)e kept there sej)arate from those in Cobham's Library, which, ri^dit in the heart of the L'niversity and within a few yards of the town's '•■• oest thoroughfare, was none too peace- ful, an(' cover mucli overcrowded. For at least twenty .r»e years the L'niversity had been collect- in/; money for the jiurpose of buildinf:f this School. It remains to-day one of the finest vaulted rooms in the kingdom, and is reniarkable for the beauty and fancy of its carving. The building, as origin- ally designed, was to have been superlatively elaborate, but the execution involving tounds ; to the edifying of our Divinity School . . • ot the which goods we have no thing yet received . .^MftSEk 18 ni KK IHMFREV'S I.IBH AHV A letter was also sent to John Somerset, who lay undtr suspicion of withholding' the l)ook'<, in which he was invited to clear his character. Two years later the I nivcrsity was writinjf fulsome letters of thanks to the same John Somerset for a pift of l)ooks, and vestments embroidered with pold. It is impossible that these should have been Duke Humfreys ixtoks, because the L'niversity, at a later date, wrote to the Bishop of Bath and Wells asking his assistance in recovering; the books which, on their dispersal, had come into private hands. Me.mw hile, far from erectinji a second story on the Divinity School, the L niversity was obliged to leave the School itself unfinislud. Many letters recjucsting money were sent forth, but to little pur|)ose. At length, when all resources seemed to have failed, the I niversity approac-hed Thomas Kempe, Bishop of Lond!>n, who made the muni- ficent donation of one thousand marks. Scaffo'ding was borrowed from William of Wayntlete, Bishop of Wincheste.. who was just comj)leting his splendid foundation of Magdalen College, and leave was asked from the King to employ work- men whom he had lent to the Bishop. In 1481 the L'niversity wrote to the Bishop of London, telling him of the busy scenes which take place at the school — how some fetch stones, others polish thein ; some carve the statues, and others place them in their niches. Kight years later both school and library were finished, and after the books had Iieen removed from C'obham's Library to the more spacious foundation of Duke mm ^^^^^^j^i DIKE HIMFRKYS LIBRARY \9 Huiufrt'y, the e.irlier libtary passed away. The seals aiul desks were rt moved to tlie Seh<.ol of Canon Liw. and tlie room was left bare. Alter many vicissitudes, Col)luims Library is to-day the parish-room of St. Mary's, and the room below, once tlie Convocation House, wliieh should be one of the most sacred places in the I'niversity, is now a storeroom f )r cruml)lin}j statuary. The subsecpient history of Duke Humfrcy's I,ii)rarv i*^ scantv enou<:rh. Leland visited it about 1.-.40, and compiled a list of some thirty volumes he saw there. In 1.-.50 the Connnissioners ot Kdward VI utterly despoiled it. Wood records that ' some of those books so taken out by the Reformers were burnt, some sold away for Robin Hoods |)ennvworths, either to Booksellers, or to (ih)vers to press their {,'loves, or Taylors to nmke measures, or to Hookbinders to cover books l)ound by them, and some als(. kept by the Reformers for their own use '. Thus in an outburst of reli- jri,)us furv the munificent benefactions of (lood Duke Humfrev and his compeers were swept awav. Only three of the Duke's l)ooks have been restored to the Bodleian : the Lrttvr.s- of Nicholas de Clemenjres (MS. Hatton 'M')), the l.i'tters of the Younger Plinv (Auct. V. 2. '2:i),and Bruni s trans- lation of Aristotle's Politics (Auct. V. :>. '^7) : and out of his entire library omy twenty-nine books have been definitely identified as havinj; belonged to him. Of these the most remarkable for their beauty are the Psallcr in the possession of Mr. H. Vates 'Ihompson, a Hihlv Hi-sluri^ in the Biblio- theque Nationale, and the Human History of Livy ,'() DIKE HL'MFREV'S LIBRARY in the Hil)liotlu'(|ue tie S>-«. (Icnevievc at Paris. The finest «»!' those readily accessil)k' in Kngland is the Vsallcr in the British Museum (Royal MS. 2. B. i). In 1. ">.')() thi' I'niversity apj)ointe(l a eonnnittfi- to eflret thf sale ot' the empty shelving of Duke Humt'rey's Library. Thenfeforward all that remained was a * great desolate room '. Ill BODLEYS LIBRARY Dilexi (tfcomn dnmuA tune ft locum haMttitioiiit glnriue tuae. Ox March 2, in the year l^vr>, there was born at Exeter, Thomas Hodley, 'descended, both by Father and Mtjther, of worshipful parentaj^e '. His father in the reijjn of (^leen Mary * was so cruelly threatened, and so narrowly observed by those that nialiced his Heli-rion, that for the Safeguard of himself . . . he knew no way so st-ciire, as to Hy into (iermany ". He first settled at West-l with his wife and children, afterwards removed to Frankfurt, and finally fixed his abode in the citv of (u-neva. There Thomas H«»dley attended the lectures of Chevalerius in Hebrew, Beroaldus in Cireek, and Calvin and Beza in Divinity. On the accessicm of (^leen Kli/abeth the family returned to F'.ngland, and st-ttled down in London. At the njre of fourteen Thomas Bodley was sent to Oxford, where he matriculated at Magdalen College in loay. His contemporary, the 'ever memorable John Hales ', has testified to his energ}-, industry, his knowledge of many tongues, and his marvellous charm of character. The University .>o BODLKY'S LIBRARY recognized his ad.niuistrative powers l,v electing him I'roctor, and his Htcrary al)ihty l>y «on himself the charge and cost of restoring the Public Library to its former use ' and to make it fitte, and handsome w ith seates. and shelfes, and deskes, and all that may be needfull, to stirre up other mens benevolence, to helpe to furnish it RODi.KYS IJBHARV 2:\ JT With bo«)kts '. In his autohiojiraphy he has ex- prtssfd the satiu" iiittntion in a wfll-knouii passagt* : ' I ((MuliuUd at thf iast, to stt up my StaHi' at tho I.ihrarie dore in Oxon ; being throwghly perswadcd, that i:i my solitude, and i^urreasc from the Commonwealth aH'ayers, I cnulde not basic myselfe to better pur|>ose, then by redusing that place (whi* h ♦hen in ever)- jwrt laye ruined and wa^t) to the publique use of Studients.' The re-titting, whieh proved more costlv than had been anticipated, oc(U|)ied two yeai.; the gathering of boo" began in ItiOO, the first Librarian, Thomas Jai. ippointed, and the library formally opened on inber S, l60'J. Its appearance has l)cen dc >cA by Anthony Nixon in Oxford's Triump/i : ' It liatli a vorie long, large, and spacioun walk, oner tlie •^hoole of Diiiiiiite, iiitericameeateH and De-^kes hefnre tlieni to sitte downe \ i»on and reade. Iliese partitions are in euerie place fillcil full of slielues, and vnto the shelues are there iiiatiy Bookc; fjistoned with chaines of Iron: eiieric volunie hearing hi name and title, written on pajMjr or parchment, in faire Roman letters, antl euerie partition hath an Inscription of the Faculties, As whetner her hookes bee either of Tlieo- logie, I'hilo^iophie, Astronomie, Geometry, or any other Art, itc Ciifts, both of books and money, flowed in from all quarters, among the first benefactors being the Lords Buckhurst, Hunsdon, Montacute, Lisle, and Lumlcy. A kind of epidemic of book-giving set 24 BODLKY'S LIBRARY 111, and those who had few or no books of their own t- precious, one being a Missal given to the Cathedral by Bi h(»p I.eofric in the reign of Edward the Confessor, the alienation of which '.till rankles in the minds of the successors of the original donors. James 1 also exjircssed a wish to share in Bodley's good work, promising him a choice of books from the Hoval collections. l)ut to.»k great care to allow it to remain a good intention. The King graciously presented, at a later date, two copies of his own works. The record of all these and subsequent dona- tions will be found entered in two large massively bound registers, which repose on the Librarian's table, and which are familiar to most Bodleian visitors. Sir Thomas Bodley gave much thought to the compilation of his Register, and drafted a title for it himself, although, as he infonned Thomas James, his ' Ditin was rusty for the want of using', (ireat care was taken to ensure its safe arrival from London, from whence it was dispatched ' packed uji in a cottin of boards, with paper thick about it, and hay between it and the ijoards '. But Sir Thomas Bodley did not rely wholly BODLEY'S LIBRARY 'J.T (.11 donations lor the increase of his library. His agent, John Bill, visited Paris Venice, Fcrrara, Vt-rona, Brescia, Mantua, Pavia, Milan, Florence, Pisa. Rome, and also Seville, from which latter town he 'brought good store of books. His pur- pose was at first, to have visited all other like places, and Universities, where any books were to be gotten : But the people s usage towards all of our nation, is so cruel and malicious, as he was utterlv discouraged for this time.' The Founder had very decided views as to what books should be jireserved in his library. In a letter to .James he thus expresses them : ' 1 can see no good reason to alter my opinion, for oxcliuliiig suche bookes, a> almaiiackcs, plaies, and an intinit number, that are daily printecl, of very un- worthy matter- and h.indliiiK, -uclie a.-, inothiiike-. botli the keeper and uiider-kot'per -hoiild disdain tn setke out, to deliver unto any man. Happely ^ome plaies may he worthy the keejiing : But hardly one in fortie. For it 1> not alike in Kngli-he plaies, antl others of other nations: because they are mo-t esteemed, for learning the languages and many of Ihem compiled, hy men of great fame, for uisedom and Learning: which is seldom or never seeiie among us. U'ere it so againe, that some litle profit might be re.iped (which God knowes is very litle) out of some of our play- bookes. the benetit thereof will nothing ncere counter- vaile, the harme that the Scandal will brine unto the Librarie, when it sliall)e j^iven out, that we stuff'd it full of baggage bookes. And though they should 1> but a fewe, as thcv would he very many, if yoi course should take place, yet tlie having of tho-e fewe (suche is the natvre of malicious reports) woubl l>e mightily multiplied, by iuche aa purjiose to speake in 26 MODLKVS LIBRARY disfrraie of the Librarie. 'I"ln> is ni; ipiuioii, wlicrein if I errc. I think 1 -liall erre witli iiiiiiiit otliers: and the more I thinke iiimii it. the more it dntli distast nie, tliat -iiche kiude of liookc-, -liouhl he vouchsafed a ro\vmo, in *o nohle a Liltrnrie.' One of the most remarkable tilings about this declaration is tluit it was written at the very time when Shakespeare had reached the maturity of his genius: and strangely enough Hodley's Library has become world-famous for j)recisely the kind of literature Hodley himself banned. If the presentation of ' riff-raff books ' was to be dis- couraged, what would have been the Founder's horror if he could have seen the donations of succeeding generations, among them being a sea- elephant, a cnKH»dile, a whale, a skull, a munnny, a skeleton, a taimed Innnan skin, a dried body of a negro boy. and a negro baby in spirit 1 Fortunatelv all these have disapj)eared, but the library still possesses among its odds and ends a calculus vesicae humanac of res))ectal)le anti(juity. Flight years after the formal opening of the library that portion known as the Arts End was built/and at the same time, on being approached bv Sir Thomas Bodley, the Stationers' Company promised to jjresent to the library one perfect copy of every book printed by its members, an arrangement which obtained until the rojnright Act of 17()J) entitled tlie Bodleian to claim a copy of every published book. This agreement with the Stationers' Company ^^as suggested by Thomas .Tames. In a letter to him Bodley says: ' For the Stationers gift, I am of your opinion, that it Is to BODLEYS LIBRARY l)f accounted ;i ('ii't of jiood luonient : and I think 1 had hardly thoiij;ht upon it, if you had not moved tlu- 'matter at first ; I'or tlie ejecting whereof, I have found notwitlistanding many Rubs and Delays '. This suggestion, which brought to the librarv such books as the First Folio of Shake- speare, is'james's chief claim to Hie gratitude of posterity. James is also to be commended for his desire to help specially the younger students, with which object in view he proposed to Sir 'i'homas Bodiey the formation of what would ,iow be called an Undergraduates' Library. Sir 'I'homas Bddley viewed the proposal with little favour : ' your device for a library for the younger Sort ', he writes, 'will have many great excei)tions, and one of special force, that there must be an- other kee| ordained for that })lace. And where vou mentio :iie vounger .Sort, i know what books should be b(Hight'for them, but the Klder, as well as the Younger, may have i>ften occasion to look upon them • and if there were any such, they caimot re(juue so great a Renown. In effect , to mv L'nd.-rsta;iding, there is much to be said against it, as undoubtedly yourself will readily find. u}H)n further consideration." V>'hen .lames retired from the library he still retained his interest in the -younger sort", and compiled a classified index for such as were studying Arts. It must be obvious to every one who reads Sir Thomas Bodley's letters that during the first eleven years of the library's existence he took a far larger share in its organization than did his Librarian. Although James, who had published 128 BODrKi S M3RARV edition of the I'fii/olnbluii ot Uiclmrd de Bury ,ind a Catalofjue of inamiscripts in Oxford and CainbridjTf, liad at first shown promise of bein^ an ideal lahrarian, he proved otherwise. Hodley was an exiffent master, and James a careless eata- lopfuer. James, too, had little taste for routine work, and deplored the lack of time for study. Almost at the begiiminj^ he applied for an increase of salary ; shortly afterwards he asked Bodley's permission to marry, and that after his master had made celibacy a condition of liis office. Brian Twyne, the famous Oxford historian, passed these strictures uj)on him : ' Item that Mr. James would frequent his place more dilifrently, keepe his houres, renioue away his superfluous papers lienge scattered about the desks, and shewe fiimselfe more pliable and facill in directin^e of the students to their bookes and jjurposes.' To the foundin; manye of them wear wortli, it would be soe bard to rectifye them ag^aine. I thiuke theartbre the safest waye will'be to page them before they })e taken a^iunder for newe bindinge. Mye Lord would haue them bound plain, and as like BODLEV'S LIBRARY ;;i tlieir old felowes a- niaye he . . .1 mayo not omit to infornie you to, that >ome of these hookcs ar inurh "oriie with aijre, and the leters in some places urowne dimme, and if in >ome r?asoiiahle tyme they he not traiiscrihed they will lie lo^^t to anye use. ^^'hen they ar traiisrrihed, the olde eopye and the ne«e maye he ~ett topenMier.' Sir Koiiehn Di^hy ^.ivi' 2.'>^i MSS., among thtin hfing a considtrahk- nunil)fr of valuable tariy scientific works. He cv j^enealojiists. C'ronnvell him- self j^ave some Clreek MSS,. and like ( harles I, on beinj; refused the loan of a hook, ;ic(juiesced in the refusal when the Founde/s Statutes had been communicated to him. Hodley's Library, there- fore, sutlered less from the l'rotectr)r than from the Kinji, a fact which should be remembered by Royalist Oxford. The most important donation received during the Connnonwealth was the library of ,Iohn Selden, the great jurist. It was withluld from the I'ni- versitv during Seldeti's lifttime because, it is said, of his displeasure at hearing that the intruded fellows of .Magdalen Colh gc had divided among themselves a sum of money which had been set apart as the Founder's ImukI. On Seldi'n's death the books to the number of S.OOO were handed over to the L'niversity by his executors. Some of the most valuable of fiis MSS.. 'eight chests full of the registers of abbeys, and other manu- scripts relating to the history of ^ igland ', were never received by the l'niversity, perishing some years later in a disastrous fire at the Temple. The last (juarter of the seventeenth century is marked by the gift of the Hatton and Junius MSS., both collections being particularly rich in Anglo-Saxon MSS. .Among the former is a copy of King Alfred's version of ( iregory's Vastoial Care, 1 I ■ I , \ 1 1 I \- i %}. HODI FYS I.mUAHY ;<;; !\iu\ .tmoiifx the l.ittt r • (',t(.(liiinn\ ' nufric.il p.iia- plirasc i>f' (rtin sis, a h.Mik iini(|iM' in tlu- tnu- st use nf tlu- vm'kI. Two ^rn-.i' collrctidiis of i )ri iit.il MSS., those of I'ococki .111(1 niiiitin;:foii, utit {>iircha.scd lor ll,;;o() in Hi}),;. IV HODI.KVS LIBUAUV {voutinucd) 'I'liK visitor will) w.ilks round the Hodkian C^iadraii^'li- will notice that the inscriptions over the doors indicate not library eollections, hut v/trious schools oC learning'. The rooms are in (act the old lecture halls and examination schools arran;r((l on the nudiaeval plan. On either side ol the 'I'owtr ot' ri\e Orders, the main entrance to the (^iiadran-ile, are the scho<»ls of Arts divided into the 'J'riiiiuii enihracin-j; the elementary sub- jects of (iramniar, Hhetorie, and Logic, and the more ditficull (iitadnviiim emhraeinf^ Arithmetie, (ieometry. Music, and Astronomy. Although the University of Oxford has for seven centuries been grounded in Arts, yet graduation in that Kaculty was not considire(i until recent times a goal, but only an introduction to one of the three superior Faculti. - of Theology, L,iw, or Medicine. 'I'he School of the chief of these. Theology, faces the Quadrangle (Jateway, and is Hanked by the Facul- ties of .Medicine an(i Law. The Schools, with the exception of the Divinity School, were built at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and have gradually been absorbed by the Bodleian Library as storerooms. HOni.EV S MHKAUV Ont' <»f these schools, that of (ieomrtrv, is tin- sta^c on which an liistoric scene was once enacted. Charles II, hard pressed by the Conunons as fo the Bill excluding the iJiikc of ^'ork from the Succession, sununoiied hi. fifth Parliament .it Oxford, where there was at least a conjjenial Tory atmosphere. The King and liis Court took up tluir residence at Christ Church, Corpus, and .M( rton. The Lords sal in the (ieomelrv .School, the Conunons in the Convocation House. The Conunons, cjuite impervious to the spirit of the place, were in their most truculent mood, and an- other Revolution seemed imminent. On March 'JH, Hisl, 'the King, having had notice how vigor- ously the I'.irliament proceeded on I'rid.iy ami Saturday (directly op|>osit to what he desired in his speech) dn\ alxtut ten of the clock in the morning send for his rohes and crowne privatly, the former they say in a sedan, the other under a cloake. Half an hour after, sending for the Speaker and Commons dissolved (without cere- mony c)f atteiid.ince, as fieralds, \c) the Parlia- ment, to the amazement of all.' The Parliament Room is Tiow divided hy two wall' , a.nd comprises the Sanskrit Room, the Orient.il MS.S. Rooni, and the Hebrew Room. The ^.taircase hy which the King and the Lords entered is now the Maloiu' staircase. The Conunons, who entered through a little door in the Tower of F'jve Orders, had to crowd up a very narrow winding staircase leading into the present Mason Room, from which access to the old Parliament Room is given by a short flight of steps. .•^f) RODLEYS LIBRARY 3 Six years latt r a Kin^ was a^ain at Oxford. James II had roine to compel the contumacious Fellows of Ma-fdalen Collc«;e to elect his nominee as President. The Kin<;'s first choice, Anthony Farmer, had been proved to be disreputable : his second, Hishop Parker, was said by the Fellows to be in",possil)le, as the office of President had been fillei! by Hishop Houffh. The Kin to deal stenil}' with the Fellows of Majjdalen, and on September 5 the l'iiiv<'rsity invited the Kinf^ to a breakfast in the Hodleian Library. Anthony Wood, who was an eye-witness, has: left the foUowinff account of tlie ceremony : ' Tlie Kins' came "i* '"^'* *''*-' Li'»rary between 10 and eleven, altonded by the \i(»'cliauccllor and Doctors, lioides several! of the L^nls. Afterwards gointf forward, proctor Rennet delivered a short Latin speeeli to idni, wherein he "hoped that his .Majesty would }»e trood to ecclesia Anplicana" : 'twas by the ^rlohes, \\'liich beinir done, his Majesty pluckd off his trlove and jravc him his hand to kiss, and turning; himself to tlie terrcstriall trlobe, sliewd to one ot the courtiers (a lord) tlie passage between America and the back part of ( hina, by which way certain ships had passjige, wliich his Majesty mentioned. From thence he went to tlie lower end of the Lilirary, soil, to tliat part calld Sclden's Liltrary; where he found a bantjiiet ready prepared for him at the south end of the Library, with a seat of state at the south end of the table ; none did eat but he, for he spake to nobody to cat. Dry >weetmeats and fruits, 20 large dishes, piled high, like so many ricks of hay. ^^'et sweetmeats, 24 little flat plates, like trencher BODLEY'S LIBRARY ■M platps, not piled ; plaro.l among: tlie i?re.iter tlislios svatteringly in vacant places to till un tli« vacaiicps. •in larjre'dislu'^ of cold tish and cold tlcer) and asked whether it was in ihe Lihrary, to which Dr. Hyde answer'd that it was, and that '''it treated of philosophy, hut not so as tha' of European philosophy". VV'iiereupon his Majesty askeil whether " the Chinees had any divinity .'" To 38 RODLEYS LIBRARY \vliicli Dr. Hyde answcretl, " Vos, hut 'twas idolatry, they being all heathens, but yet that they have In their idol-temple statues representing the Trinity, and otlier j)i(tures, which sliew that antient Christianity had been anongst tliein". To wliich he assented by a nod. After tliat, his Majestie left off asking any more questions. Onlie turning his eyes up toward bishop Liud's MSS. on his right hand, Dr. Hyde told him that those book>, which were all MSS., were given by Archliishop I.,au9 from the great-grandchildren of the Earl of Clarendon, author of the IJiitun/ uf the (Jreal ^ 42 BODLEY'S LIBRARY liehellion. Tluy fonii, perhaps tlie most valuable collcftion of State-] )apfrs possessed by the Bod- Ifiaii, and iiulude doeiiinents of the hij^he^t iir- portancf and iiitertst. AiiioiifX the}n are the notes written bv C'h.irUs 11 and Clarendon during; nu'etin«,'s nf'tlu" l'ri\y ( omuil. The notes, whieh are seribbkd on roiijih pitces of j.aper never in- tended for preservation, were passed l)aekwards and forwards aeross the table by the Kinj; and his Chancellor, and i)lainly show the very intimate relations existin^^ between them. The following are specimens of the written dialogues : {('lurntdini.) If you elfo, for tlic coniluctiiiure your JSeotsh atfayre in the I'arliaineiit, it will not do it>t>lfi'. {Khiij.) I tliink tlie trroat ditliculty will l»o in the house of Common* hy wliomo tlio niouy niii-,t lie prouitled, tliorfore do you sjH'akt' with those luemhers who come to you and lett tlieui know mymyndoj I will do the like to all 1 see. {C/(irr)ithn.) It will he titt to -peake with you a litlo, for sure you did not euouffh make your minde kuowne hoare ye-terday, and I douhte the house of I'eeres more then I do, the house of Couions. In l()()'i the Russian Ambassador arrived in London with ))resents for the King in which were included rich furs, hawks, carpets, cloths of tissue, sea-horse teeth, and a pelican. Clarendon seems to have feared that Lady Castlemaine would ask for some of the more valuable gifts. Hence the following p.otes : (C/un-ndoii.) You know you do now euery day e.xpecte the Muscovite Amhassiulors, who hriuges with them seuerall valewahle toyes as a present to you ; BODLEY S LIBRARY 43 Now tlicr irops no extraordinary witt, to make this* (liscouery, and to bo^rtf this prosfnt before it «onies. I nra'y reniemher tlie entertayninjrc these Ani- hassailors will he chargeable to you, and therfore if tliis suite he made to you, as sure it will W, I pray say, you are inga+red, and so keepe it to your selfe, tli'at what is to hee -old, may diM-harge tlie exspences. I hope you have [not] given it away already. (h'itig.) Vou neede not liave given me this caution, for I loue to keepe mv '•elfe warm with the furrs and for the other parte of the present will he as necessary for other tilings. The great donation of IT.').'} came from Thomas Carte, the historian, who bej;an in that year to forward to the library his valuable and voluminous collection of .State-papers, which were largely drawn from the Ormonde archives at Kilkenny Castle. They comprise '2M) very lliiek volumes, mostlv in folio. Tw o years later, the largest single donation ever received by the Bodleian came by bequt st of Richard Rawlinson, the non-juring bishop. There were .'.OOO MSS. and '2,000 printed books. Richard Rawlinson was the brother of Thomas Rawlinson, an equally famous book-collector, who accumu- lated such a vast library that eighteen auction sales were necessary to effect its dispersal. Both foniied their collections without the slight* t method. Richard Rawlinson gatliered books from all (juarters, and did not forget to sort over the waste paper of chandlers' and grocers' shops : lie lived in that glorious age when Departments of State cleared out their ' waste ' periodically, and sold it by the ton to shopkeei)ers. The t^t- liODLEY'S LIBRA RV Rawliuson rolli-ctioii comprises prrcious State- papers, volimu's of sermons, lo^^-lxtoks, Irish MSS. ot" world-wide renown, broadside ballads, early '^cr- viee-books, needlework samplers, Oriental NlSS., almanaeks, eopjxr-plates, charters, seals, and medals. But Rawlinson's greatest treasure was the luad of C hristopher L;iyer, a Jacobite, who was exec\ited at Tyburn in IT-'J. His head was fixed on 'lempU- Bar, but was blown down soon afterwards. So precious did Rawlinson esteem this relic that he dincled that it should be placed, at his burial, in his ri^dtt hand. Richard Rawlinson was an eccentric character. Tile son of a Lord .Mayor of London and in affluent circumstances, he y-us : Si Tumulum spectes, ( oclo viciuus si .\niniuni, Terra Dcfos:^us. HODLEYS LIBRARY I..1 The first preat donation of tlu- nineteenth cen- tury was received by heriuest of Richard (lough, who died in ISOfl. (iough was the author of the well-known Brilis/i Topos^raphii and Sepuh/ira/ Mnninnt'iils. He exhii)itetl literary talent at a very early age. When he was twelve atid a half his mother published a llist;ni t,f' ti,<' liihie which he had translated from the French. Tliis work extends to (ilJ folio pages, and was limited lo twenty-five copies. At the age of fifteen he pul)lished Tlic Cuxlonis of t/ic Israelites, translated from the French of the Abbe Fleury. Ciough amassed a very large miscellaneous library, of which the most valuable pt)rtion, containing the books on Knglisji topo- graphv and early service-books, was Ijccpieathed to the Rodleian. ' The rest of his books were sold for nearly 1 1-,0()(\ Eight years alter the reception of the dough collection the lil)rary purchased for .£,'), 1 1- 1- the fine collection of Hebrew, (ireck, L;itin, Italian, and liturgical MSS. formed by Matteo Luigi Canonici, a Jesuit, who died in ISO.'). Canonici began bv collecting medals, statues, and books, but, on the .Jesuit Order being suj)])ressed at I'arma, all his treasures were seized by the (iovern- ment. Later he collected pictures and relics, but was discouraged by his superior, who thought it presumptuous for a religious i > collect such things. He then began to collect MSS. and printed books, the larger part of the former being now in the Bodleian. Another great purchase made about the same lime was that of the library of David Oppeuheinier, Mi RODLEV'S MBRAUV chief r;il)l)i at I'ra^ue, v!' died i?> 17.>.'>. The eolleclion contains over ,"),0(H) Hebrew priiited hooks and MSS.,and forms, with the other Hebrew b(»oks possessed Uy the hbrary. one of the finest of its kind in existenc c I'he liodleian collection of Hebrew MSS. is the lar<;est in the world The second j^reat donation of the nineteenth century came from Haron Siinderlin, who. in IHJI, presented the library of bis brother, I'.dnunid Malonc. Malone is known to scholars as the learned editor of tlie third variorum edition of Shakespeare, and to the f^eneral reader as the man who whitewashed the |viinted \nM of Shake- speare in the Church of Stralford-on-Avoii. ' Slraiifrcr. to ulioni tlii- iiinnuiiit'ut i- -licwn, Invoke the jioot's cur-o upon -Malone, A\'lio-(' luetMlinjr zeal liis harharoiis taste betray>, And daubs lii- tombstone, as he mars liis plays.' Malone associated with the foremost literary men of his day, and was a friend of Johnson and Bos- well, liis library, which was almost wholly com- posed of * bajr^rajre books ', contained all the Shakespeare folios, many of the (juartos, and precious editions of t)ther Fjijjlish dramatists. The most valuable single collection of books ever received by the library came in KSlJl, under the be(juest of Francis Douce. There is little to be told of Douce himself. He was the author of a book on 'J'/ic Dame of Death and the better known I/lii.stralioii.s of' Shakespeare, in which the connexion of The Tempexl with the discovery of the Bermudas in KilO is first pointed out. For RODLEYS LIBRARY r a time In- was Keeper of MSS. at the Britisli Museum, but resijjiud in conse(iuence of u dispute with one of the 'IVustces. Douce w.is a eolU\tor <»f the RawhusoM school, and feathered to^'cther iUuminated MSS., cliarters, incunabula, ivories, black-letter books, pl.iys, prints, playini: cards, bindings, penny histories, farthinj; ballads, and mibccllaneous /rt( r//Va'. But unlike most collectors lie read his books, and the notes which he has written on the Hy-leaves of them bear testimony to his erudition. It says nnich for his acumen as a collector that he entirely i;fnored sixteenth century editions of the classics which appealed so stronfjly t(t most of the book-collectors of his day. It is also remarkable that he seems to have had .m actual contempt for (icrman books, if one may judj^e from his scrap-books of prints and title-pages, in one of which there are no fewer than twenty title-pages from valuable original editions of Luther. The last of the great donations of the century ending with IS:;? was the Sutherland collection of prints and drawings illustrating Clarendon's His- ton/ of the lifhcl/iini and I.ij'r, i»:'d Burnet's Oirn Times, contained in sixty-one large folio volumes. The collection consists' of IJI.'J'i !■ portraits and views of places, the collector's design being to represent every person and place nientioned in the text. There are 1 V.\ portraits of Charles I, and ,").")'2 of Charles II. It is the finest ' granger- ized ' collection known, and is said to have cost ,i;'-J(),()()0. The greater donations and bequests of i\\ 18 IU)13LEYS MHUAUV rfinaiiiiii^ years of tlu- iiiiutcriith ctiitiiry wtrc tlif l)«y Mary, Lady SlulIfV. Tlu- valiial)l( cnlK(ti<"'s (»t' Elias .Aslnnole and Anthony Wood were transferred Ity (he Trustees t»l" tJjc A^liinolean .Museum in I.s.'>S. And the ;;eneroiis beiiftaetor is found al this prc'st lit no hss than in the past. An»oni:n 1'. I- Ifl BODLEY'S LIBRARY H) With the years the older portions of Bodley's Library have not greatly ehanj^ed. When the visitor enters from the front staircase he will find himself in the Arts End, which was built in 1()10. Many of the folio books still retain their oriffinal positions, and the benches and counters are as Sir Thomas Bodley lell them. As the visitor walks down the room he will see, extending west- ward, Duke Humfrey's Library, in which students have read for over four hundred years. The tim- bered roof is one of the most beautiful things in Oxford. At the far end of Humfrey's Library he will obtain a glimpse of the room, built in l6'M, w here the librarj- of John Selden is preser\ed. Without, the southern walls are overgrown with ivy, amid which, on the buttresses, the Oxford ragwort throws up its yellow bloom in spring. In summer, from the alcoves of Duke Humfrey's Library, the reader looks down on a smooth lawn, flowering shrubs, and stately trees rising from an ivy-covered mound, at the foot of which a group of red geraniums flames. Birds chirp and sing the summer through, and the lime tree, which pours its scent through the casements of the Arts End, is the haunt of the owl, Athena's bird stationed before the portals of learning. On November 8, l602, the Bodleian Library was formally opened. It then contained 2,500 volumes ; to-day it contains about 800,000 bound volumes of printed books and 40,000 MSS., repre- senting well over a million separate works. In l602 its books were housed in Duke Humfrey's Librr - , to-day they fill the entire block of build- H i; ■)() BODLEY'S LIBRARY iiifjs now known as the Bodleian, and the RadcHflTe Camera. They havt- also overflowed into the base- ments of the Sluldonian Theatre, the Old Ash- molean Museum, and the New Examination Sehools. In three hundred years Bodley's Library has jrrown from modest dimensions to be the second larjfest national storehouse of literature in the United Kin) given i^i^m 52 SOME NOTABLE BODLEIAN by Bishop Leofric to the cathedral church of Exeter. One of the proat monuments of En^rhsh history is the An^jlo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Uiud misc. ()3()), of which ix other MSS. are extant, the Bodleian manuscript bein^ specially valuable as it is continued to a later date than the others, the entries from 1122 to 11. ")4 bein^ in con- temporary hands. The Bodleian Chronicle was comj)iIed at Peterborough, and has many entries relatinjr to that place A precious manu ipt, which once belonged to a saint, is A net. h. \. ;i2. Ai)art from its pro- venance, it is one of the most valuable MSS. in the Bodleian. The volume consists of four parts. 'I'he lirst was written in the second half of the ninth century in Brittany, and contains the Art of Eutyches with Liitin and Breton glosses; the second was written at Cilastoi .)ury in the eleventh century; the third was written about 820 in Wales, chieHy by a son of Commoneus. This third section contains a medley of useful knowledge with Welsii glosses and notes, and has been described by Professor Westwood as ' the j)atriarch of .ill Welsh books known '. The unicpie interest of the book centres in a dra.ving on the first page of the fn-st treatise, representing a monk prostrate .it the feet of Christ. Above tl»e kneeling figure is the verse : ' DmistaiHini iiiemct clomoiis roffo ( liriste tuere Toiiarias me iion ^ina^ sorhsiss^e procellas.' (< ) iiiertifiil {'liri>t, I beseech thee protect Duiistan luyself. Siitfor not Tenariaii storms to have engulfed nie.) BOOKS GENERA LL' EXHIBITED :,.{ The writinpr is contemporan' with Dunstan, and it is more than probable that it was written by him. Another MS. with a similar philological in- terest is MS. Bodhji 572, which contains three treatises written in Cornwall in the tenth century. The third treatise is a curious work in Ljitin, desiffned to teach that languapje, and cast into the form of a conversational guide for travellers. The following are examples of the dialogue : ' I will get up too : (five me my clothes and then I'll pret up.' * Show nu' u iiere your clothes are.' ' 'Hiey are mx the stool at my feet. . . . Give me my doublet that I may dref^s myself. (Jive me my shoes so that tliey may he on my feet when I am walking, (iive me my -tick. . . .' * Boy, jro to the river . . . and bring some dean water so that I niav wasli my hands and face. ..." ' Boy ! • * Ves, Sir, wliat do you want .'' * I want you to tro out to tlie liorses, and hriiig; in two, one for me and one foi you, so tliat we can ride to the nearest town wliere there's beer to lie liad.' There is quite a pretty little scene where the traveller .'(Tives home and is met by his wife ^uid daughter fnmi whom he asks kisses. The maid- servant ii straightway set to wash his clothes, and a churlish brother, who would not proffer any assistance, has to be politely requested not to stand in the light. The chief interest of the MS. is found in the numerous Cornish glosses which it contains. The ancient language of Cornwall 54 SOME NOTAHLE BODLEIAN was akin to Wt-lsli, and survived until the eigh- teenth century. Three Cornish niiraele-plays, written in the fifteenth centurv, are preserved in .)/.V. Bodl. 7!>l. Another nianuseript which once hilon^'cd to a saint is the (iospel Hook of St. Margaret (.U.S. Lot. tiliin:. f. ;>), a small volume written in a tyj)ieal eleventh century I'.iiglish hand with miniatures of each of the four Evangelists in gold and eohturs. Some contemporary verses at the hegiiniing set forth liow this |)articular hook was being carried on a journey l)y a priest, who, having wrapped it in his rolx-, accidentally and unknowingly dropped it into a river. A knight, seeing the Ixtok Iving open on the river-hed, plungt d in and rescued it. He thought the volume would have heen utterly ruined, hut ' () virtus clara cunctis, () gloria magna', save for four leaves at heginning and ei\d. the writing and pictures were uninjured. An almost identical account, but with some additional pictures(nu- details, occurs in the life of St. Mar- garet of Scotland, who died in 1()<);5. In this account the loss of the book was not noticed for several d.iys, and wluii the volume was discovered on the river-bed the stream was swaying the leaves backwards and forwards so that the pieces of fabric, vhich were placed between the leaves to protect the illuminations, were washed away. The capital letters of the book arc also stated to have had a ruddy hue of gold, a very noticeable feature of the manuscript itself The little Gos- pel IJook was the (^ue< ii's most cherished posses- sion, and was still mure dear to her aller its HOOKS GENERALLY EXHIBITED miraculous preservation. It is recorded that her h^l'^l)alul, Kiii^ Malcohn, who could neither read nor write, would kiss any article which he knew his saintly wife particularly valued, and we may well suppose that her (irtspel Book must have often received from the lips of the Kin/; that token of reverence and love. Two treasures connected with early Kntrlish literature are the poems > t' 'Caedmon ' and Orm. (aednion, who died in <)7(), was a lay brother osed to be the work of a Midland poet. An exceptional interest attaches to this manuscri[)t on account of its illustrations : that which depicts the Ark being, 56 SOME NOTABLE BODLEIAN for instance, a representation of a Danish war galley, the largest vessel known to tlie artist. There is no uncertainty about the authorshij) of the Onmihnn {MS. Junius I), which was written by an Augustinian monk named Orm. It contains a metrical commentary on portions of Scripture exj)ressed in J(»,0()o" lines of dreary verse. The manuscript is incomplete, and is 'estimated to have contained originally 80,000 lines. Onn was a very dull poet, but he was .i scholar and a gram- matical precisian, a fact which makes his poem of great value to the philolo/ purple parchment : it is French work of the ninth century. An English manuscript, considered by William Morris to be one of the finest in existence, is an Apocalypse of the thirteenth century (MS. Douce 180). Its miniatures are noteworthy for their extreme delicacy and felicitous invention. The illumination of the miniatures was never finished, so the manuscript exhibits the various .stages of the illuminator's art. Some of the miniatures are only in line, others have the gold added, others are lightly washed with l)ody colour, and some are fully coloured. The Ormes'by Psal- ter {MS. Douce ;}6()) is a magnificent exanjple of the East Anglia school of illumination of the four- teenth century. This manuscript was given by Robert ofOmiesby to Norwich Priory about 13i*.>. It was originally commissioned and begun for some great personage, and afterwards continued fem in the Picard dialect, written in l.S.SS, and illuminated by Jehans de Grise. The illumina- tions in the text are of great beauty, but the borders are of greater interest because of the trades, sports, and pastimes they illustrate. There is a representation of the game which was the precursor of cricket, and another of a Punch and Judy show. The latter depicts the familiar little theatre with Punch shouldering his stick ; seated before the show is a spellbound group of children. Two fine examples of English fifteenth century work are the Abingdon Missal {MS. Digby 227) .IS SOMK NOTABLE nOi)LEI \\ and a volume of Hours (.VS. .///y Henry \'III. I'x(juisite speeiniens of tlie wmk of the late Duteh school .ire found in the llor.ie written and illuminated for the Emperor .Maximilian and Mary of Hurgundy in liTT-Ht.' (.W.SS. /Joz/cr '21<>, i'JO), tlie Horae lra(hlion,illy s.iid to have been pos- sessed Ity Marie de" .Medici (3/V Doner 11,J), and a matehless littli' hook of Hours for the use of (ihent {MS. Dome v>j:i). The hi<,diest develop- ment of miniature paintin^f as distinct from illu- ininatio!i may he sei-n in MS. Dome IJfl, a hook of Hours executed ahout l.V^'.") hy (iiulio ( lovi< or his school for Elconora don/aga. duchess of L rhino. Among the (Jough M.SS. is an early fourteenth century map of Great Britain. The isl.md is depicted lengthwise, the west coast being nearest the spectator. The roads are marked red, iiid the distances between towns are indicated. To judge from the number of towns marked in the Mid- lands and along the east coast, the draughtsman must have been particularly well acquainted with those parts of England. Scotland is treated in a freer manner. Sutherland has the figure of a ■wolf with the inscription 'Hie habundant lupi' (Here wolves abound), and a little further south is tlie picture of a deer 'Hie maxima vcnacio ' (Here's the greatest hunting). Loch lay is de- scribed as a lake with three marvels, 'A floating island, fishes without insides, and a strait without •wind'. Ort" the Orkneys is pictured a shipwreck with rafts being thrown overboard. On one of BOOKS c;rnerally exhibited .v» the rafl^ is a fi^'urc vhich has bet-ii cdnjfclurtd to be Marffaret of Scotland, the Fair Maid of Nor- way, who mysteriously disappeared in IvJfX). In the North Sea the artist lias depicted a 'vhaU-, a sliark, and a swordtish. Another valuable and interesting exhibit from the (I'lUfih collection consists of |K>rtions of two Enjilish taj)e''try maps. In the second half of the sixteenth century William Sheldctn, of Weston in \\ irwiekshire, sent a craftsman of the name of Itichard Hickes to the Ix)w Countries to learn the art of tapestry weaving with a view to intru- ilucinjj it into Enf?land. Richard Hickes was a'-^isted l>y his brother Francis, and for many years after the death of William Sheldon they continued to practise their art. The residt*- of their labours, s(» far is wt- know then,, are the three tapestry maps at ^ork, and tl)i- two larfje fraffments of two maps at Oxford. The five maps were bou<,dit from the Sh(ld<»n family by Horace WaljKde U.i' thirty guineas ; some years afterwards the three peruct maps were presented by him to Lord Harcourt : later lliey were presented l)y •Archbi'-liop Harcourt t(» the ^'ork IMiilosophical Museum. he history of the liodleian fM;,nnents is by no mean clear, but (iough states that lie bought them fur one guinea. The (iough fragments contain parts of the I'ountic- of Worcestershin- and Warwickshire, and the Thames \'alley. Tlie .lecuraey and detail ol the maps are considerable. Stone and wooden bridges are discriminated, churches with spires or towers art* so drawn, and parks are prettily ()() SOME NOTABLE BODLEIAN tnclosed l)y paliii^^s. Oxford is shown as a city of spirrs with a lar^^r inouiid to the westward. L'n- fortunatelv the portion of the nia|) which eontained London was removed l)y WalpoU* to deeorate a fire-screen ; its whereabouts are not now known. The borders of the map, representing? allegorical scenes, are very beautifully worked and deserve close inspection. I'he Bodleian collection of Oriental manuscripts, which is the fmest in Europe, contains many treasures. The manuscript which at the present day attracts most attention is MS. Oiisehy IK), eontaininj? the liuhdiifdt of Omar Khiyvani. The colophon runs : ' \\'ritten by the humble slave, who is in need of mercies of Eternal (iod, Mahniud Yerhudaki. Finished in the last decade of Safar, with blessing and victory, in the year Eight hundred and sixty- five of the Hijrah of the Prophet, u|)on whom be peace, and benediction, and honour ; in the capital of Shiraz.' {llnvn-Allrn.) This manuscript, which was written a. d. 1 i60, is the oldest and best text of Omar extant. Judged by externals its appearance is mean : it measures only lij X .')J in., and is poorly bound in calf with paper sides. The manuscript itself is written and illuminated in the finest style of Persian art. The paper is powdered with gold, each page is divided into ctunpartinents by gold lines, and the headings are in blue, gold, and purple. Tiie two large illu- minations are most delicately wrought in blue and gold. It was from a copy of this manuscript that Fitzgerald made iiis famous translation. BOOKS CJENERALLY EXHIBITED (ll Papyrus fmjfinents do not as a rule provide documents liktly to he of great )?eneral interest, but two in the BcKlleian are very notahh- excep- tions. The first is a small leaf, nuasurinj^ ,'» J X lil in., and containing sayings of C hrist (MS. (,r. th. e. 7 /'). It was found on the lM)rders of the Libyan Desert on the site of Oxyrhynchus : its date is thought to be about iiOO a.d. Some of the sayings are not recorded in the (ios|)els, the most remarkable being, ' Raise the stone, and thou shalt find Me ; cleave the wood and there am 1 '. The siiyings are generally accepted as genuine, and not as ajiocryphal. The other jwipyrus text {MS. Gr. class, f. ()(J V) was found on the same site, but its interest is very different from that of the Logia fragment. It contains an Egyptian boy's letter to his father, written in Greek in the second or third century A. D. The translation runs : ' Tlieon to lii-» fatlier Theou, greeting. It was a fine thing of you not to take ine with you to the city I If you won t tiike ine witli you to Alexamlria I won't write you a letter or speak to you or >ay goodbye to you ; and if you go to Alexandria I won't take your hand nor ever greet you atfain. 'Hiat is wliat will haitpeii if you won't take me. Mother said to Archelau>t " It tpiite upseti! him to he left lH.'hind." It was good of you to send uie presents on the liith, the ,()()() V(»lunies printed before the year I '>()]. Some of the most interesting of these are always on exhibition, as for example, an Ajnxa/i/psi' printed from wooden blocks before the invention of moveable type ; the Mazuiiitc liihlc, perhaps the fn-st book printed from moveable types ; (axton's lircKycll of the Histories of T roil, printed at Bruges alu)ut 1175; Erpoxicio Sancti Itroninii in Simholo Apo.stoloruvi, printed at Oxford in ' 1 H)S ' ; and the curious little ad\ertisement issued by Caxton in con- nexion with his service-books. The most magnificent printed book in the library is undoul)tedly a copy on vellum of IMinv's Satiiral Hi.slon/, printed by Jenson at Venice in 1 J-7Ci,and illuminated throughout in the finest style of Italian art {Doiici' ;U()). The book belonged originally to tlie Stro'zi family, their arms beinii cmbla/oned in nearly every border BOOKS GENERALLY EXHIBITED ( > 5 throughout the vohnnc, althouj^h, at sonic later lime and presumably by the Nobili family, most of their arms, wliieh were three crescents, have been transformed into three flaminff balls. As the arms and portrait of Ferdinand I, King of \a|)les, also occur, it is quite jiossible that the book was a gift from him to the Strozzi. The volume is in a very tine original binding of olive- green morocco decorated with silver bosses and )iit'/li. The Bodleian d«)es not possess any ancient jewelled bindings, of which the finest example in I'ngland is perhaps on the Ashburnham (jr)spels in the Britisli Museum, but an eleventh century binding of engr.ved brass decorated with an ivory figure of Chris rei)resents this class (MS. Dunce 29'J). The Codex El)nerianus (.US'. Ami. T. inf. 1. 10), which was re-bound in the eighteenth century in silver, is adorned with a figure of Christ" in ivory, 'one of the most cxcpiisitely finished pieces' of the later Byzantine work in existence'. A psalter (MS. Ami. D. 4. ii) of the thirteenth century has a beautiful binding of silver gilt and translucent enamels, representing the Annunciation and Coronation of the Virgin Mar}'. Of the fine English stamped-leather bindings of the twelfth century there is a single example, MS Raul. C. !(>;?, which contains the SenU-mr.s of I'eter Lcmibard, and is pn)bably London work. There are several good examples of Oxford fif- teenth century bindings, such as Aiut. D. inf. 2. 4, but it is unfortunate that the library possesses not fU SOME NOTABLE BODLEIAN even a passable example of the class of binding attributed to Rood and Hunte, the first O' ford printers. Two cut-leather bindinjjs of the fifteenth century are respectively on the case of an Italian portolano (MS. Ihmre .1<)()*), and on a manu- scrii)t ^^ritten at Nureniber«,' (.US'. Douce 367). Bindings decorated with jianel-stamps are of course numerous. There is in the library a rcmarkanlc, not to say scandalous, collectiim of loose iH)ok-covers fastened down into volumes (Douce hinilings h. 1, 2). The scrajibooks contain two hundred covers, of which nearly half have panel-stamps. These loose covers were received in 1H;U with the MSS. and printed books be- (jueathed by Francis Douce, and amcmg them are the finest James I binding and the only Wotton binding, and that an admirable one, jwssessed l)y th»' Library. A very remarkable binding decorated with panel-stamps in gilt is on a vt)lume of verses composed by Whitinton in honour of Cardinal Wolsey (.US' Hod I. .v-!;5). The Library jjossesses five bindings executed for .lean Grolier, two of them bt-ing very fine exami>les. The earlier of these is of brown calf with a design painted in yellow and red (Daintings of ancient philosophers and writers, hut both roof and paintings were removed in IH,)!. Among the more notable j)or- traits are those of Sir Martin Frobisher, by Corne- lius Ketel ; an unknown lady, once thought to be that of Marv, (^ueen of Scots ; Sir Kenelm Digby, attributed to Van Dyck ; .lames Edward and his wife Clementina SobiesLi ; Sir Godfrey Kneller, by himself; Flora Macdonald, by Allan Ramsay; Handel, by Hudson ; and Dean Stanley and William Schomberg, Marquis of Lothian, by Watts. The five most interesting and valuable objects exhibited are Sir Thomas Bodley' s strong- lox, a fine specimen of ironwork ; a chair made from the oak of the Golden Hind, tiie ship in which Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world ; the writing- desk of the great Clarendon ; a tine model in cork K Hfj BOOKS (;F,NERAI.I-V FAHIBITKI) of the Hinphitheatre at Verona hy Dul)Oiirg, made before the amphitheatre was restored ; and the guitar which Shelley presented to Jane Williams with the verses : ■■5 -a 1.' \VITH A OIITAH. TO .'ANE Ariel to Miranda: Take 'I'his slave of music for the sake Of liim who i> the slave of thee. J^tLiAL ^■ti-.m VI RECORDS, CHIEFLY BODLEIAN The authentic history of Oxford begins in 91'-* with an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle— ' This year died .tthelred, earldonnan of the Mercians, and King Edward took possession of London and Oxford and of all the lands which owed obedience thereto '—but not until two cen- turies later is there any evidence of literary activity there. At the beginning of the twelfth century Theobaldus Stanipensis lectured at Oxford, and is reported to have had from sixty to a hundred pupils. Theobaldus was succeeded by Robert Fullus, who spent five years in the town lecturing on theology; by Vacarius, who lectured dm Rumaii law ; and by that mediaeval egoist Giraldus Cam- brensis,who read his Topograp/iia before the town^^- men and the scholars. ' It was a costly and noble act ", says Oiraldus, ' for the authentic and ancient times of the poet.-, were thus in some measure re- newed ; and neither present nor past tune can furnish any record of such a solemnity having ever taken place in England.' But it is with the commercial side of Oxford literary histon,' that wc are at present concerned : chiciiv with the stationers and bookbinders. The f)8 RFXORDS, CHIEFLY BODLEIAN earliest document which affords evidence of a Studium Generale at Oxford is merely a deed re- lating to a transfer of land in Cat Street. The deed is of little interest in itself, hut of the seventeen ju-rsons mentioned seven are con- nected with the book-tradf — Laurence the Book- binder ; Peter, Ralph, and William, illuminators ; Thomas the Scribe ; and Kcfiinald and Roger, parchment-makers. The date of the deed is about 1180. From that time references to scribes, binders, and illuminators are very numerous. In the Bibliotheque Nationale at I'aris there is a MS. written by an O.vford scribe in 1212, and at Merton College are several MSS. written by William of Nottingham at Oxford early in the four- teenth centurv. Other -MSS. written at Oxford during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are not unccmimon. I'rinting was introduced into Oxford in li78 by the printer who produced an edition of Jerome's Commenlari/ on the Apostles' Creed. He was careless enough to omit an x from his date, printing M( ( ai.xviii instead of nu ( c < i.xxviii, and has caused bibliographers much trouble in consequence. From 1478 to 1520 twenty-four books were printed at Oxford, some being only rejiresented by frag- ments, Hales's commentary on the De Anima of Aristotle, printed in U81, is noteworthy for its fine woodcut border, the first use of that orna- mentation in England ; and the Constitutions of Lyndewoode. printed in U8.S, is the editio princeps. The edition ot Cicero Pro Milorie, w hich appeared about 1480, has the distinction of being the first RFXORDS, CHIEFLY BODLEIAN H«i classic printed in England : it is, however, only known from fragments found in the bindings of books. The most interesting figure connected with the hook-trade in Oxford during the early years of the sixteenth century is John Dome, or Thome, a Dutchman, who perhaps came to England from Brunswick. Dome was a bookseller, and his record of daily sales in I'yiO is preserved among the MSS. of Corpus Christi College, where it remained for many years unnoticed because it was wrongly described as a catalogue of books at St. Frides- wyde's. The record is of great value as showing what books were most in demand at Oxford, and is of especial interest to the bibliographer l)ecause of the English books which find a place there. The English language was never completely mastered by Dome, and in reading his entries one can well imagine him, seated in his shop, pronouncing the titles of his books just as he spelt them : ' Mcdechie.s voer hurs ' [Medicine for horses], ' Kesmes coralx ' [Christmas carols], and ' Frans end Eng/is ' [French and English]. His entry ' Hackiim and Hontigle ' would have puzzled most biblio- graphers other than Henry Bradshaw, who bril- liantly emended it to 'Hanking and Hunting', one of the books printed by Caxton. He also mixed his languages picturesquely, ' 1 vergilius in Englis van 4 quaterni ' [one Virgil in English in 4 quires]. Dome rarely made a bad bargain, but when he sold the Sphera pana and Sphera Hyginii for Is., and failed to receive the money, he added against the entry the expressive word, ' a mocke ". IKBU.t. ' Ji 'JWJW.^ 70 UECOHDS, CHIEFLY BODLEIAN Another well-known houkseller whs (iarbrand Herks, a sturdy Dutch Trotestant. The first mention of him is in the examination of llonnaii Men, a l)ookseller, whi» confessed that he and his fanuly had eaten twenty le^^ of mutton, five rounds of beef, and six capons during Lent in tiie year l.'iSf). Among the company was oecasionally Clarbrand. At the time of the Marian persecu- tion his cellar in Bulkley Hall is said to have l)een used as a meeting-liouse for Protestants. In the reign of Edward \'I he held high civic otiice, and some of his sons liad very successful careers. Among the testamentary records of the Chan- cellor's Court are many wills of l)ooksellers and binders, with inventories of their goods. The most extensive inventory is that of the goods of Nicholas Clifton, bookseller, 'taken and praised' January 19, K')79, by Henry Mylward and William Smalman, The complete stock-list of an Elizabethan book- seller is a document of some imj)ortance. Being in trade in a University town tliflon naturally kept school-books in considerable numbers. He had se\ en copies of ' Gnnnviirs nio/r of lore in French '. The CHrliest bookbindinj; whitli can l)e identi- fied as Oxford work is on a volume of sennons collected bv .John Feltf.n, vicar of St. Mary Magda- lene, and written at Oxford in 1 MiO. This of course is a late example, but the dies impressed on the covers are disposed in the traditional Knjj- lish manner, and one of them is found on an Knglish twelfth century binding in the British Museum. On this Oxford binding, as well as on many others produced there during the fifteenth centur}-, a curious arrangement of little roundels in sets of three is found : ,^. If a binding can be identified as English work and these roundels are found forming part t)f the decoration, the binding is sure to have been produced at Oxford. A nearer view of the activities of Oxford binders may be obtained from three volumes of Bodleian I)(iif-hook.s and Accounis (1613-7H). In the two Daij-bnoks are recorded the volumes sent to be bound, the binders who bound them, books given or promised to the library, details about chaining, second-hand books purchased, and suggested dupli- cates for sale. Most of the entries in the Dfly- hooks are lists of books sent for binding, and as the name of the binder is invariably given, the work of seventeen craftsmen can be identified. Their work is very similar in character, but each binder had his own distinctive tools and generally his own little mannerisms which make these later Oxford bindings a very interesting study. Some ^ • , - i.^v^ ' ^- 72 RFXORDS, ( HIKFLV BODLEIAN of the hindrrs had their initials rnjfraved on their tools, and occasit>nally a tool «»f this description may be tractd from father to .son and from son to apprentice. Two peculiarities of these later Oxford bindings may be noticed. One is a kind of hatching com- posed of diagonal lines .it the head and tail of the l>ack, the other is the practi<'e of lining the boards with manuscript and printcil fragments, material which was easily obtainable in O.xford. The frag- ments are for the most part valueless, but Joseph Barnes u^cd some leaves of a magnificent Sarum Missal, and another binder .» portion of an English Chronicle of the twelfth century. Many early English printed fragments have also been recovered from these bindings. One Oxford binder, Roger Barnes, has been instrumental in preserving for posterity a complete work in his bindings, namely ' (ireat Unit nines Srnnrs-xrl, heirailed irif/t a s/inuer of Icatex '. The author was William Basse, a very minor |K)et of the seventeenth century, whose book was printed at Oxford in l6\l\ in a very minor vxy ; it has but twelve leaves, and each page has but a single stanza of eight lines. What misfortune befell this watery work is not known. Apparently all the copies which were not consigned to Jaco- bean waste-paper baskets came into the possession of Roger Barnes, who wisely used them to line the covers of his bindings. At the present moment there exists only one perfe t coj)y, which was made up from fragments found in Bodleian books. There are fragments in the British Museum, at Christ Church, and at Merlon College, while RECORDS, ( HIEFLY BODLEIAN T s scvrrnl are «{ilt tooHnn. hut the decoration of the edges of the haves |iro\i(led .m opjwtrtunity tor intro(hicin;i colour. Edward Miles had a fond- ness for a Hue blue edge, Francis IVerse oecasion- allv iisj'd an edge of olive green, and William .lohnsoii had a pretty w;iy of indicating the vaiious items in a bound volume of p.imphlets : in «)ne such volume containing fue small works the first section is coloured \ellow, the second red, the third yellow, tlie fourth with red stripes, and the fifth with red and yellow stripes. Other colours employed for edges were ochre and violet. When it is remembered that the i)ooks, l)eing chained, were placed with their edges facing outwards, it will he undcrsto<»d that such variety in colour would have a pleasing ettect. The most skilful and careful of thefiC early seventeenth century Hoords.' '.-J*?^- ^-^-=-*^-.-— MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2i 1.0 I.I 1.25 2j Ilia m m 1.4 I 2.5 1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ APP LIED IfVMGE Inc ^T". '65-^ tost Wg r st'eet y'-S «ocrester. Ne« rork ue09 USA — — 1"'6; ■•82 - 0300 - Phone ^S (^'6' ?88 - 5989 - Fax 4 RECORDS, CHIEFLY BODLEIAN The most eccentric of the Bodleian binders was Richard Billingsley, who produced a lar-^ e number of bindinfTs decorated with orij^inal : d infelici- tous designs ; his pride in them is shown by the careful May in which he signed and dated them. One of these seventeenth century Bodleian binders has had his name published rather widely. On Feb. 17, ]62i, the under-Librarian gave to William Wildgoose the following books to bind : William Cowjkt works, fol. A Guide to (lodlyuesse hy John Down- ham Petr. «le Arrubal ( ommeut. hi 1*™ partem 'niomnp .Martinus ositi(»ns of collect' libraries offer the very euriiuis fatts that the j;rcat majority of those which wert- l)iiilt up to the he^^iiinin/; of the six- teenth eentury stand with their lateral walls faring east and west ; those which were built after this to tlie end of the Commonwealth, including fourteen examples, face, without exception, north and south. . . . \'itruvius lays down the rule that libraries ought to face the east because their use re(juires the morning light, which will preserve their contents from decay ; whereas, if the room should face the south or the west, they are liable to be damaged by damp and wonns, which are nourished by moist winds. It appears probable that the first of these considerations inHuenced the builders of the early colleges, the inmates of which rose betimes, and would be glad to get as much light as possible for their studies. After the Reformation, however, when . . . the wealth of the country increased, and considerations of personal comfort began to be generally accepted, the library woiild be placed in the positicm which conunanded the greatest amount of warmth.' The library consists of two wings lighted by narrow lancet windows, between which low book- cases, solidly made of oak, run towards the middle of the room. The eases have on each side a narrow counter sloping towards thick wooden benches. Originally there were only three shelves to a side, and the books were secured by chains. The fine barrel-roof was constructed in 1 502, and in the next century the library was further enriched OF COLLEGE LIBHAHV 83 l)y bonie very beautiful carved panelling and |)laster-work. At the same time the large domier windows were inserted, and the south wing re- furnished. Tlie chains are still attached to the hooks in one half-ease, from the remainder thev were removed in I7!)ii. An endowment for the office of Librarian was provided in IbT-'by Dr. Higgs, with the admirable condition that the Librarian should be a Fellow of four years' standing, and should concern himself with the recording of College history, both present and past, and collect referent es to Walter de Merton, Duns Scotus, Ocham, IJrawardine, Swyn- shed, Bodley, Savile, and other distinguished alumni. After having been apj)roved by the Warden and five senior Fellows th»' recot-ds were to be deposited among the College manuscripts. The library has i)ecn t/nce despoiled, and once threatened with annihilation. U'ood records that at the Reformation ' from Merton College Library a cart load of MSS. and above were taken away, such that contained the lucubrations (chiefly of controversial Divinity, Astronomy and Mathe- maticks) of divers of the learned Fellows thereof, in which Studies they in the two last centuries obtained great renown. So that they being thus taken away and at the disposal of certain ignorant and zealous coxcombs, were condemned for a base use.' This sj)oliation was, however, a matter of but slight moment compared with the fate which threatened it in I86I when the authorities of the College were entertaining plans of enlargement. The architect submitted proposals which involved s+ THE MKniAK\ AL TVPK the deinnlitioii ola portion of the existinpf build- injfs. 'lo thrsf the Collcffe repHed that they ^^ouId 'not decMne to take into eonsideration a plan which involves the destruction of " Mol) " (^uadian^fje ". That awful resolution was ulti- mately tliwarted. and the finest mediaeval library in England hap|)ily |)reserved. As Merlon Lil)rary represents the Middle Ages, so does the Library of ('orj)us Christi the Kenais- sanee. Corpus Christi College was founded by Bishop I'oxe in l."»l<),a time when the enlightened teaching of Linacre, ( olct, and (irocyn had begun to inriuence academic studies. 'I'he study of (ireek, which was not established until the end of the fifteenth century, had become, in Foxe's day, '.<> finnly rooted that the Founder ordained in'his statutes that at meal-tin . , in order that the students ' may not sit mute and speeehle':S, we allow j)arties sitting at table to use temperate dis- course, and that in Latin only, or (Ireek '. Foxe's deep interest in classicalliteratui is shown in the er.umeralion of authors to be studied. On Mon- day, Wednesday, and Friday, Cicero, Sallust, N'alerius Maximus, Suetonius, Theodoras, Isocrates, Lueian, and Philostratus were to be read. On the remaining days of the week Virgil, Ovid, l>ucan, .fuvenal, Terence, I'lautus, Aristo})lianes, Theo- critus, Euripides, Sophocles, Pindar, and Hesiod. On festivals, when some relaxation might be allowed, Homer, the FLpigrammatists, and Plato were prescribed. In theology Jerome, Augustine, Ambrose, Origen, Hilary, Chrysostom,l)amascenus ' and others of that sort were to be studied — act ri.Aii: VII ( uIMTs rllin^il roI,!.i:(;i: I.Ii;i;A !.•^ IV -1 v&i'^ OF COLLEGE LIBRARY 85 Nicholaus de Lyra, Hugo de Vienna, and the rest '. One hundred years had passed since the commentary ofXicholausde Lyra had been chained in the chancel of St. Mary's Church, esteemed then so precious that it was inspected yearly by the Chancellor and I'roctors. The personal tastes of the founder are seen in the classical manuscripts, the Aldine and other early editions of tin clas-,ics preserved in the library. His care for books is also reflected in the statute enacting that ' all persons whatsoever of our College who enter the Library shall shut the books which they find open, and look to the windows, lest from the rising of the wind, or a shower, damage accrue either to the glass or the books. And so often as any one goes out without leaving any })erson there, he must lock the door.' The library, like that of Merton, is fitted on the stall system, and is one of the most beautiful examples in Oxford. It called forth the admiration of Erasmus, who saidthat theTrilinguis Bibliotheca of Corpus would attract more students to Oxford than in times gone by had been drawn to Rome. The fittings of the library remain almost exactly as they were in the time of Erasmus, except that the chains have disajipeared. The book-cases have been made slightly higher, and frames to contain book-lists were added to the ends of the cases in the seventeenth century. The treasures contained in the library are very numerous. Among the most important manu- scripts aie an Irish Missal in its leather satchel; one of the best texts of Chaucer's Canlerhurii Tales, 86 THE MEDIAEVAL TYPE finely illuminated; the oldest known manuscript of Florence of Worcester ; a copy of Wydif 's Bible ; Bede's Ilisioria Kcrlrsiasficn in Anglo-Saxon ; the unique manuscript of the Life and Miracles nf Saint Olqt, Kin^ of Snnray ; and a Phaedo, which once belonged to Duke Humfrey. Among the printed books are a copy of that rarity, an example on vellum of Cicero's De ojficiis, j)rinted at Mainz by Fust in 1 +fj() ; the perhaps still rarer edition of I'halaris printed at Oxford in li85; a copy on vtUum of Tunstall's De arte suppiitandi, printed by Pynson in 1.322: the extremely rare first edition of the Homilies of lo47 ; a second folio Shakespeare ; and Grocyn's own coj)y of Suidas's Lexicon. Of the post-Reformation libraries in Oxford, that of St. John's College is the most interesting, and is more than any other connected with the name of one man. The history of St. John's is largely the history of Archbishop Diud, who was elected President in l6l 1, and some years after- wards Chancellor of the University, Historical criticism has not yet exhausted itself in respect of that pathetic figure. A man irrevocably wedded to ' uniformity in external service ', to some historians he appears as a pedant, part Papist, intolerant and narrow-minded ; yet others see in his efforts ' the Noblest, the most Zealous, and most sincere Intentions towards Re-establishing the Beauty, the Honour, and the Force of Religion of the Church of England '. During his Chancellorship he reduced the conflicting and partly unintelligible statutes of the University to OF COLLFX.E LIBRARY a code ; as a builder he is remembered as the creator of the fine oak-jwinelled Convocation House and of the inner quadranjjle of St. John's ; while his donations to the University Library mark him out as a princely benefactor to the world of letters. The Library of St. John's was built in l.')97 with materials taken from Beaumont Palace, the birthplace of Richard H. It was enlarged by Laud, who inaugurated a Mathematical Library, the cases ' being fitted with shutters made before the shelves to keep both books and instruments in better safety '. The new wing, which most unfortunately was refurnished during the last century, was opened in l6i6 in the presence of the King and Queen. In Laud's own account of the pr(»ceedings we read : r ' ^^'llell tliey were come to St. John's, they first viewed the N'evv-Buildiutrs, and that done, I attended them lip tlie Library Stairs ; where so soon a* they began to ascend, the Mu^ick began, and tliey had a fine short Song fitted for tlieni, as they ascended tbe Stairs. In the Library tliey were \\'elcomed to the College witli a sliort Speecli made by one of tlie Fellows. And Dinner l>eiiig ready, they passed from tlie
THE MKDI AFVAI. TVI'E a frame, dividrd int.. tw., (cinpartiuents, dt-siirned to contain a list of tl.r l„„.ks ..n the s|„|vts. ()„ the ri^rht hand, Ixtucn th.- lM..,k-(ascs, are low- oak binchcs with panelled haeks, narn.u counters slopui.v' towards them from \hv lou.r row of fo|i„s Above theeasrs on the left hand runs a iralUrv aceess to which is ^rajnt-d l.y a ^rraeeful wo<.,K-n' staircase with twisted pilasters. 'I'he benches and counters are not repeated on this side, but there are temptin^r and convenient rcstin^r.places before the ny-eovered easements whi.h look out on the inner (luadran^Ie across t.. the beautiful oriel- windmve,! Hall. In the Lon« \aeati..n, when he (olle^e is tenantless, the silence will be broken only, at every hour, by ' the sound of many bells . ^ The bo(.ks are mostly of the seventeenth and eighteenth renturies. There are stately liiblia J uli/g/ot/a, learned Commentaries of 'Thomas Aquinas, Tostatus, and Alfonso Salmeron, lonif superseded editions of the classics, ponderous works on Antiquities, and dreary rows of Concilia and legal Acta. The walls of the gallery are bned with long rows of miscellaneous boc/k-, in Vi«rymg tints of brown, and in all stages of decay Here are the b.u.ks of Science, ancient medical treatises, sets of the Acta ErudUoruw and the Annual Register, and numerous volumes of pamph- lets bearing on long-forgotten controversies. This then, is the Old Library, the ,,eace of which ij rarely disturbed. It is, in fact, a mausoleum of books long since dead ; for can any change of scholarship quicken old Tostatus and raise him OF fOr.r.FXiK I.IRFIAMV 91 from the jrrave : will niiy theolo^rian, save out of lucre curiosity, ever pore again over the sixteen folio vo'iimcs of Alfonso Sahncron :- Ft is only by a few anti(juaries that the old hooks arc taken from their shelves, The undergraduates never enter : indeed s(.me have never even heard of the Old I-ihrary. It is elsewhere, in the Indergradiiates' Library, that the present generation seeks learning Mut although the Old I.ibrarv has long since passed out of tiie intellectual life of the College, associations of no ordinary kind cling round it.' The intellectual development of .1 S(»cicty is to be found there, and many of the i)ooks either once belonged to famous men. or were the gifts of great benefactors and apjjreciative members. The binding of the stately Hihim VoltpMoUa bears the crest of Francis Ricon, the dre.irv Concilia have the book-stamp of Sir Robert Cotton. Tostatus has the small e.r-,loi,o ticket of Sir Thomas .Mid- dleton, the fourteen volinnes of .mas Acpiinas were given by ImU Maria Co... u-, and those ddapidated wmks on art in th gallerv have inscriptions showing them to be the gift of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. 'I'he copv ot Cranmer's Ausnerc unto n Cmftic S,- sopliistica'll Cavil lalion w,, given by William Lpton, .m Oxford blacksmith who doubtless had some small debt of gratitude- to repay. The ultimate fate of the Old Library, so umieccssary and yet so beautiful, is in the hands of a future generation. 'I'he most precious possession ot the library is the Red Book f)f Hergest, a manuscript of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries containing the i&llL....<«!L...J»« < 02 THE MFDIAEVAF. TVPK wrw.derful collection of stories known as thr Mah.no^.on, a l,ook which oc.-upies T^rominent place an>on« the l.terary n.asterpiece's of the ,r sed In^l'T-Vr'^V^"^'^'^''^' -»h other: Towards the en.l of the seventeenth century '";;"«;l"H-val type of lihrarv, exen.plified so w^?| •" the hl.ranes of M..,ton. Corpus, «.l-ards/ The su, port^ ot the counters, also finely carved are for « IJ^^nt rc.miniscent of Miehelan;c:i;•;l,S^^ decor ted ./-"."""'"^''r "" '^ '' P'^'^^ered ceiling taken away and plain tall cases took 'the pWe The effect ,s st.Il fine, but unsatisfying to \hose :i£M/^JS^Mm£ iiaiE^ I'IMI l\ :i OF COLLEGE LIBRARY 93 who have seen Buckler's drawing. The change of Queen's Library from a place of study to a ' store of materials ' was not for the best. The wood-carving is in the style of the English master, Grinling Gibbons, and the work on the Archive doors is worthy of special attention. The building, which dates from I69I, was ren- dered necessary by a bequest of books from Bishop Bc.rlow. The next considerable becjuest was from Christopher Potter, who g;ive instructions ' that a certain part of his library shall be stored in the College Archives, not to be readily come at by the younger sort, those authors namely vho are commonly called Socinians '. Mr. Clark, a former Librarian, adds that ' the tradition of Provost Potter's caution remains to this day ; at least books on demonology and witchcraft, Sir Walter Scott's among the numl)er, are still locked up '. The ' younger sort ' had a library of their own before the year 1~26. It survived until about 1840, when the books were amalgamated with those of the main collection. One of the books in their library was Caxton's edition of Gower's Confesxio Aimnilis, printed in 14S,S. Christopher Potter als(» left land to produce ih. 8d. a year, the money to be expended every second or third year on a book for the library — a humble but ex- tremely sensible endowment. A benefaction on a very different scale was one of i;;iO,000 from Dr. Richard Mason in 18 H, which had the re- markable condition attached that it must be spent within three years. To accommodate the books purchased with this magnificent benefaction the ^^^m^^M f)4 THE MEDIAEVAL TYPE cloister l)elow the library was enclosed and fitted vith book-cases. Two other benefactions may be mentioned as showinjr the afli tionate interest taken in the library bv members of th.e College. From about 1()8;) it became customary for tliose about to take their B.A. dcfjrees to for^jo the usual commemora- tive dnmer \\\ Hall, and to make a contribution, usually fivi- jiounds, towards the funds of the library. Ihe followinji record is from the lic^islcr (tf Hcuefnclnrs. ' 'i'he 1 Sth of January Hi3S. This (lav was presented to (Queen's ( ollejje tiicse volumes in folio hereunder named, tojrether with a peice of plate . . . from a Cumberland man, that wisheth ii\vY\ to (lod and tlor.rishinf; hapj)ines': io this House, but desireth his name may iu»t 1 enquired after.' (Queen's Library is the largest College library in Oxford, and, as might be expected, contains many treasures. Among them are the first four folios of Shakes])eare, the first folio being (iarrick's own copy ; a beautiful copy of Lyndewoode's Co//- slittilionvs, printed at Oxford in 1 l^s;} ; C.axton's Tulbf, Fnyit.i, and Cntwer's Confcssw Amantis ; a fine collection of Knglisli proclamations ; Kggestein's Hible ; and a small volume of several precious tracts such as the unicpie (uiuslli/ pxniuis of Coverdale, printed bv John (lough al)out I, ").')!), an A H C printed bv John King, and The Pthrimtujc ofMati ofabou' l.VJ.l. 'ihere is also a New Testament, which formerly belonged to Queen Elizabeth, bound in red velvet decorated with inlays of various coloured leathers tooled in gold — a very OF COLLECiE LIBRARY 9.-. tine example of a rare elass of binding. A minor curiosity possessed by the College is a Hook of Common Prayer 'printed at \erdun in 1810, for the use of Englisii jiristmers detained there. It has an expressive bl.ink where the prayer in time of var should stand, and anothei- \%here King Cieorge should vancjuish and vercome all his enemies'. The French eould hardly be expected to assist in their own defeat by printing prayers whicli so ardently desiderated it. •M^^^i^tJst::, VIII EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LIBRARIES So far only libraries ol' the mediaeval type have been described, Merton representing? the early stvle, and Queen's that style beautified and refined. A chanj^e of dynasty brought with it new forms. Two adniinible examples of Georgian Libraries, All Souls and the Radclitfe Camera, are to be seen in Oxfonl. All S-"' . College, or as it was originally called the Co) of all the Souls of the Faithful Departed, u.i:^ founded in 1 437 by Archbishop Chichele. He had been to a large extent responsible for the war with France, and with a view to atonement founded certain religious and philanthropic societies, among which was All Souls. The C)ld Library, which was built in his time, but refitted and decorated by Robert Hoveden in the reign of Elizabeth, is worth visiting for its fine fireplace, panelling, and stucco roof; when the books were removed to the Codrington building in the eighteenth century it was ' fitted up in a very elegant manner in the Gothic taste, and deservedly esteemed one of the curiosities of the town '. The present library is the building forming IM.Mi: x m^ i 4 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LIBRARIES 07 the north side of the back Quadranfile, the archi- tect of which, Walpole says, ' has hhindcn d into a nicturcs(iue sccnerv, not void of ^rraiuUur. especially if seen thrci' the pitc that leads Ironi the Schools'. The foundation is due to the munificence of one of the niost picturescjue Oxford figures of the reipi of Anne, Christopher Codrnig- ton. The son of a (iovcnior of the Leeward Islands, he was horn at Barbados in 1()(5h, and educated in England, graduating at ( hrist Church and becoming a Fellow of All Souls ni lb})n. During his Oxford career lie established lor hnn- self a reputation as a fine scholar and man of letters. Diter he fought gallantly under William III on the Continent, and on his father's death suc- ceeded to the Governorship of the Leeward IslaTids. At that moment the post was one of suj)renie importance, for England was at war with 1- ranee, and the Leeward Islands were the key t<. the whole of the West Indies. He at first enjoyed some successes, but later, although distinguishing himself in the action, met with defeat at (made- loupe in 1703. So greatly was he mortified by this reverse that he retired to his estates in Barbados, where he spent the rest of his life among his books, making a special study of the Fathers and meditating much (m monasticism. Dying in 1710, he bequeathed to his College ,£10,000 and £6,000 worth of books. The foundation-stone of the Codrington Library was laid six years later, and Hawksmoor, the clerk of Sir Christopher Wren, was appointed architect. On its completion the great lawyer, o •»H EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LIBRARIES Blackstone, occupit-d himself with the arranjic- irnnt of the books, aiul spent several years in the work. The library, which is a lofty room with book-cases upon the walls only, is one of the most beautiful of English buildings in the Italian style. But in spite of its nobility the chill of the law hangs round it. The Codrington possesses about 80,000 volumes, and is particularly rich ii. legal and historical literature. Among its rare books are some examples of bindings executed for Jean CIrolier ; a matchless copy on vellum of the I-athbury printed and bound by Rood and Hunte at Oxford in 1 iS'^' ; and the Jerome, printed at Oxford in ' 1 KiS '. The plans of Sir Christopher Wren for re-building London after the Great Fire are also preserve! there. All Souls Library is connected with one of the most remarkable schemes ever formulated with regard to Oxford Libraries. The late C H. Robartes, Fellow of All Souls, desired to develop his college library ' in connexion with the L'ni- versity Library System '. He proposed nothing less than the absorption of All Souls into the Bodleian. The revenue of the College, then about £'20,000 jier annum, was to be devoted to library purposes. The Bodleian Librarian was to be c.r officio Warden of All Souls with a salary of .£l,.")00. There were to be six sub-Librarians at a salary of .£600, who were to represent various special depart- ments in the University Library System, and four Professors with salaries of .£900 : one of Biblio- graphv, one of Literature, and two of Law. As the elimination of the Fellows of the College EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LHJRARIES 99 would Iciive the Collofcc ttnantk.ss. Mr. Robartcs suggtstcd that the Curators of the Bodleian might have rooms there. The beautiful college chapel he wished to devote to the use of non-collegiate students. This extraordinary proposal was formally presented in print to the Bodleian Curators, whi> ver>' wisely replied that they could take no active steps in the matter, and must wait for proposals to be made to them by the College. If one may hazard a wide conjecture, the proposals were never made. n % ^ But Oxford students are indebted to Robartes for his successful efforts to add to the Codrington a reading-room where members of the University and others might be allowed to consult books under certain conditions, and for his reconmienda- tion that the library funds should be devoted to making the library as perfect as possible in the department of L;"iw. To-day the Codrington is the finest law library in the kingdom, outside London, and the privilege of reading there is one which is valued vcrv highly by Oxford students, and one for which they are correspondnigly grateful. From the quadrangle of All Souls may be obtained a fine view of the most important and imposing of Oxford Georgian libraries, the Rad- eliff'e Camera. Dr. John Radcliffe, the founder, was a member of University College. Without deep learning, but with more than ordinary wit, sound common sense, entertaining conversation, and an honest contempt for the practitioners ot his time, Radcliffe became a famous society doctor, 100 EIGHTEENTH CENTLRY LIBRARIES and amassed a larj^c fortuuf. In ITO.'J, after a sevtrc illness, lie became very devout, and ^ave much to charity. He enlarfjed I'niversity College, toiindcd a travelling Kellowshij), and made con- siderable donations to the Society for the l*ro|)a- gation of the (lospel. On his death in 1711- his fortune was |)laced in the hands of Trustees to be devoted to cliaritable purposes. With this money the Uaddifle Infirmary, the Radcliffe Observatory, and afterwards the RadcliHe Library were built. The sum of f 40,000 was devoted to the ac(juisition of a site and the erection of the library, l)ut with the condition attached that building should not be begun until after the death of his two sisters. To Radclitte's contemporaries it appeared strange that one whose external ecpjipment consisted of some phials, a skeleton, and a herbal, and who had the reputation of being little conversant with books, should become the founder of a library. The foundation-stone was laid in 17.'57, and ten years later the building was finished. James Oibbs, the architect, commemorated his work by publishing a volume of drawings of the library, which was opened on April 1;}, 1749, in the presence of ' the greatest number of the nobility, gentry, and members of the University that was ever known on any occasion', (iibbs's wooden model of the Camera has recently been presented to the Hodleian by Viscount Dillon. It was originally preserved at his seat at Ditchley, where it was found tt) be, by successive generations of children, an admirable substitute for a doll's house. I'l \ii \i 4 <0 M r^ ....i«*«( i.iri r. < ami;i;a RKiHTEKNTH CENTLHV IJRUAUIKS loi The liliniry is a circular huildiiij,' in tin- Italian classical stvlc, and consists of one room siipiMtrtcd .,n an arc.ulf and viirniountcd l)y a d..iiic. llic arcade wa furnisl.rd with iron ^atcs ' t.. enclose and prc-cive that place tro.n hein^ a lurku.K IMacc for Rogues in the Ni^'ht-tniie. <.r any (,ther ill L\e'. The space thus cn.h.scd, now H book store, was originally an ambulatory. 1 liC iron fence which now surrounds the Camera is ot a later date ; eifrhteenth ct nlury engraving's show the building quite unconfined, and ni the an»|)l«- space between St. Mary's Church and its paved walk pompous dons and graceful l.idies are seen cn.raged in c(.nversation aiul aca-b-nnc courtesies. Tire interior of the dome was until (juite receiitly ■in habitation for the fowls of the .lir. About lour years agi. it was thought advisable, ><"'-;\' *<'«• transferring to that august ediHce, all the MSS. km 102 EIGHTEENTH CENTIRY LIBRARIES which are at present the property of the Lni- versity, and appropriating it for the future to the reception of MSS. only : a desipi, which will exhil)it in one view, and preserve with the utmost security, that inestimable treasure which now lies inconveniently dispersed ; will jrive room for the daily accessions of printed books to the Bodleian Library ; will perpetuate, l)y a proper arrange- ment, the memory of foniier benefactors to letters, and be tlie means of excitinfj new ones ; and will in tlie end do the hi^rhfst honour to the name of the munificent founder, by stamping a peculiar and most useful character of its owti on that noble structure, whicli it ever must want if considered only as a supplement to former Libraries '. This scheme, an excellent one of its kind, would not have relieved the Bodleian to any appreciable extent, and nothing came of tlie proposal. But there was certainly no need of two independent libraries, literally within a stone's-throw of each other, which, in the course of fifty years, were found to be rapidly amassing duplicates. So by a resolutiim dated ISll it was resolved that the purchase of books for the Radcliffe should be con- fined to works in medicine and natural science. Fi{\y years later, when the Museum in the Parks was built, all th- scientific books were removed there, the manuseri})ts being deposited in the Bodleian on revocable loan. The Radcliffe Camera was then handed over to the Bodleian authorities, who transformed the basement into a store-room for books. From that dav to this EI(;HTEENTH CENTLRY libraries 10} it has been the chief reiH)'yrijiht Act, and has now become bo con<;ested that a large underground cb.aniber, capable of storing a million and a half octavo volumes, has been constructed on the north side. The Camera reading-room, which contains a large reference library, is for the most part frecpiented by undergraduates and ladies who are working for the ' Schools '. But to Oxford men the Radcliffe Camera will always be something more than a reading-room and -■i store-house. Its dome, rising majestically among the -.urrounding buildings, is perhaps the t)bject which most arrests the eye of one who views Oxford from her encircling hills. And Radcliffe Scjuart, retired from the noise of busy streets and within the very heart of the Uni- versity, makes no ordinary appeal to the artistic sense. It is best seen on a moonligliL night from the corner where Hertford College adjoins All Souls. A flood of yellow light pours from the High Street along tiie narrow lane beside which rises the graceful spire of St. Mary's. On the right hand is the severe outline of the Bodleian, and further off the grey mass of Brasenose College. Within the Square the great library lies calm and peaceful under an illumined sky. Amid such dignity and in sucli surroundings * ^\'e men could find it in our thirsty souls To envy "ith a strange, new misery llie guarded coolness of thy stony bed.' 10 ^ EK.HTEENTH CENTL'RV LIHRAUIES Tlic fiiK' (-i^ilitfciith foitury Library of (■hri'^t ( hiircli ^^.•ls dtsi^iud l)y Dr. (u'orjic ( larki-. It was l)c^iin in I 710, the upper portidji not l)Lin^ roinpKtt'd until 17<»l. IIh' lower part was en- closrd and made into a piftiin- jxallery a tew years lattr. 'J'Ir- Old Lihrary, which was originally a monastic rcfi'C'tory, was rehuiit on the south side and converted into rooms in 177'; its fine pcr- pindicular windows cm still be seen on the north side above the Allestree Lihrary. In Lhe Lower Lihr/iry, j)reserved as a separate collection, are the ])ooks hecpieathed to Christ Church by Robert Rurton, the .author of The Analowi/ ()j'Mc/(inr/i()/i/ — a book beloved of Samuel Johnson .and Charles Lamb. A portion of his library is in the Rodleian, Burton providinjij in his will that if there were 'any bookes the L'niversitye Library h.ith not, lett them take them '. As miffht be expected he was a collector of a mass of popular literature wiiich made the bequest, at first little esteemed, particularly acceptable to future generations. So larjije a number of comedies, tra: (lies, and other ' l)aggaf;e books' were re- ceived by the Hodleian th.at the Librarian of that time, John Rous, did not deign to enter them separately in the Donation Register, or to keep them together as a collection. Fortunately, for the most part, tliey have Burton's name or initials on their title-jiages, and may thus readily be identified. A curious syml)ol, comj)osed of three r's, %, vi also found in most of the books. The present Rigius Professor of Medicine, Sir William Osier, has performed a pious duty in compiling i:k;hteenth century libraries lo:. a list of Hurton's l)(M)k.s now known to hv in the libraries of Christ Church and tlie Bodleian. In all they number about a thousand. In the Upper Library of Christ Church are exhibited some interestin<: manuscripts from the Wake Archives, amonj? them bein Univorsity, and could so far iinheml us to spt-nd l.s. CuL in 'doing with ladifs to puppet-slu'w '. In the library is also prestTved a flajf — 'This fnibU-m of a fjrtat idea sucot'ssfully accomplished, was the first Hag of The Hritish South Africa Company to wave in their territory. It was lioistedon the Hospital Hill, Fort Tuli,c»n Nov. \'2, 18})1, to welcome Mr. Cecil Rhodes on his first visit to the Country, saved for the Empire by his sole efforts.' One other relic, even though it is in no way connected with eighteenth century libraries, may perhaps be mentioned here on account of its great literary interest. In the Library of Balliol College lies an old yellow bottk, ' Sniall-(|uarto size, part print part man ii script, A hook in shape hut, really, pure crude fact '. The contents : ' A Roman murder-case : Position of the entire criminal cause Of CJuido Francescliiui, nobleman, ^^'ith certain Four the cutthroats in his pay, Tried, all five, and found ffuilty and put to death By heading or haugiutr as l)etitted ranks. At Rome on February Twenty Two, Since our salvation Sixteen Ninety Kight : \\'herein it is disputed if, and when, Husbands may kill adulterous wives, yet The customary forfeit.' scape The Old Yellow Book is the material, unpromis- ing enough at first sight, from which Browning fashioned his finest, most tragic, and most consis- IK) KIGHTEENiN CENTLRY LIBRARIES tent w(»rk, The lUnu ontl ifir Hook. The volume is reallv a ilossirr of |)kM(liiijrs of tlie various parties ill a iimrdrr-casf. a iiure huiulle ot" Kjial iiu-mo- raiida wliieli Mrowniiif; lias transl'orimd into an iimiiortal wnrk of art. Of the acciiiiiiiiatfd treasures in Oxford Lil)raries, treasures which are surpassed hy those eoiitaiiied ill l)ut a few of tlie capital cities of Europe, this is not thi- place to speak at k'lifjth. Stored there is the literature of the world, cut in hiero{;lv|)hics on stoiu', inscribed on suii-l»aked tablets, written on perishable papvrus or endurin<'<-ially iii-»' iiiarkoil V) WimhI (A.) lli-ti)iv aii'l Anti.niitic- of the Inivfr- -itv (it'Oxtoni, 17'.'--f' ♦|'ul>li(;itioii- of tlic Oxfunl Historical Socirty, vol>. i Ixiv. 18154 lltl.!. Lytf (H. ( . M) Historv of tin- Ciiivci-ily of Oxfnnl. 1H»(; *Ma.laii (F.) Oxfonl Book-. >' \o\-., llt'.t.VlUl-'. (lark (.». \V.) Tlic (arc of Hook-, 1;h>1 ^Mayor (.1. K. B. ) ( ainliriil::t' uiiilt-r (jJimmmi Aniif, 'I'.Mil. (( outaiiis ail account of I rtViiliacir-- \ i-it to ( )xforil.) Il<'atolat' acaik'iiiiiao ( )xoii., 1!{'.»J{ lliiil/iimi /.iliniri/ *Kt'li•!., liilto ♦Piftii- ()xoiiion>is, liH>2. (Tlii- volunif, wliicli \va- printed for private circulation on tho occasion nf tlie Bodleian lercentenary, con- tiin- a li-t of all tlie caUilo^nies i>>ued liy the l.ihrarv since H".Oi!. ) *.Madan (F.) v^c. The 'I'urhutt Shake-peare, liH).') (lark (A.) Bodleian (Jiiide for Vi-itors l'-><>;' *Sir Thomas Bodley. ( oinnienioration -ervice . . . March L'ltth, 'litl:5. (Thi> hrochure coiitanis a felicitous translation hy the Kev. (anon Skrine of the funeral nration Itv John Hale*, delivered on March 2'.)th, li')i:l) •Trecentale Bodleianuni. A memorial volume, 1013 Bodleian Staff Manual, 1014 II,' CllU.V ALTIlOHiriKS Hil'li/tjfr ('timi)'il — i'.il.l.- (.F. ) Bililiotlirrri lladt Ii\i,iiia. 17 J7 •Allan. 1 (II. W.) Ki'|.oit to tlic Ua.li liHc TnisttT^, It!*; I t'lillrtjv l.il'fitrii.s — *i iii\ei-ifvot'0\f(inl ( iilli>trc lli-toiir-. I'nlili-lu'd l.y l' K. K..l.iii-oii A (.1., IliKM I'.KKJ. (Tlifi lii^tiiiy of (^)iiO('ir- ( ollpirc liy Dr. .Matrratli, uliicli was aiiiioiiMcrd to a|i|icar in flii>- ri*'>, \\a- iifViT |iiihli«lietl. Tlic u titer lia« to offer |)r. Majfratli ji- siiucrt' tli.iiik- tor kiinlly • (iiiilucf iiif liiiM o\cr tlif lilirary, atnl roiii- iiiuiiiraliii:r to liiiii many fact* about it- lii-tory.) Statut*'- o» the ( uUt'trc- of Oxtonl. lit.").!. (Tlie Statute^ of All >ouU, .M.au-ilalfii. ami ( orpu* liave \>vvu traii-latc.l l.y ( . II. .M. War.l, UUO-a.) A// >iii(/.\ Liliriin/ Hiirrou> (.\l.) \\'ortliii-- of All Soul-, 1»71 (/iimi'.'' I.ihriifji — 'Clark (R. L.) Tho Lilirary at (^iicon'- ( ollojrc, ( >.\fonl. I N<)t(>> and (Jiierios, (Jtli scr., \ol. 4, pp. 411, 4C.1), umi St, Jiifin .'' l.il>riin/ — *l.^niil (W.) An Ilistoriial Account of .ill material Transaction- rdatiiitr to tlie I niver-ity of Dxfoid, 17 INDEX Abimjdi'n missul. "iT. Aililisun, .Id.scph, 1. .Kthi'lrcil, kiiiK. f>l ; earl- il'irnmii kI fho Merrirtus, 'i7. Alliiiiiy iiiUii^'riij'lis. t\\i. AlrX'UKli r. lidinnncf <>/, 57. Allrttl, kint:. 14, M. All Souls LiKnirv, 'J, !••) !•. AUi'ii, Thoiiwis, 21. All.str.M', ilr. Hiihanl, UKi. AlUjlo-Sil.Xi'Il, (/(;■. .»in7<', 'U , r)2, t)7 , MSS. , nu. •")!, .">•">. Anno, fincon. lM."i. Ant i'Hiarii-s, S.)rii'fy ol. H. Ariinck'l. iir(lil>p.. 7. Aihiiiiriilunii (li'Hi'l.i. ti'.i. A.sli.'ihl.n. .K.lin tit-. Ml Aslinioli', Kll»i.^, 4m. Ashmok'iin i,OM) Musuuni, ov Autfustinc 'St.) of Canter- Imiv. nl B B., H., 7M. Backhouse, Eilmuml, l^. Bacon, Francis, B4-5, 77, 91. Biilliol College Lilmiry. W9 Barl)ii.los, V»7. Barb«rini, cardinal, 80. Barlow, 'T'liomas, W. Barni'S, .Ii.scpli, 72. 7.'f. Barnes, Ro^or, 72. 73. Hiirn<( i, (Jiacomo, 3C». Ba.s.sc, VVilliaiu, 72. Itatli an. I \\\\U, lip. of, is II«Muinont, palace, S7. He.le, veneraMo, 31, .')1, hi). lliT.iHt, sir .lohn, 7H-',t . |iui. 71t. Beroal'lus. 21 IteZll. 21. BiMiothe'iue Nationiile. 1m. Bill, .lolm, -Sy Blllin^'sU■v. Ki. har.i. 71 liilstone, Jolin, ID. BinlinKS, au. >yj 1, 71 1, !»1. !'S ; embroiilereil. HTi BIh' k Dentil. H\. Blai kstone, sir \V . i''', Vn. Block ho.,ks, tj2. BoJUian Library. 1, «, 21 t>i. 71 !', «1, Hs, 92, its, 1U2-5 ; account.-*, 71, 7s ; Au»?lo- Sa.\. m M.SS. , 32, 5 1 . .5,") ; Art s Eml, 2>J, li», 75 ; liimlers, 71 5; Chinese Ixxiks, IB; Curators, 77 , Day buoka, 71,75; donation renistern, 9, 21. lul ; (luplicatc.i, 71, 75 7; (ireek MSS.. IH, 30, 32, H3 ; Hebrew lHR.k9, IH; miscellaneous objects. 2tJ, 3S, 65; New Keailing-riwm, IS; Oriental MSS., 33. is, 80, 101 : Parliament r'Kjui. 114 INDEX :^*i ^k. A'l ; Picturt' f liiU-ry, 2ft, 6') ; Qui!,(lriui«le, 34 5 ; State l)iiliLrs. 41 3; UnilerKround Uookstore, 4H. Budhy, air Thomas, l"^, 21 0. 49, tii>, 79, H3. Dokcloudo, T., 17. Boltraffio, Hi«. Btxiks, chaining, 71. 77; pricps of, 4 -5 ; ' stringiug ', 77. BiKtkstaiorg, H'J, 7o. Boswell, .Iiinifg, 4H. BowlfS, ,To8ei)h, 81t, 40. Bradshaw, Henry, 89. Briton (jlosspn, B'2. Briti.sh Musuum, 20, 47, 5.5, 63,71-2. British S. Africa Company, 109. Broadgatos Hall, 10^. Brome, Adam do, 7. Browne, .John, 2-3. Browning. Robert, 109 10. Brunswick. H9. Buckhurst, lord, 23. Buckingham. 5. Buckler, 92. Bulkley Hall, 70^ Burtjlarrnbach, 79. Burghley, lord, 22. Burnet, (Hlbert, 47, 105 Burton, Robert, 104. Bnrv, Richard de, 28. Caedmon, 33, 5."). Calvin, John, 21. Canon Law School, 19. Canonici, M. L.. 45. Caracci, 100. Cardwell, R.,_4H. Cartagena, 105. Carte, Tliumas, 43. Civstlemain>s lady, 42. Cat stn-et. «M. j Ca.xton, William, 41, H2, H9, I H9, 93 -4. j Chanc(dlorof the University, 3. 4, H ; Court of, 4 ; llrgi^tera of, 8. I Chandra Shum Shere, sir, 48. j Charlemagne, 110. Charles I, 30 2. 47, 78, 87, 105 i;. ! Cha.lcs II, 35. 42-3, 47. : Chaiiccf, GcoflFrey, 85. . Cherry, Fi^ncis, 40. I Chest of Five Keys, 14. i Chevalerius, 21. Chichelo. archbp., 9B. Clunese books, 48. Chrint. Sayiiifia af. Bl. ChristChurch,3o.72 ; Library. 1(»4 H. Clarendon, earl of, 41 3, 47, 48, 65. Clark. R. L., 9.3. Clarke. Oeorge, 104. Clifton. Nicholas, 70. Clovio, Oiulio, 58. Cobhams Library. 2-10. 16. 18 9. Cockayne, la ■^"i^W-^ iHi INDEX Herbert %. Melton, William, 12. Merton College. 29, 35; Li- brary, 5, 68, 72. 80-5. Merton, Walter dc. 80, 83. Michelangelo, 92, 106. Middletk of Iler(jnt, 91. Redo, William, si. RefcinaM, parchment maker, 68. Rhodes, Cecil. 109. Rolwrtes. C. H., 9H-9. Roger, parchment maker, 68. IMand, clinnmirt lic, 56. Rood, Theodoric, 64. Roseberj , earl ol, 48. Rou.s .John, '29, HO. 62, 104. Royiil Society, 44. Ihmhicurth (ii'.tjxU, 5H. Russian ambassador, 42. St. Aldatc's, Oxford, 108. St. Edmund Hall Library, 107. St. Fridcswyde's, Oxford, 69. St. .lohu's College library, 1, 86-9. St. Mary thu Virgin, church of, -^-i, 6, 7, 14. 19, 103. St. Mary, college of, 10. Sainte - Genevieve, Biblio- thtque (le, 20. Sale collection, 101. •Sancrolt papers, 41. Sanskrit MSS.. 4w. Schomberg, William, 65. Schools, Examination, 34-6. Scotland. 58, Scott, sir Oilbert, 2. Selden,.Iohn, 32; library, 29, 49, 77, Sermons, 10. Shakespeare, William, 28, 48, 62; First Folio, 27, 74-8, 94. Sheblon, WiUiam, 59. Sheldonian Theatre, 60. Shelley, Marv. lady, 48. Shelley, P. B., 48, 62, 66. Smalman, William, 70. Sobieski, Clementina, 66. .Somerset, John, 17-8, Stafforl, bp., 2. Stanley, dean, 65. Stationers' Company, 26. Straluin, O., 107. Strati'ord-on-Avon, 46. .Strozzi family, 62-3. .Suffolk, marquis of, 17. Sunderiin, baron, 46. Sutherland, A. H., 47. Tanner, Tliomas, 41. Tapestrj- maps, 69. ! Taverners, 4. ' Temp!e, Inner, i?2. Theobaldus Stampcnsis, 87. ! Theon, 61. ! Thomas the Scribe, 68. I Thompson, H. Yates, 19. I Thome, John, see Dome. I Tower of Five Orders, 34. ! Toynbee, dr. P., 48. i Turbutt, G. M. R., 75, Twj-ne, Brian, 28. U UflFenbach, C. Z. von., 38-40, 89. University College, 2, 5, 99, 100. INDEX I IM Luiversitj Endowment Fund, I'litijn. Wiiliitm. 'Jl. Vacarins, 67. Venlun, 95. Vcrneuil, John, 74. Verona, t>6. Vestments, ^8. Vinci, Leonardo da, 106. Vitruvius, Hi. W Wadham College, v, 1. Wake archives, 105. Walpole, Horace, 69, 60, 97, 105. Watnev, Vernon, 48. Watts, O. F., 65. Waynflete, William ot, IT-b. Welsh MSS.. .VJ, 91. Wesel, 21. We8two